,-. 
 
 
 
 A TIBETAN-ENGLISH 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 WITH SPECIAL BEFERENCE TO THE PREVAILING DIALECTS. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED 
 AN ENGLISH-TIBETAN VOCABULARY. 
 
 BY 
 
 H. A. JASCHKE. 
 
 LATE MORAVIAN MISSIONARY AT KYELANG, BRITISH LAHOUL. 
 
 PREPARED AND PUBLISHED AT THE CHARGE OF THE SECRETARY 
 OF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL. 
 
 LONDON 1881.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 This work represents a new and thoroughly revised edition of a Tibetan-German 
 Dictionary, which appeared in a lithographed form between the years 1871 and 1876. 
 
 During a residence, which commenced in 1857 and extended over a number of 
 years, on the borders of Tibet and among Tibetan tribes, I and my colleagues gathered 
 the materials for this Dictionary. 
 
 We had to take primarily into account the needs of missionaries entering upon new 
 regions, and then of those who might hereafter follow into the same field of enterprize. 
 The chief motive of all our exertions lay always in the desire to facilitate and to hasten 
 the spread of the Christian religion and of Christian civilization, among the millions of 
 Buddhists, who inhabit Central Asia, and who speak and read in Tibetan idioms. 
 
 A yet more definite object influenced my own personal linguistic researches, in as 
 much as I had undertaken to make preparations for the translation of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures into the Tibetan speech. J approached and carried forward this task by way of 
 a careful examination of the full sense and exact range of words in their ordinary and 
 common usage. For it seemed to me that, if Buddhist readers were to be brought into 
 contact with Biblical and Christian ideas, the introduction to so foreign and strange a 
 train of thought, and one making the largest demands upon the character and the imagi- 
 nation, had best be made through the medium of a phraseology and diction as simple, 
 as clear, and as popular as possible. My instrument must be, as in the case of every 
 successful translator of the Bible, so to say, not a technical, but the vulgar tongue. 
 
 Thus, in contrast to the business of the European philologist, engaged in the same 
 domain, who quite rightly occupies himself with the analysis and commentary of a lite- 
 rary language, the vocabulary and terminology of which he finds mainly deposited in 
 the speculative writings of the Buddhist philosophers, it became my duty to embrace 
 every opportunity, with which my presence on the spot favoured me, to trace the living 
 powers of words and of expressions through their consecutive historical applications, till 
 I reached their last signification in their modern equivalents, as these are embodied in 
 the provincial dialects of the native tribes of our own time. 
 
 These circumstances, it is hoped, will excuse and explain the system of my work. 
 
 As an inventory of the whole treasure of the language, as a finished key to its lite- 
 rature, this Dictionary, when judged by the high standard of modern lexicography, may 
 seem inadequate ; I have, for instance, been unable to consult, much as I could have wished 
 to have done so, all the original and translated treatises in Tibetan which, down to the 
 present, have appeared in Europe, and the reader of a Tibetan work may thus, here and 
 there, look in vain for the assistance he expects. On the other hand, a consistent attempt 
 is here made for the first time, 1. to give a rational account of the development of the 
 values and meanings of words in this language; 2. to distinguish precisely the various
 
 IV 
 
 transitions in periods of literature and varieties of dialect; 3. to make sure of each step 
 by the help of accurate and copious illustrations and examples. I have done my utmost 
 to arm^e at certainty where, heretofore, much was mere guess-work, and I cherish the 
 hope that, from this point of view, my contribution will be welcomed by the comparative 
 philologist, and will be serviceable to the general cause of learning, as well as a useful 
 volume within that narrower circle, whose requirements I was specially bound not to 
 overlook, of persons whose main purpose is to be taught how to write and speak the mo- 
 dern Tibetan tongue. 
 
 There are two Chief periods of literary activity to be noticed in studying the origin 
 and growth of Tibetan literature and the landmarks in the history of the language. The 
 first is the Period of Translations which, however, might also be entitled the Classical 
 Period, for the sanctity of the religious message conferred a corresponding reputation 
 and tradition of excellence upon the form , in which it was conveyed. This period be- 
 gins in the first half of the seventh century, when Thonini Sambhota, the minister of 
 king Srongtsangampo, was sent to India to learn Sanskrit. His invention of the Tibetan 
 alphabet gave a twofold impulse: for several centuries the wisdom of India and the in- 
 genuity of Tibet laboured in unison and with the greatest industry and enthusiasm at the 
 work of translation. The tribute due to real genius must be awarded to these early pioneers 
 of Tibetan grammar. They had to grapple with the infinite wealth and refinement of 
 Sanskrit, they had to save the independence of their own tongue, while they strove to 
 subject it to the rule of scientific principles, and it is most remarkable, how they managed 
 to produce translations at once literal and faithful to the spirit of the original. The first 
 masters had made for their later disciples a comparatively easy road, for the style and 
 contexts of the writings, with which the translators had to deal, present very uniform fea- 
 tures. When once typical patterns had been furnished, it was possible for the literary 
 manufacture to be extended by a sort of mechanical process. 
 
 A considerable time elapsed before natives of Tibet began to indulge in compositions 
 of their own. When they did so, the subject matter, chosen by them to operate upon, 
 was either of an historical or a legendary kind. In this Second Period the language shows 
 much resemblance to the modern tongue, approaching most closely the present idiom of 
 Central Tibet. We find a greater freedom in construction, a tendency to use abbreviated 
 forms (thus the mere verbal root is often inflected in the place of a complete infinitive), 
 and a certain number of new T grammatical combinations. 
 
 The present language of the people has as many dialects, as the country has provinces. 
 Indeed, as in most geographically similar districts, well nigh every separate mountain 
 valley has its own singularities as to modes of utterance and favourite collocations of words. 
 Especially is it interesting to note, in respect to pronunciation, how the old consonants, 
 which would seem to have been generally sounded and spoken twelve centuries ago, when 
 the Tibetan written character came into existence, and which, at any rate, are marked by 
 the primitive system of writing, remain still extant; every one of them can still be disinterr- 
 ed, somewhere or other, from some local peculiarity of language, and thus even the very 
 diversity of modern practice can be made to bear testimony to the standards imposed by 
 what was termed above the Classical Period. (Compare my Essay on the Phonetic System 
 of the Tibetan language in the Monthly Reports of the Royal Academy of Science at 
 Berlin 1867, p. 148 etc.) 
 
 I have already adverted to the circumstances which, especially in the case of the 
 student, who has for immediate object to learn how to read and write the Tibetan language, 
 render existing dictionaries almost if not quite useless. They give but scanty information 
 concerning modes of construction, variations and limits of actual application , shades of
 
 meaning etc. In my own case, I was forced from the beginning to compile my own 
 German-Tibetan dictionary, and found myself for all practical purposes thrown back upon 
 my own resources. But the cause of truth appears to require a further word or two in 
 regard to the Lexicon by Professor I. J. Schmidt of St. Petersburg, the relation of that 
 work to its predecessors having been left by its author in some obscurity. 
 
 The first Tibetan dictionary, intended for European students, was published atSeram- 
 pore, as long ago as 1826. It contains the collections, amassed in view of a dictionary 
 and grammar, by a Roman Catholic missionary, who was stationed in eastern Tibet or 
 close to the frontier in Bhotan. There was nothing to assist him, except the scanty con- 
 tributions, given by Georgi, in his Alphabetum Tibetanum. He had to cope with an 
 entirely unworked language. He evidently took the one way possible of making acquaint- 
 ance with it, sufficient to enable him to understand, to speak, to read and write. Each 
 word or sentence was jotted down, as soon as it was heard, or was committed to writing, 
 at the request of the learner, by some native expert. After a while, the attempt could be 
 made to master a book. In the instance of our missionary, Padma Sambhava's book of 
 legends appears to have been selected, a work which represents rather a low level of li- 
 terature, yet just on that account, perhaps, as a specimen of popular and current literature, 
 not unsuitable to start from. Then, step by step, as best he could, our missionary had to 
 possess himself of some abstract views, which would serve as a preliminary basis for a 
 grammar. And had it been granted to this first occupant of the field to reduce his materials 
 to an ordered system and to prepare them himself for publication, it is possible, that in 
 Europe the knowledge of the Tibetan language might have reached, some fifty years 
 earlier, the stage at which it has now arrived. The very name of that Roman Catholic 
 missionary, however, has been lost. The papers which he left behind him, unsorted and 
 unsifted, came into the hands of Major Latter, an English officer, and were passed on 
 by him to Mr. Schroter, a missionary in Bengal. English was substituted for the 
 Italian of the manuscript, and the East India Company made a grant which defrayed the 
 cost of the Tibetan types and the further expenses of printing. But there was no Tibetan 
 scholar to correct the proofs. The author himself would doubtless, on reconsideration, 
 have detected and dismissed much erroneous or unnecessary matter. As it was, many 
 additional mistakes crept in during the passage through the press. Thus the work, though 
 it has a richer vocabulary than can be found in the later dictionaries, cannot on any 
 questionable point be accepted as an authority, and has only value for those who are al- 
 ready competent, for themselves, to weigh and decide upon the statements and interpre- 
 tations it advances. I have not been able to extract from it much that was serviceable to 
 me. Nevertheless, any one who knows by experience what time and toil such a work 
 must have cost, though its design remained unfulfilled and its object unaccomplished, will 
 not easily be able to repress his indignation at the tone, in which this book in the preface 
 to his Grammar (p. VI) is recklessly and absolutely condemned by Professor Schmidt. 
 High praise, however, is awarded by the Professor to a second work, the Tibetan- 
 English Dictionary by Csoma de Koros, which appeared in 1834. This work deserves 
 all eulogy; but the Professor's manner, which imitates that of a master commending a 
 pupil, is, though on other grounds, as unwarranted and as offensive in this as in the former 
 case. The work of Csoma de Koros is that of an original investigator and the fruit of 
 almost unparalleled determination and patience. The compiler, in order to dedicate him- 
 self to the study of Tibetan literature, lived like a monk for years among the inmates of a 
 Tibetan monastery. It is to be regretted that, with the knowledge he certainly must have 
 possessed of the later language and literature, he should have restricted the scope of his 
 labours to the earlier periods of literature, and when in his Grammar conversational
 
 VI 
 
 phrases are quoted as examples, they are almost without exception in the dialect of the 
 Kangyur, and of little practical value. 
 
 This Tibetan-English dictionary by Csoma has been adapted for a German public 
 by Professor I. J. S chmidt of St. Petersburg. The translation from English into German 
 is good; in the general alphabetical arrangement improvements have been introduced, 
 and such as are in conformity with the spirit of the language ; moreover, three Mongolian 
 dictionaries have been consulted, and from these a certain number of words have been sup- 
 plemented. But it cannot be said that even on the work of revision Professor Schmidt 
 has bestowed much pains. For example, Csoma's rough grouping of words under the prin- 
 cipal headings is left unaltered, though here especially a reduction to alphabetical order 
 was obviously required. Mistakes and superfluities, very pardonable in the case of a first 
 issue of an original publication, are repeated in this translation, and these cannot be so 
 readily overlooked and condoned, when they are made at second hand, and are sanctioned 
 and subscribed to by one, who has assumed so severe a critical and editorial attitude. 
 
 The national dictionaries of Tibet itself, so far as I have met with such, are either 
 little haadbooks, meant only to furnish a correct orthography, or they are glossaries of 
 antiquated forms. The absence of an alphabetical order in them makes the business of 
 reference very troublesome. It is by great good luck that one sometimes finds an other- 
 wise unknown word after a prolonged search. 
 
 My own dictionary, in the main, pursues the object and accepts the plan of the work, 
 which was published by Mr. Schroter. As I said at the beginning, I have not restricted 
 myself to the Classical Period, but I have endeavoured to deal with the Tibetan language 
 as a whole, though I do not pretend to have performed this task exhaustively. My dic- 
 tionary derives its matter and its principles, so far as possible, equally from the literature 
 and from the speech of the people. Each word has been made the object of observation 
 in its relation to the context as it occurs in books , and in its value and place among 
 others when it is used in common conversation, and then the attempt has been made to 
 define its range and to fix its meaning. 
 
 All the words, cited by Csoma and Schmidt, even such as I myself had never seen 
 or heard, I have embodied in this work, stating, in each case, the source from whence I 
 drew them. 
 
 The signification in Sanskrit has been added, whenever this seemed likely to be 
 useful or interesting to the student of Tibetan literature. Of proper names only the most 
 important are given. 
 
 The great number of diacritical marks will perhaps prove irksome to the English 
 reader; yet, they were not to be dispensed with, if the pronunciation of Tibetan letters 
 and words was to be represented with any degree of exactness, and the method of Prof. 
 Lepsius seemed the most eligible among all the systems available for my purpose. The 
 student, however, need not be disheartened, as he is not obliged to make himself acquaint- 
 ed with all the minutiae of the system, but need only direct his attention to the peculiari- 
 ties of that dialect, within the limits of which his inquiries, for the time, are confined. 
 And by-the-by it may be observed, that the multitude of little marks, of manifold descrip- 
 tion, cannot be startling to the Indian reader, who was ever necessitated to make himself 
 familiar with systems quite as complicated, as e.g. the Urdu alphabet. 
 
 One word more of apology. Of publications in general it has been said, that 
 "when human care has done its best, there will be found a certain percentage of error". 
 And the probability is but too great, that this dictionary will exhibit a number of defi- 
 ciencies and faults, in the English text as well as in the Tibetan transcript. Still, I ven- 
 ture to hope that an indulgent Public will be ready to make every reasonable allowance.
 
 in consideration of the peculiar difficulties, which attach to the execution of a work like 
 the present, and which, moreover, were not a little increased, in this instance, by the 
 fact that the compositors of the press were altogether unacquainted with English. 
 
 I should be guilty of great ingratitude, if I were not to mention my obligations to 
 two friends, without whose kind and efficient aid it would have been impossible for me, 
 in my present infirm state, to complete this work, which was commenced in the days of 
 health and vigour, viz. to the Rev. T. Rei die It, formerly a Missionary of the Moravian 
 Church in, South Africa, and to Mr. F. W. Petersen, a relative of mine. 
 
 Further, I desire to record ray obligations for various acts of kindness, encouragement, 
 assistance and advice, during the prosecution of my researches and the completion of my 
 work, to A. C. Burnell Esq. M. R. A. S., in India; Dr. E. Schlagintweit in Bavaria, 
 Dr. Thomson and Dr. Aitchison of Kew, Dr. Kurz of Calcutta, and R. Laing Esq. 
 M. A., Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. 
 
 Not the least debt of gratitude is that which I owe to Dr. R. Rost in London, Secre- 
 tary of the Royal Asiatic Society, to whose exertions, indeed, the execution of this work 
 is, properly speaking, entirely due, inas much as he kindly interested the Indian Govern- 
 ment on behalf of my undertaking. 
 
 Herrnhut, January 1881. 
 
 H. A.J.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. THE TIBETAN ALPHABET. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 The names of all the Consonants sound in a, pronounced like the a in the English 
 word 'far'. 
 Tj ka pronounced like the French c car $J ma mart 
 
 P Ka like the English c or k cart 
 
 *f\ ga harder than the English (hard) g 
 
 na ng pang 
 
 \5 ca the soft English g ginger 
 
 cB ca ch chart 
 
 5> j jar 
 
 9> 7M/a the French gn campagne 
 
 5 ta the French t tard 
 
 ] fa the English t tart 
 
 ^ da dart 
 
 <5 wa nard 
 
 ] pa the French p pas 
 
 S$ pa the English p part 
 
 ^ ba bard 
 
 *) 
 
 x fea (ts) parts 
 
 cb fsa (aspirated) 
 
 E( cfea (ds) guards 
 
 Q m waft 
 
 (j za (zh) like the English s in leisure 
 
 3 za like the English z zeal 
 
 Q\ . (basis for vowels) 
 
 | *) ya yard 
 
 ^ **) ? rasp 
 
 OJ ^a last 
 
 W^ sa (sh) sharp 
 
 $J sa salve 
 
 ^ Aa half 
 
 t^J 'a (basis for vowels) 
 
 2/0, when combined, as second consonant, with k- and p-sounds, or with in, 
 is written under the first letter, assuming the shape of ^, thus Q %a, J pya, 
 5J mya etc. 
 
 **) a; ra -> wnen combined as second letter, with k-, t- and p-sounds is written under 
 the first, in the shape of -j, thus: ^1, kra, ^ tra, ^ bra etc. When com- 
 bined with another consonant as first letter, it is written over the second, thus: 
 ff] rka, ^ rha, 5 rda etc., but it is seldom heard in speaking. 
 
 The so-called Sanskrit Cerebrals are represented in Tibetan letters by ^, P, ^, ^>, p,
 
 IX 
 
 and when in this dictionary they are transcribed, they are marked by a dot underneath : 
 *, /, d, n, s. 
 
 The figure < (wa-zur or small wo) attached to the foot of a letter, is often used to 
 distinguish homonyms in writing , e.g. & fsa hot and 3> fsa (fswa) salt. 
 
 The dot, which stands at the end of every syllable and of every word, is called Tseg 
 (fseg) and is indispensable for a correct writing or reading. 
 
 When ^H stands as a prefix, it is, when transcribed, represented by y, e.g. 
 ycig, ^]^^ ytam etc. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 The alphabetical order of the vowels is: a, i, u, e, o; they have in Tibetan the same 
 sound as they have in German, Italian, and most other European languages: a sounds 
 like the English a in 'far', i like ee in 'peer' or i in 'pin', u like u in 'rule' or in 'pull', e 
 like a in 'fate' or e in 'met', o like o in 'note' or in 'not'. 
 
 As the vowel a is inherent in every consonant, so that even a single letter may form 
 a word, e.g. ^* ba (cow), $!* sa (earth), there is no special character or letter required 
 for this vowel. The other four vowels are represented by little hooks, ^ standing for *, ^ 
 for M, "^ for , ~^ for o. The marks for i, e, o are placed over the letter, that for u under 
 it. Examples: K*&T pad-ma, *\ ri, $|" me, ^*&f bu-mo. 
 
 The letter ^ is used as a basis for initial vowels, thus-^ {T$T 'a-ma; the letter Py 
 serves as a basis for initial and final vowels : CyJ* ^o-ma, ^K-V dga. 
 
 The vowel-sounds of P^, when transcribed, are indicated by the mark : P^a, P^, 
 P^w, P^ < ^, W^ < o, whilst the l^-vowels are denoted by the mark ' placed over the re- 
 spective letters: IJ 'a, iS) V, ^ X ^ '^ ^ 'o. The real nature of the letters P^ and 
 !{ is treated of in the latter part of the Introduction. 
 
 Whenever P^ is a prefixed letter, the mark o, in transcribing, is put under the con- 
 sonant following the P^ e.g. P^ O du, 
 
 Note. For a ready 'finding of words' in the Dictionary, it should be borne in mind, 
 that the articles are arranged in the alphabetical order of the initial consonants and their 
 prefixed and superscribed letters. Thus: TJ ^T| ^T| fh a S_ . 
 etc. etc. 
 
 II. PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 With regard to the language, with which I am dealing, it must, on the one hand, 
 be admitted, that distinctions between sounds and, especially, variations in the mode of 
 expressing their values as embodied in a written character, are far more numerous in 
 Tibetan than either in Sanskrit or Hindi, in which two languages there is really little or 
 no opening for mistake or ambiguity in this respect. But on the other hand, Tibetan is
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. THE TIBETAN ALPHABET. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 The names of all the Consonants sound in a, pronounced like the a in the English 
 word 'far'. 
 
 ^ ka pronounced like the French c car 5J ma mart 
 P Ka like the English c or k cart 
 ^ ga harder than the English (hard) g 
 
 C; no, ng pang 
 
 x$ ca the soft English g ginger 
 
 cS ca ch chart 
 
 5 > j jar 
 
 ^ nya the French gn campagne 
 
 5 ta the French t tard 
 
 | fa the English t tart 
 
 *s t?a dart 
 
 <X wa nard 
 
 J pa the French p pas 
 
 5J pa the English p part 
 
 J ba bard 
 
 *) 
 
 tsa (ts) parts 
 <3b fsa (aspirated) 
 E( <fea (ds) guards 
 2J wa waft 
 
 (Sj za (zh) like the English s in leisure 
 3 za like the English z zeal 
 (^ ^a (basis for vowels) 
 WJ *) ya yard 
 ^ **) ra rasp 
 OJ fa last 
 
 A sa (sh) sharp 
 ^| sa salve 
 ^ ha half 
 ^J 'a (basis for vowels) 
 
 2/a, when combined, as second consonant, with k- and p-sounds, or with m, 
 is written under the first letter, assuming the shape of ^, thus JJ % a ? 3 ^ a ' 
 ^ mya etc. 
 
 **) ^ ", when combined as second letter, with k-, t- and p-sounds is written under 
 the first, in the shape of ~j , thus : HI kra, S tra, ^ bra etc. When com- 
 bined with another consonant *& first letter, it is written over the second, thus : 
 Tfl rka, ^ rna, rda etc., but it is seldom heard in speaking. 
 
 The so-called Sanskrit Cerebrals are represented in Tibetan letters by ^, P, p, jB, p.,
 
 and when in this dictionary they are transcribed, they are marked by a dot underneath : 
 t, /, d, n, s. 
 
 The figure < (ii-a-zur or small wa) attached to the foot of a letter, is often used to 
 distinguish homonyms in writing, e.g. <3-> fsa hot and cb fsa (fswa) salt. 
 
 The dot, which stands at the end of every syllable and of every word, is called Tseg 
 (fseg) and is indispensable for a correct writing or reading. 
 
 When ^| stands as a prefix, it is, when transcribed, represented by /, e.g. 
 ycig, ^^ ytam etc. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 The alphabetical order of the vowels is: a, i, u, e, o; they have in Tibetan the same 
 sound as they have in German, Italian, and most other European languages: a sounds 
 like the English a in 'far', i like ee in 'peer' or i in 'pin', u like u in 'rule' or in 'pull', e 
 like a in 'fate' or e in 'met', o like o in 'note' or in 'not'. 
 
 As the vowel a is inherent in every consonant, so that even a single letter may form 
 a word, e.g. ^' ba (cow), $f sa (earth), there is no special character or letter required 
 for this vowel. The other four vowels are represented by little hooks, ^ standing for t, ^ 
 for u, ^ for , ~^ for o. The marks for *', 0, o are placed over the letter, that for u under 
 it. Examples: J^*&T pad-ma, t\ ri, &|* me, ^T^f bu-mo. 
 
 The letter tfj is used as a basis for initial vowels, thus-; t^'&T 'a -ma; the letter (^ 
 serves as a basis for initial and final vowels: Q^J" ^o-ma, ^^P\ dga. 
 
 The vowel-sounds of ^, when transcribed, are indicated by the mark < : ^ <a, Q^z, 
 ^< w > ^\ < e i \ <> whilst the lJ -vowels are denoted by the mark ' placed over the re- 
 spective letters: l^| 'a, lls 'i, ^ 'u, I^| 'e, D^ 'o. The real nature of the letters f^and 
 I?! is treated of in the latter part of the Introduction. 
 
 Whenever (^ is a prefixed letter, the mark o, in transcribing, is put under the con- 
 sonant following the Q^ e.g. Q^ O c?w, Q]^" ^ro-ba. 
 
 Note. For a ready 'finding of words' in the Dictionary, it should be borne in mind, 
 that the articles are arranged in the alphabetical order of the initial consonants and their 
 prefixed and superscribed letters. Thus: TJ 57T] pTj A oj ^ . ra_jra_Qm_ 
 
 etc. etc. 
 
 II. PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 With regard to the language, with which I am dealing, it must, on the one hand, 
 be admitted, that distinctions between sounds and, especially, variations in the mode of 
 expressing their values as embodied in a written character, are far more numerous in 
 Tibetan than either in Sanskrit or Hindi, in which two languages there is really little or 
 no opening for mistake or ambiguity in this respect. But on the other hand, Tibetan is
 
 scarcely more irregular than French pronunciation, and a few definite rules enjoy univer- 
 sally recognized acceptation. 
 
 There is, however, one special difficulty in the case of Tibetan which, at the present 
 stage of that language, renders it practically impossible to set up an equable and autho- 
 ritative standard of pronunciation, and this is the existence of a great number of indepen- 
 dent and well-defined dialects. An attempt to deal partially with this difficulty, to 
 append, let me suppose, to every word from three to five different pronunciations would 
 involve a waste of time and an extension of space quite disproportionate to the value of 
 the result. And yet, if one has to strike a preference in favour of one particular dialect, 
 it is very hard to determine, which is to be selected. At first sight, it might seem the 
 most natural course to fix upon the speech of the best educated classes in the capital city 
 Lhasa. But when this method was followed, or when at least an endeavour was made to 
 act upon it, by Georgi and then by Schroter, only scant approval was bestowed upon 
 it by European critics, and there were and are several reasonable arguments to be urged 
 against its adoption. Of all the dialects this presents to the European ear and tongue the 
 greatest difficulties, and accommodates itself least readily to the written character. More- 
 over, in my own case, I have to add that I do not consider myself sufficiently master of 
 it to care to risk its application to each individual word. Besides, modern political cir- 
 cumstances make this dialect, for the present, the least available for general use. 
 
 Csoma chose a much more manageable and a much more widely circulating mode 
 of pronunciation, though one which presents problems of its own, when it has to be fitted 
 to the written character: the West-Tibetan dialect. Here again, in representing each 
 separate word, one has, in reality, to make choice between two, three or four pronuncia- 
 tions, of which one agrees best with the written character, another conforms closest to 
 the rules of spelling, a third recommends itself as that most frequent in conversational 
 language. In my own smaller Tibetan dictionary I went no farther than to distinguish 
 between two principal groups, which I termed West-Tibetan and Central-Tibetan; but 
 in a more scientific work like the present I may permit myself to call more minute at- 
 tention to the niceties and refinements of the language before us. I have, accordingly, 
 published a number of specimens from my note-book, in which I kept a collection of typ- 
 ical w r ords, of which k l availed myself as often as I had the opportunity of meeting the 
 representatives of remote districts, and of enquiring concerning their manner of speech 
 at home. Whenever in this collection a word had nc-t been entered on sound native 
 authority, or had not been sufficiently discussed, I preferred to mark it with a note of 
 interrogation, and not to allow any conclusion from analogy, or any theory of pronun- 
 ciation to interfere with the design of my handy-book and its simple and unprejudiced 
 statement of fact. I may therefore, I hope, claim for this list a high degree of trust- 
 worthiness, even among collections of the kind, into which words can sometimes have 
 slipped, as they had been heard once, and perhaps w r ere not heard again. 
 
 In order to denote the pronunciation, I follow the scheme of Professor Lepsius. 
 Some objections have been urged against this scheme; yet, amongst all systems of the 
 kind, so far as I have become acquainted with them, I have no hesitation in affirming 
 that of Professor Lepsius to be the best, and it is certainly also that most appropriate 
 for my purpose. A thorough study of the 'Standard Alphabet by R. L epsius, 2 nd edi- 
 tion, London, Williams and Norgate. Berlin, Hertz, 1863' may be recommended to all 
 persons, who interest themselves in phonetic investigations. As I can scarcely take it for 
 granted, that the work mentioned will be already in the hands of every one, who may 
 consult my dictionary, I shall endeavour, as briefly as possible, to indicate its essential 
 plan and principles. Its rules may be stated as follows:
 
 XI 
 
 In order to mark sound, Lepsius uses the letters of the ordinary Latin alphabet. 
 Where these are insufficient, he calls in the aid of a few Greek letters. Letters are used 
 with the powers they most generally possess in European languages. (Thus z has its 
 usual force, and does not stand for the peculiar sound ts, which belongs to it in the Ger- 
 man language alone.) Sounds which lack exact representation are indicated by diacritical 
 marks, placed above or below the letters which most nearly correspond. Every simple 
 sound is represented by one and only one simple mark. Explosive and fricative conso- 
 nants (these terras will be explained below) are denoted by different letters. 
 
 The following marks or signs are for vowels: the well known sign () for a short, and 
 (") for a long vowel; the mark of a modified vowel ("), German ii, 6,ii, is placed by Lep- 
 sius, for practical reasons, below, not above the vowel (a, p. ) ; a dot under the vowel 
 denotes a close vowel-sound (e = a in fate, o in note) ; a horizontal line under the vowel 
 denotes a more open vowel-sound (e in 'there', o in 'or, cord', which, indeed, supersedes 
 the a mentioned above); the mark (") above the vowel indicates a nasal quality, the 
 breath passing, while uttering the sound, to a considerable extent through the nose (the 
 French 'an, in, on, uri = a, e, o, o). 
 
 In marking consonants, there is first the distinction to be noted, that they are partly 
 explosives, formed by a rapid process of closing and re-opening the passage of the air at 
 a certain point, partly fricatives and liquids, formed by a partial process of compressing 
 or narrowing the air-passage; and secondly, they are distinguished in regard to the ex- 
 act spot, where the process of articulation takes place. The lowest articulation takes 
 place in the faucal region, close to the larynx (here, for example, h is formed); next 
 comes the guttural region, at the throat, near the soft palate and uvula (here k is formed); 
 it is marked, when necessary, with a dot above the consonant; then the palatal region, 
 the hard palate, (here the German ch is formed in 'ich'); the mark is a stroke like the 
 acute accent in Greek over the consonant; then the dental region, at the teeth and gums 
 (d, t, s, sh), and finally the labial region, at the lips (b, p, m). There exists a further 
 class o'f consonants in the Indian languages, and also in modern Tibetan, which are 
 styled cerebrals; they are most of them modified dentals, formed by bending or curling 
 the tongue upwards, and bringing the tip of it into contact with the hard palate in the 
 centre or toward the hinder part of its roof; mark, a dot under the consonant. 
 
 Many of these letters, in order to become audible, require in pronouncing them a 
 certain vocalic effort; others, to say the least, allow or suggest such an effort; the mark 
 of these vocalized consonants is a small ring under the letter. When this vocalic effort 
 is made by the medium of the nasal channel alone, the oral passage being simultaneously 
 closed at some one of the points indicated above, we get the nasal consonants as a result. 
 When the stoppage is made at the guttural point, ng is obtained (to be marked n); at 
 the dental point, n ; at the labial point, m. In order to conform with the two final rules, 
 cited above from Lepsius, the Greek letter % is used to represent the German ch, when 
 it is guttural and hard, as in the word 'doch'; use is made of the Greek ^, when it is soft 
 or accompanied by a vocalic tone (the Dutch g); j[ gives the force of a palatal ch (Ger- 
 man 'ich' = ij, 'milch' = milj); ^ is used to represent the strong English th (as in 
 'through') ; d renders the softer or vocalized tone (as in 'that'); a hard, sharp and hissing 
 s or ss (as in 'yes', 'press') is marked as s; the soft vocalic s (as in 'his', 'rise') is repre- 
 sented by z; the hard rushing sound sh, German sch, is rendered by s; the sound of the 
 French j by z. If one attempts to give at the palatal point, where the English y (in 
 'year'), or the German j (in Mahr') is formed, the sound sh, German sch, one obtains the 
 palatal , or the softened and vocalized z. In the Dictionary s and z have been substi- 
 tuted for these marks.
 
 XII 
 
 Further, in many languages, what are properly combinations of two consonants come 
 to be regarded as simple forms, this happening, either because they are gradual growths 
 upon an original simpler form, or because they have a natural affinity to each other. Thus 
 properly dental sibilants should be distinguished thus : & v , dz\ but for the sake of simpli- 
 city Lepsius, in his second edition, marks them c"and /, or, with their palatal force, c 
 and^ (instead of 6 r andj). 
 
 A further example of the combination of consonants is presented in w r hat is known 
 as aspiration, when the letter h is brought into more or less intimate connexion with 
 another consonant. This introduces us to a very important distinction, belonging to the 
 Tibetan language, which it is necessary to explain at some length, in accordance with 
 which explosive consonants, as they have the force of tenues, mediae, or aspiratae, are 
 treated. The tenues are produced by a sudden opening of the air-passage at one of the 
 points above mentioned: throat, teeth, lips, such opening being unaccompanied by any 
 sensible operation of the breath whatsoever. Thus, when quite exactly sounded, k, t, p, 
 are produced. The mediae, g, d, b, are produced by the same process, carried out in a 
 milder and less abrupt way, (the peculiar English pronunciation will come under con- 
 sideration later). The aspiratae require a decided pressure by the breath (they will be 
 found marked by the spiritus asper above the letter: K, f, p). In northern Germany, in 
 England, and in Scandinavia, modern educated speech recognizes only mediae and aspi- 
 ratae, for we give an aspirated sound to every k, t and p. The French and the Magyars 
 distinguish consciously the pure tenues from the mediae; on the other hand they ignore 
 the aspiratae. Tibetan pronunciation makes room and requires a mark for all three gra- 
 dations. Nay more, it augments the class of explosive consonants or mutae by the ad- 
 dition of the dental sibilants in all three ranks or grades of aspiration : -5, e5, E, and 3, 
 cS, E^ or according to the Standard Alphabet: c, c, ) and fe, fs, dz. At a later stage of 
 the language some further modifications were introduced, which we shall subsequently 
 allude to. 
 
 Let us now, passing from these general observations, draw attention to a few details 
 of the Phonetic Table, which has been drawn up in deference to a wish that reached me 
 from several quarters. 
 
 The first column of the Table, now under review, gives the ancient literal pronun- 
 ciation, as it was in vogue in the seventh century of our era, and was settled at the time 
 of the invention of the alphabet. Such a pronunciation relies, after all, for its justification 
 on the hypothesis, that the inventors of the alphabet had for their first object to re- 
 produce, as exactly as possible, an artistic reflection of the natural value of sounds as 
 spoken by their contemporaries: that, therefore, a later pronunciation is most in con- 
 formity with the original genius of the language, if it gives with the greatest distinctness 
 a special power to each written character. A reference to the Table will amply illustrate 
 the fact, that a pronunciation, adopted on these principles, has actually maintained itself 
 in one or the other provincial dialect, and it is very interesting to notice, that the purest 
 and most striking forms of this survival have their homes in those districts, which are 
 most remote from and least subject to the disintegrating and dissolving influences of the 
 actual centre of Tibetan civilisation, the capital Lhasa. Thus the prefixes and the super- 
 scribed consonants, for the most part, are still sounded at each extremity of the whole 
 territory, within which the language is spoken, both on the Western and the Eastern 
 frontier, alike in Khams, which borders on China, and in Balti, which merges into Kash- 
 mere. Moreover, in both localities the same minor irregularities occur, transgressions 
 against an exact rendering of the pronunciation according to the letters, the same frequent 
 transformations of the tenues into the aspiratae, g and d (compare lower down) becoming 
 / or /, b becoming w. Now, about twenty degrees of longitude separate Balti from Khams,
 
 XIII 
 
 and the former, embracing Islam, long since cut itself adrift from spiritual and religious 
 cohesion with Tibet, and there, too, the dialect in other respects has greatly deteriorated, 
 has admitted many foreign elements and has fallen altogether from the position of a lite- 
 rary language. The resemblances and correspondences noted can, therefore, scarcely be 
 accounted for in any other way, than by assuming that an old and strong instinct of speech 
 lived on in oral tradition for more than ten centuries on the outskirts of the Tibetan do- 
 main, which in the intermediate provinces has gradually surrendered and submitted to 
 the spirit of change. 
 
 Columns 2 6 contain, on most pages, the provincial dialects in their geographical 
 sequence from West to East. The dialects of Ladak, Lahoul and Spiti correspond to 
 what in my smaller Tibetan dictionary I called the dialect of Western Tibet. The last 
 named, Spiti, represents in some respects the transition to the dialects of Eastern Tibet, 
 under which heading Tsang and IT are to be classed. At the date of the publication of 
 my former dictionary I was unacquainted with the dialect of Khams. Where a space is 
 left vacant in the columns, the provincial pronunciation agrees with the model provided 
 under column 1. Towards the end of the Table, where the anomalies become much more 
 frequent, I have for the sake of clearness repeated the word. 
 
 The sign <d (which does not occur in this Table) was pronounced = CLJ, or ^ in the 
 substantive terminations ba and bo (v. Diet. p. 362), viz. = the English w, so that ^ 
 sounded exactly like the French word roi. 
 
 The Accent has seldom been marked, because, as in our Teutonic dialects, it gene- 
 rally rests on the root of the word. In the case of compounds, it more frequently falls on 
 the last than on the first of the component parts. But accentuation, altogether, is not of 
 great significance in this language. 
 
 With regard to Quantity, vowels are pronounced shorter, even in open syllables, 
 than is the case for instance in England and Germany. This applies particularly to the 
 Central Provinces. Absolutely long vowels occur only as a peculiarity of dialect. They 
 indicate that a consonant has been dropped, in most provinces, s, in U, gs, in Tsang, 1. 
 A long vowel may also indicate the blending of vowels. But when in U and Tsang the d, 
 (as in ce^-pa) and when in Lahoul the g (as in fo',pu'-rdn) is partially dropped, the vowel 
 likewise maintains a short abrupt pronunciation. Moreover, the region, to which I have 
 just referred, is that in which the spoken language has been greatly affected by a foreign 
 linguistic principle. A system of Tones has been introduced under manifestly Chinese 
 auspices. I am told by European students of reputation, who have made the Tonic lan- 
 guages of Eastern Asia their special department, that only the first principles of what 
 are known as the high and low Tones, have made their way into Tibetan. Here, as 
 in the languages of Farther India, generally, which possess an alphabetic system of writ- 
 ing, the Tone is determined by the initial consonant of the word. This 1 have generally 
 indicated in column 7, which column applies only to the Spiti, Tsang and U dialects. The 
 system of Tones, as in Siam and elsewhere, has become of paramount importance in de- 
 termining distinctions between words. An inhabitant of Lhasa, for example, finds the 
 distinction between -A and (3, or between $J and 3, not in the consonant, but in the Tone, 
 
 pronouncing -j and $| with a high note (as my Tibetan authorities were wont to describe 
 it 'with a woman's voice', shrill and rapidly), (3 and 3, on the contrary with a low note, 
 
 and, as it appeared to me, more breathed and floating. This latter distinction is still more 
 apparent with regard to those low-toned aspirates, that in the course of time were intro- 
 duced in Central Tibet instead of the mediae, in contraposition to which now the original 
 aspirates are used as high-toned ; so more particularly in the dialect of Spiti. The low- 
 toned aspirate I have indicated by h, the high-toned by the mark of the spiritus asper'.
 
 Those letters of the alphabet, which as simple initial consonants have a deep tone, be- 
 come with a superscribed letter or with a prefix high-toned, so also &J, when subscribed. 
 The tenues remain, it would appear, unaffected by the Tone. With reference to the mo- 
 difying effect of a final n, d, and w, in different provinces, the Table may be consulted. 
 The characterisation of the rushing sounds as 'palatals' is no doubt correct and agrees 
 with the generally prevailing pronunciation; but the learner need not consider it as being 
 of much importance. 
 
 The two letters, (^ and JJ, introduce us to a very interesting linguistic phenomenon. 
 
 We meet here with the idea of the vowel absolute, the pure vocalic note, freed altogether 
 from any presence of a consonant. This vowel- tone is rendered by the letter of the 
 alphabet f^, in contradistinction to ^, which represents the Semitic tf, the spiritus lenis 
 
 of the Greeks, the audible re-opening of the air passage of the larynx. The difference 
 may be observed, for example, in the manner of uttering the words, 'the lily, an endogen' 
 and in the pronunciation of 'Lilian 1 (a name), in Tibetan CT^'^'ST and (^'(^"O^*. Thus, 
 
 whenever in the middle of a word one vowel succeeds another (hence also in all diph- 
 thongs), (^ is used. Again, in Tibetan, as in every form of human speech, it cannot but 
 be the commonest of occurrences for a vowel to follow a consonant, and the strict rule 
 might seem to require the vocalic tone to be always indicated, which, according to Csoma, 
 was originally done. However, as the Tibetan language , adopting the principle from 
 Sanskrit, deems the sound of a to be naturally inherent in every consonant, while the 
 other four vowels, as mere subspecies of the vowel absolute, are indicated by little hooks 
 above or below the letter, and as the end of a syllable is always marked by a dot (called 
 fseg\ the function of (^ i n this capacity was soon seen to be quite superfluous. Its use is 
 
 necessary only to obviate ambiguities, when for instance one of the five letters, used as 
 prefixes, precedes a consonant with a; e.g. the word &I^", would be read 'mad?; whereas 
 
 ^R^", written thus, implies that the vowel does not precede but follow the consonant d, 
 and consequently the m is prefix, and the word to be read 'mda'. If the vowel is not a. 
 the sign of such vowel suffices, e.g. $$^ mdo ; S|^H* mdao, standing now for 5^(3^". 
 
 Some practical difficulty attends the pronunciation of the pure vowel as an initial letter. 
 In order that the effect of the consonant 1^ may not be produced, it is necessary, after 
 
 opening the larynx, to allow the tone gently to set in and then to let it gradually gain 
 fulness and force. I shall indicate this process by the mark .. The sound would be 
 still more accurately represented than it is in the Table, thus: ^adr-po, ^uua-pa etc. Im- 
 proper are the expedients of some of the dialects, the sound being hardened to y in 
 Khams, to I?J in Western Tibet; also Csoma's device of indicating it by an h is inade- 
 quate. This is a case in which the true pronunciation has been preserved in the Central 
 Provinces, perhaps, because it almost necessarily implies the effort connected with the 
 low Tone, above referred to, so that, when the invading system of Tones had here estab- 
 lished its authority, it acted as a conservative element. 
 
 Finally, this vocalic tone can be used in connexion with certain consonants. It is 
 unnecessary to indicate it in Tibetan, when it accompanies liquidae (m, n, n, r, /) and 
 sibilants; but with the mutae it must be marked, where the effect is that, with which we 
 are familiar in the case of the English mediae, b, d, g, j, for instance in 'be, do, go, jew\ 
 In Tibetan the vocalic effect accompanies aspirates too, and is marked by ^, placed as a 
 
 prefix, which I transcribe thus , e.g. R^* O du = the English do. The pause on the tone
 
 is of course in the case of mutae a very short one. Here again, though only in the case 
 of the mediae, we find this peculiarity preserved in its purity in Central Tibet. It is not 
 difficult to understand, how, if one is careless about closing the nasal passage, a nasal 
 articulation of this prefix can easily grow common. This has happened throughout 
 Khams, and in the rest of Tibet at least in compound words; at Lhasa it is considered 
 inelegant, as is also the sounding of any prefix. On the other hand, the dialect of Central 
 Tibet neglects the distinction between &! and Q and pronounces the former only as a 
 vocalic initial. In words from the Sanscrit the ^ is used in some respect as a 'mora', to 
 
 denote a long syllable, e. g. -j for ^-; hence the opinion of Lamas of Lhasa, that it ex- 
 presses prosodical length, when used as above in SFf^. 
 
 J* mya, is not found in use in any of the dialects. The sole confirmation of its liter- 
 al pronunciation depends upon the word myan-ba which, perhaps a thousand years ago, 
 found its way into the Bu-nan language (Tibar-skad, Cunningh.) and which the people of 
 Lahoul, when speaking Tibetan, pronounce nyan-wa. The process of transition to the 
 cerebral .^-sounds in the words krad-pa etc. is in many places not yet completed, so 
 that the sound of r is still more or less clearly distinguishable. The Prefixes have al- 
 ways constituted the most perplexing phenomena in the Tibetan language, At the time 
 of the invention of the alphabet they must have represented a sort of anticipatory sound 
 in close connexion with the initial consonant of the word. Certain seeming impossibili- 
 ties of pronunciation, when one has, for instance, to deal with a prefix together with a 
 threefold initial consonant (^rrfj ^rrf) become less formidable, and not more embarrass- 
 ing than those which meet us, for example, in the Polish language, when we ascertain 
 that in Balti and Khams the three explosive prefixes are pronounced as fricatives, in 
 which case v must be written for w. Thus c n^" c H" yci-wa, JTJ* wkra, ^f^pl^J" wsyrags 
 
 call for no greater exertions, than do the Polish chciwy, wkrotce, wskros. Our strongest 
 ground for assuming this fricative pronunciation to be that of antiquity is, I think, that, 
 had it been explosive, words like ^^1", ^W<3\* would have coincided with ^* ? nfj<k*. Yet 
 
 it must be acknowledged that a pronunciation bcu^ bka etc. exists, side by side with wcu, 
 wka etc. <J, as a liquid, offers no difficulty. f^, as a prefix, is no consonant. 
 
 A doubt must still cling to ^, and I do not venture to determine its ancient pronun- 
 ciation. It is by a strange anomaly that, in most dialects, when prefixed to ^f, both it and 
 the initial consonant die away into a spiritus lenis; and almost still more singular it is, 
 that where it still asserts an independent force, in Khams and in Balti, it is sounded like 
 ^] with the power of/. The investigations of Lepsius go indeed to prove, that ^ and ^ 
 
 are complements to each other; but how came, at the beginning, two letters to be chosen 
 as signs for one and the same sound? Most probably the original sound was (\ which 
 then very soon passed into /. The variations between r and s in Ladak afford no sure 
 hold for drawing inferences. 
 
 The purpose, for which the Phonetic Table was drawn up, will have been attained, 
 if I succeed in convincing my readers, 1. that for scientific objects the pronunciation, as it 
 is given in Column 1, is the most suitable, and that with a good conscience it can be re- 
 commended in the place of that introduced by Csoma; 2. that its system is regular enough 
 to render it unnecessary to give the pronunciation of every individual word throughout 
 the work; 3. that I present in this Table, in regard to the various dialects, as much in 
 the way of results as, down to the present, it has been possible for European students to 
 acquire and to put into shape for the service of a European public.
 
 III. PHONETIC TABLE 
 FOR COMPARING THE DIFFERENT DIALECTS. 
 
 The columns 26 are arranged according to the geographical site of the provinces from West to East. 
 
 I. Words containing only simple consonants and vowels. 
 
 1 2345 6 
 West. Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti 
 
 Tsang, U 
 
 Khams 
 
 ka-ra 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 kuq = cook 
 
 
 ku' 
 
 
 
 
 kun 
 
 
 
 
 kjtn 
 
 kun 
 
 Kan-pa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 gan 
 
 
 
 ghan 
 
 ghan 
 
 
 nal 
 
 
 
 
 na Ts. 
 
 
 nan-pa 
 
 
 
 
 nem-pa U. 
 
 
 ci 
 
 
 
 
 
 ce 
 
 cad-pa 
 
 
 
 
 ce'-pa 
 
 
 can-pa 
 
 
 
 
 cem-pa 
 
 
 cen-po 
 
 
 
 
 cem-po 
 
 
 J a 
 
 
 
 jha 
 
 jha 
 
 
 nyin 
 
 
 
 
 
 nyen 
 
 tib-ril 
 
 
 
 
 tib-rl Ts. 
 
 teb-rel 
 
 fan 
 
 
 
 
 
 fen \ 
 
 fab = fdp 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 fog 
 fod-pa 
 
 
 ff 
 
 
 fo'-pa 
 
 1 
 
 da 
 
 
 
 dha 
 
 dha 
 
 
 dud-pa 
 nad = not 
 
 
 
 dhud-pa 
 
 dhu-pa 
 ne' 
 
 
 pan-pa 
 
 
 
 
 pem-pa 
 
 
 pug-von 
 
 
 pu'-ron 
 
 
 pug-ron 
 
 1 
 
 ba 
 
 
 
 bha 
 
 bha 
 
 wa 
 
 bal 
 
 
 
 bhal 
 
 bhdTsbhalv. 
 
 wal 
 
 bu 
 
 
 
 bhu 
 
 bhu 
 
 too 
 
 bu-mo 
 
 
 
 bhu-mo 
 
 bhu-mo 
 
 u'O-mo 
 
 bod 
 
 
 
 bhod 
 
 bho' 
 
 wod 
 
 miff 
 
 
 mi' 
 
 
 
 
 me 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fsil 
 
 
 
 
 fsl 
 
 fsel 
 
 dza-ti 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 wa-tse 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 za 
 
 
 
 sa 
 
 sa 
 
 za 
 
 zag 
 
 
 za' 
 
 sag 
 
 sag 
 
 zag 
 
 za 
 
 
 
 sa 
 
 sa 
 
 
 zan 
 
 
 
 san 
 
 sen 
 
 
 ^ar-po 
 
 'ar-po 
 
 'ar-po 
 
 
 
 yar-po 
 
 <ug-pa 
 
 'ug-pa 
 
 'ug-pa 
 
 
 
 yug-pa 
 
 ^o-ma 
 
 'a-ma 
 
 'o-ma 
 
 
 
 yo-ma 
 
 ^od 
 
 'od 
 
 'od 
 
 
 O^Q' 
 
 yod 
 
 ^ol-mo 
 
 'ol-mo 
 
 'ol-mo 
 
 
 (T,o-mo Ts. 
 
 yol-mo 
 
 yah 
 
 
 
 
 
 yen 
 
 yan-pa 
 yal-ga 
 
 
 
 
 yd-ga 
 yem-pa 
 
 
 yin 
 
 
 
 
 
 yen 
 
 yul 
 
 
 
 
 yu, yu Ts. 

 
 XVII 
 
 23456 
 West, Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti 
 
 Tsang, U 
 
 Kharns 
 
 
 
 
 r"d 
 
 
 
 
 
 rd-mo Ts 
 
 
 3-toned 
 
 , high-toned 
 
 II. Words terminating in J" or 
 
 za-wa 
 zi-wa 
 
 sa-wa 
 si-wa 
 
 sa-wa 
 si-wa 
 
 zi-wa 
 
 1 deep-toned 
 
 si-wa 
 
 si-wa 
 
 si-wa 
 
 si-wa 
 
 high-toned 
 
 zu-wa 
 
 su-wa 
 
 su-wa 
 
 zu-wa 
 
 1 
 
 yo-wo 
 dar-wa 
 
 jho-ivo 
 dhar-wa 
 
 )ho-wo 
 dhar-wa 
 
 
 \ deep-toned 
 
 sol-iva 
 
 
 so-wa Ts. 
 
 
 high-toned 
 
 III. Words terminating in ^ T . 
 
 Kun. 
 
 Kas, Ke 
 
 Kai, Ke 
 
 Ke Ka 
 
 Ke 
 
 Ke 
 
 high-toned 
 
 ris, rl 
 
 rl 
 
 rl rl 
 
 rl 
 
 rl ] 
 
 gus, gii 
 dus, du 
 des, de 
 
 gui, gu 
 dui, du 
 de 
 
 ghui gii 
 dhui du 
 dhe de 
 
 ghu 
 dhu 
 dhe 
 
 gQ> 
 
 do, ( deep- toned 
 
 } 
 
 Kos, Ko 
 
 Koi, Ko 
 
 Ko Ko 
 
 Ko 
 
 k high-toned 
 
 gos, go 
 
 'os, '<? 
 
 '*> '.<? 
 
 gho go 
 
 gho 
 
 r 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 COS, CO 
 
 coi, co 
 
 % CO 
 
 CO 
 
 to 
 
 high-toned 
 
 nag(s) 
 rig(s} 
 
 nag 
 rig 
 
 ? 
 
 nag, na 
 rig, rl 
 
 nag 
 and 
 
 \ deep-toned 
 
 
 fug 
 
 ? 
 
 fug, fu, 
 
 so 
 forth 
 
 high-toned 
 
 4V) 
 
 leg 
 
 ? 
 
 leg, le 
 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 pog(s) 
 fab(s) 
 
 pog 
 fab 
 
 fau 
 
 pog, pd 
 fab 
 
 fab 
 
 
 cib(s) 
 
 cib 
 
 ciu 
 
 W 
 
 cib 
 
 high-toned 
 
 sub(s) 
 
 sub 
 
 8U 
 
 sub 
 
 sub 
 
 
 peb 
 
 peb 
 
 pen 
 
 peb 
 
 peb 
 
 
 'o5(s) 
 
 'ob 
 
 Ju 
 
 ^odb 
 
 yob 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 fam(s)-cdd 
 
 fam-cdd 
 
 fam-cdd 
 
 fam-cc' 
 
 fam-cad 
 
 high-toned 
 
 gom(s)-pa 
 
 gom-pa . 
 
 ghom-pa 
 
 ghom-pa \ gom-pa 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 IV. Words with diphthongs. 
 
 Ke 
 
 Kai, Ke 
 
 
 Ke 
 
 Ke- 
 
 high-toned 
 
 cl 
 
 cl 
 
 
 Cl 
 
 el 
 
 
 bui, bu 
 dei 
 
 bui, bu, 
 
 bhui 
 dUi 
 
 bhu 
 dhM 
 
 by, 
 dl 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 
 
 
 
 so 
 
 high-toned 
 
 
 
 ghau 
 
 ghau 
 
 ga-yo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and so forth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 
 
 
 
 (ra-yo} 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 b 

 
 XVIII 
 
 1 234567 
 
 West. Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti 
 
 Tsang, U 
 
 Khams 
 
 
 rio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 roo, ro 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f deep -toned 
 
 ruo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 V. Words with subscribed letters. 
 
 kyan 
 
 
 
 
 
 kyen 
 
 
 kyir-kyir 
 
 
 
 
 
 kyei'-kyer 
 kuo 
 Ky'e 
 
 
 Kyu 
 
 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 high-toned 
 
 gyon-pa 
 
 Pur.BaL; Ld. 
 
 
 ghyi 
 ?hyon-pa 
 
 ghyi 
 ghygm-pa 
 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 pyag 
 
 pyag cog 
 
 cog 
 
 ag 
 
 cog 
 
 ), 
 
 cog 
 
 v:. 
 
 
 pyi 
 
 Pi 
 
 pi 
 
 ci 
 
 Cl 
 
 a 
 
 
 pyug-po 
 
 pyug- cug- 
 
 cug-po 
 
 cug-po 
 
 cug-po 
 
 cug-po 
 
 high-toned 
 
 pye 
 
 po po 
 
 pe 
 
 ce 
 
 ce 
 
 ce? 
 
 
 pyogs 
 
 cog(s) 
 
 % 
 
 cog 
 
 cogTs. coU. 
 
 cog 
 
 
 bya-mo 
 
 by a- ja- 
 mo mo 
 
 ja-mo 
 
 f 
 
 jha-mo 
 
 t 
 
 
 byi-ba, byi-wa 
 
 bi-wa 
 
 bi-wa 
 
 ? 
 
 jhi-ica 
 
 f 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 bye-ma 
 
 f 
 
 be-ma 
 
 ? 
 
 jlie-ma 
 
 ? 
 
 
 byos 
 
 t 
 
 jos, joi, jo 
 
 f 
 
 jlw 
 
 f 
 
 
 mya-ndn 
 
 f 
 
 nya-ndn 
 
 nya-ndn 
 
 nya-hen 
 
 f 
 
 high-toned 
 
 krad-pa 
 
 ? 
 
 tad-pa 
 
 tad-pa 
 
 te'-pa Ts. 
 
 f 
 
 
 Krag 
 
 Krag 
 
 fag 
 
 tag 
 
 fag 
 
 tag 
 
 
 Krims 
 Krus 
 
 I 
 
 if MS; fu 
 
 fim 
 tui 
 
 tim 
 fu 
 
 tern 
 
 high-toned 
 
 Kron-po 
 
 1 
 
 ion-pa 
 
 ton-pa 
 
 fom-pa 
 
 fon-pa 
 
 
 gri 
 dron-mo 
 
 gri 
 
 dri, di 
 don-mo 
 
 dhi 
 dhon-mo 
 
 dhon-mo 
 
 don-mo 
 
 1 deep-toned 
 
 pru-gu 
 
 pru-gu 
 
 iu-gu 
 
 iu-ghu 
 
 fu-ghu 
 
 fiwe 
 
 high-toned 
 
 bra-bo, bra-wo 
 
 
 bra- da- 
 wo, wo 
 
 dha-^vo 
 
 dha-wo 
 
 da-wo 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 bran-sa 
 
 (B. blan-sd) 
 
 dan-sa 
 
 dhan-sa 
 
 dhan-sa 
 
 dan-sa 
 
 
 sran-ma 
 
 stran-ma ? 
 
 sran-ma 
 
 sran-ma 
 
 srem-ma 
 
 stu'an-ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 \\dg.sem-ma 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 high-toned 
 
 srin-mo 
 
 strin-mo B. 
 
 srin-mo 
 
 srin-mo 
 
 snn-mo 
 
 strin-mo 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 vulg. sin-mo 
 
 
 
 hrul-po 
 klog-pa 
 
 srul-po 
 
 ? 
 
 srul-po 
 log-pa 
 
 srul-po 
 log^pa 
 
 srul-po 
 log-pa 
 
 srul-po 
 
 deep-toned 
 
 | 
 
 fffa 
 
 yty B. 
 
 log 
 
 kg 
 
 log 
 
 yty 
 
 f high-toned 
 
 ola-ma 
 
 i 
 
 la-ma 
 
 la-ma 
 
 la-ma 
 
 wla-ma 
 
 1 
 
 zla-ba, zla-wa 
 
 Iza B. 
 
 (l}da-iva 
 
 da-wa 
 
 da-n-a 
 
 Ida-ica 
 
 ? 
 
 rlans-pa 
 sla-mo 
 
 f 
 
 la-mo 
 
 Id-pa 
 la-mo 
 
 Ian-pa 
 la-mo 
 
 rlen-pa 
 sla-mo 
 
 high-toned 
 
 VI. Words with superscribed letters. 
 
 rkan-pa 
 rgad-po 
 rna 
 rjes 
 
 f 
 
 (r}kan-pa 
 (r)gad-po 
 (r}na 
 zes, ze 
 
 kan-pa 
 gad-po 
 na 
 je? 
 
 kan-pa 
 ge'-po 
 na 
 
 rken-pa 
 rgad-po 
 rna 
 
 these and all 
 the rest are 
 high-toned
 
 XIX 
 
 1 23456 
 West. Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti 
 
 Tsang, U 
 
 Khams 
 
 rnyih-pa 
 
 (r)nyin-pa 
 
 nyin-pa 
 
 nyin-pa 
 
 nyin-pa 
 
 rnyin-pa 
 
 rta 
 
 rta, sta, ta 
 
 ta 
 
 ta 
 
 ta 
 
 rta 
 
 rdo 
 
 Mdo 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 do 
 
 rdo 
 
 rnon-po 
 
 (j*)non-po 
 
 non-po 
 
 non-po 
 
 nom-po 
 
 rnon-po 
 
 rba 
 
 wa 
 
 ba 
 
 ba 
 
 ba 
 
 rwa? 
 
 rmig-pa 
 
 mig-pa 
 
 mig-pa 
 
 mig-ba 
 
 mig-pa 
 
 rmig-pa 
 
 rtsa 
 
 sa 
 
 sa 
 
 t 
 
 tsa 
 
 f 
 
 rtswa 
 
 sa 
 
 sa 
 
 1 
 
 tsa 
 
 ? 
 
 rdza-ma 
 
 za-mal 
 
 za-ma 
 
 | 
 
 dza-ma 
 
 ? 
 
 In a 
 
 na, sna 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 In a 
 
 lean-ma 
 
 lean-ma 
 
 can-ma 
 
 can-ma 
 
 can-ma 
 
 Icen-ma 
 
 l)an-Jcu 
 
 (l)jan-Ku 
 
 jan-Ku 
 
 jan-Ku 
 
 j an- feu 
 
 Ijeh-Ku 
 
 Itad-mo 
 
 (l)tad-mo 
 
 tad-mo 
 
 tad-mo 
 
 te'-mo 
 
 Itad-mo 
 
 Idag-pa 
 lham 
 
 (V)dag-pa 
 lam 
 
 dag-pa 
 lam 
 
 dag-pa dag-pa 
 lam hlamor%lam 
 
 Idag-pa 
 lham 
 
 skom 
 
 skom 
 
 kom 
 
 kom kom 
 
 skom 
 
 skra 
 
 sra 
 
 sra, ta 
 
 ta fa 
 
 stra 
 
 sgo 
 
 yo 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 sgo 
 
 sgra 
 
 da, ra 
 
 da, ra 
 
 da 
 
 da 
 
 zdra 
 
 snon-po 
 
 non-po 
 
 non-po 
 
 non-po 
 
 nom-po 
 
 snon-po 
 
 snyin 
 
 nyin 
 
 nyin 
 
 nyin 
 
 nyin 
 
 snyeft 
 
 stag 
 
 stag 
 
 tag 
 
 tag 
 
 tag 
 
 stag 
 
 sdon-po 
 
 (s)don-po 
 
 don-po 
 
 don-po 
 
 don-po 
 
 sdon-po 
 
 sna 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 na 
 
 sna 
 
 spu 
 spyod-pa 
 
 (s)pu 
 (s}cod-pa 
 
 pu 
 cod-pa 
 
 pu 
 cod-pa 
 
 pu 
 
 co-pa 
 
 spo 
 swod-pa 
 
 spreu 
 
 also srfrfr 
 
 teti 
 
 teii 
 
 fu 
 
 stre-yo 
 
 sbal-ba 
 
 (s)bal-wa 
 
 bal-wa 
 
 bal-wa 
 
 bd-wa Ts. 
 bal-wa U. 
 
 zual-wa 
 
 sbyar-ba 
 
 zar-wa 
 
 zar-wa 
 
 zar-wa 
 
 jar-wa 
 
 zuar-wa 
 
 sbran-bu 
 
 also dan-bu 
 
 dan-bu 
 
 dan-bu 
 
 dan-bu 
 
 den-wo 
 
 sman 
 
 (s)man 
 
 man 
 
 man 
 
 men 
 
 sman 
 
 smyon-pa 
 
 nyon-pa 
 
 nyon-pa 
 
 nyon-pa 
 
 nyom-pa 
 
 snyon-pa 
 
 smra-ba 
 
 mra-wa 
 
 mra-iva 
 
 ? 
 
 m(r)a-wa 
 
 sna-wa 
 
 stsal-ba 
 
 (s)tsal-wa 
 
 tsal-wa 
 
 tsal-wa 
 
 tsd-wa Ts. 
 
 stsal-wa 
 
 
 
 
 
 tsal-wa U. 
 
 
 VII. Words with prefixed letters. 
 
 yces-pa 
 
 ces-pa 
 
 ce-pa 
 
 ce-pa 
 
 ce-pa 
 
 ycl-pa 
 
 ytam 
 
 tarn 
 
 tarn 
 
 tarn 
 
 tarn 
 
 ytam 
 
 j'dun-ba 
 
 dun-wa 
 
 dun-wa 
 
 dun-wa 
 
 dun-wa 
 
 ydun-wa 
 
 ynaii-ba 
 
 nan-wa 
 
 nan-wa 
 
 nan-wa 
 
 nan-wa 
 
 ynen-wa 
 
 ynam 
 
 nam 
 
 nam 
 
 nam 
 
 nam 
 
 ynam 
 
 ytsan-po 
 
 tsan-po 
 
 tsan-po 
 
 tsan-po 
 
 tsan-po 
 
 ytsen-po 
 
 yzu 
 
 zu 
 
 zu 
 
 su 
 
 su 
 
 f~9. 
 
 yzig 
 
 zig 
 
 zC 
 
 sig 
 
 sig 
 
 yzig 
 
 yyog-po 
 
 yog-po 
 
 yo'-po 
 
 yog-po 
 
 yog-po 
 
 (f)y9~p 
 
 yser-pa 
 
 ser-pa 
 
 ser-pa 
 
 ser-pa 
 
 ser-pa 
 
 yser-pa 
 
 yser 
 
 ser 
 
 ser 
 
 ser 
 
 ser 
 
 yser 
 
 dkar-po 
 dkyil 
 
 kar-po 
 kyil 
 
 kar-po 
 kyil 
 
 kar-po 
 kyil 
 
 kar-po 
 kyil 
 
 ykar-po 
 ykyil 
 
 dgu '< 
 
 gu 
 
 gu 
 
 gu 
 
 gu 
 
 ygo 
 
 dqra 
 
 da 
 
 da 
 
 da 
 
 da 
 
 fy)da 
 
 dnul 
 
 nul (vulgo 
 
 muT) nul 
 
 nul 
 
 nufs. nul\J. 
 
 ynul 
 
 dpe-ca 
 
 pe-ca 
 
 pe-ca 
 
 pe-ca 
 
 pe-ca 
 
 ype-ca
 
 XX 
 
 2345 6 
 West. Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti Tsaug, 17 
 
 Khams 
 
 mas-pe 
 
 mar-pe 
 
 ma-pe ma-pe 
 
 may-pe? 
 
 (s)pid 
 
 pid 
 
 cid 
 
 Cl 
 
 %<sid 
 
 uan 
 
 uan 
 
 uan 
 
 uan (vlg. an) 
 
 yweil 
 
 'u* 
 
 'u 
 
 'w 
 
 "u 
 
 wo 
 
 'ug(s) 
 
 v 
 
 'ug 
 
 'ug Ts. 't*U. 
 
 wug 
 
 'ul-po 
 
 'ul-po 
 
 'ul-po 
 
 'ii-po Ts. 
 'ul-po, yl-po 
 
 yii-ol-po 
 
 'en-pa 
 
 ''en-pa 
 
 'en-pa 
 
 'em-pa [U. 
 
 ywen-pa 
 
 yar 
 
 yar 
 
 yar 
 
 yar 
 
 wyer 
 
 mar-po 
 
 mar-po 
 
 mar-po 
 
 mar-po 
 
 (j^mar-po 
 
 nyal-wa 
 
 nyal-wa 
 
 nyal-iL'a 
 
 nya-wa Ts. 
 nyal-wa U. 
 
 mnyal-wa 
 
 ka 
 
 ka 
 
 ka 
 
 ka 
 
 vka 
 
 te-&00 
 
 ta-sl 
 
 ta-sl 
 
 ta-sl 
 
 bta-sl 
 
 go-wa 
 
 go-wa 
 
 go-ira 
 
 go-wa 
 
 vgo-wa 
 
 gyad 
 
 gyad 
 
 gyad 
 
 9ye 
 
 vrgyad 
 
 cu 
 
 cu 
 
 cu 
 
 cu 
 
 vcu, bcu 
 
 cug-sum 
 
 cug-um 
 
 cu-sum? 
 
 cu-sum 
 cu-sum 
 
 vcug-sum 
 
 cub-zi 
 
 cub-zi 
 
 cu-zi 
 
 cu-zi 
 
 vcub-zi? 
 
 zed-pa 
 
 zed-pa 
 
 jed-pa 
 
 je'-pa 
 
 vr)ed-pa 
 
 tum-pa 
 
 tum-pa 
 
 tum-pa 
 
 turn-pa 
 
 btom-pa 
 
 dun 
 
 dun 
 
 dun 
 
 dun 
 
 vdun 
 
 se-wa 
 
 se-wa 
 
 tse-wa 
 
 tse-wa 
 
 vrtse-tva 
 
 zun 
 
 zun 
 
 dzun 
 
 dzun 
 
 rrdzun 
 
 zi 
 
 zi . 
 
 si 
 
 si 
 
 vze 
 
 zib-cu 
 
 zib-cu 
 
 si-cu? 
 
 si-cu 
 
 vzeb-cu? 
 
 zan-po 
 
 zan-po 
 
 san-po 
 
 san-po 
 
 vzen-po 
 
 sal-wa 
 
 sal-wa 
 
 sal-tea 
 
 sd-wa 
 
 vsel-wa 
 
 su-wa 
 
 su-tca 
 
 su-wa 
 
 su-wa 
 
 vso-wa 
 
 sreg-pa 
 
 sreg-pa 
 
 sreg-pa 
 
 sreg-pa 
 (seg-pa) 
 
 vstrag-pa 
 
 lab-pa 
 
 lab-pa 
 
 lab-pa 
 
 lab-pa 
 
 vslab-pa 
 
 Bar 
 
 fear 
 
 fear 
 
 tear 
 
 mtcar 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 o9 
 
 9 
 
 mgo 
 
 don 
 
 don 
 
 don 
 
 O dgn 
 
 mdon 
 
 nar-wa 
 
 nar-wa 
 
 nar-wa 
 
 nar-wa 
 
 mnar-wa 
 
 cin-pa 
 
 cin-pa 
 
 cin-pa 
 
 cim-ga 
 
 mcen-pa 
 
 jin-pa 
 
 jin-pa 
 
 Jin-pa 
 
 jin-pa 
 
 mjin-pa 
 
 fin 
 
 fin 
 
 fin 
 
 fin 
 
 (m)fen 
 
 da 
 
 da 
 
 O da 
 
 O da 
 
 mda 
 
 fso 
 
 fso 
 
 fso 
 
 fso 
 
 mfso 
 
 dzo 
 Kol-wa 
 
 dzo 
 Kol-wa 
 
 O dzo 
 fcol-wa 
 
 O dzo 
 fco-wa Ts. 
 
 mdzo 
 nffol-wa 
 
 gul-wa 
 
 gul-ica, 
 
 O gul-wa 
 
 O gu-wa Ts 
 O gul-wa U. 
 
 ngul-wa 
 
 cam-pa 
 
 cam-pa 
 
 cam-pa 
 
 cam-pa 
 
 ncam-pa 
 
 jam-po 
 
 jam-po 
 
 Jam-po 
 
 Jam-po 
 
 njam-po 
 
 \ fag-pa 
 
 fag-pa 
 
 fag-pa 
 
 fag-pa 
 
 nfag-pa 
 
 gen-dun 
 
 gen-dun 
 
 ge(n)-dim 
 
 ge'jirdunfs. 
 ge- Q dim U. 
 
 y gen-dun ? 
 
 dod-pa 
 
 dod-pa 
 
 Q dod-pa 
 
 O do'-pa 
 
 ndod-pa, 
 
 jnir-wa 
 
 pur-wa 
 
 pur-wa 
 
 pur-wa 
 
 mpur-ica 
 
 pi-wa 
 tod-pa 
 
 pi-ica 
 fod-pa 
 
 pi-wa 
 tod-pa 
 
 ci-ira 
 fo-pa 
 
 nci-wa 
 ntod-pa
 
 XXI 
 
 Jbab-pa 
 vka-Jbum 
 Q fsir-iva 
 O dzin-pa 
 
 2345 
 
 West. Tibet Central Prov. 
 
 6 
 Khams 
 
 Ladak 
 
 Lahoul 
 
 Spiti 
 
 Tsang, U 
 
 bob-pa 
 kam-bum 
 fsir-wa 
 
 bab-pa 
 kam-bum 
 fsir-ira 
 
 Jbab-pa 
 kam-bum 
 fsir-wa 
 
 Jbab-pa 
 ka(?n)-bum 
 fsir-wa 
 
 mbab-pa 
 vkam-binn 
 nfsir-ica 
 
 dzin-pa 
 
 dzin-pa 
 
 dzin-pa 
 
 dzim-pa 
 
 ndzen-pa 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 abbr. = abbreviated, abbreviation e.g. 
 
 ace. according to eleg 
 
 accus. accusative case elsewh. 
 
 act. active, -ly emphat. 
 
 adj. adjective erron. 
 
 adv. adverb, -ially esp. 
 
 A.R. Asiatic Researches euphemist. 
 
 Ar. Arabic expl. 
 
 B. books, book-language extr. 
 Bal. Balti, the most westerly of the districts, 
 
 in which the Tibetan language is fern. 
 
 spoken. fig. 
 
 Bhar. Bharata, a dialogue, ed. by Dr. A. frq. 
 
 Schiefner. fut. 
 
 Bhot. Bhotan, province. gen. 
 
 Burn. I. Burnouf, Introduction au Buddhism gen. 
 
 Indien. Glr. 
 
 II. Burnouf, Lotus de la bonne loi. Gram. 
 
 C. Central Tibet, esp. the provinces U and 
 
 Tsang. Gyatch. 
 
 c. cum, with Hd. 
 
 c.c. construitur cum, construed with. Hook, 
 
 c.c.a. construed with the accusative, etc. ibid, 
 
 ccapir construitur cum accusative personae, id. 
 
 instrumentativo rei i.e. 
 
 ccirdp construitur cum instrumentativo rei, imp. 
 
 dativo personae etc. impers. 
 
 cf. confer, compare incorr. 
 
 Chr. P. Christian writings by Protestant mis- inf. 
 
 sionaries. init. 
 Chr. R. Christian writings by Roman Catholic 
 
 missionaries. inst. 
 cog. cognate, related in origin instr. 
 col. colloquial, -ly interj. 
 collect. collective, -ly interr. 
 com. commonly intrs. 
 comp. compound -s i.o. 
 conj. conjunction irr. 
 contr. contracted Kh. 
 corr. correct, -ly Kopp. 
 correl. correlative, -ly Kun. 
 Cs. Csoma de Koros, Tibetan-English Dic- 
 tionary. Lat. 
 Cunn. Cunningham, General, Ladak and the Ld. 
 
 surrounding country. Ld.-Glr. 
 dat. dative case 
 
 deriv. derivative Lew. 
 
 Desg. Desgodins, La Mission du Tibet de Lex., Lexx. 
 
 18551870. Lh. 
 
 Do. or Dom. Do-mang, a collection of incantations. Lis. 
 
 dub. dubious lit. 
 
 Dzl. Dzanglun, an ancient collection of Le- Ma. 
 
 gends of Buddha. 
 
 exempli gratia, for instance 
 
 elegant, -ly 
 
 elsewhere 
 
 emphatical, -ly 
 
 erroneous, -ly 
 
 especially 
 
 euphemistical, -ly 
 
 explain, explanation 
 
 extreme, towards the end of a longer 
 
 article. 
 
 feminine gender 
 figurative, -ly 
 frequent, -ly 
 future tense 
 general, -ly 
 genitive case 
 
 Gyalrabs, a history of the kings of Tibet, 
 native grammarians or grammatical 
 
 works 
 
 Gyatcherrolpa, Biography of Buddha. 
 Hindi language. 
 
 Dr. Hooker, Himalayan Journals, 
 ibidem, in the same place, 
 idem, the same 
 id est, that is 
 imperative mood 
 impersonal, -ly 
 incorrect, -ly 
 infinitive mood 
 initio, at the beginning of a longei- 
 
 article, 
 instead 
 
 instrumentative case 
 interjection 
 interrogative, -ly 
 intransitive 
 instead of 
 irregular, -ly 
 
 Khams, eastern part of Tibet. 
 Koppen, Die Religion des Buddha. 
 Kunawur, province under English pro 
 
 tection. 
 Latin 
 
 Ladak, province. 
 Ladak-Gyalrabs, a history of Tibet, 
 
 ed. by Dr. E. Schlagintweit. 
 Lewin, Manual of Tibetan. 
 Lexicons, native dictionaries. 
 Lahoul, province. 
 Lishigurkhang, glossary, 
 literally, also literature 
 Ma-ong-lung-bstan, a kind of Tibetan 
 
 Apocalypse.
 
 XXII 
 
 masc. = 
 
 Med. 
 
 med. 
 
 metaph. 
 meton. 
 Mil. 
 Mil. nt. 
 
 Mng. 
 
 n. 
 
 neut. 
 
 nif. 
 
 n.p. 
 
 N.T. 
 
 num. 
 
 obs. 
 
 opp. 
 
 P- 
 partic. 
 
 pass, 
 perh. 
 Pers. 
 pers. 
 p. 
 
 pi. 
 
 pleon. 
 
 p. n. 
 
 po. 
 
 pop. 
 
 postp. 
 
 prep. 
 
 prob. 
 
 pron. 
 
 prop. 
 
 prov. 
 
 Pth. 
 
 Pur. 
 
 qy. 
 
 rel. 
 
 resp. 
 
 Sambh.orSb 
 
 sbst. 
 Sch. 
 
 Schf. 
 
 masculine gender 
 
 medical works 
 
 medio, about the middle of a longer 
 article 
 
 metaphorical, -ly 
 
 metonymical, -ly 
 
 Slilaraspa's hundred thousand Songs. 
 
 Milaraspai nam-tar, Milaraspa's auto- 
 biography. 
 
 Man-ngag-rgyud, a medical work. 
 
 name 
 
 neuter gender 
 
 ni fallor, if I am not mistaken 
 
 noun proper 
 
 New Testament 
 
 numeral 
 
 obsolete 
 
 as opposed to 
 
 page 
 
 participle 
 
 passive, -ly 
 
 perhaps 
 
 Persian 
 
 person, personal 
 
 perfect tense 
 
 plural number 
 
 pleonastic, -ally 
 
 proper name 
 
 poetically 
 
 popular language 
 
 postposition 
 
 preposition 
 
 probably 
 
 pronoun 
 
 properly 
 
 provincialism, provincial, -ly 
 
 Padma thangyig, a collection of le- 
 gends of Padma Sambhava. 
 
 Purig, province. 
 
 quod vide, which see 
 
 relative 
 
 respectful, -ly 
 
 Shambhala, a fabulous country in the 
 north and a book: Guide to Sb. 
 
 substantive 
 
 Prof. Is. J. Schmidt, Tibetisch-Deut- 
 sches Worterbuch. 
 
 Tibetische Grammatik. 
 
 Dr. A. Schiefner. 
 
 Schl. == Dr.E.Schlagintweit,BuddhisminTibet. 
 
 Schr. Schroter, editor of the first Tibetan 
 
 Dictionary. 
 
 S.g. Shad-gyud, a medical work. 
 
 Sik. Sikkim, province 
 
 sim. similar in meaning, similarly 
 
 sing. singular number 
 
 s.l.c. si lectio certa, if the reading is to be 
 
 depended upon. 
 
 S.O. Ser-od, a religious work. 
 
 Sp. Spiti, province. 
 
 Ssk. Sanskrit 
 
 Stg. Stan-gyur,a collection of commentaries. 
 
 symb. num. symbolical numeral 
 
 syn.orsynon. synonymous 
 
 Tar. Taranatha, history of the propagation 
 
 of Buddhism in India. 
 
 termin. terminative case 
 
 Thgr. Thos-grol, Direction for the departed 
 
 soul to find the way to eternal hap- 
 piness. 
 
 Thgy. Thargyan, scientific treatises. 
 
 Trig. Triglot, a collection of Buddhist terms 
 
 in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Mongolian. 
 
 trop. tropically, figuratively 
 
 trs. transitive 
 
 Ts. T san ?> province of Central Tibet. 
 
 Urd. Urdu, a dialect of Hindustani. 
 
 v. vide, see 
 
 vb. verb 
 
 vb. a. verb active 
 
 vb.n. verb neuter 
 
 vulg. vulgar, low expression 
 
 vulgo in common life 
 
 W. Western Tibet. 
 
 Was. Prof. W. Wasiljew, Der Buddhismus. 
 
 Wdk. Waidurya Karpo, a mathematical work. 
 
 Wdn. Waidurya Nonpo, a medical work. 
 
 w.e. without explanation 
 
 Will. Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary. 
 
 Wls. Wilson, Sanskrit Dictionary. 
 
 Wts. Wai-tsang-thu-shi, a description of Ti- 
 
 bet, originally Chinese, ed. by Klap 
 roth. 
 
 Z. Zangskar, a Kashmere- Tibetan pro 
 
 vince. 
 
 Zam. Zamatog, a treatise on Tibetan grammar 
 
 and orthography. 
 
 EMENDATION. 
 
 Page 122, 1st. column, 4th. line from the top, after dignity, are to be inserted the following words: 
 2. Cs. exaggeration. sgro- dogs-pa 1. Sch. to bestow the peacock's feather. 
 
 Other misprints in the English text will be easily recognized as such, and hardly require a specification.
 
 TIBETAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY,
 
 m- ka 1. the letter k, tenuis, == French c 
 
 in car. 2. as numerical figure, used 
 
 in marking the volumes of a work: one. 
 
 - ka-fn alphabetical register Sch. kd- 
 pa the first volume of a work. ka-dpe 
 a-b-C-book. -- ka-preii., kd smad sum-cu, 
 kd-li the Tibetan alphabet. 
 
 m- ka 1. an additional syllable, so-called 
 
 ' article, affixed to some substantives, 
 
 numerals and pronouns, v. the grammars. 
 
 - '2. pillar, v. ka-ba. 
 
 TJ" ka (kva) Oh! 
 
 m-rn- ka-kd excrement, (nursery word), 
 1 *ka-ka tan-ce* W. = French: faire 
 
 kd-ka Ssk. CrOW. 
 
 kah-ka, Ssk. efi^, heron. 
 
 "" ka-ka-ni a small coin of ancient 
 India Cs. 
 
 ka-ka-rdii cucumber Kun. 
 fs* ka-ko-la, Ssk. ^figv^, a plant bear- 
 
 ing a berry the inner part of which 
 is a waxlike and aromatic substance. 
 ka-ko prob. means the same. 
 
 ka-Kd the a-b-c, alphabet; ka-Kai fo 
 alphabetical register, ka-h : ai dp? a-b-c- 
 book; ka-K-a-pa abecedarian. 
 
 ka-Ml-ma v. M-ma. 
 
 m-.y kd-ca also kd-ca, goods, things; /.- 
 cai rjes-su Jbrdns-pai rgydlpo n. of 
 a demon. 
 
 kd-ta-ya, also ka-tya. n. of a lo- 
 cality MY. 
 
 v. ke-tu. 
 
 'j^' ka-to-m, more correctly ka-to-ra, 
 //>/.. metal cup, dish, basin. 
 
 ka-fa-ra Kun. a sort of peach. 
 rn-rcn- ka-ddg, also ka-nas dag, pure from 
 
 ' the beginning Lex. 
 
 m-r^- ka-ddr (from .| J*j> t/ T /'f?. ?J only in 
 the phrase: *ka-dar co-ce* to be 
 cautious, take care, take heed, -/". of. 
 
 #. Skull. 
 
 ka-pi-ta gum, resin *Sc/t. 
 
 m-rf J- kam-po-rtse, absurd spelling instead 
 6 of kam-bo-ja Wdk. 
 kd-ba *ka-ira* 1. pillar, post ; k. <dzug- 
 pa to erect a pillar. 2. a large 
 vein or artery in the abdomen. Comp. 
 ka-sked shaft of a column. kd can 
 having columns. ka--fcig-sgo-?cig a small 
 house, poor cottage; also a mode of ca- 
 pital punishment is said to be called so, 
 when the culprit is fastened to a pillar 
 in a dungeon until he dies of hunger. 
 ka-fcig-pa having one pillar, ka-mdn-ma 
 having many pillars. ka-cen the prin- 
 cipal p. (cf. Gxvloq Gal. 2. 9) Tar. 182. 
 10. ka-rten base of a p. Lex. ka- 
 stigs, ka-fddn pedestal, base of a p. - 
 ka-spiins many pillars. ka-mJd without 
 a pillar; helpless, destitute. -- ku-< 
 ka-ydii-rtse capital of a pillar. ka icd- 
 1
 
 ka-bcd 
 
 kdn-ma 
 
 can, st'd-can a channeled pillar. ka- 
 y:>f capital of a pillar. k(t-yzu-ydiiii. 
 beam of the capital (pillars are mostly 
 made of wood). 
 
 " kft-bcd prob. a sort of gourd Wd% 
 ka-ma-m 1. alabaster Sch. 2. 
 n. of a country. 
 
 ka-ma-la-si-la n of a famous 
 ancient pandita or Brahma- 
 nical scholar. 
 
 "ny*''ff\iZ' ka-mid-rdo-ryydd is said to 
 denote a sort of alabaster 
 or of steatite in (\ 
 
 > ka-tsa-lindi n. of a fabulous, very 
 smooth, stuff or cloth, G-yatch. 
 ka-rtsam, Ld. *ka-sam*, prob. a 
 sort of oats; differing from yug-po, 
 accounted superior to buckwheat, but in- 
 ferior to wheat. 
 
 'sigs-cen-po title of a 
 book cited in Glr. 
 ka-ye (ktra-ye) oh! holla! hear! so 
 e. g. at the beginning of a royal 
 proclamation Ptli. 
 
 - kt'i-ra C. <f* B. sugar; sd- ka-ra 
 crystallized s., sugar-candy, ryydl- 
 mo-ka-ra id. Sch.; bye-ma-ka-ra ground 
 sugar. ka-ra-) a tea with sugar; Sch m 
 'a sweet soup'? ka-ra toy-toy sugar in 
 lumps. kara-sin sugar-cane. (W. Ka-ra). 
 ka-ra-bi-ra, also k-/'<i-/i-;-ra(Ssk.) 
 oleander flower, Nerium odorum. 
 m-zvd' ka-rah-dza Ssk. a medicinal fruit, 
 
 Galedupa arbor ca. 
 
 _.,-. ka-ran-dha Pth. more correctly 
 ka-'ran-da, Ssk., a species of duck. 
 
 kd-ru wedge. 
 
 a fabulous place or 
 country in the north of Asia; 
 also n. of a grammar C's. 
 
 ka-la-pift-ka Cx.: 'Ssk., n. 
 of a bird', Will.: 'katipin 
 peacock; the Indian cuckoo'. 
 
 ka-la-m Ssk. pitcher, jar. 
 
 kt'-fffff W. mud, mixture of earth 
 and water used instead of clay 
 
 (C. $' B.: cjiin-pit)', the word is also used 
 
 for other similar compounds. 
 
 ^ ^| ka-lan-taka Ssk. n. of a bird. 
 ka-li 1. Skull LCJC. = ka-te W. 
 
 kn-li the Tib. alphabet, v. ka. 
 
 rn'^j'-'ZJ]' ka-lih-ya Ssk. n. of different 
 tracts in the eastern part of 
 India; Sch.: 'Korea', without giving fur- 
 ther explanation; perh. Mongol writers 
 call it so? 
 
 ka-lib, A,: 
 
 bullet-mould W. 
 
 ka-le. also kn-leb, saddle-cloth. 
 
 T[V<T kd-sa Ssk. a sort of grass, Sac- 
 r^ charum spontaneum; Tibetans 
 
 often seem to mistake it for ku-sa q. v. 
 Tra'TT ka-si-ka Ssk., adj. of Kasi (Ba- 
 ' naras): inhabitant of Baniira*; 
 k<t-xi-kai ras, a sort of fine cottoncloth. 
 m'W' kd-sa, also *kd-so, kas* (perh. a 
 mutilated form of bka-stxal) resp. 
 yes. Sir! very well. Sir! at your service! 
 (W. also: *kd-sa-)u* v. zu) W. frq., also 
 C. ni f., never in B. 
 
 kdg-gi$ suddenly Sch. 
 kdg-ma mischief, harm, injury C's. 
 
 ^]^ ^| kan-ka Ssk. heron. 
 
 mi-.^r-mr- kan-d< tit-kilt n. of a terrifying 
 
 deity Glr., prob. 
 
 which is said to signify Rahula (v. syra- 
 
 fcan <f- dray-fsed. in dray-pa). 
 
 kanda-ka-ri Ssk. ('thorny') 
 Wilson: Solatium Jaquhti; in 
 
 Lh. a sort of wild Rubus. 
 
 fr| l,'d<l. I A. sometimes instead of the 
 affix ka, e. g. ynyis-kdd, fsari-kdd; 
 
 perh. also in mnyam-k<i<L 
 
 ^1^ kan Med. = bad-kan. 
 
 kdn-ma middle finger.
 
 kal-za 
 
 k('tb-~<, Gua*3 -I' 1 .) W. hilt, handle 
 of a sword. 
 
 kdb-sa (J^S /Vs.) shoe; in W. 
 esp. the leather s u oes of Hindu fashion, 
 which are also bought by wealthier Ti- 
 betans. 
 
 rnxrH*p" k(ini-bu-<lz<i- 'S'.sA 1 . n. of a country 
 in the northwest of India, \Y<lii.: 
 kam-po-rt&e. 
 
 ^V kau watermelon Sch. 
 
 Tjrc 
 
 - km; also 
 
 ; great pain, suffering 
 
 rnyfr't;' kurka-ta S#k. the constellation 
 of Cancer. 
 
 k(ii--*ktjin loan, when respectfully 
 requested, cf ski/it/. 
 
 kar-ca<j register, list. 
 
 rnz.- kdi-nid >S.s/-. ('deed, action 1 ); kar-nia- 
 pa (in Nepal karmika) name of a 
 philosophical school of Buddhism. 
 
 kttr-yiil porcelain, china-ware, 
 -cup etc. 
 
 kdr-lait-ba , also ker-lun-lm, to 
 stand up, to rise. 
 
 . rr 5 v . or y kai'-sa-pa-ni or na, Ssk. 
 JTJJ-, a coin in an- 
 cient India, or rather a weight of gold 
 and silver, of different value (not 'cow- 
 ries', as Sch. seems to think). 
 marUsT kcil-ya, also kal-yor, W. col. in- 
 stead of kar-ydl, the former 
 
 seems to be a corruption of -xls. 
 
 & Jb* numerical figure: 31, ki-pa the 31st 
 (volume). 
 
 i-kdii wild leek Sch. 
 
 m^ ^-rt.? 1 . or a-- k 
 
 ^] ^| kl-(/u n. of the vowel-sign for /, cs . 
 
 rn'Xj' ki-ma Dzl. ^Q ace. to Sc/if. a 
 corruption of the 
 
 Chinese khi'n, a lyre with 7 strings. (Pil- 
 grim. of Fa-Hian Calc. 1848 p. 265). 
 ^j.^: ki-tsi tickling W., *//-/.>/ kfnj-h* to 
 tickle. 
 
 kin-kd 
 
 im-pd n. of a fruit, Le.i\ 
 
 m- ku numerical figure: 61; ku-pa the 
 NS 61st (volume). 
 
 ^\ ku, ki'f-M/i-H 7/., *kit-h>* W. clamour. 
 
 ku-na~la, ku-nd-hi Ssk. y n. of a 
 bird in the Himalaya. 
 
 \Ydii. gourd. 
 
 Tf'B'^' kii-bc-ni S*k. the god of riches, 
 N2 also Nag-ku-bera, Rnam-fos-ki/i- 
 bit, Rnam~fb8-#rd8, /^d(/-/td-rd6-r)e etc. 
 m'xj-r- kit-nni-<!d Sxk. the flower of the 
 X3 red and white lotus, 
 
 riiln-d and 
 
 kit-ytt sediment of urine Med. 
 
 ku-ru-kul-le n. of a female 
 deity .17/7. 
 
 1' A-M-/V/// /.</. colt of an ass. 
 
 ^'"-/'' ; , also ku-res jest, joke, /v/-/v 
 bt/<>J-}>a to jest, cf. kyal-ka. 
 kn-II<i key, also lock; more ac- 
 curately: * pe-fai-liy* key, <"v///- 
 
 ku-liy lock, padlock; *ku-Ug-bur- (or io/'-J 
 
 fe#* in L</. a contrivance used instead of 
 
 a doorlatch. W. 
 
 AW-A-W a sort of grass, Poa cyno- 
 suroides, often used in sacred 
 
 ceremonies. 
 
 ku-*u apple Dzl. ; W. (Cf. //> 
 
 ku-su-ma SsL flower. 
 
 K- kit-h/i ring-dove ('*. (Sub.: the cry 
 i of the cuckoo). 
 
 mrn* 
 ' 
 
 ^'"/A a ^ so kuij-ku<^ crooked; a hook: 
 (jri-kn<i a curved knife, short sabre; 
 lcays-h((/ an iron hook; tn/d-ktuj a fishing- 
 hook; *kn</-kii(j )l''-pa* ('. *tuit-<-e* W. 
 to bend, curve; clinch (a nail); *</<> ///// 
 ta/-tV* H'. to nod, */// ///// f<tii-<\>* \\ T . of 
 beckon. (Cf. L-tnn-i>.) 
 
 " ku<i-i-t*<>, */v///-.sv* cuckoo U'.
 
 knn 
 
 r*g kun (C. : *ktnr') all. every, each ; whole ; 
 >o spui Kun-bu kim-nas from every 
 pore DzL; de-day kun all these; yzan 
 kun all the others; also pleon. kun 
 fatitx-cdd all of them, they altogether; kitn- 
 yyis mfdn-ba, fos-pa seen, heard by every 
 body, generally known; kun-tu 1. into all, 
 in all etc. 2. adv. everywhere, in every 
 direction; kun-tu-bzdn-po Allgood, n. of 
 the first of the celestial Bodhisattwas, 
 S&manta-bhadra, sometimes confounded 
 with Adibuddha, foy-wiai Sans-ryycis; in 
 later works even a Kun-tu-bzdn-mo Yum 
 is mentioned Thyr.; kim-tu i-yyu-ba to go 
 everywhere, wander about; Kun-tu-ryyu 
 qf^gjl^^i n. of a class of Brahmans, itin- 
 erant monks, DzL; ki'<n-nas from every- 
 where, round about, wholly, thoroughly e. g. 
 overpowered by passions, cleansed from 
 sin DzL; kitn-nas jlod-pa to wish from 
 the bottom of the heart Thyy. 
 
 Comp. kun-dkris general corruptness, 
 misery, sin Lex. Kun-ttydb comprising, 
 pervading all things. Kun~mKyen-(pa) 
 omniscient. Kun-dyd-bo, Ssk. ananda, 
 n. of the favourite disciple of Buddha; 
 Kun-dya is to this time frequently used 
 as a name of (female) persons. Kun- 
 dya-rd-ba, also kun-dya Tltyy., or kun^a, 
 Ssk. ^TITTO or WTTTT 'garden of all 
 joys' 1. the grove in which a monastery 
 is situated. 2. the monastery. 3. in Ti- 
 bet, which is destitute of groves, more 
 particularly the auditory or library of a 
 monastery Kun-brtdgs, in the Maha- 
 yana: a personal, erroneous supposition 
 Was. Kun-jliw all-gathering, all-uniting. 
 Kun-dbdh almighty. Kun~rdz6b al- 
 together vain, delusive; knu-rdzob-kyi bdcn- 
 pa subjective truth Was. Kun-yzi lit.: 
 the primary cause of all things, viz.: 1. 
 the SOUl or spirit, kun-fzii wim (opp. to 
 Jbyiiit-bd bzll his the body consisting of 
 the 4 elements), kun-yzii sents-la po mo 
 ma ti/c/'v-tc as no difference of sex exists 
 in souls (we, though being women, would 
 beg etc.) Mil. 2. With more precise 
 
 distinction: kun-yzi sou! as the seat of 
 the passions, opp. to sems-nyid, the very 
 soul, the spirit as the seat of reason Mil. 
 3. To the followers of the Adibuddha 
 doctrine kun-fzi is = God, Adibuddha. kun- 
 fzii Sans-ryyas. - - Kun-fziys all-seeing. 
 Kun-sldii Lea:, v. slon-ba. 
 
 \ kun-da Ssk. jessamine. 
 
 . kun-du-m Ssk. incense. Bos\yellia. 
 
 kion-pa, also kum-kum, k&m-po } 
 crooked, shriveled, dried up ; *kum 
 W. to bend together, to double. (Cf. 
 xkinn-pa). 
 
 kum-bha Ssk. earthen jar. 
 ^' kum-bi-m Ssk. crocodile. 
 
 ^s 
 
 ^j. kf numeral: 91, ke-pa the 91st (vo- 
 
 ' lume). 
 
 m-m-^- ke-ke-m., also kerketana $ ke- 
 ^ taka Ssk. 'n. of a precious 
 white stone' Cs.; our Ssk. dictionaries give 
 but the last of these names, and as its 
 only signification the name of the tree 
 Pandanus odoratissima. 
 
 * ke-ta-ra Sambh., n. of a moun- 
 tain, prob. Kedara, part of the 
 Himalaya. Will. 
 
 ^j_. ke-tu Ssk. a fiery meteor, shooting 
 *3> star; the descending node. 
 
 kc-rtee v. keu-rtse. 
 
 "j ^ ke-re v. kye^rc. 
 
 TJ'ajvq- m*aiv 
 
 ^^ Will, n. of a 
 lofty region of the Himalaya, mythological 
 rather than geographical, seems to be the 
 same as Ti-se q. v., though modern geo- 
 graphers apply the name to different 
 ranges. 
 
 m'fST,T* ke-lan; the fraternity or asso- 
 ciation, which Hue mentions 
 under this name (Voy. II ch. 6), seemed 
 to be totally unknown to our Tashi- 
 Ihunpo Lama, although the expectation 
 of a final war between Buddhist believers
 
 kon 
 
 and infidels, in which the latter will be 
 destroyed, is widely spread through Tibet. 
 kf-m-ka Wdn. n. of a plant, per- 
 haps kehika, Arum Colocasia, with 
 edible root; or = ken-su-kaf 
 
 key-ma = 
 
 kdg-m Cs. 
 
 fi-rus skeleton. 
 
 mp- n-m- kcii-m-ka L(\c., Sambh., Wdn., 
 %? ' n. of a tree. 
 
 keii-rtM, also ke-rtse, jacket Mil. 
 
 ktit-ri u - f a female terrifying 
 deity 
 
 Dzi ?c G , : 
 
 ace. to the Mon- 
 gol version: customary seal, dubious. 
 
 fa suddenly Sch. 
 
 Y kcr-ba to raise, lift up, e. g. the 
 finger towards heaven Glr. ; /<<'/ 
 Idn-ba to rise, stand up. 
 rtf ko 1. num.: 121; ko-pa the 121st 
 ' (volume). 2. affix, = ka col. Ld. 
 - 3. all, whole Sc/u:, cf. kob. 
 rfrryr" ko-k<> 1. also ko-sko, throat, chin 
 Sch., ko-sko deys LesJ 2. = ka- 
 ka W. 
 
 Y ko-ko-fdn-ma n. of a country 
 
 in or near Ceylon Pth. 
 "V- ko-nyon-tee, also ko-nyol-tse, ko- 
 lon-tsc the kernel of the pine- 
 apple 6s.; more particularly the edible 
 seed of the Neosa-pine in the valley of 
 the Sutledj; also skan-nyan-tse Kun. 
 
 ko-fa, Ssk. 0^3, a kind of leprosy 
 Wdn. 
 
 ko-pah-tse a sort of tea Sc/ir. 
 
 ko-pdn* guitar LcL; it is tuned 
 in 3 fourths. 
 
 1. hide, skin. - - 2. leather, 
 
 *ko-tca nye-Kan* tanner T.; yldn-ko 
 neat's leather. ko-krdd leather-shoe. 
 ko-wkatt 1. tanner. 2. (ace. to some also:) 
 conductor of a leather-boat, boatman. - 
 ko-btiim 'leather-wrapping' is said to be 
 a criminal punishment in '., in different 
 
 degrees of severity, e. g. *ldy-pa ko-tum*, 
 when the culprit's hands are cut off, the 
 stumps sewed up in leather, and the 
 wretch thrown as a beggar upon public- 
 charity etc. ko-fdy strap, thong. ko- f<rijx 
 ( *. ; a small instrument of leather to weave 
 lace with. ko-gddn a piece of leather 
 put under the saddle Sch. - /><>-/] H/,/* 
 hide, leather. ko-Jbvys Sch.: three-edged 
 needle for leather. ko-fsdf/ leather-sieve. 
 ko-rvl a rotten hide. 
 
 **]*! ko-bo n. of a country W<lk. 
 
 ^j ^ ko-ma n. of a bird Wdn. 
 
 m"P'OT ko-iruy is meant, to express the 
 
 voice of a raven. 
 rfr^" ko-ra, Hindi cj?|<j, more tibeta- 
 
 nized ko-rds, unbleached coarse 
 cotton cloth. 
 
 m^- ko-re, in compounds kor W., cup 
 for drinking; sih-kor wooden cup, a 
 utensil every Tibetan carries with him 
 in his bosom; xel-kor (European) tumbler. 
 (Cf. por-pa). 
 
 ko-loii, a dubious word. Sch. has 
 
 ko-lon-ba to hate, envy, but in 
 a passage in Mil., where the connection 
 admits of no doubt, ko-lon mdzad-pa must 
 be taken for: to disdain. 
 
 ko-satn-bi. DzL, Glr., Ssk.: 
 Sfifarnsft n. of an ancient city 
 on the Ganges, in the Doab. 
 
 ko-sa-la Sambh., Ssk.: cjjfarsn, 
 
 = Ayodhya, Oude. 
 i-rt- koy-pa I. subst., also skoy-pa, 
 
 skoc/s-pa shell, peel, rind; sun-koy 
 id.; pyi-koy exterior shell, bark; koy-jtu 
 su-ba to peel, pare. II. vb. n. to splinter 
 Off, to chink; kog lah-ba \. id. 2. to rise 
 suddenly and run away. 
 T*-. kon, also ko//-ko/t , 1. concave, ex- 
 cavated. 2. crooked, */>/-*/ ^s/y/-/ 
 koii-kdh co* the cat makes a crooked back 
 W. koii-po 1. cup, bowl. 2. crucible. 3. 
 breach, gap Sch. 4. n. of a province S. E. 
 of Lhasa. kon-bu small cup, bowl; - 
 mcod-kon offering-bowl; may-koii inkstand
 
 kod 
 
 for black ink, mfsdl-kon for red ink, ver- 
 milion; *lfy-kon* casting-mould 6'. 
 rft- kod ('a, gathering'?) 1. lag-Ud Ld. 
 n an armful of com, a sheaf. 2. affix 
 = bad, ka, ko: *nyis-kod, 'ita-kod* all the 
 two, all the five Ld. 
 
 ^' kob all, Ld. col. 
 rfc' kor, root denoting anything round 
 or concave, hence: kot'-kor 1. adj. 
 round, circular C. (= *kyif-kyh* W!J; 
 roundish, globular ('.; concave, deep, as 
 a soup-plate (opp. to flat) W. 2. sbst. a 
 thick loaf of bread, (opp. to a flat, thin 
 cake) C.; a pan, saucepan W.; a hollow 
 in the ground, a pit not very deep W.; 
 stod-kor a little circle above a letter, Ssk. 
 anuswara; kldd-kor id., a dot, zero, naught; 
 ydub-kor bracelet 6s.; pdd-kor a certain 
 way of folding the fingers, so as to re- 
 present the form of a lotus-flower; < ofZ- 
 bor a radiant circle 6s. Of. skor-ba, O fcor- 
 ba, ko-re. 
 
 kor-do-ba boot Ld.? 
 
 hol-to dumb, mute SpJ 
 
 rfTxrrH" kos-ko = ko-ko; kos-myun with a 
 ' pointed chin Sch. 
 
 !^ ^'(^^" kya-sir-rlun v. A-J/M. 
 
 mqy %a<7, also tyag-kydg, thick, run into 
 
 ^ ' clots 6s. 
 
 kyay-kyoy curved, crooked; > 
 kyay-kyoy co-ce* W. to shake 
 
 one's head, viz. slowly, in meditating; 
 
 *H-mo kyag-(ga-) kyog-(ge)* a flourish (in 
 
 writing) W. Cf. kyog-kyog. 
 
 mr* %/i I. adj., also kyaii-kydit, kya/t- 
 
 * po, straight, slender, as a stick; 
 
 *kyan-kyan riit-mo* tall, slender, as a man, 
 
 a tree etc. W. II. adv. = ya/i, too, 
 
 also, always used enclitically, after the 
 
 letters g, d, b, s. 
 
 kyan-ky&n, also *kyan-na-kyoit-ne*, 
 indolent, lazy, idle W. ; *kya/i-kyo/t 
 
 co-ce* to lounge, to be idle W. 
 
 kyar-kydr, also kyar-po flat, not 
 globular Cs. 
 
 men-men' 
 "* ' ^ I 
 
 * kt/ai'-kyor , also ^kyar-ra-kyor-re*., 
 still feeble, as convalescents after 
 a disease. 
 
 kyal-ka 1. joke, jest, in words (Lix. 
 
 kiwi fsiy). 2. jocular trick, ku-n- 
 </((/'/ kydl-kaipyir by way of jest, for fun. 
 3. any worthless, foolish, indecent talk Stg. 
 
 kycd-kyal L<\r. w. e.; Sc/i.: ki/<d- 
 kyal-ba to go round (?_). 
 ty al "tyl = kyar-kyor, ditd- c gro 
 kyal-kyol c ya some poor ill-con- 
 ditioned beast, speaking of cattle, Mil. nt. 
 m> kyi, affix I. to sbst. -roots, ending 
 ^ in d, b, s: sign of the genitive case. 
 - II. to verbal roots, after the same 
 final letters , and then without an essen- 
 tial difference from kyls, to which we 
 add in this place also examples of the 
 other terminations yi(s), </yi(*) , yi(*)> 
 i (the s by itself is not used after ver- 
 bal roots): a. in the sense of a gerund, 
 meaning by (doing something), because, 
 dgos-kyis Q do it-no w r e come because it is 
 necessary . . . , or more freq. though, </</<if 
 though she is glad . . . DzL, in which 
 case it may often be rendered in English 
 by but: she is glad, but . . . ; zas b~uit-i> 
 mi O dod-kyis fa-mdl-pa zos he did not care 
 lor dainties, but ate vulgar food Dzl.; or 
 it has to be omitted: bden-pa yin-gyis 
 rdzun-pa ma yin it is true, no fiction Dzl. 
 b. as an adjective, forming, like ki/fa 
 (q. v.), with c du(/ or yod a periphrastical 
 present tense e. g. f groi O duy he is walk- 
 ing, ^oit-gi yod he is coming. c. at 
 the end of a sentence in the sense of a 
 finite verb and more particularly in the 
 1. pers. fut. : c </yod mi rmoi I shall not 
 make you suffer for it Dzl., was grogs 
 byd-yis I shall help Glr., bzag-gi, and: 
 bzdg-gis I shall put Glr. This use of 
 kyi(s) is said to be quite common at the 
 present time in 6'., whereas in W. not 
 only the whole gerundial use, but even 
 the distinction of kyi, yyi, gi in the ge- 
 nitive case of a sbst. has disappeared from 
 colloquial language, instead of which the 
 last consonant is repeated and the vowel
 
 \ added: mii-wi of the wood, *yid-di* of the 
 mind, *bdl-li* of the wool. 
 
 Note 1. tyi(s) when combined with 
 adjective roots, includes the verb to be, 
 c. g. mdn-yi = -nid/'i-^o yln-yyi. 2. In 
 colloquial language and later literature 
 the genitive of the verbal root often takes 
 the place of the genit. infinitivi, which 
 seldom occurs in the old classical style, 
 e. g. nam O fsoi bdr-du lifelong. 3. )i 
 nits kyi(s)j ji fvb-kyi(x) or vulg. *fwb-bi*, 
 as much as (I, you etc.) can (could etc.) 
 4. kyi($), when denoting an antithesis, 
 is often followed by a pleonastical ^on-kyaii. 
 m'rr kyi-lce a naedic. plant, Gentiana de- 
 ^ " cumbens L., k. dkdr-po a variety of 
 it with white flowers. 
 
 ^'S^* kyi-ldi)- iron hoop Ld.' 
 
 kyi-bim a feeling cold, a chill Sch. 
 
 kyi-lii<d the sound of weeping, la- 
 mentation. 
 
 kyiy-rtse unburnt brick Mi. 
 
 '^ 1 "" kyiit-x!r-i'[iiit. Mil. also kyu-s. 
 
 /., (..'., an onomatopoetic word: 
 a blowing wind. 
 
 TH* ky'm, used alternatively \vith yyin 
 ~^ ' and gin, alter a vowel : yin, denotes 
 a partic. present, e. g. smon-lam ^debs- 
 kyin so ft, proceed on your way praying! 
 With yod or ( dufj it forms a periphrastical 
 present tense: smon-lam jlebs-kyin yod he 
 is praying (just now); in Ld. even as a 
 real subst.: *sug-ra c fon-yyin (ziy) dan* 
 'with u whistling sound proceeding from 
 it', *d6~yin-dan* 'together with walking' 
 = in walking. 
 
 kijir-kyir W. (= kor-kor C.) round, 
 circular; around thing, disk, e. g. 
 the little silver saucer which the women 
 of Lh. wear as an ornament on the crown 
 of their head; kyir-mo id., esp. a rupee 
 Ld. ; *da kyir-kyir* the disk of the moon. 
 kyis, after d, b, s. 1. sign of the 
 instrumentative case, and therefore 
 generally indicating the personal subject 
 
 of the action. 2. combined with verbal 
 
 roots = /'///. 
 
 m- kye oh! holla! in calling to somebody; 
 
 "** in solemnly addressing a person or an 
 
 auditory; also merely the sign of the vo- 
 
 cative case B. (in W. */*) kye-kye id. 
 
 emphatically. 
 
 JT1* abbrev. for kye-kye v. kye. 
 
 ky('-ya n. of a bird. Med. 
 
 "(^.T") kye-pdn-(pa) n. of an idol in 
 Lh., consisting like most of the 
 popular idols in those countries of a wooden 
 stick or log decked with rags, but much 
 dreaded and revered; said to be identical 
 with Pe-dkar in C. Its worship probably 
 dates from a time before Buddhism was 
 introduced. 
 
 ^..j. kye-ma oh! alas! mostly expressive 
 "* of sorrow, often combined with kyi- 
 hud; also sign of the vocative case. Sel- 
 dom it expresses joy. kye-mao id. 
 f^. kye-rt upright, erect; *kye-i-e lan-wa*, 
 ^ resp. *zeh-wa C., kyer-kyer-la dad-ce, 
 resp. zan-ce* W. to stand; * c yo kyer }/><>'- 
 pa* to raise one's head, to look up C. Cf. 
 kyer-ba. 
 
 \ kye-hud, = kyi-hud. 
 
 TWC& kye-lio hollo! heigh! well! also like the 
 T behold of the Holy Scriptures. 
 
 kyed-kyed) also bran-kydd } with the 
 upper part of the body stretched 
 forward Ld. 
 
 |TT^" kycr, v. kye-re. 
 
 Jq- kyo-ba hook Sch. 
 
 ^n- kyoy, also kyoy-kyoy, kyoy-po, crooked, 
 ^ ' bent, winding, rtse kyoy with its point 
 bent, crooked at the top. Med. 
 ftfr kyoit., also kyoit-kyoii, kyon-po 1. hard. 
 ^ as e. g. stale bread, ctt /,!/<>/'/-/ >n hard 
 water; obstinate, unmanageable; kyoii-J'<>- 
 a sort of relievo-work in metal. 2. ob- 
 long ('. Sch.: kyon-k'a quarrel, k>/<'t- 
 myo cause of a quarrel (?). Cf. 
 Ka-yyon.
 
 kyon 
 
 kluits 
 
 rfir-' kyoti, also kyoit-bu., small shovel, 
 
 r scraper /Sc//. 
 
 ryw- kyom, also kyom-kyom, 1. flexible, 
 
 ^ but without elasticity, flabby, loose, 
 
 lax. --2. also Kyom-Kyom, of irregular 
 
 shape, not rectilinear. 
 
 ry^- kyor, also kyor-kyor weak, feeble, un- 
 
 T fortified 6s. 
 
 |Tp4" kyol, also kyol-kyol = Xv/or 6s. 
 
 mp-p- K't'a/t-/i(i standing, kr&n sdod-pct to 
 stand /?w. fy. Xro/J. 
 krdd-pa leather half-boot or shoe, 
 as it is worn by the lower class 
 of people, often with a woolen leg; krad- 
 rgyun 6s. a long narrow piece of leather 
 to fasten the sole to the upper-leather; 
 *tad-kyP W. *ta'-kyi* C. (or gyi, from gyi- 
 na?) a worn-out leather sole. 
 
 krab-krdb v. Jcrab-pa. 
 
 kram W. cabbage, kram-mndr sweet 
 or fresh cabbage; kram-skyur sour 
 
 or macerated cabbage 6s. (?) 
 
 kri-kri n. of a fabulous king of India 
 Glr., not mentioned in the Ssk. 
 
 dictionaries. 
 
 TOu'^P's kri*na-s<i-ra Ssk. the spotted an- 
 
 JHC r^ telope Mi. 
 
 kru-kru W. windpipe, *%-f?i dam-te 
 s'-ce* to be strangled. 
 kre-ndg smut of a kettle 6V7i. (== 
 sre-nag?) 
 
 kran-krtit standing upright, e. g. 
 books (opp. to *ffyel-Kan* laid 
 down, lying TF.); when used of persons 
 it means also: standing on one's knees, 
 kneeling in an upright position. 
 
 jj- kron-kron hanging, *ton-ton-la dug- 
 ce* to hang, to be suspended in 
 the air W. 
 
 rrrrfr kla-klo 1. Ssk. ^^ barbarian. - 
 J 2. in later times: Moslem, Mahome- 
 tan; Mahometanism. Was. 
 
 " Uag-l-or clamour, noise 6s. 
 
 rn~- klad, ace. to Lis. = goh what is 
 ^ above; hence kldd-pa, also glad, 1. 
 head. 2. brain, and klad-ma beginning, top 
 Sch.; guf-kldd chimney of a felt-tent. 
 klad-kor v. kor. klud-rgyd the skin 
 covering the brain, pia mater; kiad-rgyas, 
 = Ihd-ba, 'the bloody marrow in the 
 bones' ScJi., or simply 'brain' Schf. klad- 
 sgo the fontanel in the infant cranium Sch. 
 klad-cun the cerebellum Sch. klad- 
 yzuit spinal marrow. klad-yzer head- 
 ache Med. klad-subs = klad-rgyd Sch. 
 mj-m- klan-ka 1. censure, blame 6k, klan 
 ' byed-pa, O debs-pa to blame, 1 cf. skur- 
 kldn. 2. klan Jsol-ba to seek brawls Pth. 
 
 '^J" ktim-pa v. klon-pa. 
 
 rn' kht,Ssk. TT^r, originally: hooded snake, 
 vl cobra di capello; in this specific sense, 
 however, it is never used in Tibetan, 
 whereas every child knows and believes in 
 the mythological signification: serpent- 
 demon, a demigod with a human head and 
 the body of a serpent, living in fountains, 
 rivers etc., commanding over great trea- 
 sures, causing rain and certain maladies, 
 and becoming dangerous when in anger; 
 ydug-pa is therefore a usual epitheton of 
 such demons, klui skad means the Pra- 
 krit language, klui yi-ge the Nagari cha- 
 racter of Ssk. letters, viz. that which is 
 called carttula, in contrast to the holy 
 landza, lhai yi-ge - - klui ) nod-pa or 
 skyon diseases of unknown origin. klu- 
 mo a female serpent- demon. 
 
 klu-sgriib, prop, n., Nagarjuna, a fa- 
 mous Buddhist divine. klu-mdud Co- 
 donopsis ovata. klu-nad = klui-ynod-pa. 
 klu-pi'ug a young Lu. klu-smdn 'n. 
 of a medicine' 6s., but sman and klu- 
 smdn are also synonyms for klu, Glr.., 
 Mil. etc. 
 
 ^P" kluft river, mo.ve com. cu-ktiiit. It. 
 
 >o 
 
 Tflufis 1. cultivated land, field, k-h'n'is- 
 su skye it grows on cultivated ground 
 Wdn. -- 2. a complex of fields, dk-ur-
 
 klub-pa 
 
 mdaiis-kyi kiwi fsdh-ma all the fields be- 
 longing to Kardang (n. of a village). 
 
 klub-pa, pf. klubs, to cover, e. g. 
 
 the body with ornaments Pth. 
 
 klog v. kloy-pa. 
 
 mrn-rr Hoy-pa I. s&s. earwax 5c/t. II. 
 1-6., X- (b)klays, ft. (b)kla<j, /////>. 
 X:/0#, #i0ir/s, to read, B., C., yid-kyis kloy- 
 pa to read without uttering a sound; 
 kloy-pa or Ho^r s6s. reading, kloy bzdn-po 
 ses-pa Mil. to be a good reader; kloy-yi 
 slob-dpon a reading- teacher. kloy-yra 
 a reading-school. -- kloy-fabs, kloy-fsul 
 art, way of reading. 
 
 rfc kloit ace. to L^. = Ssk. urmi, wave; 
 ^ in the living language it is used for 
 middle; in ancient literature for expanse, 
 esp. ndm-m/cai of the heavens, ryyd-mfsoi 
 of the sea; ran-bytin kloti yaiis btjod-med 
 the unspeakably vast uncreated space; 
 hence: the space of heaven, the heavens, 
 klon-du Idin-ba to soar, to hover in the sky. 
 This vagueness of meaning makes the 
 word suited to the idle fancies of mysti- 
 cism, as in: kloh-du Q yyur-ba, which seems 
 to denote a soaring into mystic perfection. 
 
 dba-klon Sch.: wave; Tibetans of to- 
 day, and Schr. : the midst of the waves. 
 
 - kloii-brdol Glr. was explained by La- 
 mas: emerging from amidst the waves. 
 (The significations 'depth, abyss, plenty, 
 body' added by Sch. seem to be erroneous). 
 Cf. dkijel 
 
 mgr-rr klon-pa, also kldn-pa, to mend, patch 
 v. also Ihdn-pa. 
 
 ksa-ya Ssk. prop, phthisis pulmonalis; 
 n. but ace. to Tib. pathology kxa-ya 
 ndy-po denotes a bilious disease, prob. 
 icterus niger, black jaundice. 
 
 ^TppJ'Cf dkdys-po W. for dka-bo. 
 
 ffm-gr dkan, also rkan (Ld. *skan*) 1. the 
 ' palate, yd-dkan, the upper, md-dkan 
 the lower part of the palate; *kdn-da O deb- 
 pa* to smack C'.; dkan-ynyer the wrinkles 
 of the roof of the mouth 6s. 2. dkan 
 
 yzur-po Lex. w. e , Sch. steep declivity, 
 precipice. 
 
 rmn*q* dka-ba \. adj., also -bo, seld. -mo, 
 difficult, slob-pa dkd-ba learning 
 is difficult DzL, gen. with supine: slob-tu 
 or slob-par dka it is difficult to learn, or 
 with the root: go-dkd difficult to under- 
 stand; dkdr-ba byun it has become diffi- 
 cult, it is difficult (to me, to him etc.) 
 2. sbst. dkd-ba pains, exertion, hardship, 
 suffering, dkd-ba mcd-par without difficulty, 
 easily, dka-ba spyod-pa to undergo hard- 
 ships = to use exercises of penance 
 
 dka-^yrel Cs. 'a difficult commentary', 
 ace. to Tib. dictionaries = xrf^RT per- 
 petual commentary, lit.: explanation of 
 difficulties. - - dka-fiib, dka-spyod, dka- 
 spydd 1. penance. 2. penitent; d&a-f&b-pa, 
 dka-spyod-pa, dkd-fub-can, penitent, O fso- 
 ba dka-fub-ba rten-pa to live as a peni- 
 tent. dka-sduy trouble, dka-sduy mdn- 
 po byed-pa to take great pains C. - 
 dka-fseys = dkd-ba. dka-lds 1. a trouble- 
 some work. 2. trouble, distress. 
 
 dkdr-ba I. adj., also -po, seld. 
 -mo 1. white, whitish, gray. 2. 
 morally good, standing on the side of 
 virtue 3. candid, sincere? las dkdr-po 
 good action; Ka-zds dkdr-po v. dkar-zds; 
 dkdr-la dmar-mddns-can white and red 
 of complexion Pth. 
 
 II. sbst. whiteness. dkdr-mo sbst. 
 1. the goddess Durga. 2. white rice 6s. 
 
 Comp. dkar-skya light-gray. dkar- 
 ttiin 1. window-hole in a wall W. - 
 opening for the smoke in the roof C. 
 dkar-yon C. a piece of quartz, (ace. to 
 popular belief porcelain is made of quartz,) 
 hence 6s.: 'porcelain-clay.' dkar-ryyd 
 rose-coloured. dkar-cdy register. dkar- 
 foy = dkar-zas. - - dkar-me a light (?), 
 dkar-me sbor-ba Sch. 'to light a candle.' 
 - dkar-dmar light-red Sch. -- dkar-H*i 
 white-wash, consisting of lime or some 
 other earthy colour C., W. <//v//--c</X 
 Ka-zds dkar-po, dkar-fdg clean food, lenten
 
 10 
 
 dku 
 
 dkon-mcog 
 
 diet, viz. esp. milk, curd, cheese or butter, 
 as dkar-ysiim ScJif. Tar. (Germ, translat. 
 p. 335); also honey, fruit. -- dkar-yol, 
 resp. C. *zal-kar, W. sol-kar* porcelain, china- 
 ware, cups or plates of porcelain, dkar-yol 
 sgrig-pa to place the china-service on the 
 table, for: to lay the cloth. dkar-yyd 
 W. tin, pewter, *kar-yd dan zdr-ce* to 
 solder. dkar-ser yellowish white. dkar- 
 ysdl 1. shining white, sku-mdog dkar-ysdl 
 ydiis-ri O dra of a bright white colour like 
 a glacier Glr. '2. window Sch. (?) 
 rm- dku 1. the side of a person's body Cs., 
 *4 dkur or dkii-la rten-pa to carry a 
 thing at one's side Zam.; dku brtolba to 
 open the side (in child-birth, v. mnal). 
 2. v. dku-ba. Comp. dku-lci a heavy 
 feeling in the side, as a symptom of 
 pregnancy. dku-mda (*kum-da*) W. 
 (== mcan-mda?) pocket in the clothes. 
 dku-ndd apparently a disease of the 
 kidneys. dku-zlum, Lex. qjf% cavity 
 of the abdomen, womb. 
 
 dku-lto craft, cunning, trick, stratagem, 
 esp. if under specious pretence one 
 person induces another to do a thing that 
 proves hurtful to him. 
 __.,_. dku-ba 'sweet scent' Cs.; Zam.: = 
 vj ^f?T stench. 
 
 dkon-mcog (W. : *kon-cog, kon- 
 cog, C.: kon-cff) 1. the most 
 precious thing. Buddhism has always 
 sought the highest good not in anything 
 material, but in the moral sphere, looking 
 with indifference, and indeed with contempt, 
 on everything merely relating to matter. 
 It is not, however, moral perfection or 
 the happiness attained thereby, which is 
 understood by the 'most precious thing', 
 but the mediator or mediators who pro- 
 cure that happiness for mankind, viz. 
 Buddha, (the originator of the doctrine), 
 the doctrinal scriptures and the corporate 
 body of priests, f^j^, dkon-mcog ysum. 
 Now, although this triad cannot by any 
 means be placed on a level with the 
 Christian doctrine of a triune God, yet 
 
 it will be easily understood, how the in- 
 nate desire of man to adore and worship 
 something supernatural, together with the 
 hierarchical tendency of the teaching class, 
 have afterwards contributed to convert 
 the acknowledgment of human activity for 
 the benefit of others (for such it was 
 undoubtedly on the part of the founder 
 himself and his earlier followers) into a 
 devout, and by degrees idolatrous ado- 
 ration of these three agents, especially as 
 Buddha's religious doctrine did not at all 
 satisfy the deeper wants of the human 
 mind, and as its author himself did not 
 know anything of a God standing apart 
 and above this world. For whatever 
 in Buddhism is found of beings to whom 
 divine attributes are assigned, has either 
 been transferred from the Indian and 
 other mythologies, and had accordingly 
 been current among the people before the 
 introduction of Buddhism, or is a pro- 
 duct of philosophical speculation, that has 
 remained more or less foreign to the 
 people at large. 2. As then the original 
 and etymological signification of the word 
 is no longer current, and as to every 
 Tibetan 'dkon-wicog' suggests the idea of 
 some supernatural power, the existence 
 of which he feels in his heart, and the 
 nature and properties of which he at- 
 tributes more or less to the three agents 
 mentioned above, we are fully entitled 
 to assign to the word dkon-mcog also the 
 signification of God, though the sublime 
 conception which the Bible connects with 
 this word, viz. that of a personal, absolute, 
 omnipotent being, will only with the 
 spread of the Christian religion be gra- 
 dually introduced and established. 
 
 Note 1. ran-gnib-dkon-mcog with Sch)'. 
 is evidently the appellation of the Christian 
 God adopted by the Rom. Cath. missio- 
 naries of those times. 2. In the older 
 writings dkon-mcog occurs (as far as I 
 know) never without ysum, and combi- 
 nations such as dkon-mcog -la mcod-pa
 
 11 
 
 dkon-pa 
 
 dkri-ba 
 
 byed-pa or ysol-ba O debs-pa, as well as bla- 
 ma dkon-mcoy, are to be found only in 
 writings of a comparatively recent date. 
 3. Instead of the phrase of asseve- 
 ration: dkon-mcoy ses, God knows! the 
 mere words dkon-mcoy ysum are fre- 
 quently used in the same sense. 
 
 -r' dkon-pa C., B., -mo W. rare, 
 scarce, and therefore dear, pre- 
 cious, valuable (in an objective sense, cf. 
 yces-pa) c jiy-rten-na dkon-no is exceedingly 
 rare in the world Dzl., c jiy-rten-na dkon- 
 par bzdu-no it is of a beauty rarely to 
 be met with in the world Dzl. ; Kyod O dra 
 mfoii-na dkon-ryyu med to see a person 
 like you, is nothing particular Mil.; Ice 
 bde-mo-la Uid cos dkon with a prattler 
 religion is scarce, there is generally not 
 much religion about him Mil. dkon- 
 nor riches, valuables Mil. 
 
 dkor 1. wealth, riches. 2. rnfil- 
 dkor, y ah- dkor , sa-dkor are ex- 
 pressions current in 6'. which I could not 
 get sufficiently explained. dkor-nor = 
 nor. - - dkor-pa 6s., dkor-mi Sch. trea- 
 surer. dkor-mdzod frq., treasury. dkor- 
 rdzoys (pronounce *kvr-zog(*)*i n. of a 
 monastery in southern Ladak, situated 
 16 000 feet high. 
 
 rmx* dkyar Z., Ld., a sort of snow-shoes. 
 ** (Sch.: 'stocking-boots'?) 
 
 dkyil the middle, dkyil-du, ~na in 
 the middle, c. genit. in the midst 
 of, amidst; dkyil-nas from the middle, 
 from amidst; relative to time: *yar-ri 
 kyil-la* W., in the middle of summer. 
 dkyil-ma the middle one, e. g. room, = 
 dwelling-room Ld. 
 
 Comp. dkyil-dkruh v. skyil-dkrun. - 
 dkyil- Jtor 1. circle, circumference, frq. 2. 
 figure, e. g. dkyil- Jtor yru-bzi-pa quadrangle, 
 square; a certain mystical figure; diagram, 
 model. 3. a circle of objects, Jior-gyi dkyil- 
 ^Kor the circle of the attendants. 4. the 
 area of a circle, disk, e. g. of the sun; 
 zdl-yyi dkyil- Kor bstan = he showed his 
 full countenance l*th. 5. sphere,' rlim-yi 
 
 dkyil- Jtor the atmosphere, mei-dkyil-Jfor 
 the sphere of fire, and similarly of the other 
 elements, lliai dkyil- Jtor may perh. likewise 
 be translated by : the sphere of the power 
 of a certain god. In mysticism and magic, 
 however, several other more or less ar- 
 bitrary significations are assigned to the 
 word, e. g. it is said to be used for lus- 
 kyi dkyil-Jlor the whole extent or bulk 
 of the body, = the body, dkyil- Jcor-yyi 
 ynds-su O cdn-ba to wear on one's body 
 (e. g. an amulet); or instead of cos-kyi 
 dky. : dkyil Kor mfon-ba to behold the 
 whole extent of religious doctrine (?). 
 
 Note. In Lex. dkyil is said to be = 
 ^rn^; perh. merely because dkyil-Jcor is 
 used for mixg^t? But mdn-dal-y^i dki/il- 
 Jcor is the Buddhistic map of the world, 
 representing mount Sumeru with the sur- 
 rounding continents etc. 
 rm-q- dkyu-ba 1 to run a race Cs. 2. 
 %g to wring out, to filter Sch. 3. to 
 caper about Ld. -- dkyu-byai rta race- 
 horse 6s., dkyu-sa race-course 6s. 
 
 dkyyy-pa to lose colour by wash- 
 
 ing Ld. , perh. more correctly 
 skyuy-pa. 
 
 cm$r dkyus \. length, dkijus-su in length, 
 1^ dkyus-rm long 6'., spyan-dkyvs length 
 from one corner of the eye to the other 
 (e. g. in an image) 6'. (Sch. : bold, in- 
 solent?) 2. untruth, falsehood, lie. Tar. 
 108. 7. dkyus-nyid seems to be used so, 
 whilst 188, 5 is totally obscure. 
 
 dkyus-ma common, every-day, e. g. 
 
 na-bza every-day clothes, dbu-za 
 work-day hat; hence mi dkyus-ma common 
 people (without office or authority) 6'. 
 
 dkyel seems to be ace. to 6s. a 
 synonym of klon. I only met with 
 the word dkyel-po ce in a medical work; 
 Sch. explains it by universe, and a native 
 Lex. by Kau ydns-pa the wide house, 
 which possibly may signify the same. 
 _^._. dkri-ba pf. dkris, vb. a. (cf. /.r/- 
 '^ ba) to wind, to wind up, gru-gu a 
 clew or ball of thread, lua-la yos (or yds-
 
 12 
 
 J" dkrigspa 
 
 bka 
 
 kyis) dkr.j to wrap a garment round the 
 body ; rtsd-bar Jcor-lo dkn's-pai j'ceu Med. 
 was explained to me: a magic spell in 
 circular writing, wrapped round the lower 
 end of a clyster-pipe, Jig.: ser-snas kun- 
 nas dkns quite ensnared in avarice; kun- 
 dkris l all-ensnaring' = sin. - - dkri-ma 
 (Glr. 47. where the text has drima) 
 means very likely necker-chief, which col. 
 is called *kog-U or Ka-ti C. 'og-sri, Ka-sti, 
 kya-sri* W. In the sense of Jcrid-pa 
 to conduct (Seh.) it never came to my notice. 
 dkrigs-pa I. darkened, obscured, 
 dim, = krigs-pa. also dkrigs- 
 prdg, term for a very large number, Cs.: 
 a 100000 billion, ace to Zam. ytdms- 
 pa, which Cs. renders, a 1000 billion. 
 The one may be, after all, as correct as 
 the other, for all these large numbers are, 
 of course, not meant to be used in se- 
 rious calculations, but are mere imitations 
 of fantastic Indian extravagancies. 
 
 dkrug-pa pf. dkrugs (W. **rug- 
 ce*) to stir, stir up, agitate (as 
 the storm does the sea); to trouble, dis- 
 turb, confound (as enemies of religion con- 
 found the doctrine, or as passions disturb the 
 mind); dkmgs-sin 1. stirring-stick, twirling- 
 stick. 2. disturber, enemy e.g. of the doctrine 
 Glr. dkrugs Schr. : turning-lathe (?) - 
 
 byed - pa 
 dubious; a safer reading is dkii-lto byed-pa. 
 
 " dkrun v. skyil. 
 
 I" dkrum-pa Cs. $ Sch.: broken. 
 
 j. dkrog-pa (= skrog-pa) 1. to stir, 
 churn frq. 2. to rouse, scare up, 
 Glr. 3. to wag e. g. the tail W. 
 
 dkrol-ba v. Jtrol-ba. 
 
 bkag-pa v. c gegs-pa; bkdg-ea byed- 
 pa to forbid Sch. 
 
 "T bkdn-ba v. gens-pa to fill. 
 
 nmr' bkad? Lex. quote fdgs-kyi bkad, 
 ' which was explained to me by: 
 
 the crossing of threads in weaving; si- 
 milar: mgo-spui bkad, mgo-bkdd the crossing 
 or entangling of the hair on the head. 
 bkdd-pa seems = Q Kad-pa. 
 
 bkdd-sa 1. a bake-house, kitchen, 
 cook's shop Lea:. 2. open hall 
 or shed, erected on festive occasions Tib.- 
 Ssk. Glossary; Tar. 18, 12. 
 
 I- bkdn-pa to put, to press, rkdit-pa 
 rtsig-pa-la one's foot against a 
 wall; to apply, yso-mo the plane, lag-pa 
 the hand Zam., to put the hand on or 
 to something (or: stretch it out? Sch.) 
 "|* bkdb-pa v. c gebs-pa. 
 
 bka (resp. for ytam, fsig, skad) word, 
 speech of a respected person (where- 
 fore order, commandment may often be 
 substituted for it), rgydl-poi bka the word 
 of the king, bkd-la ytsogs-pa to belong to 
 the word, i. e. to be under the command- 
 ment or dominion (of somebody) Glr.; 
 rgydl-bai bka the word of Buddha (this 
 is named as one of the five 'means of 
 grace', so to speak, Glr. fol. 70; the four 
 others are: mdo-ryyiid the sacred writings 
 (sutra and tantra), bstan-bcos doctrinal 
 and scientific writings (sastra), lu/i oral 
 benedictions and instructions of Lamas, 
 man-nag admonitions given by them). 
 After quotations bka or bkao (= skail c\- 
 skad-do) means: thus says (the holy book 
 or teacher), bka as first part of a com- 
 pound is frequently used to give the word 
 adjoined the character of respectfulness, 
 and is therefore not to be translated se- 
 parately. 
 
 Phrases and compounds: bka bkdd-pa 
 to publish, proclaim; publication, procla- 
 mation 6'. bka-bkyun (col *kab-kyon*) 
 'verbal blows' reprimand, rebuke (given by 
 a superior), bka-bkyon byed-pa, mihdd-pa 
 B. 6'., *ton-ec ) piii-ee* W., bka bkyon-pa, 
 all of them construed with dat., to rebuke 
 somebody. - - bka-btcn'ms law, command- 
 ment, rgydl-poi bka- lii't'ms ynydn-pas by 
 the cruel order of the king Dzl. bka 
 bgr6-ba to consult, to deliberate, nan-blon bcu
 
 13 
 
 bka 
 
 bkar 
 
 <1 it, bka-zib-tu byros-pa-la deliberating 
 carefully with the ten ministers of the 
 interior I*th. (Sehr. gives also, bka-yros 
 Q dri-ba to ask, byed-pa to give advice), 
 
 bka- f gyur (*kd-gyurf com. *kcm*gyur, 
 L-an.-dijur, * in Mongolia *kan-gur*) the 
 word of Buddha, as translated from the 
 original Sanskrit, the holy scriptures of 
 the Buddhists (100 volumes). bka ( yrol- 
 ba to dismiss Pth., bka-bkrol leave of ab- 
 sence, ysol-ba to ask for, ynan-ba to grant 
 leave Schi'. bka-ryya, bka-soy, resp. for 
 ryyu-ma and soy-bu, letter or paper from 
 a superior etc , diploma, missive, communi- 
 cation etc. bka-rgyud 1. bkai rgyud 
 'thread of the word', the oral tradition 
 of the word of Buddha, which is sup- 
 posed to have been delivered through a 
 continual series of teachers and disciples 
 besides the written scriptures; bka-rgyud 
 bla-rma a Lama deriving his religious 
 knowledge in this manner from Buddha 
 himself MiL 2. perh. also = bka dan 
 rgyud 'word and tantra', oral and written 
 instruction; bka-rgyud-pa n. of a Lama- 
 sect Scld. 73. ; bka-bsyos commandment, pre- 
 cept. bka-syyur order, bka-syyur jnaft- 
 ba to issue an order ' C. bka syyitr-ba 
 1 to translate the words (of Buddha etc.) 
 2. to issue an order (viz. in the name 
 of a superior). bka syroy-pa \. to pub- 
 lish an order. 2. to proclaim, read, preach 
 the word. bka yi-oy-pa to act against 
 an order, yab-kyi bka bcay-tu med the 
 order of the father must be obeyed Glr. 
 
 bka-cems resp. for Ka-cems testament. 
 - bka-mcid resp. for mcid, words or 
 
 speech of a superior or any person to 
 be honoured. bka nyan-pa ccyp. \. vb. 
 to Obey. 2. adj. obedient, bka mi nyan- 
 pa 1. to disobey. 2. disobedient, bka 
 piijan 'the cruel commander', ace. to a 
 Lex. == btsan-pai sa-bday 'the mighty 
 lord of the ground', is said to be the 
 first of gods, either Siva or a pre-bud- 
 dhistic deity. *ka tatl-ce* W, to per- 
 mit. bka bhtf/H-pa (Lex. : = Rrims bsyray*- 
 
 pa) a proclaimed order, cf. bkar. bka- 
 rtays Cs.: mark, seal, precept, maxim (?) 
 bka-stod Sch.: 'a subaltern, agent' (?) 
 bka-faii order, edict. bka-drin resp. for 
 drin, favour, grace, kindness, benefit, bka- 
 drinmdzdd-pa to bestow a favour, mi-la 
 upon somebody; bld-mai bka-drin - ytjis 
 through the kindness of his (your) re- 
 verence Mil.; bka-drin-ce the usual phrase 
 of acknowledgment, as our: you are very 
 kind! many thanks! B. and col. bka- 
 druti, secretary (of a high person) C. - 
 bka-yddms, = zal-yddms advice, counsel, 
 instruction; bka-yddms-pa I. adviser Sch. 
 2. n. of a sect of rod Lamas, founded 
 by Brom-ston Schl. 73. bka- doys-pa 
 to proclaim; proclamation. bka-bsdli-ba 
 collection of the doctrine Tar. -- *ka- 
 ndn* instruction 6'. bka yndii-ba 1. vb. 
 to order, command; grant, permit; 2. sbst. 
 order; permission; tied bod-k,i ryydl-poi 
 btsun-mo-la bka yuan-bar zu I beg you 
 will give her as a consort to my (the 
 Tibetan) king Glr. bka-pebs Sch. a 
 supreme order. -- bka-pnn message. - 
 bka c bdb-pa the going forth of an order, 
 bka-Jbdb order, edict Schr. bka-Jbum, 
 vulg. *kam-bum*, the hundred thousand 
 precepts (title of a book). bka stsol-ba, 
 pf. stsal (stsdi-to, stsdi-pa), resp. for smi'd- 
 ba to speak, to say (ace. to circumstances: 
 to command, ask, beg, relate, answer etc."), 
 esp. in ancient literature, in which it is 
 almost invariably used of Buddha and of 
 kings. -- bka-blo-bde Lex.: = ?J^^g[ 
 speaking well, eloquently; Sch.: bka-blo- 
 bde-ba to acknowledge to be wrong (?); 
 bka-blon, (bkai blon-po Glr. f. 94) prime 
 minister; any high official. bka-soy any 
 writing of a superior, decree, diploma, 
 passport, official paper, letter. bka ysdys 
 \. a high official, counsellor. 6'. 2. court of 
 justice, judgment-hall. 
 
 ___. bkai' term, of bka in or to the word 
 etc ; bkar Joys-pa ( Is. to legalize, 
 Dzl cap. 4: to proclaim, publish, bkur- 
 x-jiu published; publication.
 
 14 
 
 --la 
 
 bkra-ba 
 
 bkdr-ba v. dydr-ba. 
 bkdl-ba v. c lcdl-ba and 
 bkas instr. of bka; bkds-pa v. 
 
 _._. bku-ba Lex. : to extract, to make an 
 N] extract of a drug by drawing out 
 the juice (fcu-ba Jbyin-pa); bkiis-te J)6r-ba 
 id.; smdn-bku medicinal extract. 
 
 bkug v. kug; bkug-pa v. ,yiiys-pa. 
 
 bkum v kum; bkum-pa v. c yums-pa. 
 
 N3 
 
 bkur-ba I. 1 . vb. to honour, esteem 
 
 (synon. mcod-pa), mdn-pos bkur- 
 bai rgydl-po, u^\mi\<\, the king honoured 
 by many, frq.; kiin-y ,is bkur-ziii mcod- 
 pai ^os worthy of general honour and 
 respect Mil; mis bkur-bar mi f ayur is 
 not esteemed by men Dzl. - - 2. sbst. 
 honour; more frq., bkur-sti, honour, respect, 
 homage, mark of honour, bkur-stis mcdd- 
 pa to distinguish (a person) by marks of 
 respect Zam.; rdn-la bkur-sti O byun dus 
 when honour is shown to yourself Mil.; 
 bkur-sti byed-pa to do honour frq.; to 
 make a reverence, to salute. II. pf. of 
 Jlur-ba to carry; in the term mdn-pos 
 bkur-bai rgydl-po the legend combines this 
 signification with the preceding one Glr. 
 
 bkog-pa v. c < 
 
 ^TIC^* bkoii-ba v. C g6u-ba. 
 
 -q- bkod-pa v. ,god-pa. 
 
 bkon-pa v Jlon-pa. 
 
 bkob-lta (*M>-ta*) the plan of an 
 undertaking W. (vulg. pronun- 
 ciation for bkod-blta?) 
 
 "> bkor- dre Mil. seems to be a 
 ^ kind of goblins. 
 
 rq'bkol-ba v. M-ba. 
 
 bkdl-ba C's.: to talk nonsense, v. 
 
 kydl-ka; bkydl-pai nay = kydl- 
 ka Lex. 
 
 q- bkyiy-pa v. Ky<iy-pa. 
 
 bkye-ba v. c gyed-pa. 
 
 Myal-pa to bend back, recline (vb. 
 nt.), rgyaits byed-de bending or 
 turning far aside. 
 
 q^H'^T bkyon-pa to beat (= rdiiit-ba) 
 Mil. nt.; bka bkyon-pa resp. to 
 chastise with words, to scold, frq. (v. bka, 
 phrases); ScJtr. mentions also bkyon-bkydl 
 chiding. 
 
 bkra-ba (Led-.: = f^, cf. also 
 Krd-bo) 1. variegated. 2. beauti- 
 ful, blooming (of complexion); glossy, well- 
 fed (of animals); sa-bkrd n. of a cuta- 
 neous disease. 
 
 Comp. bkra-bzdii n. of a mountain in 
 Tibet. bkra-lam-me v. Kra-lam-me. 
 sis Ssk. fl^-H 1. happiness, prosperity, 
 ing, Jbdiis-rnams-la bkra-sis sog happi- 
 ness to my people! may they prosper! 
 Glr.; *ndd-med fsdd-med fa-si pun-sum- 
 fsog zu* I wish you good health and 
 immeasurable and perfect happiness! (new 
 year's wish in W.}; bkra-sis-kyi cu holy 
 water Glr.; bkra-sis-kyi mdl-Kri nuptial 
 bed Cs.; bkra sis-kyi fsiy or smon-lam 
 blessing, benediction; *ta-si sia!* Good 
 bye! May you be happy! *Ky6d-la fa-si 
 co!* I wish you joy! (also ironically) W.; 
 bkra-sis-si/t being happy, enjoying pros- 
 perity Glr. ; bkra-sis sriu't-bai go-ca in- 
 struments used for insuring happiness 
 (to a new-born infant) Lt. 2. sacri- 
 ficial ceremony by which blessings are 
 to be drawn down, bkra-sis byed-pa or 
 mcod-pa or *yoy-ce* (W., barley being 
 scattered yyog-pa on that occasion), 
 to perform this ceremony, bkra-sis-pa 
 propitious, lucky, perh. also: happy; bkra- 
 sis-pai Itas lucky signs; bkra-sis-pai rtags 
 lucky configurations or semblances (such 
 as e. g. devout imagination seeks to dis- 
 cover in the outlines of mountains etc. 
 Glr. fol. 58.) bkra-sis-ma n. of a goddess, 
 Sch. : goddess of glory Dzl. bkra-mi- 
 sfa misfortune, calamity, bkra-mi- sis-pa un-
 
 15 
 
 jC^XJ" rkaii-pa 
 
 happy; calamity, bkm-mi-sis-pa fams-cdd 
 all manner of calamities. (The expression 
 bkra-mi-sis c dat. for: 'Woe to . . . ' in 
 our translation of the New Test, does 
 not rest upon classic authority, but has 
 been adopted as analogous to the above 
 mentioned bkra-sis sog.) bkra-sis- cos-nho/l 
 (*ta-si-co-dzon*) 'Tassisudon' in Bhot, 
 bkra-sis-lhun-po (*ta-si-hlum-po*) 'Tashi- 
 lunpo' in Tsari. 
 
 bkrag 1 . brightness, lustre = milai'ix, 
 also bkrag-mddns. e. g. of jewels. 
 2. beautiful appearance, colour, of the face 
 or skin, also sa-bkrdg; sa bkrag-mdaits pure 
 gloss of the skin Mil; bkrdg-can bright. 
 />//</(/- cor without gloss, dim. 
 
 bkrdb-pal. to select, choose; mcog- 
 tu bkrab exquisite, choice Lex. 
 2 = Jcrdb-pa, skrdb-pa W. 
 
 '^T bkrdm-pa v. ^grim-pa. 
 
 bkrdl-la 1. pf. of ,grel-ba 6s., 
 Tar. 124, 14. 2. to appoint, 
 
 Ids-la to a business. 
 
 bkrds-pa 1. Sch.: pf. of a verb 
 bkrd-ba, adorned, decorated (?) 
 
 2. 6s.: bkras abbreviation for bkra-sis, 
 
 bkras-btags for bkra-sis Ka-btags = Ka-btags. 
 
 qm-rj- bkri-ba 1. for dkri-ba to wrap. - 
 2. for Jtrid-pa to conduct. 3. 
 
 to try to acquire, to search for Dzl. yn 
 
 to lay up, - *sri-ce* W. 
 
 bkris abbrev. for bkra-sis. 
 
 bkrts-pa for dkris-pa v. dkri-ba. 
 
 -v> 
 
 * 1. 
 
 I" bkru, bkrus, v. Jtrud-pa. 
 
 1. prob. an incor- 
 rect reading. 2. prov. 
 instead of dkrug-pa, \. )a bkrug. 
 qm^r-q- bkrcn-pa 1. 6s. poor, indigent, 
 hungry, sai pyogs bkr. a poor, 
 barren country Stg. 2. miserly, stingy 6'. 
 qryj^-q- bh-As-pa vb. to be hungry; adj. 
 hungry; sis*, hunger /*., 6'. where 
 it is now used as the respectful term; 
 bkres-skom hunger and thirst; bkres-skom- 
 
 pa-las cog-par J)\jin-te leading after hunger 
 and thirst to satiety; bkres-rt'iab-pa Sch.: 
 to have a ravenous appetite. 
 * bkroiis \. C gr6ns-pa. 
 
 bkrol-ba v. ^rol-ba. 
 
 * bklag-pa v. kldy-pa. 
 
 js.' rka 1. a small furrow conveying water 
 ' from a conduit (yiir-ba) to trees or 
 plants; furrow between the beds of a 
 garden; hence: 2. flower-bed. 
 AP^- rkan (Ld. *skati, yau*) 1. marrow, 
 rkan-mdr id.; rkdn-bro-ma tasting of 
 marrow Sch.; rkdn-gi Kot't-nas bi/dms-pa 
 love from the innermost heart Ttyy. 
 2. the upper part of the arm or thigh, or 
 the large marrow-bones of them, dpuh- 
 rkan, rld-rkan Mcd. 3. kernel of a nut 
 etc. W. 4. = rkait-pa no. 5, stalk; also 
 quill of a feather. 5. in compounds for 
 rkdn-pa. 
 
 rkan-pa (resp. zabs) 1. foot. 2. 
 
 leg. 3 (cf. lag-pa) hind-foot. - 
 4. lower part, lower end, e. g. of a letter, 
 rkan-pa-can 'having a foot', so the nine 
 letters are called that extend below 
 the line ( nj, p etc.) Ofr. - 5. *, lUlk, 
 esp. leaf-stalk, lo-rkan. 
 6. verse, metrical line; fsig-rkdn, prop.: 
 fsigs-su-bcad-pairkdh-pa,id., fsig-rkdn mfar 
 nyis-sdd fob at the close of a verse a double 
 shad is placed; hence: verse of the Bible 
 Chr. Prot. -- 7. base, foundation, rdzu- 
 prul-gyi rkdn-pa bzi Dzl. the four 'pillars' 
 of performing miracles 
 fol. 17. 
 
 Comp. *kan-ky6g* bandy-legged 6'. - 
 rkan-kri a piece of cloth to wrap round 
 the legs (Lat.: tibiale) Sch. rkan- J' inn 
 Lex. w. e., prob. having a foot contracted 
 by disease rkan-Jldr bandy-legged Sch. 
 rkan-mgyogs-pa nimble-footed, rkatl-mgyogs- 
 kyi rdzas lham-la bijiigs-te oiling his boots 
 with swiftfootedness, a miraculous oint- 
 ment imparting this gift Glr., Tar. 67. 
 rkan-<.gi'6 a vassal or subject paying 
 his duty by serving as a messenger or
 
 1(1 
 
 rkan 
 
 '&T rko-ma 
 
 porter 6s. rkan-,gros or -bros \. walk- 
 ing on foot. 2. domestic cattle; breeding- 
 cattle. - - rkafargyu Cs. : 'the hollow of 
 the sole'. rkan-ycig-pa one -footed. 
 rkan-rjcn bare-footed. rkan-rjes footstep, 
 trace. rkan-ynyis-pa two-footed, a biped, 
 po. for man, mankind. rkan-stegs foot- 
 stool; trestle. rkaii-fun On foot, rkau- 
 fdit-pa pedestrian, foot-soldier, rkait-fdn-du 
 griil-ba (Sell, also: rkan-fdn-ba) to walk, 
 to go on foot. rkan-mfil sole of the foot. 
 
 rkan- f&n (erron. also -fun) Ssk. TjT<fTf 
 'drinking with the foot' po. for: tree Mil. 
 
 rkan-dun trumpet made of a human 
 thigh-bone (Hook. I 173). rkan-dr&g- 
 pa, rkan-drug-ldan-pa six-footed: insect, po. 
 
 - rkait-yditb foot-ring (ornament). - 
 rkan- dren (v. also zabs-jdren) disgrace, 
 rkaii cjdren-pa c. genit. to get a person 
 into disgrace, to deprive him of his 
 honour and good name, to be a disgrace 
 to another, e. g. a son to his father by 
 criminal actions etc. rkan-rdum a maimed 
 foot; lame Cs. - - rkdn-snam trowsers, 
 sndm-bui rkdn-snam ycig one pair of cloth- 
 trowsers. rkan pags limit S. g. fol. 9? 
 rkait-pyin felt for covering the legs, v. 
 rkait-dkri. rkan~bol upper part of the 
 foot. rkanjbdwi a disease in the foot, 
 Sch. : gout. rkan-Jbros or bros v. rkati- t grds. 
 
 rkaii-fsegs v. fsegs. rkan-mdzub-^dzcr- 
 pa Sch. : corn (on the toe). rkan-mdzer 
 iron pricks fastened to the feet for climb- 
 ing mountains. rkaii-bzi-pa four-footed; 
 quadruped. - - rkan-ldg hands and feet, 
 r kait-lag bsdl-ba Lt, Schr.: 'numbness or 
 rheumatic pain in hands and feet'; rkait- 
 Idg ser-kar ^oii hands and feet chap Sch. 
 
 rkan- turn foot-path, rkaii-siit treadle, of 
 ti loom. - - rkatl-subs stocking, sock. 
 rkait sot' toe. 
 
 7fr3T rkan v. dkan. 
 
 r kdm-pa I. vb. to desire, to long, ndr- 
 la for money. II. sbst. 1. longing 
 
 (cf. fcam extr.) 2. v. skam-pa. 
 
 yt-q- rku-ba, pf. (b)rkus, ft. brku, imp. 
 
 ^ rkus, to Steal, to rob, bdu-bya to be 
 
 stolen, brkii-byai rdzas things that may 
 be stolen. 
 
 ,._._.. rkiin-ma 1. thief frq. 2. theft, rk. 
 bycdpa (W.: *co-ce*) to steal; 
 *kim-ma zos son* W. it has been carried 
 away by a thief; *Ica-kun gydb-ce* W. 'to 
 steal with the mouth', to promise to pay 
 without ever doing so, or: to deny having 
 known a thing missing, until all inquiry 
 has ceased and it may be safely appro- 
 priated (a common practice of servants 
 in India); dur-rkun robber of graves. - 
 rkun-fabs-su blan-batoiake away thievishly 
 Stg. rkun-nor stolen goods. rkun- 
 po, fern, -mo thief. rkun-dpon the head 
 of a gang of thieves or robbers Cs. - 
 rkim-zla a thief's accomplice. 
 *q. rkub (Lex. inj) 1. the anus 7?. - 
 J 2. vulva W., G* 3. backside, poste- 
 riors C. rkub-stcgs sitting-bench C. - 
 rkub- f sos buttocks Cs. 
 
 7f|*q' rke-ba (cf. skempa) lean, meagre Cs. 
 
 5f|2r'T '''ked-pa, also skcd-pa, W.: *.s/vW- 
 pa* 1. the waist, scit-gcs mcdns-sar 
 was wicons rkcd-pa J!ag if the fox takes 
 a lion's leap, he breaks his neck Mil.; 
 *skyedkug tdn-ce* W. to bow; *s&r/-ztr* (?) 
 the arms a-kimbo W.; more particularly 
 that part where the girdle is worn, loins; 
 rked-rgydn ornament of the girdle; rkcd- 
 pa-nas gri bton he took a knife from his 
 girdle Ptli. ; *k/-pa bhab* 'her waist fell', 
 euphem. expression for: she has got her 
 menses C. 2. the middle of a building, 
 of a mountain, *Kar-skyed* W. the mid- 
 dle story of a castle; rkcd-pa tsam brtsigs 
 fsdr nas when the building was half finished 
 Glr.; Ti-sei rkcd-pa-na yar bslcbs son he 
 is already half-way up the Xi-se Mil. 
 j^rj- rko-ba, pf. (b)rkos, ft. brko, imp. 
 rkos 1. to dig, dig-out, to hoe, e. g. sa 
 earth; rko-byed digger; po. also a spade, 
 mattock; brko byai sa soil to be turned 
 up. 2. to engrave (cf. Jbitr-ba); brko- 
 spydd a gouge Sch.; brkds ma sculpture. 
 2^- rko-ma n. of a bird Wdri., prob. = 
 ' ko-ma.
 
 17 
 
 rkyen 
 
 rkog-ma v. Ikog-ma. 
 
 j^-'t- rkon-pa Cs.: itch, za-rkon id.; Z/.: 
 
 rkon-po. Others describe it as a 
 
 scabby eruption of the skin, chiefly affect- 
 
 ing animals, but occasionally also men C. 
 
 I' rkod-pa, = rko-ba Ts. 
 
 jLj-^r rkon-pa, also skon-pa 1. basket; the 
 word is said to be used in Kun.; 
 perh. also the Ladakian word *kun-dum*, 
 a large cylindrical or bottle-shaped basket, 
 may be traced to the same form. I never 
 found it in books. 2. net, fowler's net 
 Lea. 
 
 'tyvffC-P**)* also 8 fyag(-pa), dirt, 
 excrement; *kydg-pa ton-wa* C., 
 *kydg tdit-ce* W. to cack, vulg. mig- 
 skydg the impurity in the eyes 6s.; *na- 
 skydg* ear-wax W. 
 
 -. rkyan the wild ass or horse of Cen- 
 * tral Asia, Chigitai, po-rkydii male, 
 mo-rkyan female of it; rkyan ddr-ma a 
 young wild ass, rkyan-rgan an old one, 
 Cs. rkyan- cu n. of a lake in the south 
 of Ld., in the neighbourhood of which 
 these animals are particularly numerous. 
 rKyan-pa simple, single; ras rkyan 
 a single sheet of cotton cloth DzL, 
 Mil.; *mi kyan* a single i. e. free, un- 
 employed man, one that carries no burden 
 C.; yi-ge rkydn-pa a letter that forms by 
 itself a syllable, or one that is not brtsegs- 
 pa and without any other consonant or 
 a vowel-sign superscribed; rkydn-pai grans 
 are called ], 10, 100 and the further 
 powers of 10; min rkydn-pa a word that 
 has no affix-denoting case etc. attached. 
 *kyan, kyan-kydn, kydn-ka, Jca-(r)kydn*, 
 col. (in B. sa-stag) only, nothing but, *pe- 
 ca nags kdr-kyan dug* the book contains 
 nothing but charms. *kyan-kydn* also: 
 living by one's self, childless W. - 
 *kyan-ltab* single folded. 
 
 " rkydn-ba v. rkyon-ba. 
 
 rkydn-ma n. of a vein, v. rtsa. 
 
 yr-y- rkyan (Ld. *skyan*) 1. a brass- vessel 
 J ' like a tea-pot, with a spout, rag- 
 rkyan id.; *'o-kyan* W. milk-pot. 2. 
 pot-belly, paunch Sch. 
 
 rkydl-ka,j sometimes for kydl-ka. 
 
 rkydl-pa, ^f?r, leather bag frq. ; 
 w pun-yo mi-}'tsari-rdzds-kyi rkydl-pa 
 a poetical term, for the body Mil.; rkyal- 
 bu (*kyal-lu*) small bag, pouch; ra-rkydl 
 bag of goatskin; pye-rkydl (*ce-kyal* C., 
 *pe-ky* W.) bag for flour. 
 
 rkydl-ba to Swim, *kyal gydb-ce* 
 W. id.; rkyal rtsed-pa to amuse 
 one's self by swimming. 
 
 rkyen, n<nq Will: 'with Buddhists: 
 a co-operating cause, the concurrent 
 occasion of an event as distinguished from 
 its proximate (or rather primary, original) 
 cause', rgyu ^7T (The right meaning was 
 given already by Schr., whereas after- 
 wards, by a mistake of Cs., the totally 
 erroneous sense of 'effect, consequence' 
 has become current among philologists.) 
 1. cause, occasion, rkyen-gis c. gen. by, on 
 account of, cii rkyen-gis whereby? dei 
 rkyen-gyis thereby, therefore, dei rgyu dei 
 rkyen-gyis id. As a medical term, opp. 
 to rgyu (the anthropological or primary 
 cause of a disease) it denotes the patho- 
 logical or secondary cause of it. 2. 
 event, occurrence, accident, case, circum- 
 stance, in a general sense, in as far as 
 the Buddhist conceives every thing that 
 happens in the mutual connexion of cause 
 and effect; rkyen nan-pa unfortunate ac- 
 cident; rkyen ndn-pas O das he has perished 
 by a fatal accident Glr. ; fse O dir byun- 
 bai rkyen ndn-rnams the adversities of 
 the present life Mil.; ran mi O ddd^pai 
 rkyen an event disagreeable to one's own 
 self; bio-bur rkyen a sudden accident Mil.; 
 rkyen de-la b)'ten-nas owing to that cir- 
 cumstance Tar. 8. 1. med-pai rky en-la 
 bltds-te or brten-te C. considering the case 
 of not being . . . , not having . . . , thus 
 nad-kyi rkyen, ci-bai rkyen stands also 
 for: a case of disease, of death; c gal-
 
 18 
 
 *^" rkyoii-ba 
 
 skd-ba 
 
 rkyen any circumstance or event adverse 
 to the success of an action, obstacle, hin- 
 derance, any thing opposite or hostile to the 
 existence of another thing, mfun-rkyen, 
 a happy, favorable circumstance, furtherance, 
 assistance, supply, mfun-rkyen bycd-pa c. 
 genit. to assist in, to help to; mfun-rkyen 
 O dzom-po altogether successful. 3. mis- 
 fortune, ill luck, calamity, rkyen zlog-pa to 
 avert a misfortune, fegs-pa to endure, 
 fiib-pa to brave it Mil. cf. rgyu. 
 
 ^..q. rkyo/t-ba pf. $ ft. brkyan, to stretch, 
 extend, stretch forth (one's hand to 
 a person), put out (the tongue), spread, 
 distend (the wings, a curtain), zabs ynyis 
 brkyan-bskum one leg stretched out, the 
 other drawn in Pth.; *kyan-sdd-ce* W. 
 to stretch one's limbs. brkyan-sin 1. 
 'extending-wood', an instrument of torture 
 in Tibet, a wooden frame on which the 
 extended arms and legs of the delinquent 
 are fastened down, whilst burning pitch 
 or sealing-wax is dropped on his naked 
 breast, which procedure is called brkyan- 
 sin sprdd-pa } brkyan-sin-la bciig-pa or 
 brkydn-ba 2. CFOSS Chr. Prot. This word 
 has been adopted on account of its ety- 
 mological signification, although it differs 
 in its form and use from the OTCCVQ/S of 
 the N. T., which is unknown in Tibet 
 and India. Additional explanation will 
 be at any rate required on the part of 
 missionaries; but much more so in the 
 case of the Kro-ce (Ital. croce) of the Rom. 
 Cath. missionaries of the last century. In 
 favour of the word ysal-sin, pointed stake 
 for empaling a delinquent, speaks the 
 circumstance, that this is also the original 
 and classical signification of OTUVQOS, and 
 that Buddhists from their own legends 
 are well acquainted with the idea of 
 martyrdom inflicted in this manner. Still 
 fsal-sin leads to a conception of the death 
 of Christ historically untrue and revolting 
 to our feelings and is therefore better not 
 employed; moreover it is to be assumed 
 that in the times of the Evangelists orav- 
 
 Qfig was the term generally used for cross, 
 whilst in the case of ^sal-sin no Tibetan 
 thinks of anything else but empaling. 
 3Cr'3* rkyon-tse W., resp. *zim-kyon, zim- 
 titi*, lamp,candle,(spelling uncertain). 
 Ikugs-pal. dumb, mute; Ua Ikiigs- 
 par byed-pa to put to silence 
 Do.; Ikugs-pa-pa a dumb man, -ma woman 
 Cs. 2. dull, stupid Sch. 
 ojcn- Ikog secrecy, lkog-gi cun-ma Cs.: a 
 ' wife kept secretly, a private con- 
 cubine, lkog-tu in secrect, secretly frq.: 
 lkog-tu gyur-pa, Ikyog-gyur, l|fl^, secret, 
 hidden, out of sight Mil., Tar.; lkog-tu 
 glen-ba to converse secretly; Ik. sdod-pa 
 to keep in retirement. Ikog-man a re- 
 ward given secretly, a bribe. Ikog-cos 
 Sch.: 'a secret doctrine'; but Ikog-cos bycd- 
 pa is gen. understood: to apply one's self 
 to religious studies or exercises in secret. 
 
 Ikog jab byed-pa to hide one's self in 
 a lurking place: Ikog jab byed-nas Ita-ba 
 to watch, to witness from a lurking-place. 
 
 - Ikog-zdn zd-ba Sch. to take usury- 
 interest in secret. Ikog-ldb backbiting, 
 slander. 
 
 Sprj' lkog-ma (vulg. *og-ma*) 1. gullet, 
 oesophagus. 2. wind-pipe. 3. 
 throat 4. neck. Ikog-mai lha-gon Sch., 
 (ace. to others: lliar-gor) the larynx, 
 *Koi lkog-ma* or *og-ma sran son* W. his 
 throat is swollen, he has the croup. - 
 
 Ikog-dkdr a small nocturnal carnivorous 
 quadruped with a white throat, marten? 
 
 Ikog-gdgs hoarseness of voice Cs. 
 Ikog-sdl dew-lap (of oxen). Ikog-sog craw, 
 maw (of birds) Cs. 
 
 ^T Ikob fat, heavy, plump Sch. 
 
 \^* Ikol-mdiid, also 'ol-mdud, larynx. 
 ska-cig v. skad cig, skad no. 4. 
 
 ska-cog n. of a grammarian Zam. 
 
 skd-ba thick (of fluids, cf. sld-ba); 
 stca-sldd (Ld.: *kas-ldd*) consistence, 
 density. W.: *skdn-te*.
 
 nf^flpj" ska-rags 
 
 ska-rags B. fy C., also ske-rdgs, 
 W. *kye-rdgs* , resp. sku-rdgs 
 girdle, ska-rags O cin-ba to put on the girdle, 
 ska-rags bmr-ba Sch.: a girdle with a 
 clasp (?). 
 
 skag 1. Cs.: = kag, keg, mischief; 
 unlucky. 2. v. rgyu-skar. 
 skdn-ba = skon-ba; skan-yso 1. sa- 
 tisfaction Sch. 2. a kind of ex- 
 piatory sacrifice, to make amends for a duty 
 not performed. 
 
 skan-sa Sch.: sods cut out. 
 
 Mr- skad (C.: *ka*) 1. voice, sound, cry 
 
 ' (cf. sgra), gldn-po-cei skad Ita-bui sgra 
 a sound like the voice of an elephant, *ka- 
 la cig-pa dhon mi-cig-pa* C. (words) equal 
 as to sound, but of different sense (= ho- 
 mophone), sdug-bsndl-bai skad O byin-pa, 
 snyin-zei skad don-pa to utter lamentable 
 cries; skad ster-ba Sch., *ke' gydg-pa* C., 
 *skad tdn-ce* W. to sound; *ke' tan-wa* 
 C. *skad gyab-ce* W. ccdp. to call to a 
 person; skad mfun-par with one voice, 
 with one accord. 2. speech, words, talk, 
 news, *ka ci nan c dug* what is your 
 pleasure? what did you say, Sir? C.; 
 zer-ba de ci-skad yin the (words) spoken 
 what speech are they? = what do they 
 mean? Pth.; c di-skad-(du) in, these words, 
 thus, (before a literally quoted speech), 
 de-skad-(ces) id. (after it); it is also used 
 in a more general sense instead of de- 
 Itar: de-skad ma byed don't do that Mil.', 
 skad smrd-ba to give account, to relate 
 Ld.-Glr. fol. 12. b. SchL, ace. to another 
 reading instead of sra smrds-te; skad byed- 
 pa id., rmi-ldm-du byim-ba skad byds-te 
 reporting it as having been revealed to 
 him by a dream Pth. 3. language, bod- 
 skad the Tibetan language, rgya-gdr-skad 
 the Sanskrit language, bod-skad-du, col. 
 -la, into or in the Tib. language, yiil- 
 skad-du into or in the provincial dialect. 
 - 4. a snap with the fingers, always 
 with cig: skdd-cig-(ma), gen. as a measure 
 of time: a moment; also adv.: for a mo- 
 
 ment, skdd-cig-la in a moment, instantly, 
 in one moment, skdd-cig de-nyid-la in the 
 very same moment. (Some mathematical 
 books compute the skdd-cig = 3 li", others 
 as long as Vs")- 
 
 Comp. and Deriv. skad- c gdgs hoarseness 
 of the voice, Cs. skad-ndnl. a bad voice. 
 2. cry, screaming. skdd-can having a 
 voice, sounding. -- skdd-ca 1. C.: dis- 
 course, conversation, *ka'-ca Idb^pa* or 
 *)he'-pa* to converse, to have a chat. 2. C. 
 talk, rumour, *mii kd'-ca re* it is (but) 
 talk of the people. 3. W.: news, tidings, 
 intelligence. -- skad-&, -cen 1. a loud 
 voice Sch. 2. n. of an animal Lt skad- 
 ynyd Sch.: a high voice. skad-snydn 
 sgyur-ba Mil. to sing or whistle in a 
 quavering, warbling manner, of birds, 
 flute- players etc., c gyur-skad a singing 
 or playing of this kind. skad-dod an 
 equivalent word, cun-mai sk. another word 
 for wife Gramm. skdd-pa v. the se- 
 parate article below. skad- dzer Cs. = 
 skad- c gdgs. skad-bzdn 1. a good voice. 
 2. W.: good news. -- skad-lugs dialect. 
 
 skad-log clamour, screaming. skad- 
 ysdns mfo Sch.: a loud voice, skad-ysdn 
 nyams-cun <$yur the voice is getting 
 weak Wdn. 
 
 S^* skad ladder, v. skds-ka. 
 
 skdd-pa I. vb. 1. to say, tell, relate, 
 zih-Kdms sig yod-do skdd-par fos 
 that a land (of bliss) exists I heard say 
 Mil.; more frq. at the end of a sentence 
 skdd-do or skad for : it is said (= dicitur), 
 grags skad id. Mil. -- 2. to name, call, 
 skdd-pa partic. = byd-ba named, called. 
 
 3. Ld.: *skdd-ce, %dd-ce* to measure, 
 take measure. II. sbs. interpreter; language- 
 master, teacher. 
 
 ._.pv skdn-te, W. instead of skd-ba thick, 
 
 ? turbid. 
 
 __. skabs 1. time, opportunity, case, 
 Circumstances ; mfon-(bai) skabs op- 
 portunity of seeing , skabs rnyed-pa to find 
 an opportunity, skdbs-su or skabs-skdbs-su 
 now and then, under certain circumstances,
 
 20 
 
 skam 
 
 * skdr-ma 
 
 skdbs-su or skabs with genit. at the time 
 of, on occasion of, during, while, when; 
 de-ka skdb-su in a moment, instantly, 
 skabs O dir now, here, in this case, in this 
 place (of a book etc.) frq., skabs re once, 
 for a time, *skabs-toa* Ld. (col) now, 
 bdr-skabs interval, interlapse of time Tar.; 
 di'ts-skabs, fse-skabs, ynds-skabs, time, state, 
 situation, skabs dan sbydr-ba, dus-skabs dan 
 bstun-pa fit for, adapted, suited to the oc- 
 casion. 2. Cs. 'mode, method', or perh. 
 rather, way, manner; so the word seems 
 to be used in Wdn.: Idum-bui skabs la- 
 pug dan skye-lugs O drd-bar the manner 
 (nature) of the plant being similar to that 
 of a radish as to growth. 3. section, 
 chapter (cf. ytam no. 3), so esp.in Tar.; 
 skabs bcu the ten sections of Buddhistical 
 theology, also: one that has absolved them. 
 
 S5J* skam v. skdm-pa and -po. 
 
 yjsrgr skam-pa I. vb. 1. = rkdm-pa to 
 long for. 2. = skem-pa (bskam- 
 pa). II. sbst. 1. = rkdm-pa longing, 2. 
 a pair Of tongs; skam-cun small tongs, 
 pincers; also several other instruments of 
 a similar shape. III. adj., com. skdm- 
 po dry, skam-rlon 1. dry and wet 2. 
 dryness in a relative sense, *skam-si* Ld. 
 very lean (like a mummy), skdm-sa the 
 dry land, the shore, skam id., skdm-sar 
 pyin-pa, skam-la sleb-pa to get ashore, 
 skam-lam journey by land Wts.; *skam- 
 san* Ld. meat perfectly dried. 
 
 p. skar; this and the compounds skar- 
 ka and skar-fsad v. under ska-ba; 
 skar-kun etc. under skar-ma. 
 
 n' skar-ba Cs.: 'a penning of cattle, 
 assortment, separation, to pen, to 
 fold, to separate'. But as these significations 
 seem to belong to the spelling bkar-ba 
 and dgar-ba, it will be safer to confine 
 the verb skar-ba, pf. bskar, imp. skor, to 
 the following, 1. to hang up, *skar-tan- 
 ce, car-la skdr-ce id. Ld. (e. g. clothes). 
 2. to weigh, and *skar* weight, *gau 
 
 nul gui skar* a little box weighing 9 
 rupees (about 4 ounces); *skdr-ka or -Ka* 
 weight; *skar-fsdd* measure, scale. W., C. 
 - 3. *skar-tdg tdti-ce* to inquire rigor- 
 ously; to restrict, to bind down, to flog; 
 *skar-lcdg* a rigorous inquiring, a flogging 
 W., also 6'. 
 
 star, nyi zla yza skar sun, moon, 
 planets and stars; sometimes it is used 
 generally: *skar-cen* a very large, un- 
 commonly bright star, esp. Venus when 
 appearing as evening- or morning-star; 
 nyin-moi skdr-ma a star seen in the day- 
 time (a thing of very rare occurrence). 
 - 2. constellation, asterism; btsas-skdr 
 constellation of nativity Med; yyah-skdr 
 propitious constellation (such are the nak- 
 satras no. ^ to /^, v. rgyu-skdr}. 
 
 Comp, skdr-Kuti (the same word as 
 dkar-Kun, but of a different etymology) win- 
 dow. skar-Kons Cs.: 'the angular dis- 
 tance between two stars or planets' (?) 
 
 skar-lnd a weight ('5 points' on the 
 steelyard for gold) = 1 zo or Y 2 o ounce; 
 as money = l / 3 rupee. skar-cu 'star- 
 water'; bathing under the constellation 
 skdr-ma rib-ci (prob. rewati, the 28th 
 naksatra, is meant) in October is con- 
 sidered beneficial for every kind of com- 
 plaint, because Sans-i*gyds smdn-pai rgydl- 
 po (quasi 'Buddha Aesculapius', to whom 
 the origin of the medical science is ascribed 
 by Tibetan Buddhists), bathed in that 
 season, and therefore Tibetans, though 
 not particularly fond of washing and bath- 
 ing in general, are said to follow this ex- 
 ample pretty frequetnly. skar-mdd (Cs. : 
 'ignis fatuus'?J a shooting star, ltu/t or 
 sa-la dril is coming down, O pans Mil. id. 
 
 skar-dpydd, -rtsi's astrology. skar- 
 prdn a small star. skar-fsoys the starry 
 host. skar- dzin 'star-catching', mak- 
 ing one's self sure of a propitious constel- 
 lation, e. g. for an intended journey, by a 
 sham departure, conveying luggage or 
 goods to the next village etc., but then
 
 -21 
 
 skdl-ba 
 
 interrupting and postponing it to a more 
 convenient time. 
 
 " skdl-ba Ssk. ff7f, resp. sku-skdl 1. 
 portion, share; bgo-skdl allotted 
 portion; zas-skdl portion of food, ration; 
 ran-skdl personal share ; nor-skdl or syal- 
 norGlr. hereditary portion, inheritance; skdl- 
 ba ma cdd-par without being shortened of his 
 portion Mil.; ma mfoit-ba skdl-ba ma mcis- 
 pa Q dra it does not seem to fall to my lot to 
 see my mother. skal-cdd dried up, 
 withered Sch. (?) 2. in a special sense: 
 the portion of good or bad fortune that falls 
 to a man's lot, as a consequence of his 
 former actions, lot, fate, destiny, a. rela- 
 tively: skdl-ba bzdit-po, nan-pa good, bad 
 fortune; fse O dii grogs-s' dl the matrimonial 
 share of the present life, the connubial 
 fate for which a person is predestinated 
 Glr. ("The Buddhist priests pretend to be 
 able to calculate the skdl-ba of any one 
 after his death ) b. in a positive and 
 good sense, denoting either prosperity 
 and blessing as a consequence of good 
 actions, or those actions themselves as 
 being pious and meritorious, so that skal- 
 Iddn means happy, blessed as well as pious, 
 devout, and skal-med unhappy, irreligious, 
 impious, skal-lddn are all those who have 
 devoted themselves to virtue and treasured 
 up more or less good works, and who 
 may expect to be promoted in proportion. 
 The term worthy, therefore, though not 
 quite correct as to the word itself, is still 
 very appropriate as it regards the subject; 
 even venerable, holy may be applied oc- 
 casionally, cf. *\i\3<\ and ajTr^T^. Also 
 some single blessing or spiritual gift may 
 be meant by skdl-ba and so the Ommani- 
 padmehum is called the cos-skdl, 'the re- 
 ligious treasure', of Tibet Glr. 
 
 skds-ka B., C., skds-Ka, skds-pa C., 
 skrds-ka (pronounced *te-ka C., 
 srds-ka, si'(j-ka W.), even skas, skad lad- 
 der, generally consisting of the notched 
 trunk of a tree; rkydn-skad C. 'single lad- 
 der', the same, compared with two or 
 three of them joined together, to make a 
 
 sku 
 
 sort of staircase with broader steps; *do- 
 1d < '., do-srds, do-srv* W. a flight of stone- 
 steps; *gya-srds, gya-sre W., gya-ke'* C. 
 (Schr.) a regular staircase as in European 
 houses; gru-skds Glr. prob.: flight of steps 
 at the corner of a building ; gro-skad Glr. 
 fol. 7 appeared to be unknown to those that 
 were consulted; skas-kyi rim-pa Cs. steps; 
 *sra-ldaii, sral-dd/i* W. spokes of a lad- 
 der; skas t gram Cs. the two side-pieces 
 of a staircase or ladder; skas O dzug-pa 
 to apply a ladder Schr., Cs. 
 ^j sku, Ssk. ^rra, sometimes ijf^ 1. also 
 >o sku-lus, sku-yzugs, resp. for lus: body; 
 by being prefixed to the names of parts 
 of the body and even of everything that 
 has reference to the bodily existence of 
 a person, it imparts to them the charac- 
 ter of respectful terms: sku-stod, -smad the 
 upper, lower, part of the body; sku-sa 
 flesh; sku-mfsdl (for sku-Krag) blood 6s.; 
 sku-mdog colour of the skin, sku-nd age; 
 sku-fse lifetime, life; sku-k'dms state of health; 
 sku-skdl portion, share, sku-cds goods, 
 stores Mil., sku-bsod virtue, happiness 
 Tar.; sku-skyes a present (given to or re- 
 ceived from a respected personage); sku- 
 O bdg image, statue Glr. ; sku-mdun-pa (C. : 
 *kun-dum-pa*) or -dnin-pa attendant of 
 a man of rank; *ku-jar-wa* ('adherent', 
 v. O byar-ba) id. C.; sku-nye Sch. relation, 
 kinsman; sku-ysegs-ya dying, death (of a 
 king etc.) Glr.; sku-bstod praise Sch.; sku- 
 soys (ace. to 6s. instead of sku ysogs 'the 
 side' = your presence) a title of honour, 
 when we should say: your or his honour, 
 your or his worship, in W. only for cle- 
 rical dignitaries, in 6'. also for other per- 
 sons of rank. Even buildings (monasteries 
 etc.) are honoured by these respectful ex- 
 pressions: sku-dkar ysol-ba to 'administer' 
 whitewash. 2. in a special sense: the 
 person of Buddha, whom philosophers re- 
 present in three forms of existence called 
 sku-ysum f^TRl, viz. : cos-kyi sku, vjf 3iTSr, 
 lotis-spyod-kyi sku jjajtaicfclij and ,<<}>n't/-}><u' 
 sku f^roTTir^fiT^- These three 'persons', 
 however, have as little as dkon-mcog-j'sum
 
 22 
 
 3)8** 
 
 any thing in common with the Christian 
 Trinity, nor even with the Indian Tri- 
 miirtti, for the first state, the 'body of 
 law', the absolute body, is Buddha in the 
 Nirvana, the so-called first world of ab- 
 stract existence i. e. non-existence, which 
 is the ultimate aim and end of every ex- 
 istence and the ideal aspired to by every 
 believing Buddhist; the second state, the 
 'body of happiness or glory' is Buddha in 
 the perfection of a conscious and active 
 life of bliss in the second world (heaven or 
 Elysium), which state however is inferior to 
 the first; the third, the 'body of transfor- 
 mation and incarnation', is Buddha in the 
 third or visible world, as man on earth. 
 Notwithstanding the altogether abstract 
 character of cos-ska, as a philosophical con- 
 ception, Buddhistic fancy is pleased to re- 
 present it as a visible image of Buddha, 
 shining in the colours of the rainbow, or at 
 least as abrilliant apparition of light, though 
 impalpable and unapproachable; and this 
 is not only a notion of the vulgar, but 
 is acknowledged also in literature. More 
 recent speculators have even added a no- 
 bo-nyid-kyi ska superior to the three, viz. 
 that which is eternal in the essence of a 
 Buddha, even cos-sku, the absolute body, 
 being described by these philosophers as 
 transient. The unintelligible passage in 
 Cs.'s dictionary, p. 305 b. might be cor- 
 rected thus: 'adding to the former three 
 as a fourth' etc. To this signification 
 belong the compounds sku-i'im, resp. for 
 rim- c gro reverence, respect, particularly in 
 the special sense of a solemn sacrificial 
 ceremony, performed on public and private 
 occassions, e.g. in cases of disease; sku- 
 rim byed-pa to perform such a ceremony. 
 - sku-rten, sku-fsdb, ska-yzugs, sku- c drd 
 (W. *kun-dd*) image of Buddha etc. - 
 3. image, statue, of Buddha or other holy 
 persons, yser-sku a gold image, rdo-sku a 
 stone image, c )im-sku an image of clay, brts- 
 sku a painted image, Jbur-sku a basso-relievo, 
 rkos-sku an engraved, bliigs- or Idugs-sku 
 a molten, fdgs-sku a woven image 6s. 
 
 sku- bi(m 'mausoleum' or ace. to another 
 etymology 'the 100000 images', n. of the 
 famous monastery Kumbiim east of the 
 Kokonor (v. Travels of Hue and Gabet). 
 sku ysun fugs 1. (cf. sku no. 1) resp. 
 f. lus nag yid the three spheres of a man's 
 doings or sufferings, works, words and 
 thoughts. 2. the rtc-n j'sum, the three 
 representations of Buddha: the image of 
 his person, the books containing his doc- 
 trine, the pyramid (mcod-rten) as the 
 symbol of his grace. sku-liia-rgydl-po 
 five deities of degenerated Buddhism 
 Schl. 157. 
 
 - sku-ru a paddle-wheel, without a rim; 
 such are the water-wheels of all the 
 mills in the Himalaya sku-ru-Ka the figure 
 of a cross -f X. The latter is common in 
 books as an abbreviation like our 'etc.', to 
 save the repeated writing at full length of 
 the same sentence, as refrains etc. 
 
 skugs the stake in a game or wager 
 received by the winner. skugs- 
 sto/t Sch, id.? 
 
 ffjr-n- skun-ba pf. bskuns, ft. bskun 1. to 
 hide in the ground. 2. to bury, 
 to inter. 3. to tie in a doubled or twisted 
 position, e. g. a corpse before it is burnt, 
 to cord on all sides. bskuns-sa lurking- 
 place, hiding-place Mil. 
 
 S^* skud sbst. v. skud-pa. 
 
 Ns 
 
 2ur-j- skiid-pa L sbst. thread, yarn; wire; 
 
 xJ ' skud-pa ycod-pa to cut off the thread, 
 also fig. Cs. to divorce; ras-skiid cotton 
 thread, Icags-skud iron wire; fson-skud co- 
 loured thread; skud-ro the thread-ends of 
 a seam; ski(d-bris-mKan an embroiderer. 
 
 II. vb. pf. bskus, ft. bsku, imp. skits, 
 col. ku-wa C. *sku-ce* W. to smear *td- 
 gir-la mar sku-ce* to butter the bread W., 
 *di-la ndg-po ma ska* don't make that 
 dirty W.; to besmear, to daub snyih-po(-la) 
 &num-gyis a wick with grease Dzl.; sgo- 
 la rtsi to paint a door; spos-kyis skud-pa 
 to anoint; skud ointment, *sra-skiul* po- 
 matum W.
 
 skud-po 
 
 - skd-la 
 
 'Sf s kud-po 1. brother-in-law Cs. 2. 
 father-in-law. 
 
 skun-bu = kon-bu Lex. 
 
 skum-pa pf. bskums, ft. bskum, imp. 
 
 skum(s) to contract, to draw in, e.g. 
 the leg. 
 
 *kwr-pa') also skur-kldn, skur-ziis ab- 
 
 use, occasionally blasphemy; skur- 
 O debs-pa, byed-pa, smra-ba to abuse, viz.: 
 persons to whom respect is due, esp. holy 
 men or things, e.g. O pdgs-pa-la the ve- 
 nerable Dzl.; dkon-mcog ysum mi bden-par 
 Itd-zin skiir-pa Q debspa to blaspheme by 
 denying the 'Three Most Precious' Thyy. 
 sgro-skur v. sgro. 
 
 skid'-ba I. pf. skur, at the end of 
 
 a sentence skur-ro, sometimes for 
 sktrr-pa O debs-pa Mil. 
 
 II. pf. ft. fy imp. bskur, pf. at the end 
 of a sentence bskur-to 1. to send, to trans- 
 mit, e.g. news, objects, also an army, 
 but not a messenger; mditn-du skur-ba to 
 send on in advance, to have carried be- 
 fore, e.g. a banner; skur ynan mdzdd- 
 pa resp.: to be pleased to send. 2. to 
 give, hand over, deliver, consign, give in 
 charge, commit, e. g. an army to a general; 
 dban skur-ba to invest with power, to 
 authorize, )i dgd-bar gyid-du dban skur cig 
 give me power, permission, to do what 
 I like Dzl.; rgydl-por dban skurba to 
 authorize somebody to be a ruler, to ap- 
 point, create, designate as king. The 
 ceremony observed in such a case is a 
 kind of anointing or baptism, pouring holy 
 water on the crown of the head, spyi-bo- 
 nas dban skur-ba, and as supernatural 
 powers are supposed to be active during 
 this process, dban skur-ba means also: to 
 bless, consecrate, endow with miraculous 
 power; esp. four mystical powers of me- 
 ditation are imparted in this way. 
 SftJ'O" s k u l~b a Pf- bskulj at the end of a 
 
 sentence bskul-to, Ssk. ^tf*, to ex- 
 hort, admonish, enjoin, mi zig las byed-par 
 a person to do a thing; to appoint, mi 
 zig Ids-la, in the same sense; to impose, 
 
 mi zig-la las, work on somebody, perh. 
 a mere provincialism; dei fsig-gis bskul- 
 nas induced by his words; rndm-ses las 
 dan nyon-mons-kyis bskul-nas the (departed) 
 soul urged on, influenced, driven, by its 
 former works and sins S. g.; lha-srin 
 mcod skul kyan though I tried to deter- 
 mine, to bring round, the gods and the evil 
 spirits by sacrifices Pth.; glin sogs drdg- 
 tu skul-sin flutes and other (instruments) 
 calling, resounding, fortissimo and so ani- 
 mating the actors; *yid skul-ce* W. to 
 remind, admonish; *san* (for yean) *skul- 
 ce* to rouse by shaking. bskul-ba and 
 more frq. bskul-ma exhortation, admonition; 
 bskul-ma O debs-pa, C. also skul-rgyag-pa, 
 skul-cdg byed-pa Mil. nt. to admonish, 6X- 
 hort. *skul-Kan W. overseer. 
 JM- ske, vulg. skye, seld. skya, neck, throat, 
 ^ frq.; neck of a bottle Cs. ; *skye tsir 
 tdn-ce, *kyig-ce, sddm-ce* W. to choke, 
 strangle, *skye-la fdg-pa tdg-na sdd-ce* id.; 
 ske f -cod-pa, ytub-pa, Jbreg-pa to behead, 
 slaughter; sker O fdm-pa to seize by the 
 throat, to worry Sch.; sker dogs-pa to tie 
 round the neck e. g. an amulet; ske-Jcor 
 necklace Schr. ; ske-cd ornament for the 
 neck, necklace Mil.; ske-ston Med., Sch.: 
 cavity of the throat; ske-rmd Sch.: a 
 wound of the throat, a jugular gland that 
 has opened. 
 
 ske-fse Wdn., Ssk. <jfaeM Sinapis 
 ramosa, black mustard; mustard seed, 
 a grain of m. s. 
 
 skeg-fsos paint, rouge (for the 
 
 face) Sch. 
 rjS"^J" sked-pa v. rked-pa. 
 
 skem-pa I. vb. pf. bskams, ft. bskam, 
 imp. skom(s) to make dry, lean, 
 meagre; to dry up; exsiccate. if, adj., 
 also -skem-po, dry, dried up; meagre. 
 skem-byed a demon that causes drought 
 Lt. skem-ndd Bhar. consumption. 
 
 sko-ba, pf. (b)skos, ft. bsko, imp. 
 
 skos 1. to appoint, nominate, com- 
 mission, charge a person, Ids-su with a 
 work Dzl., much more freq.: rgydl-por,
 
 24 
 
 sko-tse 
 
 clpon-du to be king, chief; rgydl-sar sko- 
 ba to raise to the throne; ma bskos-sin 
 without mandate, unbidden Glr. 2. Ids- 
 la bskos-pa destined to the works i. e. 
 destined to a man in consequence of his 
 works; ned-kyi las-bskos my destiny, fate, 
 lot Mil. 
 
 Note. The signification: to elect, to 
 choose (Cs., Sch.) cannot be proved and 
 was expressly denied by Tibetans. 
 fff^r sko-tse 1. a kind of wild onion Cs. 
 - 2. a mixture of the leaves of 
 several kinds of leek, pounded, formed 
 into balls and dried; when used, a small 
 portion is broken off, fried in butter and 
 then added to the food. This spice forms 
 a lucrative article of commerce and is 
 exported from Ld. to Cashmere and from 
 Lh. to India. 
 
 skog-pa v. kog-pa. 
 
 fS' skon v. under kon. 
 
 zyr'n* skon-ba pf. bskans, ft. bskan, imp. 
 
 skon(s) 1. to fulfil, e. g. a hope, a 
 vow etc., *nyin* the desire W.; k'a skon- 
 ba to fill up what is open, to make up a 
 deficiency Zam., also dgebai Jca-skon to 
 fulfil perfectly the laws of virtue, / r a- 
 skoii, Jca-bskdns, Kas-skofi 1. appendix, sup- 
 plement, fsdm-du Jca-skdn-du bsad will be 
 said, described, below in the appendix 
 Wdn. 2. By Tibetan copyists of books 
 a short prayer is called so, consisting of 
 a stanza of 4 verses, which they are ac- 
 customed to write down or recite after 
 having finished the copy of a work, in 
 order to make amends for the mistakes 
 they may have committed. fugs-dam 
 bskan-rdzds a certain ceremony v. Schl. 
 260. 2. v. dpa. 
 ?w*T" skon-pa I. sbst. v. rkon-pa. II. 
 
 vb.pf.fyft.bskonio dress, to clothe 
 another person (reap, fsol-ba). 
 
 skobs = skabs Schr., Sch. 
 
 skom 1. thirst, skom-gyis jdum-pa tor- 
 mented by thirst Dzl. - - 2. resp. 
 
 zal-skom, drink; zas (dan) skom food and 
 drink. 3. i.o. skam the dry land Glr., 
 provinc. skom-pa 1. to thirst, to be thirsty. 
 2. the thirst. 3. thirsty, skom-pa-dag ni 
 skom-pa dan brdl-bar c gyur the thirsty 
 will get rid of their thirst S. 0. skom- 
 ddd (dad-pa = o dod-pa) thirst Med. 
 skom-fsdd burning thirst Mil. -- *skom-ri* 
 thirst W. 
 
 jyi- skor (cf. kor) 1. circle, mig-skor eye- 
 ball W. ; sba-skor hoop of bamboo 
 Schr. 2. appurtenances, yi-ge O bri-bai 
 skor writing utensils, fdb-kyi skor every- 
 thing that belongs to the fire-place C. 
 (perh. provinc.) 3. section, division, e. 
 g. of a book, similar to leu, chapter Mil., 
 Tar. 4. repetition, skor lddb-pa to re- 
 peat Schr. 5. theme, Subject, gan skor- 
 la O bri O dug what is the subject of this 
 writing? Answer: rtai skor-la a horse C.; 
 de skor-la on that account, therefore Ld. 
 
 6. skor, skdr-zas food presented to La- 
 mas; laymen are deterred from laying their 
 hands on it by the mysteriously menacing 
 verse : skor-zas zd-la Icag-gi ^gram-pa dgos 
 he that eats Lama's food, wants iron jaws. 
 
 7. v. skor-ba no. II. 
 
 |&-;q- skor-ba I. vb. pf. fy ft. bskor 1. to 
 surround, encircle, enclose, besiege 
 cca fy d.; also of inanimate objects: de-la 
 skor-bai ri the mountains surrounding it Glr. ; 
 ri nc'igs-kyis bskdr-ba Sambh. a mountain 
 surrounded by a forest. 2. to go, move, 
 ride round a thing; esp. the reverential ce- 
 remony of H'rff^jTJT transferred from Brah- 
 manism to Buddhism, which consists in 
 going round a holy object with one's 
 right side turned towards it one of the 
 most meritorious and indispensible religious 
 duties in the eyes of a Buddhist; cos- 
 skor-la byon they walked round in the 
 religious direction, i. e. according to the 
 precepts of Buddhism, bon-skor-du son in 
 the Bon manner, i.e. the opposite di- 
 rection Mil.; pyag dan skor-ba byed-pa, 
 as a specification of religious duties: to 
 make salutations and circumambulations.
 
 25 
 
 skol-ba 
 
 3. to wander through, traverse, rgydl-Jcdms, 
 the countries, M/. -- 4. to return, go 
 home Sch. 5. to turn round, twist, mii 
 
 ltdg-pa a man's neck, i.e. to choke, to 
 strangle him Glr. 
 
 Phrases: mgo skor-ba, mgo skor byed- 
 pa (W. *co-ce*) to befool, delude, deceive 
 a person, by intoxication or flattery Glr., 
 also by a flood of words. *fca kor-wa 
 C., kor-ce* W. to make one alter his sen- 
 timents, to divert one from a plan etc. 
 *lan* or *dugs skor-ce* to take ven- 
 geance W. - *si kor-ce (v. rtsis) W. to 
 count, calculate. fsogs-kyi Korlo skor-ba 
 to arrange the objects of the mandal (q.v.) 
 in a circle n.f. skor log-pa, skor log- 
 la c grd-ba to go round the wrong way 
 Mil.; *pe-ra kor^e-log tdn-ce* to talk fool- 
 ishly, to twaddle W. *lag kor-ce* the 
 putting a seal under a document which 
 is done by several persons one after an- 
 other W. 
 
 Comp. skor-Kan Glr., prob. = skor- 
 lam. skor-rgyugs turning the enemy, 
 getting into his rear Mil. skor-mJcan, 
 skor-pa a turner 6s. skor-spydd, skor- 
 sin a turner's lathe Cs. skor-fig a pair 
 Of compasses. skor-dbyug a sling, for 
 throwing Sch. skor-ldm 1. the pathway 
 round-about a monastery, used for the 
 holy processions. 2. a veranda surround- 
 ing a house. 3. col. also: round-about way. 
 
 II. 1. the going, moving round, en- 
 circling etc. 2. the way round a thing, 
 = skor-ldm, in the compounds: ndn-skor 
 the inner, bdr-skor the middle, pyi-skor 
 the outer roundway, p'yi-skor cen-po the 
 outermost. sd-skor round-about way, 
 by-way. 
 
 gjflj-q- skol-ba pf. & ft. bskol to boil (vb. 
 act., cf. Jiol-ba). 
 
 skos-pa 1. \.sko-ba. 2. Sch.: 'to 
 order', but this is sgo-ba. 
 
 fskya 1. oar C., Thgy.; skya-Ub id.; 
 skya-mjug rudder; sky a rgydb-pa to TOW 
 Schr. 2. spatula Schr. 3. pot-ladle, 
 C. 4. wall of stone or clay, bdr-skya, 
 
 skydg-pa 
 
 partition-wall, *bhdr-kya ca'-pa* to make 
 a partition-wall C. 
 
 2u-m' skyd-ka, skyd-ga Lt., n. of a bird, 
 ' 6s.: magpie. 
 
 skyd-ba I. vb. 1. pf. bskyas, ft. bskya 
 1. Lex.: = O p6-ba to change place, 
 cf. skyas. 2. to carry, convey to a place 
 (a quantity of stones, wood, water etc.) 
 W., v. skyed-pa. 3. Sch. to swim (?) 
 II. sbst. 1. kettle Sch. 2. prob. = 
 sky a 1. 
 
 skya-bo,Ssk. TTTT^*?: and q[u^, whitish 
 gray, yellowish-white; *skya cdg-ce to 
 fry or toast a thing so that its whitish 
 colour turns partially into brown Ld.; 
 mi skya one clothed in light-gray, (not 
 in red or yellow, as monks are), a lay- 
 man; sno-skya light-blue, l)an-skyd light- 
 green, and so of the other colours; there- 
 fore ser-skya ought to denote light-yellow, 
 but it is also used as an equivalent of 
 etifijH- n. of a saint, (Ser-skyai- c gron = 
 Kapilavastu, an ancient city in Oude, and 
 Buddha's birth-place); originally: 'monkey- 
 coloured', tawny, Ito-skyd 'pale' i. e. poor, 
 insipid, miserable food Mil.nt. 
 
 Comp. *kya-ko-re, kya-fe-re* pale, 
 white 6'. skya-skyd id. Sch. skya-ndr, 
 TjTCf^l n. of a flower, Bignonia graveolens; 
 Skya-ndr-gyi-bu n. of a city of Old-India 
 Pataliputra, now Patna. skya-sndr ace. 
 to Stg. the colour of the skin of the Indians, 
 brown. skya-rbdb Cs. : a kind of dropsy, 
 Sch. : a grayish oedematic swelling; skya- 
 rbab-skrdns Lex. - *skya-mdr* fresh (i. 
 e. not melted) butter W. *skya '6d* W., 
 skya-rens morning -twilight, dawn. skya- 
 Idm skyd-bo Thgy., C. -- skya-sen 1. 
 n. of a tree. 2. translation of Pandu, 
 skya-sen-gi bu a Pandava. skya-ser 1. 
 Sch.: tawny, cf. ser-skya. 2. 'white and 
 yellow' viz.: men, lay -men and priests 
 Mil.nt. 
 
 skyd-ru^ra n. of a drug Med. 
 
 skydg-pa 1. = rkydg-pa. - 2. pf. 
 bskyags, ft. bskyag, imp. skyog to
 
 26 
 
 skyan-nul 
 
 spend, lay out, expend; skyag-sgo expenditure, 
 skyag-to account of expenses. 3. W.: 
 *skyag tdn-ce* to slaughter, to murder. 
 
 skyan-nid pavement, clay-floor, mud- 
 floor Lex., Cs.; skan-nid byed-pa 
 to pave, to plaster (Sch. also; to rub, polish). 
 ._-.. skyabs (cf. skyob-pa) Ssk. lif^TJf pro- 
 tection, defence, help, assistance; me- 
 cu-la skyabs is a protection against water 
 and fire; skyabs med-do I am (or: he is 
 etc.) lost! skyabs byed-pa, skydbs-su f gyur- 
 ba ccgp. to protect, help, save a person, 
 frq. with srog-gi added; skydbs-su ^gro-ba 
 eleg. mciba, W.: *skyab col-la yofi-ce* to 
 seek help, miior mi-la of some body, skyabs- 
 c gros 1. the seeking of help, ^TJF V1*H 
 2. the formula Sans-rgyds-kyi skyabs-su 
 mcio, cos-kyi sky. mcio, dge- diin-gyi sky. 
 mcio, the Buddhistic creed or confession 
 of faith. 
 
 Comp. skyabs-mgon helper, protector, 
 deliverer; this is applied to certain highly 
 esteemed and respected persons, mytho- 
 logical as well as living, ni f.; Chr. Pr. 
 use it for Saviour, Redeemer, Christ. 
 skyabs- gros \. above. skyabs-ynds 1. 
 place of refuge, shelter; also of persons, 
 = helper, frq ; mi-la skyabs-ynds byed-pa 
 Mil. to take refuge to a person, to seek his 
 assistance. 2. seld. for skydbs-su fnds-pa 
 client, nd-yi skydbs-fnas po-mo-mams all 
 my clients, men and women Glr. skyabs- 
 sbyin a gesture of the right hand, like that 
 for giving benediction Glr. skyabs-yul 
 s-ynds. 1 . 
 
 skydr-gog naked Pur. 
 
 *R'f s fy dr -P Sch.: snipe, wood -cock; 
 skyar-cun Sch. : 'a large snipe' (??) ; 
 skydr-mo Sch. heron; skyar-leb Sch. spoon- 
 bill; cu-skyar Cs. duck, Sch.: bittern, but 
 the cfcl^Jef of the Lex., 'a kind of goose' 
 speaks in favour of Cs. 
 
 skydr-ba v. skyor-ba. 
 
 ^U * a changing of abode; skyas O debs- 
 pa to change one's dwelling-place 
 f. skya-ba), skyas cen-ypo O debs-pa to die 
 
 '^T skyin-pa 
 
 ^^J"^' skyds-ma 1. v. skyes. 2. Sik.: fern. 
 
 ^- skyi Cs.: the outward side of a skin 
 ^ or hide (opp. to so); skyi yyd-ba to 
 shiver, tremble with fear Cs. Comp.: skyi- 
 dkdr Cs. dressed leather; hide. skyi- 
 Ipdgs Sell.: chamois, wash-leather. skyi- 
 bun Mil.? skyi-bun prob. an itching of 
 the skin Mil.? skyi-sd 1. outward and 
 inward side of a hide. 2. Sch.: the anus. 
 $i*n* s kyi-ba I. sbst. 1. a medicinal plant 
 ^ Med. 2. also *kyi-u, pi-lin kyi-u* 
 potato C. 
 
 II. vb. pf. bskyis, ft. bskyi, imp. skyis 
 to borrow, esp. money or goods fcf. yydr-ba 
 and skyin-pa). 
 
 skyig-pa to hickup; skyig-bu the 
 
 hickup Med. 
 
 "^|^* skyin-ser Mil., eagle, vulture. 
 
 gjr-rr skyid-pa vb., sbst., adj.: to be happy, 
 happiness (Ssk. ^KrgrX happy; skyid- 
 do (I, thou etc.) am, art etc. happy; bde- 
 zih skyid-la being happy and glad; skyid- 
 pai nyi-ma sun of felicity, propitious day 
 Glr.; skyid-po = skyid-pa adj., frq., skyid- 
 de-ba id. Tar. 5, 19. 
 
 Comp. skyid-glu song of joy. skyid- 
 mgo beginning of happiness Mil. skyid- 
 sdiig good and ill luck, happiness and misery; 
 skyid sdug ji byun kyan whatever may 
 happen Glr.; skyid sdug bsre-ba to share 
 pleasure and pain. skyid-cu n. of the 
 tributary of the Ya-ru-tsan-po, on which 
 Lhasa is situated. 
 
 skyin wild mountain goat, Capra ibex. 
 
 * skyin-gor lizard Lex., = da-byid. 
 
 skyin-fdn Sch.: hail, sleet. 
 
 W. *skyin-po*, resp. kar- 
 
 skyin a loan, a thing borrowed; 
 money advanced without interest; skyin- 
 pa skyi-ba to ask a loan; nd-la c di skyin- 
 du O fsal he asked me to lend him this 
 Dzl. ; skyin-pa len-pa Cs. to take on cre- 
 dit ; skyin-pa sprod-pa, <$al-ba to pay back 
 or return a loan Cs.; nor-skyin a loan of
 
 27 
 
 skyibs 
 
 goods or money, gos-skyin of clothes. - 
 skyin-mi Schr. debtor. skyin-fsdb C.: 
 the pledge for a loan; ace. to others, how- 
 ever, it just means the object lent or its 
 equivalent when being returned. 
 tyjnw* skyibs everything giving shelter from 
 above, an overhanging rock, a roof 
 etc.: *car skyib* shelter from rain; * dag- 
 sky ib* under apa-bon q. v. (gyam is much 
 larger, pug-pa deeper) W.; bka-sky. HVJH? 
 a covered terrace or small portico before 
 a house. 
 Stej-q- skyil-ba, pf. & ft. bskyil 1. to bend, 
 
 esp. the legs when sitting on the 
 ground after Oriental fashion, also an- 
 other's leg by a kick from behind; to 
 bend the bow. 2. to pen up, shut up, 
 cattle, to dam up, a river, also: cu rdzi'n-du 
 skyil-ba to collect water into a pond Glr., 
 or rdzm-bu sky. ; to dam up a pond (but not 
 'to dig it' Schr.); to keep back, retain, 
 detain a person W.; *Ica kyil-ce* to keep 
 a person from doing something, to dis- 
 suade from W. skyil-krwi, also skyil- 
 mo-krun, the posture of sitting cross-leg- 
 ged, skyil-krun byed-pa (resp. mdzdd-pa), 
 skyil-mo-krun-gis (or du) ^dug-pa (resp. 
 bzugs-pa) to assume such a posture; sems- 
 dpai skyil-krun the usual manner of sitting, 
 in which the feet are not seen, rdo-rjei 
 sky. the posture in which the soles of the 
 feet are seen turned upwards, rdzogs-pai 
 sky. another posture requiring particular 
 practice. (The spelling dkyil-krun, though 
 frequent, is expressly rejected by gram- 
 marians.) *skyil-din* W. a small hole 
 filled with water. *skil-ldir* W. handle, 
 ring fixed to a thing, for carrying it, hang- 
 ing it up etc. 
 
 skyu-ytin Lex. w.e., Sch.: a gulp, 
 
 draught 
 
 uvr' skyii-ru a sour fruit Med.; skyu-ru- 
 3 ra Med. (Lex. : --yjrH wood - sorrel) 
 the same (?); in later times the word 
 seems to have been used also for the 0- 
 live, and skyu-ru-sin the olive tree, which 
 in Sik. is called fca-skyur-poi sin. 
 
 skyur-ba 
 
 f^j. skyu-i'um Cs.: 'condiment, sauce, 
 pickle', ace. to others, at least in 
 W., only the resp. word for spags: 1. sauce, 
 gravy. 2. dish, mess. 
 
 skyiig-pa pf. skyugs. l.to vomit, e- 
 ject, e.g. blood, skyug-tu jug-pa 
 to cause to vomit, skyug^pa dren-pa to 
 excite vomiting Tar.; skyugs-pa (partic. 
 pf.), -nan-skyugs,, the vomit (it is the food of 
 certain demons, and being boiled in it, 
 is one of the punishments of hell). 2 
 to lose colour, to stain. 
 
 Comp. skyug-lddd rumination, chewing 
 the cud; Sch. also: eructation. skyug- 
 brs-ba nausea, skyiig-bro-bai nad disease 
 of nausea; skyug-bro-bas from disgust; 
 skyug-bro C. also impure with regard to 
 religion, = W. *fsid-du*. skyug-smdn 
 an emetic. skyug-log-pa Sch. to feel 
 disgust. 
 
 r-7ji- skyun-ka, also Icun-ka, jack daw 
 ' (black, with a red bill); skyun-kas 
 zos Lex. eaten or stolen by a jack-daw. 
 
 'Q' skyun-ba pf. bskyuiis, ft. bskyuri, 
 imp. skyun(s) Cs. to leave behind, to 
 lay aside, e.g. a task Lex., pride S.g. 
 ayr-rr skyud-pa 1.6s.:to forget, leave off. 2. 
 3P Sch.: to comminute; to swallow. (V) 
 2M^q* skyur-ba I. adj. sour, sbst. acidity; 
 3 more frq. : skyur-po C., -mo W. adj. 
 sour, Ssk. Tjp^f, skyur <#ug-pa 1. to turn 
 sour. 2. to suffer a substance to turn sour, 
 v. Jug-pa. Ka(-sa)-skyur-po olive, Ka 
 (sa)-skyur-poi siti olive tree Sik. skyur- 
 Ku Cs., ran -skyur Cs., skyur -ru (Sik.), 
 skiir-mo Lh. a sour liquid, vinegar. (Vi- 
 negar seems to be little known as yet in 
 Tibet, and the above mentioned expres- 
 sions may have been framed by different 
 persons on different occasions, but are 
 not in general use. The same may be 
 said of Cs.'s skyur-pa and skyur-rtsi for 
 acid in a chemical sense.) 
 
 II. vb. pf. & ft. bskyttr 1. to throw, to cast 
 pyir out, Ihuh-zed ndm-mKa-la bskyur-nas 
 having flung his mendicant' s-bowl up into 
 the air DzL, cur skyur-ba to throw into 
 the water, rgydb-tu behind one's self = to
 
 28 
 
 skyus 
 
 turn one's back upon a thing; to throw 
 away, throw down, a stone, a corpse etc.; 
 to eject, lud-pa phlegm; to throw off, a 
 rider; to give up, abandon, a work; to for- 
 sake, a friend; to abort. skyitr-ma ab- 
 ortion W. (f) ?-u skyitr, yyanskyiir ca- 
 pital punishment in 6'., when the delinquent, 
 with a weight fastened to his neck, is 
 thrown from a rock into a river. 
 
 skyus? Sch.: skyus fog-pa altogether; 
 
 skyus-su klog-pa G-ramm.: to pro- 
 nounce jointly, viz. two consonants without 
 a vowel between them. 
 S' ske 1 v. ske. 2. v. skyed and skye-ba. 
 
 j*q* skye-ba I. vb. faf) pf. skyes I. to 
 be born; nd-la (seld. las) bu skyes-pa 
 yin 1 have given birth to a son Glr.; po- 
 skyes a man, mo skyes a woman, female; 
 skye-i'ga-na- ci-bai sdug-bsndl the evil of 
 birth, old age, sickness and death (which 
 constitute what in the opinion of the Bud- 
 dhist is the greatest evil of all, that of 
 existence) ; fog-ma skyes-nas, md-la skyes- 
 nas B., *'d-ma skye-sa-na* W. from one's 
 birth; sfcye ci- (or si-) med pa subject 
 neither to birth nor to death, eternal; skye- 
 ^gag-med-Thgy.., Lex., is said to mean the 
 same. In the special sense of the doctrine 
 of metempsychosis skye-ba has often to be 
 rendered by: to be re-born, mi-ru as man, 
 bur as (somebody's) son. mi skye-bai 
 cos-la bzod-pa v. bzod-pa. W. : *skye-ce* 
 1. as inf. to be born, reborn. 2. as sbst. the 
 being born; birth. 3. as adj. being with child, 
 pregnant; big with young, also *sKye-ce-ma*. 
 - 2. to become, to begin to exist, arise, nad 
 kun mi skye, skyes-paan zi-bai pyir ut ne 
 m or bus ullus nascatur, natus quoque se- 
 detur Med.; skye-ba dan jig-pa to arise 
 and pass away ; frq. of thoughts, passions 
 etc. (the person as well as the thing in 
 the accus.) : fcyeu Kros-pai sems skyes-te the 
 youth thoughts of wrath arising (in 
 him). 3. to grow (nasci) lun-ya O bru 
 skye-ba valleys where corn grows ; ru mgo- 
 la skye a horn is growing on the head. 
 4. to grow (crescere) cer or cen-por skye- 
 
 skye-ba 
 
 ba to grow up, to grow tall; ras kyan 
 lits-Kyi fsdd-du skyes-so the garment also 
 grew in proportion to the growth of the 
 body, or: with the body DzL; rful-pod- 
 par skyes-so he grew up a valiant man, 
 became a valiant man; to bud, germinate, 
 sprout, *sbdns-te skye cug-ce* to accelerate 
 the germinating of the seed by maceration 
 W.; even = O pel-ba Dzl. ^oyv ? 5. some- 
 times = skyd-ba 2. unless in that case 
 *kye-ce* should be spelled bskyds-ces W. 
 
 II. sbst. farfa) 1- the being born, the 
 birth, skye-ba mfo-ba, skye-mfo or mfon 
 high birth; of high birth, noble, man, male; 
 skye-ba dmd-ba, skye-dmd, -dmdn low birth; 
 of low birth, ignoble, woman, mi-hts fob 
 kyan skye-ba dman born a human being, 
 it is true, but only a female Mil; skyes- 
 dmdn col. *kyer man* in C. the usual word 
 for woman and wife, ne Kyer men my wife. 
 In the special Buddhistic sense: re- 
 birth mir skye-ba bzen-pa to take or assume 
 re-birth as a human being; also period of 
 re-birth = existence, life, skye-ba O di-la in 
 this, my present, period of life; skye-ba 
 bdun seven periods of life; also manner of 
 re-birth, v. skye-ynds; in a concrete sense: 
 the re-born individual, yum-gyi skye-ba yin 
 she is the re-birth of the queen dowager, 
 the re-born q. d. 2. the arising etc. 
 3. the growing etc. 
 
 Comp. skye-dgu v. skye-bo. skye-^gro 
 = c yroba being (q.v.) skye-sgo 1. en- 
 trance to re-birth, viz. to one of the six 
 regions of birth, v. ,-gro-ba II., skye-sgo 
 ycod-pa to lock it up. 2. face, legs-pa a 
 handsome, zan-pa an ugly face; also 
 Ka-sgo skye-Jbras legs-pa is said for: having 
 a handsome exterior C. skye -meed 
 (^HTOrPT) the five (or six) seats, i. e. or- 
 gans, of the senses (the sixth is *p^ the 
 inner sense); the senses themselves; this 
 conception, however, has been greatly al- 
 tered and varied by the fanciful theories 
 of medical and philosophical authors, of. 
 Burn. I, 500. Was. (240). skye-ynds 
 1. birthplace; station or locality of a plant.
 
 stye-bo 
 
 2. class or region of birth or re-birth, class 
 of beings (v. c gro-ba); byol son-gi skye-ba 
 the being born as an animal. 3. manner 
 Of birth ^trirRI, skye-ba bzi, also ^<pnfa. 
 the four kinds or ways of being born: 
 mndl-las (or nas) out of a womb (so, ace. 
 to Stg., elephants and some men are born), 
 syo-iid-las out of an egg (birds, some klu, 
 some men), drod-yser-las out of heat and 
 humidity (insects, some men etc.), rdzus- 
 te in a supernatural way (so the lha, the 
 Buddhas, when they spring from lotus- 
 flowers; also the inhabitants of infernal 
 regions, souls in the bardo and some men). 
 skye-yzitgs prob. = byad-yzugs stature, 
 figure. skye-rdbs series of the births of 
 a man, history of them, and esp. so of 
 the births of Buddha, so in the title 
 of a work. skye-sin = skyed-sin Wdn. 
 irzf' skye-bo 1. being, (animans) mi-la-sogs- 
 pa sKye-bo man and the other living 
 beings Dzl. 2. human being, man, gen. 
 as a collective noun: mankind, Jcrul-bcas 
 skye-bo infatuated men Pth.; skye-bo mKds- 
 pa yzdn-rnams other sensible people Tar.', 
 skye-bo mdn-poi yid-du ^on-ba universally 
 beloved Dom.; mi nag skye-bo laymen (on 
 account of the dimness of their religious 
 knowledge); so-soi skye-bo xnqfTWT (cf- 
 Will.) the lower clergy, common monks 
 Tar., but also simple laymen, if they are 
 not quite without religious knowledge; 
 skye-bo-cog, (skyeo-cog Cs. is a less accu- 
 rate pronunciation), skye-dgu, or (less cor- 
 rectly) rgu, men, mankind; skye-dgui-bddg- 
 mo Tnrrq<ft fern. pr. n., the aunt and first 
 governess of Buddha Glr., Gyatch., also 
 a name of dpal-lhd-mo 's q.v. 
 
 f skye-fse = ske-fse Lex., mustard. 
 
 skye-rdgs W. for ska-rags girdle. 
 
 ^jcn- skyeg Cs. : = keg, kag misfortune. But 
 
 ' rtsis-kyi skyeg Lex. w.e.? 
 ^cn^r* skyegs 1. n. of a bird: cu-sky. Lex. 
 w.e., Sch.: coot, water-hen; ri- 
 skyegs Lex. w.e., Cs. : a large singing-bird, 
 
 ^%'skyed-pt 
 
 29 
 
 Sch.; grouse, heath-cock. 2. rgya-skyegs 
 shell-lac. 
 
 skyeti-ba&ndskyeHS-paio be ashamed, 
 also Ka-skyeit-ba, B. and col. frq. 
 ' s kyett-ser-rlu/t also skye-orskya- 
 ser-luit Mil, cold wind. 
 ^r- skyed and skye, 1. growth, increase, 
 ' skyed ce-bar c gyur-ba to grow much; 
 yzan-gyi zla- skyed -pas del zag- skyed ce 
 his daily growth was greater than the 
 growth of others in a month etc. Pth. 
 2. progress, the getting on, improvement skyed 
 yon progress comes, 1 am making pro- 
 gress Mil.; profit, gain nad-la skyed med 
 (this) is of no use for that disease, of no 
 benefit S.g.fol. 10. 3. interest C., diiul- 
 skyed of money, O bru-skyed of corn C., 
 skyed-du yton-ba to give on interest 6s.; 
 skyed pog pa Cs.: 'to be the full term of 
 payment', more accurately: skyed p9 I 
 (you, he etc.) am struck or hit by the 
 term of payment; skyed-can yielding inter- 
 est, profit 6s. 
 
 skyed-sgo Mil.nt. prob. = rgyal-sgo 
 CH principal door. 
 
 ^_... skyed-pa I. vb pf. bskyed, act. to 
 *" skye-ba, in W. pronounced alike: 
 *skye-ce* I. to generate, procreate; seldom 
 in a physical sense: bskyed-pai yob o ysv- 
 vrjoag nai^Q Pth., (opp. to bltams-pai yum 
 Pth., for which however skyed-ma Cs. does 
 not seem to be an appropriate substitute). 
 2. to produce, form, cause (opp. to med- 
 par byed-pa to destroy, annihilate) e. g. 
 diseases, fear, roots of virtue, merit, bsod- 
 nams-kyi fsogs, sa-bon (fig.) Dzl, O bras-bu 
 retribution; to reproduce, zad-pa what has 
 been consumed Med.; to create certain 
 thoughts or affections either in one's self 
 or in others : spro-ba bskyed-pas dei pa- 
 md yan spro-ba cun-zad skyes-nas by his 
 own rejoicing also to his parents a little 
 joy arising Dzl. 22. 5; fams-cad-kyisbrtson- 
 c grus bskyed-do they all created zeal, took 
 great pains Dzl; ces bsam-pa bskyed-nas 
 thus they thought. 3. to cause to ger- 
 minate or grow, yur-bai cu-i/is i/'/i skyed
 
 30 
 
 T skyen-pa 
 
 J' skyes-pa 
 
 c dra just as the water of the ditch makes 
 the fields green Med.; sd-bon Dzl. (v. be- 
 fore, but it may as well be referred to this 
 signification); ysos skyed-pa to bring up, 
 to nurse up Dzl. ; skyed srin-ba id. Glr. 
 4. = skyd-ba, to bring on, carry, convey to 
 a place Pth. 
 
 Comp. skyed-mos-fsdl grove, park. - 
 skyed-rdzogs, instead of skyed-rim and 
 rdzogs-?im, ^H!W and *l*Mtf**J 5 two 
 kinds or degrees of meditation. skyed- 
 sin Cs.: a planted tree (?) prob. a fruit- 
 tree, Dzl. 
 
 II sbst. 1. the generating, producing etc. 
 2. = skyed, e g skyed-pa len-pa to gain 
 flesh, to thrive G'. 3. = rked-pa. 
 
 ttyen^pa adj. 1. quick, swift Lex., 
 Jcro- or sddn-sky en-pa quick to wrath 
 Sty.; byed-skyen-pa rash, hasty, precipitate 
 Glr. 2. nimble, dexterous C.W.; C p6n- 
 skyen-pa dexterous in shooting, a skilful 
 archer Dzl. (Besides : vb. to make haste, 
 to strive; sbst. zeal, ardour; adj. strong Cs., 
 Sch. ??) 
 
 ski/em-pa resp. to be thirsty. 
 
 styems resp. 1. thirst. 2. drink, 
 beverage, esp. beer, also zal-skyems 
 or -skyoms, skyems c dren-pa to offer or set 
 before an honoured person something to 
 drink, bzes-pa to accept of it, to take it; 
 skyems-la ysol-res byed-pa to drink beer in 
 company Git'.; ysegs-skyenis a carousal on 
 the departure of an honoured person; yser- 
 skyems beer together with grains of corn, 
 as an offering to the gods for the good 
 success of an enterprise, a journey etc., 
 in religious dancing-festivals, yser-skyems- 
 pa sbst. the priest or dancer who offers 
 it. skyems -can beer. -- sky ems -cu 
 drinkable water. *skyems-dan* W. (?) 
 brandy. skyems-fsugs Sch.: cup, dish. 
 skyems-sifi small-beer. 
 
 S*"CJ" 8 ty* r ~P a Lex>'' ffr<T curcuma, tur- 
 meric; in W. barberry. 
 
 vulgo for ske-dmdn woman C. (v. 
 
 a n) 
 
 , pf. & ft. bskyel, imp. skyol 1 . 
 to conduct, accompany, resp. ydan- 
 skyel-ba; skyol-la sog conduct him hither! 
 Pth.; *skyel-la-la* (for *skyel-wa-lc?) son 
 he has gone to accompany (him) W. 
 bsu-bskydl going to meet, and accompany- 
 ing on departing Dzl., ysegs-skyel byed-pa 
 resp. to accompany an honoured person 
 on departing, to see him off Mil. 2. to 
 convey, bring, take e. g. a child to a place, 
 food to somebody, Dzl, C. W. id.; to carry 
 Off, to take away C. : *sin ma kyal cig* do 
 not bring any more wood! more accurately 
 * kyal sog* bring! * kyal soil* take away! 
 3. to send B. $ C. e.g. clothes' to some- 
 body Dzl 4. to risk, to stake, ran-srog 
 Mil 5. 6'.: to use, to employ *bd-lan le 
 jM -pa-la* an ox for work; to spend, *le 
 yhe'-pa-la mi-fse* one's whole life in work- 
 ing, *le-lo nan-no* in idleness. Q. *Ka kyel- 
 wa* C. to kiss; ynod-pa skyel-ba, B. *kyal- 
 wa* C. W. col., to do harm, to hurt, inflict 
 an injury, to play one a trick ; mna skyel-ba 
 B.,C.W., to swear, take an oath; *lo kyel- 
 ce* W. to rely, depend upon, confide in. 
 sky el -fun byed-pa = ysegs-skyel byed-pa, 
 (prop.: to accompany one to a short dis- 
 tance). skyel-bddr Lex., also col., pre- 
 sent of the departing person to those that 
 accompany him. skyel-ma an escort, 
 convoy; skyel-mar yod he is a guide (to 
 me) Mil; skyel-ma zu we ask for a safe- 
 conduct Glr.; dmag dan bcds-pai skyel-ma 
 a military escort Glr. 
 i^p skyes, also skyds-ma, skyos-ma, ttyos- 
 ma, resp. ynafi-skyes, a present, skyes 
 skiir-ba to give or send a present; Jbyon- 
 skyes, pebs-skyes a present given to or re- 
 ceived from somebody on his arrival. 
 sKyas-cdh a present of beer, skyes-Kur of 
 cakes, skyes-nor of merchandise or money; 
 skyes-ldn a present made in return 6s. 
 
 ' skyes-sdoii Sik. banana, plantain. 
 
 g, also skye-ndg C. widower. 
 
 es-pa 1. pt. pf. of skye-ba. - 
 2. sbst. man, male person, skyes-pa
 
 31 
 
 skyes-bu 
 
 dan bud-med, men and women B. <f- C.; 
 emphatically: rgydl-po ycig-po skyes-pa yin 
 the king alone is a man DzL; husband 
 Glr.; skyes-bu a holy man? 
 
 skyes-bu, Ssk. tr^ man, people; 
 skyes-bu gan whosoever; man opp. to 
 the rest of nature Med. ; one (French : on), 
 skyes-bu lag -pa brkydn-ba tsdm-gyis as 
 quick as one stretches out his hand DzL 
 
 - Though this word may also be applied 
 to culprits and criminals (Pth.\ it is chiefly 
 used of holy men: skyes-bu dam-pa the 
 saint; dad-lddn sky. the believing, the 
 faithful Glr.; skyes-bu cen-po, H%\my the 
 great saint, in Buddhistic \\ritings nearly 
 identical with Buddha; skyes-bu mcog id. 
 (For the 32 chief characteristics and the 
 80 subordinate marks distinguishing such 
 a person refer to Koppen. I. 433. Burn. 
 II. 553 fie. Gyatch. c. VII.) 
 
 skyes-ma 1. fern, of skyes-pa, she 
 that has been born Mil. 2. fern, 
 skyds-ma Sik. 
 
 skyo-nogs Cs.: quarrel, Lex. 
 C K rug-Ion. 
 
 gnq- skyoba 1. vb. to be weary, ccir: bdag 
 Kyim-gyis skyo-ste I being weary of 
 living in the world DzL; in a more ge- 
 neral sense: to be ill -humoured, grieved, 
 vexed, to feel an aversion Tar. 12. 13; skyo 
 mi ties-par or skyo mi ses-pa tsdm-du with- 
 out being tired, indefatigably; nam sKyo-na 
 when he was tired of it DzL 2. sbst. 
 weariness O fsol- fsol-nas skyo-ba yan skye- 
 bar dug we are quite tired of that con- 
 stant seeking Mil.; yid yons-su mi skyo- 
 ba indefatigableness, perseverance Thgy. 
 skyo-mo adj., *sems skyo-mo rag* I feel 
 discontented, disheartened /,. 
 
 Comp. skyo-grogs comforter, companion 
 Glr., Mil. skyo-glu Cs. : a mournful song. 
 
 skyo-ndl, skyo-dub weariness, skyo-nal- 
 med-pai dad-pa unwearied faith Mil. 
 skyo -Ms disgust, aversion. skyo-sdns re- 
 creation, skyo-sdns-la c gro-ba, resp. Jbyon- 
 pa to take a walk or a ride, to prome- 
 nade. skyo-bsun-pa to be grieved Sch. 
 
 -q- skyod-pa 
 
 $J*5J" Sfc yv- rma 1- P a P f parched meal and 
 beer; any pap, paste or dough; skyo- 
 ma Jbyug-pa to spread paste (upon a 
 wound, as a salve) Med.; sa-skyo Med. ? 
 (it may denote a paste of meat as well as 
 one of mushrooms). 2. blame, slander, 
 skyo-ma man- la when he slanders a great 
 deal Mil. 
 
 r- skyogs 1. SCOOp, ladle. *me-kydg* 
 coal-shovel C.; *zu-kyog* melting- 
 spoon, crucible C. W. 3. drinking-cup, 
 bowl, goblet. -- yser-skyogs, dnul-skyogs 
 gold, silver goblet, zal-skyogs C. B., *don- 
 skyogs* W. resp.: drinking-cup. fcrag-skyogs 
 bowl for drinking blood, a skull used for 
 that purpose Pth.; *kyog-zdb sal* may I 
 ask your honour for the foot of your cup 
 (viz the remnant of your drink)? W. 
 3. srab-skyogs Cs.: the rein of a bridle. 
 skyogs-lto-Jbu snail W. *'ol- 
 skyogs* id. 
 
 skyogs-pa to turn, mgrin-pa the 
 neck, to look round, back, 
 Mil., also = to turn away, aside C. 
 SC'fl* s tyon-ba, pf. bskyans, ft. bskyan, 
 imp. (b)skyoit(s) Ssk. in, "J^T t 
 guard; to keep, to tend, cattle; to defend, the 
 religion; to save, preserve, the life, the 
 body; support, to take care of, poor people, 
 e.g. drin bzdn-pos by benefits, favours, fdbs- 
 kyis by various means; to attend to; to be 
 given io,fugs-ddmmed\i&iiou,lag-le/t exercise; 
 rgyal-srid skyon-ba to rule, govern a king- 
 dom, cos bzin-du in conformity with the 
 law of religion, justly. cos-skyo/t ; pro- 
 tector, defender of religion', \I*JMH, is used 
 for a certain individual deity, or = cjig- 
 rten-skyon, or for a class of magicians in 
 the monasteries of C., \. SchL 157. Ko. II. 
 259. rjig-rten-slyon, ^tefixrrw 'guardian 
 of the world'; there are four of them, iden- 
 tical with rgyal-cen bzi the four great 
 spirit-kings, q.v. skyon-ddl assistance 
 6 1 ., *kyon-dhdl )he'-pa* to help. skyoii- 
 ma = brtdn-ma the goddess of the earth. 
 gSr-rt skyod-p<t pf. & ft. bskyod, Ssk. ^ji^, 
 ^3" 1. to move, to agitate, ////<-//'* </<<l-</ a
 
 32 
 
 skrdg-pa 
 
 skyod-na when the wind agitates the bran- 
 ches Dzl; to Shake; hence Mi-skyod-pa, Ak- 
 shobhya, n. of the second Dhyani-Buddha. 
 - 2. IT.: resp. to go, to walk, (=fsegs-pa, 
 Jbyon-pa B. C.) *ndn-du skyod* step in, if 
 you please! 3. W.: to go down, to set, 
 of the sun, moon etc., to expire, to pass, 
 to elapse, of time. 
 
 |Tr- skyon ^ftf 1. fault, defect (opp. to 
 ' yon-tan), skyon gah yah med I have 
 not to complain of anything, I do not want 
 anything Dzl; damage, harm, disadvan- 
 tage, misfortune, Jlrul-pa-la skyon ci yod 
 what harm is there in erring? Thgy.; C.: 
 *mi kypn, kyon me'*, no harm, no matter 
 (W. more freq.: *misto*); fzdn-gyi skijon 
 tds-na dgd-ba rejoicing in the calamities 
 of others, malicious Glr.; skyon- du mfon- 
 bd to consider it a loss Glr. 2. bodily 
 defect, fault, as lameness; derangement, dis- 
 order in the mixture of the humours Med. 
 3. spiritual defect, sin, vicious quality, 
 rdziin-du smrd-bai skyon the sin of lying 
 Dzl.; skyon-gyis ma gos not defiled by sin; 
 lar skyon ce but that is very bad (of you) 
 Glr.; skyon byed-pa Cs. to commit a fault, 
 sel-ba Lex. to remove, amend, correct a 
 fault, spdn-ba to leave off, to quit it; mi- 
 la skyon Jbebs-pa, ^dogs-pa (col. * tag -pa, 
 tdg-ce*) to charge one with a crime, to 
 ca\umui& 1 teGlr.;j'zdn-gyi skyon ale/i-ba,rjdd- 
 pa, to name the faults of others, to speak 
 ill of them, to slander B., C., Schr. also : to 
 blame, criticise. skyon-can \ . faulty, de- 
 fective, incorrect, e.g. dag-yig the spelling 
 of a word. 2. sinful, subject to vice. 
 4. symb. num: 18. 
 
 SJ3T5J* skyon-pa pf. (b)skyon to put astride 
 upon a thing, (causative form to 
 zon-pa), mi zig rtd-la (or rtd-ru) to cause 
 a man to mount, to go on horseback: to 
 fix something on a stick; mi zig ysdl-sin- 
 la to empale a man. 
 
 pf. (b*)styabs, ft. bskyab, 
 imp.skyob(s)Ssk. ^7 to protect, defend, 
 preserve, save frq., r jigs-pa-las from fear, 
 cjig-pa-las from destruction; bskydb-pa the 
 
 protecting power, the preserving cause 
 Mil. (mi.). 
 
 f^j- skyobs help, assistance, seldom for 
 skyabs; skyobs-ma Thgy. id.; *srog- 
 kyob* col. preservation of life, escape; also: 
 he that saves another's life, helper. 
 
 s(yom-pa, pf. bskyoms, ft. bskyom, 
 imp. skyom(s) Cs.: to shake, agitate, 
 stir up. Lexx. give: cu skyom-pa and snod 
 skyom-pa, to stir the water, to shake a 
 vessel. 
 
 ^r' skyor = Kyor, the hollow of the hand 
 filled with a fluid, e.g. cu-skyor a 
 handful of water. 
 
 ffjin* skydr-ba I. vb. pf. d T ft. bskyar 1. to 
 hold up, to prop, 2. to paste. 
 2. to repeat, bskydr-te btan it was repeat- 
 edly sent Dzl. ; to repeat word for word 
 what the teacher says, in order to learn 
 it by heart Mil. ; to say over again; to 
 recite by heart (opp. to sgrog-pa to read); 
 glu de rjes skyor-nas ma bldiis-na if one 
 does not sing the hymn afterwards repea- 
 tedly Mil.; *kyor jan jlitf-pa* C. to prac- 
 tise repeatedly. 
 
 II. sbst. enclosure, fence. 
 
 f* skyol-ba sometimes for skyel-ba. 
 
 |* skyos-ma v. skyes. 
 
 ay skra, resp. dbu-skrd (C.: *ta, W.: sra*) 
 ^ the hair of the head, *sra-lo*Ld. id., used 
 caressingly in speaking to children and 
 women; skra dan fcd-spu the hair of the 
 head and of the beard ; skra bsgril ba Cs. : 
 plaited or curled hair; skra nyag ycig a 
 single hair. skrd-can having long hair. 
 skra-do-ker the hair plaited together 
 on the crown of the head, as Buddha and 
 Hindu-women wear it. skra-mdud the 
 bow of ribands at the end of the long 
 plaits of the women in Ld. etc. skra- 
 fsdb Cs.: false hair, a peruke. skra-sen 
 Sch. thin hair. 
 
 , ... skrdg-pa, with instr., to be terrified, 
 frightened by, afraid of something 
 , dndns-skr. id. B. } C.
 
 ' skrdn-ba 
 
 f. skrans, to Swell, +sraris- 
 sorl* it is swollen, a tumour, a bile, 
 a weal has formed itself W. ; skrdns-po 
 Sch. a swelling, tumour; skrans-Jbiir Sch. 
 an abscess not yet open. 
 gM- skran 1. Ssk. T^ff Cs.: a fleshy etc. 
 ^ ' excrescence in Ihe abdomen, a con- 
 cretion under the skin, in the bowels, 
 womb etc., Sch. also: a swelling of the 
 glands. Wise (Commentary on Hindoo 
 Medicine) says, that very different diseases 
 are comprised unter the term gulma, tu- 
 mours of the pylorus, partial enlargements 
 of the liver, diseases of the large intestines, 
 fixed and inoveable swellings; perhaps 
 also herniae, which I did not find men- 
 tioned elsewhere. In S. g. I found skran- 
 ndd described as a consequence of great 
 fatigue and want of breath, and skran-yzer 
 as pain in consequence of suppressed 
 winds. 2. rdo-skrdn. bad-skrdn, two 
 sorts of steatite C. 
 
 skrdb-pa Cs.: 'to beat the ground 
 with one's feet,' to stamp, tread, cf. 
 Jfrdb-pa; Lex.: bro-skrab-pa, to dance. 
 T skrds-ka v. skds-ka. 
 
 Dq- skri-ba 1. Cs. to conduct (?) 2. W. 
 
 *sri-ce* f. dkri-ba. 
 
 ayn* s k)'u-ba pf. bskrus ft. bskru, Sch.: to 
 >o wait; the latter would suit well in 
 a passage of Mil., perh. also in zds-la skru 
 of the Lexx.; but sm-skrus-pa Lexx. re- 
 mains unexplained. 
 
 *Mrq- skrun-pa pf. & ft. bskrun to produce, 
 xs fruits Mil., a root of virtue (v. 
 rtsd-ba) Stg. 
 
 skrum meat, resp. viz. when spoken 
 of as the food of respected persons. 
 y skrog-pa = dkrog-pa, perh. also f. 
 skrdg-pa. Lexx. dd-ru skrog-po to 
 beat the drum: W. *kopon srog-ce* to play 
 on the guitar. 
 
 gjr'rj. skrod-pa pf. & ft. bskrad to expel, 
 ^ ' drive out, eject, out of the country 
 Dzl, Mil- to deprive of cast; *srdd-de 
 tan ce* to expel a thief publicly out of 
 the village W. 
 
 nx,'" jnT"S words beginning with these 
 letters will in most cases be 
 found arranged under rk . . and sk . . 
 ^SC'EfSJ" bskan-rdzds a sacrificial ceremony 
 
 v. SchL 360. 
 
 bskd-ba, Ssk. qreTO? astringent, as 
 to taste, Cs. erron.: bitter. 
 
 bskdl-pa, Ssk. cfi^r, a kalpa, a 
 fabulous period of time; the fan- 
 tastical reveries of the Buddhists concer- 
 ning this subject v. Ko. 1. 266, also Will. 
 under kalpa. bskdl-pa cen-po the great 
 kalpa; bdr-(gyi) bskal-pa the intervening 
 or middle 'kalpa'; bsk. bzdn-po the happy, 
 blessed period, viz. in which Buddhas ap- 
 pear; bskdl-pa nan-pa the^bad 'kalpa'; 
 bskal-me conflagration of the universe. 
 
 ^rrT^T bsku-ba v. skud-pa II vb. 
 
 m Ka 1. the letter k', aspirated, like c in 
 ' ( call\ 2. numerical figure: two, Ka- 
 pa the second volume. 
 JEJ- tia I. additional syllable, = ka, but less 
 frequent. 
 
 II. in compounds instead of Kd-ba 
 bitter and fcd-ba snow; for the latter sig- 
 nification it is in W. the only form] existing. 
 
 III. i. o. Kag part, Ka ?nyis-su into 
 two parts (e. g. to cleave) Stg. ; *Ka-ghdn*
 
 34 
 
 F 
 
 Kn. 
 
 one part; in a special sense: the sixth 
 part of a rupee C.; Ka-chj part, some, se- 
 veral, frq. 
 
 IV. (also Ssk. *) resp. zal, cf. Kd-po 
 1. mouth, Ka Ka bitter mouth, bitter taste 
 Med.; Ka did-po (soft month), manage- 
 able, tractable, Ka gyon-po hard-mouthed, 
 refractory; Ka syyur-ba (= Ka-lo sgy.) to 
 govern, to rein the mouth (of a horse), 
 to lead, guide, influence other persons Glr., 
 to turn off (a river) Tar.; Ka c fen-pa (to 
 pull the mouth) to stop a beast of draught 
 Tar.; Ka O byed-pa, W, *pe-ce* to open one's 
 mouth, fddns-pa to open it wide, O dzum- 
 pa, W., *cug-ce* to shut it; Ka brddb-pa 
 (orkrdb-pa?) to smack; *Ka dab* (or *tab*) 
 *zer-wa* to produce a smacking, snapping 
 sound, col. ; Ka reg-pa c. dat. to put one's 
 mouth to a thing, in order to eat or drink 
 it; Ka <$ua-pa c. dat. to interfere, to meddle 
 with; Ka fdl-ba 1. col. = Ka <gug-pa, 2. 
 Cs.: to promise; Ha ytugs-pa, Ka < o ytugs- 
 pa, Kd-la < o byed-pa, Ka sbyor-ba B., C., 
 *Ka Idn-ce* W, *Ka hjel^iva* C. to kiss; 
 *Ka tye-ce* W., to inveigh, to give ill lan- 
 guage; Ka bsre-ba to have intercourse, social 
 connexion with one another, viz. in eat- 
 ing, drinking and smoking together, 
 which is a matter of no little social con- 
 sequence; Ka dzin byed-pa c.genit. to receive 
 friendly, to be kind to, assist Mil.; Ka f tad- 
 pa Glr. 16. 3. was explained: to bring 
 together personally, to confront, = Ka 
 sprddrpa; Ka o bub-tu nyal-ba to lie in that 
 position; Ka bsldn-ba the contrary of the 
 preceding; Ka ^6g-tu bltds-te si-ba to be 
 killed by a precipitous fall. Especially: 
 the speaking mouth, Kd-nas, col. also *Kd- 
 na*, orally, by word of mouth, e. g. to 
 state, report, *Kd-ne zer-na* in the collo- 
 quial language C.; *Ka de-mo nyin sog-po* 
 W. hypocritical; Kd-la sld-te don-la bka 
 easily spoken after, but difficult to be 
 understood (e.g. a doctrine); *Ka sor son* 
 'my (his etc.) mouth has run away', *nor 
 son* 'has erred', the former denoting in- 
 considerate talk, the latter a lapsus lin- 
 guae; Kas len-pa, bldn-ba 1. 'to anticipate 
 
 Ka 
 
 with the mouth', to promise frq., with di- 
 rect speech or term, inf., sometimes also 
 with the term, of a sbst. e. g. brdn-du 
 Kas blans he promised or engaged himself 
 as a servant, also: to presume, to arrogate 
 Mil. 2. 'to accept, adopt with the mouth', 
 to acknowledge, admit Tar.; Kas O ce-ba . B., 
 
 Ka fdl-ba Cs., to promise; Ka siid-ba, ,s/m,<- 
 pa to blurt out, speak out inconsiderately; 
 Ka O cdm-pa, mfun-pa, col. *fi<g-pa* to agree 
 upon; Ka sdom-pa, mndn-pa to silence, 
 W.; *Ka kdg-ce, kyil-ce* id.; Ka skyor-ba, 
 slu-ba to speak cunningly, to try to per- 
 suade etc.; Ka rog-pa, more freq. *Ka rog- 
 (tc) dug-pa, dad-pa, to be silent; Ka pdn- 
 ba Tar., prob. = Ka Ki/am dbyug-pa C. 
 to divulge ill rumours; Ka log-pa to reply, 
 contradict; Ka gdn dgar smrd-ba (*gah tad, 
 gan dran zer-ce* W.) to talk at random; 
 Ka- (la) nydn-pa to obey, Ka nydn-po 
 Obedient (resp. bka i.o. Ka); ysdl-Ka clear, 
 intelligible language; Ka iidn-du smrd-ba, 
 W.: *Ka sog-po zer-ce* to use ill language; 
 also without *ndn-pa* or * 'sog-po, Ka zer- 
 ce* or *Ka ton-wa* means the same. 2. 
 mouth, opening, orifice, of a vessel, cavern, 
 pit etc., Kaj'cod-pa, c gcbs-pa to cover, shut 
 an opening; Ka o byed-pa to open, is also 
 used of a book, a letter etc. (for holy 
 books zal is employed i.o. Ka); Ka Jbye-ba 
 to open or unclose itself, to begin to ap- 
 pear, Ka o bu-ba id., of flowers; Ka biib-tu 
 the opening turned downward, Ka bsldn- 
 du turned upward; Ka-fug skon-ba to fill 
 to the brim; Ka skon-ba to fill up a void, 
 to make up a deficiency, yzan-nas or las 
 from elsewhere; fca nan the inward brim, 
 lea pyi the outer edge Glr. 3, the front 
 side, face, Ka I/tor ston-pa or ltd-ba to be 
 directed southwards Glr. 4. surface, Ka 
 Jyri-ba, to be diminished, of a fluid the 
 surface of which is sinking; Kd c pri-ba to 
 diminish, to make less, by taking away from 
 the surface; the outside, Ka dkar ytin nag 
 outside white, inside black, fig. Mil.; in a 
 special sense: colour, v. Kd-dog; therefore 
 Kd-ru, Kd-na, Kd-la, Kar i. on, upon, above, 
 xiit-Kar upon the tree (e. g. he sits), up
 
 the tree (he climbs) DzL; cu fear on the 
 water; pijogs bzi Kd-ru all round Glr. 2. 
 on, at, en Kur on the river side, mho Km- 
 pebs he came to the lake Pth. 3. above, 
 besides. = *ii'n-du Mil. 4. towards, in the 
 face of, mfson Kar sra proof against thrust 
 or blow Mil. 5. at the time of, when, sleb- 
 pai fear, sleb liar, Jbyon Kar when (he) ar- 
 rived; re-bai Kar in the hope of; Kd- 
 nas down from, away from, rta Kd-nas 
 Jjebs-pa to alight from the horse Glr.; 
 *Kd-na, Kd-ne, fcd-la* col. for sgo-nas, *tdbs- 
 si Kd-na* by way of the opportunity, on 
 occasion, *yun rin-gi Kd-ne* by little and 
 little, gradually. 5. sharpness, edge, of 
 a knife etc., *Ka tiig-po sou* the edge has 
 become blunt, *log son* has become bad; 
 *Ka mi O dug* the edge is wanting; mei, 
 cut. rli'n'i-gi Ka non-pa to suppress the 
 sharpness of the fire, water, wind, to stop 
 the flames, floods etc. (viz. by means of 
 incantations) Glr.; *Ka ton-ce, piii-ce* W. 
 to grind, to sharpen; Ka len-pa to become 
 sharp Sch. 
 
 V. yesterday, also: the day before 
 yesterday, feat nyin id., cf. Ka-rtsaii. 
 
 Compounds. Ka-dkri(C. *-ti*, W. *-n*; 
 neck-cloth, sometimes worn as a protection 
 against cold. Kd-skon, Kas-skd/t appen- 
 dix, of a book. Ka-skyur-po olive, olive- 
 tree Sik. Ka-Ka-sdn or sin about two 
 months ago C. Ka-Kebs cover, lid Sch. 
 - Ka-K6r, Ka-Kyer border Sch. Ka-Kral 
 Cs.: respect, regard, with respect to. 
 Ka-Jcor the circumference of the mouth 
 Cs. - - Ka-gdn (cf. Ka III) quadrate, 
 square, Ka-gdn-ba square adj., Ka-gdn-ma 
 id., e.g. pieces of cloth so shaped. Ka- 
 gdb Sch. cover, lid. Ka-g6ii snow- ball. 
 l<'d-</ru corner of the mouth. Ka-mgdl 
 v. Ka-so. Ha-rgdn Mil. privilege of old 
 age n. f. Ka-rgod Sch.: ill language; a 
 slanderer. Ka-rgyitg Glr. ace. to the con- 
 text: idle talk, unfounded assertion. Ka- 
 rgyud or -gyun, resp. zal-rgyun, oral tra- 
 dition, esp. certain mystical doctrines not 
 allowed to be written down. Ka-bx<j<'>* 
 advice, = Kd-ta; commandment, cf. bka- 
 
 s. ka-ni/Kir bitter and sweet. 
 Ka-cig (v. Ka III) some, Ka-yn'u't 
 clever talking, cf. Ka sbyd/l-po eloquent. 
 (Ca.: fair words?) Ka-ycod cover, lid; 
 cork. Ka-bcol Sch. idle talk, prattle. - 
 h : <i-*t : dg Mil., was explained: abuse, ill lan- 
 guage. Ka-cdd, resp. zal-cdd agreement, 
 convention, covenant, *K. zum-ce* W. to con- 
 clude a convention. Ka-cdr Mil. snow 
 and rain; Ka-ma-cdr both falling promis- 
 cuously, sleet. Ka-ciits the appeasing 
 of wild beasts etc. by witchcraft Mil. 
 Ka-cu \. spittle Cs. 2. snow-water. Ka- 
 ce 1. a large mouth. 2. -a person that has 
 to command over much (cf. Ka-drdg,Ka-zdn). 
 3. n. of a mask in the religious plays. 4. 
 n. of a country, Cashmere, v. below. - 
 Korcems last will, Ka-cems <jog-pa to make 
 a testament. Ka-cos hypocrisy. Ka- 
 mcu \. lip. 2. Sch.: word, voice (?) 3. 
 quarrel, dispute. Ka-rje 1. great lord, 
 mighty personage Cs. (?) 2. good luck, 
 good fortune Cs.; but in C. it is only used 
 for fortune t= goods, wealth. Ka-nyiu't 
 Sch sparing of words, laconic. Kd-ta, 
 also Kd-ltd good advice, lesson, byed~pa or 
 cJog-paiQ give, C. W. Ka-tod-la (or -na) 
 Ld. = Ka-fog la, on, upon. Ka-ton Cs. : 
 'a reading or saying with a loud voice' 
 (Lex. ^3), better: the saying by heart, 
 klog-gam Ka-ton-du don-nas reading or 
 saying by heart, Ka-ton-du ses-pa to know 
 by heart DzL; gen. in reference to reli- 
 gious texts. Ka-)tdm Cs. tradition. 
 Ka-ston not yet having eaten anything. 
 Ka-fiig C. to the brim. Ka-fog-la or -na, 
 = Kd-la, above, upon, on the top or sur- 
 face of, Ka-fog-tu id.; Ka-fog-nas down 
 from. Ka-for Sch. pustules in the mouth. 
 - Ka-dig, Ka-ldig-mKan W. stammerer. 
 Ka-dog, also Ka (v. Ka IV. 4.) colour *//</ 
 mfon-mfiii-gi Ka-dog-tu ytjur-to the hair 
 became blue DzL; Ka sgyur-ba to change 
 colour, Ka c gyur the colour changes, cf. 
 also mdog. - - Ka - drag 1. mighty. 2 
 haughty. Ka-drati W. over-against, just 
 before, opposite, straight on. Ka-ldd&ut, 
 = l t : (i-t(i,)-il<intx-/, : <i, advice W. Ku-tldr
 
 36 
 
 F 
 
 ' Ka-ce 
 
 Cs.: 'one who speaks too fast', Sch.: 'too 
 loud'. Ka-.dig cork, bung, stopple. - 
 Ka-nau yesterday morning (.'. Kd-nar-can 
 oblong. Ka-niit last year. Kd-po some- 
 times f. Ka 1. mouth, e.g. *Kd-po dul-mo* 
 W., *Kd dul-po C., tractable. 2. speech 
 Mil. 3. bitter C. Kd-lpdgs lip, goh-ma 
 upper, ^tig-ma lower lip; W.: *Kdl-pag (s) 
 pdg-ce, ddb-ce* to smack. Kd-spu hair 
 of the beard, skra dan Kd-spu hair of the 
 head and beard, frq. Kd-po boasting. 
 Ka-po-ce id. Ka-p6r = por-pa, a cup. 
 Ka-pyis napkin. Kd-ba v. below. Ka- 
 bdd the humidity of the air or the moisture 
 of the earth caused by snow. Ka-bub 
 mouth or face being turned downwards. 
 Ka-brdg v. below. Ka-rbdd Cs, : 'a boast, 
 proud speech'; others: idle talk. Ka- 
 sbydn eloquence Mil., Ka-sbydn-po eloquent, 
 cf. Ka-ycdn? Ka-ma-cdr sleet, rain and 
 snow. Ka-mur bit (bridle) Sch Ka- 
 rtedn, Ka-sdn 1. B. C. yesterday forenoon. 
 Ka-rtsdii-gi byis-pa the boy that was here 
 yesterday forenoon Mil. 2. W. (*kar-sdn*) 
 the day before yesterday; some days ago; 
 *kar-sdh za-nyi-ma* last Sunday : *Kar-sdn 
 (s)ton-ka* last autumn. Ka-fsa I. bitter 
 and acrid Med. 2. 'hot in the mouth' a. a 
 very acrid sort of radish, e.g. horse-radish. 
 b. aphthae, thrush, a disease of the mouth, 
 incident to horses, cows, sheep, c. Ka-fsd 
 rih-ne-ba Mil. nt. daily warm food. Ka- 
 fsub snow-storm. Ka-fso boasting. Ka-fsd 
 sin-tu ce-ba a great swaggerer Glr. Ka- 
 fsdn v. below. Ka-mfsul muzzle, mouth 
 (of a dog etc.); the lower part of the hu- 
 man face col. Jca- fs6g abuse? *Ka-fsog 
 cem-^po* C. a great abuser, re viler. Ka- 
 zan the contrary of Ka-drdg, low, unim- 
 portant, having no authority, Ka-zdn-pai 
 sdug-bsndl the misfortune of being of low 
 birth Mil. Ka-ze I. 'mouth and mind', 
 Ka-ze mi mfsiins-pa hypocrisy, hypocrite C. 
 2. 'mouth-mind', meaning the same as the 
 phrase just mentioned: hypocrisy^/?'/., Ka- 
 ze-med-pa unfeigned, sincere Mil. Ka- 
 zen breadth, expanse, e.g. of the heavens 
 Mil. Ka-zds food, victuals B. C. Kd- 
 
 ya lit.: 'being one's partner or match as 
 to speaking', also Kai ya, gen.: part- 
 ner; match; *kd-ya )he'-pa* C. to assist, 
 *Ko Ke ya* (or *Ka-ya) it? mi tub* I am 
 not his match, not able to compete with 
 him; with regard to things: I am not 
 equal to the task Ka-ras neck-cloth, cf. 
 Ka-dkri. Jcd-ru-fsa alum Med. Ka-rud 
 snow-slip, avalanche. Ka-ro taste in the 
 mouth. Ka rog v. Ka IV. 1. extr. 
 ka-ldn 'mouth-requital' 1. thanks-giving MH. 
 2. reply, esp. angry reply. 3. requital 
 for food received C. Ka-leb cover, lid. 
 Kd-lo 1. 'mouth leaves', s/ioi Kd-lo Mil. 
 the young, tender leaves of several wild 
 herbs, used as vegetables. 2. v. below. 
 Ka-sd 1 . v. Ka-skyiir-po. Kd-sd sd-ba S.g., 
 'snow -deer', elk Sch.; shoe-leather from 
 the skin of this animal is mentioned in 
 Mil., and is known in Tibet. In Sik. how- 
 ever the deer of the neighbouring Tarai 
 is called Ka-&a, in other parts of the coun- 
 try the spotted deer, Ka-sdgs jest. joke. 
 * Ka-sd ff t'db-ce, tdn-ce* W. to jest. /, r - 
 sugs-can, -sed-can W. eloquent tfa-xes 
 Cs. some. Ka-Mb col. lies, falsehoods; 
 obscene talk; idle talk. Ka-bsdd talk, gossip 
 Mil. Ka-sdii v. Ka-rtsdii. Ka-siit se- 
 veral weeks ago Cs. Ka-so mouth and 
 teeth; similar: Ka-mgdl mouth and jaw- 
 bone, */ f -so* or *Kd-gdl cog yin* I shall 
 break your chops W. Kd-sro? Ld. *Ka- 
 sro ldm-l-e* to fry (meat) in butter. - 
 fca-slob, --= Ka-ton, learnt by heart, (used 
 by children) W. Ka-lhdg remnant of 
 a meal Mil. 
 
 VKa (Kwa?) v. Kwa-ta. 
 
 Kd-ga-po Sch.: difficult (?). 
 
 J-TQI- Ua-cul W. col. for Ka-ce-yul, Cash- 
 
 mere. 
 
 Ka-ce Cashmere; amongst other things 
 it produces much saffron, hence Ka- 
 saffron; in Cashmere Buddhism 
 was once flourishing (v. the legend re- 
 lative to its being introduced there: In- 
 troduction du Buddhisme dans le Kashmir 
 
 ra-x'
 
 ITT 
 
 par L. Feer Paris 1866), but afterwards 
 it came under Mahometan rulers, and tfa- 
 ce denotes therefore now in C. a mussul- 
 man (cf. Hue & Gabet's journey); Ka- 
 cei dpe-ca the koran Schr.; Ka-cei ^gron- 
 Kan an inn kept by a mussulman Mil. 
 _._. Kd-ta (Kca-tuf) Ssk. 1. crOW. 2. 
 
 * raven, = bya-rog, po-r6<j. 3. Ka-ta 
 Itru-lo magpie. 
 
 FT ?rr-' Kd-to-siii is said to be = ysdl- 
 si'/'t, a pointed stake used for the 
 execution of criminals. 
 
 Fc'Zjr Ka-ti'dii-ga, Ka-tv., gen. pronounced 
 1 Ka-tmn-ga Ssk., Will: 'a club or 
 staff with a skull at the top', the weapon 
 of Siva, also carried by ascetics; Tibe- 
 tans refer it also to the trident. 
 
 Ka-btdgs handkerchief or scarf of 
 salutation, a piece of veil-like 
 and generally worthless silk-fabric, about 
 as large as a small pocket-handkerchief, 
 which in Tibet is given or sent, with or 
 without other presents, to the person one 
 intends to visit; cf. Hue's journey. 
 
 v " Ka-^dd, v. Kan-da. 
 
 I. col. C. *Kd-po*, W. *Kdn-te*, 
 Bal * X o* bitter. - II. W. *Ka* snow, 
 Kd-ba duit Itar ysal bright as snow and 
 shells Pth.; Kd-ba G bab, col. *Ka yon* it 
 snows; *Kapdu-ce* W. to remove the snow 
 (with a shovel) ; Kd-ba-can snowy, and as 
 a subst.: the snow-country, Tibet; Kd-ba- 
 ean-pai sems-can-rnams the Tibetan beings 
 Glr. III. correspondently to the Arabian 
 
 word vpg the missionaries in Lh. have 
 given to Ka-ba the signification of coffee, 
 which is otherwise unknown in Tibet. 
 - Ka-bdd 1. the architectural ornament 
 of a Tibetan house formed by the 
 projecting ends of the beams which sup- 
 port the roof (not 'parapet' Cs.) 2. v. ka. 
 nq-qrjv Ka-brdg fork (not generally used in 
 
 ' eating); any forked object. 
 n-jji Kd-mo Cs. enchantment, irresistible in- 
 fluence. 
 
 nq-^j-- Ka-fsdr fringes, threads, such as the 
 loose threads at the end of a web. 
 
 37 
 
 ^ a ~ fs n Sch- decision; but in the 
 only passage where I met with this 
 word, viz. Dzl. ?-& 13, this meaning is 
 not applicable, but something like surface 
 or width. 
 
 -ziir Sdt. water-hen. 
 
 ur (SsL ^^ Hindi ^^0 col. 
 a-nidate,Ka-~ur //idate-tree. 
 1. W.: rake (gardening). 
 2. Sp.: a carrier's load, *Ka-ze-pa* 
 a cooly. 
 
 -^zn- %<*-y6g a false charge, ('.: *ma nye- 
 pe Ka-yog jhun* he was innocently 
 accused. 
 
 -^- Kd-ra 1. W. f kd-ra sugar. - 2. 
 Sch.: trough, manger. 
 
 ^" Ka-rij or Ka-rii, v. Kdl-ri. 
 
 Ka-rog, v. Ka rog-pa, Ka IV. 1. 
 towards the end. 
 
 T Kd-le v. Kyd-le. 
 
 Kd-lo 1. v. Ka Comp. 2. Schr. 
 
 prow of a ship, others: helm; the 
 word is very often used in the phrase: 
 Ka-lo sgyur-ba, esp. gru-fziits-kyi, to turn 
 a ship, to steer, to lead, govern, rule, /ca- 
 lo sgyur-mKas-pa skilful in driving, Ka-lo- 
 pa a charioteer. 3. Cs. : the glans penis. 
 
 Ka-sya n. of a mountainous country 
 
 in the KE. of India Tar. 21. 10. 
 
 Ka-sur v. Ka-zur. 
 
 mrn- /"".'/ 1- a task; charge, business, duty; 
 ' responsibility; jmportance; Kag Kur-ba 
 to be charged with, kdg c gel-ba to lay upon ; 
 *kag feg-pa* or *kydg-pa* C. to wan-ant, 
 become responsible; der O fso-ba yoii-ba kag 
 feg I warrant you will get something to 
 eat there Mil.; *Kag -feg, Kag-Kydg* C. a 
 bail; Kdg-can important. 2. W.: part, 
 bcu-Kdg the tenth part, tithe, *Kay-n\ji <o- 
 te cdd-i-e* to cut in two; division, section 
 (of a book); place, */ r </ nyi-la pog son* 
 I have hurt myself in two places; */ : </// 
 cig-la rub-ce* to press towards one point; 
 in a more general sense: *l>'ug tig-la ''
 
 Kdy-po 
 
 Sf Ka 
 
 sds-ka cos* finish this work at once! 
 yul-l>dy province, district; rgyal-Kdg king- 
 dom. 3. W.: *Kay* or *Kdy-ga tdy-ce* 
 to hang (by the neck). 
 
 M9F> C. 1. difficult (W. *Kdy(s)- 
 
 po*); hard (to bear), *Kdy-po )hu/l* 
 it proved hard, *Kdy-po )he'-pa* to suffer 
 want. -2. bad, spoiled, rotten, *mar L'dy- 
 po son* the butter has become rancid. 
 
 (?) Kdy-la, Md.: *Kdy-la mar* fresh 
 
 butter, just made. 
 pp. Kan C. : vu]g. f. Koit, sometimes also 
 
 in books. 
 __... Kdit-pa house, kdii-pa-la W. home, 
 
 at home; in compounds also for a 
 part of the house: room, story, floor etc., 
 steit-, bar-, ^6g-Kaii upper story, middle 
 story, ground-floor Git'.; bdr-ma, dkyil-ma 
 or yzuh-Kan means also the usual dwelling- 
 room, op p. to pugs and syo (V sgo): bzo- 
 Kdn workshop; bait-Kail store-house, store- 
 room; syo-Kan entrance, vestibule; skor-Ka/l 
 (Glr. 68, 9) seems to be a passage run- 
 ning round a building; *$6ff-Kan? W. the 
 scoo ping-form or mould used in the ma- 
 nufacture of paper; * Ms-Kan* bed (garden). 
 Kah-yld house-rent. Kan-c&n house 
 or room reserved for decrepit parents; 
 Kait-cun-pa inhabitant of such; yait-Kaii- 
 curl-pa such a person of the second de- 
 gree, (if, during his life, his son enters 
 into the same right). kait-ston an empty 
 house, which is thought a fit place for 
 sorcery and necromancy. Kdii-bu \ . little 
 house, cottage. 2. room, wya-ndn-gyi K. 
 room of mourning Dzl. Rait-miy room. 
 - Kaii-rtsd foundation of a house Sch. - 
 Kait-zdbs flooring of a room. Kaii-bzdiis 
 residence, chiefly of gods. kan-rid Sch. 
 a house in ruins. 
 
 P^'^" Kdit-bu Pth. n. of a (fabulous) country. 
 
 m<- Kad 1. Jitter, barrow. 2. like, as, 
 ' = Itar Glr. 3. = Kod, Kad-snydms 
 v. Ji'od-snyoms. 
 
 ttad-pa, \. the same as Jf.od-pa, to 
 stick fast, to be seized, stopped, im- 
 peded, v. Jf ad-pa; hence also ma-Kdd 
 
 ma-fay as SOOn as: dbugs cad ma-Kdd-du 
 as soon as the breathing ceases Tltyr.; 
 *de ma-Kdd* instantly, directly, bu skyes- 
 ma-Kdd ciy Glr. a child born just now. 
 2. to approach, draw near, with la, nub-la 
 Kdd-pai fse when the evening drew near 
 Pth.; frq. with the perfect-root of a verb: 
 tlbuys cdd-la Kdd-pai dus when the ceas- 
 ing of the breath approaches TJiyr.; zin- 
 la Kad yod-pa-la as we were just about 
 to seize him; Kdd-du postpos. c.a. : riiii- 
 pa Kdd-du as far as the heel Mil; Kdd- 
 kyi* adv. by degrees Mil; Kdd-la, Kdd-du 
 id. Tar. 
 
 Kan-pa, also Ken-pa l.sbst. Schr.: 
 wormwood, probably a mistake for 
 Kdm-pa. 2. vb. to add (arithm.) Wdk. 
 Kdn-da, more correctly Kdn-cla, also 
 spelled Kd- dd, Ssk , treacle or mo- 
 lasses partially dried, candy; de-la Kdn-da 
 bcos-pa the candy made of it Med.; skyer- 
 Kan- da candied skycr-pa. 
 
 n ~ mai ' 1 ( corru pt'ed from Ka- 
 aii?) modest Lh. 
 nqq- Kab 1 . court, residence of a prince, 
 rgydl-poi Kdb-kyi mi-mams courtiers. 
 - 2. wife, spouse, Kab cen-ma the first 
 wife (in rank); de-la Kab ^6s-pa ma niyed- 
 nas as there was not found a wife worthy 
 of him Glr.; O di ynyis i>ai Kdb-tu byftii-ba 
 rmis-so I dreamt that these two would 
 become my wives Glr.; Kdb-tu bzes-pa to 
 take for a wife, to marry. (Schr. has even 
 a verb: curt-mar Kdb-pa.) 3. needle. 
 Kab- rise point of a needle, kab-rdl(?} S<-h. 
 needle-case, Kab-mig eye of a needle, Kdb- 
 miy-tu skud-pa ^ug-pa or ryyiid-pa to 
 thread a needle; pra-Kdb a small needle, 
 sbom-Kdb, mo-Kdb Dzl., fa Kdb W., blo-tJdb 
 W., Kab -rul W. a large, thick needle, 
 packing-needle; Kab-spt'i bristle Sik.; Kab- 
 Icn (rdo) loadstone, magnet. 
 
 'C'Tl* Kab-td-ka col. knapsack, pouch. 
 
 'oi' Kdb-le (or las?) W. difficult. 
 ' Kabs n. of a disease Med.
 
 39 
 
 I' am 
 
 le<(i--yoit 
 
 /earn 1 . a bit, a small piece of any- 
 thing, feam-euri a small bit, Kam-ydit, 
 l'-(im )'(/;/ a mouthful, leam-fsdd-du ycdd-pa 
 to cut 'in the size of bits' Dzl (infernal 
 punishment); Kam-zdn a mouthful of food 
 Mil.: ccw Innn j'c/'g id. 3. W., ('. ap- 
 petite, *-d-<r-l feam yon* W. I get an 
 appetite for eating; * learn dig son* W. I 
 have no appetite; Kam-loy want of ap- 
 petite, nausea, aversion (Cs. also: hatred); 
 *leam-loy-pa* inclined to nausea, easily 
 sickened C. ; *Kam-l6cj-Kati* W. id.; *Kam- 
 Kdm co dug, nyi/i Kam-Kdm co dug* (with 
 la) W. he has a desire, a longing for, 
 perh. only provincial pronunciation for 
 rkdm-pa. 
 
 'tm-Kiim high and low Sc/n: (?) 
 
 ' Kam-ddr walnut Sch. 
 
 Kdm-pa 1. fox-coloured, sorrel, brown- 
 ish. 2. porcelain-clay, china-clay. 
 3. Tanacetum tomentosum, a very arom- 
 atic plant, frequent on high mountains. 
 Kam-fior a cup made of dough, 
 used as a lamp in sacrificing. 
 
 Kam-bir (perh the Ar.-Hd. ,AP 
 
 leaven) thick bread-cakes leavened with 
 butter-milk Ld. 
 
 Icdm-bu 1. apricot B., C., Kdm-bui 
 fsi-yu the stone of ah apricot; 
 %am-bu-mdr the oil pressed out of apricot- 
 stones, smelling and tasting of bitter al- 
 monds Med.; mna-ris kdm-bu dried apri- 
 cots, v. pd-tiit. 2. peach Sik. -- 3. 
 v. Kam. 
 
 ra^TZTpJOT Kam-yydySch. cherries, morels; 
 these not being known in Ti- 
 bet, the word must be either of Khotan 
 or Chinese origin, or else the signification 
 of 'stones of apricots' is to be adopted, 
 as given in Wts. 
 
 Kams (Ssk. \JT?T) 1. physical con- 
 stitution of the body, state of 
 health, learns bde ba healthy constitution, 
 good health; rye-btsun-gyi fea/ttH bde Jdg*- 
 x<(/n ! is your Reverence well? asks a lay- 
 man, and the Lama answers: na st'n-tu 
 
 bde; I'yed l, : ams bde-am? I am quite well: 
 are you well? Mil.; W. more frq.: */>////- 
 :<h't-]>o*, C. also team sd/i. good health; 
 /, : <itiix-rini/(i Mrd., ace. to Tx. nausea, feel- 
 ing sick; Kam-sfaSch.: rest, comfort, health, 
 prob. more accurately: recreation, recovery, 
 restoration (of health), so: /v///>.s .so'.s-y^//- 
 (/'jut' Mil.; sometimes it seems to be a 
 synonym of lus, body, Kant* dfili-jiti //'//- 
 ba to recreate the exhausted body Mil.nt. 
 fig.: fnod-sems-mM-pai I'ams sas ce the 
 peaceable disposition predominates Sty. 
 2. (synon. of yul) empire, realm, territory, 
 domain; yid-kdms empire, in a geographi- 
 cal and political sense, e.g. Nepaul Glr.; 
 ryyal-Kdms 1 . for rgydl-poi learns kingdom, 
 lea-ba-can yyi rayal-ledms the kingdom of 
 Tibet. 2. for rgydl-bai Kams the empire 
 of Buddha, the world; ryyal-Kdms c y rim- 
 pa to roam over the kingdoms, the coun- 
 tries Mil.', region, dominion, bar-sndn-gyi 
 learns the aerial regions, where the lha 
 live Pth.\ in physiology: M/r/.s-/"// le'tntm 
 the dominion of bile Med.; /earns ysum 
 the three worlds ace. to Buddhistic spe- 
 culation, viz. the earth with the six heavens 
 of the gods, as the 'region of desire', ^lod- 
 pai Kams; above this is the 'region of 
 form', yzitys-kyi Kams, and ultimately fol- 
 lows the 'region of formlessness', yzugs- 
 med-pai /earns. 3. element (syn. J>yiu't- 
 ba), Kams druy the six elements of some 
 philosophical systems, consisting, besides 
 the four elements familiar to us, also of 
 ndm-mKa and rnam-ties, the ether and the 
 substance of the mind. In chronology, in 
 naming the single years of the cycle, five 
 elements are assumed, which (according 
 to Chinese theory) are wood, fire, e;irtli. 
 iron, water. --4. p.n. Khams. Great Ti- 
 bet, the parts between tl and China; 
 smad-mdo-Kams-sgoit ysum the low-land, 
 the three provinces Do, Kham, and Gong, 
 cf. miia-ris; ledms-pa a man from Khams. 
 v. Ied-r1xdt't. 
 
 s .-. ttr-fot steatite, soapstone, 
 
 prob. = d/e<tr-f/o/i.
 
 40 
 
 ' Kar-rkydn 
 
 " Icar-rkydil v. Ea-rkydA. 
 * Kar-rtsdfi v. h'a-rtsdii. 
 
 -P<* or "- 
 1 sar-pa-na n. of a 
 
 deity G7/\; Tar. p. 110 gives a (rather 
 absurd) legend concerning the origin of 
 the name. 
 
 leal 1. (cf. sgal) burden, load, Jcal 
 Ji'yer-ba to carry a burden; Kdl-gyi 
 sten-du on the top of the luggage Glr.; 
 /,'al c gel-ba to load a burden, to put a 
 load upon, tfal Jbogs-pa to take off the 
 burden, to unload; load, freight; as a fixed 
 quantity, lug-tfal a sheep - load, bdn-fcal 
 load of an ass; o brui Kal a load of corn. 
 - 2. bushel, a dry measure = 20 bre; 
 therefore = a score or 20 things of the 
 same kind; in W. *tfal-yci(/ frq. for nyi- 
 su, also with respect to persons; ysor-lcal 
 a 'measuring-score', 20 bre, actually mea- 
 sured, as is usual with corn; Q degs-Kal a 
 'weighing-score', the weight of 20 points 
 on the steel-yard (rgya^ma), in weighing 
 wood, hay, butter etc. 
 
 Kdl-Ka n. of a Mongol tribe, Khal-ka. 
 Kal-K6l stunned, insensible Tligy. 
 
 mQt-Tqn- Kal-cdg the best sort of wool for 
 ' manufacturing shawls, coming 
 from Jang-thang. 
 
 ftul-p a 1- wether, castrated ram. 
 - 2. sow-thistle, Sonchus. 
 Rdl-ma beast of burden, sumpter- 
 mule B., C. Jcdl-ma-rnams bzdn-la 
 skyel-ba to drive beasts of burden to the 
 pasture, to turn them on grass-land Glr.; 
 Schr.; *mi ];al nyis-kyi la* C. payment 
 for carriers and beasts of burden; though 
 in W. it might be understood as: payment 
 for twice twenty men. 
 
 * Kal-ri, fcal-ru, also Ka-ri, 
 
 Jca-ru twenty bushels. 
 Has instr. of fca; Jcas-len-pa etc. v. 
 fca, 4; kas-skd/i = Kd-skon, q.v.; kas- 
 std/e. with an empty stomach; Kas-dmdn, 
 kas-zdn, weak, poor. 
 
 mom* 
 
 Ku-tsur 
 
 P"&7 numerical figure: 32. 
 
 pq' Kiu C.: *Hyiu* a cutting-out knife. 
 
 Pfcu 1. numerical figure: 62. 2. for 
 ^ Uu-lu (?) Lil 
 
 Ku-guCs. '1. uncle. 2. an address'(?) 
 Ku-tu a hut, cottage, constructed of 
 
 l^ NO branches LA. 
 
 Ku-nu p. n. Kunawar, also Bissahar, 
 country on the upper Sutledj, bord- 
 ering on Tibet, and inhabited in the northern 
 part by Tibetans. Here are situated Ka- 
 nam, a monastery with a considerable 
 collection of Tibetan books, and Poo, a 
 missionary station of the Church of the 
 United Brethren, founded 1865. 
 
 Jcu-ba 1. fluid, liquid, also (but less 
 frq.) Ku-cu; Ihuit-bzed bkriis-pai Ku- 
 ba, the fluid in which a beggar's bowl 
 has been washed Tar. ; Kn'ts-Ku dish- wash, 
 swill Tar.; Jbrds-Ku Cs.: rice-soup, ScJir.: 
 rice-water; sin-l'u, rtsd-Ku the sap of trees, 
 of plants Cs.; sd-thi broth, gravy; mdr-lcu 
 melted butter. - - 2. semen virile, tfu-ba 
 byin-pa emittere semen; fiu-Krdg the mix- 
 ture of the semen with the uterine blood, 
 by which process, ace. to Indian physio- 
 logy, the fetus is formed, Mcd., Ssk. ~q%^. 
 Ev-bo uncle, on the father's side B. 
 and C.; pa-Ku father and uncle; ku- 
 dbon and Ku-fsdn uncle and nephew. But 
 owing to polyandry, the degrees of kindred 
 lose their precision, in as far as all the 
 brothers that have become the husbands 
 of one wife may be called 'father' by the 
 children. 
 
 Ku-byff B-, also Ku-gyty and y u< J- 
 cuckoo, called byd-yi rydl-po and 
 described as a sweetly singing bird, whence 
 prob. Cs. has conjectured nightingale, \vhich 
 however is scarcely known in Tibet. - 
 Ku-byug-rtsd n. of a medicinal herb. 
 ra'XTcn* Ku-^ndg Lh. purse, money-bag, col. 
 !J ' for Kug-ma. 
 
 _._. ftu-fsur Cs. the clinched hand, fist, 
 ^ ^ Hu-fsur snun-pa (Sch. also rgydb- 
 pa) to strike with the fist. This signifi-
 
 Jcu-yu 
 
 F 
 
 41 
 
 Kur 
 
 cation, however, seemed not to be known 
 to the Lamas consulted, who interpreted 
 the word: a religious gesture, the fore- 
 finger being raised, and the others drawn 
 back. Some native dictionaries have ^fs 
 fist, others Tcf^ofi half-closed fist. 
 
 Icu-yu, in C. also *'a-yu*, hornless, 
 >0 having no horns, used of cattle Sch. 
 rar k'u-lu 1. the short woolly hair of 
 
 the yak. 2. Lh. : venereal disease, 
 syphilis. 
 
 Ku-le Sch.: steel-yard and its weight; 
 
 but Dzl. TV, 17 the word refers to 
 an ordinary pair of scales and denotes 
 that scale of the two which contains the 
 weights. 
 
 rasn'>rarTKr Ruff* ^ U 9 S corner > concave 
 1^ ' 1^ ' angle, nook; of rivers, lakes 
 etc.: creek, bay, gulf, cove, also m-/%; 
 Uii<j-fu within a recess, on the farther side 
 of a cavity. 
 
 Jfug-ta Cor rta), a-li-Kug-ta, a kind 
 ,of swallow Cs.; the lights (lungs) 
 of this bird are used as a remedy against 
 pulmonary diseases, Med. 
 
 Rug-md and Kug-snd fog, mist, haze, 
 during a calm, esp. in spring-time. 
 ^'9~P a I s^sk 1. Cs.: "part of a 
 long period of time" (?) 2. a 
 certain part of the body Med. II. vb. 
 1. also Kugs-pa, to call = giig-pa Mil. (cf. 
 also yyan). 2. to find; get, earn; nw 
 Itif/s-pa-an srid there is a possibility that 
 we may yet replenish our cash Mil. nt.; 
 ynyid Kugs-pa to get sleep ; sran ysum Hugs, 
 it drew i.e. weighed three ounces. 
 [Ejcn'iST ^ u ff~ ma P ou ch, little bag, me-lcags- 
 l^ ' kug-ma tinder-pouch Mil.; dnul-Kug 
 money-bag, purse ; *rdzon-K'ug* Pur. knap- 
 sack; rtsdm-Kug, resp. zib-Kug, little bag 
 for flour; nu-Kug sucking-bag, for babies. 
 pj-. fatii hole, pit, hollow, cavity, originally 
 5J used only of dark holes and cavities; 
 sna-Kitn nostril. ma-Run the ear-hole, mean- 
 Kit n arm-hole, arm-pit; bi'ag-Kun cleft in 
 a rock, cavern; byi-Huii mouse-hole; cab- 
 Kun a sink; bso-Kitn peep-hole; mda-Kiin 
 
 loop-hole; in C. *'i-Kun, mag-Rim, 
 are used of any hole in walls, clothes etc., 
 caused by decay or daily wear, ytor-l'in'i 
 a sink, gutter; Kun-dregs soot of an oven 
 or chimney Sch.; Kiin-pa, fa'tri-po Cs. a 
 large hole, kiin-bu a small hole, e.g. spui 
 Kiin-bu pore, passage of perspiration DzL 
 
 Ku/ts 1. the original meaning perh. 
 
 is mine, pit C's. 2. origin, source 
 (fig.), yyoi Runs snubs, he stopped the 
 source of the deceit Ld.-Glr. Schl. 13, b. 
 Knits-can, and prob. of similar meaning 
 Kuns-btsun, of noble descent, or when ap- 
 plied to statements etc.: well founded; Cs. 
 also fine, excellent; Kuns-med, Kuris nan-pa 
 having no 'origin', mean, pitiful, ill founded; 
 in the last sense it seems to be used of 
 historical accounts, Tar. 43, 5, and more 
 esp. of religious records Pth., Glr.; ytam- 
 tcuns Tar. 66, 18, prob.: historical source, 
 record, document; in Pth. facetiously: 
 ftam-Kuns can yin the source of that 
 speech is beer. 
 
 rqj-. lend coat-lap, or any cloth serving in 
 Q^ an emergency as a vessel; */cu' ze'* 
 hold forth the lap of your coat, words 
 frequently used to beggars, to whom the 
 alms, chiefly consisting in flour, are poured 
 into that receptacle, C. 
 
 Kud-pa pocket, pouch Sch. 
 
 /cud-ma side, edge Cs.; Kud-du aside, 
 apart, secretly; Jcud-du Jog -pa to 
 put, to lay aside. 
 
 Kun-ti, or *Kyen-ti*, is stated to be 
 used in Pur. for he, she. 
 "5J" Mn-pa to grunt (Sch.: to groan). 
 
 Kun-lm Glr. 97, 12? 
 
 Kum(s) v. O gum-pa-, Kums-pa, 
 crooked. 
 
 Kums Sch.: so it is said; Mil.: 16- 
 tsfsa-bai snydn-pa rgydh-nas kums 
 might be rendered: the interpreter's re- 
 nown was proclaimed from afar; the word, 
 however, is of rare occurrence. 
 n^. Kur 1. burden, load, for men, more 
 fully: mi-fatr ; fa'tr-xt. i/ed-pas O fso-ba zig 
 3*
 
 42 
 
 T Kur-ba 
 
 Ko 
 
 one that lives by carrying loads Tar. 
 
 2. rarely porter, carrier of a load; Kur-po 
 load, burden; Mr-bu, col. *Kur-ru* prop, a 
 small load; a load in general; Kiir-pd car- 
 rier, cooly; fcur-rtsd, Mr-ldm cooly-station, 
 a day's journey, gen. 10 to 12 English 
 miles; Kur-rtsd-pa a station-cooly. 
 _-._. p_j~q. Kur-ba, c Mr-ba 1. sbst. 
 
 "X, & * bread, food, Sch. also 
 forage, fodder. It is, however, not the 
 common word for bread, but only for cer- 
 tain sorts, such as bra-Mr, bread of buck- 
 wheat, rtsabs-Kur q v., and more particu- 
 larly it is applied to cakes and pastry- 
 work baked in fat or oil. 2. vb. v. 
 Mr-ba. 
 
 inr'xr fnJs'&JCfSJY Mr-ma, Kur-mdn(s) 
 1^ ' lo dandelion 6'., used as 
 
 a pot-herb and medicinal plant; as the 
 former it is also called Kur-fsod. 
 
 Kur-fsos C. and B. cheek, the 
 ruddy part of the face below the 
 eyes (cf. c grdm-pa); *Kur-tsog W. 
 nq. Ml 1. Sch.: "the soft down of furs", 
 1^ abbreviation of Ku-lu; Kul-mal small 
 basket for wool Ts. 2. ravine Kun. 
 
 3. district, province, domain; lhd-sa Ml all 
 that belongs to Lhasa Georgi Alph., *dei 
 Kul-la O dug* is subject to him C. 
 mor$r Kul-ma the bottom, or the side of 
 !,.> a thing Cs. 
 
 p* Ke numeral, ninety-two, 92. 
 
 ra* in* fo> Kye (Sch. : Ke-ma) 1. profit, gain ; 
 Ke-sp6gs B. and 6'., *Ke-bed* W. id.; 
 fce-tsdn byed-pa to trade, to traffic Pth.; 
 ses-fcyi Ke gain, advantage obtained by 
 knowledge and attainments; Ke-pa trades- 
 man, dealer; fson- c dus fee -pa trader in a 
 market Mil.; fce-nyen Sch.; profit and loss, 
 risk; Ke-sgrub-pa Cs., *Kye-bed fob-ce* W., 
 to make profit, to gain, Ke brgydb-pa, to 
 make a good bargain Sch.; *Ke-ru O do-wa* 
 C. to abate, to go down in price ; * fee-can, 
 fce-me'*, profitable, unprofitable; *Kye-mo* 
 W. cheap. 2. tetter, herpes, ringworm 
 (eruption of the skin) Sch. 
 Kegs v. Kegs. 
 
 Kens-pa l.partic. of O fcens-pa, filled, 
 replete with. 2. adj. puffed up, 
 proud, haughty, arrogant; sbst. pride etc.; 
 Keits-sems, Kens-dregs pride. Kehs-po Med. 
 with reference to food: producing flatulence. 
 
 Ken-pa 1. Schr. worm- wood, prob. 
 
 erron. for Kdm-pa. 2. Sch.: to 
 lean, to repose on, erron. for bfcdn-pa. 
 
 Kebs, col., W.: *Kyebs*, Cs.: Kebs^ma 
 
 covering, coverlet: *feeb sdn-pa*, to 
 take the covering off C. ; cdr-Kebs a cover- 
 ing against rain, rain-cloak; steii-Kebs, Icog- 
 fcebs, table-cloth 6s.; fod-Kebs Lt. cap, hood; 
 ydun-Kebs, a certain beam or board above 
 the capital of a pillar; ydon-Kebs, veil, cloth 
 to cover the head; *dun-Kyebs* W. apron; 
 *pan-Keb* C. napkin, apron. 
 
 Kem \. fey em. 
 
 Ker-rgyag-pa, to defraud ; to usurp 
 Sch. 
 
 w Kel-ba prob. for tcel-ba, to load upon; 
 bio feel- ba is said to be used in C. 
 for bio skyel-ba W., v. skyel-ba no. 6. 
 
 fees -ny en the day before yester- 
 day Sch. 
 
 Kes-pa C. to hit, O fsdms-la (or 
 mfsdms-la?) to hit the right thing, 
 the exact point or line; yndd-la to strike 
 the vital parts, to hit mortally, fatally, 
 gf Ko 1. numeral, 122. 2. Bal fy'o*) 
 
 for Ka-ba, bitter. 
 
 j^ Ko pers. pron. of the third person, he, 
 she, it, but almost exclusively in col. 
 language. In ancient writings it occurs 
 but rarely, being either omitted or sup- 
 plied by de, but in later works that come 
 nearer to the present language, it is to be 
 found the more frequently, feoi his, her; 
 *K6-pa, Ko-wa* plur. they, W. and 6'., v. 
 Georgi Alph., in an edict; * Ko-cag, feo-fso* 
 id. C.; *K6^wanyi* W., both of them: Ko- 
 ran 1. he himself. 2. he, = *Ho* col.; 
 with par tic.: Ko dd-ci snon la son-ba de, 
 Mil., he that just went on in advance, 
 preceded in front. 
 
 Note. The word prob. has been ori- 
 ginally a sbst., denoting essence, substance
 
 Ko-ti 
 
 (like no -bo)', md~-ko, yzi-Ko, rgyu-Ko are 
 said to be used in C. for: the essential, 
 the most important part of a thing, the 
 main point, and the noun substantive may 
 possibly have changed into a substantive 
 pronoun, in a similar manner, as na, I, 
 is connected with no -bo; cf. also K6-na, 
 K6-bo. 
 
 Ko-ti C. (Chinese?) tea-kettle. 
 
 Eo-fdg ycod-pa c. termin. 
 to despair of Ml; to resign, 
 to acquiesce in, to reconcile one's self to; 
 
 also sems Ko-fdg ycod pa Pth. 
 
 K6-na adj. and adv. 1. just, exactly, 
 the very, rgydl-pos O dod-pa k'o-na yin 
 that is just what has been wished for by 
 the king DsL /J^- 17. srid-ma K6-na bzin- 
 du just as before; O di Ko-na yin-par nes 
 he is evidently the very same (man) Mil.; 
 srin-bu K6-na O drd-ba just like a worm 
 Thgy.; fsul de fco-nas by the very same 
 process Tar. 13, 12; de Ko-na nyid-du gyur 
 cig just so may it happen! (at the con- 
 clusion of a prayer) Glr.; but de-Ko-na- 
 nyid, as a philosophical term, is also the 
 translation of the Ssk. tdttva, essentiality, 
 truth, implying to the Buddhist nothing 
 but vacuity, the Nirvana Trig. 20. 2. only, 
 solely, exclusively, skdd-cig /co-na, only for 
 a moment Dzl. W%, 12. O dod /co-nas brel 
 na, if taken up merely with lust: sems- 
 can K6-na bde-bar O dod-tsa-na as he in- 
 tended only the welfare of beings Thgy.; 
 Tar. 
 
 m m f K6-bo mas., K6-mo fern. pers. pron. 1 st. 
 person, I, pi, Ko-bo-cag we, .indiscri- 
 minately as to the rank of persons, B. 
 and C.; mi K6-boi rnam-ses the soul of me 
 the man, i.e. my human soul Mil.; also 
 pleon. K6-bo na. 
 
 /co-bom, the Tibetan name for Khat- 
 mandu, the capital of Nepaul Glr., 
 Mil.; sometimes also called klui po-brdn, 
 prob. on account of the mineral treasures 
 supposed to abound in that country. 
 
 43 
 
 ? perh. misprinted for Vom knap- 
 sack, wallet Mil, or else a secondary 
 form of that word. 
 
 Ko-yyu, occurs only in *Ho-yu skor- 
 ce (perh. col. for Jtor-yyM) W. to 
 thrash, which is done by driving a number 
 of oxen fastened together round a pole 
 that stands in the middle of the thrashing- 
 floor. 
 
 r^^. K6-ra, Cs. also K6r-sa, circumference; 
 circumjacent space; also fence, sur- 
 rounding wall; K6-ra ttor-yug-tu, (Kor-) Kor- 
 yug-tu, in a circle, in circumference, frq. 
 in measuring ; also round about, all round, 
 e.g. to flow, to encompass; Kw-yug kun- 
 tu in the whole circuit, round about. 
 rzfojcn* fo-ldg 1- t's.: bigness, robustness 
 ' (Lex. TftWTf ), Ko-ldg-ydrts-pa big, 
 prominent limbs; Sch. : Ko-ldg ce-ba& large 
 space. 2. Lh.; dumpling, made of rtsdm- 
 pa and beer; Ld.: pap of rtsdm-pa and 
 tea, called spags in C. 
 OT- Kog 1. frq. for Kon(-pa), the interior, 
 ' inside ; v. also K6g-pa and K6g-ma. 
 2. for Kogs, Jcogs q.v. 3. for c gegs-pa. 
 rnm'Zr K6g-pa, sometimes K6g-ma, Kog, the 
 trunk of the body, sa-K6g the body 
 of an animal cut up for food ; *sa-K6g ddl- 
 ce, sig-ce* to cut up a carcass; *'K6g-tu, 
 Kog nd/t-du* within the body. 
 j^-.j... Kog -ma C. pot, earthen vessel = 
 pru; Kog-cen large pot. 
 
 p$n^|* Kogs cough Med., K6gs-pa to cough. 
 
 g^r- Kon, rarely K6n-pa, pers. pron. 3d. 
 person, he, she; like / r o it is of far less 
 frequency in the earlier literature than in 
 the later; at present it is in W. used as 
 the respectful word for he, but in C., ace. 
 to Lewin, as plur., = they; K'dn-gi his, her; 
 pi. K6n-mams, Kon- cog, Kdn-fso, Kdii-huj- 
 rnams; Kon-rdn and Koh-nyid he himself; 
 rgydl-po Kon-rdn yin dgoiis-nas the king 
 supposing that he himself was meant Glr. 
 ffir-q' Ron-pa 1. prov. for K6n-pa. 2. 
 the inside, inward parts, prov. K6g- 
 pa (Cs. also: the veins); Kon-du, Koii-iut, 
 Mn-nas adv. and postp. in, within, from
 
 44 
 
 within, Out Of; kon-du (also kons-su) cud-pa 
 or fsud-pa, with or without sems (resp. 
 fugs) being prefixed I . impressed on, fixed 
 in the mind, thoroughly understood, known. 
 2. very restless, uneasy, sorry, anxious in 
 one's mind; kon-du sdu-ba to impress 
 on the memory, to learn (by heart) Glr.; 
 kon-nas snyin pyun-ba Itar as if their heart 
 was torn out, Pth.; snyin k&n riis-pai 
 dkyil-nas ysol-ba btab he prayed from his 
 inmost heart Thgy. ; kon-nas ses-pa, smrd- 
 ba to know by heart, to say, recite by 
 heart C's. *kog-la yid-du med* W. I have 
 no recollection of it; kon-pai drod-la pan 
 it helps against internal heat Med.; koii- 
 par son-bai dug bzin-no it is like a poison 
 that has entered into the internal parts 
 (or the veins) TJigy.; *kog- j pankan-pa* , a 
 bad character W., *kog^pa cen-ww* W. ge- 
 nerosity, magnanimity (?) 
 
 Comp. kon-krdg, the blood contained 
 in the veins 6s. kon-kro (-ba) wrath, 
 anger; kon-kro spon-ba Mil. to put away, 
 subdue anger, *zd-ba* C. to 'conceive' anger, 
 take a dislike; kon-mi-kro-ba quiet, calm, 
 mild Pth. *kog-(ng* col. uneasiness, 
 sorrow, anxiety; kog-t'ug foe'-pa* C., *co- 
 ce* W. to be uneasy, anxious. kon-gdn 
 full, filled up in the inside, solid, koii- 
 stoit hollow, tubular. *kog-fen, kog-den*, 
 W. grudge, ill-will, hatred. kon-fsil suet. 
 
 - *k'on-log* W. cholera. *kog-sin* W. 
 1. the core of a tree, heart-wood. 2. tenon. 
 
 - *kog-wgs* a groan, sigh W., *kog-sugs 
 tdn-ce* to sigh, to groan. *kog-siibs-la 
 sil-ce* W. to read low, softly, whisperingly ; 
 *kog-sil tdn-ce* W. to read noiselessly, so 
 as not to be heard. koii-(-)-)sen inner ca- 
 verns, not opening to the daylight; (those 
 of the Rirab are the habitations of the Lha- 
 ma-yin or Asura). 
 
 j^^y koiis 1. sbst. (kons-ma Cs.?) the 
 middle, the midst; gans-koiis-na in 
 the midst of alpine snows Mil. ; respecting 
 time: zdg bdun-gyi kons-su within, during, 
 seven days Pth., Tar.; respecting money: de 
 nyid-kyi koits-na ynds-so, (this) is contained, 
 
 K6l-po 
 
 included in that (sum) Tar. 53, 15; kons-su 
 ytogs-pa Lex., Cs.: annexed to, united, in- 
 corporated with. 2. adj. crooked; W.: 
 *kons ca dug* it is bent, curved, e.g. paper 
 by heat, the limbs by the gout; *ko-ns- 
 kan* W., *kon-ril* C. crippled. 
 rar- kod I. v. Ji6d-pa and ^god-^pa. II. 
 
 inst. of Jcod. 
 
 jgy-q' /con-pa anger, grudge, resentment; 
 
 kon c dzin-pa, kon-du O dzin-pa to 
 
 hate, *kon-la hur-ce* W. id. ; *kon-gug-ste 
 
 ddd-ce* W. ("to sit waiting with hatred") 
 
 id.; *kon-ber* W., the sting, the burning 
 
 of anger or hatred in the soul. 
 
 ggj- Kob 1. fat, heavy, clumsy Sch. 2. 
 
 sometimes for Jcob. 3. v. Q pebs-pa. 
 
 m^j- kom wallet, leather trunk C., Cs. : felt 
 or skin bag; yzims-kom Cs. id. (prob. 
 resp.); kom- c bog Cs. a cloak-bag; more 
 accurately: the cloth in which the trunk 
 is wrapped and carried by the porter. 
 
 kom-pa Schr.; to be able, esp. to 
 be enabled to do a thing by the 
 absence of external impediments; kom-pa 
 mm Cs., *kom-ce mi rag* W. I have no 
 time, I cannot do it now; sdod mi kom I 
 cannot sit and wait now Pth. ; mid mi 
 Kom-par without your having time to 
 swallow it down Dzl. TV , 17. mi-kom- 
 pa brgyad, the eight obstacles to happiness, 
 caused by the re-birth in places or situa- 
 tions unfavourable to conversion Triq. no. 
 66. Ace. to Schr. the word is also used 
 in that special sense: to be able to carry 
 on a law-suit, to which there are likewise 
 eight obstacles. 
 
 kor-mo-yug Sch., kor-yug, kor- 
 sa v. ko-ra; kor-yug-tu conti- 
 nually, incessantly Mil. 
 
 kol Cs. = kol-bu; kol-du pyun-ba, 
 
 abridgment, epitome Cs. 
 
 Itil-pa 1. Cs. boiled. 2. Sdi. boil- 
 ing, bubbling, zans kol- pa a bub- 
 bling kettle Dzl. 
 
 kol-po, also kol-brdn, servant, man- 
 servant, kol-por r)es-su bzuh-ba to
 
 45 
 
 Kydb-pa 
 
 take, to hire for a servant Pth.; frq. fig. 
 
 sems-kyi /col-por yda (the body) is a ser- 
 
 vant of the mind Mil.; yiq-rten srid-pai 
 
 K6l-po a servant of the world i.e. of mam- 
 
 mon Mil. 
 
 Bol-bu a sma " piece, M-bu nyun- 
 c bru tsam ziy kyaii ma lus Pth. 
 
 not so much as a grain of mustard seed 
 
 is left. 
 
 TOOTS]" K6l- ma 1 . Cs. 'anything boiled' ; perh. 
 more accurately: Anything boiling, 
 
 cu Sol-ma boiling water; duy-mt'so Kol-ma 
 
 a boiling lake of poison. 2. Sch.: an 
 
 outlet for the smoke in a roof. 
 
 M-mo 1. maid-servant B. 2. a 
 coarse sort of blanket usually given 
 
 to slaves Schr. 3. mowed corn, a SwathG'. 
 /cos v. yes-pa. 
 
 J" Kos-pa wished for, wanted Sch. 
 
 %-& Cs., */cd-le* W., as much as 
 fills the hollow of the hand, a handful, 
 e.g. of water. 
 
 to lift, v. Jcyoy-pa. 
 
 men.'^j ,*j* fy d 9( s )"P a 1- frozen; ice. 2. 
 the frost, cold, Hydg-fog-Kar on 
 
 the ice Glr.; tiydy-pa J?ydy-pai bod-yul 
 'Tibet frozen up with frost' Pth.; *Kydy- 
 la jar (v. byor-ba) *son* W. it has stuck 
 fast by freezing. *Kyay-zu-ko-ko* Ts. 
 mud caused by a thaw, snow-water. - 
 * Kydy-sran-can* W. hardened against the 
 cold. Kyag-rum, Kyay-rom ice, pieces of 
 ice, floating blocks of ice (also $ab-rom); 
 cf. Jfyag-pa. 
 
 mr- Kyad 1. difference, distinction B., C., 
 " ' W. *yan tdn-na Kyad med* W. it is 
 no matter which you give me; nd-dan- 
 prad-pa dan tfyad-mcd-do it is quite the 
 same as if they came to myself; scms-la 
 Kyad byun a difference of opinion arose. 
 
 />'yad-\cos mark of distinction. 2. 
 something excellent, superior, bzoi fy(1, bzo- 
 kt/d<l an excellent work of art Glr.; bsyrub- 
 pai llyad yon prob.: it shall be instantly 
 performed in the very best manner /'///. 
 
 Kyad-nor the principal or chief wealth 
 
 Cs. Kyad-dnn the principal sense Sch. 
 3. syllable employed to form abstract 
 nouns. A transition to such formations 
 appears in the following sentence: dk-<ir- 
 nay-cos-kyi ce-Kydd blta Mil. we wish to 
 examine the difference of greatness or 
 worth of the white and the black religion; 
 so also whenever a certain measure is 
 given, and in general, when such abstract 
 nouns are used in a relative sense, as: 
 mfo-Kydd height, zab-Kydd depth, fyug-Kydd 
 wealth. 4. part, division, the same as 
 Ky del-par 2; *sa-ttydd* W. place, corre- 
 sponding exactly to *sa-ca* C. 
 
 Derivatives. *kye > -fsar-cen* = no-mfsar- 
 can wonderful 6'. tfydd-du adv. espe- 
 cially, particularly, Kydd-du ^pays-pa par- 
 ticularly (uncommonly) lofty, sublime Glr. 
 Uydd-par adv. = Icydd-du Glr. 50, 7, and 
 more frq. sbst.: 1. difference, dissimilarity 
 B. and 6'., na dan Kyod ynyis Kydd-par- 
 ce I and you that is a great difference 
 Glr. ; de dan kydd-par-ma-wicis-pai rfen 
 an image not differing from this Glr.; 
 min-yi Kydd-par yin it is (only) a diffe- 
 rence of name Glr. 2. sort, kind, Jbrds- 
 bui Kydd-par kun all sorts of fruit; ri- 
 dvdys-kyi Kydd-par ziy a particular kind 
 of game; perh. also: division, part, yul-yyi 
 Kydd-par province Tar. 3. 14. 3. = 
 Kyad 2. something of superior qualities, 
 an excellent ma.n Tar. y, 7. Kydd- par- 
 can superior, excellent, capital, bld-ma K-yad- 
 par-can cig Mil an excellent spiritual 
 teacher; Kydd-par-du adv. particularly, 
 chiefly, especially. Rather obscure as to 
 its literal sense, but of frq. use is the 
 phrase Kydd-du ysud-pa, ysdd-pa, c. accus. 
 but also dat., to despise, e.g. dmd-la an 
 inferior, ryyu-Jbrds the doctrine of retri- 
 bution, nyon-mons-pa trouble etc. 
 
 1^" Kyab v. Kydb-pa. 
 
 - %<%> to fill, penetrate; to embrace, 
 comprise, c. accus., also dat., mi- 
 ) tsd/'t-bas Kyab-pai sa-pyoys a place full of 
 dirt Thyy.; O brum-pa md/i-pos full of, quite 
 covered with pustules, pocks Med.; ////m-
 
 46 
 
 Kyab-jfy 
 
 pas filled, impregnated with bile Mcd.; 
 lus sems dga-bdes Kydb-par gyur-nas body 
 and soul (filled with) full of joy Glr.; bar 
 Kydb-pa to fill up an intermediate space; 
 to make (a country etc.) full of light, re- 
 ligion, happiness, frq.; fams-cdd-la drin- 
 gyis to embrace all creatures with bene- 
 volence; kiin-la Kyab-pa in grammar: 
 capable of being joined to any word, com- 
 prising all of them, Glr. ; Kyab-ce-ba com- 
 prehensive; used also in the way of cen- 
 sure : everywhere and nowhere , to be met 
 with everywhere Mil.; Kyab-ydal or rdol 
 comprehensive, extensive. Kyab seems 
 also to be a sbst. in Kyab-ce-ba, and still 
 more so in rgya bod yons Kydb-tu grdgs- 
 pa-la according to what is spoken in the 
 whole compass of India and Tibet Tar. 87. 
 fyab-jug Vishnu, a Brahmanical 
 divinity, appearing, like Brahma 
 aud Shiva, also in Buddhist legends, yet 
 principally known in his quality as yza- 
 sgra-ycan- dzin (Rahula), conqueror of the 
 demon that threatens to devour sun and 
 moon; hence kyab-jug-yzer Med., *Kyab- 
 i nad* W., *ra-hu-le ne* C., epilepsy. 
 
 Kyams Cs., Sch. yard, court-yard, Cs. 
 
 also gallery. It is, like fsoms, a 
 space that is to be found in many Tibetan 
 houses, and may be compared to the com- 
 pluvium of the Romans, being open in 
 the middle, and on the sides generally 
 enclosed by verandas, Kyams may there- 
 fore be called court-yard, when it is on 
 the same level with the ground, (so also 
 perh. Tar. 89, 4, reading fyams-su for 
 Jcyatm-su) ; but in the upper stories such 
 a construction is unknown in European 
 architecture. Kyams-stod the upper court- 
 yard, Kyams-smdd the lower one; Kyams- 
 foris Cs.: 'impluviuro'. 
 
 Kyams Cs. : p. n. = Kams, v. learns 3. 
 
 rrp-q- Rom* Kydms-pa,Kydr- 
 pa, Kydl-pa v. 
 Jfydms-pa, etc. 
 
 nr Kyi dog, Kyi rmug B. and C.; the dog 
 ' bites, W.: barks; *so tab* W.; bites; 
 
 kyim 
 
 *fam* W. lays hold of; fcyi bos -nets ma 
 bi'duit proverb: if you call the dog, then 
 you must not beat him G-lr. Kyi rkaii- 
 ynyis Sch. 'a bastard dog, a cur' (?) 
 Kyi-skdd the barking. Kyi-Kdii dog-ken- 
 nel, fyi-gu a puppy. Kyi-rgdn an old 
 dog. Kyi-riio the itch of dogs. Kyi- 
 ddm 'dog's seal', a mark burnt in ; stigma 
 C\, W. Kyi-dug poison of hydrophobia 
 Sch. Kyi-mdiid-pa the pairing of dogs 
 Sch. Kyi-pul dog -kennel, dog-house. - 
 *fhji-pal~jor* W. Blitum virgatum. Kyi- 
 spydn W. jackal. Kyi-po a male dog. 
 Kyi-bm Sch. a vicious, biting dog. Kyi- 
 sbrdn dog's fly. Kyi-mo a female dog, 
 bitch. Kyi-smyon canine madnes, hy- 
 drophobia 6'., W.; also mad dog = Kyi 
 smyon-pa. Kyi-rdzi dog-keeper. Kyi- 
 j-zon trough for dogs and other animals, 
 manger. Kyi-sig flea. 
 ^Kyi-gu 1. v. Kyi. - 2. W. bud (of 
 ^ NO leaves and branches, not of blossoms), 
 eye (of a plant). 
 
 sw. Kyi-ra chase, hunting, esp. of single 
 ^ huntsmen, not of a party; stable- 
 stand, cf. lins; *kyi-ra-la cd-ce* W. to go 
 a hunting, * Kyi-ra co-ce, gydb-ce, gyitg-ce* 
 id.; *K.yi-ra-la cd-Kan* hunter, sportsman; 
 K.yi~ra-ba B. and 6'., *Kyi-ra-pa* W. hunts- 
 man. 
 
 Kyi-ron p.n., v. skyid-gron. 
 
 Kyi-la-wa^i a sort of treacle 
 made of sen-Men Wdit. 
 Kyig v. JSyig-pa. 
 
 fa-. Kyid breadth of the hand with the 
 Ml thumb extended, a span. 
 nqT Kyim (Ssk. w^) 1. house, not as a 
 "^ building, but as a dwelling-place of 
 man, a home. Even when in Sik. they 
 speak of *sin-Kyim, nyug-Kyim* a house 
 of wood, of bamboo, the idea of habi- 
 tation, dwelling-place predominates in these 
 expressions. Kyim-na at home, Kyim^-du 
 home (to go home); Kyim danl Kyim-na 
 house for house, each in his house Tar. 
 151. 22; Kyim spo-ba to remove to an- 
 other place; Kyim skyon-ba to have a house-
 
 Kyim 
 
 47 
 
 hold, to gain a livelihood; Kyim-gyi so-fsis 
 household, housekeeping, farming; Kyim-gyi 
 rig-pa knowledge, experience in house- 
 keeping and farming; Kyim-med-pa home- 
 less, without a home; therefore esp. as 
 opp. to the life of a homeless and un- 
 married priest: Kyim-gyi byd-baor las, 1. 
 domestic business, 2. lay -life, worldly 
 life; cf. also many of the compounds. 
 Uyim-la ^on-ba, ytoii-ba to get married, to 
 be given in marriage, respecting the fe- 
 male part Glr.j MIL 2. the signs of the 
 Zodiac, which is called Kyim-gyi Jcor-lo, 
 viz. lug ram, ylari bull, Krig-pa (pairing) 
 twins, kdrkata (Ssk.) crab, sen-ge lion, bu- 
 mo virgin, sra/t balance, sdig(-pa) scorpion, 
 yzu (bow) archer, cu-srin (sea-monster) 
 Capricorn, bum-pa water-bearer, nya fishes. 
 To these 12 signs however the correspond- 
 ing Tibetan figures are not 9 to 9%, but 
 o to ??, as seems to be the usage in astro- 
 nomical science. There is moreover a di- 
 vision into 27 'lunar mansions' much in 
 use; v. rgyu-skdr. 3. double-hour, the 
 time of two hours; or the twelfth part of 
 the time of the apparent daily rotation of 
 the heavens and consequently also of the 
 zodiac, or, as we should say, the time of 
 the passing of a sign of the zodiac through 
 the meridian. 4. 6s.: halo, or circle 
 round the sun or moon. 5. Symbolic 
 numeral: 12. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. Kyim-fdb(s) husband, 
 frq. ; also wife; Kywn-fdb-la yton-ba to 
 give in marriage, to give away a woman 
 for a wife; Kyim-fdb-mo wife, housewife, 
 Cs. Kyim - bddg master of the house, 
 husband; owner of a house, citizen; Kyim- 
 bddg-ma fern. -- Kyim-pa 1. layman, 
 2. 6s.: surrounded by a halo (Kyim 4); 
 Kyim-pai pyogs-su sbyin-pa given away to 
 laymen DzL; Kyim-par O dug or j-nas -he 
 lives as a layman; pyis Icyim-pai fsul-can- 
 gyi rndl-Jbyor-pa a devout man, who lives 
 outwardly like a layman Mil. Kyim- 
 pa-pa a houseowner, peasant, farmer, hus- 
 band; Kyim-pa-ma housewife. Kyim bya 
 domestic fowl, cock, hen, poultry W., C. 
 
 Kyim-mi family of a house, household Cs. 
 Kyim-f&dn id. Kyim-fser Glr. 51, 10, 
 usually Kyim-mfses, Kyim-mfses-pa, fern. 
 Kyim-mfses-ma neighbour. -- Kyim-zag^ 
 Kyim-zld, Kyim-16 'a zodiacal day, month, 
 year' (?) Cs. Kyim-sa earth, dust, dirt 
 (in a house), sweepings W., *tfyim-sa du- 
 ce, spufi-ce to sweep (a floor), to sweep 
 together. 
 
 \f Kyim-nya Sch.: whale (if at all 
 correct, it must be taken as my- 
 thological signification, no Tibetan having 
 ever known of the existence of real whales). 
 rq- Kyu, Kyu-bo Cs., fcyu-mo Pth. flock, herd, 
 ^ lug-Kyu a flock of sheep, mdzo-mo-kyu 
 a herd of bastard cows, yndg-Kyu of horn- 
 ed cattle; Kyu skon-ba to keep, tend a 
 flock or herd; company, band, gang, troop, 
 mi-ltyu Cs. a company of men, bu-mo-Icyu 
 a bevy of girls, dmag-Kyu a troop of sol- 
 diers; Kyu-nas Jnid-pa to exclude from the 
 company Pth., C.; fcyu-snd O dren-pa to go 
 before, to take the lead of a troop, a flock 
 Mil; kyu-mcdg bell-wether; also the most 
 distinguished amongst a number of men, 
 the first, chief, head Pth., Kyu-mcog-ma 
 fern. ; Kyu fsdgs-pa vb.n., Sch. to collect, 
 to gather in flocks. 
 
 kyu Sch. 'ell', prob. incor. for Jfru. 
 
 15" 
 
 ace. to Lex. = kit-hit. 
 
 Kyug v. Jcyug-pa. 
 
 mr' yun (Sch. also Kyuti-mo) the Garuda 
 3 bird, a mythical bird, chief of the 
 
 feathered race, fcyun-sog-can 
 
 Kyuri-dpyad a small round bas- 
 ket of reed 6s.; Kyun-ril is said 
 to be in C. a large cylindrical basket, the 
 same as kun-diim Ld., v. rkon-pa. 
 
 Vyun-sdei- ('Garuda claw') Med., 
 Cs.: n. of a medicinal root, pseu- 
 do-zedoary; Hyun-rgod Med. id (?). 
 ]^' Kyud v. Jfyud-pa. 
 
 Kyud-mo rim of a vessel Sch.
 
 K'^J* kyur-mid-pa 
 
 48 
 
 '" Ifyur-mid-pa to swallow Med.; 
 yur-mid-du sdn-ste suffering 
 himself to be swallowed (from the story 
 of an Indian idol) Pth. 
 
 |zpr kyus wall-side 7s. (?) 
 
 fq- /eye 1. for tfyeu Mil. 2. for J>e q.v.; 
 ^ kye-mo v. ke. 
 
 R*5|* kye-ma n. of a disease JV/gc?. 
 
 jnn- kyeu Cdiminutive of kyo-bof) 1. male 
 *9 child, infant boy. 2. youth, adolescent 7?. 
 jnc* fyedpers. pron. 2nd. person, thou, and 
 ^ ' particularly in the plur. you, in B. 
 eleg., in addressing superiors, but also 
 used by superiors in speaking to inferiors, 
 and even contemptuously: kyed ltd-bui md- 
 rabs such vulgar, mean people, as ye are 
 Dzl. kyed-kyi thy, your. fcyed-i'dn 
 (kyed-nyid seems to be little used) thou 
 thyself, you yourself; plur. particularly 
 expressed: k'yed-cag, kyed-rnams, kyed-fso; 
 dge-fsul kyed ynyis you two Getsuls Glr.; 
 Kyed ysum-po you three (a mother speak- 
 ing to her sons) Glr.; kyed-cdg you, when 
 speaking to one person Glr., = nyid-cag. 
 
 * kyed 1. = kyid W. 2. v. Jtyed-pa. 
 
 kyen-ti Pur. he, she, v. kun-ti. 
 . fcebs. 
 
 jj. kyem (Sch. also Kern) a shovel, W.: 
 
 , *kyem dan pdn-ce* to shovel away, 
 
 to remove with a shovel; kuem-qiii dab- 
 
 ' / c/7 O 
 
 ma the blade of a shovel, yu-ba the handle 
 of it Cs. gru-kyem, cu-kyem W. oar, 
 Icags-Kyem spade; me -kyem fire-shovel; 
 wa-Kyem a scoop, hollow gutter-shaped 
 
 shovel Cs. ; Kyem-bu spoon Cs. 
 
 -v 
 
 P5^' kyer v. O kye-ba; Kyer-so v. O kyer-so. 
 
 rtf kyo B. frq., also %o'-po Pth. 1. man 
 ^ (seldom). 2. husband, %o byed-pa ('to 
 act a husband' cf. byed-pa I. 1J to take 
 a wife; kyod nai kyo mi byed-na if you 
 do not marry me Dzl. kyo-med single, 
 unmarried. kyo-mo wife Cs. kyo-siig 
 husband and wife, married couple; kyo- 
 
 |3* ^' a 
 
 SM<7 ynyis grogs-nas son these two married 
 people went together; kyo-sug mdzd-ba- 
 rnams a loving couple; kyim-bdag Kyo-sug 
 ynyis the citizen with his wife; )'ser-lha 
 kyo-sug ynyis about the same as: Mr. and 
 Mrs. Serlha; Kyo-sug-tu sdu-ba to join a 
 couple in marriage Dzl. 
 
 Kyo-ga 1. man emphatically, as: 
 skyes-bu na hor-pa yan Kyo-ga yin 
 we Turks are men, too; hero, kyo-ga-pa 
 id. 3. heroic deed, exploit. 
 
 kyog-po crooked, curved, bent; Cs. 
 also cunning. 
 kyog-fon (v. kyo-ga and foti) W. 
 
 young man, youth. 
 Kyogs litter, bier Pth., palanquin Cs. 
 also scaffold (?) Cs. 
 
 RC^* Kyon v. Kyon-ba. 
 
 m^-- Kyodpers. pron. 2nd. person sing, and 
 ^ ' plur., thou, you; Kyod-kyi thy, thine, 
 your; if plurality is to be especially ex- 
 pressed, it is done by adding cag: Kyod- 
 cag Mil.; occasionally also kyod-rnams, 
 cf. Kyed; kyod-rdn 1. thou thyself, you 
 yourself. 2. thou, you (W. *Kyo-rdn*). 
 mi- Kyon size, extension, width, circum- 
 ' ference, area, height e.g. of Dzambu- 
 ling Dzl., of the Sunieru Glr., of the lunar 
 mansions or the zodiac Glr.; Kyon-ydns- 
 pa a wide extent, kyon-ydns sa-yzi all the 
 wide world (earth); kyon-sdom Cs. 1. nar- 
 row-extent. 2. sum, contents. Kydn-nas 
 thoroughly, Kydn-nas mi sdig-can thoroughly 
 a sinner; Kydn-nas med not at all C. 
 
 Kyom-Kydm 1. oblique, awry, ir- 
 regularly shaped. 2. \. kyom-pa. 
 mi- Kyor (Cs. kyor-pa) as much as fills 
 P the hollow of the hand, a handful, 
 cf. skyor; kyor gan, kyor re one handful, 
 kyor do two handfuls. 
 
 Kydl-ba v. Kydl-ba', kyos-ma C. = 
 
 skyos-ma, skyds-ma. 
 rn- Kra 1. a small bird of prey, sparrow- 
 '^ hawk, falcon, used for hunting, also bya- 
 Krd; Kra-zur Sch.: a species of eagles; Krd- 
 pa falconer. 2. v. the following article.
 
 3" Rrd-bo 
 
 49 
 
 kri'nn-i 
 
 m-Ty Kni-bo perh. also Krci-mo piebald. t\v<>- 
 '^ coloured, (not many-coloured, which 
 is bkrd-ba); rgya-stdy-Kra-bo the streaked 
 Indian tiger MiL; * fa-fa* C. id.; *fa~wo- 
 pi-iro, fa-si-pi-si* W. id. (spelling un- 
 certain); nag-Krd black -spotted, so that 
 black is the predominating colour of the 
 whole; dmar-lmi red-spotted, red being 
 the predominating colour. - - The signi- 
 fications of the various compounds of / /v/ 
 have all a reference to the peculiar effect 
 produced on the eye by the blending of 
 two or more colours together, especially 
 when seen from a distance; so: Kra-cam- 
 mi' Glr. is said of a rainbow-tinted meteor, 
 kra-lam-me MiL, (or lham-mc',) of a similar 
 phenomenon, Jfra-cem-cem Pth. of a flight 
 of birds; *ta-cdm-se, ta-cem-nw, ta-cem-se* 
 ('., *cam-f (i.-f /w-wtf* La 7 ., *t a-$ig-ge' f a- c cig- 
 f/e, f a-rog-ye* C., all these seem to be of 
 nearly the same import. These com- 
 pounds have also assumed the character of 
 an adverb, signifying, together, altogether. 
 It'ra-me-ri' A///, id. 
 _.... tfrd-ma 1. Cs. register, index. 2. 
 
 6'. judicial decree. 3. a species of 
 grain, ace. to Wdii. = mgyogs-nds a kind 
 of barley growing and ripening within 
 60 days; v. nas. 
 
 Ih'ag (in Bal. still pronounced *Kray* 
 
 elsewhere Vogr*), 6s. : resp. sku-mfsal, 
 blood; *t<al-idg, zan-idg* W. vulg. blood 
 discharged by menstruation, from which, 
 ace. to some authorities, * paii-t dg' !f blood 
 of the childbed is to be distinguished; 
 fZuii-Krdg healthy, nourishing blood Cs.; 
 nad-l : rdy bad blood (. 's. : Krag ^don-pa, W. 
 *ton-ce*, to bleed a person; ytdr-ba id. ; 
 kr<j yi-od-pa to stop, to stanch the blood; 
 limy cdd-pa vb. n. to cease to bleed, ces- 
 sation of bleeding; *nyiit-td,g K6l-la rag* 
 W. I feel my blood boiling, e.g. from 
 ascending a steep hill; Krag ^dzdg-pa men- 
 struation (the plain undisguised expres- 
 sion): Krag cdq-pa clotted blood, gore ('*.; 
 /, : rftf/-as-ce-ba plethoric Med. 
 
 Comp. /.r</ - . / r /v///.s Mi.: agitation, 
 flutter, orgasm of the blood. ttrdg-can 
 
 bloody, e.g. ral-gri. Kray-ycod n. of a 
 medicinal herb Me</.. Krag-Zags-rtd a 'blood- 
 bred' horse, i.e. a real horse, opp. to a 
 metaphysical one Mil. Krag- fun a class 
 of terrifying deities Thgr. *fdy-futi-bu* 
 W. leech. - 1> : r<ig-yz<>n W. rheumatic 
 pain (?) Knnj-rn clotted blood (?) M<></. 
 Icray-liii a clot of blood. kr(i<i-*<'>i- 
 hemorrhage, bloody flux (?) Med. 
 rarn'racn* ki'ay-Kriy one hundred thousand 
 
 million, an indefinitely large num- 
 ber Cs. ; ace. to L,e.r. = 1TO7T one million. 
 cf. dkrigs-pa. 
 
 krag-llruyCs. complicate, confused; 
 
 Zam.: like a troop of fighting 
 men, or like the loose leaves of a book. 
 when out of order. 
 
 Krag-Kr6g Lt.? 
 
 T /raw v. 
 
 krdd-pa Cs. stretched out; Krdd-por 
 sdod-pa to sit (with the legs) stret- 
 ched out (?). krdd-por skye-ba Wdii. a 
 botanical term applied to the leaves of 
 plants. 
 
 nqn' tf- ra b shield , buckler; coat of mail, 
 '^ scales Sc/t.; ace. to oral communi- 
 cation the word in the first instance denotes 
 scale (scale of a fish), and secondly coat 
 of mail; consequently /crab-can 1. scaled, 
 scaly. 2. mailed, armed with a coat of 
 mail; fcrdd-mtcan armourer Glr. 
 
 tfrab-tfrdb 1. a weeper, one that 
 sheds tears on every occasion 
 Sch. 2. MiL 92. 4? 
 
 l-rdm-ka a cut, a notch (in wood), 
 lines cut into wood so as to cross 
 one another, as an ornament; krdm-siii 
 a club-like implement, carved in the man- 
 ner just mentioned, representing the at- 
 tribute of a god. nyag-fcrdm a notch. 
 
 /cram-pa I. ('. : a liar, xhi-btn- />!/<'</- 
 pai /erdm-pa Ptfi.; Krdm-ma fern. 
 Cs.; Ka-Krdm a lie Mil; Krdm-sems-can 
 lying, mendacious Mil. II W.: 1. lively, 
 brisk, quick, like boys, kids etc. (the con- 
 trary of yUm-pa slow, indolent, apathetic); 
 *t/im-pa co* W. a wish of good speed, ad- 
 4
 
 50 
 
 T Krai 
 
 dressed to one going on a journey, such 
 as: good success! may all go well! 2. 
 modest, attentive to the wishes of others, 
 rnqr Krai (Lea\ ^r^f punishment) 1 . pun- 
 ishment, chastisement for sins, visita- 
 tion; in this sense the word is said to be 
 used still, but much more frq. it signifies 
 2. tax, tribute, duty, service to be performed 
 to a higher master; Ural sdu-ba to collect 
 taxes, cjdl-ba, skor-ba to pay taxes, bkdl- 
 ba to impose taxes; dnul-kral money-tax, 
 tax to be paid in money, J>ru-Kral corn- 
 tax, tribute paid in corn, til-mdr-Kral tax, 
 tribute to be paid in sesame-oil. 
 8V Kri (Cs. Kri-ma), Kri-Krdg, Kri-fso ten 
 "* thousand, a myriad, Kri pyed dan ynyis 
 ] 5 000 ; nyi- fen 20 000 ; bzi- Kri 40 000 ; 
 brgyad-Kri bzi-ston 84 000, a number frq. 
 occurring in legends. 
 
 nV Kri, also Kriu, seldom Kri -bo, resp. 
 ^ bzugs-Kri, seat, chair; throne; couch; 
 frame, sawing-jack, trestle etc ; *gya-fi* 
 an Indian (Anglo-Indian, European) chair: 
 cos -Kri a professorial chair, pulpit Pth., 
 reading-desk, table for books, school-table; 
 *nye-fi* (v. snye-ba) a contrivance to rest 
 the head on when sleeping on the ground 
 W. nydl-Kri, resp. yzim-Kri, bed-stead; 
 sen-ge-Kri throne; Kri-la bsko-ba to raise 
 on the throne; Kri-la c K6d-pa to preside, 
 to hold the chair. As the Tibetans 
 generally sit on the bare ground, or on 
 mats, or carpets, chairs are rather articles 
 of luxury. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. Kri-ydugs po. the 
 sun. Kri-paCs. a chairman; one sitting 
 on a throne. Kri-~pdn 1. 6s.: the height 
 of a chair, a high chair. 2. mcod-rten- 
 gyi Kri-cpcir'i the same as ban-rim. Kri- 
 mvn or mon Pth., Tar., prison, dungeon. 
 "VV-s?V/, (iu-sin*, the common, plain word 
 for chair. 
 
 Kri-le-ba fear C. (?) 
 
 Krig-Krig 1. so Krig-krtg byed-pa 
 to gnash, grind the teeth Mil.; 
 fzi'igs-po to shiver, shake with cold, terror, 
 rage Mil. 2. col. for tig-tig. 
 
 rarn^T ^ r *9* plentiful, abundant Sch.; za- 
 ^6g Krigs-se silk-fabrics, silks, in 
 abundance Mil.', Krigs-se gan quite full 
 Sch. ; Krigs-se byed-pa to treat, to entertain 
 plentifully Sch. 
 
 mr- qms- K^, Jtrid, instruction, teach- 
 ing ; Krid ^debs-pa to give in- 
 struction, to instruct, tirid-pas-cog I am 
 willing to give you instruction, you may 
 have lessons with me Mil. ; Krid bsdd-pa 
 to give instruction, to make admonitory 
 speeches, to give parenetical lectures; Krid 
 zdb-po thorough instruction; slu-tfrid in- 
 struction to an evil purpose, seduction, v. 
 slu-ba; sna-Krid Lex. guide, leader. 
 Krid-mKan col. teacher. Krid-prug scho- 
 lar, pupil. Kridr^pa v. c Krid-pa. 
 
 Krims 1. right, not in the abstract 
 sense in which the word is gene- 
 rally understood with us, but in more or less 
 concrete applications, such as administration 
 of justice, law. judgment, sometimes also 
 implying custom, usage, duty. Accordingly 
 rgydl-po, or btsi'm-po Krims-med means an 
 unjust king, an unprincipled priest or ec- 
 clesiastic; Krims bzin-du, Krims dan mfim- 
 par conscientiously, justly; in conformity 
 with custom, duty, law; cos-Krims religious 
 right, coming nearest to our abstract right; 
 when, for instance, in Glr. king Srori- 
 btsan-sgam-po says: rgydl-Krims cos-Krims- 
 su bsgyur I have changed the right of a 
 king into that of religion, he means to 
 say: I have subjected my own absolute 
 w r ill to the higher principle of universal 
 right. A somewhat different sense conveys 
 Glr. 97, 4: cos-Krims O jig-pai gros by as 
 they conspired to extirpate the religious 
 principle of administration. 2. law, dge- 
 ba bcu dan Iddn-pai Krims a general law. 
 founded upon the ten virtues Glr.; des 
 cos-Krims daii rgydl-Krims ynyis ytdn-la 
 pab, he regulated the spiritual and secular 
 law Glr. 97, 1.; bka-Krims resp. law, as a 
 collection of precepts, decree, command- 
 ment; Icrims cd-ba to enact a law. to pub- 
 lish a decree, frq. ; Krims sgrog-pa to pro-
 
 Rril 
 
 51 
 
 claim an edict; mfo-ba /trims -kyis ynon 
 he limited the power of the nobility by 
 laws Glr., Krints-yiy code of law C. ; Kritus 
 also a single precept, rule, commandment 
 Dzl; Burn. I, 630. 3. administration of 
 justice, cos-kyi Krims the ecclesiastical, 
 dpon-yyi Krims the secular civil, exercised 
 by the Krims -dpon; liiys ynyis-kyi Krims 
 a twofold jurisdiction, a combination of 
 the ecclesiastical and secular administration 
 of justice (as it existed among the Jews); 
 krinis srun-ba to observe, to act according 
 to, right, custom, duty; also to exercise 
 jurisdiction, to goyern, to reign; to bridle, 
 to keep in check Glr. 95. 9.; Krims byed- 
 pa id. ni f. fsul-Krims a spiritual pre- 
 cept or duty ; also a frequent man's name. 
 - 4. action, lawsuit, W. also *fim-sdys* 
 or only *says; yan ziy tim-si pi-la* W. 
 for the sake of some law-suit, *fim tdn- 
 ce* to sit in judgment, to try, to hear causes; 
 *fim erf -pa* C. = *tim td/t-cc* W., means 
 also to pass sentence, to punish, *tim dag- 
 po to/i-wa* to inflict a heavy punishment; 
 mi -la Krims -bead poy he incurs, suffers 
 punishment Pth.; *fim zu-ce* W. to go 
 to law, to commence an action; *tim zu- 
 KIIH* W. plaintiff; *(im tun-Kan* W. ma- 
 gistrate, judge; Krims -dpon B., C., W., 
 superior judge, chief-justice; */' im-kyi duy- 
 po* C. id.; Krims-yyuy apparitor, beadle 
 r.s. ; krimx-pa lawyer, advocate Cs. (seems 
 to be little used); Krims-Kan court, court 
 of justice, tribunal; Krims-ra id. ; place of 
 execution. 5. use, custom, usage that 
 power to which people in general show 
 the readiest obedience, and which in every 
 sphere of life forms the greatest obstacle 
 to reforms and improvements. 
 
 ffril v. Jcrtt. 
 
 Ki'i*! K'ris-j('njs peace, v. Jays. 
 
 rjv Km (/cru-ma Cs.) cubit, a measure of 
 b eighteen inches, from the elbow to the 
 extremity of the middle finger. The aver- 
 age height of a man is assumed to be 
 four cubits, that of a short man three. 
 
 Km c)dl-ba to measure with a cubit mea- 
 sure Cs. 
 
 lh-a-ba sometimes for Jcru-ba. 
 
 Kru-yz<ir a kind of stew-pan Sch. 
 
 kru-sl<>g a pit filled with corn (?) 
 Sch.; in Mil. Kru-sloy-pa stands 
 for digging, breaking up the soil, gardening. 
 Kru/t-lciit/i (Ssk. ^fr^") crane, Grus 
 cinerea. 
 
 (3^* K-fun height, length, extension Lea;., Cs. 
 
 Ns 
 
 nqq- Knd 1. Krul )toit-ba to let fall, to 
 <3 drop (several things at intervals), 
 mci-ma tears Mil. 2. *da-ful* W. inter- 
 calary month. 
 
 i'zf Krul-po C. 1. cheerful, merry. - 
 2. fornicator. 
 
 Krid-ma 1. W. */, : u-wa ful-ma* 
 crooked handle, crank (spelling un- 
 certain). 2. C. a whore. 
 
 Mu-Krum, Sch.: Knim-Kn'an 
 ^ byed-pa, Lt.: krum-Krinn brduii- 
 ba to pound in a mortar. 
 
 * Krums-stod, and -smdd, two 
 
 Nakshatras, v. ryyu-skdr 3f&. 
 Krus 1. pf. of Jct'u-ba. 2. sbst. 
 < bath, washing, ablution ; Krus-Ku, water 
 for bathing, washing or rinsing; dish- 
 water; Ifrus byed-pa to bathe, to use baths 
 Dzl. ; Krus-la ^yro-ba to go to bathe Dzl. ; 
 Krus ysol-ba resp. to take a bath Glr., also 
 to administer a bath to another (cf. ysol- 
 ba) Glr., Pth.; esp. as a religious cere- 
 mony, consisting in the sprinkling with 
 water, and performed, when a new-born 
 infant receives a name, when a person 
 enters into a religious order, or in diseases 
 and on various other occasions (cf. Schl. 
 Buddh. p. 239, where the word is spelled 
 (drus). Therefore 3. baptism, and k'l-us ;soZ- 
 baio baptize T///-. R. and P. Krus-kyi rdziii. 
 pond, pool for bathing; Rno-Xdn bathing- 
 room or house; Krus-sder basin, washing- 
 bowl Sch.; Kms-biim sacred watering-pot; 
 K'rus-y%6it bathing-tub Sch.; knis-fser bath- 
 ing-water Sch., but in Lt. this word re-
 
 5-2 
 
 P 
 
 I" Kr&rn 
 
 lates to a certain medical procedure or 
 method of curing. 
 
 m- kre (Ssk. finnr) millet, /.re-cd/l Mur- 
 wa-beer Sik., v. Hook. Himal. Joum. 
 
 "{? /vr-fee Chinese vermicelli T. (*f e-tse*). 
 cn^f'^I" kregs-pa v. mKreys-pa. 
 
 Krel, resp. fuys-krel 1 . shame, shame- 
 facedness. bashfulness, modesty; */;V/ 
 kdb-ce* W. v. yebs-pa. 2. piety, esp. W. 
 
 - 3. 6'. disgust, aversion. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. Rrd-yad a scorn- 
 ful laughter. Krel-can Cs. bashful, ti- 
 mid; W. pious, faithful, conscientious. - 
 Krel-ltds, Krel-ltos, dread of wicked actions; 
 Krel-ydo-n (lit. a face capable of shame) 
 id. *t el-dad-can, fel- dod-can* W. fond 
 of making others ashamed. Icrel-lddn = 
 krel-can. krel-ba vb. to make or to be 
 ashamed, *t'd son* he was ashamed, *iel- 
 ce mi yon* W. he is not put to shame; 
 C. also: to get into a passion; sbst. shame, 
 Krel-ba dan ito-fsa-ba med he has no 
 shame nor dread Dzl., *el-wa yod* W. 
 it is a shame. Krel-med (-pa), W. *Krel- 
 med- (/can) shameless, insolent. *fel-+<>* 
 object of disgust, C. Krel-yod chastity, 
 modesty, decency, Tcrel-yod-pa chaste etc., 
 L : rel-yod-par byed-pa to behave chastely etc. 
 
 Icrel-sdr = Urel-med. 
 
 'Tlf lc,*es-po Thyy. load, burden, = far. 
 
 j^ Kro 1. a kind of bronze, of about the 
 same quality and worth as O kur-l><t, 
 but inferior to //, q.v.; Icro-cu liquid, melted 
 bronze; liro-cus sdom-pa to fill up joints, 
 grooves etc. with melted bronze, to solder 
 Glr. 2. kettle Schr. 
 
 jzfer Kro-pa W. for Krod. 
 
 ^^. Kro-ba 1. anger, wrath, (cf. Jcro-ba 
 vb.) frq ; Itit't-Kro-ba inward anger 
 T/tgy. 2. angry, wrathful Cs.; Kro-bar 
 l><)('<l-pa, ( ayur-ba to be, to grow angry Cs.; 
 li-rv-bo, fern, kro-'ttiu angry, fierce, ferocious, 
 e.g. ycan-yzdn a ferocious beast; esp. ap- 
 plied to the 54 (or 60) deities of anger 
 
 and terror (ifc^X e -R- Kro-ba-cen-po = 
 ysin-ijc the ruler of hades; *t ( o-tum-po* 
 furious with rage, raging with anger C.: 
 Kro-fnyer distortion of the face by anger: 
 kro-ba-ma, Kro-ba-can she whose face is 
 wrinkled with anger, n. of a goddess Glr. 
 17, T2. *{o-f,d* W. dissatisfaction, grumb- 
 ling. Ih'o-mon Sch. prison (perh. h'ri- 
 nion). -- Kro-zdl an angry, frowning 
 countenance Glr. 
 
 Kroy f kroy bryydb-pa to drink 
 hastily, to gulp down Glr. ; Kroy-Krog 
 plump! the sound caused by something 
 falling heavily on the ground W. Kroy- 
 xind)t. the raw, unprepared substance of a 
 medicine Sch. 
 
 l' : '' f >f/-po botanical term, used of 
 leaves standing round the stem 
 scattered or alternately. 
 fgr-r- kroii-nS upright, straight, erect, (cf. 
 
 " kmit,) Glr., Mil. 
 rfirfrf Kron -po, *f6n -po* Ts. close-fisted. 
 
 stingy. 
 
 ffirvq'-) Krfal(-pa), W. *fd (-pa)* crowd, 
 assemblage, mass, multitude; mi- 
 /, : n></ a troop, crowd of men, ri-Krdd an 
 assemblage (mass) of mountains; rtxcu- 
 krt'xl a heap, stack, rick of hay ; nays-Krdd 
 a dense forest, mun-ftrdd thick darkness : 
 dnr-lcrdd cemetery where the corpses are 
 cut into pieces for the birds of prey; del 
 kr<'>d-du lha-yciy , joy-pas placing the prin- 
 cess among their (the girls') company 
 Glr. ; in W. *fd~pai nd.it -no* and *nd/'t-du* 
 c. genit. is the usual expression for among. 
 nrr. Lron claw, fang; //>;//-/;///* rko-bai ade 
 ^ ^ the class of the gallinaceous birds S.y. 
 jSgrcr Kfon-pa 1. well, spring. 2. Lit.: 
 a wooden water kennel; Ih-dn-bu a 
 little well; also n. of a medicinal herb, a 
 purgative against bilious complaints Med. 
 /, : rc> n-rd</s enclosure of a well Sc/t. 
 ftfgr Icrom 1. market-place, market -street, 
 '"^ bazar; Icroin Kkdr-ba to wander, to 
 ride round the market Glr., to ramble 
 through; ysaii-sitdys krdm-du kloy secret 
 spells (magic formulas) are read in the 
 market (a crime and sacrilege iu the eyes
 
 /from -i 
 
 of a Buddhist). 2. crowd of people, 
 multitude of persons; Krom-cen a great 
 crowd ; fsoys-pai /<'r6m-mams the assembled 
 crowd Pth.; po-Krom a multitude of men; 
 I'yyal-Krom prob. an assembly, a gathering 
 of kings Mil.; tirom dmar-ndy t kyil-ba a 
 motley crowd, throng of people J't/i. 
 
 Comp. Jerom - cen (po) Thyr. chief 
 
 market-place, principal street Cs. kront- 
 
 dpon overseer, police-officer who is char- 
 
 ged with the supervision of the market. 
 
 Krom-skor-ma harlot, strumpet Cs. 
 
 Jfrom-po Glr., n. of a province (?), 
 k : r6m-po-pa an inhabitant of it. 
 Krom-ine- sparkling, glittering, zil- 
 pa Krom-me a sparkling dew-drop 
 
 Pth. 
 
 j^&J^f' /,roms v. c grem-pa. 
 
 Krol 1. v. Jcrol-ba and yrol-ba. 2. 
 a sound; Vrdl-gyis son Glr. (the ring) 
 slid sounding (across the azure-floor); Krol- 
 do 1 1. is said to denote a large hand-bell, 
 and Krol-loy the same as Kroy-lh'6y W. 
 Cf. Jrol-ba. 3. kettle (?) v. (tags. 
 
 /.rol-k'i'61 adj 1. bright, shining, = 
 k'i'61-po. 2. k'rol-lh'61 byed-pa 
 Git'., *'r/'g t ol-tt t ol-le td-wa* C. to stare, 
 la, at. 
 
 j^i,.. _. lfn>l.-ca the act of forgiving, pardon 
 *SV7/. 
 
 krM-po 1- sparkling, glistening, dazz- 
 ling. e g. water when the sun 
 shines upon it; *'od f,6l-po* W. brightness, 
 splendour. 2. distinct, intelligible, *(s)pe- 
 ra 1 6l~po zpr ml xf(s) W. he cannot speak 
 distinctly. 
 n-^ kr6l-mo W. brittle, fragile, opp. to 
 
 Hrol-fsdy* 7>,/-., r. a sieve. 
 /Y ;.s- y ^/ v. o /, : /r;-/^r. 
 
 i)il>'(in, an affix to substantives and 
 verbal roots, denoting 1. one who 
 knows a thing thoroughly, making a trade 
 or profession of it, su-'ili'u)i one who knows 
 the country, the road, a guide, u pilot (Dd. 
 
 3?Y% 7); Idm-mKan id. Mil; sin-mk'an, 
 worker in wood, carpenter, joiner etc. 
 2. affixed to a verbal root, it is often (at 
 least in later literature) equivalent to the 
 periphrastic participle, signifying: he who 
 in any special case performs an action; 
 so d6gn-ntJ\'an Glr., one who is binding, 
 fastening; also with an objective case: 
 iiai bu-mo jlod-mKan Glr. such as are 
 courting my daughter ; bsdd-mKan the man 
 having killed, the murderer. 3. In col- 
 loquial language, esp. in W., it has on 
 account of its more significant form en- 
 tirely displaced the proper participle ter- 
 mination in pa: *diii<- f nia /, : i/ct'-/> : an-iii mi* 
 W. the men carrying the beam ; contrary to 
 its original signification, it is even used 
 in a passive sense : *sdd-Kan-ni luy* W. 
 the slaughtered sheep. 
 
 a clerical teacher, professor, doctor 
 of divinity, principal of a great monastery, 
 abbot, who, as such, is endowed with the 
 mkan-rgyied, or spiritual gifts, handed 
 down from Buddha himself by trans- 
 mission, viz. dbat'i, lufi, l, : rid; next to him 
 comes the slob-dpon, or professor in or- 
 dinary. ml?dn-po ton -mi sdmbho-ta Dr. 
 Thon-mi Sambhota; ml>'dn-mo mistress, in- 
 structress (.'.: mKdn-bu pupil, scholar Tar.- 
 mJtan-cen a great Doctor, a head-master; 
 mkan-slob for mh'dn-po dan slob-dpon, e.g. 
 bid- ma mlcan-slob-kyi bka the words of 
 the Lamas, abbots and masters; also for 
 mKdn-po daii slob-ma Glr. 1 00, 4. mKan- 
 rdbs the series or succession of the abbots 
 in the great monasteries Cs. m-Kan-rhn 
 the respective prospects of being elected 
 abbot, as depending on the different ranks 
 of the expectant individuals. 
 ^-Q. mh-a (Ssk, ^r) 1. heaven, heavens, 
 gen. nam-mKa; ml<a-la in the hea- 
 vens, m/i'd-la pur-ba, rgyb-ba, hlii<-ba to 
 lly, wander, soar, in the air. 2. ether, 
 as the fifth element. 3. symb. num. : 
 cipher, naught. 
 
 Comp. mli'a-kloii, mka-kjdb, in kit 
 (Jbt/i/ts the whole compass or extent of the
 
 \" mfi'ar 
 
 54 
 
 heavens Cs. mtfa- c yr6-ma, in Mil. gen. 
 m/ca-firo-ma, Ssk. >g|'fqlV fabulous beings 
 of more modern legends, v wise' women of 
 supernatural powers, sometimes represent- 
 ed like angels, at other times like fairies 
 or witches. mka-mnydm Lex. like the 
 heavens, infinite. mKa-ldin the sky- 
 soarer, the bird Garuda, v. Jc.yun. mka- 
 spyod wanderings through heaven Tar. 
 112, 4, also: enjoyment of heaven, en- 
 joying or inhabiting heaven; mH'a-spyod- 
 du yseys-pa to go to heaven, to die Mil. 
 mKar 1. resp. sku-mUdr. Gl>:, castle, 
 nobleman's seat or mansion, manor- 
 house, frq.; citadel, fort Pt/i.; house in 
 general Mil. 2. termin. case of mica. 
 
 Comp. mfcar-dpdn governor of a 
 castle, commander of a fortress. mKar- 
 Ids C. and B., the work of constructing 
 a castle, of raising an edifice; *Kar-len* 
 W. id. mKar-sruii the guard or garrison 
 of a castle, fortress Cs. 
 
 mh : dr-ba 1. (also Jldr-bci) B. and 
 C, staff, stick; mkar-yril staff of 
 the mendicant friars, the upper part of 
 which is hung with jingling rings; pyay- 
 mMr resp. for mlcdr-ba. 2. bronze, bell- 
 metal, v. Jcdr-ba. 
 
 m>Kdl-ma kidney, reins, mKdl mdoy 
 'kidney-colour, dark red' Cs. 
 mKds-pa Ssk. tfZ, (originally like 
 oncfoc] skilled; skilful, in mecha- 
 nical work, and so it is frq. used in col. 
 language ; further in a more general sense : 
 smdn-pa micds-pa a skilful, clever physi- 
 cian ; experienced, learned, prudent, shrewd, 
 wise; c. accus. or dat., in a thing; so-fsis- 
 la in farming, cos in religion; slob-ma 
 skyo/t-ba-la m/cds-pa an able tutor, peda- 
 gogue Mil.; mKas-btsun-bzdii prop, denotes 
 the qualities of a right priest: learned, 
 conscientious, good, but sometimes it in- 
 dicates only the position in society, the 
 clerical rank, so esp. mtias-bfsim learned 
 clerics, reverends Glr., mkds-po or -pa a 
 learned man, a scholar, siion-yyi mkds-po- 
 rnams learned men of former times; m/,-as- 
 yrub id., ryya-ydr-yyt utkas-yrub-rnams 
 
 &!R<3rCJ* mKy en-pa 
 
 Indian scholars; it is also used like our 
 'most wise', 'very learned', and similar 
 expressions in a pompous address Glr.; 
 niLd.^mcuy profound scholar Zam. I never 
 found the word applied to inanimate things 
 in the sense of 'wisely contrived', and the 
 correctness of Cs.: fabs mKds-pos 'by wise 
 means" may be questioned. 
 5jp<^*j" niKitn-pa Sch. v. Kim-pa. 
 
 N3 ^^ 
 
 v. Kur-fsos. 
 
 i>'6-ba desirable, to be wished for, 
 ////,'6-bai yo-bydd, in 6'. also */co- 
 jhe*, desirable things, requisits, wants, 
 desiderata: *hindu-t{n-yyi mi-La ko-we fso/'t- 
 zoy* articles of commerce, goods, commo- 
 dities, such as they are called for in 
 Hindostan; nye-bar mko-ba indispensable, 
 most necessary. Cf. / r o. 
 
 db Le.r. \. />m. 
 
 mlcyud-pa Cs.: to keep, to hold, 
 to embrace, = JUt/tid - pa ; i/pe- 
 mfyitd Le.r. w.e.; Cs.: unwillingness to lend 
 books. ilpf'-mUyud-cau unwilling to lend 
 books, dpe-m1, : yiid byed-pa to be unwilling 
 to lend books ; m/cyud-spydd a sort of bag 
 or vessel for carrying something (?); sor- 
 cery, witchcraft Sch. 
 
 mkyen-pa, resp. for ses-jxt, riy-^a, 
 yo-ba, to know, yab-yum-yyis 
 mli'yen-par mdzod-ciy my esteemed parents 
 may know Dzl.; to know, one man from 
 another, ryydl-po mkyen-tam does the king, 
 does your 'majesty know the . . . ? (the 
 king himself will answer: nas MS-SO) Dzl. 
 It is frq. used of the supernatural per- 
 ception of Buddha and the saints , bsdm- 
 pa day-par mKyen-pas as he (the Bodhi- 
 sattwa) perceived the sentiments (of his 
 scholar) to be sincere Dzl.; mUyen-par 
 yyiir-to perceived, found out, discovered; 
 to understand, ml^jen son-nam did you 
 understand it? mtfyen-ryya-can possessed 
 of much understanding, very learned Mil.: 
 'iitkifi'ii - Ulan -i/d/'/s -pa profoundly learned : 
 mUyen-brtse Glr. prob. : omniscient-merciful: 
 fa//<x-cad-//t/ l 'ye)i all -knowing, a later epi-
 
 mkran-ba 
 
 thet of Buddha: ye-wh'yen, tn>ton-mK',yen = 
 ye-ses, mt'/on-ses. tugs-mkydn is known 
 to me only as a sbst. abstr. : the knowing, 
 knowledge, prophetic sight, ije-btsim-gyis 
 fugs-mlhjcn-qyis yzigs-pa Idgs-sam has your 
 reverence seen by your prophetic sight? 
 Mil. ; ace. to Cs., however, sku-mKyen, ysuii- 
 mKyen and fugs-mMyfa are identical in 
 meaning with mltyen-mKyen , a form of 
 entreaty which, as a Lama told me, pro- 
 perly has the sense: you know yourself 
 best what is good for me! In accordance 
 to this explanation we find in Mil. after 
 an entreaty: bld-ma Kyed mKyen-mKyen. 
 It is gen. added without any connecting 
 word, like our pray, or please, but some- 
 times it is construed with the inf. : mdzdd- 
 />(') mKyen-mtiyen, please to do. 
 
 mKran (-ba), also /era?/ hard, 
 solid, compact; srd-mtfrdn-can 
 O gyur-med Thgy. firm, hearty, sound, of a 
 strong and robust constitution. mMrdn- 
 pa denotes the fourth stage of the devel- 
 opment of the foetus Thgy. 
 
 r mtfrig-ma the wrist of the hand. 
 
 .. *tigs-pa* col. W. (also Bunan) 
 
 for: 
 ~i.-..,p.. mtfris-pa B. and C. (S&k. fTjrf) 
 
 bile, gall. 1 . the vesicle of the 
 gall, the gall-bladder, as part of the intes- 
 tines. 2. generally: the substance of 
 the bile, the bilious fluid, which ace. to 
 Tndo-Tibetan philosophy is connected with 
 the element of fire, and which, conform- 
 ably to its functions, is divided into five 
 species, of which physiology gives the 
 oddest details. mtcris-ndd bilious disease: 
 m/cris-fsdd prob. bilious fever: grdn'inKris 
 a feverish shivering, a chill. 
 
 mfais-ma Lex. w.e., perh. = / : /'/,s. 
 
 55 
 
 we cause vexation to ourselves (by mind- 
 ing too much the affairs of others): Jtan 
 animosity. /v/v/ rnati there occur many 
 collisions, quarrels Mil., dpon-sUb re /y/// 
 O byun there arise mutual differences, ani- 
 mosities, between masters and scholars Mil. 
 J'ad-pa esp. W. 1. to sit, to sit 
 firm, rtai lid-ru on the back of a 
 horse. 2. to remain sitting, to stick fast, 
 to be stopped, kept back, e.g of a bird, 
 myius, in a snare: rkdh-pa Jiad-de O gyel- 
 ba to get entangled with the foot so as 
 to fall: sgo J, : ad O dug the door sticks. Cf 
 also Kad-pa and bkad-j)a. 
 qm^-q- Jt.dm-pa 1. to faint away, to swoon. 
 2. Sch. also: to take into one's 
 mouth. 
 
 Qra^'q' Kdr-ba I. sbst. 1. staff \.mKdr- 
 ba. 2. bronze, bell-metal, Mr- 
 (bai) cu molten, liquid bronze, Jfdr-bai 
 me-lon a metallic mirror; Jfar-rnd gong, 
 used in India and China instead of bells: 
 Cs.: a drum of bronze; yet it is rather a 
 large bronze disk, producing, when struck, 
 a very loud sound like that of a bell. 
 Kar-yzon a dish or basin of metal: J?ar- 
 zdns a metallic kettle. II. vb., in C. the 
 same as Jldd-pa. 2. in W. intrs. to 
 dgar-ba. 
 
 o Kdr-Jfu-ba to resist Sch. 
 
 hard, firm, e.g. snow; *go- 
 W. obstinate, stiffnecked. stubborn. 
 Jtd-ii-ba (not: to put a fault or 
 crime on another fs., but:) to 
 hurt or offend, to annoy, to vex, fsur-la /. : // 
 
 Qraorn* Jfal-ba, pf. and fut. (imp. /W?), 
 W. *kdl-ce* 1. #., C, W.: to spin, 
 bal, wool, skud-pa a thread, srdd-bu yarn. 
 - 2. W. to send, to forward, things. 
 
 to offend, insult, Bhar. {Lea-. 
 injury); Ku- Krig, ace. 
 to the context, denotes certain passions 
 that disturb the tranquillity of the mind, 
 such as malignity and covetousness: /> : <it't- 
 ba is synon. Cs.'s 'to emulate, contemn, 
 hate, long for, and Sch.'s 'pride' I am 
 not able to verify. 
 
 /un-pa to groan, to fetch a deep 
 sigh, not so much as a sign of 
 pain or sorrow, but rather as a mere phy- 
 sical deep nnd hollow sound Med.; Jfitn- 
 sgras Kd/t-pa /certs he filled the house with
 
 -r 
 
 groanings Pth.; sddii-bai dyrd-la yyay Itar 
 Jkun he groans (grunts, bellows) like a 
 yak against a fierce enemy Mil. 
 O__j._.. o um-pa pf. /turns (cf. s/cum-pu) 
 
 >o to shrink, to be conti acted, e.g. of 
 
 the limbs, by gout; *yur-ra raii-zin Jcu ni- 
 ce yin* W. the ditch will get narrower of 
 itself; Rums-pa shrunk, shrivelled, con- 
 tracted; fig. reduced, restricted, deprived 
 of power. 
 q_^^.~. Jums-pa Le^. and Cs. to com- 
 
 >o prehend, understand; Sch. also: 
 
 to practise, to impress on the mind. 
 -__._. Jlinr-ba 1. sbst /tir-ba, pastry. 
 
 >o II. vb., pf and fut. liur, rarely bkur 
 (v. bkur-ba) \. to carry, convey, lhir(-ru) 
 Jcur-ba to carry a load : mi fey-par Jlur- 
 ba Med. to carry too heavy loads, prop 
 to carry what one cannot carry; *Kur soy* 
 C., *Kurkyon* W. bring! fetch! *Kur soit* 
 C. s *K'ur Jcyer* W. take away! carry off! 
 Jcur-du foys-te taking up in order to carry, 
 taking on one's back DzL; *ldy-par 1,'ur- 
 ce* W. to hold in one's hand. 2. to 
 carry away or off, ro Jcur-ba Pth., to carry 
 away a corpse; to take along with, in W. 
 even: to pocket, *sem-la Kur-ce* W. to take 
 to heart; *'d-ne Kur-ce* to take a wife, 
 to marry. Kur-fag carrying-girth, rope 
 or strap Thyy. Cf. fcur, Uur-ba etc. 
 
 Jcur-fsfa v. tfur-fsos. 
 
 KM>-ba to subdue, to subject C*. ; 
 Sch. also: to be uneasy about. 
 Liejc. : yyoy-tu Jliil-ba ; v. also Ihd 3. Zam. ; 
 Ural Kul-ba perh. to force a tax, a rate, 
 on a person. 
 
 % 8 -P pf- %* to hinder, stop, 
 shut off, debar, lam the way 
 Mil.; ji-ltar bkay run ma Keys- pas Mil., 
 although they prohibited, tried to proh. 
 him), he was not prohibited; ryydl-bui 
 pydy-yis kyar't mi Kegs-pa Mil. not being 
 hindered even by Buddha's power. 
 
 o^/is -pa, pf. Kens, to be full, 
 cus ket'ts yod-pa Gl/:; bio-yros 
 ma fans - te his mind not being satiated 
 Tar. 135, 13. 
 
 a pf. /WAS, to cover, to spread 
 over, ijo/ts-s-u kcbs-te being covered 
 all over $ty.; Ka fams-cad /,'ebs-te over the 
 whole face Sty.; to overshadow DzL <5^, 17. 
 qraorq- M-ba pf. Kel 1. to put on, to 
 load, to pack on, =^qel-ba; bcu-foy 
 Kel-na when the ten stories or lofts shall 
 have been put on Mil.nt. 2. to spin, =^ 
 Ml-ba ., Glr. 
 
 Jti-ba (vb. to nt-K-6-ba\ to wish, to 
 want, to think useful, serviceable, 
 necessary, to have occasion for Mil.; K6- 
 ste O o/t he will be able to make use oi it 
 Mil.; * t?6a mi Jed* or * K6-ce med* W. I 
 do not want it, I do not like it: Ko-bjed 
 fit for use, useful. 
 
 'jn* J*'oys - pa \\ T eak from old age, 
 decrepit, decayed ; rgan or rc/as- 
 O koys id.; sno-koy, skya - K6g (sic) Thyy. 
 with a complexion blue or pale from old age. 
 /, : 6/t-ba (cf. syon-ba) to contract 
 one's limbs, to sit in a cowering 
 position, to squat; to hide one's self; dpa 
 Ji6h-ba to become discouraged, dishearten- 
 ed Thgy. 
 
 G&' EK- o^ Rod 1. surface, super- 
 ficies; sat O f, : od snyoms-pa to 
 remove inequalities of the surface, to level, 
 to plane, />'od - snyoms - pa levelled, made 
 even, plain; also fig.: bdr-yyi fad snyoms 
 gaps were filled up, i.e. distinctions of rank, 
 wealth etc. were done awav with, not in 
 consequence of a revolution, but as an act 
 of kindness, forced upon the people by a 
 despotic government. 2. a mill-stone, 
 *yd - Ko'* the upper stone, *md - Hci 1 * the 
 nether stone C. 
 
 Qmr-^j- Jfddrpa to sit down, to sit; bar- 
 mdt't-la, suspended in the air, 
 floating, soaring, frq. of gods and saints 
 in legends ; ryyal - srt'd - l<i to have been 
 raised to the throne Tar.; to live, to dwell 
 DzL ; gen. used like a passive to ^od-pa 
 to be put, placed, established (in virtue, in 
 a doctrine. = to be converted to): glegx- 
 bdm-du to be put down in writing, to be 
 recorded Tar. Cf.
 
 o Jron-pa (Lexx. have a pf. 
 1. c.c. daw, to bear a grudge or 
 ill-will against a person, to be dissatisfied 
 with a thing; Jcon-nas when they (the 
 states) were at war with one another (opp. 
 to mfun-nas in peaceful relations) Glr.; 
 Jcon-med-par honestly, without insidious 
 intentions, e.g. in negotiations Glr. ; cos dan 
 Jcon-pa to wish to keep aloof from reli- 
 gion, or to have done with religion; in a 
 special sense: to be tired of the clerical 
 profession Glr.; Jfon-zugs-pa, Jcon-du 
 ^dzin-pa = J?6n-pa; JKon res byed-pa Sch. 
 to quarrel, prob. more accurately, to have 
 a spite against each other. Jcon-po dis- 
 sension, discord Sch. Cf. Icon-pa. 2. C. 
 = Jcar-ba II. 
 
 Jcob Sch. barbarous, rough, rude, gen. 
 
 combined with mfa, mfa-Jcob, with 
 or without yul, barbarous border - country. 
 So the Tibetans always designate their own 
 country, in comparison with India, the 
 holy land of Buddhism, as being mfa-Jcob 
 Ha-ha-can. The rarely occurring yan-Kob 
 seems to indicate a still more distant and 
 barbarous country. 
 
 ^bs-pa to be startled, agita- 
 ted, alarmed, in one Lex. how- 
 ever, it is explained by Kydb-pa. 
 
 Jtor 1. circle, circumference; the 
 
 persons or objects encircling, sur- 
 rounding (a certain point or place); Ite- 
 ba dan dei Jcor-mams the navel and the 
 circumjacent parts Ned.; *de-K6r-la* W. 
 thereabout; nye- K6r v. nye; more esp. 
 retinue, attendants, Jcor dan bcas-pa (^pj- 
 fTTTT) w i*h attendants, suite: Kor rndm- 
 pa bzi Tar. frq., the attendants of Buddha's 
 hearers, divided into four classes (viz. in 
 the earliest times: dge-slwi, dge-slon-ma, 
 dge-snyen, and dge-snyen -ma; at a later 
 period : nyan-fos, ran-sans-rgyds, byan-cub- 
 sems-dpa, and so-soi skye-bo-mams q.v.) 
 Kor dgra-bcom-pas bskor-te surrounded by 
 the retinue of the Arhants (v. dgra-bcom- 
 pa); Kw-du bsdm-so he gathered them 
 round himself as his retinue Dzl. ; also 
 fig.: the train of thoughts, reminiscences 
 
 etc., which the soul, when passing into a 
 new body, cannot take along with it Thgy.; 
 it is also used for a single servant or at- 
 tendant (6s. has Jcor-po or O kor-pa male 
 attendant, and Jfdr-ma female attendant), 
 JKor ycig Mil.; Jfor ynyis two attendants 
 Glr., hence Jeor-rnains sometimes for do- 
 mestics, household servants; but if Kor with 
 a numeral is preceded by ytsd-bo, or a 
 similar noun, this preceding word is ace. to 
 the Tibetan mode of speaking included in 
 the number given, so that ytso-bo Jcor lit 
 should be translated: the master and four 
 attendants (not five). 2. instead of O fcor- 
 ba, or Kor-lo, esp. in compound words; lo- 
 o Jcor = lo-skor a cycle, comprising a space 
 of twelve years. 
 
 Comp. JMr-mkan attendants Glr. - 
 K6r- Q bdns subjects Cs. Jcor-yyog = Jcor 
 retinue, servants etc. *<]hun-K6r* C. wait- 
 ing man, valet de chamber, = sku-mdun- 
 pa which is the respectful word for it. 
 nan- Jcor household servants, domestics. 
 *Icoi'-gydg* W. latch. O lcor - O dds \. sub 
 Jc6r-ba II. 
 
 - K6r-ba I.vb. (cf. skor-ba), to turn 
 round, to turn about, to go round in 
 a circle; Jcor-gin yod he is walking (run- 
 ning, flying etc.) round the . . . Glr.; esp. 
 of the successive transmigrations of me- 
 tempsychosis, v. II; mgo Jcor my head 
 turns, I am getting dizzy, confused; also 
 I am duped, cheated, imposed on, Kyed- 
 kyi Ka-sbydn-gyis ned mgo mi Jcor we are 
 not to be taken in by the volubility of 
 your tongue Ml; to pass away, to grow 
 full, to be completed, lo-dus Jc6r-ba-na when 
 one year was past Glr.; srds-kyis lo Jcw- 
 te when the prince had completed one 
 year, was one year old; *da bit-Ion Kor* W. 
 now the debt is entirely paid off, cleared; 
 *Kor mi tub* it cannot be paid off; *mi 
 Kor*, the sum is not full, not sufficient to 
 cover the debt; to walkabout, roam, ramble 
 W.; to return from a journey, to come home; 
 *rdn-la Jf6r-ba* to come or fall back (on 
 the head of the author, originator); to 
 come together, to contract, to gather, e.g.
 
 58 
 
 F 
 
 clouds, frq. water, *Koi Kd-cu fcor* W. it 
 makes his mouth water: dgrd-bo Jcor Mil. 
 enemies are collecting (we create ourselves 
 enemies); also impersonally: *Kor son* it 
 has become cloudy; ynam Kor the sky is 
 getting overcast, clouded; therefore even 
 to arise, to be produced, formed, z?l-pa Jfor 
 dew is produced, yyd, rust, even: lus-la 
 sras Jtor a child has been formed, pro- 
 duced, in the womb Pth. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. the turning round or a- 
 bout etc.; more particularly 2. the Orb or 
 round of transmigration within the six 
 classes of physical beings. Though the 
 Buddhist has not a more ardent wish, than 
 to be finally released from the repeated wand- 
 erings of the soul, yet he believes so firmly 
 in these migrations, that he will rather fol- 
 low the doctrines of his philosophers, and 
 doubt the reality of the perception of his 
 senses, than think it possible, that the whole 
 theory of the K6r-ba with all its conse- 
 quences should be nothing but a product 
 of human imagination. K6r-bar J?6r-ba 
 to turn round, to wander about in the orb 
 of transmigration; K6r-bai btson-ra, O dam, 
 mfso the dungeon, the swamp, the sea of 
 the K6r-ba; K6r-ba-las O dds-pa to escape 
 from the O kor-ba, = to enter into the Nir- 
 wana Jtdr -- O das 1. abbreviation of the 
 foregoing. 2. for Jcor-ba dan O das-pa the 
 stay in the K6r-ba and the escape from 
 it; O fcor O das ynyis-su nas ma mfon I have 
 not seen that there is a difference between 
 these two Mil. 
 
 a wal1 ' ram P art Cs -> v - 
 
 Kfo-yyd C. latch. 
 
 o^-fc (&* ^li, n^r) 1. circle, 
 
 fsogs-kyi Jcor-lo offerings arranged 
 in a circle, v. fsogs: Jtir-lo O bri-ba to de- 
 scribe a circle Tar. More frq.: 2. a cir- 
 cular body, a disk, roll, wheel, any modi- 
 fication of the cylinder, bcu-ysum-Jcor-lo 
 the column on the mcod-rten consisting 
 apparently of thirteen circular disks ; Jcor- 
 lo brteib-brgydd the wheel with eight spokes, 
 a frq. attribute of deities; rdza-mKdn-gyi 
 
 K6r-lo potter's wheel; cos-kyi Jcor-lo pray- 
 ing-cylinder, cf. below; also a compli- 
 cation of wheels, wheel-work, engine, O prul- 
 (gyi) Jcor(-lo) 'magic wheel', a phantas- 
 tic attribute of gods, but also any real 
 machine of a more ingenious construction, 
 e.g. sugar - press Stg., electrical machine 
 etc.; cu-fsod-Jcor-lo a clock; sin-rta-Jc,6r- 
 lo waggon, carriage, also cart-wheel. - 
 Figuratively: bde - ba dan sdug - bsndl - gyi 
 Jcor-lo, vicissitude of fortune; dus-kyi K6r- 
 1 0^rn?TniO acc< ^ Cs.'s Chronological 
 Table (Cs.'s Gram. p. 181) a later philo- 
 sophical system, contained esp. in the rtsa- 
 rgyud, Mulatantra, in which the Adibud- 
 dha doctrine, prophecies, chronology etc. 
 are propounded. It was introduced into 
 Tibet about 1000 p. Chr.; cf. also Schl. 
 45. Kdr-lo sgyur-ba, or skdr-ba, with 
 cos-kyi, to turn the wheel of doctrine, 
 to preach, to teach religion, (vulgo under- 
 stood only of the turning of the praying- 
 cylinder); *co-kyi K6r-lo Un-mor be* -pa* C. 
 to devote one's self to the preaching of 
 religion. On the other hand: K6r - los 
 sgyur-bai royal -po (^jftgjfl^) Will.: 'a 
 ruler, the wheels of whose chariot roll 
 everywhere without obstruction, emperor, 
 sovereign of the world, the ruler of a ca- 
 kra, or country extending from sea to sea 1 . 
 In this Indian explanation two different 
 etymologies are given, the former of which 
 is undoubtedly the original one. Buddhism 
 and the Tibetan language have added a 
 third signification, 'praying-wheel': modern 
 scholars a fourth, that of the 'orb' or round 
 of transmigration or metempsychosis: hence 
 the confusion attaching to the import of 
 this word. 
 
 *Kor-l6g* is said to be used in 
 col. language instead of lea -16 
 3. W. 
 
 K6r-sa = skor-lam v. skor - ba I. 
 
 extr.; K6r-sa bdr-pa, cen-po Glr. 
 Jlor-yswm, lit. three circles, 
 Ssk. trimandala\ Sch.: 'every 
 thing that belongs to archery' ; more cor- 
 rectly: arrow, knife, and spear.
 
 M-ba 
 
 p 
 
 59 
 
 M-ba I. pf. M, cf. sM - foz, to 
 boil, to be boiling, cu Kol the water 
 is boiling; Kol jug-pa to make boil, to 
 set to the fire for boiling, = skol-ba; to 
 ferment (dough), to effervesce, to sparkle 
 (beer) W. II. pf. bkol, imp. Kol 1. to 
 oblige a person to be a servant or bond- 
 man, to use as a servant; in full: bran-du, 
 also yyog-tu, K6l-ba\ therefore bran -Kol, 
 M-po servant, man-servant: bkol-spyod-kyi 
 sdug-bsitdl the calamity of servitude, cur- 
 rent expression for designating the lot of 
 animals; yzdn-dag-gis dbdii-med-par bkol- 
 ba to be enslaved by others, to be com- 
 pelled to do slave - work Thgy. ; dge - bai 
 Ids-la bkol-ba to make a person minister 
 to works of virtue. 2. to save, to spare, 
 to enjoy with moderation 6s., zur-du . . . 
 bkol-ba Lex. ; Sch. : saved, laid up, put by. 
 - 3. Sch.: to become insensible, to be a- 
 sleep, to get benumbed, in reference to the 
 limbs; seems to be used in Med. 
 
 Kos 1 - ^' also o^ s -^ a (cognate to 
 K6-ba), worth, value, importance 6s.; 
 O fc6s-can important, mighty, of great in- 
 fluence, Jcos-med the opposite of it. 2. 
 K6s-su-pab-pa clyster Sch.; one Lex. has 
 mKos-pdb, w.e. 
 
 Jtydg(*)-pa,\to freeze (of water, 
 earth, provisions) ; to coagulate, 
 congeal (melted fat etc.). 2. to feel cold, 
 Jhjdcjs-na gos gyon if you feel cold, put 
 on clothes Glr., *Kyag jhun* C., *Kydgs-sa 
 ray* W. I feel cold; Jcydgs-g-ri a feeling 
 cold, a shivering (cf. ltdgs-gri) Mil.', *Kydgs- 
 sa* W. id., the cold fit of the ague. - 
 Jcy ays-rum, Jcyac/s-rom ice Glr.', Ji'yays- 
 Ihdm snow-shoe Sch. 
 
 o kydm-pa to run about, to wander, 
 e.g. cd-med yul-du in an unknown 
 country Glr.; Jcor-bar in the orb or round 
 of transmigration, v. Jcdr-ba; Jtydtn-ste nor 
 ltd bdog - pa ziy one who lives as a va- 
 gabond DzL; de-dag-ni rndm-par Jtydm- 
 pao they are mistaken, on the wrong track 
 Wd/t.; Jcydm-du )uy-pa to cause to ramble 
 or rove about, to scatter; Kydms-pa strayed, 
 lost, wandering, vagrant; erroneous, erring 
 
 Tar. 153, 15. Jcydm-Kyi a vagrant dog. 
 O fcydms-po 1. a vagabond. 2. n. of a 
 disease Med. 3. erroneous Tar. cu 
 Kydm-pa inundation, flood Ma. 
 
 Q Kydr-ba to err, to go astray, to 
 deviate from, *yan Kydr-la ma ca* 
 Ld. do not step out of your rank! do not 
 absent yourself! Kyar dogs yod one should 
 be afraid of going astray Thyy. ; dpe Jcydr- 
 po a defective simile ; fsig O kydr - po an 
 inadequate designation. In Tar. 48, 4 
 dpe Jtydr-po is translated 'epitome' by 
 Schf., but the whole passage is somewhat 
 obscure. 
 
 ydl-ba = kyal-ka q.v. 
 
 Kyi-baSch.,\>YO\). an incorrect read- 
 ing for Kyil-ba. 
 
 T <$yty~P a > P^ bkyigs, fut. bkyig, to 
 bind (a prisoner, a bundle of straw 
 etc.) ; *kye* (v. ske) *Kyig-pa* C. to strangle, 
 suffocate. 
 
 ]* %*# s -p a * comprise, encom- 
 pass Pth., v. pan-pa. 
 Kyid-pa, Sch.: mig Kyid-pa to 
 turn or roll one's eyes. 
 .-.... Kylms-pa 1 . to be encircled with 
 a halo, as the sun and moon 
 sometimes are 6s.; O og-Jcyims Lex. qfTfaf 
 halo ; also O ja-6d JSyims a rainbow-coloured 
 halo appears Pth. 2.:*na-bun* or*mug-pa 
 Kyims, dud-pa Kyims*, fog, smoke, comes 
 floating on. 
 
 qm^-q- Kyir-ba to turn round in a cir- 
 cular course 6s., Lex.iydugs Jzyir- 
 ba to turn a parasol round (?). 
 c^,.-. Jtyil-ba vb. n. 1. to wind, to twist; 
 dun yyds-su Kyil-ba a triton or 
 trumpet-shell, wound to the right, and then 
 considered particularly valuable, these shells 
 generally being wound to the left; of the 
 hair: gyen-la O fcyil-ba wound or twisted 
 (on the crown of the head) Glr. ;, ro-smdd 
 brul - du Jlyil - ba the lower part of the 
 body being wound into a serpent (the 
 usual manner of representing the '&'); 
 f od-du Jcyil-zifi, the body enveloping itself 
 in light Mil. ; to roll: nya yser-mig Jtyil-
 
 60 
 
 ba yod the fish rolls its golden eye Mil.; 
 to whirl, to eddy, to move round rapidly, 
 of the water, so prob. Dzl. 3, 13; ?, 
 2; Jfrom dmar-ndg Q Kyil-ba the motley 
 crowd in a whirling motion Pth. ; to hang or 
 flow down in folds, of a tent or a curtain 
 Glr. 33, 12. 2. to flow (whirling) to- 
 gether, used of rivulets and brooks over- 
 flowing so as to form small lakes Mil.' 
 of persons: to meet, to flock or crowd 
 together, mi mdn-po de-ru Jcyil-bar yyur- 
 te Pth.; *Kyil-cu* and *cu-Kyrt* col. puddle. 
 
 Q'CT Kyu-ba, pf. Jtyus to run Lex. 
 
 - ts- ; to run; 
 
 Kyuy-po a runner; Jiyiiy-yiy run- 
 ning hand, current hand-writing, as is used in 
 the writing of letters etc.; Jcyug-po Jcyu- 
 ba Lex. is explained by Sch.: to run away 
 hastily. The signification of running, how- 
 ever, seems to be obsolete, whilst the 
 usual meaning is: 2. to dart or sweep ra- 
 pidly along, frq. used of a flash of light- 
 ning, also of the rapid motion of a fish 
 in the water Mil.; of spectral apparitions 
 Mil.; of acute rheumatic pains: of the 
 light: to flash, to shoot rays of light, Kra- 
 Kyuy-Kyuy-pa to gleam, to sparkle with 
 light, to shine in various colours l*th.; 
 ser- Kyuy-ye-ba glittering in yellow lustre 
 Mil.; to glitter, to shine, of the rainbow; 
 to shine through, of the veins through the 
 cuticle etc. -- *Kyuy-sar-cdn* W. hasty, 
 hurrying, careless. 
 
 Kyud~pa 1. to embrace frq., mgul- 
 nas Jf.yud-pa to clasp round the 
 neck, to hug; to encompass by spanning 
 Pth. and elsewhere, cf. Jcyiys-pa. 2. to 
 glide in or into (as serpents), mndl-du 
 Kyty-pa of the soul in the new concep- 
 tion, like the synonym O kril-ba, for )uy- 
 pa. 3. to be able, *ndd-pa mdl-sa-na 
 Idn-it a* (instead of Ian-bar) *mi fcyud* the 
 sick man is not able to rise from his bed. 
 - bios mi Jfyud-pa byed-pa Thgy. (not 
 clear). 
 
 Qra^'IT J<yu>'-bct Cs. : to be separated, di- 
 S5 vorced; Lea". : bski<r-bas Jtyvr-ba, 
 
 therefore prob. the vb. n. to skytir-ba, to 
 be deserted, cast off. 
 
 Jtyen-ba seems to be = ^yens-pa 
 
 C. col. 
 
 Kyed-pa (1. cf. O yyed-pa} Cs. to be 
 
 distributed, e.g. food, Dzl. 2. 
 C. and W. to be sufficient, to suffice, to be 
 enough, to hold out, *mi Kyed* there is not 
 enough. 3. C. to gain (a law-suit), to 
 be acquitted. 4. pyir Kyed-pa to bow 
 without uncovering one's head, as a less 
 humble way of saluting Mil.nt. 
 
 Jty&'-ba pf. Jfyer (Northern Ld. 
 
 *Kyers*\ at the end of a sentence 
 kyer-ro Tar. and others, (Cs. fcyer-to?), 
 neaily the same as Jcur-ba; (the f?j of 
 the Lexx. : to lead, to guide, does not fully 
 agree with the sense in which it is gene- 
 rally used) 1. to carry away, to take 
 away; his to be carried or swept away by 
 water; fig.: U-los to be overcome, carried 
 away by idleness Mil.; Ide-miy Kyer take 
 the key with you! 2. to carry, to bring, 
 in a more general sense, C. and B.: Kyer 
 soy bring! Kyer son carry off! take away! 
 (in a like manner as Uur-ba); des cu bldt't- 
 nas Kyer ^oii-bai lam-fca-na he having 
 fetched water, being on his way to bring 
 it Pth.; tcyer-la soy bring me (word), let 
 me know (the result of your investigation) 
 Mil. O ttyer-so \ . appearance, esp. a neat, 
 handsome appearance of persons or things. 
 2. advantage, superiority, pleasantness, 
 Mil., C. 
 
 Jfyel-ba Ld. to hit. to strike. 
 
 > P f - fy a ^ im P- 
 
 lift, lift up, = O fogs-pa, feys-pa 
 Glr.; to carry, bring, *sol-)ha tcyoy* bring 
 in the tea C., cf. sub Kay. 
 
 %W> or tiyog-P crooked, bent; 
 
 Kyoy-poi ri-mo a crooked figure, 
 a curve, flourish, crescent etc. ; nyas pur 
 Q Kyoy fsur Kyoy byds-si/i the fish winding 
 its body, writhing Pth.; Kyoy-can, Jfyoy- 
 Jsyoy tortuous; Jcyoy-bsdd a crooked, out 
 of the way construction or explanation. 
 O f> : yoy ston-pa to fly into a passion (?) <SW<.
 
 til 
 
 ' o%# s or %#s palanquin, sedan- 
 chair, litter Ptf.; Jfyogs-dpydu 
 id.; a lath or pole for carrying burdens 
 Sch. 
 QjnC'n* Kyon-ba pf. and imp. %o/J. to bring 
 
 W. 
 
 Jyom-pa pf. %<ww 1. to rock ? 
 
 to wave, of a ship Schr., of the 
 water Sch. (not quite clear); * Kyom-Kyom 
 do-ba* C. to reel, Stagger, *cdn-ghl Kyom- 
 pa dug* he is staggering under the in- 
 fluence of beer; to be dizzy Med.; mfso- 
 O fyom dizziness, vertigo, ni. f. ; lug-glad 
 nigo- K6r O tfyom-pa yso the brain of a sheep 
 cures the swimming of the head (vertigo) 
 Med. 
 
 Jtyfo-ba 1. to miss, fail, not to hit 
 
 Cs. 2. to reel, stagger, from 
 intoxication, 3. to warp, of wood. 
 
 JtyM-ba, pf. Jeyol, cf. skyel-ba, to 
 
 be carried, to be brought (some- 
 where) Pth.; with ynod-pa to be done, 
 inflicted Mil. ; to arrive at, come to, reach, 
 sku-fse mfd-ru the end of life. 
 
 Sch., Jcyos-ma Mil, 
 a present, gift, = kyos-ma, skyds-ma. 
 
 Jcrd-ba I. vb., pf. prob. Jcras to lean 
 to, to incline towards Cs.; Krd-sa 
 a support to lean against, a prop, back (of 
 a chair) Lex. II. adj. hard, = Jfodn- 
 ba, mkrdn-ba Sch. 
 
 J?rdb-pa, pf. bkrab (?), cf. also 
 skrdb-pa, 1. to strike, to beat, in 
 repeated strokes, as in swimming and row- 
 ing; to thrust, stamp, thump, tread heavily, 
 bre J<rab-pa to dance in that manner Mil, 
 Pth. 2. to winnow, to fan Stg., col. *tdb- 
 pa*. 3. *miff tab fab* (or * fab -tab*} 
 *)M'-pa* C. } *b6~tf W., to blink, twinkle, 
 wink with the eyes. 4. *fca-sdy tab-ce* 
 W. to jest, to joke, to crack jokes. 5. 
 Sch.: to leap, jump, Schr. for joy. 6. to 
 scoop out, to bail out Sch. 7. to fight, to 
 combat 6'., W. 
 
 ' Jtral- K-wl confusion, disorder. 
 
 nm-q- /<'ri-ba, pf. O tfris, cf. dkri-ba, cog- 
 nate to /cril-ba, 1. to wind, roll; twist 
 one's self, to coil (of snakes) Dzl\ Kyim- 
 fdb-Jcyi Jcri-ba conjugal embrace Pth.', *'6g- 
 ma f'i-se* (for Q Kn-ste) *rag* W. I have 
 a sore throat, prop. I feel my throat tied 
 up, I am choking; fig.: kun-la Jens -pa, 
 either as an adj. 'ensnaring', or as a sbst. 
 'ensnarer' = sin, cf. kun-dkris in dkri-ba; 
 /ri-sin = Jtril-sin. 2. mostly as a sbst. : 
 the being attached to, given to, c.c. genit. 
 (synonym of cdgs-pa): ran-don-gyi, to 
 one's own advantage, bu-smdd-kyi, to wife 
 and children Mil; fondness, attachment; 
 zen-Jfris id. 3. Krai Jtri-ba to impose 
 a tax C., Lex. 
 
 J&ng-pa I. sbst. 1. (S&k. firf*) 
 coitus (of the two sexes), copula- 
 tion, pairing, the usual, not exactly obscene, 
 yet not euphemistic term for it; O fcrig-pa 
 spyod-pa, also Ji'rig-cdgs spyod-pa B. and 
 C., * fig-pa co-ce* W., to lie with etc. ; Jcrig- 
 pai cos-la rfen-pa to indulge in lust, to be 
 given to voluptuousness; Jfrig-skdd Sch., 
 J\rig-fsig Lexx., obscene words, unchaste 
 language; Kriy-pa O byin-pa to talk smut. 
 2. a sign of the zodiac, the twins. 
 3. symb. num.: 2. 
 
 II. vb. 1. to cohere, to stick together 
 Cs. 2. to be clouded (of the sky), ynam 
 Krig the sky is getting overcast; also 
 *tigs son* W. without a sbst., it has be- 
 come cloudy, dull; ^6d-zer dan ^a-^od 
 Jfrig-pa wrapt in rays of light and the 
 splendours of the rainbow Pth. ; fan fams- 
 cdd mes Krig-pa the whole plain was 
 enveloped in a flame of fire Mil Cf. 
 dkrigs-pa. 
 
 S|^" Jtrid v. Krid. 
 
 -- Jcrid-pa, pf. fcrid, fut.bkri?, to lead, 
 to conduct men or beasts to a place ; 
 to command, to head (an army); to bring 
 along with, Jtrid-de ma ^ohs-so he has not 
 brought (his wife) with him Dzl ; there- 
 fore Jtrid equivalent to 'with': bii-fsa Jfrid 
 s coming out with their children
 
 62 
 
 trul-ba 
 
 / r . fo Jcrid-pa perh. a mistake for 
 brid-pa. 
 
 Krims, bred(-nas)- IerimsLex.x.v?.e. 
 
 v Jcnl-ba 1. to wind or coil round 
 (of serpents), to embrace closely, 
 to clasp round, e.g. in the act of coition; 
 ma byams bu-la Jf.ril a loving mother 
 clasj)ing her child Pth. ; Jcril-mlcan a plant 
 furnished with tendrils or claspers W.] 
 Jcril-sin Wdii. a climbing plant, creeper. 
 
 - 2. to glide, slip into, of the soul when 
 entering another body, = Jcyud-pa. 3. 
 Ka Jcril-ba W. to speak imperfectly (like 
 children), to stammer, 4. to heap up, = 
 O dril-ba, sgril-ba. 
 
 nn^sr Jcris 1. syn. with O gram, bank, shore, 
 '^ coast, rmd- cui Jcris-na yod-pai mKar, 
 a castle on the banks of the Hoangho 
 Glr. ] *Kyo' -rdn-gi ti-na yo'* C. it lies just 
 before you, under your nose; bla-mai sku- 
 Kris-su bid-mat pyogs-la Mil.nt. 2. v. 
 Jiri-ba. 
 ORTCT- Jcru-ba 1. Cs. to wash, to bathe, = 
 
 "b Jc,rud-pa, cf. Jcrus. 2. diarrhoea, 
 looseness; dysentery (V); Jtru-ndd, Kru- 
 id. 
 
 J^g-pa I. vb., pf. Jcrugs, cf. 
 dkruy-pa, bkrug-pa, to be in dis- 
 order, agitation, commotion, to be disturbed ; 
 Krug-par O gyur-ba to get disordered; of 
 the blood : rtsa fams-cdd Jcrug-tu bcug, it 
 made all his blood boil Glr.\ of the sea 
 irq. ; esp. of the mind, disturbed by wrath, 
 fear, anxiety, or some other passion, cf. 
 Kog-Jlrugs; to quarrel, fight, contend, de 
 ynyis Jcrugs-nas, the two quarrelling; bod 
 ce nan Jt>*ug-go, the nobles of Tibet are 
 contending among one another, have in- 
 ternal feuds; mci-ma Krug-pa tears ap- 
 pearing, coming forth, (lit. tears being 
 stirred up, excited Thgy., Mil, Tar. 2. 
 sbst. disorder, tumult, war, also single com- 
 bat, duel, Jirug-pa sor disorder arises; 
 Jtrug -dus by as he appointed the time of 
 the duel Glr. ; O ttrug-dpon = dmdg-dpon; 
 Jcrug-pa byed-pa to take up arms, to begin 
 war; respecting subjects: to rebel; Q Ki*uy- 
 
 pa byed-pai dus-su in times of war Glr. ; 
 dmag- Krug, fab- Krug war. mi-Jcrugs- 
 pan. of a Buddha (not = mi-skyod-pa). 
 Jcrug-lon is the explanation given by Lexx. 
 for skyo-nogs, hence prob. : contest, strife. 
 *tugs-ml\'an* W. having small cracks, 
 flaws, of potter's ware. 
 
 Jf.run~ba or Jt runs-pa 1 . resp. for 
 s/cye-ba to be born, bcam-ldan- dds 
 Kruiis-pa dan dus-mnydm-du at the same 
 time when Buddha was born Glr.] ynyis- 
 la sras ma Jcruns-par as by neither of the 
 two (queens) a son was born Glr. ; Jcruns- 
 dkdi skyes-bu (holy) men, such as are but 
 rarely born (lit. with difficulty) Mil.; to 
 arise, to originate, Jcruns-rdbs legend of the 
 origin . . .; Kyed-rdii-gi fugs-la Jcruns-pai 
 fsiff words as they may just arise in your 
 honour's mind Mil.] snyin-ije tugs-la Jcru its- 
 pas compassion arose in the soul of his 
 reverence Mil.] tin- / rie- dzin Jc,runs-pas 
 meditation arising. 2. to come up, shoot, 
 sprout, grow, of seeds and plants frq. 
 
 Krud-pa, pf. bkrus, fut. bkru to 
 wash, to bathe, gos clothes, k'a-ldg 
 face and hands Dzl. ; to wash off, dri-ma 
 dirt; fig. sa ndn-gyis Krud Ma. is stated 
 to mean: the country is fleeced, thoroughly 
 drained of its resources. 
 
 /rums carcass, carrion, game torn 
 by beasts of prey, Sch., (the word 
 seems to be very little known). 
 __... Jf.rul-ba (Lex.: Ssk. ^^[ to turn 
 ^Q out of the way, to wander, to 
 
 stray, hence perh. originally:) 1. to be dis- 
 located, sprained, distorted, *fsig iul* W. 
 the limb is dislocated; usually: 2. to be 
 out, to be mistaken, almost always used in 
 the pf. tense, Jcrul-pa mistaken, deceived, 
 ha mig Jcrul-pa yin-nam does my eye 
 deceive me? Mil.; rnd-ba Jcrul dogs tur- 
 re gyis take care not to hear w r rong Mil.] 
 ynyis ycig-tu Jtrul-bar byed-pa to make by 
 mistake two to be one, to confound one 
 thing with another Tar. ; O di dge-sloh-mar 
 O d6d-pa Jcrul-pa yin-la she being frustrated 
 in her wish to become a nun Tar. 85, 1 ; 
 O gro-ba Jtriil-pa the deceived creature Glr. ;
 
 JKnd-ba 
 
 frq. with swa/J : rari-mdn Jcrul-par O dug I 
 have been mistaken, it was a deception 
 of the senses Mil.; snaii-J(rul, and Kiitl- 
 sndn illusion, delusion; JSrul-mdn-&an de- 
 lusive Glr.\ to err, as a syn. of nor-ba: 
 Kyod-cag Knd-pai )ig-rten-pa ye deluded 
 children of the world! Mil.; zes O d<m-pa- 
 rnams Jcrul they who pronounce (read) 
 in this manner, are mistaken; ^a O dogs Jcrul 
 the adding of < a is a mistake; nor -Jcrul 
 mistake, nor- Jcrul sel-ba Schr., *ton-ce, sdl- 
 po gydb-ce*, W. to remove mistakes, to 
 correct. 3. to be insane, deranged, syn. 
 of smyos-jta Dzl. and others. Jcrul -pa 
 l. adj. mistaken, deceived. 2. sbst. mis- 
 take; frenzy, madness; Jcrul- fzi mistake, 
 error; Jcrul-so (errandi locus) occasion for 
 committing mistakes, a wrong way, peril; 
 mistake, error, cf. gdl-sa; Jfrul-Jtor artifice 
 Sch., (6s.: machine, contrivance; but this 
 is spelled more correctly O prul- fcor). 
 
 J?ren-pa 1. to wish, to long for. 
 zas-skom M?d., tfi//'/-fa L<>x. 2. 
 W. to look upon with envy, jealousy. 
 
 Q,jf q* Jcr6-ba, pf. /ros, to be angry, la at. 
 
 J*r6g-pa to roar, rush, buzz, hum, 
 
 rnd-ba Kur-la Jcrog Med., a tin- 
 gling noise is caused in the ear: rgyu-lon 
 Jcrog-cin a rumbling in the bowels Mad. ; 
 sbo-Jerog in the belly; Jtroy-Krog roaring, 
 rushing, buzzing. 
 
 Jtrol-ba pf. and fat. dkrol, imp. 
 
 Krol 1 . to cause to sound, to make 
 a noise, to play, rol-mo on an instrument, 
 to ring (a bell), to beat (a gong, cymbal): 
 ma dJcrdl-bar without being played on. 
 2. to sound, resound, *dod-pa tol-la rag* 
 W. my bowels croak; Jcrol-po a player, 
 performer, bell-ringer etc., cf. Krol-po; 
 *trol-lo-lo-tse* W. a tinkling of bells. 
 
 jji ga 1. the letter g, originally, and in 
 the border countries still at the present 
 time, as initial letter = the English hard 
 g, as final letter = ck; in C. as initial 
 deep-toned and aspirated (gh), as final 
 letter more or less indistinct; as a prefix 
 (in KJiams and Baltf) fricative =y or j ; 
 v. Preface. 2. as numerical figure: 3, 
 cf. ka 2. 
 OT ga affix (article) to some substantives, 
 
 ' like ka. 
 ga (C. VAo) 1. = ja (C. *ga*}. - 2. 
 
 ' = gan. 
 OTraOJ* go- -Krai C. (pron. *gha-1,a^ tax, 
 
 duty (on cattle and butter), 
 cn'cn* g a -gd W. a title of honour: the old 
 ' gentleman, the old squire e.g. *ga-gd 
 ta-ra-cdn* the old Squire Tara Chand, opp. 
 
 to no-no the young Squire; instead of it in 
 C.: "ajlw-ldg*. 
 
 y9 a -9 a fsil > tickling (..; go-go-Mi 
 . byed-pa to tickle. 
 ga-ge-mo such a one, such a thing 
 6s.; such and such; v. ce-ge-nw. 
 cn-m*' g a - g n a melon Cs. (some Lexx. 
 
 ' have: cucumber, others: barley). 
 cn-^' qi'Jsr ga-cfa,ga-cen some (people), 
 a good many; a good deal 
 W., C. 
 2-.--. ga-cdd without cause, involuntarily, 
 
 ' e.g. to weep Med. 
 
 OTT- gd-ta Ssk., ga-tai sde-fsan a particular 
 ' kind of Indian hand-writing, besides 
 Nagari and Lantsa Glr. 
 
 ga-tJa 
 
 , club, mace.
 
 64 
 
 ga-dw 
 
 gan 
 
 ga-dur medicinal herb of an astrin- 
 gent taste. 
 
 .jfe. ga-dor Lejc. w.e.: sa-bai ga-don 
 Sch. explains : the growth of a new 
 branch on a stag's horn. 
 
 ga- drds C. (pronounced *ghande*} 
 how? 
 
 ,y. 
 
 gd-na = gan-na. where, used interr. 
 
 and correl., frq. ; gd-na-ba and gdn- 
 na -ba the same as a sbst, the wherea- 
 bouts of a person, his place of residence; 
 rgydl-po gd-na-bar, (or gd-na-ba der, gd- 
 na O dug-pai\ gd-na bzugs-par) son he went 
 where the king was DzL, frq. -- *ga-na- 
 med* W. absolutely, at all events, *ga-na- 
 med kal gos* it must be sent by all means ; 
 *ga-na-med Ug-te tan yin* I shall give it 
 back at all events (B. cis-kyan). 
 
 ga-pur camphor Med. 
 
 ga-bra n. of a medicine Med. 
 
 ga-tsdm how, how much, how many 
 how long, interr. and correl.; as 
 
 much as, e.g. as much as you like (you 
 
 may take) col. 
 
 ga-btson an eruption of the skin W. 
 
 ga-fs6d C. how much, *rin gha-fso* 
 what is the price? 
 
 rnva- cn-cn/ao; rnvr 9*-**, gd-fza, gd-sa 
 1 a jest. joke, laughter. 
 gd-za dan rtsed-mo rtse Pth. they jest and 
 play; also adj.: inclined to jesting, *di- 
 rin gd - sa mi dug* he is not in a good 
 humour, in good spirits, to-day W. 
 
 -zud W. how, interr. and correl. 
 
 ga-yzi W. squinting. 
 
 cn-^' ra^^|- g<wi, dga-ris = gd za W.; 
 
 *ga - ri mi rag* I am in 
 low spirits, dejected. 
 
 err** gd-ru = gan-du 1. whither, which 
 way, to which place, whereto. 2. 
 where, interr. and correl. 
 
 the Garuda-bird. v. Kyuii. 
 
 go, -re 1. where is? B. and col. - 
 2. Ld. a species of Lathyrus. 
 - gd-la for gdn-la, ci-la C.\ *ghd-la 
 ten-ne n )hun* owing to w r hat, or 
 from what cause did the disease arise? *ghd- 
 lapen* to what does this serve, of what use 
 is this? Sch.: whither, to what place? *ghd- 
 la O do-ghi yt'm-pa* U, where are you going 
 to? gd-la-ba = gd-na-ba. 
 
 gd-le C. slowly, softly, gently, gen. in 
 a good sense, opp. to every thing 
 turbulent: therefore in exchanging com- 
 pliments on meeting or parting: * < o-nd 
 ghd-le ku zu nan* (perh. to be spelled 
 sku bzugs snaii) says the person that has 
 paid a visit, %o - nd ghd - le peb* he that 
 received the visit, when taking leave of 
 each other, both phrases implying about 
 the same as our farewell! good -bye! Cf. 
 snan-ba. 
 
 W. squinting. 
 
 gd-sa 1 . v. ga - za. 2. girth or 
 rope slung across breast and shoulder 
 in order to draw or carry anything; also 
 dog-harness; also the bandoleer or shoulder- 
 belt, worn as a badge of dignity by con- 
 stables and the like officers ; sobriquet for 
 the rope of meditation, v. sgom-fdg. 
 
 <J a -sds, C. *gha-se*, some, part; *bhu- 
 mo yah, gha-se co jhe'-pa yin* even 
 girls, in part, take to religion (become nuns). 
 " ga-sed v. sed. 
 
 ga-sel glass-beads, glass-pearls Sch. 
 
 ' ga-sfr, instead of j punishment Ld. 
 
 gag 1. silver in bars, ingots, small 
 pieces etc., uncoined W. 2. wad, 
 wadding (for loading muskets) W. 3. 
 Cs: = bya-gdg, gag-fse a water-fowl. 
 
 gag - pa Med. , a swelling in the 
 throat Cs.; gag-lhog id. (?) 
 q*-. gan I. interr. pron. 1. who? which? 
 B., C., W.- when used adjectively, it 
 generally follows its sbst. (so at least in 
 good language), and if preceding it, it 
 stands in the genit. case: pyogs <jau which
 
 gan 
 
 region or part of the world? gdii-gi dus 
 which time? in the latter case it may also 
 mean whose: gdii-gi lam whose way? pyi 
 nait ?nyis cos lugs gan bzait which of the 
 two doctrines, the Brahmanic or the Bud- 
 dhist, is the right one? pyogs gdn-nas 
 oit, no mi ses-pas not knowing from what 
 part of the country she comes Glr.; ma 
 ni gaii yin bu ni gait yin bye -brag pyes 
 decide which is the mother and which the 
 child Dzl. ; gait ze-na lit. 'if one asks 
 which?' corresponds sometimes to the Eng- 
 lish 'namely, to wit, viz.'; gdn-na where? 
 gait-la whither? gdn-nas, gait-las whence? 
 gdit-du where? whither? gdn-na-ba = ga- 
 na-ba v. above; gdn-pa, yul gait-pa, col. 
 *gan-yid-pa*, from what country? 2. 
 C. for ci what? *gJian zer-ra(m)* what 
 shall I say ? *Kyo'-kyi mih-la ghait zer-ghyi 
 yo'-dham* what is your name? *ghdh-la 
 yon* what are you coming for? what do 
 you want? 2. rel., or rather correl. 
 pron., who, which, he who, she who, who- 
 ever, whichever, whatever, ngpig: gan pyir 
 toi<-ba de ni she who follows Dzl; gan 
 gos O dod-pa-la gos byun whoever wanted 
 clothes, to him they were given Dzl; rig- 
 pa gait rno-ba cig-la ster-ro I give it to 
 him who is the sharpest as to sagacity Glr. ; 
 Kyod-kyi dpd-ba gan yin-pa-la K6-bo mgu 
 the bravery which you have shown pleases 
 me Tar. 21, 13: rgydl-bu gdn-du fse O pos- 
 pai ynds-su son-no they went to the place 
 where the prince had changed life Dzl; 
 gdit-gi lam snon-du grub -pa des . . . he 
 whose way (of sanctification) will be com- 
 pleted first, shall . . . Sty. Often fams-cdd 
 or a plural-sign accompanies the partic. ' 
 gait mi ses-pa-dag they who do not under- 
 stand Dzl. Rarely in B., but frq. in the 
 col. language of W., the pa after the verb 
 is supplied by a gerundial particle, such 
 as na, nas : *gait tdn-na Kyad med* which 
 you intend to give is all the same. Some- 
 times, however, particularly in more mo- 
 dern literature, no pa is added to the verb 
 at all, esp. when gan is joined with yin, 
 yod, or dug, so that such sentences in 
 
 their form are very similar to the relative 
 sentences of occidental languages: but that 
 this omission of pa, although sanctioned 
 by long continued use, is after all an in- 
 correct breviloquence , and that pa must 
 always be understood, appears from the 
 frq. occurrence of the plural sign imme- 
 diately after yod etc.: de ynyis-kyi srid 
 gait yod-rnams the claims to government 
 which both of these maintained Glr.' gdn- 
 fse dei-fse when then; gait zig whoever, 
 if any body etc. frq.; vulgo in W. often 
 pleon. = any or some, *gati zig fims-si pi- 
 la* on account of some law-suit, instead 
 of fims zig-gi pyir; gan la-Id zig is of a 
 similar meaning, but less frq. The import 
 of the word is still more generalized by 
 yan being added to gait or to the verb : 
 dnos-po gait mfon yan Mil. whatever he 
 sets his eyes upon ; gan ltdr-na yah, gan 
 yin kyan whatsoever it may be, however 
 that may be , be that as it may, at all 
 events, esp. 6'.; gan-yait-run-ba, gan-run, 
 gan-ci-yan-ruit whosoever he may be, 
 whatsoever it may be, quicunque; ynas gan- 
 yait-ruit-ba-na whereever; gdn-nas gdn-du 
 skyes kyan out of which class of beings 
 and into whichsoever I shall be re-born 
 Dzl. 3. indefinite pron., used absolutely, 
 each, every, any, all, when followed by a 
 negation = not any, none, no: zo dar cu 
 sogs gan yan Ka, curdled milk, buttermilk, 
 water, every thing tastes bitter Med. ; sans- 
 rgyds gdn-gis kyan ma bcdgs-pa not yet 
 trodden by any Buddha Glr.; pan gan 
 fogs gyis be as useful as ever possible Mil. ; 
 g an -dag all Glr. and elsewhere; de-dag 
 mi Q byun gan yan med these are to be 
 found everywhere; gait-la gan- dul con- 
 verting each in the manner best suited to 
 him ; gdn-gis kyan = cis-kyan by all means; 
 gdn-gis kyan dyds-pa med -pa altogether 
 useless Mil. ; yan dan yan Cs., Sch. (more 
 frq. gait dart ci) every thing whatsoever Glr. 
 JP ._._-. gan-ga-cun an officinal plant 
 
 gan-ga Ssfc. the river Ganges.
 
 gdn-ba 
 
 ffa^-bttj sometimes gdn-po, also <?# 
 1. full, rin-po-ces ban-mdzod gdn- 
 ba zig a treasury full of jewels Dzl. ; fdl- 
 cu fcol-mas gdn-ba-ste being filled with 
 boiling lye Thgy.\ yser-pye foe gdn-po, 
 yser yzon-pa gan a measure filled with 
 gold-dust, a basin full of gold; ^.obs-kyi 
 ndn-na sb-rul ydug-pas gdn-no lit. : in the 
 ditch it was full of poisonous snakes Dzl.\ 
 brgyud gdn-bar gyur-to the progeny in- 
 creased Glr. ; mcod-rten tim gun-pa Glr. a 
 pyramid, a full cubit in height. 2. W. 
 also heaped (measure), opp. to *gafl-cdd* 
 (lit. bead) smoothed (measure). 
 
 gdn - bu pod, shell, husk (Sch. also 
 also flower -bud?) ^od-zer-gyi gdn- 
 bur O dril-nas enveloping himself in a veil 
 of rays, wrapping himself in a garment 
 of light (another reading: gon-por in a 
 lump, in one mass) Glr. ; gan-16 an empty 
 pod, freed from the kernels W. 
 
 gan-zdg 1 . man, as an intellectual 
 being, a person; gan-zdg yzdn-gyis 
 bi'da sprdd-pas another person describing 
 it to you (opp. to what we know by our 
 own perception and observation) Mil.: 
 hence philosophical term for the I or self, 
 ijflqf Was.; bstan-bcds-la mKds-pai gan-zdg- 
 rnams learned or lettered men, men of 
 science Glr.; esp. man in relation to reli- 
 gion: cos pyi-bsol byed-pai gan-zdg Mil., 
 men who postpone religion, not troubling 
 themselves about it: c pdgs-pai gan-zdg- 
 rnams-kyi rgydl-po the king of reverend 
 persons, i.e. Buddha ; log-lta-can-gyi gan- 
 zdg heretical people ; gan-zdg pdl-pa, fa-mdl- 
 pd common people Mil. and others; also 
 explicitly: people favourably disposed to- 
 wards religion, religious people Gyatch. c. 
 26 & 27. (at present the word is generally 
 understood in the latter sense); das pyis- 
 kyi gan-zdg Glr.., ma-^6ns-pai gan-zdg skdl- 
 ba dan Iddn-pa Mil. a pious posterity. 
 The word, however, so little implies the 
 clerical state, that it is used directly for 
 2. layman, one that has not taken orders 
 Dzl. 3sS, 5 and elsewhere. 3. (resp. 
 zal-zdg) tobacco-pipe, not the hukka, but 
 
 a small sort, similar to ours, gen. made 
 of metal; (jan-mgo bowl of a tobacco-pipe; 
 gah-mjiig mouth-piece or tip of it ( '. 
 OT^T (UIS ' glacier-ice, glacier; gdns-can 
 adj. abounding in snow, in glaciers, 
 also as a sbst. a glacier ; gdns - can - las 
 Jjyiiit-bai cu the water issuing from a gla- 
 cier Med., and even as a p.n.: Tibet \gdns- 
 can-gyi skad the Tibetan language; gdns- 
 bsog-pa to cleave the snow, i.e. to have it 
 trodden down by yaks sent in advance, in 
 order thus to form a path for the travellers 
 (v. Hue Voyage II. 421). gaiis-rgyud 
 a chain of snow -mountains. gaiis-cen- 
 mzod-liid 'the five receptacles of the vast 
 glacier-ice', or gans-cen-rje-liid 'the five 
 kings of the same', pronounced *ghan-cen- 
 O dz(f-nd*y or *)e-nd*, n. of a high mountain 
 in Sikkim, commonly spelled Kinjinjunga; 
 gans-cen-mfso-rgydl name of a deity (?) 
 Glr. gam-figs Med. perh. stalactite. 
 gans-ri a snow- or ice-mountain, as p.n. 
 = Ti-se. Seldom 2. col. ice in general; 
 *gans-son* it has frozen W. 3. snow in 
 general, *ghan O bab* it snows Ts.; *ghaii- 
 ma-cdr* sleet. 4. the sclerotic of the 
 eye Sch. 
 
 cnr-r gad-pa 1. a bluff; precipitous river- 
 banks, such as frequently inclose 
 the mountain rivers of Tibet. 2. In W. 
 the word seems to refer more to the spe- 
 cies of rock, which is favourable to the 
 formation of such banks: conglomerate; gad- 
 pug a cavern in such a bank; gad-rgydl 
 the gigantic walls of conglomerate rock, 
 through which mountain rivers have cut 
 their way. 
 
 .. gdd-mo laughing, laughter, )ig-rten- 
 pai gdd-mo a laughter, a laughing- 
 stock, to wordly-minded people; nai gdd- 
 moi ynas this is to me an object of laugh- 
 ing, it is ridiculous to me Mil.; ydd-mos 
 O dfbs-pa to laugh at a person Tar. 25, 15. 
 giT- gan B. and W., gam C., nearness, pro- 
 
 ' ximity, used only in such connections 
 as gan-du to, towards, up to, iiai gdn-du 
 sog come to me; rgydl-poi gdn-du he went 
 to the king; Kdn-pai gdn-du son he went
 
 67 
 
 ^'nj^T yan-kydl 
 
 towards the house; ryydl-poi gdn-nas pyin 
 he came from the king; in col. language 
 also c. accus. : *(J6g-po ydn-du* W. close 
 by the brook, and c. termin. case, *cur 
 qdn-te* W. hard by the water: rir-gdn-pa 
 one living close to a mountain or hill. 
 -.ft., y an ~kydl, and rkyal, supine, lying 
 ' ^ on the back, with the face upward, 
 gun-kydl (du) nydl-ba to lie in that position; 
 O yyd-ba to fall backward ; sgyel-ba to make 
 one fall on his back; *ghan-l\ydl log -pa* 
 to perform a somerset, to tumble over 
 head and heels C. 
 
 gdr-za 
 
 gan - ryya u.j 
 
 written contract, an agreement. 
 
 gan-ddr Sch. : a silk handkerchief 
 offered as a present in exchanging 
 compliments on meeting, = fca-btags. 
 
 - gan-mdzod store-room, storehouse 
 
 Sch. 
 
 VflT ydndho-la n. of a famous temple in 
 rdo-rje-yddn (Vajrasana near 
 Gaya in Bengal) Tar. 1 6, 4 and 
 elsewhere frq.; yet the words in Glr. 8, 
 10: pyi gdndho-la ndn-du Ihd-Kan byds- 
 pas 'making outwardly a gandhola, inside 
 an idolshrine', seem not to admit of a noun 
 proper; a Lama explained it by ytsug-lag- 
 Kaii ; more correctly perh. = dri-ytsan-kan, 
 i.e. = 3T*fcfnr. Cf. also ghandhola. 
 cn^*r- ydnji-ra Glr. 65, 8 obviously a Ssk. 
 g= word, though not in our dictiona- 
 naries; Lamas described it as an archi- 
 tectural ornament, consisting in small tur- 
 rets or spires along the edge of a flat roof. 
 
 ^'tj* ydb-syra W. a belch (vulgar). 
 
 OTn'n* ydb-pa to hide, to conceal one's self 
 Dzl. and elsewhere frq.; gdb-yig, 
 
 writing in secret characters, cryptography 
 
 W., C.; gdb-sa a place of concealment, 
 
 hiding-place. 
 
 gab-spans Glr., panels or little 
 boards beneath the cornice of a 
 
 roof, often filled out with paintings. 
 
 qin'3r m^VlC* ydb-tse, gdb-fse a tableau 
 containing numerous my- 
 
 thological and astrological figures, and used 
 for fortune-telling. 
 
 cnq-^s^ znq-q^-q- yab-fsdd, gdb-pai 
 fsd -ba a disease 
 
 Med.; ace. to Schr. a hectic, consumptive 
 fever. 
 
 ^Tj&T gam v. yan. 
 
 * gdm-bu-ra W. citron, lemon. 
 
 cnq* ( J au 1 a chest, box Rh. ; a little box 
 IN or case; when containing amulets, it 
 is worn suspended by a string round the 
 neck (v. Schl. 174). 2. a squeaking sound 
 W., *gau zer-ce* to squeak. 
 ms^ y ar I- (^' s - ffdr-ma) a dance, gar byed- 
 pa, W. *gdr se-ce*, to dance ; glu gar 
 rtsed-mo byed-pa Glr. to sing, to dance 
 and play ; gar - mfcan ] . one dancing, a 
 dancer, a performer, e.g. even Buddha or 
 any saint, when displaying miracles. 2. 
 n. of a god Tar. 11, 17, ace. to Schr., Siwa; 
 gar-stabs a dancing gesture or motion. 
 II. = gd-ru, gdn-du, whither, whereto, where; 
 gar yan anywhere, gar yan skye-ba grow- 
 ing everywhere Wdn.; gar yan mi O gro-ba 
 to go nowhere, to remain where one is 
 Mil. ; Pth. *yar-mi>d* W. at all events, 
 by all means, = *ga-na-med* - gar -bob 
 at random, hit or miss, at hap-hazard Sch. 
 
 gar-nag n. of a medicine Lt. 
 
 gdr-ba strong, gar- can strong beer. 
 gdr-bu solid, not hollow Sch. 
 
 gar -mo thick, e.g. soup, = skd-ba; 
 gar-sld Sch. : thick and thin ; thick- 
 
 gdr-za, native name of the district 
 called by the Hindoos Lahul or La- 
 hol (ace to Cunningham 'Lahul' is a cor- 
 ruption of Iho^yul, southern country, which 
 latter appellation, however, is not in use 
 in that district itself). Here, in the village 
 of Kyelang, a missionary station was es- 
 tablished in 1857, by the Church of the 
 United Brethren (Moravians), together with 
 a school and a lithographic press, for dif-
 
 68 
 
 gar-ldg 
 
 fusing Christian knowledge by means of 
 books and tracts. 
 
 ga r -lg, Tar. 91, 7. 10. Transl. p. 
 317 : 'ace. to Was. a rapacious 
 mountain tribe, north-east of Tibet; in the 
 Tibetan-Sanskrit dictionary mentioned as 
 'Turushka". They are doubtless the same 
 robbers, that are called 'Kolo' by Hue (II. 
 p. 187), who were known to our Lama 
 from Tashilhunpo as mgo-log, or Icait-mo- 
 mgo-log, they having received this name 
 ('queer -heads') in consequence of having 
 their hair closely cropped. Possibly gar- 
 log is the older and more correct form; 
 cf. dar-rgyas-glin. 
 
 enx- /r gar-sd the muscles of the thumb ('?) 
 1 Med. 
 
 gal 1. importance, gdl-du O dzin-pa to 
 consider of importance, to esteem 
 highly Mil. ; gal-can Cs., more frq. gal-ce- 
 ba important, de mi sin-tu gdl-ce-bar yod- 
 do Glr., bsldb-bya gal-ce-ba Glr. important 
 precepts; gal-cun unimportant, insignifi- 
 cant; undervalued, slighted Mil.; gdl-po 
 prob. = gal, Schr.; gal-po-ce-yi bzd-dpon 
 the important, indispensable master of the 
 house Mil. 2. constraint, compulsion, *na- 
 la ghal )hun* C. I have been compelled. 
 - 3. trap, snare C , W,, also Mil.; *gal- 
 Item* W. id.; gal O dzug-pa to set a trap 
 or snare. 
 
 gdl- gdg Med. f 
 
 -ta W. crow-bar, handspike. 
 
 j'C* gdl-te 1- sbst., gdl-te mcdn-Kun bhig 
 PthJ II. conj. if, in case, serves 
 to introduce a conditional sentence, ending 
 with na (which is the essential word, 
 whereas gal-te may be left out as well): 
 gdl-te . . ^oii-na if . . comes (fav . . . #/-) ; 
 also followed by ya/t (kyan\ although black 
 snow fell Dzl. (nas instead of na, frq. to be 
 met with, is either merely a slip of the pen, 
 or an impropriety of speech). gdl-te-na 
 as one word, and with the signification of 
 perhaps, or the Greek av (not 'if, C's.) I 
 found only in a few passages of the Kye- 
 
 lang manuscript of Dzl., where the edition 
 of Sch. has gdl-te., which makes no sense. 
 gal-srid W. = gal-te. In Lewin's Manual 
 it often occurs in the sense of but, how- 
 ever. 
 
 ' gdl-mdo n. of a disease Med. 
 
 Q.._. ydl-ba to force, to press something 
 on a person (cf. gal 2), mi-la btson 
 gal in-door confinement is forced on men 
 Mil. 
 
 yal-ro W. refuse, rubbish. 
 
 gas v. ^yds-pa. 
 
 ji' gi 1. num. for 33. 2. affix instead 
 ' of kyi, after g and n; for the signifi- 
 cation v. kyi. 
 
 gi-yu the vowel sign ^5 i. 
 
 'having a white speck 
 in the eye, wall-eyed (of horses)'. 
 cn'pTr* gi-'icdii, Glr., gi-bdm Lt., also giu, 
 ' ^ or yiu-wdn, Cs.: 'n. of a concretion 
 in the entrails of some animals, used for 
 medicine'. But Glr. 35, 9 an elephant has 
 it on its neck, and ace. to oral assertions 
 it is to be found also in the human head; 
 a man. for instance, is said to have gi- 
 ti'dn in his brains, if in his sleep he is 
 heard to utter long-drawn humming sounds. 
 eh-Q|r </-#'* a strong-bodied, durable horse 
 Sch. 
 
 ZTTfij^" yi-lin Wts. a fabulous animal. 
 
 cnr- gift Pth. prob. a little drum, or the 
 beating of it, as an accompaniment 
 to dancing. 
 
 H|<3T qin affix, v. kyin. 
 
 grr-mo Ld. the Indian rupee, = 5 
 jau. 
 
 gis instead of kyis after g and it, v. 
 kyis. 
 
 m- f/u 1. num. for 63. 2. sign of dimi- 
 NJ nutives, e.g. Hyi-gu puppy, little dog. 
 - 3. extension, extent, room, space ynds-su 
 gii-clog, lun-pa gu-dog, lam gti-doy a nar-
 
 69 
 
 yij-gu-sa 
 
 row place, valley, road ; yu-ydm (-pa) spa- 
 cious, roomy, wide, gu ydns-pa O dug there 
 is much room here. 
 
 a* dish. 
 
 gur 
 
 AmyrisAgallocha, 
 a costly incense, one kind is white, 
 another black. 
 
 qrzjr git-ge n. of a province in the south- 
 >J western part of Tibet. 
 CTjy gu-ti W. deaf (?). 
 
 cn'X* gv-ru Ssk., spiritual teacher, father- 
 NO confessor. 
 
 9 u ~ ru y Ld. colt or foal of an ass. 
 
 * yu-ldn n. of a deity, resorted to by 
 mothers for being blessed with 
 children; ace. to Sch.: Siwa. 
 
 CLT gu-le W- for gd-le q.v. ; yu-le-la id., 
 slowly, softly, gently, without noise, 
 *go yu-le-la <-ug* f shut the door gently! 
 yu-ydr Sch. apparently the same. 
 
 gu-*u WdL garment, dress (?). 
 
 yuy-ye-ba bent, bent downwards 
 (?), of leaves Wdn.; yuy pa id. 
 crom' yuy-pa W. to rub or scratch gently, 
 J ' to tickle. 
 
 cnr- yuii I. <S<^.' 'the broad-headed tiger 
 NO of Central Asia, Charachula' (Mon- 
 gol^)\ it is said to differ from stay, and is 
 not found in Tibet. II. also dgun (Cs. 
 yun-md) 1. the middle, gun-la in the middle, 
 e.g. the king in the middle (between his 
 two wives) ; stod-kyi gun (-was) ton taken 
 out of the middle of the upper part Mil. ; 
 gun-du byed-pa Thyy. prob. to divide 
 through the middle, to dissect (anatomi- 
 cally); gun sgrig-pa Sch. 'to unite'; with 
 respect to time: dbydr-yyi yun-la W. in 
 the middle of summer ; nyin-gitn,Kad mfsdn- 
 yuii mid-day, mid-night C's.-; gun-fnyis, the 
 two middle times, mid-day and mid-night; 
 ndm-yiji gun -fun- la at the hour of mid- 
 night. 2. mid-day, guit Jbdb-pa to take 
 a noon-rest on a journey; yun-fsiys dinner 
 Schr. ; yuii saint-la O yro-ba (W. *c-(V*) to 
 take a walk about tl^e middle of the day, 
 
 at noon; perh. also generally: to take a 
 walk; gun-Ion Sch.: 'at noon', more prob.: 
 afternoon. 3. mid-night, yun-la at mid- 
 night Glr.; dyuii-fay one night (?) Sch. 
 4. (Chinese?) title of a magistrate in Lhasa, 
 something like Privy Counsellor; v. dgun. 
 
 g u i l - s t u g prob. = stag Ld.-Glr. 
 
 ScM. fol. 13, 6. 
 CTp-nr- gun-fan n. of a monastery in M<'iii- 
 J ' " yul Mil. 
 
 zTC'SSf gun-mo the middle finger; *gun-dzug* 
 J C. id. 
 
 r-la-puy (..'. carrot. 
 
 guii-la-pug C. radish. 
 
 cnr- gud 1 . slope, declivity C's. 2. sepa- 
 NJ ' ration, solitude, seclusion Sch.; gud-du 
 J)6r-ba to place obliquely 6s.; gud-du 
 fseys-pa Dzl. %$}, 18 to separate, to dis- 
 perse (?) Sch. 3. C.: loss, damage = gun, 
 god. 4. Ld.: heavy or thick of hearing, 
 *yud-ndy* quite deaf, deaf as a post. - 
 5. gud-du jug pa v. O yud-pa. 
 
 ^K*J" yiid-pa v. O yud-pa. 
 
 qij- gun (Cs. gun-pa) loss, damage, *nd-la 
 >J gun poy* W. I have suffered a loss 
 (prop, damage has come over me). 
 
 f gun-po Lh. expensive, dear. 
 
 gun-dum a bottle-shaped or cylin- 
 > ' > drical basket to put fruit in, Ld. 
 (perh. akin to rkon-pa). 
 CTI^'^I" gum-pa v. O gum-pa. 
 
 NO 
 
 m^- gur, resp. bzugs-gur, yzim-yur Cs., also 
 %J dbu-gur C., tent, gos-gur Cs. a tent of 
 silk, pi/in-yur of felt, sbra and re-gur of 
 coarse yak's hair felt, ras-gur of cotton 
 cloth; ryyal-gur Cs. 'a king's pavilion', 
 dmay-yur a military tent. gur-mcog a 
 magnificent tent, or yur-rgydl. is used by 
 Chr. Prot. for the tabernacle. gur- fag 
 the tent-ropes, *yur-ber* W., or yur-siii < '*. 
 the tent-poles. gur-fog Cs.: 'the upper 
 covering or outer fly of a tent'. <7 w/ *~ 
 j-zol Cs. : 'the walls of a tent'. yur-kldJ 
 passage for the smoke out of a tent, gur-
 
 70 
 
 gur-kum 
 
 O gram lattice in the side of it, and gur- 
 Icdm stakes supporting the roof Sch., 
 peculiar expressions relating to the felt- 
 tents of the Mongol nomads. 
 ZMVfttj' CTJ^TTW- gur-kiim, gur-gvm 1. 
 NJ >J ' NJ >J saffron. Croc us Glr.,Lt. 
 2. marigold, Calendula, and similar yel- 
 low flowers C. 
 
 -.,, yur-giir Ld. a small churn used for 
 >J >J preparing tea. 
 TC-omwr gur-lpdgs a perforated skin, a 
 J 3 ! hide full of holes Sch. 
 
 ' gul-gul Bal. slowly, for gu-le. 
 
 gul-ndg Lt. n. of a medicine. 
 
 gus-pa sbst. respect, reverence, de- 
 >o votion; also adj respectful, devout; 
 
 dge- diin-la gits-pas pyag O tsdl-lo the priest- 
 hood I respect with devotion; ma-giis-pa 
 unbelieving, undevout Thgy.; *gus-zdb co- 
 re"' W. to show a respectful willingness to 
 serve; humble, (jus- par ^gyur-ba Cs.: 'to 
 humble one's self; in modern letters = 
 p-ran, your most humble servant. 
 
 I* gus-po C., W., expensive, costly, dear. 
 
 ge num. for 93. 
 
 a kerchief for the head hanging 
 down behind. 
 
 ge-sdr 1. 6s. n. of a flower, Lt. and 
 elsewhere, prob. = %^fT; it is said 
 to grow in Nepal, and to be called also 
 pdd-ma ge-sdr. 2. Sch.: pistil, but, like 
 ze- bru, it signifies undoubtedly the organs 
 of fructification in general, as the natural 
 science of Tibet is certainly not acquainted 
 with the sexual difference in the parts of 
 flowers; ge-sdr-can the lotos flower Sch. 
 3. n. of a fabulous king in the north of 
 Tibet, with the epithet dmdg-gi rgydl-po 
 Glr. and elsewh. ; ge-sdr-gyi sgrun the fa- 
 bulous history of the same. 
 JJWWT 9 e( J s hindrance, impediment, obstacle. 
 gegs-med-par without hindrance, 
 unimpeded, fe-fsom dan gegs sel-ba to re- 
 move doubts and hindrances Mil. ; gegs- 
 byed bgegs a malignant spirit, causing im- 
 
 pediments or mischief Zam.\ cos-mdzdd 
 yons-la gegs byed-pa to throw obstacles in 
 the way of all pious people Pth.; sans-rgyds 
 mi fob-pai gegs bzi four obstacles to at- 
 taining the Buddhaship Thgy.; also with- 
 out a negation : fob-pai grogs O gro-am gegs- 
 su O gro will you help me or hinder me in 
 obtaining . . . ? Mil.; O grub-pai gegs impe- 
 diment to perfection. 
 
 ^pJ'J* gel-pa branch of a tree, sin-gel-pa. 
 
 qy go 1. numerical sign for 123. 2. num. 
 ' inst. of dgu-bcu, in the abbreviated num- 
 bers go-ycig etc., 9199. 3. for go-ca. 
 4. for go-bo. 
 
 qy go 1. place, room, space (prob. = gu~); 
 in this sense it is used in go-mfsams- 
 mi'd-par without intermediate spaces, con- 
 tinuous; O bru sna fsogs go-mfsams-med-par 
 sl<y< j s grain of every kind grew densely, 
 luxuriantly ; go - mfsams - med -par gdii - ba 
 closely filled Tar. 13; prob. also in go-cod: 
 'the space is cut off, or filled i e. the matter 
 is done with, settled, satisfaction has been 
 made; col. also: I have got enough, I am 
 full, (the thing lost or missed) has been 
 found, restored; *gJio coj son* or *)hun' < ., 
 *go cod-Kan yod* W. he has managed the 
 business well, he has executed his com- 
 mission satisfactorily; des rgydl-bai go mi 
 cod by this the victory has not yet been 
 fully decided Mil.; fos bsam sgom ysum- 
 gyi go cod (by only once looking at the 
 Ommanipadmehum) every other hearing, j 
 thinking, or looking at is done away with, 
 any thing further is rendered unnecessary 
 Glr. : Kyed-la go mi cod-pai cos a doctrine 
 not satisfactory to you Mil.; bu fsab it a 
 spyugs ci ]>yir go mi cod why should it not 
 be sufficient that I be condemned to exile 
 instead of my son? Pth. 2. the proper 
 place of a person or thing among other 
 persons or things, position, rank, condition 
 of life, so in many of the following com- 
 pounds, the word being seldom used alone: 
 pai gor in the place, office, dignity of his 
 father DzL; go-nas according to, in pro- 
 portion to Glr. ; go rgds-na when rank and
 
 71 
 
 Go-ta-ma 
 
 dignity are grown old and gone, when the 
 position in life has been lost Glr. ; hence 
 f/o-rgds may be applied to an old maid 
 (Schr.y, rdit-gi go O diig that is my place, 
 my business, like ca; also place, space, 
 spot in a still more general sense : 'd-mai 
 go-na at the place of my mother, with my 
 mother Glr. ; ran - O fdg-gi go-no, near the 
 mill Glr.; go ldog-pa (zlog-pa, log-pa) to 
 change place, esp. to turn to the contrary 
 S.g. ; ndd-go the seat of a disease Sch.\ 
 go-byed is mentioned as a quality of the 
 air S.g. ; sprin-gyi go-bat' 'pye-nas ^ons, we 
 came parting the space between the clouds 
 Mil. ; sprin dkar Idin-gi go-cog Mil. ? 3. 
 armour, gen. yo-cd. 
 
 Comp. go-skdbs lit. a chance of taking 
 place, of existing, bde-bai go-skdbs gd-la 
 yod Pth., where is there a possibility of 
 being happy? go-skdl C. the share or 
 portion due to a person in accordance to 
 his rank. go -Kan arsenal Schr. go- 
 Krdb coat of mail with helmet, armour. 
 go-grdl rank, dignity Cs. go-grds id. Cs. 
 - go-rgds v. go 2. go-ca 1. armour; 
 often fig.: bzod-pai go-ca bgo-ba, or gon- 
 pa, to put on the armour of patience; mi- 
 jigs-go-ca the harness of intrepidity. 2. 
 gear, implements, tools in general, bkra-sis 
 xriin-bai go-ca (charmed) instruments used 
 for securing future happiness (in behalf of 
 a new-born infant) Med. go-mnydm C. 
 of equal rank. go-fern degree of dignity 
 or rank Cs. go- dun sna- dun, of 
 different sorts, various Lex. go-ldog (cf. 
 go-ldog-pd) the contrary, reverse, opposite; 
 wrong, perverse, de-las go-ldog the contrary 
 of it Med.: *go jug go -log -la* W. head 
 fore-most; * go-log co-be* W. to go to work 
 in the wrong way, * go-log di-ce* to write 
 wrong. go-pdn(s) 1. degree, rank, dignity, 
 blon-poi go-pdit-la bkod-par O gyiir-ba Pth. 
 to be installed into the dignity of a minister: 
 go-pan spdr-ba Le.r. to raise the dignity. 
 2. model, pattern, standard of perfection (?) 
 r.s. go-mfsdms v. go no. 1. go-mfson 
 harness and weapons. go-rim \. order 
 
 of rank Glr. 2. succession, successive 
 
 order, turn. 
 
 qym- go-Ka the place (near the hearth) for 
 
 firewood Mil. 
 ^^ go-ba I. vb. 1. to understand, com- 
 
 prehend, W. *hd-go-ce*; go-dkd-ba 
 difficult, hard to be understood, go-sld-l>a 
 easy to be understood, intelligible; *gho- 
 de-wa yon* C. now it becomes intelligible, 
 thus it will be understood; go-byed-brdd 
 Lex. an explaining, illustrating symbol; 
 go-zin rtog-pa to take in and comprehend; 
 brdd-ru go this I understand to be a sym- 
 bol Pth. ; go-bai yul, go-byai yul a subject 
 intelligible to all Schr. 2. to mean, to 
 imagine, par that. Glr.; go-nor-ba to mis- 
 understand, to mistake, to be mistaken. 
 II. sbst. perception, comprehension, go- 
 ba bldit-ba Mil. to come to a right com- 
 prehension, a clear perception (of some 
 philosophical or religious truth); go-bai 
 mjdl-ba Lex.: 'mjdl-ba in the sense of 
 perceiving 1 . 
 ^y^ go-bo a large eagle or vulture, <.'., W. 
 
 and B.; go-ser the common black- 
 
 bearded vulture of the Himalaya, with a 
 
 yellow neck , go-brim excrements of it Med. 
 
 ^r.a.p,. go-byi-la Med. n. of a poisonous 
 
 ' ^ medicinal fruit Cs. ; go-bye Med. id.? 
 
 * go-yu Med., n. of a flower Cs. 
 
 go-rdCs.\ 'prison, jail'; prop, a court 
 surrounded by a wall. 
 
 go-re-lan. a waiting-servant, page 
 
 Cs. 
 3pT go-la Ssk. ball, bullet. 
 
 2n*QiJZ7|" go-log v. go-ldog sub go Cora p. 
 
 go-sen v. go-cen. 
 
 .^"' s " ran ' ( ' ^'S 11 '^' * ( J- sa cen-po, fdn- 
 po* W. high in rank. 
 
 Gou-ta-Mi<t, the Gotamide. the descendant 
 of Gotama, which, among others, was the 
 name of the founder of the Nyaya philo-
 
 72 
 
 99 
 
 sophy in India (Banerjea Dialogues on 
 Hindoo Philosophy p. 56f); but in the 
 Buddhist legends it is mentioned as the 
 name of one of the ancestors of the Sa- 
 kya-racc, on which account Buddha is 
 often called Gautama. The different forms 
 of this name are used promiscuously by 
 Tibetan writers. 
 
 yog W. for gon-po a lump. 
 
 gog-fdl ashes, *gog - fdl yum - ce, 
 yog-ce, tin-ce* W. to spread ashes 
 (viz. on the snow, in order to increase 
 the effects of the sun, and to accelerate 
 the thawing of the snow). 
 
 gog-pa 1. to crawl (of little children). 
 2. to crumble off, to scale off 
 (of the plaster of a wall, of scurf etc.). 
 gog-po dilapidated, ruinous, Kdn(-pd) 
 gog(-po) a house in ruins; mtfar- 
 gog a dilapidated castle; of clothes: out 
 of repair, ragged; zin-gog a field lying 
 waste; dpe-gog an antiquated, worthless 
 book; gog-gog Cs.: 'the sound of a some- 
 what broken vessel'. 
 
 cn^- go" 1 price, value, also gon-fdn Glr., 
 frq.; gon dpydd-pa (often also bead- 
 pa, inconsistent with etymology) to ap- 
 prize, to fix a price; gon brgydb-pa C. 
 (gon O grig -pa Schr., Sch.) id. 2. the 
 above, in space as well as in time, (in 
 Khams e. g. it is used as a sbst. , signi- 
 fying: elevated, alpine pasture -grounds); 
 the above said, the former, referring to a 
 preceding part or passage of a book, gon 
 dan mfun, gon dan O drd-bar, gon-bzin, gon- 
 mfsuns as above (mentioned); prin gon 
 O og O dzol-ba to confuse a message, to make 
 a medley of it Glr.; go/i-du, c/on-na, gdn- 
 nas, gdn-la \. adv. over it, on it, thereon, 
 above, from above. 2. postp. c. genit. or 
 accus.: on, above, over, before, sgo gon- 
 du over the door; ydb - kyi gon - du Q das, 
 he died before his father Glr.', dei gon-du 
 before this time Glr.; ma fsogs gon-du be- 
 fore they are assembled ; gon-gi the former, 
 the above mentioned ; gon - gi de - rnams 
 those preceding; gon-du bsdd-pa Itar as 
 
 ^N gon-pa 
 
 has been said, explained above; gon-du 
 smos-pa the above mentioned; gon-gi . . . 
 zes smos-pa the above statement that . . . ; 
 s/ia gon bod-kyi rgydl-po the former (an- 
 cient) Tibetan kings; gon and ^og like our 
 subdivisions of a and b, the first and se- 
 cond part, division or section of a book, 
 ba-gon and ba-^6g Volume XV Section 1 
 and 2; the face and the back of a leaf: 
 bzi-gon folio 4, a. goii-sku-j'zogs, a title, 
 like our: his highness, excellence, eminence 
 Sch. v. sku. 
 
 lump, mass, heap, clot, sd- 
 
 goit-po a lump of flesh DzL; Krag-goii a 
 clot of blood Glr.; *bol-gdn* C., *sa-gog* 
 W., clod, glebe; *Ka-gog* W. snow-ball. 
 cftr*n* gon-ba, W. * gon -ha*, gos-kyi gon- 
 
 ba, collar, gon-ba-nas O dzin-pa to 
 seize by the collar 
 gfjr-rj' gon - ma a higher one, a superior; 
 
 the former, the first named, gon-ma 
 bzin-du like the former; rgydl-ba gon-ma 
 the most high, the divine Buddha Mil; 
 gon-ma ce, gon-ma cen-po the most high, 
 applied to worldly sovereigns, as: rgya- 
 ndg gon-ma the emperor of China 6'.: gon- 
 ma -mams Mil the gods (the 'superi' of 
 the ancients), among whom according to 
 the doctrines of Buddhism the Lamas are 
 included. 
 
 gon-mo ptarmigan, white grouse, Ihd- 
 
 bya gon-mo B. and (.'., ' : 'ri-bya gon- 
 mo* W., gon-sreg id. (?); gon-yag Sch.: 
 w r ood - grouse, cock of the wood, Tetrao 
 urogallus. 
 
 ^jfc"^" gon-zu C. paper lantern. 
 ^-- god, W. *god-Ka* DzL god-pa, Cs. god- 
 ^ ma 1. loss, damage, god O gyur-ba Thgy., 
 *gho'-la O do-wa* ('., * god-la cd-ce* W., to 
 suffer loss, e.g. nor - la or nor, a loss of 
 money and property; god-pa vb. id., *nor 
 god-da* W. have you had a loss? 2. C. 
 punishment. 
 
 ^H* gon the common gourd, pumpkin W. 
 
 Own* ^ow-pal.vb.to put on (clothes, shoes), 
 mgo-la za. gon-pa to put on a cap.
 
 73 
 
 gob-no 
 
 - II. sbst. coat, clothing Sch.; *gdn-ce* 
 Lh., Ld., *gon-ma* Bal id. 
 
 gob-non (spelling uncertain), *gob- 
 non co-ce, tdit-ce. gydb-ce* W. to 
 tease, vex, irritate. 
 
 gom-pa 1 . a pace, Step, gom-pa Jbor- 
 ba to make a step, to pace; gom- 
 pa bdun Jbor-ba Glr. 5, 2 and elsewh. : to 
 make seven steps, as a ceremony, which 
 may also be counted equivalent to a reli- 
 gious pilgrimage, the actual performance 
 of which is not possible: gom-pa O dor-ba 
 prob. = Jbor-ba; gom-pa O debs-pa and skyel- 
 ba Lt. ? ? gom-pai stabs the (peculiar) 
 manner of stepping Zam.; *pru-gu-la gom- 
 fdn Idb-ce* W. to teach a little child to 
 walk; *gom cdg-ce* to stride solemnly a- 
 long; '^gom-jor* col. a veranda (?). 2. 
 the 'pas' in dancing. 
 
 goms-pa accustomed, wonted, wont 
 c. dat.; klog-pa-la goms-sin prac- 
 tising (the art of) reading Dzl.; goms-par 
 byed-pa, and Q gyur-ba c. dat. and accus., 
 to accustom one's self to a thing, to prac- 
 tise; mi gom-pa unaccustomed; *mi dan 
 gom-te* W. accustomed to man, tame, do- 
 mesticated: *ghom-Kye'* C. a habit, custom. 
 
 J3ffe.*3T y or ~ ma C s - ' a g enera l name for 
 stone; Sch.: stones, rubble, bowl- 
 der-stones. 
 
 gor-ma-cdg, eleg. gor-ma-bkum, 
 certain, sure, indubitable, de 
 Jbyiiii-ba gor-ma-cdg-go his coming is quite 
 sure Wdn.; de yin gor-ma-cdg-go that it 
 is this, is quite certain Stg. frq ; gor-ma- 
 cdg-par adv. certainly. 
 
 gor-mo 1. round, circular Sch.; gor- 
 gor Med. id. 2. W. a rupee. 
 
 gor-si-sa \. tsdn-da-na. 
 
 gol-ba v. O gol-ba. 
 
 ^fa* gos 1. resp. nd-bza, garment, dress. 
 2. in some compounds silk. rgydn- 
 gos fine clothes Glr.; rgyun-gos C., W., an 
 every day coat; cos -gos clerical garb or 
 garments Schl. 170, Burn. I. 306, Kdpp. 
 I. 339, II. 266 ; mfdn-gos a sort of petti- 
 
 coat worn by the monks, having many 
 plaits and folds, like the kilt of the High- 
 landers, but longer and of one colour; p6- 
 gos man's dress ; bld-gos an upper garment, 
 a kind of toga; mo-gos a woman's gown; 
 yzdb-gos holiday clothes, opp. to rgyun-gos 
 6'., W. gos gon-pa, gyon-pa to put on, 
 Jbud-pa to take off, br)e-ba to change 
 clothes; bi'tsegs-pa Sch.: to put one gar- 
 ment over the other; gos bteg-pa to tuck 
 up, by drawing the front skirts under the 
 girdle; gos Iddb-pa to lay or fold a coat 
 together; gos spu-ma a coat of napped cloth. 
 Comp. gos-skud silk-thread. gos-sgdb 
 skirt or flap of a coat. gos-sgdm box, 
 chest, or press for clothes, wardrobe. - 
 gos-cen, col. go-sen, silk fabrics, silks. 
 gos-rnyin an old coat or dress. gos-fun 
 trowsers Glr., C. gos-mfd = gos-sgab. 
 gos-ndg a black garment, a female dress. 
 
 gos-bzdn a beautiful dress, fine clothes 
 (as an object of show), festival raiment. 
 gos-ldg (in W. also pronounced *goi-ldg, go- 
 lag* in C. *gho-ldg*} dress, clothes, body- 
 linen; :V gos-ldg tu-ce* W. to wash linen. 
 
 ^T^J'CJ* gos-pa pf. of bgo-ba. 
 
 qrgya num.instead of brgydd-cu, in the ab- 
 y breviated numbers gya-ycig etc. 81 89. 
 qi- gya, a root, the meaning of which is 
 ^ not quite settled yet; it occurs in the 
 following combinations: gya - gyu (6s.: 
 crookedness?) intrigues, secret machinations 
 C., W.; ynod-sems dan bslu-bai gya- gyu 
 sogs malice, deceitful tricks and the like; 
 gya -gyu- can crafty, deceitful, fraudulent, 
 e.g. sems; gya-gyu byed-pa to intrigue, to 
 plot. gya-ma-gyu 1. of rivers etc.: quiet, 
 calm, gently flowing along Mil. 2. of 
 a man: cautious, close, reserved, so that 
 one does not know what to think of him, 
 ni f. gya-nyes Mil. was explained : mar- 
 velous, inexplicable, of men, occurrences etc. 
 
 gya-nom-pa Cs.: 'contentment, joy'; yet 
 the context in several passages of Mil. 
 suggests the signification : abundance, suf- 
 ficiency. gya-rtsom, gya-tsom haste, 
 hurry, rashness 6's.
 
 74 
 
 gyon 
 
 zjrq' yy u - ua deformed, disfigured, having 
 ^ lost his or her former beauty Cs. 
 
 qpJ'SJ" gydg-pa diminished Cs.;\. O gydg-pa. 
 
 __. ^._. gyan, gyen pise, earth or clay 
 ' V* stamped into moulds, and fre- 
 quently used as building -material in >Sp., 
 Ld., and other parts of Tibet; gyan-sgrom 
 pise -mould; gyan-skor pise -wall round 
 an estate or village Glr.; gyan-ra cattle- 
 yard constructed of pise; gyan-tse terrace 
 wall of pise Ld.; gyan-rim one layer of 
 pise, i.e. as much as is stamped in at a 
 time, about one ell in height; this frequently 
 serves for a measure of the depth of the 
 snow Mil. ; gyan-ris fresco or wall-painting. 
 cnr- gyad, also yy a d-pa, Ssk. ?flg 1. a 
 ^ ^ champion, a man of great physical 
 strength, an athlete, frq.; da-dun yydd-gyi 
 tsal O gran let us try once more our strength 
 in fighting Mil.; gydd-rdo giant-stone, i.e. 
 a stone which only a giant is able to lift 
 Mil. 2. n. of a people Tar. 11, 10. 
 ZTJSW 9y an - r 99 u Med -> gyan-rgyui bu-ga, 
 
 ^o yyan-i'gyui mfu ? 
 
 ZTO3* yy am a shelter, a grotto large and 
 ^ wide, but not deep (cf. skyibs), brdg- 
 gyam a shelter under a rock; gdd-gyam 
 a grotto beneath a conglomerate rock ; pon- 
 gydm (for pa-bo ri-gy 'am) a shelter under a 
 beetling rock: gydm-bu a little cover or 
 shelter Cs. 
 
 ;qfe" yyar-gyod prob. = gyod-fca, god-pa 
 loss, damage. 
 
 gyi for gyi, after n, m, r, I; v. kyi. 
 
 gyi-na(-ba) 1. bad, coarse, mean. 
 poor, miserable, of food, clothes 
 etc.; gyi-na O fso-ba a miserable, starving 
 life Pth. 2. unsteady, fickle Schr. 
 ql'Sfc" yy^ n @b'' E. of an excellent breed 
 
 of horses. 
 erar gyfy caoutchouc, India rubber, gyig-sin, 
 
 gyig-sdon caoutchouc-tree Sik. 
 cn" 9yi n n - f a deity Pth., perh. = kin- 
 
 kdn. 
 
 qiQ'^f yyi n - mo W. gently sloping, gradu- 
 ally descending or subsiding. 
 
 9r 
 
 gyin v. kyin. 
 
 gyim-bdg 
 
 Q byuy-pa to gild in the fire Schr. 
 yyis 1. inst. of kyis, after liquid let- 
 ters. 2. v. byyid-pa. 
 gyu Cs. = gya-yyu', cf. also syyu, 
 gyu-ba v O gyu-ba. 
 
 6a. 
 CTW ^-^crookedness, curve; hunch, hump, 
 
 T Ns crookback, crooked ; gye-gu-can of a 
 camel, yye-yur Q duy-pa being crooked, of 
 trees, opp. to dran-po, Sty. 
 
 * yye-yon n. of a Bonpo idol (?) Mil. 
 
 (opp. to far) up, upward, up-hill, 
 
 ^ ' mostly followed by du or la, gyen-du 
 O dzey-pa to mount up, to ascend; gyen-du 
 rdze-ba to turn up, to cock (a hat or cap); 
 above, on the surface, gyen-du lus-pa to 
 keep above (water) Glr. *yyen-la ddii-po* 
 W. perpendicular, vertical; yyen-cdd (opp. to 
 man -cad) the upper part of a country, 
 pu-rig gyen -cad Upper Purig, Ld.-Glr. 
 Schl. 26, b. also sbst. : gyen yzdr-po a steep 
 ascent C. 
 
 qj^* gyer v. dgyer-ba. 
 
 gyes v. O gye-ba. 
 
 -mo 1. gravel, grit Dzl., Stg. - 
 2. potsherd Cs.; gyo-dum id. 3. 
 tile, brick Sch.; gyo-mgo id.; clay-vessel. 
 In an allegorical comparison of the body 
 with a house, the hair of the head is said 
 to be like a po-yyo mo-gyoi rdza Med.f 
 gyo-rtsi Wdn.? 
 
 y yog-pa curved, crooked 6s.; gydg- 
 po left-handed, awkward Sch. 
 yy 9 s <-'. pronounced *ghyoy, ykyo*, 
 tor syyoys cannon, large gun. 
 qw-- gydn want, need, indigence, Ito-gos-kyi 
 ^ gydn fey-pa to be able to endure want 
 of food and clothes Mil. ; Kur - ba to be
 
 75 
 
 grdgs-pa 
 
 reduced to want. yyon-po (cf. kyon-po) 
 hard, harsh, rough, rude, impolite, (srab-) 
 K'a-yyoii-po hard-mouthed ; yyon-ro a dried 
 up body, a mummy Sch. ; metaph. d>/r- 
 yyoii a hard, cruel, dangerous enemy; Ka- 
 yyoii-ce very rude, impudent Mil. 
 
 9fj w yyod v. O yyod-pa. 
 
 gyod-Ka loss; quarrel, law-suit Sch. 
 
 zf]X' r r gyon-pa to put on, to wear = yon- 
 pa ; lies-la gyon-pai yos the garment 
 that one wears DzL ; gyon-ryyu materials 
 for clothing Mil. 
 
 gyos - po father in - law , gyos - mo 
 mother-in-law, yyos-syyug parents- 
 in-law DzL, Stg. (In Ld. this word is 
 rather avoided, sounding, as it is pronoun- 
 ced there, much like the obscene rgyo-ba.') 
 zn-grra 1. angle, corner DzL 93&, 13; lap, 
 ^ lappet, extremity, gos-kyi grva coat-tail 
 Tar. 98, 10 (seldom used).' 2. school, 
 kloy-qrva a reading-school 6s.; sgom-grva 
 Glr. and elsewhere: a meditating-school; 
 siidgs-grva a school for mystical theology 
 6's.; O dul-yrva Glr. a training-school, se- 
 minary; smdn-grvd a medical school; rtsis- 
 grva a .school where mathematics are 
 taught; yiy-grva a writing -school Cs. 
 3. a cell 6's. (?) 4. sometimes i'orgrvd-pa. 
 Comp. grvd-kan school-house, school- 
 room \*ldb-(]a-Kan* Wad. grvd-pa scholar, 
 disciple, generally; monk, the lowest eccle- 
 siastical grade; grvd-pa byed-pa to become 
 or to be a monk. grvd-dpon school-master 
 6s. grva-pruy school-boy. grvd-fsdn 
 the apartments in great monasteries, where 
 the monks belonging to the same theolo- 
 gical confession live together. grva-fsoys 
 convention of monks. *da-sdy* cell 6'., 
 W. yrva-sa monastery, grva-sa cen-po 
 a great monastery; a school attached to 
 such a one; mfsan-nyid-kyi grvd-sa zig a 
 school of the Tsannyidpa sect; dei ston- 
 pa-mams the teachers of such a school 
 Mil. 
 
 njV yrd-ti plate, dish Ld. 
 
 grd-ba 1 . sbst, also yra-pdd 'a muzzle' 
 Sch. ; a net before the window, to 
 prevent passers-by from looking into the 
 room Schr. 2. vb. to carve in wood. 
 grd-ma 1. a beard of com, awn, Jbru 
 grd-ma- can bearded, awned plants, 
 such as corn etc. (opp. to O bru gdn-bu-can 
 leguminous plants) S.g. ; the bones of fish 
 v. nya. Zam.: a tree or shrub, prob. 
 the Tibetan furze, Caragana versicolor. 
 3. a disease of the genitals, perh. venereal 
 boils (condyloma) Med. 
 ram- 9rfy~p<* I- sbst. 1. noise, rumour, 
 talk, 6s. 2. the principal or most 
 distinguished amongst several persons Mil. 
 II. vb. = O grdg-pa, miii yan mi grdg- 
 par so that not even the name is men- 
 tioned any more Pth. 
 
 grdys-pa I. vb. 1 . to bind Tligy., 
 C., W., e.g. gres-po a load, a 
 burden, also yrds-pa TJigy.; perh. also 
 O grdgs-pa, ^rogs-pa q.v. 2. pf. of O grdg- 
 pa. II. sbst. 1. fame, reputation, cha- 
 racter by report, grdgs-pa ridn-pa ill name, 
 bad repute Pth. ; rumour, report, del grdgs- 
 pa cen-po bijuh the report of it spread, 
 was circulated; in most cases it signifies 
 good name, renown, snydn-pa daii grdgs- 
 pas sai sten fams-cdd Kydb-pa Glr. the 
 whole earth was filled with (his) fame and 
 renown ; snyan-grdgs id. (Cs. : good tidings); 
 grays -pa- can , snydn - grays - can illustri- 
 ous, renowned; ryydn-nas grdgs-pa ce-ba 
 of great renown, of celebrity at a distance, 
 (of less significance when more closely 
 examined) ; fame, glory, rnyed-pa dan grdgs- 
 pa -la cdgs-pas DzL, greedy of gain and 
 fame; yrdys-pa-cen-po is also the name of 
 a goddess = dpal-lhd-mo. grags = grdgs- 
 pa: grdgs- dod-can desirous of glory Mil.', 
 grdgs-can W. (pronounced *rdy-cdn*) fa- 
 mous, renowned; beautiful, splendid, glorious; 
 proud, haughty (in this case perh. for <//v,/s- 
 pa-can). yrdys- dzin-ma, Ssk. ijaftVJ^, 
 snfrafff, tne second wife of Buddha, ace. 
 to others the second name of his first wife. 
 2. cry, outcry, clamour (perh. better
 
 76 
 
 '^T grdn-ba 
 
 gri 
 
 written grdg-pa'), dga-grdgs ^ur-ba to raise 
 shouts of joy. 
 
 2--.. grdn-ba, W. *ddn-mo*, I. adj. cold, 
 COOl, grdn-bai ynas a cool place; 
 * dan -mo rag* W., *tlhdn-ghi O dug* C. I 
 am cold. 
 
 II. sbst. coldness, cold, grdn-ba ni dro- 
 bar gyur the cold changed into warmth 
 Dzl.:*men-fog ddn-mopog* W. the cold has 
 struck, killed, the flowers. gran-ndd the 
 cold fit of the ague, *(lhan-fi* (lit. mKris} 
 C. id. *dan-ndd* W. synon. with grum- 
 bu, gout, rheumatism, arthritic pain; grah- 
 dro cold and warmth, gran-dro-med-pai ras- 
 kydn O di this thin cloth which constitutes 
 my clothing, in warm and in cold weather 
 Mil., v. med-pa; also warmth in a relative 
 sense, temperature. gran-sum Lt., gran- 
 sum byed-pa to shiver with cold Schr. 
 
 III. vb., also grans-pa 1. to get or grow 
 cold, grans -su bcug-pa Lex. to let grow 
 cold; grans O gro-bar O dug it will grow cold 
 Mil.; gran mi bya one must not suffer 
 (the child) to catch cold Lt. 2. to count, 
 judge, consider, v. bgrdn-ba; also Zam.: 
 ces grdn-naan though such may be sup- 
 posed; Cs. and Schr. have also gran per- 
 haps, yin gran perhaps it may be so. 
 
 grans, col. also *dan-ka*, Ssk. ^^ 
 number, frq., Ian gratis -du -mar a 
 number of times Mil.; grans-med-pa, el eg. 
 grans-ma-mcis-pa innumerable ; grans-can 
 numerous (?) Cs.; grdns-can-pa the atheistic 
 Sankhya sect of the Brahmans (Ban. p. 
 66); *dd-ddn zdg-dan gydb-ce* W. to date 
 (lit. to write down the number of month 
 and day) ; grans O de'bs-pa or rtsi-ba to count 
 Cs. grans-brdd (Cs. Gram. 235) sym- 
 bolical numerals, certain nouns, which in 
 some books are used instead of the usual 
 numerals, e.g. mig, eye, for 'two'. 
 
 grdiis-pa to grow cold, v. grdn- 
 ba III. 
 grdb-rgydg pride, boasting Sch. 
 
 grabs 1. preparation, arrangements, 
 measures; a contrivance, grabs byed- 
 pa to make preparations for, to be on the 
 
 point of, frq., yro-bai grabs byed-pa, to make 
 preparations for departing, ysod-grdbsyod-pai 
 fse-na just as preparations were made for 
 slaughtering them Mil.; *Ko kyug (Ihab)he'* 
 C. he is getting sick, is going to vomit; 
 Kdb-grabs, Q dzin-grabs the making one's self 
 ready for combat. 2. col. also for gros, 
 deliberation, *ne cir dhab )he' dug* C. they 
 are deliberating about me; *nan-ndn-ni 
 dabs fun-ne* W. on mutual agreement. 
 y ram -P a 1- swamp, marsh, fen Lex. 
 
 2. ^grem-pa Mng. 
 cnq* 9 ra l> SsK' ^Tfe 1- row, series, class, 
 "^ esp. a row of persons, gral(-du) sgrig- 
 pa to order, to dispose in rows, in rank and 
 file; grdl-gyi fog-ma, hag, gon, more frq. 
 gral-mgo the upper end of a row, the up- 
 permost place, the seat at the head of the 
 table; fd-ma, ,og or gral-mjug^-yzug} the 
 lower end; gral mgo-ma the first, the head 
 person Mil.\ yyas-grdl the right-hand end, 
 yyon-grdl the left-hand end; gral-rim C. 
 claim, title, rgan-yzon- gral-rim the right 
 of seniority ; grdl-pa a beer-house customer; 
 gral-ytdm tap-house talk Mil.; dban-grdl 
 the row of supplicants for a benediction; 
 meed -grogs dan dban-grdl mfun dus-su 
 Mil. if you sit with your fellow-believers 
 in one row, on one mat; *ce-ddl-la cud 
 son* W. he has entered into the row, the 
 class, of adults. 2. bench. 3. propor- 
 tionality (?), *zen-rin dal-med dan* W. with 
 his disproportioned length and breadth, his 
 unwieldiness. 4. *mi zig-la clal zig <]ig- 
 ce* W. (lit. sgrig-pa} W. to play a trick 
 to a person. 
 
 grdl-ma a small beam, rafter, Cs.; 
 grdl-bu, gral-pydm S.g. roof-laths, 
 sticks which are laid close together and 
 covered with earth. 
 
 9 ra& c ' ass ' order, series; rank, dignity; 
 tribe Cs. 
 
 grds-pa 1. for drds-pa. 2. to 
 bind, v. grdgs-pa. 
 i- gri (so pronounced in Pur.} 1. knife, 
 "^ g-ris y cod-pa, *di dan cdd-ce* W., to cut 
 with a knife, but also grir riidm-pa, y sod- 
 pa, ^um - pa Ma : to kill with a knife ;
 
 q-n->maq 
 
 c/ri-so, gri-dno, gn-k'd the edge of a knife : 
 gri-ldm lit. 'the path of the knife', the cut, 
 incision; gri-giig Pth. a short, crooked sabre 
 or sword, falchion, cimeter; g-ri-sd flesh of 
 a man that has been killed with a sword, 
 (used in sorcery). 2. Lt.: dar-mai ///// 
 ^Tj'^^j" gri-mdg v. grib-ma. 
 
 ^ir-rr- grin-pa Mil., prob. = sgrin-po skil- 
 ful, clever. 
 
 rnq- t/rib 1 . shade, grib - kyi pu Glr. the 
 shady part of a valley on the north 
 side of a mountain range, cf. sribs; grib- 
 pyogs the side not exposed to the sun, 
 north side, col., grib-lhdgs the coolness of 
 the shade, the cool shade Sch.; grib-ma 
 *di-mdg* W. shadow (cast by an object); 
 del grib - ma gd/'t - la pog-pa on whom hi s 
 shadow falls; gnb -f sod a dial Cs. 2. 
 spot, filth, defilement, contamination, mostly 
 in a religious sense: gnb yon pollution a- 
 rises; ro-grib defilement by a corpse; grib- 
 sel name of a Buddha; grib-(ki/is) non-gyi 
 ydon a demon that defiles and poisons the 
 food, a harpy; *K6-la (lib pog son* W. C. 
 he is crack-brained, not in his right mind ; 
 *dib-can* stubborn, refractory, whether 
 from stupidity, or from ill-will. 
 
 grim-pa to hasten, to hurry Sch. 
 grim-tee Sik. a pair of scissors. 
 
 srisisr ff* MedJ ( Lex - ^dV* q uadran ~ 
 
 gular, regular, harmonious) Schr.: 
 intelligent, clever. 
 
 cnGT 9!- ( c f- <-9'ril~ba) & roll, sog-gril roll- 
 ^ ed paper, a paper - roll ; gos - gril a 
 garment folded up 6s.; gril-Ka byed-pa to 
 make up a parcel Sch. 
 q, gru 1. boat, ferry, ship, vessel, also a hide 
 -d blown up with air, used for crossing 
 rivers = *kc>-<lhu* 6'. ; gmi-sdn id. ; gvu-sdn- 
 pa ferry-man; gm-la zon-pa to go on a 
 ferry. Comp. gru-K'a, gm-sdn-k'a, gru-bta/i- 
 sa C. starting- or landing-place of a ferry. 
 
 gm-gld, gm-btsds fare, passage-money, 
 a boat-man's fee. grit-pa ferry-man. 
 gni-dpon ship-master, master of a vessel. 
 
 gnt-bo, gen. gm-yzins, ship. gru- 
 
 r grub-pa 
 
 77 
 
 O dzm (litd'H) ancient name of Tatta, at 
 the mouth of the Indus, ancestral seat of 
 the Shukya race, whence the name is trans- 
 ferred to the residence of the Dalai Lama 
 in Lhasa, v. Kopp. II, 342. 2. (6s. gi-u- 
 mci) angle, corner, convex or concave, also 
 edge, border, brim; gru-ysum, gnt-bzi etc. 
 triangle, quadrangle; gm-j-sum-pa trian- 
 gular; dkyil-Jcor gru-bzi-pa zig O bri-ba to 
 draw a quadrangular figure, a square; O dom- 
 gdt'i gm-bzi, a surface six feet square ; dbyibs 
 gm-bzir yod S.g.; *du-nar-can* W. rhom- 
 boidal ; giii-yon,Cs.gm-gyel, oblique angled ; 
 gru-drdn right-angled 6s. ; gm-tfun v. mfo- 
 gon. yul-gru place, village, town, country. 
 3. lustre, of precious stones, gru-dmdr 
 a reddish lustre Mil.nt. 
 rjyrn* grii-gu 1. clew, hank. 2. n. of a 
 NS ' country. 
 ^n'fS^" gru-cdr 'a fine, fertile rain' Sch. 
 
 CT-jf gru -mo, gre-mo elbow, grii- 
 mor k'a-tvdm-ka bzuti-ba hold- 
 ing a trident in his arm Pth.- de-la gru- 
 moi pul-rdeg i'ig byds-nas pushing him with 
 his elbow Mil.; gm-sug byed-pa id.; grit-moi 
 Kug, the hollow of the elbow-joint Glr. 
 ^HVT gru-sd, or g-ru-sd, n. of a country Pth. 
 
 cncn'CJ" 9 r uy~P a to break into small pieces, 
 >d ' to crumble, to bruise DzL; gn'tg-pai 
 Jbras bruised rice Schr.; riis-pa cag-griigs 
 fracture of a bone Med.; grvgs-bu some- 
 thing broken. 
 
 EVZ^f 9 n>t '' l -b a > gn<"-po, fem .grun- 
 ' d mo 1. wise, prudent Mil.; 
 also: gru/is-pa lags very learned Sir! Thgr. 
 - 2. meek, mild, gentle 6's. 
 cnq* 9^ Ld. all, *Jub si son* all are dead; 
 ^ *dub zas son* it has all been eaten 
 up, (v. the next word). 
 __... gritb-pa, pf. of O gritb-pa 1. made 
 <= ready, complete; perfect; (ma gn'tb- 
 pa also: not existing); grub-pai rait-byon 
 spyan-ras-yzigs Glr. the perfect, by him- 
 self originated, Awalokiteswara = Uritn-</i/ix 
 grub-pa-, don fams-cdd gnib-pa, don-grub, 
 ^raftrt, tWT^ 'the fulfilment of every 
 wish' n. of Buddha, also of a spell or
 
 78 
 
 grum-pa 
 
 grogs 
 
 magic formula. grub-pa lus Med. either : 
 the frame, the structure of the body, or 
 more prob. an abbreviation of pun-po Ind- 
 las grub-pai lus Med., v. pun-po. 2. 
 the state of perfection, grub -pa fob-pa to 
 attain to this state, grub-fob f^g- one that 
 has attained to it, a saint; grub - brnyes, 
 grub-mcog id. ; grub mfd (C'.col. *dhum- 
 fd*) Ssk. fo^rRf opinion, theory Zam.; pyi- 
 ndn-gi grub-mfa ma O cdms-par Glr. there 
 being no conformity of opinion between 
 Brahmanists and Buddhists; also n. of a 
 philosophical work, Was. 262. ma-grub- 
 pa, grub-pa-me'd-pa? 
 
 cnrr^r grum-pa 1. S.g. n. of a burrowing 
 <3 animal, Sch.: badger. 2. pf. of 
 O grum-pa lamed, crippled, grum-po a maim- 
 ed person, a cripple; grum-bu, grum-ndd 
 gout, rheumatism, = fsig-ndd; drag-grum 
 gout, podagra; *sa-dum* W., a feeling of 
 lameness in the limbs. 
 
 g-rum - tse a thick woolen blanket 
 
 Milnt. 
 
 grul-bum a class of demons, grul- 
 ^o ^ bum -mo female demons; there 
 are also horned demons of this kind. 
 
 grus-po C. a yak two or three years 
 old. 
 
 HJ* gre a Naksatra, v. rgyu-skdr. 
 
 gre-gaC.as\\eel of paper (W.*sog-gdii*') 
 
 z^rq- gre-ba the fore-part of the neck, the 
 "* throat, both the wind -pipe and the 
 
 gullet; *de-wa de-mo*, or *nydn-pa dug* 
 W. he has a good voice, sings well; gre 
 
 (-ba) gdgs(-pa) Med. hoarseness; *de-wa 
 
 tdn-ce* Ld. to join in singing or shouting; 
 
 gre-ba ddr-ba a snoring or rattling in the 
 
 throat; *de-bsdl tdn-ce* W. to hawk, to 
 
 hem, to clear the throat. 
 
 gre-bo a species of demons; gre -mo 
 1. female demons of this kind. 2. 
 
 v. gru-mo. 
 
 e-mdg, vulg. for grd-ma awn. 
 
 gr&mog-Jht W. ant, emmet. 
 
 9 reu P ea ? pease, mon-sran-greu ace. 
 
 to Wdn. = ?rr^ 
 
 gres-ma the flashing, lightening, shin- 
 ing Schr. 
 
 cfy f/i'o 1. wheat, gro-yos parched grains 
 of wheat, parched corn; gro-sog stalk 
 of wheat, wheat - straw. 2. breakfast, 
 taken late in the forenoon or about noon, 
 gro O degs-pa Glr., also *dho Jbog-pa* C. to 
 take breakfast, = fsdl-ma zd-ba. *do 
 zig* W. a morning's march, short day's 
 march, reaching quarters already at 10 or 
 11 o'cl. a.m. 
 
 gro-ga, W. also *do-u'a*, the thin 
 bark of the birch - tree, frq. used to 
 write on (esp letters), or for ornamenting 
 bows etc. Mil. 
 
 r gro-bo, gro-mo reddish gray. 
 
 gro -ma 1. = gro 2. 2. n. of a 
 medicinal herb Wdn. 3. *dho-ma, 
 gya-rjho* C. potato. 
 
 rjTcn'if' grog-po {Lex. T^j) 1- a deep dell, 
 ravine, lateral valley C. ; grog - cu 
 brook, rivulet; grog-yzdr a torrent pouring 
 down in a ravine. 2. W. = grog-ca. 
 grog - ma , grog - mo ant, 
 emmet; grog-tsdn, grog- 
 mK'dr ant-hill; grog - spur ace. to some = 
 grog-ma, ace. to others some other insect. 
 
 " grog-zin n. of a medicine Wdn. 
 
 definite form is grogs-po, fern, g 
 mo; Ka - grogs a seeming friend, a false 
 friend; ytih-grogs a true friend; sdig-pai 
 grogs-po-la rten-na if he attaches himself 
 to bad friends Dzl:; snyin-gi grogs-po in- 
 timate friend, bosom - friend Pth. ; grogs- 
 po(r) byed-pa to make friendship, to enter 
 into connexion with, to make a league, ma- 
 mfon-ma-prdd-pai grogs-po byas, they join- 
 ed in friendship without knowing each other 
 Glr. kye grogs-po ho, friend! Pth. 
 2. associate, companion, comrade, grogs-po- 
 dag company, society Dzl. also used as 
 address: comrades! friends! or more 
 respectfully: honoured friends! honoured
 
 70 
 
 gentlemen! Sty.; fellow, grogs -Jcyeu play- 
 fellow, play-mate Dzl.; dpun-grogs fellow- 
 combatant, brother in arms; O diig- grogs, 
 resp. bzugs-grogs inmate, fellow-lodger A///., 
 *ddti-rog* W., (v. bran-sa) id.; also neigh- 
 bour W., C.; dgd-grogs, ytdn-grogs, grogs, 
 companion in life, spouse, husband, wife, 
 grogs mi rnyed she cannot get a husband 
 Mil.; fse O dii grogs- skdl a man's destination 
 as to marriage, the matrimonial lot assigned 
 by fate Glr. ; O dod-grogs, mdzd-grogs, bzdn- 
 grogs C. one beloved, lover, sweet - heart, 
 mdl-grogs resp. yzim-grogs bed-fellow (not 
 only 'concubine' Cs.); dmdg-grogs ally, con- 
 federate (in war), hence also : 3. assist- 
 ant, fellow-labourer, Ids-grogs journeyman, 
 under -workman; grogs byed-pa to help; 
 rgdn-mo mcod-rfen skud-pai grogs by as 
 they helped the old woman in anointing 
 the pyramid Dzl.', rtsig- grogs byed-pa to 
 help in building a house ; at present in 6'. 
 a word of courteousness in making requests : 
 *ten rog nan (ynan) be so kind as to show 
 me; *nan rog dze'* would you kindly give 
 me; *dha na ton rog dzo'*novf please let 
 me go! cf. rogs. 
 
 gfir- groh an inhabited place, a human ha- 
 * bitation, house, village, town, brgyd- 
 gron, ston-gron a place of a hundred, of 
 a thousand houses or house - holds (mi- 
 
 Comp. gr&h-fcyer \. a large town, city, 
 B. and C., groh-Kyer (gyi) incog chief city, 
 capital Tar. 2. fig. place, scene, sphere, 
 (e.g. this world is a scene of illusions Mil.) 
 gron-grans the number of houses in a 
 village or town. gr&n-mcog Mil., groit- 
 mcog O drim-pa, O gro-ba, rgyug-pa one that 
 wanders about among the peasantry as a 
 fortune-teller; clerical charlatan, hedge- 
 priest. groh-ytdm prob. = groh-fsig - 
 gron - rddl (Lex. 5Rq^ 'an extension of 
 houses') a large town, also a suburb. 
 grofi-pa i. W. a villager, peasant. 2. C. = 
 gron. gron-po gron Mil. groii-dpon 
 village -chief, Sch. gron- mi peasant. - 
 groh - fsig Lex. provincialism. gron - fso 
 
 village, borough. gron-bzis farm Sch. 
 gron-yul village Mil. 
 
 cfr~n- groh-ba C. col. for gran-ba cold, 
 in Glr. occasionally. 
 
 SfK'SJ" grod-pa 1 . belly, grod-fsil suet 2. 
 col. stomach; of ruminating animals 
 the first stomach or paunch. 3. a dried 
 paunch, or bullock's stomach, for keeping 
 oil etc. Glr. 
 
 gron-can disadvantageous, injuri- 
 ous, gron-ce very noxious, gron- 
 med harmless, innoxious Lex. 
 
 pf. of O grol-ba, as sbst. = 
 the having been delivered, 
 deliverance (from the pain of existence). 
 gros 1. advice, counsel, gros O debs-pa 
 B. to give advice; gros byed-pa B., 
 *dos gydb-ce* W., to consider, to deliberate ; 
 to resolve, decide; gros O dri-ba to ask (a 
 person's) advice, to consult (with one); 
 gros- dri-sa the place where advice may 
 be asked, an oracle Glr.; gros-pa adviser, 
 counsellor, senator; gros-mi id., head-man 
 of a village; gros mfun-par by unanimous 
 decree, unanimously Dzl. 2. speech, 
 talk, = )tam Mil nt. 3. council (?). - 
 4. Cs.: care, heed, caution, gros-can careful, 
 cautious, gros-med careless, heedless, 
 nr yla pay, wages, fee, gla zd-bato live on 
 ^ wages, to work for daily wages Dzl. ; 
 gla-lto food and wages; c/ld-pa, gld-bo (col.), 
 gla -mi a day-labourer, hired workman, 
 gld-mo (Cs. gld-pa-mo) fern. 
 
 zjrq* ffte-ba 1- the musk-deer, Moschus mo- 
 ^ schiferus, gld-mo the female of it, 
 gla-prug the young of it; gld-bai Ite-ba 
 musk-bag (lit. navel); gld-rtsi (W.*lar-si*\ 
 Ssff. eRTgr^ mus\i>yld-rtsi-me-tog Pedicularis 
 megalantha, *gla-dd-ra* W. Delphinium 
 moschatum, two alpine plants smelling 
 strongly of musk; gla-sgdn n. of a medi- 
 cinal root 6s.; gla-gldd v. glan-glad. 2. 
 n. of a pretty large tree, similar to, or 
 the same as stdr-bu Glr. 
 
 nor q-nrar 9 la 9> b y a ~9 la 9 eagle, vulture; 
 
 ' ^ I glag Krd-mo Sch., lag-fyi* 
 
 W. (an eagle which is said to bark like
 
 80 
 
 a dog), rgyab-gldg perh. different species 
 of eagles. 
 
 gldg-pa often used erroneously in- 
 stead of rlag-pa. 
 
 glags opportunity, occasion, possibi- 
 lity, glays O fsol-bd to seek an occa- 
 sion, to look for an opportunity; da glags 
 rnyed-par dug now the favourable point 
 of time seems to have come Glr.; esp. 
 opportunity of doing harm to another, of 
 getting a hold on him; glags rnyed-par 
 mi gyur, he will not be able to get at you, 
 to do you harm ; yso-glags med there is no 
 possibility of helping him, he is incurable 
 Med.; bzod- glags med intolerable, insup- 
 portable, frq. 
 
 ni- glan (Bal. */&*/**) 1 . OX, bullock. - 
 81 2. elephant. 3 Taurus, the Bull, in 
 the zodiac. 
 
 Comp. glan- glad 'bullock- or elephant- 
 brains'; soap being made of such, ace. to 
 popular belief: C. soap (Schr. gla-glad). 
 gldn-to the Indian bison, Bos taurus indi- 
 cus, Lh. glan-fug, glan ^.og-can a bull. 
 glan-ddr-ma n. of a king of Tibet, liv- 
 ing about 1000 after Christ, notorious for 
 his hostility against the hierarchy of the 
 Lamas. -- glan-dor a team of bullocks. 
 glan-snd the trunk or proboscis of an ele- 
 phant; a plant so called on account of the 
 long spiral spur of its corolla, Pedicularis 
 Hookeriana. glan-po glan. glan- 
 po-ce, glan-cen, elephant, gldn-mo a female 
 elephant, glan-prug the young of an ele- 
 phant. glan-bu a young bullock, glan- 
 ru a bullock's horn; also a large fork used 
 by the Tibetan soldiers to rest the musket 
 on, when firing (Hook. II., 235). pa- 
 gldfi = glan-fug. 
 
 $ lafl > ( J lan ~ fabs Med -> r zer - 
 
 glan W., colic, gripes, 
 spasms in the stomach, and similar affec- 
 tions; glan-su Med.? 
 
 91C'3T yl"' ~ ma a I ar 8 e kind of alpine 
 
 willow. 
 
 me' glad 1. the head, glad -la round 
 ^ the head, e.g. to brandish a sword, 
 Glr.; as postposition used in a general 
 
 gpg glin-bu 
 
 sense: close over, cui glad-la close over 
 the water. 2. brain Med., cf. kldd-pa. 
 yl('td-pa to thin Sch. Cf. lhad, sldd- 
 pa. 
 
 mr-rt' ylan-pa 1. ylon-pa, to patch, botch, 
 mend; glan brgydb-pa Sch., gldn- 
 par byed-pa Lt. id.; Ihdn-pa gldn-pa to 
 sew on a patch Lex. 2. to return, Ian 
 an answer, to reply, rejoin Lex. 3. C. 
 col for glen-pa; so also occasionally in 
 books. 
 
 " gldl-ba to yawn. 
 
 fc, P r P- island, but usually: 
 continent, part of the globe, viz. one 
 of the four imaginary parts of the earth, 
 as taught by the geographers of Tibet, or 
 rather of ancient India: lus-pdgs the part 
 east of the Sumeru, of a semicircular shape; 
 O dzam-bu-gliii in the south, triangular; ba- 
 glah-spyod in the west, circular; sgra-mi- 
 snydn in the north, square. The general 
 character of the first of these parts is de- 
 scribed as being zi-ba tranquil; that of the 
 second as being rgyds-pa rich ; that of the 
 third as being dbati-lddn strong, and that 
 of the fourth as being drdg-po wild. In a 
 more general sense: region, country, so Ne- 
 pal is frq. denominated rin-po-cei glin, the 
 country of jewels and treasures, Urgyan 
 mKa-groi glin the country of the Dakini, 
 as is also Lahoul, in local chronicles; byai 
 glin region or country of birds Glr.; the 
 word is also not unfrequently a component 
 part of the names of towns and villages. 
 glin-prdn prop, a little island, generally 
 one of the small continents, of which there 
 are eight, ace. to the above mentioned 
 geographical system; also island in general. 
 glin-ka a small uncultivated river- is- 
 land, or low-land C. 
 
 glin-bu (Ssk. ^r) fife, flageolet, made 
 of one piece of wood and much like 
 those used in Europe as play-things for 
 children; it is the common musical instru- 
 ment of herdsmen, and often consists of 
 two pipes; pred-glin flute, piccolo- flute. 
 mostly of metal; dge-glin a larger musical
 
 SI' ^ 
 
 N3 
 
 instrument like a hautboy, used in sacred 
 ceremonies; rkan-glw lit. a fife made of 
 the human femural bone, but sometimes 
 also of metal. 
 
 CT- glu (Ssk. ?fYfa) song, tune, mostly, 
 Q though not always , of a profane na- 
 ture, opp. to religious hymns; glu-dbydns, 
 glu-sgrd, id.; the word is also used of the 
 singing of birds; glu-cun a little song, ditty, 
 hummed by a person Glr.; glu -res alter- 
 nate song; glu-gar-rtsed-po rejoicings of 
 every kind Glr. ; glu len-pa B., *lu gydb- 
 pa* C., *tdn-ce* W., to sing. 
 
 9 lud > blud > glud-fsab 
 a ransom, a thing giv- 
 en as a ransom, srog-gi glud a ransom for 
 one's life Lex.; Koi glud-du lug brgya ysod- 
 pa, to slaughter a hundred sheep as a ran- 
 som Mil.; *lu'-la tan* C. he is made an 
 expiator, a scape-goat; *mi-ln* C. in a spe- 
 cial sense: a man's image which in his 
 stead is cast away in the ytor-ma : there- 
 fore *Ko mi-lu' yin* C. he is a curse, an 
 anathema, one deserving to be cursed (ni.f.). 
 
 rglum boiled barley, wheat, or rice, used 
 instead of malt in brewing beer (not 
 for food). 
 
 gj. qle 1. Glr. 60. a small uncultivated is- 
 land, = glin-ka (Ld. *zal*). 2. n. of 
 the capital of Ladak, usually sle. 
 nl-nrxy^T' gle- dams n. of a distemper Cs.; 
 involuntary discharge from the 
 bowels, or of urine Sch. 
 
 y lc $ s ( Cs - gty s - ma ) table ' board > 
 
 plate; zdns-kyi glegs-bu copper-plate 
 Tar. 26, 10; glegs-bdm (H^cfi) book, also 
 dpe-ca glegs-bdm Glr.; glegs-bdm mdn-po 
 bzens-so he made a present of, dedicated, 
 many books (for the use of a temple); 
 glegs-sin the wooden boards which in a 
 Tibetan book supply the binding; glcgs-fdg 
 a thong etc. fastened round a book; glegs- 
 cdb a buckle, clasp, or ring attached to 
 this thong. sgo-glegs the pannel of a 
 door; *num-lag* writing -tablet, a small 
 board, blackened, greased, and strewed 
 over with scraped chalk, on which the 
 school-children write with wood-pencils. 
 
 If ff io 
 
 81 
 
 glen-la, pf . glcfm to say, talk, con- 
 verse, ytam (-dii) glen-ba id., resp. 
 ysun glen-ba; ( ldm-la ma far' zes glens-nas 
 as word was sent: 'the road is not pas- 
 sable!' Glr.; ytam glen-ba ni bddg-gis byas 
 I have made this speech S.O. ; ycig glen 
 ynyis glen rim-pas mced-de btsun-moi bdr- 
 du glen-zin the rumour spreading from one 
 to the other, until it came before the queen 
 Pf/i.; cos-kyi sgrog-glen byed-pa, (resp. 
 mdzdd-pd), to preach Glr. ; gros-glen council, 
 consultation, perh. also disputation. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. gleit-bijod, glen-mo 
 sbst. conversation, discourse, lecture, glen- 
 Irjod ma man dar-ycig yson listen a little 
 to a short discourse Mil.; cos -ytam glen- 
 mo byed let us converse on religious sub- 
 jects Mil. ; glen-mo the act of speaking, 
 opp. ioyi-ge, the act of writing, the written 
 letter etc. Lex. glen-yzi 1. the subject 
 of a discourse 6s. 2. table of contents, 
 index S.O. and elsewh. 3. place, scene, 
 of a conversation or discourse Stg. frq. 
 glen-ba-po, glen-mo -mtfan a story-teller 6s.; 
 glen-Jbum 'a hundred thousand stories', 
 title of a book, Sch. 
 
 nYr-q- glen-pa 1. B. and C. stupid, foolish, 
 glen Ikugs bkol-spyod-kyi sdug-bsiidl 
 the misery of stupidity, of dumbness and 
 of servitude (the state of animals) Thgi:; 
 byol-son-las kyan glen-po more stupid than 
 a brute Mil. ; fool, Kyod-rnams re glen fools 
 that you are all of you Dzl. ; often in the 
 sense of 'fool' in the Bible, = the wicked, 
 the ungodly: glen-pa yti-mug-can infatuated 
 fools Dzl. 3Q, 9 = profaners of holy things; 
 *len-ndg* W. id.; *len-ndg-gi pe-ra* foolish 
 talk. 2. W.: idle, lazy, dull, imbecile, e.g. 
 a sickly child, an animal affected with a 
 disease (opp. to *tdm-pa, sdn-po* being in 
 good health, active, lively). 
 
 gleb-pa, pf. glebs, to make flat, plain 
 Cs., leb-mor gleb Lex. 
 glem-pa to press, squeeze; to crush, 
 squash Stg., C. 
 
 If ah (Ld. K * Wo *)> res P' s > L the 
 ' side, esp. of the body, glos 
 
 pdb-pa to lie down on one's side (lit. by 
 G
 
 82 
 
 glo-ba 
 
 dgd-ba 
 
 means of the side); glo-ca (/>(/. */c/o'-m*) 
 ornaments, suspended on the side of the 
 body, strings of pearls, shells etc., worn 
 by women in the girdle; also in a general 
 sense: srdn-gi glo )'yas yyon-na on both 
 sides of the street Sty. ; perh. also side of 
 a house, wall, in the expression: *kun-me 
 lo tol* the thieves broke through the wall 
 W.; glo-skdr window Pth. 2. saddle- 
 girth W. 3. cough, *lo gydg-pa* C. to 
 cough; (Sch. has: to err, to act foolishly, 
 to lose, to neglect); *lo Idn-wa* C. to cough; 
 ytt-Ua sra a bad cough Sch.; *lo-Jcog* C., 
 W., cough; glo-rgydl Lt a chronic cough; 
 glo-bstud Lt a permanent short cough. 
 4. Not quite clear is the etymology in glo 
 rdeg-pa Sch.: to be frightened, timid, and 
 glo rdeg (~tu) suddenly, = glo-bur q.v. 
 Sn*n* ylo-ba the lungs, glo-ba ma Ina prob. 
 the five posterior lobes of the lungs, 
 glo-ba bu Ina the five anterior ones Med.; 
 glo -Ha of a colour like the blood of the 
 lungs, pale-red Sch,; glo-don windpipe 6s. 
 
 glo-rdol a disease of the lungs; glo-rko 
 perh. the same. glo-sbubs (Sch. spub) 
 wind-pipe. *gU^ro* W. prob. pulmonary 
 consumption. glo lu-ba Lt. 'convulsion 
 of the lungs' Cs., or simply: cough, v. lu-ba. 
 
 glo-bur 1. suddenly, instantaneously, 
 also glo -bur -du^ glo -bur -bar; glo- 
 bur -du mi mdn-po O ci-bai sdug-bsndl the 
 calamity of many men dying suddenly; 
 glo-bur-ndd diseases that arise on a sudden 
 (opp. to lhan-skyes inherited diseases) Med. 
 
 glo-bur-ba adj., glo-bur-bai don the sig- 
 nification of suddenness Lex. 2. Cs.: 're- 
 cently, glo-bur-du ^.ons-pa a new comer'. 
 nyn qjr- glo- bur a rise, an elevation above 
 ^ ^ a surface Sch. 
 
 SJCT- glog (Bal. and Kh. *%log*\ col. also 
 ' glog ka, lightning, flash of lightning; 
 glog Jbar it lightens; glog Kyug id.; glog 
 Kyiig-pai yun tsdm-las ma Ion-par with the 
 rapidity of lightning Mil.; glog rgyit-ba 
 the flashing of light, Dzl. ; glog-sprin thun- 
 der-cloud, also as a symbol of the transi- 
 toriness of things. 
 
 z|prr]' g Ing-pa a disease, = lhog-pa. 
 
 ^Tr-rj- glod-pa 1. to loosen, relax, slacken 
 vb.a. Cs. 2. to comfort, console; 
 to cheer up Sch.; glod-la rgyun-du bzugs 
 your honour may be easy about staying 
 here always Mil, cf. Utod-pa. 3. U: to 
 give, ma bzun ma gl6d(-par} without any 
 regard to taking or giving Glr. 
 
 glon-pa, gldn-pa 1. to return 
 an answer, to reply. 2. 
 to patch, to mend, cf. klon-pa etc. 
 m<5*ff*(j]* glidn-dho-la n. of a mountain in 
 K' O Lh., perh. incor. instead ofgan- 
 dho-la q.v.; it may also be de- 
 rived from VTU^I bell, and thus the word 
 would signify the same as dril-bu-ri, which 
 is the name of another holy mountain, at 
 the foot of which the nobleman's seat 
 Gondla is situated. 
 
 " dgdg-pa v. O gcgs-pa. 
 
 " dgdt'i-ba v. ^ens-pa. 
 
 dgah-yzdr v. yzar. 
 dgdd-mo V gdd-mo. 
 
 ^^nq'^J" dgdb-pa v. O gebs-pa. 
 
 ^cnp-q- dgd-ba (Ld. col. *yd-ce*} I. vb. to 
 rejoice, to be rejoiced or glad, la 
 at, in, or of; de-la dgd-ste, rejoiced at it, 
 glad of it, mi dgd-ste grieved, vexed, 
 indignant at it; Brims yod-pa-la dgd-nas 
 if you wish to have the law introduced 
 Glr. ; ysod- pa-la dgd-zin sanguinary, de- 
 lighting in blood-shed Dzl. ; bu-mo de-nyid- 
 la dgd-bas, as I wish to have none other 
 but this girl Dzl.; bod-la dgd-ba ycig kyait 
 ma byun nobody took an interest in Tibet 
 Glr.; Jcyed cii pyir mi dga why are you 
 so dejected, low-spirited? dga bzin-du with 
 pleasure (e.g. I shall accept it) ; rarely with 
 the gerund: bram-ze da-run O dug-ste rab- 
 tu dga-nas much rejoicing, very glad, when 
 (that) the Brahmin was still there Dzl.; 
 with the termin. of the inf. : to do a thing 
 readily, willingly, nydn-par dgd-ba to like
 
 dgd-ba 
 
 83 
 
 df/dr-ba 
 
 to hear, to listen eagerly; to be willing, sw 
 zig O dug-par dgd-na if anybody will stay 
 here voluntarily DzL; to have a mind, to 
 intend, to wish, Kyodrdb-tu byun-bar dgd- 
 am do you intend to take orders? DzL; 
 bddy-gis ras Q di . . . sbyin-par dgao I should 
 like to present this cloth to ... Dzl. : med- 
 par byd-bar dgd-na as I wish to annihi- 
 late . . . Dzl.; gar dgd-bar (or gar dgd-ba 
 der) son go whereever you like DzL; sel- 
 dom with the accus.: O dzom-pa de dga-ste 
 as you now enjoy an abundance Mil.; with 
 the instr. case: des dgd-bar sog-cig, niay 
 you be cheered, comforted by it DzL; frq. 
 absolutely: dgd-bar byed-pa to make glad, 
 to rejoice, C. also: to caress, to fondle. 
 
 II. sbst. joy, dgd~bai j-tam byed-pa to 
 express one's joy DzL; dgd-bai sems id.; 
 de-la rdb-fu dgd-bai sems skyes-so he found 
 
 . great delight in it DzL ; compounds v. below. 
 
 III. adj. 1. glad, pleased, enjoying, na 
 dgd-ba ma yin-pas as I was not pleased 
 with it DzL; de-la mi dgd-ba, W.*mi gd- 
 Jcan*, not favourably disposed towards, un- 
 friendly, inimical to; dgd-bar byed-pa to 
 make glad, to delight, bu cun dgd-ba byed- 
 pai yo - bydd things which delight little 
 children, play-things Glr. Less frq. 2. 
 charming, sweet, pleasing, agreeable, beauti- 
 ful, Ihdg-par dgd-ru O gro she is getting 
 more and more beautiful; C. in a general 
 sense: good, cf. below: dga-bde. 3. as 
 a proper name = f^ Tar. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. dga-grdgs jir-ba to 
 give cheers, to raise shouts of joy Mil. 
 dga-grogs a participator of joy, gen. with 
 reference to husband or wife (col. *ga- 
 rog*). dga-wigu great joy, d(/a-mgu-ba, 
 dga-mgu-rdn-ba to have great pleasure, 
 to be very glad, to be delighted, frq., dgd- 
 zin mgu-la yi-rdns-pdr O gyiir-ba id. Glr. 
 frq.; yet dga-mgur spyod-pa to indulge in 
 sensual pleasure Pth., Stg., bu-mo dan with 
 a girl. clga-ston feast, public festivity; 
 dga-sfon-gyi fddn-sa the place of a feast 
 Glr.; bsu-ba dgd-ba festivities of welcome 
 Glr. ; dga-stdn byed-pa to celebrate a festi- 
 val; Q gyed-pa to spread a feast, to distribute 
 
 festival dishes ; fig. rnd - bai dga - ston a 
 feast or treat to the ears Glr. dga-bde 
 1. joy, lus sems dga-bdes fey db- par Q gyur 
 Glr. 2. (Ts. col. *</awW) good, = ydg- 
 po, (of servants, dogs etc.) 6'.; * mi-la ga- 
 d' )ltf-pa* to treat a person kindly, with 
 affection C. dga- dun wedding, nuptial 
 festivities Sch. (seems to be a word not 
 generally known). dga- dod n. of the 
 plain of Lhasa, or at least of the northern 
 part of it. dga-lddn joyful 1. n. of a 
 residence of gods, or of one of the heavens, 
 Ssk. <jfij7! v. Kopp. I. 265. 2. n. of one 
 of the great monasteries near Lhasa, found- 
 ed by Tsongkhapa, about the year 1407, 
 v. Kopp. II, 345. 3. yzuh - sa dga - Idem 
 n. of the royal castle of residence at Lha- 
 sa; dga-lddn-pa n. of a sect = dge-lugs- 
 pa. dga -bo = dga-bde 2. good C. - 
 dga-sdug-drag-zan good and bad, strong 
 and weak, of articles of merchandise and 
 the like C. dga-spro joy, dga-spro dpag- 
 tu - med -pa fob-pa yin he entered into a 
 state of indescribable joy Mil. dgd-ma 
 n. of the goddess of joy Cs. dga-ma- 
 O ddr C., W. (col. *gd-man-ddr*} the trem- 
 bling with joy, the state of being enrap- 
 tured, in ecstasy. dgd-mo 1. delightful, 
 pleasing, charming, of news, of a speech W., 
 of a landscape Mil. 2. delighted, joyous, 
 cheerful W., *sem gd-mo rag* I am cheer- 
 ful; *gd-mo-can* W. id.; * gd-mo jM -pa* C. 
 to caress, to fondle. 3. pure,holy Sch., DzL, 
 prob. also Mil. ; cos-pa dgd-mo a godly priest. 
 dga-fsor joy, *Ko ga-fsor mdn-po jhe'* 
 C. he is very joyful; dga-fsor ce-ba grati- 
 fying, delightful Mil. dga -'runs being 
 glad, rejoicing, *dM-la ga-rdii (Ihdg-te* ( '. 
 being greatly delighted with it, dga-Hs 
 v. ga-ri, gd-za. 
 
 ___. (Igar dgd-bar, raii-dgdr at plea- 
 ' ' sure, ad libitum, frq.: n dgar l*t/i. 
 seems to mean: why. 
 
 dgdr-ba I. to separate, confine, fold 
 up (men, cattle, goods), </<//-/>//<// 
 pyugs cattle to be penned in a fold ( Is. ; 
 ynds-nas dgdr-ba to banish, to exile; dgdr- 
 bai don-du in a special sense, in particu-
 
 84 
 
 dgal-ba 
 
 lar Sch. *gdr - te bor-ce* W. to set a- 
 part, exclude, shut out; to lock up, shut 
 up, to lay up or by, to preserve; *gdr- 
 gya co-ce* W. to Store up; *tob-ci gdr-ce* 
 to button up. 2. to hang up, to fasten, 
 to attach, *dhar-coy fdg-pa-la* C. a flag to 
 a rope. Cf. skdr-ba. 
 
 dydl-ba v. O gel-ba. 
 
 dgds-pa v. O gds-pa. 
 
 Say dgu \. nine, dgu-bcu (fdm-pa} ninety; 
 Vj dgu-bcu rtsa ycig, or ao-ciy, W. *gu- 
 bcu-go-cig* ninety one etc.; dgu-pa 1. the 
 ninth. 2. having, comprising, measuring, 
 nine, e.g. Kru-dgu-pa measuring nine cubits 
 (in length, height etc.); dyu-po the nine, 
 those nine; Ian -dgu nine times; dgu-nin 
 three years ago col. 2. many, dgu-cig 
 id. Mil. ; fobs dgus bsags, gathered by many 
 efforts, with great difficulty; used as sign 
 of the plural: sky e- dgu men, skye-dgui 
 bddg-po (Ssk. ngrnrfTf) tue ^ or( ^ f crea ~ 
 tures, the lord of men; skye-dgui-bddg-mo 
 n. of the aunt and wet-nurse of Buddha; 
 yod-dgu Lex. those that are, the existing 
 beings; nor yod-dgu -cog Mil. the goods 
 that one has, property; bzdn-dgu Lex. the 
 good and the brave (among men); lus O dod 
 dgur sgyur-ba to be changed, transformed, 
 ad libitum Mil. ; nan-dyu fub-pa Lt. to over- 
 come every evil ; mi ses dgu ses-po Thgy. he 
 that knows every thing ; *mi jhe' yu jhe 1 
 mi yon gu yon* C. if you do many things 
 which ought not to be done, many things 
 will take place which ought not to take 
 place ; ci-ba yid - kyi dgu - la mi byed - de 
 Thgy. not counting death among things 
 to be thought of. 3. inst. of dyun, dgu- 
 zld winter -month Mil. frq -- zer - dgu, 
 smra-dgu?? 
 
 ' dgu-Kri litter, bier C. 
 
 dyu-?tor, for fses nyer-dgui ytor- 
 ma, a sacrifice on the 29th day 
 of the month W. 
 
 dgu -tub 'all -conquering', n. of a 
 plant. 
 
 rara- dgu-pritgs Mil, Thg., a parti- 
 
 >J NS ' cular kind of meditation. 
 ^cn*q* dgu-ba 1. vb. to bend, to make 
 \J crooked; *go gii-ce* Ld. to bend, 
 bow, stop; to submit. 2. sbst. the act 
 of bending, bowing, inflection. 3. adj. 
 bent, stooping; dgu-po, dgu-mo Cs. id. 
 
 dgu-rtsegs n. of a yellow flower 
 
 rqr srqwy* 
 
 fsi'gs sky a -mo 
 the galaxy, the milky way Mil. 
 
 dgu-mtsdn prize (of combat) 6'. 
 
 dgug-pa v. O gug-pa. 
 
 rcn^- dguit, another form for gun (the 
 SJ former of the two appears to be pre- 
 valent) 1. the middle. 2. noon, mid-day. 
 - 3. mid-night. 4. heaven, dyuii-la reg 
 it reached up to heaven Mil. dguit stion- 
 po the blue heaven, yd-gi dgun-siion the 
 blue heaven above Mil.; dgun-du (or -la) 
 fsegs-pa (lit. to repair, to withdraw, to 
 heaven) to die Mil. and elsewh. 5. be- 
 fore dates, esp. before the word lo, it ser- 
 ves as a respectful word, and is e.g. frq. 
 used in stating the age of a Buddha or a 
 king; yet it occurs also in compounds, 
 where no such bearing is discernible: dgun- 
 zdg, dyun-zla 6s.; dguit-do-niib Mil. this 
 evening, to-night; dgun-snyin a year, a 
 year of one's life; dgun-'Kdg division of 
 time (?) ; dguit-bdun a week. (6s. has also 
 dgun-fig, and dguii-flg-gi dkyil-Jfor, which 
 terms were prob. framed by him, and meant 
 to denote the meridian line and meridian 
 circle.) 
 
 dyun-mo evening Sch , perh. a cor- 
 
 ruption of dgon-mo. 
 
 Ka * winter . dg ^ n is also 
 
 used adverbially: in winter (-time), during 
 winter; dgun-dus winter -time; dgun-fog, 
 dyun-fog-fdg, W. * gun -fag -fog*, all the 
 winter through; *gun fse re* W. every 
 winter; dyun grdit-bai dus-na during the 
 cold of winter Dzl. ; d,gun-nyi-ldog the win-
 
 85 
 
 dgum-pa 
 
 dge-ba 
 
 ter solstice; dgun-nyi-ldog-gi fly, or Kor- 
 fig the tropic of Capricorn Cs. (cf. the re- 
 mark at the end of dyui'i) ; dgun-stod, dgun- 
 smdd the first and the last half of winter, 
 (v. dus). 
 
 J* dgum-pa v. O gitm-pa. 
 
 cl 9 u >', rgur, sgur, three 
 different spellings of the 
 ^ same root, all of them 
 pronounced *#>*, crooked, dbyibs-dgur of 
 crooked stature S.g. ; rgur zig stoop down ! 
 bend your back! Dzl. ; sgur-te writhing 
 (with pain) DzL; sgur-po crooked, hump- 
 backed, by birth Lt.-, with age Thgy.; C. 
 col. *gur-gur* id.; mgo dgitr-ba to duck, 
 to bend vb.n.; to submit, to humble one's 
 self (cf. dgii-ba). Cs.: dgur-po, dgur-mo a 
 crooked man, a crooked woman; fsigs-dgur 
 a crooked back, crook-backed; lag-dgur 
 having crooked hands etc. ; dgur- gro of a 
 stooping gait. 
 
 dgus 1. instr. of dgu. 2. ., W., 
 this day five days (the present day 
 included). 
 
 (Ssk. -apj, ^r^f, %^^ ; also 
 ^*$rnii"seldom *re) 1. happi- 
 ness, welfare; happy, propitious^" dge-zin sis- 
 pa Wdii. More frq. : 2. virtue (opp. to mi- 
 dge-ba, and sdig-pci), also adj. virtuous, sems 
 dge-ba a virtuous mind Glr., las dge-ba, 
 mi-dge-ba good and bad actions Stg, ; dge- 
 bai rtsd-ba roots of virtue, meritorious ac- 
 tions, from which afterwards the fruits of 
 reward come forth ; dge-rtsa skycd-pa frq., 
 spyod-pa Thgy., byed-pa Mil. to produce 
 such a root, to achieve a meritorious ac- 
 tion; dge-ba sems-par O gyur-ba to become 
 inclined to virtue, i.e. converted DzL] dge- 
 fsogs (v. fsogs) a virtuous work, a good 
 deed; dge-ba bcu the ten virtues, viz. 1. 
 srog mi ycod-pa, not to kill anything living 
 (by which Buddhism has replaced our 
 scriptural interdiction of murder); 2. ma 
 byin-par mi len-pa not to take what has 
 not been given (those who closely stick 
 to the word go even so far, that they will 
 not touch or accept an alms, unless it be 
 
 put into their hands); 3. log-par mi yy em- 
 pa not to fornicate; 4. rdzun mi smni-lxt 
 not to tell a lie; 5. fsig-rtsub mi smrd-ba 
 not to abuse or revile; (}. iiag-kyul (or 
 Jcyat) mi smrd-ba not to talk foolishness 
 (cf. kydl-kd)', 7. prd-ma mi byed-pa not to 
 calumniate; 8. brndb-sems mi byed pa not 
 to be avaricious or covetous; 9. ynod-sems 
 mi byed-pa not to think upon doing harm 
 or mischief; 10. log-lta mi byed-pa not to 
 entertain heretic notions, or positively, yd/i- 
 dag-par ltd-ba Sty. to be orthodox. 3. 
 fasting, abstinence, in the phrase: dge-ba 
 srun-ba to fast, to abstain from food, frq. 
 4. alms, charity; banquet, treat, as a re- 
 ligious work, si-dge yson-dge largesses, 
 treats, taking place at funerals, or given 
 in one's life time Mil. (W. *yd-tra*, and 
 *ku-Hm*). 
 
 Comp. and deriv. dge-bskos censor, and 
 at the same time provost and beadle in a 
 monastery, who has to watch over strict 
 order, and to punish the transgressors Kopp. 
 II. 259, 276; in Ld. he is also called cos- 
 Krims-pa (vulg. *cosrimpa*). dge-rgdn 
 surety, moral bail, a monk that is made 
 answerable for the moral conduct of an 
 other, who is placed under his care and 
 called dge-yzon; also in a gen. sense: teach- 
 er, schoolmaster. dge-bsnyen, fern, dge- 
 bsny en-ma (Ssk. gTJT^ToR and ^qfma) * 
 the pious of the laymen who retaining their 
 secular occupations have renounced the five 
 cardinal sins (murder, theft, fornication, 
 lying, and drunkenness) and provide for 
 the maintenance of the priests (so in DzL 
 and gen. in the earlier writings). 2. in 
 in later times us much as a novice, pro- 
 bationer, catechumen, i.e. either a kind of 
 clerical apprentice (the Shabi of the Mon- 
 gols, sramanera Ssk., v. Kopp. II., 252), 
 or one of a next higher degree, a candi- 
 date (v. SchL 162). dge-ltds S.g. a pro- 
 pitious omen, a favourable prognostic. - 
 dge- dun (col. * gen-dim*}, prop, dge-slon- 
 gi O dun (Burn. II., 435) Ssk. ^r, the whole 
 body of the clergy, priesthood; dg<'- dun- 
 dkon-mcdg the priesthood as one of the
 
 86 
 
 dgons-pa 
 
 three great jewels, or as part of the god- 
 head (in which latter sense the word now 
 is usually understood) cf. dkon-mcog; dge- 
 O dun-dpal-ci>n MahasangJiika, n. of a Hi- 
 nayana school Tar., Was.; dge- dun-grub- 
 pa n.p., the first Dalai Lama about the 
 year 1400; dge- dun-rgyd-mfso n. of the 
 second Dalai Lama, v. Kopp. II., 131. 
 dge-lddn virtuous; dge-ldan-pa n. of the 
 most numerous sect of Lamas, founded by 
 Tsonk'apa; it is also called dge- lugs-pa, 
 or dga-lddn-pa from Galdan, a monastery 
 near Lhasa which, as well as Sera and 
 Da-pun, belongs to his sect. The Lamas 
 of this community wear for the most part 
 yellow garments ; they are said to approach 
 nearer to perfection in mysticism (the 
 highest aim of Buddhist priests) than any 
 other sect, since they apply themselves 
 more systematically to the preparatory stu- 
 dies of morality etc. dge-sdig for dge- 
 ba dan sdig-pa. dye-sbyon Ssk. ^TTTjf a 
 Buddhist ascetic, or mendicant friar, Burn. 
 I. 275. Kopp. I., 330. dge-sbyor seems 
 to have corresponded in its original accep- 
 tation to our conception of piety, sancti- 
 fication and practical religion, but in later 
 times the sense of expertness in the art 
 of meditation was attached also to this 
 word, as : dge-sbyor pel (this man's) expert- 
 ness increases, is making progress Mil. 
 dge-rtsa instead of dge-bai rtsd-ba v. above. 
 
 dge-rtsis the amount of virtue, the sum 
 of merit, dge-rtsis rgyds-pa a considerable 
 amount of merit. dge-fsul 1. a young 
 monk; in the older writings it may be 
 understood as novice; 2. in later literature 
 it denotes the degree next to the dge-bsnyen, 
 being that of a subordinate or under-priest, 
 Kopp. II. 252, 335. Schl. 162.; dge-fsul- 
 ma a young nun, a novice. dye-mfsdn 
 a lucky omen Glr. dge-yzon v. dge-rgdn. 
 
 dge-yyog (seems to be pronounced *gcr- 
 yog* in col. language) constable, beadle, 
 a servant of the fsogs-ce'n zal-no, or chief- 
 justice of Sera and other monasteries. 
 dge-las a good deed or action, but by later 
 writers also applied to magic ceremonies 
 
 and the like. dge-lugs-pa v. dge -Man- 
 pa. dge -legs good fortune, prosperity 
 Glr. dge-slon Gelong, 1 . originally 'beg- 
 gar of virtue', mendicant friar, fipj one 
 that has entirely renounced the world and 
 become a Buddhist priest, 2. in later wri- 
 tings the highest clerical degree, a priest 
 that has received the highest ordination, 
 v. Kopp. I., 335. The Gelong is bound to 
 observe all the 233 commandments of the 
 so-sor far-pai mdo. dge-slob-ma a young 
 nun Cs. dge-bses \. v. bses-ynyen. 2. n. 
 of priests or monks. dge-slon-sin is said 
 to be a provincial name of the cedar, Ce- 
 drus Deodara. 
 
 dffM-fa, also dgdn-hi, on, upon, in, 
 at Ts. 
 
 dger-ba=>yyo-ba,io prepare, (food), 
 Jttir-ba dger-ba to bake pastry; 
 *fu-ma ger-wa* C. = O fud-pa. 
 
 dge's-pa = dgyes-pa frq. 
 
 ccfr dy> in Lexx. explained by dum-bur, 
 
 ' ' to divide (?). 
 
 rcfyq- dgo-ba, a species of antelope, living 
 
 on high mountains, Procapra picti- 
 
 caudata Hodgson, v. Hook. II. 157 and 139; 
 
 dgo-ba-mo the female of this antelope Cs. 
 
 Lea-x. w.e.; dgog-tin pestle C. 
 
 dgot'^s), also dgon(s)-mo, Sch. 
 
 dgon(s)-ka 1. evening, dgons-ycig 
 one evening, once on an evening Glr.; 
 nan re dgons re every morning and even- 
 ing; *gons-zdn* W., *g6ns-ze* C., resp. 
 dgons-ysdl evening- meal, supper; dgons- 
 ojdm resp. evening -soup; dgoiis-su Dzl., 
 dgons-mo and dgons Glr. in the evening; 
 dgons dan fo-rdns in the evening and in 
 the morning Med. frq.; dgons O bdb-pa to 
 hold an evening's rest, to take up night- 
 quarters. 2. supper C. 3. a day's jour- 
 ney, dgons-zdg col. id.; rta-dgons a day's 
 journey for one travelling on horseback, 
 lug -dgons a day's journey for a drove of 
 sheep. 
 
 ( ty ot ' tS ~P a > resp. for sem-pa, snydm- 
 
 pa etc., and sems, bio etc. I. vb.
 
 87 
 
 dgos-pa 
 
 1. to think, to meditate, dgoiis-pa-la jug-pa 
 to enter into meditation Glr.; O di snydm- 
 du dgdns-pctr gyur-to he thought so in his 
 mind DzL; rgydl-po Ron-ran yin dyoits-nas 
 the king thinking that he himself was 
 meant, referring the allusion to himself Glr.; 
 to regard as, bu dan O drd-bar dgoits-pa to 
 treat one like a son DzL ; to remember, to 
 think Of, to devise, mna-ris-kyi )'dul-bya-la 
 remembering those of Nari that were to 
 be converted, thinking of the conversion 
 of Nari Glr. ; also with pyir Pth.; nd-la 
 fugs-brtsc'-bar dyoits-siy remember me gra- 
 ciously, frq.; so in a similar manner: to 
 hear graciously, to take a kind interest, 
 share, or concern in, to interest one's self 
 for, to try to promote; so our Lama ex- 
 plained the passage Glr. 101, 9: sans-rgyds- 
 kyi bstdn-pa-la dgons-nas = bstdn-pa O pel- 
 bai pyir bsdm-blo btdn-nas; to intend, to 
 purpose, with the termin. of the inf., frq., 
 iugs-kyis ma dgons-so he did not intend, 
 he had no mind Pth. 2. to die, mes- 
 kyi d(johs-dus-kyi m cod -pa btsug Glr. is 
 stated to mean : he instituted sacrifices for 
 the remembrance of his grandfather's death; 
 and so similarly in other passages. 
 
 II. sbst, also fugs-dgons, 1. the act of 
 thinking, meditating, pondering, fugs-dgons 
 )'tdn-ba Mil. to meditate; thought, rgydl- 
 poi fugs-kyi dgons-pa-la l gdn-du pyin' 
 snydm-pa lit. in the king's 'mind-thoughts' 
 was thought : where shall I go ? Glr. ; mean- 
 ing, sense, esp. the sense of sacred words 
 or writings, therefore dgons-pa O grel-ba to 
 explain that sense, dgons- grel, dgons-bgrol 
 commentary; a will, a wish, rgydl-poi (or 
 -pas') dgons-pa bzin-du bsgrub nus-so I am 
 able to' fulfil your majesty's wish DzL', 
 skyon-bai dgons-pa-can Glr. 104, poetically, 
 one having the desire of protecting, one 
 wishing to protect. 2. soul, dgdns-pa 
 mya-ndn-las O dds-so his soul quitted (the 
 abode of) misery. 3. permission C., W., 
 *yon-pa zu-wa* to beg leave, to ask per- 
 mission, *gon-pa tan-wd*, resp. *ndn-wa* 
 to give permission, in Sik. also: to grant 
 admission; but gen. it is used for leave of 
 
 absence, and *K6-la gdii-pog )hum soti* C. 
 signifies : he has been dismissed, turned out. 
 - dgod-pa 1. to laugh, Glr.\ gen. in 
 such expressions as the following 
 *go'-dh6 (lit. bro) yim-pa* C. to make 
 one's self ridiculous, a laughing-stock, also 
 Glr.', *1iab-god co-cc* W. to set up a loud 
 laugh, to burst out into laughter; dgod-bdg 
 a jest, joke Sch.\ cf. bgdd-pa. 2. v. 
 
 1. a solitary place; desert, 
 wilderness, dgon-pai j-nas a deso- 
 late place or region Stg. ; dgon-duii a sandy 
 desert, sands Sch. (Zam. n^^f and dgon- 
 pa: ^sriT forest). 2. hermitage. 3. 
 monastery, frq.; dgdn-pa-pa 1. a man 
 dwelling in a desert, a hermit. 2. a man 
 dwelling in a monastery, a monk; dgon- 
 pa-ma fern. 
 
 dgos-pa I. vb. implying necessity, 
 as well as want: to be necessary, 
 to be obliged or compelled ; to want, to stand 
 in need of; also where we use 'ought' ; it is 
 gen. used with the verbal root or with the 
 termin. of the inf. present, byed dgos, but 
 sometimes also of the inf. future or perfect, 
 e.g. rin-po-ces brtsigs dgos-na rin-po-ce 
 med-pas sd-las by a dgos though it ought 
 to have been built of precious stones, yet 
 for want of such, it will have to be con- 
 structed of earth DzL la gen. denotes 
 the person standing in need of a thing, e.g. 
 nd-la dgos I want, I stand in need of, but 
 it also refers to the object for which a 
 thing is wanted: rgya-gdr-du O gro-ba-la 
 ys&r dgos-pa yin for a journey to India 
 gold is wanted (required) ; in such a case 
 the termin. may also be used: ci zig-tu 
 dgos, for what purpose is it wanted? zas 
 za ma dgos I did not want to eat Mil.: 
 dgos-pai dus-su blans they took them when 
 they wanted them Glr. ; bzens ma dgos he 
 was not obliged to erect . . . Glr. In 
 commanding, the word is used to para- 
 phrase the imperative of a verb: ^it-bar 
 dgos come! in entreating, the respectful 
 term is chosen: O byon dgos Mil., or in W.: 
 *skyod dgos zu* 'you must come, pray!' =
 
 88 
 
 please, do come! Jtrid dgos-pai ysol-ba, or 
 zu-ba, a request to be taken along with (by 
 another person) Mil. C. : to wish, Kyo' se-pa 
 <Ii ha go-pa yin I wish you to know this Lett'. 
 
 II. sbst. necessity, want, use, purpose 
 (W. dgos-ce, pronounced *^o'-s^(s)*), mdn- 
 po O fsol dgos-pa byun we have been under 
 the necessity of looking for you a long time 
 Mil.] na-la yyui dgos-pa med I have no 
 use for that turkois, I do not want it Mil. 
 * tin -la go-se pi -la* W. for future use 
 dgos-pai cun-bas as it is rather useless 
 dgos-pa cii pyir for what purpose? frq. 
 
 III. adj. (C. also *go-ayu*, and *gg*, 
 W. *gd-se*, as in II.), necessary, due, need- 
 ful, useful, med kyan dgos-pai Kral-bsdud a 
 tax necessarily to be paid, unrelentingly 
 exacted Mil.; rdn-la dgos-pai skdl-ba the 
 portion due to you Mil. ; dgos-pai bsldb-bya 
 useful doctrines Glr.', dgos-pa yin or yod 
 B. and C., *go-ses yod* W. it is requisite; 
 dgas(-pa) med B., *go-gyu men* C., *g6-se 
 man* or *med* W., it is unnecessary, unfit, 
 not wanted; mi- dgos-pa useless, noxious, 
 mi-dgos-pai pra-men pernicious witchcraft 
 l*th.; dyos-byed useful, don dgos-byed ci O dug 
 what there is in it of useful contents Mil.; 
 dgos- dod wishes and wants, dgos-dod O byun- 
 bai dpal a treasure out of which all wishes 
 and wants come, i.e. are satisfied Glr.; 
 dgos- dod nags-fsdl a forest for wishes, i.e. 
 a forest which grants every wish; dgos~ dod 
 necessary expenses Cs. 
 
 rqrn* dgye-ba to bend, to be curving or 
 
 ^ crooked; dbyibs dgye-ba stooping, 
 
 cringing, ducking S.g. 
 
 dgycr-ba, glu dgyer-ba for glu len- 
 pa to sing, chant, expression of the 
 
 Bonpas; the word is also pronounced 
 
 'q* bgdd-pa 
 
 * dyyel-ba Sch. = sgyel-ba. 
 
 dfft/es-pa f resp. for dgd-ba, to re- 
 joice, to be glad; often with fugs: 
 rgydl-poi (or -po) tugs dgyes the king re- 
 joiced ; with la (to rejoice) at or in, (to be 
 glad) of; to please, to be pleased, to choose, 
 id-bo Jbyon-pa-la fugs -dgyes -par O dtig it 
 
 seems the lord is pleased to walk Glr.; 
 mi dgyes -te sorrowful, sad, discouraged, 
 dejected; angry, indignant; cf. dgd-ba. 
 
 ^STSTQ^ZW d 9y**~ m ^-P a to bend > 
 
 ^ "^ N to double down Sch., v. 
 dgye-ba. 
 crn* dg ra -> a l so dgrd-bo, Ssk. ro 1 . enemy, 
 
 ' - foe, sddn-bai dgra the hating enemy, 
 (opp. to bydms-pai fnyen), frq. used of 
 imaginary hostile powers, that are to be 
 attacked and withstood only by witchcraft; 
 dgra ynyen med there is no difference be- 
 tween friend and enemy = no such thing 
 exists (viz in the golden age); dgrar O gyu>'- 
 ba to become an enemy (to one) Tar.; 
 dgra byed-pa, dgrd-ru Iddri-ba, Idn-ba to act 
 in a hostile manner, Za, against; dgrasloh-ba, 
 causative form, to make a person one's ene- 
 my S.g. ; dgrar scm-pa, dzin-pa to look upon 
 one as an enemy, to take him for an enemy ; 
 dgrar ses-pa id.; dgrd-bcam-pa Arhunt, 
 Arhat, the most perfect Buddhist saint 
 (Ssk. ^^ venerable; theBuddhists, how- 
 ever, explain it as a compound of ari enemy 
 and lian to extirpate, he who has extir- 
 pated the enemies i.e. the passions Burn. 
 I. 295, II. 287. Kopp. I. 400). Also dgra 
 bgegs Q dul-ba Glr. is interpreted as refer- 
 ring to the subduing of spiritual enemies. 
 snd-dgrd a former foe, dd-dgra a pre- 
 sent foe, pyx- dgra a future foe 6s.; pyi- 
 dgra prob. also a foreign enemy. O ci- 
 dgra a mortal, deadly enemy 6s. dgrd- 
 ca weapon, arms Wdn., dgrd-sta battle- 
 axe; dgra - Ilia \. lha. 2. In W. also 
 punishment, *K6-la <Ja pog son* he was pun- 
 ished; also for any self -incurred misfor- 
 tune: *Uy6d-la da pog yin* you will draw 
 upon yourself trouble, fatal consequences. 
 
 dgrdm-pa v. 
 
 * dgro/i-ba v. O gron-ba. 
 ]' dgrol-ba v. O grol-ba. 
 
 bgdg-pa Cs. another form for^egs- 
 pa. 
 q:jj^*J' bgdd-pa to laugh Dzl, cf. dg&l-pa.
 
 jgam-pa 
 
 byro-ba 
 
 J" bydm-pa v. O ydm-pa. 
 
 byeys 1 . = yeys, hindrance, obstruc- 
 tion, seldom. 2. an evil spirit, 
 demon, devil, like ydoir. bytys-kyi ryydl-po 
 bi-na-ya-ka Mil. frq. (Ssk. f^wTT^T^i a re- 
 mover, of obstacles; the godGanesha etc.). 
 byo-ba I. vb. 1. to put on clothes 
 etc., pf., imp. byos; lliam rtdy-tu 
 byos always wear shoes S.y. ; esp. to put 
 on armour. 2. v. under byod-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. clothes, clothing, byo-ba dan 
 b~d-ba food and clothes Dzl. 
 
 byod-pa (byoy-pa Sch. is perh. a 
 provincialism) pf., imp. byos, fut. 
 byo\ W. inf. *yd-ce*; imp. *yos fot'i* to di- 
 vide, nor an inheritance ; to divide in cipher- 
 ing, grans a number; to distribute, sas-sds- 
 su into shares, mi- mams-la to or amongst 
 people Dzl. 
 
 Comp. byod-byed divisor Wdk., and ac- 
 cordingly also byo-byd dividend. byo-skdl 
 l. share, lot, B. and col 2. the doctrine 
 of strict retribution Thgr. frq. *yo-Kan* 
 W. sharer, partaker, heir, joint-heir, bgo- 
 bsd = byo-skdl, byo-bsd byed-pa to distri- 
 bute, allot, apportion, nor the property 
 Thyy., la among Sty. 
 
 byom-pa, pf. byams Sch., to walk, 
 to step, to stride, yom-pa byom- 
 pa Lex. to make steps; O fcm pa-la by 6m- 
 pa to step over the threshold; byom O yi'd- 
 ba to pace, to walk slowly; byoms fub-pa 
 to begin to walk (?) Sch. 
 
 ^fps' bgor, supine of byo-ba. 
 
 1" bgor-ba, Cs. = O yor-ba. 
 
 byydn-ba, ace. to Zam. = bryydit- 
 
 ba, v. rgyon-ba. 
 
 *n* tyyi-ba, eleg. for byd-ba, 1. fut. of 
 bgyid-pa. 2. sbst. action, deed. 
 
 byyid-pa, pf. 6gj/s, fut. %/*', imp. 
 
 </_f/?'s, eleg. for byed-pa 1. to make, 
 to manufacture; #ys zer-baiyzugs the images 
 regarding to which there had been said: 
 'make them!' i.e. the bespoken, ordered 
 images Glr. ; to do, to act, to perform, las 
 
 byyid-pa to do a work, bkd />:/'/<-< In 
 according to the word will be acted Dzl.; 
 nye-ynds b(/yid-pa to act the disciple = to 
 be a disciple Dzl.; mi-la ynod-pa byyi* 1 
 have hurt the man, I have done him harm 
 Dzl.; bu yod-par yyis sly make, bring it 
 about, that a child be (born) ! Dzl ; rgydl- 
 bu ma sor-ba gyis siy see that yo do not 
 let the prince escape Pth. (ba for bar in 
 the more careless popular style). 2. to 
 say, zes byyis so he said Dzl.', zes byyi-ba 
 the so called Dzl. 
 
 byrdii-ba, pf. byraiis, to number, 
 count, calculate bsdd~namt-iyi fan/ 
 the amount of merits Glr. ; byrdn-bya what 
 may be numbered, numerable; byrdn-bar 
 mi byd-ba, byrdn-du med-pa, bgran-yds in- 
 numerable; byran-preu rosary, beads Glr., 
 also the garland of human skulls, often 
 seen as an attribute of terrible deities. 
 
 byrdd-pa 1. to open wide, mig 
 byrdd-pa to stare, goggle, fca byrdd- 
 pa to gape Glr., Cs.', rkdu-pa to part the 
 legs wide, to straddle, cf. bsyrdd-pa. 2. 
 to scratch Sch. (spelled more corr. O brdd- 
 pa). 
 
 bgriin-ba, pf. bgruns to cause to 
 deposit, to strain, to depurate 6k, 
 e.g. myog-ma impure water Lex.. 
 
 ._.. byrud-pa, pf, bgrus, fut. byru, to 
 clear from the husks, to husk, to 
 Shell, bgrus-pai O bras Lex. husked rice. 
 
 byre-ba, pf. byres, resp. to grow old, 
 often with an additional sku-nas in 
 years (v. no) Dzl; bgres-ryyud weakness 
 of old age, infirmity Pth. : bgres-po, in W. 
 pronounced *re(s)-po*, an old man, a man 
 gray with age, hoary; *re(s)-mo* fern. 
 ^._.q. bgreii-ba, occasionally for 1. sgreit- 
 H ba. 2. byrdii-ba. 
 
 byren-pa, Sch. = bkren-pa. 
 
 bgro-ba, pf. byros (resp. bka-byros 
 mdzdd-pa l*th.) to argue, discuss, 
 deliberate, consider; the subject discussed 
 is gen. a direct quotation: Hi pyir O di-/f<ir 
 yyur cfl fitfrda-nas to converse on the cause 
 of the present state of things Dzl.; zes pan-
 
 90 
 
 byroit-ba 
 
 myo 
 
 fsun-du byros-nas thus declaring their opi- 
 nions to one another Tar.; to ask advice. 
 ci-ltar bya zes byros-nas asking what they 
 should do D:l. ; to resolve, decide, byd-bar 
 to do Dzl.; byro-yUn byed-pa to dispute, 
 to debate Lex. 
 
 " byroii-ba Tar. byrdii-ba to count. 
 
 be/rod 1. the walk, gait, mode of walk- 
 ing. 2. symbol, num. : 2. 
 J. by rod-pa to walk, byrod-la pan this 
 assists in learning to walk Lt. ; 
 to go. wander, lam by rod-pa to travel over 
 Glr. ; to get through, tfyod-kyis byrod-pai 
 slrabs med run although until now you have 
 not been able to get to this place Mil.; 
 cu by rod- par dkd-ba a river difficult to 
 cross; nyi-ma-lho-byrod the sun's going to 
 the south, in the winter half-year, the sun's 
 south declination, byan-byrod, north decli- 
 nation, byrod-dus ynyis S.y. both declina- 
 tions; bud-med-la byrod-pa to lie with a 
 woman Schr., Cs. 
 
 byros-pa v. byro-ba. 
 
 myar n. of a noted crafty vizier of 
 the king Srontsangampo Glr. 
 maar ~ ba (col. *gd r - ra*) smith, 
 mgdr-bai bzo smith's work; *ydr- 
 zo co-ce* W. to forge; mgdr-tian, mgdr-sa 
 smithy; fser-mydr gold-smith Cs. 
 
 myal jaw, jaw-bone, ya-mydl the up- 
 per, ma-mydl the lower jaw-bone; 
 myal-cdy a broken jaw-bone, myal-bud a 
 dislocated jaw-bone Cs. 
 
 * mydl-pa, also O ydl-pa a billet of 
 wood ; myal-dum 1. a large piece 
 of wood split or cut, 2. a piece of wood 
 half-burnt W., C.; *yal-do, gal fsiy* W., 
 *yal-ro* C. id.; *yal-me* a burning piece 
 of wood, a fire-brand ; torch, consisting of 
 long chips or thin billets of w r ood ; myal- 
 mei K6r-lo a circle of light produced by 
 whirling round a fire-brand, 
 ^jcrrrj* myii-ba to rejoice, to be glad, joyful, 
 xl content; mgit-nas delighted Mil.. 
 Tar. ; myu - bai Ian ma byun he did not 
 receive a gratifying, satisfactory answer 
 
 Tar. 17, 27; fams-cdd byin yaii mgu-dus 
 wed he is never content though everything 
 be given hira Mil.; mau-bar byed-pa, W.: 
 *yu ciig-ce*, to exhilarate, to gladden, to 
 make content; dya-myii-ba, dya-inyu-rdit- 
 ba are intensive verbs; tngur = myu-bar. 
 m<jur (Ssk. effis^) resp. 1. throat, neck. 
 yyu myur-du pul-nas presenting (the 
 great teacher) with a turkois for his neck 
 Ma. 2. voice, myur snydn-pa a sweet. 
 harmonious, voice Cs. 3. (col. *yiir-ma*} 
 song, air, melody, hence a religious song is 
 always designated by the respectful word 
 myur (not by ylu), although the term in 
 itself has no immediate reference to it. 
 mgur(-du) ysuii-ba, bzes-j)a resp. for ylu 
 Un-pa to sing a song; Sch. : myur fen-pa 
 id. myur-Jbum a hundred thousand Songs, 
 title of the Legends of Milaraspa, which 
 are richly interwoven with songs. Sch. : 
 myur bsdl-ba to clear the throat, to hawk, 
 to hem ; cii-boi myur 'by-water', a tribu- 
 tary, a subsidiary stream (?). 
 
 mgur-lha the god of hunting with 
 
 the Shamans Sch. 
 
 m tf d (-P"> Ssk - WT I- neck, 
 throat, myul-du O doys-pa to tie, 
 fasten to one's neck e.g. magic objects; 
 rdit-gi mgul-pa f cod-pa, to cut one's own 
 throat DC/.; myid-pa sub his throat is 
 stopped, choked Mny.; myul(-pa}-nas O dzin- 
 pa, )u-ba, to seize by the throat, some- 
 times also used for myul-pa-nas Jfyud-pa 
 to fall on a person's neck, to embrace. 
 myul-nad disease of the throat, sore throat. 
 - mgul-ciiis dkdr-po a white neck-cloth 
 Pth. mgul-ddr or dpa-ddr a silk cloth 
 tied round the neck as a badge of honour. 
 2. the shoulder of a mountain Mil., 
 yyon-myid-na on the left slope. 
 
 myeu - ?WV myou Cs. v. myo. 
 
 ni ff (.Ssk. fipr;) resp. dbu 1. head, 
 *yo-la zuy ray* I have a headache, 
 a pain in my head W. ; *mgo Jcor* my head 
 turns, I feel dizzy, I am getting confused, 
 perplexed; myo skor-ba to cheat, swindle, 
 deceive ; mi - mgo ma skor do not cheat
 
 &FT mgo 
 
 mgo 
 
 people! Mil.; myo dfjii-ba, dfji'ir-ba v. d<//'/- 
 ba, mgo O fdm-pa v. O fdm-pa; myor )<></-]/(( 
 to carry on the head Sch. ; *yo yvy-ce* W. 
 to shake one's head, *kuy tdn-ce* W. to 
 nod with the head, either as a sign of af- 
 firmation, or of beckoning to a person; 
 *kyog-1cydg cd-cc* to wave the head from 
 one side to the other, expressive of re- 
 flection. 2. summit, height, top, ri-mgo 
 fcd-bas yyoys Mil. the hill-tops were co- 
 vered with snow. 3. first place, principal 
 part, mgo byed-pa to lead, to command, to 
 be at the head G7v. ; to educate cf. dbu 
 mdzdd-paj to inspect, look after, super- 
 intend, control, bu-mo ziy-yis myo byed-pai 
 mi mdii-po a number of (labouring) people 
 looked after by a girl (the farmer's daugh- 
 ter) Mil. ; *dos go cd-ce* W. to preside in a 
 consultation. 4. beginning, W., *yo-ma*', 
 yros-myo the beginning of a consultation; 
 myo O dzitg-pa to begin; bod sduy-pai myo 
 O dzuys that was the beginning of the mis- 
 fortunes of Tibet Ma ; brtdn-gyi skyid-myo 
 d/>-nas fsugs with this my constant good- 
 fortune commenced Mil.; lo-mgo-la at the 
 beginning of the year Jtf7.; mgo- nas from 
 the beginning DzL 5. Gram. : a super- 
 scribed r, Z, s e.g. rd-mgoi ka, rf\,k withy- 
 superscribed ; de-rnams baspul sd-mgoi kao 
 these are the words beginning with bsk. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. mgo -Mud brain C's. 
 - myo-dkyil col. crown of the head, ver- 
 tex. *yo-kdr*, or *yar* Ld. a tight un- 
 der-garment, drawn over the head when 
 put on, (Ssk. TTfT^TR. Hd. nff^pr) some- 
 thing like a shirt, but not in general use. 
 mgo-skor imposture, deceit, bdud-kyi mgo- 
 skor de na mi O dod I detest these diabo- 
 lical tricks Mil. myo-skyd a gray head, 
 myo-skyd-can a gray-headed person Cs. 
 *yo-kyoii* 6'., W., protector, patron, = mgo- 
 O dren. myo-tira scald, scald-head Sch. 
 myo-mKreys-can obstinate, pertinacious, stub- 
 born, esp. in buying and bartering, selfish, 
 bargaining, haggling: *yo tag cd-ce* W. to 
 have these qualities. myo-ryydn head- 
 ornament. myo-can having a head, *//- 
 
 go-can* having a man's head, such as Eng- 
 lish rupees and other coins (bearing the 
 image of a head) W. *yo-cin* 6'., W. 
 = go- Q dren* *yo-(T)cdg* a blow or knock 
 on the head Ld. myo-lcoys little shoots, 
 sprouts, branches Sch. mgo-cd = myo- 
 rgydn. mgo-nyug beginning and end 
 (head and tail), sin O dii mgo mjuy gau yin- 
 pa bye-brdg pyes siy find out which is the 
 upper and which the lower end of this 
 piece of wood DzL myo-joh Cs. : 'an ob- 
 long head.' mgo-rjm bare headed. mgo- 
 nycig C's.: 'a compressed, contracted head'. 
 *go-nyt-pa* C. two-headed, double-tongued; 
 a double-dealer, backbiter. myo-snydms 
 indifferent, unconcerned. *yor-tiit fsdn- 
 ma* from head to heel, the whole from top 
 to toe, = * yo-lus-ca-fsan* . mgo- ddn = 
 mgo- dren, with byed-pa = mgo O don-pa to 
 bring or draw forth, to raise, to lift up a 
 person's head, gen. with rail, one's own 
 head, used in the sense of: to be self-de- 
 pendent, one's own master, to come off well, 
 to be uppermost Mil.-, mgo O fon-pa id. - 
 mgo- dren protector, patron, used frq. in 
 letters as a complimentary title. mgo- 
 ndg po. for man Glr. mgo-nad headache. 
 *go-bu* W. first-born. myo-ma 1. adj. 
 first, yral-myo-ma first in order, the first 
 in a row or line of persons Mil. 2. sbst. 
 the beginning W!, *go-ma tsug-ce* to begin. 
 3. adv. in the beginning, at first W. myo- 
 fsem 'stitched at the head' denoting a book 
 which is so stitched, that the lines run 
 parallel to the back, whilst one stitched 
 in our way is called rta-mgo-ma. mgo- 
 yzun, col. *yoy-zun* crown of the head. 
 myou, mgeu a small head Cs. myo-ynr 
 = fsd-bai nad Ts. mgo-yyoys a covering 
 for the head (hat, cap etc.). mgo-ril 1. 
 a round head. 2. cattle without horns ir. 
 mgo-reg for mgo breys-pa one that has his 
 head shaved, a monk; mgo-rfy btsun-m Lt. 
 monks and nuns, or: nuns that have their 
 heads shaved. *yo-his-ca-fsdit* a com- 
 plete suit Of clothes, *yor-tin-fsdn-ma* id. ; 
 *go Itis sum kdn-ce* W. to furnish a person 
 with new clothes; *yo lus spd-ce* W. to
 
 jdb-pa 
 
 give one's own clothes to a person (e.g. 
 when a king honours any body by array- 
 ing him in splendid garments). myo-Ub 
 a flat head Cs. go-sog, resp. u-sog cover. 
 of a copy-book etc. Cs. mgo-srin n. of 
 a disease Lt. 
 
 mgon-po* Ssk. rro protector, pa- 
 tron; principal, master, lord; tutelar 
 god; O gro-mgon protector of beings; skyabs- 
 mgon v. skyabs; cii pyir nai mgon mi byed 
 why do you not assist me? DzL; lhai, 
 bdud-kyi, ysin-rjei mgon-po the principal 
 of the gods, of the devils, the lord of death 
 Cs.; mgon-po m cod-pa, stod-pa, rbdd-pa to 
 honour, to praise, the tutelar god, to stir 
 up or urge him to aid one's cause The 
 special tutelar god of Tibet, called mgon- 
 po by preference, isAwalokiteswara, Spyan- 
 ras-/zigs; J)ig-rten -mgon-po, or mi-mjed- 
 ziit-gi mgon-po lord of the world, jig-rten 
 ysum-gyi mgon-po (Hindi: triloknatfi), lord 
 or ruler of the three worlds, an epithet 
 1. of Buddha, 2. of AwalokiteSwara, 3. of 
 the Dharma-Raja of Bhotan. 
 
 Comp. mgon mid-its many patrons or 
 defenders of religion; many small pyrami- 
 dical sacred buildings Cs. mgon-med 
 unprotected, mgon-med- zas-sbyin, Hgn^fq- 
 U^rf, n. of a certain house-owner in Bud- 
 dha's time, often mentioned in legends. 
 
 speedy, swift; mgyogs-par (sel- 
 dom mgyogs-la Mil.} adv. quickly, speedily, 
 SOOn; *gyog - riii* W. speedy, hasty, rash, 
 *gyoy-ldm* W., C., a straight, short way, 
 a short cut; rkan-mgyogs v. rkan. su- 
 mgyogs, pronounced *sun-gyog(s)* W., (lit. 
 'who is quick?') a race, a racing or run- 
 ning-match. 
 
 m ff > '' n 'P a i ( Ssfc - *farr) I- neck, 
 mgrin rin-ba, a long neck, mgrin 
 fun-ba a short neck Lt. ; mgnn-snon blue- 
 necked, an epithet of gods. 2. throat, 
 as passage or organ of the voice, mgrin 
 ycig-tu (to call as) with one voice, frq. ; 
 mgrin-bzdn a loud voice Cs. 
 
 mgron feast, treat, banquet, enter- 
 tainment. myroii ytoii-ba , resp. sku- 
 
 mgron Jbid-bci to entertain; *(]6n-tah-Kan* 
 W. host, entertainer; mgron -la Jbod-pa, 
 resp. mgron -du spyan- Q drhi-pa, to invite 
 to an entertainment ; mgron-du jnyer-ba to 
 treat, to regale Dd. ; mgron-du O gro-ba to 
 go to an entertainment, a party DzL (cf. 
 O gron-du O gr6-ba to go abroad); zas-mgron 
 an entertainment consisting in eating; )a- 
 mgron a tea-party; can-mgron a treatment 
 with beer or wine Cs. 
 
 d/ a ff l - obstruction, stoppage, esp. in 
 comp.: yi-ga- gdg want of appetite; 
 )'<'in- ydg, also -dgag, strangury. 2. a 
 place or spot that has to be passed by all 
 that proceed to a certain point, *zdm-p? 
 gag-tu gug-na k(im-ma dzin tub* C. the thief 
 may be stopped, if you are on the watch 
 in the thoroughfare of the bridge; ri-bo 
 dpal- c bdr-gyi Q gag the place on the Palbar 
 mountain, where there is the only passage 
 Mil.; sgo- gdg the door of the house, be- 
 cause through it all that enter or leave 
 have to pass; Ka- gdg the mouth, through 
 which every thing must pass that is eaten; 
 fig.: far-ldm-gyi )'nad- gdg, the main point 
 for obtaining salvation; O gag ycig-tu dril- 
 ba to unite, to be concentrated in one 
 point Mil. 
 
 off tig-pa 1. vb, (cf. ^egs-pa) to 
 stop, to cease, to be at a stand-still; 
 mostly in the perfect form <$ags; ddii-lki 
 O gags the appetite is gone Mil.; it is also 
 used of the passions having been sup- 
 pressed, having ceased Mil. -- 2. sbst. 
 door-keeper, v. sgo-^gdg sub ^gag. 
 
 v. rgati. 
 sj' O ydnspa difficult, troublesome Sch. 
 
 o^'K'J 90 ) tae burden of an of- 
 fice, business, commission, O gan 
 Jrir-ba to bear such a burden, bskur -ba 
 to impose it on a person. 
 ncnjn* oydb mfd-ma, mjztg-ma, the end, 
 of a bench, a garment etc. Mil.Ht.-, 
 as postpos. c.genit. after, behind C. 
 
 ^gab-pa 1. Sch.: to take care, to 
 be cautious; orderly, decent. 2.
 
 W. to suffice, *mi gdb-ce med* the work- 
 men will not suffice. 
 
 opw'sj" d am ~ P a > P f - $ ams ' Sr/? -> ^ ws 
 
 f,s., fat. bgam, imp. <yows 1. to 
 put, or rather throw, into the mouth, e.g. 
 grains of wheat, a mouthful of meal, as 
 Tibetans use to do ; pyc fur-mgo re tsam 
 O gams i took a small spoonful of meal Alii. 
 - 2. to try, bgdm-mo I will try him, 1 
 shall put him to the proof DzL; fsod O gdm- 
 pa id. Lea-. 3. W. to threaten, to menace. 
 O ga (^ga-bo Cs.?) some, a few, sev- 
 eral, Kyi-ra-ba O ga some huntsmen 
 Mil. ; yzdn-pa O ga zig some young men 
 Mil.: Ko-rdii O ga some of them Mil.; O ga- 
 re = (/a zig Pth.; gdl-te nan-gyis O ga zig 
 bzdfj-na if 1 appoint some by a peremp- 
 tory decree DzL; skabs O gar in some cases; 
 Ian O ga (zig) sometimes, now and then 
 (opp. to frequently, as well as to once, one 
 time); res ga 1. sometimes. 2. col. for some, 
 several; bar O ga sometimes; Ian O ga Ian 
 O ga, res O ga res O ga, bar ^ga bar- ga at 
 one time at another time, some others; 
 ^ga tsam a few, few Thgy. : O ga sds some, 
 part (of them) Mil. ; O ga yan followed by 
 a negation: no, no one, not any, none. 
 
 O ga Glr., also o9 a ~ fi n - of a P lace 
 in the east of Tibet 
 
 off ar t termin. of O ga. 
 
 q.^. . o gdr-ba 1. sbst. (W. also *gdr-ru*, 
 Ts. * gar, c <///**) masc. O ydr-po, fern. 
 f/ > - mo, a mixed breed of cattle, of a 
 ww/zo (q.v.; and a common cow, or a bull 
 and a mdzd-mo. 2. vb. v. sub dgdr-ba. 
 
 O gdl-dum v. mgal. 
 
 O gdl-ba, c. /as or c?a/i, to be in op- 
 position or contradiction to, as: 
 rtdg-pa dan d/'ids-po ynyis O gdl-ba yin the 
 ideas of 'perpetuity' and of 'thing' are con- 
 tradictory; commonly of persons: to coun- 
 teract, to act in opposition to, to transgress, 
 violate, infringe, break, a promise, law, duty; 
 yid daii mi (jdl-bar DzL, resp. fugs dan 
 mi ^gal-bar, (he gives them) to their wish, 
 to their heart's content; bka bz/n-du mi 
 
 ^gal-bar bgyio I shall act faithfully accord- 
 ing to the order DzL; *gal mi dug* W. he 
 has not committed anything, he is inno- 
 cent; lha or klu daft, O gal-ba not to hon- 
 our a Lha or Lu according to duty. 
 
 Comp. jial - 1'kip'n mishap, untoward 
 accident, impediment (opp. to mfun-rtyeri) ; 
 O gal~rkyen sel-ba, or med-par byed-pa, or 
 zlog-pa to avert, to remove such accidents 
 or impediments. ^il-J^'fil transgression, 
 O gal-J?rtd spans -te, conscientiously; *gal- 
 iul sd-ica* to make amends, to atone for 
 a transgression. O gal-mfun-ses-pa ('In-. 
 Prot., the knowledge of what is conform- 
 able or contrary to the divine law, meant 
 to express our 'conscience': the term was 
 formed after the Tibetan phrase: dge mi- 
 dge yes-pa, or rig-pa, knowledge of what 
 is virtue and what is vice; cf. however .sr.s- 
 bzin, )'non-ba, and byas-cos. ^gdl-ba-po 
 Cs., O gdl-po Sc/t., a transgressor. O gal- 
 fsdbs Cs. a great fault, a crime: O gal-fsdbs- 
 can faulty, criminal, a criminal (?). 
 
 o9 as -P a > P f - ( J as ( cf o9 es -P a ) to 
 be cleft or split, of rocks etc.; to 
 chap, of the skin, the lips; to break open, 
 to burst, of a bag etc., Ka Ind-ru into five 
 rents, in five places; to crack, to break or 
 burst asunder, of a vessel, the heart, a fruit, 
 bdun-du into seven pieces; sih-gi rigs -la 
 byds-na ni ^gas if it be made of wood, it 
 will split, crack Gli: 
 
 Qf]C{' O giu v. gi-wdn. 
 
 O gu-mdd gun-Stock, (spelling not 
 certain) v. sgum-mdd. 
 
 O f ju-ba, incorr. for mgii-ba. 
 a mesh W. 
 
 imp. Kug 1. (cf. kug) to bend, 
 to make crooked, ynya O gugs-pa C. to bend, 
 bow, stoop; mgo <gugs-^iugs-par son-no he 
 went off bowed down, crestfallen. - 
 to gather, to cause a gathering, mdg-tu of 
 matter, pus, to suppurate. 3. to call, to 
 summon, to send for, e.g. the gardener DzL,
 
 94 
 
 one's daughters Dzl; to conjure up, ghosts, 
 des bdag ^g tig-par O gyiir-ro by this (charm) 
 I may be conjured up; bio ndii-du Kug-la 
 calling the spirit back into its inner do- 
 main, abstracting the mind from the ex- 
 ternal world. 4. to draw back, to cause 
 to return, to convey back Mil, C. 
 
 J ' du bcug-pa to ruin, to reduce to 
 an extremity Schr. ; -rtsa byih-gitd dal M<>d 
 a pulse slow and sinking. 
 
 NJ to die. 2. pf. bkum. Jut. dkum. 
 
 imp. Kum(s\ to kill, to put to death Dzl. 
 frq.; to slaughter (butcher), ysdr-du bh'tm- 
 pai sa, meat of an animal just killed, fresh 
 meatZM 3. to bend, curve, make crooked, 
 to contract, v. kum and skum-pa. 
 
 O gul neck, v. mgul 
 
 O giil-ba (cf. sgul-ba} to change 
 NS place or posture, to move, shake, 
 to be agitated, *ri-gu dod-pa-la gul dug*t\ie 
 kid moves in the womb (of the goat); 
 O gul-dkd (the limb) moves with difficulty 
 Med. frq. ; O gul yah ma nus-so (they) would 
 not even stir (from terror) Dzl ; to waver, 
 tremble, shiver, O ddr-zih ^gul-ba; sa-^gid 
 (pronounced *san-gul*) earthquake W. 
 
 O gegs-pa pf. bkag, fut. dgag, 
 imp. />;;/ to hinder, prohibit, 
 stop, bddg-gis bkdg-na yah ma fub-kyis 
 though I was preventing it, I could not 
 (carry my point) Dzl; ma bkdg-ste ndh- 
 du btan he admitted him without impedi- 
 ment Dzl', *kdg-cc med zer-Kan-gyi ka- 
 sog* a warrant, a permit to traffic without 
 hinderance, a pass-bill, and the like Wi; 
 to Shut, to lock (up), to close, sgo the door 
 (?//'., lam the road frq., to close one's nose 
 with the hand Pth.: to retain, keep back 
 excretions Med., bsaii-dgdg obstruction (cf. 
 c (t/a</); *zd-ce kdg-te si* W. his food sticking 
 fast he died; to lock up, shut up (things 
 for keeping), to pen up (sheep, cattle), 
 *kdg-te bor-ce* W. id ; dgag-dbye the ending 
 of the seclusion, viz. of the monks who 
 have to stay in their houses during the 
 
 rainy season Scftf., Tar. 10, 10, cf. Kopp. I, 
 369; to forbid, dgag-sgrub Sch.: 'to forbid 
 and to allow'^J; gdg-pai sgra, (/ag-fsiy 
 a prohibitive particle Gram.- bkdg-ca byed- 
 pa to forbid, prohibit Sc/t.; *Ka kdg-ce* 
 W. to silence, to hush; dgdg-pa a negative, 
 a negation; bkdg-ca the negative side Was. 
 (282). 
 
 imp. fco/t 1. to fill, tib-ril cus 
 or (seld.) cu-las, or fib-ril-du ms, or ra, 
 (to fill) a tea-pot with water; to soil, smear. 
 Stain, the bed with blood Glr.: dgdit-dka 
 difficult to be filled, not to be satisfied, 
 insatiable Sty. 2. to fulfil (more frq. 
 skon-ba) fugs-ddm Lc.r. 3. gzu O geiis- 
 pa, mda O ge/is-pa to prepare bow and 
 arrows for shooting, frq.; *tu-pag kdii-ce* 
 W. to load a gun. 
 
 C 9&s-pa, pf. bkab, fut. dgab, imp. 
 lcob(W. *Mo6*), to cover, e.g. 
 one's breast with the hand; to cover up, 
 Ka an opening, aperture; to spread over 
 or on, to set up, to put on, a cover, lid, 
 cork, plug etc.: to protect, btsun-mo mi- 
 ni a-yin-gy is O gebs-su jug-pa to have the 
 queen protected by ghosts; to disguise. 
 metaph: *bkdb-st?* in disguised language, 
 euphemistically W., *kdb-ce pi-la* in order 
 to express it euphemistically. 
 
 ^gem-pa, ace. to Cs. another form 
 
 for O gum-pa, to kill, to destroy; 
 Schr.: kldd-pa O gems-pa to surprise; to 
 overthrow an argument by reason; cf. 
 mgo-^ems Lex. w.e.; as a partic.: stupid 
 Schr. ; the few passages, where I met with 
 the word, leave its meaning doubtful. 
 
 o#^ tt > P^ bkal, fut. dgal, imp. 
 
 fcol, 1. to load, to lay on a burden, 
 brui k'al cig bkdl-te loaded with a load 
 of grain Dzl. ; fig. to put a yoke upon a 
 person's neck, byur to bring down misery 
 on a person; W. to bring accusations 
 against a person, *mi '6s-pe Ids-ka zig mi 
 zig-la kal td/i-na* Ld. if one is accused 
 of an unlawful action ; Krai O g<'l-ba to impose
 
 tribute Lex. ; to commission, to charge with, 
 to make, appoint, constitute, *mi ziy ywl- 
 po-la kdl ce* LJ. to appoint some one to 
 be an elder or senior, cf O col-ba. 2. to 
 put, to place on or over, yduit-ma bkdl-ba 
 a beam placed over it S.y.\ to set or put 
 on, e.g. a pot on a trevet; to hang up, yos- 
 O yel-yddn a stand to hang clothes on; fig. 
 O ci-bar niis-pai foy O yel dyos one must set 
 on it the roof of being able to die, i.e. 
 one must crown the whole edifice by being 
 free from fear of death Mil. 
 
 'ry ^yes-pa, pf. bkas, fut. dyas, imp. 
 
 Kos, trs. to O yds-pa, to split, cleave, 
 divide, bkas-shl Lex. cleft or chopped wood; 
 <lfim-bur (to divide) into pieces Lex., to 
 cut up or open, e.g. a fish, gourd, pump- 
 kin, Dzl. 
 
 QCff c ( Ji = m 9 m some figurative appli- 
 ' cations of the word: dmdy- yo com- 
 mander of an army 6s.; mKdr- yo, rdzoit- 
 O yo commander of a fort 6s.; ^o sndm a 
 sort of fine cloth made of shawl-wool, or 
 also : Europe-cloth, i.e. broad cloth = say- 
 lad-, O y6-pa officer, captain, head-man of a 
 village or district, esp. in W.; in a general 
 sense : *kon-coy jiy-ten-yyi go-pa yin* God 
 is the ruler of the world; *kon-c6y-yi san 
 yd -pa med* God is the only and highest 
 ruler; * yo-pon* 6'. rector, director, head- 
 master, principal e.g. of a school; O yo-ma 
 Zam. beginning, origin, source; O y6-mi Lex. 
 = o yo-pa; *yo-yod* = O yo-pa Ld.', ^yw in 
 the beginning, at first, originally Sch., ser- 
 bai O yor when it began to hail Mil.nt. 
 ncffn* ^l-^ a i pf 9 OS ( or O y os )> f- bsyo-ba, 
 1. to stain, to lose colour; to dirty, 
 sully one's self, de-la with it, nan-skyuys 
 lus-la to soil one's self with vomit. 2. 
 to infect, with a disease, O yo-bai nad, O yo- 
 ndd, O yo-bai rims, a contagious or epidemic 
 disease, a plague, frq. 
 pnfTcn'H' o9 ( ^9~P a "> P^- bkofl, fut. dgogf imp. 
 
 Hog 1. to take away forcibly, to 
 snatch, tear away, pull out, rtsd-ba a root 
 Lex., so a tooth Schr.] to tear up, e.g. a 
 floor W.; to peel Sch.; *koy-te Hyer-ce* W. 
 to rob, plunder frq.; *koy-te tfyers* Ld. it 
 
 95 
 
 has been robbed. 2. to take off, a cover, 
 a lid. a pot from the fire W. 
 
 jogs-pa another form for //,v/.s- 
 pa, to prevent, to avert unfortu- 
 nate events, fatal consequences; to suppress, 
 the symptoms of a disease by medicine; 
 to drive back or away, to expel e.g. spirits, 
 ghosts; to repel people that are trying to 
 land. 
 
 ^oii-ba 1 6s.: to bewitch, enchant 
 (?),gon-ba-po, jo/'t-po an enchanter, 
 sorcerer, yoh-ba-nio enchantress, sorceress 
 6s.; more frq. jo/t-po an evil spirit, demon, 
 also fig. demon of concupiscence, of fear, 
 of terror Mil.; O ad/'i-mo fern. 2. pf. bkoii, 
 perh. more corr. sao/t-ba, spd-syoh-ba Lex. 
 to despond. 
 
 9 od -P a > P f - fy od i fut - dgod, imp. 
 
 Kod (cf. Hod-^pa), the Latin conderc, 
 1. to design, to project, to plan Schr. 2. 
 to found, to etablish, to lay out (a town), 
 to build (a house); hence bkod-pai riy-byed 
 books on architecture Glr.; to manufacture, 
 to form, to frame. 3. to put, to fix, to 
 transfer, into a certain state or condition, 
 bde(-ba)-la Dzl., bder Lex., into a happy 
 state, dye-ba-la Dzl. into virtue, cos-la l*th. 
 into the true doctrine, rndm-par ^yrol-ba- 
 la Dzl. into salvation, my a- nan- las O dds- 
 pa-la into delivery from existence Dzl. ; 
 zay - yrdns to fix a certain time or term 
 Schr.; fsad (to determine) the measure or 
 size of a thing Schr. 4. to set, put, or 
 place in order, yral-pydm byod-pa O dra as 
 the rafters of a roof are placed side by 
 side S.y. ; mfar dyod-pa to add or affix e.g. 
 ciphers to a certain number Wdk.; bkod- 
 par mdzes-pd beautiful as to arrangement, 
 nicely ordered, (bjryyan dyod-pa Lex. to 
 arrange ornaments (tastefully), to decorate, 
 adorn, to construct or adjust grammatical 
 forms, sentences Zam. 5. to put down 
 in writing, to record, tnin k-d-ba-la to write 
 names on a column Pth.\ to compose, draw 
 up, write, a narrative etc., frq. ; to mention, 
 to insert, in a writing; *ka M-pa* < '. to 
 publish, to make known. 6. to rule, 
 to govern tic/tr.; byol-soti bkod-pai royal-
 
 po yin he is king over all subjugated ani- 
 mals Mil. 
 
 The partic. pf. bkod-pa is also sbst. : 
 1. plan, ground-plan, draught of a building 
 Schr. 2. delineation, sketch, zin-bkod 
 map. 3. form, shape, figure Schr. 4. 
 sample, copy, even of one's own body, e.g. 
 when a person multiplies himself by magic 
 virtue, = sprul-ba. 5. building, edifice, 
 Structure, bkod-pa mdzes the structure (is) 
 beautiful Glr. .6. frame, body, bkod-pa 
 lus id. Mil.; iiai bkod-pa ndm-mKai ran- 
 zin my body of an ethereal nature Pth. 
 
 Note. The Lexx. have for bkod-pa 
 always TR? putting down, depositing; but 
 often it has the signification of ^j^ orderly 
 arrangement; as vb. it comes nearest to 
 ^5TJT^. As the meaning of the word is 
 almost quite the same as that of xnTeiv 
 and condere, it recommends itself as the 
 most suitable term for 'to create', to call 
 into existence, O god-pa-po for creator, and 
 bkod-pa for creature, notions which are 
 otherwise foreign to Buddhism. 
 
 O yom-pa, Cs. = goms-pa, Sch. also 
 
 = O gem-pa, ^yiim-pa. 
 O yw 1. v. the following article. 
 2. termin. of ^yo, in the beginning, 
 at first Sch. 3. supine of ^6-ba. 
 
 ot/or-ba to tarry, linger, loiter, W. 
 
 frq. *mdn-po yor son* you stayed 
 away very long; *ldm-la yor* he lingers 
 on the way; *mdn-po ma yor-te* without 
 long delay, = rin-por ma Ion-par, and riii- 
 por mi toys -par B.; de ^or-yzi yin that 
 impedes, delays; zld - ba fnyis ~kor (the 
 work) lasted two months Glr. 
 
 O gol-ba, P f. yol 1. to part, to sepa- 
 
 rate vb.n.; O yol-bai ynas a hermitage 
 Pth., of/dl-po hermit, recluse. 2. to de- 
 viate, err, go wrong or astray; ^61-sa \. 
 the place where two roads separate. 2. 
 error, mistake. 
 
 ^os n. of a monastery Tar. 
 
 O yos-pa 
 
 soW, 
 
 spent, expended Cs. 
 
 deferred, postponed, pyir ^i/an-na 
 if one defers it; *nyin O yyan zay O yyaii )he'- 
 pa* C. to delay again and again; lo mah- 
 po mi O yy aii-bar before many years shall 
 have passed; dm cffyaris Lea', w.e. 
 
 a \. to look about haugh- 
 tily, to look down upon, to slight, 
 mi-la a person ; also of things : to despise, 
 contemn, neglect them B. and col.: * g\jih- 
 bhdy jlie-pa* C., *yyin co-ce* W. id.; *yyin- 
 can* supercilious, contemptuous. 2. = 
 syyih-ba Git:; Mil. sel-kyi yyiii- Kar a 
 sceptre of crystal, an attribute of gods, in pic- 
 tures represented as a plain, unadorned staff. 
 opj-q- &/-&> P f - o^ MS ? to move quickly 
 ^ss to and fro, e.g. as lightning, the 
 quivering air in a mirage, the motion and 
 versatility of the mind etc. 
 
 OOT^q- oyy' r - 
 
 ^ im. 
 
 mp. gyur (-c?^), cf. sgyur-ba, 1. 
 to change, to be altered B. and col.; mi- 
 rnams-kyi spyod-pa ^ffyur the behaviour of 
 men changes Ma. ; O yyur-bai cos a change- 
 able (and therefore perishable) thing Cs.; 
 and O yyur-du yod-pa changeable, variable, 
 O yyiir-du med-pa, O yyur-med unchangeable, 
 invariable; sometimes to decrease, abate, 
 vanish, die away, mfu-stobs, ntid-med-pa, 
 yzi-r)id yons-su ^yynr-ba the total decay of 
 strength, health, and esteem (in old age) 
 Thyy. ; bddy-yi sems ma gyur, ma nydms- 
 so my mind has not been altered, nor my 
 resolution weakened Dzl. ; also with las: 
 dad-pa O di-las ma gyur cig do not depart 
 from that belief Mil. (L have therefore 
 availed myself of this word, combined with 
 the active (transitive) form sems sgyur-ba 
 'to change the mind' for expressing the 
 fisTavotlv and ueidvoia of the N. T., 
 though the Buddhist is wont to regard the 
 mi-yyui'-ba as the thing most to be praised 
 and desired.) With the termin. it signifies 
 to be changed, transformed into, B. and col.; 
 hence 2. to become, to grow, dyc-sloit- 
 du O yyio--ba, ryydl-por O gyur-ba to become
 
 a monk, a king Dzl. skra mfon-nifin-gi 
 Ka-dog-tu gyiir-to his hair turned azure 
 (sky-blue) Dsl.~ sbrum-par O gyitr-ba to get 
 with child ; bdiin-du O gyur-ba to reach the 
 number of seven Dzl. (In all these cases 
 the more recent writings and the col. lan- 
 guage in C. usually have * do-wa* ) in W. 
 *cd-ce*.} ^gyur-ba is also frq. used in con- 
 junction with verbs : yod-par c gyiir-ba 'to be- 
 come being', i.e. to begin to exist, 'to become 
 having,' i.e. to gain possession ; srog-lamiltd- 
 bar O gyur-pai dnos-po Q di-dag these acts of 
 having become indifferent to life, i.e. acts of 
 contempt of death Dzl.; nd-bar gyvr-na 
 O di mfon-ba tsdm-gyis nad sos-par O gyvr-ro 
 when taken ill, they get well again, as soon 
 as they obtain a sight of this Glr. ; can mi 
 smrd-bar gyur-to he became speechless 
 Dzl. ; O gyiir-ba denoting both the pass, voice, 
 and the fut. tense, the context must decide 
 in every instance, how it is to be under- 
 stood : su zig rgyal-snd byed-par Q gyur who 
 shall have the government, who shall rule? 
 Tar. 21.; de rgydl-por ^yur-bar ses-so they 
 knew that this man is made king (for: 
 would be made king); Ko-mos kyod-kyi bu 
 bsdd-par gyur-na if your son has been 
 killed by me Dzl. ; fyod mi-sa zd-bar gyur- 
 cig may you be obliged to eat human flesh! 
 Dzl. ; cii pyir Kyod O di-ltar gyur by what 
 means have you come into this state? Dzl. ; 
 ya-mfsdn-du (or -par) O gyur-ba to be sur- 
 prised, astonished; with j'nds-su: to come 
 to a place, to arrive at Mil. ; O dod-pai dnos- 
 grub-tu O gyur-ba to be endowed with the 
 perfect gift of wishing, viz. of having every 
 wish fulfilled; to happen, to take place, to 
 occur, ya-mfsdn-du ^gyur-ba ci yod lit. 
 what is there that has wonderfully hap- 
 pened, what wonderful things have hap- 
 pened? yyos-par O gyur-ba to become mov- 
 ing, to begin to move. 3. to be trans- 
 lated, bod-du into Tibetan Tar. ; bka-^yiir 
 the translated word, v. bka; cf. sgyur-ba. 
 4. joined to numbers it signifies time 
 or times, yzdn-pas braya- ayur ston-^gyit)'- 
 du O pdgs-pa a hundred times, nay a thou- 
 sand times more sublime than others Dzl. ; 
 
 97 
 
 kyod-pas brgya- gyur-ba$ Ihdg-par bzaii-ba 
 yod there are (girls) a hundred times prettier 
 than you DzL; ysum- gyur ltd- bur three 
 times as much Dzl.; de ynyis- gyur team 
 zig one twice as large as that Mil. 
 
 II. sbst. change, alteration, vicissitude, 
 dus bzii O gyur-bas through the change of 
 seasons Thgy. O gyur-skdd, or also ^gyur- 
 Kiigs singing or humming a tune in a tril- 
 ling manner Mil.; O gyur-lcam nya Mil. 
 perh. a fish swiftly moving to and fro; 
 O gyur-rten bzdg-pa to pay money in hand, 
 as an earnest that the bargain is not to 
 be retracted. Instead of the imp. gyur, 
 sog is frq. used. 
 
 OCT-q- ^-H P f - ( and im P-?) ffye*, to be 
 T divided, e.g. a river that is divide^ 
 into several branches; rndm-pa ynyis-su 
 (a ray of light divided) into two parts 
 Dzl. ; to separate, to part, bem rig ^gyes dus 
 when body and soul part from each other 
 Mil; to disperse, of a crowd, with or with- 
 out so-sor DzL and elsewh.; of a single 
 person: to part, withdraw, go away, *mi- 
 fsog dan ghye-ne* C. withdrawing from the 
 crowd; to issue, proceed, spread, de-dag-las 
 gyes - so they have proceeded from those 
 (their ancestors); of a disease: gyen-du 
 gyes (opp. to fur-du zug) Med.? 
 
 9ycd-pa (W. *kye-ce*} pf. by-yes, 
 fut, bkye, 1. to divide (trs.), to scat- 
 ter, disperse, diffuse, e.g. rays of light; it 
 is also used when the neutral form ^gye- 
 ba would seem to be more correct; to let 
 proceed, sprul-pa, an emanation; hence to 
 send, a messenger Lex. and Schr.; to dis- 
 miss, fsogs, an assembly Sch. 2. O fdb- 
 mo O yyed-pa, yyul O gyed-pa, also ^gyed-pa 
 alone, to fight a battle, to fight, to combat, 
 Q gyed-pai fse in the dispute; similarly O dziit- 
 ga bkye-ba to quarrel Meofc; hence prob. 
 W.: *Ka kye-i-e* to abuse, to menace. - 
 3. ston-mo O gyed-pa frq. to give an enter- 
 tainment, banquet, prop, to dispense a feast; 
 nor O gyi'd-pa to distribute a property LCJC. 
 o gyer-ba to drop or let fall, to 
 throw down Schr.; to quit, aban- 
 don, throw away $c/t. 
 
 1
 
 98 
 
 to fall, to tumble, *#!/<?/ wa ^r 
 W. don't tumble, take care not to fall; 
 *gyel-kan* W. lying, (not standing), e.g. 
 a bottle. 
 
 J" <ffy**- a -> Bother form for ^ye-ba, 
 
 pyi-gros-su O gyes-par ^gyur back 
 foremost they retreat Glr. 
 
 offydd-pa (Ssk. ^t^m) vb - (W. 
 
 *gyod-ce*) to repent, to grieve for, 
 and sbst. repentance, sorrow for, not only 
 for bad, but also for good actions, when 
 the latter are attended with disadvantage 
 or loss ; pyis ^yon-par O gyur you will have 
 to repent it hereafter Dzl.; with la, to re- 
 pent of a thing; O gyod-pa skye repentance 
 arises , I feel repentance , I repent frq. ; 
 sems O gy6d-par ^gyur id. ; *da gyod-pa yen 
 dug* W. id.; ^yod-pa med I do not regret 
 it; ^gyod-pa-can repenting Pth.; ^gyod-pai 
 sems med-par Jcyod-la sbyin-no I give it 
 you readily and with all my heart Pth. ; 
 ^gyod-med without repentance, without grud- 
 ging, also: in good earnest; ^gyod-fsdns 
 byed-pa, O fol-zin ^gyod-pa, O gy6d-cin bsdg- 
 pa Dzl. to acknowledge repentingly, to 
 confess with compunction; ^gyod-fsdnsbyed- 
 par yndn - ba to accept a repentant con- 
 fession = to forgive, to pardon Dzl. (p. &"?, 
 V7, L -, 33) ; offyod-rmo-ba, c. la, to make 
 repent, to make one suffer, feel, or pay 
 (for a thing) Dzl.', ynon-^yod repentance 
 proceeding from consciousness of guilt Pth. 
 
 %( s )-p> pf- wag*, to sound, 
 
 to utter a sound, of men, ani- 
 mals, thunder etc. Dzl.\ to cry, to shout, 
 
 dei rnd-lam-du ^rags-par ^yur-na if it is 
 shouted into his ear; ces grogs so it is called, 
 so he was called, by this name he goes, 
 under that name he is known, celebrated; 
 bod-la yi-ge med ces grays Tibet, so it is 
 said, was without letters, without a written 
 language; Zam. 
 
 O grdgs-pa to bind, v. grdgs-pa. 
 
 q .-. o grdn-ba 1. Cs. to number, to count, 
 
 v. bgrdn-ba. 2. to satisfy with 
 
 food, to satiate, *ddn-ce med* W. he is 
 
 insatiable; gen. only the pf. is in use: 
 cyrafis rjes after having eaten one's fill 3/<?rf. ; 
 sd-ba bsdd-pas mi ^grdn-te not yet having 
 enough of deer-killing Mil. 
 
 nrnr-q- <grdd-pa Cs. = byrdd-pa, to spread, 
 to extend (vb. a). 
 
 y r(in ~l )a C^'- ^JnJ) ^ to vie with, 
 
 contend with, to strive (for victory), 
 wa sen-ge-la a fox (contending) with the 
 lion Dzl.; co- priil in magic tricks Dzl.; 
 rig-pa in shrewdness, cunning Glr. ; pyug- 
 Kydd rnam-fos-kyi bu dan ^rdn-te to cope 
 even with Plutus as to riches Dzl.; bstod- 
 par ^gran let us vie with one another in 
 songs of praise Glr.; O gmn-pas cog let us 
 now draw a parallel between (these two) 
 Glr.; O grdn-du jug-pa to cause (two per- 
 sons) to strive (for the victory) Dzl. 
 2. in a general sense, to fight, to defend 
 one's self, to make resistance. 
 
 Comp. Q gran-fsig words of contention, 
 a quarrelling speech Glr. ^gran-sems 1. 
 contention, emulation. 2. jealousy. 3. quarrel- 
 some temper, spirit of controversy; O gran- 
 sems ycog-pa to stop, put an end to con- 
 tention. O grdn-zla (pronounced *ddl-za* 
 in the north of Ld.), rival, competitor, equal 
 match ; ^rdn - zla - med- pa, ^gran - zld dan 
 brdl-ba, also ^rdn-gyi do-med, ^rdn-ya- 
 med, without a rival, matchless, unequalled, 
 applied also to things. 
 
 off ram ! shore, bank, cw-^mmid.; 
 
 cu cen-poi ^grdm-du son they went 
 to the bank of a large river Dzl. 2. 
 side, sgo- grdm yyds-na on the right side 
 of the door Glr. ; sgoi pyi-^gram-na before 
 the door, outside, out of doors Ptli. 3. 
 wall, Kdn-pai < 6g-&ram the lower wall of 
 a house (opp. to the roof) Mil; O gram-fzi 
 C., S.y. foundation, basis, ^ram-yzi O dm-ba 
 to lay a foundation. In a more general 
 sense: ^grdm-du near, close to, just by, 
 rgydn-nas sgra ce-la O grdm-du don cun he 
 has a great voice, is making much noise, 
 at a distance, but looking nearer, you do 
 not find much in him Mil; sin-gi jjrdm- 
 du close to the tree.
 
 ^ram-pa 
 
 o9 ram ~P a cheek (cf. Kur - fsds), 
 *<]dm-pa horn son* W. his cheeks 
 are fallen; lug-pa O grdm-pa-la rten-pa to 
 lay one's hand on the cheek (in a pensive 
 or sorrowful mood) Dzl. 
 
 Comp. O g ram-led ff a slap on the face, 
 box on the ear; *dam-cdg gydb-ce* W. to 
 box a person's ears. O gram-cu Ida/t that 
 makes one's mouth water Sch. O gram- 
 pug Lt.f *()am-dz6g* C. a blow or cuff 
 with the fist upon the cheek, *gydg-pa* 
 to deal such blows. O gram-rus cheek- 
 bone, jaw-bone. O grdm-sa the flesh of 
 the cheek. O gram-ys6g the hinder part 
 of the jaw-bone Sch. O grdm-so cheek- 
 tooth, molar-tooth, grinder. 
 
 *9 ram -yi9 edict > proclamation, 
 publication Sch. 
 
 Q grdms-pa to \\uriLt. ; of wounds : 
 to get inflamed, ni f. Mil. nt. 
 O grams-fsdd, a disease, fever 
 in consequence of great ex- 
 ertions Med. 
 
 'V O ff ras -P a to hate, to bear ill-will, 
 to have a spite against, *na Ko- 
 la ze de O dug* C. I hate him in my heart. 
 n%ro%r .9^9-^9 1- gelatine, jelly of 
 ^-1 I i~l I meat ^ 2. v. the following 
 article. 
 
 9 ri 9-P a ( cf - sgrig-pa) to suit, 
 agree, correspond, to be right, 
 adequate, sufficient, in B. seldom, col. very 
 frq., * dig-pa yin* C. that will do, I am 
 satisfied ; *da dig* W. now that will do ! 
 just enough now! *dig-dig* W. to be sure! 
 quite so! of course! %o dig gog* W. yes, 
 to be sure! *tso-ce mi dig* W. it is not 
 yet time for cooking; *fo-re tsdg-na dig- 
 go* W. will it be early enough, if 1 sift 
 it to-morrow'? *de yan mi dig-pa dug* W. 
 also that is not practicable; na jo 1 -yan di 
 ma dig-na if my pronunciation is not 
 correct C. (Lewin). 
 
 ff rib -P a > P f - 9 rib > L to 9 row less ' 
 to decrease, to be diminished, syn. 
 
 to Jbri-ba; mi ^rib mi liid-pa neither to 
 grow less nor to flow over Dzl.', but gen. 
 O pel-ba is opposed to O grib-pa, and both 
 
 99 
 
 words refer not only to bulk, size, and 
 quantity, but also to strength, well-being etc., 
 so that O grib-pa also means to sink, decay, 
 be reduced; bskdl-pa mar O grib, ace. to 
 Schr. = Treta yuga v. dus 6; mar ^rib- 
 pa also opp. to yar skye-ba to be re-born 
 in lower regions. 2. to grow dim, to 
 get dark, cf. sgrib-pa Cs. 
 
 o9^ m -> i Q lttg- grim Glr. 45: lag- 
 ^grim-gyis brgyus-pas passing from 
 hand to hand, v. O grim-pa II, 1. 
 
 9 t ^ m ~P a ^- sometimes for O brim- 
 pa Pth. II. pf. O grims 1. to go, 
 walk, march about, perambulate, to rove or 
 stroll idling about, rgyal-Kams over the 
 countries Mil.; ycig-pur ri-Krod-la Mil.; 
 bar-dor in the bardo (q.v.) Thgr.; mi-ser 
 jdg-pai O grim-sa yin it is a resort of robbers 
 Mil.; it is also used of the course of the 
 veins in the body Med. 2. W. to go 
 Off, to sell, to meet with a ready sale. 
 3. rig-pa ^rim-pa v. rig-pa. 
 
 -q- <&ril-b", P f - gril ( cf - sgril-ba) 1. to 
 be twisted or wrapped round, Dzl 
 17. ace. to one manuscript, for Jcri- 
 ba Sch.; to be collected, concentrated, to 
 Hock or crowd together, kun O gril-nas all 
 in a heap, all together Mil. 2. to be 
 turned, rounded, made circular or cylindric, 
 e.g. a stick Mil. 3. to fall, e.g. leaves 
 from a tree; in B. seldom, in W. frq. ( Q dril- 
 ba is the same word). 
 
 O yris v. O dris. 
 
 Qni-fl' <>g r u-ba, pf- g>'us, to bestow pains 
 NS upon a thing, slob-pa-la upon study 
 Dzl 
 
 Qcnq-q- ^rub-pa, pf. gmb 1. to be made 
 g ready, to be finished, accomplished; 
 O gmb-pa mi srid it is not possible that 
 this be accomplished Glr. ; ma O gritb-pat' 
 before its having been finished Glr.; nut- 
 ^rub-pa^nams ^rub-par O g-yur-ro (frq. of 
 charms, regarding their desired effect) prob. 
 means: all that has not yet been effected, 
 will be accomplished by it; grub-pa-rnams 
 is applied in a special sense to the ordained 
 Gelongs (v. dge-slon)', sugs-la O grub the
 
 100 
 
 O grum-pa 
 
 thing is brought about quite of itself Mil. ; 
 so esp. in the phrase: Ihun-gyis grub-pa 
 being produced spontaneously (opp. to 
 making, procuring) e. g. clothes, food etc. 
 were always at his disposal, viz. in a 
 supernatural way Dzl.\ dpdl-las grub it 
 devolved on me in consequence of my 
 perfection, my superior qualities Mil.] 
 don -la gt'ub-pa med kyait, though it did 
 not actually happen so (still, being meant 
 to frighten by appearances etc.) Glr. ; byed- 
 na don cen O yrub if you do so, you will 
 have many advantages (lit. great welfare) 
 by it Mil; gru ^grub-pa Tar. 25,6; 34,20 
 Schf. : to take in a full cargo, though from 
 the wide meaning of the word, it may 
 also signify: to accomplish a journey 
 happily, so esp. in the passage Tar. 35,3 
 2. to be made, fabricated, rdd-las out of 
 stone. -- 3. to be fulfilled, granted, of 
 wishes etc., also with bzin-du. 4. to be 
 performed according to rule, of charms; cf. 
 sgrub-pa and grub-pa. O grub-sby6r is an 
 expression occurring in almanacs, relative 
 to the proving true of certain astrological 
 prognostics of good luck, similar to, but 
 not identic with rten- brel. 
 
 9 r ^ m -P a ) P f - f/rum(?), to pinch 
 or nip off (the point of a thing), 
 
 to cut off, to prune, lop, clip, the wings, 
 
 W., cf. grum-pa. 
 
 jrul-ba I. 1. to walk, to pass, to 
 travel, O grul-bar byed-pa to cause 
 to go, to send off, despatch, a messenger 
 Dzl.', *nun-la dul* W. walk first! take the 
 lead! ^rul-ba-po, O grid-po Sch., *dul- 
 Kan, dul-mi* W. a walker, foot-traveller, 
 pedestrian; ^grul-pa Sch. id.; ^grul sbst. 
 passage, the possibility of passing, ynya- 
 ndn-gi O grul cad-pas the passing from 
 Nyanan being made impracticable (viz. 
 by snow) Mil. 2. fig. to walk, to live, 
 act, or behave, *tim-si* (or *tim-mi) nan- 
 tar* W. (to live) in conformity with one's 
 duty, in accordance to the law. 3. to 
 pass, to be good, current, of coins. 
 
 II. i. o. brul-ba Mil. 
 
 ^jrus-pa 1 . pf. of yru-ba. 2. sbst. 
 zeal, diligence, endeavour; more 
 
 frq. brtson- grus. 
 
 QJTJ'q* O g r e-ba 1- to roll one's self, sd-la 
 on the ground; O gre-ldog Glr. (or 
 O gre log Pth.) byed-pa id., e.g. from pain, 
 despair etc.; also of horses etc. 2. to 
 repeat Cs. 
 
 O gren-ba (cf. Q sgreh-ba) to stand 
 (not in use in W.) don-gi Kar 
 O gren-nas standing at the top of the pit 
 Dzl." dhdiis-pa Itar Q greu-bar O gyur they 
 start up as if frightened Dzl. ; of the po- 
 mfsdn : to be erected Med. ; mi O grcn ysum 
 three lengths of a man Tar. Q gren-bu, 
 also O gren-po (Glr.') the sign of the vowel e. 
 J- O grem(s}-pa, pf. bkram, fut. 
 dgram,, imp. fcroms (PF. *tam- 
 ce*, imp. *fom*) 1. to put or lay down in 
 order, e.g. beams, spars etc. B. and col ; 
 to spread out, to display, goods, books, on 
 the table or ground; to scatter, blossoms 
 by the wind Stg.; to draw, a curtain. - 
 2. to sprinkle, water, B. and col. 3. to 
 distribute, for O brim-pa C. 
 
 o9 r vl-ba, pf. bkral, another form 
 for ^rol-ba, to explain, comment, 
 illustrate, dg6its-pa the import (of the words 
 or writings of the saints); O grel-ba 6s., 
 grd-paZam., Tar. explanation, explication, 
 commentary; don- grel, resp. dgoiis- grcl 
 explanation of the meaning; t'sig- grel ex- 
 planation of a word, of the words; fzun- 
 grel 1. explication of the text 2. text and 
 commentary; ran- grel prob. self-explana- 
 tion, an explanation contained in the book 
 itself Wdit.', Q (jrel-ba-po Cs., O grel-po Sch., 
 O grd-byed Cs. an explainer, commentator. 
 (pan- f sun ^rel-ba, and Kral^rel-ba Lexx.?} 
 9 r6 -sgo C. expense, expenditure, of 
 money, *do-gor tdn-ba* to lay out 
 (money), to spend. 
 
 <gro-ldih Dramila, country in the 
 south of India Schf. ; another 
 reading gives Dravida (coast of Coro- 
 mandel). 
 
 Q^fq* 9 ro 'b a I- vb., pf. and imp. son, the 
 ^ imp. O gro(s) seldom used, 1. to
 
 101 
 
 walk, Jcyeu O gro mi nus-pa yoy-pa team an 
 infant, a child, that creeps only, and is not 
 yet able to walk Dzl. O yro-ba dan ny al- 
 ba dan O dug - pa the walking, lying and 
 sitting Dzl. ; com. in a more gen. sense: 
 to go, to move, O gro-am mi ^gro will you 
 go or not? rgyul-poi mdiin-la O gro-bai Idg- 
 ca the things going, i.e. carried, before 
 the king Gli: ; to go away, da na O gro-bar 
 zu now I beg to be permitted to go Pth.; 
 ynds-nas O yr6-ba to go away from a place, 
 to leave, Jlyim-nas O gro mi pod-na if one 
 cannot leave his house, part from home 
 Pth.; to go out, Kyod nyin-par rtdg-tu O gro- 
 na if during the day you always go out, 
 are from home Dzl', to travel, pan-fsun- 
 du ^gro-ba DzL, par O gro fsur ^gro-ba Pth. 
 travelling there and back; yar O gro mar 
 O gro-ba to travel up and down, up hill 
 and down hill Glr. ; O gro-cos-su as a spiritual 
 vademecum Mil.; Q gro-fse on the way, on 
 the road; opp. to ^6n-ba (more fully: par 
 O gro fsur ^on-ba, col. yon-ba) to go and 
 to come back; hence ^ro-fse may also 
 mean: on the way thither; O gro-^on-med- 
 pa a thing that is neither going nor coming, 
 but always remaining in its place Mil.; 
 to go, move on, to continue one's way, esp. 
 in the phrase son(-son)-ba-las. Connected 
 with adverbs and postpositions : pyir O gro- 
 ba to return, go home, to come back, also: to 
 go out, mdun-du, stion-du, snun-la O gro-ba 
 to go before, pass before, precede (nidiin- 
 du referring to space only, snon-du and 
 s/iun-du both to space and time); rjes-su 
 ^gro-ba to follow, come after or later, to 
 succeed, also to give one's self over to, 
 to addict one's self to (e.g. ill courses) 
 Ld.-Glr. Schl. p. 7,b; O gro cug, C. let it 
 be, let it take its course! rkydl- gro 
 a swimming fish Cs. dyur (or rgur)- 
 o yro = dud-^ro. O g>'ul-<$ ro P ac i n g> 
 walking Cs. r yyuy- yro running, galloping 
 Cs. ndn- yro going to damnation, ndn- 
 sott having gone to damnation, ndn-son 
 f&um the three damned, or not saved, 
 classes of beings (v. sub II) ; nan-son ysum 
 is opposed to bde-^ro^ and often used in 
 
 a general sense = c hell'. snon- yro \. pre- 
 ceding, foregoing, previous, former. 2. preface, 
 introduction, opp. to ditos-yzi, the thing 
 itself, the text etc. Thgr. and elsewh. 
 cos fams-cdd-kyi sit on- ^ roi 'slab-by aPetersb. 
 Verzeichnissno.409) does not mean: 'advice 
 given by the former (teachers)' Sch., but: 
 introductory and preparatory doctrines. 
 mcon- gro (going in leaps) a frog Cs. - 
 nydl- gro (creeping, crawling) a worm. 
 lto- yro (crawling, sliding on the belly) 
 worm, snake, frq. dud-^gro (&>., t?f^r ) 
 walking in an inclined posture, an animal, 
 v. sub. II. bde- gro going to happiness: 
 the happy, the blessed, also bd ( >r- yro Was., 
 opp. to //dn- gro, v. above; usually in a 
 gen. sense, like our 'heaven'; bde- yro 
 mfo-ris-Ttyi lus fob-pa to receive a heavenly, 
 glorified body, v. lus. Q dur- yro trotting 
 Cs. O pur-gro a bird Cs. O pye- gro 
 Ito-^gro. Idiis-^gro walking erect, man. 
 - 2. to get, to get into, to enter ci-bdag- 
 gi dbdn-du sor't-ba having got into the 
 power of death S.a. ; grdl-gyi fa-mar son 
 they got (in a miraculous manner) to the 
 end Dzl. V\S, 4. b.; de nyid mig-tu soii- 
 na if the same (a little hair) gets into the 
 eye Thgy. 3. to find room in, to be 
 contained in, \ikeso/i-ba: til-tjdn Kalbrgydd- 
 cu O gro-ba ziy a sesame store-room that 
 will hold 80 bushels; Kal yciy O yro-bai zin 
 as much land as can be sown with a 
 bushel of corn (prop, a field holding a 
 bushel) Pth, 4. to turn to, to be trans- 
 formed into, syn. to O gyur-ba and often 
 used instead of it, but only in more re- 
 cent writings, and in the col. language of 
 C. (in W. *cd-ce* is much more in use): 
 duy-tu ^gro it turns to poison, it is changed 
 into poison Mil. ; Kyi-mo ziy-tu son she was 
 changed into a bitch Mil. ; mfar gyur-nas 
 sdug-bsitdl-du O gro-bas-na because they 
 finally change and are turned into misery 
 Thgy.; log -par O gro~ba to take an un- 
 favourable turn, to have a fatal issue (of 
 a cure) Lt; da sgrub-ynas-su son yod it 
 has now become a place of meditation, it 
 has been transformed into sacred ground
 
 102 
 
 jrdgs-pa 
 
 Mil.; stobs cun-du O yr6-ba the state of 
 declining, the decay of strength Med. ; col- 
 bar ^gro they get intermixed, confused 
 Ma.; similarly Tar. 210,10; las zin jjro- 
 na when there is no more work, when 
 work ceases. In a somewhat different 
 sense: me-toy smdn-la c gro the blossom is 
 used for medicines. 5. In W. ^ro-ba 
 is gen. joined to a supine in te, and used 
 to express uncertainty or probability: *di- 
 rih der teb-te do* he has probably arrived 
 there to-day; *zer-te yod do* very likely 
 he has said so; *sro zi-te (jo* his anger 
 will have abated, I think. The origin of 
 this particular use of the word may perh. 
 be traced to such sentences as the one 
 following: puii-ste O gro we are going to 
 be ruined, we are likely to be ruined. 
 6. to be spent, expended, v. O gr6-sgo; *s6n- 
 fo* col., account of expenses. 
 
 II. sbst. a being, a living creature, ^gro- 
 ba mi the being k man', Mil.; O gro-ba rin- 
 cen Cs., O gro-mcog, the highest being, or 
 creature, man; ^gro-bai rigs drug, ^gro- 
 drug the six classes of beings, viz. lha, 
 Iha-^ma-yin, mi, dud-^ro, yi-dvags, dmydl- 
 ba-pa. The lha-ma-yin are sometimes 
 omitted, or placed after man. ^gro^-bai) 
 don byed-pa, or mdzdd-pa to care for the 
 welfare of beings, which expression is 
 frq. applied to the benevolent activity of 
 the Bodhisatvas etc., at present as much 
 as: to perform divine service, to officiate, 
 = sku-rim byed-pa. O gro-pdn = O yro-ddn 
 Tar. 13, 16. O gr6-sa t. way, road W., 
 *do-sa med* one cannot go there. 2. aim, 
 scope, ^ro-sar pyin he reaches his aim, 
 attains his end Glr. 3. access, approach, 
 O gro-sa mi O dug one cannot gain access, 
 admission. 
 
 <>9 r6 9 s -P a 1- ( cf - 9 r 9*) to be 
 
 associated, Kyo-suy j-nyis O yroys- 
 na husband and wife together Dzl.; de 
 dan ^rogs-te ^ons he came with him, had 
 joined him Dzl.; ^grogs-te don -no let us 
 go together Dzl.; na dan K'yed-rnams Jbral- 
 med rtdg-tu O grogs I and you, we shall 
 always remain inseparably united Glr.; 
 
 O gr6gs-dgos-rnams tliose with whom we are 
 to keep close fellowship, our nearest re- 
 lations and associates S.g. 2. cf. O grdgs- 
 pa, sgrog-pd) to cry, to shout Dzl, esp. 
 joined whh O bod. 3. (cf. grds-pa, grdgs- 
 pa I.) to bind, to tie, fdg-pa-la dar-lcog, a 
 flag to a rope; to hang, fix, fasten, nyi-mui 
 zrr-la hanging on a sun-beam Glr. 
 
 2f 9'' 6 ' l ( s )-P> or egrf'M-pa, 
 straight, - bsrdns-pa, Ts. 
 
 O gron-ba 1. pf. grons 1. resp. to 
 die; O groits-ka the very time of 
 one's death 6s. , cf. Q ci-ka; sometimes it 
 stands 2. for O dren-pa, Mil. and C. 2. pf. 
 bkroits, fut. dgrons, resp. to be killed, murdered, 
 put to death, of Lamas and kings. 
 
 r ^rod-pa, ^bgrod- pa, to go, to 
 
 travel Glr. 
 
 y ron alienism, the state of being a 
 foreigner; O gron-du O gro-ba to go 
 on travels, to go abroad Dzl.; ^ron-po, 
 fern. Q gron-wio, guest, foreigner, stranger, 
 traveller frq.; O gron-po Jbod-mKan one 
 inviting guests, an inviter col.; yzis-^gron 
 a native guest, byes-^ron a foreign guest 
 Cs. ; ^gron-Kdn inn, public house Mil. ; ^gron- 
 ynyer 1. that servant in a household who 
 has to announce visitors, to receive and 
 hand over requests etc.; in W. an official 
 in the monasteries attending on strangers 
 and travellers. 2. a mediator, one supporting 
 a petition, one taking care of sacrifices etc. 
 ^gron-ldm road 6s. 
 
 , Cs. = ^rod-pa. 
 
 ^jron-bu {W. col. *rum-bu*} a 
 small shell, cowry, at present chiefly 
 used as ornament, or as a medicine, after 
 having been burnt and pulverized; O y>'6n- 
 bui fal the ashes of this shell Med. ; ^ron- 
 fod an ornament for the head, consisting 
 of cowries Mil. 
 
 Qpj,* ^gror, supine of 
 
 PCff^'jn* 9 r l-ba I. vb. neut., pf. grol, to 
 
 become free, to be liberated, re- 
 
 leased from, bcins-pa gah yin-pa de-dag 
 
 ni grol-bar yyur-to all that were bound
 
 103 
 
 rffu 
 
 were released ; lus de las from this body 
 Gl>'.; ndd-las from disease, nas by me Mil. 
 In a specific Buddhistic sense: yid, or sems 
 mam-par grol the soul or spirit is released, 
 made free, viz. from every impediment 
 arising from imperfect knowledge or per- 
 ception, the latter being no longer subject 
 to dimness and uncertainty, but perfectly 
 clear; ran(-sar) grol-ba what has become 
 clear of itself (without any study or exertion) 
 Glr.; yet ran grol-ba seems also to denote: 
 to be set free, to get released (from the 
 Kor-ba) through one's self; cos-nyid-kyi 
 glin-du O grol-ba to be released and elevated 
 into the region of the highest perception 
 Glr.; ^grol-ba, used absolutely, always signi- 
 fies, like fdr-ba, to be released from the evil 
 of existence. 
 
 II. vb. act., pf. bkrol, fut. dgrol, imp. 
 Krol ( W. bkrol, pronounced *fo/*) 1. to loose, 
 untie, unbutton, unfasten, a knot, a bag, a 
 garment; to put down, take off, arms, or- 
 naments etc. 2. to release, redeem, liberate, 
 bci/ts-pa-las from fetters Tar. 3. to re- 
 move, do away with, put an end to, sdug- 
 bsi'tdl misery, fe-fsom doubts. 4. to re- 
 move Obscurities, to free from uncertainties, 
 to explain, interpret, comment, = O grel-ba, 
 e.g. dgons-pa the sense, import Lex.; O grol- 
 byed, O grol(-ba)-po commentator Cs. 
 
 aSfef* ( J ros the act of 9 in 9> walking, pyi 
 O gros-su v. sub O g yes-pa; skyabs- gros 
 v. skyabs; spyod- gros manner of walking, 
 gait, carriage; sen-gei spyod-gros Mil. the 
 manner of a lion; also manner or mode 
 of living, of transacting business, de-fso 
 nd-yi spyod- gros yin these are my occupa- 
 tions Mil.; mig-gi spyod- gros the language 
 of the eyes, of looks ; rkan-gros 1 . a going 
 or travelling on foot, a march. 2. breeding 
 cattle, rkan- grds spel-ba to breed cattle, 
 to be a grazier. cu- grds a current of 
 water; *sin cu- grds-la kydl-ce* to float tim- 
 ber W. O gros-cen amble (of a horse) Sch. 
 r 9 a -ba, pf. rgas 1. to be old, aged, 
 rga-sis yzir-ba to suffer under (the 
 infirmities of) old age Zam. (cf. skye-ba 
 init.); rgds-pai ste/t-du beside my being 
 
 already old Dzl.\ rgas-Kogs v. J?6gs-pa. 
 2. fig. to go down, to set, of the sun etc. ; 
 go-rgds v. go 2. 
 
 ' /v/-"v//;-/-/v/</-/v//(?) bat, flitter- 
 
 a lar g e g ra y species of 
 lizard Ld. 
 tt rgan, also jjan-yztr-ma hedgehog Sch., 
 
 or perh. rather porcupine. 
 zW^'CJ" r 9 a d-pa, or rgdn-pa, old, aged; more 
 frq. rgdd-po \. an old man, a man 
 gray with old age. 2. an elder, senior, 
 headman of a village; rgdd-mo an old wo- 
 man; rgan-bgres old people Sch.; rgan-rgon 
 )nyis Sch. : 'both the old man and the old 
 woman '(?) ; rgan-rgon-rnams-kyiskyo-grogs 
 the comforter of old people (so Mil. calls 
 himself). rgan-byis old people and children, 
 old and young Mil. rgan-mi-mdn = rgan- 
 ysum. gan-fsir-zon-fsii' W., gpn-zon-<lhal- 
 rim C. the privileges of seniority. rgan- 
 zugs those that are grown old 6s., 'an old 
 monk' (?) Sch. rgan-rdbs the aged, rgan- 
 rdbs-la rim-gro byed-pa Stg., rgan-ngs pu- 
 dud-du Kiir-ba S.g. to respect old age. 
 rgan-ysum, rgan-mi-mdn the elders of a 
 village. 
 
 rgal W. a ford. 
 
 rgal-cig-pa = rgag-cig Ld. 
 
 rgdl-ba, pf. and fut. brgal, imp. rgol, 
 c. las, or accus., or /a, to step over 
 (a threshold) Glr.; to pass or climb over 
 (a mountain); la brgdl-bai bydii-nos the 
 north-side of a pass crossed Glr. ; to leap 
 over (a wall) Dzl. ; to ford (a river); to 
 travel through, to sail over, to pass (a river 
 or lake), rgyd-mfso-la gru-yzins-kyi lom- 
 nas brgdl-te after having crossed the sea 
 in a ship. 
 
 * rgal-fsigs Sch. = sgal-fsigs. 
 
 rgas, v. rgd-ba. 
 
 rgds-ka old age; rgds-ka / a vi- 
 gorous old age. 
 
 gs rgu sometimes for dgu; rgu-fub dgu- 
 
 >J tub Med.; -gu-drus?
 
 104 
 
 *]" rgiid-pa 
 
 a to decline, to sink, to get 
 weak, frail, esp. with old age Mil., 
 Pth.\ in W. used in a more general sense: 
 *gud son* 1. lie has grown thin. 2. he is 
 impoverished, much reduced, in declining 
 circumstances; dar-rgud the rise and fall 
 in the world. 
 
 ft.x' rgun the vine; grape; rgun-dkdr white 
 N ^ grapes, rgun -nag black, or purple 
 grapes W. ; ryun-ryod W. raisins; rgun- 
 O brum grapes; raisins; ryun (- O bruni)-si/i 
 vine; rgun(- bruiti)-fscis vineyard; rgun-cdn 
 Mil. wine, resp. ryun-skyems Cs. 
 fS^\ rgur v. dgur. 
 
 Cff rgo, sometimes for syo. 
 Cfj"^* ryo-ba = dgo-ba. 
 ryons S.g.? 
 
 jxjr-rr 
 
 r ryoits-mo Mil. for dyons-mo (?). 
 
 1. laughing, laughter S.g. 2. bird 
 ' of prey. 3. wild. 4. prudent (v. 
 the following word). 
 
 rgod-pa I vb. 1. to laugh, aloud 
 (tfaf. *rgod-ca*) cf. 0dd-w, 
 dgod-pa, bgdd-pa. 2. to grow weak, lan- 
 guid, or indolent, syn. to yyeit-ba, often 
 joined with %z>i, for emphasis; rgod-bag- 
 can weak, languid, indolent Stg. 
 
 II. adj. 1. wild, ra-ryod wild goat, 
 pay-ryod wild boar, yyag-ryod wild yak or 
 ox; ryod-yyay-rwd horn of the wild yak 
 /S.<7. ; bya-ryod vulture, bird of prey = bya- 
 1'gydl] rgod-po, and ryod id.; rgod-kyi rtse- 
 ryydl an eagle's feather, stuck as ornament 
 on the hat Pth.; mi-i'god a wild or savage 
 man; a robber, ruffian; mi-ryod byed-pa to 
 rob (usually named together with murder- 
 ing and lying) DzL, but as the Tibetan 
 always attaches to this word mi-ryod the 
 notion of some gigantic hairy fiend, it 
 cannot in every instance be applied to be- 
 ings really existing. Fig. furious, angry 
 (seldom) ; dbuys-ryod Med. ? 2. prudent, 
 able C., Zam. 
 aT^'&T r 96d-ma, rta rgod-ma (Bed. * gun- 
 
 ma* a mare; ryod-skdm-ma a bar- 
 
 ren mare Sch.] rgod-brun dung of a mare 
 Med. 
 
 CH^I" ryol 1. v. rydl-ba. 2. v. ryol-ba. 
 
 >'yol-ba, pf. and fut. brgol, to dispute, 
 combat, fight, mi-la with or against 
 a man; pd-rol-poi dmdg-la ryol-du O gro-ba 
 they are about to tight against the hostile 
 army Dzl.\ fzdn-yyis ryol ma nus-so no- 
 body could fight them, could make head 
 against them Glr.; to offer resistance, to 
 make opposition, SMS kyan ryol-ba O dziigs- 
 pai mi ma byun nobody arose to offer re- 
 sistance Pth. (evidently incorrect; it should 
 be either ; sus kijan rgol-ba O dzuys-pa [inf. ] 
 ma byun, or: ryol-ba O dzuys-pai [partic.] 
 mi su yan ma byun); sometimes as much 
 as to accuse, to charge, Kydd-tyis nai bu 
 bsdd-do zes brydl-te 'you have killed my 
 son', thus accusing me Dzl. ; fsur ynyis 
 ryol he quarrels at a double rate Mil. ; mi- 
 la ryol-ba zu-ba to find fault with another 
 (higher in rank), to pick a quarrel with 
 him Mil.; ryol-bai zu-don a speech pro- 
 voking a quarrel with a superior Mil. ; pas- 
 ryol a quarrel or contest begun by the 
 counter-party Sch. ; pas-ryol-mi, pas ryol- 
 pa mi adversary, opponent Dzl. ?sS 5 , 2. 
 snd-rgol, and pyi-rgol (Ssk. qr^c||f^^ & 
 m.cnr^0 1- a cc. to Cs. plaintiff and de- 
 fendant, but these terms are not quite ade- 
 quate, as s/td-rgol prop, denotes him who 
 begins a quarrel, the aggressor, assailant, 
 both in war and in common life, e.g. in 
 court, and pyi-ryol designates him, who 
 is intent on defending himself against the 
 attacks and accusations of the opponent, 
 by surpassing him in abusive language 
 and esp. by having recourse to witch- 
 craft. Hence pyir-rgol-bai ynod-pa is a 
 kind of danger against which every one 
 tries to protect himself, and chiefly again 
 by charms and witchcraft. '2. sha-ryol 
 and pyi-vgol are also said to signify those 
 students that are contending with one an- 
 other in academical disputations. 
 f. rgya 1. resp. pyay-rgyd, seal, stamp, 
 mark, sign, token; (pyuy-Yrgyds O debs-
 
 105 
 
 pa, Cs. ryya bryydb-pa^ to seal, to stamp; 
 to seal up, biim-pa-la a bottle Glr. ; ndm- 
 mJcai dbydiis-su (to seal up) into the hea- 
 venly regions, i.e. to cause to disappear, 
 to hide for ever Glr. ; to confirm or pledge 
 solemnly by a sealed document; ri-ryya 
 liul - ryya Q dzuy - pa 'to seal up hills and 
 valleys', i.e. to protect the living beings 
 inhabiting them from being harmed by 
 huntsmen or fishermen, an annual perfor- 
 mance of the Dalai Lama, consisting in a 
 variety of spells and incantations; ryya 
 y coy-pa to break open a seal Cs. Fur- 
 ther expressions v. compounds. 2. (6s. 
 rgyd-bo?) extent, width, size, rgyar dpag- 
 tu-med-pa immeasurable in extent Glr.', 
 sems-can-yyi ryyai fsad ni ci tsam how 
 vast must be the extent (of love) with res- 
 pect to beings! Thyy.; rgyd-can having 
 extent, mlcyen-rgya-can of extensive learn- 
 ing Mil. ; ryya-cen(-po) of very large size, 
 very extensive, of a building, a pond etc. ; 
 grand, enormous, prodigious, of banquets 
 feasts, sacrifices, assemblies ; c. accus. very 
 rich in, Schr.', in a general sense: great, 
 ston-pa ryya-ce-ba a great master or teacher 
 Thyy. ; ryya-^cen spyod-pai bld-ma may be 
 rendered: a very virtuous Lama, po. ; ryya- 
 cun denotes the contrary of all this ; ryya- 
 ce-cun v. ryya-Kyon in Compounds; rgya- 
 cer adv. = ryyds-par in detail, at large, at 
 full length, e.g. to explain: rgya-cer byed- 
 pa to extend Feer Introd. etc. p. 72; ryya- 
 cer-rol-pa Lalitavistara or Lalitavistara, 
 title of a biography of Buddha, translated 
 and edited by Foucaux (a conjecture con- 
 cerning the signification of the Sanskrit 
 word v. Fouc. Ryyatcherr. II. p. XXII.; 
 some statements relative to the Chinese 
 translations of this work, v. ibid. p. XVI., 
 and Was. 176; on the historical value of it 
 v. Was. 3, 4) ; ryya bskyed-pa Zam., Cs. to 
 widen, augment, enlarge, extend, ryya 
 bskum-pa to contract, to diminish the ex- 
 tent. Lastly, it also denotes, like dkyil- 
 Kor, a plain surface, a disk : nyi zlai ryya 
 dkar sar Mil. the bright disks of the sun 
 and moon appear, cf. ryyas in zla-ryyds; 
 
 v. also the compounds. 3. (6s. ryyd-mo, 
 perh. also ryyd-ma*) net; byd-ryya fowling- 
 net, nyd-ryya fishing-net, ri-days-ryya 
 hunting -net, 4. for ryyd-ma, v. com- 
 pounds. 5. for ryyd-mo beard, ryyd- 
 can having a beard, bearded 6'. 6. for 
 ryya-ydr, ryya-gdr-pa, and ryya-ydr-skad. 
 
 7. for ryya-ndy, ryya-ndy-pa, and ryya- 
 ndy-skad. 8. for rgya-ru. 9. for ryya- 
 skyi'ys. 10. erron. for bryya. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ryya-dkdr 1. nyi- 
 zldi ryya-dkdr v. above no. 2. extr. 2. 6s. 
 = ryya-ydr India, 3. 6s. a dog with white 
 spots on the nose. ryya-skdd 1. Sans- 
 krit language, 2. Chinese language. ryya- 
 skds ( W. *yya-sre*} a (European) staircase, 
 cf. skds-ka. ryya-skeys, ryya-skycys, Ssk. 
 ^fT^ff, Williams: 'a kind of red dye, lac, 
 obtained from an insect as well as from 
 the resin of a particular tree' ; in medical 
 works it is mentioned as an astringent me- 
 dicine; the adjectives dkar-ryyd light-red, 
 and ryya-smuy violaceous C. are derived 
 from this word. ryya-Kiir MedJ ryya- 
 Kyi a Chinese dog. rgya - Kyon width, 
 extent, area Pth., col. *yya-ce-cuh*. ryya- 
 Jcri C. chair. ryya-ydr (the 'white ex- 
 tent or plain') India, ryya-ydr-pa an Indian, 
 ryya-yar-skad Sanskrit language. vgyaf 
 gram a figure like a cross; rdo^rje-ryya- 
 yrdm shaped like a quadrifid flower; rlun 
 ryya-yrdm zes-pa Glr. seems to be = rliin- 
 yi dkyil-Jtor atmosphere (connected with 
 some phantastic association); Idm-po ryya- 
 yrdm a cross-road Sch. ryya-cdn a kind 
 of girdle Lex. ryya-can v. rgya 2 and 
 5. ryya-cu-Kuy-pa n. of a river in China 
 near the Tibetan frontier (also ryya-cu- 
 rabs-med) Glr. rgya-ce etc. v. ryya 2. 
 
 ryya-tdm Shot. = tdm-ka, the third part 
 of a rupee. rgya-vtags mark, signature, 
 stamp Sch. rgya -Ml a kind of seal or 
 stamp 6s. rgya-mfoiis \. a platform, 
 an open pavilion on the house-top, 2. a 
 vent-hole for smoke. ryya- di'<> a quarrel 
 Mil.nt. ryya -nay (the 'black extent') 
 China, r</ya-ndy-pa^ and -ma a China-man 
 and woman; ryyd-rnams the Chinese Glr. 
 
 7*
 
 106 
 
 rgya 
 
 rgya-non W. the great royal seal, of a 
 square form; surpassing (non-pa) all others 
 in influence and power. rgya - dpe a 
 Sanskrit book Tar. 33, 2. rgya-pi-lin 
 n. of the country, rgya-pi-lin-pa, n. of the 
 people, through which the Tibetans heard 
 first (prob. at the beginning of the eigh- 
 teenth century) of the civilized nations of 
 the Occident, hence n. for British India, for 
 Englishman, or European resident of Bri- 
 tish India, and also (sometimes without 
 rgya) for Europe and European in general. 
 The word is of course not to be found in 
 literature. Some derive it from 'Feringhi', 
 which term, in the slightly altered form of 
 pa-ran, pe-rdn, is current in C. } along with 
 the above mentioned rgya-pi-lin ; it is there- 
 fore not improbable, that pi-lin represents 
 only the more vulgar pronunciation of the 
 genuine Tibetan word p-yi-glm, an out- 
 country, a distant foreign country and esp. 
 Europe, Chr. Prot. rgya-pib(s), rgya- 
 pub(s) a Chinese roof Glr. rgyd-ba \. 
 vb. to be wide, extensive, pf. rgyas (q.v.), 
 2. sbst. width, extent, 3. adj. w r ide; rgyd- 
 bar ^gyur-ba to extend, to increase, to be- 
 come copious Cs., perh. no longer in use. 
 
 - rgyd-bo 1. Cs. and Lex. beard. 2. a 
 Chinese Glr., but not without an allusion 
 to the former signification. rgya-dbdn 
 rin-po-ce title of the Dalai Lama, v. Hue 
 II., 275, where 'kian ngan' stands erro- 
 neously. rgyd-ma i. a large steel-yard 
 C., rgya -ma-la O degs-pa to weigh Glr., 
 *gyd-ma-la teg-ne* C. being weighed out 
 by retail, e.g. meat; *gyd-ma-la ma teg- 
 ne* C. wholesale. 2. a sealed paper, do- 
 cument. rgya-mi a Chinese. rgyd-mo 
 
 1. net Cs. 2. a Chinese woman Glr.; rgyd- 
 mo-bza id. rgya-rmd the venereal disease 
 Sch. rgya-smug violet colour C. rgya- 
 fsd sal ammoniac Med. rgya-fsos Med., 
 perh. = rqya-skyegs. rgyd-mfso 1. sea, 
 ocean ; rgya - mfsor jug-pa to go to sea 
 Dzl., yton-ba to let one go to sea Dzl.; 
 pyii rgyd-mfso the outer sea, ocean; ndn-gi 
 rgyd-mfso an inner sea, inland sea, lake. 
 
 2. Bal. (*rgydm-fso*) river, 3. dropsy Mng. 
 
 rgyan-ma 
 
 4. symb. num.: four. rgya-yzi W. is 
 stated to be a kind of y tor-ma. rgya- 
 zor Mil. = zor reaping-hook, sickle. rgya- 
 yzeb Sch. 'a large net', C. a large rake, 
 used in reaping. rgya-yiil 1. a large 
 country 2. China Glr. rgyd-ra, rgyd-ru, 
 occasionally rgya alone, the Saiga-antelope 
 Sch. rgya-ri a portion of meat, (= sder- 
 gdn a plateful) small or large, Pth., W. C. ; 
 it also denotes a measure = \ dum, or ^~ 
 Ihu. rgya-rog beard C. rgya-ldb talk, 
 gossip. rgya-ldm, high-road, high-way. 
 rgya-sog Chinese paper. rgya-ser 1. gap, 
 cleft, fissure, chasm, in rocks, glaciers etc., 
 2. a dog with yellow spots about the nose 
 Cs. 3. Russia, rgya-ser-pa a Russian; cf. 
 rgya-gdr. rgya-sog 1. W. a saw 2. Sch.: 
 'a Chuichui, or Chuichur, an infidel, a 
 Mahometan ; also Turkestan'. rgya-srdn 
 the open street (opp. to house) Glr. 
 
 r 9y a 9~P a an ther form for rgydb- 
 pa, used esp. in C., to throw, cast, 
 fling, mda rgydc/-pa..to shoot arrows Glr.; 
 brag -la cu rgydg-pai O pran a path along 
 a precipice, where the water rushes against 
 the rock, i.e. where there is a cataract 
 Glr. ; dgon-pa zig rgydg-pa to found a mo- 
 nastery (= O debs-pa) Georgi Alph. Tib.; 
 * go-la zug gyag* C. = mgo-nad debs. 
 
 ft*T|$r rc J l J a 9 8 -> or %2/^ provisions, victu- 
 als, food, in full: O fso-bai rgyags, 
 O fso-rgydgs; lam -rgyags provisions for a 
 journey; dgun-rgydgs prov. for the winter; 
 rgyags -pye, provisions of meal or flour; 
 rgyags- zon merchandize to buy or barter 
 victuals with. 
 
 r gyfy B -P a fat > stout ^ Schr - also 
 
 mighty, powerful, proud; rgyags- 
 
 prug Pth., Schr.: bastard-child. 
 
 SC* r yy an ( so pronounced in Bal.} instead 
 
 ^ of gyai't, wall. 
 
 - ryydh-ba, for (b}rkyd>i - ba, Pth.: 
 rgydn-nas bzag they laid him down 
 
 with his hands and feet stretched out. 
 
 r gydn-ma distance 1. absolutely: 
 rgydn^-ma^-nas at a distance, from 
 
 afar, e. g. to see, to call to ; rgydn (-ma)
 
 107 
 
 rgydb-pa 
 
 -nas grays -pa ce - ba famous, celebrated, 
 from afar Mil.; rgydit-du Ids-pa lingering 
 far behind Sch. ; rgyaii mig mi mfon-mKan 
 W. short-sighted; rgyaii mcoit btdit - gin 
 moving forward by long leaps; rgydn-so 
 O dzugs-pa to look over Sch., (ought per- 
 haps to be spelled rgyaii-zo one looking, 
 spying into a distance); rgyaii-sel spy-glass, 
 rgyan-bsrins-pa lengthened to a great dis- 
 tance Lex.\ rgyaii -pan, rgyait -pen n. of a 
 philosophical (atheistical 6s.) sect in an- 
 cient India, Tar. 22, 8: O jig-rten-rgyaii- 
 pdn. 2. used relatively: rgyaii -riii-po 
 far, rgyaii-nn-por son he went far away 
 Mil.; rgyan-fuii-ba near; rgyaii-grdgs the 
 reach of hearing, ear- shot, (gen. the dis- 
 tance at which the sound of a trumpet may 
 be heard, i.e. about 500 fathoms; however, 
 as this number is much in favour with the 
 Tibetans, such estimates are not to be de- 
 pended upon). mig-rgydii Glr. distance 
 of sight, i.e. the distance at which a man 
 may be well distinguished from a woman, 
 or a horse from an ass ; rgydiis adv. far, 
 rgyans bkyed-de Mil.nt. moving far away, 
 e. g. in order to increase one's distance 
 from an unpleasant neighbour at table). 
 AT\- rgydn-tse n. of a village and mo- 
 v nastery in Tibet, not far from the 
 frontier of Bhotan, Kopp. II., 358. 
 JLT. rgyan 1. 1. ornament, decoration, rgydn- 
 v ' gyis brgydn-pa decked with ornaments 
 DzL; rgyan- dogs-pa to adorn one's self 
 Mil.; Ka-rgydn an ornament at the mouth, 
 edge, or brim of a vessel, e.g. peacock's 
 feathers about the mouth of a bum -pa 
 (sacred bottle), flowers in a glass etc.; fca- 
 rgydn-can decorated in the front-part, eg. 
 a coat trimmed with fur of different co- 
 lours, an arrow gaily painted at its notch- 
 ed end ; rgyan - mams DzL ornaments, 
 rt/i/tin-ca id.; rgyan-gos Glr. festival gar- 
 ment, beautiful vesture; dbu-rgydn an or- 
 nament of the head, a diadem. 2. in 
 relation to spiritual things: sems-kyi rgyan 
 something good, a blessing, for the heart 
 Mil.; rgydn-du O car it proves a blessing, 
 a moral advantage or benefit Mil. 
 
 II. 1. a stake or pledge at play, = skugs, 
 *gyan tsiig-cc* W. to bet, to wager, e.g. 
 a rupee: (also rgyal? Schr.}. 2. lot, rgyan 
 rgydb-pa to cast lots, without religious ce- 
 remonies, whereas rtags-ril and mo are 
 connected with such. 
 *q* r ffU a b> res P- sku^rgydb, Ssk. xp 1. the 
 ^** back of the body, the back part of any 
 thing; rgydb-kyis pyogs-pa, in later literature 
 also rgyab- pyogs-pa Thgy. to turn one's 
 back to a person or thing, c. la, also fig. 
 DzL; rgydb-kyis pyogs-par byed-pa to put 
 to flight; rgyab ston-pa to turn one's back, 
 to turn round Glr.; rgydb-tu skyur-ba to 
 throw to the back, to leave behind, to give 
 up, to quit, frq. ; rgydb-tu Jb6r-ba id. ; rgyab 
 brten^pa to lean one's back against or upon, 
 to lean or rest on, to rely upon, confide 
 in Mil.; rgyab byed-pa to protect Sch.; 
 rgydb-tu, rgydb-na, rgydb-la behind, behind 
 hand; after, back; rgyab-nas from behind; 
 rgyab mdun fnyis-la Glr., *gyab dan dun- 
 la* col. behind and before ; ti - se'i byan- 
 rgydb-tu sleb fse as we came behind to the 
 north-side of the Tise Mil. ; rgydb-kyi skycd- 
 mos-fsal-du ysegs-so let us go into the gar- 
 den behind us DzL ; rgyab^rdzi one stand- 
 ing behind working people, in order to 
 watch and superintend them. 2. as much 
 as one is able to carry on his back, a load, 
 drel-rgydb ysum three mules' loads Glr. 
 
 Comp. bal-rgydb, or *rgyab-bdl* W. a 
 fleece of wool. rgyab-Kdl 'a back's load', 
 a burden carried on the back Sch., Schr. 
 rgyab - sit as a cushion or pad for the 
 back 6". rgyab -rte^n something to lean 
 against, a safe retreat, prop, support Mil., 
 rgydb-rtcn byed-pa to be a support Mil. 
 rgyab-riii serpent, snake Sch. *gyab-log 
 jhe'-pa* C. l. to turn one's back 2. to rebel, 
 revolt; *gyab-log ddd-ce* W. to sit back- 
 ward, with the back in advance. >'</y a b- 
 Ugs the back, back-part, reverse of a thing. 
 Q,n-rr r yydb-pa, pf. and fut. brgyab, imp. 
 ryyob, to throw, to fling, aiming at 
 a certain point, hence to hit, also to beat 
 with a stick, = rduii-ba; to strike, mo- la 
 mcus brgydb-nas bsad he (the male bird)
 
 108 
 
 rgyam-fsva 
 
 killed his mate by a stroke of his bill 
 Bhar.; *tsd-ge-la (/yob* W. throw into the 
 centre! hit the mark! sdon-po-la brgyab 
 pog (the ray of light) fell upon the stem 
 Glr.; de-la cu rgyob sprinkle this with 
 water! Pth.- pyugs ndgs-seb-tu rgydb-pa 
 to let the cattle run into the wood ; *zag- 
 ddn gyab-ce* W. to put down the date, 
 to date; *la gyab-ce* to cross a mountain 
 pass. rgydb-pa is particularly used in 
 W. in many phrases, whilst in C. rgydg- 
 pa, and in B. ^debs-pa are more in use, 
 as may be seen by referring to the several 
 substantives, e.g. *ludgydb-ce* W. to throw 
 dung upon the fields, to manure; *par gydb- 
 pa* C., and * gyab-ce* W., to print; gydb- 
 pa stands also alone, elliptically : *ka gyab 
 dug* here (is printed) the letter ka, 
 
 rgyam-fsva Med., Cs.: 'a kind of 
 
 salt, like crystal'. 
 
 rgyar v. rgya 2. 
 
 r ffy a l I- victory, in certain phrases: 
 *gyal fob-ce* W. to gain the victory, 
 to conquer, overcome; to win a law-suit, 
 opp. to *pam pog-ce*. 2. Schr. and Sch.: 
 rgyal-rgydn a pledge, a stake, rgyal btsug- 
 pa to bet, wager, gamble Sch.; rgyal bzag- 
 pa to contend with an other person aboutthe 
 first place, to try to get the precedence (?) 
 Sch. ; perh. also ornament, v. sub rgdd-pa 2. 
 - 3. fine, penalty, for theft C. 4. n. of 
 two lunar mansions, v. sub rgyu-skdr; 
 rgydl-gyi zld-ba, skdr-ma rgydl-la bdb-pai 
 nyin-par, skdr-ma rgyal dan Q dzom-par, 
 dpyid-zla rd-bai skdr-ma rgydl-gyi nym- 
 par, are dates relating to them. 5. for 
 rgydl-po and rgydl-ba. 
 AOJ*n* rgydl-ba I. vb. neut. to be victorious, 
 to obtain the victory, always with 
 the sbst. in the nom. (not instr.) case, 
 and gen. with las, over or against, ndg-poi 
 pyogs-las over the powers of darkness, 
 jigs-pa-las over fright, fear ; also fyul-lds 
 in battle; prob. also fsod ltd-ba-las to pass 
 an examination successfully ; but also 
 without las, rtsod-^pa (to win) in a contest 
 Glr. ; very frq. rgydl-bar ^gyur-ba id.; na 
 
 rgydl-ba 
 
 pdm son Kyod gyal son I have lost, thou 
 hast won (also in business) ; to be acquitted, 
 to gain a law-suit; dmag-Jcrugs-kyi rgyal- 
 pdm-gyi ynas-fsul Jcol send (us) news con- 
 cerning the progress of the war; in a 
 similar sense: rgyal pam ci-ltar byun B.; 
 rgydl-bar gyitr-cig, rgydl-ba dan fse-rin- 
 bar sog cig victory and long life! Dzl. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. (Ssk. spf) the act of con- 
 quering, the victory, *<li gydl-wa fob* C. 
 this bears away the palm or prize, this 
 is the most excellent of all. 2. the con- 
 quering party or person, he that prevails, 
 the conqueror (opp. to pdm-pa the con- 
 quered, vanquished). Much more frq.: 
 3. the most high, Buddha (Ssk. fgprr), rgydl- 
 bai sku his person, rgyal-bai bka, his word; 
 rg-yal dan de sras (po. instead of rgydl-ba 
 dan dei sras) Buddha and his children, 
 his disciples Pth. 1,1; rgydl-ba gou-ma 
 the highest Buddha, God, Mil. 4. rgydl- 
 ba rin-po-ce His Highness, His supreme 
 Majesty, title of the Dalai Lama. 
 
 III. adj. 1. conquering, superior, eminent, 
 excellent, mam-par rgydl-bai Kan-bzdits 
 the most magnificent palace (of Indra) 
 Glr. 2. W. (gen. pronounced *gydlla*, 
 in Pur. *rgydl-tva*) good, instead of bzdn- 
 po; *gydl-la ddd-ce* or *lus-ce* to continue 
 in good condition, entire, uninjured; ma 
 gyalla excellent! capital! 
 
 Comp. and deriv., belonging partly to 
 rgydl-ba, partly to rgydl-po: *gyal-Ldi ;;f 
 window C. *gydl-Ka, Ka-gydl* victory, 
 gain, advantage W. rgyal -Mg country, 
 empire. rgijal-Kdms \. kingdom. 2. realm, 
 dominion of Buddha, the world. rgyal- 
 Jirid Ld. for rgyal-srid. rgyal-Krims v. 
 Krims. rgyal- gon n. of a demon Mil. 
 rgyal-brgyud, and rgyal-rdbs 1. succession 
 of kings of the same line or family, dynasty 
 Glr. 2. a single generation of a dynasty, 
 rgyal-brgyud l/td-bcu-na in the fiftieth degree 
 (in the line of descent). rgydl-sgo prin- 
 cipal door, entrance-door, gate C. >'gyal- 
 sgruns, legend of the kings, esp. that of 
 Gesar. rgyal-cen bzi the four kings of 
 the spirits or guardians of the universe
 
 109 
 
 rgydl-ba 
 
 ( Q jig-rten-sky6n v. skyon-ba), residing just 
 below the summit of Meru, the protectors 
 of the gods against the Asuras,, v. Kopp. I, 
 250; II, 261. rgyal-stod lunar mansion 
 v. rgyu-skdr. rgydl-po 1. king, rgydl-po 
 cen-po great king, emperor; rgydl-por ^jug- 
 pa, bsko-ba, to inaugurate a king, to raise 
 to the royal throne; mi-la ryydl-po O col- 
 ba id. Pth.j ryydl-po byed-pa to act the 
 king, to be(a) king; /'/a ryydl-po mi O dod 
 I do not wish to be king DzL; ryydl-po 
 mi fdb-na if I do not obtain royalty DzL ; 
 nas ni rc/ydl-po mi nus-so I cannot be king 
 DzL The word is also used for : government- 
 authorities, police etc.; ryydl-poi cdd-pa 
 public punishment, rgydl-pos ysod-pa to be 
 publicly executed. (As a characteristic sign 
 of Asiatic views it seems worth mentioning, 
 that the rgyal-po is usually spoken of much 
 in the same manner, as robbers, confla- 
 grations etc. are, i.e. as a kind of calamity 
 against which protection is to be sought, 
 esp. by charms and spells, cf. Jigs-pa). 
 2. a local god, ^ro-fdn rgydl-po the Dewa 
 of Dotan Mil. 3. fig. something excellent, 
 superior in its kind; not only as with us 
 the word is applied to the lion, as the 
 king of animals, but also to distinguished 
 flowers: the Udumbara (Ficus glomerata), 
 to mountains, Meru and others; and col. 
 gans-rgydl a large glacier, brag-rgydl a 
 huge rock, smon-lam-gyi rgydl-po a very 
 comprehensive prayer, the bzan-spyod Glr. 
 4. symb. num.: 16. rgyal-prdn vassal 
 or feudatory prince. rgydl-bu prince. 
 rgyal-blon king and ministers, council of 
 state. rgydl-mo 1. queen. 2. pupil of 
 the eye, together with the iris; rgydl-moi 
 mdans nyams the brightness of the eye- 
 ball disappears Mcd. 3. like rgydl-po 3, 
 e.g. a charm of particular power. rgyal- 
 smdd lunar mansion, v. rgyu-skdr. rgyal- 
 fsdb (for rgyal-poi fsab^ 1 . vice-roy, regent. 
 Such a vice-roy under Chinese supremacy 
 is now the king of Tibet, who about a 
 century ago was still an independent ruler. 
 2. successor of a king. 3. (for rgydl-bai 
 fsab) Maitreya, the future Buddha. rgyal- 
 
 mfsdn sign of victory, trophy, a kind of 
 decoration o cloth, of a cylindrical shape, 
 erected upon a flag-staff,- or carried on a 
 pole. rgyal-rdbs 1. = rgyal-brgyud. 2. 
 history, annals, of the kings, title of several 
 books. rgyal-rigs \. the royal family, 
 house, lineage, 2. warrior-caste ^. rgydl- 
 sa i. a king's or prince's residence, city 
 where a court is held, and hence often 
 capital, metropolis. 2. col., esp. in W.: 
 town. 3. throne fig.; rgydl-mr fsegs-pa 
 to ascend the throne, rgyal-sa bzu/i-ba to 
 occupy the throne, rgydl-sar bsko-ba to 
 raise to the throne, rgyal-sa ^prog-pa to 
 usurp the throne; O di-nas rgydl-sa rgyai 
 min rgydl-po-la sor from him the dominion 
 passed over to the Chinese Ming-dynasty 
 Glr. rgyal-srds 1. prince. 2. son of Buddha, 
 a saint; sndn-gyi rgyal-srds saints of the 
 olden time, of past ages. rgyal-srid 
 i. government, reign, rgyal-srid bzun-ba to 
 enter upon the reign, to take possession 
 of the throne. 2. rgyal-srid sna-bdun 
 the seven jewels of royal government, v. 
 rin-cen. 
 
 ft^pq' rgyds-pa(vrop. pf. to rgyd-ba) 1. vb. 
 to increase in bulk or quantity, to 
 augment, to spread, bd-yi nu Itar rgyas (the 
 swollen uvula) gets as big as a cow's dug 
 (these are in Tibet particularly small) Lt. 
 ja-fson rgyds-pa O dra like an expanded 
 rainbow Glr. ; bstdn-pa rgyds-sin the doctrine 
 gaining ground, spreading Glr.; to grow, 
 develop itself, of blossoms frq., of the 
 body etc. 2. adj. extensive, large, ample, 
 wide; copious, plentiful, manifold, numerous; 
 rich in, abounding in; great in, strong in 
 cca.; detailed, complete, full; esp. adv. 
 rgyds-par (col. *gyds-pa, gye-pa*), rgyds- 
 par ises O ddd-na, often also rgyds-par Q dod- 
 na if you wish to know it fully, to hear 
 it in detail; *fsdn-ma gyds-pa zer-na* W. 
 if all the particulars are to be told; rgyds- 
 par byed-pa \ . to make bigger, to augment, 
 to increase, to bestow or confer plentifully, 
 mi-la on a person Glr. 2. to describe, narrate, 
 state at large, in detail frq.; don rgyds-/mr 
 byed-pa to be very useful, to exert a
 
 110 
 
 rgyu 
 
 rgyu 
 
 beneficial influence, la on, Glr. zla-ba 
 rgyds-pa full moon Pth.; nya-rgyds zla-ba 
 id. rgyds-pai fsd-ba, rgyas-fsdd n. of 
 a disease Med. zi-rgyds etc. v. glin, and 
 zi-ba. 
 
 A. rgyu Ssk. f ?T 1. 1. matter, substance, ma- 
 ^ terial, rgyu* sel- las crystal being the 
 material; cdii-rgyu ingredients for making 
 beer, i.e. barley, barm etc.; rgyu dge-ba 
 bsdgs-pas fob-pa yin (the human body) is 
 a substance obtained by accumulating virtue 
 Thgy.; nd-ladgos-rgyu cuii \ have few wants 
 Mil.; also for substance in an emphatical 
 sense, = nervus rerum, money Mil.', bzo- 
 rgyu matter or substance of which any 
 thing is made or manufactured, material 
 Glr.; zd-rgyu med we have nothing to eat 
 fill-.: hence opportunity, chance, possibility, 
 dd-ltar rgyu zig man -HO an opportunity 
 offers now Dzl ; arrangements, preparation, 
 * do-gyu jhe'-pa* C. to make preparations 
 for a journey. In a special sense: material, 
 stuff for weaving, warp, chain. 2. cause, 
 reason, motive, main condition, mya-iidn- 
 las O ddd-pai rgyur ^gyur it becomes the 
 cause of Nirwana, i.e. it leads to Nirwana 
 Dzl.] in elliptical speech: lha dan mii 
 rgyur gyur-pai dye-ba the virtue that leads 
 to (the re -birth amongst) gods or men 
 Dzl. QV,11 (Sch. incorr.); in the same 
 manner ndn-soh rgyu-ru gro; rgyus c. genit. 
 by reason of, on account of, in consequence 
 of Tar. ; cii rgyus why Stg. ; rgyu med-du, 
 med-par without the impulse of a foreign 
 cause, spontaneously; without sufficient 
 reason, without good cause, the Latin temere; 
 rgyu dan rkyen Cs. and Sch. 'cause and 
 effect', more correctly (cf. rhyen) : primary 
 and secondary cause, which, certainly, 
 sometimes coincides with 'origin and further 
 development', and so, too, with 'cause and 
 effect'; rgyu dan rkyen de'i pyir, del rgyu 
 del rkyen-gyis, del rqyu -rkyen, therefore, 
 on that account; in Med.'. nye-bai rgyu the 
 three anthropological causes or conditions 
 of diseases, the three 'humours', air, bile, 
 and phlegm; rin-bai rgyu the ultimate 
 cause of diseases, and of every evil, viz. 
 
 ignorance (ma-rig-pa, v. rig -pa) ; skyed- 
 byed rgyu the creative cause Zam.; O pel- 
 bai rgyu n{ Ite-ba the main condition, the 
 efficient cause, of growth is the navel-string 
 Med.; rgyu byed-pa to be the principal 
 cause of, to lie at the bottom of a matter 
 Mil. ; rgyu skyed-pa to lay the foundation 
 of Dzl. 3. after verbal roots rgyu implies 
 necessity, like our I am to, I have to, I am 
 obliged to, I ought to; in later literature, 
 as well as in the present col. language of 
 C., it indicates the fut. tense: cos-skor yyds- 
 nas byed-rgyu-la whereas the holy cir- 
 cumabulation (v. skor-ba I, 2) ought to 
 be performed from the right (to the left) 
 Mil.; sddn-dgra ydl-rgyu-la as the enemy 
 must vanish, or: is sure to come to an 
 end Mil.; * sol-cog tal-dig jhd-gyu yin-nam* 
 C. am I to lay the cloth? *dhd-ta to-ca 
 zd-la O do-gyu yin* C. now I will go and 
 dine; nai drun-du ^on-rgyu yin-pa those 
 that intended to come to me (the Latin 
 'venturi') Glr.; de-la rgyal-srid yfdd-rgyu- 
 la when the government was to be con- 
 ferred upon him, when he was to enter 
 upon his reign Glr.; rta zon-rgyu med 
 (riding-) horses were not to be had Glr. 
 - When appended to adjectives, it is a 
 mere pleonastical addition: dkon-rgyu med 
 that is not a very precious thing, there 
 is nothing particular in that Mil.; cu/i- 
 rgyui lha- Kan a very small temple Mil.; 
 yzdn-pas legs -rgyu med he is not more 
 beautiful than others Glr. ; ya-mfsdn-rgyu- 
 med that is not to be wondered at; *go- 
 gyu man* C. that is useless. 
 
 Comp. rgyu-rkyen (v. above sub no. '2) 
 connection, meaning, signification, rgyu- 
 rkyen bsad-du ysol please explain to me 
 the connection, which is often used in a 
 general sense = what does that mean? 
 what is that? Glr., but also in a special 
 sense relative to law-suits: *Kyo-kyi gyu- 
 kyen zu-la O do* C. I am going to tell what 
 it is with you, i.e. I shall inform against 
 you, bring an action against you. rgyu- 
 cd col. that which belongs to a thing, an 
 appurtenance, necessary implement etc.
 
 rgyu-ba 
 
 Ill 
 
 r ryyud 
 
 rgyu- b>'ds cause and effect or consequence, 
 gen. in a moral sense: actions and their 
 frmis(lds-kyirgyu- b/'ds~); also the doctrine 
 treating on this subject, the doctrine of re- 
 tribution, the principal dogma of Buddhism, 
 prop.: las-rgyu- brds-kyicos; las-rgyu- bi-ds- 
 la yid-ccs-pa to believe in the doctrine 
 of retribution Glr. rgyu - mfsdn (Ssk. 
 f'Tf^TT) 1- cause, rgyu- mfsdn O dri-ba to 
 ask after the cause Glr.; rgyu-mfsdn lo- 
 rgyus O dri-ba to question closely, to examine 
 rigorously Mil. ; the connection of events, 
 the manner in which a thing has come 
 to pass, nai ndn-nas pye Kyer-bai rgyu- 
 mfscin sod tell me how it was that you 
 could fetch the flour from my house, how 
 you were able to accomplish it Mil. nt. 
 2. token, sign, characteristic, proof, evidence, 
 O dug-pai rgyu-mfsdn as an evidence of 
 being . . . Glr. 
 
 II. instead of rgyu-ma. 
 zS*q* rgyu-ba, to go, walk, move, wander, 
 ^ range, of men, animals, and fig. of 
 lifeless things, cu-la rgyu-bai O dab-cdgs 
 birds frequenting the water-, kun-tu rgyu- 
 ba to wander from one place to another, 
 hence: kun-tu-rgyu itinerant monk, n. of 
 a sect of the Brahraans Dzl.; rlun rgyu- 
 bai rtsa those veins in which air is cir- 
 culating, cf. rtsa and rlun; also c. accus.: 
 yul, or gron rgyu-ba to rove through coun- 
 tries, through villages; rgyu-srdn, btsdn- 
 gyi rgyu-srdn the road that is frequented 
 by the btsan (a kind of demons). rgyu- 
 skdr v. below. 
 
 i^rar rgyu-ma 1. entrails, intestines, bowels, 
 ^ esp. the small intestines, opp. to lon- 
 ka the large intestines; rgyu Kril-ba con- 
 volvulus intestinorum Sch. (?) ; rgyu Jcrog- 
 pa the croaking of the bowels Sch.; rgyu- 
 sgrog the caul, covering the lower intestines ; 
 rgyu-stod the upper bowels, rgyu-smdd 
 the lower bowels Cs. ; rgyu-ndd disease of 
 the bowels ; rgyu-yzer colic. 2. sausage, 
 *gyu-ma gydn-wa* C. (v. sgyoii-ba), *kdt't- 
 ce* W. to stuff sausages; *gyu-ma kar- 
 gydh* meat-sausage, meat-pudding, *gyu- 
 ma nag-gydu* black-pudding 6'. 
 
 b" the lunar mansions, Ssk. 
 T^^, orthose 'constellations' through 
 which the moon 'passes' in her revolution 
 round the heavens; ace. to Wdk. and others 
 they are the following: fa-skar (ahodbyug- 
 gu) three stars in the Ram's head; 9 bra- 
 nye (conceived by the Brahmans to be 
 the image of the yoni) ; 3 smin-drug, the 
 Pleiades; ^be-rdzi, snar-ma; & myo, HIIUI!- 
 po; V lag; ^Snabs-so, rgyal-stod, nam-so; 
 V rgyal-smad; Lskag, wa; femcu, rta-pa, 
 rta-cen (with Regulus its brightest star); 
 9 gre, rtau, rta-Zun; 99 dbo, Ura; 9% me- 
 bzi, bya-ma; 9% nag-pa, byau (with Spica); 
 9& sa-i'i; 9\" sa-ga; 9^> lha-mfsams, lag- 
 sor; 9V snron, Ideu (with Antares); 9^, 
 snrubs, sog-pa: ?Q cu-stod; ^ cu-smad, pul; 
 %9 gro - bzin and byi- bzin (considered as 
 one constellation); ^mon-gre^ mon-dre; 
 3% mon-gru, sgrog ; %&' Krums-s tod ; % V Krums- 
 smad; ^\S natn-gru, se-sa. 
 
 r 9yJ-P a > p f - byyuQ 8 * fut - %^/ 
 
 1. to run, frq.; to make haste, to 
 hurry, to rush, sgor to the door (out of 
 the room) Dzl. . . . kyi fog-tu upon . . . Dzl. ; 
 *hd-la gyug* be off! get you gone! C. 1. 
 to Start (of a rail-way train) W.; rta-rgyug- 
 pa to ride full speed, to gallop; also sbst. 
 race Glr. 2. to go, to pass, to circulate, 
 to be current; to be valid, to have force. 
 ffimsj* r yy uc / s Lex. ; Sch. : limit, term, aim, 
 3 ' end;V.: task, lesson. 
 
 rgyugs-pa pride, ambition Sch.; 
 grief, sorrow Schr. (?). 
 
 rgyun-ba the nerves, sinews Sch. ; 
 
 cf. brgyuns-pa. 
 gj-' rgyud 1. SsL 7f^, H^ string, cord, 
 ^ ' but only in certain relations : the string 
 of a bow; rgya-rgyud Chinese string Mil.; 
 string, chord, of a musical instrument, 
 rgyud-mdns harp; chain, v. lu-gu; mostly 
 fig. : ri-rgyud,gans-rgyudcha,in of mountains, 
 ridge of snowy hills; also thread of tra- 
 dition, i.e. continuous, uninterrupted tra- 
 dition, so in: Ka -rgyud, dgons-rgyud, cos- 
 rgyud, bka-rgyiid (v. bka, compounds); 
 snyan-rgyud=bka-rgyud, frq. ir\.J\/</.',)'t<t>//- 
 rgyud Zam. legendary tradition. If used
 
 112 
 
 for expressing a succession of generations 
 or families, the word is gen. written brgyud, 
 rarely ryyud, e.g. rjc-btsun slob-ryyud d<tii 
 bcas-tc his reverence (the venerable divine) 
 with his race of scholars, in as much as 
 the disciples of a saint are frequently called 
 his spiritual children Mil. 2. treatise, 
 dissertation, Ssk. cf^, also ryud-sde, esp. the 
 necromantic books of the mysticism of 
 later times Was. (184), in four classes, the 
 so-called four classes of Tantras (yyyud- 
 sde bzi): byd-bai ryyud, spydd-pai ryyud, 
 rnal- byor ryyud, rnal-Jbyor bla-na-med- 
 pai ryyud; yet ryyud bzi is also the short 
 title of a medical work consisting of four 
 parts : rtsd-bai ryyud, bsdd-pai ryyud, man- 
 nay ryyud, pyi-mai ryyud. 3. connection, 
 relation, reference, e.g. of a word.(?) - 
 4. character, disposition of mind, natural 
 quality; heart, soul; ryyud bzdn-po a good 
 disposition, ryyud ndn-pa a bad disposition; 
 ryyud zi-ba a mild disposition, good nature, 
 ryyud jam-pa a soft temperament Cs.; 
 ryyud ma -runs -pa a wicked character 
 Thyy.-, sem-yya C., tf-gyu C., Mil, prob. 
 also riy-i'yyud Mil., character; ran-ryyud 
 nan-pat ^dn-po ful restrain the demon of 
 your own wicked heart Mil. : of thoughts, 
 feelings, passions, also of a tin-iie-dzin is 
 said : ryyud-la skye they arise in the soul ; 
 ryyud smin the mind ripens Mil.; in some 
 phrases and passages it designates a man's 
 whole personality: rdii-yi ryud foa-tu Un- 
 pa to take (other people's) sufferings al- 
 together upon one's own person (not merely 
 to heart) Glr. ; ran-ryyud-la brtdy-pa, yzan- 
 ryyud-la sbydr-ba to think a matter through 
 in one's own mind, to draw conclusions 
 from an attentive observation of others, 
 Thyy. Concerning raii-ryyud, and fzan- 
 ryyud (^cfnir & q^<Tn^) in tfl e more recent 
 philosophical writings, and in medical works, 
 v. Was. ryyud-cdys Tar. 15, 14, ace. to 
 Schf. sentence, thesis, point. don-rgyud, 
 syrub-ryyud Mil. ? 
 
 *r ! i'yyud-pa I. vb ., pf . bryyus an d bryyud, 
 ^ ' fut. bryyu, imp. ryyud, 1. to fasten 
 or file on a string, to string, td-yu-la bryyus- 
 
 rgyun 
 
 pa strung, filed on a string Sty. ; yser-nyay- 
 fay yyu bryyus-pa a gold chain with tur- 
 quoises inserted Mil. 2. to pass through 
 or over, to traverse (later literature and 
 col.) mu-ye ryyiid-nas ^on famine passes 
 over, prevails in the country Ma. ; *ndn- 
 na nan yyud-de dul' f W. he passes from 
 one room to the other, he visits room after 
 room; *nyuh-ti-ne yyud-na gar-la ton* W. 
 he is passing through Kullu to Gar; lay- 
 O yrlm-yyis bryyus -pas v. ^yrim; yig-nw 
 brriyud-pa an error in writing has crept 
 in Tar.; ston-pa ysum ras-cun-pa bryyud- 
 nas zer the three teachers, using Ras-cuii- 
 pa as a go-between, said . . . , = they sent 
 word by Ras-cuii-pa to this effect Mil. 
 
 II. sbst. and adj. 1. prop, a participle 
 used a. actively; ryyiid-pa (or bryyud-pa) 
 one that is transmitting knowledge, a 
 teacher; ryyiid-pa bzdii-poi byin-rlabs-can 
 one that enjoys the blessing of having an 
 excellent spiritual teacher Mil. ; nai ryyud- 
 pa rdo-r)e- can-cen yin Mil. (in this in- 
 stance it would be justifiable to write bryyiid- 
 pa, and, regarding this as a derivative of 
 brgyud, to translate it with 'ancestor'). 
 b. used passively: )'do-r)e- Q cdn-nas nyams- 
 rtoys ryyiid-pa de na-ro lays he to whom 
 knowledge was communicated by Dor-ye- 
 ((i/i is Ndi'o Mil.; na-ro cen-poi ryyud-pa 
 a scholar of great Naro Mil. 2. a derivative 
 of ryyud 2., a Tantrika, a mystic. 
 
 ryyud-ris a term used in architec- 
 ture, wall, panel (?). 
 
 z5K'jt rgyud-Un bolt, door-bar Sck. 
 
 ^ 
 
 CTiT r( jy un -> S^'- ^Ttd^ a continual flowing, 
 ^ the flow, current or stream (seldom river; 
 perh. smiy-ryyui ryyun Lex. a river seen 
 by a mirage or fata morgana (?); ydn-yai 
 ryyun the river Ganges); cu- ryyun -yyis 
 O kyi>r-ba to be carried away by the current; 
 ryyun-du zuys-pa v. O brds-bu bzi\ frq. fig. 
 fiiys-rjei ryyun stream of grace Glr., and 
 sim. in some compounds; often in reference 
 to time, hence ryyun-du continually, per- 
 petually, always, dus-rgyun-du id.; *dh>l- 
 yyun ta-bhu jhe siy* C. make it as usual!
 
 113 
 
 rgyus 
 
 siidr-gyi rgyun all the time before, opp. 
 to da-ltar now; also for ordinarily, predo- 
 minantly, e.g. ordinarily it is white, only 
 by way of exception it is of another colour; 
 Ka-rgyun ka-rgyiid tradition ; rgyun-gos 
 an every day coat, opp. to yzdb-gos ; rgyun- 
 O gdg, and more frq. rgyun- cad an inter- 
 ruption of flowing, of progress, hence rqyun- 
 cad-med-par, or rgyun-mi-cdd-par uninter- 
 ruptedly; rgyun-zds daily food; rgyun-rin-ba 
 lasting, of long continuance; rgyun-ldm 
 an endless, interminable way, to be pur- 
 sued again and again, e.g. O fcor-bai of trans- 
 migration, byan-cub-kyi of virtue, holiness 
 Mil 
 
 *$!' r M us * v - r 9y u - 2. (6s. rgyus- 
 ^ ma) notice, intelligence, knowledge, nd- 
 la de-i gyus yod I am acquainted with it, 
 I know the thing, I am up to it, frq.; W.: 
 *gyus ydd-Kan* one that knows about it; 
 *gyus yod-pai lam* a well-known road ; ea- 
 rned yul-du rgyus-med Jtyam as a stranger 
 1 am rambling through a foreign country 
 Glr.; lo-rgyus 1. annals, chronicle, 2. in a 
 general sense history, story, tale, narrative, 
 lo-rgyus bsdd-pa to relate a story Glr., *nd- 
 la lo-gyus sdd-ce mdn-po yod* W. I have 
 much to relate, to tell; lo-rgyus zib-tu O dri- 
 ba to ask closely, to inquire minutely into 
 a story Mil; gon-gi lo-rgyus bsdd-do he 
 reported what was related above Pth. ; also 
 used of any short notice or intelligence, 
 without reference to things past: der O byon- 
 pai lo-rgyus ysuns he mentioned that he 
 was going there Mil 
 
 *^r*n' ryyus-pa the fine threads or fibres 
 ^ of which animal muscle, plants etc. 
 
 are composed ; rgyiis-pa-can fibrous; rgyus- 
 skud catgut. 
 
 -ba, P f - brgyos, fut. brgyo, imp. 
 to unite in sexual embrace. 
 This word is an undisguised, and therefore 
 somewhat obscene expression, which in 
 books and in col. language is avoided, 
 though referring to an act not criminal in 
 itself, as 6s. seems to have understood it, 
 when he translates rgyo-ba by: to abuse, 
 constuprate, ravish; hence it is allowable, 
 
 *ffan 
 
 yet vulgar, to say: *'d-pa dan 'd-ma gyo- 
 it'a jhe'* C. 
 
 rgyon-ba, pf. brgyans, fut. brgyan, 
 
 seems to be a secondary form of 
 rkyon-ba, to extend, stretch, spread (vb. a.); 
 the word is to be found in Lexx., but seems 
 to be little used; brgydns-pai md-fsa Pth. 
 a disease consisting in some parts of the 
 body being morbidly distended (?). 
 
 rgyob-pa Cs., a secondary form of 
 rgydb-pa, prob. but a provincialism, 
 at- Iga, also sga, *f^n; ginger (fresh or 
 ^ dried); Iga-rlon fresh ginger. 
 ajr'r* tyah-ne Pth.: skya-lgan-ne, is stated 
 
 to mean: perfectly white. 
 wr-rr Igan-pa, Igan-pug urinary bladder 
 
 Med. 
 
 ^' Igdn-bu, = c/dn-bu, husk, pod, shell. 
 
 g|* lyo Cs. = pa-ba-dgo-dgo puff-ball. 
 
 f2J3^'(j* Igydm-fswa = rgydm-fsa Zam. } a 
 3 kind of rock-salt. 
 y,- s#a 1. gen. Icd-sga, bca-sga, ginger, = 
 " Iga; sga-skyd Lt. id. (?); sgd-pi-po Lt. 
 prob. for s^a dan pi-pi-lin dan po-ba-ri 
 ginger and two kinds of black pepper; sga- 
 spyod Sch. = sga-skyd. 2. saddle, rta- 
 sga (Ld. *stdsga*~) horse-saddle; sga bstdd- 
 pa, resp. cibs-sga bstdd-pa Glr., to lay the 
 saddle on, to saddle; sga-Kebs saddle-cloth, 
 Sch.: the leather cover or coating of a 
 saddle; sga-glo saddle-girth W., 6'.; sga- 
 Idg Cs. : frame of the saddle ; saddle-bow, 
 saddle-tree; sga-sd straps for fastening the 
 travelling - baggage to the saddle, cf. sa- 
 stdg 2. 
 
 " sga-yoh bat, flitter-mouse Sch. 
 
 ,-. sgan 1. a projecting hill or spur, on 
 the side of a larger mountain; sgan- 
 yson elevations and depressions on a hill- 
 side, in Kun. sgan-Kul; sgdii-Ka-la yod (the 
 village) is situated on a mountain- spur; 
 *sgan gydb-na* W. when you have passed 
 round the extremity of the hill. 2. cu- 
 8
 
 114 
 
 sgan 
 
 f 
 
 sgo 
 
 sgdn a blister, caused by vesicatories, by 
 long inarches etc., C., W.; cf. bsgan. 
 
 sgan-ba, pf. bsgaiis, fut. bsgan, to 
 grow or become full 6's.; bud-med 
 nd-so sgan a marrigeable girl. 
 
 sgab-pa, secondary form of O gebs- 
 pa } byd-mas bu-la syab-pa the cov- 
 ering of a young bird by its mother Glr.; 
 gos-sgdb Lex., skirt or lap of a coat, sgab- 
 fun a short skirt. 
 
 S 9 am chest, box, trunk; sgam-cun a 
 little chest or box; sgam-bu id. ; sgam- 
 sgo-mdns a chest of drawers, cabinet C.; 
 sin-sgam a wooden chest, Icdgs-sgam an 
 iron chest; ko-sgam a leather trunk; ro- 
 sy am, resp. spur-sgam coffin Cs. syn. 
 sgrom. 
 
 sgdm-pa, or sgdm-po Cs. deep, pro- 
 found, /S<?A. also prudent, quiet; Z/a?. 
 blo-sgam w.e. Only the following phrase 
 came under my notice: fugs sin-tu sgdm- 
 mo he (the prince) is very clever (as a 
 legendary explanation and confirmation of 
 the name sron-btsan-sgdm-po). Prob. ob- 
 solete. 
 
 gtt" 8 9 ar cam P> encampment, dmag-sgdr a 
 
 military camp, sgar O debs-pa to pitch 
 
 a camp; sgar-min C. watch- word, parole, 
 
 S 9 a l ' oa d f a beast of burden, rta- 
 sgal a horse-load, sin-rtai sgal a cart- 
 load, waggon-load 6s. ; sgal ^gel-ba to put 
 on a load, O pdn-ba to throw it off, Jbogs- 
 pa to take it off, sgal bsrdn-ba to adjust 
 or balance it; sgdl-rta pack-horse, sgdl- 
 beast of burden. 
 
 O dabs the lumbar region Med. 2 
 the croup, crupper, back of a horse Glr.-, 
 *gdl-pa fon dug* W. the back comes out, 
 i.e. has become sore or galled; sgal-fsigs- 
 Med., sgal-rus col. backbone, spine; sgal- 
 rmd a sore on a animal's back caused by 
 the load. 
 
 S 9 u ~ st ^9 s Lex. w.e.; Sch. elbow, 
 
 angle. 
 
 sgu-rdo a sling Sch. 
 
 * P f - bsgugs, fut. bsgug, imp. 
 syug(s), to wait, zld-ba ycig sgug- 
 pa to wait for a month Glr. ; to await, to 
 expect, O cl-ba death Mil.', Idm-na sgiig-pa 
 to wait on the road Mil.', sgiig-cin sdod- 
 pa, W. : *gug-te ddd-ce* to sit waiting ; *'i- 
 ru (jiig-te dod* W. wait here! syuy-tu O jug- 
 pa to keep one waiting Glr. ; to lie in wait 
 (for a person), to waylay; jdg-pas sgug-pai 
 sa a place w r here robbers are lying in am- 
 bush Mil.', *Kon gug-te ddd-ce* W. to bear 
 a grudge, to have a spite against a person. 
 sguii Ld. clap, crack, crash, report (of 
 N3 a gun). 
 
 sgud - po father - in - law , sgud - mo 
 mother-in-law Sch. prov. 
 
 sgum-mda Schr. butt -end of a 
 gun, gun-Stock C., W.; spelling 
 dubious. 
 
 S^" sgur v. dgur. 
 
 vb. a. (cf. O gul-ba\ pf. and 
 fut. bsgul, to move, agitate, put in 
 motion, rgyud kyan ma sgul - to he could 
 not even move the bow-string Dzl.; to pull 
 (e.g. the bell-string). 
 
 ^jn- sgeu 1. diminutive of sga, ginger, sgeu- 
 S fser Med., Ssk. ^rr^i (Hind, adrak), 
 fresh ginger. 2. B. small door. 
 
 s 9^9~P a ^ s - : t boast, brag; yet not 
 so much with respect to words as 
 to looks and demeanour, so that it may 
 be applied to the airs of coquettish girls 
 (sgeg-cin mdzes-pa coquettish Mil., Sty.) 
 as well as to the bearing of insolent young- 
 sters and bullies, sgeg-ma n. of a goddess; 
 sgeg-mo Lex. <*TT^T- a dancing girl. 
 IjQ'ftr sgeh-la, or dgen-la (?) on, upon Ts. 
 
 s$x: sger Sch.: 'different, dissimilar, foreign'. 
 This word I repeatedly met w r ith in 
 books of physical science, without finding 
 the signification given above applicable. 
 %& sgo 1. door, the aperture itself, as well 
 ^ as the wood-work of the door: sgo O byed- 
 pa, W. *pe-ce*, to open the door; * jug- 
 pa* 1. C. to put in a door, to hang a door 
 on hinges 2. W. to close, to shut the door;
 
 If 
 
 115 
 
 ycod-pa 1. to shut, 2. to lock (a door); 
 *gydg-pa, gydb-pa* C., to shut (the door); 
 ytdn-pa Sch.: 'to lock up', prop, to bolt, 
 to bar, v. sgo-ytdn; bkum-pa, bskum-pa Cs.: 
 resp. to shut (a door); sgo bdiin-ba to 
 knock, to rap at the door ; *go srug-ga rag* 
 W. I hear a rattling or rapping at the 
 door. The ground floor of a house into 
 which the door leads, is generally occu- 
 pied by the cattle, hence : sgoi pyugs the 
 cattle near the door, opp, to: pugs kyi nor 
 the money in the inner chamber farthest 
 from the door, cattle and money being thus 
 the two poles or terminating points of 
 household property. rgydl-sgo the prin- 
 cipal door or entrance of a house or cham- 
 ber (in Ld. also: *gydz-go*). sgrig-sgo 
 folding-door Cs. cab -sgo resp. for sgo 
 Cs., cf. fsdn-sgo. rtd-sgo a door which 
 may be passed through on horseback, viz. 
 the door or gate of a court-yard or gar- 
 den, open at the top, or a high castle-gate; 
 in the latter case syn. to rgydl-sgo. ndn- 
 sgo the innermost door, bdr-sgo the middle 
 door, pyi-sgo the outer door Pth. fse- 
 sgo v. 2, Ids-sgo v. 3. sel-sgo glass-door; 
 wing of a window, casement; ysdn-sgo se- 
 cret door; Cs. resp, for sgo (?). 2. the 
 boards that form the pane or square of a 
 door, hence board, plank, v. sgo-rndm-, fse- 
 sgo a Chinese punishment, consisting of a 
 thick board with an opening for the neck 
 of the culprit, and resting on his shoul- 
 ders; sgo yyog-pa to put on the board of 
 punishment. bse-sgo dan Icdgs-sgo bdun 
 sbrags a door constructed of sevenfold lay- 
 ers of leather and iron, used as a butt for 
 shooting at. 3. the aperture of a door, 
 and hence aperture in general: sgo kun- 
 nas from all the apertures (of the body); 
 zdl-gyi sgo resp. mouth Dzl. ; mndl-sgo the 
 opening of the womb (v. miiaT) frq. ; skye- 
 bai sgo id. less frq. Thgy.; dkyil- Kor sgo- 
 bzi-pa a square figure with four openings, 
 about thus : [ ] ; the opening of a semi- 
 circle; entrance, passage, outlet, connecting 
 passage, communication; also fig.: way of 
 mediation, of bringing an agreement about, 
 
 nan-soii-gi sgo the entrance, the road, to 
 misery viz.: to hell; dbdn-poi sgo the or- 
 gans of sense, also sgo liia alone; sgo-ysum 
 the three media or spheres of moral acti- 
 vity, lus, nag, yid, action, word and thought 
 frq.; bzd-ba dan btuit-bai sgo O prog-pa 
 to cut off the supply (of provisions) 
 Pth.; bdag cos sgw jug -pa zu I beg to 
 allow us to enter religion, to receive 
 us as students or disciples Mil.', offrd- 
 sgo Schr. 1. also bud-go, kydg-go W., ex- 
 pense, expenditure 2. do-go-tar se'-pa C. 
 to relate accurately how a thing came to 
 pass ; Ids-sgo 'door of intercourse, of trade', 
 a commercial place or town, emporium Glr. 
 Hence sgo-nas with the genit. by means of, 
 by, in the way of, according to, but never 
 as connected with a person or joined to 
 an infinitive : fobs du-mai sgd-nas in diffe- 
 rent ways, variously (often coinciding with: 
 by various means) ; lus nag yid-kyi sgd- 
 nas in or by actions, words, and thoughts 
 (e.g. to strive for virtue, cf. above sgo- 
 ysuni) Dzl. ; rndm-pa sna-fsogs-kyi sgo-nas 
 in every possible way Dzl.; dpei sgo-nas 
 (to explain) by way of comparison Thgy. ; 
 mfsan-nyid-kyi sgo-nas (to describe a thing) 
 according to its characteristics Thgy.; rigs- 
 kyi sgo - nas (to divide) according to the 
 species Lt. ; O drd-bai sgo-nas btags-min ste 
 it being a name given to it from its re- 
 semblance to ... Wdn.; ...la prag-dog-gi 
 sgo-nas from envy of ... Mil.; mi-sndn-bai 
 sgo - nas by way of invisibility, by being 
 invisible Wdn. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. sgo-Kdn the entrance 
 into a house, vestibule, porch, portal. sgo- 
 Kun opening of the door Mil. sgo -Kyi 
 a door -guarding dog, watch -dog. sgo- 
 K&r hinge of a door or gate. sgo-gldgs 
 Zam. = sgo-ytdn (?). sgo-glegs the board 
 or plank of a door Cs. sgo-^rdm the 
 space near the door. sgo- drig (Ld. *sgon- 
 (%*) door-frame, window - frame. sgo- 
 rgydb the space behind the door, within 
 the door Glr. *go-cdg* (Icags) C. lock 
 of a door. *go(g)-tdn* a bar or bolt (a 
 small beam) to secure the door with.
 
 116 
 
 sgom 
 
 sgo-fem threshold, also the head-piece of a 
 door. sgo-bddg sgo-dpon. syo-rndm 
 a single board, e.g. of the floor. sgo- 
 pa, resp. cdbs-sgo-pa door-keeper, porter; 
 sgo-dpon the first, principal door-keeper. 
 
 *go-pw* W. door-hinge. sgo- pdr board 
 or plank of a door 6s. sgo - bar Ld. 
 chinks between the separate laths of a door 
 (for of such the doors in Tibet frequently 
 consist, owing to the scarcity of wood). 
 sgo -ma 1. pane or square of a door, fold 
 of a folding-door; 2. a masked dancer in 
 religious dramatic entertainments, repre- 
 senting one of the four guardians of the 
 world (v. rgyal-cen). sgo-mo 1. a large 
 door, a gate, castle-gate, town-gate; 2. be- 
 ginning, rtsis-kyi sgo-mo Pth. = rtsis- go C's. 
 ^Chronol. Table) beginning of a new epoch. 
 
 sgo-mtsdms the small openingleft between 
 door-post and door, when the latter does 
 not perfectly fit. sgo-yig Cs. \. inscrip- 
 tion, 2. lampoon, libel, 3. a magisterial ad- 
 vertisement fastened to a door. sgo-ld 
 n. of a high and difficult mountain -pass 
 between Lhasa and Pah, v. Hue. I. p. 244. 
 
 sgo-smn door-keeper, porter Dzl. 
 
 S" sgo, in skye-sgo v. sub sgo-po. 
 
 igj-r* sgo-nd or sgon-nd and sgon, egg, eggs. 
 spawn, also egg as a measure Lt; 
 sgon-dkns the pellicle, membrane of an 
 egg Sch.', sgon-cu the white of an egg Sch.; 
 sgoii-sun, or kog, the shell of an egg; sgon- 
 ser yolk of an egg Sch. sgo - na pyed 
 a scholastic term, v. Was. (274). 
 
 " sgo-pur foreskin, prepuce C. vulg. 
 
 s 9-P-> a l so sgo-bo, (Ld. *go-po*) W. 
 
 1 . the body, with respect to its phy- 
 sical nature and appearance, *go-po cen- 
 mo , rin- mo, go -rin, go-zdn* tall, *go-po 
 cun-se* of small stature, short; *rom-po* 
 stout, lusty; *fd-mo* slender, thin; *de- 
 mo* healthy, well ; *go-ydl* a man that has 
 lost his own body by gaming and become 
 the slave of another. 2. = skye-sgo face, 
 countenance, skye-sgo legs a beautiful face, 
 zdn-sgo an ugly face Mil. sgo-lo 1 . body, 
 
 '2. face, as a flattering word; also directly 
 for a nice or pretty face, *go-lo min dug 
 bag fsogs yod* she has not a pretty face, 
 but looks like a fright W. 
 2*rn* sgo-ba, pf. bsgo (bsgos in Lexx., prob. 
 obsolete) to say, when used of sup- 
 eriors, hence mostly to bid, to order (cf. 
 the article bka init.), frq. in early litera- 
 ture, in later times more and more dis- 
 appearing, being unknown to the common 
 people. 
 
 sc/o-tsdm a little Sch. 
 
 S 9-1 1- v - sgo-po. 2. Ld. also = 
 sgo-nd. 
 
 - S v<?-P a , (S*k. ^T^T) garlic, leek, 
 (Allium); ri-sgog Med. Allium 
 sphaeroceph. L., or a species allied to it; 
 sgog-skyd Med. Allium nivale Jacqm. (?); 
 sgog-siion Med. perh. A. rubellum, a blue 
 species, very common in the Himalaya. 
 sgog-tin mortar, sgog-ytun pestle, for 
 bruising leek. 
 
 s ffog-pa 1. 6s.: f pf. bsgags, fut. 
 bsgag, to make one swear, sgog-po 
 one that makes a person swear.' I only 
 met with mna-sgog Lex. w. e. 2. yya 
 sgog-pa v. yya. 
 
 tor- sgon \. v. sgo-nd. 2. n. of a coun- 
 try, prob. = kon Glr. 3. sgon-fdg- 
 pa n. of a plant Med. 
 ^r*CT' sgon-ba, pf. bsgons, fut. bsgon, imp. 
 sgon (s), 1. to make round, globular 
 6s.; so it is prob. to be understood in: 
 bu-rdm bsgdr-zin bsgrd/is-nas bsgons Lex., 
 he having boiled down the sugar and 
 allowed it to grow cold, formed it into 
 balls (in this form the sugar is usually 
 kept in Tibet). 2. to hide or conceal 
 a thing Sch., thus in *gon-te bor-ce* W.', 
 cf. also dpd-sgon-ba. 
 
 sgob-sgob unable, deficient, wanting 
 in strength Sch. ; *ldg-pa gob-sou* 
 Kun. the hands are unable (to move), stiff 
 (from cold). 
 
 ROT. sgom reflection, meditation, contem- 
 
 plation, sgom sor-gyi dogs-pa the fear 
 
 lest contemplation should be prejudiced
 
 or rendered impossible Mil.; sgom srun-ba 
 to sustain, to preserve meditation (undis- 
 turbed) Mil. ; sgom-mcd without meditation 
 Thgr. 
 
 5jkrT s gom-pa I. vb., pf. bsgoms, fut. 
 bsgom, imp. sgom(s), resp. fw^s 
 syom-pa (Ssk. w, causative ^fT^^f) 1. ori- 
 ginally: to fancy, imagine; meditate, con- 
 template, consider, c. accus. and dat.; to 
 have, to entertain, to produce in one's mind, 
 = skydd-pa, e. g. bzod-pa, snyin-rje, bydms- 
 pa etc. ; rgyun-du nam O ci cd-med sgom 
 always consider that it is uncertain at 
 what time you shall die Mil.; with the 
 accus. and terrain., or with a double accus.; 
 to look upon, to represent to one's self 
 as . . . , O gro-dt'ug-sems-can pa-mar sgom 
 look upon the beings of the six classes 
 as being your parents Mil., viz. with the 
 same respect and affection, or even so, 
 that you imagine your father's or your 
 mother's soul inhabiting just now the ani- 
 mal body of one of those beings; rmi-lam 
 syyu-ma sgom look upon it as being the 
 illusion of a dream Mil. 2. In later 
 times sgom-pa became the usual term for 
 the systematic meditation of the Buddhist 
 saint, so that this word, and the expressions 
 tiu-ne-^dzin-du Jjug-pa, and bsam-ytdn 
 sy rub-pa, which in classical writings de- 
 note the concentration of the mind upon 
 one point or subject, e. g. upon a certain 
 deity, lha, prob. imply one and the same 
 thing. Three degrees of this systematic 
 meditation are to be distinguished, viz. 
 ltd-ba contemplation, syom-pa meditation, 
 properly so called, (which requires j'sal 
 dan mi-rtog md-yyens ysum, i.e. that it 
 be performed in a clear and decided man- 
 ner, without suffering one's self to be 
 disturbed or distracted by any thing), and 
 the third degree spyod-pa, exercise and 
 practice, which three distinctions will be 
 somewhat elucidated by the following: 
 bzd(-bai)-ytad(-so) yod-na bltd-ba min, 
 byin-rgod yod-na sgom-pa min, bldn-dor 
 yod-na spyod-pa min, if one lives plen- 
 teously, there is no contemplation (pos- 
 
 117 
 
 sible); where there is inattention and a 
 distracted mind, meditation cannot take 
 place; where there is desire or disgust, 
 exercise and practice are not (to be thought 
 of) Mil. 14, 11. Hence contemplation would 
 seem to be more immediately opposed to 
 the rule of sense, meditation to the rule 
 of imagination, practice to the rule of 
 passion; v. also Was. (.137), Kopp. I, 585. 
 Sometimes contemplation and meditation 
 are also opposed to fos-pa, and bsdm-pa, 
 hearing and knowing, as to mere acts of 
 memory and intellect. sgom(-pd)-po Cs., 
 sgom-byed, sgom-mtfan Mil. one that me- 
 ditates, an ascetic; sgom-ma fern. Mil. 
 sgom-cen l . a great meditator (so Mil. often 
 calls himself). 2. a kind ot field-mouse, La- 
 gomys badius Hook. II, 156. sgom-fug 
 'meditating-cord', a cord or rope slung by 
 the laxer sects round their bodies, in order 
 to facilitate the effort of maintaining an 
 erect and immoveable posture during me- 
 ditation, which expedient of course is scorn- 
 ed by the more rigid devotees. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. meditation. 2. (.'.: 'the 
 state of being accustomed to' (prob. erron. 
 for yoms-pd). 
 
 f^l'Qgcrj' syom-Jbrog (?) holly, Ilex. Sik. 
 
 ^r' sgor a spindle in turning-lathes? v. 
 
 the next word. 
 
 Ijji'n' sgor-ba 1. pf. and fut. bsgar, to boil 
 down, to condense by boiling, e. g. 
 bu-rdm sugar. 2. to turn on a lathe, W. 
 *gor-la fen-ce*. 
 
 gf-rtf. sgor-mo (perh. also skor-mo) 1. round, 
 e. g. of leaves, Wdit. and elsewh. 
 2. a circle. 3. a disk, a globe; hence a 
 rupee W.; a semi-globular bowl or vessel 
 W., sgor-fig circular line, circumference, 
 circle; sgor-fig pye-ba Cs., pyed-ka Schr. 
 semicircle. 
 ^r s y s , i n compounds and as adverb: 
 
 private, separate, distinct; privately etc., 
 opp. to spyi, e. g. spyi-yduys a parasol for 
 several persons, awning, shelter, sgos-yduys 
 a parasol for one person Glr. ; sgfo+kal 
 share of a single person, individual lot
 
 118 
 
 Mil.; sgos-su, or sgos adv., (opp. to spyir} 
 particularly, especially; sgos-(kyi), dpon a 
 subaltern officer Cs.; sgos -pa Sch.: 'to 
 choose, to find the right thing'. 
 
 8 9 yiu -> WM-gu ba 9> P urse ; 
 syyig-gu cdd-poi dbdn-du 
 son-nas our purse being at low ebb; dnul- 
 sgyig money-bag, purse. 
 ^q- sgyin-ba, pf. bsgyins, fut bsgyin, 1. 
 ace. to Lftivr. = $s. sjijf syn. to 
 gldl-ba, to yawn, gape, and perh. to stretch 
 one's self after having slept; it is almost 
 exclusively used in describing the attitude 
 of a dying lion, and so also the dying 
 attitude of Buddha. 2. perh. also = 
 O gyin-ba. 
 
 s yy*d(-pa) 1. the hollow of the 
 knee, bend of the knee; knee- 
 joint; sgy id-pa f cod-pa to lame the knee- 
 joint, to hamstring (a horse) Glr. 2. 
 the calf (of the leg) Mil.; sgyid skyur-ba 
 acute pain in the knee and leg e.g. of a 
 woman with child Med.; Cs.: 'to despair'? 
 
 sgyid-Kun the hollow of the knee Med. 
 
 sgyid-Kyol one lame in his legs Cs. 
 sgyid-lug-pa Lex. w. e., Cs.: slothful, idle, 
 lazy; sgyid-lhod Sch. id. 
 
 r-q- sgyid-bu, also sgyed-bu, a hearth, 
 ' ^ f ire-place, consisting of (three) stones 
 on which the kettle is placed; Icags-sgyid 
 iron trevet, tripod, cf. sgyed-po. 
 
 fsgyu artifice, imposture Dzl and elsewh., 
 yyo-sgyu id.; yyo-sgyu-med-na if he is 
 without guile Dzl.; sgyu-can artful, crafty, 
 cunning, Cs. sgyu- prul-ma, ^TOT, the 
 name of Buddha's mother. sgyu-ma, 
 ^TT^fT, illusion, false show, deception of sight, 
 opp. to dnos reality; sgyu-ma sprul-ba to 
 exhibit a false show Cs.; nas sndn-ba tams- 
 cdd sgyu-mar ses I know that every thing 
 visible, the whole external world, is only 
 an illusion Mil.; sgyu-mai nor apparent 
 riches, hence riches in general Mil. (cf. 
 sgyu-liis)\ sgyu-ma-mKan a juggler Mil.; 
 sgyu -ma- mlcan - gyi m can - bu y sgyu - mai 
 mcdn-bu a juggler's apprentice Lexx. 
 sgyu-rtsdl art, skill, dexterity, frq., the In- 
 dians, and so also the Tibetans counting 
 
 sgyiir-ba 
 
 64 arts (or 60 in a round number) Tar. 21, 
 2. sgyu-zog deception, hypocrisy Pth. 
 sgyu-lus I. the immaterial, subtile and 
 pure body of the soul in the Bardo, hell etc., 
 hence yid-kyi lus Thgr. 2. the animal 
 and human body in general, in as much 
 as it is only an apparent body, a phan- 
 tom, when considered from a higher phi- 
 losophical point of view Mil. 
 
 r^ sgyug-mo mother-in-law Stg.; mna- 
 sgyug both daughter-in-law and 
 mother-in-law. 
 
 rn' sgyur-ba, pf. and fut. bsgyur, (vb. a. 
 to O gyur-ba} 1. to transform, lus Q dod- 
 dgur to transform one's body (i. e. one's 
 self) at pleasure, (Dzl. ?\S lus is to be 
 supplied, or gyur-te to be read); to trans- 
 form the royal prerogative into a religious 
 one, v. Krims. 2. to change (colour, one's 
 mind), to alter (something written), hence 
 to correct, to revise. 3. to give up, leave 
 off (customs, scruples, doubts, timidity) 
 Glr., pyi-rol-pai cos-lugs the non-Buddhist 
 religion. 4. to turn off or aside (the 
 course of a river) ; to dissuade, divert, las, 
 from Dzl. 5. to turn, *jiit pa gyur-ee* 
 W. to turn round on one's heel; *)in-pa 
 gyur-te ltd-ce* W. to look back; K6r-lo 
 sgyiir-ba to turn a wheel = skor-ba ; skad 
 sgyur-ba to vary, to modulate the voice, 
 also to hum a tune, to sing or whistle, 
 as birds do. 6. to govern, rtai Ua srdb- 
 kyis, a horse's mouth by the bridle; also 
 fig. *gydl-po Ka lon-gyl gyur, tiyii fca cun- 
 me gyur* C. the king is governed by his 
 minister, the husband by his wife; O dod- 
 cdgs nan-pas Ka-sgyur he is governed by 
 evil passions Mil.; Ud-lo sgyur-ba to go- 
 vern, prop, and fig., v. Kd-lo; sih-rta sgyur- 
 ba to drive a carriage; in a similar sense 
 dban sgyur-ba c. la, to have command or 
 control of, to command , dominate, frq. ; 
 prob. also to possess Mil. 7. to trans- 
 late, sgra sgyur-ba id. 8. to multiply Wdk. 
 (cf. ^gyur-ba 4, and log -pa); bsgyur-bya 
 the multiplicand Wdk. 9. Lad., Pur. 
 to kill, to slaughter. 10. to publish, pro- 
 claim, announce *ka-sdl gyur-ce* W. to pub-
 
 tf 
 
 119 
 
 sgra-fcdn 
 
 lish an order; *lon gyur* W. announce me! 
 send in my name! 
 
 rrf cr|^' W~ s 5^ r crooked Sch., better <%,-. 
 
 +* N5 
 
 tj^ sgye-bo is said to denote in 6'. one 
 of the lower classes of officials or 
 noblemen. 
 
 *9ye-mo 1. sbst. a bag (not of leather) ; 
 ras-sgye a bag of cotton stuff Pth. > 
 diminutive. 2. adj. quiet, gentle 
 (of horses) Sp. 
 
 sgyed-po a stone for a fire-place, 
 hearth-stone, three of which are so 
 placed together, that a fire may be kindled 
 between them and a kettle put on ; sgyid- 
 bu a fire-place constructed in this manner. 
 sgyel-ba, pf. and fut. bsgyel, vb. a. 
 to <gyelrba, to throw down, to over- 
 throw, overturn, gan-kydb on the back Lea;. ; 
 to lay or put down (a bottle, a book); to 
 thwart (the charm of an enemy); to kill 
 (horses); *mi se\ ta gyel* manslaughter 
 and the killing of horses, C. 
 
 sgyogs 1 . a warlike engine to shoot 
 darts or fling stones with, catapult, 
 ballista, sgyogs-kyi O prul- fcor Thgr. id ; 
 sgyogs-rdo a stone flung from such a machine 
 Sch.-, in later times: 2. mortar, cannon, gun, 
 in Tibet even at the present day without 
 wheels, <xA.*ghyog*. -- 3. a surgeon's 
 instrument for setting broken limbs 6s. 
 
 sgydn-ba, pf. bsygans, fut. bsgyan, 
 perh. originally = sgoh-ba to hide, 
 but actually used 1 . in C. : *gyu-ma gydn- 
 wa* to fill, to Stuff (a sausage) 2. col. in 
 W.: *gydn-ce* to put into (the pocket, a 
 box, a coffin) ; *gydn-du bor-ce* to keep, lock, 
 or shut up (things) ; *ugs gydn-ce* to hold 
 one's breath; gla pyir sgyon-ba to retain 
 the wages due to another person Sch. The 
 form rgyans often occurs \nMil., in passages 
 where 'to retain, lock up, put into' or a 
 similar term would suit very well. Other 
 passages cannot yet be sufficiently ac- 
 counted for, and upon the whole the roots 
 gyan and kyan (rgyan etc.) require to be 
 more closely investigated. 
 
 sgra, W. also *ra*, 1. a sound, noise; 
 ^ voice; hd-sgra the sound h Glr.; sgrd- 
 bcas J.'ru noisy evacuations take place Lt.\ 
 ^on-pa-dag sgrd-mams fos the deaf hear 
 sounds; sgra sgrog-pa to produce sounds, 
 noises Mil.\ sgra dag ysal ysum (read) loud, 
 correctly, and distinctly, those three (a 
 precept for reading or reciting); *nyid-ra 
 tdn-ce* W. to snore; *sog-ra* the noise 
 made by a flight of birds passing; min- 
 sgra a mere word, name, or sound Was., 
 as a philosophical term. 2. word, syllable, 
 bddg-sgra 6s., bddg-poi sgra Gram., the 
 name given in grammar to the so-called 
 article pa., e.g. in rtd-pa horseman, rider; 
 dydg-sgra prohibitive or negative particle. 
 
 3. language, science of languages, philo- 
 logy. 
 
 Comp. sgra - skdd (= sgra 1 .) sound, 
 voice, sgra-skdd snydn-pa frq. sgrd-can 
 sounding, sonorous. sgra-ce far-famed, 
 renowned Mil., sgra cer gragspa Stg. id. 
 sgra-snydn \ . a well-sounding, agreeable voice, 
 2. C. a guitar. sgra-brnydn echo Mil. 
 sgrd-ldar sounding, sonorous. syra-dbydns 
 l. pleasing tone, harmony, euphony, e.g. glu 
 dan rol - moi Tar. 2. n. of a goddess 
 6s. sgra - sbyor Zam. , Tar. , Schf. , a 
 coalition or connection of letters. sgra- 
 mi-snydn (a disagreeable voice) n. of a 
 larger and two smaller northern continents 
 of the fabulous geography of ancient India. 
 
 sgra - fsdd (sgra dan fsad - ma) Tar., 
 Schf.: grammar and logic; yet yi-gei sgra- 
 fsdd, sgra-fsad-yi-ge Glr. seem to denote 
 philology. 
 
 j*ra]3<3:* sgra-ycdn, Ssk. ^j? Rahu, 1. a 
 ^ demon or monster of Indian my- 
 thology, esp. known by his being at enmity 
 with the Sun and Moon, on whom he is 
 continually wreaking his vengeance, oc- 
 casionally swallowing them for a time 
 and thereby causing their eclipses. The 
 Buddhist representation of the Riihu- 
 legend is given by Schl. p. 114. 2. Cs.: 
 the ascending node of the moon, determining 
 the time of the obscurations. sgra-fcdn-
 
 120 
 
 sgrdn-ba 
 
 dzin, ^|^Vjf Rdhula 1. 'seized by Rahu' 
 (Fouc. Gyatch. II, LVII), obscured, eclipse 
 of the sun or moon, 2. 'catcher of Rahu,' 
 ace. to the Tibetan legend an epithet given 
 to the deity pyag-rdor, ace. to Indian my- 
 thology, to Yishnu, who in Tibetan is called 
 Kyab- jug (also Jhjab- Q jug-ysod C's.); some- 
 times, however, he is identified with Rahu 
 himself, for the names yza-sgra-ycan, yza- 
 sgra-fcan-dzin, yza-Kyab-jug, yza-rd-hu- 
 la, and even yza-du-ba-^ug-nit (comet!) 
 are used promiscuously. 3. a son and 
 disciple of Shakyamuni, who received this 
 name on account of an eclipse of the 
 moon taking place at his birth, v. Fouc. 
 Gyatch. II, 389. 
 zwr*n* sgrdn-ba, Cs. : pf. bsy raits, fut. bsgraii, 
 
 imp. sgron, 1. to enumerate, to reckon 
 up separately. 2. to upbraid, to reproach. 
 
 sgrdl-ba to cut into small pieces, 
 
 viz. the picture of an enemy whom 
 one wishes to destroy. 
 
 sgrig-pa, pf. bsgrigs, fut. bsgrig, imp. 
 
 sgi*ig(s), W. *rig-ce*, to lay or put 
 in order, to arrange, adjust, pan-Ub boards 
 or planks, so-pug bricks or tiles Glr., kar- 
 yol plates and dishes, = to lay the cloth; 
 ydan stuffed seats or chairs DzL; to put 
 or fit together, to join the separate parts 
 of an animal body Glr.; to put close to- 
 gether, side by side, hence W.: *zin de 
 nyis rig-te yod* these two fields are ad- 
 jacent, *fa dan rig-te yin* it is situated 
 close to the border; to compile, to write 
 books Glr. *rig-mo* W. tight, close, e.g 
 a joint, commissure, seam. 
 
 sgrin-po, Zam.: = mJcds-<pa, prudent, 
 
 Skilful, clever, bio sgrin-pa a pene- 
 trating mind Sch. 
 s^n'^j* syrib-pa 1. vb. pf. bsgribs, fut. bsgrib, 
 
 imp. sgrib(s), W. *rib-ce*, to deprive 
 of light, to darken, to obscure, W. *rib ma 
 rib* get out of my light! nyi-mai ^od-zer 
 bsgribs-nas the light of the sun being ob- 
 scured, by clouds Glr , by a curtain Zam. 
 2. sbst. the state of being darkened, 
 obscuration, gen. fig., mental darkness, sin, 
 also sg-rib; sems-can fams-cdd-lfyi sgrib-pa 
 
 sel-ba frq., hence sgrib-pa-rnam-sel n. of 
 a Boddhisatva; sgrib-pa In a DzL, the 
 five obscurations caused by sin , prob. = 
 TI3fqraTO Bum. II, 360. 3. adj darkened, 
 obscured, dark; sinner, bdag-rdn syrib-pa 
 ce-am am I so great a sinner? Pth. 
 *dib-ma* C., *rib-ma* W. shelter, fence, e.g. 
 at the side of a field against the wind. 
 sgn'm-pa, pf. bsgrims, fut. bsyrim, 
 imp. sgrim(s), C's.: 'to hold fast, to 
 force or twist together; to endeavour'; Sch. 
 also: -to squeeze in, cram in; to be over- 
 hasty, confused'. Only the following phrases 
 came to my notice: *ku*-pa dim-pa* C. to 
 twist or twine a thread; * rig-pa dim* C. 
 take care! (collect your thoughts!); * dim- 
 tog - can* Sp. inquisitive, curious. Some 
 passages in B., e.g. blo-bsyrims (explained 
 by blo- dds Zam.} are as yet dubious as 
 to their sense. 
 
 fyOJ'n" sgril-ba, pf. and fut. bsgril, W. 
 *(s)ril-ce*, (cf. O yril-ba 1. and 
 Jcril-ba), 1. to wind or wrap round e.g. a 
 bit of cloth round one's finger; to roll, 
 wrap, or wind up; ril-bur to roll or form 
 into a pill Med.; to make fast or tight, Ihod- 
 pa what is loose; pyogs ycig-tu sgril-ba to 
 gather into a heap, to heap or pile up, to 
 sweep together; hence synl-bas (also dril- 
 bas Glr.) to sum up all, taking all together, 
 in short Lt.; mjug-ma syril-ba to wag the 
 tail, mi-la at a person (of dogs) Mil. ; to 
 roll, e.g. a large stone to some place. - 
 2. to multiply Wdk., frq. ; bsgril-ma a doubled 
 and twisted thread or cord Sch.; sarll-sin 
 a wooden roll, round which paper etc. is 
 wound; the rolling-pin of bakers. sg-ril- 
 sog, W. *sog-ril*, rolled paper Cs. 
 
 sgrug-pa, pf. bsgruys, fut. bsyrug, 
 imp. sgrug(s), W. *rug-ce(s)*> to 
 collect, gather, pluck, pick up e.g. wood, 
 flowers, vermin etc. 
 
 r/^ty sgrun(s), Ld. *smns*, C. *dum*, 
 fable, legend, tale (to the unculti- 
 vated mind of the Tibetan, destitute of 
 any physical and historical knowledge of 
 the countries and people beyond the boun- 
 daries of his native soil, the difference
 
 sgriih-ba 
 
 between truth and fable is but vague and 
 unsettled); sgrun O cdd-pa to relate fables, 
 stories etc.; snon-rdbs sgrun Zam., siion- 
 gyi sgmn-rgyud Glr., sgrun- ftdm tales of 
 ancient times, of the days of yore; sgrun- 
 mKan Cs., sgrun -pa Sch. the inventor or 
 writer of fables and tales, also a narrator 
 of tales. 
 ayr*n* sgn'r/t-ba., pf. bsgruns, fut. bsgrun, 
 
 1. to mix. 2. to invent, to feign 6s. 
 grr-rr sgrun-pa, pf. and fut. bsgrun 1. to 
 
 compare c. la and dan Dzl. 2. to 
 emulate, vie, contend with 6s. 
 mn-ri* syi'ub-pal.vb.pf. bsgrubs, fui.bsgrub, 
 ^J imp. sgrub(s) (cf. Q grub-pa Ssk. 
 
 ^T\j) 1. to complete, finish, perform, carry 
 out, an order, a wish, hence usually with 
 bzin-du Dzl ; to make, achieve, manufacture, 
 obtain, attain, dnul-rdo-la dnul bsgrub-tu 
 btub-pa Itar sems-can-la Sans-rgyds bsgrul- 
 tu btub-pa yin-no in like manner as silver 
 is obtained from silver-ore, Buddha may 
 proceed from beings Thgy.; don sgrub-pa 
 to attain to one's aim, to obtain a blessing, 
 a boon; fse O dii don sgrub-pa to care for 
 the wants of this life; to procure, rgydgs- 
 pyc flour, as provision for a journey Mil. ; 
 nor sgrub-pa to gain riches ; to furnish with, 
 to supply, one's self or others Mil. 2. 
 lha- sgrub-pa implies, in accordance to 
 Brahmanic- Buddhistic theology, not so 
 much the making a deity propitious to man 
 (6s.), as rendering a god subject to human 
 power, forcing him to perform the will of 
 man. This coercion of a god seems to be 
 effected in a twofold manner. The practise 
 of the common people is to perform a vast 
 amount of prayers and conjurations, spe- 
 cially intended for the god that is to be 
 made subject. Another method is adopted 
 by saints, who are advanced in every kind 
 of religious knowledge. They continue 
 their sgom-pa, or profound meditation, for 
 months and years, until the deity, finally 
 overcome, stands before them visible and 
 tangible, nay, until they have been per- 
 sonally united with and, as it were, in- 
 corporated into the invoked and subjected 
 
 god. Whilst the conatus, the labouring in 
 this arduous undertaking, is often called 
 sgrub-pa, the arriving at the proposed end 
 is designated by O grub-pa, e.g. rgydl-pos 
 rta-mgrin sgrub-pa mdzdd-pas O grub-nas 
 rta-sfcdd btdn-pas etc., the king began to 
 coerce Tadin (Ilayagrlwa), and when the 
 latter was made obsequious, so as to ap- 
 pear, a neighing was heard etc. Glr.; sgom- 
 sgrub byed-pa for sgom-pa dan sgrub-pa 
 byed-pa Mil. bsgrub-kdh, sgrub-ynds, 
 sgmb -pug the house , the place , the 
 cavern, where a saint applies himself to 
 sgrub-pa ; sgrub-pa-po one effectuating the 
 coercion described above, Sambh. frq. 
 sgrub-rtdgs tokens, proofs of perfection, of 
 an accomplished saint. sgrub-fdbs the 
 method of effecting the coercion, of obli- 
 ging a god to make his appearance; sgrub- 
 byed 1. he that accomplishes the coercion 
 (cf. Schl. p. 247). 2. a kind of bile Med. 
 sgrub-fsen the Bon-doctrine Mil. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. one that contemplates and 
 meditates, like syom-cen Mil. 2. n. of 
 a sect of Lamas, with whom marriage is 
 permitted. 
 
 jji.-. sgre-ba I. 6s. adj. naked, gen. sgren- 
 ^J mo. 
 
 II. vb. pf. bsc/res, fut. bsgre (cf. O gre-ba) 
 
 \. to roll Glr., Pth. 2. to multiply Wdk. 
 
 - 3. to repeat 6s. 4. to put or place 
 
 in order, to put together, to compare, e.g. 
 
 records Tar. 174, 14 Schf. 
 
 sgre-zlog a sea-washed beach Sch. 
 
 sgreg-pa 1. vb. pf. sgregs, to belch. 
 - 2. sbst. belch, eructation, sgreg- 
 pa O don-pa, O byin-pq Med. *rul-ddg* C. a 
 belch of a fetid smell. 
 
 sgren-ba, pf. bsgrens, fut. bsgreii, imp. 
 
 sgren(s), cf. ^ren-ba, 1 . to raise, e- 
 rect, lift up, hold up, plant up, e.g. a fin- 
 ger, a beam etc. 2. to stretch out a limb 
 and hold it stiff C. 
 
 sgrcn-mo naked, sgren-moi' Jbi/uit-ba 
 
 to appear in a naked state, to show 
 one's self naked Dzl.', Bhar. 59. Schf. 'or- 
 bus', orphaned (cog. to bkrenf). 
 8*
 
 122 
 
 r 
 
 sgro 
 
 sgrol-ba 
 
 rsgro 1. a large feather, esp. quill-fea- 
 ther, used for an ornament of arrows, 
 as a charm etc. ; sgro-mdoiis peacock's fea- 
 ther, as a badge of dignity. 2. to elevate, 
 exalt, increase; Cs.: to exaggerate. Was. 
 however has p. (305) : 'Vorurtheil (An- 
 erkennung des Nichtwahren) , Gegensatz: 
 skur- Q debs Lasterung (Leugnung des Wah- 
 ren)', and p. (297): i sgro-skur Verneinen 
 und Lasterung'. Cs. renders sgro-skiir by 
 'exaggerated praise and blame'; sgra-skiir 
 O debs-ba occurs also in Mil. The phrase 
 sgro- dogs fcod-pa might therefore be ren- 
 dered: to put an end to overrating and to 
 prejudice ; this meaning, however, does not 
 suit in every instance, and ace. to expres- 
 sions heard from people in C., sgro- dogs 
 f cod-pa would signify : to turn to account, 
 to work one's way up, to contest for a 
 prize. Finally ought to be mentioned that 
 ace. to Schr. sgro- dogs spyod-pa (sic) de- 
 notes 'logic'. A connection between these 
 heterogeneous significations is not discer- 
 nible, but a clew may perhaps be found 
 hereafter. 3. sack, bag (?), fdl-sgro Glr. 
 was explained by: a sack full of ashes. 
 sgro-ga C. the little bubbles in spark- 
 ling beverages, * edit -la do-ga dug* 
 the beer sparkles. 
 
 Irf ^]* S 9 ro ~9 u > v> S 9''9-9 U su b S 9 r 9- 
 
 rq. sgro-ba I. sbst. 1. Wdn., ace. to Sch. 
 the bark of a species of willow, but 
 prob. the same as gro-ga. 2. C. the penis. 
 II. vb., pf. bsgros, fut. bsgro, imp. sgro- 
 L<',*\r. w.e., Cs.: to debate, discuss, so that 
 it would be only another form of bgro-ba; 
 but in C. *(lo-se' )he'-pa* is said to mean : 
 to talk at random, to chatter away thought- 
 lessly. 
 
 S 9 r g(*) cor d> rope, for tying, fet- 
 tering; fetters Mil. and C; Icags- 
 N///VW/ iron fetters, chain; Uags- sgrog lag- 
 pa sbrel-nas the hands tied or chained to- 
 gether ; Icags - sgrog - pa a convict put in 
 irons ; sin - sgrog fetters made of twisted 
 twigs 6s.; lham-sgrog shoe-strap, lace, lat- 
 chet. sgrog - gu, sgro - gu, W. *rog-bu*, 
 
 string, strap, for binding, fastening, strap- 
 ping; Sch. also button; sgrog-ril Sch. but- 
 ton, syrog-ril zgrog-pa to button up. 
 
 sgrog -pa, pf. bsgrags, fut. %///, 
 
 imp. $grags(8), to call, call out, call 
 to Dzl. and elsewh.; to publish, proclaim, 
 promulgate, ytom-snydn good news Mil.; 
 si-bai ytam bsgrdgs-na if his death becomes 
 known, Tar. ; cos sgrog-pa, resp. cos-kyi 
 sgrog -gUh, mdzdd-pa Glr. to preach; dril- 
 sgrog-pa to publish by ringing a bell, to 
 publish, proclaim; sgrog-pa-po a proclaimed, 
 a preacher Cs. 2. to shout, to scream, 
 nu-skad drag-par sgrog (the infant) weeps 
 and screams Lt. 3. C. (in W. only resp.) 
 to read, ysun sgrog -pa to read w r ords of 
 Buddha Ma.\ even: sems-kyis sq rag-pa to 
 read silently. 4. to bind, like Q gr6gs-pa; 
 v. also sgrog extr. 
 SJ^"J" sg rod-pa, another form of O grod-pa 
 
 to go; not much used. 
 ^k*3T S 9 ron - ma a lamp, lantern, torch, 
 
 sgron-me a burning lamp, (prop, a 
 lamp-fire); often fig. sgron-pa vb. to 
 light, to kindle, dpe-ca-la me saron-nas light- 
 ing (burning) the book Pth. sgron-bskdl 
 the enlightened age Cs., opp. to mun-bskdl 
 the dark age. sgron-drcgs lamp-black. 
 sgron-(me-)stn Sch. the yeAv- leaved fir, 
 Pinus picea, which tree, however, is scarcely 
 known in Tibet; in Sik. it denotes Pinus 
 longifolia, and prob. also in every other 
 province, the most resinous species of co- 
 niferous trees prevailing there. 
 H'J* sffron-pa, pf. and fut. bsgron 1. to 
 
 cover, to lay over, adorn, decorate 
 Glr. 2. to light, to kindle, v. sgron-ina. 
 
 Ip" sgrob haughtiness, arrogance, pride, Lew. 
 
 sgrom box, chest trunk, coffer = sgam-, 
 sardm-bu a small box or chest : smyug- 
 *<jr6m Cs. = yzi'b-ma a [chest or trunk made 
 of bamboo; ro-sgrom, rits^ai sgrom Zam. 
 coffin. 
 
 xyrol - ba, pf. and fut. bsgral 1. to 
 rescue, deliver, save, las from, out 
 of, sgrol-ba i dcd-dpon-du O gyur he becomes 
 a guide to salvation Glr. 2. to lead,
 
 sgrol-ma 
 
 transport, carry, to cross (a river) by boat 
 or ferry, cu-bsyrdl Le.r.: ^ftijj passed over; 
 cu-boi pd-rol-tu bsyml-bar mdzod-ciy have 
 the goodness to take me over to the other 
 bank Sambh.; ^or-ba bsyrdl-bai ym-yzins 
 yin Glr. it is a boat that carries over the 
 river of transmigration. 3. to remove, do 
 away with, drive away, O dre - rnaim pyii 
 ryyd-mfso ccn-po-la bsyrdl Glr. the demons 
 were driven to the uttermost parts of the 
 sea; bdud syrol-ba to expel the devil; sdiy- 
 can ryydl-po syrol-bar Q yyur the guilty king 
 will be removed out of the way! Git'.- 
 dyra-byeys bsyml-bai sa Kray 'rus-pa daii 
 naii-rol ylo snyitl beds -pa mcod-par Jbul 
 the ilesh, blood, bones, heart, lungs and 
 entrails of slaughtered enemies of the faith 
 are offered by us as a sacrifice. This say- 
 ing, the tendency of which is often justified 
 by the sophism, that it is an act of mercy 
 to kill an enemy of the faith and thus 
 prevent him from accumulating more sin, 
 shows that even 'mild Buddhism' is not 
 incapable of bloody fanaticism, and instan- 
 ces like that of king Lau-dar-ma of old, 
 and of the recent martyrdom of Horn an 
 Catholic Christians at Bonga confirm this 
 fact from experience. 
 
 HQTST syrol-ma, sometimes also syrol-yum 
 Cs., W. *r6l-<ma*, 1. n. of two god- 
 desses, Ssk. fHTT? k nown in the history of 
 Tibet as the white and green Tara, incar- 
 nated in the two wives of Srongtsangampo, 
 ScJil. 66 and 84; Kopp. II., 65. 2. a 
 name of females, of frequent occurrence. 
 
 syros 1. Cs. manner, method, way, bmd- 
 syros way of explaining, instructing, 
 informing: sgroys bsdd-sgros Sch.: 'the me- 
 thod of instruction which is to be proclaim- 
 ed' (?) ; ytdm - syros Cs. : 'way or manner 
 of speaking' (?). 2. Cs. edge, brim, lip; 
 Sch. also mark from a wound, scar; zdl-yyi 
 mcu-syros seems to signify only 'lip'. 
 CTAr-^r brgdd-pa = bydd-pa to smile, to 
 
 smile on Stg. 
 ' bryal 1. v. rydl-ba, '2. v. ryul-bu. 
 
 
 a Sch. 'das Gegenseitige', 
 
 mutual relation, contrast, contrary? 
 hyya (fdm-pa) a hundred, one 
 hundred; %//</-/ Vm/ the hun- 
 dred, a century; bryya-prdy bcu 1000; 
 briitfu-pa the hundredth; brgyd~po con- 
 sisting of one hundred (cf. under dgu}', 
 bryya dun bcu-bzi 114; bryya-nyi-su 120; 
 bzi-bryya (dan) go-bryydd 498; brg-yd-rtmt 
 v. rtsa; bryyd-la (Cs.: bryya-ma-lan-yciy, 
 or brgyd-lam-na'*} once among a hundred 
 (cases or times) i.e. very rarely, e.g. (dus) 
 brgyd-la brnyed kyaii though it be found 
 for once at last Mil. frq., cf. ScJif. Erlaut. 
 ZVL Dzangl. p. 45; also = finally, in short, 
 the Latin denique, Mil.nt.; brgyd-can er- 
 ron. for rgyd-can. brgya-mcod a heca- 
 tomb of 100 lamps, offered on certain fes- 
 tival occasions Sik. -7 bryyd- daus about 
 or nearly a hundred Sch. bryyd-dpon 
 a captain of a hundred men, the Latin 
 centurio. bryya-byin (T3ffit) '(honour- 
 ed by) a hundred sacrifices', epithet of 
 Indra, cf. txaTnupaios') 1. Indra. 2. n. of 
 a medicine Wd//. 
 
 qji- brgyat 1 . in smrd-bai bryya Sch. : noisy 
 v conversation; Lexx. simply -^HIM 
 speech, conversation (with the remark that 
 the word is obs. and prov.). 2. often 
 erron for ryya. 
 -., bryyd/i-ba 1. v. ryyon-ba 2. to call 
 
 to a person from a distance, C. 
 nM?" bryyad eight; bryydd-pa the eighth, 
 v 1 bryyad-po consisting of eight, brgydd- 
 cu eighty, bryyad-cu-rtsa-yciy ( W. *yyad- 
 cu-gya-ciy*}, yya-fciy 81; brgyad-brgyd 
 800; bryyad-stoii 8000; brgyad-K-ri 80 000. 
 brgyad-(b)kdy a reproach, re- 
 buke, bryyad-kdg byed-pa to 
 rebuke, to chide Dzl. 
 
 hyydnrpa, vb. to adorn, decorate ; 
 
 to provide with (c. instrum.), cf. 
 ryyan sbst. ; nya myo sd-yin A/y///u//-y>, the 
 letter nya (?>) being provided with an s 
 
 above it, sny. ., Zam. 
 
 bryyal-ba 1. to sink down sense- 
 less, to faint; *bniyiil-ti' ili'nl-c,-*
 
 124 
 
 brgyuns-pa 
 
 W. to lie in winter-sleep; ^o-bryydl-te very 
 much exhausted, v. ^o. 2. to howl, of 
 the fox. Sch. 
 
 nffirsj'H* brgyit its-pa Lea'.', Cs.: 'the mar- 
 ^ row in the back-bone'. 
 
 mily (gens), lineage; relations, ances- 
 tors, descendants, offspring, mi-bryyud \. 
 = brgyud, dei mi-brgyud yin-pa being of his 
 family Glr. 2. people, nation, bod-kyi mi- 
 brgyud the Tibetan nation. 3. the human 
 race, mankind 6s.; rigs-brgyitd, resp./c?w/5- 
 brgyitd family; issue, progeny, rigs-brgyud 
 ^pel-bar O gyur there will be a numerous 
 offspring; bla-rgyud succession or descent 
 of Lam#s Cs. *mig nd-ce gyud-la yod* 
 W. diseases of the eye frequently occur 
 in that family; *de-ne gyud mi cad yin* 
 W. then the race will not die out; *spel- 
 gyud-la bor-ce* W. to set apart cattle for 
 breeding; brgyud-nas brgyud-du from ge- 
 neration to generation Cs. ; bu fsa brgyud- 
 du bdeo he is blessed even to his children 
 and children's children Dzl. 
 
 Comp. brgyud-brgyugs a continuous suc- 
 cession Sch. brgyud-can like his pro- 
 genitors Cs. brgyud-pa 1. belonging to 
 a race or family. 2. v. rgyud and rgyud- 
 pa. brgyud - med degenerate Cs. , cf . 
 brgyud-can. brgyud-ma 1. Cs. = brgyud- 
 can. 2. W. fruitful, fertile. 3. brgyud-ma- 
 
 brgyab Lex. w r .e. bryyud- Q dzin a first- 
 born male, heir and successor. 
 q-rr' brgrad is acknowledged by Lexx., 
 -J ' but evidently an incorrect form for 
 byrad. 
 
 qjy - bsg . . . words beginning thus will 
 for the greater part be found under 
 sg . . . 
 
 bsgdg-pa v. ^gegs-pa and sgog-pa. 
 
 bsgait (Lexx. = diios-yzi, T[5f?) point 
 of time, moment, instant, conjuncture, 
 lo-ysar-bsgdn-gi lUdgs-ma a chilling gale 
 on newyear's day Mil. ; esp. the proper time 
 or season for doing a thing, byd-bai bsgan; 
 O bri-bai, zd-bai bsyan the time for writing, 
 eating. (A different word from sgaii). 
 
 norn* bsgo-ba 1. v. sgo-ba. 2. pf. 
 
 vb. a. to o^o-ba, to soil, stain, defile, 
 
 lit. and fig., *kyon-gliyi ma g<l* C. he was 
 not tainted with any spot or blemish, 
 nothing could be laid to his charge; to 
 infect with disease; rarely in a good sense: 
 dri sna-f soys -Kyis legs -par bsgos-pa Stg. 
 well anointed with salves and perfumes. 
 qj^r-q- bsgrdn-ba 1. to enumerate, count 
 up (?) Cs. 2. to cause to grow 
 cold Le.v.c. 
 
 * bsgrdd-pa Lexx. = bgrdd-pa. 
 
 r- na 1. the letter /}, sounded as a nasal 
 guttural, the English ng in singing, in 
 the Tibetan language often the initial let- 
 ter of a word. 2. as numerical figure: 
 4. 3. as numeral adjective = Ind-bcu, 
 in the numbers 51 59. 
 P. iia, pers. pron., first person sing, and 
 pi. I, we, the usual word in familiar 
 
 speech; nai my, our; mine, ours; na mi 
 rgan old man that I am Mil.; na rgydl- 
 po sron-btsan-syam-po dan w T ith me, king 
 Srongtsangampo Glr.; bld-ma na I, the 
 Lama Mil.; de mi rgan nai Kd-la m/on 
 listen to my word as that of an old man 
 Mil.; nai O di this my (doing) Glr. ; iiai 
 rje-btsun my honoured masters! Mil. ; nai
 
 na-rgydl 
 
 125 
 
 * nan 
 
 yid-^oh my dearest! TV*.; na-rdn I my 
 self, esp. col. very frq.; */< rdii-ka* Ts., 
 */; &o<7* J7, /m nyid, ita ko-na, wa fc/a<? (?), 
 'ii<i-l>o (??) 6s. id.; ha rdit-<ii yah moreover, 
 what concerns my own affairs Mil. Distinct 
 expressions for the pi. we are: nd-cag B. 
 and 6'.; *-/ia-*a* W., *hd-ya* lied.; in W. 
 *tid-za* seems to be used in an exclusive 
 sense: I and my people, i.e. excluding you 
 or the person or persons addressed, so that 
 when Europeans use it in Ld. or Lh., in 
 addressing their hearers, meaning to include 
 themselves (all of us, we and you), they are 
 generally misunderstood ; *na dan* 'he or 
 those with me', is said to be used in a si- 
 milar manner; *tia dan nyis* both of us; 
 ita-rnams we Cs. Synonyms are: tied, tios, 
 bdag, *Ko-bo* ; and ha//, tio, dho, dtios, nogs 
 may prob. bederived from the same root. 
 '*OT na-rgydl ('I the first') pride, arro- 
 ** gance, frq.; na-rgydl skyed-pa to be 
 proud DzL; ycog-pa to break (another's 
 pride), to humble, humiliate Mil.; iia-rgydl- 
 <-<m proud; W. also naughty, of children. 
 /ta ~ /nt> ' a species of duck, v. tiur-ba; 
 peril. Anas casarca. 
 nd-ba, rarely for nan-pa; dri tid-ba 
 stench Stc/.; cf. nydm-na-ba, yd-na-ba. 
 rv^* nd-ra (cf. nod) air, ha gdhs-kyi tid- 
 /v/.s mi jigs I am not afraid of the 
 air of glaciers Mil.; *hd-ra ddn-mo rag, 
 }dm-po rag* W. I perceive the air to be 
 cold, to be mild; esp. cold air, tid-ra-can 
 fresh, cold. 
 
 nd-ro a loud voice, a cry, kye-hM-kyi 
 iid-ro Jbod-pa to raise woeful cries 
 Pth.; skdd-kyi nd-ro cen-pos bsgrdgs-so they 
 proclaimed, shouting at the top of their 
 voices Pth. ; sen-gei nd-ro the loud voice, 
 the roaring, of a lion Mil.; ydug-pai nd- 
 ro prob. voices foreboding mischief Mil.; 
 the roar, roaring, rushing, of waves etc.; 
 nd-ro sgrog-pa to roar, to rage; in a rela- 
 tive sense: skdd-kyi nd-ro drag-zdn A loud 
 and a low sound, the different force or 
 effort required in producing it Gram. ; itd- 
 ro-ntn loud, noisy, roaring ; a crier, bawler, 
 noisy fellow. 
 
 ^rn- nag, sometimes ditags, resp. 
 
 speech, talk, word, tidy-gi nyes-pa sins 
 committed with the tongue, in words, (rdzun, 
 prd-*ma, fsig-rtsiib, prob. also kydl-ka}; />/></- 
 gi l/id-mo the goddess of speech, of elo- 
 quence, Saras vati; iidg-gi dbun-pyug = 
 )am-dbyd/iS Manjusri; Stag Jdrn-po kind, 
 polite speech or words; nag - ) dm ,s////v/- 
 mKds of a soft tone in speaking and pru- 
 dent in words Git:; smc'in-pai nagbzin-du 
 byed-pa to obey the words of the physi- 
 cian; nag sdom-pa, nag bead -pa silence, 
 as a monastic duty or religious exercise, 
 resp. fsun-bcdd Mil. ; fzan-gyi nag y cog-pas 
 not doing according to another's word, not 
 obeying him Tar., frq.; nag mnydn-pa to 
 be obedient Dzl. 
 
 Comp. iiag-kydl, or -Jtyal = kydl-ka. 
 nag-^gros, smrd-bai nag-gros 'a manner of 
 speaking or uttering words' 6s. - imij- 
 rgyun tradition, not recorded history, 6s. 
 nag-snydn, snyan-ndg, snyan-diidgs 1. 
 poetical expression, figure, metaphor. 2. poem, 
 piece of poetry Glr. nag-dbdit 1. elo- 
 quent. 2. p. n., e.g. nag-dbdn blo-bzdn 
 rgyd-mfso Dalai Lama, born 1615. nag- 
 sbyor arrangement of speech 6s. iiag- 
 fsig = nag. nag-lam zu-ba to apply to 
 a person by word of mouth, resp. 
 rr- nan (not in the earlier literature) 1. the 
 nature, essentiality, idiocrasy of a per- 
 son, the peculiarity of a thing, saiis-rgyds- 
 kyi nan yin he is (partaking) of the na- 
 ture of Buddha, Buddha-like (correspon- 
 ding to our 'divine', which consequently 
 might be expressed by dkon-mcog-gi /t/t) 
 Mil.; stoit-pai nan-nyid the essentiality 
 of the vacuum itself Glr.; frq. used only 
 paraphrastically or pleonastically : tiii-in'- 
 dzin-gyi ndn-la zugs-pa to enter into me- 
 ditation Mil.; fugs-mnyi's bzin-pai iu'iit-lti 
 in a cheerful mood Mil.: l : <t<jx-ied- kyi 
 in'n'i - Id rttds - [HIT </yix continue in that 
 passionless state of mind Tlujr.; ^/igs-sknig- 
 (//' in'n't-itdx, ci-ba to die of fear or anxiety; 
 iidii-nas in general is used nearly like sgd- 
 nas Mil. frq.; character, disposition, /)<///- 
 
 niit-ii-dn &c/t.; iiaii - fsul, and e-j>.
 
 126 
 
 pa 
 
 nan-rgyiid id., nah-rgyud bzdii-po Wdh^ 
 dge-ba Glr., a naturally good, virtuous cha- 
 racter; very frq. : nan-rgyiid riii-ba for- 
 bearing, longsuffering, not easily put into 
 a passion Glr. ; not easily excited to action, 
 phlegmatic, cool, also *nan rin-ica* 6'.; 
 even nan alone may have this meaning: 
 nan ma fun don't lose your patience Mil. 
 nt.\ ndn-gis adv. not only signifies spon- 
 taneously, of one's own accord, but also 
 slowly, gradually, gently Mil. (so already 
 Schr.) 2. dominion, sphere, province, pa- 
 rallel to kloh and dbyiiis Mil. ; *na ma-si- 
 kai nan-la dug* I belong to the kingdom 
 of Christ, said one of our Christians, in 
 order to show the meaning of *nan*. Hence 
 it might be used for expressing the iv of 
 the N. T. (I John 5, 6 and many other 
 passages) denoting a pertaining to, belong- 
 ing to , being connected with, nan - la 
 cjog-pa (bzdg-pd) Mil. and C. is an ex- 
 pression not explained as yet. 
 rr*ri* ndn -pa 1. goose, more accurately 
 nan-pa a gander, ridn-ma a goose 
 Cs. The domestic goose and the breeding 
 of it is not yet known in Tibet, at least 
 aot in W. 2. a light-bay horse, an isabel- 
 coloured horse Ld.-Glr. 
 pr w nod 1. cog. to nd-ra, air, *iidd-la 
 ' skdm-ce* W. to dry in the air; in a 
 general sense the air in its chemical qua- 
 lities, in its influence on the senses : scent, 
 fragrance, spos-kyi nod lddh-ba the rising 
 of an aromatic breeze; nod yal the fra- 
 Igrancy, the aroma evaporates; vapour, Kd- 
 nadj cu-nad snowy vapour, aqueous va- 
 pour; aromati csubstance, sno-nad aromatic 
 vegetables, such as onions Med.; cold air, 
 ihe cold, coldness, v. nad-can. 2. W. 
 (cf. ndr-ba, ndr-ma) severity, roughness, 
 *ne nod jigs dug* he fears I might address 
 him harshly; ndd-can 1. fragrant, fresh, 
 cool, W. cold. 2. W. rough, impetuous, 
 j-*. nan 1. evil, mischief, misfortune, nan 
 ^ cen-po byas it has done great mischief 
 Glr. ; esp. harm done by sorcery and witch- 
 craft Mil.; nan-dgu every possible evil Lt. 
 - 2. curse, imprecation, nan O debs-pa, W. 
 
 *tdb-ce*, to curse, to execrate; mtu nan 
 O debs-pa to curse by means of witchcraft. 
 Cf. mnan. 
 
 ndn-pa, col. also */tdn-po*, bad, of 
 food etc. ; mean, miserable Dzl. poor, 
 humble, low, (prop, rigs-nail), nan-Ion poor 
 and blind (people) Glr. ; lo nan-pa a year 
 yielding no crops, an unfruitful or bad 
 year; of men, actions etc.: wicked, nan-pa 
 ttyod ynyis ye two villains! Gli\; noisome. 
 pernicious, ysol-ndn pernicious food, i.e. 
 poison, resp., Glr.; . . . la ndn-du r)6d-pa 
 to revile, blaspheme; mi-la mig nan ltd-ba 
 to look with an evil or envious eye upon 
 a person Glr.; rdn-rnams spyod nan byds- 
 nas dus nan zer acting badly themselves 
 they speak of bad times Ma. nan- yro, 
 nun-son v. O gro-ba I. extr. nan-non Cs. 
 mean, pitiful, very bad. nan-non tsdm- 
 gyis cog ses-pa prob.: to be satisfied with 
 any thing, and be it ever so poor. nan- 
 ne-ba bad. *nan-pe* W. meal of parch- 
 ed barley, roasted meal. nan -so 'bad 
 place', hell; cf. ndn-^ro under O gro-ba I. 
 extr. 
 
 -..,-. ndn-bu 6'., we, eleg., = bdag., when 
 * speaking humbly of one's self. 
 
 nam-grog, Cs. 'torrent', Sch. 'ditch 
 filled with water, water-ditch ; the 
 bank of a river growTi high and steep by 
 having been gradually washed out by the 
 current' ; (only this latter sense of the word 
 was authenticated to me). In Glr. Tibet 
 is poetically called 'nam- grog - ce' , which 
 is a very appropriate name when render- 
 ed: having large and deep erosions. 
 _._ __. /(dm dur-i-an given to gluttony 
 NS ' and drinking Stg. 
 
 * nani-ru n. of a disease Me<l. 
 
 reluctantly. 
 
 nu r 1. fore- or front-side, forepart, nar- 
 ydon id.; esp. of the leg, the shin-bone, 
 also knuckle ni f. ; lag-iidY, rkan-itdr fore- 
 arm, lower part of the leg; rje-nar seems 
 to be an appellation for both, (in W. *nyar* 
 instead of it). 2 v. iidr - ba 1. -
 
 nar-skdd 
 
 127 
 
 ned 
 
 3. terrain, of ha, 'to one's self, na>'- dzin = 
 bdag- dzin, selfishness, self-interest. Mil. 
 4. /tar O d6n-pa to set on or against, 
 to instigate, nyams-kyi nar O don-pa irrita- 
 tions of the mind, excitements Mil. ; nyam- 
 i/t'ir JAW. id. (?) 5. v. har-itdr-po. 
 
 nar-skdd the roaring, of lions etc., 
 O don-pa, sgrog-pa Mil. ; W. *tdh-ce* 
 also to call to, to shout at. 
 
 ^ nar-hdr-po hoarse, husky, wheez- 
 ing, e.g. in old age Thgy.; har- 
 itr Q Kun-sgra a hoarse groaning Pth. har- 
 gliid hoarseness and phlegm Med.; gre- 
 ba har-ba a hoarse throat Med. 
 
 ndt'-can \. ndr-ba. 
 
 nar-sndbs mucus, snivel, (affords 
 food to certain demons). 
 
 'SJ" hdr-pa stalk of plants Med. 
 
 nar ~P W. strong, ferocious, of the 
 
 tiger etc. 
 
 ndr-ba 1. strength, force; hardness, 
 
 of steel; cold, frost, cold wind Mil. 
 (cf. nd-ra, nad); nar ytoh-ba, W. *tdn-ce, 
 cug-ce*, Sch. also Idud-pa, to steel, to tem- 
 per. ndr-can 1. strong, vigorous 2. tem- 
 pered ; ndr-ldan id. ; sems ndr-ldan a strong 
 mind Mil.; nar-med weak, soft. 2. (v. 
 nar 1.) a sort of flap (of breeches). 
 
 ndrma 1. irritable, passionate, impe- 
 tuous Sch. 2. strong, powerful, e.g. 
 a powerful protection, Mil. 
 
 ndl-baio be fatigued, tired, wearied; 
 fatigue, weariness, resp. sku ndl-ba, 
 or fugs ndl-ba, also ninyel-ba; nal son I 
 am tired; spobs-pa nal the strength de- 
 creases Med.; ndl-cad-pa, ndl-dub-pa in- 
 tensive forms of nal; nal ojug-pa vb. a. 
 to tire, fatigue, weary; nal yso-ba 'to cure 
 weariness', to rest, frq. ; nal-stegs a rest, 
 a sort of crutch or fork, which coolies so- 
 metimes carry with them, to support their 
 load, whilst taking a momentary rest in 
 standing; also any bench or seat inviting 
 to repose. To provide such conveniences 
 for wayfaring men is considered a meri- 
 torious act. 
 
 r-^r has 1. instr. of ha. 2. mi-im* 
 Tar. 37, 16. is undoubtedly a typo- 
 graphical error, instead of mi -nad. Schf. 
 has left it without an annotation. 
 
 " id num. fig.: 34. 
 
 " nu num. fig. : 64. 
 
 tiu-ba, pf. hus, resp. yum -pa, 1. to 
 >o weep, 2. W. also to roar, used of 
 swelling rivers, not of the wind; Schr.: 
 'to groan like a turtle-dove'; *hu ma nu* 
 W. do not weep! hus-pai mci-ma tears 
 that have been shed Dzl; ga-cdd hits-pa, 
 weeping without a cause, hysterical weep- 
 ing Med. ; hu-ru jug-pa to} cause to weep 
 Lt. ; *hu-ma-god* W. weeping and laughing 
 at the same time; ses hus-so thus he said 
 weeping Glr. ; *nu dho-wa* (lit. gro-ba) C. 
 to be sorrowful, sad. nu^-ba^-po Cs., 
 nu-mtean col. one weeping, a weeper. 
 nu-sur-can Sch., nu-mKan col. a child that 
 is continually crying. hu- bod, hu-rdzi, 
 W. *nu-zt*, sbst. a crying, howling, lamen- 
 ting. 
 
 C.^* hu-ru W. for hur-ba 1. 
 
 nug-pa Ts. = nur-ba 2, to grunt; to 
 snore; to pur (of cats). 
 
 nud-mo a SOb 6s., Schr. 
 
 nur-ba 1. sbst. duck, esp. the red 
 NO wild duck, ^sfi^f^j Anas casarca; 
 iiur-ka as red as fire, fiery red; nur-smrig* 
 yellowish red, saffron colour, the original 
 colour of the monks' habit, though not the 
 common high-red of the Brug-pa monks 
 in Sik. and in W. 2. vb. to grunt, of 
 pigs and yaks. 
 
 C^J" hus v. itu-ba. 
 
 CT ne num. fig.: 94. 
 
 p^- ned pers. person, first person, eleg. 
 ' for ha, I, we; hM-kyi my, our: /// 
 ynyis(-ka) w r e two; ned }sum(-po') we three; 
 ned spun ysum we three brothers Gli:: /'</- 
 kyi bu - ddd mdzod have the goodness to 
 become our foster-son Mil; sometimes na
 
 128 
 
 ncu-cay 
 
 and -tied are used promiscuously in the same- 
 sentence, so: nas I, and directly after: iied- 
 kyi our Mil. The plural number is specially 
 indicated in: ned-cay, ned-fso, ried-rnams, 
 ried-day Mil. ; ned-cay-rnams 6s. ned-rdit 
 1. I myself, we ourselves. 2. I, we Glr.; 
 -ned-nyid, ned-K6-na Cs. id. (Ld. *nad*). 
 Pn-^n- ncu-cag Dzl. 4V^ H. 15. is prob. 
 ' an incor. reading in Sch.'s edition, 
 instead of ^u-bu-cay. 
 
 nes-pa 1. adj. certain, true, sure, firm, 
 bddy-la nes-pa ziy stsdl-du ysol I 
 ask you to communicate to me something 
 certain, i.e. authentic news; nes-par byed- 
 pa to fix, settle, establish, ascertain, e.g. 
 facts of chronology, v. Wdk. chronological 
 table in Cs.'s Grammar; to ratify Schr.; 
 O ci-bar nes-pa yin ornes-so death is certain; 
 de bden-par nes-sam is it certain that this 
 is true? Glr.; mi btub-tu nes-na as it is 
 certain that I am not able (to do it) Dzl. ; 
 nam Jcijer nes-pa med it is not certain at 
 what time they will be carried off Glr. ; 
 bday Kyod-kyi bu yin nes-na if I am actually, 
 for certain, your son Pth.; pan nes-pai cos 
 that religion which is sure to lead to sal- 
 vation Mil. ; nes-pai don-las yol he is missing 
 the true sense Pth.', ma-nes-pa untrue Tar. 
 109, 17; ynds-la nes-pa med-pa yin as to 
 abode I am changeable, 1 have no fixed 
 abode Mil.; also nes -med alone: homeless 
 Mil.; undefined, nes-med-kyi ri-la some- 
 ^vhere on the mountains Mil.; sometimes 
 it is but a rhetorical turn, like the Eng- 
 lish evidently, obviously, bu-la bkra- mi- 
 sis nes-kyis, as our son has evidently met 
 with an accident Dzl. ; bud-med yin-du nes- 
 so they are evidently women, they do not 
 deserve to be called men Dzl.; also sbst. 
 certainty, surety, truth; fse-la, ndy-la, 
 lus-la nes-pa med (man's) life-time, word, 
 body have no certainty, are transient Glr. 
 Hence nes-pa-can real, actual, nes-pa-can- 
 du really, truly, in fact, in reality, opp. 
 to deceitful appearances, false opinions, 
 wrong calculations etc. Glr.; t'ies-pa-nyid- 
 du adv. 1. in reality Glr. 2. truly, in truth, 
 verily Glr.; nes-par adv. 1. really, certainly, 
 
 to be sure, frq. ; sdiy-pa byds-na rnam-par- 
 smm-pa nes-par myoti-ste as retribution 
 for a sin committed is sure to take place, 
 will certainly follow Dzl.; de-dra-ba ziy 
 nes - par yod - na if such a one is really 
 present Zte/.; nes-par ci-ba the certain dying, 
 the certainty of death TJtyy. ; bday nes-par 
 byao I will surely do it Dzl. 2. by all 
 means, to add force to the imperative mood 
 Tar. 16,11. 2. often it is used sub- 
 jectively, esp. in 6'., when sems-la is to 
 be supplied, so that it may be rendered 
 by to know: bden-par nes, rdzun-par iies 
 I know (I am certain) that it is true, un- 
 true; nes-pa cer med I am not quite sure, 
 I do not know for certain, I do not fully 
 understand, I do not clearly see through 
 it Mil. ; sems-can O di bddy-yi pa-md yin nes- 
 na, if we take it for granted, if we try 
 to realize the fact, that this being is our 
 father or mother Thyy.; to remember, to 
 bear in mind *sem-la ne fub-bam* C. shall 
 you be able to remember that? nes-don, 
 also ydn-day-don, is said to mean immediate 
 knowledge of the truth, which may be ob- 
 tained mystically by continued contem- 
 plation, and is opp. to drdn-don, know- 
 ledge obtainable through the medium of 
 the sacred writings Mil. , also Lexx. ; nes 
 (-par) O byun-(ba) Mil. frq., Schr.: 'deli- 
 verance from the round of transmigration', 
 Sch.: 'to appear, to prove true'; another 
 explanation still: 'knowledge of one's self 
 is not borne out by etymology. ries- 
 bzun ace. to Lexx. a synonym of brndn- 
 pa, q. v. nes -(par) leys (-pa) TJiyy., 
 'that which evidently is the best', is said 
 to denote deliverance from the round of 
 transmigration. 
 
 K" no num. fig : 124. 
 
 p^ no 1. resp. zal-no (cf. no-bo, nor, nos) 
 face, countenance, air, look, as the ex- 
 pression of a man's personality and mind 
 (no mdzes-paCs., and nan -pa Schr. are 
 dubious), bddy-yi no-la yziys-nas when she 
 (my mother) shall see my face, nod kdr-po 
 a cheerful face; no nay-par O duy-pa to sit
 
 129 
 
 with a sad and gloomy face Glr.\ /to nag- 
 par O gyur-ba to grow sorrowful, to turn 
 pale with fright, pain etc. ; ho bab courage 
 fails(me); no srun-ba frq. 'to watch the 
 countenance', to pay much or even too 
 much regard to other people's opinions; 
 no dzin-pa Mil. seems to signify the same, 
 and no cogs-pa the contrary : not to comply 
 with a person's wishes Mil.\ no sprod-pa 
 to lay open the features, to show the nature 
 of a thing, to explain; no O prod-pa to 
 understand, to learn, in later literature frq.; 
 no ses-pa to know ccap: na no kyod-kyis 
 ma ses-na if thou dost not know me Mil. ; 
 with terruin. inf.: to know (that something 
 happens); to find out, e.g. by calculation; 
 to perceive; no mi ses-pa 1. not to know 
 2. unacquaintance, ignorance 3. unknown: 
 no-mi -ses-pa -la Iddh-ba to rise before a 
 stranger; no-mi-ses-pai yul an unknown 
 country Thgy. ; no ltd - ba Glr. is said to 
 signify: to submit (vb. n.); *no len-ce* W. 
 to beg pardon, cf. nos bldn-ba; no Idog- 
 pa or log-pa to turn away, always fig. = 
 to desert, Jcor-bai yul no log-na if you 
 will desert, get rid of, the land of trans- 
 migration; more frq.: no -log byed-pa to 
 revolt, rebel, rtsom-pa to bring about a 
 revolt, no-log-mKan mutineer, agitator, no- 
 log-can seditious, faithless, no zlog-pa ccg. 
 to oppose, resist, not comply with a person's 
 wish Dzl 2. Side, like nos, esp. W.: *'a 
 n<'>-la son* he has gone to that side, in 
 that direction; *sdm-pa 'a no '' no-a son* 
 he is absent, inattentive. 3. self, the 
 thing itself, cf. no-bo and nos; v. Jdl-ba; 
 also sbst. the self, the I, no-fsdb the re- 
 presentative of the I; cf. also no-cen. 
 4. likelihood, prospect of, c. genit. inf. or 
 root, Kyer-bai no a probability of its being 
 taken away; bu cig Jbyun no ce a great 
 chance of (getting) a son. 5. (also 
 nos) a. the waxing and waning moon, with 
 regard to shape; one half of the lunar 
 month with regard to time, yar - no the 
 former, mar -no the latter half; yar - ho 
 zla liar like the crescent moon. b. in a 
 special sense the increasing moon, or the 
 
 first half of the month; thus vulgo; so 
 also in B.: zld-ba dgu no bcu Ion -pa-no, 
 Glr. } no bcu-nas, zld-ba ho bcu-na Pth. in 
 the first half of the tenth month (to denote 
 the duration of pregnancy). 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ho dkar v. above 1. 
 
 - no-lkog prop, adj.: public and private, 
 open and secret, but it is generally used 
 as a synonym of zol or rdzun, fraud, im- 
 posture, deceit, eye-service. It may be ex- 
 plained by its contrary: no-med Ikog-med 
 acting in the same manner in public as 
 in private life, the open and the secret 
 conduct being alike Mil. (cf. nos). no- 
 can natural (?) Cs. no-cen ('the greater 
 self), a man of influence interceding for 
 another person, an intercessor; ho-cen byt'd- 
 pa to intercede Glr. ; mi-la no-cen O col-ba 
 to use a person as negotiator, to make 
 inquiries through him Glr. (Sch. incorr.) 
 no-rtog W. l. (like nes-pa of J5.) certain, 
 e.g. * no-tog se-ce* to know for certain. 2. 
 (like dnos, yan-dag-pd) real, actual; true, 
 genuine, * O 'lul yin-na no -tog yin* is it 
 counterfeit or genuine? illusion or reality? 
 
 * no-tog sad- If an* the actual murderer, he 
 who really occasioned the death. - *no- 
 stod-Kan W. he who praises another to his 
 face, a flatterer. no-ndg \. above 1. - 
 no-bo-nyid, entity, no-bo-nyid-med-pa 
 non-entity Tar. 90,2.; essence, nature, sub- 
 stance, e.g. sems-kyi Mil. ; character Was. 
 (278.294); marrow, main substance, quint- 
 essence (=snyih-po} Glr. and elsewh.; 
 rdn-gi no-bos in itself, according to its in- 
 trinsic nature JIM.; also col. *ho-bo Ko- 
 ran* C. the thing itself, opp. to a surrogate ; 
 no-bo ycig rtogs-pa jnyis Was. : 'one quality, 
 two (different) ideas' (Schl. has ldog-pa 
 instead of rtdg-pa). ho- bdb-pa adj. dis- 
 couraged, timorous, bashful W. no -ma 
 ace. to Cs. ho. h6-ma-yyog C. : master 
 and servant. no-mu/ W. boldness; *ho- 
 mig-can*, or *cen-po* bold, daring, cou- 
 rageous; *ho-mig cuh-se* shy, timid, faint- 
 hearted W. no-fsa ('heat of the face') 
 1. the act of blushing, shame, ho-fsai ynas 
 shameful things Sch., Schr.; ho-tsa-can, 
 
 9
 
 130 
 
 nogs 
 
 no-fsa-ses-pa shamefaced, chaste, ashamed; 
 no-fsa-med-pa, mi-ses-pa shameless, bare- 
 faced, impudent; *na no-fsa rag* I am 
 ashamed, *Ko no-fsa dug, no-fsa-can dug* 
 W. he is ashamed; no-fsa byed-pa to be 
 ashamed. 2. a shameful thing, Kyod no-mi- 
 fsa-la no-fsar byed you are ashamed where 
 there is no occasion for it Mil.; no-fsa-ba 
 to be indecent, indecorous, unbecoming, 
 yul-du log-na no-fsa- la as it would be a 
 shame if we returned (r/r. ; ycer-bur O gro- 
 ba no-fsa zin as it would be indecorous 
 to go naked Ptk. no-mfsdr-ba v. mfsdr- 
 ba. no-ru, nor 1. into the face Sch., e.g. 
 skud-pa to smear; rtsub-pa to say rude 
 things to another's face Thgy.; iio-rdit-du 
 id. 2. in the face of, before the eyes, fzdn- 
 gyi of others. 3. by reason of, in conse- 
 quence of, des bskul-bai nor in consequence 
 of a summons, of a request of him Glr. 
 and elsewh. no-ses an acquaintance, a 
 friend (the usual word in W.). no -so 
 joy, no-so ce-bar ^oh you will have great 
 joy, you will be delighted, highly satis- 
 fied; sbyin-pa no-so byed-pa to make pre- 
 sents to another to his full satisfaction Mil., 
 also Tar. 211, 2. iio-sruns regard to the 
 opinion of others, an aiming at applause 
 Mil 
 
 nod 8 ! mountain-side, slope (cf. nos); 
 
 river-side, bank, shore, rgyd-mfsoi 
 Dzl. 2. ford, cu-nogs id. C. 
 
 n6m-pa, pf. noms, 1. to satisfy one's 
 
 desire by drinking, Krdg-gis, also 
 Krdg-las Dzl.; ma noms I am still thirsty; 
 nom-par, also noms-fsdd, O fun-ba to drink 
 one's fill; also of sleeping, nyid ma nom 
 I have not yet had my full share of sleep; 
 fig.: cos-kyi bdud-rtsis, to fill one's self 
 with the nectar of doctrine Dzl; bltd-bas 
 mi noms mdzes-pa so beautiful, that one 
 cannot gaze at it long enough, frq. ; also 
 bltd-bas mi noms bzin-du not being able 
 to look at it sufficiently Pth.; noms(-pa)- 
 med(-pa) insatiable. 2. to show with 
 design (boastingly, or indecently, e.g. one's 
 nakedness) Glr., Pth. 3. col. for snom- 
 pa to snuffle, to pry into, to spy. 
 
 C^ w nor \. v. under no, Comp. 2. n. of 
 a monastery of the Saskya, Wdk. chro- 
 nological table in Cs.'s Gram. 
 
 g^j- ties 1. side, mdun-nos front-side, front 
 of the body Lt; of a pyramid, a 
 mountain, Iho-nos southern side or slope 
 of a mountain, side, margin, edge, of a 
 pond etc.; rgydb nos yyds-na on the right 
 hand behind, yyds nos mdun-na on the 
 right hand before Glr. ; surface , plain , of 
 the table ; sai nos surface of the earth Cs. ; 
 hence rios-su (opp. to Ikog -tu) Mil. , * ht>- 
 la* (opp. to sbds-te (*be-te*) W. manifestly, 
 notoriously, publicly, openly (cf. ?zo); side, 
 direction, like fyogs, W. 2. a thing itself 
 (cf. no 3), examples v. under ^dl-ba. 
 
 - 3. pers. pron. first person I, we; esp. 
 in Ld. in epistolary correspondence, eleg. 
 
 - 4. instrum. of no, = no-yis; nos dzin-pa 
 Mil. (dnos dzin-pa Tkgy.) vb. 1. to be 
 selfish, self-interested, also adj. selfish, cf. 
 nos 3. 2. more frq. to perceive, to know, 
 to discern, also no-yis dzin-pa; nos zin-par 
 gyis sig, know it! be sensible of it! Thgr.- 
 with the terrain.: to acknowledge as, to 
 take for, to look upon as Tar. 189, 1. In 
 a special sense: diagnosis, discriminating 
 a disease Mcd. *n6n-no Idn-wa* C. (lit. ynon 
 nos blan-ba) *no len-ce* v. *no* 1. 
 
 d'iags - snydn v. nag (Lea: = 
 
 dndn-ba, pf. dnans 1. to be out 
 of breath, to pant, to feel oppressed 
 e.g. when plunging into cold water 6'., but 
 esp. when frightened and terrified, hence 
 2. to be frightened, to fear, to be afraid, 
 sbrul-gyis of a snake; ces dndns-nas thus 
 he spoke in dismay Dzl.; dndn-par O gyur- 
 ro you will (or would) be terrified Dzl. 
 dnan-skrdg, skrag-dndn great fear, fright, 
 terror; dnan-skrdg -pa intensive form of 
 dndn-ba, frq. 
 
 r^'oBwr-rj' dnan - Q ten - pa Lex. not to 
 return things taken away from 
 another. 
 
 dnar 1. for mnar, sweet Mil. and 
 elsewh. 2. also zil-dndr Lex. w.e. ;
 
 131 
 
 dnud-mo 
 
 mndg-pa 
 
 Sch.: order, success! on (?); fsdr-du diiar 
 Lea;.., Sch. put in order, placed in array. 
 
 dnud-mo nud-mo Sch. 
 
 dhul (col. often Vm/*) 1. silver. 
 2. money. 3. a rupee. 4. a tola 
 
 or Indian half ounce; dmd-gyi foa-nas 
 ditul ysum-cu fob he gets 30 rupees out 
 of the ready money; dnul-Ka a silver mine, 
 a vein of silver; dtiul-kug, dnul-sgyig money- 
 bag, purse; dmd-cu quicksilver, mercury; 
 dnul-dul-ma refined silver Sch. ; diiul-rmig, 
 lump, bar, ingot, of silver Sch.; *nul-zdn(s)* 
 W., C'., silvered or plated copper. 
 rg dno 1. shore, bank Lexx. 2. edge of 
 a knife 6s. ; fig. rta-lcdg-yi dno whip- 
 cord, lash of a whip C. 3. handle of 
 a knife (??) Cs. 
 
 dnom-pa, dnom-brjid, brightness, 
 splendour; dnom-po, dnom-can 
 shining, bright Cs.; Lex. dnom-ce very 
 bright. Cf. rndm-pa. 
 
 JR&T d' lOS *' rea ''ty> rea '> dnos dan sgyu- 
 ma reality and illusion; rgydl-bu 
 dnos the real prince (opp. to a spurious 
 one); proper, true, genuine; positive (opp. 
 to negative) Gram. ; personal, dnos-la yod- 
 pa to be personally present; dnos-su, resp. 
 zal- dnos-su bodily e.g. to appear bodily; 
 ^d-yig dnos-su med kyan, even though the 
 ^a is not actually written there, Gram.', 
 dnos-su grub -pa med- pa to have no real 
 existence Thgy. 2. 6s. : pers. pron. I, cf. 
 nos; dnos-(]zm-pa to be selfish Thgy.\ dnos- 
 dzin selfishness, self interest, dnos-dzinydon- 
 gyis zin-pa to be possessed by the demon 
 of selfishness Thgy.; dnos-dzin-can selfish, 
 self-interested. Thus it was explained by 
 Lamas, though it cannot be denied that 
 sometimes the version: belief in existence, 
 a clinging to reality, a signification equally 
 justifiable by etymology (v. below), would 
 be more adequate to the context. 3. 
 Tar. 150,14: thou, you; except in this 
 passage I did not meet with the word in 
 this sense, yet it may be used so, in the 
 same manner as nyid q.v. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. dnos-yrub, Ssk. siddhi, 
 
 1. perfection, excellence, any thing of superior 
 value, e.g. honour, riches, talents, and esp. 
 wisdom, higher knowledge, and spiritual 
 power, as far as they are not acquired 
 by ordinary study and exercise, but have 
 sprung from within spontaneously, or in 
 consequence of long continued contempla- 
 tion. This dnos -grub is, as it were, the 
 Buddhist caricature of the ;p/0pora of 
 the N.T. (v. I. Cor. 12,4). 2. name of 
 male persons, col. *no-rub* W. d/ios- 
 ndn having little flesh, ill -fed, emaciated 
 Mil. dnds-can material, real Cs. dnos- 
 dad true faith, opp. to blun-dad 'a fooFs 
 faith', superstition Mil. dnos-sdig prob. : 
 real, or still effective sin, unatoned, un- 
 expiated sin Dzl. &?, 14; or less emphati- 
 cally: sinful actions in general , 15. 
 dnos-po, Ssk. *j^ ^j, thing, natural body, 
 ser diiul-la soys-jjai d/tds-po Olr.\ matter, 
 subject, dyd-bai dnos-po matter of rejoicing 
 Wdfi. ; goods, utensils, dyc-slon-gi wearing- 
 apparel of a Gelong; occurrence, event, 
 action, dnos-po syrub-pa to bring a thing 
 about , to set it on foot or a going Dzl. ; 
 as a philosophical term : substance, matter, 
 Was. (270. 294) ; dnos-por dzin-pa the belief 
 in the reality of existence Mil. dnos- 
 ma Cs. natural (opp. to artificial), natural 
 productions. dnds-min 1. the proper or 
 real name for a thing; so Zam. uses the 
 paraphrase \po-mf sdn-gyidnos-miit, in order 
 to avoid the plain expression m)e, which 
 is considered obscene. 2. noun substantive, 
 Chr. Prot. a newly coined grammatical term. 
 dnos-med Lex. = Ssk. abhava, Cs. im- 
 material, not existing, Was. (281): not real. 
 dnos-slob a real, a personal pupil Tar. 
 often. diios-yzi (Lex. = Ssk. mida) the 
 main part of a thing, the thing itself, e.g. 
 the subject-matter of a treatise, the cere- 
 mony itself, opp. to snon-^yro introduction, 
 sbyor-ba preparation, and eventually also 
 rjes that which follows. 
 SlC^r^r m>ia y-p a i P*- w'w/ s > to commission, 
 charge, delegate, send (a messenger, 
 commissary etc.) Dzl. ; also used of Buddha's 
 sending a Bodhisatva on the earth to con-
 
 132 
 
 miidn-pa 
 
 vert all mortals. mnag-yzug a servant, 
 slave, but esp. a messenger of the gods. 
 miidn - pa to curse, to execrate; 
 m?ian bsgrait-ba Cs. 'enumeration 
 of curses'; but mnan mi bgran? Lex. w.e. 
 mna, resp. for dban, might, dominion, 
 sway, mna mdzdd-pa to govern, to 
 rule, la over; mna brnyes-pa to have ob- 
 tained power Gb\; mna sgyiir-ba Tar. id.; 
 to possess (books, knowledge etc ) ; to have 
 mastered, to understand thoroughly; mna 
 ysol-ba 1. to name, nominate, appoint, 
 rgydl-por a king Pth. ; btsun-mor to declare 
 a 'woman one's wife Glr. 2. to praised'.; 
 bkra-sis mna ysol-ba C. to congratulate. 
 mna-fdn power, might. mna-bddg ruler, 
 master, owner, frq. mnd-ba 1 . vb. resp. 
 for yod-pa, to be (to have), rgydl-po-la sras 
 ysum mnd-ste the king having three sons 
 DzL; btsun-poi skit-la bsnyun mi mna Idgs- 
 sam (i trust) your majesty is not unwell? 
 Glr. 2. adj. (partic.) being owned by, be- 
 longing to, Dzl.?&, 3: having, owning, = 
 dan Iddn-pa, frq. mna-mdzdd = mna- 
 bddg. mna-zdbs Glr., mna-^og Glr., mna- 
 ris Lew. subject to ; a subject. 
 jjrnvr^r mna-ris p.n., in a wider sense 
 the whole country round the 
 sources and the upper course of the Indus 
 and Sutledge, together with some more 
 western parts ; the Cashmere, English, and 
 most western Chinese provinces, where 
 Tibetans live; in a more limited sense 
 mna-ris skor ysum denotes Rutok, Guge, 
 and Purang. mna-ris-Jcdm-bu C. (*pd- 
 ti/'i* W.), dried apricots from Balti; mna- 
 ris cu, miia-ris ytsdn-po, also yyas-ru-ytsdn- 
 po, and rta-mcog-Ka-bab, the principal river 
 of Tibet. 
 
 mndr-ba, W. *ndr-mo*, C. *ndr- 
 po*, sweet, frq.; *mnar ysum* the 
 three sweets, sugar, molasses, and honey; 
 cf. dkar ysum. 
 
 miial, resp. Ihums (^w) womb ; mndl- 
 gyi dri-mas ma gos-par not con- 
 taminated by the impurity of the womb 
 (so all the Buddhas are not born like other 
 mortals, but come forth out of the side of 
 
 /ion-pa 
 
 the breast); mnal dan Iddn-par 
 to be with child; mnal mi bde-bar O yyur- 
 ba to be taken by the labours of child- 
 birth; mat mndl-nas byiiii-nas rtdg-par 
 constantly from one's birth; miidl-du cd(/s- 
 pa 1. the originating in the womb, con- 
 ception, 2. the foetus or embryo Med.; 
 mndl-du fogs-pa a disease; mndl(-du) ynds 
 (-pa) foetus, embryo Thgy.; mndl-du O iug- 
 pa to enter the womb, relative to a Buddha: 
 his incarnating himself, his assuming flesh; 
 mndl-du O dzin-pa Wdn. to conceive, to be 
 with child. mndl-Ka mouth of the womb, 
 orifice of the uterus Med. mnal-grib 
 contamination of the womb; 6s. adds: ori- 
 ginal sin, yet prob. it signifies nothing 
 more than mndl-gyi dri-ma v. above; (the 
 said contamination is considered to extend 
 to the least contact with a woman in child- 
 bed). mndl-sgo the canal of the uterus, 
 vagina; also in a more special sense the 
 extreme orifice of the vagina Med.; frq. 
 without any immediate physiological refe- 
 rence, the same as mnal, e.g, when the 
 subject of re-birth is spoken of. mnal- 
 fur a spoon used in midwifery for ex- 
 tracting a dead fruit (in the artificial deli- 
 vering of a live child the obstetric art in 
 Tibet is rather helpless). mnal rlitgs-pa 
 abortion, mnal rlugs-par byed-pa to cause 
 abortion 6s. 
 
 mnon-pa conspicuous, visible, e.g. 
 
 continents, because they stand out 
 of the water; more frq. fig. : evident, mani- 
 fest, clear, mnon-par O gyur-ba to become 
 manifest; to be verified, proved, e.g. gold 
 by refining DzL Tibetan writers regu- 
 larly translate the Ssk. abhi by mndn-pa, 
 hence cos mndn-pa DzL, and mnon-pai bka 
 Pth., the Abhidharma (v. Kopp. I., 595; 
 Was.), mnon-pai sde-snod Abhidharma-pi- 
 taka, mnon - pa - mdzod Abhidharma kosa 
 (v. Burn. I. and Was.) ; as a vb. : to be 
 evident, to appear clearly, bden-par \'-is 
 mnon, from what is it evident that it is 
 true? DzL; ynod-par bgyid-du mnon -no 
 they are evidently bent on doing mischief 
 DzL ; mhon-du byed-pa to manifest, to make
 
 133 
 
 mnon- 
 
 pa 
 
 r nan-pa 
 
 public; to show something to others; Tar. 
 24, 1 should be understood: to make 
 clear or manifest to one's self, to perceive, 
 know, understand; mndn-du Jbyin-pa to 
 disclose, reveal (secrets, the future) Glr.; 
 to make known (one's wishes) Glr.; miion- 
 du ^gyur-ba to be revealed or disclosed, 
 to make one s appearance, ran-byuit ye-ses 
 miton-du gyur-pas as the self-originated 
 wisdom has revealed itself to us Mil. 
 mnon-par adv. manifestly, openly, evident- 
 ly; often = entirely, highly, greatly, very, 
 mnon-par rdzogs Was. (246) complete ful- 
 filment; in the sense of 'very' it may also 
 be taken in mnon-par dgao, in the legends 
 of Buddha, 'they rejoiced very much', 
 though also one of the other significations 
 of abhinanda might help to explain these 
 words. 
 
 Comp. miton-(par) brjod^pa) = abhi- 
 dana, a collection of synonyms, of which 
 some are mentioned in Burn.I. and II. 
 miton-rtdgs proof, argument; sign or token 
 of the truth of a thing Dzl V%, 2. - 
 miion-(par) rtogs(-pa) 1. a clear compre- 
 hension Was. (287). 2. a hymnlike descrip- 
 tion of a Lha from top to toe, v. also 
 Schl. 260. mnon-mfo re-birth as Lha 
 or as man Thgy. (ScJir.'); also n. of a re- 
 gion in Paradise. mndn-pa-pa an Ab- 
 hidbarma scholar. mnon-spyod Sch. 
 cruelty, severity; Schf. more corr.: witch- 
 craft, Ssk. abhicara, Pth., drdg-po m/ton- 
 spyod-kyi las Tar. frq. mnon-mfsdn Lex. 
 w.e., Sch.; an evident sign. mndn-(par) 
 ses(-pd), re?p. mtfyfoi(-pa), Ssk. abkyna, 
 a kind of clairvoyance, gift of supernatural 
 perception, of which five species are enu- 
 merated, viz. assuming any form at will, 
 seeing and hearing to any distance, know- 
 ing a man's thoughts, knowing a man's 
 condition and antecedents; originally used 
 as a vb. : to be clear-seeing Pth. mnon- 
 sum-du 1. openly, publicly DzL; more frq. 
 2. bodily, personally; like dnos-su, e.g. to 
 appear, to instruct, in person (Tar.); to 
 know by one's own personal experience 
 (WJ. 
 
 rna I. kettle-drum, drum, Jfdr-rna \.J!ar; 
 rdzd-riia Glr., Cs.: 'a drum of earthen 
 ware'; rgydl-rita the beating of drums after 
 a victory, bag - r/ia at nuptial festivities, 
 *lhd-iia* Ld. for the king; *zeh-iia*, and 
 *zim-na* Ld. a morning and evening se- 
 renade with an accompaniment of drums; 
 Hrims-kyi riid-bo <r brduits-te the beat or 
 sound of the large proclamation drum (prop, 
 law-drum) Glr. 
 
 Comp. r/ta-syrd 1. sound of the drum, 
 or kettle-drum 2. n. of a Buddha, = don- 
 yod-grub-pa or Amoghasiddha. *na-lcdg* 
 W., r/'ta-rdeg Sch., rna-dbyug Cs., rna-ydb 
 Sch. drum-stick. rnd-pa a drummer ('., 
 rna-dpon a chief drummer. rna-lpdgs 
 drum -skin. rna-yu handle of a kettle- 
 drum (the larger kettle-drums being held 
 up during the play by means of a handle 
 or stick). rna-siii the wooden body of 
 a drum. Cs. rna-son kettle-drum music 
 Sch. rna-rsdns (also rna-bsans) a loud 
 beat or roll of the kettle-drum Sch. 
 
 II. for rna-boti, and rnd-ma. 
 _._. rnd-ba, pf. brhas, fut. brha, imp. rnos, 
 to mow, to cut, to reap, O b>-u, or lo- 
 tog zor-bas to cut the harvest with a sickle ; 
 brtsds-ma brhds-pa the reaped corn; rfui- 
 mKan the mower, reaper. 
 
 rna-bon W., */ia-mon* C., camel, rim- 
 yseb male camel, rhd-mo female ca- 
 mel; a camel in general; rna-prug the 
 young of a camel; rfta-rgod a wild camel; 
 rha-bul camel's hair. 
 
 F'ST r nd-ma \. tail. 2. in a special sense: 
 yak's tail Mil. rnd-ma yyitg-pa 
 Sch., *nd-ma tog-ce* (lit. skrog-pa) W., to 
 wag the tail. rna-ydb 1. a yak's tail, 
 used for fanning and dusting. 2. rna-ydb, 
 and rna-yab-yzdn, n. of two fabulous is- 
 lands in the south of Asia Cs. 
 X.XZLX' rnan-cen Lex., C. and W., contempt, 
 * disdain; *nan-cen jM-pa* C., *M- 
 ce* W. to despise, contemn. 
 ._... ,-iidn-pa I. sbst. 1 . reward, fee, hire, 
 wages; n'ldn-jxi //t<i//-j><> the wages 
 are high; riidn-pa sbyin-pa or ftoh-ba to
 
 ndb-pa 
 
 r nod-pa 
 
 pay wages; to bribe, to corrupt. 2. in 
 C. at present a kind of sacrifice. 
 
 II. vb. to reward, to recompense, perh. 
 better brndn-pa. 
 
 rndb-pa 1. (cf. rimm-pa) to desire 
 earnestly, to crave, bkres-rhab-pa to 
 be greedy, to have a craving appetite Lex. 
 - 2. W. col. for rrtd-ba to mow; *ndb-sa* 
 (lit. ndb-rtevci) W. grass or corn that is to 
 be mown or cut. 
 
 rndbs - rva Med., a hollow horn, 
 used for sucking Sch. 
 rndm-pa 1. sbst. (cf. dnoni), also 
 rnam-brjid, rnom-brjid, splendour, 
 magnificence, majesty, an appearance, com- 
 manding awe or inspiring terror (but not 
 = awe Cs.); rndm-pai nd-ro a voice of that 
 kind; rndm-po, rndm-can adj. bright, shi- 
 ning, grand, majestic. 2. vb., also rndms- 
 pa, pf. brnams, to breathe, rndm-pa bde 
 the breathing is regular Mng., frq ; rndm- 
 pa fun short breath Sch.', esp. to breathe 
 heavily, to pant, rndm-pa rgod wild puffing 
 Med. ; c. dat. to pant for, to desire ardently, 
 srog ycod-pa-la to be blood-thirsty Ma.', 
 rndm-pai fsul-gyis greedily (devouring) 
 Tltgr.; rndm-can adj. greedy, avaricious, 
 covetous; *za-nam-pa* voracious, glutto- 
 nous, ravenous W.; to rush upon, fly at, 
 throw one's self on, fzdn-la on others Mil. ; 
 to rage, to be in a fury; to destroy or 
 murder in a state of fury ; mi pal-cer grir 
 rnom (like grir ysod) the people are in 
 numbers murdered by the sword Ma.; to 
 call out in a rage, ces Kros-rnam-nas thus 
 she called furious with rage Dzl.; rndms- 
 pai (k'ro)-zal an angry face, wrathful look 
 Glr. 
 
 rnams height; in height Glr., rndms- 
 su id. 
 ^J" rnas, v. snas. 
 
 " rnu pain, v. zug-rnu. 
 
 No 
 
 *n*CJ* rnub-pa, pf. (b) rnubs, fut. brnub, 
 >o imp. rnubs, to draw in, dbugs air, 
 
 mar into the nose Med.; to breathe Med.', 
 dbugs rnub mi Q fon (?) is mentioned as a 
 sign of great sadness and affliction Pth. 
 
 aq- r/tul perspiration, sweat, rhul-cu id., 
 NS esp. col.; rnul O du Med., O byun Dzl., 
 rnul - cu O fon, *yoti*, col. perspiration is 
 breaking forth; rnul O don-pa to cause to 
 sweat or perspire Cs.; rnul-ba, pf. briml, 
 to sweat, to perspire Cs. 
 pn- rneu 1. also rneii-cun,rna-cuh, a little 
 ^ drum, diminutive of rna. 2. the 
 young of a camel, v. rna-mon. 
 "Z? rno, is stated to be a kind of leprosy, 
 s covering the whole body, of a whitish 
 colour, itching very much, and contagious; 
 *ito pog, gyab* he is affected with leprosy; 
 rno-can leprous (cf. mdze). 
 
 rno-ba to be able Cs., rno-tog-pa id., 
 so Fouc. Gyatch. ftp, 9, *nob-ce* Ld.\ 
 Sch. has: rno mi fog -pa to look at one 
 with uncertainty, not being able to recog- 
 nize; the passage of Mil. : rno ma fogs kyait 
 is not to be explained by either of these 
 significations; Lex.: rno mi fogs w.e. 
 
 rnd-bag-can Cs. v. rnom-bag-can. 
 
 d-len-pa to roast, fry, (?) Sch. v. 
 
 rnod-pa. 
 
 SW rn 9 1- a ls ze-rnog, the hunch or 
 ' hump of an animal Lex., more esp. 
 a hump consisting of fat (like that of the 
 camel); fsil-rnog the fat around the kid- 
 neys, suet Mil.; rus-kyi riiog Lex. w.e. 
 2. rnog(-md) the mane of horses etc. (not 
 of the lion, v. ral-pd), rta-rhog a horse's 
 mane, dre-rhog a mule's mane; dreu-rnog 
 a kind of stuffed seat or mattress 6s., a 
 thick-haired carpet Sch.; rnog-can, riwg- 
 Idan having a mane; rnogs-cdgs a beast 
 that has a mane Cs. 
 
 'i' r hod-pa I. pf. brhos, fut. brnod Cs. 
 (perh. erron. for brno) imp. rnod, 
 riios, W. *no-ce* 1. to parch (barley), ser 
 tsam (to parch a thing) so that it turns 
 yellowish Glr. 2. to roast, to fry e.g. 
 meat in a pan. 
 
 II. to deceive (ace. to Cs. rnon-pa 
 to deceive wild beasts, to hunt); to seduce, 
 esp. to sensual indulgence, bud-med Lex. ; 
 similarly Tar. 39, 2.
 
 135 
 
 r non-pa 
 
 *! r non-pa 1. vb., pf. and fut. brfion, 
 to hunt, pursue, wild animals (7s., 
 iSeA.; to fish 6'. 2. sbst. a hunter, hunts- 
 man Dzl. and Ler.; rnon-pa-mo a hunting 
 woman, a huntress 6s. 
 
 rnob-pa Ld. to be able, v. rno-ba. 
 
 rhom-brjid (cf. rndm-pa 1) splen- 
 dour, stateliness, majesty; r/zo'w- 
 bag-can, also col. *ndm-jig-can*, grand, 
 majestic; terrible, of a judge, of terrifying 
 deities. (A sbst. r horn -bag = rnom-brjid 
 Cs. prob. does not exist.) 
 oj* ^a (-Ba/L */a*), fi ve > lnd-bcu(-fam-pa) 
 ^ fifty; Ina-brgya five hundred; Ina-bcu- 
 rtsa-ycig (W. *na-bcu-na-cig*} or na-fcig, 
 fifty one etc.; Ind-pa the fifth, Ina-po con- 
 sisting of five, cf. c&/w; Ind-ga Cs., Ind-ka 
 Pth. all the five, each of the five. The 
 number five very often occurs in legends, 
 as well as in sacred science, v. the Index 
 to Burn. II., and to Fouc. Gyatch. II. un- 
 der 'Cinq'. Ina - ten, Ssk. tRfT*T n - of a 
 country in the north of ancient India, 
 sj- sna (TE[) a root signifying before, soon, 
 ^ early, rarely referring to space, and 
 seldom used alone as adj. or adv., e.g. 
 Dzl. 93V", 8: O dd-ba ni lid- can yah sna 
 ces-so deliverance (sc. from existence) takes 
 place much too soon; na ni fern -pa sna 
 bryal yin I was the foremost, the first, to 
 cross the threshold Glr.; bstdn-pa sna dar 
 bar dar pyi dar ysum the first, intermediate, 
 and last propagation of the doctrine Glr.; 
 gen. it is used with an adjective termina- 
 tion, with postpositions, or in compounds. 
 Deriv. snd-ba 1. adj. ancient, belonging 
 or referring to former ages, rgya-ndg-gi 
 rgydl-po snd-ba an ancient king of China 
 Glr. ; of an early date, long ago, ... /as 
 dd-lta snd-ba O dug-gam is it already a long 
 time, since . . .? Mil.-, 2. sbst. antiquity, 
 the olden time; the morning; = snd-dro, 
 Mil. ; 3. vb. pf. snas, to be the first, to come 
 first, to be beforehand, (ep&dvetv): rje-yi 
 sku mfon na snd-bas as I was the first to 
 see the king's face Glr. ; ^gran-fsig snds- 
 pa yin you were beforehand with me in 
 
 disputing Glr.; *Ka ne son* Sp. you pro- 
 mised it. siid-bar in former times, for- 
 merly, in the morning ; sail snd-bar to-mor- 
 row morning Glr. s/id-ma adj. 1. earlier, 
 former, preceding, afore-said, frq.; sitd-ma 
 snd-ma always the anterior in time and 
 place; snd-ma Itar, or bzin-du, as before, 
 frq. 2. the first, the foremost in a series 
 or succession Dzl.', Iddn-bai snd-ma she 
 who takes the first turn in getting up Mil. 
 - snd-mo i. earlier, by-gone; snd-mo-nas 
 long ago Mil.; 2. W.: the morning, in the 
 morning, *md nd-mo* early in the mor- 
 ning, *fo-re nd-mo* to-morrow morning; 
 also: early enough, in due time (opp. to 
 * pi-mo*}. snd-ru v. snar, as a separate 
 article. snd-na before, previously, (gen. 
 snar is used inst. of it). snd - nas id., 
 prop, of former times. 
 
 Comp. snd-gon(-nas) adv. before, pre- 
 viously, at first, a little while ago, just now 
 Mil; formerly, = late, deceased, sna-gon 
 yab your late father Glr. ; sna gon bod-kyi 
 rgydl-po the earlier Tibetan kings Glr. 
 siia-dgons morning and evening Sch. 
 sna-snd very early Sch. sna-cdd formerly, 
 hitherto, till now, up to this time Dzl., = 
 sitan-cdd, snon-cdd. sna-^rtin-du earlier 
 or later, not at the same time, e.g. bros- 
 so they escaped Glr. sna - ltds omen, 
 presage, prognostic; also the fate or destiny 
 portended. siia-fog 1. forenoon. 2. the 
 first-fruits of harvest Cs. sna-dus anti- 
 quity, time of old. sna-Jro the morning, 
 the earlier part of the forenoon, 'the time 
 before the heat of the sun' ; snd-dro ytig- 
 la in half a forenoon Glr. ; snd-dro dgoits- 
 mo morning and evening Sch. v. above; 
 san snd-dro to-morrow morning Mil. 
 sna-pyi^ sooner or later, like sita-rtin-du 
 v. above Dzl. frq. siid-rol time of old, 
 past ages Cs.; shd-rol-tu before Tar. (cf. 
 sii6n-rot). *nd-lo* W. last year. sna 
 mgs dren-pa Cs.: 'the accenting of the first 
 syllable'. sna-sdr early, SHU-MI r-sdr very 
 early 6s. sna-s6r 1. in the first place, 
 first of all, at first (cf. rtin-sor} Glr. 2. an- 
 ciently, in old times 6s.
 
 136 
 
 sna-sno 
 
 yy sna-snd vegetables, greens Thyy. (v. 
 * 
 
 Zjcn'ri' snug-pa, also sndgs-pa, pf. bsnags, 
 fut. bsitag, imp. snog, to praise, 
 commend, extol; to recommend; O f/r6-bar 
 snags it is recommended to go Wd/t.; bstod- 
 sndg-pa to praise, to sing praises, frq. ; 
 sndg-(pa-)po a praiser, commender, Cs.; 
 snag - (par) ^os(-pa~), snag - Man praise- 
 worthy; praised; also n. of the horse of 
 Buddha Cs. snag-ysol praise, thanks. 
 
 S*W s>m y s (f^ also 'STTWt & <T^) 
 1. incantation, magical formula, a 
 set of words, consisting mostly of a number 
 of unmeaning Sanskrit syllables, in the 
 recital of which however perfect accuracy 
 is requisite; hence detailed rules and in- 
 structions for a correct pronunciation of 
 the Sanskrit sounds have been drawn up 
 for Tibetan devotees. (On magical formulas 
 v. Burn. II., 21, and note; on Buddhist 
 magic in general v. Was. 142. 177, Kopp.II., 
 29.) fzuns-siidgs, rig-sndgs, and ysan- 
 sndgs prob. = snags. snags sgrub -pa, 
 spel-ba, zld-ba, C. also *gydg-pa*, to recite, 
 to pronounce charms, incantations; O cdn- 
 ba, O dzin-pa, to carry (charms) about one's 
 self. -- snags -kyi feg-pa Tantrayana, 
 Mantrayona, v. feg-pa. snags-pa, sndgs- 
 mKan, one versed in charms and their 
 use, i.e. in orthodox and legitimate magic, 
 as contained in the sacred books of religion. 
 Opposed to this are nan-snags, itan-snags- 
 mK'an, diabolical sorcerers and necroman- 
 cers, and also common swindlers, jugglers, 
 conjurers, fortune-tellers etc. 2. praise, 
 encomium Cs. 
 
 SC^T snans = dnans, v. dndn-ba Glr., Pth. 
 ^r- snan, for sna, s/ton, e.g. s/tan - cad, 
 V formerly, before, previously, beforehand, 
 opp. to now Mil.; stian-cdd fo- tsams-pa 
 bzod-par ysol pardon our former scoffing 
 Mil.; esp. W.: *ndn-la* for s/ton-la, snar, 
 before, previously; *hdn-ma* for shd-ma, 
 *ndn-me gydl-po* the former or last king, 
 *ndn-ma nan-tar* just as before. 
 
 sndn-bu a medicinal herb, Wdn. 
 
 3^^ stiar, prop, snd-ru-, before, beforehand, 
 ^ previously, formerly, at first; snar de 
 byds-pai ^og-tu not until that has been 
 previously done Dzl.\ snar med-pa, snar 
 ma by c'ts -pa, snar ma skyes-pa what has 
 not existed, or has not been done before, 
 where we only say new, frq.; snar Ions 
 get up first! DzL; sndr-bas kyan(l1iag-pdr} 
 still more so than formerly, frq. ; sndr-gyi 
 what has been hitherto in use, frq.; sndr- 
 gyi yi-ge rnyin-pa-rnams the old writings 
 of antiquity Glr.; snar yin-na adv. = snar 
 Mil. ; snar Itar, snar bzin as before ; sndr- 
 nas from before, from former times Mil.; 
 also with reference to space: foremost, 
 ahead, in advance, on, onward, joined to 
 verbs of motion DzL; sndr-ba the former, 
 first-mentioned (?). In the sense of a post- 
 position (c. accus.) snar is used but seldom, 
 as far as I know only in spyan-sndr. 
 
 sndr-ma intelligent, quick of appre- 
 hension Sch. 
 w^j- stias a bolster, pillow, cushion; yo-bydd 
 ^ stids-sti )ug-pa Glr., C. col. *yo-$h/ > - 
 la he cug-pa* using the luggage as a pillow; 
 snas-stdn, snas-Jbol, resp. dbu-snds pillow; 
 rgyab-snds a cushion for the back; stias- 
 mdl a couch constructed of pillows or 
 cushions; snas- pdns (?) pillow, cushion Cs.; 
 W. *nye* for *snas*. 
 
 ^^I'^I* snds-pa v. stia-ba. 
 
 ^r' snun, col. for snon; snun-la c. genit_ 
 -S ' before, ago, like gon-du; *dd-wa ny/s- 
 si nun- la* two months ago; * nun-la so/i* 
 he walked in advance, or ahead; * nun- 
 ma* former, last; *nun-ma-zag* W. two 
 days before yesterday, *yan nun-zag* three 
 days before yesterday. 
 
 g*'J* snur-ba to Snore Lex. (cf. nur-ba). 
 
 ^TQ- sneu Lex., Cs.: a kind of pulse or 
 ^^ pease ; Sch. = mon-sran, v. greu. 
 J& stio, a root signifying blue or green; as 
 ^ sbst. plant, herb, vegetable, greens Mil.; 
 sno skye-na when it is getting green or 
 verdant. 
 
 Comp. sno-skyd blue bice, pale blue, e.g.
 
 137 
 
 briidd-pa 
 
 the skin of emaciated persons Med.; *no 
 gyan-gydn* W. greenish-yellow (spelling 
 dubious). sno-sgd officinal herb, Wdn. 
 (green ginger?) sno-ndd v. nad. sno- 
 Ijdn bluish green. mo-tog Schr. 'unripe, 
 sour, of fruits' (?); more corr. : green, un- 
 ripe fruits. s/to - dregs green mud or 
 mire Sch. stio-ndy deep blue. s//d-ba 
 1. vb. to get green, verdant; 2. adj., also 
 srid-bo, more frq. snon-po, snon- mo blue, 
 green, also used of the livid colour of dis- 
 eased or famished people Glr. sno-smdn 
 a medicinal herb. sno-fsdd vegetables; 
 herbs. sno-16 the leaf of a plant; Cs.: 
 'stio - 16 O cdr-ba to become notorious'. - 
 sno - satis pale blue e.g. of the sky; s/io- 
 sd its-ma night Sch. 
 
 Bfo* sno-ba, Cs. also snod-pa, pf. bstios, 
 fut. bsno, imp. s/ios, 1. to become green 
 Cs. 2, (Lex. xrftnR?) t b| ess, *no-wa 
 gydb-ce* W., though in most cases as a 
 requital for a present given; Dzl. 3Y V ^, 16: 
 to bless, to pronounce a benediction, hence 
 also in litanies the words of the priest 
 seem to be indiscriminately called s/id-ba, 
 whereas the responses of the congregation 
 of monks are termed mfun- gijur; gene- 
 rally: to dedicate, devote, e.g. one's pro- 
 perty to the dkon-mcog ysum, i.e. in reality 
 to the priesthood; dge-ba O gro-drug ddn- 
 du s/ios, to devote alms, charitable gifts, 
 to the (temporal and eternal) welfare of 
 beings. ML; also to design, to intend, nd- 
 la bs/ids-pai yyu the turkois intended for 
 me (by you) ML; Dzl. 9V&, 3: sd-la 
 Kdn-bu dan rin-po-cer bstids-nas rtse-ba, 
 fancying the earth to consist of cottages 
 and jewels, and thus playing with it. 
 
 s'wy-pa Lexx., prob. pf. bsnogs, 
 fut. bsnog, imp. snoys, to V6X, to 
 annoy; cf. skyo-hogs, skyo-snoys. 
 ^y. snon = siia and snan, formerly, before, 
 previously; snon fos-na having formerly 
 heard Dzl. ; stion mdh-du Kyer yan although 
 you have taken a good deal with you be- 
 fore; snon O dds-pai or byitn-bai dus-na 
 in by-gone times, frq.; snon bcom-ldan- 
 O dds a former Buddha Glr.] snon mi dbul- 
 
 fin dc this man formerly poor Dzl.; bddg- 
 las s/ion bddg-gi pa my father before me 
 (has . . .); siton-gyi adj. former, last; s/'inn- 
 ma the former (when two persons or things 
 are spoken of), snon-^na^mams the former 
 (persons or things) Glr.: beginning, ///-/>//; 
 jiy-pai stion-ma Ihd-sa-la byds-te making 
 a beginning with the destruction of the 
 temples in Lhasa Glr.; stion-du adv. and 
 postp., before, at the head, in advance, in 
 the front of, sndn-du O gro-ba to go before 
 or in advance, to precede, also of words 
 and letters; sndn-du ojug-pa to put or 
 place before, Gram.; snon-la = stion-du: 
 K//on-la son walk first! ML; ston-pai sndn- 
 du (he died) before the Teacher (Buddha) 
 Tar.; sooner, earlier, before the time sup- 
 posed, sndn-la fsdr-ro they were first in 
 finishing (their task) Glr.; ^o-nd sndn-la 
 O di pul cig oh yes, but first give me that 
 Mil.; sridn-nas from a former time, from 
 the beginning Mil. ; stidn-bzin as formerly 
 Mil. 
 
 Comp. *tio)i-8ky& the first-born, eldest 
 son. snon-gro v. Q gro-ba compounds. 
 
 siton-cdd, stion-cdd Dzl., v. man- cad. 
 
 snon -Jug a prefixed letter Gram. - 
 snon-dus, snon-fse antiquity; adv. anciently, 
 in times of old. siion-byufi Cs. stion- 
 rdbs. sndn-rdbs ancient race, ancient 
 history, antiquity, q^TW- stion-rol (cf. 
 snd-roV) former time or period, ma ytud- 
 pai stidn-rol zig-tu formerly, in former 
 times, when (the chair) was not yet trans- 
 ferred (to . . .) Tar. dus nd-niii sdn- 
 bai snon-rol-na a year ago (an expression 
 with an unnecessary redundancy of words!) 
 Ml. snon-lds former actions. 
 
 ^s*' 
 
 J<3T s/ion = stio, stidn-po, v. sno. 
 
 ?ji'n* s ^ on ~ h* 1 n< ^ a me( iicinal plant, 
 ^ '^ ace. to Cs. poisonous; in Lh. Del- 
 phinium Cashmirianum, officinal. s/ion- 
 bum Q. of a botanical work: 'the hundred 
 thousand vegetables' Cs. 
 bw'id-ba, v. r/id-ba. 
 britdd-pa Sch.: 'ausziehen, aus-
 
 138 
 
 br nan-pa 
 
 brndn-pa, = rndn-pa sbst. Glr., 
 vb. Lex. 
 
 brndb-pa 1. Sch. = brndd-pa. 
 2. Z/&ZT. = rndb-pa, rnams-pa. 
 
 bsndl-ba to be faint or exhausted 
 
 6s.; v. sdug-bsndl. 
 
 bsnfis-pa to place upon a cushion 
 Sch. 
 
 $tw-ba 1. v. sno-ba. 2. a blessing, 
 cf. sno-ba. 3. 6s. also: mouldy, 
 rotten (prob. only livid, discoloured, v. 
 siio). 
 
 15J*n* 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ ca 1. the letter <\ tenuis, palatal, like 
 the Italian ci in ciascuno, or c in ci- 
 cerone. 2. as numerical figure: 5. - 
 3. = lea excrement, alvine discharges , ca 
 O dor-ba to discharge excrements Mil. 
 ca-cir lark Ld. 
 
 ca-cus warped, distorted, awry Sch. 
 
 N3 
 
 TV^ ca-cd clamour, cries, snywi fsim-gyi 
 ca-co shout, exclamation of joy Pth. ; 
 noise, of many people Thgy.; da cd-i-o 
 ma zer now do not make such a noise! (so 
 Mil rebukes the aerial spirits); chirping, 
 twitter Glr.- cd-co-can shouting, bawling; 
 talkative, loquacious Stg. 
 
 cd-dar, also fsd-dar, tsd-sar, a sheet, 
 
 blanket, toga. 
 
 ca-ra-rd, or ci-ri-ri, W. * 'car -pa 
 
 ca-^ra-rd yon dug*, it rains heavily, 
 it is pouring. 
 
 3^' ca-ri W. bug. 
 
 1 5*^,* ca-re continually, always = car. 
 
 ^cn cag termination of the plur. of pers. 
 ' pronouns. 
 
 &&-&&& cartilage, gristle; snai 
 cag-krum bridge of the nose. 
 
 cag-dkdr W. quartz. 
 
 CTOT 
 1 
 
 -pa, = ny- 
 
 ra byed-pa, c. /a, to take care of; 
 *cdg-ga ddy-po jhe' -pa* to look after, to 
 keep, preserve carefully; *cdg-ga ddg-po* 
 careful, orderly, regular, tidy, of persons. 
 
 Ld. 
 
 cag-cdg, cdg-pa smacking 
 
 in eating 6s. 
 cag-cer-re closely pressed or 
 crowded, in standing or sitting 
 
 cay-rdo = cag-dkdr W. 
 
 Tp- caw, (v. cia-n, ci-yan), every thing, 
 any thing whatever, can-ses knowing 
 every thing, epithet of deities or saints; 
 more frq. followed by a negative particle 
 and then signifying: nothing; *caii mi sto* 
 it does not matter, it is indifferent (to me), 
 frq.; *can med* there is nothing here, or 
 at hand; also = *can mi sto; can mi ses- 
 fcan* ignorant, stupid; blockhead, simpleton. 
 
 -rr*cn* can - teu Glr., also can -can -tew 
 a sort ^ sma " drum Pth. 
 
 gr' can, affix, adjective termination, prop. 
 ' signifying: having, being provided with, 
 = dan Iddn-pa, corresponding to the Eng- 
 lish adj. terminations -ous, -y, -ly, -ful, 
 e.g. fser-ma-can thorny; sometimes also = 
 -like or -ish: bon-can Bon-like, heretical 
 Mil., hm-du-can Hindoo-like, Hindooish; 
 seldom affixed to verbs: byed-pa-can a 
 doer, maker; in C. also for the possessive 
 pron. : nd-can, ko-can, my, his (her), *naa- 
 gofi sd-hib-cen* the Sahib's inkstand. It 
 may also be affixed to a set of words that 
 form one expression: fser-ma ndn-po-can 
 having sharp thorns, seii-gei mgo-can having 
 a lion's head.
 
 139 
 
 can 
 
 __. can, po., prop, cdn-du, postp. c. accus., 
 to, with, Ron cdn-du mi O gro I do not 
 go to him Mil.., l*tli. ; ha cdn-du with me, 
 in my presence Mil. The word seems to 
 be rather obsolete; more recent editions 
 having gdn-du and drun-du instead of it. 
 
 can-cil (?) W. the green shell of 
 
 a walnut. 
 
 ne, Sch.; a small 
 bowl or dish; Cs. : continually. 
 
 * can-dvdn green, unripe W. (?). 
 caw-sa (?) kitchen, fire-place W. 
 
 cab-cob Cs. nonsense e.g. smrd-ba. 
 
 w- c-flww 1. Cs. slow; Lor. cdm-gyis Jog, 
 
 and several other passages, the sense 
 
 of which is not quite clear; cf. cam-me. 
 
 - 2. glistening, glittering (?) cf. Icam-me. 
 
 3. W. whole, unimpaired, *sa* (foY. rftwa) 
 
 * cam-me yod* the whole store of hay is 
 
 still left (entire). 
 
 < 3f cdm-pa-td-lo Ts. mallow. 
 
 .j. cam-pod Ld. a bunch of flowers, 
 sprigs etc., a handful of ears of 
 corn. 
 
 3^- car 1. Lex. car-re, Cs. ca-re, Sch. also 
 car-mdr, always, continually Cs. 2. 
 also car, cdr-du, with numerals, esp. ycig- 
 car at the same time, simultaneously, opp. 
 to one after the other, successively (viz. 
 doing or suffering a thing, sleeping, dying 
 etc.) Dzl.; at once, on a sudden, opp. to 
 gradually Mil; Ind-car all the five to- 
 gether Thgy., fnyis-car, drug-car etc. 
 
 car-ras v. 
 
 doms-ras. 
 
 jfjj- cal Cs.: 'noise, cal-cal id.; cal-rgyug 
 rumour, (false) report'; cal -col idle 
 talk, nonsense, cal-col ?tam id. M7. 
 
 x$$T cas Pw., v. crs 2. 
 5^*^|' COS-CMS >ScA. = ca-cws. 
 
 N5 
 
 ^y 
 
 ^" a num. figure: 35. 
 
 ^- ci I. interr. pron. in direct questions: 
 1. what? (6'. gen. yat'i instead of ci) ci 
 ses (like the Hind, qfgj ^j%) wno knows? 
 col. VT. ; also pleon. at the end of a question 
 after the. .. am: na no-ses-sam ci? do 
 you know me? do you? Dzl; cii of whom? 
 whose? followed by pytr, don, Zed, slad 
 (-du): why? wherefore? inst. of cii pyir 
 also ci - pyir etc. ; de cii pyir ze - na 'this 
 wherefore? (= why this?) if so it is asked'. 
 (This phrase, besides the gerundial particles 
 - esp. pas is the only way in which 
 in B. the causal conjunction 'for' (Lat. 
 nam, enim) can be expressed, and in 
 translating into Tibetan, the English con- 
 junction must therefore often be altogether 
 omitted.) cii O brds-bu what sort of fruit? 
 cii ri what kind of a mountain? i.e. of 
 what consisting? Pth.; ci also, like an adj., 
 is placed after the word to which it belongs : 
 rgyu ci-las for what reason? on what ac- 
 count? Tligy. 2. why? wherefore? but 
 only in negative questions : bddg-la des ci 
 ma cog why should not that suffice me? 
 Thgy.\ ci mi sgrub why do you not pro- 
 cure . . .? inst. of the imp. procure! MiL; 
 bsdm-na ci ma legs if you considered . . . , 
 why would not that be a good thing? = 
 you had better consider, you ought to 
 consider Mil', frq.: de Jbyim-na ci ma run 
 if that happened, why should it not be 
 desirable? = would that it happened! oh, 
 may it happen! 3. how? in conjunction 
 with other words, v. below. 4. inst. of 
 a note of interrogation, e.g. in: ci ynan, 
 for yndu-iiam, ysegs-par ci ynait do you 
 allow (me) to come? Dzl <&V, 13; ^S, 5. 
 II. correlatively : which, what; what- 
 soever; every thing, much like gan, q.v., 
 esp. the syntactical explanations given there. 
 c/, as a correlative, ought prop, always to 
 be written )i, yet not even in decidedly 
 correlative sentences is this strictly ob- 
 served: ci byed^-nct-^an) whatever I may 
 do Glr.; ci bgyi bka nyan(-te} ned-kyis 
 bsgrub whatever we may be bidden to do, 
 we shall obediently perform Pth.; ci myur, 
 also cimyur zig-la Pth. as quick as possible;
 
 140 
 
 bi-lim 
 
 also ci alone: by all means, at all events, 
 spyan ci drans he must be conducted here 
 at all events Glr. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. bi-ga what? col. - 
 bi-dyar, ci dyd-bar whatever one may wish, 
 at pleasure, ad libitum. ci snyed \. snyed. 
 *bi ton* (lit. )to/t) *ziy* some, something 
 col. ci Ita-bu of what sort, manner, 
 fashion, quality or nature? Lat. qualis. 
 ci Itar how? in what manner? what? da 
 ci Itar bya, W. *da ci bo-be*, what is now 
 to be done? h Itar gywr-pai ytam byds- 
 so he related what had happened, frq. 
 bi-ste, followed by na or (rarely) fc, in 
 most cases = the Lat, sin, but if, if however; 
 even supposed that; sometimes for gdl-te, 
 if, in case. ci sto what does it matter? 
 si yah ci sto if he dies, what does it matter? 
 Thyy. (cf. can). bi- Q dra-ba similar to 
 what? of what kind? also: of whatever 
 description it may be Glr. H-nas from 
 which or what? out of which or what? 
 by which? etc. (Bal.: *ci-ne* how?), et- 
 nas kyan = bis kyan q. v. ci tsam how 
 much? B., W.; ci tsam yod kyan though 
 he have ever so much Mil. ; ci tsam - du 
 how far? to what distance? bi-tsug Cs., 
 col. *bi-zug, gd-zug* how? in what manner? 
 - ci zig l. what? what a? 2. some one, 
 any one, something, anything ; ci zig-tu dyos 
 for what (purpose) is it wanted? Dzl.', ci 
 zig-na once, one time, at any time Pth.; 
 ci ziy-nas after that, afterwards Pth. ci 
 yan, ci-an, can whatever, any thing, all 
 kinds of things, *hul yo-na fson-yyu ci 
 yan yo* C. if there is money, you may 
 sell any thing; followed by a negative: 
 nothing. ci rigs-pa adj., ci rigs-par adv. 
 1. in some measure, to a certain degree; 
 in part, partly Tar.; 2. of every sort Dzl. 
 and elsewh. ci-la why? wherefore? Glr., 
 W. col. ; also for the de bii pyir ze-na of 
 B. ; further it is used inst. of an affirmative; 
 e.g. question: shall \ve get rice there? 
 answer: *fob yin\ ci-la mi fob* of course, 
 why not? * ci-la zu* why! well! 
 
 S^T bi-lim (Hind. ^ 1. the bowl of a 
 hukka (water-pipe). 2. a hukka. 
 
 5'eb* bi-tse Kun., also tse-tse, millet. 
 
 |$qr big, enclitic, a modification of ybig, 
 ' after s usually changed into sig, after 
 vowels, and the liquids n, n, m, r, I into 
 zig (exceptions, however, in provincialisms 
 and in literature are not unfrequent) 1. 
 after nouns, the indefinite article a, or a 
 few, when following after a plural; some- 
 times also untranslatable: bud-med-dag cig 
 some women; mdn-po zig many (some- 
 times expressly opp. to mdn-po, the many, 
 Tar. 7, 15); gan zig v. gan; a little, some, 
 sin zig O fu-ru ^gro dgos I must go and 
 pick up some fire -wood Mil.; after in- 
 finitives: Krims dan Q gdl-ba zig byed-pa 
 to commit a trespass, to make one's self 
 guilty of a transgression Dzl. ; fse O pos-pa 
 grdns-med-pa zig myan he suffered innu- 
 merable deaths Dzl. ; it is even added to 
 numerals, and not only when 'nearly', 
 'about' or similar words leave a given 
 number undefined (nii Ina tsam zig some 
 five people), but also in sentences like the 
 following : cu - mig bzi zig yod there are 
 four springs or fountains. In all these 
 cases, however, it may also be omitted. 
 The numeral for 'one' ought always to be 
 written ybig and never big, but prefixing 
 the y is so often neglected (e.g. in fobs 
 big-tu, lhan big etc.) that even grammarians 
 let it pass. 2. when affixed to verbs 
 (to the root of the imp. mood, or, in ne- 
 gative sentences, to the root of the present 
 tense) it is a sign of the imperative. In 
 ancient literature it is used without re- 
 ference to rank, whether it be in making 
 prayers to Buddha, or in giving orders 
 to a servant; at present in C. only in the 
 latter way ; in W. it is of rare occurrence. 
 
 , 
 
 particle, the initial letter 
 
 of w T hich is changed ace. to the rules ob- 
 taining for big ; it corresponds to the English 
 participle in ing, is used in sentences be- 
 ginning with when, after, as, and is affixed 
 to verbal roots and adjectives, in the latter 
 case including the auxiliary verb to be: 
 yson-por dur-du bbug-cin bui sa zd-bar
 
 141 
 
 ; cur 
 
 yyur-ciy (= bcuy-nas, or bcuy-ste) may I, 
 after having been buried alive, be obliged 
 to eat my own son's flesh! Dzl.] usually 
 however employed in the minor clauses 
 of accessory sentences: bros-sin ydb-pas 
 having hid themselves after running away 
 Dzl. ; frq. also where coordinate ideas are 
 in English connected by and or but: sd-la 
 zd-ziil Krdy - la O fun - ba eating flesh and 
 drinking blood; ce-ziii legs-pa tall and well- 
 shaped; drod ynod-cin bsil-ba pan heat is 
 hurtful (but), cold is beneficial Lt. It is 
 also used like the ablative of the gerund 
 in Latin: nya bsdr-zin O fso-o we live by 
 fishing (piscando) Dzl. ; and - kyin (q.v.) : 
 ri-la drah-sron byed-cin O duy-yo he sits on 
 the mountain acting the part of an anchorite 
 Dzl. ; smre-siidys O d6n-cin O duy he sits wailing 
 Dzl. ; ran-dydr O yro-zih yda he is wandering 
 at pleasure Mil. ; ces smrd-zin yod- pa-la 
 as they were thus speaking Glr.; cos stdn- 
 cin yod-pai fse as he was just giving re- 
 ligious instruction Tar. 11, 12. 
 
 '^* ciu-ri n. of a female demon Their. 
 
 STX- 3'X' t"i r > ci-ru, termin. of ci, 1. 
 ^ whereto etc., little used. 2. 
 with i/at'/: everywhere, in every direction, 
 for any purpose, by all means, with a 
 negative : nowhere (so at least it is to be 
 explained in several passages of Pth. and 
 
 ^r cw, instr. of ci, cis yid-ces-par O gyur 
 by what am I to believe it? what 
 shall make me believe it? whereby can I 
 know it to be true? Dzl.; cis kyaii mi 
 skrdy-pa yin he is not to be frightened 
 by any thing Dzl. ; cis kyah , and ci - nas 
 kyah frq. used as adv.; by all means, at 
 all events, at any rate, cis kyaii O yr6-na 
 if you wish to go by all means, at all 
 hazards; da cis kyah yeys byao now I will 
 at any rate play him a trick Dzl. ; i-is ///</ '/ 
 bzes-pa zu I beg of you most earnestly to 
 accept it Mil.', cis kyan slobs never mind! 
 teach it me at any rate! Pth. 
 g- cu 1. num. figure: 65. 2. inst. of bcu, 
 NO used in compound numerals for the 
 
 tens, w r hen the preceding numeral ends 
 
 with a consonant: sum-<-n, <li'ti<i-l-n, Ixlun- 
 
 cu, bryyad-cu. 
 
 ^qin- cu-yah Med., Cs.: 'a sort of lime 
 
 NO ' used for medicine'. 
 
 cu-ti (?ycu-ti) pig-tail, cue, worn by 
 
 NO ' boys and men in Tibet proper, I A. 
 
 and Sp. Cf. co-to. 
 
 ^q- 3fr '' U ~ 11 ' ''' 1 ' 1- ^ ' a fresh a P ricot - 
 2. C. dried apricots without 
 
 stones. 3. a sort of wild-growing vege- 
 table Sik., C. cu-li ta-yir the pulp of 
 apricots boiled down to a conserve and 
 formed into cakes W. bun-cu-li a kind 
 of peach Kim. 
 
 cuy-cuy cay-cdy ScJt. 
 
 3. cun 1. ('. gourd, pumpkin. 2. n. of 
 
 NO a place. 3. for c'uii ziy: da l, : y<><! 
 cun jpyis-pa yin you are a little too late 
 now Pth.; cun yo-ba a little slanting Glr. 
 
 NO NO NO zad, ciiii-zad, 
 
 a little, B. and 6'., mu-ye cun-zad cig a 
 partial famine Mil.; cun-zad-kyi pyii' for 
 the sake of a trifle, through an insignificant 
 circumstance Dzl. 9?V, 15 ; some, Lat. non- 
 nulla, of rare occurrence, Was. (242); cun 
 ziy skyeii - bar yyur - nas rather ashamed, 
 somewhat confounded Glr.; cun-ziy pdn- 
 nam blta I shall see, whether it will help, 
 or has helped, a little Mil; a little while, 
 a short space of time, cun-zad ciy sdod 
 ciy wait a little (while) Dzl. When followed 
 by a negative, it may either be trans- 
 lated as in: cun-zad ma bde-ba a little 
 unwell, uneasy etc. Mil., or as in: dlmii 
 cuii-zad med, there is not even a slight 
 possibility = there is uo possibility at all 
 I tli. and elsewh. 
 
 3"(& cuii-zo, also cun-zu, (-un-zi, ycon- 
 NO ' zi, a kind of white stone. 
 ^q. cub W., from the Hind, ^q , *rub 
 NO nid-de duy* he keeps silence, holds 
 his peace. 
 
 3^. cur, in cur mid -pa to devour food 
 so entire 6W<.
 
 142 
 
 cur-ni 
 
 "J' cog-pa 
 
 3^"|J' cur-ni meal, flour, only in medical 
 
 NS ^ writings. 
 
 \5* ce numer. figure: 95. 
 
 ' cig}, in st. of ces smrd- 
 na, 'if one says SO, asks so' etc., after words 
 literally quoted, frq. (W. *zer-na*). 
 
 'fP" ce-spydn jackal. 
 
 9 
 
 g-^- :^' w-re, cer-re envious, jealous, 
 mig ce-re (cer-gyis Thgr.. h'r- 
 te Glr.) ltd - ba to look with an evil or 
 envious eye upon: ce-re lon-ba dim-sighted, 
 purblind C's. 
 
 cem-me-ba bright, shining, of 
 polished metal Glr., cf. fcrd-bo. 
 
 cem-tse scissors C. 
 
 YQ- ceu 1. a small sucking-pipe for drinking 
 ^ the Murva-beer, in which millet grains 
 are swimming Sik. (v. Hook. I., 175). - 
 2. a clyster-pipe. 
 
 ^" cer, v. ce-re. 
 
 ^j- ces 1. (Lex. ^f?0, also ses and zes 
 (cf. ciy) SO, thus, in ancient literature 
 regularly placed after words or thoughts 
 that are literally quoted, and so continuing 
 the sentence; the quotation itself is gen. 
 preceded by Q di skdd-du, or O di mydm-du. 
 In later literature ces and the introductory 
 words are often omitted, in col. language 
 always. Inst. of ces smrds-so, ces ysiins- 
 so, so he said, thus he spoke, so has been 
 said or spoken, so it is said, often only 
 ces-so is used, and in like manner ces-pa 
 for ces smrds-pa, this word, this speech; 
 ces-pa-la sogs-pa these and similar words; 
 ces-pa O di yan also the preceding poem (is 
 written by him); snyun zes -pa ndd-kyi 
 min yin the word snyun is a term for 
 'disease' Zam. ; zes(-pa) dan 'such, and', if 
 a quotation is followed by another, where 
 we say 'further', 'moreover'; ces-pa-la after 
 words have been quoted, which form the 
 subject of further discussion; ces byd-ba, 
 or ces-pa the so called, frq. after names; 
 i-es-su rarely for ces. 2. ace. to the usual 
 
 spelling and pronunciation (ces, ce) of the 
 Lamas oiLd. it is the ordinary termination 
 of the infinitive in W. (in Pur. and Bal. 
 cos, in Kun. ca), though etymologically 
 as yet not accounted for: sometimes used 
 also as a sbst. or adj. i.e. partic. : bsdd- 
 ces killing, bsdd-ces yin it is to be killed ; 
 skye-ces pregnant, v. skye-ba. 
 ^ co 1. num. fig.: 125. 2. co- dri-ba 
 Lex., ., to blame, reproach, slight; to 
 vie with. 
 
 3frjr M-ffa, lco-ga Mil. lark (not 
 
 " ' common in Tibet). 
 ' cd-ger(?'), co-ger bzugsGlr., W.vulgo: 
 
 *co-gan dug* he sits motionless. 
 c^ co-to, also co-ti, C's.: a tuft of hair 
 
 t>n the head, thus Lex. : co-toi for- 
 cog (= cu-tif); cf. Ican-lo. 
 
 &*\' co-ri = cor, can co-ri Lex. (?). 
 
 co-li = cu-li. 
 
 co - lo the prattling or chattering of 
 little children Mil. ; cf. cd-co. 
 3gji* cogCs.: a plural-sign; Schr. all (people). 
 ' This, or a similar original meaning 
 of the word is also to be traced in an 
 expression usual in Ld.: cog-mdo a place 
 where three roads meet, v. mdo; cf. also 
 cag. When affixed to a word, it must be 
 preceded by the vowel o, the final con- 
 sonant of the root being at the same time 
 repeated. Affixed to verbs, it seems to 
 convert them into participles: ^ohs-so-cog- 
 la Dzl ?\*, 6, to those arrived, to the 
 (persons) arrived, yi?i-no-cog, yod-do-cog 
 those being, existing (things or persons); 
 C's.: yces -so -cog things that are valuable, 
 precious, to a man. 
 
 'J' cog-cog-pa W. grasshopper, cricket. 
 
 t nave leisure cog-na yon 
 go if you have leisure, come! *cog- 
 ka* leisure, *dhe-rin cog-ka me'* to-day I have 
 no leisure; *cog-ka )he* is an affirmative 
 answer, when having been asked for some 
 little service, something like: well, I'll 
 do it.
 
 143 
 
 ycig 
 
 cdg-bu a sort of small tent Cs. 
 
 cog-tse, v. Icog-tsc. 
 
 coy-la-ma a mineral (?) Jl/t' 
 
 ^r- con 1. Lex. a musical instrument, 
 Schr. : a bell. 2. .Af7: con-la skyur- 
 ba to push one down a precipice in order 
 to kill him (the only meaning the context 
 here will admit); cf. tson-don. 3. v. fcon. 
 con-ci a small bowl or dish Sch.; 
 v. can-ce. 
 
 ' con- con jagged, indented, serrated. 
 
 coii-mo, col. for Icun-mo. 
 
 con-ba, Pth.: nu- bod cofi-ba ace. 
 
 to the context: to raise loud la- 
 mentations, wailings (at funerals); perh. 
 etymologically connected with co-nes. Cf. 
 fcon-skad. 
 
 5C*(3* con-zi = cun-zo. 
 
 rr'sfr* con-ron, perh. = coil-con, Mil. cofi- 
 ron tser-ma. 
 
 cod-pan, IttZ, ornament for the 
 head, worn by kings, tiara, diadem, 
 
 crown; the crest of gallinaceous birds. 
 
 cob-ddr Ld.-Glr., Schl. p. 29, a (?). 
 
 5z:Tnr- 3X'3cn- cor-gdn, cor-cig a mouth- 
 1 fill, a gulp, a little Sch.; 
 cf. c'0-m 
 
 col-cun Thgy. childish prattle or 
 
 babbling. 
 
 5J' f ca 9 s -P a ! to apprehend, to 
 grasp (with the understanding), 
 to impress, gen. with yid-la, on the mind, 
 e.g. the doctrine Dzl. ; also bka nan-ycdgs 
 cen-po yndn-ba to give a thoroughly solid, 
 impressive instruction; ycdgs-po byed-pa 
 yc'dys-pa; with additional force: *do cdg- 
 po )he'-pa* C. to impress (to one's mind) 
 as firm as a rock. 2. relative to per- 
 sons it is synon. to cdgs-pa to love. 
 
 fcdn-po, W. *sdfi-po* clever; lively, 
 
 sprightly; W. also attentive to, re- 
 gardful of; ycdn-po drun-po clever and 
 
 sagacious A///., ycaii-driiii Iddn-pa id. 7V//. ; 
 hence also ycaii sbst. sagacity, cleverness; 
 Ka-ycdh clever words, clever speech Cs.' 
 cf. also Ka-sbydh\ W.: *sah co-ce* to watch 
 for; to keep guard, to watch; *sah-rig co- 
 ce* to be very attentive, to listen with 
 fixed attention, *sdn-rig-can* , C. *cdh^rig- 
 cen* very attentive; W.: *san skill -ce* 1. 
 to exhort, admonish 2. to wake, to rouse 
 from sleep; *cos-si san-skul tdn-ce* to give 
 religious exhortations, to hold parenetic 
 lectures. 
 
 fcdd-pa, v. f cod-pa. 
 
 3,5- fcan-(f)zdn frq. beast of prey, 
 1 Lat. /era, but more in a 
 systematic sense, so that the cat, and even 
 the dog may be included; Glr. po. yban- 
 (y)zdn fd-ma 'the last of the beasts of 
 prey', the cat. 
 
 fcdm-bu Cs. humbleness, servility, 
 flattery, Sch. also untruth, lie ; ycdm- 
 bui nag, or tsiy a servile speech; ycdm- 
 bu smrd-ba to speak submissively Stg. (not 
 much used). 
 
 f car -ba 1- Sch.: cut Out, put Out, 
 knocked out, e.g. miy an eye (cf. 
 bcar-ba. 2. Mil? 
 
 ycdl-ba, fcdl-du bkrdm-pa to 
 spread, display, lay out e.g. precious 
 stones, jewels, on a table, on the ground, 
 Glr., also Lex. 
 
 _g._. yci-ba 1. vb. v. ycid-pa. 2. sbst. 
 = ycin; bsah fci both kinds of alvine 
 discharges. Dzl. 
 
 ycig, num. one; fcig kijan even but 
 one; one and the same, dus ycig-tu, 
 at the same time (whereas dus cig-na once, 
 one day, which however is also written 
 dus ycig-na); ycig byed-pa to unite (vb. n.), 
 to join (in an act), to act in concert; sole, 
 alone; dear, beloved, yob ycig dear father! 
 Glr. : sin - tu yduii - bai ma ycig my own 
 (only) beloved mother! somebody, some 
 one Dzl., feu) . . . ycig the one the other, 
 somebody or other, very frq. : ycig-gis ycig, 
 ycig -la ycig etc. one another, each other 
 frq.; mi-ycitj('. differing, different.
 
 144 
 
 yhd-pa 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ycig-ka single, only, 
 
 opp. to several, Mil. ycig-car, ycig-car 
 v. car. ycig-cig, pronounced *cig-cig*, 
 a certain, some one, cis' T<C, slob -ma -las 
 ycig-cig Dzl.; bud-med ycig-cig Dzl. 3VL, 5 
 (where Sch. has cig-ycig erron.); yUg-ycig, 
 pronounced *cig-cig*, 1. one at a time; 
 separately, alone, esp. W.; 2. of the same 
 kind, not different W. (v. Fouc. Gram, p. 21. 
 42), 3. adv. by one's self, only, solely W. 
 ycig-cog all-sufficient Glr. fdg-nyid 
 Cs. 'unity' (?) ycig-tu 1. into one, into one 
 body, together, fdg-tu sdu-ba to unite e.g. 
 six countries, Dzl.\ to contract, to simplify 
 C. 2. at once, wholly, altogether Dzl. %2>, 3; 
 3. firstly, in the first place, ycig-tu-ni\ 
 then follows ynyis-sti-ni etc. Dzl. 4. only, 
 solely Tligy. ycig-du unity and plurality, 
 ycig-du-brdl not having these two qualities 
 Was. (308). ycig-pa 1. the first Wdn. (little 
 used). 2. having etc. one, cf. dgu. 3. of 
 one kind, not different or manifold, tni- 
 ycig-pa different B. and C. ycig-pu (also 
 tcig-bu?) alone, Single, ycig-pus mi ston 
 tub -pa to be able to cope alone with a 
 thousand men Dzl.; ycig-pur lus-pa to 
 remain alone behind Glr.; only, sole, bu 
 ycig-pu the only son, frq. ycig-po \. 
 alone, rgydl-po ycig-po skyes-pa yin the 
 king alone is a man, Dzl. 2. being one, 
 or the one, ma ynyis-la skyes-pai bu yciq- 
 
 / *7 J it/ 
 
 po thou (being the) one son of two mothers, 
 viz. claimed by two, Glr. 3. Pur. the one 
 - the other. ftig-sos the other, when 
 speaking of two. 
 
 *r ycid-pa, also yci-ba, pf. ycis, fut. 
 yet, imp. ycis, to make water, to 
 piss. 
 
 ycin urine, ycin y ad-pa, or yci-ba, 
 W. tdn-cc, to make water; ycin sor 
 urine is discharged involuntarily; ycin- 
 rkydg, both discharges, vulg.; ycin- gdg 
 the retention of urine Med.; ycin-snyi 
 gonorrhoea, clap(?) Med. 
 
 yciu 1. clyster -pipe = ceu\ yci-ui 
 sman clyster Lex. 2. clyster '(?) Cs. 
 
 q- ycil-ba to spoil, to destroy Sch. 
 
 ycer-lnt 
 
 , Icu-ba, v. y cud-pet' 
 
 ycu or Icu-Jcor Cs., yhi-skor 
 W., ycm-bu Ts., screw. ycu-ti v. cu-ti. 
 ycu-doii screw-box Cs. 
 
 e-M^rrf^ importance, Cs. 
 
 yciigs-pa, prob. not different 
 from ycdgs-pa. The word oc- 
 curs in : yid(-la) ycugs^-pa) beloved, a friend 
 Dzl. ; mdza - ycugs byed - pa to treat ami- 
 cably Wdn. ; Kon-fciigs having conceived 
 a hatred Lex. 
 
 ycun-po, resp. a younger brother. 
 
 ycud? ycud-(ld) J)6r(-ba) LCXJC. w.e. ; 
 Sch.: to forsake, to cast out, to re- 
 ject; (cog. to cud-zdn?) 
 
 '^I" y cud-pa, Icud-pa, pf. ycus, 
 
 to turn, turn round, twist, twine, plait, braid; 
 
 *cud log tdn-ce* W. to untwist, untwine a 
 rope; *cus zum tdn-te nol dug* W. they 
 wrestle and scuffle (prop, they fight scuff- 
 ling); *sen cus gydb-ce* W. to press and 
 bore with the knuckle ; *cus - spu* a low 
 expression for the hair; lag-pa ycus Zam.f 
 -_.. ycun-pa, secondary form of ^un- 
 >o ^ |>a, Lexx. : rtsdd-nas ycun-pa, prob. 
 to subdue completely; ycur-zifi ycun-pa 
 prob. to beat or press a thing until it is 
 soft. 
 
 ycur-ba, secondary form of a)u>'- 
 6a; ycur-pe Ld. a coarse sort of 
 vermicelli. 
 
 ;//-// to esteem, to hold dear, to love 
 Sclt. 
 
 ycen (Cs. ycen-po) resp. Cs.: one's 
 elder brother Dzl. ?AS, 11; ace, to 
 Zam.: first-born son. 
 
 ycer-ba v. bccr-ba. 
 
 ycer-bu naked, col., also Mil; ycer- 
 nydl id.; Run.: *cer-g6g*\ resp. 
 sku ycer-bu; ycer-bu-rnams O gdbs-par byed- 
 pa yin-pa being one that covers the naked 
 Stg.; ycer-bur O bym-pa to make naked, to 
 strip Pth.; ycer-bu byuh-ba, W. *cer-nydl 
 fon-ce* to show one's self naked; ycer-
 
 145 
 
 y ccs- j> 
 
 bu-pa, ycer-nyal-mttan Mil. (Ssk. nirgran- 
 tha a naked man, gymnosophist; cos-sku 
 ycer mfon-du grol-bas having been deliver- 
 ed so far as to see the cos-sku (v. sku) 
 unveiled Glr. 
 
 r<-'fa-P a ( L h. *se-pa-*} dear, belov- 
 
 ed, ... Itar yces-na yafi although 
 he is to me as dear as ... Glr.; ried-kyi 
 mi yces-pa a man dear to us, our beloved, 
 our darling Mil. ; fees-ma a favourite, sweet- 
 heart Cs. ; j-ces -pruy dear child Mil. ; ex- 
 cellent, precious, valuable, sin-tu fces-pai 
 It/a the five important letters (viz. the pre- 
 fixed letters) Glr.; ses-pa yces it is of im- 
 portance to know Med.; often as super- 
 lative : jig rten O di-na yces-pa rah-srog yin 
 the dearest thing in the world is one's 
 own life Pth. ; yces-par byed-pa Sty., O dzin- 
 pa Glr. c. accus , W. : *se -pa eo-ce* gen. 
 with the dat., to hold dear, to love, to 
 esteem, persons or things, but not appli- 
 cable to the deeper affections of the heart. 
 yces-bsdus Lex. w.e.; yces-btus Cs. choice 
 pieces (out of books). 
 
 ycog-pa, pf. bcag, imp. %(), W. 
 
 *cdg-ce*, imp. *coy* trs. to O cdg- 
 pa, to break, dum-bur to pieces; to break 
 off, or asunder; to smash, a glass; to crack, 
 nuts; to burst; split, blast, a gun, a rock; 
 fig. : to break, to violate, a promise, a vow, 
 a law etc. frq., yab-kyi bka bcdy-tu mcd 
 the word of my father may not be violated 
 (by me) Glr. 
 
 ZTK' ^36*<3K* I'"' Yfoii-ndd, COnsump- 
 ' tion, phthisis, ycon-cen 
 dmu-cu prob. dropsy in the chest or in 
 the pericardium Med.; gen. any chronic 
 disease *coh-la fs//' ma son-iiam* C. it has 
 not taken a chronic turn, has it? also fig.: 
 *sem con-po dug* C. the heart is sick, af- 
 flicted. 
 _tg..-. fcdn-skad Lex., Sch.: lamentations, 
 
 wailings , plaintive voices , cf. 
 ycoii-ba. 
 
 fcon-ba 1. pf. bsoiis, to excavate, 
 wash out, undermine through the 
 action of water, tur-du y con-bar mi yyur- 
 ro they are not undermined (by the water) 
 
 Stg.; ycon-roii a narrow passage, a defile 
 Cs. 2. from yco/i, to get faint, languid, 
 wearied in mind, C. 
 
 "^' ycon-zi, v. co/l-:i. 
 
 cn^r'^r* ycod-pa, pf. bead, fut. ycad, imp. 
 cod, W. *cdd-ce*, imp. *cod* 1. to 
 cut, cdd-bya ycod-pa secanda secare Gram.', 
 to cut asunder, fann-fmul-tlu into small bits; 
 to cut off, chop off, the hands; to cut down, 
 to fell, trees; to cut out, tbe tongue Dzl; 
 to rend asunder, to break, a thread, a rope , 
 chains, fetters. 2. to cut off fig.: cu, 
 the water, by damming it out, frq.; to 
 reduce, the wages; to cure, a disease; to 
 suppress, a passion; to discontinue, to give 
 up, zan, zas, eating i.e. to abstain from 
 food, to fast; srog, to kill, to murder, frq.; 
 to Stop a thing in its origin, to obviate, 
 prevent, avert ; to avoid ; to lock, the door, 
 frq.; . . . kyi, or la, bdr-du j'cod-pa to throw 
 obstacles in a person's way, to hinder, 
 impede, frq.; srog-la bdr-du yeod-pa de-dag 
 all these life-endangering beings Glr.; (for 
 more examples refer to bar}; to sfop, to 
 make a pause, in reading, sad yon-na 
 drdg-por bcdd-pa making a marked stop, 
 when there is a, shad, Gram.; mam(-par} 
 ycdd(-pa), or bcad^-pa), section, paragraph ; 
 stop, pause; yoits-ycdd id. Gram.; fo de- 
 cide , ces bead - do thus he decided Dzl. ; 
 Krims, or (Dzl.} zal-ce, to pass sentence 
 or judgment; to judge, condemn, cf. also 
 fag -ycod-pa. 3. to cross (little used), 
 eu-bo grii-yis a river in a boat Glr. 4. 
 rjes ycod-pa to follow the track, used both 
 of men and dogs; *mdr-dzi? (to follow) 
 the smell of butter (viz. of roast-meat), 
 *kyur-dzi co'-pa* C. to follow the sourish 
 smell (viz. the smell of beer) ; (f)sar- (also 
 tsar Pth.} } cod -pa to search into, to in- 
 vestigate, to examine or study thoroughly 
 Ld.-Glr. Schl. p. 20, b. cdd-pas ycod- 
 pa and other phrases v. under the re- 
 spective noun. - *<'!> '-fait* ( . the Tibetan 
 rupee, having lines (radii} of division mark- 
 ed, by which they may be cut into smal- 
 ler pieces. Note: In some phrases the 
 10
 
 146 
 
 spelling of ycod-pa and the assonant verbs 
 spyod-pa and dpyod-pa is variable. 
 
 ^' am > * d<ww ' P ride ' nau 9 nti ' 
 ness, arrogance, bskyun-ba 
 to put it off, give it up l&xx.\ bcom eun- 
 hus Tar. 20, 6 despondingly, low-spirited; 
 gros-ycom Lex. obs. or prov. for gros-bcdm, 
 v. O cdm-pa. 
 
 fcor-ba to spread, scatter, disperse 
 Cs. 
 
 bcdg-pa v. )> cog-pa and O cdg-pa. 
 
 ?A. : 'bcan-rgya-cen-po com- 
 prising much, comprehensive, very 
 extensive; bcah-rgydr mdzad-pa resp. to 
 apply one's self, to bestow pains upon'. 
 bcdd-ka W. a whole that has been 
 cut into, or a piece cut off. 
 -l^r bcdd-po W. something old, torn, 
 
 worn out 
 q3q*]* bcdb-ya v. O cab-pa. 
 
 bcam-bcom Sch. : trivial things, 
 medley, hodge-podge. 
 
 bcd-sga v. sga. 
 
 bcd-ba 1. v. cd-ba. 2. sbst. drink- 
 ing; gen. used connected with bza- 
 ba; bcd-ba dan bzd-ba, or bza-bea food 
 and drink. 
 
 1>ca- prdn Mil, declivity, pre- 
 cipice Sch. 
 
 bca-mdg, the usual pronunciation 
 of Icags-mag. 
 
 bcdr-ba 1. =bcir-ba to squeeze, to 
 press in a press Thgy.; to crowd, 
 to throng, *ydr-la bear* 6'., stand (or sit) 
 more closely together ! 2. to pull or force 
 from, to wrest Cs. 3. Lexx.: mig bcdr- 
 ba the same as in year-miff ('?). 4. >ScA. : 
 logs bcdr-ba to prop sideways. 5. /Sc^. : 
 6cav bzugs-pa to have a permanent resi- 
 dence (this would however be more cor- 
 rectly expressed by car). 6. bcdr-bai 
 rta- bcibs, and lan-bcdr? Lexx. w.e. 
 
 bcdl-ba v. 
 
 connected with, having, possessing, containing 
 
 a thiug, with dan or terrain, (the latter in 
 prose only when a second dan, signifying 
 'and 1 , occurs in the sentence); gerunclially: 
 bcds-te, sometimes also beds- pas or bcds- 
 xi/'t: adverbially: beds - su frq. ; Jcor dan 
 bcds-pa^-te, -su) with attendance, with a 
 retinue or suite, frq.; bu-mo bcu bod-blon 
 dan beds-pas skor-te surrounded by ten vir- 
 gins together with the Tibetan ambassa- 
 dors Glr. ; btsun - mo dan srds - su beds - te 
 with (his) wife and son Git: ; gos dan bcds- 
 su (to go into the water) having one's 
 clothes on Dzl. ; zal Q dzum-pa dan beds-te 
 with a smiling face Gb'.\ ser-sna dan beds- 
 pa infected with, subject to, avarice; with- 
 out dan or teriuin. (esp. po.); Jcrul-bcas 
 infatuated, fascinated Pfh.', O bni-fdn fun 
 bcas together with a small parcel of Du- 
 tan tea ; it is also, like mams, a collective 
 sign, used in enumerations, referring to 
 several nouns, Wdn., or like la-sogs-pa 
 and other (things), and more (such things), 
 and the like : I'yyays dan bcas bskydl - lo 
 provisions and other necessaries we shall 
 supply Mil. 
 
 bcin-ba, fut. of O cin-ba to bind. 
 
 bcins-pa, pf. of O ciii-ba to bind. 
 Both verbs (bein-ba and beins- 
 pci) are also used as substantives: bonds, 
 fetters, whether of a material, spiritual, or 
 magical nature. 
 
 bcib(s)-pa v. O ctb-pa; Sch. also: 
 carriage, conveyance. 
 beir-ba v. cir-ba. 
 
 beds-pa 1 . originally pf. of O cd-ba, 
 little used. 2. adj. together with. 
 
 beil-ba v. Jil-ba. 
 
 q_. bcu (Bal. *wcu*} ten, bcu fam-pa id. ; 
 bcu-prag a decade; bcu-ycig, bcu-fnyis 
 (Bal. *wcu - was*) eleven, twelve etc., (v. 
 also bco); bcu-pa, bcu-po as in dgii-pa, dgu- 
 po. bcu-skor O fon, bcu-gyur O fon (the 
 field) yields a tenfold crop. - *cu-fca, 
 cu-Kai tal* C., *cu-Mg* W., tithe, tithes; 
 bcu-Kdg-pa a collector of tithes, beu-fcag 
 O don-pa to tithe, to decimate Cs. beu- 
 </j>on corporal, I^at. ^l<'<t^^in. Ix-n-jxj (*cu-
 
 147 
 
 bcif-ha 
 
 way* Ts.) a band of ten soldiers. bcu- 
 
 ycig-zdl the eleven-faced (Awalokiteswara) 
 
 Glr. 
 
 q^S'q* bcu-ba v. O cu-ba. 
 
 ' bcug-pa v. Jug-pa. 
 
 bt-ugs, from the phrases: sems Kon- 
 med-pa dan bcugs med -pa dan 
 ynod-pa med-pa Stg., and PratihOrya Ava- 
 ddna (v. Feet") p. 3: lha-byin-gyis bcugs 
 byas-te = ^^Trf^ft^Tj i fc appears, that 
 
 bcugs signifies hatred, hostility, damage, 
 loss, which when compared with fcugs 
 seems rather strange, yet is in accordance 
 with 3fte(H (for this must probably be 
 read inst. of efitlffT). 
 
 . bcud (-^r) moisture, juice, sap, but 
 gen. combined with the notion of a 
 certain inherent virtue or power; zld-bai 
 bcud a fructifying moisture, to be compar- 
 ed in its effects to the warmth of the sun, 
 and prob. means night-dew (if after all it 
 is any thing real); hence essence, nutri- 
 ment , rkdn - gis bcud O gyur nourishment 
 conies from the marrow Med.; bcud-la so/i, 
 Mil. also bcud-la bor, (this food) has prov- 
 ed a nutritious fluid, it agrees with him; 
 bcud -can nutritious, succulent, of grass, 
 food etc.; bcud- med not nutritious, Med.; 
 invigorating cordial, quintessence, bcud-Un 
 an elixir of life; frq. fig.: cos fams-cdd 
 bsdtis-pai bcud Glr. 
 
 bcum-pa 1. v. Jum-pa. 2. to 
 use artifices, to chicane Sch. 
 bcur-ba 1. to be flattened down Sch. 
 - 2. Kun. *lun-po cur-te yon* 
 there is a draught (here). 3. 6'. like 
 bkdg-pa to bar, obstruct, block up, e.g. of 
 snow obstructing a road. Of. jur-ba. 
 
 ^xV, ^5^1* bee, bees v. O ce-ba. 
 
 bcer-ba 1. to heap or pile up 6s.; 
 
 Lex.: sin pun-pot" bcer-ba to pile 
 up wood. 2. = bcir-ba 1. to squeeze, 
 to press ( ., W.; to squeeze in, rf-biw/ /w///.s- 
 kyi bar du something between two rocks 
 Pth.; *cer tdn-ce* W. to squeeze, press, 
 
 screw in; *cer-cer tdn-ce* W. to throng, 
 
 to crowd. 
 
 fo'o, for bcu in bco-lnd 15, and bco- 
 brgydd 18; lo Ina ysum bco-lnu 
 
 3 times 5, 15 years (Ina ysum standing 
 
 pleon.) Mil. 
 
 q% r q % bc6-ba, pf. and imp. bi-os, prop, root 
 of the fut. tense of O cos-pa, but in 
 W. the usual word for byed-pa to make, 
 perform; to prepare, manufacture, construct: 
 employed in all kinds of phrases; */>;-/,/ 
 zun-can co* W. (he) makes him a liar. 
 bcog? Glr. 99. 
 
 bcom for /cow, pride. 
 
 bcom-pa, pf. oljdim-pa, conquered. 
 
 subdued; having conquered or sub- 
 dued, e.g. di/rd-bcoms-pa, v. dgra\ victory 
 6s.; O prog-bcdm, and * corn-tog* W. rob- 
 bery and acts of violence. btom-bdfy 
 p.n., Mathura, town of ancient India, in 
 the neighbourhood of Agra, Z<im., Tar. 
 bcom-lddn victorious 6s.; bcom- Man - O das 
 (Kh. *wcom-ldan-d(3*, Ld. * com-dan-dds *, 
 C. *com-ddn-d<j*) ^ip^ 6s.; victorious, 
 Sch.: 'the victoriously consummated', /*/////. 
 le bien-heureux, the usual epithet of Bud- 
 dha, Burn. I., 71. 
 
 q^flfq' bcdl-baj v. O co7-oa; bcol-ma a thing 
 committed to a person's charge, 
 a trust. 
 
 q^fq* bcos-pa, a verb of its own, though 
 as to form resembling a parti- 
 ciple, 1. to treat medically, hence to cure, 
 to heal, w/v/.s hiftu'i bcos-su med he cannot 
 be cured even by the best physicians Med. ; 
 beds- (pai) fabs the way of treating, the 
 method of curing Med. sman-bi-o* medical 
 treatment Med. 2. to do (a thing) for the 
 sake of appearance, for term's sake, to affect. 
 bc6s-su byed-pa to perform a sham work. <>.-. 
 blowing into a blazing fire 6'.; hence as 
 sbst. : a false conception, wrong idea, beds 
 pa dan Jtrul -bar </yi'/r - ba to give way 
 to odd fancies, to have crotchets in tin- 
 brain, e.g. in consequence of old age 7'//////. 
 3. partic.: made or contrived by art,
 
 148 
 
 Icags 
 
 artificial, feigned, fictitious, ma-bcfa artless, 
 unaffected, genuine; it also seems to de- 
 note an absence of mental activity, or a 
 forbearance of exercising such activity, in 
 short that indifference to the world, which 
 is so highly valued by the Buddhist, Mil. 
 bcos-pai ras, or ras bcds-bu, washed or 
 prepared cotton-cloth 6s.; calico, chintz 6s.; 
 in S. 0. it seems to denote a costly, va- 
 luable fabric; beds - ma sbst. and adj., a 
 production of art, any thing made or con- 
 trived by art, esp. every thing imitated, 
 counterfeit, mock, sham, not genuine, frq. ; 
 bcos-ma ma yin-pa natural, unfeigned, ge- 
 nuine, e.g. respect, reverence Glr. fsul- 
 bcos-mKan, one that is shamming, a hypo- 
 crite. Cf. cos-pa. 
 
 of. lea, Ld. for Ici-ba, excrement, dung, 
 * manure. 
 
 Icd-sga - bca-sga, white ginger, v. sgd. 
 
 Icd-ba 1. 6s.: a sort of carrot, Med. 
 
 frq., but not known to the common 
 people, at least not in W. 2. <*J4<4 ace. 
 to Was. a garment made of wool or felt 
 Tar. 
 
 Icag I. rod, switch, stick, whip; glan- 
 
 Icdg ox-whip; riia-lcdg kettle-drum 
 stick; lean- Icdg Lex. willow -twig, osier- 
 switch; rta-lcdg horse-whip, whip in ge- 
 neral, also a scourge, consisting of several 
 straps with sharp knots; spa-lcdg a cane, 
 bamboo Mil. ; ber(-ma}-lcdy stick Mil. 
 2. (Icdg -ma} stroke, blow, cut, hit, Icag 
 ryydb-pa to give a blow or cut, rtd-la to 
 the horse Glr. ; mgo-lcdg (Ld. *go-lcdy*} a 
 blow or stroke upon the head; ^yram-lcdy 
 a smack on the cheek, slap on the face, 
 box on the ear 6s. ; fal-lcdg id. 3. fore- 
 part of a coat of mail Sch. 4. a kind 
 of Daphne, v. re-lcag-pa. 
 
 Comp. Icdg-rdo W. flint, ilint-stone. - 
 lcag- brds Mil. whip-cord, lash of a whip; 
 lhu)- Q breii, and Icag-dnd id. Icag-fsdn 
 rta-lcdg 6. Icag-yu whip-stick, handle of 
 a whip. 
 
 Icay-lciy Lex. w.e. 
 
 li'ag-pdd a girdle, made of plaited 
 and interlaced strips and resem- 
 bling a chain; one Lex. adds : ddn-mai O dril- 
 du Ihds-pa (?). 
 
 Icags 1. iron, Icdgs-kyi of iron; Icdgs- 
 bton-mKan a miner digging for iron; 
 rgya-lcdgs Chinese iron; po-lcdgs an in- 
 ferior sort of iron, mo - Icdgs a finer and 
 better sort of it, 6s. steel (?) 2. an iron 
 instrument, tool, esp. lock (of doors), fet- 
 ter, shackle, sgo fams - cad Icags btab - ci/i 
 locking every door l*th. ; *kdn-cag lag-cog* 
 C. fettered on hands and feet; ynam-lcdgs 
 1. thunderbolt, 2. a flash of lightning just 
 striking an object; me -Icdgs a steel to 
 strike fire with, fire-steel. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. Icags-kyu B. an iron 
 hook, esp. fishing-hook, angle; often fig.: 
 fugs-rjei, or cos-kyi Icags-kyvs O dzin-pa to 
 seize with the hook of grace or of religion 
 DzL, Glr. and elsewh. Icags-dkdr tin- 
 plate, white iron plate. Icags-skud thin 
 Wire. Icags -Kern or Kyem a spade. - 
 Icags - tirol Sch. a big iron kettle (= W. 
 *cag-dol* stew-pan, large iron pan or pot ?) 
 Icags -mgdr iron smith, black-smith. 
 Icags-sgor iron pan. Icags -sgyid trevet, 
 tripod. Icags -sgrog fetter, shackle. - 
 Icags- cds implements of iron, hardware. - 
 Icags- tig a kind of gentian, cf. tig-ta. - 
 Icags-fdg chain or chains. Icags -fdl 6s. 
 an iron dish or plate, prob. from fd-li. 
 Icags -dregs (W. *cag-rdg*} 1. iron dross, 
 scoria or slag of iron; 2. dirt of the in- 
 testines. Icags-rdo 1. perh. more cor- 
 rectly Icag-rdo flint-stone. 2. iron-stone, 
 iron ore (V). Icags -prd U, a kind of 
 musket, imported from Rum (Turkey). 
 *cag-ber* W. an iron bar, crowbar, hand- 
 spike. Icdgs-mag, bed-mag, the Turkish 
 
 e5^JCs> flint-stone, tinder-box W. U-ags- 
 tsdgs an iron cribble or sieve, colander. 
 Icags-zdm iron bridge. Icags -zdns iron 
 kettle. *cag-zdn* (.'. good iron, steel. 
 Icags-yyd rust Med. Icags-ri a wall en- 
 circling an estate, a town etc. Icags- 
 sldn a large iron pan for roasting or kiln-
 
 149 
 
 U-aii-rna 
 
 drying corn. Icags-sdn iron hoop, hasp, 
 cramp-iron. Icags-sd iron ore Cs. 
 leags-bsro smoothing-iron Sch. 
 
 lean -ma willow. Salix viminalis, 
 almost the only leaved tree in Tibet, 
 frq. planted in the vicinity of villages; 
 rgydl-lean the specific name of this tree 
 in Kun.; ron-lcan, ser-lcan different species 
 of it; Ican-dkdr Kun. a white kind with 
 birch - like bark, cf. so; lean -16 willow- 
 leaves, 2. (wzr) matted hair, lcdn-lo-can, 
 or -pa, one w r ith matted hair, a penitent; 
 also n. of a place in ancient India, of 
 another in Lhasa, and of a third on the 
 top of the fabulous Rirab. 3. queue, pig- 
 tail C. Ican-rlom a flat willow basket 
 Ts. lean-sin willow-tree, willow-wood. 
 lean-sol Sch. : 'the red willow'. * can- 
 si I* W. coolness, shade under a willow-tree. 
 carr'air' lean -Icon Cs. = sati-son a craggy 
 
 * * place, a broken country. 
 
 -,.. Icam, also pyam, 1. lath, pole, rafter, 
 
 * spar of a roof. In Tibet the rafters 
 are placed horizontally, and support a layer 
 of earth; in Mongol tents they are slant- 
 ing, supporting the felt - covering. 2. 
 also brag - Icdm, n. of an officinal herb 
 used for healing wounds Med. 3. j/yur- 
 Icdm prob. denotes a glittering fish, or a 
 fish rapidly darting along 4. v. Icdm- 
 mo. 
 
 .S., Icdm - me- ba, perh. variegated, 
 shining, dazzling Glr. 
 
 ledm-mo, resp. for spun, and esp. 
 
 for srin - mo, ace. to 6s. also for 
 cuil-ma, a royal consort, a great man's 
 sister or wife; lha-lcdm a princess Pth.; 
 learn -cun a young princess or lady, a 
 young unmarried lady of noble rank; Icam- 
 drdl, mced-lcam-dral, Icam-snn brother 
 and sister, 
 am-- Icdm -pa 1. n. of a flower Wdn.; 
 
 2. n. of a kind of vegetables S.g. 
 a-q. Ici-ba 1. sbst. (Ld. *lca*, Lh.*ci-a, 
 * ce-a*), dung, esp. of cattle; bai Ici- 
 ba, bd-lci cow-dung; lei-skdm dry dung 
 (used as fuel), Ici-rlon fresh dung. 2. 
 adj. heavy, W. *cin-te*, y ait-lei 1. light and 
 
 I cum 
 
 heavy; '2. weight, *yah-ci ddn-da co-ce* 
 W. to balance equally, to counterpoise; 
 with regard to food, perh. heavy, oppress- 
 ing the stomach; but also in a favourable 
 sense: substantial, nutritious; fig.: weighty, 
 
 important, ki/ed-kyi skyes dan bka-stsdl fri- 
 ba des in consequence of your weighty 
 presents and requests Glr.; *ndm-cog cin- 
 te* W. hard of hearing; Ka-na-ma-fo-ba 
 Ici-ba a heavy, deadly sin, frq. 
 
 ^* ll-ld v. I jh I. 
 
 Icin-te v. Ici-ba. 
 
 Icibs denotes a. things, which serve 
 to protect the hands, when having 
 to deal with hot or otherwise disagreeable 
 objects; so gloves may be called IHbs Sch., 
 but esp. fsa- Icibs (W. *fsalciV} pot -cloth 
 (to take pots from the fire), *re - cib* C., 
 also *lag-cib* id.; hence prob. mig -Icibs, 
 resp. spyan- Icibs eyelid; mig - gi Icibs- for 
 sty, wisp in the eye, and perh. from some 
 remote similarity syo - Icibs, sgoi ya - Icibs 
 the lintel or head-piece of a door; nya- 
 Icibs fishgills, Lex. and Cs.; b. contrivances 
 to facilitate the handling of different ob- 
 jects, as: the handles of pots and vessels, 
 the handles, hilts, bows, ears, loops etc. of 
 knives, scissors, pincers and other work- 
 ing-tools. 
 
 ^'^T lcu-ba v. ycu-ba. 
 
 Iciig-pa Cs., mnyen-lcug Lex., flexible, 
 pliant; a supple branch; Icuy-lcinj 
 byed-pa to bend repeatedly Cs.; leug-ma 
 a root-shoot of a willow or a poplar-tree, 
 a rod, switch; *wg-gu* C. the bud of a 
 twig; Icug-prdn a thin branch or twig. 
 
 Uugs, gri-yi Icugs Lex. w.e. 
 
 leun-ka = skyun-ka, jack-daw. 
 lcun-mo thimble Glr. 
 
 ' 
 
 Icud-pa v. ycud-pa. 
 
 um j\li : </., /(/(/// -fsa C 
 stalks of which are used as a purga- 
 
 r. I i-ii in M <<!., Ihim-fsa Cs.: 'a plant, the
 
 150 
 
 f ' Ice 
 
 tive' ; Icum-dkdr prob. another species of 
 that plant Med. 
 
 p Ice 1. resp. Ijays (farj) tongue, Ic? rkyaii- 
 " ba to put forth, to show the tongue 
 Mil.; Ice bryyd-yis yon-tan nin-zad brjod- 
 par nus ma mcis even with a hundred 
 tongues we should not be able sufficiently 
 to praise the merit . . . Pth. 2. blade, 
 Cs. yri-lce. 3. (TO[f%f) thunderbolt, Ice 
 Jbebs-pai yloy a flash of lightning accom- 
 panying a thunderbolt. 4. flame, me-lce. 
 Comp. Ice-kyiys the frenum of the tongue 
 Cs. Ice-cun uvula. Ice-cun O bab$ inflam- 
 mation of the uvula Med. lce-)nyis-pa 
 double-tongued, deceitful, Vce-ynyis byed-pa 
 to be double-tongued. Ice-feb, lce- drd 
 a fleshy excrescence below the tongue Cs. 
 - Ice-bde a nimble tongue a babbler Mil. 
 Ice-spydh = ce-spydit Thyy., Stg. - Ice- 
 Jtriir a swelling on the tongue Cs. Ice- 
 myah-fsd alum Med. Ice-rtsd the root 
 of the tongue, Ice-rtsd -can a letter pro- 
 nounced from the root of the tongue, a 
 guttural. Ice-rise the tip of the tongue 
 Cs., Ice-rtse-can a letter sounded with the 
 tip of the tongue, a lingual. Ice-fsd- 
 (-ba) a sharp-tasted, pungent medicinal herb 
 Med. Ice-yzor a tongue-scraper Cs. 
 
 Iceg a coat of mail for a horse Sch. 
 
 ojn*J* tieb-pa to go to kill one's self, to 
 seek death, esp. by a leap into the 
 water or down a precipice, but not every 
 kind of suicide; also used of insects that 
 fly into a flame etc. 
 
 lco-ga, also lcog-ma or mo lark. 
 
 5' ca 
 
 tiog 1. B., C. a turret on a house- 
 top, pinnacle (W. *speu*). 2. v. 
 Icda-tse. 
 
 lcoy-po prob. low, Icoy-por skye (a 
 certain plant) is low- growing, it 
 does not grow high. 
 
 ysol-lcda, table, in Tibet, 
 esp. in W., a very rare piece of furniture, 
 and always small and low; Icoy-Kebs table- 
 cloth, Icog-Kebs btin-ba to lay the clojh; 
 rgya-lcoy a large table, a European table; 
 mdun-lcoy 'fore-table', a sort of table before 
 an idol, for spreading offerings on it, v. 
 e.g. Hook. I, 172; but it is not the same 
 as altar. 
 
 Icoys, zer-U-oys pronunciation '.(?) 
 
 SJZH ^jyrj- Ic6y(s)-pa I. to be agitated, to 
 shake, to tremble, mt-tng mgo- 
 Icoy Zam. a flower shaking, waving its 
 head (little used). 
 
 II. 1. vb. to be able, dc ma lcog-na if 
 (he) is not able (to do that); ji Icoy-kyi 
 Mil. as much as possible, to the utmost; 
 *na-rdn-ghi yan coy-pa* C. as far as I am 
 able. More used: 2. adj. able, sed-kyis mi 
 lcoy-pa unable, feeble, weak, rig -pas mi 
 Icoy -pa ignorant; *iie fsar ciy-la coy-pa 
 me'* I am not able to carry the whole at 
 once C.; * coy -can* clever, skilful, handy, 
 *cog-med* awkward W.\ *Ke cog mi dug* 
 he does not get on with his mouth, he 
 lisps; also *Ka coy - pa* irreverent, dis- 
 respectful in speaking W.(?) 
 Sfr- Icon, sbol-lcoh a frog in its first stage 
 ^ of development, tadpole l*th. 
 
 x- ca 1. the letter c, the aspirated f, pro- 
 nounced hard and forcibly, like ch in 
 chap or church. 2. numerical figure: 6, 
 ca-pa the sixth volume. 
 
 ca I. part, portion, share 1. opp. to the 
 whole, ca ysiim-du byos divide it in 
 three parts! brgyai ca j^^ Glr.; stoh-yi 
 ca '; ban-mdzod ysitw-ca ycig one third
 
 ca 
 
 151 
 
 cd-ga 
 
 of the provisions DzL; dbui ca team cig 
 fser-gyismaldn-barthere being still wanting 
 about us much gold as (the weight of) 
 his head Glr. ; ndii-par siid-bai ca the 
 following day's first part, i.e. the following 
 morning Mil.\ sd-ca a piece of land Glr., 
 6'., also land, territory, country in general, 
 yhai sa-ca the country of Gha Glr.; zur- 
 ca frontier parts, frontier province; ca~ 
 snyams at equal parts, equally, e.g. cu 
 sbyar mixed with the same quantity of 
 water Lt.; ca-mnydm id., ca-mnydm zib 
 btey accurately weighed in equal parts Lt.; 
 ca tsam, ca O dra tsam in part, in some 
 measure; ca ma O dra or ma mfun-pa partly 
 not equal, differing a little; ca tsam si>s 
 kyan even if one knows but a little Mil. ; 
 yid smon ^os ca tsam mi -/-dd-bas it being 
 not in the least desirable; ca-rdzogs being 
 complete in every part, entire, integral 
 Sch. Esp. 2. the half, ndm-gyi ca stod, 
 the first half of the night, ndm-gyi ca 
 smad the second, the last half of it. Hence 
 3. the one part of a pair, similar to ya, 
 lham ca yciy the one boot; ca sgrig-pa 
 to pair, to match, to couple Sch. ; an equal, 
 a match, ca-mfun-pa, ca- drd-ba, C. also 
 *ca-lon-wa*, similar, resembling Wdn. and 
 elsewh.; la-Id fdr-pa ca-mfun dye-ba med 
 some have no virtue befitting (i.e. leading 
 to) final salvation Thyy.; ca-med without 
 an equal, matchless; cd-ma-yin-pa unfit, 
 improper, unbecoming Sch., nag ycoc/-pa 
 ni ca ma yin not obeying will not do, is 
 out of place Tar. 110, 11. 4. a pair, = 
 zun Sch. ; Zam. : ^pf. 5. share, portion, 
 lot, mfsar - sduy bltd - bai cd - nas mnyam 
 being equal as to their (respective) share 
 of beauty Glr. ; dmdn-ca O dzm-pa to choose 
 the humbler (inferior) share, i.e. to be 
 humble,= dmdn-xa O clzm-pa Mil.', in general : 
 ca O dzin-pa c. genit. to adhere, to be 
 attached to a person or thing Pth.; zin 
 rmo-ba nai ca yin ploughing is my business, 
 my lot, my department Zte/f. ; cd-la equally, 
 in equal parts, equally divided, tfd-ba nyin 
 dgu mfsan dgu bobs, cd-la nyin mfsan bco- 
 brgydd babs Mil. there was a fall of snow 
 
 (luring nine days and nine nights; it fell 
 equally portioned out to days and nights, 
 (together) eighteen (the peculiar mode of 
 reckoning is here to be noticed). 
 
 II. news, intelligence, notice, construed 
 
 like ryyus and ytam; yfdm-ca <lr/-ba = 
 ytam O dri-ba; ca yod, ca med like rgyus 
 yod and rgyus med; nam O ci ca med-kyi 
 cos the doctrine of the uncertainty of the 
 day of death Mil. ; . . . par ca mcis-te there 
 coming news or intelligence that . . . ; skdd- 
 ca v. skad; physically: voice, sound, brag- 
 ca echo; intellectually: prospect, auspices, 
 Mil: srog-ca prospects of life (as to its 
 length and preservation), tfyim - ca pro- 
 spects regarding the household, dyra-ca 
 prospects, expectations as to one's enemies; 
 *ldm-ca* C. prospects of a safe journey 
 (cf. no 4). 
 
 III. thing, things, relating to clothes, 
 ornaments, materials etc., cf. cos; *go-lus- 
 ca - fsdn* W. a complete suit of clothes ; 
 but mostly used in compounds: ske-ca neck- 
 ornaments, ylo-ca ornaments suspended to 
 the belt or girdle, e.g. strings of shells; 
 dgos - ca necessary things Cs. ; mcod - ca 
 things necessary for sacrifices, requisites 
 for offerings Glr.; mfson-ca weapons; yiy- 
 ca prob. writings, deeds, documents Glr.; 
 *re-ca* cottons, cotton fabrics C'.; lag-ca 
 implements, utensils, goods, baggage etc. 
 Glr. There is still to be noticed the 
 expression: ca-bzdg-pa, lit. to add one's 
 own share to a thing, 1. to adhere, stick, 
 or cling to, to follow, obey (laws); saiis- 
 rgyds-kyi bkd-la ca bzay they adhere to 
 the words of Buddha; ryydl-poi bkd-la to 
 obey the king's commandment. 2. to refer 
 to(?) 6'. 
 
 ca-rkyenLex., Sch.: 'share of destiny, 
 of fate; consequence of one's ac- 
 tions' (?). 
 
 cd-mkan soothsayer, fortune-teller 
 Sch. 
 
 cd-ga Mil., hem, edge, border; cd-ga 
 O debs-pa to hem, to turn in (the edge 
 of cloth).
 
 152 
 
 c-ya 
 
 -bu 
 
 ca-hdr 
 
 cd-ya-Jbu C. , Lex. also cd-ga- 
 pa, grasshopper. 
 _.vr cd- co Lex., Sch.: 'things homogeneous, 
 
 matched'. 
 x*n- vd-ba, pf. and imp. so/i (the regular 
 
 form cos being nearly obs. at present), 
 in W. the usual word for O gt'0-ba to go, 
 in B. little used and only in later writings, 
 1. to go, *sor-te cd-ce* to retire, to retreat 
 slowly; *da ca yin*, or *da cen* adieu, 
 good bye, farewell! *da cen zu* resp., your 
 servant! (in taking leave); *' > d-m-soii* go 
 thither, or that way! *'d-ru ma ca* do 
 not go to this place, do not step this way! 
 to travel, *gydl-la* (or de-mo, ydg-po) ca 
 zig* I wish you a safe journey, a pleasant 
 trip to you! *log-te cd-ce* to return, to 
 go or come back; *tih-la cd-ce* to follow, 
 to come after or later; *ca cut/* let (him) 
 go! give (it) up! let (it) alone! to be gone, 
 consumed, spent, used, wasted, *sii> mdii- 
 po ca yin* a great deal of wood will go, 
 will be consumed. 2. to become, grow, 
 get, turn, *fsan ca dug* it grows night, 
 it is getting dark; *gas cd ce* to grow 
 old; *ndg-po son* that has turned black; 
 *ses-Kan cd-ce* to get information; also 
 with la: * bag -ma-la cd-ba* (= bag -mar 
 O gro-ba, ^yur-ba) to become a bride Ma.; 
 *mdn-lami ca* this is not used for medicine. 
 3. with a supine (#.) or a verbal root 
 (col): to be about, to be on the point, to 
 be going, sleb-tu cd-bai fse when they were 
 on the point of arriving Mil. ; nyi-ma O cdr- 
 du cd-ba dan when the sun was just going 
 to rise Mil.', *me si ca dug* the fire is on 
 the point of going out; *nad zi ca dug*, 
 the disease is decreasing. 4. with the 
 gerund it expresses a continuous progress, 
 a gradual operation, an effect by little 
 and little, *cu pel-te ca dug* the water 
 increases from day to day. 5. with the 
 inf. it is used in the sense of the future 
 tense, or like the Greek iisllsir: to intend, 
 to purpose, *ci srid-de dir srih-ce ca dug* 
 how long does he (do you etc.) intend to 
 stay? *nam lug sdd-ce ca dug* when are 
 you going to kill the sheep'? 
 
 x -,q' cd-bu, a kind of little ornament worn 
 
 ^ in the ears Ld. 
 x/qr- ca bydd 1 . thing, implement, instru- 
 
 ^ ment, e.g. a musical instrument DzL, 
 a surgical instr. Med. 2. clothing, dress, 
 mi-sdiiq-pai ca-byad- can poorly clothed, 
 ragged Mil.; external appearance, also of 
 animals. 
 
 ca-tsdm v. ca 1 , 1 . 
 ca-fsdd = cag-fsad. 
 ca-fsdn species, division, class Sch. 
 ca- dzin v. ca I., 5. 
 ca-rdzogs v. ca I, 1. 
 
 cd-ra 1. oak, also mon-cd-ra (on 
 account of its growing only on the 
 southern ranges of the Himalaya mountains, 
 inhabited mostly by Non - Tibetans) in 
 several species, with pointed, evergreen 
 leaves, a tree much inferior in beauty to 
 the English oak. cd - ra preu Sch. : 'the 
 stunted or dwarf -oak'. 2. also ca-t-i, 
 ca-li, ca-lu, a coarse sort of blanket made 
 of yak's hair. 
 
 &Qf cd-la v. ca L, 5. 
 
 cd-lag 1 . 6'. implements, instruments, 
 
 required for the carrying on of a 
 business. 2. W. things, effects, luggage. 
 - 3. Tar. 43, 18: cd-lag dan beds -pa 
 rdzogs-par ses-paSchf.: 'the systematic 
 and complete understanding 1 . 
 
 ca - Ian joined with rdeb-paLex. 
 
 and Mil., meaning not known; Wts. 
 gives: petite lance des bonzes. 
 
 cd - lam = hd - lam, some ; for the 
 
 most part, rather C. 
 
 ca-li, ca-lu v. sub cd-ra. 
 
 ca-lugs clothing, costume, ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 ca-sds part, portion, share, lus-kyi 
 ca-sds a part of the body, a 
 limb etc. 
 
 " ca-hdr Chakhar, a Mongol tribe Sch.
 
 cog 
 
 153 
 
 xar <-'(/ 1 dry fodder for horses and other 
 ' animals, as hay, barley etc.; cag- 
 fzon trough, manger, crib. 2. the fourth 
 finger Med. 3. resp. for shoe Glr., also 
 pyag(-lh(ini). 4. cag-peb-pa Glr. ]>yag 
 peb-pa. 5. the breadth of a fist, cag 
 qan id , Mng. frq. 6. v. cdg-pa. 
 
 cag-(d)krum(s) piece, frag- 
 ment Leas., Thgy.- *cag- 
 1 urn-la son" C. it has gone to pieces. 
 
 cag-skya-ba Sch. : 'having only 
 one purpose, pursuing but one 
 aim; unremitting, indefatigable'. 
 
 <&ag-ga-<$og-gt (or pyag-ga- 
 py9 ~ 9^^) various things 
 mixed up or thrown together, medley. 
 
 ' cag-griim Lex. = cag-dkrum(?). 
 
 ' cag-rgydg-pa to doubt Sch. 
 
 cag-cdg I. 1. with byed-pa, O debs- 
 pa, to sprinkle, besprinkle, cm 
 with water, Hdn-pa, lam-rnams the house, 
 the streets B., C. (W. *cab- cab*}. 2. 
 Sch.: cag- cag ydab-pa to starch, to stiffen. 
 II. W. cag-cdg cd-ce* to tread, to trample, 
 e.g. the narrow paths or furrows between 
 garden-beds; to clap the hands. 
 
 cag-cdd rent, break, rupture Sch. 
 
 cag-dum fragment, piece, crumb, 
 scrap, bit. 
 
 i' cag- Q din doubtful, incredible Sch. 
 
 cdg-pa 1. a large tuft or bunch of 
 
 flowers, ears of corn etc. 2. pf. 
 of J-dg-pa, broken; ma- cdg(s)-pa, and 
 esp. adv. ma - cdg(s) - par also cdg-med- 
 par uninterrupted, unintermitting; uninter- 
 ruptedly ; gas - cag - med without a crack, 
 flaw, or chink. 3. lam cdg-pa v. O cag-pa. 
 cdy-po broken; a broken vessel, 
 
 pot etc., a pot-sherd ; tsel-(po) cwj 
 (-po) a broken dosser or pannier. 
 
 cag - bu, diminutive of cag - pa } a 
 
 little bunch. 
 
 cdg-mo bunch, O brds-bu cdg-mo a 
 
 fruit growing in the form of bunches 
 
 or clusters, like the grapes of the vine, 
 the berries of the elder etc. W. 
 
 cdg-tse a small grain, e.g. of ground 
 grits, *cdg-tse-can* granulOUS; *bdg- 
 pe cdg-tse-can* ground grits, W.; Hind. 
 
 cag-fsdd Sch.: the right measure, 
 dug ster cag-fsdd if a sufficient 
 
 quantity of poison has been administered 
 
 to a person, Med. 
 
 a 9 ~ $' n a wooden splint for a 
 broken limb, *cug - ce* to put it 
 
 on W. 
 
 ^T cdgs-pa I. frq. for cdg-pa 2. 
 
 II. vb. to be begotten, produced; ma- 
 
 cdgs-pa not begotten or produced in the 
 usual way of propagation, but = rdzus-te 
 skyes-pa, or Ihun - gyis grub -pa Pth. frq. ; 
 mndl-du cdgs-pa to be produced in the 
 womb, as the foetus is; hence cags in 
 compounds: animal, O dab-c(igs, ysog-cuys 
 winged animal, bird; srog-cdgs in general: 
 a living being, an animal, = sems-can; 
 O prul-gyi fsul-cdgs Glr. prob. as much as 
 a wonderful child, a prodigy; sin-la cdgs- 
 pa to grow on a tree, of fruits; and in 
 general: to rise, arise, spring up, originate, 
 of the world, of new works, buildings, 
 empires, customs, of eruptions on the 
 skin; *zil- j pa cogs son* W. dew has fallen; 
 to come forth, to appear, = O byim~ba, e.g. 
 f od-du cdgs-pa to come to light, to appear 
 Mil.', * nul cogs* W. sweat comes forth, 
 breaks out, I perspire; even: rdb-tu cdgs- 
 pa = rdb-tu O byun-ba to become a cleric 
 (little used); cags-rdbs genesis, history of 
 the beginning, esp. of the world; cags- 
 fsul 1. manner of beginning, origin, pro- 
 creation Med. '2. W. form, figure, demeanour, 
 *cags-fsid sog-po* coarse, rude, rough. 
 
 III. 1 . vb. to love, (e par), bit, - mo - la 
 a girl; skye's-pa dan na-cun ycig cdgs-pa 
 the mutual affection between a man and 
 a maiden; tender attachment in gem-nil, 
 connubial, parental and filial love, ynl-ln 
 cdgs-pai bu-mo-mams my dearly beloved 
 daughters 1th.; ardent desire or l<>nging 
 
 10*
 
 154 
 
 r cad 
 
 for something, grdgs-pa-la for glory; to 
 be attached to, to cling to, e.g. lu& dan srog- 
 la cdgs-pa to life, yul-la to one's home, 
 to one's native country; often: to suffer 
 one's self to be enticed by a thing, to 
 indulge in; cdgs-par mi bya jigs-par mi 
 byd-ste allowing neither desire nor fear to 
 have any influence upon himself Samb. 
 2. sbst. love (e<?wg), lust, passion for, affec- 
 tion, attachment, cdgs-pa skyes-so he fell 
 in love Dzl. ; cdgs-pa spyod-pa = O fcrig-pa 
 spyod-pa. According to Buddhistic theory 
 all cdgs-pa is a great evil, as it betrays 
 a troubled state of mind, and a repre- 
 hensible attachment to external things ; yet 
 even a saint, so far advanced in dispassion 
 and apathy as Milaraspa, may sometimes 
 be caught in very tender affections and 
 sensations of cdgs - pa, very like those of 
 other human creatures. 
 
 Comp. cags-sddn \ . Schr. love and hatred, 
 2. Glr., Pth. jealousy (love showing itself 
 in hatred), also cags-sddn-gi prag-dog. 
 cags-spyod coition, copulation, cf. cdgs-pa 
 III., 2. cags-zen, also zen-cdgs = cdgs- 
 pa sbst. Mil.; * cags-zen co-ce* W., to love, 
 c. la] cags-zen med-pa dispassionate, in- 
 different to all terrestrial things. cags- 
 sems = cogs - zen. cdgs - sred - can Pth. 
 lustful, libidinous, wanton. 
 rr % a n (*T^f) res P- skyems , )'sol - can, 
 mcod- can C., a fermented liquor, 
 beer, wine, (not 'brandy' Sch.'); bu skyes- 
 pa-la min, can drdns-pa-la yfam proverb : 
 to the new-born child a name (is due), 
 to the beer to be drunk a talk; nds-can beer 
 made of barley (the usual kind); brds- 
 can of rice Glr. ; gro-can of wheat Cs. ; bu- 
 r am- can, or bur-^an of sugar Med.; r gun- 
 can wine; sbrdn - can Med. honey -wine, 
 mulse, mead? rus-can MedJ zds-can, 
 zdn - can eating and drinking , meat and 
 drink. sloti-, tig-, and bsu-can v. sub 
 bag-ma. Fig-' btun-ba dran-ses bditd- 
 rtsii can my drink is the wine of wisdom's 
 nectar Mil. 
 
 Here the process of brewing may be 
 mentioned. When the boiled barley (LcL 
 
 *sbo-bod*, Ts. *fab*~) has grown cold, some 
 *pabs* (q.v.) is added, after which it is 
 left standing for two or three days, until 
 fermentation commences, when it is called 
 glum. Having sufficiently fermented, some 
 water is poured to it, and the beer is 
 considered to be ready for use. If proper 
 care is taken (and the people of U and 
 Ladak generally do so), the pale beer, 
 thus obtained, is not amiss, and sparkles 
 a good deal, but not being hopped it does 
 not keep long. The people of Lahoul are 
 accustomed to press out the glum with 
 their hands, instead of filtering it, and 
 mismanage the business also in other re- 
 spects, so that their can is a gray muddy 
 liquor, that has hardly any resemblance 
 to beer. The residue of malt, called sbdn- 
 ma, may be mixed with water or milk, 
 pressed through a strainer, and used instead 
 of barm in baking bread, cakes etc. 
 
 Comp. can- /can beer-house, pot-house, 
 tavern. can - can drinking - cup or bowl 
 Sch , Wts. cdn-cem-can an intoxicated 
 person. cdn-cem-sa Lex. prob. = cctn-sa. 
 - can - O tun - mKan a beer-drinker; *cd/l- 
 O fun - Kan man - po dzom* a great beer- 
 drinking bout takes place W. *cdn-dad- 
 can* a drunkard, tippler W. cdii-fsugs = 
 can-can Sch. cdn- fson-gi Kyim beer- 
 house Dzl. cdn-sa l. beer-house 2. beer- 
 carousal, cdn-sa cen-po byed-pa to give 
 or arrange a great beer-drinking bout Mil. 
 
 an-cuii a little Sch. 
 
 rj" cad 1 . also cad - don, cad - mdo, W. 
 ' *cdd-ka*, promise, engagement, agree- 
 ment Ka-cdd oral, verbal engagement, lag- 
 lad pledge of faith by hand; cad -don 
 byed-pa, *cdd-ka co-ce, zum-ce* W., to give 
 a promise, make a contract; ytoft, - (bai) 
 cad(-dori) byed-pa to agree about giving; 
 cad-don Itar byed-pa to keep, fulfil a pro- 
 mise; cad-rdo 1. the stone which is broken 
 in the ceremony of rdo ycog - pa q.v. 
 2. monument, memorial of a covenant. 
 2. in compounds also for cdd-pa punishment, 
 lus-cdd corporeal punishment.
 
 cdd-pa 
 
 155 
 
 am-pa 
 
 cud -pa I. sbst., resp. bka-cdd, 
 punishment; the preceding genit., 
 contrary to our usage, is the genit. of the 
 punishing person, thus: ryydl-poi C</</-/H/ 
 a punishment of the magistrates, i. e. a 
 punishment decreed or inflicted by the 
 magistrates, frq.; seldom, if ever, genit. 
 of the punished action, and never that of 
 the punished person. In classical language 
 the usual construction of the words is the 
 following: cdd-pas ycod-pa to punish, mi 
 ziy - la somebody, . . . pas or ... pai pyir 
 for having...; in more recent literature: 
 cdd-pa y cod-pa Thyr., Glr.; cdd-pa fob-pa 
 
 1. to receive the fine incurred by another 
 
 2. to suffer punishment, to pay a fine; 
 nd-la cdd-pa poy punishment is inflicted 
 on me, I am punished. 
 
 II. 1. to promise, e.g. bkd-las mi ^ydl- 
 bar to obey. 2. v. sub O cdd-pa. 
 
 III. adj. begotten, born, descended from; 
 the Tibetans are sbreu dan srin-mo-nas 
 (or las') cdd-pa the offspring of a monkey 
 and a Rakshasi Glr.; sd-nas cdd-pai bu 
 a full child Glr. 
 
 " cdd-po 1 . rent, torn, worn-out, ragged, 
 tattered, sayi - yu cdd - po a leaky 
 purse. 2. a limited time, a term Sch. 
 cad-yig a written contract; cad- 
 mdl-yyi yi-ye Glr. id. 
 
 cdd-lus-pa not to obtain the 
 things hoped for, to be disap- 
 pointed Sch. 
 
 <?dd - so 1. a limited time, a term. 
 - 2. a time-purchase Sch. - 3. an 
 agreement Tar. 
 
 x*- can, also can-fug Sch., boiled corn or 
 barley etc.; Jbras-cdn rice-pap, nas- 
 cdn barley-pap. 
 
 x<rn* can -pa a pair of scissors, but the 
 common people know only shears, 
 which are for various purposes; the scissors 
 mentioned in surgical books are prob. of 
 a nicer construction. 
 
 Xv cab, resp. and cleg, for cu 1. water, 
 
 dri-cdb scented water; sna-cdb, pi/l- 
 
 cdb, water which at the beginning and 
 
 close of the meetings in the large mo- 
 
 nasteries is handed round, and of which 
 every one present takes a few drops on 
 his tongue, as a symbol of purification, 
 in place of the original ablutions. 2. for 
 other fluids, as spyan - cab tears, zal-cdb 
 spittle, ysan-cdb, or cab-ysdn urine, ba-cab 
 cow's urine (so with the Hindoos in Lh., the 
 cow being to them a sacred animal). - 
 3. in some compounds: power, dominion, 
 authority. cab-rkydn brass can. brass- 
 (tea) pot with a long spout for pouring 
 out tea, W.; also n. for Tibet, perh. on 
 account of the large consumption of tea 
 there. cab-Kun privy Cs. cab-syo 
 door, cab-syo -pa door-keeper, porter. - 
 *cab-dd* (spelling dubious) a wooden pail, 
 of a similar shape as cab - rkydn W. 
 cab-brom, cab-rom ice. cab-bluy C. a 
 vessel for rinsing one's mouth with water. 
 cab-mig eleg. for cu-miy fountain, spring. 
 cab-fsod eleg. a watch, a clock. cab- 
 ^oy what is subjected to a person's sway, 
 territory, dominion etc., cab-^6a-tu sdu-ba 
 to subject; cab-^oy-yi ryydl-po a vassal, 
 feudal tenant Trig.; cab-^oy-pa, also cab- 
 Jbdhs one owing allegiance to a sovereign, 
 a subject. cab-sdy Cs. eleg. for letter, 
 diploma etc. cab - ser eleg. for cu - s<r 
 matter, pus. 
 
 ^.^j. ?db-ma W., 6'., also Mil, lid, valve ; 
 buckle, Clasp, cdb-tse, or cab -rise 
 C. id. 
 
 vabs Lex. cabs-yciy Sch. = tabs-yay 
 together. 
 
 x^j- cam, in cam -la Jbebs-pa Lex. w.e.; 
 Sch. : to throw down, to cause to lie 
 down; to subdue, subject; to spend, con- 
 sume, to have done with; by this last sig- 
 nification it would be a syn. to zin-pa, 
 and the circumstance that cams is used 
 in Balti as an auxiliary vb. of the pf. 
 tense agrees with that supposition, e.g. 
 *zan zos-se cams* I have done eating, = 
 zos zin B. 
 
 cam -pa 1. cold (in the head), ca- 
 tarrh; sne-cdm id.; <//v- <///// cntiirrh 
 in the throat, bronchial catarrh; f/lo-t-ihn 
 catarrh in the lungs; r////.s- >//// ;in infi-H-
 
 156 
 
 cam-me 
 
 ing or epidemic catarrh. 2. Cs. = O cm- 
 pa accord, accordance. 
 
 -j- cam-me slowly, by degrees, gradually 
 
 Ar. (cf. cem-me). 
 -ex' car, termin. of ca, 1. into parts, e.g. 
 bgo-ba to divide into parts. 2. as 
 an equal, as a match, ...la car mi pod 
 he is not an equal to, cannot come up 
 to ... Thgy.; . . . dan ston -prag - car mi 
 nye prob.: he does hot come up to ... at 
 all (lit. not for the thousandth part) Pth. ; 
 so in a similar manner: brgyai car yah 
 mi sleb Tar. 3. affixed to numerals, 
 and sometimes, though less correctly, writ- 
 ten car, q.v. The terminations of the cases 
 mag be affixed to it: Ina cdr-ayis every 
 fifth day Thgy. 
 
 rx* car, also car-pa, 1. rain, car cen-po 
 a plentiful rain, car drdg-po, or drag- 
 car a heavy rain; car cen-pas or ce'-bas 
 as it rained heavily Pth.', car Jbebs-pa to 
 cause to rain; car O bab it rains, W. * car- 
 pa yon* ; cdr-qyi rgyun a sudden or violent 
 shower of rain Tar. 2. at Kyelang for 
 watering-pot; this utensil having never been 
 seen there before, the word was at first 
 applied to it jestingly, but is now gene- 
 rally adopted; cu-fsdg 'water-sieve 1 would 
 be more correct. 
 
 Comp. car-skyibs a shelter, pent-roof, pro- 
 tecting from rain. car-fcebs dress against 
 rain, rain-cloak. car-can, cdr-ldan rainy 
 Cs. cdr-cu rain-water. cdr-dm rainy 
 season. car - O dod (-byeu) n. of a bird, 
 water-ousel. car-sprin a rain-threatening 
 cloud. *car-bhi*(?) C. rain -cloak. 
 car-rlun rain and wind Cs. * car -sin* 
 = car-skyibs W. car-len the coping or 
 water-tile of a wall Cs. 
 
 cal, sku-cdl resp. belly, abdomen, Cs. 
 
 JMrxpr cal-cil Lex., wavering, fluctuating 
 
 Sch. 
 
 >> cal- col Tar. 184, 20 = O cal-la- 
 col-le. 
 
 Ml-<*r brddl-ba to spread 
 equally, uniformly (vb. a.) 
 
 cds (Sch. cds-ka) cf. ca III., 1. thing, 
 tool, requisite etc., se-mo-do-la sogs- 
 pai cds-kyis brgydn-te adorned with or- 
 naments of pearls and other things Mil.; 
 clga-ston-gyi cos rgya cen-po grand festival 
 arrangements; cos de-mams bsiy overturn 
 the whole affair! Glr.; bag-mar rdzon-bai 
 cos things to be given to her as a dowry 
 Tar. 121, 5; Icdgs-cas iron tools or uten- 
 sils; ltd- c as food; dmag-cas military stores, 
 requisites for war Pth. ; O fso-cas provisions 
 Mil. ; lag - cas tool, instrument Cs. 2. 
 dress, garment, po - cos man's dress; cas- 
 gos, W. *gdn-ct*, coat, dress; in a more 
 general sense: appearance, form, shape, bud- 
 med - kyi cds - su bydste appearing in the 
 shape of a woman Glr.\ Mr- cos byed he 
 puts on a Mongol dress Ma.; bu-moi cds- 
 su zugs he puts on a girl's dress, disguises 
 himself as a girl Glr., Pth.', cos sayur-ba 
 to put on, to assume another dress. 
 
 cds-pa, originally the pf. of cd-ba, 
 but always used as a separate vb. 
 1. to set out, set forth, depart, cos dgos-par 
 as I must depart from here Thgy.; bod- 
 du cds-so they set out for Tibet Glr. ; dus- 
 ycig-tu cds-so they departed at the same 
 time DzL; cds-su Q )ug-pa to send away, dis- 
 patch; mg yogs-cos yton-ba to rush, run to- 
 wards. 2. to set about, to begin, ysod- 
 par to kill; ^gro-bar cds -pa -las when he 
 made arrangements to depart DzL ; also in 
 the following manner; da pyir O d6n-no zes 
 cds-pa 'now we will return' they said, 
 making preparations, or: saying thus, they 
 made preparations DzL; fugs cds-so he had 
 set his mind on departing Mil. 
 
 CS ^ 
 
 cb" ci num. fig.: 36. 
 
 a-ka wallet, knapsack W. 
 
 ci-tra W. variegated, figured, of fabrics. 
 ci-li-li onomatopoetic word for 
 
 snuffing up scents by the nose; 
 *zim~zim di-ma ci-li-li Kyer* C. sweet odours 
 of cakes are meeting us; me -tog dri-ma 
 ci-li-li the perfumes of flowers are per- 
 ceptible Mil.
 
 cg 
 
 157 
 
 ^_. 2% = ^ one, as the first part of 
 ' compound numbers : cig-bcu 10, cw- 
 brgya 100, ciy-ston 1000, cig-Kri a myriad 
 etc.; also: cig-rkydit Lex., Schr.: 'separate, 
 single, one alone 1 ; cig-skyes Med., cig-tdn 
 Med.? cig-fiib n. of a plant Med.; Sch. 
 also: cig-fiib-pa to be able to do a thing 
 alone; ag-dril Sch. : rolled, wrapped, packed 
 up (in one parcel or bundle); cig-ldb byed- 
 pa to talk to one's self, to hold a soliloquy 
 Schr. 
 
 cin(s) v. 
 
 cid-pa v. pyid-ba. 
 
 equal, uniform, suitable Sch. 
 
 8b& (-pa) resp. horse, riding- 
 horse, saddle-horse, cibs-la Jib- 
 pa (for rtd-la zon-pa) to get on horseback, 
 to mount; to go on horseback, to ride; 
 abs-las yzol-ba to dismount, *cibs zol-la 
 nan* C. may your honour please to dis- 
 mount; Ky6d-kyi cibs-su Jbul I give it you 
 for a riding-horse Mil. 
 
 Comp. cibs-ka Jcrid-pa to lead a horse 
 by the bridle Schr.; cibs-tta fub-pa to have 
 the command of the bridle, fig. : to be ex- 
 pert in ruling Ld.-Glr. p. 14, a, ScM. where 
 pyifjs is incorr.). cibs-cds a horse's fur- 
 niture, harnesses. cibs-fur the head-piece 
 of a bridle. cibs-dpon a master groom, 
 equerry. cibs-rd a stable for horses. 
 ' cu I. num. fig.: 66. 
 
 II. sbst. (resp. cab) 1. water; cu dan 
 sai bu is said to be a poetical name for 
 wood; Jbdb-cu lit. descending water, viz. 
 brook, river, also rain. 2. brook, river, 
 cu Jrydm-po overflowing rivers, floods 
 Ma. fdn-cu a river or rivulet of the plain; 
 ri-yzdr-cu cataract, mountain torrent Glr. 
 - 3. water in the body: snyin-cu dropsy 
 in the pericardium, pdgs-cu anasarca Med. ; 
 pdg&-cu-zugs one suffering from anasarca; 
 v. also cu-ser; esp. euphem. for urine; mi- 
 cu urine of men, bd-cu of cows Med.; cu 
 ni cu O dra the urine is like water Med. 
 4. v. cu-ze/i. 
 
 Comp. cu-ktini river, e.g. <ki-klun gah- 
 
 ga the river Ganges Dzl. <hi-klon Cs.: 
 'the body of a river 1 , yet v. klon. cu- 
 dkyil the middle of a river. cu-rkydl a 
 leather bag for water Cs. cu-skdd the 
 voice of the waters, the sound of rushing 
 water. cu-skdr, ran-tag-cu-sk-or water- 
 mill Glr. cu-skyur n. of a bird Tli>uj.. 
 Sch. : 'bittern, snipe'; also n. of a plant. cu- 
 skyur 1. Lt. : acidulous mineral waters 2. 
 C.: vinegar. cu-skyes 'water-born', the 
 lotus Glr. cu-skyor a handful of water. 
 cu - Ka the bank or brink of a river. 
 cu-Kug bay, gulf. cu- Kur containing 
 water, po. for cloud; a native proposed to 
 use this word also for sponge, which is a 
 commodity hitherto unknown in Tibet. 
 cu- Uyil puddle, pool. cu-gdn 1. full of 
 water. 2. cu-sgdn (v. sgaii) which latter 
 is prob. the more correct spelling. 3. Dzl. 
 ??sS, 2; %&?, 18 = ^nsf virtue, honesty, 
 v. Schf. on this passage. cu-gri a sort 
 of knife; Tar. 43, 1 Schf. razor; also the 
 attribute of a god, a weapon with a curved 
 blade Stg. cu-grog Sch. : rivulet, brook; 
 dish-water, rinsings; boiled water (?). 
 
 - cu - ingo C. source or head of a river. 
 
 - cu-gdgs stoppage or retention of urine, 
 ischury, cu-gdgs O bigs the ischury is re- 
 moved (lit. bored through") Med. cu- 
 O grdm bank of a river; cu-grdm-gyi 
 sin a tree on the edge of a river, a me- 
 taphor for frail and perishable things. 
 cu-rgyun the streaming, continual flow- 
 ing, current, often fig. cu-saon the wa- 
 ter-egg, po. for moon Sch. cu-nogs v. 
 nogs. *cu-ta-gir* W. flour-dumplings, 
 boiled in water. - *cu-stdn* W. swaddling- 
 cloth. *cu-fda* W. calamus, sweet-scented 
 flag, or some similar plant. cu - turns 
 Sch.: 'a swelling in the flesh, or a tumour 
 filled with water'. cu-mfd the side or 
 bank of a river, *cu-fd tsug-pa* (the ava- 
 lanche came down) even to the river side. 
 
 - cu-ddr Wdk. a small prayer-flag stuck 
 up close to the river, in order to avert in- 
 undations. CH - <lii Sch.: 'a poisonous 
 plant, hemlock', ' but Tibetans usually un- 
 derstand by it the stupefying power ascribed 
 to certain rivers. cu-doii a deep well.
 
 158 
 
 cu 
 
 cu-mdd a jet, a spouting forth of water 
 Med. cu-mdd 'mouth (of a river), spout 
 (of a tea-pot)' Sch. ; but v. mcu. cu- 
 mdog the colour of urine Med. cu-rdd 
 C. small rounded pebbles, as in brooks. 
 cu-ndg inundation, flood (?) Ma. cu- 
 mdg matter, pus Sch. cu-snod 1. pitcher, 
 jug. 2. Schr.: chamber -pot (yet in W. at 
 least this article of luxury is not known). 
 
 cu-pa water-carrier. ^u-pydq-pa is 
 enumerated among other synonyms to gru- 
 pa, signifying a .ferry-man, water-man. 
 cu-prdn a little river, brook. cu-bdr 1. 
 ('between the waters') isthmus, neck of land. 
 
 2. p. n. of a place in Tibet. cu-bdl n. 
 of an aquatic plant Wdn. cu-bitn white 
 paint for the face Sch. cu-bdr J . bubble, 
 also cui cu-bur 1. blister, bladder, vesicle, 
 e.g. occasioned by a burn or a vesicatory 
 Lt. 3. boil, ulcer, abscess Thgy., 4. sai cu- 
 bur a word describing the foetus five days 
 after conception Thgy. cu-bur -can 1. 
 n. of a hell Thgy. 2. the eye Schr. cu- 
 1)0 river, frq., cu-bo-ri n. of a mountain 
 with a monastery two days' journey from 
 Lhasa Glr. cu-byd a water-bird; Sch.: 
 cu-byd dkdr-po swan, cu-byd myo-dmdr 
 stork (not known in W.~). cu-byi water- 
 rat Sch. cu-lbdg v. Ibag. cu-sbur i.Sc/i.: 
 'driftwood and the like', prob. more cor- 
 rectly : thin pieces of wood, chips, chaff etc. 
 floating on the water. 2. water-beetle Med. 
 
 - cu-sbrul water -snake, not a mytho- 
 logical conception, like klu, but a really 
 existing animal, though for Tibetans a 
 somew r hat faboulous one, as they have ne- 
 ver seen the creature itself. The eel (Sch.) 
 can hardly be meant by it. cu-mig 1. 
 spring, fountain frq. 2. n. of a vein Med. 
 
 cu-rtsd v. cw-cu, as a separate article. 
 
 cu-fsdas i. a strainer, sieve, 2. watering- 
 pot cu-fsdn i. hot water, 2. warm 
 water, not too hot for drinking Med. 3. a 
 hot spring Sch. cu-fsdd 1. the clepsydra 
 or water -clock of ancient India. 2. clock 
 in general, cu-fsod-Jcor-lo a wheel-clock. 
 
 3. the Indian hour = | Kyi-m or 24 minutes. 
 
 4. the European hour; W.: *cu-fsdd nyis 
 
 ma leb* it is not yet two o'clock. cu- 
 O dzm po. cloud Mil. cu - rdzd earthen 
 vessel for water, water-jar. cu-zen (Lex. 
 rffTWTf) long and broad, area, superficial 
 extent, cu-zen Kru-bryydd-pa eight cubits 
 long and broad DzL; also cu-zen-gdb-pa, 
 e.g. cu-zen -gdb-pa-la dpag-fsdd brgydd-cu 
 Gb'.\ cu-zen-srab-f'ug in length, breadth 
 and height; also separately: cur dpay-fsdd 
 3V 00 , zen-du yan ^V 00 , mfa-skdr-du dpay- 
 fsdd 9 ooc yod-pa '2 500 miles in length, 
 2500 miles in breadth, 10000 in circum- 
 ference; yet except in this connexion cu 
 alone is never used for length. As an- 
 other signification of cu-zen-gdb-pa Schr. 
 mentions moreover: proportioned, symme- 
 trical; others have: beautiful, great, con- 
 siderable, which e.g. is its proper meaning 
 in : cu - zen - gab - pa nya - yrodha Stg. the 
 stately fig-tree. cu-zem water-tub. cu- 
 zld 1. the image, the reflexion of the moon 
 in the water; a sort of deception of the 
 senses by witchcraft. 2. the w r ater-month, 
 the first month. cu-yzdr a large ladle Cs. 
 - cu-bzdm a covered bucket for carrying 
 water. cu-^dbs water-ditch Sch. cu-yar 
 col. water-rat (?) cu-rdgs dam, dike. cu- 
 ri 'hill of water', billow. cu-rud w r ater 
 rushing in, inundation, deluge. cu-rldbs 
 wave, billow Dzl. cu-ldy the arm of a 
 river Glr. cu-lttd Sch. dung, manure^?) 
 cu-ld n. of an edible plant S.g. cu- 
 I6g floods. cu-ldn, dam, dike Tar. 56, 
 15. Las. cu-sin wood drifted away by 
 the water = cu- Q grdm-gyi sin v. above; or 
 the translation of ^jc^ft plantain or ba- 
 nana-tree with its spongy wood, in the 
 place of which the Tibetan thinks of the 
 ^om-bu, a shrub of similar qualities, at 
 any rate a symbol of perishableness, of 
 the frailty of life. cu-sun Sch. surface 
 of the water (?) cu-sel v. sel. cu- 
 ysoii Dzl. 9&&, 17. a ravine containing 
 water. cu-sd river-mud, as manure. 
 cu-se'r 1. animal water, serum, whether 
 normal, or of a morbid character M<></. 
 2. matter, pus. cu-srdii, = -g^ cu-fsod, i.e. 
 a minute; the Indian or Tibetan minute is
 
 159 
 
 equal to 24 of our seconds, = 6 dbugs Wdk., 
 
 cf. cti - fsod. cu - srln a water- or sea- 
 
 monster, also Capricorn in the Zodiac. 
 
 cu-lhd water -god (Varuna); also = klui 
 
 rgydl-po. 
 
 &'&' -cu, = la-cu, rhubarb, cu-rtsd its 
 
 ^ ^ root, used as dye and as a laxative C. 
 
 .^C* cu-nin four years ago C., W. 
 
 x-ri- cu-pa 1. C. a man's dress, coat, 
 ^ 2. water-carrier. 
 g.q. i-u-ba a large sinew, of which there 
 are 16 ace. to Tibetan anatomy; cu- 
 ba ldog-pa a contraction of the sinews Cs., 
 zd-ba lameness, paralysis of the sinews 
 Sch. cu-rgyus (^T?l) sinews, ligaments 
 and nerves (there are 900 rgyus-pa); with 
 respect to these, as well as to the veins, 
 Tibetan science seems to be rather in the 
 dark. cu-rtsd 'sinew-veins', a term com- 
 ing nearest to what we call the nerves. 
 cu-ba-lna-lddn, and Ina-len Cs. names of 
 countries in India. 
 
 cu-ma-rtsi a medicinal herb Med. 
 
 cu-ma-loii, *t l u-gu cu-ma-loii* Ld. 
 
 an infant, baby. 
 
 cu-so the external and internal uri- 
 nary organs. 
 
 v. jvg-pa. 
 
 cun-ba 1. adj. col. cun-nu, W. also 
 *am-se*, little, small, cun-ces-pas^ 
 Dzl when he was very little; young, bu 
 cun-ba or -nu the younger or the youngest 
 son; lo-cun young in years; ma-ciin the 
 younger sister of the mother; *'d-pa cun- 
 nu* the younger brother of the father; the 
 younger or the youngest of the fathers (in 
 polyandry); cun-nu-nas up from infancy; 
 cun-grogs an early friend, friend of one's 
 youth; cut't-zdd a little, cf. cun-zad\ cun- 
 G$0 sr * a devil devouring infants, infants- 
 devil; *nyin-Kdm-) no-mlg-, 2>o<l-*, or'' f nyom- 
 cun-se* W. shy, timid. 2. vb. to be 
 little, small etc., snyin ma cun cig Glr., be 
 not timorous, do not fear! O dun-ma rgya 
 ma cun cig let the consultation not be tri- 
 
 Hing, let at once something of moment be 
 consulted; O dun-ma ryya mi cuii-lxtr tnjcd- 
 (fo let us now decide on important things 
 Glr.; ct'ins-pa pf., cuiis-pa yin-nam is it 
 too unimportant? Mil. (cun-jug v.ja). 
 cun- ma, C. also * cun -grogs, cun- 
 O dris*, resp. btsun-nio, wife, consort, 
 partner 13., C.; len-pa to marry; mi zig-gi 
 cun-mar byed-pa to be made a man's wife, 
 to be married. 
 
 rt-' cud occurs only in cud-yzon-pa, -yson- 
 ^ pa, -ysan-pa, -za-ba, seldom - O dza-ba 
 (Lex.} to consume, spend, waste; cud m 
 zd-ba inexhaustible. 
 
 cud-pa = O tsud-pa, Jfy-pa, to go, 
 get in or into, to enter, to put in or 
 into etc., to go into a town Dzl.; of food 
 entering the body Dzl.; gan yah run-ba 
 mi cud-pa med all without distinction may 
 enter (my religion), says Buddha, in op- 
 position to the aristocratic exclusiveness of 
 Brahmanism Dzl.; fugs-su cud -pa, resp., 
 to impress on one's mind; fcon-du v. /con- 
 pa; ^6g-tu to subject Tar.; grdbs-su c. ac- 
 cus. to procure, to provide or furnish one's 
 self with a thing Mil. 
 jr<T w cun, occurs in zin-cun one that is 
 ^ ' watering or taking care of fields, fsds- 
 cun gardens ^ol-cun meadows Ld. 
 
 n -p (^TTT) ' bunch ' bundle - 2 - 
 tuft, tassel, ornament, of silk, pearls 
 etc. 
 
 cun-ma the second wife in rank. 
 
 * cun-tse Bal. little, small. 
 
 cub-pa, a corruption of aid-pa, kun 
 cub-par byao all this is to be well 
 
 impressed on the mind; dbaii-po fams-cdd- 
 
 du cub-pa to pass through, to penetrate, 
 
 every organ Stg. 
 
 xxrzr cum-pa, )igs-cum-pa Mil., to shrink, 
 to crouch with fear. 
 
 <rr- cur, terrain, of CM; cur O ci-ba to be 
 
 ^ drowned. 
 
 ci't/'-ba a kind of vermicelli, prepar- 
 ed from butter-milk boiled M,-</.. 
 
 Ld.
 
 160 
 
 xxr cus 1. instrum. of cu; Sch. also ctis- 
 ^ -{ton-ba 'to melt'; more correctly: to 
 gild, to plate (in the warm or in the cold 
 way), to overspread with a gold or silver 
 liquid. after five days C., W., or, the 
 present day included, on the sixth day, 
 cog. to bcu. 
 c6" ce 1. num. fig.: 96. 2. v. ce-ba. 
 
 ce-ge-mo such a one, lo ce-ge-mo 
 zig - la in such and such a year 
 zl.\ 'ce-ge-mo Kyod you so and so Thyr. 
 ce-^rdn W. being jealous of one's 
 own honour, ni f. 
 ce tabs arrogance, haughtiness, sde- 
 pai ce-fabs the arrogance of the 
 great Ma.; *ce-fdbs-med-Kan* W. affable, 
 condescending, kind; ce-fdbs-can proud, 
 arrogant, haughty; ce-fdbs byed-pa B.,*co- 
 ce* W., *zun-wa*C., to be arrogant, haughty. 
 ^K ce-don a missive to an inferior, an 
 
 ^.q. ce-ba 1. adj. great, (for cen-po); bu 
 ce-ba the eldest son, the elder; ce- 
 bar O gyur-ba to become great or greater, 
 to grow, increase e.g. of passions; ce-bar 
 O gro-ba, cer ^ro-ba id., cf. car, ce-bar byed- 
 pa to make great; frq. in conjunction with 
 nouns: ze-sddn ce-ba great with respect to 
 anger, i.e. very prone to anger; rigs ce- 
 zin being of high extraction; also in com- 
 pounds, v. below. 2 sbst. greatness, high 
 degree Mil. ; superiority, excellence, . . . kyi 
 ce-ba ston-pa to show the superiority of a 
 thing Mil.; *ce-wa srun-wa* Ld. to behave 
 decently, respectably. 3. vb., pf. ces to 
 be great, not only in ce-zin, ce-o, but also 
 in : na-rgydl ma ce-zig do not be great in 
 pride, i.e. do not allow pride to become 
 great Mil., and so in similar cases ; cf. ces. 
 Comp. ce-ka Sch.: 'chiefly; the plura- 
 lity'. ce-kydd greatness, size Dzl. *ce- 
 fjdl* W., *ce-ddl-la cud son* he has entered 
 the class of adults, he has come to full 
 age. ce-rgyu = ce-ba, cf. ryyu 3. ce- 
 brgyud perh. lineage by the eldest sons 
 Glr. ce-cun great and small; size; ce- 
 cun ni in size. ce- don the coming to 
 
 xr- 
 ' 
 
 full age Mil.nt. *ce-mi* W. an adult. 
 *ce-lons* C. grown up, adult (Sch. 'chiefly'?) 
 x-g- ce-ze one's elder sister Cs., the elder 
 
 ' wife Sch. 
 
 ^q(S" ce-bzi Lis. = bden-dpdii, witness, 
 1 eye -witness; witness, testimony, ce- 
 bzir dris-te being questioned as a witness, 
 or asked for a testimony Stg. 
 
 , as sbst. of rare occurrence, Schr.: 
 reason, signification = don; Sch.: ced 
 cen-po a great thing, an important business 
 or affair. Mostly ced-du postp. c. genit. on 
 account of, because of, for; ltd-bai ced-du 
 i/in it is in order to see Pth. ; rin-gyi ced- 
 du as an equivalent Pth.; lhai ced-du O dzln- 
 pa or ynyer-ba, also rjes-su O dzin-pa or 
 ynyer-ba to admit to the discipleship or 
 communion of a god Mil. As an adv. 
 ced-du seems to signify 1. for a certain 
 purpose, designedly, purposely, expressly, e.g. 
 with byed-pa to do, to make a thing; 
 mncigs-pa to send off, dispatch. 2. again, 
 once more, once again, = p'yir Mil. dgos- 
 ced the construction of any noun with pyir- 
 du } ced-du etc., regarded by Tib. gram- 
 marians as a case of declension. 
 
 * ced-don v. ce-don. 
 
 cen-po B. and C., ^cen-mo* W., great 
 (cen-mo in B. only as fern. Dzl. 
 ^V , b), cen-por ^yiir-ba, W. *cen cd-ce*, 
 to become great, to increase, col. also for 
 to grow up; skyes-bu cen-po a great man, 
 a man of great worth (by his talents and 
 actions), a saint; *mi cen-mo* W. a man 
 of quality, of rank, a nobleman, a rich 
 man; cen-ma the first wife in rank; cen 
 cun ynyis the first and second wife Glr.; 
 *cen-mo* W. also: old, *tu-gu lo cu cen- 
 mo* a child ten years old. 
 
 cem-me-ba Lex., Cs. stillness, si- 
 lence, cem - mer O dug - pa Schr., 
 cem-mer Jtod-pa C., to sit still without 
 speaking. 
 
 cem(s} in compounds: 1. can- 
 cem(s) v. can. 2. /'a-crw(s), 
 resp. zal-cems(s), bka-cem(s) farewell 6X- 
 hortation; last will, testament, srds-la /.-
 
 cem(s)-cem(s) 
 
 161 
 
 cem(s) O jog-pa to deposit a testamentary 
 disposal or devise for a son Glr. 
 
 *m(8>&m(0 1. the noise 
 made by thunder, by the 
 shock of an earthquake etc., Jbrug-sgra 
 cem-cem sgrogs-pa the rolling, roaring, 
 clapping of thunder; bzad-gdd ^.ur cem-pa 
 a roaring laughter. 2. fcra cem-cem v. 
 /,'rd-bo. 
 
 2cjy' &/ terrain, of &, cer O gro-ba to grow, 
 increase; &r skt/e-ba to become great; 
 to grow up, cer skyes-pa partic. grown up, 
 adult; da-dun cer foti go on! go on! Mil.; 
 ryyal - srid byd - ba cer ma byun Glr. his 
 government was not (yet) of much con- 
 sequence (as he was too young); nes-pa 
 cer med this is not quite evident to me 
 Mil; perh. Tar. 36, 16; 101, 22; 120, 21 ; 
 169, 14 will allow a similar interpretation 
 of cer. cer-na S.O. yea; still more (?). 
 ces 1. instrum. of ce. 2. pf. of ce- 
 ba, as adv. very, Ka-zds nan ce's-kyi 
 as the food is very bad DzL; ces sgrin-pa 
 very prudent or clever Sch.; ces ddr-bar 
 gyur-to it spread very much Tar. 
 
 ^ es ~P a 1- pf- f ce-ba to be great, 
 ha-can yan ces-so he is much too 
 great DzL; dmag-dguit ces-pa a great army; 
 dbaii, ces-pas being very mighty Glr.; car 
 ces-pas as it rained heavily Pth. ; dga ces- 
 nas greatly rejoicing Mil. 2. to believe, 
 but only when preceded by yid (resp. fugs), 
 or bden (col.), c. la, also c. accus., or par, 
 that, Dzl. ?vS, 18. 
 " co 1. num. fig.: 126. 2. as a word 
 
 for itself seldom to be met with, e.g. 
 Ld.-Glr. Schl. fol. 13, 6, Tar. 129, 20; 
 signification not clearly to be made out. *co- 
 med-pa* C. = don-med-pa to no purpose, 
 vain; fickle. 
 vr_. co-ga (fofv) tne wa Y or method of 
 
 ' doing a thing, e.g. of solving an 
 arithmetical problem Wd/c., of curing ma- 
 ladies $.<?., esp. used of magic performances, 
 co-ga-pa Cs., co-ga-mKan Mil., a performer 
 of such ceremonies. Whether it may safely 
 be used for religious rites or ceremonies 
 in general, is doubtful. 
 
 co-go Bal. great. 
 
 Z~'^-> co -iies, lamentation, 
 wailing, esp. lamentations for 
 the dead, dirge, O debs - pa DzL , O bod-pa, 
 O don-pa in more recent literature, byed-pa 
 Sch., to lament, wail, cry, clamour; with 
 la to cry to a person; the crying of a 
 new-born child Ttyy. 
 
 - prul magical trick, jugglery, 
 often put to rdzu-Qprul, also used 
 of the apparitions and doings of goblins 
 Mil. Cf. rdzu- prul. 
 
 co-ba to set on (a dog), co-co-ba to 
 set on repeatedly Cs. 
 
 co-Jyrdn(s) Mil.-, Cs.: the 
 mother's family or lineage; 
 co-rigs DzL frq. Cs.: 1. the father's lineage, 
 descent by the father's side ; 2. an honourable 
 extraction. co-ris Mil., frq. == co-rigs, 
 also applied to things, e.g. a cane: co-ris 
 ye-nas btsun-pa a cane of an excellent 
 kind, not coming from any mean or noxious 
 plant. 
 
 co-lo 1 . die, dice, game at dice. - 
 2. seal(?) co-lo-mKan a dice- 
 player Cs., co-lo rtse-ba to play at dice 
 Cs.; co-lo-ris Glr. the figure of a die, a 
 square figure, in Glr. 47,9 the Mongol 
 translation substitutes a wheel, v. K6r-lo; 
 a checkered colouring or pattern, e.g. of 
 cotton cloth C. 
 
 "rn' cog 1. for co-ga; bon- cog Mil. the 
 ' ceremony of the Bonpos. 2. v. ^cog- 
 pa. 3. v. cog-pa. 
 
 cog-pa vb., sbst., adj. 1. to be suffi- 
 cient, sufficiency, sufficient, ccdpir: 
 iied-la de-kas cog it is sufficient for us, 
 we are satisfied Mil. ; dris-pas (instr. of 
 pai} cog-go DzL %&?, 10 (there has been) 
 enough of asking, = don't ask any more! 
 gdn-du bzugs kyati cog-par O dug it is suffi- 
 cient (for him) wherever he may live, i.e. 
 he is satisfied with any place of living 
 Mil. ; ned-la nor &>//s-,sy//"</-/ ///* c<'i<i-j>a yod 
 we have money and goods enough Mil. ; 
 O di yn-ffin - ^////.s cog - na if these three are 
 sufficient for you Mil.: rln-po-c^ cng-j>nr 
 11
 
 162 
 
 cogs-pa 
 
 col-zdns 
 
 gyur-nas when they had precious stones 
 enough Dzl. ; O di-tsam-gyis cog-pa ma yin- 
 no that is not enough, that will not do 
 Dzl. ; sgdl-pa mi brgya zon cog-pa his back 
 (is) large enough for a hundred men to 
 ride pn it Glr.; adv.: cog-par sufficiently, 
 e.g. sbyin-pa to give Dzl. ; *ma cog-pa* or 
 *-ga* W. (col. for cog -par'), *duh-ce ma 
 cog - ga sad son* he not only struck but 
 killed him ; pyin-pas cog-gi it being suffi- 
 cient (for the present) that I have come 
 Mil. ; fams-cdd-la cog-par gyur - te as all 
 were satisfied Dzl.; cog -par O dzin-pa to 
 deem a thing sufficient, to be contented 
 or satisfied with it; cog ses-pa vb., sbst, 
 adj. to be contented, contentment, content; 
 ltd-bas cog mi ses-pai rdzas a thing at which 
 one cannot look enough Glr., Pth.; yo- 
 bydd-kyi (better kyis) cog ses-pa easily 
 satisfied as to the necessaries of life. 
 2. to be allowed, permitted, at liberty, con- 
 strued in the same manner: Krid-pas cog 
 you may have lessons with me, I will 
 instruct you Mil; ^gran-pas cog I am quite 
 at liberty to compete with you, we may 
 safely compete with each other Glr.; O fso- 
 ba drdns-pas cog you can have meat set 
 before you Mil.; with a root: bu byin cog 
 then you may render up your son; hence 
 it is in W. the usual word for run - ba, 
 *ndh-du ca cog-ce yin-na man* is it allowed 
 to enter or not? *srdd-ma za cog* eating 
 pease is allowed, also: pease are edible; 
 *le-na Kyon cog ka tan* he issued an edict, 
 that it should be permitted to fetch wool, 
 i.e. he (the Maharajah of Kashmir) per- 
 mitted the export of wool; *Ub - na pul 
 cog when it arrives, I shall take the liberty 
 of sending it to you. 
 
 cogs-pa seldom for O cdg-pa to be 
 
 broken Mil. 
 
 con, mcon a transparent, va- 
 riegated, half- precious stone 
 brought from India to Ld. and considered 
 less valuable than yzi; perh. cornelian or 
 sardonyx ? 
 
 &- cod 1. C. the cutting off; deciding; *tal- 
 ' co' gya cem-pojhe'-pa* to bring about 
 
 a great remission of taxes, *bhu-lon-co'* re- 
 mission of debts; *sa-co' gya cem-po jhe- 
 pa* to make a great way; cf. however 
 pyod. 2. partition-wall Sch., cod rgydg- 
 pa prob. to construct a partition-wall. 
 3. v. y cod-pa. 
 
 2fr'T cod-pa 1. to be cut off, Idm-sgo ynyis 
 Kd-bas cod-de both approaches being 
 cut off or obstructed by snow Mil.; bead 
 kyari mi cod-do impossible to be severed, 
 caedendo non caeduntur, Glr. ; mi-cod-rdo- 
 rje a diamond that cannot be cut to pieces, 
 an epithet of a firm unbending king Pth. 
 - 2. to be decided, settled, fixed, gon-fdn 
 dpydd-kyis (or pas) mi cod Glr. the value 
 (of the stone) cannot be fixed, though one 
 should attempt to apprize it i.e. it is in- 
 valuable, priceless; go cod-pa v. go. 
 
 cdd-po W. 1. split, cut through; 2. 
 distinct, of words or writings. 
 %- con 1. W. (cog. to cudT) useless, to 
 ' no purpose, rin con son the payment 
 has been useless, thrown away; gen. adv. 
 
 * con-la* gratuitously, in vain, for nothing, 
 
 * con-la Kon-ce* to hate without cause or 
 reason; * con-la ddd-ce* to sit idle, to spend 
 one's time unprofitably. 2. tent (?), con- 
 fag tent-rope Mil., con-piir tent-pin. 
 
 com(s) 1. robbery, corns -kyis zas 
 O fsol-ba to live on robbery Ma.; 
 com-po robber Dzl., com-po rkun-ma robber 
 and thief, gen. com-rkun, com - rkun - gyi 
 ^igs-pa fear of robbers and thieves ; com- 
 rkun-pa id. Stg. 2. imp. of joms-pa. 
 cdm-pa to be finished, accomplished, 
 W., *fo-re torn yin* to-morrow it 
 will be finished, *da com son* now it is 
 done, completed; cf. cam. 
 
 col 1. inconstant Cs.- dpyid-col fickle 
 spring- weather. 2. Cs. : for co-lo 
 in compounds, rus-col a die made of bone; 
 sin-col a wooden die; dun-col shells used 
 inst. of dice(?). 
 
 col-kaSch. : 'a hole made by a blow; 
 a nest'. 
 
 col-zdns a shallow shore Sch.
 
 163 
 
 cos (v$l) ! doctrine, a particular 
 doctrine, tenet, or precept; ysdn-bai 
 cos sig an esoteric doctrine, a mystery 
 ZteZ. ; Kydd-cos for Hyad-par-can-gyi cos a 
 peculiar, distinguished, sublime, and there- 
 fore difficult doctrine; ^ig - rten - gyi cos 
 brgijad the eight doctrines or principles 
 of the world (though frq. mentioned, I 
 found them nowhere specified) cf. Fou- 
 caux Gyatcherr., Translation p. 264; cos- 
 brgydd-mEan, a man of the world, worldling 
 Mil. More esp. 2. moral doctrine, whether 
 any separate dogma, or the sum of various 
 doctrines, religion in general, both theoreti- 
 cally (system of morality, ethics) and prac- 
 tically (faith', exercise of religion); Wa- 
 co's the religion of the gods or (Buddhist) 
 deities, i.e. the Buddhist religion, as the 
 only true one, in opposition to all other 
 heresies and false religions (log -cos), as 
 well as to irreligiousness (cos ma yin-pa); 
 lea-cos profession with the lips, hypocrisy 
 Glr. ; Jcrig-pai cos-la brten-pa those prac- 
 tising the religion of voluptuousness (an 
 expression designedly forcible, like St. 
 Paul's: 'whose god is their belly 1 ); mi- 
 cos v. below; cos O cdd-pa, or bsdd-pa, 
 ston-pa, smrd-ba, sgrog-pa, resp. cos-kyi 
 sgrog-gUn mdzdd-pa Glr. to expound, to 
 teach, to preach religion; cos smrd-bai Zdl- 
 la ltd-ba to watch the mouth of the preacher 
 Pth.; *co dog- pa* C. to read a religious 
 book; *cos sad -Kan* W. a preacher; cos 
 O cdd-pai O dun-fi,dn place where sermons 
 are delivered, church DzL; cos nydn-pa 
 to hear religious discourses DzL ; cos zu- 
 ba to ask for religious discourses; partic.: 
 one eagerly desiring or asking for religious 
 instruction, an inquirer Pth., Mil.', cos byed- 
 pa to act or live religiously, righteously, 
 ~ cos bzin-du byed-pa; also merely to wish 
 to become pious, to strive after piety; fcyed 
 snyin-nas cos byed-na if you are in good 
 earnest about religion, if piety is the aim 
 of your heart Mil.; lastly in a special sense: 
 to become or to be a monk Pth.; cos -la 
 sems sgyur-ba Mil. to show an inclination 
 for religion, to turn religious; cos-su, or 
 
 cos -la J)ug-pa 1. vb. nt. to enter into 
 religion, to be converted, also : to go over 
 to a religion, to turn (Buddhist), 2. vb. 
 act. to convert, to turn a person from a 
 bad life to a good one, to make him a 
 believer, to make another a convert, a 
 proselyte; cds-/a ^dd-pa = ^jug-pa 1; cos 
 spyod-pa to practise religion; the exercise 
 of religion, worship S.g.; bka-cos the word 
 of Buddha, the doctrine as taught by 
 Buddha himself; rtogs-pai cos Thgy. the 
 knowledge acquired by meditation, inde- 
 pendently of books, scarcely different from 
 nes-don, or non-ses; bstdn-pai cos Thgy. 
 any knowledge derived from other sources. 
 - 3. in a special sense the religion of 
 Buddha, Buddhism, ddm-pai cos, and frq. 
 dam -pa cos id. (cf. 1} TIIOTIS Acts 6, 7); 
 cos dan bon Buddhism and Bon - religion 
 Mil.', cos-la Idn-spyod-par O gyur-ba to live 
 in the enjoyment of true faith. 4. re- 
 ligious writings, and writings, books, literature 
 in general, in as much as the Tibetans 
 derivate every science from religion; bon- 
 gyi cos fams-cdd all the Bon- writings Mil. 
 6. custom, manner, common usage, fashion, 
 mi-cos manners of the world Mil.; mi-cos- 
 kyi dus-su as long as he lived according 
 to the ways of the world Mil. ; yul - cos- 
 kyis according to the custom of the country 
 DzL; kydd-cos the way of distinguishing, 
 of pointing out the characteristics Glr. (cf. 
 under 1); nature, quality, DzL 9L^ 18 cf. 
 cos-nyid. 6. substance, being, thing, cos 
 fams-cdd mi-rtdg-pa yin-gyi as every thing 
 existing is perishable DzL Other philo- 
 sophical expressions containing the word 
 cos v. Was. (296). 
 
 Comp. * 6s-skad* W. book -language, as 
 opp. to pal - skad. <?ds - sku v. sku. 
 cos-skyon v. skyon-ba. cos-f> ; >'i reading- 
 desk, lecturer's chair, pulpit /*/<.; reading- 
 table, school-desk. fos-fcrims v. /r////.s. 
 cos-tinms-pa v. dge-bskds. cos- kor vulgo 
 prayer -mill; the column of disks on the 
 mfod-rten Pth. v. K6r-lo 2, also K6r-lo 
 extr. cos-f/rd school. cos-(kyi) rgydl 
 (-po) 1 . honorary title of kings deserving
 
 164 
 
 well of religion. 2. = ysin-rje Schl. Buddh. 
 93, 3. also as a p. n. cos-rgyud religious 
 tradition, also = confession, creed, rje-btsim- 
 gyi cos-rgyud O dzin -pa - mams those em- 
 bracing the religious tradition of his re- 
 verence, his fellow-believers Mil. ; cos-rgyud 
 ycig-pa one confessing the same faith or 
 religion Thgr. cos-can 1. pious, devout. 
 2. v. cos 5, jig-pai cos-can yin having the 
 properties of perishableness, being subject 
 to the law of mutability Thgy. cos-rje 
 'lord of the faith', viz. 1. Buddha Lex., 
 2. devout or righteous lord, title of honour 
 given to distinguished scholars Tar. transl. 
 331, and elsewh. ; perh. also = cos-rgydl. 
 cos-nyid i. = cos 5, quality, nature, rgyd- 
 mfsoi cos-nyid-kyis in a manner peculiar 
 to the sea, Dzl vSC, 9 (112, 9?). 2. philo- 
 sophical term: existence, entity, = de-bzin- 
 nyid (ace. to Thgy.} by which the Buddhist 
 however means a negation of being, non- 
 existence , non - entity. cos - stegs W. -- 
 cos-Kri. cos-ston religious festive enter- 
 tainment given to saints Glr. cos-drd/'/- 
 po righteous with regard to the laws of 
 religion (adopted by Prot. Miss, for the 
 scriptural term 'righteous' or 'just'), cos- 
 drdn-ba justice, righteousness. cos-Id an 
 = Ms-can. cos - sde convent, monastery, 
 Wdk., Glr. cos- pa a religious man, a 
 divine, a monk. cos-spun a religious brother; 
 such brotherhoods e.g. are formed by two 
 devotees, before going on a pilgrimage. 
 After having been consecrated by a priest, 
 who consults the lot on such an occasion, 
 they owe hospitality and mutual assistance 
 to each other for life. cos-spyod exercise 
 Of religion; cos-spyod-bcu = dge-ba-bcu. 
 cos-sbyin is said to be frq. used in book- 
 titles : bkra-sis-lhun-po-nas cos-sbyin O dzad- 
 med spel pyir bris written from Tashilhunpo 
 as a religious gift for infinite increase and 
 blessing. cos-blon a pious functionary or 
 official (bdud-blon an impious or wicked 
 one) Glr. cos-ma a religious woman, a nun 
 6s. cos-med without religion, irreligous, 
 wicked. cos-myon religious frenzy, W.: 
 *cos-nyon zugs* he has become deranged, 
 
 mcig 
 
 his brains are turned (in consequence of 
 meditating). cos-zog priestcraft Mil. '<= 
 cos-lugs religious party, denomination, sect. 
 *cos-sem-can* W. inclined to religion, pious. 
 
 cdd-pa Lex.: = 'tomb, sepulchre; 
 
 = pramarita Ssk. killed, slain; 
 mcdd-pa-med-pa entire, perfect; mcdd-par 
 byd-ba = mahiman Ssk. greatness ; also the 
 magical power of increasing size at will'. 
 
 m ^ an *' *^ e s ' t ' e ^ ^ e ' }reas ^ m wn- 
 gyi bu bosom-child, darling, mcdn- 
 gyi mcis-brdn bosom-wife (cf. our 'bosom- 
 friend'); mcdn-du O jug-pa to put into one's 
 bosom Glr.; mcdn-lhiii arm-hole, arm-pit, 
 often = mean; mean-Hun yyds-pai rtsib- 
 mai bar nas (the Buddhas are born) from 
 between the ribs of the right side (cf. 
 mnal); * can-da* W. pocket, in clothes, cf. 
 dku-mda. 2. v. the following article. 
 jX(T*q' mcdn-bu 1. apprentice, bzoi in a 
 
 ' - handicraft, trade or art, rig-pai 
 in a science, disciple 6s., sgya-ma-mKan- 
 gyi appr. of a juggler, conjurer Zam. - 
 2. yi-ge'i mcdn-bu words or lines, printed 
 or written in a smaller character than the 
 rest, and inserted in the text (called md- 
 yig 6s.) like our parenthesis, but without 
 brackets; hence 3. note, annotation (Sch. 
 also: testimony?). 
 
 jS|._. mci-ba, eleg. for 1. to come, to go, 
 sldd - bzin - par mcio I shall come 
 later Dzl ; to appear, used of a god ; skydbs- 
 su (to put one's self) under the protection 
 of another person, ccd.; O bdns-su mcio 1 
 will obey Mil. 2. to say, zes mcio thus 
 he said. 
 
 &jJ&*&T m M~ ma -> res P- spyan-cdb a tear, 
 J)yin-pa\ d6n-pa Glr., bldg-paDzl., 
 ytdti-ba Mil. to shed (tears); skem-pa to 
 dry up tears 6s. ; O pyi-ba to wipe off tears 
 6s.; mci-mas brndn-ba to be choked with 
 tears, to sob violently Sch. 
 jrxqr mcig 1. 6s. a stone for grinding 
 
 ' spice etc., a mortar; mcig-gu a small 
 mortar Sch. , a pestle Cs. 2. the nether 
 mill -stone, mciy-ma the runner or upper 
 mill -stone, Sch., nicig skor-ba to grind 
 Sch.
 
 165 
 
 meed 
 
 mem-bu Cs. = O cm-bu. 
 
 a-mctd, ysuti-mcid, W. *mol- 
 ' c?d* resp the talk, discourse, speech 
 (of an honoured person) 6s.; mcid-ldn 
 answer to such speech Mil. 
 
 ^fepT m n -P a , resp- sku-mcin the liver; 
 mcin-dri, mcin - n the midriff or 
 diaphragm; mein-/i-a liver-coloured; mcin- 
 ndn 'liver - pressing', first breakfast, be- 
 cause according to popular belief water 
 rises from the human liver in the morning, 
 which is depressed and appeased by taking 
 some food; mcin -nan byed-pa to break- 
 fast. 
 
 fishing-hook Dzl, mcil- 
 pas nya O cdr - ba to fish with a 
 hook, to angle Cs. 2. a little bird, W. 
 *ct-pa*, Ts. *cil-pig; ci-pa sky a -wo* W. 
 sparrow; mcil-Kra sparrow-hawk; mcil- 
 mgo a fabulous stone, like a bird's head, 
 supposed to possess a variety of marvelous 
 qualities. 
 
 SlS&TSr m ^~ ma 1- W. *mcil-mdg*, resp. 
 fyags-mcil, Ijags-cdb spittle, prob. 
 also other similar fluids Lt.; O dor-ba (W. 
 *pdn-ce) to spit; mcil-lud ( W. *mcil-ldud*) 
 morbid saliva, e.g. of people affected with 
 a cough or with hectic fevers; meil-sndbs 
 prob. id.; mcil-snod, resp. zal-bzed, spitting- 
 box; mcil-zum, mcil-bkdb W. slavering-bib 
 or cloth. 2.=mcil-lhdm Tar. 72, 9? 
 &|Jaj-aj&!- mcil-lhdm shoe, boot, mcil-lhdm 
 ynyis O dor-ba to lose both shoes 
 Wdn. mcil-lhdm -mKan shoemaker, cob- 
 bler, seller of boots; mcil-lhdm-gyi yu-ba 
 the leg of a boot Cs. 
 5|e^f*r mas-pa 1. also mcis-ldgs-pa, eleg. 
 for yod-pa, to be, to be there, to 
 exist, du mcis how much is there, how 
 many are there? 6s.; su-la ddm-pai cos 
 mas -pa whoever has the holy doctrine 
 Dzl.; yul dbus-nas mcis-so (he) is (comes) 
 from the country II Dzl. 2. pf. of mci- 
 ba 1. lam Hn-po-nas mcis-te having come 
 from afar. 2. zes mcis-pa so-called. 
 
 - ele g- dwelling, abode, 
 domicile ; also when speaking 
 modestly of one's own dwelling: bddq-gi 
 mcis-brdii my humble roof Dzl. 2. Lex. 
 wife, partner. 
 
 5$&W mtis-mdl bed, bed-stead Cs. 
 
 ^.mcu 1. lip, ya-mcu upper lip, ma- 
 3 mcu lower lip ; mcu btud mfi'as Wil. 
 prob.: one must be wise in lowering the 
 lips, i.e. one must yield, giving up pouting; 
 Ka-mcu, resp. zal-mcu \. lip 2. word, 
 voice (?) Sch. 3. quarrel, strife, ka-mcit, 
 rgyal-pdm ji-ltar byuti ze-na if one asks, 
 which are the details of the quarrel ; *kam- 
 cu jlw -pa* C. *gydg-pa* Cs. to quarrel. 
 2. beak or bill of birds, mcu-la fogs-te 
 O gro-ba to fly, carrying something in the 
 bill S. 0. ; mcu-lto (or cu-mdo ?) W. id. 
 3. n. of one of the lunar mansions, v. 
 rgyu-skar. 
 
 Comp. mcu-skye muzzle Sch. mcu- 
 sgros v. s^ros. mcu-fdr Sch. (prob. a. 
 mis-print for mcu-for) pustules, tubercular 
 elevations on the lips. mcu-ritis long- 
 beaked, n. of a bird, and also of an in- 
 sect (a large musquito). 
 
 3^*q- mce-ba, Cs. also mce-so, corner-tooth, 
 canine tooth, eye-tooth, fang, tusk of 
 
 an animal, mce-la ytsigs-pa, W. *ze-ce*, to 
 show one's teeth, to grin; mce-ba-can-gyi 
 sde the class of the tusked animals, viz. 
 the carnivora (lion, tiger, leopard), and the 
 tusked pachydermata (elephant, boar etc.). 
 
 , sku - mctd, meed - Icdm, resp. 
 i for spun, brother, sister; meed j-nyis 
 my two brothers Dzl. ; srds-mo Uta-lcdm 
 meed bzi four princesses, sisters; del meed 
 his illustrious brother, in reference to a 
 king, prince etc. Glr.; esp. of gods: wr/</ 
 bzi four divine brothers Glr.; mced-grogs y 
 grogs -meed clerical brother, meed -grogs 
 mdn-po fsogs-par where many clerical 
 brothers assemble; meed -grogs dam - t*<<i 
 yeig-pa Thgr. betrothed brothers, religious 
 brothers, = cos-spun; also 'tuiril-ledm has 
 this signification.
 
 166 
 
 meed-pa 
 
 T mcod-pa 
 
 gjj^-.q. meed - pa 1. to spread, to gain 
 ; ground, esp. of a fire, frq.; also 
 fig.: bddg-gi O dod-cdgs-kyi me meed -pas 
 as the fire of voluptuousness spread or 
 increased within me DzL; also in the 
 following sense: mdr-me ycig-la ycig meed 
 Itar as one kindles one light by another 
 Mil. ; ycig glen ynyis glen rim-pas mced-de 
 as (the news) spread more and more by 
 gossiping people Pth. skye-mced v. skye. 
 2. = yyo-ba, mi-mced-pai dad-pa = dad- 
 pa brtdn-po. 
 
 '^T mcer-pa the milt, spleen. 
 
 mcog the best, the most excellent 
 in its kind, skyes-bu mcog, mii mcog, 
 rkan-ynyis-rnams-kyi mcog Buddha; nyes- 
 Itun-gis ma poo -pa (or no) mcog yin-te 
 pog-rtin bsdgs-pa byed-pa rob yin Mil. the 
 best thing is, not to have been surprised 
 by sin, but after having been surprised, 
 it is the best to confess it (and thus to 
 atone for it); ysun-mcog chief or funda- 
 mental doctrine, main dogma, principal 
 commandment etc. Glr.', na ni ^ig-rten 
 O di-na mcog I am the highest in the world 
 (says Buddha immediately after his birth) 
 Glr. ynas-mcog the most glorious or splen- 
 did country Glr. ; ro-mcog excellent taste 
 or flavour Mil. ; mKas-mcog -rnams most 
 learned gentlemen Zam. ; also as a compli- 
 mentary word; mi mcog Kyod most honour- 
 ed Sir! Pth.\ mcog-dmdn, mcog dan fun- 
 mon, mcog dan p'dl-pa, good and bad, 
 first-rate and common, fine and ordinary, 
 of goods etc.; eminent and ordinary, of 
 mental gifts, talents etc.; mcog-tu gyur-pa 
 mcog, e. g. mi-rnams-kyi ndn-na mcog- 
 tu gyur-pa ycig one that has risen among 
 men, so as to become their chief Glr.; 
 yul-rnams-kyi mcog-tu gyur-pa the most 
 splendid of countries. Adv.: mcog-tu 
 very, most, with verbs: bon-po-la mcog-tu 
 mos-pa zig a great admirer of the Bonpos 
 Mil.; gen. with adjectives: ro mcog-tu 
 mndr-ba extremely sweet; with the com- 
 parative: much, far, by far, greatly, de- 
 
 bas mcog-tu ceo ... is far or much greater 
 than that DzL 
 
 Comp. mcog-sbyin pyag-rgyd a gesture 
 made in practising magic, in conjuring up 
 or exorcising ghosts. mcog - zuh the 
 model pair, the two most excellent amongst 
 Buddha's disciples, Shariibu and Mau- 
 dgalgyibii, v. Kopp. mcog-rin longest 
 
 to 
 
 leap, to jump, frq., e.g. 
 cur into the water; mi-seb-la among the 
 people, e.g. of a mad dog). 
 rg_.,. mcod-pa (^w) I- vb. 1. to honour, 
 revere, respect, receive with hon- 
 our, kun-gyis bkur zin mcod-pai ^.os worthy 
 of being honoured and praised by all; 
 usually ccapir. (rarely dp.) in the special 
 sense: to honour saints or deities by offer- 
 ing articles of food, flowers, music, the 
 sound, odour and flavour of which they 
 are supposed to relish, hence to treat, 
 entertain, regale (the gods), and in a more 
 general sense applied also to lifeless ob- 
 jects, e.g. to honour a sepulchre in such 
 a manner; Glr. mcod-pa may therefore in 
 English be sometimes translated by: to 
 offer, to sacrifice, but it should always be 
 borne in mind, that no idea of self-denial 
 or yielding up a precious good (as is im- 
 plied by the English word), or of slaughter- 
 ing, as in the Greek ttvew, can be con- 
 nected with the Tibetan word itself, though 
 in practice bloody sacrifices, abhorred as 
 they are by pure Buddhism in theory, are 
 not quite unheard of, not only animals 
 being immolated to certain deities, but 
 also men notoriously noxious to religion 
 slaughtered as dmar - mcod, red offering, 
 to the dgrd-lha q.v. 2. C. resp. to eat, 
 drink, take, taste, (in W. expressed by 
 *don-ce*). 
 
 II. sbst offering, oblation, libation, mcod- 
 pa Jbul-ba, W. *pul-ce* frq., also byed-pa; 
 rol-mo mcod-par O bul-ba to bring an
 
 mcod-pa 
 
 167 
 
 O cag-pa 
 
 offering of music Mil. : mcod-pa sna-fsogs 
 fogs-te carrying along with them all sorts 
 of offerings Glr.; m cod-pat Kydd-par bcu 
 the ten kinds of offerings Tar. ; lha-mcdd 
 offering or libation brought to a lha\ O bru- 
 mcod an offering consisting of grain; dus- 
 mcod offerings presented at certain times 
 Pth.; rgyun-mcod daily offering; fig. ddd- 
 pai mcod-pa Mil.; ytan-rdg-tu sgrub-pai 
 mcod-pa pul as a thanksgiving bring the 
 offering of meditation! Mil. - 
 
 Comp. mcod-Kan house or place of offer- 
 ings, of worship, Pth. ; adopted as an appel- 
 lation for the temple of the Jews, as IM- 
 Kan could not be used Chr. Prot. mcod- 
 Kri offering-table, Jewish altar, Chr. Prot. 
 mcod-lcog prob. the same, C. mcod- 
 cd Glr. = mcod-rdzds. mcod-brjod words 
 of adoration, doxology. mcod-rten Ssk. 
 ffcr (religious building) and ^rq (elevated 
 place, elevation, tumulus) l.etymologically; 
 receptacle of offerings ; 2. usually : a sacred 
 pyramidal building, of a form varying in 
 different countries and centuries, esp. near 
 temples and convents, where often great 
 numbers of these structures are to be seen. 
 They were originally sepulchres, containing 
 the relics of departed saints, and therefore 
 called yduh-rten-, afterwards they were 
 erected as cenotaphs, i.e. in honour of 
 deceased saints buried elsewhere, but in 
 more recent times they are looked upon 
 as holy symbols of the Buddhist doc- 
 trine, v. Kopp. I, 533. mcod-stegs offer- 
 ing-table, altar. mcod-stod Sc/i.: an 
 offering with a hymn of praise. mcod- 
 ston an entertainment, as sort of libation, 
 given to the priests DzL; perh. also a 
 sacrificial feast. mcod-sdon 1. Sch. = 
 mcod-rten (?), 2. offering-lamp Sc/i., 3. the 
 wick of such a lamp (in this sense it is 
 used in a little botanical book). mcod- 
 ynds 1. prop, place where there is offered, 
 place of sacrifice. 2. the object to which 
 veneration is shown, image of a god (?//., 
 sanctuary. 3. the offering priest, the sacri- 
 ficator. mcod-pa-po a sacrificer Cs. 
 mcod-Jbul the offering of a sacrifice Cs. 
 
 mcod-sbyin id. (though elsewhere mcod-pa 
 sbst, as a gift to deities, is distinct from 
 sbyin-pa a gift to men), also: sacrificer; 
 mcod-sbyin-gyi O dun-Kdn house where 
 people assemble in order to perform sa- 
 crifices; sr6g-gi mcod-sbyin bloody offer- 
 ings or sacrifices Tar. mcod-me offer- 
 ing - lamp, lighted in honour of a deity, 
 and very common in the houses of Bud- 
 dhists; *cod-me pul-ce* W. to light such 
 a lamp, (prop, to offer it). mcod-rdzds, 
 mcod-cd, mcdd-pai yo-bydd instruments, 
 utensils, requisite for festival processions 
 in honour of a deity. mcod - soms or 
 -bsdms the upper shelves in the holy re- 
 positories, containing the little statues of 
 Buddha etc. 
 
 gy^a^'CT mc&r-po, sometimes O pyor-po 1. 
 pretty, handsome, neat, elegant, po 
 mcor-po a handsome man, bud-med mcor- 
 mo a pretty woman, esp. a smart gaily 
 dressed female. 2. W. also vain, con- 
 ceited. 
 
 Q^rrr&r 9- can c l- trodden, stamped; 
 solid, firm, compact, like the 
 Hindustani pakka. 
 
 (WW Jw-pa I- P f - cog (s) 1. to break 
 vb. n., snod cog-pa a broken vessel 
 DzL] fig. na-rgydl cag my pride is broken, 
 frq. ; der- byon- stabs cog the opportunity 
 of going there has been cut off Mil. ; *lam 
 cdg-pa (also soy-pa)* C. a. a beaten, 
 practicable road (a road broken through, 
 v. O ceg-pa) b. W. an impracticable, broken- 
 up road. 2. to be broken off, abated, 
 beaten down from the price, zu-cdg-med- 
 par there being no room for either asking 
 or abating Mil. nt. 
 
 II. also cdgs -pa, pf. bcags, fut. bcag 
 (imp. O cog?) 1. to tread, to walk, to move, 
 esp. when speaking respectfully or for- 
 mally, yab-mes-kyi zdbs-kyis bcdgs-pai 
 sd-ca the place where my ancestors did 
 walk Glr.; zabs cdgs-pai pyag pyir ^ro 
 follow me on my walk Mil. nt. O cdg- 
 tu or O ccigs - su ^rd - ba to take a walk 
 Dzl. ; *g6m-cag-ce* W. to step along so- 
 lemnly; aig-peb-ya v. pydy-peb-pa. 2.
 
 168 
 
 '^T O cdgs-pa 
 
 O cdr-ba 
 
 like ^gro-ba in a more general sense: bzon- 
 pa - la, cibs -la to ride in a carriage, on 
 horseback Cs. 
 
 o<% s -/ 1 v - Jag-pa. - 2. 
 
 sometimes for O ceg-pa. 
 
 T %( s > sa a P la ce for walking, 
 
 L&r.r., Cs. 
 
 Qxr"r|" O cdn-ba, pf. beans, fut. bean, imp. 
 cb/j(s), 1. to hold, to keep, to take 
 hold of, skrd-la by the hair Mil. O can- 
 zuns handle, crook of a stick, Mil. 2. 
 to carry, to wear, to carry about one, e.g. 
 amulets etc. - - 3. (yid - la) to keep in 
 memory, in one's mind. 4. to have, to 
 assume, e.g. the body of a goddess, of a 
 Rakshasi Pth. 
 Qx^j-^r O cdns-pa W. a (closed) handful 
 
 e.g. of dough; *cdits-bu* a clod 
 (of clay), a snow-ball etc. formed in the 
 hand. 
 
 cdd-pa I. pf. cad, vb. n. to ycod- 
 pa, like cod -pa, to be cut into 
 pieces, to be cut off, to decay, dum-bur 
 (to fall) to pieces Med.; to cease, end, 
 Stop, of diseases Glr., of life Lea;.; to cease 
 to flow or to blow, of water or wind; to 
 die away, to become extinct, of a family, 
 a generation; to be consumed, of provisions 
 Pth. of bodily strength Thyy.; to be decided, 
 Kyod - kyis bsdd - par O cdd - na you being 
 determined to kill me Dzl. - 
 
 II. pf. and fut. bsad, imp. sod 1. to 
 explain, <6g-tu Q cad it will be explained 
 below Lt. iiid - la bi/os siq dan bsdd - do 
 
 * O & / 
 
 give heed, and I will explain it to you 
 Sty.; O cad nydn-pa to listen to an expla- 
 nation Sch. ; O jig cos ftam, O cdd-pa to teach 
 the transitoriness of existence Sch. (?) 
 2. to tell, to relate. 
 
 O cdb-pa, pf. bcabs, fut. bcab, imp. 
 
 cob to conceal, to keep secret, O cdb- 
 pa-med-pai sems a candid mind, open- 
 heartedness Stg. (cog. to ^db-pd). 
 
 O cdm-pa I. vb. (pf. beam Lex.}, 
 
 also adj. and sbst. to accord, to 
 agree, agreeing, agreement, srid-la mi pam- 
 pas as they did not agree about the go- 
 vernment Glr.; O cam byed-pa to make 
 
 agree, to reconcile Mil., *cam mi cam* 
 col. they do not agree; Ka O cdm-pa to 
 agree upon, to concert, e.g. an escape; 
 Ka O cdm-par by concert, unanimously. 
 II. 1. to dance, O cdm-par byed-pa Sch. 
 
 2. a dancer, Uro O cdm-pa a dancer with 
 a frightful mask; gar - O cdm(s) a dance; 
 O cdm-po a dancer Glr.' O cam-dpon leader 
 of a dance; O cdm-i/ig book or programme 
 of a dance. 
 
 ,' ca Ld., Sp. cupboard. 
 
 o cd-ba I. pf. bcos, rarely O cas, fut. 
 
 bca, imp. cos, to make, prepare, 
 construct, but used only in reference to 
 certain things; 1. ynas, vulg. fsati, O cd-ba 
 Pth. to prepare a place, house or abode, 
 to settle; mal O cd-ba to make a bed or 
 couch Cs. ; dmay-scfdr Q cd-ba to pitch a 
 camp ; Krims-ra O cd-ba to establish a court 
 of justice Glr. 2. rgyal-Krims O cd-ba 
 to draw up a law, to give laws, frq. 
 
 3. dam O cd-ba to make a vow, to promise, 
 assert, protest, frq.; yi-dam O cd-ba id.; 
 also to utter a prayer; dam -bca v. sub 
 dam. 4. skyil-kriih cd-ba = skyil-kruu 
 byed-pa, v. skyil-ba. 5. bio-}- tad O cd-ba, 
 c. c. la, to place confidence in. 
 
 II. to bite, fdg-la fcig O cd-zin zd-la 
 to bite and devour one another Dzl.; so 
 O cd-ba to bite with the teeth (?) Mng., or 
 to gnash or grind the teeth (?); sin O cd-ba 
 to gnaw at a piece of wood Stg. 
 Q.XX' Jij;* Q va>r-rgydn, or ^car-can a present 
 
 given reluctantly Sch. (?) 
 o &f. - ba, pf. sar, to rise, appear, 
 become visible, of the sun etc., 
 also of the sun's appearing above a moun- 
 tain, from behind a cloud etc., frq.; to 
 Shine, gans-ri-la nyi-ma sar-ba the shining 
 of the sun upon a mountain covered with 
 snow, a snowy mountain lit up by the 
 rays of the sun Glr. ; yzugs - brnydn mi 
 O car-ba the not appearing of the image 
 which is formed by the reflection of a 
 mirror (as something strange and surpris- 
 ing) Wdn; yzugs O cdr-ba byed-pa to cause 
 an image to be reflected (in the water); 

 
 ' Jdl-ba 
 
 169 
 
 dpyid-ka sar spring has appeared; frq. of 
 thoughts: nydms - su, or yid - la O cdr - ba 
 (thoughts) rising in one's mind; yid -la 
 sar kyan Mil. though I can figure it in 
 my mind; grogs-su O car (they) appear as 
 friends Mil. ; rgydn-du O car Mil. it turned 
 into a blessing. O cdr-sgo thought, idea, 
 conception, O cdr-sgo Jbyuti an idea comes, 
 a (happy) thought, a (new) light, bursts 
 upon me Mil.; O car-ga Mil. the rising, the 
 rise. 
 
 O cdl-ba, secondary form to O col- 
 ba II., 1. Cs.: to fluctuate men- 
 tally; in this sense prob. Zam. ytad-med 
 O cdl-ba to fluctuate, to waver, without aim 
 or object. 2. to be confused, in disorder. 
 smra- cdl, also Q cal-ytdm smra Lt., as 
 a morbid symptom, prob. he raves, he 
 talks nonsense. 3. morally : tsul - Krims 
 O cdl-ba S.g. to break one's vow, bsldb- 
 pa to act contrary to the doctrine, to 
 violate it Tar.; in a more restricted sense : 
 
 4. to fornicate, to commit adultery, bud- 
 med smad- cdl byed-pa a whore, harlot 
 Mil.; O cdl-pa, -po lecher, fornicator Stg.; 
 O cdi-pa-rnams-kyi fsig obscene language, 
 mentioned as sub-species of kydl-ka; O cdl- 
 mo whore. *cal-la-col-U* W., cal-col 
 Tar. 184, 20 confusedly, pellmell. 
 
 o $i-ba, pf. si, 1. vb. to die, of a 
 flame: to go out; ran O co I will 
 seek death Dzl.; O ci-ba yin he dies, will 
 die S.g.; O ci or si-ba-las so's-par O gt/ur-ba 
 Dzl. to be saved from imminent danger 
 of death (but not: to rise from the dead); 
 O ci-bar byed-pai cu water causing death 
 Sambh.; si-bar gyur-to they perished Pth. 
 
 2. sbst., the state of dying, death, O ci- 
 ba tsdm - du O gyur - ba to die almost (of 
 grief etc.) Mil.; dus-min O ci-ba nyun-ba 
 yin premature death rarely occurs Sambh.; 
 O ci-ba nam yon ca med Mil. when death 
 will come one does not know, ( W. *si-ce* 
 to die; death; *si son* he has died, *& 
 yin* he will die). 
 
 Comp. O ci-Ka Cs. : 'the very act of dying,' 
 but I doubt whether such a sbst. exists; 
 I only know the adv. O ci-fcar at his very 
 
 dying, at the point of death Mil., when 
 being exstinguished Glr. (v. liar sub Ka 
 IV. 4, 5), and O ci-ka-ma 1. adj. dying, dud- 
 ^gro ci-Ka-ma a dying animal Glr.-, 2. 
 sbst. the dying, O ci -ka- ma -ru = ci- Kar 
 (doubtful) ; O ci - kar and O ci - gar may be 
 incorrect spellings. O ci-ltas, more rarely 
 O ci(-bai) rtdgs forebodings, foretokens of 
 death Med. O ci-bddg the lord of death, 
 perh. = ysin-^rje, but it seems to be more 
 a poetical expression than a mythological 
 personage; O ci-bddg bdud id. O ci-ndd 
 a disease causing death, a fatal disease 
 Tar. O ci-ba-po Cs.; a person dying (?) 
 Jci-dba^-med^-pa) immortal; cf. si-ba. 
 
 - Note. O ci O p'6-ba is prob. only a rather 
 incorrect, yet common expression for fse 
 O po-ba to change one's place of existence, 
 to transmigrate. 
 
 ^ i d(^'P a to b | nd Sch -> P rob - 
 an incorr. spelling for O k'yig-pa. 
 
 f - b ?: J 8 ;?" L 
 
 vb., pi. bctns, tut. bciri, 
 imp. O an(s), W. *cin-ce*, to bind (in ge- 
 neral); to fetter (a prisoner) DzL; to bind 
 or tie up, to cord, a bundle or package; 
 to tie round, to put on, a girdle Glr.; to 
 bind up, to dress, wounds; fig. to render 
 harmless, to neutralize, paralyze, esp. by 
 witchcraft, to exorcise, frq.; bcins O grol-ba 
 to untie, to loosen, to take off the dress- 
 ings Lt. 
 
 II. sbst. any binding-material 1. ribbon, 
 mgul-cit'ts necklace, neckcloth, neckerchief. 
 
 - 2. fetter, shackle, also fig. for magic 
 curse, anathema. 3. string, tie. 4. 
 cramp, spasm C. 
 
 o cm - bu a spurious, glass jewel 
 (Schf. Tar. 142, 9); bsam-yas- 
 cm-bu p. n. Ma. 
 
 %K s )-P a , P f - *&* fut - *>"*>> 
 imp. tibs resp. to ascend, to 
 mount, a horse or carriage, rtd-la, or more 
 correctly cibs-la, to ride, to proceed on 
 horseback. 
 
 O-P to be full > to set full 
 
 Sch, 
 
 11*
 
 jfor-ba 
 
 O c6l-pa 
 
 r -&<*> evidently a present-form 
 of the pf. cir-ba, to press, to squeeze. 
 _ jp-jn* O cu-ba I. ace. to grammatical ana- 
 ^ logy 1. vb. n. to j-cud-pa, to be 
 twisted, distorted, pf. O CMS. 2. sbst. cur- 
 vature, crookedness, distortion. 3. adj., 
 more frq. O ci'is-pa crooked, wry, fca- cus Wdn. 
 the mouth being wry, distorted Lt.; also 
 obstinately perverse; &g.yig- Q cusMed, frq., 
 prob. = team-log. 
 
 .II. pf. bcus, fut. 6cw, imp. cws, W! *CM- 
 &?*, 1. to lade or SCOOp (water), cu-mig-la 
 cu to draw water from a well Dzl.; cu- 
 fom water- conduit Sch. 2. to irrigate, 
 to water, zin a field Cs. (?) 
 
 in. ndn-gyis O cu-ba-la Tar. 127, 6, 
 when he was pressed hard, was urged with 
 importunity; (this signification, however, 
 seems to rest only on this passage). 
 
 % -P a t be mistaken Ptk., \. 
 
 cog wall 
 
 O cun-pa, evidently vb. n. to ojun- 
 pa, hence 1. to be tamed, subdued, 
 made to yield, stobs-kyis by force, Ids-kyis 
 by hard work. 2. to confess Cs. 3. 
 to wrap or twist Sch. 4. to fix Sch* - 
 5. to fix one's self Sch.- O cdl-sar O cun en- 
 tangled in vicious indulgences Sch. 
 
 ^0)-?> I- to wish, to long 
 for Lex. 2. to shrink Cs. 
 O ce-ba } pf. bees, Q ces (Sch.), fut, 
 bee, imp. ces, 1. to assure, to pro- 
 mise, Kas O ce-ba Lex., resp. zdl-gyis 
 ce - ba id. 2. resp. for smrd - ba, like 
 
 also O cdg(s)-pa, pf. bsags, 
 fut. bsag, imp. sog, W. *sdg-ce*, 
 1 . to cleave, to split, sin wood ; sog-ks O ceg- 
 pa to saw Sch.; O ceg-byed (a thing) that 
 cleaves, a hatchet 6s. 2. to confess, to 
 acknowledge; v. also bsdg-pa and sog -pa. 
 O ced-pa an incorr. form of cdd-pa 
 or 
 
 , pf. 6cms, fut. 
 to chew Jlfcd. 
 QXQT'n* ^-* Cs. 1. to believe, give cre- 
 dit to; blo- W-ba(?) col. id. - 
 2. Zrfosa?. - zen-pa to wish (?). 
 
 O cdn-ba. 
 
 coms-pa 1. = O cdm-pa Gl>'. and 
 L&zvr. 2. vb. n. to jams-pa 
 4 W!, *rfa corns so* now it is done. 
 
 mc&r-po. 
 
 . o cor-ba I. vb. n., pf. sor, 1. to 
 escape, slip, steal away; to drop 
 from, ston-mo sor-gyis as the meal escaped 
 him, as he was deprived of the meal Dzl. ; 
 rtsa-Krdg O cor-ba hemorrhage, bloody flux 
 Med.; bkrag- cor without splendour, lustre- 
 less; nor O cor the money is gone, spent, 
 lost Thgy.; sdom-pa O cor the duty is vio- 
 lated Glr.; me-la, cu-la O cor-ba to be con- 
 sumed by fire, carried off by water; *can 
 mi fun de - ne lea mi s&r* W. I will not 
 drink any beer, then the mouth cannot 
 run away, i. e. then no indiscreet words 
 will escape my mouth; to flow out, to run, 
 of a leaking vessel, to run over, of a full 
 one. 2. to come out, to break out, frq. 
 of fire ; Jcrug-pa sor a quarrel, a war broke 
 out, also of water breaking through an 
 embankment etc. 3. to go over, to pass, 
 from one person or thing to another, rgydl- 
 sa Bod-nas Me-nydg-la sor the supreme 
 power passed from Tibet to Tanggiit Glr. ; 
 yzdn-gyi dbdn-du sor then I shall get into 
 the power of another Mil. ; rkun-ma-la sor 
 it became the prey of a thief. 4. W. 
 to run away, flee, escape, elope, inst, of O br6s- 
 pa, *sw-te ca-dug* he retires, falls back. 
 II. vb. a., pf. (6)sw, fut. fsw (?) 1. 
 to pursue, chase, hunt after, ri-bon rgyas 
 hares by means of nets; nya O cor-ba to 
 fish Dzl.; C's. also to strain (?); Jco-r-sgeg 
 a seducer; a swaggerer Sch. (cf. sgeg-pa). 
 2. to light, kindle, set on fire(?) 
 
 O c6l-pa 1. disorderly, dissolute, im- 
 moral. 2. disorderly action or 
 conduct, dissoluteness, O col-pa sna-fsogs 
 spydd-pa committing several acts of im- 
 morality Wdn. Kro-bo- 6l-pa n. of a 
 demon. (Cf. O col-ba II).
 
 171 
 
 ol-ba 
 
 . pf. ,f 
 
 to entrust a person with a thing, 
 to commit a thing to another's charge; to 
 make, appoint, de-la rgydl-po O col-lo they 
 made him king Pth.; btsun-mo-la rtd-rdzi 
 bcol - lo they made the queen tend the 
 horses Glr.; fab- - t yog O col zig he may 
 be employed as a kitchenboy, scullion 
 Pth.\ dban-med-du O col-ba to make one 
 powerless, to compel by authority Glr.; 
 bcol-bai ynyer Lex. manager; O col-bai 
 no Lei: intercessor; pi-wdn-la ram- degs 
 bi'61-nas glu blahs she sang with accom- 
 paniment of the guitar (lit. committing 
 the accompaniment to the guitar) Glr.; 
 *kyab col-la* (for O col-du) *yon-ce* W. to 
 place one's self under another man's pro- 
 tection. 2. to commit, commend, recom- 
 mend, Ids O col-ba to commission one with 
 an affair or transaction; resp. prin(-lai) 
 O c6l-ba, though prin (-las) seems to be 
 sometimes a mere pleonasm: ban -so yul 
 de'i lha-srun-mams-la prin-bcol mdzdd-do 
 (the king) recommended the sepulchre to 
 the tutelar gods of the country Glr. ; *col- 
 te bor-ce* W. to deposit a thing for tem- 
 porary keeping. 
 
 II. = O cdl-ba 1. Cs. to change, to turn 
 aside (?) 2. to be thrown together con- 
 fusedly, e.g. of the loose leaves of a (Ti- 
 betan) book; O col-bar byed-pa to put in 
 disorder, to confuse, to confound Ma.; 
 dge-sdig ^col-bar O gro virtue and vice 
 are confounded Ma.; *'i le-ka col dug* 
 W. this affair goes wrong, turns out badly; 
 
 in a special sense: to rave, to be delirious 
 
 6'.; * col -lab gydb-pa* C. id.; *nyid-M 
 lab -pa, gyag-pa* C., to talk confusedly 
 whilst being heavy with sleep ; *col-Ka* C. 
 senseless talk; *c6l-Kan-ni fu-gu, col-tug* 
 W. being of a mixed race ; illegitimate or 
 bastard child, bastard. 3. morally: to 
 break a vow; *a-ne col son* he has broken 
 his vow on account of a woman, i.e. by 
 having married. 
 
 O col-ma Cs.: 1. a thing committed 
 to another's care. 2. a sly, crafty 
 woman, Sch. a dissolute woman. 
 
 - J'6s-pa I. pf. bcos or <fos, fut bco, 
 imp. cos, supine bcos-su Dzl. 5, 
 4, W. *co-ce*, pf. and imp. *cos*, to make, 
 make ready, prepare, to construct, build, a 
 bow, a road etc. Glr.; O cos-sam am I to 
 build? Glr.; dres-ma fag -par O c6s-pa to 
 make ropes out of dresma (a kind of grass) 
 prop, to work dresma into ropes, Glr.; 
 yzab O cos-pa to adjust one's ornaments 
 Sch. ; lus ^cos-pa to dress, to trim one's self 
 up Sch.; '/sdr-du O cos-pa to renew, reno- 
 vate, repair Sch.; Itun-ba pyir O cos-pa Tar. 
 95, 20 perh. to retouch, amend, correct, 
 improve. fsul- cos hypocrisy, a mere 
 outward performance of religious rites and 
 observances Mil., fsul- cos ma byas spyod- 
 pa to live without hypocrisy Mil.; fsul- cos- 
 mKan hypocrite. fsul- cos-pa or beds- 
 pa ace. to Cs. also an established rule or 
 canon. 
 
 II. Sch.: to gnaw off (secondary form 
 to O cd-ba). 
 
 )a 1. the letter j, media, palatal, like 
 the Italian gi in Giovanni, g in giro; 
 in 6'. as initial deep-sounding and aspirat- 
 ed, jh. 2. numerical figure: 7. 3. 
 tea, resp. ysol-ja. For the trade in Cen- 
 tral Asia it is pressed into brick-shaped 
 lumps, a portion of which, when to be 
 
 used, is pulverized and boiled, having been 
 well compounded with butter and salt or 
 soda (buV) by means of a kind of churn 
 of bamboo (gur-giir}, after which it is 
 drunk as hot as possible. Of late years 
 tea grown on the southern slopes of the 
 Himalaya Mountains finds its way into
 
 172 
 
 Central Asia. The tea called Jyru-fdn is 
 considered the best, and of other teas Cs. 
 mentions rtse-ya, zi-lih-spu-ja hairy (?) tea 
 from Siling, (a province in the neighbour- 
 hood of the Kokonor) ; Schr. : yndm -ja, 
 min-ja, Jbo-)a, ja-yzuhs, zau, hu-cdg, ^u- 
 si; bzan-ja, or ko-tse is, ace. to Cs., good 
 ordinary tea, cun- jug, or cun-cun are 
 sorts of inferior quality. The shepherds 
 in W. make use of a surrogate, viz. the 
 Potentilla Inglisii (span-jet), growing on 
 the mountains at a height of 15000 feet; 
 poor people in Sik. use the leaves of the 
 maple (jya-U). 
 
 Other COmp. ja-bkrug (pronounced 
 *jhab-tug*}, prob. for ja-dkriig, twirling-stick 
 Ts, ja-mcod, libation of tea. ja- fdg, 
 or btdg grinding-stone. in India and Tibet 
 used for kitchen purposes inst. of our little 
 mortars. ja-ddm Sch. tea-pot (?) )a- 
 blug W. a little pitcher - shaped brass ves- 
 sel. ja- bih (pronounced *jham-bin*} C. 
 tea-kettle, tea-pot. jd-ma the man that 
 prepares the tea in a monastery, tea-cook; 
 )ai dpon head-tea-cook. ja-nl 1. W. 
 grinding-stone; 2. Lex. skull. ja-sun-can 
 'a cup of tea, or: as much as a cup of 
 tea' Sch. jd-seg tea-dust Sch. 
 
 Lex. yellowish red. 
 
 cn* jag robbing, robbery, jag rgydg-pa to 
 ' rob, to be a robber; rku-jag-gyu-zol 
 byed-pa Glr.; jdg-pa frq. robber (not rob- 
 bery SchS); jag-dpon captain of a gang of 
 robbers Mil. 
 
 ^ji 1. num. fig.: 37. 2. the correlative 
 form of the pron. CT, what For the con- 
 struction of a sentence containing ci or ji, 
 v. gan II. The explanation there given 
 shows, that in correct language ji is always 
 followed by a participle : ji yod-pa de pul 
 zig offer what you have, make a libation 
 of what you have. Owing, however, to 
 the slight difference in the pronunciation 
 of ci and ji, the former is frq. written in 
 the place of the latter; )i, of course, is 
 used in conjunction with the same words 
 as ci; a few more instances may follow 
 
 here: ji-skad whatever, relative to words 
 spoken: nas ji-skad smras kyan whatever 
 I may say Glr. ji-snyed 1. as much as, 
 as great as; 2. C. very much, every thing 
 possible. ji-lta-ba 1. adj. of what kind, 
 of what nature, . . . ji-Ha-ba bzin-du . . . la 
 yan de-bzin-no as it is with. . . so it is 
 with . . . Stg. 2. sbst. quality, nature, con- 
 dition Cs. ji -Ita-bu such as, like as, 
 Lat. qualis. ji-ltar adv. as, in what 
 manner; 'd-mas ji-ltar zer-pa bzin-du ac- 
 cording to what the mother has said Glr. 
 ji-ste = ci-ste. ji nus-kyis to the ut- 
 most, to the best of one's ability Dzl. 
 ji ma ji-bzin-du (?) according to custom or 
 common usage Sch. ji-mi-snydm-pai 
 bzod-pa a patience prepared for every event 
 Sch. (?) ji-tsam =ji-snyed\ lo Ina Ion- 
 pa ji-tsam-pa de-bzin-no they are (as tall) 
 as (children) five years old Stg. ; ji tsam 
 byas kyan whatever they had done Tar.; 
 ji-tsam-na or nas as soon as, when. 
 ji-bzin as, like, how, ji-bzin O fso mi run 
 (he) can in no wise, by no means, con- 
 tinue to live Lt.; ji-bzin-du ysuns ellipti- 
 cally: he said how (it was), he answered 
 according to the state of the case (Schf.} 
 Tar. 89, 9. ji-srid as long as. 
 
 R" ju num. fig.: 67. 
 
 N2 
 
 g:-|fov ju-fig denotes a way of drawing 
 N* ' lots by threads of different colours, 
 whence a class of Bonpos is called pya- 
 bon ju-fig-can Glr. 
 
 J u ~po Las-, *)u-lum* W., a globular 
 stone used for grinding spices, = 
 ja-ril. 
 
 C. strategy. 
 
 E-$J"J* jus-ma a sort of silk stuff Cs. 
 
 >0 
 
 - -..^__.. jus - legs 1. Sch.: 'possessed of 
 NS good manners, of propriety of 
 
 conduct, decent, agreeable; jus-bde sincere 1 
 (?) _ 2. Cs. clever, skilled, able, experien- 
 ced. *zih-gi le* in agriculture, *mag* in 
 military matters C. 
 
 c je 1. num. fig.: 97. 2. a particle, 
 used for expressing the comparative de-
 
 173 
 
 mug 
 
 gree of an adj. or adv., and esp. a gradual 
 growing or increase, often with termin. or 
 la: je man O yro (they) go on increasing 
 or multiplying in number Mil. ; je ysdl-du 
 son it has become more and more clear 
 or evident Thgr. ; gen. repeated : je nyeje 
 nye son-ste going nearer and nearer Mil.] 
 )e cun je cun-la son, also je cun je nyun 
 Mil. less and less; sometimes also for the 
 superlative degree, Cs. : je ddn-po the very 
 first, also Lex. 3. je-ziy a little while, 
 = re-zig Lex. 4. Bhar. 14, Schf.: 'an 
 adhortative particle, often connected with 
 a vocative'; Sch. has: je Kyod 'now you, 
 you first!' 5. = dbyans Lex. 
 gTjo 1. num. fig.: 127. 2. v. the fol- 
 lowing word. 
 
 ^^ jo-bo (^n%) 1. C. the elder brother, 
 also *jo-jo* and ^d-jo* (the latter 
 also in W.), resp. jo-legs. 2. lord, master, 
 esp. nobleman, grandee, W. *jo*, yar-lun jo- 
 bo Glr. the lord of the manor of Yarlung; 
 *ti - nan jo* W. the nobleman of Tinan ; 
 )o-jo min-po my noble brothers (says a 
 princess) Glr. ; in C. used as honorary 
 title for noblemen and priests, in W. also 
 for noble Mussulmans; in ancient times 
 for certain divine persons, and idols, par- 
 ticularly for two, famous in history: jo-bo 
 mi-skyod^rdo-rje , and tsan-ddn-gyi jo-bo, 
 also jo-bo sd-kya, jo-bo rin-po-ce v. Glr. 
 jo-mo 1. mistress, the female head 
 of a household, a woman that gov- 
 erns as mistress of her servants Dzl. - 
 2. lady, esp. a cloistress, nun Mil.; in W. 
 frq. - 3. goddess (cf. sub jo-bo 2), jo-mo 
 sgrol-ma the goddess Dolma Glr. 4 p. 
 n. jo-mo-lha-ri one of the highest moun- 
 tain summits in West-Bhotan, usually 
 called 'Chumulhari'; jo-mo-Ka-nay another 
 summit in southern Tibet. 
 
 tnjal-ba, imp. m)ol, 1. to meet c. 
 dan, = O p'rad-pa, without any 
 respect to rank, Mil. often. More frq. 
 2. resp.: to obtain access to an honour- 
 ed person ; zal - dnos - su mjdl - bar yod 
 he (the incarnated Buddha) may perso- 
 nally be seen and spoken to Glr.; to wait 
 
 on, to pay one's respects to a person, yah 
 dan mjal O fsdl-lo I will pay a visit to my 
 father Dzl.; pyis myur - du nij<'il-<ln i/oii 1 
 shall take the liberty of soon coming back 
 Mil. ; rgydl-bai sku dan fa-mal mjal to thee, 
 Buddha, my own humble self approaches 
 (says a prince to his father who appears 
 to be an incarnated Buddha) Glr.', mjdl- 
 bar zu - ba to ask for an audience Glr. ; 
 mjdl-du mi btub (they) cannot get in, 
 cannot obtain admittance Pth. ; *jal - cdg 
 co-i-e* (or *cag-jdl* Cs.} W. to salute, to 
 exchange compliments on meeting; mjal- 
 prdd-byed-pa - O prad-pa-, used also of a 
 king and his ministers: mjal-prdd dan, dgd- 
 bai ftam mdn-po mdzad (they) exchanged 
 many compliments and expressions of joy 
 7W/.; to visit or pay one's respects to holy 
 places, as pilgrims do, to go on a pilgrimage, 
 also zal mjdl-ba Mil. ; jrnas mjdl-ba id., 
 ynas-mjdl-pa partic., a pilgrim, palmer; 
 O di mjdl zig do make your pilgrimage to 
 this place. 3. to understand, comprehend, 
 Zam. : 'gd-bai mjdl-ba ^JT' ; don mjdl-ba to 
 understand the sense Mil, yet cf. Jdl-ba 3. 
 4. often erron. for jdl-ba. 
 
 Comp. mjdl-Ka audience, access, admit- 
 tance, mjdl-K'a ytoti-ba, or yndn-ba to give 
 audience, ^gegs-pa to refuse it Mil. mjal- 
 ddr = Ka-btdgs. mjdl-sna-pa an usher, 
 master of ceremonies Cs. mjal-pydg 
 salutation. mjal - mans a visit paid by 
 many together, a grand reception Cs. 
 
 mjin-pa 1. = ^iii-pa. 2. ;&//- 
 mjin meadow Bhar. 82, Schf. 
 mjug what is behind, hind part, e.g. of 
 the body, resp. sku-mjug, posteriors, 
 back-side, tail, often also mjitg-ma; mjug 
 skor-ba col. to turn one's back (on another) ; 
 mjug - ma sgril - ba to wag the tail ; fig. : 
 the further progress and final issue of an 
 affair, the consequences = rjes, opp. to dhos- 
 yzi the thing itself, and to shdn-^gro the 
 preparations Thyy.; the lower end or ex- 
 tremity, e.g. of a bench, a stick, a river 
 (= mouth), of a procession, train etc, ; with 
 regard to time: the end, zld-ba brgyd<l-[>(tl 
 mjug-la, at the end of the eighth month:
 
 174 
 
 in general mjug-la, mjug-tu adv. and postp., 
 = mfar, at the end of, at last, behind, 
 after, with the genit. inf., or the verbal 
 root, gen. opp. to mgo. mjiig-sgro (W. 
 *jug-ro*} lower or inferior part, underpart, 
 buttocks (cf. yzug); mjitg-to id. mjug- 
 btdg (for bteg). and mjug-ldeb W. wagtail. 
 mgo-mjug above and below Dzl. 
 jqg:- mje, resp. ysdn-^)n)e, f^f, ffTfi the penis ; 
 Zam. avoids the term by making use 
 of circumlocutions, others employ it, esp. 
 Med. ; also in vulgar use; mje lan-ba erection 
 of the penis; mje sbubs-su nub the penis 
 recedes; m)e-mgo glans penis. mje^lig 
 the penis and testicles. mje - subs the 
 membraneous covering or sheath of the 
 penis. 
 
 m)ed-pa, Zam. ^ suffering, en- 
 during, bearing patiently ; Cs. : ob- 
 noxious; mi-mjed prop.: free; gen. the 
 world, the universe, ace. to Buddhistic ideas; 
 except in the last mentioned sense the 
 word seems to be little used. 
 
 QCT'^T 3 ( ty~'P a > P f - W s > C*-> Sch - : to 
 establish, settle, fix, found; hence 
 
 prob. bde- )dgs and Kris- Jags, Jags-Kns 
 (Lexx. and elsewh., but not frq.) time of 
 prosperity, of peace, of rest, a time without 
 disturbances, war, epidemies etc. (fen's by 
 itself is not known). 
 
 3 a 9-P 1- Lex- = klu, or n. of a 
 Lu, also Jog-po. 2. vulgo = 
 ydg-po. 
 
 QFOTJT J a g- /nia 1' Sch.: a sort of coarse 
 and thick grass of inferior quality; 
 so Pth. of a hut: Jdg-mas pub-pa covered 
 with such grass. 2. Lex. ^r;W a fragrant 
 grass, Andropogon muricatus. 3. Glr. : 
 a blade (of grass), stalk (of com), Jdg- 
 ina rei sten-na on every blade, ku-sai ojdg- 
 ma pon cig a bundle of blades of Kusha 
 grass; ^ag - rgod Sch. horse-tail, pewter- 
 grass, Equisetum. 4. Sik. squirrel, perh. 
 = bya-ma-byi Sch. (?). 
 
 Jags, v. sub jdg-pa. 
 
 ' J d ff s -P a V. to give, to make a 
 present Georgi Alph. Tib. 
 
 dn-ba to devour, swallow. Sch. 
 
 n - mo co 
 sort, husband, wife G. 
 
 jdn-sa, v. cn-sa. 
 
 -^j- Jdb-pa, pf. prob. bzabs, fut. bzab, 
 to sneak, slink, creep privily; to 
 lie in wait, in* arabush, tse-la Jdb-pa to 
 attempt a person's life Pth.; *pdg-ne jdb- 
 te sad tdn-ce* W. to assassinate; Ihog jab 
 byed-pa v. Ikog; jdb-bus ma byin-par len- 
 pa Thgy. to steal clandestinely. Cog. to 
 O cdb-pa. 
 
 " jdb-tse nippers, tweezers. 
 jam-mgon = Jam-dpdl. 
 
 * W., *J 
 
 dm* C. col. (opp. to rtsub-pa, 
 rtsin-ge) soft, smooth, tender, mild, e.g. of 
 cloth, hair, a meadow, a plain without 
 stones or rocks, of fruit, the air, the cha- 
 racter of a person, a person's way of 
 speaking (nag C., *pi>-ra* W., *pe-ra jdm- 
 po dan* with mild expressions, fair words, 
 in a friendly manner), of a law; of bever- 
 ages: weak W.: of a (hay-)rake: close W.; 
 *)dm-po ndb-ce* W. to mow off close ; jam- 
 Jbud blowing or playing (the flute) softly, 
 piano; Jam-rttt Med., seems to be a kind 
 of medicine \*jam-sdii* W., C'., plain, without 
 ornaments. 
 
 * jam-dpal (*T3T?ft) Jam-mgon 
 (^TT^), Jam(-pai}-dbydns 
 one f tne two great Bodhisattvas 
 of the northern Buddhists, the Apollo of 
 the Tibetans, the god of wisdom, demiurge, 
 and more particularly the tutelar god and 
 civilizer of Nepal (v. Kopp. II, 21), in- 
 carnated in Thonmi Sambhota, and after- 
 wards in kingKri-sroii-sde-btsdn and others. 
 Cf. spyan-ras-yzigs. 
 
 for fug-pa, soup. 
 Jam-mo post-stage Sch. 
 
 Ja-fson rainbow frq., 
 splendour
 
 175 
 
 Ja-ba 
 
 >W-pa 
 
 of the rainbow /%.; Ja-fson yal-ba the 
 vanishing of the rainbow frq.; Ja-lus \. lus. 
 
 Ja-ba 1. also Ja-mo Sch. lame, 
 
 gen. za-ba; Ja-bar byed-pa to 
 make lame, to lame (/. 2. to bespeak, 
 to concert, to confederate Sch. 
 Qpn-^j- ja-sa, Ja-mo, edict, diploma, a 
 
 permit 6s., who declares this word 
 to be Chinese. 
 
 J ar - ba Lex. w.e., ace. to Cs. = 
 
 O byar-ba to stick together, to cohere. 
 
 3 a l-ba-, pf- bcal, fut. fzal, imp. 
 
 Jol, W. *cal-ce*, 1. to weigh, Jal- 
 byed sran (a pair of) scales for weighing 
 Lea;., srdn-la fzal-ba Glr. 2 to measure, 
 rin - fun - fsdd )dl - ba C. to measure the 
 length. 3. to appraise, to tax; to weigh 
 in one's mind, to ponder; more fully ex- 
 pressed by blos-Jal-ba to understand Sch., 
 although native grammarians refer this 
 signification with less probability to mjal- 
 ba. 4. to pay, pay back, repay, bu-lon 
 a debt, skyin -pa a, loan , Krai a tax ; to 
 retaliate, return, repay, esp. with Ian: pan- 
 Idn ynod-pas or Ugs-pai Ian nyes-pas to 
 return evil for good. The following is a 
 Buddhist principle of law, butprob. existing 
 only in theory: dkon-mcog-gi rdzds-la Kri 
 Jal, dge- c dun-gyi rdzds-la brgyad-cu Jal, 
 pdl-pai rdzds-la bdun- gyur no brgyad Jal 
 divine or sacred objects are to be repaid 
 or made good tenthousandfold, things or 
 property of the clergy eightyfold , of 
 ordinary men sevenfold, and besides the 
 object itself, hence eightfold 6'.; in Glr. 
 there is the following passage: brkus-pa 
 la brgyad Jal nos dan dgu. 5. often 
 erron. for mjdl-ba; thus prob. also in: 
 Jal Jbul-ba to bring a present Sch. (more 
 correctly : a present of salutation). Jdl- 
 Ka the act, or business of measuring 6'. 
 
 2. Lex. and 6s.: = Jim -pa. 3. 
 6s. = Jam -pa soft, smooth. 4. Sch.: 
 disgusting, nasty, e.g. of a fishy smell. 
 
 ojiy-rtfa (receptacle of all that is 
 perishable) 1. the external world: 
 a. ace. to the common (popular) notion: 
 
 the whole earth, the universe, Jig-rten- 
 na dkon-pa, what is rare, the only thing 
 of its kind in the world Dzl.\ Jig-rten- 
 gyi lha the god of the world, a deity of 
 the Bonpos Mil. ; Jig-rten-las O dds-pa one 
 that has escaped from this world, one 
 emancipated, blessed 6s. b. the external 
 world ace. to Brahmanic and Buddhist 
 theories, as set forth: Kopp. I, 231; jig- 
 rten-gyi Kams id. Glr.; Q )ig-rten cdgs-pa 
 origin, beginning, ynds-pa duration, Jtg- 
 pa destruction , bzdg - pa arrangement of 
 the world, cosmography (title of a volume 
 of Stg.) Jig-rten ysum the three worlds, 
 earth, heaven, and hades; Jig-rten (jsiim- 
 gyi) mgon-po (Trilokndth Hind.) lord or 
 patron of the three worlds, which is also 
 the title of the third of the three highest 
 Lamas, viz. of the Dharma Raja, residing 
 in Bhotan, v. Cunningh. Ladak 371 ; Bud- 
 dha Sakya-fub-pa seems to have the same 
 title, Pth. c. fig. : bde-ba-can-gyi jig-rten,* 
 or bde-^ro mfo-ris-kyi O jig-rten the world 
 of the blessed, like our 'heaven', but of 
 rare occurrence. 2. world, in a spiritual 
 sense, ^ig-rten-gyi byd-ba worldly things 
 or affairs; Jiy^rten-la dgos-pa (or pan- 
 pat) bsldb-bya useful maxims of life, moral 
 rules Glr.; jig-rten-gyi cos brgyad, v. cos; 
 Jiy-rten byed-pa short expression for Jig- 
 rten-gyi las byed-pa Mil 3. symb. num. : 
 three. Jig-rten-pa 1. an inhabitant of 
 the world, or the inhabitants of the world, 
 the world as the totality of men, and more 
 particularly of the worldly-minded; Jig- 
 rten-pa ni ma-dul-ba yin-pas as the world 
 is unconverted, in which sense also jig- 
 rten (by itself) seems to be used. 2. a layman. 
 
 ^~P a L vb - l - act - P f> b ^ fut - 
 
 fzig, imp. (&)%, W. *sig-ce, sig 
 tdh-ce*, to destroy, buildings etc., frq.: to 
 cut to pieces, to divide, e.g. a killed animal 
 W.-, to ruin, to annihilate, existing institutions 
 or things, also other people; to abolish, 
 annul, a law II'.: to dissolve, an enchant- 
 ment; to lay aside an assumed appearance 
 or manner (= to unmask one's self) Mil. ; 
 to break, violate, one's duty, a vow, D:l. :
 
 176 
 
 jigs-pa 
 
 rma - )ig Med. was explained : healing 
 wounds, Jig-par bi/ed-pa = Jig-pa, frq. 
 2. vb. n. pf. bzig, and more frq. zig, 
 W. *zig-ce, zig cd-ce*, to be ruined, undone, 
 e.g. by mischief-making people DzL; to fall 
 to pieces, to decay, to rot, of the human 
 body etc.; to be lost, to perish, Jig -par 
 sin-tu sla (earthly goods) may be easily 
 lost again Thgy.; to vanish, disappear, Jig 
 (or zig)-par O gyur-ba id. ; sem zig son W. 
 he was quite dejected or cast down; zig 
 j'sos byed-pa B., C., *zig-so (or -sob') co-ce 
 or tdn-ce* W. to 'restore from destruction', 
 to rebuild c. dat. frq., also c. genit. Pth.', 
 prob. also c. accus. 3. to suck, draw 
 out moisture Sch., v. Jib-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. decay, destruction, ruin, entire 
 ovei throw, skye-ba dan Jig-pa kun-la srid- 
 na as it is the lot of all men to rise and 
 to decay DzL; lus-kyi mfar Jig-pai Itas 
 symptoms of the final decay of the body 
 
 *Wdn.; * can-la Koi zig-pa yod* beer proves 
 his ruin, beer is his destruction W.; Jig- 
 pe co-den* C., Jig-pa-can Cs. frail, perish- 
 able. 
 
 III. adj., but only in conjunction with 
 a negative: mi- Jig -pa imperishable; mi- 
 Jig rtdg-pa as explanation of a synonym Lex. 
 
 <3w s -P a L vb - (tfO res p- tsdbs - 
 
 pa, to be afraid of a thing, is 
 gen. connected with the instr. (lit. 'by'), in 
 later literature and col. with la, srin-pos 
 Jigs-sin from fear of the Rakshasa DzL', 
 de-la na mi Jigs I am not afraid of that 
 Mil.; in W. frq. in conjunction with *rag*: 
 *K6-la Jig rag* I am afraid of him; also 
 relative to the future, like dogs-pa: yi-ge 
 mans -pas Jigs - nas = man - gi dogs - nas, 
 fearing lest there should be too much 
 writing, i.e. from want of room Pth.; 
 Jigs -su- run -ba dreadful, frightful, frq.; 
 *Jig-te ddr-ri spe-ra zer-ce* W. to speak 
 trembling and shaking with fear; *mdn- 
 po jig son* W. I am very much afraid; 
 Jigs-par ^gyur-ba to be frightened, Jigs- 
 par byed-pa to put in fear, to frighten. 
 
 II. sbst. (Hfa) fear, dread, srin-poi 
 Jigs-pas from fear of the Rakshasa DzL 
 
 jm-pa 
 
 9VQ-, 14 (unless srin-pos ought to be read, 
 as above) ; Jigs-pa brgyad the eight fears 
 of life (so among the rest: rgydl-poi Jigs- 
 pa the standing in fear of the king, who 
 in the East is always supposed to be an 
 arbitrary despot); mi- Jigs-pa 1. fearless- 
 ness, intrepidity; mi- Jigs-pa sbyin-pa to 
 impart intrepidity; mi- Jigs-pai lag-pa a 
 fearless hand, heroic vigour. 2. pardon, 
 quarter, safety Cs. Jigs (-pa)- can Cs. 
 1. fearful, timorous. 2. dreadful, frightful 
 (I never found it used in this sense). 
 
 III. adj. 1. (fearing) fearful, timorous, 
 Jigs-pai ^gro-ba-rnams timorous beings 
 Pth. 2. (feared) dreadful, frightful, Jigs- 
 pai mfson-ca dreadful weapons; tiyod-pas 
 lhag-par Jigs- pa yod there is something 
 even more formidable than you are DzL 
 Comp. bdr-ds-la Jigs skyob-mai smon- 
 lam a prayer efficacious in the Bardo- 
 horrors Thgr. Jigs-skrdg fear; also a 
 terrible object, Jigs-skrdg-tu son he has 
 been changed into a fright, a monster Mil. ; 
 * Jig -tag torn -pa* C. (lit. bton-pa) to 
 frighten, deter; intimidate, threaten; Jigs- 
 skrdg-pa to fear, to be afraid DzL J*(/ s - 
 mican col. timid, timorous. Jigs -can v. 
 Jigs -pa- can above. Jigs -cum -pa v. 
 cum-pa. Jw 8 (-p a ^)-p one afraid Cs. (?) 
 
 Jigs-byed one that is terrifying Sch., 
 appellation of Yamantaka, who is invoked, 
 e.g. in drawing lots.' Jigs-brdl, Jigs- 
 med fearless, intrepid, bold; also noun pers. 
 
 - *Jigs-ri* W. fear, terror, *Jig-ri fsor- 
 ce* to be afraid, *jig-ri kul-ce* to frighten, 
 to menace, to intimidate. Jigs-sa Mil., 
 Jigs-sa ce it is a very dangerous quarter 
 or region, in that place there is much 
 occasion for being afraid. 
 
 Jin 1. ace. to Cs. = mcin, klon, e.g. 
 rgyd - mfsoi; Sch. : mfso - Jun the 
 whole circumference of a lake; prob. more 
 corr.: the middle, Lex.: Itts-Jdm Jdg-po 
 mfso- Jin Jug the smooth-bodied Lu alights 
 in the middle of the lake. 2. srod-Jin 
 Lex.; or srod-byin twilight. 
 
 Jin-pa, also mjin-pa, neck, resp. 
 sku-Jin; *)in-pa gyiir-ce* W. to
 
 177 
 
 turn or move round (as vb. n.), *jin-pa 
 (jyiir-te Itd-ce* W. to look round, or back; 
 *jin-pa cdg-ce* W. to break one's neck; 
 *)in-pa zum-ce* W. to hug, to embrace; 
 Jin-kyoy a wry neck 6s.; Jin-kuh the 
 nape of the neck Glr.\ Jin-ltdy the back 
 part of the neck 6s. 
 
 - J*'*( 8 )-p (.Seh. also O ng*-pa) 
 pf. bzibs (jzibs\ fut. bzib (yzib\ 
 to suck, e.g. of a suckling baby; metis 
 with the lips Lea;.-, k'rag Jibs-pa to suck 
 blood Lex.- to suck out, in, or up, to im- 
 bibe, absorb, also to blister, jib - man W. 
 vesicatory. 
 
 jib-rtsi 1. Cs. a kind of sirup. 
 - 2. Wdn. a medicinal herb. 
 
 J* m -p a B>> C-i a compound of 
 earth and water, mud, clay, loam 
 etc. (W. *kd-lag*)-, Jim-skon a small cup 
 of clay, a crucible Cs. ; jim-yzugs a figure 
 formed of clay Glr.', rdd-rjei Jim -pa v. 
 rdo-rje. 
 
 JiLba, pf. btil, fut. fzil, to expel, 
 eject, remove, turn off, pyir Jil-ba 
 Lex. id., e.g. noxious animals, vices etc. 
 
 J u -t> a I- vb - I- pf- Jus, to seize, 
 grasp, take hold of, c. dat., dprdl- 
 bai mdd - la Ju - ba grasping the arrow 
 sticking in his forehead Glr.; ycig-la fdg 
 Ju-ba taking firmly hold of each other 
 (in a storm at sea) Glr.; to seize a per- 
 son (in taking him prisoner) Pth.; Idg-pa- 
 nas to grasp by the hand, to shake hands 
 (in greeting) Dzl. 2. pf. bzus, fut. bzu, 
 W. *zu-ce (or)u-ce?)* to melt, to digest, 
 zas Ju-ba to digest the food; Ju sld-ba 
 digestible, Ju dkd-ba difficult of digestion ; 
 *ra )u - ce* W. to digest intoxication , to 
 sleep the fumes of wine away; Ju-byed 
 a sort of bile, the bile as the promoter of 
 digestion Med. Cf. zu-ba II. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. digestion, Ju-ba slao the 
 digestion is in order, is easy Med.; Ju- 
 stobs cuii the digestive power is weak Med. 
 - 2. a flea Sch. = Ji-ba. 
 
 Juy, sometimes for vnjuy. 
 
 <-'*- entrance, way 
 of access, to a tank or river, 
 Ghat (Hind.'). 
 
 aRcrrq- JW, I. pf. and imp. zugs, W. 
 *zuy-ce*, vb. n., 1. to go or walk 
 in, to enter, Kdn-pai, or cut ndn-du Jug- 
 pa to go into the house, or into the water; 
 ryyd-mfsor Jug-pa to put to sea, to set 
 sail Dzl.; Idm-du Jug -pa to set out, to 
 start, to prosecute a journey; *mdl-sa-la 
 zug - ce* W. to go to bed. In a special 
 sense : a. of a demon, entering into a man to 
 take possession of him, hence *(1e-zuy-Ican* 
 W. possessed (by a demon); Jiig-sgo Med. 
 the place where the demon entered the 
 body. b. dge-ba-la Jug-pa to walk in the 
 path of virtue; ace. to Schr. Jug -pa by 
 itself, without dge-ba-la, implies the same, 
 and in conformity with this a Lama gave 
 the following explanation of the expression 
 Jug-pai las in TJiyy.: works that are a 
 consequence of having really entered upon 
 the practice of virtue, positive good works, 
 opp. to the negative good works of the 
 ten virtues, cos -la Jug -pa to turn to 
 religion, to be converted ; cos or bstdn-pa 
 zig-la Jug-pa to adopt a certain religion, 
 a certain doctrine, c. bud-med-la Jug-pa 
 to lie with, sleep with a woman Mcd.\ 
 * bar -la zuy-ce* W. euph. expression for: 
 to commit adultery, d. *dun-du zug-ce* 
 W. to appear, in reference to gods. e. /;/< : .s- 
 su Jug-pa v. rjes-su. 2. to set or fall 
 to, to begin, rig -pa sbydn - bos rtsom -pa 
 kun-la Jug a skilled, an experienced man 
 is prepared for anything, knows how to 
 set about it, how to manage it Med. ; gen. 
 with the inf. : to begin to do, to commence 
 doing a thing, rtdg-pa-la, resp. dgoiis-pa- 
 la Jug - pa to begin to think upon Dzl., 
 Glr.; ston-pa-la Jug-$a to begin to show 
 Dzl.; yciy-la ycig mam -par bi-ldg-pa-la 
 zugs-pas being in the best way of entirely 
 exterminating one another Sty. 3. pass, 
 of Jug-pa II, 3, of letters: to be combined, 
 to be preceded, to be followed, c/ ///'/ wiit- 
 du ba zugs-can (words) having zl preceded 
 by 6, i.e. beginning with bzl Zam. 4. 
 12
 
 178 
 
 jug-pa 
 
 Jur-ba 
 
 to take place, to exist, ce-cun-Kydd zugs- 
 par mhon-pas as evidently a difference in 
 size is existing (?) Dzl V, 3. 
 
 II. pf. bcug (perh. also jugs Lex.\ 
 fut. y%ug, imp. cug, W, * cug-ce*, vb. a., 
 with ndn-du or termin. : 1. to put into, e.g. 
 meat into a pan, a key into the key-hole, 
 a culprit into prison ; to infuse, inject, yzug- 
 par bya this must be infused Med.\ also 
 fig. *nyiu-rus cug-ce* W. to inspire with 
 courage. In a special sense: a. de-la bio 
 jug -pa to set one's mind on, to apply 
 one's self to Glr. b. mi zig cos-la ^ug-pa 
 to convert a man, to induce him to adopt a 
 certain religion ; ^jug-pa also without an ob- 
 ject, to missionate successfully Feer Introd. 
 du B. au C'achem, 68. 2. to make, render, 
 appoint, constitute, with the accus. and ter- 
 min., or col. with two accus.: mi zig rgyal- 
 por jug-pa to make one king Dzl.; mnon- 
 du jug -pa to make public or manifest, 
 to disclose, to show Samb.', *sin cug-ce* 
 W. to clear, clarify; frq. with the supine 
 or root of a verb: a. to cause, compel, 
 prevail on, zar c jug-pa to prevail on another 
 to eat something DzL; skrod-du -/zug-go 
 I shall induce (them) to expel (you) DzL; 
 bzugs jug rgyu yin he will induce (the 
 god) to take his abode Glr.', ^rons-su 
 \jug-pa to be the cause of somebody's 
 death Mil.; yid-la )ug-tu O jug-pa to cause 
 a thing to enter a person's mind, to put 
 in mind, to remonstrate; ^pel-bar jug-pa 
 (resp. mdzad-pa) = spel-ba to increase, as 
 vb. a.; *)un cug-ce* W. to cause to exist, 
 create, procure; *Kol jug-ce* W. = *skol-ce* 
 to cause to boil; dar-du cug cig cause it 
 to spread Glr. b. to command, order, bid, 
 dmag O dzin-du bcug he ordered the soldiers 
 to take (the man) prisoner (but he escaped) 
 Dzl. 333, 3; byed-du jug -pa to bid one 
 do a thing, frq.; btsun-mo blon-pos ^ebs- 
 su bcug he gave orders for the queen being 
 protected by the minister, c. to let, suffer, 
 permit, smon-lam O debs-su cug allow me to 
 say a prayer; rtsig-tu mi O jug I shall not 
 give permission to build Glr. d. to give 
 an opportunity Thgy. e. in a general sense: 
 
 dal-du Jug-pa to do things slowly, to be 
 slow Mil. 3. to put grammatically: snon- 
 du Jug -pa to put or place before, siwn- 
 Jug a prefixed letter, a prefix; rjes-Jug 
 final letter, yah-J)ug the last but one; also 
 to put, to use a word in a certain signi- 
 fication, rgyu-mfsan-la jug is used with 
 reference to cause Gram. 4. to banish, 
 to exile (prob. erron. for spjug-pd), bi/dn- 
 la to northern regions Glr. 5. syo jug- 
 pa v. sgo. 6. inst. of Jbyug-pa. 
 
 jug-pa sbst. 1. the going into, the 
 entering; in a special sense 2. the 
 beginning, the first stage of a disease Mng. 
 3. (^T^ffTT) th- e incarnation of a deity. 
 PWJ*CJ' J ut ' is -P a avarice, DzL, Lex.-, Juns- 
 N= pa-can avaricious; juns-^ur a 
 
 miser, niggard. 
 
 Qpr-^cj*-^- jud-mfun-ma, or jud-Jun- 
 \s ' Na ' ma Lex. ('accessible to all') 
 a prostitute; ^ud-mfun byed-pa to be a 
 harlot. 
 
 jud-pa, and more frq. ^ud-pa, 
 secondary forms of O jug-pa. Cf. 
 cud-pa, O fsud-pa. 
 
 jun -pa, pf. bcun, fut. yzun (cf. 
 bzun, zun) W. *cun - ce*, Cs. : to 
 subdue, make tame; to make confess; W. ; 
 to make soft, to soften, e.g. iron ; to punish, 
 by words or blows; to convert. 
 
 J*' m -P a > P f> bcum, fut. fzum, imp. 
 cum, to shudder, to shrink. (Ace. 
 to grammatical analogy jum-pa ought to 
 be vb. a., to cause to shudder, and Q cum-pa 
 vb. n.) sa jums-pa Lex., contraction of 
 the muscles, shrinking, shuddering Sch. 
 J ur > supine of ju-ba-, O jur mi O dod 
 indigestible Sch. ('?). 
 jur-ba 1. (pf. bcur, q. v.) Cs.: 
 complication; Sch. also: to struggle 
 against, to resist. Pth.: ^ur-bar O gyur-ba 
 to be entangled; jur-bu Sch., * )ur-pa* C. 
 tangled yarn ; srdd - bui jur (-pa) Lexx. 
 w. e., Sch.: 'the tightness of the yarn'; 
 Jjur-mfug wrinkled, as the skin is in old 
 age Thgy. ; ^ur - mig a wire - drawing 
 plate, )ur-mig-nas O dren-pa to draw 
 through this plate Thgy. 2. = jlzitr-ba
 
 179 
 
 J6ms-pa 
 
 to evade, to shun, to go out of the way, 
 Jur-med unavoidable Mil. 
 
 jus, v. Ju-ba I, 1. 
 
 Jebs-pa, Jebs-po, well-sounding 
 Sty.; snyan - )ebs harmony, 
 euphony. 
 
 ^ n ^-P a h dexteritv > clev - 
 
 erness Le.r. 2. skilled, clever; 
 <SW*. decent; Jems-po id. 
 
 Jo-syfy a coquettish, alluring, 
 seducing attitude or posture; 'Lex.: 
 Jud-mfun Jo-sgeg Jog the harlot assumes 
 such an attitude. 
 
 J-*> a i P f - bzos, ft. 620, imp. Jos, 
 to milk, rd-ma Jo-ba to milk a 
 goat, ^o-majo-ba 'to milk the milk'; %o'd- 
 kyis ^6-ma bzos dug, nas ni bzos -pa med, 
 it is you, not I, that have 'milked out 
 the milk' Glr.; Jd(-ba)-po, J6-mKan, 
 milker, milk-man, J6(-ba)-mo milkmaid; 
 O dod - Joi ba a cow that is able to fulfil 
 every wish. 
 
 QEOTfl' Jog-pa I- P f - bzag, ft. fzay, imp. 
 zog, C. col. *zdg-pa*, 1. to put, 
 to place, e.g. the foot on the ground; also 
 to place persons, to assign them a place 
 Dzl, Glr.; h%.= god-pa (e.g. dge-ba-la, 
 byaii-cub-la, byan-^ub-kyi Idm-ld) v. O ydd- 
 pa 3; to put in order, to arrange, Jig- 
 rti'ii-bzay-pa the arrangement (system) of 
 the world; lus drdn-por bzdg ste sitting 
 straight, bolt-upright Dzl, Mil] bzdg-na 
 mi sdod if one places her any where, she 
 will not remain there Mil. ; steh - du yar 
 bzag (the anchors) were placed above, 
 were weighed Pfh.; Ids-su Jog-pa to set 
 one a task, to employ one in a certain 
 service Dzl., rgyal-snd-la Jog -pa to ap- 
 point one to the government i.e. to make 
 one king; sems (resp. fugs) -la Jog-pa to 
 take to heart Glr., Mil.-, lus-la gwi O du- 
 ses bzdg -la if we fancy the human body 
 to be a ship Thgy.; ndm-mKa rdh-yi ndn- 
 du zog transfer it to the nature of the 
 ethereal space, i.e. figure it to yourself as 
 ether Mil. ; pyir Jog-pa 1 . to leave behind, 
 at home Dzl.; 2. to put by, to lay aside 
 
 Dzl.\ (another reading omits pi/ii"). 2. 
 to lay or put down, a burden etc., *z6g-la 
 soy* put (it) down and come! C.; nor 
 (y}soy joy med heaping up treasures and de- 
 positing them was not, i.e. was never heard 
 of; ysdy-Jog-mttan a hoarder up, a miser 
 Cs.; to leave, to leave behind, lay-rjes a 
 trace or mark of activity, monumentum 
 Glr.; to leave, quit, abandon, rdn-gi yul 
 one's own country Glr.; poiis-par ma bzdg- 
 par so that it is not abandoned, given 
 up, to poverty Thgy.; *yug-le zog* C. (= 
 *pdn-te bor*W.) throw it away! to de- 
 pose. yi-ger bris Jog -pa to depose in 
 writing, literis mandare Glr. ; sd-bon, ydun- 
 brgyud Jog-pa to leave an offspring behind, 
 to propagate the species; to lay up. to keep, 
 as holy relics; to lay aside, re-zig zog -la 
 setting aside, apart, for a while Dzl.; 
 mnydm-par O zog-pa v. mnydm-pa; sgrdl- 
 lam Jog shall we turn them out or leave 
 them ? Mil. nt. 
 
 II. pf. (b)zogs, fut. yzog, imp. zog, W. 
 *zog-ce* to cut, to hew. to square, a pen, 
 timber etc, ; to carve, to chip, a thin piece 
 of wood etc. 
 
 Jog-po n. of a Lu Mil, -= Jag-po. 
 Q jon = lcon, tadpole. 
 
 Jon-J 6 " col> > Sch ' o)dn-po 
 oblong, longish, oval, elliptical. 
 cylindric, bottle-shaped etc. ; col. also applied 
 to stature: tall; Jon - nydms - can W<//'i. 
 oblong shaped, in relation to leaves, cones 
 of fir etc.; 16 -ma Jon -stabs nydg-ga-can 
 split into narrow slips, wing-cleft (leaves 
 of caraway) Wdn.; dbyibs-*J6n an oval 
 form. 
 
 ' Jon-tse Cs. = Icog-tse. 
 
 cJ^ms-pa, pf. bcom, also zom, 
 fut. yzom, imp. com, W. *cdm- 
 ce* 1. to conquer, subdue, oppress, suppress. 
 an enemy; O dod-cdgs-kyis kini-mis J<'>m*- 
 pa to be quite overpowered by lust; 
 nod Joms-pai sman a medicine for a 
 disease (to overcome it); i-db-tu )'z6n/-/><> 
 O di the following overpowering (chann);
 
 180 
 
 bcom-mo an exclamation like: I am done 
 for! periil 2. to destroy, towns etc. 
 Glr.; bcom-la yzdg - go id. Glr. 3. to 
 plunder, spoil, rob, O joms -pai grabs byds- 
 pa-la as they were about to rob him Mil. 
 - 4. to finish, accomplish W., cf. com-pa. 
 jor 1. 6'., also jior, hoe, grubbing- 
 hoe, mattock, pick-axe ( W. *tog-tse*}, 
 jor-gyis rko-ba to turn up with the hoe: 
 )or-po a large mattock, pick-axe, spade, 
 d&r-bu a small one, a hoe; jor-yu the 
 handle of a hoe, )or-lcdgs the iron of a 
 mattock 6s. 2. supine of jo-ba. 
 
 jol-ba I. vb. 1. to hang down. 
 of a cow's udder, of the long hair 
 on a yak's belly, of tails etc.; ojol-jol 
 hanging-belly, paunch. 2. gen. Jyyol-ba 
 to turn aside, to make way. 
 
 II. sbst, also (6s.) jol-jol and -fzol- 
 ba, train, trail; retinue 6s.; jol-gos Cs., 
 jol-ber Wdk., Pth., a robe or garment with 
 a train; Jol-can having a train; jol-med 
 without a train 6s. 
 
 hanging, cf. pi/an-ne, grod- 
 pa ojol-le hanging- belly, paunch, 
 cf. pyal Lex. 
 
 .r jol-mo, ace. to the descriptions 
 given by natives, a bird of the 
 size of a blackbird, of lively motions and 
 an agreeable whistling, in the neighbour- 
 hood of Lhasa, building in willow -trees 
 and thorn-bushes; 6s. has: a turkey-hen. 
 xr'* rjdn-ma, or rdzan-ma, store -room 
 
 rjid-pa lean 6s., gen. rid-pa. 
 
 *zib - las* (?} W., service done in 
 socage, compulsory service, in the 
 fields, on roads etc. 
 
 g=^*J" rjiid-pa, rdzud-pa, = rgud-pa Lex. 
 ^3T rjun, nad-'rjun Mil. a disease. 
 
 |vSn r )t(-bo\ also rje-u, lord, master, 1. 
 ' ruler, king, yul-gyi rje mdzdd-nas 
 ruling over a country, acting the part of 
 a sovereign Glr. ; bod-Kdms-kyi r)e-bor gyur 
 he became sovereign of Tibet Wdk.; sd-yi 
 
 bddg-j)o mi-yi rje Mil. lord of the ground, 
 ruler of the people; rje-bo dan bran, rje- 
 I'ol Stg., master and servant; rje-blon king 
 and minister; rje ci lags sir, what does 
 that mean? Glr.; also a title before names, 
 esp. names. of kings, jo-bo rje Dipangkiira 
 Glr. ; rje-bdud rje-btsdn the gentlemen devils 
 and the gentlemen goblins (messieurs les 
 diables et messieurs les farfadets ) ; rje 
 dkon-mcog-la ysol-ba O debs-pa Mil. is in fact 
 an empty phrase in the mouth of a Bud- 
 dhist philosopher, but may nevertheless 
 be used in Christian language for addressing 
 God as 'our Lord'. 2. a nobleman, a 
 person of rank, r)eu(i) rigs, rje-rigs = rgyal- 
 rigs the caste of nobility. rje-dpon (Lex. 
 ^3Tnr) = rje, master, lord, prince 6s.; rje- 
 ma, also yces-ma 6s., col. *se-ma*, a lady 
 of rank, rje- cuii a young lady, a miss; 
 rje-srds a young gentleman; also a term 
 of address 6s. rje-btsun reverend sir, a 
 title of the higher priesthood, rje-btsun-ma 
 fern. rje-sa (or ze-sa) byed-pa to show 
 deference , to pay one ? s respects ; ze - sai 
 ytam, or ze-sai skad courteous words, esp. 
 ceremonial and complimentary terms, e.g. 
 dbu for mgo etc. W.: *yd-sa co-ce, yd-se 
 pe-ra*. 
 
 i*C^* r J e ~ ?l " r ^ e lo^ 61 " P art f tne l e & 
 the Shank ( W. *stit/*) ; rkait-ldg rje- 
 ndr the lower part of the arms and the 
 legs Med. 
 
 E'CT* rje-bay pf. brjes, fut. brje, imp. &/;/<. s, 
 W. *ze-ce*, to barter, to give or take 
 in exchange; O di-dag-gis brjeo it may be 
 exchanged for these DzL; *zan dan srog 
 ze-ce* W. to risk one's life for the necessary 
 food (as thieves do); brje-byai nor articles 
 of barter; in a more general sense: to 
 change, to shift, miii the name, gos the 
 clothes DzL, ynas the place, fse the life, 
 i.e. to die 6s. br)e(-ba)-po a barterer 6s. 
 "!* rjcd-pa, pf. and fut. brjed 1. to 
 honour, reverence c. dat., mcdd-cin 
 brjed-pa id. DzL; brjed-pai ^os venerable 
 Lex. 2. to forget, frq. (cf. lus-pa); brjeJ- 
 du jug -pa to make forget, to cause to 
 forget.
 
 181 
 
 r) fs 
 
 Comp. rjed- nets-can Lexx. 
 forgetful, oblivious; Cs. gives inst. of it: 
 rjed-nes-can, but also thus no clear etymo- 
 logical explanation is obtained. -- r)ed-cu 
 draught of oblivion, of Lethe C's. rjed- 
 bsnyen (etymology?) sgiig^pa technical term 
 for the common practice of Indian servants 
 to hide an object belonging to their master 
 in some obscure corner, and after waiting 
 (sgitg-pa) for some months, until it may 
 be assumed that the thing is altogether 
 forgotten (br)ed-pd), to appropriate it to 
 themselves. rjed-fo list of notes, me- 
 morandum-book, journal, diary, cash- 
 book etc. Glr., C., W. rjed-rd6 prob. 
 monumental or memorial stone. rjed- 
 bydn specifications or lists of goods, pieces 
 of luggage etc. which the Tibetans number 
 and mark with the letters of the alphabet. 
 rjed-bycd 1. a demon that takes away 
 the power of memory, also rjed-byed-kyi 
 ydon. 2. epilepsy (^nTOlT) Med. rjed- 
 zds Cs. : 'the meat of forgetfulness'. 
 
 rjen-ne-ba v. the following word. 
 
 &'!' r )en-pa 1- not covered, bare, naked, 
 B., C. (W.: *cer-nydl*), rkan-rjen 
 (-pa) barefooted, unshod; zabs -rjen -par 
 ydd-ba or ysegs-pa, resp., to be barefooted, 
 to go barefoot; ydon rjen-du sdod-pa to 
 sit with unveiled face, mgo-rjen-pa with 
 uncovered head, rgyab-rjen with a naked 
 back Cs. ; rjen - par O ddn -pa C. to strip 
 perfectly ; dmar-rjen stark naked Sch. ; rdl-gri 
 rjen-pa a naked sword; *zen-pa ton* W. 
 give it (me) not wrapped up! sa-rjen the 
 bare ground, not covered with a carpet 
 6s.; rjen-ne-ba undisguised, obvious to the 
 understanding, manifest Mil. -- 2. raw, 
 not roasted or cooked, sa-rjen raw meat, 
 dmar-rjen red raw meat; mar -rjen not 
 melted butter; nas-rjen raw barley, not 
 prepared or roasted; also the meal of it: 
 W. *nar-jen* barley -flour, cf. Sch.: l>r<t- 
 rjen buckwheat -meal. rjen - zds Med. 
 (Cs. also rjen-rfys) victuals that may be 
 eaten raw. 3. not ripe, unripe W. 
 
 |^|- rjes 1. trace, track, mark left, impression 
 made (on the ground), pyi-rjes Med. 
 prob. id.; mi-ijes a man's track. iiti-r),'x 
 a horse's track Glr.; siit-rtai rjes the track 
 of a waggon or cart, a rut; rkun-r)es, resp. 
 zabs-rjes, the trace of one's foot, footprint, 
 //v//)-/y,''.s byuit a footprint is made; ;/<///- 
 r )^ s oJ9~P a to leave a footprint behind 
 Mil.', byas-rjes proof of an accomplished 
 deed, whether it be the work itself or 
 some indubitable result of it; lay-rjes, resp. 
 pyag-rjes impression or mark left of one's 
 hand, hence fig.: action, deed, charitable 
 institution, pious legacy, whereby a person 
 wishes to immortalize his name. 2. the 
 hind part of a thing Sch. (?) 3. inrelation 
 to time: that which follows, the conse- 
 quence, the course or progress of a thing, 
 the last, = m)ug. 4. adv. and postp. 
 inst. of rjes-su, v. below. rjes ycod-pa 
 1. Sch. to destroy, blot out, efface a track 
 or trace, in Med. to eradicate the trace 
 of a disease, to cure it thoroughly, 2. Sch.: 
 to separate, disjoin the hind part(?) 3. W. 
 *zfs cdd-ce* to follow a trace or track, to 
 find out or to come upon the track. - 
 rjes dzin-pa to 'seize' the track, to over- 
 take Glr., also to be able to follow the 
 track, rd-ma Kyui rjes mi zin-pa a goat 
 that caunot follow the Hock Mil. rjes- 
 la, rjes-su, rjes, adv. and postp., afterwards, 
 hereafter, for the future, later; after, be- 
 hind, de'i rjes-la, de-rjes after that, after- 
 wards, later Mil.; de-dag O dds-pai rjes-su 
 after these were gone Glr.', bzag-tjcs po. 
 = bzdg-pai ^6g-tu Lt. ; nai rjes-su after my 
 death, rjes-su in conjunction with verbs 
 corresponds to the Ssk. ^ra and is often 
 not to be translated, or serves only to give 
 additional force to some other word or ex- 
 pression: rjes-su ^ro-ba, Q brdn-ba to go 
 after, to follow, to come after; also fig.: 
 spyod-pa fams-cdd ya-rdbs-kyi ijes-su O bn''i- 
 ba to imitate the nobility, the free-born, 
 in their whole demeanour Glr.; l<'-l<> </<"' 
 spyod-pa ndn-pai rjes-su O gro-ba to imitate 
 idleness nnd wickedness, or idle and \\irkrd
 
 182 
 
 rjes 
 
 people Ld.-Glr.] sldb-dpon-gyi rjes-su brjod- 
 de saying after the teacher Thgy. rjes- 
 su O dzin-pa to receive Pth.: M-por rjes-su 
 bzuft-nas Ito-gos-kyis bskydn - du ysol pray 
 take me (the orphan) into your service, 
 and provide me with food and clothes; to 
 receive as a disciple or follower = ced-du 
 " O d*in-pa frq.; to draw after (after death) 
 Mil. ; to assist, O di rjes-su zun zig do take 
 care of, or provide for this man (as a 
 future co - disciple) Mil. ; finally with re- 
 spect to charms and spells: to commit to 
 memory or keep in memory ni f. rjes- 
 su jug-pa 1. vb. a. to add. affix, 2. vb. n. 
 to follow, bdag dan bddg-gi tjes-su ojug- 
 pai slob-ma-mams I and the disciples that 
 follow me Mil.- in a similar sense: mi-la 
 rjes-su slob-pa to follow another as a dis- 
 ciple Dzl %&, 3 (9&$, 7 seems to be a 
 corrupt reading). Also in the following 
 phrases rjes-su may be understood in the 
 sense of: afterwards, subsequently: rjes-su 
 drdn-pa to remember, recollect, keep in 
 mind, rjes-su drdn-par byed-pa to bring to 
 one's remembrance, to remind Pth.; rjes- 
 su ^gyod-pa to repent Cs. ; pleon. or without 
 any obvious meaning in: rjes-su mfun-pa 
 Thgy. to agree, to accord, rjes-su rnyed- 
 pa Sty. to find, r)es-su dpdg-pa to weigh, 
 to ponder 6s., rjes-su snyin-brtse-ba Thgy. 
 to pity, rjes-su bstdn-pa Tar. to instruct, 
 and thus in similar expressions, esp. in 
 one of frq. occurrence in legends: rjes-su 
 yi-rdn-ba, resp. rjes-su fugs-rdfi-ba (Sch. 
 erron. fugs -pa!) to rejoice, to enjoy, for 
 which sometimes also rjes-su pyogs-pa is 
 used, e.g. dbye-ba-rnams-la rjes-su yi-rdn- 
 ba to rejoice at people disagreeing, to enjoy 
 dissensions and jarrings Sty. 
 
 Comp. rjes-skyes (^pra) born later; 
 younger brother. rjes-grub-kyi mih by- 
 name, surname Cs. rjes- Jug \. following. 
 coming after, pyi-rdbs rjes-jug fams-cdd 
 all the following generations Pth. 2. final 
 consonant. rjes -fog prob. the same as 
 rjes - la Wdh. rjes - fob Mil. is said to 
 denote short interruptions of meditation 
 by taking food, but no more than is ab- 
 
 l)dn-Jfu 
 
 solutely necessary for the preservation of 
 life. rjes-dpdg \ . consideration, deliber- 
 ation. 2. Was. (297) a syllogism consisting 
 of three propositions. rjes-ma = r)es ~2 
 hinder part Cs. rjes-med without leaving 
 any traces, trackless, O jig-pa to destroy 
 thoroughly Glr. 
 
 -$TJ" rjes-pa v. rje-ba. 
 
 *J" r )od-pa pf. and fut. brjod, to say, 
 pronounce, utter, e.g. a charm or 
 magic formula; ne min zod-da rag* W. 
 I hear my name mentioned; sans-rgyds- 
 kyi mfsdn-nas to pronounce or invoke the 
 name of Buddha Dzl. to propound, pro- 
 mulgate, cos a religious doctrine; to enu- 
 merate, set forth, legs - pa or nyes - pa the 
 good or bad qualities, actions etc., yon-tan 
 the excellence or superiority of a person 
 Dzl. and elsewh.; to treat ot a subject in 
 writing: lhdg-pa-rnams ni O dir bijod-bya 
 we have now to treat of the rest Zam.\ 
 an author even says zes brzod - de with 
 regard to his own words (after a bombastic 
 poetical exordium, like the 'dixi', of lionian 
 orators) Glr ; rjod-du med-pa unspeakable, 
 inexpressible, ineffable, rjod-du med-ciii 
 dpdg-tu med-pa id. Dzl.; brjod^-kyis) mi 
 lan-ba (or lon-bd) id.; also vb.: to be in- 
 expressible or inexhaustible, frq.; re -ret 
 miii-nas rjod mi Ian one cannot mention 
 or enumerate them all Mil.; don mdzdd-pa 
 rjod mi Idh-ho his utility is beyond de- 
 scription Dzl.; rjod-kyis mi Idn-bai pyir 
 mi bkod I do not write it down, because 
 it is impossible to relate every thing Pth. 
 (v. brjod). 
 
 I) a 9 s j resp. for Ice, tongue, Ijdgs-kyis 
 cab O dor-ba to spit, to spit out; 
 l)ays-cdb spittle, saliva; Ijags-dbugs breath. 
 l)dn-mo p. n. of a district 1. in U, 
 2. in Karns. 
 
 l)dn-% u > or Ijdh-yuLt, W., green 
 (gen. expressed by noti-po, notwith- 
 standing the ambiguity), Ijait-skyd greenish 
 white, l)an-ndg greenish black, dark green. 
 Ijdn-pa green corn, in the first stage 
 of its growth (in the second stage it is
 
 Ijan-dun 
 
 183 
 
 brjod 
 
 called soy-ma, in the third snye-ma}. 
 lo-ljdn-ba having a green blade. Ijdh-bu 
 greenness, verdure (grass, foliage, shrubs), 
 Lex.: -^fjsf Ijan-dmdr greenish red; Ijaii- 
 ser greenish yellow. 
 
 fr-rr* Ijan-dun (spelling?), solid, not 
 4 hollow, W. 
 
 Ijan-tyin filth, dirt, dust, sweepings; 
 lud-pa Ijan-ljin man, a great deal 
 of foul mucous expectoration Lt. 
 
 q- l J ab W - flat > P lajn > even ; *ljab-ljdb- 
 
 * ba bor* lay or put it down flat; *ljab 
 co-te dug* sit down flat (on the ground)! 
 
 -q- *>'-*> * a flea (<>-*) 2. heavy, 
 
 * weighty. 
 
 ljid-pa, heaviness, weight, /<?/ da/i 
 
 ljid-pa mnydm-pa dgos it must be 
 weighed up with gold Glr." de dan Ijid 
 mnydm-pa of equal weight, equal in weight 
 Med.; Ijid-can, Ijid-lddn heavy; Ijid-ce-ba 
 very heavy; Ijid-med light, not heavy; 
 lm fams - cad - kyi Ijid pab he sat down 
 with the whole weight of his body Cs.; 
 Ijid-kyis non-pa pressing down by his(its) 
 weight. 
 ok-q* Ijen-paCs. to enter, to penetrate, 
 
 bid-la one's mind, = to be perceived, 
 understood; fson-ljen a die or colour pene- 
 trating and remaining fixed in cloth etc. 
 Of. zen-pa. 
 ojc;^' (/'"'* a Iar 9 e valley, principal or main 
 
 valley; region, district, province />;/.: 
 Ijons dan yul- K6r countries and provinces; 
 Ijoiis cen-po a large country; Jcd-ba-can- 
 gyi Ijons O di, ydns-can(-gyi) l)ons Tibet, 
 frq. ; ndgs-ljohs woody country ; smdn-ljons 
 a country of medicinal herbs Zam.; mu- 
 (jei Ijons a very poor country, starving 
 country Mil.; ljohs-la in the valley, in the 
 plain; Ijons-mi-rnams country-people Cs. 
 Ijons (-su) rgyu - ba to rove about, l)ons 
 syyur-ba the end of the estival fast of the 
 
 monks (about the end of August), when 
 they are permitted to rove about the whole 
 district of their monastery. 
 |j**j' ljon-pa a country of gods, paradise ; 
 
 Ijon - sin a tree from paradise , or 
 any large and beautiful tree; Ijon-pai nags 
 a beautiful forest. 
 
 bujid. Tar. 11, 14, but more frq. yzi- 
 
 biyid, brightness, splendour, lustre, gen. 
 of gods and saints, v. yzi; also dpal-brjid 
 Lex. ; brjid-pa to shine, glisten, glitter Cs., 
 brjid - kyis brjid shining with brightness 
 Lex. 
 
 b'je - bo a making up, a compen- 
 sation by barter, brje - bo byed - pa 
 Glr t) *brje-bo gydb-ce* W., to give an equal 
 measure in bartering, e.g. of salt for barley. 
 
 brjod (cf. rjod-pa} sound; talking; 
 
 speech, brjod bde-ba euphony; also 
 well-sounding, agreeable speech ; brjod mi 
 bde-ba the contrary ; also : *dha jo mi de* 
 C. it is not meet now to speak about it; 
 brjod -pa speech, utterance; miion- brjod 
 synonymy, explanation of words; Cs. also: 
 'a poetical term' ; mcod-brjod praise, eulogy, 
 Sch.: in vocation of a deity; ce-bi')6dSchr.(?), 
 and ced-du brjod -pa, Tar. 140,2 ace. to 
 Schf. : preface, introduction, in C. : to ap- 
 prove, sanction, commend, Was. (270) in 
 the title of a book: = j^M ^ w.e. 
 
 Comp. brjod-bya sbst., Zam. also brjod- 
 pa, = q \-4Ji an attribute, predicate Lex. 
 brjod-med 1. a speech not earnestly meant, 
 empty words, mere talk. 2. Mil.: the un- 
 speakable, the transcendental, identified 
 by some with the Nirvana, by others not. 
 brjod- dod Tar. 210,7: brjod- O dod-tsam 
 ace. to Schf. : l a mere supposition' ; but in 
 a passage in Mil. it seems to denote the 
 (conceited) habit of constantly proposing 
 one's own opinion, and so it might also 
 be understood in Tar.
 
 184 
 
 nya 
 
 nya, I. the letter ny, double-consonant, 
 ' distinctly pronounced like n -\- y (Ssk. 
 t?f), and used only as initial letter; there- 
 fore differing in its nature and sound from 
 the Ssk. -sf, though representing it in Sans- 
 krit words. 
 
 II. symb. num. for eight. 
 
 III. fish (*T<^T), nya O dzin-pa, W. "nya 
 zum-ce*, nya O cor-ba (or bsor-ba') DzL, nya 
 len-pa (blah-bo) Pth. to catch fish; O ddm- 
 nya Ld., an eel Cs ; rgydl-po'i ysol-nya the 
 king's table fish Pth. 
 
 IV. also nyd-cu (cf. cu-bd). 1. tendon, 
 sinew; W.: *Kdn-pe nya (lid son* my foot 
 is asleep. 2. col. mark, left by a blow, 
 a weal, *nya lam* the blow has left a 
 weal W. 
 
 V. 1. the fifteenth day of a lunar month, 
 the day of the full moon. 2. = fses ni 
 f. : zld-bai nya drug -la on the sixth day 
 of the month Mil. 
 
 VI. nya Sch. 1. lock (?) 2. muscle 
 Med., nya-bzi the four principal muscles, 
 viz. those of the arms and the calves of 
 the leg, v. also the compounds. 
 
 VII. *nya cdd-ce* W. to arrive sooner 
 by a short cut; ct. also *fad-nya*. 
 
 Comp. nya-i'kydl the bladder of a fish 
 Cs. nya-skyogs gills. nya-Krd sea-eagle, 
 white -tailed eagle Sch. nya-Krdb-can 
 carp Sch. nya-krab-cen sturgeon Sch. 
 nya-Hrom fish-market. nya-gdh l. full 
 of fish Sch. 2. full moon Cs. nya-grcl, 
 nyai grd-ma small fish-bones. nya- gyur 
 = nya-log 2 S.g., C. nya-rgyd fishing- 
 net. nya-rgydb C., earth heaped up (like 
 the back of a fish) on the top of outer 
 walls to prevent the entering of the wet. 
 nya-rgyds (zld-ba) full moon Pth. 
 nya-sgon fish-spawn, roe of fish. nya- 
 Icibs fish-gills Cs.; mother of pearl Schr. 
 nya-cu tendon, sinew; perh. also a large 
 
 nerve in the nape of the neck. nya-ddl 
 fishing-net; *nya-dol-pa* fisherman W. 
 nyd-dos a load of fish Sch. nya-ldir 'a 
 muscle' Sch. nyd-pa fisherman Cs. - 
 nya-pyis (Cs.: fish-gills) mother of pearl 
 S.g. and col nya-mid Sch. : a sea-mon- 
 ster (this word seems not to be generally 
 known). nyd-mo a (female?) fish Mil. 
 - *nya-tscl* bow -net, kiddle W. *nya- 
 fsdg C. id. nya-fsil the fat of a fish. 
 nya-fser fish-bones Sch. nya-fson-pa fish- 
 monger. nya- dzin Cs., *nya-kug* W., 
 angle, fishing-hook. nya-zdn a fish-eater, 
 one feeding on fish Cs. nya - rus fish- 
 bone Cs. nya-log 1. Cs. : 'a contraction 
 or sinking of the sinews'. 2. Sik. : cholera 
 
 (Urd. &AUx) 3. Med., also nya-lhog, a 
 name for a disease. nijd-sa 1. flesh of 
 fish 2. W. : meat cut into long narrow 
 strips and dried in the sun, in C. *sa-bcug*. 
 nya-ysog the fin of a fish Cs. ni/a- 
 sdg fish-scale. nya-sog prob. the back- 
 bone with the bones attached to it, re- 
 sembling a saw. 
 
 W" nyd-ga, nyay, a steel-yard. 
 
 ft^' nyd-bo body r figure Sch. 
 
 nyd-ma (Sch. : 'mistress of the house, 
 housewife'?) hearer of a Lama, with- 
 
 out being a regular disciple Mil. frq.; nyd- 
 
 ma pd-mo~i'nams Mil. (cog. to nydn-pa?) 
 
 wx; nyd-ra care, ryd-ra byed-pa Sch., *nyd- 
 ra co-ce* W., to take care of, to pro- 
 
 vide for a person, to keep a thing well; 
 
 *nyar go* C. for nya - ra byed dgos; cf. 
 
 ynyer-Ha. 
 
 q.jgg'^, nya-ra-nyo-re weak, feeble, frail, 
 e.g. of a worm Thgy. 
 
 OOT nyag 1. v. nyd-ga. 2. v. nydg-ma. 
 3. also nydg-ga, nyag-Krdm, notch, 
 
 indenture, 16-maprd-la nydg-ga-can having
 
 nyag-nyig 
 
 multifid leaves, like those of caraway Wdn. ; 
 nydg-ga med-pa not cleft, not indented. 
 4. of wool, nydg-tu O dren-pa to draw out 
 into threads, to spin Mil. 
 
 ocrrocrr n y a 9- n yfy t's., Sch. also nyag-nyog 
 1 filth, dirt. 
 
 nyag-nyiiy Mil = sna-fsoys (?), of 
 
 rare occurrence. 
 
 ni/ag-fdg thread; chain, of gold MY., 
 
 of iron Mil.] cord for stringing 
 turkoises Mil; a cable Schr. 
 
 ni J a( J- mfil sca| e of a steel-yard, 
 nyag-rdo weight of a steel-yard. 
 WT5MT nyag-prdn a small beam, a pole 
 ' C's. ; an arrow ; nyag-pran-mdd ar- 
 row Mil. 
 
 nydg-ma, also nyag-re, single; nyag 
 ycig 1. id., skra, or spu nyag(-ma) 
 fcig a single hair, frq.; skrd-yi nydg-ma 
 id. (a man has 21 000 of them Med.) - 
 2. a minimum MY. 3. Sch. also: bache- 
 lor, old voluntary bachelor. sans-rgyas- 
 nyag-fcig Thgy., Pth., only Buddha, or 
 nothing less than Buddha. 
 
 nydg-mo Lex. w.e.; woman Sch. 
 
 * nydg-sih beam of a steel-yard. 
 
 a, nydn-ge Sp. 
 rant, Ribes. 
 
 nydn-ti jRwr. thy, your(?). 
 
 nydn-pa (nydn-to, nydn-tam), imp. 
 
 wj/ow 1. (also, though seldom, mnydn- 
 pa) c. dat. or accus. to hear, to give ear 
 to, to listen (cf. fos-pa) ; slob-dpon-gyi fdd- 
 du cos nydn-pa to attend to the religious 
 instruction of the teacher; hag or t'sig nydn- 
 pa Dzl., Kd - la, or resp. zdl - la, or bka- 
 nydn-pa to obey, to yield; nas ji-ltar zei'- 
 pai Kd-la nydn-na Glr., na zer nydn-na 
 Mil. if you listen to my word; Tar. 14, 
 14; 17, 16 c.c. las. 2. to listen secretly, 
 to be an eaves-dropper, *pag-nycn )h/-pa* 
 C., *pag-nydn co-ce, tdn-ce* W., id.; nydn- 
 mlcan col. mjdn (-pa) -po, fern. nyan(-pa} 
 -mo, B., a hearer, auditor; nyan-fos id.; 
 but esp of the personal disciples of Bud- 
 
 185 
 
 dha, the Sravakas, Kopp. I, 419; Burn. 
 I., 296 ; nyan - fos bcu - di-uy the sixteen 
 ynas-brtdn q.v,; nyan- fos - ma a female 
 hearer ; Ka-la nydn-po, nydn-mkan obedient, 
 fcd-la mi nydn-po disobedient. 3. to be 
 able, later B., and col., gen. with a nega- 
 tive: ^gro ma nydn-pas not being able to 
 walk (on account of illness) Mil.; also like 
 ma btub-pa not being willing; without a 
 negative: *nydn yin* W. yes, I shall be 
 able; inst. of run-ba: *za-nydn yod-na 
 fcyon* W., bring it me, if it is still eatable. 
 AM- nyam, also nyam-tig^ nyam-yos cricket, 
 locust Sik. 
 
 res P- %*> fuys-nydm(s) 
 1. soul, mind, nydms-kyi grogs com- 
 panions of the soul, viz. the murmuring 
 springs and rivulets in the solitude of al- 
 pine regions Mil.; nydms-kyi can the soul's 
 wine, i.e. religious knowledge Mil. ; nyams 
 dgd-ba 1. well being, comfort, cheerfulness, 
 nyams mi-dgd-ba an unhappy state, dis- 
 comfort, nyams - dgd glit - ru blons sing a 
 song of joy! Mil. 2. gen. adj.: agreeable, 
 delightful, charming, nyams - dga - bai sa- 
 ynds a charming country Glr.. 2. thought, 
 nyams skye or sar a thought rises. 3. 
 strength, magnitude, height, state, manner, 
 nyams-(kyi} fsdd byed-pa Pth. (also with 
 bead -pa or len-pa C.) to try, to put to 
 the test, e.g. one's strength; fugs-ddm-gyi 
 nyams sad-pa to try the degree of a per- 
 son's devotion or spiritual progress Mil.; 
 smra-nydmSj byed-nydms manner, and 
 particularly a pleasing, agreeable manner, 
 - of speaking or dealing. 
 
 Other phrases are: nydms-su len-pa to 
 take to heart, to interest one's self in or 
 for a thing DzL, to commit to memory, 
 to learn (v. below); nydms-su myon-ba to 
 suffer, undergo, experience DzL; nyams 
 nd-ba v. the compounds; nyams bcdd-pa 
 C. to try, to examine; nyams O bru-ba C. 
 to irritate, provoke, vex; nyams my6n-ba 
 = nydms-su myon-ba; nyams bzdg-pa is 
 said to be = drdn-pa nye-bar bzdg-pa, v. 
 nye-ba; nyams len-pa 1. = nydms-su len- 
 pa, v. above, 2. col. to measure out, to 
 12*
 
 186 
 
 take the measure, the dimensions of, to 
 survey, sa land, nor the property, to take 
 an inventory, to ascertain or compute the 
 state of one's property, 3. C. = the follow- 
 ing; nyams sad-pa ccg. 1. to try, to test, 
 byed-dam mi byed whether he will do it 
 or not Mil., to tempt, fugs-ddm-gyi nyams 
 sad-pa v. above. 2. to mock, scoff, trouble 
 maliciously, provoke, irritate C. 
 
 Comp. nyams -dgu v. nyams- fobs. 
 nyams-rgyud Mil. = nyams., nyams-i'yyud- 
 la sbydns-pa, intellectually skilled, well 
 versed. nyams - nd anxiety, fear, dread, 
 of a thing, with the dat. or instr. Mil', 
 nyams-nd-las fdr-ba to be delivered from 
 anxiety S.y. ; nyams-nd-ba vb. to be alarm- 
 ed, to be in great anxiety Sch.', adj. dread- 
 ful, horrible, nays-fsdl nyams-na-ba a hor- 
 rible forest Dzl. nyams-bcdg is said to 
 be used resp. or euphem. ior skyon, e.g. 
 for damage done to an image of a god by 
 water C. ; nyams- cdgs sin Schr.; in Thgr. 
 it seems to be used in this sense. nydms- 
 cun 1. faint, weak, languid, exhausted, by 
 hunger, illness etc. Dzl.; poor in learning, 
 destitute of knowledge, ignorant W. ; des- 
 titute of money, destitute of virtue C. '2. W 
 col. for snyems-cun. nyams-rtogs resp. 
 knowledge, cognition, perception, nyams-rtogs 
 sig yod, nyams-rtogs bzdn-po skye or Jcruiis, 
 a perception, a good thought arises (in my 
 mind); in a general sense: nyams-rtogs-kyi 
 mfar pyin-pa to obtain perfect knowledge 
 Mil., frq. nyams -stobs strength, zin is 
 gone Med. nyams-ston-'/sdl v. ysdl-po. 
 
 nyams-brtds byed-pa strengthening, resto- 
 rative , nourishing Med., (but nyams - brtas 
 he recovered, grew well, got up again Dzl.~) 
 
 - nyams- tag -pa suffering, tormented, ex- 
 hausted Dzl.', nyams-fdg-pai skad or sgra 
 lamentation, doleful cries. nyams-fdbs, 
 nyams-dgu Sch. : 'appearance, colour, figure, 
 state' (?). nyams- myon Tar. enjoyment, 
 delight, nyams-myoh ma skyes run, although 
 I had no real enjoyment of it Milnt.; fsor- 
 bai nyams -myon prob. perception by the 
 senses, knowledge acquired through the 
 
 medium of the senses Mil. nyams-rlsdl 
 
 nydl-ba 
 
 Dzl. WL-> 1 Skill. nyams -mfsdr-ba C. 
 wonderful, most beautiful. nyams-tin a 
 memorial verse, a rhyme or verse serving 
 to retain things in memory Mil. 
 
 n y dms -P a injured, hurt, e.g., by a 
 fall Dzl; of lifeless things: spoil- 
 ed, damaged C.; impaired, imperfect, stobs- 
 nyams, dbdfi-po nydms-pa, ydn-lag nyams 
 Lex. (as explanation of zd-bo) ; smra-nydms 
 (the sick person) speaks little Med.; *sem- 
 nydm son-Kan* W. discouraged, disheart- 
 ened; esp. relative to a violation of duty, 
 failing in, tsul-Krims (or fsul-las) nydms- 
 pas because he has failed in, acted against 
 the moral law Dzl.; bzod-pa nyams- par 
 ^gyiir-bas because their patience failed Dzl.; 
 also stained Glr., z.g.Krdg-gis with blood; 
 nydms-par byed-pa Wdn.\ nydms-su jug- 
 pa Glr. to spoil, deteriorate, destroy; ma 
 nydms-pa entire, complete, untouched, un- 
 corrupted. 
 
 AT- nyar 1. v. nya-ra. 2. Cs. } also nyar- 
 nydr, oblong. 
 
 nydr-yddh W. inst. of nar-ydon, 
 shin, shin-bone. 
 
 n yul-nyil, or nyal-nyol filth, dirt, 
 foul matter, loose and dry dirt 
 that may be removed by sweeping Pth., 
 Dzl. 
 
 nydl-ba, imp. nyol, 1. to lie down, 
 e.g. before a tigress Dzl. ; to lie 
 down, to Sleep, nyal(-du) son (he) went to 
 bed Glr.; rgya-srdii-la nyal O dug-go (he) 
 slept in the street Glr.' mi nyal tsdm-la 
 when people go to bed, at curfew Mil.; 
 rta nyal byed-pa to make a horse lie down 
 Glr. ; rarely of things : rtsva nyal the grass 
 is laid-down (by the wind or rain) Dzl.', 
 ra ^og nydl-bai nya so Zam. calls the let- 
 ter rnya ; fig. to rest, bde-bar nydl-du med- 
 do (he) had no rest, viz. from envy Dzl. 
 ?%, 12. 2. with dan or la, to lie with 
 (a woman) Dzl. and elsewh. 3. fig. to 
 dwell, to live Mil 
 
 Comp. ityal-Kri couch, bed, sofa C. - 
 nyal-gos counterpane, quilt, blanket Sch. 
 nydl-po coition, nydl-po byed-pa to practise 
 cohabitation, mdit-<hi immoderately Med.
 
 187 
 
 nyi 
 
 nydl-bu bastard, whoreson Ma. nydl-sa 
 
 sleeping-place. 
 
 a- nyi 1. num. fig.: 38. 2. num. inst. 
 
 ' of ynyis in compounds, nyi-brgyd, -stoit, 
 
 -Kri etc., nyi-Kri also title of a book, the 
 
 Prajn'a Paramita, containing 28 000 Sloka. 
 
 3. for nyi-ma. 
 
 9*PS' nyi-Kud a lake in Nepal Pth. 
 
 ^s 
 
 *'|- nyi-ma (Bal. *nyo-ma*, 1. the sun, 
 O car becomes visible, rises; sar id., 
 also: has risen, shines; nub, rgas, W. also 
 *skyod, bud*, sets, is setting; nyi-ma nub 
 fse bar (for fse'i bdr-du) until sun-set Sch.', 
 nyi-mai ynyen akin to the sun, the Sakya 
 race 6's. ; *da nyi-ma rin-mo* W. now the 
 sun stands already high in the heavens; 
 *nyi-ma-gan-sdr* sun -flower, Helianthus. 
 
 2. day, = nyin-mo, opp. to night, frq.; 
 *nyi-ma-fse* W. the whole day, all day 
 long ; *nyi-ma-ped* W. noon, mid-day ; nyi- 
 ma ycig one day, once DzL: nyi-ma-i*e-rer 
 daily. 
 
 Comp. nyi-dkyil disk of the sun Sch. 
 nyi - gun , nyi - mai gun noon , mid day ; 
 meridian (?) 6s. nyi-dgd seems to be 
 the n. of a medicinal herb Med. nyi- 
 rgds sun-set. nyi-ldog the solstice, dgun- 
 nyi-ldog winter solstice, dbydr - nyi - Idog 
 summer solstice Wdk. nyi -nub = nyi- 
 rgds. nyi-fse 1 . Sch. : the time or duration 
 of one day. 2. Lex.: = U^f direction, 
 place, country (?); nyi-fse spyod-pa Lex.: 
 a kind of ascetic; nyi- fse -ba Sch.: ephe- 
 meral; single, simple; TJigy.: n. of a class 
 of infernal beings. nyi - fsod sun - dial, 
 nyi-fsod-kyi kor-lo the circle of a sun- 
 dial 6s. nyi- Q dzin eclipse of the sun Ccf. 
 sgra-ycdri). nyi-zer sun -beam, nyi-zcr 
 rtd-la zon-nas riding on a sun-beam Mil. 
 and elsewh. ; nyi - zer - gyi rdul a mote 
 floating in a sun-beam. nyi-zld sun and 
 moon; also the figures of sun and moon 
 connected, crowning the top of the mcod- 
 rten; nyi-zld bsdad mi on sun and moon 
 will not stand still Mil. nyi-^og below 
 the sun; the earth Was. (49); nyi-jg-gi 
 rgi/al-Kams Glr. id.; it seems, however, to 
 
 denote a certain country, ace. to Mahavyut- 
 patti the same as Aparantaka, Williams: 
 the western country ; cf. Schf. on Tar. ?%. 
 
 nyi-,od sun-shine. nyi-yol any screen 
 or shelter from the sun's rays: awning, 
 curtain, parasol, pent-house Sch.; *nyi-rib* 
 (prop, sgrib) W. id., umbrella. nyi-sdr 
 sun-rise '(. s. nyi-lhag Sch. a cold day (?) 
 
 Cf. nyin-mo. 
 
 o^/v nyi-su (inst. of nyis-cu), often in con- 
 ' >J junction with fdm-pa, twenty, nyi- 
 su-rtsa-ycig B., C., *nyi-su-nyer-ycig* W., 
 nyer-ycig, twentyone. 
 S^roirr nyiff-nyig W. loose, slack, lax, not 
 
 ' tight or tense. 
 
 Sr'm* nyin-Ku, Ssk. ?no ^ s - ' 'heart, spirit, 
 1^, essence', cf. snyin-po. 
 
 nyin-to Sch. : sure, trustworthy, Lea;. : 
 
 nyih-tor = nes-par. 
 nyin-lag, a category not familiar 
 to us; gen. mentioned together 
 with ydn-lag', it might be translated by: 
 members of a second order, parts of the 
 ydn-lag; the exact meaning must however 
 remain undetermined, as the Tibetans 
 themselves are not able to give a clear 
 definition of it. In 6'. : inner parts of the 
 body, opp. to outer. In books, phrases 
 like the following are to be found: ydn- 
 lag dan nyin-lag fams-cdd dan Iddn-pa; 
 ydn-lag dan nyin-lag nd-ba\ ydn-lag (/"/'/ 
 nyin-lag ycod-pa; evidently the nyin-lag 
 are smaller, but more numerous than the 
 ydn-lag. In Pth. also nyiti-sprul is found 
 besides yan,-sp*ul, emanation of the third 
 order; v. sprul-pa. 
 or*5jj(T$r5ji'n* nyih-mfsdms sby&r-ba to 
 
 be re-born Stg. 
 
 Sw. nyid I. self, same, opp. to other persons, 
 ' ma nyid the mother herself Dzl. ; mi 
 de ni rgydl-po nyid yin-no this man are 
 you yourself, o king! Dzl.', the very, just 
 he, just it etc., las byed-pai ynas nyid-lajust 
 where I am working Dzl. ; dri drun-ny Ul- 
 na (or du) close by, to, or before, hard 
 by, Thgy.; dus de-nyi<l - <ln at the very 
 moment, frq.; mcdd-bya ny/'d that which is 
 venerable par excellence Tar. 15, 13; ydn-
 
 188 
 
 nyu-t 
 
 tan nyid Tar. 15, 14 id.; de-nas mi rin- 
 ba-nyid-na a very short time after Tar.; 
 when added to adjectives it denotes ab- 
 stract nouns, as in English the terminations : 
 -ness, -ship, -ty, -cy, -y etc., but it is 
 chiefly limited to the language of philo- 
 sophical writings, from which a few ex- 
 pressions only (such as ston-pa-nyid the 
 emptiness, the Buddhist vacuum) have 
 found their way into col. language. - 
 
 2. In the more recent literature it is used 
 resp. for Kyod, thou, you ; nyid-kyi thy, your 
 Pth., Ma.; nyid -ran you (col. *nyi-rdn, 
 nyo-rdn*} W., C., resp., like the German 
 'Sie' ; nyid-cag(j-ran) you, addressed to one 
 person or to several, C. (in Glr. Kyed-cag 
 seems to be used in the same way). - 
 
 3. Only, grans-kyi Ina nyid Zam. only the 
 numeral Ina; zanyid-do the letter za alone 
 (without a prefix). 
 
 mo} l.fay,=nyi-ma 2; nyin- 
 n -la during the day -time 
 Pth.; nyin-mor ^gyur it dawns 6s.; nyin- 
 mor byed 'making day', an epithet of the 
 sun Cs. ; nyin adv. in the day-time Glr. ; 
 nyin-cig one day, once Dzl. ; nyin cig bzin- 
 du daily Dzl.', nyin-par during the day- 
 time Dzl. ; by day-light Dzl. ; del nyin-par 
 on that day, frq. Dzl.; pyir nyin, pyi de 
 nyin, dei pyi nyin the following day, on 
 the f.d. Dzl.; fses bco-lndi nyin the 15th., 
 on the 15th. Glr.; fig.: bstdn-pa nyin-par 
 mdzdd-pai skyes-bu a saint that restores 
 the doctrine, a reformer of faith; hence 
 Schr. : ddd-painyin-byed evangelist, apostle. 
 - 2. propitious day; *na ca nyin-mo mi 
 O duy* W. this day is not propitious for 
 me to go. 
 
 Comp. nyin-dkdr a white, a lucky day 
 Sch. nyin-gdn, nyin-fog-fdg (W. * fag- 
 fog*) all the day long. nyin-gun noon. 
 nyin-gla daily pay, a day's hire 6s. 
 *nyin-fse-re* W. all the day long, the live- 
 long day. nyin - mfsdn 1 . a day and a 
 night, nyin-mt&dn bco-brgydd Mil. for nine 
 days and nine nights. 2. day and night 
 Dzl., nyin-mfsan-med-par id., frq.; nyin- 
 W. id.; nyin-mfsdn-du id. 
 
 Mil.; nyin-mfsdn mnydm-pa equinox. 
 nyin-zdg(-fcig} 1. a day with the night, 
 24 hours, divided into 1 2 portions of time, 
 called l>yim (q. v.): nam-pyed midnight, 
 nam-pyed-yol 2 o'clock a. m., fo-rdns 4 o'cl. 
 a.m. (in popular language also: *jd-po 
 ddn-po* about 2 o'cl., *nyis-pa* 3 o'cl., 
 *sum-pa* 4 o'cl., nam-ldns 6 o'cl a. m. (i.e. 
 the time when the sun first illumines the 
 mountain tops; it is from this moment, 
 and not from midnight, that in daily life 
 the date is counted); nyi-sdr 8 o'cl. a.m. 
 (when the sun rises upon the valley); dros- 
 jdm (col. *nyi-fful*} 10 o'cl. a.m.; nyin- 
 gbh, nyi-pyed 12 o'cl., noon; pyed-col (W. 
 *zd-ra pi-mo*} 2 o'cl. p.m., myur - smdd 
 4 o'cl. p. m., nyi- rgds 6 o'cl. p. m., srod- 
 Jfdr 8 o'cl. p.m. (col. *sa-rub, srod-rub*}, 
 srod-col 10 o'cl. p. m. (col. *ti>\-nyi'*} - 
 thus ace. to Wdk. By adding the names 
 of the 12 years' cycle (nam-pyed byi-ba, 
 pyed- col glan etc. , v. the word lo} , these 
 terms have been rendered still more con- 
 venient for astrological calculations. Of 
 course, all the terms given are strictly 
 correct only at the time of the equinoxes, 
 and deviate at the summer and winter 
 solstices for more than an hour from the 
 time indicated by our clocks. 2. nyin-zdg 
 as symb. num.: 15. nyin-bzin-gyis Pth., 
 nyin-re bzin Glr., daily adv., \\~\\\\-gyi adj. 
 - nyin-ldm a day's journey Glr., rkan- 
 fdn-gi, rtd^pai, lug-pai nyin -lam a pe- 
 destrian's, a horseman's, a sheep-driver's 
 daily march. nyin-rdiis Tar. (= fo-rdns} 
 day-break, morning twilight Schf. 
 
 sunny side of mountains. 
 fthlJ'n* n yil-ba to decay, to crumble to pieces, 
 of rocks, mountains etc.; rarely to 
 run down, of tears, to flow down, of locks 
 of hair. 
 
 A^f- nyis 1. instrum. of nyi. 2. in com- 
 pounds for ynis. 
 
 ft nyu num. fig. : 68. 
 *?>"^ nyu-ti pear IA.
 
 
 189 
 
 nyug-pa 1 . to besmear, s/?os to per- 
 fume; to rub gently, to stroke, to 
 Sch., in this sense perh. G-yatch V9, 
 14. 2. to touch, = reg-pa ccd. W.; C.? 
 - 3. to search after (feeling, groping) C's. 
 4. to put out, stretch out, cu-nas mgo 
 one's head out of the water, to look or 
 peep Out, resp. dbu nyug mdzdd-pa Glr.; 
 nyug-nyug-pa Tar. 80, 21 to stand out, to 
 project (Sch. : to run to and fro?). 
 
 n y^ff~ rtsa ^-tog Carthusian 
 pink C. 
 
 nyug-rum, nyun-rum a 
 
 eunuch Dzl 
 
 nyun-ba I. adj. col. *nyuh-nu*, little; 
 
 *nyun-nu zig*, Ld. col. *nyun-na- 
 rig*, nynn-zad cig id. ZteZ. ; nyun-sds We?/?., 
 a little, a few, some; nyun-bar byed-pa to 
 make less 6s. 2. vb. to be little. 
 ar*xr nyun-ma turnip, la(-pug dafi} nyun 
 
 (ma) radishes and turnips Glr. 
 nyun-Ku, nyun-loi ja turnip-soup, turnip- 
 tea, an infusion of dried turnip leaves, 
 much used, e.g. in Bhotan, and considered 
 very nourishing(?). *nyun-do*C., mentioned 
 by Wts. p. 137. as 'navets ronds', large 
 sweet, red turnips (perh. turnip - rooted 
 cabbage?). nyun-yzi seed -turnips (6s. 
 turnip-seed). nyun-lo a turnip leaf. 
 
 Note. In writing and speaking this word 
 is often confounded with yun(s) mustard, 
 so that e.g. yun-ma is said for turnip inst. 
 of nyun-ma, nyuns-dkdr for white mustard, 
 inst. of yuns-dkdr. 
 
 nyun-rum v nyug-rum. 
 
 nyfd-ba to wander or rove about, to 
 pass privily or steal through, e.g. 
 towns, countries, mountains Mil., burying- 
 places, tombs (as jackals) Mil.\ (Ita) nyul- 
 pa, nyul-mi Pth., sa-nyul a spy 6s. (Also 
 ynyul-ba, myul-ba.} 
 
 3} nye num. fig. : 98. 
 ?>'?' nye-ti a pear Schr. (cf. nyu-ti, nyo-ti). 
 
 5-- nye-ba I. vb., to be near, to approach, 
 always with the supine of a verb, 
 
 dus byed - du nye- bus when he was near 
 dying Dzl.', zld-ba fsdii-du nye-bas (when 
 she was) near the completion of the months, 
 i e. the time of giving birth to a child 
 Dzl., frq. ; slob-dpon jn/ir ^on-du nye-btm 
 when the time of the teacher's return drew 
 near Dzl. ; zin-du mi nye-ste being not near 
 having done Dzl.', even used as follows: 
 ynas der sleb-tu nye-bai fse when he came 
 near the place Mil. 
 
 II. adj., col. *nye-mo* near, both as to 
 space and time, lam-nn-gi ynyen-pas Ktjim- 
 mfses nye the neighbour is nearer than 
 a kinsman living far off; kd-ba dan nye- 
 bai sar at a place near the pillar Glr.; 
 fag-nye-ba id.: ri fag -nye-ba zig a near 
 or neighbouring hill Ma.-, standing near, 
 fig. being closely connected with by con- 
 sanguinity: nye-ba -mams C. relations, 
 kindred (Dzl. 9V& ', 13 ynyen-pas prob. is 
 preferable to mo nye-bas); allied by simi- 
 larity : mfsdms-med-pa It'ta dan de dan nye- 
 bai sdig-pa the five worst sins, and those 
 coming nearest to them; near by friend- 
 ship and affection: *nye-mo yin* W. he 
 is closely connected with us, he is desirous 
 to enter into an intimate connection with 
 us; bio, or snyiii, or sems nye-ba (or *nye- 
 mo*}, friendly, kind, amicable, bio nye-ba 
 Itar byed-pa to affect a friendly manner 
 Glr.; *nye - mo jhe* - pa* C. to love, e.g. 
 parents loving their children or vice versa; 
 nye-bai sras brgyad Glr. the eight intimate 
 disciples (of Buddha, not historical, but 
 mythical persons, Mandshusri etc.). 
 
 III. adv. nye-bar or nyer 1 . near, dan 
 to, dA-dag dan nye-bar Ihd-Kan bzens near 
 to them he built a temple Tar.; nyt-bar 
 ^dfi-ba, sleb-pa, to come near, to approach; 
 nye-bar ^gyur-ba id , stons-su nye-bar <yy>i>'- 
 ba dan when it was nearly empty /'///.: 
 ddr-la nye-bar gyur-to it began to spread, 
 to extend itself l*th.; nye-bar ymis-pa to 
 be near, to stand near, e.g. of a star Wdn. 
 '2. nye-bar bi/'<l-/xr. with la, to adhere to. 
 
 to keep (one's promise) l*th. 3. nyt-bar 
 bzdg-pa to make use of. to employ, drdn- 
 pa nye-bar L>:<nj-i>n (jf?rtJ5?lTT. Hum. I.,
 
 190 
 
 nye-zo 
 
 626. ^gxr near, though Tibetan dictionaries 
 write ^j^) to make use of one's intellectual 
 powers. To do this rightly forms part of 
 Buddhist wisdom (v. Kopp. I, 436) and 
 instruction (Dzl. 9Q& ', 7, where Sch.'s 
 version is incorr.), being divided into four 
 divisions or degrees (Bum.); sans-rgyds- 
 la dkon-pai O du-ses nye-bar bzdg-pa to 
 apply to Buddha the notion of rareness 
 Tar. 5, 13. 4. intensely, urgently, speedily, 
 jigs-pa nye-bar zi fear is speedily allayed 
 Glr. ; nadnye-bar O fso the disease is speedily 
 cured Thgy.; nye-bar len- pa Mil., Thyy. 
 to seize eagerly, to strive for earnestly, 
 to aspire to , esp. to the re - birth as a 
 human being; cf. also nyer -len; nye-bar 
 mtfo-ba of urgent necessity, frq. Tar. nyer 
 O pel it increases rapidly Med. 
 IV. sbst. v. nye-sin. 
 
 Comp. nye - slew Sch. nye - K6r those 
 about US, the company around us, Kyed- 
 rdn - gi nye-Hdi*-gyi Idom -bu-ba a beggar 
 belonging to the people around you Mil. ; 
 esp. relations, kindred, des nye-Kw yan 
 sugs-kyis yon in this way family- connections 
 are formed of themselves Mil. nye- 
 mfcon = nye-rin Cs. (?) nye- grogs neigh- 
 bour, fellow -creature Cs. nye -car now 
 Sch. nye-dag Cs., nye-du, and most frq. 
 nye- brel (ynyen - O brel} kindred, relations 
 (these being considered a main obstacle 
 to moral perfection, they are to be shunned 
 accordingly). nye-ynds disciple, kyed- 
 hyi nye-ynds bgyio, nye-ynds-su mcio I 
 wish to become your disciple Dzl. nye- 
 fsdn, nye-rigs relative, kinsman. nye-rin 
 
 1 . near and far, near and distant relations. 
 
 2. distance, sgor nye-rin ci-tsam yod how 
 far is it from here to the gate? 3. partial, 
 rgydl-po nye-^iin ces the king is very par- 
 tial Glr., nye-rin-me'd-pa impartial Glr. 
 nye-ldm near; now Sch. 
 
 ^jg? nye-zo damage, mishap, accident (syn. 
 to bar- cad), nye-zo-med-par without 
 an accident, safely Dzl. 
 
 Lexx. to wash. 
 
 nyes-pa 
 
 <v.t* nye-sin, or nye-bai sin Med., a tree 
 the fruits of which are used as a 
 sweet medicine. 
 
 nyeg - ma, nyeg - fag, v. 
 
 nydg-ma. 
 
 nyed-pa = mnyed-pa. 
 
 IJLJT- nyen \.-nye, nyen-kor, or nyen-skor 
 ' =nye- Q Kor a relative, Pth.: nyen-kor 
 zig yin he is a kinsman; also alone, like 
 ynyen. 2. with a vb. : danger, risk, myur- 
 du ojig-nyen yod there is a danger of its 
 being soon destroyed Glr. ; dmydl-bar ^gro- 
 nyen yda there is a danger of going to hell; 
 srog-gi bar-cdd-du ^gro-bai nyen yod Mil. 
 of risking one's life; *dun-nyen* C. he has 
 the chance of receiving a good beating; 
 occasionally also: to be near, to impend, 
 in reference to happy events; in col. lan- 
 guage it is simply used for danger, nyen- 
 can dangerous, e.g. lam, las, sbrul etc. 
 
 nyen-pa, pf. nyen-to, to be pained, 
 pinched, pressed hard, e.g. by hun- 
 ger, cold, enemies; to toil and moil, to 
 labour hard, to drudge; v. ban. 
 
 *?X* nyer 1 . = nye-bar. 2. v. nyi-su. 
 
 JIX-^TJII^J. nyer - snogs Thgij,, theme, task 
 
 ^ I Sch. 
 
 or -or nyer-nyer, nyer-ze; W. dregs, sedi- 
 ment. 
 
 nyer-ba 1. Sch. to tan, curry, dress, 
 make soft. 2. W., also *nyer-kdd 
 tdri-ce*, to snarl, growl. 3. W. to tarry, 
 stay, linger (snyer-ba for bsndr-ba?). 
 
 nyer-ma W. for fyer-ma, red pepper. 
 
 r -Qty- nyer - len, or nye - bar len - pa, is 
 ' said to be = rgyui rgyu, original 
 cause. 
 
 ^q* nyel-ba taken ill, sick Sch, 
 
 e*xrn m nyes-pa I. sbst. any thing wrong 
 or noxious, or liable to become so, 
 and the consequences of it; hence 1. evil, 
 calamity, damage, nyes-pa fams-cdd del lus- 
 la O duo all sorts of plagues are collecting 
 upon his body Dzl.; lo-nyes a bad harvest, 
 failure of crops, lo-nyes byim-bai fse when
 
 191 
 
 *o nyo 
 
 the harvest had been bad; in a special 
 sense in medicine: the three humours of 
 the body, air (v. rlun), bile, and phlegm, 
 gen. called f^f^far ; nod-by e'd nyes-pa ysum 
 the three noxious matters (most diseases 
 being ascribed to a derangement of one 
 of them). 2. moral fault, offence, sin, 
 crime, nyes-pai skyon, being contaminated 
 by a crime DzL; lus dan ndy-yi (or Kai} 
 nyes-pa sin in word and deed DzL; nyes- 
 pa byed-pa to commit a fault, a crime; 
 to sin, frq.; also: mi ziy-la nyes-pa byuii 
 a slip has occurred to a person DzL ; bddy- 
 la nyes-pa ci ziy yod-de ma fnaii what 
 crime have I committed, that you will 
 not give me permission? DzL 3. punish- 
 ment C. *nye-miy* id., resp. *ka-nye; nye- 
 pa poy-Kan* he that has got a punishment. 
 II. vb. to commit an offence, O dis ci 
 nyes - te bzun what offence has he com- 
 mitted that he is taken prisoner? DzL (c 
 above); snon-cad bddy-yis nyes-pa bden it 
 is true that formerly I committed a fault 
 DzL ; siidr ma sbrdn - pa nyes - so the not 
 reporting sooner was a fault DzL; yyogs- 
 pa nyes -so you have committed a fault 
 by covering . . . DzL; bday nyes-na if harm 
 is done to me ; hence ci nyes in a general 
 sense: Kyod ci nyes-pa smros siy tell me 
 what has happened to you DzL; btson-na 
 ci nyes quid mali, si vendideris? DzL; mi 
 drdn-nam ci nyes is she out of her senses, 
 or, what is the matter with her? DzL; 
 ci nyes-na why, ci nyes-na Kdn-pai ndit- 
 na 'i'dzin-bu bskyil why is there a pond 
 within the house? DzL ; ma nyes-pai O yro- 
 ba innocent beings Mil. ; ma nyes-pa pyir 
 byuii he came out again unhurt DzL; nyes- 
 byas a wicked action, a sin 6s. ; nyes-ltun 
 sin, sinful deed, trespass, nyes-ltuh-yis poy 
 he has been overtaken by a sin Mil. 
 
 *%' nyo 1. num. -fig.: 128. 2. carrot Cs. C W 
 
 ynydn 
 
 mo fein.; nyo-mKan a buyer, customer; 
 
 nyd-fo account, bill; nyo- fsoti commerce, 
 
 traffic; nyo- fs6ii byed-pa to trade. 2. 
 
 to take at rent, to take the lease (of a field, 
 
 by buying the crop). 
 
 JWT^T nyoy-pa soiled, dirtied, made unclean, 
 e.g. of victuals Mil.; ny6y-ma Sch., 
 
 cu-nyoy Lejc. muddy, foul water; nyoy-nyoy- 
 
 po confused (story) Tar. 
 
 nyogs-byin Sch.: too soft; nyog- 
 nydn Sch. soft, tender, weak, 
 
 inclined to weep; *ses-nyoy-can* (for yce's- 
 
 nyocf-can) dandling, fondling W. 
 
 9^'J' nyod-pa food Lea:. 
 
 n fJ on ~ m0flS ~P a (seldom without 
 -pa), Ssk. %?% 1 . misery, trouble, 
 pain, frq.; also used as a verb: nyon-mo/is- 
 sin; tsd-bas nyon-mons-te molested by the 
 heat DzL; nyon-moris-par O yyur-ba to get 
 into trouble DzL ; nyon ma mons-sam had 
 you to experience any hardship? DzL 
 2. in a restricted sense: the misery of sin, 
 nyon-mohs- pa-las pan-pai don med this 
 does not avail for being delivered from 
 such misery DzL; Sin, nyon-mo/is-pai nad, 
 dri ma DzL ; se'r - sna - la sogs-pai nyon- 
 mohs-pa avarice and other sins S.O. ; nyon- 
 mons-pa-med-pa free from sin, sinless S.O.; 
 nyon-mohs-can-yyis nyd-sa nyos Zarn. the 
 offender buys the flesh of a fish. 
 
 nyob-nyob weak, feeble-minded 
 
 Sch. 
 
 ?r^' nyor 1. v. nyo-ba. 2. a rectangle Cs. 
 
 QT nyol, imp. of nydl-ba; nyol-ba prov. 
 
 for nydl-ba. 
 Sxt- nyos, imp. of nyo-ba; nyos-mi a slave 
 
 Cs. 
 
 nyo-ti a pear Ld. 
 
 3?n nyo-ba, pf. and imp. nyos, 1. to buy, 
 
 dnul bryyas for a hundred rupees; 
 
 nyo-(ba-}po a buyer, purchaser, nyo-(ba-) 
 
 ynydn-ba Sch., prob. = mydn-ba. 
 
 ynyan 1. a pestilential disease, epi- 
 demic, or contagious disorder, plague, 
 mdze dan O b)itm - bu ynyan Ma. ; jnyan- 
 ndd id.; ynyan- du<j a poison against, or 
 a remedy for the plague Mai.; <lk-)-/iif<in 
 a destructive plague Sch. 2. a species 
 of wild sheep, argali (Ovis ammon).
 
 192 
 
 ynydn-pa 
 
 ynyis 
 
 /nydn-pa cruel, fierce, severe, lha 
 
 jrnydn-rnams Glr. gods of venge- 
 ance, deities of terror; klu-ynydn id.; 
 Krims ynydn-pa a cruel commandment, 
 frq.; dam-fsig ynydn-pa prob. a rigid vow, 
 a solemn oath MIL; of mountains: wild, 
 rugged , precipitous ; ynydn - sa a rugged 
 country Mil.; in ynydn-pai ynad (v. ynad} 
 prob.: dangerous. jrnydn-po sbst. Mil.? 
 rja(-ba) 1. neck, nape, - t -nyd- 
 ba brtuhs the neck is contracted 
 or shortened Med. ynyd-ko hide, or 
 leather of a beast's neck 6s. ynya-K6bs 
 screen of the neck (attached to a helmet) 
 Sch. ynya - 'fgyob (?) C. breast - work, 
 parapet. ynya-rtse vertebra prominens, 
 the cervical vertebra with its projecting 
 process Mil. ynya-fsigs cervical joint. 
 fnya-rens stiff neck, ynya-rehs-can 1. 
 having a stiff neck; 2. stiffnecked, obsti- 
 nate. ynya-siii a yoke (for oxen) Glr., 
 Lex. 2. skad-ynyd v. skad. 
 
 ynya-ndh, or snya-nd/'i, a village 
 on the frontier of Nepal 
 j-,, Q.JX? ynyd-bo a witness, one that gives 
 evidence Cs. , Lex. = dpdh - po ; 
 ynyd-bo byed-pa to pledge for, to be surety 
 for; Dzl. ??V- bskyi-fnyd byas, Sch.: l he 
 made an attested loan'. 
 
 W*- a for rnyis-ka %.; ynyi-zer 
 for nyi-zer Lex. 
 
 fnyig-tu Lex. = yciy-tu. 
 
 ynyid, resp. mnal, sleep, -fnyid-du 
 O gro-ba to fall asleep Glr., Mil.; W. 
 *nyid ma yon* sleep has not come, I am 
 sleepless ; *nyid ma Kug, nyid Hug ma nyan*, 
 also *nyid sa/i son* id.; ynyid mi fub he 
 cannot find sleep Med. ; ynyid-fum-pa one 
 uninterrupted portion of sleep Glr.', ynyid 
 mfug-pa a sound sleep, ynyid-srdb a light 
 sleep , a slumber Med. ynyid - log - pa 
 (prop, ynyid- kyis log -pa} Dzl. to fall a- 
 sleep, Dzl. ?V%, 16; #?, 9 (thus correctly 
 translated already by &?/M\), prob. also 
 to sleep; ynyid-la ^gro-ba, W. *ca-ce*, to 
 fall asleep; ynyid fug-por son he fell into 
 a deep sleep Mil.; *da-run ynyid ma log- 
 
 mKan - O dug* W. I am still awake ; ynyid 
 sdd-pa to awaken, to awake vb. n. ; ynyid- 
 yur-ba to be overcome by sleep Sch., 
 Tar. 31, 22, Rh., ynyid -rdol C. som- 
 nambulism; *nyid-ma-mun-la <h'd-ce* id., 
 Ld.; ^nyi'-col gydb-pa* id. C. ynyid- 
 can sleepy 6s. ; ynyid-med having no sleep, 
 sleepless; ynyid-yer morbid sleeplessness; 
 ynyid-ydr Med., Pth., id.? ynyid-lam C. = 
 rmi-lam dream. 
 
 de ynyis, ynyis-po, ynyis-ka the two, 
 both ; ynyis (-su) -med(-pa) ; mi - ynyis - pa 
 Tar., not being two, i.e. not differing, 
 identical, the same, ha dan rgydl-ba ynyis- 
 su med I and Buddha, we are one, i.e. 
 I am an incarnation of Buddha Glr.; Cs. 
 also: indubitable, thus perh. used by Mil.; 
 ynyis-su Jbyun-ba to be divided into two, 
 to become two Glr. - - 2. a (married) 
 couple, brdm - ze ynyis Brahmin man and 
 wife. 3. both (v. above), in Tibetan 
 often added, where two nouns have the 
 same predicate, either disjunctively, and 
 then usually followed by re: jo - bo dan 
 byams - mgon ynyis mdzo - mo re'i stin - du 
 bzugs both the lord and the Maitreya were 
 mounted on bastard-cows Glr.; na-rdn re 
 ynyis either of us Mil. ; pyi nan ynyis cos- 
 lugs gan bzan which is the better of the 
 two religions, the esoteric, or the exoteric? 
 Glr.; or copulatively: Kyo-sug ynyis-la 
 rds-cug ycig-las mi bdog-ste as they both, 
 husband and wife, had only one cloth to- 
 gether Dzl. ; and reciprocally: cos dan 
 bon ynyis rtsod-pa the contest between the 
 religion of Buddha, and the religion of 
 the Bons Glr. ; Kyod dan ha ynyis bza-mi 
 byao we two shall marry each other Glr. 
 In most cases mentioned sub 3, ynyis-po 
 (the two), ynyis-ka, (j)nyi-ga, W. col. also 
 ' :: nyi-ko, nyi-kad, nyi-kod*, Sp. *nyi-mo*, 
 may be used inst. of ynyis; ynyis may also 
 refer to several nouns on one or on both 
 sides: Kyed dan ha ynyis both you (re- 
 ferring to several persons) and I; but it 
 may also be quite omitted, as iu "other 
 languages: ga dah bai juy-tsul the way
 
 193 
 
 ynyiig-ma 
 
 ynyen 
 
 of employing the (two) letters g and b 
 Gram. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ynyis -skyes one that 
 is born twice i.e. a bird 6s.; also one that 
 has entered into a religious order Cs. - 
 ynyis - car v. car. ynyis - ynyis two a 
 piece. ynyis-lddb twofold, double, v. Idab. 
 ynyis - O fuii (f^tf) 'drinking twice', the 
 elephant. ynyis - pa 1. the second. 2. 
 having two, possessed of two, e.g. mao- 
 ynyis-pa having two heads, two-headed; 
 also double-tongued, deceitful W. 3. having 
 doubts, doubting(P) Wdn. ynyis-po the two, 
 both (v. above). ynyis-med v. beginning 
 of this article. ynyis- Q dzin prob. the state 
 of being affected or influenced by contrary 
 things: doubt, unsteadiness, wavering Glr.; 
 ynyis- O dzin ltd-ba prob. to look upon two 
 things as differing, to think them different Mil. 
 7 n ^g-ma Cs. natural, opp. to 
 beds - ma artificial , hence (Sch.) 
 = ch'ios-ma; Lexx. = f^j innate, peculiar. 
 It occurs in the expressions: sems ynyug- 
 ma, and ynyug-mai sems Mil; ynyug-mai 
 ye-ses Mil. ; ; nyug-mai don Mil. and Lex. ; 
 ma-bcos ynyug-mai ndn-du O dres, perh. : is 
 dissolved into the uncreated primordial 
 existence Mil. Our Lama explained it dif- 
 ferently in different passages, and was not 
 certain of the true meaning of the word. 
 cnAr-rmx- ynyun-dkdr rape-seed for press- 
 <o ing oil; but cf. nyun-ma. 
 
 ynyul-ba = nyul-ba. 
 
 ^-|. ynye-ba, Glr. also ?nyeo, smye-bo, 
 
 a wooer, courier. 
 
 ynye - ma the twisted part of the 
 
 colon or great gut, Med. and col. 
 (Sch. erron.: rectum). 
 OTJLT- ynyen, resp. sku- ynyen 1. kinsman, 
 
 relative, bydms-pai ynyen loving^re- 
 lations, frq.; ynyen- la bydms-pa byed-pa 
 to love one's relatives; ynyen -gyi sgyiig- 
 mo, sgyjtg-mo as a degree of relationship 
 Lex.; ynyen byed-pa to become related, 
 or allied, by marriage Dzl. 2. gen. 
 ynyen-po. helper, friend, assistant, esp. spiri- 
 tually: rqijud ynyen-po bzdn-bar byin-gyis 
 
 rlobs bless my soul, that it may become 
 a good spiritual helper (to these people) 
 Mil. ; ynyen-po -la ma ltds-par without 
 looking up to a spiritual adviser Mil. ; frq. 
 used of supernatural helpers : bod O dul-bai 
 ynyen-po the promoter of the conversion 
 of Tibet (the special Saviour of Tibet, as 
 it were), Awalokiteswara, frq. ; applied to 
 things: remedy, means, expedient, antidote, 
 ndd-la yso-bar byed-p&i ynyen-po assistants 
 in curing maladies (e.g. medicine, diet etc.) 
 Med. ; del ynyen-por as a remedy for Thgy., 
 frq.; sgrub-pai fobs mi sex-pai ynyen-por 
 as a remedy for helplessness in acquiring 
 a certain object, i.e. direction or instruc- 
 tion how to obtain it Thgy.; ynyen-po 
 ysdn-ba mysterious helpers, or sources of 
 good (relative to fetish -like objects frq.) 
 
 3. 6s.: 'ynyen-po adversary, antagonist, 
 enemy; contrary, opposite, adverse'; Sch.: 
 'ynyen-por rten-ya to adhere to the counter 
 party'; Lexx. have 'spdn-byai ynyen-po' a 
 ynyen-po to be shunned, explaining ynyen-po 
 by HfdH^ (prob. to be corrected into TJ^) 
 opponent, adversary. Sure proofs of this sig- 
 nification of Ynyen-po I seldom met with in 
 literature, but Lewin mentions some instan- 
 ces scarcely to be doubted. 4. i.o. mnyen 
 and bsnyen. 
 
 Comp. dpun-ynyen helper, assistant, frq. 
 
 - pd- ynyen j md- ynyen a relation on 
 
 the father's side, on the mother's side 6s. 
 
 bses-ynyen friend, esp. spiritual friend, 
 v. bses. ynyen-grds (Sch.?), ynyen-Jbrel, 
 *nyen - dun - po* W. relations, esp. of the 
 same blood; ynyen-sde, ynyen-fsdn, ynyen- 
 srid Mil. id., col. ynyen- dun 1. Sch.: 
 'concord, harmony, amongst kinsmen', in 
 which sense it seems to be used in Stg.: 
 ynyen- Q dun zdd-pa yin this harmony ceases. 
 2. relations, pa yan ma yin, fnyen- dun min 
 neither father nor relations Ttyy. ynyen- 
 zld prob.: qualified, fit for matrimonial 
 alliance (as to birth etc.), kytd-rnamx kyaii 
 ned rgya-ndg-pai ynyen-zld yin-pas as ye 
 Tibetans may enter into connubial con- 
 nexion with us Chinese Glr. ; in a concrete 
 sense: a good match, ynyen-zld ma rnyM- 
 
 13
 
 194 
 
 ynyer-ba 
 
 kyis Dzl. ?$}> 14; ttyod dan ynyen-zld min 
 I am not allied with you by marriage, 
 with you I am not on terms of affinity. 
 ynyen-sdl (?) reconciliation C. ynyen- 
 bses relatives and friends, also separately : 
 Kyod-la ynyen med bses kyan med Mil. 
 
 ynyer-ba c. accus. to take pains 
 with, to take care of, to provide for, 
 to try to get; to procure, to acquire, ynyer 
 byed-pa id.; as a sbst. Tar. 165, 22: the 
 procurer, provider Schf.; gen. in conjunc- 
 tion with don in various ways, as: bdag 
 don zig ynyer - te as I have to look after 
 a business Dzl. 3, 7; don ynyer-ba to 
 earn money; don-du ynyer-ba c. accus., 
 rarely*c. dat. : to provide for, to strive to 
 procure, nor don-du ynyer-ba to endeavour 
 to make money, frq.; yo-bydd don-du 
 ynyer -ba- rnams people who desired to 
 have goods Tar. 169, hence don-ynyer 
 exertion, effort, zeal, don-ynyer cen-po dgos 
 great exertions are necessary Mil. ; in this 
 sense prob. also Tar. 4, 8 : earnest exertion 
 (in investigating) ; don-ynyer byed-pa c. la 
 to study, investigate (a thing) Glr.; don- 
 ynyer-can 1. zealous, painstaking. 2. Sch. 
 also : liked, welcome, myron a welcome guest. 
 - dkon- ynyer Tar. 183, 21, Schf.: ad- 
 ministrator of valuable property; ace. to 
 others: the first secular functionary of a 
 ytsug - lag - Kan , about the same as bailiff 
 (steward) of a convent, = lha-ynyer Georgi 
 Alph. Tib. (in an edict) ; also the manager 
 of the daily sacrifices (dgon-ynyer?); slob- 
 ynyer a student, cos-slob-ynyer a religious 
 scholar (a student of theology) Mil , slob- 
 ynyer^gdn-du bgyis where did you study? 
 Mil. ytad -ynyer byed-pa to trust (a 
 person with), to intrust (a thing to) Glr. ; 
 ced-du ynyer-ba, and rjes-su ynyer-ba v. 
 ced. ynyer-Ka attention, care, ynyer-Ka 
 byed-pa ccg. to pay attention to, attend 
 to, take care of Pth.; ynyer-Ka ytad -pa 
 to commit (a thing) to a person's charge, 
 to put a person in trust of Glr. ynyer- 
 pa farm-steward, in convents etc. ynyer- 
 dn prob. = ynyer-ffa. ynycr-fsdn store- 
 
 mnydm-pa 
 
 room, store-house, (if under the charge of 
 a special ynyer-pa}. 
 
 ynyer - ma a fold of the skin , 
 wrinkle Med.; ynyer-ma rens-pa 
 O gyur the wrinkles are made straight, are 
 smoothed Sty.; ynyer -ma -can wrinkled; 
 Kro - ynyer (*rajf?r) a frown, a severe or 
 angry look v. Kro-ba; ynyer-ba to wrinkle, 
 sna - gon ynyer - ba to knit the brows, to 
 frown Pth. 
 
 ynyel-ba mnyel-ba Sch. 
 
 t- ynyog-pa to desire, to wish earnestly 
 
 Cs. v. snyog-pa. 
 
 y n V 6d strength, durability, stoutness 
 of cloth etc., C. and W., ynyod-can 
 strong; ynyod-cuii, ynyod-med weak; Lex. 
 lus ynyod - cun a weakly body or consti- 
 tution. 
 
 y n yd-P a to draw, stretch, strain 
 
 mnyan C. boat, skiff, wherry; mnydn- 
 pa boat-man, ferry-man. 
 mnydn-pa 1. = nydn-pa Dzl. etc. 
 2. v. mnyan. 
 
 ' mnyan-yod, ?n^^t, a town in 
 the northern part of Oudh. 
 
 mnyam v. the following word. 
 
 mn y dm -P a (^m) co1 - *nydm-po*, 
 1. like, alike, equal, same,mnydm- 
 po yod they are alike, equal, not differing, 
 col.; with dan, seldom with the termin., 
 lha dan mnydm-pa yod they are like unto 
 the gods Pih., Glr.; zlum-por mnydm-pa 
 roundish Sambh. ; rigs mnydm-pa of equal 
 birth, rank Dzl.; dus mnydm-pa contem- 
 porary, simultaneous, frq. mnydm-par gyur- 
 ba to become equal, to be equal Dzl. - 
 2. even, level, flat, lag-mfil Itar mnydm-pa 
 flat like the palm of the hand Glr. and 
 elsewh.; mnydm-pa (or -par~) byed-pa to 
 make even or level, to even, to equalize 
 Dzl. ; to divide equally; sems mnydm-pa 
 imperturbation, evenness of mind, not to 
 be affected by kindness or the reverse; 
 scms mnydm-par ^joy-pa to compose the
 
 195 
 
 mnyed-pa 
 
 mind to perfect rest, for meditation, frq. ; 
 mnydm-pa sbyor-ba id. (?) mnydm-du 
 adv. (col. *nydm-po*} c. dan: together with, 
 in company of, bld-ma dan nydm-du O grogs 
 dus-su Mil. ; ma dan mnydm-du O ci-ba Thgy.\ 
 col. *na dan nydm-po sog* or merely *nydm- 
 po sog* come along with me! *nyam son- 
 te* going along with; nyi-ma sdr-ba dan 
 mnydm-du with the rising sun Mil.; col. 
 *dul daii nydm-po* in walking, ambulando ; 
 *fen dan nydm-po* in taking it away (it 
 was broken) ; *fcur-pa nydm* (to send some- 
 thing) by (with) a cooly. mnyam-med, 
 mnyam - brdl unequalled , matchless ; mi 
 mnydm-pa 1. unequal, 2. uneven. pyag 
 (or lag) ynyis mnydm-bzag-tu yod-pa both 
 hands laid together on the stomach, mnydm- 
 bzag pydg-rgya-can id. mnyam-pa-nyid, 
 ^*TrTT- equality, parity, impartiality, justice. 
 ^TflLr-rr mnyed-pa, pf. and imp. mnyes, fut. 
 mnye, W. col. *mnyo-ce*, 1. to rub, 
 between the hands or feet, e.g. ears of corn ; 
 one's body Tar.; esp. hides, hence to tan, 
 curry, dress; ko-ba mnyes-pa a tanned 
 hide, dressed leather; *sed dati nye-ce* 
 W. to rub in or into with force. 2. Cs. 
 also: to coax. 
 
 mnyen-pa, W. *nyen-mo*, flexible, 
 pliable, supple ; soft, smooth, of the 
 voice frq.; of the mind Dzl. ; mnyen-par 
 byed-pa to make soft, smooth, flexible, 
 (/t/tir-ba to become soft, of the skin etc. 
 Med. ; mnyen - mnyel - ba to make soft by 
 tanning Sch. mnyen -mnyes y sin -pa to 
 caress, to fondle Sch. 
 
 mnyel-ba 1. also ynyel-ba, to tan, 
 to dress (hides) Sch. 2. resp. 
 for ndl-ba to get tired Pth. 
 
 mnyfa-pa, resp. for dgd-ba, in more 
 recent writings and col. for the 
 <l</i/<>s-pa of ancient literature, to be glad, 
 to take delight in, ccd.; to be willing, to wish, 
 often with fugs ; mnyes-par byed-pa to make 
 glad, to give pleasure; e.g. to the king by 
 presents Glr., to Buddha by worshipping 
 him Glr. mnyes-bsin-pa Lew., Sch. : to 
 love much; to be rejoiced at. 
 
 rnyed-pa 
 
 Med. 
 
 nyo-mnyo-can W. fondling, 
 petting, pn'(-yu-la a child. 
 rn y a ~^'> sn y c i-li several wild- 
 growing species of Polygonum 
 
 rnydn-ba Cs. = bsdl-ba, to rinse; W. 
 
 to suffer diarrhoea, r rnyan-ndd diar- 
 rhoea; myan-pa diarrhetic stool; rnydn- 
 ma, ynydn-ma id., ni f. 
 
 - myan-rnyin, worn-out clothes, rags 
 Cs. 
 
 myan = ynyan wild sheep, argali. 
 
 >'nyab-mydb-pa to seize orsnatch 
 together Sch. 
 
 ?/as, sometimes used for brnyas. 
 
 'wyi, snyi, W. *nyiu, nyin-nu* (cf. 
 
 rnyon) \ . snare, for catching wild 
 animals, myi O dzug-pa to lay snares, also 
 fig. 2. trap, pur-myi mouse-trap (con- 
 sisting of a flat stone supported by a little 
 stick (pur-pa). 3. net Sch. (?). 
 ^rj- rnyin-pa old, ancient, of things, e.g. 
 clothes, ysar-myin new and old; 
 sndr-gyi yi-ge rnyin-pa-rnams ancient re- 
 cords Glr.; brda-rnyin the ancient ortho- 
 graphy Zam.; lo-rnyin = na-nin last year 
 Wts. ; dran-srdn rnyin-pa the old rishi, i.e. 
 the well-known, of long standing, opp. to 
 a new - comer Dzl. rnyin - ba vb., pf. 
 brnyins, to grow old, gos bmyins old clothes, 
 lham brnyins old shoes Lex. ; rnyiri - bar 
 ^gyur-ba id.; myin-bar byed-pa to wear out 
 or away in a short time Dzl. 
 j^_... myin-ma, n. of the most ancient 
 
 sect of Lamas, clothed in red, v. 
 Kopp. ; Schl. 72 ; myin-ma-pa one belong- 
 ing to this sect. 
 
 S^-.^.. myid-pa, pf. bmyid, (b)myis, fut. 
 r ' gnyul, 1. to wither, to fade, also fig. 
 2. to grieve, (vb. n.) /SV7/. 
 
 rnyil, snyil, so-rnyil, the gums. 
 
 flT 
 
 SAJ'^' myil-ba v. snyil-lnt. 
 
 "xf'rr rnyed-pa I. vb., pf. l>r>iyetl, 
 T-i fut. brnynl, favi) to get. obtain, ac- 
 quire; to meet with, find. />'., C., t'nj.; //"/>-
 
 196 
 
 rnyog-pa 
 
 nas rnyed where did you get that? Dzl., 
 also: whence shall I get it? Dzl.; mi 
 rnyed-du mi run-no it must be got or pro- 
 cured by all means Dzl. ; nas myed I ob- 
 tain; rnyed- par dkd-ba ^W difficult to 
 be obtained, found, or met with, frq.; sduy- 
 bsndl dan bsdos-te cos myed-pa to purchase 
 the acquisition of religion by suffering tor- 
 tures Dzl. ; zas dan skom ma myed-de hav - 
 ing nothing to eat or to drink, frq.; don 
 myed-pa v. don; da ni re-ba myed-do now 
 my hopes are realized DzL; yri myed-pas 
 as he found a knife DzL; skabs rnyed-pa 
 to find an opportunity DzL; btsdl-na yan 
 ma rnyed-de not finding it in spite of every 
 search Dzl, (W. *fob-ce*). 
 
 II. sbst. ^rR profit, gain, acquisition, 
 property, goods, rnyed-pa mdn-po 'myed-pa 
 (or *fob - ce*) to gain much profit; bday 
 rnyed -pa dan Mdn-na mi dya if 1 have 
 got some earnings, he envies me for them; 
 often in conjunction with grdgs-pa and 
 similar expressions : riches and honour. - 
 rnyed sdu-ba, rnyed -pa prog -pa Sch.: to 
 make booty, to plunder. rnyed-bkurLex., 
 prob. riches and honour. myed-nor v. 
 fob-nor. 
 
 rnyog-pa (cf. nyoa-pa) vb., pf. 
 
 bmyoys, fut. brnyog, 1. to trouble, 
 to stir up Cs. ; also adj.: thick, turbid. *cu 
 nyog-pa* W. 2. to rub one's self, kd- 
 ba-la against a pillar Dzl. (snyog-pa). 
 *nyoy(j-pa)-can, nyog-po* C., troubled, tur- 
 bid, dirty ; rnyog-pa med-pa clear, limpid, 
 mfsoWdn. myoy-ma dirty, muddy water; 
 mud, mire, rnyoy-ma-can muddy, miry. 
 ^cn^r rnyogs Lt. ? rnyogs - fsdd a disease 
 
 Med. 
 
 3(r' rnyon seems to be the same as rnyi 
 Lexx.',rnyon-ba, pf.brnyons, fut. brnyon 
 1. Cs. : 'to ensnare, entrap'. 2. Sch. : 'to 
 stretch out'. I met with rnyon in the fol- 
 lowing expressions, not satisfactorily to be 
 explained either by Cs. or by Sch. : rkdn- 
 pa rnyon Lea:.; dku ma rnyons Lex.', lus 
 myon-ba S.g.; frq.; yyal-rnyons S.g.; myul- 
 rgydb zuy dan rnyon &.y.\ rnym'ts-fsdd 
 
 snydn-pa 
 
 " snya-nn v. ynya-ndn. 
 
 snyd-lo v. myd-lo. 
 
 sni J a g-pa, col. for snyeg-pa; also in 
 Mil. 
 asjmsj* snyags Lex. w.e. ; C. dbyans music, 
 
 harmony. 
 
 5JJT- snyad malicious or false accusation or 
 v> imputation, snyad c dzug-pa (W.*tsug- 
 ce*} to bring in an action against, to pro- 
 secute; *nyad du-ce* W., *nye' ko-wa* C. 
 id., esp. to irritate, to provoke another, by 
 accusations; snyad O ddgs-pa id. Gb\; snyad 
 O ddy-pa, W. *ddy-ce* to clear one's self of 
 an accusation, to refute it; snyad byed-pa 
 c.dat. to use as a pretence or pretext Glr.; 
 *nye' &>' (or ce) tdn-wa* C., *nyad-se tdg- 
 ce* Ld. to weary another by too great 
 punctiliousness, ni f.; *nor-nydd co-ce* W. 
 to extort money by false accusations, la 
 from; snyad med-par without cause, pre- 
 tence, or provocation Thgy. ; *nydd-zer-can* 
 W. one that makes false accusations. 
 
 snydd-pa, pf. and fut. bsnyad, imp. 
 snyod, to relate, to report, e.g. lo- 
 ryyiis a story Pth., rmi-lam a dream DzL; 
 ytam snydd-pa 1. to speak, state, inform, 
 give notice (W. *hun tdn-ce*'). 2. C's.: 'to 
 rehearse' (?). 
 
 yy- snyan 1. resp. the ear, ryydl-poi snydn- 
 ? ' du fos it came to the king's hearing 
 Glr. ; snydn - du zus or brjod they told or 
 informed him Pth.; snydn -du zun listen, 
 pay attention, give ear to! Pth.; snydn- 
 du pul they sang to him or before him 
 (lit. they made him hear) Mil. (cf. sub 
 snydn-pa); snydn-(gyis*) ysdn-pa to hear 
 Mil.; snyan -ysdn bebs-pa to give ear to 
 one, to hear one Cs. ; *nyen-zu Jbul-wa* C. 
 to address a superior, to apply to him; 
 snyan -kun the ear-hole; snyan- dbdn the 
 organ of hearing Cs. ; snyan-sdl the lap or 
 tip of the ear Cs. ; snyan -pro, zu-ba to 
 slander, mi mi-la to calumniate one per- 
 son to another. 2. = ynyan argali. 
 
 snydn-pa (zn^) 1. sbst. renown, 
 glory, fame, praise, rumour,
 
 snydb-pa 
 
 snydn-pa pyogs bcur grays every part of 
 the world rings with thy praise ; del snydn- 
 pa rgydh-nas fos Mil. his praises are heard 
 far and wide; ces dei snydn-pa br)6d-<-iii 
 thus speaking praisingly of him Mil.; ces- 
 pai snydn-pa-la rten-nas owing to a ru- 
 mour of this purport Mil. ; ces snydn-pa 
 dan grdgs-pa cen-po byun so was said far 
 and near Mil.; dei snydn-du to his praise 
 Mil. (cf. snyan). 2. adj., W. *nydn-po*, 
 well-sounding, sweet to hear, of voice, words 
 etc.; *fsor-ndh-la nydn-po* W. pleasant to 
 the ear; also: dge-sloii dbyans rdb-tu snydn- 
 pa a monk having a well-sounding voice 
 Dzl.; fsig snydn-par with pleasant words 
 Dzl.; snydn-pai fsig-gis id.; low, not loud; 
 snyan-skdd also 6'.: elegant, well-sounding, 
 poetical language; mi snydn-pa 1. unhar- 
 monious; 2. offensive, insulting, ganzigbddg- 
 la rtsod-cin mi-snydn-brjod he who in a dis- 
 pute says to me insulting words; mi-snydn- 
 par zer-ba ddn-du len-pa to put up with, 
 to pocket offensive remarks. 3. lamentable, 
 skad mi snydn-pa zer-ba to utter lament- 
 able cries, plaintive tones, also of animals, 
 Dzl. ; ytam-snydn(-pa) 1 . good, joyful news, 
 glad tidings, byed-pa to bring them. Dzl., 
 Mil. 'l. a pleasing talk, conversation 6s. (?) 
 
 snyan-grdgs v. grdgs-pa. snyan-rgyud 
 oral instruction of the Lamas, = bka-rgyud. 
 
 snyan -(d) nag (s) v. nag. 3. vb. to 
 praise, extol, glorify, stod-cin snydn-par 
 grdgs-te he extolled him in songs of praise 
 Dzl. (?) 
 
 ,._.-.. snydb-pa to smack with the lips 
 ? Sch. 
 
 5WT sn y am ~P a ! v ^- t th m ^ suppose, 
 fancy, imagine, bddg-cag rih-po-ce 
 btan (better: ytari) snydm-mo we think we 
 shall give jewels Dzl. #A", 16.; na Iceb 
 dgos snydm-nas thinking, I must seek death 
 (v. Iceb -pa} Ptli.', ydn-tan dan Iddn-par 
 snydm-ste fancying to be possessed ot ex- 
 cellent qualities Dzl. 2. sbst. thought, 
 sense, mind, feeling, cos byds-na snydm-pa 
 yon -gin yda (cf. na III., 2) we have a 
 mind to renounce the world Mil.; simi- 
 larly: <jigs-so snydm-pa yod re-skdn I am. 
 
 197 
 
 far from any thought of fear Mil.; most frq. 
 nis he thought in his mind; 
 ed : pan xnyam-bynl kt/<iii though 
 one may imagine that it will help Med.; 
 skyug-pa, brduiix, dkri* myam-bytd there 
 arises a feeling like that of nausea, like 
 that of being beaten, of being (tightly) 
 wrapt up, Med. 
 
 T snyi v. myi. 
 
 snyi-ba 1. adj., also snyt-bo, snyi-mo, 
 snyin-po Cs., *nyin-te* W., soft, smooth, 
 to the touch; tender, delicate, of the skin; 
 easily broken or injured; loose, crazy, not 
 durable, not strong or stout, of cloth, 
 ropes etc.; not hard or tough, tender, of 
 meat, rendered so by beating or boiling. 
 - 2. sbst. softness. 3. n. of a plant. 
 sn yi-pul c i' n of luxuriant growth 
 
 <g. .. 
 ' 
 
 snyl-ma prov. for snye-ma; also Glr. 
 
 ..-. snyi-$an-ka-tya , and myi-san- 
 '\^ gur-rta, names of mountains 
 in Nepal. 
 
 snyigs-pa degenerated, grown worse 
 Cs. snyias-ma (^m^) 1. impure 
 sediment, mdr-gyi in butter; dans snyigs 
 Q byed-pa to separate the clear (fluid) from 
 the sediment Med. 2. the degenerated 
 age (iron age), prop. snyias-(mai) dus. 
 snyiii (^gj) the heart 1. physically, 
 also snyin - ka, snyi it - ga, resp. tugs 
 (-^a); also the breast; *nyin-ka pdr-ra 
 rag* W. I feel my heart palpitate; snyin 
 O ddr-zin ^ul the heart trembles (with fear) 
 Doman; bddg-gi lus-kyi snyin liar yces as 
 dear to me as iny own heart Glr. - 
 2. intellectually: the mind, snyiit dgd-ba, 
 snyin bde-ba gladness, cheerfuhiess ; snyin 
 dan mig ^rog-pa to transport, to ravish 
 &C-/4.; courage, snyin ma cufi cig be not 
 afraid ! sentiment, feeling, will, *nyin sog- 
 po cd-te ma cog* W. I have not broken 
 it wilfully; *Ka </</// /////// > <f>'-te* W. 
 hypocritical; *nt/lii-^'in ddit-po* W. sincere, 
 candid; in a more general sense: sni/iii 
 ydon-gyis bslus the heart is infatuated by
 
 198 
 
 snyin 
 
 a demon Glr.; even madness may be at- 
 tributed to the heart Do. snyin - nas 
 \ . heartily, zealously, earnestly, e.g. looking 
 for or to a thing Dzl. ; snyin fdy-pa-nas with 
 all one's heart, most earnestly, devoutly, 
 e.g. to say one's prayers Thgy. 2. actually, 
 really, Kon snyin-nas mi O byin-ba yin really 
 he does not sink! (the water actually bears 
 him) Mil. 3. v. snyin-jjo. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. snyin-ku \. nyiit-Ku. 
 snyin-Kdms courage Sch. - *nyin-tdy 
 Kol* W. my heart's blood is boiling (with 
 anger etc. ) snyin - dgd v. above. 
 snyin-can courageous, spirited Ld. *nyin- 
 cu zuy* W. afflicted with dropsy in the peri- 
 cardium, hydrocardia. snyin-rje, resp. 
 fugs-r)e (w^S) kindness, mercy, compassion, 
 mi -la snyin-rje syom-pa to commiserate, 
 to pity a person Mil.', snyin-rjes kydb-pa 
 id. with respect to a great number of beings, 
 to embrace with affection Dzl.; snyih-rjes 
 non-te overpowered by compassion; *nyin- 
 ze fs&)'-ce* W. to have compassion ; snyin-r)e- 
 can, snyin-rje dan Iddn-pa compassionate, 
 merciful Dzl. : snyiii-rje-skad lamentation, 
 a cry of compassion Dzl. ; snyin-rje -mo: 
 1 . Kyod snyin-rje-mo ran zig O duy you are 
 much to be pitied Mil. 2. col.: dearest, 
 most beloved, amiable, charming ; also snyin- 
 rje for snyin-rje-mo, snyin-rje mdzd-bo my 
 poor little friend. snyin - nye - ba, col. 
 *nyin nye -mo*, friendly, amicable, loving, 
 affectionate; friend; friendship, snyin-nye bu- 
 mo a woman connected by friendship with, 
 a woman, the friend of (a sick person 
 mentioned) Lt. snyin-ytam a confidential 
 speaking, for exhortation, consolation, or 
 encouragement; totse-bai snyin-ytam affec- 
 tionate exhortation Glr. ; pan - pai snyin- 
 ytam useful admonition etc. Mil. snyiii- 
 stobs courage. snyin- dod-pa to wish, to 
 desire, to long for, za-snyin- dod-pa to wish 
 to eat, to be craving for food Thyy. ; O yro- 
 snyin - O dod - pa to wish to go. snyin- 
 rdun-ba palpitation of heart Sch. *nyin 
 dan (etymol. dubious) co-ce* W. ccd. to 
 interest one's self for, to take an interest 
 in. snyih-sdiiy W. liked, beloved; darling, 
 
 ^k snyin 
 
 favourite, e.g. a child; nyin-duy siy dug* 
 W. he is a general favourite; *na di nyin- 
 duy co dug* W. I am very fond of this, 
 it is my favourite (pursuit etc.); but snyin- 
 ma-sduy bad people Mil. snyin nd-ba 
 1. = snyin-ndd. 2. 'heart-sickness', grief, on 
 account of injury suffered from others, 
 curable only by indemnity paid or revenge 
 taken. snyin - ndd disease of the heart. 
 - snin-po (^rTT, 1*1) * ne chief part, main 
 substance, quintessence, e.g. the cream of 
 the milk Med. ; the soft part of a loaf, 
 the wick of a lamp Dzl.; frq. fig.: the 
 main substance of a doctrine, a book etc., 
 don -snyin O bytn-pa to give a summary, 
 the sum and substance (of a writing); 
 sems-can tams-cdd sans-ryyds-kyi snyin-po- 
 can yin-na if all beings have the pith and 
 essence of the nature of Buddha in them- 
 selves Thgy. 5,8; the Ommanipadmehum 
 is called the snyin -po of religion G-lr.; 
 snyin-po-med-pa worthless, null, void, snyin- 
 pos dbcn-pa id. Tar. 185,2; de-bzin-yseys- 
 pai snyin-po the spirit of Tathagata Was. 
 snyih-po-byan-ciib- (or by an - cub-snyin-po) 
 -la mcis-pa to become Buddha Thyy.', 
 sroy(-yi) snyin(-po) Jbid-ba Mil. frq. to offer 
 one's heart's blood, to pledge one's own 
 life. snyin - rtsa (col.) the great veins 
 connected with the heart, perh. = snyin- 
 luii. snym-rtse the tip or apex of the 
 heart, mentioned by Mil. as a particular 
 dainty (perh. only by way of a jest). - 
 snyiit-brtse-ba, resp. fugs-brtse-ba, vb., also 
 sbst. and adj., not much differing from 
 snyin-rje: love, pity etc. frq.; Dzl. : bu-la 
 snyin-brtse-nas ; fams-cdd-la snyiii-fotse-ba 
 yin-na; de-day-la snyin-brtse-bai pyir^snyin- 
 brtse-bai sems skyes-te etc. snyin - fsim 
 contentment, satisfaction, sometimes also 
 pleasure felt at the misfortune of others 
 I't/i., snyin-fsim O dcbs-pa to manifest such 
 an enjoyment. snyin-fsil the fat about 
 the heart 6s. snyin-zo-sa v. zo-sa. 
 snyin-rtis, resp. fugs-rits (ace. to Mil.: 
 snyiii-yi rus-pa ton-par yyis let energy and 
 diligence arise in you); firmness of mind 
 (heart) i.e. i. diligence, zeal, perseverance
 
 JC'T snyin-ba 
 
 Mil. and C. 2. courage W. snyih-re-rje 
 (snyin-rje, with re placed between, v. ><?) 
 the poor man! the poor people! either 
 standing absolute or as predicate to a 
 preceding noun : O di-rnams snyin-re-tje these 
 (people) are indeed much to be pitied 
 Mil; kyod-ran . . . O dzin-pa snyiti-re-r)eyou 
 (would) comprehend that? poor wretches 
 that you are! Mil; even as an adjective: 
 sems-can snyin- re -rje the poor creatures! 
 frq. ; snyin-re-rje-baisdig-canilae lamentable 
 sinner! snyih-rlun Sch.: 'low spirits, 
 melancholy, mental derangement'; I met 
 with it only in Mil., as signifying heart- 
 grief, deep sorrow, e.g. snyih-rlun drdy-po 
 Idan great affliction is caused. snyin- 
 lam-na Sch.: 'in one's mind'. *snyin- 
 luii* W. the heart, liver, and lights of a 
 slaughtered animal, the pluck. snyih- 
 subs pericardium. 
 
 snyin - ba W. to swell (in water), 
 *lum nyin son* the soaked barley 
 has swollen. 
 
 fJ^'^T snyid-pa prob. = rnyid-pa Pth. 
 
 snyid-mo Lex. the sister of a wo- 
 man's husband. 
 fy-M- snyin - pa, snyin -po, snyin -te, v. 
 snyi-ba. 
 
 SJ5TJY Z T!C" > ) m yi m -pa(-gan) a measure 
 
 ' for liquids, as well as for 
 
 flour, grain and the like, as much as may 
 
 be taken up by both hands placed together. 
 
 snyil = rnyil 
 
 n- snyil-ba, or rnyil -ba, pf. and fut. 
 bsnyil (cf. nyil-ba} 1. to pull or 
 throw down, to break down, to destroy, 
 houses, rocks etc.; pye-mar snyil-ba to 
 reduce to powder Lex., Sch. 2. pyir 
 (bskrad) snyil-ba Lex.-, Sch.: to expel, 
 banish, exile. 
 
 snyuy-pa, also smy tig-pa, pf. bsnyuy s, 
 fut. bsnyuy, to dip in, to immerge. 
 WTT snyug-ma, more frq. smyuy-ma, 
 reed, rush, bulrush; snyuy-yu reed- 
 pen; snyuy-bzo basket-work of reeds Pth. ; 
 snyuy-sin bamboo. 
 
 ST^I" snye-ma 
 
 199 
 
 snyugs C. duration, continuity, time 
 Cs.; *nyiig-cen*C continual; , 
 srins Lex. protracted, lengthened out. 
 
 myuys-sbrid lizard Sch. 
 
 esp. for nad, W. *nyun-zug*, 
 '3, disease, illness, sickness, btsun-pai sku- 
 la snyun mi mnd - am is your Majesty 
 well ? Gli'. ; snyun-du mdze byuh Glr. leprosy 
 arose to him as a disease, he was attacked 
 with the disease of leprosy; snyun mdzes 
 btab id. Tar. ; myun-yzi = ndd-yzi. 
 5jr'n' snyun - ba I. vb. , pf. bsnyu/'is , fut. 
 3, bsnyu'tt, 1 . to make less , to reduce, 
 to diminish; Sch.: to disparage. 2. resp. 
 to be ill, sick, indisposed; fugs snyun -bai 
 mi people that are disagreeable, annoying 
 to others Mil. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. the state of being ill, illness, 
 indisposition. 2. W. awl, pricker, punch; 
 also snyuh-bu. 
 
 y^- snyun - snyuh, sku-la snytin-gyis bzufi 
 ^ ' he was taken ill DzL; snyun Q dri-ba 
 Mil, rme-ba Sch., ysol-ba DzL, snyun -dri 
 zu-ba Mil., to inquire after a person's 
 health; to wait on, to pay one's respects 
 DzL ZL&, 16. 
 
 _.-. r .. snyun -pa, pf. and fut. bsnyun, to 
 * ' be ill, to labour under a disease. 
 ^qp. snye-fah a village and convent near 
 ^ ^ Lhasa. 
 
 tq. snye-ba, pf. bsnyes, fut. bsnye, imp. 
 snye to lean against, to rest on, rtsig- 
 pa-la against a wall; to lie down, recline, 
 repose on, mdl-stan-la on a bed, snds-la 
 on a cushion or pillow; *gydb - nye* col. 
 a support or cushion for leaning against 
 with one's back. snye - Kri v. Icri. - 
 snye -stdn, snye-Jbol pillow or cushion to 
 rest on. 
 
 snye-ma, also Miyi-ind, \. ear of corn. 
 
 2. corn forming ears (v. l)dn-}>\ 
 snyt-HHi, inly -can fruitbearing eurs, *nye- 
 loii* W. empty ears; *nye-i)ia (on* W. the 
 corn blows, is in flower; */>//'' ?'<iy-i>a* ('. 
 to thrash, *nyc-criy-yi <///>r'-do* an animal 
 used for treading out the grain. .s ////<'- 
 dkdr diseased ears. mye-wyo^snyi'-ma 1.
 
 snyeg(s}-pa 
 
 200 
 
 8n y e d( s \-P a , P f - bsnyegs, fut, 
 
 bsnyeg, imy.smjog(s), W. *nydg- 
 ce*, 1. c. accus. to hasten or run after, to 
 pursue, frq.; also with rjes-nas, rjes - su, 
 rjes-bzin-du, pyi-bzin-du; ran- gro-sasnyogs 
 hasten towards your aim! Mil ; snyeg-sar 
 snyogs Lex. id.; bsnyeg -tu, or snyegs -su 
 O don-ba to walk hastily, to make haste 
 or speed Dzl. 2. to overtake, snyegs ma 
 nits-pas not being able to reach Dzl. - 
 3. c. dat. to hasten to some place, Itdd- 
 mo-la to the play Mil. ; to rise, yndm - la 
 rising up to heaven, as a flame, Glr. , a 
 cedar Wdn., frq.; to strive or struggle for, 
 to aspire to, nor-la riches, sde-cen-la in- 
 crease of territory, ziti-Kams-bzdh-la the 
 region of eternal bliss. snyeg-ma pursuer 
 Dzl 
 
 snyegs straight, stretched out Sch. 
 
 sn yen -ba 1 . inst. of rmyen - ba, to 
 stretch Mil. 2. also snyens-pa, 
 resp. for Jigs -pa, vb. (pf. bsnyens, fut. 
 bsnyeii) and sbst., rgydl-pos ma snyens sig 
 do not be afraid of the king! Dzl. 
 |V- snyed I. the crupper attached to a 
 ' saddle Sch. II. = tsam: 1. O di- snyed 
 (-&#), de-snyed(-cig} so much, so many, 
 frq.; also for: how many! e.g. . . . yon-tan 
 O di-snyedmnao how many excellent qualities 
 has . . . ! Dzl. ; ci-snyed,ji-snyed how much? 
 how many? also snyed alone (examples 
 v. sub bye-ma). 2. after round sums: 
 about, near, ston snyed, also ston ji-snyed 
 Mil. about a thousand. 
 
 snyen-pa Cs.: 1. to come or go near, 
 to approach, gen. bsnyen-pa. 2. to 
 gain, to procure, inst. of rnyed-pa(?). 
 
 m yem(s}-pa 1. vb., pf. bsnyems, 
 to be proud or arrogant, to boast, 
 na-rgydl snyems-pas to be swollen uith 
 pride Dzl. ; mfu-rtsdl (to be proud) of one's 
 strength Dzl. 2. sbst. pride, haughtiness, 
 snyem-pa-can prideful, proud, snyems-cutl 
 1. prideless, humble, affable, kind, col. 
 *nyom-cuh*, and *nyam-sun*. 2. poor, 
 indigent C. 
 &^T snyes v. snye-ba. 
 
 snyo-ba sometimes for smyo-ba. 
 
 sn y6 ( J-p a i or bsnyog-pa, secondary 
 form of snycg-pa, esp. when sig- 
 
 nifying to wish earnestly, to crave for or 
 
 lust after, also tfa-snyog-pa Cs. 
 
 S^" snyodj = go-snyod, caraway. 
 
 sn yd-pa I. pf. bsnyad, 1. to draw 
 out and twist, as in spinning Stg., 
 C. 2. 6s. : to tell, to relate, = sn<jfld-pa. 
 II. pf. bsnyod, bsnyos, fut. bsnyod, to 
 feed, to give to eat and to drink, ccapir. 
 snyon -pa I. 1. pf. and fut. bsnyon, 
 to deny, to disavow dishonestly, Dzl. 
 99Q, 2; ?V, 8 to assert falsely, snyon byi'd- 
 pa Glr. 2. *nyon du-ce* W. is said to 
 signify the same as *nyad du-ce* v. snyad. 
 II. inst. of smyon-pa. 
 
 snyob-pa, pf. bsnyabs, fut. bsnyab 
 1. to stretch out, e.g. the hand, Lex. 
 2. W. to reach, by stretching one's self 
 out, to arrive at, *nyob mi tub*. 
 
 snyobs = snyoms Lex. 
 
 |&($jy sn y m (. s )> Lex - = <f% I- 1- weari- 
 J ness, lassitude; laziness, idleness, 
 lus snyoms - lei - ba yin one is exhausted 
 and dull Med. ; snyoms - la nul - ba to be 
 tired and exhausted. snyoms-las 1. in- 
 dolence, unconcern, esp. religious indifference, 
 Glr.', snyoms-las byed-pa, or drdn-pa Glr. 
 to be lazy, indolent, indifferent; snyoms- 
 las-can adj. lazy etc. Glr. 2. Sch. : an 
 idle person (?). 
 
 II. col., also Mil.j inst. of snyems. 
 
 fut. bsnyom, to make even 1. to 
 level, ynas a place, Dzl.', sd-la snyoms-pa 
 to level with the ground, to demolish Dzl. 
 2. pan-fsun to equalize different things, 
 to arrange uniformly, zns one's meals, i.e. 
 not cold and warm promiscuously Thgy.; 
 to level, to reduce to an equality of con- 
 dition, Itogs-pytig rich and poor (according 
 to the principles of the communists) Glr.', 
 similarly bit - Ion Tar. 74; fams - cdd - la 
 snyoms -na bdag kyaii snyoms -par mdzad
 
 201 
 
 myol-ba 
 
 O fsal I wish to be treated fairly like any 
 other people Dzl. ?V; fcd-lo snydms-pa to 
 regulate (a matter), to manage or direct 
 (a business) justly, uniformly Glr. snyom- 
 du med, he has not his likeZte/.; *tag 
 nyom - la* C. always uniformly, without 
 variation. 
 
 II. sbst., also btan-snyoms, evenness, 
 or calmness of mind, equanimity, snydms- 
 par Ji'tf-pu to assume it, = sems mnydm- 
 par bzdg-pa, v. mnydm-pa. snyoms- 
 jug byi'd-pa 1. id., 2. euphem. for Jcrig- 
 pa spyod-pa. nigo-snyoms impartial Mil. 
 snyoms-po equal, even, uniform, e.g. 
 in every part equally thick. 
 
 snyol-ba, pf. and fut. bsnyal (cf. 
 
 nydl-bd) 1. to lay down; to bed a 
 person, to assign him his couch or bed 
 Pth.', *tu-gu mdl-du* C. (to lay) a child 
 on its bed, to put to bed; *nydl-te zdg- 
 pa* 61, bar - ce W. , to lay or put down, 
 opp. to lah-te etc., to set or place upright, 
 to set on end, e.g. a book. 2. fig.: *me 
 nydl-wa* C. to put the fire to bed, i.e. to 
 scrape it together and cover it with ashes; 
 spu snyol-ba to smooth down the bristling 
 hair, i.e, to abate one's anger; caw, zo, 
 snyol - ba to allow the beer to ferment, 
 the milk to curdle, in a state of rest (un- 
 disturbed). 
 
 ^s^'n m brnyd-ba, pf. brnyas, 1. to borrow 
 ^ Dzl %V, 12. 14; W^ 6. 2. to seize 
 by force, to usurp Sch. 
 
 ' brnyan Lex. prob. = rnydn-pa. ' 
 
 ^S^'^J" brnydd-pa for bsnydd-pa. 
 
 brnydn-pa Cs. to borrow; brnydn- 
 po borrowed; also fig.: borrowed, 
 reflected, yzugs-brnydn (Lex. snan-brnydn) 
 a reflected image nfTrf^T fr q- '> also image, 
 picture in general; even a little statue 
 Pth. ; rmi - lam - gyi yzucis - brnydn vision, 
 visionary image; sgra-brnydn, ufTf^cf re- 
 flected sound, echo; mgo-b)*nydn a mask, 
 a fearful apparition Thgr., myo-bmydn 
 ser-po Sc/tl. 234. pyag -brnydn servant 
 
 Cs. brnydn -poi gos Cs. : c a garment 
 marked with the figures (sic) of the rain- 
 bow' brnydn -poi bmyas Lex. interest 
 for a loan, rent for things borrowed Sch. 
 
 ,. bmydbs-pa diligence, painstaking ; 
 to take pains Sch. 
 
 bmyds-pa I. borrowed, v. brnyd- 
 
 ba. 
 
 II. 1. to despise, contemn c. dat., frq.; 
 ma bmyds sig do not despise ! Dzl ; brnyas 
 smdd-pa id. Dzl contempt, brnyds-pa 
 byed-pa, W. *nya-se tdg-ce*, ccd. to despise, 
 to treat contemptuously, frq.; bmyas-bcos 
 (Thgy. brnyas- cos^) contempt, scorn. 
 
 ^ij&ST brnyo/is convenient, suitable Sch. 
 
 bsnyigs-pa 1. to return, restore, 
 deliver up Cs. 2. sediment. 
 
 bsnyug full Sch.; skyu-gaii bsnyug 
 Lex. a full draught (?). 
 
 bsnyiil-ba to wash Lex. 
 
 qsforq* b* n ye n -p a 1- to approach, to come 
 near, c. dat., also dn'iit-du, K6-boi 
 drun - du bsnyen cig come to me Dzl. ; 
 gom-pa re-re bor-zi/i Q ci-ba-la bsnyen-pa 
 Itar as with every step we come nearer 
 to our death Thgy.; to join, to stick to a 
 person Dzl. -- 2. to propitiate, soothe, 
 satisfy, a deity Cs. 3. to accept, receive, 
 admit W.; bsnyen-par rdzogs-pa to be or- 
 dained, consecrated, frq.; c. las by Tar. 
 dge- bsnyen v. dge-ba. bsnyen- bkiir 
 reverence, veneration, respect, byed-pa to 
 pay one's duty or respect, esp. to the 
 priesthood by various services, nd-la bsnyen- 
 pa byds-te Dzl. and elsewh., frq., also 
 bsnyen-zin bkur-ba Glr., and *nyen kur-ce* 
 W.; bsnyen-bkur zu-ba to ask permission 
 for performing such services Mil. bsnyen- 
 bsgrub priestly function, religious office, 
 esp. snags q. v. bsnyen - ynds fasting, 
 abstinence ; bsnyen-ynds srun-ba, W. *zum- 
 ce*, to abstain from food, to fast. 
 
 bsnyer-ba to make grimaces or 
 gesticulations Cs. 
 
 ffi
 
 202 
 
 ' bmyel-ba 
 
 Lexx.: resp, to forget; 
 bsnyel-med not forgetting or for- 
 getful, mindful; bsnyel-yso-ba to remind, 
 to put one in mind of a thing Mil. nt. 
 
 r& bgnyon v sntjon 
 
 n%ji'jn' bsnyor-ba, Lex. nas bsnyor-ba, 
 ace. to Sch. : to sift barley. 
 
 ?" to, the letter , cerebral , $s&. jr. 
 
 p-rn* td-k&i Hind. gf^TT i n W- imaginary 
 o, coin, money of account, = 2 paisa or 
 Id. Different from it is 
 
 FT. FT- 
 
 tan-ka,tan-ka, 
 tan-Ka, tan-ka, 
 
 Hind. craT 1- in 7 ru P ee = 9d. , v. 
 also i -cod-tan (v. ; -cod-pa com p.). 2. a 
 gold and silver coin Tar. 112, 6. 3. 
 W. money in general. 
 
 H-ked-, tri-ked card, ticket; 
 
 postage-stamp. 
 
 a handle and two balls fastened to it by 
 a strap. 
 
 -pm- dak, gen. *drag* } Hind. : ^f^i, the post, 
 o, letter-post. 
 
 '5*, ?*5" f ^ d " ma - t ' u ' W-' ^*ti) a ffP'i p a i r o f scales; a kind of lit 
 small tympan or drum, with 
 
 do, the letter (/, cerebral d, Ssk. V . 
 
 ^. (Z^ - ft (^ft Ad : 'husband of a 
 I Dfitoi^ SAafe^.) in Mil. prob. = Da- 
 
 j- to 7 1. the letter t, tennis, French t. 
 ' 2. num. fig.: 9. 3. inst. of btags, v. 
 
 ya-btags. 
 
 td-ka-ri (Hind. 
 
 scales, U, 
 
 c-m- -^ W. stick with a hook, hooked 
 ' NS cane , crutch; *ta -ku- n't - ku* Ld. 
 crooked, contracted, crippled. 
 
 td-gir W. bread, esp. the flat bread- 
 cakes of India, commonly called 
 'chapdtee' '; *cu-ta-gir* Ld. boiled flour- 
 common dumplings; *ful-ta-gir* pancakes. 
 
 c-q- <-& (Pers. bLj) gen. *<oo* W. a 
 flat iron pan without a handle. 
 
 c-qrjr fa -bag W., far - Jbug C.. a plate. 
 ' */x. 
 
 td-bag dal-ddl* W., *fer-fer* G, a
 
 ta-ber 
 
 203 
 
 flat plate. *kor - kor* a deep plate, soup- 
 
 plate. 
 
 _.^^. ta-ber (spelling?) W, fence of boards 
 
 or laths. 
 
 C'3OT ta-zig, or ta-zig-yfd, Persia, ta-zig 
 ' (-pa) a Persian. 
 
 ta-i'u-tise (Pen. \3) W. a small 
 pair of scales, goldweights. 
 
 ^'^s* fa-re v. re. 
 
 c'flj- *-/ 1. ciT^r the palmyra tree, />V 
 rassus flabelliformis (not the date- 
 tree (.'.) Z^. 2. In more recent times, 
 and already in Mil., td-la seems to denote 
 the plantain or banana tree, Musa para- 
 disiaca. 
 
 yq'roj' ta-la-la Lex. lamp, lantern. 
 
 '(2JQ*q'3\f' ^ a ~ ^ ~ ^ a ~ ma (ta-lai Mong. 
 ocean, sea), the Dalai Lama, 
 v. Hue. II., 155. Kopp. II., 120. 
 ccn'czn* tag-tag W. the imitative sound of 
 ' ' ' knocking, *tag-tdg zer* there is a 
 knock, *tag-tdg co-ce* to knock at the door. 
 
 ^' tan through, v. ton and Iteh. 
 
 an - kun n. of a medicinal herb 
 vJ ' Med. 
 
 tan-ga \. P"^]* tan-ka. 
 ]'^' tatkd-la Ssk. the present moment 
 
 tow - ^' ^- a sort of hard cake 
 or bread , resembling biscuit or 
 
 * tab-tab v. tob-tob. 
 
 M-K- tor - ^ar, *tar - tar - co - ce* Ld. to 
 smooth (wrinkles or folds in cloth, 
 paper etc.) 
 
 corn* tdl-pa, or tdl-ma, 6s.: 'a moment', 
 Sch.: 'quick, decisive, penetrating'; 
 tdl-par, Cis. also tdl-mar, 1. instantly. 
 immediately, quickly 6'., e.g. son go without 
 delay! Lex. 2. Sch.: completely, quite 
 through, ycod-pa to hew, to cut (quite 
 through), O biffn-pa to bore through, to 
 perforate; also faf b'<J*-]>- 
 
 rusk. 
 
 tdl-bn a tool with holes in it, used 
 
 by nailers Sch. 
 
 & ti l.num. fig.: 39. 2. Not originally 
 Tibetan, designating 'water 1 ; this word 
 has found its way into Ld., where it how- 
 ever occurs only in *Kd-ti* saliva (water 
 of the mouth), and in "nd-f'i* mucus (run- 
 ning from the nose). 3. v. */>///. 
 
 ' ti-ka (^fajT explanation, commentary. 
 
 ti-fwr/, (8c/i. yti-f,wj} bad, mean, 
 silly a. ; obstinate, stubborn ,sv///-. 
 
 ti-nrig heath-cock Sch. 
 
 cap, hat (from the Wnd. 
 
 /St'/i.: //-/'// Hijng-ri-it pheasant. 
 %., fti-few SV//., anvil. 
 
 C'^J* 
 
 1- %-< Zinc ;1//W. ; </-fe .s/r- 
 po cadmia, calamine (?) Afed. 2. a 
 musical instrument, constructed of metal 
 Sch. 
 
 ti-se, fe'-se, the snow-pea k> 
 around the lake Manasarowar 
 in Miiaris, which are considered to be the 
 highest and holiest of mountains. 
 ^n- tig 1. also tig -tig, Lex. w.e.; <SV//.: 
 ' ' 'certainty, surety; certain'. In col. 
 language *tia, dig, fig, f iy*, is frq. used 
 for: to be sure! well, well! very right! :tls. 
 as an adj.: nor-ilag tig-tig the right, the 
 lawful heir. Cf. * gt"iy, tig ltd-<-<\ tig team*, 
 tig - fsdd v. sub fig. 2. Sik. the great 
 hornet. 
 
 rare* tig-fa (from fd^cfi the n. of several 
 ' ' bitter herbs, e.g. of Gentiana Chi- 
 rayta) several species of gentian. 
 
 tig-men Cs., tig-tec Ld., the ribands 
 which are wound round the felt- 
 gaiters that cover the lower part of the legs. 
 
 5" fig-tsa = ti-t&a. 
 
 tig- rig Sj>. in>t. of ta-gir. 
 
 %)-' tiit 1. a small cup of brass used esp. 
 
 in saerilicing. 2. the sound of nie- 
 
 tal, *tiii :<'/-/!/ nig* IT. 1 hear a tinkling.
 
 204 
 
 1 to-to-lin-lbi 
 
 as. also mnqfrl) contem- 
 plation, profound meditation, perfect ab- 
 sorption of mind, cf. bsam-ytdn, and sgom- 
 pa; tin-He- O dzin byed-pa Sch., gen. ttn-ne- 
 O dzin-du ^jug-pa to be absorbed in deep 
 meditation; tin-ne- dzm Jcrun devout me- 
 ditation takes place; also meton.: the fa- 
 culty, the power of meditating e.g. pel Mil. 
 
 5C"f-C" tin-rjin Sik. shrew(-mouse). 
 SC'fe' tin-tin clean, well-swept Ld. } Ts. 
 tiit-ti-Wi snipe Ld. 
 
 cryam&r tin (-tin) -sags little bells 
 
 moved by the wind Sch. 
 tib-ril, resp. ysol-tib, tea-pot, :/'ts- 
 tib a copper tea-pot, rdza-tib an 
 earthen tea-pot. 
 
 ^ ? r tim-pi Mil. goat's leather, kid-leather, 
 from India, dyed green or blue. 
 
 J'" tim-bu Ts. funnel. 
 
 CfST til (fira) sesame, til-mar sesame-oil, 
 } seed-oil. 
 
 r tu 1. num. fig.: 69. -- 2. an affix, 
 NS denoting the terminative case, or the 
 direction to a place, joined to the final 
 consonants g and b; cf. du, 111, su. 
 c-qcn- tit-pay (Turk. 5^p') W. gun. mus- 
 >2 ' ket, fire-lock, fowling-piece, *gydb-ce* 
 to discharge, fire off; *tu-pag-man* gun- 
 powder. 
 
 tu-ru-ka Ma. the Turks, Turkomans. 
 
 M-m- 
 ' 
 
 tu-tsa v. ti-tsa. 
 
 QJ. fcWd (&?&., Iftwd.) a balance, pair of 
 Q, scales, C. *tu-la teg-pa* to weigh. 
 
 tug-gin O dug 'cannot' Sch. (?) 
 
 tuy-rin, or tug -cum, prob. also 
 <M^ - cem, Cs. : a wooden rattle's 
 
 sound or noise; Sch. also: the trotting of 
 
 horses heard in the distance; tug-riii-can 
 
 Sty. noisy (?). 
 
 tt' tub., tub yciy-tu rgyud-do? 
 
 tub-trig Lex. w.e.; Sch.: 'either 
 N^ ^ ' or, whether I be able (to do it) 
 or not' (?). 
 
 5*rq' tur-ba (?) W. to darn (stockings). 
 
 NO 
 
 iir-rc clear, distinct, syn. to u-dl-le; 
 
 id tur-re O dug it is clear to my 
 mind; tur-re bzun Mil. prob. watch it! 
 have a sharp eye upon it! ze-sdd/i la its 
 dogs tur-re gyis Mil. take care lest an emo- 
 tion of anger arise in your mind! tur-gyis 
 sad Mil prob.: he awakes, stirs, is evi- 
 dently roused; tur-re-ba Glr.; adj. (or ab- 
 stract noun), rjed-yeit-tin'd-par tur-re-ba 
 clear, firm with regard to perceptions, opi- 
 nions etc., without omission or digression. 
 P- tc 1. num. fig.: 99. 2. an affix der 
 ' noting the gerund, and used after the 
 final letters n, r, I, s (v. Grammar), to be 
 translated by the participle in ing, or sen- 
 tences beginning with when, after, as etc.; 
 also used as a finite tense (though seldom 
 in B.), and in that case followed by O duy 
 or yod, or also without these words: *ddd- 
 de O dug* I sit W.; ^c/ro-ba yin-te Mil. I go. 
 te-por Le.i-. = legs-par; Sch.: very, 
 really, actually. 
 
 \* te-bor Sch. constantly, continually. 
 
 te-se v. ti-se. 
 
 teg -pa, imp. tog, 6'., W., = O fegs- 
 pa, to pack up, put up; to put in 
 or into, * 'am -bag -la* into one's bosom; 
 if tag-f f ul* or *tua* preparations for a jour- 
 ney, *tan-ce* W. to make. 
 c-q- teu? Ld.-Gir. (Schl. f. 25, b) ; ten ser- 
 ' ^ po; Mil. 59, 4 of my edition; Lc.c. : 
 teu sin-tfr-i, where Sch. translates: a square 
 table. 
 
 tel-pa Cs. : an instrument for burn- 
 ing Med. ; Icdgs-tel such an instru- 
 ment of iron Cs.; sprd-tel LtJ 
 & to 1. num. for 129 2. affix added 
 to certain verbs, when they terminate 
 a sentence. 
 
 to-tr>-l til-Hit W., an adv. de- 
 noting a swinging motion;
 
 5 
 
 205 
 
 hence *to-to-Uii-lin W .s/ : -<V* to play at 
 swinging, to swing. 
 
 VfcJ" fo'-fo for ft'/-A/ r. 
 
 >: 'thetopofany thing ? 
 a top ornament'; esp. the button on 
 the cap of Chinese dignitaries, as a mark 
 of distinction; toy-dkdr, %rT%H n. of Bud- 
 dha in paradise (dya-lddn} before his in- 
 carnation Ld.-Glr. 8, a.; mdvn-tog point, 
 thorn, nail. 2. for fog, and thus prob. 
 also used in skabs-toy now, at present Ld. 
 "ecn-jkr toy-sgra, tog-tog-sgra Lex., a rolling 
 ' ' ^ sound /SW< , ace. to Wdn. also a 
 cracking sound. 
 
 to y - til- a bump . a swelling , by a 
 knock against the head. 
 S-n-J* tog-tse W., toy-rtse LCJC., hoe, mat- 
 tock, pickaxe W. (in C. Jor); toy- 
 led gs the iron of the hoe, tog-yu the handle 
 of it; tog-leb a spade (?) Cs. 
 
 ion-ton byed-pa Le.i\, Sch.: 
 to perforate; to produce a 
 whirling noise. 
 
 ~q'3' fo6-& W. button, *fo'6-a brgydb-ce* 
 to button up; cf. fob-cu; (buttons 
 are not in general use in Tibet). 
 
 ' tob-tob smrd-ba to talk con- 
 fusedly Sch.; W.: * tab -tab*, 
 or *tab-tob ma co* keep your temper! do 
 not talk with such agitation! 
 
 tou-lo polecat Sch. 
 
 "g-M- toll Mny. bcm-tol? Sch. tol-y cod-pa 
 tal-ycdd-pa q.v. 
 
 trdm-pu hard (of rare occurrence); 
 sa-trdm, ivis-tram, rtsa-tram, tram- 
 dkdr, tram -nag, are different species of 
 gout Med. 
 
 tri-ked v. ti-ked. 
 
 from 
 
 Wdk. 
 
 trident 
 
 "cc& tre-tre-ho (by the context) a dan- 
 "^ ^ gerous disease of the stomach or a 
 serious symptom of it Pth. 
 
 tri'-ba-can coloured Sch. 
 
 c-$r;n- t re-sum a medicine in the shape of 
 
 a puwdrr Mfd. 
 
 "cs- fron diligence, industry <*.; iron />>/>'</- 
 ** pa to be diligent, to exert one's self. 
 ytdg-yfo/'t Lt-.c. \v.c.; yluy-yton- 
 ba to disperse S/-//. 
 ytari-rd;/ thanks, thanksgiving, and 
 prob. also thank - offering, esp. 
 rendering thanks to a deity ; y tan- rag byed- 
 pa., O bul-ba Mil., Lt., W. *cd-ce, pul-ce* to 
 render thanks. 
 
 ytad (v. )'tod-pa), in the direction of, 
 towards, yti<'m-yi-(tl-dn yfad pi/ftt-nas 
 going towards the left end of the row Glr.; 
 "don -tad* W. directly opposite, just over 
 against. 
 
 ytdd-pa 1. vb , v. )'f(i</-p<i, also 
 
 brtdd-pa. 2. sbst. hold, steadi- 
 ness, firmness, ytdd-pa-nml it has no hold, 
 no firmness Mil.', ytad-mi'd O cdl-ba 7iam. 
 prob. to vacillate, to waver, to be unsteady. 
 
 ytdd - so a refuge, resource, esp. 
 
 store of provisions ; *te-so zdy-pa* 
 C. to procure such a store. 
 
 ytdn(-pa) Cs.: 'series, order, sys- 
 tern; a bar for a door 1 ; Sch. 
 also 'anvil', and 'to lock up'. People from 
 C. knew only one signification of ytdn-pa, 
 viz mortar, = ytun; bar, door-bar occurs 
 in syo-ytdn C. and W. But a different 
 word seems to be ytan: 1. order, system, 
 in the current phrase ytdn-la Jbebs-pa to 
 put in order, to arrange, to reduce to a 
 system, bre-srdn measure and weight Glr., 
 the Tibetan alphabet Glr., the civil law 
 and the canon law Git:, laws, books, = to 
 compose, draw up, write Glr. ; ran - sems 
 ytdn-pa in a mystic sense: to regulate, 
 compose, and purify the mind Glr. ; also 
 to fashion, to train ('., to set right Mil. 
 (Cf. bmm-ytdn.) 2. duration, perh. also 
 entireness, completeness, hence ytan - </i/i 
 constant, continual, ytan-qrogs consort, part- 
 ner for life Mil.; ytan-mnl Mi.: 'pn-ish- 
 ablc, without duration or continuity : ytnii- 
 dii \. always, continually, for ever, yidn- 
 du bz't'jx-i>(t living there continually Tor. 
 2. entirely, completely (which is the usual
 
 206 
 
 yf-an-fxiffis 
 
 signification of ytan-(hi) e.g. to cut off, to 
 deliver completely; ytdn-nas id.; ytan- 
 Ifriys agreement, stipulation, convention, 
 ytan-kriys byed-pa Mil. 
 
 Note. Owing to its second signification 
 ytan is often confounded with brtan(-po\ 
 or even with bstan(-pa). Not only illiter- 
 ate people, but well-educated Lamas from 
 C. were occasionally doubtful as to the 
 correct spelling of this word. 
 TOMprKj- ytan-fsigs (Ssk. ^ Sty., Do, 
 f. m&tan-fsias-ki de-K 
 
 nyid bstdn-pa = 
 
 Ko-na- 
 argument, 
 
 syllogism 6s.; evidence before a court of 
 justice Dzl. ?;AS, 6. 2. Sch.: a standing 
 proposition, indisputable point Thyy. (where 
 in my Ms. brtan-fsiys is erron. written; v. 
 the note to the preceding word). 3. 
 logic, dialectics 6s.; ytan- fsigs- med-par 
 smrd-ba is in Sta. the term applied to a 
 kind of kydl-ka, evidently: illogical, ir- 
 rational talk; ytan-fsfgs-su bzed-nas G/r. 96. 
 wishing to clear up, to render evident (?) ; 
 ytan-fsiys-mliati dialectician, logician. 
 
 ytwH (3TOT) talk, discourse, speech, 
 1. in a general sense: *tam ci'g-pa* 
 C., *tam cig-ciy* W., that is one and the 
 same talk, that means the same; ytam 
 bsdur-ba to compare depositions, to exa- 
 mine, to try judicially, *tam-dur~ W. trial, 
 judicial examination. 2. news, tidings. 
 intelligence, ytdm bzdn-po good news; />///* 
 ytam mi O dug after which there are no 
 further accounts Mil. ; *tam sdd-ce* to tell 
 a tale, a story W.; report, rumour, fame, 
 de pul zer-bai ytam rgydl-pos fos-nas when 
 the king heard the report that . . . had 
 been delivered up Pth.; fag-rin-yi ytam 
 fame of remote matters or events; bddy- 
 gis ytdm-du fos-na as I have learned, have 
 been told Dzl. 3. section, chapter Ttn- , 
 frq. 
 
 Phrases. ytcmgUh-ba S.O., Dzl., ytdm- 
 du ylen-ba Dzl. to speak, to converse, to 
 discourse; ytam byed-pa, smrd-ba, zer-ba 
 id.; ytam byar O groo I shall go and speak 
 to him Dzl. ; the genit. preceding ytam 
 always denotes the person or thing spoken 
 
 yti-muy 
 
 of, not the person speaking; ci-ltar gyur- 
 pai ytam bi/as he gave an account of the 
 manner how it had happened Dzl.; mfun- 
 pai ytam byed-pa to negotiate about peace 
 Glr.\ cos(-kyi} ytam byed-pa to begin a 
 religious conversation MIL; na de-ltar byed- 
 pai ytam mi - la ma lab do not tell any 
 body that I am doing this Mil.: in a si- 
 milar manner: mi run-bai ytam bsyi'dy-go 
 he shall declare it to be unbecoming Tli(/r.\ 
 pa - mdi ytam dris he inquired about his 
 parents Dzl. ; bu-moi ytam fos he heard of 
 the girl Dzl. 
 
 Comp. ytam-r</;/in] tradition, oral account; 
 del ytam-rgyud the legend of him. ytam- 
 itdn ill report, slander. ytam-mydn joyful 
 news, glad tidings, xf/rdy-pa to announce 
 Mil. ytani-osdur v. above. ytdm-dpe 
 a proverb, a saying Cs. ytom-rts&b 
 rough speech, abusive language. Note. In 
 W. *(s)|>e'-m* is more in use than *tam*. 
 
 y fam & -P a l - ad J fu|l > P*' ( - 
 
 gi'i ytdm (s) - pa quite full of 
 razors T/K/IJ.; also Lexx.\ more frq. it is 
 spelled (b}ltdm(s)-pa. 2. vb. to appoint, 
 to commission, of rare occurrence. 3. 
 sbst. 6s. : a term for a thousand billion, 
 yet v. the remark to dkngs-pa. 
 
 ytd(-ma) Lc.r.i: (cf. yte-pa) pawn. 
 pledge, ytd-mar jug-pa to pawn, 
 to give as a pledge, ytd-ma blii-ba to re- 
 deem a pledge 6s ; *nor-ta* W. jewels, 
 precious stones , given as a pledge (6s. : 
 'pecuniary security, bail'); mi-yta a hos- 
 tage 6s. 
 
 ytdr - ba, with Icray, to bleed, to 
 let blood Med.; ytdr (-bar) bi/M- 
 pa, rtsd-ba-la from a vein, or also ytdr- 
 ya O debs-pa id. 
 
 i-tfe a kind of louse Sch. 
 
 insane, mad Sch., = ti-fug. 
 
 STK-3OT- yti-inuy (cTO^) gloom, mental 
 1 darkness, ignorance, stupidity, yUn- 
 pa yti-mug-can infatuated fools Dzl.; mfsdn- 
 mo yti-mtt(/-)'itiji</-(/u son at night I fell 
 into a profound sleep Mil.; in a special
 
 207 
 
 
 sense: the lowest of the three quna or 
 psychological qualities of animated beings, 
 ^Tr^T, T*!> <TO*0 virtue, passion, stupidity, 
 ace. to the Brahminical theory, for which 
 however Buddhism has substituted the 
 three moral categories: O dod-cdgs, ze-sddn, 
 yti-muy, voluptuousness, anger, inconside- 
 rateness (Kopp. I, 33); yti-mug, as for 
 example , is the source of falsehoods told 
 with a pretended good intention, Stg.; the 
 symbol for it is the pig Wdn. Note. The 
 philosophical term ma-rig-pa is altogether 
 different from yti-muy. 
 
 ytfyfy-pa Lc\>: to fall in drops, 
 
 to drop, to drip. 
 rnc- ytin, Ld. *ltin*, bottom, rgyd-mtooi 
 ytin-dkruys he turned up the bottom 
 of the sea; ytin-du nub-pa to sink to the 
 bottom 6s. ; depth, hence ytin zdb-po DzL, 
 ytin nil - ba deep, ytin nye - ba not deep, 
 shallow; ryyd-mfso-bas ytin-zdb-bo it is 
 deeper than the sea Dzl. yydn - sa ytin- 
 riit - ba a deep abyss Thar.; cu-bo ytih- 
 zdb-po ziy a deep river Dzl. W%, 1. (in 
 the third line however zdb-bo would be 
 the correct reading for zab-po}; ytin-zab- 
 fhjdd Km-bryydd-pa eight cubits deep (lit. 
 with regard to depth holding eight cubits) 
 Dzl. ?^xS, 5 ; fig. ytin-nas from the bottom 
 of the heart, nd-la dad -pa ytiii-nas yyis 
 believe in me with all your heart Mil.', 
 Ka-yroys and ytin-yroys v. grogs ; Ka-dkar- 
 ytin-ndy white without, and black within 
 (fig.) Mil.; the following passage of Mil. : 
 rgyd-mfso ce-la dpe Ion-la Ka-ytin-med-pai 
 syom cig yyis, is not perfectly clear, yet 
 the real sense seems to be: resembling 
 the ocean, be so lost in contemplation, 
 that you do not know any longer a diffe- 
 rence between surface and bottom; ytin- 
 rdo a stone or piece of lead (zd-nyci ytin- 
 rdo AYA.) fastened to a rope, and used 
 as plummet, as anchor, as a clock- weight, 
 as a means for drowning delinquents etc.; 
 *cu nyoy - po - ce - la tin med* W. a very 
 muddy water has no depth; ytin-can deep, 
 ytin -med shallow Ms.; also fig. deep, re- 
 served,, covert, difficult to fathom, to form 
 
 an opinion of, and the contrary: shallow, 
 superficial; ytin -mi -Ion ('. of unknown 
 depth ; ytin-dro its-pa fathomed, penetrated, 
 ascertained C. 
 
 ytil>(s)-pa 1. to be gathering, 
 of clouds, sprin-pufi ytib-pa 
 thick clouds gathering Wdn.; bdiiy - spos 
 sprin - bzin ytib incense wafts along like 
 clouds Glr.\ mun-pa ytib Lex. y col. also 
 *nam-Ka tib-tib yod* cf. Jib -pa. 2. 
 sometimes for rdib-pa. 
 
 '^}' ytim-pa v. fim-j>a. 
 
 a* p f - 
 
 cognate to fug-pa, 1. to reach, to 
 touch, yi-dam-gyi f&g*Jiar yt6ga-ntu putting 
 or pressing (his forehead) against the breast 
 of the image Glr.\ mi ziy-yi zdbs-la ///</< '>- 
 bos ytuy-pa, or only zdbs-ytuy-pa to touch 
 as a supplicant a person's feet (or skirt) 
 with the brow, to cast one's self at another's 
 feet, frq. ; btug fay-pa dan was explained : 
 when it (the danger) draws quite near 
 Ma.; to overtake, to reach, ni f., e.g. mfa 
 the end Lar.; to meet with, to join Tar. 172, 
 14. -- 2. to bring an action against a 
 person, to sue &7t., thus prob. Dzl. ??C, 3, 
 and Pth. 3. = zad-pa to be exhausted, 
 to be consumed(P) Zam. zdd-pai ytuys-pa. 
 Note. Not only ytuy-pa, but also many 
 of the following words have b as well as g 
 for their initial letter, and moreover a 
 corresponding form beginning with f, of 
 the same or nearly the same signification. 
 ytun, Sch. also rtun, col. * yog -tun* 
 (spelling dubious) 1. pestle; there 
 are small ones, like ours and large ones, 
 in shape of poles, as thick as a man's 
 arm, and about 6 feet long, by means 
 of which the pounding is effected in an 
 excavation made in a rock, called ytun- 
 l,-/ii/\ ytttw(-gyi9) rdit/l-ba to pound \\itli 
 a pestle Dzl.; ytun-po mortar Ms.; ytim- 
 bu, ytun-sii't jx-stlc Ms. 2. mallet, knocker 
 
 , = tub- 
 
 t .<i. to be able, ////// ,"/;-,/// bt,;b- 
 l>-<iin sluill you really be aide to rome
 
 208 
 
 5 
 
 yton-ba 
 
 back? Dzl.; mi btub-pa very frq. not to 
 be able to prevail upon one's self, to be 
 unable, also: to be unwilling, to have no 
 mind (to do a thing). 
 
 CTlC^yq- ytub(s)-pa, btub(s)-pa, Lfl 
 '<= *stub-ce*, = O fub-pa, to cut to 
 
 pieces, to cut up, meat, wood etc. ; in W. 
 also to mince; (in C. btsdb-pa); ytubs- 
 spydd chopper Sch. 
 
 zmm'zf ytum - pa 1. ferocity, rage; also 
 '-<T adj. furious; Uro-zin ytum-la snyin- 
 rje-med in furious wrath, merciless Dzl. ; 
 yduy-cin ytun-pai klu a Lu in a deadly 
 rage Sambh.', ytum-pai syra syrog-pa to 
 roar furiously Pth.\ Kro-ytum-pa furious 
 with rage Glr. ; ytum-zin rgod-pa obstinate 
 and unmanageable , of a boy ; ytum - po 
 Mil., ytum - can, ytum - Iddn cruel, fierce, 
 furious Cs. ; bld-ma fuys-ytum-po ^oh the 
 Lama grows angry Mil. nt. ; ytum-mo fern. 
 a fury of a woman Dzl. 3, 10; Sch. also: 
 hangman (?); rluh ytum-mo Cs. a furious 
 wind, a hurricane 2. = btum-pa, O fum- 
 pa, to veil, to cover; to wrap up, e.g. the 
 head; with the instr. to wrap up or cover 
 with a thing. 
 
 cntyW*^ ytum-po 1. v. ytum -pa 1. 2. 
 <3 tjiijj (hot) in the more developed 
 
 mysticism the power which meditating 
 saints by dint of long continued practice 
 may acquire of holding back their breath 
 for a great length of time, by which means 
 the air is supposed to be drawn from the 
 ro-ma and rkydn-ma (two veins, v. rtsd- 
 ba) into the dbu-ma (sroy-rtsa, dhu-ti, 
 aorta?) thus causing a feeling of uncom- 
 mon warmth, comfort, and lightness inside, 
 and finally even emancipating the body 
 from the laws of gravity, so as to lift it 
 up and hold it freely suspended in the 
 air, Mil. frq.; v. also Tar. 186, 20; ytum- 
 poi bde-drod the feeling of warmth just 
 mentioned Mil.:, ytum-po Jbar the warmth 
 of meditation commences Mil The three 
 above-named veins are symbolically re- 
 presented by a-shdd, i. e. the second half 
 of an ^, viz. ^1, hence a -sad- ytum-po 
 
 the three veins' -meditation -warmth, Mil. 
 - 3. n. of the goddess Durga or Uma. 
 
 ytur-bu Lex. w.e.; Cs. bag, sack, 
 
 wallet. 
 
 ytul-ba to grind, to pulverize, co- 
 
 lours, medicinal substances etc.; 
 cf. O fdy-pa. 
 
 HTC'q* yte-pa W. (Ld. *ste-pa*) yti-ba, yte- 
 ma C., yten-pa Lexx., pawn, pledge, 
 bail (Sch. also: a present); cf. ytd-ma\ 
 yteu id.? hostage? Tar. 
 
 yter (f'Tfv, ^t^T) 1. treasure, frq. - 
 2. symb. num. for 9. yter-mdzod 
 a treasury. yter-Ka a mineral vein, mine, 
 nor-yyi yter-Ka rnyed-pa to find a mine 
 of precious metals. 
 
 Lt., Thyy. a magic ceremony for 
 the purpose of averting misfortune; 
 yto-bcos id. 
 
 ytfff-p* 1-also btoy-pa, O fda-pa, 
 
 to pluck off, gather, crop, tear out 
 (one's hair) Lex. 2. v. se-gol. 
 
 ytdgs-paio belong, appertain to; 
 belonging, ryydl-po'i yduii-la 
 ytoys-pa yin you belong to the royal blood 
 or family Dzl.', del ndn-du mi ytoys-sam 
 am I not included in them? Dzl. ; O dzam- 
 bui-ylin-la ytoys-pa belonging to Dzarn- 
 buling Glr. ; *di le-ka dan ma toy* W. do 
 not meddle with that! ma-ytoys-pa, gen. 
 adv. ma ytogs-par except, besides. ytogs- 
 O dod Sch.: 'to love, to like, to wish; a 
 good-for-nothing fellow' (?). 
 
 yton-ba, pf. btan, fut. ytah, imp. 
 
 ton (W. *tan-ce*, imp. *fo/i*) && 
 1. to let a. to let go, to permit to go, to 
 dismiss, Hi pyir bddy-cay-rnams-kijis ytoii 
 why should we let you go, suffer you (our 
 teacher) to go? to let escape (a prisoner) 
 Dzl. ; to let loose (a dog against a person) 
 Mil. ; to let go, to quit one's hold ma ytoii, 
 col. *ma tail* don't let him go, stop him! 
 to leave, abandon, renounce, cos one's re- 
 ligion ; more definitely : bios yton - ba } v. 
 bio; yoiis-su ytoh-ba to abandon altogether 
 Dzl. ; to leave off, to abstain from, ysod- 
 par byd - ba yton - ba to leave off killing 
 Dzl. b. to let in, to admit, sgo-nas through
 
 ytod 
 
 the door Dzl., ndii-du yton-ba to permit 
 to enter. 2. to let go, i.e. to make go, 
 to send, mi a man, a messenger, very frq.; 
 O dzam-bui-gliii kun-tu btdn-nas lie made 
 him go all over the country of Dzambuling 
 Dzl. ; skyel-du yton-ba to dispatch for con- 
 veying (a message); len-du yton-ba to 
 send (a person) for (a thing); O fs6l-ba 
 btdit-ba-las he sent out searchers (people 
 in search) Dzl. 3, 18., unless this passage 
 should be read O fsol-bar. 3. to let have, 
 to give, so in W. almost exclusively; sman 
 ytoii - ba to give medicine, yton - fsul the 
 way of giving medicine, for 'a dose' Med. ; 
 yton-pod-can liberal, bounteous Mil. ; yton- 
 sems - Idan id. S.g. ; yton-sems liberality, 
 bounty; * ton zer* he says, give me! he 
 wants to have, he tries to get W. ; cos-la 
 yton-ba to give a person up to religion, 
 i.e. to destine him for the priesthood, to 
 make him take orders. 4. to make, to 
 cause, e.g. a smoke by lighting a fire Glr.; 
 with the termin. to turn into, bye-fan neu- 
 fan - du sandy plains into meadows Glr. ; 
 rims(-nad) yton-ba to cause, to send down, 
 epidemics, plagues (of gods) ; to construct, 
 fix, place, chains before a building Cr^ 1 .; 
 in W. *(s)kad tdn-ce* to utter sounds, *ku- 
 co, bo-ra tdn-ce* to raise, to set up a cry; 
 *kug* or *kum tdn-ce* to make crooked, 
 to bend; in forming intensive verbs: *go 
 cad tdn-ce* to decapitate; *tdn ton, pins 
 toit" take out! throw out! *fsa ton* put 
 salt into it! *cu tdn-ce* to water (the 
 garden); *lud tdn-ce* to manure (the fields). 
 The participle * tana-pa* is used adverbially 
 in Ld. ; *l'-ne tdns-pa a tsug-pa* from here 
 to there, from this place to that place 
 ( bzuns-te). 
 
 ytod? ytod-la mndn-pa, of the sun 
 Pth., of the galaxy Mil, evidently 
 denotes the disappearing of these celestial 
 bodies by enchantment or only as a poetical 
 figure; perh. = ydos, or to be explained 
 by ytod-pa II. 
 
 cnfrr-n- ytod-pa I. also ytdd-pa, pf. btad, 
 
 '' ' ytad, fut. ytad, imp. btod (Mil] 
 
 Cs. fodT) 1. to deliver up, Idg-tu 'into the 
 
 209 
 
 hand, to hand over Glr. , to hand to a 
 person the subject for a theme or problem 
 Glr., to commit the management of the 
 household to another Dzl., to commit a 
 child to a teacher Dzl., dge- Q dun-la dbaii 
 to confer important offices on the priest- 
 hood Glr., riff-pa to teach ; ycig snyin ycig- 
 la ytdd-pa to communicate one's feelings 
 to one another Glr. 2. to lean against 
 or upon c. dat., e.g. to rest one's head on 
 one's arm; to lay or put against, to, or 
 on, one's mouth to a person's ear T//</r., 
 the tip of the tongue against the palate 
 Gram. 3. to direct, to turn, mi-la mgo- 
 bo, one's face towards a person Lt., mi-la 
 mdzub - mo, or sdig - mdzub to point at a 
 person (with the finger)' 6rr.; sgo nub- 
 pyogs bdl-poi yul-du ytod Glr., the door 
 points south, towards Nepal ; Jbem - la to 
 take aim, to aim at Lejc.', rnd-bai dbdit- 
 po ytod-pa to listen to, to give a person 
 a hearing Mil. ; sems, resp. fugs, ytod-pa 
 Mil. id.; ^od-zer-la ytdd-nas yzigs-pas 
 turning after a ray of light, following it 
 with the eye (= brten-nas) Glr.; also used 
 absolutely: dkar-Jcun ytod-pa the projecting 
 windows S.g. (?) Ka ytod-pa Glr. ? 
 
 II. inst. of rtod-pa, to fasten (cows etc.) 
 to a stake (driven into the ground), to 
 tedder. 
 ni?xrrr ytom-pa to talk, to speak Sch., cf. 
 
 ytam(?). 
 -q- ytdms-pa filled up, full, for bltdma- 
 
 pa, ytdms-pa, Sch. 
 ytor-ba (Lew. ^rer) cf. O f6r-ba, 
 1. to strew, to scatter ccirdp. r me"- 
 tog-gis ytdr-ro Dzl. they strewed flowers, 
 also ytor-to Dzl.; nd-la sas ytdr-ba they 
 that threw earth upon me Dzl.; sd-la ytor- 
 ba to scatter over the ground Glr. 2. to 
 cast, to throw, ccar., books into the water 
 Glr., a ring into the air Glr.; to throw 
 out, e.g. spittle into a person's ear, for 
 healing purposes (= O dor-ba~) ; to cause to 
 circulate the chyle through every part of 
 the body Med.; to waste, to dissipate Dzl., 
 occasionally with the accus. of the vessel 
 containing the substance thrown out: n fi- 
 ll
 
 210 
 
 ytor-ma 
 
 ma ytor-ba Glr. (a cow) emptying its udder 
 by discharging the milk. - 3. Sch. : 'srub 
 ytor-ba to rend, to tear to pieces'. 
 
 cnc^ -&|- y tor-ma strewing-oblation, an offering 
 brought to malignant demons, either 
 as a kind of exorcism or as an appeasing 
 gift, in order to prevent their evil in- 
 fluences upon man; mcod-pa daft ytor-ma 
 sbyin-pa to offer such an oblation, ytw- 
 mar sno-ba to devote something for it. The 
 ceremonies are similar to those used in 
 sbyin-sreg Schl. Buddh. 249; the offerings 
 consisting of things eatable and not eatable, 
 of blood, and even of animal and vege- 
 table feces, scattered into the air (the 
 benefit being shared by the dri-za q.v). 
 There are various sorts of Torma-offerings, 
 according to the nature of the substances 
 offered (cu- or cab-ytw; pye-ytor', lhag-ytor, 
 an oblation of the fragments of a meal 
 Mil.\ or according to the time at which 
 (dgu-ytor \. dgu\ and the purpose for which 
 they are offered (mfsun - ytor v. mfsuri). 
 Other names of Torma-offerings are: blud- 
 rgyd, mar - me - rgyd, tin - lo(^)-rgyd } ca- 
 ysum etc. Tormas in general belong to 
 the ceremonies most frequently performed; 
 yto-r- cd are the vessels and other imple- 
 ments used for that purpose; ytor-sde'b 
 Sch.: 'a bowl for these offerings' (?). - 
 ytot'-zdn Lex. ^f% oblation of the remnants 
 of the daily meal to creatures of every 
 description. 
 
 cncor ytl-> on ly i Q ytol-nwd, = ca-med, not 
 known, dubious, po-^am mo-^am ytol- 
 med-do one does not know yet, whether 
 it will be a boy or a girl DzL; ci byd-bai 
 ytol med not knowing what to do Dzl. ; 
 gar fdl-bai ytol med not knowing where 
 she had gone to; bddg-la ytol med I do 
 not know any thing about it DzL (Sch. 
 has a verb ytol-ba to perforate, pierce; 
 to discover, disclose; v. rtol-ba). 
 
 ytos size, width, quantity, ri-boi ytos 
 tsam as high as a mountain Lex.] 
 rim-gro ytos-ce-ba, like ryya-ce-ba, great 
 marks of honour, extraordinary homage. 
 
 '^I" btod-pa 
 
 btdg-pa v. O fdg-pa. 
 
 T" btdys-pa v. Q dogs-pa, and Ka- 
 btdys. 
 
 btdfi-ba v. yton-ba. 
 
 btdd-pa v. ytod-pa. 
 
 " btdb-pa v. O debs-pa. 
 
 complete indifference, perfect 
 apathy (ace. to Sch)'. prop, 'a liberality per- 
 fectly impartial'?). 
 
 - btan-bzun Lex. ^f^f^^- n. of a 
 hill where Buddha was teaching. 
 .. btig-pa, pf. btigs, Cs. to drop, to 
 let fall in drops, rnd-bar sman, 
 medicine into the ear, v. O fig-pa. 
 
 '^" btin-ba v. Q din-ba. 
 * btu-ba v. fu-ba. 
 
 "^" btuh-ba v. O fun-ba. 
 ^J* btiig-pa v. ytiig-pa. 
 
 '^l* btud-pa v. O dud-pa. 
 
 bfud-mar Glr. in rapid or close 
 succession, *tw-tu -pa-la* C. id. 
 ___. btub, Lex. = run, fit, convenient, prac- 
 <, ticable, becoming, btub-bo it is con- 
 venient etc.; btub-pa v. ytub-pa. 
 
 btum-pa, ytum-pa, 1. to wrap round, 
 to envelop; hence 2. in W. to shut, 
 a book, valuable books being wrapped up 
 in a cloth before being laid by; btum-pog 
 bunch or knot, produced by money and 
 the like being tied up in the girdle. 
 
 w btul-ba v. O dul-ba, ytul-ba. 
 
 btod-pa \. = rtod-pa, to fasten 
 (grazing horses or cattle) by a 
 rope to a stake, to tedder; Mil. declares 
 relations to be the btod-fttg (the tedder) 
 in the hands of the devil. 2. to erect, 
 raise up, produce, cause, occasion ; xrol-btf><l-
 
 bton-pa 
 
 211 
 
 j3 (Z/&. w.e.) may accordingly imply: to 
 introduce a custom. 
 
 bton-pa v. O don-pa. 
 
 Sch. = ytol-ba. 
 
 rta (rtd-po 6'., 3/X), resp. c$s ? 1 . horse, 
 ' po-rta a gelding, mo-rta, or rta-rgod- 
 ma, n mare; rto O dul-ba to break in, train, 
 a horse; rta rgyiig-pa to gallop; to run 
 horses for a wager, to race Glr.', *sta sncl- 
 ce* Ld. id.? 2. the lower front part of 
 a pair of breeches, dw-rta, an-rta. 
 
 Com p. rta-rkyd(-pa\ or -sky a (-pa) one 
 skilled in horsemanship. rta - bskrdgs 
 (* stab -rags* Ld.) a clattering train of 
 horsemen. rta-gdl Ts. pouch or bag of 
 a horseman, saddle-bag. rta-grds = 
 rta-rd. rta-bgdd a horse-laugh, rta- 
 bgdd-kyis O debs-pa to set up a horse-laugh 
 Sch. rta-mgo a horse's head; rta-mgo- 
 ma v. go-faem. rta-mgrin (^qifVcf) n. 
 of a demon (Schl. 110), a terrifying deity. 
 
 rtd-sga, W. *te-ga*, saddle. rta-sgdm 
 a large box or chest. rtd - sgo v. sgo. 
 
 i-ta-sgyel, gen. connected with mi-bsdd, 
 the slaughtering of men and killing of 
 horses. rta-ndn Tibetan horses, small, 
 strong, unshod, v. Hook. II, 131, and so al- 
 ready in Marco Polo's travels. rta-rna 
 horse-tail, *te nd-m-a yod* W. it is (made) 
 of horse - hair. rta - Icdg horse - whip ; 
 whip in general rta - cdg dry fodder 
 or provender given to horses, corn, oats. 
 
 rta-mcog the best horse, a splendid 
 horse, state-horse; gen. a fabulous horse, 
 a sort of Pegasus, thus e.g. Glr. chp. 6, 
 where it partakes of divine properties (rtai 
 t'gyol-po can-ses bd-la-ha; ace. to Schl. 
 p. 253 rluti-rta is the same). rta-mcog- 
 fca-Jbab = yyas-ru-ytsdn-po = mhd-ris-cu 
 n. of the principal river of Tibet. rta- 
 Ijdn he with the green horses, the sun, 
 po. Glr. rta-rnd horse-ear, n. of one 
 of the seven gold-mountains, surrounding 
 the Rirab. rtd-pa horseman, rider, *td- 
 pa ta-zon* Ld. a balancing-board, see-saw; 
 lid-pai dpuii horse, cavalry Cs. rta-lpdgs 
 
 a horse's skin; n. of a medicinal herb Ml. 
 rta-bdbs 1 . a large stone or raised place 
 for alighting from a horse (?) 6s. '2. the 
 superstructure of a large door or gate, 
 the arch of a gate- way, Lex. twa-ra-na, 
 ^T^T? rta-dbydiis -mavflu n. of a great 
 scholar Thgy. rta - bel a horse's front- 
 hair 6s. rta-sbdns horse-dung. rta- 
 rmig a horse's hoof; n. of a plant Med. 
 rta-rmig-ma a lump of silver bullion like 
 a horse's hoof Cs. rta - rdzi one that 
 tends horses; a groom Glr. rta-zun a 
 good horse. rta-zdm 1 . post-station, rta- 
 zdm-gyi tsugs-pa a post-house; rta-: dm 
 gyi spyi-dpon postmaster-general Cs. 2. in 
 Ld. also for rta-zdm -pa. rta-zdm- pa 
 postillion, courier, express, estafet An estafet 
 rides day and night, mounting fre^h horses 
 at certain stations, and making the way 
 from Le to Lhasa (for ordinary travellers 
 a journey of 4 months) in 18 days. - 
 rta(i~) -^u- lag a compulsory service con- 
 sisting in the supply of horses. rta-ra, 
 rta-grds inclosure. stable, for horses. - 
 rta-sd I. horse-flesh. 2. the oblique ab- 
 dominal muscles of the hips. rta -sad 
 curry-comb Sch. rta-ysdr a horse not 
 yet broken in or dressed Schr. rta-bseb 
 stallion. With regard to the colour of 
 horses (spu-Ka~), the following distinctions 
 are made: rta-dkdr a gray or white horse; 
 rta-rkyan-ndg, or If am -nag Sch. a dark- 
 brown horse; rta Ham-pa Ld. a yellowish- 
 brown horse (Sch. a dark- brown horse); 
 rta - team - dmdr Sch. a light-bay horse, a 
 sorrel horse ; rta Krd -bo a piebald or a 
 dappled horse Ld. - Glr. , Schl. fol. 26, a; 
 rta-gro Sch. a gray horse, rta gro-dkdr a 
 light-gray horse, rta yro-snon Sch. a dapple- 
 gray horse, rta gro-dmdr a roan horse, a 
 roan ; rta rgya-bo Sch. a chestnut-bay horse 
 (a bayard, a brown horse) with white 
 breast and muzzle; rta nan-pa an isabel 
 Ld.-Glr.; rta rnog-dkdr a bright bay 
 horse; rta-sito-kra, rf<i-sit<>-fi</-<-itn /vA. a 
 dapple-gray horse; rta-siio-nag Sch. u dark- 
 gray horse; rtd-fiy-UraSch. a spotted horse ; 
 rta nag a black horse; rta-brau = rgya- 
 14*
 
 212 
 
 rtdg-pa 
 
 bo Sch. ; rta-mog-ro Glr. a yellowish-brown 
 horse; rta zag-pa Sch. a horse having gray 
 and white spots; rta ^ol-ba Mil., Ld.-Glr., 
 a black horse; rta ra-rdSch. a yellow- 
 dun horse; rta ray-pa Ld. a tawny horse 
 (Sch.: 'a white and red spotted horse'); 
 rta rag -rag an ash-gray horse; rta rag- 
 ser, or rta ser - ser Sch. a yellowish -red 
 horse; rta sram - srdm Sch. a gray horse 
 with a black mane and tail. 
 _j. rtdg-pa (f?rar) 1 . perpetual, constant, 
 lasting, eternal. 2. perpetuity, duration 
 to all futurity, a quality which, ace. to 
 Buddhist views, can be ascribed only to 
 the vacuum, to absolute emptiness, the 
 ston - pa - nyid ; mi rtdg-pa not durable, 
 perishable ; de yan mi - rtag fsul - du yda 
 this, too, is subject to the law of perish- 
 ableness Mil.; mi rtdg-pai cos the principle 
 of transitoriness; rtdg-par O dzin-pa to look 
 upon (transitory things, i.e. the world) 
 as lasting, and hence : to be worldly-minded 
 Glr.:, as partic. one that is earthly-minded, 
 a worldling; nydl-ba-la rtdg-pa steady in 
 lying, i.e. disposed to lie down, to be con- 
 tinually at rest, Sty.; rtag- cad lasting and 
 transitory, frq.; rtag -par, or more frq. 
 rtag-tu, always, i.e. 1. continually, 2. at 
 each time (Dzl. 3f&, 5) ; rtdg -tu-ba per- 
 petuity, eternity Cs. rtdg-po, Ld. *stdgs- 
 po*, lasting , durable, reliable, rtag - brtan 
 id. C. ; rtag - snydm - la C. adv. uniformly, 
 equally. rtag -res O fcor-ba Sch. : a con- 
 stant change (?). 
 
 r t a g s (cf. rtdgs -pa) 1. resp. pyag- 
 rtdgs, sign, token, mark, characteristic, 
 *tag-zi* W., * tags-pa* Ld., id.; rtags byed- 
 pa, vulg. *tag rgydb-pa* to make a mark; 
 rdb-tu byun-bai rtags yod-pa (partic.) one 
 having the outward marks of an ecclesiastic 
 Glr.- bkra-sis rtags v. bkra-sis; omen, 
 prognostic, = Itas, bu-mo skye-bai rtags a 
 prognostic of a girl being born Med. ; proof 
 of a thing, c. genit, frq.; mnon-rtdgs Dzl. 
 id.; proof, argument, evidence, *ci tags-pa- 
 ne zum* Ld. upon what evidence have they 
 seized him? * tags -pa zig gos* you must 
 prove it, *fdgs-pa-an mi dug* there is no 
 
 5k rtin 
 
 trace, no evidence, left. 2. inference, 
 deduction Was. (320). 3. the black, the 
 centre of a target, W. *tdg-la citg-ce* to 
 take for a mark. 4. sexual organ, organ 
 of generation, rtdgs - sam bhd-ga as two 
 synonyms for the same thing Wdn., po- 
 rtags, mo-rtags frq. 5. gift, present, resp. 
 pyag - rtdgs. 6. any mark for denoting 
 grammatical distinctions, such as termi- 
 nations etc., ni f.; rtags )ug-pa using such 
 marks, making grammatical distinctions, 
 seems to imply about the same thing 
 as our etymology, the etymological part of 
 grammar. rtags-yig 1. stamp, type(?) Cs. 
 2. letter of recommendation, credentials W. 
 *tay-ril* W., lot, *tag-ril tdn-ce* to cast 
 or draw lots (a half-religious proceeding) 
 cf. rgyan. 
 
 rtdb-pa, also rtab-rtdb-pa, and stab- 
 pa, to be in a hurry, to be con- 
 fused, frightened, in a state of alarm, e.g. 
 of fowl frightened by some cause (Zam. = 
 bred-pa); rtdb-po adj.; stab-stdb-por son-nas 
 having become quite startled and con- 
 founded Ptli.\ rtab-rtob sbst., rtab-rtob-tu 
 nan - du pyin - te she ran into the house 
 in haste (full of joy) Mil.; rtab-rtdb-la ra 
 mi O dren I cannot help you with such speed 
 Mil. nt. It is also spelled brtabs-pa. 
 
 rtds-pa v. brtd-ba. 
 
 rtig-gi Ts. for rteu, foal, colt. 
 
 p- rtin (in more recent literature and col.) 
 what is behind or after, with regard 
 to space, and more particularly to time, 
 rtin-du, rtin- la, rtin-na adv. afterwards, 
 rtin-du bc6s-so they were made afterwards, 
 were added later Glr. ; postp. c. genit., or 
 less corr. c. accus. , after ; byon rtifi - la 
 after their appearance l^th., byufi-rtiii after 
 he has cornel/?'/.; de- rtin -la after that 
 Glr.; *tin.-ne (jdn-ce* W. to follow, to come 
 after or later; rtin-ma adj. and sbst. the 
 last Tar.; ytdm-gyi rtin-ma yin this is my 
 last, my farewell-speech Glr.\ without ma: 
 *dus tin zig-na* W. some day hereafter, 
 some future day; * tin-ma zag, tin- ma nyi-
 
 213 
 
 rten-pa 
 
 ma* W. the following day; * tin -jug* re- 
 maining part, the last remainder, *di-rin 
 )a fin-jug len soil* W. to-day I have used 
 the last of my tea. rtm-pa 1. the end, 
 extremity, lowest part, e.g. of a stick Glr.; 
 gen.: 2. the heel of the foot, rtin-lcags a 
 spur, rtin-lcags rgytib-pa to prick with 
 the spurs, to spur; rtm-cu the Achilles- 
 tendon. 
 
 |q-rj- rtib-pa, pf. brtibs, fut. brtib, imp. 
 i-fib(s) to break or pull down (cf. 
 rdib-pa). 
 
 0^* rt-iu, sometimes for rteu, a foal. 
 
 gcrra* '%-/> ! excrement, dirt rtug-skdm 
 ,4 ' or -staw dry excrements j|fd. ; rgyal- 
 srid rtug-pa bzin-du dor-ba to throw off 
 royalty like dirt Ptlt.; rtug - pa pyis - pai 
 rdo a stone for wiping one's self Mil. 
 2. C. wind, flatulence. 3, (b)rtug v. sub 
 fogs-pa. 
 
 i'tun-ba, pf. brtuiis, fut. brtun, also 
 stun-ba, to make shorter, to shorten, 
 to contract, e.g. a rope, a dress; ynyd-ba 
 brtuns his neck is contracted Mng. 
 ** -/-ftm v. /taw; rtun-ril a trituration- 
 
 rtun-pa, brtun-pa, diligence, rtun-pa 
 skyed-pa to be diligent Zam. Cf. 
 d&n-pa. 
 
 fQJ'cf rt l~P-> or rtul-ba, blunt, dull, mfson- 
 <, rfei a blunt weapon 6s. ; gen. fig. : 
 dbdn-po rtul-po (opp. to rnon-po or vwd- 
 6a sharp, and Jbrin-po middling) dullness, 
 stupidity, imbecility of mind; dull, stupid; 
 blo-rtul weak intellect. (b)rtul -pod-pa 
 (^Y?r) boldness, courage; bold, brave Dzl. 
 j&n- 'teM foal, colt, /^<?M O bran-ba to bring 
 ") forth a colt, to foal Cs. 
 LT- rten (cf. the next article) that which 
 ' contains, keeps, or supports a thing, 
 1. a hold, support, esp. in compounds: ka- 
 rten the plinth or base of a pillar 6s.; 
 rkan-rten (resp. zabs-rtcn) a foot-stool 6s.; 
 zu-rten a present given to support a suppli- 
 cation, and never omitted by Orientals 
 when making a petition; *s<mi-t('n* W. token, 
 keep-sake ; esp. a visible representation, 
 
 a statue or figure of Buddha or of other 
 divine beings, which the pious may take 
 hold of, and to which their devotions are 
 more immediately directed (v. the ex- 
 planation in Glr. chp. II, init.) 2. re- 
 ceptacle, resp. yduh-rten, for the bones or 
 relics of a saint, mcod-rten for oblations, 
 v. mcod-pa, compounds; rig- pai rten re- 
 ceptacle of the soul, i.e. the body &///.; 
 rig-pa rten-med-pa , rten dan brdl-ba the 
 houseless, bodiless soul Thgi;; jig-rten v. 
 ojig\ snyin ni fse srog sems - kyi rten the 
 heart is the seat of life and of the soul 
 Mng.; seat, abode, residence, of a deity, 
 sanctuary, temple (Dzl.}, shrine, rtin-gyi 
 ytso-bo the deity residing in a shrine Glr. ; 
 visible representation, symbol, of divine ob- 
 jects or beings, esp. the rten ysum: sku- 
 rten an image of Buddha, ysuh-rten symbol 
 of the doctrine, gen. consisting in a volume 
 of the holy writings, fitgs-rten symbol of 
 grace, a pyramid, Kopp. II, 294. Hence 
 rten might very suitably be used for denoting 
 the material element in the Christian sacra- 
 ments, viz. the water, and the bread and 
 wine. 3. present, gift, prop, for zu-rfni 
 (v. sub no. 1), and then in a more general 
 sense, resp. pyag-rten, W., for pyag-rtdgs', 
 also offering, oblation. 4. sex, specified 
 as male, female, or hermaphrodite, in- 
 dependently of age S.g. ; sometimes com- 
 prising age S.g.\ or denoting age alone, 
 as child, man, old man Lt.; calling, situation 
 in life Tar. 163, 15 (where gyi ought to 
 be changed into m) 176, 15; 178, 18; some 
 compounds follow still at the end of the 
 next article. 
 
 r ^' n ~P a ! v b-> pf- an d fut- brten, 
 imp. rton (brti'nt), to keep, to hold, 
 to adhere to, to lean on, J}.dr-ba-la on a 
 staff Pth. ; kd-ba-la against a pillar; /<!;/- 
 pa O grdm-pa-la to lean one's head on om-'s 
 hand, in meditating Dzl. ; fig. to depend 
 or rely on, brten-pai bld-ma the priest to 
 whom one holds; sn//t/t-/(t rii'-n-pti to keep 
 to the fat, i.e. to eat much fat Mt-d. ; /. r /v//- 
 pai ms-/" to be given, addicted, to sciiMml- 
 ity; *<?/ ftiii-H'ti iiii'n'i- i><t-lu ti'ii-in"' < . it
 
 214 
 
 -3rJ* rten-pa 
 
 * rt6gs-pa 
 
 one is intent on watering ; O fso - ba dka - 
 sub -la v. dkd-ba compounds; Kyed-kyis 
 ysun-ba-la brten-nas following, obeying 
 (your) orders Glr. ; hai nus-pa-la rten-nas 
 relying on my strength, i.e. by the help 
 of my strength (you will be able to get 
 to that place) Mil.; hence (b) rten-nas is 
 frq. used for: in consequence of, with re- 
 spect to, concerning etc. : rkyen de-la rten- 
 nas in consequence of this event (the doc- 
 trine spread) Tar. 8, 1; *gha-la ten-nas* 
 why? wherefore? 6'.; yul Kydd-par-can-la 
 rten-nas (to sin) with regard to a noble 
 object Thgy.\ to hang on, to depend on, to 
 arise or issue from; rteit -par Jbrel-ba v. 
 rten- brel; to be near, to border on, *ten-te 
 yod* W. (the two villages) are contiguous 
 to each other; = y tad -pa, ston-pa to 
 be directed, to be situated, to lie towards, 
 lho-pyogs-la to be situated towards the south 
 Sambh. ; ^od-zer-la rten-nas fzigs-pa to look 
 after or pursue with one's eye a ray of 
 light, like ytod-pa I. 3. Cf. sten-pa. 
 2. sbst. that which holds, keeps up. /<///"/- 
 poi rten-pao (these) are the supports of 
 kings Dzl.\ brten-pa rus-pai ynds-luys bstdn- 
 pa 'the doctrine of the hold-giving bones', 
 osteology Mng. 3. adj . attached to, faithful C. 
 Comp. rten-grogs, fse hril-por O groys-pai 
 rten- grogs perh. erron. for y tan-grogs. 
 rten-ynas Gram.: the case which denotes 
 the place of a thing or person, the locative. 
 rten-Jbrel, or in full: rten-par O brel-bar 
 ^yur-ba or Q byun-ba ; the coming to pass 
 in continuous connection' (the explanation 
 of Burn. 1 , 623 is grammatically not quite 
 correct) i.e.: 1. in a general sense: the 
 connection between cause and effect; in a 
 special sense, the Buddhist doctrine of 
 the rten-Jbrel bcu-ynyis^ rmT; the twelve 
 causes of existence Wdk. 551 (with illus- 
 trations); SchL 23, Burn. I. 485, Kopp. 
 I. , 609. 2. the auspices of an undertaking, 
 in as much as the complete knowledge of 
 the causal connection of things implies also 
 a certain prescience of future events; rten- 
 Jbrel rtog-pa to investigate the auspices, 
 ses-pa to know them, (a physician e.g., 
 
 when treating a patient, must try to find 
 out the auspices) Med.; rtm-Jbrel bzan or 
 legs good auspices, nan bad auspices, frq.; 
 so also frq. col. rten-nia prop, support, 
 pillar S.g., *ten-sin* W. a pole used as a 
 prop ; rten-sa Mil. ? 
 
 Fqrcrra- -rtog-ge-ba frnD the act of argu- 
 ing, reasoning; dialectics Cs.\ Kelt. 
 distrust, suspicion (?); Ka-bsdd rtog-gei slob- 
 dpon seems to describe a teacher who talks 
 in a hypocritical manner with a mere ap- 
 pearance of wisdom. rtog-ge-pa an ar- 
 guer, disputer, reasoner, dialectician Cs. 
 ~&rn' rtog-pa I. vb., pf. brtags (rtogs q.v.), 
 brtof/y imp. rtog(s), 1. to consider, 
 examine, search into, look through, cca. 
 (also dat.), brtags -na mi ses though one 
 meditates (upon the soul), one cannot un- 
 derstand or fathom it Mil.; frq. with a 
 single or double indirect question: to exa- 
 mine whether (or whether not); brtag- 
 dpyod (or rtog-fzig) yton-ba Pth , Mil. id.; 
 brtags - dpyod examination, trial Zam.; c. 
 terrain, to discern, to recognize as, e.g. ml "//*- 
 par brtag it is ascertained to be bile, to 
 be caused by bile Med.; so - sor rtog-pa 
 Stg. prob. to recognize as being different. 
 2. to muse, to ruminate, to trouble one's 
 head about a thing, which is considered 
 a fault much to be guarded against, and 
 the more so, as religious faith as well as 
 meditation require the mind to be strictly 
 directed and entirely devoted to the one 
 subject in question; hence ma-rtog tm- dzin 
 Mil. contemplation without any disturbing 
 reflections and by-thoughts; cf. no. II. 
 3. v. dog-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. consideration, deliberation, 
 reflection, cf. I., 2; rtog-pa skye-ba, rtog- 
 pa-la jug-pa to reflect on a thing, to in- 
 dulge in musings Dzl. 2. scruple, hesi- 
 tation, rtog-pa skyes-te, to grow doubtful, 
 hesitating Mil.; rtog^-pa^-med^-pd) simple, 
 unsophisticated; simplicity; singleness of 
 heart. de-la rtog-^ug mi byed Glr. he 
 does not meddle with that. 
 
 rt 9 s -p a (p r P- the pf. of rtd</-jt. 
 
 like novi of nosco) 1. vb. to per-
 
 IK"J* rind -fin 
 
 215 
 
 ceive, to know, to understand, dpydd-na ma 
 rings -so they did not understand, though 
 they inquired into it Dzl ; rtogs-par ^y&r- 
 ba to obtain information, to convince one's 
 self of a thing Dzl.; rtogs-par byed-pa to 
 teach, to demonstrate, to convince a per- 
 son of Dzl.', md-rtogs-pa stupid, ignorant; 
 ignorance Mil. 2. sbst. (but in Tibetan 
 always construed as an infinitive with the 
 accus. inst. of the genit, and with an adv. 
 inst. of an adj.) knowledge, perception, cog- 
 nition, frq.; sems rtogs-pa the knowledge 
 of (one's own) soul Mil.; muon-par rtogs- 
 P a (^rf*WrsO clear understanding or per- 
 ception, in modern Buddhism the same as 
 stoii-pa-nyid Trig. 21. rtogs-pa -can, 
 rtoi.js-ld.dn rich in knowledge Mil. rtogs- 
 (pa) br)6d(-pa}, for -flc^H cf. Burn. I. 64, 
 a moral legend. rtogs-spyod theory and 
 practise, rtogs-spyod byed-pa to know and 
 to do, rtogs-spyod la mfcds-pa theoretically 
 and practically religious. rtogs- dod-can 
 desirous of knowing or learning, inquisitive 
 Mil. Sometimes for fogs-pa. 
 
 '-tod-pa, rUd-ya, 
 btod-pa 1. sbst., 
 
 also rtod-pur, a stake, in the ground, for 
 tcddering a horse, for securing a boat etc. ; 
 a peg, in a wall, for hanging up things; 
 liod-fag a tedder (v. btod-pa); rtod-pa 
 brgydb-pa to drive in a stake or peg 
 2. vb. to tedder, fasten, secure Dzl. 
 
 pa , brtdn -pa, 
 with or without yid, ccd., to place confi- 
 dence in a person, to rely on. 
 "q* rt l * cos-rtil Tar. 164, 20, Schf. the 
 pith or marrow of a doctrine; rtol- 
 skyes-kyi ses-pa Mil.? brtol-ses-pa Tar. 
 197, 8, Schf. to know thoroughly. 
 
 rtol Cs., rtol-gog Lex. w.e.; Sch. : a 
 bastard, an animal of a mixed breed, 
 rtol-po a male, rtol-mo a female bastard 
 Cs.; ace. to Desgodins the cross-breed of 
 a yak-bull and a O gar-mo. Cf. Itor. 
 
 rtol-ba, pf. 'brtol (Ld. *st6l-ce*) 1. 
 to bore, to pierce, to bore into, cci. 
 & t., %. ; to bore through, to perforate cca., 
 
 a board etc., sgo-na the shell of an egg (of 
 chickens creeping out) Sch., to open (an 
 abscess) by a puncture; to make an incision; 
 *bi-gah* W. to bore a hole. 2. to come to, 
 to get to. to arrive at, ynds-su to (at) a place 
 LAP. (cog. to fdl-ba, fel-bd); yon8- dt-brtol 
 Lex. w.e.; Tar. 30, 22, Schf.: mft^T^i. 
 the coral-tree, Erythrina indica; also a tree 
 of paradise. (In Dzl. ?&$, 13 the manuscript 
 of Kyelang has: d< : -d(i(/-/<t$ rtol-ba it out- 
 passed them). 
 
 oj' Ita 1. more correctly blta, v. sub Itd- 
 > ba, I. l., we will see, Mil., frq. 2. 
 in various phrases and expressions , in 
 which its special signification is no longer 
 clearly discernible : a. Ita ci swos Dzl. and 
 elsewh., the most frq. form, Ita smos bi 
 dgos Thgy , Ita smos ci O fsal (eleg.) Stg., 
 W. more distinctly : *lta dgos ci yod*, also 
 *zer dgos ci yod\ far from, not to mention, 
 to say nothing of, how much less, how much 
 more; with a preceding infinitive or noun : 
 O di-dag O dul-ba Ita ci smos to say nothing 
 of the conversion of these! how much 
 easier is it to convert these! Dzl.; f o-skol 
 Ita ci smos how much more we! Thgi/.; 
 Ita zog is much the same : lo zld - ba Ita 
 zog to say nothing of years and months; 
 *tar zog, td-la zog* C. id. b. the word 
 is frq. used after participles or adjectives 
 ending with pa, when, judging in each 
 case from the connection in which it hap- 
 pens to stand, it may be deemed equiva- 
 lent to: evidently, indeed, thus then etc., 
 spoken either with emphasis, or ironically, 
 or in a sorrowful tone. As it is next to 
 impossible to learn from the Tibetans the 
 exact import of those little words, which 
 slightly modify the grammatical and logi- 
 cal relations of a sentence, European trans- 
 lators have generally passed them over. 
 Cf. Dzl. ?x>, 18, ?c^s, 2 (where a shad 
 ought to be added), L4-, 7 (whero */,- menus 
 though), ^sSG, 18; Tar. 7,17,11). In Dzl. 
 ?Q%, 1 Ita, in accordance with the munu- 
 >cri|it of Kyelang, is to be omitted. c. 
 like, as. (Ifd-ba sbst. abstr.. Itu-lut ndj., 
 Iti'i-bur or ffur adv.), dii-lxt ltd -bur i/<>d-
 
 216 
 
 ltd-ba 
 
 pa zig one having the nature or the co- 
 lour of smoke Glr. ; rta bcus rgyug-pa Itd- 
 bui sgra a noise as if ten horses were gal- 
 loping Glr. ; . . . ltd-bu mKds-pa zig a man 
 as wise as ... DzL; pa-md ltd-bur gyur- 
 to he was (to him) like a father DzL; bai 
 dzi-ma ltd-bu dan Iddn-te having eye- 
 lashes like those of a cow Stg. ; ron-la mi- 
 mK6-ba bit-la byin-pa ltd-bu ma yin not 
 as if she (the mother) would give her child 
 only what she does not want herself Thgy. ; 
 zes-pa ltd-buo is the usual expression for 
 quoting a passage from an author, and 
 always follows the quotation; Kyod, nd-lta- 
 bu min you are not my equal, and also: 
 you are not in my situation Mil-, O di-lta- 
 bu, de-lta-bu, one like him, such a one 
 as he; ci-lta-bu what sort of? sans-rgyas 
 ses byd-ba ci-lta-bu yin the so-called 
 Buddha, what sort of being is he? what 
 is meant by 'Buddha'? DzL ci-lta-bu-la 
 bskal-pa zes bgyi what sort of a thing is 
 called 'Kalpa : ? ji-lta-ba \.ji\ji-lta-bu 
 of what kind, as a rel. pron. Sometimes 
 Ita alone is used for Ita-bu: ttyod-lta your 
 eqnalJtftZ.; so prob. also in the passage 
 Dzl.^&V^-, where yod-pa Ita ci mfon 
 would be = yod-pa ltd-bu gan mfon (better 
 than taking Ita ci mfon for Ita ci smos 
 Schf.'). In DzL 3V^, 13, and ^V, 3 Itd- 
 zig is prob. to be altered into Itd-zog, v. 
 sub a, 2, above. d. Ita is sometimes a 
 mere expletive, e.g. in dd-lta (v. da), and 
 after the conditional na (DzL 9&Q, 1 ; V, 
 b ; 2/3, 16, %VL, b.). 
 
 nj-jn* ltd-ba I. vb., pf. bltas, fut. blta, imp. 
 * Itos, blta, resp. yzigs-pa (cf. Itos-pa) 
 1. to look (as an act of the will, cf. mfon-ba), 
 to view, often withm?//, ormig-gis (v. below); 
 bltds-na mi mfon though you look (for it) 
 you do not see it Mil.; *ndn-tan zib-ca 
 Itos* Ld. look at it accurately ! *to sig* C. 
 look (before you)! have your eyes open! 
 *to sig nygn cig* C. attention! mind! be 
 careful! ltd -bos cog mi ses I never can 
 look enough at it; with nas: to look from 
 or through, sgo-seri-nas (to peep) through 
 the narrow opening of a door Tar.; bltd- 
 
 ltd-ba 
 
 na sditg-pa pleasing when looked upon, 
 charming to look at; also n. of the city 
 of gods on the Rirab Stg. y and of one of 
 the seven golden mountains around the 
 Rirab Glr.; ltd-i*u son go there and look 
 (at it)! *lta-la ton* W. let me look (at it)! 
 show it me! pan-fsun-du ltd-ba to look 
 around DzL; * cog-cog-la* , or *y<_>-yon-la* 
 col. id.; pyi mig, or pyir (to look) back 
 DzL; *pi mig log lta-ce*, or *)in-pa yyiti'- 
 te Itd-ce* W. id.; to inspect, ccd., rarely 
 c.o^irq. Glr., DzL; Kyed mi -nus- pa-la 
 bltds-na if one views, considers, your in- 
 ability DzL; nas ma bltas-na if I do not 
 inspect it Glr.; *ghdn-la te run* C. whatever 
 one may fix his eyes upon = whatever it 
 may be; to look after or into, to revise, to 
 examine, to try, rtsa ltd-ba to feel a person's 
 pulse Med.\ pdn-nam blta I will see, if 1 
 can help Mil. ; also : I will see , whether 
 it has done good ; su ce blta let us see who 
 is taller Mil. ; e' fsud Itos sig see , if you 
 can put it through Glr.; rtin-sor blta we 
 shall see that afterwards Mil.; ydn- dag- 
 par ltd-ba to examine or search into mi- 
 nutely Mil.; *fsod ltd-ba* in col. language 
 is the expression most in use for to examine. 
 to put to the proof, to test, to try, to 
 sound etc. Lastly, as a mere act of the 
 mind: to meditate, reflect, muse, ponder, 
 investigate, du O dug blta let us see how 
 many there are Mil. ; Ita rtog byed-pa, or 
 ytoh-ba Mil. to investigate closely. Also 
 in a mystic sense, v. sgom -pa 1,2. 
 2. ccd. (or accus.) and termin. , to look 
 upon a thing as, ses-pa-la zog-tu to look 
 upon knowledge as deceitful; dkon-mcog 
 ysum mi bden-par ltd-ba to think the three 
 treasures to be untrue, not real, = not to 
 believe in them. 3. c. dat. (rarely termin.) : 
 to have regard to, to pay attention to, to 
 take notice of, and with a negative : to be 
 indifferent to, not to care about, srog-la mi 
 ltd-ba not to care about one's life (from 
 heroism or desperation). 4. to be situated 
 or directed towards, mdo ni nub-tu Ita the 
 lower part of the valley is situated towards 
 the west. 5. nas bltds-pa in my opinion;
 
 217 
 
 Ifafj-ltin 
 
 na-la bltds-na(s), or rten-nas, with regard 
 to me, as for me, for my sake Glr. ; fzdn- 
 ma-rnams-la bltds-pas as far as the others 
 are concerned, with regard to the others 
 Glr. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. the act of looking, beholding, 
 v. I, 1. 2.; ltd-ba yam-sin circumspect Glr. 
 - 2. contemplation (mystical) v. sgom-pa 
 I, -2. 3. (^far) opinion, doctrine, theory, 
 philosophical system, school (in Tibetan a 
 verb, cf. rtdgs-pa II), rtdy-par ltd-ba the 
 theory of perpetual duration (of earthly 
 things); nan-par ltd-ba a false opinion, = 
 Ita-log. 
 
 Comp. lta-nyul-pa a spy, scout, Ita- 
 nyul btjed-pa to spy, to explore, v. nyul- 
 ba. Ita-stdhs, resp. yzig-stdits Pth. the 
 look, or manner of looking, air, mien, zi- 
 bai Ita-stdns a mild look, or countenance, 
 Cs.; Kro-bai Ita-stdns an angry or fierce 
 look Cs. ; esp. the magical and powerful 
 look of a saint, Ita-stdns sig mdzdd-pa to 
 cast such a magical look Mil. ; Ita-stdns- 
 la bziigs-pa., Ita-stdns - kyi ndn-nas cd-ba 
 Mil. to sit, or stride along, with such a 
 look, i.e. with great solemnity of deport- 
 ment, as of one in a trance; Ita-stdns-bzi 
 the four magical looks, viz.: O gugs-pai Ita- 
 stdiis the attracting look, skrod-pai Ita- 
 stdns the repulsive look, Ihun-bai Ita-stans 
 the precipitating , look , rens-pai Ita-stdns 
 the paralyzing look Cs.; also sen-gei, gldit- 
 po-ce'i Ita-stdns-kyis yzigs-pa to look at a 
 person with a lion's look, with an elephant's 
 look. Ita-log, in later lit. and col. log- 
 lta, false sentiment, not only false doctrine, 
 heresy, but any irreligious impulses of the 
 mind, perverse and sinful thoughts, e.g. 
 log-lta skyes-te is used for conspiring against 
 a person's life Glr., giving way to doubt 
 or weakness of faith Glr., falling in love 
 with a woman Pth.', mi-la log-lta byc>d-pa 
 to slander, to abuse a person Glr. 
 
 " Itag-Uin puff-ball Sch. 
 
 ltdg-pa 1. the back part of the neck, 
 nape Mcrl. and elsewh., frq. 2. the 
 upper part or place, yral-gyi- of the divan, 
 
 Udd-mo 
 
 the seat of honour Dzl. 3. the back, 
 .</// - Itag the back of a knife. 4. Itag 
 f9 s yyur - ba to turn upside down Dzl. ; 
 Hag-nof*), Itag, above, sgo-ltag above the 
 door, gron-ltag dgon-pa Mil. the convent 
 above and behind the village, the front- 
 side of the houses being gen. turned to- 
 wards the valley and the river; thus 'be- 
 hind' is equivalent to 'higher up'; lf>i</- 
 na-med-pa (of rare occurrence) for l>ld- 
 na-med-pa the highest, ^ror; ft"!/ *!<'<''- 
 ba to strangle, to suffocate Glr. ; Itag ycod- 
 pa 1. Cs. to cut off a man's neck, to 
 behead. 2. W. to make a person change 
 his mind, to alter his sentiments; *r l>- 
 la gyog-pa tag cad yin* I hope I shall 
 talk him out of it, shall dissuade him from 
 doing it; Itag nyal-ba to lie backward Sch. 
 Comp. Itag - sgo the back - door of a 
 house, v. above. Itag-ycod or -cdd 1 . de- 
 capitation, 2. Mi.: changeable, fickle, in- 
 constant. ltag-cu Med.; Sch.: 'sinew of the 
 neck, the covering of the neck'. Itag- 
 mdud Sch., Itag-sdud Lt. , the hole in the 
 occiput, the connexion of the brain with 
 the spinal marrow. ltdg-spu neck-hair, 
 mane, of the horse, of the lion IA. - Glr. 
 ltdg-ma what is uppermost, e.g. 'words 
 written over other words. 
 fajr- Itou 1. a bale of goods, carried on 
 ' one side of a beast of burden, half 
 a load, Itan ynyis two bales, or a whole 
 load. 2. also Iten, W.: through, quite 
 through, *pi-sta-ne ndit-lu I tail foil dug* 
 one sees from the outside into the interior; 
 *ltan bug ton* bore through! *ltan fon-te 
 ca dug* he is passing through, he does 
 not make a stay here. Cf. tot'i. 
 
 ltdd-mo, col. also *ltdn-mo* } n-^|i. 
 yzigs-mo, the looking on, a sight, 
 scene, spectacle, ltdd-mo -la O fsogs they 
 came together in order to look on Glr. ; 
 ltdd-mo ltd-ba to look at a scene, to be 
 an eye-witness; ltdd-mo ltd-bai sa a place 
 where there is something to be seen : a 
 theatre. Itdd-mo-Kaii a playhouse, ex- 
 hibition, puppet-show etc. Udd-mo-pa 
 
 /'///., *ltdtl-Hin-ft,i-nn'*. 'I
 
 218 
 
 hob-pa 
 
 QJX- I 
 > 
 
 W., a spectator, a visitor; ltdd-mo-ml>an, 
 ltdd-mo ston-pa a showman, actor, mimic 
 etc. yron-yul-yyi ltdd-mo ma dran ziy 
 Mil, forgot the scenes of village life! 
 
 ltdb-pa, pf. bltabs, flit, bltab, imp. 
 Itob (W. *ltabs to/i*), to fold or 
 r up, to lay or put together, *kijan- 
 tab, n; t i-tab tab-ce* W. to fold single, to 
 fold double; ysum-ltab byed-pa to fold or 
 bend together threefold, e.g. a corpse pre- 
 vious to cremation; ltdb-ma Cs. a fold, 
 crease, plait; Itab-yri a clasp knife 
 
 ltdm ( s )'P a > P f - b ltams, fit. 
 bltam, 1. to be full, also ytdms- 
 pa. 2. resp. to be born, skyed-pai yab 
 dan bltdms-pai yum the father by whom 
 one is begotten, and the mother by whom 
 one is born Pth. 
 
 Itar 1. also bltar, supine of ltd - ba, 
 in order to see; bfodr-ruA-ba visible; 
 Sch.: 'pleasing to the eye 1 ; yan ltdr-na 
 yan, ci ltdr-na yan, be that as it may 
 Glr. 2. postp. c. a., like, as, after the 
 manner of, ri-ltar like a mountain; pyay 
 byed-pa Itar byed-pa to make a saluting 
 gesture Glr. ; no - ses run mi ses -pa Itar 
 byas although they knew . . ., they affected 
 not to know... Mil.; O bral mi pod -pa 
 Itar yod-na yan being like one that cannot 
 part with, = being scarcely able to part 
 with, Glr. ; Itar sndn - ba to appear like, 
 hence prob. Itar -sndn appearance, simi- 
 larity Sch., (Lex. w.e.); lun-bstan-pa Itar 
 (to do a thing) in conformity with a pre- 
 diction Tar.; also ltdr-na, and ltdr-du, 
 mi-lo ltdr-na . . . yod computed by human 
 or terrestrial years it amounts to.. . Thyy.; 
 bod-rnams ltdr-na according to Tibetan 
 (sources) Tar.; ci-ltar(-nd) how? in what 
 manner or way? ci-ltar also serves to 
 paraphrase the English 'so that 1 , e.g. 'he 
 played so that all were enraptured' is thus 
 expressed : he played how did he play? 
 all were enraptured; )i-ltar(-na) as ji-lta 
 ji-ltar . . . de-lta de-ltar Sambh. even as ... 
 so; O di-ltar, de-ltar^-na) so, thus, in that 
 manner; O di-ltar mi ryan Icyod such an 
 old fellow as you are ; frq. also in referring 
 
 <lp Iten 
 
 to the words of others, where we use 'that' : 
 de-ltar bden-na if that is true. 
 
 Itar-ltar-po Lex., Cs. : of a liquid 
 nature, as an embryo first in 
 the womb. 
 
 Itas prognostic, omen, more distinctive 
 s/id-ltas; miraculous sign, miracle, pro- 
 digy, more accurately: no-mfsdr-bai Itas; 
 bkra-sis-pai Itas a propitious omen; rmi- 
 Itas bzdn-po a good sign in a dream l*th.; 
 dye -Itas a favourable sign; ndn-ltds, or 
 Itas - nan a bad sign DzL ; ltds - mkan a 
 soothsayer, fortune-teller; Itas ston-pa to 
 soothsay Cs. 
 
 oj*^* iti-ri pitcher Sch. 
 
 iy-fuii C. a person of small stature, 
 i perh. a corruption of Ite-fun. 
 
 Itib-pa to fall through Sch. 
 
 Itir-ba v. Idir-ba. 
 -> 
 
 ojT-q- ltuii-ba 1. vb., pf. Ihuii, to fall, to 
 fall off, down, into; fig.: mfo-ba de 
 yan mfar Ihun-no what is high will finally 
 fall down DzL ; more esp. to fall into sin, 
 to commit sin, hence nyes-ltun an actual 
 sin, a sinful deed, Itun-byed a transgression, 
 crime; also ndn-son-du (v. O yro-ba I, 5), 
 or dmydl - bar to fall into damnation. 
 2. sbst. the fall, esp. the moral fall, Itiin- 
 bas f/6s-pa polluted by sin; liuu-ba bsdys- 
 pa confession of sin. 
 %*q* Ite-ba 1. navel-string, umbilical cord, 
 * yc6d-pa to cut it Med. 2. navel. 
 Ite-bai Kun(bu) Lt. id. ; yld-bai lte-ba musk- 
 bag. 3. the middle of a thing, centre. 
 dkytt-Jfor-yyi of a circle; mu-Uyud ysum- 
 yyi lie-bar in the middle of three (con- 
 centric) circles Lt.; ran-fdy-yi lte-ba the 
 axle-tree of a water-wheel Glr.; sai lte-ba 
 the centre of the earth, in the opinion of 
 the natives: Tibet; also cognomen of se- 
 veral fabulous kings of Tibet Kopp. II., 52. 
 
 lte-ba yzuii-rdh Lhasa, or, in a more 
 special sense, the palace of the Dalai Lama 
 
 - Ite-tuy W. = * tig- fu it* C. 
 5j_. Itch \. v. Itah. 2. Iteii-ryyds n. of 
 
 ' a Buddha.
 
 219 
 
 /frw-/;a pool, pond Zte/. 
 
 Mb-pa (cog. to ltdb-pa), to double 
 down, to turn in, ?nfa, or sne-mo to 
 hem, by turning in the edge, cf. sne-mo. 
 
 <33TO" l t<yn wyy ait numour ? whim, caprice, 
 3* Item-ryydii byed-pa to be whim- 
 sical or capricious Cs. 
 mxj-r]* Item-pa the state of being full, e.g. 
 a vessel full of water; full, overflowing, 
 l1('in-po full; Item-Item so full that it runs 
 over. 
 
 ft? Ito, seldom ltd-ba (6'., Alii.) 1. food, 
 ^ victuals, lto(b)za-ba 1. to eat, /to yaw 
 Twa 20s he did not eat anything Glr.; 2. 
 to gain or get one's living 6'.; /fo'-Z fo/m 
 give him to eat! Lt.; lug -la Ito ster feed 
 the sheep; Ito yyo-ba to prepare food Mil.; 
 *to nyo srog (son* C. he risks his life in 
 order to procure food; yla-lto wages and 
 food; Ito-gos, Ito-ryydb, food and clothes 
 Mi/.; Ito - rgyab - skyid Lex. prob. food, 
 clothes, and good health (comfort); *dha 
 to-ce za yyu yin* C. now I will go and 
 eat (something). Ito- CUM, Ito-rdn Sch.: 
 a person temperate in eating. lto- dun- 
 can an epicure, parasite, sponger. Ito- 
 ziii provision ground which a person re- 
 ceives for his subsistence. zim-lto-can 
 dainty -mouthed, lickerish. -- 2. goat's 
 beard, Tragopogon, used as a kitchen- 
 vegetable. 
 
 ?|fb* Itd-l>> belly, stomach; also the belly 
 of a bottle; ltd-ba sd-la O bebs-pa to 
 prostrate one's self. 
 
 Comp. Ito-gdfi a full belly, also: with 
 a full belly or stomach. lto- gro, Itos- 
 (/>-6 I. moving or creeping on the belly, 
 a worm, a snake. 2. symb. num.: 8. - 
 lto(-ba)- yrdy(-pa) Cs.: 'belly-fretting, a 
 nervous excitement of the belly'. Ito- 
 stoii with an empty stomach, jejune, empty. 
 - Ito-ldir belly of a vessel, ltd- Idir-can 
 swelling out, bellied, like vessels. Itd- 
 na-ba, Ito-zuy stomach-ache. lto- pyc 
 crawling or creeping on the belly, a snake; 
 lto- pye cen-po, fjd\^\, a fabulous monster 
 of the serpent kind, similar to the klu. 
 
 Itrxj-odre a demon Sch.; <!,>- 
 * 
 
 Itugs prob. the same 
 
 I- ltogs-pa I. vb. 1. to be hungry, 
 /fii</x-so I am hungry Cs., ltoys-su 
 O bor-ba to suffer a person to hunger, to 
 starve Dzl. 2. Sch.: to regret, Itoys nyal 
 ma byeb do not always lie in grief and 
 regret! Sch.(f); Itoys-par bzugs-pa resp. 
 to be full of regret. 
 
 II. sbst. hunger. 
 
 III. adj. hungry, se'ms-can ltogs-pa- imams 
 Dzl.; Itoys-par ^gyitr-ha to grow hungry; 
 Itogs - gri Mil , col. *lt6g - ri* W. hunger, 
 *na(-la) ltog-ri rag* 1 am hungry, *kyod 
 (-la) ltog-ri rag* you are hungry, *Ko 
 U6g-pa yod* he is hungry. Itogs - pyinj 
 hunger (i.e. poverty) and wealth Glr. - 
 Itog-tsor the feeling of hunger, Itogs -(nor 
 ce I am very hungry Mil. 
 
 ItoH-ga notch, incision, indentation. 
 
 ntdu - Itoii the notch in an arrow; 
 a depression, ri-ton in a ridge of moun- 
 tains, la-ton the indentation of a mountain- 
 pass. 
 
 fjSfc^T Ito-fis summit Alii, frq. 
 
 fjW" Itob v. ltdb-pa. 
 
 1^' Itor, sras-ltor a bastard prince Glr. 
 
 <^T Itos 1. v. Ita-ba. 2. Sch.=}tos. 
 
 ltos-pa 1. vb., = ltd-ba, to look at, 
 
 on, or to, ccd., ynyen-po-la ma 
 Itos -par without looking to a spiritual 
 guide Thgy.; Kyod d< ; -/<i //< //// <l<ios-pa 
 ziy yin you need not care for that Mil.; 
 re - zin Itos - pa Glr. to look at (a thing) 
 hopefully; de-la ltos-na if I look at, con- 
 sider, this Alii, if one compares this with . . . 
 Thyy.; *(s)nd-ltos ci-cug($) tsdn-ma <\'>- 
 Kan* W. a person acting with great cir- 
 cumspection. 2. sbst. the looking at or 
 on, ltos-pa med-par without looking at it 
 (e.g. in playing at dice); relation, respect, 
 regard 6s. 
 
 sta-gon preparation, arrangement. 
 
 xtu - yon l>i/(\l - JHI to make prepa- 
 rations, to prrpan-, arrange, fit out; /s6-
 
 220 
 
 sta-zwr 
 
 bai sta- yon-la bzens he rose to make pre- 
 parations for dinner Mil. 
 
 sta-ziir hip, hip-bone, e.g. as the 
 seat of strength Mil." std-zur yan- 
 cdd from the hip upward Dzl. 
 Kj-x' sta-ri W, originally sta-yri Mil. and 
 ^ 6'., sta-re B., axe, hatchet; dgrd-sta 
 battle-axe Lex.; star-ltdy Cs. the back of 
 an axe or hatchet, star - miy the hole for 
 putting the handle in, star-yu the handle, 
 star-so the edge of an axe. 
 jn- stay 1. tiger, ryya-stdy the Bengal 
 ' ' tiger Mil.', stay-pruy a young tiger, 
 stdy-mo a tigress; stay-fsdn a tiger's den; 
 stay - ris the stripes of a tiger's skin. 
 2. Tar. 166, 2? 
 
 xjqi'xxr stay-cds Mil. utensils carried by 
 men about them, such as a knife, 
 smoking-implements, weapons etc. 
 OTTfl' stay -pa birch -tree; stay -ma n. of 
 another tree. 
 
 stay-yziy a not unfrequent form 
 (which prob. has been adapted 
 to Tibetan etymology) for ta-ziy, Persia, 
 Persian. 
 
 mstay-sa a medicinal herb, Glr., 
 Med.; stay-sa-de-ba Glr. 
 sta g-s ar a youth, young man C., 
 Mil 
 
 stan-zil Cs.: n. of a black stone, 
 ace. to Zam. a silver-ore. 
 sta?is, Sch. also stdn-Ka, manner, 
 style, posture, yom-pai stans manner 
 of walking, gait; brdeg- stans byed-pa to 
 assume a fighting posture Mil.; ltd-stans 
 v. ltd-ba comp.; ston-pai bzuys- stans the 
 sitting posture of Buddha; C. : *Ko gho- 
 ahon-tan de-mo* his style of dressing is 
 fine, he is well dressed; *tdm-zer-tan Ke- 
 pa* eloquent; even like a mere termination 
 for forming verbal substantives: *zd-taii*, 
 or *tun-tan leg-mo* good eating, drinking. 
 stdd-pa, pf. and fut. bstad, imp. 
 stod, to put on, to lay on, rtd-la sya 
 to put the saddle on a horse, to saddle ; rtd- 
 la O yr6-cas to load the baggage on a horse. 
 RJJ- stan mat, carpet, esp. a carpet for 
 5 ' sitting on, also a cushion, resp. bzuys- 
 
 ydan; saddle-cloth: sfan O dw-ba to spread 
 a mat (on the ground), O gebs-pa to lay 
 (a mat) on; *cu-stdn* swaddling-cloth W.; 
 *bol-ten* mattress, *ful-t</n* (lit. prul-stdii) 
 a light travelling -mattress 6'.; sometimes 
 substratum of any kind, also of hard ma- 
 terials, e.g. ytsub-stdn, btsab-stdn. 
 5yq- stab \. v. rtab. 2. Sch.: stab stdits- 
 ' pa to suffer, to tolerate, to yield. 
 
 stabs (cog. to fobs, also syn. of stags'), 
 mode, manner, way, measure, sen-gei 
 stabs -kyis (or su~) O gro-ba to walk in the 
 manner of a lion ; gar-stabs v. gar ; oppor- 
 tunity, Jbyon-stabs an opportunity forgoing; 
 *tdbs-si fcd-na* (also *ttd-ne, or Kd-la*} W. 
 when an opportunity offers; rins-stabs-su 
 hastily, speedily Mil.; *kon-stabs* dearth, 
 famine, want Ld ; *rin-stabs* a describing 
 at full length, copiousness (stabs, in this in- 
 stance, corresponds to the English termi- 
 nation 'ness', changing the adj. into an 
 abstract noun). 
 
 ^J^" star, for sta-ri q.v. 
 
 sTr-m- stdr-ka Sch., stdr-ga Lex., star-Fa 
 ' Glr., walnut, star-(yai) sin, Ijon-sin 
 stdr-Ka walnut-tree Glr.; star-skoys nut- 
 shell; star - sddii trunk of a walnut-tree. 
 stdr-ka byed-pa Ld.-Glr. Schl. f. 15, b (?). 
 xjr w n* s tdr-ba, pf. and fut. bs tar, imp. stor, 
 1. to file on a string, e.g. pearls; to 
 tie fast, to fasten to, e.g. sheep to a rope, 
 in a bivouac, star-la ryyud-pa id. 2. to 
 clean, to polish Lex. 3. Sch. : to ornament, 
 decorate (?) 
 
 stdr-bu, or star-zim Med., frq., the 
 berries of Hippophae rhamnoides, 
 a shrub or tree very frequent in Tibet; 
 ace. to a Lex. also a kind of Rumex in 
 India. 
 
 ^jn sti-ba, pf. bstis, fut. bsti, imp. stis, 
 "> 1. to rest, to repose, to refresh one's 
 self, sti-(bafy ynas resting-place. 2. to 
 honour (?); (fyti-sidn honour, respect, rever- 
 ence, byed-pa ccd., to show a person 
 honour, frq.; *Uo-la ti-tdn can med* W. 
 he is not esteemed at all, he enjoys no 
 credit whatever: bkiir-sti id , v. bkitr-ba.
 
 221 
 
 ii-ba, pf. bstins, fut. ostM, jmp. 
 /5s, to rebuke, scold, abuse Lexx. 
 
 j. stib(s)-pa to offer (sacrifice), 
 rarely used. 
 
 stim-pa, pf. bsfims, fut. bstim, imp. 
 
 s^ws, prop. vb. causative to Jim- 
 pa, gen. = Jim -pa, to enter, penetrate, 
 pervade, to be absorbed in, fugs cos-nyid- 
 kyi kldn-du stim Pth. the soul is absorbed 
 in the expanse of the cos-nyid. 
 M- sfu cunnus, orifice of the vagina, the 
 ^ vulg. and obscene expression for the 
 pudendum muliebre. 
 
 stug(s~)-pa 1. abstract noun and 
 adj., thickness, density, thick; 
 stuys-po adj., = fag -pa, O fug-po, thick, 
 dense, e.g. a forest, Dzl.-, sound, heavy 
 (sleep, clouds etc.); dpal-stugs right noble, 
 most noble 6s.; stuys-po-bkod-pa Pth. one 
 of the heavens of Buddha. 2. a wind, 
 flatulence 6. 
 
 sjr'CT" stuii-ba, pf. bstuits, fut bstun, imp. 
 ^ stuns = rtun-ba. 
 sjr-rr stud-pa, pf. and fut. bstud, to repeat, 
 
 to reiterate, to give or offer repeatedly 
 (medicine, food, beer etc.), bstud -na if 
 it is repeated Mitg.; sbrid-pa mdn-po 
 stiid-cifi ^oii repeated sneezing ensues Lt.; 
 bstud-nas nd-ba to be always ill Sch. ; cf. 
 btud-mar. 
 
 stun - pa, pf. and fut. bstun, prop. 
 
 causative to O fun-pa, gen. = Jim- 
 pa, to agree, dye-ba bcu-la bstun-pai ryyal- 
 kriins a law agreeing with the ten virtues 
 Glr. ; O dod-yon Ina dan sti'tn-pai lons-spyod 
 a life of pleasure in accordance with the 
 five enjoyments Glr.; dus-skdbs dan stun- 
 te agreeably to the (proper) time, in due 
 time Glr.; nai zin rmo-ba O di dan stim- 
 pai myur-ma a song having reference to 
 this my labour in the fields Mil.; yzuit dan 
 stun-pa Lex., Cs. : 'to confer, to make agree 
 with the original text'. 
 
 stub - pa, or ste-pa, Ld., for btub- 
 
 pa, yte-pa. 
 ste an affix for the gerund, inst. of te, 
 ' after g, /*, and vowels, v. te. As 
 ste contains the copula, it may be added 
 
 also to other words than verbs, e.g. 
 riijn c,'-:l,'t mt'i>-ba-*f<' as you are of high 
 and noble extraction DzL; like O dt-lta-ste 
 it is also used for namely, to wit. videlicet 
 (viz.), that is to say, esp. before trans- 
 lations of foreign words and names: /- 
 ra-ste mgo-bo zes-byu-ba Tar. 11, 11 ; 4, 1 1 ; 
 189, 2 and elsewh. In the latter case it 
 may also be rendered by or (Lat. sice). 
 After an enumeration of several things, 
 it serves to point back, or to comprise: 
 za, za, a, ya, sa, sd-ste druy-ni the six 
 letters z, z etc.; ysum nd~ro kyi-yu gren- 
 bu-ste three signs, o, i, and e Glr., 'I'm-. 
 188, 16; dd-ste zay bdun-na as to the being 
 now, in seven days, i.e. in seven days from 
 to-day DzL', sometimes ste seems to stand 
 in the place of a preceding verb, Feer 
 Introd. 73, s.l.c. ; at other times it is used, 
 where its exact meaning is not obvious. 
 w-gj!' ste-po, or steu, carpenter's axe, adz, 
 
 ' an axe with its blade athwart the 
 handle (6s.: 'paring axe'), used by Indian 
 and Tibetan carpenters, Rind, bastda, ste- 
 Itdy its back, ste-yii its handle, ste-lc<i ('*. 
 its edge, though in S.g. 32 stc-ka so-ynyis- 
 pa it must be the name of the tool itself. 
 
 ste bzoy yton - ba to pare, to smooth, 
 to hew with the axe. *pdy-ste* W. a 
 plane. 
 
 steys, also stegs-bu, any contrivance 
 for putting things on, a stand, board, 
 table, stool etc.; kd-stegs the pedestal or 
 base of a pillar 6s.; rkdit-steys foot-stool, 
 jack, horse (wooden frame with legs); 
 *kyo>i-stay* W. candlestick; *c6s-stay: 
 tmi' W., book-stand; O dug-stegs a board, 
 stool, bench, to sit on 6s.; *do - teg* C. a 
 stone-seat, whether artificial or natural: 
 mod-stegs Cs. 'a board to put vessels on'; 
 por-stegs a cupboard 6s.; *p6-stag* \\'. a 
 bench; zdbs-steys resp. for rk<i/i-st<>gs; *~!<n- 
 tey* C. candlestick; yzag-stegs a board to 
 place things on Cs.; zd-stegs dining-table 
 SV7//-. ; yxol. - .s/fv/.s i'l resp., and tabl<' in 
 general, col. *sol-tdy*\ /aw-s^.sseat, resting- 
 place by the road-side Glr. ; *r>n - teg* C. 
 candlestick.
 
 222 
 
 sten 
 
 ston-pa 
 
 J,r-- stetl that which is above, the upper part, 
 ' top, surface, sai steii fams-cdd the 
 whole face of the earth Glr.; sen-moi steii- 
 gi sa the earth here upon my finger nail 
 Dzl . ; sten-gi ndm-mfca the heavens above 
 Dzl.', steii - gi pyogs the zenith; sten-^og 
 above and below, sten-^g-gi ydon demons 
 of the upper and lower regions; sten-na 
 adv. and postp. : above, overhead, on high, 
 up-stairs, on the surface, answering to the 
 question where or in what place; sten-du 
 adv. and postp. 1. id., answering to the 
 question whither, to what place, but also 
 where or in what place, e.g. to sit on a 
 lotos, to throw down to the ground, to 
 send a thing or a messenger to a person 
 Dzl., frq. 2. above, over, moreover, besides, 
 in addition to, rgds-pai sten-du in addition 
 to my old age Dzl.', byds-pai sten-du he 
 made it and besides . . . Dzl. ; bdag cos-la 
 mi mos-pa med-pai sten-du bon rdn-la mos 
 I am not only no despiser of religion, but 
 a regular Bon-worshipper Mil. ; steii - nas 
 down from. sten-ka (W. *tdn-/ca*), also 
 sten-tse a terrace. sten-Kan upper story 
 of a house, garret. *sten - dun* (?) W. 
 pestle, pounder. 
 
 s ^ n -p a i pf- au d fut bsten, imp. sten, 
 to keep, to hold; to adhere to, to stick 
 to, to rely or depend on, almost like rten- 
 pa, but c. accus., bld-ma mKds-pa sten-pa 
 to adhere to a learned Lama; to stick or 
 keep to certain victuals, medicines etc., using 
 them regularly, frq.; even sdug-bsiidl to 
 have to taste misfortunes Thgy.; to addict 
 one's self (to virtues or vices), ser-sna to 
 avarice Sty. ; mi sten-pa = spdn-ba to avoid, 
 shun, abstain from. Glr.', Cs. also: yyog 
 sten-pa to keep a servant in pay. 
 
 s ^ m ~P a ) pf- an d fut. stems (= sten- 
 pa?), to hold, to support Mil. nf.; to 
 shut or fasten a door, to secure it by a beam 
 or bar. C. 
 5^. stems curse (?) Tar. 181,20. Cf. 
 
 byad. 
 SfQ^" steu v. ste'-po. 
 
 ster-ba, pf. and fut. bster, ccdp. 
 1. to give B., C., frq.; to bestow, 
 
 present, grant, concede, allow; with the 
 supine or root of a verb: to let, permit, 
 ndii-du <7>'0('/'), ndn-du Jyfi-du to let enter 
 to grant admission Dzl. '2. W. in a 
 special sense: to give to eat or to drink, 
 to feed (infants, animals). 3. to add (in 
 arithmetic) Wdk. ' ! ter-go* aid, contri- 
 bution C. 
 
 jnr* stes-dban Lex., where stans-legs 
 is added for explanation; in Tar. 
 134,7 stes-dban-gis is translated bySc-A/.: 
 power of fate. 
 
 ^SP|' sto-fag rope Sch. 
 
 S^q- sto-ba, most frq. in the col. phrase 
 can mi sto it does not matter, it 
 makes no difference, it is all the same 
 (also can mi rtog); Mil.: si run mi sto- 
 ba O dug it does not matter if they die ; si 
 yan ci sto-ste what does it matter if they 
 die? 
 
 ^J"^"(?) sto-ra W., a circle of dancers. 
 
 - sto ft 1. thousand, ston-prdg id., ston- 
 ' prag-brgyd-pa (the work) containing 
 ten thousand (viz. Sloka) Kopp. II, 272; 
 Burn. I, 462. stoii-dpon a commander 
 over a thousand; ston- Kor-lo a wheel with 
 a thousand spokes ; las ston byed Med. that 
 is a remedy producing a thousand good 
 effects. - 2. a fine for manslaughter, to be 
 paid in money or goods to the relatives 
 of the person killed; ce-cuh-gi ston byed- 
 pa Glr., to proportion this fine to the rank 
 of the man killed. 3. v. stoii-pa. 
 
 stoii-grogs v. stons-pa. 
 
 S^--rj. stdn-pa (*js) empty, clear, 
 
 rtse-mo tsam yziigs-pai sa ston-pa 
 about so much clear space, as to allow 
 the point of a needle to be stuck in Dzl.; 
 hollow, not charged or loaded (of a gun); 
 not written upon, blank; indifferent, having 
 no distinct or definite quality, e.g. as to 
 taste or smell ; rluii - gi rah - bzin ni ston 
 mod-kyi though wind (or air) in itself is 
 without smell Dzl; waste, deserted, bi-ug- 
 ston A rocky desert , lun - ston a desolate
 
 223 
 
 ston-pa 
 
 valley Mil. ; *zan - ston* Ld. , *dom - stoii* 
 Pur., bare -bottomed, having the bottom 
 bare, vulg. ; *mi ton-pa* W., = *mi /cyan*, 
 v. rkyaii-pa; Kan-stoii a desolate house, 
 as a place suitable for enchantments; fig. 
 *sem- ton -pa rag* W. I feel lonely. - 
 Kton-pa-nyid. ^m, emptiness, vacuity, the 
 void, the chief product of the philosophical 
 speculations of the Buddhists, and the aim 
 and end of all their aspirations, v. Kopp. 1, 
 214; Burn. 1, 442; 462. (Five synonyms 
 v. Trig. f. 20). stdn - zdd - la skyel - ba to 
 squander, to waste, fse one's life Mil.; 
 stofi-sait-ne absolute vacuity, stoii-saii-ite 
 byds-nas making tabula rasa, keeping, re- 
 taining nothing whatever Thgy. ston- 
 ysdl v. ysal-po. Adv. ston-par in vaiu(?) 
 Mil. 
 
 sfo/i-ztf (?) W. Corydalis meifolia. 
 
 stons-pa 1. pf. bstans (DzL), fut. 
 bstan(^}, to accompany, *t6h-te 
 do-ica* C. to go along with a person; cis 
 kyaii mi stons-par O ci I die without any 
 thing following me Thgy.; more frq. stoh- 
 grogs bycd-pa ccgp. (also dat.?) to help, to 
 assist a person Mil. 2. to make empty; 
 to be empty, to become waste or desolate, 
 rdn-gi ynas stons-sin S.g., rat'i-sul sto/ts-nas 
 Mil., your own place becoming desolate; 
 stons-su nye-bar gyur it had become nearly 
 empty, was almost spent or exhausted Pfc/*.; 
 mis stofis-pai tfdn-ro ruins forsaken by men; 
 sans-rgyds-kyis stons-pa Thgy. the period 
 during which no Buddha appears, a mi- 
 Kom-pa v. K6m-pa; sa-yzir stons-pa to level 
 with the ground, to raze, to demolish 
 entirely. 
 
 g^. xtod, &sk. ^TfT, I- the upper, higher, 
 5n former part of a thing, the upper half 
 opp. to smad; 1. esp. the upper part of 
 the body, resp. sku-stod Pth.; stod-fcog the 
 upper part of a carcase Sch., also stod-po 
 Mil; stod-tiyebs a sort of frill or ruffle of 
 the Lamas; stod-^dg doublet of the Lamas. 
 without sleeves; sfod-fuu a short coat, 
 jacket. 2. the upper or higher part of 
 a country, stod-pa an inhabitant of it, high- 
 
 lander. 3. with respect to time : the first 
 part, of the night Dzl, of life Gli:, of winter 
 and the like; stod-la at the upper part of, 
 above. 
 
 II. v. stdd-pa, and stod-pa. 
 
 stod-pa 1. vb., pf. and fut. bstod 
 ('to raise, to exalt', opp. to smdd- 
 />) to praise, commend, laud, bddg-stod-pa, 
 W. *rdn-tod-ce*, to praise one's self, *raii- 
 tod-can* a self -admirer, self-flatterer; to 
 extol, to glorify, men, gods etc., frq.; stod- 
 ((//)) bsnays-pa id.; stod-fsig an epithet of 
 praise, a commendable quality. 2. sbst. 
 praise, eulogy, also *tdd-ra* W.; compli- 
 ments, complimentary phrases e.g. in letters; 
 hymn of praise, also stod-bsiidgs, stod- 
 dbydiia, stod-ylu; stdd-pa(t"') byed-pa, W. 
 *p'ul - ce*, ccd. (the former also c. accus.) 
 to praise, to extol; stod-^s laudable, com- 
 mendable, worthy of praise. 
 SJT- ston 1. autumn (more about it v. dus]', 
 ' ' ston brgya mfdti - bar gyur cig may 
 he live to see a hundred autumns! Lt. - 
 
 2. in autumn, during autumn B., frq. - 
 
 3. = ston-fog. 
 
 Comp. ston-ka, ston-Ka, autumn, *ston- 
 ka-na, ston -ka- la* in autumn, during 
 autumn. ston-fog autumnal fruit, harvest, 
 ston-fog sdu-ba ( W. also *d6g-ce*} to gather 
 in the produce of the fields, to harvest. 
 - ston-diis harvest-time, autumn, ston- 
 zld autumnal month. 
 
 S^r-rj. ston-pa I. vb., pf. and fut. bstan, 
 at the end of a sentence bstdn-no 
 (so prob. also in Dzl. 2, 10 the correct 
 reading), W. *(s)tdn-ce*, 1. to show, lam 
 stdn-cig B., *(s}tdn toil* W., *t?n ro.j .)//.- 
 sig* C. show me the way! ston-mKan zig 
 yod somebody has shown Glr. ; bu-mo sgo 
 ston - mlean the girl that has shown the 
 door Mil, mfsdn-mKan-la bu ston-pa to 
 show the soothsayer a child Dzl.; lus *f<>/i- 
 pa, applied to deities etc. : to show one's 
 self, to appear DzL; rdzu-Jjrul ston-pa to 
 show, to exhibit magic tricks, v. rdzu\ 
 dmdg-pa yin-no zcs bstdn-ta 'this is the 
 bridegroom!' with these words showing, 
 i. e. introducing him as the bridegroom
 
 224 
 
 ston-mo 
 
 Dzl 2AS, 3. 2. = ytod-pa, to face, to 
 front, to look towards, sgo lho-pyogs-su ston 
 the door faces the south Glr. 3. to point 
 out, to Indicate, describe, explain, ce-ba the 
 greatness or superiority of a thing Mil.; 
 bit-mo skye bar O gyur-bar ston -pa yin it 
 indicates that a girl will be born Wdii.; 
 ci- dra zig (yod) ston dgos give me a de- 
 scription of her person Glr. ; bstcin-par byao 
 now I will explain that, frq. ; )i-ltar byon- 
 pa bstdn-pai leu the chapter describing 
 the arrival; hence to teach, cos religion; 
 Inn v. lun. 4. W. to make one undergo 
 or suffer, to inflict (just as *fdn-c<? to suffer), 
 *mi-la nag ston- pa* to torture a person, 
 *duy-iidlstdn-pa' f to plague, torment, grieve. 
 - 5. W. as a vb. nt, to show one's self, 
 to appear, *'i-ru tdn-te yod* this appears 
 here, this turns up or occurs here. 
 
 II. sbst. a teacher, frq., lun-ston-pa a 
 prophet, v. lun; the ston-pa par excellence 
 is Buddha, frq.; ston-min, and tse-min two 
 false doctrines Glr. 92, 3. (the translation 
 given by Sch. is but an arbitrary one). 
 ston-mo feast, banquet (v. also yd- 
 tra), ston-mo bzdn-po, cen-po, a 
 grand, splendid feast Dzl. ;som-paiQ prepare, 
 arrange (a feast), byed-pa to give, hold, 
 celebrate it, also c. dat. in honour of; 
 ston-mo Q dren-pa to serve it up Mil., <gyed- 
 pa to distribute the dishes, dmdns-kyi ston- 
 mo ^yed-pa to distribute of the viands 
 of the table to the common people Mil., 
 zd-ba to eat, or partake, of such a festive 
 entertainment Dzl.; ston-mo-ynan-sbyin a 
 present of meat, of provisions Glr.; dgd- 
 ston festive entertainment , frq. ; rnd - bai 
 dgd-ston a feast or treat to one's ears Glr. ; 
 cos -ston a religious feast Glr. (might be 
 used for agape, love-feast, feast of charity); 
 dus-ston a periodical festival, one connected 
 with certain times or periods Tar.; bdg- 
 ston wedding- feast, frq.; min-ston feast 
 given at the solemnity, when a name is 
 given to a child ; rdb - ston a feast after 
 settling some important business Cs.; btsds- 
 ston a feast given after the birth of a child; 
 
 brtd-ba 
 
 fsogs-ston sacrificatory feast; ysid-ston 
 funeral feast. 
 
 Sjjn'rr stob - pa, pf. bstab (Cs. bstob}, tut. 
 bstob Cs., imp. stob, (causative to 
 fob-pa?}, to put into another's mouth, esp. 
 food, to feed; also applied to a mare that 
 shoves the grass to her foal Dzl.; ndn- 
 tan-gyis stob-pa to press a person to accept 
 of a dish etc. Dzl.; in a more general 
 sense: Idii-ste stan stob-par byed-pa rising 
 to offer one's own seat Stg.; to make a 
 donation Dzl.; also capir. : yo-bydd fams- 
 cdd-kyis stob-pa to provide a person with 
 every thing within one's power Tar. 
 
 st6bs(-po) strength, vigour, force, 
 frq. ; lus-stobs bodily, snyin-stobs 
 mental strength; jii-stobs digestive power 
 Mcd.; stobs-po ce of great physical strength 
 Dzl.; stobs-kyis by virtue, by means of; 
 stobs- pel-nyams-brtds byed-pa strength- 
 ening, nourishing, of food Med. ; stobs-can, 
 stobs-lddn, strong, robust; stobs- cuit, stobs- 
 med, powerless, weak; the five powers of 
 a Buddha v. Burn. II, 430; Kopp. I, 436; 
 the ten powers v. dban bcu. stobs- cen 
 1. n. of a Lu-king, S.O.. 2. rammer, 
 pile-driver, (or rdob-cen?*) C. 
 
 stor-ba to be lost, to perish, to go 
 astray, bu stdr-ro a child has been 
 lost Dzl. ; lus datl srog (to lose) one's life 
 Dzl., sems one's senses, lam one's way 
 (also fig. to err from true religion Pth.}; 
 *tor ma cug* W. do not lose it, do not 
 drop it, carry it carefully; stor-sa med it 
 cannot be lost or antiquated Mil. stor- 
 Kun for ytor-Jfun drain, gutter Lex. 
 
 J" " ' brt ... v. chiefly sub rt. 
 
 Sf'S' brtd - ba, pf . brtas, Lex. : lus sems 
 brtas, explained by rgyds-pa, to 
 grow wide, to extend; gen. to grow stout, 
 esp. with nyams Dzl; cf. also the ex- 
 pression for strengthening sub stobs(-po); 
 also rtas byed-pa Med.; fig. strong or great: 
 O gyod-pa rtas the greatest, the sincerest 
 repentance Pth.; bdg-cags rtas - pa high 
 passion TJigy.
 
 225 
 
 qZ7]($jyJ* brtdg(s)-pa, v. rtoy-pa; as sbst., 
 preceded by a genit., inquiry, 
 examination, Stg., frq.; gen. c. accus. rmi- 
 lam brtdg(s)-pa examination of dreams 
 Stg.; nn-po-ce brtdg(s)-pa-la mKos-pa con- 
 noisseur of precious stones Dzl. ; brtdgs-pa 
 brgyad Tar. 21, 2.? 
 
 6**^ a kind of imprecation, which 
 consists in hiding the image and name 
 of an enemy in the ground underneath an 
 idol, and imploring the deity to kill him; 
 brtad Jug -pa to perform that ceremony 
 Mil. 
 
 -- brtdd-pa 1. Lex. = bio -bur new, 
 recent. 2. Sch. haste, speed, for 
 rtdb-pa(?) (Tar. 180, 2 it should prob. be 
 -/tdd-na.) 
 
 brtdn-pa adj. and abstract noun; 
 brtdn-po adj., firm, steadfast, safe; 
 firmness etc.; brtdn-par ynds-pa, *tdn- 
 po ddd-ce* W., to last, hold out, abide, 
 continue, frq.; brtdn-pa fob-pa to become 
 firm or durable (lit. to acquire firmness 
 or durability) Mil.; brtdn-par O yyur-ba, 
 *tdn-po cd-ce* W. id.; brtdn-gyi skyid a 
 continued or abiding happiness Mil.; dban 
 brtan their strength is holding out, Med. ; 
 brtdn-du jug-pa Glr., *tdn-po co-ce* W., 
 to watch, keep, preserve carefully; *tdn- 
 po kur* W. carry it carefully or safely! 
 ddm-bcas-pa brtdn-par ses he knew his 
 word to be inviolable Dzl. ; yi-dam-la 
 brtdn-pas because he firmly kept his word 
 Dzl.; dus brtdn-gyi bde-ba eternal welfare, 
 everlasting happiness Mil. (perh. this ought 
 to be ytan). 
 
 pa -mo, n. of the goddess of the 
 earth, (also skon-ma, yd -ma), used in 
 practising magic. 
 
 ngorq' brtul-ba 1. deportment, behaviour 
 3s Cs. 2. Sch. also diligence, pains- 
 taking (?). brtul-zugs, -^ 1. Cs. manner, 
 way of acting. 2. Sch. and gen.: exercise 
 
 brtdn-ma, or bstdn-ma, and bstdn- 
 
 of penance, brtul-zugs byi'd-pa or spyod-pa, 
 to perform such exercises, to do penance. 
 3. penitent. brtul - zugs - can penitent 
 (adj. and sbst.) brtul-pod-pa v. rtul- 
 pod-pa. 
 
 bstdn-ba v. stoits-pa. 
 
 bstdn-pa 1. v. ston-pa. 2. sbst. 
 doctrine, a single doctrine, or a 
 whole system of doctrines; sans-rgyds-kyi, 
 bstdn-pa the doctrine or religion of Buddha, 
 fub-bstdn, for tub-pai bst'ln-pa, id.; ynds- 
 lugs bstfln-pa the doctrine of the position 
 of... Med.\ bstdn-pa ynyis with Urgyan 
 Padma etc., the same as mdoi and sndgs- 
 kyi lam, v. mdo extr. bstdn- gijur the 
 second great literary production of Bud- 
 dhism, containing comments on Kan-^jyur, 
 and scientific treatises (v. bka - yyiir in 
 bka} Kopp. II, 280. bstan-bcos (aj|^) 
 a scientific work. bstan - rtsis a chro- 
 nological work relative to the year of 
 Buddha's death. bstan - O dzi'n follower, 
 adherent of a doctrine, .SY/-/.S - ryydx - kyi 
 bstan- O dzin Mil., Buddhist; also frq. used 
 as a noun personal. bstan - (b}sig col. 
 a destroyer of the doctrine, in general a 
 good-for-nothing fellow, a mischief-maker, 
 an obnoxious person or thing. bstan- 
 sruti 1. a keeper, guardian of the doctrine; 
 perh. also -= bstan- dzin. 2. keeper, warden, 
 guardian in general, lha-Kdn-yi bstan-sru/i; 
 Ihd - sai bstan-srun the tutelar goddess of 
 Lhasa, ace. to Glr. = dpal-lhd-mo. 3. in 
 general the contrary to bstan-bsiy. 
 
 bstir supine of sti-ba; bstir-med 
 'restlessness', one of the infernal 
 regions. 
 
 q- bstugs-pa to make lower, to lower 
 
 ?*.(?). 
 
 bsten-pa 1. vb. v. sten-pa. 2. sbst. 
 confidence, = brtdn-pa Dhar. 
 
 \"CJ" bstod-pa v. stdd-pa.
 
 226 
 
 Sf fa 
 
 ta-ma-Ka 
 
 q- fa, the letter t aspirated, like the Eng- 
 
 lish t in 'tea'. 
 
 rr fa 1. num. fig.: ten. 2. every thing, 
 * all, total ?A.(?). 
 
 fa-skdr a certain star, fa-skdr-zla- 
 ba a month, prob. = tnTRi (April- 
 May); fa-skdr-gyi bu -3pjjf| twin half- 
 gods. 
 
 f a -d& LA. a large needle. 
 fd-ga-pa a weaver Dzl. 
 
 g-cn* fa-#w, vulg. fi-gu, 1. a short cord or 
 NJ rope. 2. string, twine, for making 
 garlands Sty.; a bell-rope /teJ. 
 OTCT- fa-ffru, originally fag-gru Pth., ex- 
 <S tension, width, breadth, ~dzam-bu-glin- 
 gi fa-gru kun-la Glr. in the whole extent 
 of Dzambuling; fa-gru ce-ba Pth. extensive. 
 fa-rgdd 1. obtuse, rounded off ScL 
 _ 2 . 
 
 " fa- cdd very bad, mean Cs. 
 
 fa - cun the last month of a season 
 (v. dus\ e.g. dpyid-zla fa- cun the 
 last month of spring, opp. to rd-ba, (and 
 O brin-po); the youngest of three or more 
 sons, opp. to rab (and Jbrin-po the middle 
 one). 
 
 fa-snydd 1. appellation, zes fa-snyod- 
 du grags so it is called Wdn.; 
 Tar. 96, 13; 178, 3; Was. (296): suppo- 
 sition ; condition, fa-snydd-pai bden-pa con- 
 ditional truth. 3. Schr.: etymology, Cs. 
 only: part of grammar; so frq. used by 
 grammarians, e.g. fsig dan. fa-snydd slob- 
 pa to learn spelling and etymology. 4. 
 In col. language 1 heard it used only for 
 talking or disputing in a conceited, foolish 
 manner, so also in Mil. Lex. in con- 
 formity with each of "these significations 
 from ^rai? to distinguish, to 
 
 name; to dispute. ta-snyad-ycig-pa n. 
 
 of a school, of a system or doctrine Tar. ; 
 
 fa-snyad-grub-pa n. of a literary work. 
 fa-ddd-pa different, various, sundry, 
 gen. opp. to ycig or ycig-pa; dyos- 
 
 pa fa-ddd-pa the various wants of a man 
 
 Dzl.; fa-mi-ddd-pa alike, equal. 
 
 q-r- fd-na even, so much as. up to, fa-wa- 
 srog-cdgs grog-sbur y an- cdd even the 
 
 smallest insect Sty.; fd-na yig-Jbi'u re-re 
 
 yan-cdd even every single letter Thgy.\ 
 
 at the close of an enumeration : finally also 
 
 Ld.-Glr. Schl. 20, 6. 
 
 fa-pi-fu-pi confusion, disorder Sch. 
 fd-pag v. fdr-dpag. 
 
 fd-ba (= fu-bd) bad Mil. 
 
 f f ' l ~ mtt *he last of several things, with 
 respect to number, time, rank, the 
 lowest, meanest, most interior, often opp. 
 to rab and O brin. and also to Kydd-par* 
 can; it appears somewhat singular, that 
 ycan-zdn-gyi fa -ma signifies a cat, and 
 O dab-cdgs kyi fd-ma a hen Glr.; dus-kyi 
 fd-ma-la in the last times Glr., prob. also 
 alluding to the general decline taking place 
 towards the end of the Kalpa; sometimes 
 it is to be translated: in the last place, 
 finally, at last Glr., like fa-mar Dzl. 3^, 11 ; 
 last = parting (parting-cup, parting-kiss); 
 for the last time: ynyen-gyi fd-mas bskor 
 he sees his relations for the last time 
 around him, zds-kyi fd-ma za he eats for 
 the last time Thyy.; fd-ma-la c. genit. at 
 the end of, after. O prdd~pai fd-ma ni 
 O bral, ysnn - pai fd - ma ni ci - ba yin the 
 end of every meeting is parting, the end 
 of every living is dying. 
 
 * fa-ma-Ka Cs., vulg. W. *fd-mag*, 
 tobacco, O fun-ba, W. resp. *don-ce* 
 to smoke (tobacco).
 
 227 
 
 ta-mdl- 
 
 pa 
 
 tdy-pa 
 
 fa-mdl-pa (fa-mdl abbreviated 
 from fd-ma-la) 1. mean, vulgar, 
 plebeian, fa-mdl-par O duy-pa to live like 
 the vulgar Dzl. 2. ordinary, usual, fa- 
 mdl-pa ma yin that is no usual thing Dzl. ; 
 fa-mdl adv. = pal-cer. 
 
 fa-fsig Sch. 'oath'; but in two pas- 
 sages of Dzl. cii fa-fsig can only 
 mean: 'what signifies?' 
 
 fa-ra-fo-re W. wide asunder, wide, 
 * fa-ra-fo-re zdy-pa* C. to scatter, 
 to throw loosely about. 
 
 fa -ram 1. /ScA.: 'the breadth of a 
 plain'. 2. a medicinal herb Med., 
 in Lh. Plantago major. 
 -... . fa-ru Tar. 20, 17, Schf. : 'the utmost 
 limits', or it may be a p. n. 
 fa-li W., *fe-U* C., Hind. *rf%*iT, a 
 tin plate. 
 
 " fa-Ion W. a sort of red cloth. 
 
 fa ~ sdl Sch- '- 'the end, the conse- 
 quence; bad'; Bhar.: skyes-bu fa- 
 'sdl nyid Schf. : homo nequam, a good-for- 
 naught. 
 
 gen* fay ! sometimes for O fag, Glr. 2. 
 ' distance a. relatively (prob. from fag- 
 pa measuring-cord, surveyor's chain) only 
 in: fay-Hn-ba adj. and abstract noun, fag- 
 rift (-po) adj., W. *fag-rin-(mof distant, a 
 great distance, sa fag-rin(s) a far country 
 Glr. ; with dan or las far from ; fay - mi- 
 rih-ba not far Pth. ; fag-rih(-po)-nas from 
 afar, from a distance Thgy.; fay-nye-ba 
 near; proximity; W. adj. *fag-nye-mo* ; fag 
 ci-tsam how far? 6s.; fay-yru v. fa -grit. 
 b. absolutely, only with respect to time, 
 in: ma- fag but just, just now, gen. with 
 a verbal root, sleb ma-fdy yin-pa he that 
 has arrived just now Glr.; snar bsad ma- 
 fag-pa (the passages) that have been ex- 
 plained just now Gram.; as an adv. gen. 
 ma-tdy-tu, or only ma-fdy, frq., e.g. fos 
 ma-fdy-tu as soon as he had heard; de 
 ma-fdy-tu directly, immediately, in W. 
 *ma-foy-fse* . 3. fay-foy v. fog -fag. 
 4. fag-y cod-pa v. fay-pa I. 
 
 fag-fag, with ^jhe'-pa* 6'., *c6-cc* 
 to knock, sgo at the door. 
 
 fdy-pa I. rope, cord (in Lh. hempen 
 ropes, as a foreign manufacture, 
 are often distinguished from other ropes, 
 by being called ^^fj, bal-fdg rope made 
 of wool, ral-fdy rope of goat's hair, rtsid- 
 fdg rope of the long hair of the yak, rtsa- 
 fdg, or pon-fdg Glr. rope of grass; Icdgs- 
 (kyi) fag - pa chain , wire - rope , used as 
 fetters or otherwise; *ras-fda* W. bandage; 
 fag-mig mesh of a net Sch.\ fag-zo rope- 
 maker's work Pth. fag food -pa vb. a. 
 (fag c6d-pa, or cad - pa vb. n. or pass.) 
 1. to cut a cord, bdag ny&-du dan O brel- 
 fag bcdd-pas bde I am glad of having cut 
 the cord (tie) which united me with my 
 family Mil.; gen. with re, the cord of hope, 
 e.g. ^gro-bai re -fag cad the cord of the 
 hope of going on a journey is cut off, i.e. 
 the journey has been given up Glr.; Schr.: 
 ^6-fay f cod-pa to wean (a child) ; blo-fag- 
 cod deliberation is cut off, the matter is de- 
 cided or resolved upon ; hence frq. without 
 bio: 2. to decide, resolve, determine, rgyal- 
 po bkron-bar fag -bead it was determined 
 to murder the king Glr.; tfyod ynyis iid- 
 la curt- ma mi len fdg-cod-pa-na if you 
 positively refuse to give me a wife Pth. ; 
 * fag-cad mi Kyud* W. I have no right to 
 decide on that point; fag-cod-pa byed-pa 
 to decide, pass sentence, give judgment 
 Mil. ; to be sure, decided, certain, . . . grdhs- 
 par fag-bcdd-de (cf. above) as it is quite 
 certain that he has died Mil. ; . . . yod fag- 
 cod there are certainly . . . Glr. ; cos dar 
 ^6n fag-cod it is quite certain that religion 
 will spread Mil. ; ltd-bas fag-bcdd-nas being 
 immovable in contemplation ; with termin. : 
 to know for a certainty, to understand or 
 see clearly, rdn-sems cds-skur fag-~$6d-cih 
 knowing one's own mind to be vain and 
 frail (v. cos-sku sub sku 2) Mil.; snd/'i-lxt 
 sems - su the visible world as a thought, 
 as imaginary, i.e. as nothing Mil.; fag- 
 cod certainty, surety, evidence, f ('m-ki/<u'i 
 fag-cdd bycd dgos but one should know 
 it for certain, one Inust be sure of it Mil. ; 
 ltd-ba fag-cod-kyi rndl- byor-pa you, the 
 ascetic, firm in meditation! Mil. *( ( J- 
 co'-rbe'-co* C. resolute.
 
 228 
 
 fags 
 
 tan-prom 
 
 II. prob. = dag -pa, in snyin (or 20, or 
 bsdm-pa) fdg-pa-nas with a faithful heart, 
 with all my heart, heartily, ze fdg-pai zu- 
 ba Mil. a sincere prayer or entreaty. 
 
 Note. In fag-pa and other words be- 
 ginning with f, (e.g. fan, fo), d sometimes 
 takes the place of f, and this uncertainty 
 in the use of the initial letter dates perh. 
 from a time, when the aspirated pronun- 
 ciation of the media first began to be adopt- 
 ed in 6'., and was not yet generally in- 
 troduced. 
 
 fags texture, Web, fags O fdg-pa to 
 weave Dzl., fdgs- fag-mkan col. for 
 fd-ga-pa, also fdgs-mkan Pfh. a weaver; 
 *fser-fdg* W. thorn-hedge, fence consisting 
 of thorn; fags - Kri (weaver's) loom Ld.- 
 Glr.; fdgs-gra-Jm 6s., ' f fdgs-fcan-bu* W., 
 spider; fdgs-ca weaver's implements; fdgs- 
 ynas, fags -ra, a weaver's place or shop 
 Cs.; fags-bran byed-pa Mil., *fag rdn-ce* 
 W., to begin the warp. 
 
 tags-fogs impediment Cs. 
 
 nr' tan 1. also fdn-ma Mil., fdn-bu Dzl. 
 Ms., *fdn-ka* W., flat country, a plain, 
 steppe; also fig. like zin, bde-cen-gyi fan 
 land of bliss Mil.; fdii-la (from the house) 
 into the plain or steppe, = into the open 
 air Dzl. ; fan - la Itun - ba to fall to the 
 ground; *ma-fdn* W. the unfloored bottom 
 of a room; gram-fan a fenny or swampy 
 plain 6s.; span -fan a green grassy plain 
 or steppe, meadow, prairie; byati-fdn the 
 northern steppes or plains of Tibet (used 
 as a noun proper); bye-fan a sandy desert 
 or plain ; ^ol - fan ground covered with 
 (snail-) clover, pasture ground, grassy plain; 
 sag-fan a gravelly plain; fdn-du byed-pa 
 Cs. to lay waste, to make a desert of, fdn- 
 du O gyur-ba to become a desert. 2. Cs. 
 price, value, perh. also amount; rin-fdti id. 
 Dzl.; rin-fah-can dear, precious, Mil.; yoii- 
 fdn I. W. income, profit, 2. C. = yon-tan 
 talent, natural gift, faculty; lo-fdn yearly 
 tribute, y cod -pa to fix, to order it Tar.; 
 za - fdii (a person's) capability of eating 
 T/igy. 3. W. for divans clear, serene, 
 
 *nam fait* a cloudless sky, fine weather; 
 *dan pi-ro fdh-te yod* (the sky) was cloud- 
 less last night. 4. potion Med. 5. 
 = bka-fd/'i, order, command, (bka) faii-yig 
 decree; pad-ma- fan- yig is the abridged 
 title of a collection of legends about Padma 
 Sambhava. 6. (resin?) fan-cu resin, gum, 
 e.g. of fruit-trees. 7. a very short space 
 of time (the statements as to its length 
 vary from five seconds to one minute and 
 a half), a moment, a little while, gen. tan 
 ycig, not seldom joined with skad cig and 
 yud tsam; fan tsam id. Pth.; cig-fan, bzi- 
 fan one moment, four moments; Lt., fan- 
 re S.g., one after the other Sch. 8. v. 
 fat'i-ka. In a few instances the mean- 
 ing of fan is not quite evident. 
 
 Comp. fan-Krun bastard Sch. fan-cv, 
 v. faii C. fan-ston uninhabited, deso- 
 late; wilderness. fah- bru Sch. 'cedar- 
 nuts', perh. = ko-nyon-tse q.v. fan-mar 
 tar 6s. *fan-ma-la-la-tse* a small lizard 
 Ld. fan-yzi market-price, *fan-zi cag* 
 C. the market-price abates. *fan-zi* W. 
 fata morgana fan-rag cedar (?) Sch. 
 fan-sin fir, pine. 
 
 n^-m n^'cn' ^ - * fan - ga, resp. zal- 
 1 fan, W. *sku-fdn*, Tar. tan- 
 sku, image, prop, of human beings, at pre- 
 sent = picture, painting, in a gen. sense, 
 also of landscapes etc. 
 
 - fan - dkdr the white-tailed eagle 
 
 * fan-fan v. the following word. 
 
 'S fdii-po, tense, tight, firm (= O fdn- 
 pof); fan-lhod tight and loose; also 
 tenseness fig. Mil. ; fdii-sa ycod-pa to strain, 
 to stretch, cod-pa vb. n. or pass. Stg., Mil., 
 C.; *zug-po faii-nam* C. are you well? 
 rkan - fan - du or la on foot, v. rkdn - pa 
 comp. ; fan -/cod-pa to tire, to fatigue Mil., 
 fail cod-pa or cad-pa to be tired, wearied 
 Pth.', *gom-fdn Idb-ce (fu-gu-ld)* W. to 
 lead a child in walking, to teach a child 
 to walk ; sa-fdn-fdn to the utmost of one's 
 power Sch. 
 
 fan-prom a medicinal herb Med., 
 Wdh. = dha-tu-ra thorn-apple (?).
 
 229 
 
 fdit-xa 
 
 n' fdn-sa v. sub fan-po; tan-sin v. fan 
 
 ' comp. 
 
 orvm-) fdd(-ka) 1. the direction straight 
 ' ^ ' ' forward, steii dait ^og daii ftid-ku 
 fams-cdd-du upward and downward, and 
 in every other direction Stg.; steh-^og-fdd- 
 kar straight upward and downward S.g. ; 
 po-brdn-gi fdd-kar pyin they came straight 
 towards the castle; fdd-ka-na directly be- 
 fore Thgy.; dei nub-fdd-kyi that which is 
 situated to the west of it Tar.; most frq. 
 fdd-du c.genit. towards, in straight direction; 
 over against; in presence of e.g. to assemble, 
 to propound, to lay before one, to study under 
 a professor Dzl.\ exactly in the place of 
 a thing Tar. 17, 1 ; mi fdd-nas cod Tar. 
 159, 4 prob. : cut off only from the flesh; 
 **>"-%, fe'-kan-la* Ts. straight on; fad- 
 dran-na directly before Wdn.; *fad-nyd* 
 W. over against, opposite, facing; fdd-so-na 
 = ff/d-ka-na Mil. 2. fdd-kar each for 
 himself Glr. 3. entire, whole, untouched, 
 safe (integer) 6'. and perh. Thgy. 
 
 J^' frq. abbreviation for S^^'-S^s" fams- 
 
 cdd, whole, all. 
 
 5J3T fan, Hind. ^7^, = yua, a piece of cloth. 
 
 , fan-kor, tan-skor Lex., surround- 
 ing country Sch. 
 
 fan-tun (Schr. fad-fun) a little Sch. 
 
 fdn-pa dry weather, heat, drought Glr. 
 
 q- fab 1. resp. ysol-fdb, fire-place, hearth, 
 me-fdb, id.; also for stove, Icags-fdb 
 iron stove; fab sor 'the hearth is running 
 over 1 , i.e. the food placed on it runs over 
 in boiling, a mis-hap the more serious, as 
 the household god is offended by the evil 
 smell caused thereby. 2. v. sub can. 
 
 Comp.: *fdb-ka* W. fire-place, *fdb-ka 
 tsam yod* how many fire-places, i.e. house- 
 holds, are there? fab-fcun opening or 
 mouth of a stove, furnace, or fire-place; 
 v. also Schl. 249. fab - jrnds fire-place, 
 furnace, oven 6s. *fab-fsdn* W. kitchen. 
 - fab-pyis, W. * fab-pis* clout, dish-clout, 
 wiper. fab-yzob burnt smell. - *fab- 
 
 fdm-ga. fd, lt -l, 
 
 Ids cd-Kan* W. cook. fab-yydg kitchen- 
 boy, scullion l*th. fob-Mil fire -wood, 
 fuel. fab-lhd deity of the hearth. 
 
 fab-fob W. = fom-fom. 
 
 gq^f fab * ( c g- to stabs), opportunity, chance, 
 possibility, *fon-or dul-fdb majuii* W. 
 I had no opportunity of seeing or going; 
 *fab sig nyi-rdii-ne mi jiin-na* W. if you 
 offer no chance, if on your part it is not 
 made possible; fabs mi fub Dd. and col. I 
 am not able, I cannot; ydan-drdiis-pai fabs 
 med I then shall lose the opportunity of 
 meeting (the princess) Glr.; O bros-pai fabs 
 med there is not any chauce of escape 
 Glr. ; lam - la yzol - tabs med there is no 
 occasion for stopping- or tarrying on the 
 road Mil.; way, manner, mode, klog-fabs 
 way of reading, e.g. Sanskrit; rkun-fabs- 
 su in a thievish manner, by theft Stg. ; 
 rgydl-poi fabs yton-ba to give up the way 
 (of life) of a king, to resign the crown 
 DzL, fabs ycig-tu together, in company, 
 jointly, e.g. to sit down with one another, 
 to go together to a place, frq.; means, 
 measures, fabs byed-pa, W. *co-ce, Kyon-ce* 
 to use means, to take measures; bio fabs 
 O fsol-ba to contrive means Ma.; fabs ston- 
 pa to show means or ways, to give di- 
 rections, to instruct Glr. ; O fso-fabs liveli- 
 hood, subsistence; fabs zad there is nothing 
 else to be done Glr.; zi-bai fdbs-hyis in 
 a fair way, amicably, not by constraint 
 or compulsion Glr.; fdbs-ki/is by various 
 means, by artifice, cunningly, craftily: 
 fdbs(-la)-mMs-pa, fdbs-ses-pa, W. also 
 *fdb - can*, skilful, dexterous, clever, full of 
 devices; da bdd-du O gro-fabs gyis sig now 
 take steps, make preparations, for a jour- 
 ney to Tibet Glr. ; de yson-poi fabs ydd- 
 dam is there a means of recalling those 
 men to life? fabs-cdg Mil., * fab -sag* or 
 *feb-sdg* vulgo, a shift, make- shift, surro- 
 gate; fabs (dan) ses (-rab) the mystical 
 union of art and science, or (Sch. less cor- 
 rectly) of matter and spirit, cf. Was. (144). 
 fdm-ga, fdm-ka a seal, sign 
 ('., v.
 
 230 
 
 tdl-ba 
 
 fam-fdm Sch. 1. also fdm-me-ba, 
 unconnected, scattered, dispersed. 
 2. fam-fdm (byed) -pa = O fdm-pa. 
 Cf3TT f am ~P a (sometimes fern -pa) com- 
 plete, full, almost exclusively used 
 as a pleon. addition to the tens up to 
 hundred. 
 
 fams-cdd whole, all; added- to 
 the singular number : rgyal-K'dms 
 fams-cdd the whole empire Glr. ; lus fams- 
 cdd na the whole body aches (opp. to one 
 part of it); bod-kyi zans fams-cdd all the 
 copper of Tibet Glr.; more frq. added to 
 a plural (though usually in the form of 
 the singular number): all (the persons or 
 things), de fams-cdd, rarely de-dag fams- 
 cdd, all those; fams-cdd-kyis so-so-nas all 
 of them one by one, each. 
 
 fdms-pa (= O fdm-pa?), sa, or bye- 
 fdms-su ^jug-pa to suffer (a person 
 or beast) to stick fast in the mud, in the 
 sand (?) Glr. 84. 
 5^' fau Wdn. capsule (?), Wts. peach (?). 
 
 ^\ far v. far-for. 
 
 >. far-for (-la) = fa-ra-fo-re (cf. 
 
 ; 'far c6s-se dug* Ld. 
 sit wide asunder, not too close together! 
 far byed-pa Mil to break to pieces, to 
 smash, to crush. 
 
 fdr-nu a purgative Afed. 
 
 far-dpdg, C. *far- bda*, W. *td- 
 bag* a large plate, dish, platter. 
 fdr-ba to become free, to be saved, 
 *far gos, or goi* W. he must become 
 free, las from ; to be not hindered or pre- 
 vented, to get through, to get on, to be able 
 to pass, cu-la through the water Mil.; zas 
 mi far the food cannot pass through Med. ; 
 to be released, acquitted, discharged, *(im- 
 na* C. by a court of justice; fdr-du O jug- 
 pa to set at liberty, to acquit, with fse 
 (col. *fse - far - la tan - wa*) to pardon (a 
 malefactor;, to grant him his life, frq., to 
 let live (animals) Mil.; often in a religious 
 sense (with or without -mam -par") to be 
 Saved, freed, released, viz. from the trans- 
 
 migration of souls; more frq. the pf. far- 
 pa 1. to be free etc., lam far the road is 
 free, passable. 2 sbst. freedom, liberty, hap- 
 piness, eternal bliss, jff^ fdr-pai rgyur 
 O ayur it will be serviceable for (my) liberty; 
 far- (pa*) lam the road to happiness (a 
 common expression); far-med-kyi dmy al- 
 ba hell without release. 3. adj. free, far- 
 par O gyitr-ba to become free, byed-pa to 
 make free, to liberate, to save; fdr-sa place 
 of refuge, asylum Thgy. 
 qqr fal, sometimes for fa-li; fdl-gyis v. 
 fdl-ba II. 3. 
 
 - fdl-ba I. sbst. 1. dust (cf. rdul\ 
 ashes, and similar substances; gog- 
 fdl ashes; *fug-fdl* ('soup- dust') roasted 
 barley -flour C. fal-kdr a kind of ele- 
 phant, Cs., perh. the ash-coloured. fdl- 
 cu lye. tal-cen ashes of the dead; also 
 a sort of light gray earth, representing the 
 former, and used for bedaubing the face 
 in masquerades Mil. fal - tag Ld. un- 
 leavened bread. fal-mdog ash-coloured, 
 cinereous. fal-pydgs broom Sch. fal- 
 byi the gray or cat-squirrel. fal-fsd a 
 sort of salt Med. -- 2. bya-fal dung of 
 birds Glr. 
 
 II. vb. (C*. also O fdl-ba) 1 . to pass, to 
 pass by, *fal ca dug* W. he goes past, he 
 does not come in; *zdm-pa fal ca dug*, 
 he goes past the bridge, does not pass 
 over it; to miss the mark, of an arrow 
 or ball ; rba fal - fal ^on the waves flow 
 past Mil. 2. to go, step, pass beyond, 
 lo Ind-bcu fdl-nas when the age of fifty 
 has been passed Wdn.; *cu-fsod ycig fsd- 
 big fal* W. a little past one o'clock; sno- 
 ba-las fal-nas dmar-zin Thgy., prob. inclin- 
 ing from blue to red; to be in the ad- 
 vance C.; to project, to be prominent, hence 
 fal-fu/t different lengths, one object pro- 
 jecting beyond another; to play a promi- 
 nent part, to take the lead W.; fdl-ces-pa 
 to exceed the due measure &//.: *h : a fal- 
 wa* to be forward in speaking, bold. 
 3. to go or pass through, brag -la yar fal 
 mar fal, and par fal fsur fdl-du O gro-ba 
 to soar up and down before a rock, and
 
 231 
 
 tdl-mo 
 
 fiy-l 
 
 to pass actually through it (the saints not 
 being subject to the physical laws of matter) 
 Mil, Thgr.; to shine, to light through; tal- 
 byi'in-du O gro-ba to go straightforward, to 
 act Without ceremony or disguise Dzl. 
 ?vS3, 3 ; fdl-ma Sch., fdl-le C., through and 
 through; fdl-gyis directly, straightway, unhesi- 
 tatingly Mil. 4. to come or get to, to 
 arrive at ( W. *fel-ce*}, fdl-nas lo ysum Ion 
 three years have elapsed since they arrived ; 
 pa-ma gar fdl-bai )tol-med; bzan-fdl safe 
 arrival Thgr.; ydr-yyi bzdn-fal cen-por 
 O gro-ba to arrive at, attain to (a blessed 
 state) in a pleasant and speedy manner 
 Thgr. 5. to be over, past, finished, done, 
 fdl-lo of a song: it is over, finished Mil.; 
 drug-cu fdl-lo the number of sixty is full; 
 ydl - nas fdl - ba Mil. having disappeared, 
 vanished ; stor - te (or stor - nas) fal he is 
 undone, it is all over with him Mil. frq.; 
 rim-g-yis je nyun je nyun tal by degrees it 
 vanishes , dies away Mil. ; snar cad - fsig 
 fal the former agreement is no longer 
 valid; fal son col. = fsar son. Tar. 46, 
 5.12? 172,5: fdl-gyur-pa Schf. follower, 
 adherent, or the name ol a certain sect. 
 fdl-mo the palm of the hand, fdl-mo 
 sbydr-ba to hold together the palms 
 of the hands, as a gesture of devotion; 
 fdl-mo snun-pa Dzl., more frq. fal-lcdy 
 ryydb-pa to give a slap on the face, a box 
 on the ear; fal-brddb-pa to clap with the 
 hands Sch. 
 
 fj" fi num. fig.: 40. 
 
 S-qr fi-yu v. fd-gu; fi-yu-Krd-bo (?) C. = 
 " J *'ar-gon* W. 
 
 g.^. fi-ba 1. wood-pigeon, stock-dove Sch.; 
 fi-bo plover, peewit, lapwing Sch. - 
 2. C. = fe-ba. 
 
 fjq- %, prob. from fi-yu, 1. carpenter's 
 ' cord or string to mark lines with, 
 marking-string, fiy(-yis) O debs-pa to use such 
 a string, to draw lines. 2. any instru- 
 ment used in drawing lines; skor-fig a 
 pair of compasses, yya - fig slate - pencil, 
 lead-pencil ; also a line drawn with a lead- 
 pencil ; *fiy - ta tan - ce* W. c. genit. to 
 
 examine, try, test. 3. a line, fig- debs- 
 pa, ryyag-pa, ryyab-pa, to draw lines; 
 gun-fig the meridian line Cs.; nag -fig or 
 snag-fig a black line, fsal-fig a red line; 
 fsahs-fiy diameter; equator Cs. 4. symb. 
 numeral for zero. 5. v. tiff. 
 
 Comp. fi<i-skod string to mark lines 
 with. *fiy-nyd* W. over against tig- 
 nag Sty. , Sch. : that part of hell , where 
 the damned are sawn to pieces, lines being 
 drawn upon them. fiy-fsdm a little. 
 fig-fsdd Cs. proportion, symmetry, Ld.-Glr. 
 f. 27, 6, fig-fsad byed-pa to proportion; 
 *fiy - fsdd zum - ce* W. , to determine the 
 relation or proportion of things. fig- 
 sin a ruler, to rule lines with. 
 
 fiy-le 1. a spot like that of a leop- 
 ard's skin , fig - le - can spotted, 
 speckled; fly -ma* W. id., of variegated 
 woolen fabrics; cos fiy-le nyay cig Mil., 
 the centre of all religion, in which finally 
 all the different sects must unite. 2. 
 zero, naught Wdk. 3. semen virile. 4. 
 contemplation. The two latter significations 
 are mystically connected with each other, 
 as will be seen from a passage of Mil., 
 which is also a fair specimen of the phy- 
 siological and mystical reveries of the more 
 recent Buddhism: yons lus-la ytum-mo 
 Jbdr-bas bde; rlun ro rkyan dhu-tir cud- 
 pas bde; stod byan-cub-sems-kyi rgyun- bab 
 bde; smad ddns-mai fig-le Kydb-pas bde', 
 bar dkar dmar fug prod brt&e - bos bde; 
 lus zay-med-bde-bas fsim-pas bde; de rndl- 
 Jbyor nydms - kyi bde drug lags , he (the 
 Yogi) feels well in general, when the 
 warmth of meditation is kindled (cf. ytum- 
 mo) in his body ; he feels well, when the 
 air enters through r6 - ma and kydii - ma 
 into the dhuti', he feels well in the upper 
 part of his body by the flowing down of 
 the bddhi; he feels well in the lower parts 
 by the spreading of the chyle (chylous 
 fluid, semen) ; he feels well in the middle, 
 by being affected with tender compassion, 
 when the red (the blood in the kydh-ma) 
 and the white (the semen in the ro-ma) 
 unite; the whole body is well, being |-r-
 
 232 
 
 tigs-pa 
 
 vaded by the grateful feeling of sinless- 
 ness; this is the sixfold inental happiness 
 of the Yogi. 
 
 ncn^r^r fi(js-pa a drop, fiys-pa re-re-nas 
 in drops, by drops Glr.; car- figs 
 a drop of rain; yser-fig-po (sic) Mil. seems 
 to denote a drop or globule of molten gold, 
 which in this form is offered for sale by 
 gold-washers. 
 
 |C" fin v. O din-ba. 
 
 fjn'T f^-pa v. Q fib-pa and ytib-pa; fib- 
 fib very dark Sch.; byin-rldbs fibs- 
 fibs Pth. seems to imply the descending 
 of a blessing upon a person; fib(i)-po, 
 mo dense, Cs. or perh. nothing but obscure, 
 dark, nags Stg. 
 
 fi m ~^ a i a lso O fim-pa, ftvm-pa and 
 stim-pa, gen. with la or ndt't-du, to 
 disappear by being imbibed, absorbed; to 
 evaporate, of fluids; of a snake: to creep 
 away, to disappear in a hole; frq. of the 
 vanishing of rays of lights, of gods etc.; 
 to be melted, dissolved (salt or sugar in 
 water); to sink, dran-med-du into un- 
 consciousness Mil. 
 
 n- fu 1. num. fig.: 70. 2. *fu yydb-ce* 
 Na W. to spit, with la, to spit at or on. 
 - 3. often erron. for mfu. 
 
 fu-ba 1. also fu-pa, skirt, coat-flap 
 Glr, - 2. rarely O fu-ba, bad, e.g. 
 wood Mil. ; *gyal - tu* W. good and bad 
 promiscuously; sdug-bsndl fu-ba a bad 
 accident Thgy.; malicious, wicked, vicious 
 Glr. 3. vb., v. O fu-ba. 
 
 fu-bo ft a chief; an elder brother, 
 Dzl. , Tar. ; tu - mo Cs. : mistress, 
 
 lady 
 
 nrn- 
 >c ' 
 *zag 
 
 fu-mi p. n., v. fon-mi. 
 
 fu-re uninterrupted Sch. 
 
 fu-lum a lump of metal B.; W. 
 cannon-ball: 
 
 fug, C. also *fug-pa*, c. accus. until, 
 to, in reference to time and space; 
 zib-cu fug* for forty days; only col. 
 fug -com Sch.: 'dreadful noise 7 ; 
 
 Thgr. fug-fsom; Mil. fug-syrd id. 
 
 fugs 
 
 fug -pa I. sbst. soup, broth, O bras- 
 fug rice-soup, bag -fug meal- soup, 
 gruel, rgya-fug Chinese soup, a sort of 
 vermicelli-soup 6'.; fug-fdl v. fdl-ba. 
 
 II. vb. 1. to reach, arrive at, come to, 
 c. dat. or termin., fsei rnfar fug -pa to 
 reach the natural term of life Dzl.\ to 
 come or go as far as Dzl.; riis-pa-la fug- 
 pa to pierce to the quick Dzl. ; si-la fug 
 fse Mil., c ci-bar fug-pa-la Lt. when one 
 is near death; . . . la fug-gi bar - du till, 
 until Dzl., Tar., Pth.; bzun-la fug he was 
 just on the point of seizing her Dzl. ; * 'sad- 
 da fug* W. going to kill; si-la (or bsdd- 
 pa-la) fug-pa often means deserving death 
 (of culprits) Dzl.; fse O po-ba-la fug kyan 
 though life is at stake Dzl.', in like man- 
 ner W. : *lus srog dan fug-te ca dutf he 
 goes at the peril of his life; fug-yas not 
 to be reached, endless 6s. 2. to meet, 
 to light upon, c. la or dan, O prdd-pa, 
 esp. col. *nyi-rdn-la fug-ga-la yoi/s* W. 
 he has come to see you; *fug yin* W. we 
 shall meet again, = till we meet again! 
 a revoir! )dg-pa dan fug -pa Mil. to fall 
 in with robbers; ydon fug -pa fug -pa', 
 ci-la fug run Mil., *ghd-la fug kyan* C. 
 whatever may happen to me; fug-cdd 
 agreement to meet Sch. 3. col. to touch, 
 to hit or strike against, W.: "-rutty -Kan* 
 here it touches, or strikes against; here 
 is the rub; *lag-pa mi fug yin* 1 shall 
 not touch it, I shall not come near with 
 my hand ; *de-la fug kyan ma fug* W. do 
 not even touch it! 
 
 fugs, resp. for snyin, yid, sems, bsdm- 
 pa, bio etc., and whenever mental 
 qualities or actions are spoken of in respect- 
 ful language, v below. 1. heart, breast, in 
 a physical sense, gen. fugs-ka; fugs - kyi 
 sprul-pa the incarnation of a deity, ori- 
 ginating in a ray of light which proceeds 
 from the breast of that deity Glr. 2. 
 heart, in a spiritual sense, mind, soul, spirit, 
 will, v. below; design, purpose, intention, 
 sbyin-pai fug zlog-tu ysol we beg to desist 
 from the intention of giving Dzl.; under- 
 standing, intellect Glr. (v. sgdm-pa); fugs-
 
 233 
 
 tugs 
 
 fun 
 
 su cud-pa = K6n-du cud-pa-, fugs-su Q byon- 
 pa to be kept in mind, in memory Mil. ; 
 also = yid-du ^.on-ba ni f. ; cf. Q gro-ba. 
 3. fugs-la btdys-so v. O dogs-pa. 4. for 
 fugs-rje or bka-drin, fugs mdzdd-pa to 
 grant or show a favour Dzl. 5 in the 
 phrase fugs mi fub-pa, with the genit. of 
 the inf., it is used without ceremonial 
 distinctions for to venture, to risk, to dare 
 Dzl. 
 
 Comp. fugs-ka v. above fugs-mKyen 
 resp. for mnon - ses Mil. fugs - Jtrugs 
 resp. for Kon-Jcrugs Ma. fugs-dgons = 
 dgons-pa II.; tugs-dgohs ytoh-ba = bsam- 
 blo yton-ba to muse, meditate, reflect Mil. 
 fugs(-su) ^gro-ba resp. for yid-du ^6n- 
 ba to be agreeable; agreeable, pleasant, 
 delightful; pleasure, delight, .. .la in (a thing) 
 Mil. fugs-rgydl resp. anger, wrath, in- 
 dignation Mil., fugs-rgyal bzens anger arises, 
 is roused. fugs-ndn grief, sorrow, afflic- 
 tion Dzl. fugs-ces-pa resp. for yid-ces- 
 pa to believe. tugs-rje prop, respectful 
 word for snyin-rje pity, commiseration, com- 
 passion; gen. grace, mercy, generosity, na- 
 la fugs-rje(s} yzigs pray, look graciously 
 upon me! Mil; even thus: sd-bon zig 
 fugs - rje yzigs dgos, pray, be so kind as 
 to send me some seeds! W. fugs-rjes 
 O dzin-pa, fugs-rje mdzdd-pa id. fugs- 
 rje -can gracious, merciful, generous. - 
 (lha) fugs-rje cen-po the All - merciful, 
 Awalokiteswara. fugs-dam, prop. resp. 
 for yi-dam, 1. oath, vow, solemn promise, 
 e.g. bed - ba to take (an oath), to make 
 (a vow). 2. a prayer, a wish in the form 
 of a prayer, = smon-lam. \\. contemplation, 
 the act of contemplating a deity (cf. sgom- 
 pa and sgrub-pa); meditation in general, 
 Mil. frq., fugs -dam O pel meditation in- 
 creases, proceeds successfully; devotion. 1. 
 a deity, a tutelar god or saint, a patron Glr. 
 - fugs-nyid v. sems-nykl, sub sems. - 
 fugs-mug resp. for yi(d)-mug despair. - 
 fugs bde-ba, mi bde-ba, v. bde-ba. fugs- 
 ytsigs-pa to be cautious Sch.\ v. however 
 ytsigs-pa. fugs-brtse-ba love, affection of 
 the heart, compassion, resp. for 
 
 ba, frq., fugs-brtse-bar dgons-pa, yzigs-pa, 
 with la, to look upon compassionately, to 
 remember in mercy. fugs-rob Sch. = 
 ses-rdb. fugs-n'ts Alii. = snyiti-i'us. 
 fuys-(kyi} sras Mil, Tar., spiritual son, an 
 appellation given to the most distinguished 
 scholars of saints. 
 
 fu ~n a * nree y ears ' c ' f animals 
 
 Sch. 
 
 fun-ba, col. fun-itu, Ld. *fuh-se*, 
 
 short, relative to space, time, quan- 
 tity of vowels etc.; fun-itu ^/ro-ba to be- 
 come shorter ; but the word is not so much 
 used as 'short' is in English; yid fun-ba 
 Dzl., spro fun-ba Wdn. passionate, hot- 
 tempered, hasty. 
 
 -- fud cheese made of buttermilk, or of 
 NS ' cur-pe, butter and milk Ld., Glr., Pth.; 
 ^o-fud milk -cheese, made of curd, or of 
 milk coagulated with runnet. 
 qj- fun I. a regular amount, a fixed quan- 
 ts ' tity 1. of time, a certain length of 
 time, as long as a man is able to work 
 without resting, a Shift, six, four, or three 
 hours; Schf. translates Tar. 67, 17 even 
 by one hour; a night-watch, mel-fse fun 
 O fcor the night - watch is over Dzl. ; fun 
 bzii rnal-Jbyw the meditation of a whole 
 day Mil. ; *fun cdd - ce* W. (the cock) 
 announces the watch (by crowing); fun 
 bzun-ba Pth. prob. to have the watch; 
 nam-gyi gun-fun-la at or about midnight; 
 srod-kyi gun-fun-la Mil. prob. id. 2. a 
 dose of medicine Med. frq. fun-log ? 
 
 II. in sorcery : bodies or substances 
 which are supposed to be possessed of 
 magic virtues, such as sand, barley, cer- 
 tain seeds etc., fun- don a hole in which 
 such substances are concealed; fun-rd a 
 horn to carry them; fun ?so-ba to revive 
 a charm Mil nt. 
 
 III. one who collects, a gatherer (from 
 fu - ba ) , sin - fun one who picks up or 
 gathers sticks Mil. ; rtsa - fun a gatherer 
 of grass , snye - fun a gatherer of ears of 
 corn Cs.; fun-zor reaping-hook, sickle Sch. 
 
 IV. fun, or more frq. tun-mon(s\ usual, 
 
 15*
 
 234 
 
 fub-pa 
 
 daily, what is done or is happening every 
 day; common, general, diws-gmb fun-moiis 
 earthly goods, as well as intellectual en- 
 dowments, considered as common property, 
 but not spiritual gifts; fun-min, tun-moi>s 
 ma yin-pa unusual, uncommon, not for every 
 body; *cig-la cig fun-mon co* take good 
 care to live together in harmony W. ; fun- 
 moh-du or su in common, in company, 
 jointly; fun -mo it by itself is also used as 
 adv., = fun-spyir, in general. 
 O*T fub-pa (i[e^) I. vb., c. accus., SO- 
 NS metimes c. ^lat., 1. to get the better 
 of, to be able to cope with, to be a match 
 for (an enemy), to be able to stand or bear 
 (the cold etc.), to be able to do one harm, 
 to get at One, dug-gis ma fub-cin as the 
 poison could not do him any harm DzL; 
 to be able to quench, extinguish, keep off 
 e.g. fire, hail Glr. ; fZdn-gyis mi fub-pa 
 invincible, not to be overcome; nan dgu 
 fub-pa to be able to subdue every thing 
 that is bad Lt.; to have under one's com- 
 mand or control, to keep under, e.g. one's 
 own body; to be able to bear, e.g. mis 
 fub-par dka (water from a glacier) is not 
 easily borne by man, i.e. does not agree 
 with him Med. ; ras rkyan fub - pa to be 
 able to bear a simple cotton dress Mil.] 
 lo bi'gya fub-pa to live to (the age of) a 
 hundred years, frq. 2. with a supine 
 or verbal root, to be able, col. the usual 
 word, in B. gen. nus-pa; cf. "/tub-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. ijT^r a mighty one, one 
 having power and authority, sa-kya-fub-pa 
 Buddha; a wise man, a sage, a saint in 
 general, jjf^f. 2. symb. num. for 7. 
 nxyxjy fum(s), also fum-pa Cs., fum-po 
 : Sch. t 1. cover, covering, wrapper, 
 of a book or a parcel; rgydb-pa Sch. to 
 put (a cover round a thing), to wrap up; 
 *sig-pa* C., W., *sdn -pa* C. to take off 
 (a covering); fum-can having a cover. 
 2. a parcel wrapped up (in paper etc.); 
 O bru-tan-fum bcas together with a small 
 parcel of tea. 
 
 T fum-pa 1. v. fum. 2. v. ynyid. 
 
 n$rq* fum-bu, fom-bu a large 
 spoon, a ladle; rag -fum a 
 brass ladle, zans-tum a copper ladle. 
 nr' fur 1. 6s. a declivity (?), prob. only 
 NO adverbially: down; fur -lam a down- 
 hill road; fur-la, fur-du down, downward, 
 O gr6-ba to go down, nub-pa to sink down; 
 mgo fur-du bstdn-te head down, head over 
 heels Sty. ; *t-i-pi fur-la sub-ce* W. to un- 
 cock one's cap. 2. v. fur -mgo, and 
 fur-ma. 
 
 TCf fur -mgo 1. the tip of a spoon, 
 fur-mgo fsam as a measure Mil. 
 - 2. also for-mgo halter, *fur-go cug-ce* 
 W. to bridle, to bit (a horse); * fur -la 
 fen-ce* W. to strive, to struggle against; 
 to rear. fur- fag the rein, fur-mfa the 
 end of the rein. 
 
 ^-x- nr ^ tiir _ m foa | ? C0 |t, fjiiy. 
 
 N5 
 
 fur-ma, W. *fur-rnan*, 1. spoon. 
 
 2. Chinese chopsticks. 3. a pole 
 Dzl. 9V9-, 4. 4. a whole class of surgical 
 instruments S.y. 
 
 qor ful 1. egg (ace. to Cunningham a 
 NS Cashmiri word), ful-ta-gir pancake. 
 2. v. O dul-ba, also substantively : ful de 
 min besides this way of converting (people) 
 Pth.; ful Jg-tu jug -pa Tar. 25, 16 to 
 keep a tight hand over a person, to dis- 
 cipline one; zin-gi ful O debs-pa Ld.-Glr. 
 to clear land for tillage, ni f. 
 
 fiil-pa, Cs. also ful-po, dress made 
 
 of the skins of animals, a furred 
 coat or cloak Mil lug-ful dress of sheep- 
 skin, rd-ful dress of goat-skin, ful-lu the 
 common sheep-skin dress ; *ful - can* W. 
 wide, not fitting close or tight. 
 nq-q- ful-ba 1 . pf. to O dul-ba, to tame, curb, 
 NO check, restrain, Mil. : nds O dre-rnams 
 ful-nas the goblins having been subdued 
 by me; las nyon-mons ful-ba dka it is 
 difficult to check a sinful deed Mil. ; parti- 
 ciple: tamed, civilized; converted. 2. to 
 roll or wind up /,//. 
 
 or fi<l-l e Ld. impressive, nearly the 
 
 same as tur-rc. 
 
 f us-pa 1. bad = fit-ba, prov.; 2. v. 
 
 9 fu-ba.
 
 jgj" fe 1. for fe-mo; 2. num.: 100. 
 
 cr"Tr fe-rffy scruple, doubt, uncertainty, 
 ' hesitation, occasionally used for fe- 
 fsom. 
 
 ern* ^- ~ b a -> V- a ^ so *^' ~ ba*, pf- fes $cA., 
 the col. syn. of y toys-pa, seldom in 
 It., 1. to belong, appertain to, c. la. 2. to 
 occupy one's self with a thing, to meddle 
 with, to interfere, c. dan (= dri-ba); fe- 
 mKan belonging together, c. la, belonging 
 to a thing; *ma-fe-a* W. for ma-fe-bar, - 
 ma -y togs -par', fe-reg the connexion or 
 relation of ownership, di-la ydb-kyi fe- 
 irij ined to this my father has no claims 
 Mil. nt. 
 
 3j.^i. ft -bo, fe-bon W. thumb, v. 
 
 feb-mo. 
 
 fe-mo, col. fe-tee, diminutive feu, resp. 
 pyag-fe seal, signet, stamp, *fe-tse 
 yydb-ce, or ndn-ce* to seal, to. stamp; sa- 
 fe Tar. 79, 12(?); *fe-tse lag-kor tdn-wa* 
 to engage, to bind one's self by a seal in 
 some common concern. 
 
 fa-t*dm doubt, scruple, uncertainty, 
 perplexity, fe-fsom skyes, byed(W. 
 : "co*), za, fe-fsom-du gyur I am doubtful; 
 fe-fsom za-ba-rnams scrupulous, irresolute 
 persons Pth.; * fe-fsom man-po rag* W. I 
 am in great perplexity, I am quite at a 
 loss; fe-fsom ziy O dri-ba to utter a doubt 
 Dzl 
 
 " fe-ran v. feu-raii. 
 
 g.^. fe-rc col. straight, upright, firm ; smooth, 
 without folds or wrinkles; fe-re fin 
 C. draw (the carpet) smooth. 
 
 fe-rel W. incomplete, defective, un- 
 finished, fe-i*el-la lus son (the loaf) 
 is not whole, there has already been cut 
 from it. 
 
 co 
 
 - feg-pa 1. sbst. -qrrr, 1 vehicle, car- 
 riage, riding-beast, rtai feg-pa-la zon 
 he mounted on horseback Dzl; f(>y-pa l/'ta- 
 f>r;/i/d bsams he procured five hundred con- 
 veyances (horses, elephants, cuiTmges) />:/. 
 
 235 
 
 2. for attaining to salvation, feg-pa ysum 
 three conveyances are generally mentioned, 
 but in most cases only two are specified, 
 viz. feg-(pa) dman (-}></*), ^ji^H . and 
 feg(-pa) ?.en-po, flfT^'R, ^en. called 'the 
 little and the great conveyance or vehicle', 
 by means of which the distant shore of 
 salvation may be reached. Yet mention 
 is also made of a sndgs-kyi feg-pa, 4Jr(tJH 
 mantraydna, e.g. Tar. 180, 13. For more 
 particulars about these vehicles, and other 
 more or less confused and contradictory 
 notions, the works of Koppen and esp. 
 Wasiljew may be consulted. 
 
 II. vb. 1. to lift, raise, hold up, support 
 Mil., Glr.; hence Kri-fegs leg of a table 
 Sch.', feg-Kug C. knapsack, travelling-bag. 
 - 2. to raise, set up fig. bsad-gdd to raise 
 a loud laugh Mil. 3. most. frq. to be 
 able to carry, )i feg-pa as much as you 
 are able to carry Dzl.', mis feg-fsddycig 
 as much as one man is able to carry Tar.; 
 esp. with a negative: ma fey he was not 
 able to hold him up Dzl.; mi-feg fcur to 
 carry what is too heavy to be carried (by 
 ordinary muscular strength), to strain one's 
 self by lifting, Med.; to endure, tolerate, 
 stand, K6n-rnams-kyi nan ma fey-par not 
 being able to stand their urgent demands 
 Mil. ; to bear, to undergo without detriment, 
 skyid feg sdtig fey to be able to bear good 
 fortune and ill fortune. Cf. O te'gs-pa, ^legs- 
 pa. - 
 
 cjt-. fen 1 fen -ro Mil., *sa-fen* Ld., the 
 dead body of an animal killed by 
 beasts of prey. 2. *fen -la* C. down, 
 downward, e.g. *kyur-wa, yug-pa, bor-ica*, 
 to fling down. 
 
 ftn-po l*t/i., fi-H-ltti Sch., *f?n-K-an* 
 W., lame, hobbling, limping. 
 feu* time, times, fi'/>.s Ina five times 
 Pth. ; dl>K<i* - fens ciy - la in one 
 breathing, at ;i stivtrh; without inter- 
 mission Pth. 
 cj- fen 1. a little while, a moment. 2. v. 
 
 ' O fen-pa. 
 
 r t,'n-i><i tax, duty, impost S<7*.
 
 236 
 
 feb 
 
 If a)" fo-le 
 
 9q. feb 1. for fern, full Glr. 2. for fabs 
 Glr., C. 3. feb -mo, feb-cen the 
 thumb, feb-cun the little finger; v. mfe-bon. 
 febs series, order, succession ScA., 
 febs-re byed-pa to do successively; 
 v. O febs-pa. 
 
 fern-pa I. 1. threshold, rgdl-ba to 
 cross it G7r. ; sgo - fern door - sill, 
 threshold; yd -fern head -piece of a door- 
 frame, lintel, ma - fern sill , threshold Glr. 
 
 - 2. staircaise, stairs, flight of steps, fem- 
 skds id.; *fem-so* W. step, stair; fern -rim 
 Cs. 1. the several steps of a staircase. 
 2. rank, dignity. rdo-fem stone staircase; 
 It'or-fem winding stairs 6s. II. 1 . to be 
 full, complete, zla-dus fern-pa dan when 
 the time of the months was fulfilled Glr. 
 frq. ; zag ycig ma fem-pa-la one day being 
 still wanting Glr.; brgya fern -pa v. fam- 
 paGlr. 2. W.: to be sufficient, enough. 
 
 - 3. to receive (?) Sch. 
 
 III. Sch. = fen-pa, tax, impost, tribute. 
 fem-bu, fem-fsans stopping, closing, 
 shutting up; a stoppage Sch. 
 
 rms-yig Sch. memorial. 
 
 nQ'^r* feu-ran Glr., fe-brdn Lt., fe-rdn 
 
 Ma., a sort of demons. 
 n^- fer 1. bald, bare, spyi-fer Thyy. a bald 
 head; a bald-headed person; fer -fer 
 C. flat. 2. = fe-re(T) pyi fer nan gog 
 strong and hale outside, decayed within 
 Mil.; fei*-zug-pa = rtdg-pa Thgr. 
 
 fer- bumSch. 1000000000; fer- 
 O bum-cen-po 10 000 000 000. 
 ejr'&r fer-ma a kind of thin woollen cloth, 
 a flannel-like fabric, le-ter made of 
 shawl-wool, bal-fer of common wool. 
 QQT fel for fe-li, rag-tel C. a plate made 
 of latten brass. 
 
 fel-ba W. frq. = sleb -pa to arrive, 
 cf. fdl-ball., 4. 
 
 fel-se Sch, and Wts. a seal, stamp, 
 = fe-tse. 
 
 fes-pa Sch. pf. to fe-ba; = fes-bsun 
 Lt.? 
 
 & fo 1. num. for 130. 2. register, list, 
 catalogue, index; fo Jbri-ba to register, 
 
 to make out a list or catalogue Schr. sleb- 
 fo, Jbyun-to account of receipts, son-fa, bitd- 
 fo, skydg-fo account of expenditures; btdn- 
 fo account of money or goods lent out; 
 nyo-fo account of goods bought, bill; lo-fo 
 calendar, almanac; dei Idg-tu prin-bor-fo 
 list of orders or directions given to him 
 (lit. laid down in his hands); dei rgyud- 
 la fob-fo a list of things which his relations 
 shall receive. 
 
 fo-gdr Pth.\ ace. to Sch. the Turko- 
 mans; Tar. 18, Schf. : Tukhara, name 
 of a people in the northwest of India; 
 prob. the Togarmah of the Bible. 
 
 to-co Mil, a foolish joke, unbefitting 
 a sensible man. 
 
 fo-pyi Schr. loveC?), in Pth. it seems 
 to signify the sky. 
 
 to-ba, mfo-ba, a large hammer. 
 fo-bas rdun - ba to hammer, 
 to forge; rdo-fo a stone hammer, sin-fo a 
 wooden hammer, mallet; *fo-cuh* 1. an 
 ordinary hammer. 2. the cock of a gun. 
 - 3. a soldering-stick. Lh. 
 
 fo- fsdm-pa to scorn, scoff, jeer, 
 sneer at, vex, insult, mock, c. la, 
 by words DzL, also by actions DzL; snan- 
 cud to- fsdm-pa bzod-par ysol pardon our 
 having sneered at you before! Mil. ; also 
 mfo-mfsdm-pa, -btsdm-pa, -brtsdm-pa. 
 
 fo-yor stone pyramid, heap of stones 
 (cairn). 
 
 fo-rdits 1. dawn, break of day, early 
 morning, to-miis(-kyi} dus-su early 
 in the morning; 2. the following, the next 
 morning, c. genit. ; both also adverbially: 
 de dan mjal-bai fo-rd?lson the morning 
 after having met him. 
 
 s* f6-re W. to-morrow (B., C. san). 
 
 fo-re-ba, tor-tsdl Cs. : a few; Mil., 
 fog-re-tsal a little while. 
 
 fo-lum v. 
 
 - f o-le 1. to-U O debs-pa to spit, c. la, 
 at or on Pth. (cf. fu). 2. button 
 C. 3. fo-le dkdr-po C. chalk. 4. fo-le- 
 rgyal Mil. ?
 
 to-My 
 
 237 
 
 fo-% C. mule, hinny. 
 
 cj^n. % I. what is uppermost 1. roof, % 
 ' Jbubs-pa to cover with a roof, to roof 
 (a house) frq. ; fog ^gel-ba id. ; also fig. to 
 complete, to crown a thing Mil.; *fog-sa 
 ndn-ce* W. to roof, to finish a roof by 
 beating and stamping down the earth or 
 sods, of which the covering consists; fog- 
 rdzis yton-ba Mil. id. ; also fig. to impress, 
 c. genit., Mil *fog-kdr* W., the opening 
 for the smoke in a roof. fog- can having 
 a roof, * fog -yog* W. under cover. - 
 2. ceiling; yd-fog ceiling, md-fog floor of 
 a room. 3. story, dgu-fog having nine 
 stories or floors, frq. 4. in a general 
 sense : fog Q dren-pa Mil to be at the head, 
 to lead, direct, govern ; fog - Kar, W. *Ka- 
 fog-la*, on, upon, Kydg-fog-Kar on the ice 
 Glr.; fog-tu, and tog-fog adv. up, up to; 
 above; ydn-fog-tu in the uppermost place, 
 quite at the top, Glr.; postp. c. genit. (or 
 accus.) 1 . on, upon, e.g. to lay on, to place 
 upon Pth.; sems fog-tu Iji-bar byuu-nas 
 lying heavy, weighing heavily, upon one's 
 mind Glr.; nai fog-tu byun my heart was 
 smitten (by that); that has touched, has 
 grieved my heart Mil. ; fog-tu Kel-ba Mil, 
 vb. act. to it. 2. above Glr. 3. towards, 
 in the direction of, e.g. running towards, 
 mai fog-tu Dzl.-, yd-fog, md-fog ad. above, 
 below, or up to, up stairs, and down, down 
 stairs Mil. 4. to, e.g. to send to Dzl. 
 5. dmag-fog at the head of the army, or 
 only with the army. 6. during, as long as, 
 throughout; whilst (fog gen. without -tu}, 
 dgun - fog throughout the whole winter ; 
 *dir d-Ku sem fser fog* whilst her husband 
 is here in great anxiety Ld.; bgros-fog 
 during the walk. Cf. also na-og, pi-fog 
 as sbst. : morning, evening, forenoon, after- 
 noon W. 7. directly after, bzos-foy ^6 -ma 
 fresh milk, S.g. (s.l.c.). fog-nas 1. above, 
 more than, *lo nab-cw fog-ne ma lus* I^d. 
 they remained, i.e. lived not more than fifty 
 years. 2. on the part of, Thgy., analogous to 
 pyogs-nas. 
 
 II. thunderbolt, lightning ; fog dan str-ba 
 
 lightning and hail, fog-s&r - gyi ynod-pa 
 damage done by the elements; % Jbdb- 
 pa lightning descending, rgyab-pa striking, 
 fog-bdbs-m O by6n-pa to arrive, to approach 
 quick or suddenly like lightning Tar., resp.; 
 fog gis ysod-pa S.g., fog bdb-ste O ci-ba Do. 
 to be killed by lightning. 
 
 III. 1. fruit, produce, dkdr-fog \. dkdr- 
 po; zirt-fog produce of the fields Dzl.; lo- 
 tog a year's produce; sin-fog produce of 
 a tree or other plant, fruit; ysat'-fdg this 
 year's crop%.; tog-pud first-fruits, as an 
 offering; fog-sds id.(?). 2. W. fortune, 
 wealth, property, *nul-li fog* property in 
 money, cash in hand; (s)pi-fog common 
 property, property belonging to a com- 
 munity. 
 
 IV. in ma-fog(-fse) for ma fag, col. 
 and Thgy., s. I. c., v. fag. Cf. also fog-fdg, 
 fog-ma, togs-pa. 
 
 oqraqy fog-fdg^ prob. augmentative of 
 1 fog, v. fog-tu 6, also fag -fog, 
 during, as long as, throughout; quite, mfsan 
 fog-fdg-tu all night long; nyi-ma-ycig-gi 
 bdr-du fog-fdg during a whole day; lam 
 fog-fdg gdn-no the roads were quite full 
 (of snow) Dzl. 
 
 $pr$j- fog -ma what is uppermost, 1. the 
 upper end, the uppermost place, <///- 
 gyi fog-ma-la O dug - go they sat down in 
 the first, or uppermost, place Dzl gen. 
 2. origin, beginning; fog-mai saiis-rgyds kun- 
 tu-bzdn-po Adibuddha Samantabhadra, so 
 a deity is called, by which a prayer has 
 been appointed that is supposed to be 
 particularly efficacious; fog-ma co-rigs mf 6- 
 ba of noble birth, as regards his origin 
 Dzl. ; fog-ma btsds-pai fse-na, fog-ma btsds- 
 nas, fdg-ma skyes-nas already at his birth, 
 from his very birth Dzl.', fog-ma med-pa- 
 nas, dus fog-med-nas time out of mind, 
 from eternity; fog-ma-nas from the very 
 beginning; of itself; as a matter of course 
 Dzl.', bsubs-pai fog-fdg- la as soon as they 
 began to fill up Glr.; fog-mfa-bar-du at 
 first, later, in conclusion (lit. in the be- 
 ginning, end, and middle) Li.; most frq. 
 tog-mar 1. at first, first, the Lat. priiuum,
 
 238 
 
 fog-fsdd 
 
 primo, and primus. 2. postp. c. genit. 
 before, with respect to time Mil. fog- 
 drans-pa Pth., Gl>\, Sch.i 'at first, begun'; 
 our Lama explained it by 'to lead, to guide', 
 v. fog I, 4. 
 
 cjzn-^r- fog - tsdd W. story (of a house) ; 
 ' fog-so Mil nt. id. 
 
 s v. O dogs-pa, and O fogs-pa. 
 
 fogs-pa, c. la, to strike, stumble, 
 run against (like fug-pa v. 3); 
 to be hindered, impeded, delayed, frq. : mi Kyi 
 gdn - laan fogs -pa med - du without being 
 hindered by men, dogs, or anything else 
 Mil. ; foys-pa-med-pa, fogs-med, fogs-brdugs- 
 (or(b)rtuc/-)med-pa, %*{$ not hindered, un- 
 impeded, unchecked; all-searching, all-pene- 
 trating. 
 |(6" fon, fon-sol a plough. 
 
 Ij*P* fon-Ka Mil, fon-ga MrigJ 
 
 |j-q- fon-pa 1. Cs. a ploughman. 2. 6s.: 
 'a ram that is castrated, wether; ra- 
 fon a castrated he-goat'; according to my 
 authorities, however, fon-pa, and ra-fi'n't 
 signify a ram and he - goat one year old, 
 fon - fser and ra - fser being the feminine 
 forms (?) 3. fon-pai lo Mil. the years 
 between childhood and manhood, juvenile 
 years, Sch. fon-po, cf. Kyog-fon. 
 'fT fon-spu mane of the camel Sch. 
 
 fons-pa Mil.? 
 
 g- tod 1. Cs. a head-ornament, crown; gen. 
 J the usual covering for the head in the 
 East, turban, la-fod Glr. id.; dbu-fod resp.; 
 sd-yig fod-du bciiis-pai ka the letter k 
 having for a crown the letter s: S Zam. 
 - 2. = fog L: *go-fo* C. over or above 
 the door; Jca-fod-la, Ka-fog-la, tfa-tod-la, 
 up, upon Ld. 3. threshold, yd-fod, md- 
 fod = yd-re, md-re. 4. v. fod-pa. 5. 
 fod-rgdl ce-ba (fon?) Mil., ace. to the con- 
 text: angry, wrathful. 6. fod-fod v. su. 
 Ijr-rr fod-pa 1. skull, cranium; skull of a 
 ' dead person, death's head ; fod-skdm 
 a dry skull, fod-rlon a fresh skull Thgr. ; 
 
 fob-pa 
 
 fod-Krdg a skull filled with blood Thgr.; 
 fod-por a drinking -cup made of a skull. 
 
 - 2. col. forehead, brow; fod-rtsd vena 
 frontalis Lt. ; fod-cins, fod-Kebs, tod-brgydn, 
 turban. 
 
 .... f.od-le-kor Lex. alabaster: Tar. 
 67, 18 Schf. = ^fe^t chalk 
 c|i- ton v. O fon-pa and O don-pa; fon-pa C. 
 ' also : good, fair, beautiful; smrd-bar fon- 
 pa eloquent. 
 
 H*"^j- fon-mi, or fu-mi sam-bho-ta n. of 
 the minister that was sent to India 
 by king Sronbtsansgampo, in order to pro- 
 cure an alphabet for writing. 
 
 SpJ' fob 1. v. tob-pa. 2. v. O debs-pa. 
 
 - tob-cu Schr., *fob-ce, tob-ci, teb-cu* 
 
 C., button (v. tob-ci). 
 -rt- fob-pa I. vb. (synon. to myed-pa, 
 
 and exclusively in use in W.) 1. 
 to find, frq. 2. to get. obtain, nas fob 
 7^., i(d-la fob col., I find, I get; fob -par 
 O gyur-ba id.; to partake of. to come to. 
 dad-pa faith (to come to the faith) Mil.; 
 to obtain, to get possession of, to subject to 
 one's power Dzl. ; da-drdg fob-mfdr Gram.: 
 after (words) that have got a da-di'd<j; 
 sans-rgyds, rgydl-po, bddg-po, fob-pa (lit. 
 to get the Buddha etc.) to become a Buddha, 
 a king, a lord ; *cag - dzod fob - ce* W. to 
 become frq. (cf. rgydl-po'). 
 
 II. sbst. that which has been got or 
 obtained: the sum. result, of a calculation 
 etc. Wdn. 
 
 III. *fob-ce(s)* W. adj. that which is 
 to be got or received, e.g. *bulon fob-ces- 
 si bun-yig* a list of demands to be called 
 in, of money owing. 
 
 Comp. fob-rgydl byed-pa to rob, pillage, 
 plunder (?) Sck.; fob-cd the share which 
 one gets C. fob - fan C's. 'income, re- 
 venue 1 ; more accurately: that which falls 
 to one's share, as a reward or pay, for 
 work, services etc., e.g. bits of cloth or 
 silk, which a tailor may keep for himself. 
 
 - fob-nor 1. share, quota. 2. quotient. - 
 fob-bio C. desire, bkiir-sti fob-pa ambition 
 Schr. fob - fsir (lit. the turn of getting,
 
 239 
 
 fom-bu 
 
 receiving) claim, right; duty, due, fob-fsir 
 nd-la yod 1 have a claim, a right to it 
 W.; * fob-fsir td/i-ce* W. to give each his 
 share in his turn (prop. ace. to the due 
 turn). fob-rim Glr. id. tob-yiy re- 
 pertory, index. fob-srol prob. = fob-fsir, 
 right of succession C. fob-sd C. contest, 
 quarrel, strife; scramble, e. g. for money 
 thrown among the people. 
 
 dXJ'JT fom-bu = fum-bu. 
 
 foms-pa v. O foms-pa. 
 
 or foi'-g<M; a Mongol tribe. 
 
 for-myo v. fur-myo. 
 
 , I^gfiw for -*fc * 
 
 N= I do - far) a plaited tuft 
 of hair, toupet, Lex.: co-toi for -coy, for- 
 coy dar sna Ina bcins Pth. he bound his 
 tuft of hair with a silk string of five colours; 
 prob. ytsuy-tor q.v ; for-to(r') Lex. id. 
 ox/^r for-pa, also O for-pa Med., the small- 
 pox Sch.; in Si(: for - ba signifies 
 pimple, pustule, but the usual word for this 
 is .srm-fov, aud in W. *pul-for* has a 
 similar meaning, whereas for-bu Med. de- 
 notes a whole class of diseases, comprising 
 dyspepsy and cutaneous disorders. dmar- 
 for measles Sch. 
 
 mfa 
 
 ;*q* for-ba 1. v. O tor-ba. 2. v. for-pa. 
 
 for-bu single, separate; Tar. 120, 19: 
 
 prd - mo for -bu-pa separate little 
 works, books Schf. 
 B *^r for - mo the growing fat of cows, 
 
 goats etc. in consequence of steril- 
 ity Sch. 
 QJ"n* fol-ba 1. v. O fol-ba, pf. to rtol-ba, 
 
 what has come forth, what has been 
 raised, elevated (?) Sch. cf. fol-fol M/'ty.; 
 fol-b\jiih to arise, to begin, suddenly Sch. 
 
 fos-pa 1. vb. to hear B., C. (W. 
 
 *fsdr-ce*}, ryydl-po zig-gi ytam fos- 
 sam, or only ryydl-po ziy fos-sam Dzl. have 
 you heard of a king? Jbros-so zer-bai ytam 
 ryyal-poi snydn-du tos-so it came to the 
 king's hearing that he had escaped. Glr. 
 
 2. adj. mdn-du fos-pa far-famed, renowned, 
 frq.; ma fos-pa unheard of; tos-yrol the 
 title of a book which is read to the soul 
 of a deceased person (*fo-dhol* C., *fo-<J6t* 
 W.), and the full title of which is: fos- 
 pa tsdm-yyis yrol-ba fob-pai cos a doctrine 
 by the hearing of which a man is instantly 
 saved Thyr.\ fos-cun Mil. hearing little. 
 
 frig-trig the creaking of shoes. 
 
 qcn* twag Ld. the sharp sound, the crack- 
 ing, which is heard, when a branch 
 of a tree is breaking off; cf. tsa-rdg and 
 Idim. 
 
 mfan Cs. : the lower part of the body, 
 mf aii -yds a vestment for it, a sort 
 of petticoat (ace. to others : toga) worn by 
 Lamas. 
 
 mfa (cf. fd-ma) 1. end, ending, 1. re- 
 lative to space: edge, margin, brink, 
 brim, of a well Glr., skirt of a forest, gen. 
 mfd-ma; limit, bound, border, confines, fron- 
 tiers, mfa skor-ba to go round the confines 
 (of a place) ; mfd-las O dds-pa exceeding all 
 bounds, very great, e.g. sduy-bsndl Thgr.\ 
 used even thus : ryydl-po bzuys-pai mfd-la 
 bskor to walk round him that sits on a 
 throne Glr., po. ; adverbially : de-mfa round 
 this (mountain) Mil.; mfa dbus kun-tu in 
 the whole country (in the frontier districts 
 and in the central parts); mfai ryyal-Kams 
 neighbouring or border- country; mfa id., 
 e.g. mfa bzi the four border-countries, i.e. 
 all the surrounding territory, frq.; mfai nor 
 the treasures of the border-country Glr. ; 
 mfai dmay border - war. ; in the Tibetan 
 part of the Himalaya mountains mfa de- 
 notes in a special sense Hindoostan; in 
 grammar: termination, na ma ra In 
 rnams mfd-can words ending in n, m, r, 1; 
 (ja-mfd a final g. 2. relative to time: btUt* 
 pai mta Dzl. the termination of a Kalpa; 
 dus-mfdi me \he conflagration at the end of 
 the world, the ecpyrosis ; in a more general 
 sense: mfa nan-pas as this will end badly; 
 mta ycig-tu Wdii. and Tar. 4,7 Sch.: on 
 the one hand, in part, in a certain degree, in 
 some respect; &/*/'.: 'schlechthin' (V) -
 
 240 
 
 mta 
 
 mfu 
 
 mfa-ycod-pa final or definitive sentence or 
 judgment Sch.; dei mfa ycod-pai pyir in 
 order to settle it definitely, viz. by counter- 
 proof, Gram,- ydn-dag-mfa the true end, 
 i.e. objective truth Was. (297); the rest, 
 remainder, re - dogs - kyi mfa span having 
 given up also the last remnant of fear and 
 hope Glr., cf. mfa - dag; mfa - ru, mfar 
 1. towards the end, towards the boundary 
 or the neighbouring country; at the end 
 etc. ; mfar fug - pa to reach , to attain to 
 the end, frq.; fsei mtar fug-pai grans the 
 number of those that reach the (natural) 
 end of life DzL; mfar - fug - pa - med - pa 
 inexhaustible DzL ; mtdr-pyin-pa (rarely 
 mfar-Jcyil-ba) id.; also absolutely as sbst. 
 mfdr-pyin-pa a perfect, a holy person, 
 a saint; mfar -ton -pa id. (?) Mil; mfdr- 
 byed-pa to give a work its finish 6'., (Sch. : 
 'to destroy, demolish'?) 2. adv. lastly, finally, 
 in conclusion DzL, Thgy.\ perh. also to the 
 very last, wholly, altogether. 3. postp. with 
 genit. after, behind, rgyal-rdbs sum-brgydi 
 mfar after 300 royal generations Glr. ; sd- 
 mtar sin, sin is to be written after a final s, 
 Gram. 2. aim, purpose Cs. 3. system, 
 opinion Tar. 107, 4 Schf., perh. for grub- 
 mfa. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. mfd-klas-pa Cs. = mfd- 
 med-pa, yet v. mtas. mta-skor circum- 
 ference, perimeter, v. 'dpag - fsdd. mfa- 
 Jiob v. Jiob. mfa-gru Glr. 42 ? mfa- 
 rgyds very wide Schr. mfa-lcags frame, 
 of a mirror etc. Schr. mfa- cog Med.? 
 
 mfa-rten final consonant Gram.; mta- 
 rten-med-pa ending with a vowel Gram. 
 
 mfa-fig boundary line Sch. mfa-fog- 
 fdg unceasing (?) Sch. mtd-dag several, 
 sundry ; all, frq. ; man - fsig mfa - dag the 
 plural sign mfa-dag Gram. mta-draiis 
 Gram.? mfa ma the end, grdl-gyi mfd- 
 mai bu-mo the girl at the end of the row 
 (opp. to the middle or the other end, not 
 necessarily to th beginning, like mjug-ma}\ 
 border, hem, seam, of dresses Dzl. ; den mfoii- 
 ba mfa -ma to-day we see (him) for the 
 last time Glr. (fd-ma would be more cor- 
 rect, like Dzl. ?9) 16). mfa-mal-pa 
 
 sometimes for fa - mal - pa. mfd - mi 
 borderer; neighbouring people. mfd med- 
 pa, mfd - yas - pa infinite, endless. mfa- 
 yseb Wdn.? 
 
 T mfar 1. v. mfa. 2. for far. 
 
 mfar - skyol the bringing to an 
 end, carrying through, persistence, 
 perseverance Mil. 
 
 mfdt '- ( Ji/ is b Y turns > successively, 
 Dzl.\ by degrees, gradually. 
 infos-kiwi Zam. = H^?T, border, 
 limit? cf. mfa compounds. 
 mfin ace. to Cs. : 'indigo', and 'mfih- 
 sin indigo - plant' ; ace. to a Lama 
 from Lhasa however: 1. mountain - blue 
 (which is found, together with malachite, 
 in the hills near Lhasa). 2. from the 
 resemblance : indigo-colour (whereas indigo 
 as a substance is rams), and esp. a light 
 sky-blue, azure; cf. mfon-mfin. 
 
 mtin-ril, Lex. a certain bird; 
 Sch. : a sort of wild duck; ace. 
 to Pth. a smaller bird. 
 
 mtiu v. mfeu. 
 
 f a vessel, of the 
 sea; floor, of a room Glr.; foundation, 
 of a house. 2. the lower side of a thing; 
 inner or lower part of a thing, Idg-mfil (resp. 
 pyag-mfil} the palm of the hand; lag-mfil- 
 na in the closed hand ; lag - mtil gan a 
 closed handful ; rkan-mfil (resp. zabs-mfil} 
 the sole of the foot ; lham - mtil the sole 
 of a shoe ; mfil bzi the palms of the hands, 
 and the soles of the feet. 3. the back- 
 ground, the far end, of a cave, a tunnel etc. 
 - 4. C.: the centre, the principal or chief 
 part, of a town; the principal place, chief 
 city, capital, of a country. 
 5j. mfu 1. power, force, strength, of the 
 NO body, of the mind, of Buddha, of a 
 prayer, of witchcraft etc. ; ability, power or 
 authority to do a thing; mfu dan Iddn-pa 
 strong, powerful, efficacious, able etc., mfu- 
 med powerless, feeble, unable; *mi za fu me* 
 C. I must eat it; bsgrub-7ni-nus-mfu-med-la 
 son we must be able to fulfil it Mil.: mfu-
 
 241 
 
 mfo-ba 
 
 zig-yis by an extraordinary manifestation 
 of power or strength DzL; klui mfu yin 
 that is an effect of the Lus, is produced, 
 comes from the Lus Sty. ; mfits by virtue 
 Of, frq. ; mfu - stobs = mfu. 2. magic, 
 witchcraft, mfu jtoii-ba Mil., mfu O debs-pa, 
 *tdb-ce* W., to practise witchcraft, to in- 
 jure a person by magic spells, to bewitch 
 Mil. and col. frq.; mfu ser brtad fsum- 
 po rdzogs-par bslabs conjuring, raising 
 tempests, exorcising ghosts, all these things 
 I have learned thoroughly Mil.; mfu-bo- 
 ce high-potent, high and mighty Tar. 
 
 mfug v. %. 
 mfud-pa v. O fud-pa 
 
 mfun-pa, also O fun - pa, to agree, 
 to harmonize; agreement, harmony; 
 agreeing etc., 1. in a general sense, c. c- 
 (I ait, . . yin-par don mfun-no they agree 
 in the opinion of her being . . . Glr.; mfun- 
 l>(ir byed-pa to make agree, to bring to an 
 agreement, to make consistent, mf tin- par 
 O f/yi'ir-ba to be made agreeing or consistent 
 Glr. ; dgons-pa ycig-tu mfun-pa unanimous; 
 lhai lugs dan mfun god -like (in deeds) 
 Glr. ; rigs mfun-pa of equal birth; lo mfun- 
 pa of the same age, contemporary; bio 
 mfun-te being of the same mind, similarly 
 disposed, cos byd-bar with respect to re- 
 ligion Glr.; Ka mfun-par with one mouth, 
 iji'ox in f ii it -par with one accord, unani- 
 mously, as one man; grabs mfun-pa to live 
 in harmony; to be adequate, correspond- 
 ing to. e.g. yid (dan} mfun-par, resp. fugs 
 (lnii mfun-par, to one's wish, as one could 
 desire = yid bzin-du; nad dan mf fin-par 
 corresponding to the disease, fit or proper 
 for the disease. -- 2. in a special sense 
 1. viz. yid dan, to be wished for, desirable. 
 particularly in mfun-rkytn, v. rkyen; also: 
 to wish, to like, to delight in, Kyed-nwm*- 
 /y//-s mfini-pai rdzas things wished for by 
 you, desirable to you Mil.; 2. with or 
 without yciy-la yl-ig: mfitn-nas whenever 
 they (the two nations) lived in peace with 
 cadi other (opp. to Jtin-nai) Glr.; mft'tn- 
 
 p(i> ytain byed-pa to converse amicably 
 Glr. , to enter into negotiations of peace 
 Glr.; mfun-par byed-pa 1. v. above, 2. to 
 caress, to fondle, to dandle Glr.: sin-tu 
 ntft'iH-par yod they are on the best terras 
 with each other, are making love to each 
 other Glr.; mfun-po bsdad Q dug col. id.; 
 mfun-po byed-pa to be kind, affable, con- 
 descending Mil. (opp. to being proud, cold, 
 reserved) : rgya bod jnyis mfun ^oh there 
 will be a good understanding between China 
 and Tibet Glr.; mi mfun-^pai pyogs fams- 
 cdd-las rgydl-ba to gain the victory over 
 all the hostile parties; mfun- gfjur-gyi yi- 
 ge C. letter of recommendation; mfun-can 
 W. gentle, peaceful. 
 
 * mfui\ also mtiir-mgo, v. fur-mgo, 
 halter, rta-mfur Lex. id.; mfur-fdg 
 rein, reins Sch.; mfur-mfd the end of the 
 reins, e.g. to place them into the hands 
 of another. 
 
 " mfus v. mfu 1. 
 
 ^tq.gi' mfe-bo, col. mfe'-bo/i, mfe-cen, mfi'b- 
 mo (v. also fe bo), thumb, rkdn-pai 
 mfe'-bo the big toe; mfeb-cun the little finger, 
 the little toe Glr. 
 agn- mfeu 1. a little hammer; 2. mfeu-ciin 
 
 - the little toe. 
 
 j^ mfo 1. a span, from the end of the 
 thumb to the end of the middle 
 finger when extended; mfo jdl-ba or yzdl- 
 ba, W. *tdb-ce*, to span, to measure by 
 the hand with the fingers extended; mfo 
 ydn, mfo re team a span (in length), mfo 
 do two spans. 2. v. mfo-ba. 
 
 mfo -yon a little triangular re- 
 ceptacle into which the likeness 
 of an enemy is placed, to whom one wishes 
 to do harm by witchcraft W. 
 
 tib earnest-money IT. 
 
 1. to be high: highness, height; 
 high, lofty, elevated. />'. (<'. / />;//-/) , 
 frq. fig.; rigs a'-:/<'i mf<> - /><i - *'>' bfinir <>< 
 high and noble birth D:l.\ <!<'- /as mfo-ba 
 more elevated than that, surpassing. >m- 
 mountiiiir ili:: c. accus. or instruin., high 
 IG
 
 242 
 
 mfor't-ga 
 
 mfon-po 
 
 as to (stature, rank etc.) mfo-na when I 
 am high, when I rise; mfo-ba ynon-pa 
 to lower what is high, to bring down, to 
 humble, frq.; -/'HIS mfo-mfo byas-pas dma- 
 dmd byun the more I was aspiring, the 
 more I was brought low Pth. sbyin-pa 
 mfo-ba Stg. was explained: gifts or alms 
 bestowed from a sincere heart. 2. hammer, 
 v. fo-ba; mfo-po-tog a stone used as a 
 hammer Cs. 
 
 Comp.: mfo-Kyad height, highness Dzl 
 - info-dogs, Pth. (together with yyo-sgyu, 
 and prag - dog} perh. mistrust, suspicion; 
 * ton - dod - can* W. ambitious, aspiring, 
 aiming at things too high. mfo - spyod 
 W. a haughty manner. mfo-dmdn I. Cs. 
 high and low, uneven; also Schr. 2. height, 
 mfo-dmdn mnydm-pa of equal height Glr. 
 mfo- fsdm(s)-pa v. fo- fsdm-pa. mfo- 
 ris heaven, abode of the gods, paradise. 
 Elysium. 
 
 m ^ 0fl ~9 a & c h-> mfons-Ka Pth., chest. 
 
 breast, mfori - ga - nas O dzm-pa to 
 seize by the breast Pth. 
 
 mfon-ba to see, 1. vb. n. to have 
 
 the power of vision, often with 
 mig(-gis); mfon-bar O gyur-ba to obtain the 
 faculty of seeing, to recover one's sight; 
 mfon-bar byed-pa to make (the blind) see 
 Dzl.; mig - gis nye mfon riii mi mfon he 
 sees only when the object is near, not when 
 it is far, he is short-sighted Med. ; nye-mfon 
 short-sighted Sch. 2. vb. a. 1. to perceive, 
 by the eye, to see, to behold, bod - tyi ri 
 mfon-bai ri an eminence from whence one 
 can see the mountains of Tibet Glr.; mi 
 yzdn-gyis mfoii-sar (a place) where one 
 can be seen by others; de bu-mos mfon- 
 bar mdzdd-do he made it visible to the girl, 
 he made her see it Dzl. ; mfon-ba zig yod- 
 na if there is one that has seen it, if there 
 exists a witness Dzl. ; de mfon-ste ses seeing 
 this, I came to know, i.e. from this I saw, 
 I perceived; mfon fos dran reg, frq., the 
 seeing, hearing, touching, thinking of (e.g. 
 a form of prayer, or magic formula); ma 
 ^on-bar, (or ^on-bd) mfon -nas as he saw 
 his mother coming. 2. with accus. and 
 
 terrain. : to regard, consider, take for, Thgy. ; 
 rdzas dkar ser-por mfon Lt. taking white 
 things for yellow ones. 3. to meet. find, catch. 
 4. to know, understand, perceive (mentally) 
 Mil. :>. col. to undergo, suffer, endure, mis- 
 fortunes, pain etc. (cf. stonpa 4), mi mfon 
 nifi'ii't-ba to suffer what is not to be suffered, 
 not bearable nif., cf. ltd-ba. 
 
 Comp. mfoh-K'un Cs. 'a window', prob. 
 for mfons-Kuii. mfon-sgom-can Thgy. 
 was explained: one who instantly knows 
 and understands every thing he sees(?) 
 mfon - ^o/-, mfoit - mfa, the reach of sight. 
 range of vision Cs., *fdn -Jc.or - la bor* W. 
 do not take them (the horses) farther than 
 you can see them; the horizon Cs.' mfoii- 
 dug ('eye-poison') evil-eye Sch.; envy, grudge, 
 jealousy. mfon-sndu v. snan-ba. mfon- 
 byed that which sees, the eye Cs. ; the sub- 
 stance which is the source of vision, a 
 species of gall, ^iHH^i. Med> mfoh- 
 lam the path of obtaining the power of 
 sight, a mystical state Was. (139) mfdn- 
 lugs the way of beholding, of viewing a 
 thing; notion, idea, opinion = sndh-ba, mfni'i- 
 lugs j-sum-du byun three different opinions 
 were forming Glr. 
 
 anopeningforthesmoke 
 
 in a ceiling or roof, also mfo/ts - I'liii. - 
 2. also mfdns-Ka, pavilion, platform, open 
 gallery, on a flat roof Glr. (Cs.: 'impluvium, 
 or the opening in the middle of a square 
 building', for which, however, the Tibetan 
 word seems to be Kyams or Kyams-mfdiis*). 
 mfons-ka silk ornaments on the 
 borders of a painting Cs. 
 mfons-spa Cs. : to lose one's senses ; 
 perh. O foms^pa. 
 mfon-ka, or mfon-ga Lex.; Cs. 1. 
 
 azure, sky- blue (?) 2 - n - of a 
 flower. 3. Glr. one of the five celestial 
 gems; mfon-ka cen-po another of these 
 gems. - 
 
 mfon-po high, elevated, B. and col. 
 
 (cf. mfo-ba), of water deep, of the 
 voice loud, of weight and measure full, of 
 rank high; *cos-skad fon-po* W. high-
 
 243 
 
 mtol-ba 
 
 sounding -words, pompous style; *ld</- leu 
 fon-po* W. highly skilled, veil practised. 
 mfon-mfiii 'the high blue (thing)' viz. 
 the hair of the head of Buddha, always 
 represented as of a light sky-blue. 
 
 '"^ Wa > * m - ba , ^ con- 
 fess, to avow. HI/,'* -i HI 
 />:/.: nifnf faux (cf. <///<w/-ft//.s) confession, 
 acknowledgment. mfol-ftd/tx ///'</ -/></ />:/.. 
 in t<il listti/s-pa to make confession, to con- 
 fess, which ace. to Buddhist doctrine in- 
 volves atonement and remission of sins. 
 jc&r '"'"* * ^''- n '9 n - elevated. V////-.S/ 
 .sv/// /o.s /m/ A'?<* do not take more 
 than is right! "2. Mil.! 
 
 O ffl ff-P a > pf- btags, fut. Afctgr, imp. 
 fog, 1. to grind. raii-fdg-gis in a 
 mill /I:/., /y/v; wheat, />!/<'- nt<ir to flour; to 
 reduce to powder, to pulverize, by means 
 of two stones (cf. ytmi); to mash. '2. to 
 weave. *n<im-bu cloth; O fdg(-pci)-po, O fdg- 
 ntk'iii a weaver; <i<ir-f(ig-bu-mo the daughter 
 of a silk -weaver 6r//'. c fag-stdn loom 
 <Sc7i. O fa(/-/-<lo mill-stone. grinding-stone(?) 
 Sck, 
 
 J'dii-po Wdit. a bodily defect or 
 deformity, prob. fen-po. 
 o fot/ '"king, pleasure ; will ; joy, v. the 
 following article. 
 
 O fu<l-pa 1. 1. to be pleasant, agree- 
 able, well -pleasing ccdp., j.s//// </< 
 
 L-itn ^iii-ln *>' tits- la O fdd-pa zig byu/i all 
 tln-.>c sayings have pleased me very much 
 .1//V. 2. (not governing a case) to please, 
 to be acceptable, to be considered as good. 
 
 to be (gfinM-iilly) admitted, mi jfdd-in- 
 nifnii 1 see that (this reading) is not ge- 
 nerally accepted Z<nn.; :>.s-/um O fdd-do 
 it occurs also In (his form Zain.; nii-Jdd- 
 
 1<> wrong! HW.s. (294); to be fit, proper. 
 
 suitable (syn. to ,o,s-y>). ,s/'//<.s :<''f-ba mi 
 ttid-lti as it is not proper to call it soul, 
 
 sis it cannot iitly be called soul Mil. 
 
 :i. a familiar word, very frq. used, in \Y. 
 
 nlmust the only word for <l<i<i-l><i and ,//'/- 
 
 j>a, *Mm fdd - tli'' cheerfully, joyfully W,, 
 /<'n/-, ;/>/// miil-fiii fsm/i :i ; i-/n prult.: as he 
 
 became angry Mil.', "^I'm-mi n('iii-i><- hut 
 
 tdb- 
 
 pa 
 
 son*, also *tiii (q. v.) *fdg-im-n<- fntl-*<>i* 
 W. I have been heartily glad; O fad- fdd- 
 O dra yait Mil. though apparently rejoicing; 
 *ma fatl-fdd* W. I am very glad of that ; 
 *sem fdd cvg-ce* W. to make glad, to 
 exhilarate; *$d-heb-bi zo-la mi tad-da* W. 
 does your honour not like curdled milk? 
 *fdd-Kan* W. willing, ready; *gd-ru ft'td- 
 na son* W. go wherever you like; log-pa- 
 O fad let us turn back Gli: ; rait-iti O fdd-la 
 voluntarily, spontaneously. 
 
 II. Sch. = O f(in-pa, O fud-lddn = O fdn-po. 
 
 O fan bad, O fan- di'e a demon Sch. 
 
 ( c g- to brtdn-po and 
 Cs. also O fdd-pa, firmness, 
 constancy, in Lw. explained by nan-ton; 
 mi O fdn-po a steady, resolute man Cs. 
 
 O fdb-pa to combat, to fight, in a 
 battle; to quarrel, to dispute, to 
 brawl; fca-fsub dan O fdb-pa to struggle 
 with a snow-storm Mil.] O fdb-pa med-cih 
 si-ba to die peaceably, without a struggle; 
 O fdb-pa O dum-na when quarreling (persons) 
 are reconciled; L : <t- o fdb <'$. a fighting with 
 the mouth, altercation; lag - O fdb Cs. a 
 fighting with one's hands, a close fighting, 
 a scuffle (Sch. gesticulation?); O fab - krdl 
 Li'.f. dispute, contest; (ab- K'ruy prob. id.; 
 (!'<'<>' ~^T*PX weapon?); *fab-dhdb* C. 
 weapons, arms; O fab-cds ammunition, re- 
 t|iiisites for war Schr.; Jtab-bf$&n, a-/, : ui 
 O fab-brduits the quarreUng and thrashing 
 of my uncle Mil.; O fdb-)no quarrel, fight, 
 row, fray, battle, H. and col. frq., O fdb- 
 ii,<> hi/i'd - [>a B., *co - c<>* W. , to quarrel, 
 light etc.; O tdb~ f nit'> xj>r<><l-pu to fight a 
 battle, to join battle Glr.', O fab- t z6b a dry 
 cough Sch. O fdb-rfa6d altercation, quarrel, 
 Iti-awl, frq. O fab - ya antagonist, Ky<>d- 
 /y//.s inii J't'ili-ijti l>;/cd (/</<>* thou must con- 
 tend with me Glr. Ixlinl- n,i c fd/> - i/<i 
 a termagant, a she-devil to struggle with 
 Mil.: ynds'skabs-kyi Jnl>-tj the antagonists 
 of lite, i. e. the family and relations a 
 secular man has to struggle with Mil. - 
 Jab-rdgs intrench uient, breast-work, foiti- 
 lication ' . 
 
 10*
 
 244 
 
 db-w 
 
 Jum-pa 
 
 O fdb-Jm a cricket 
 
 to 
 
 lay hold of, to grasp, to take a 
 firm hold of, esp. with the teeth (dogs), 
 or the jaws (serpents W.); to sting (of 
 bees W.); to embrace, *rkan-pa O fdm-ce* 
 W. to put one's arras around a person's 
 feet, as a supplicant; to grasp intellectually, 
 to comprehend (?) Glr. 2. to gnash, so 
 one's teetb ; to Shut closely, Ka one's mouth, 
 frq. 3. to join, unite (vb. n.), grogs-su, 
 grogs -por Stg., in friendship, by a -bar in 
 an act, an undertaking Dzl. 
 rq* O tdl-ba v. fal-ba. 
 
 O fds-pa, Lex. = mKregs-pa, hard, 
 solid; bag-cdgs rgyud-la osprob.: 
 inordinate desire has taken a firm hold of 
 your minds; sra- fds Sch. strong, robust, 
 sinewy; a- o fas-te, and i- fas-kyi bag-cags 
 PthJ 
 
 qjpm- O tiff-pa 1. vb. n., pf. %s to drop, 
 to fall in drops, to drop from, /crag 
 ma O figs-par Lt. without any blood drop- 
 ping out. 2. vb. a., pf. btigs, fut. btig to 
 cause to fall in drops, to instil etc. 
 nnr-^jr* O ti/'t - slad Cs. a term of blame 
 ^ ' or abuse; Lexx. 
 
 tibs a cover > C0verin 9; o^ s -<# 
 
 fsud? S.g. 
 
 r o^bs-pa, pf. fibs and ytibs (cf. 
 ytibs -pa), to gather, of clouds, 
 storms; nd-bun bziii-du O flbs-par gyiir-to 
 (all the Buddhas) came drawing nearer 
 like clouds of mist Glr.; to condensate, vb. 
 n. Ijon-sin fams-cdd dgd-bai fsdl-du O fibs 
 all the trees afford a delightful shade Glr.; 
 byin O fibs drowsiness overcomes me; po. 
 and fig. to grow dark or dim, ses-pa con- 
 sciousness Med. O fibs-po dark, close, 
 dense. 
 
 O fim-pa v. fim-pa. 
 
 J'uh-ba, pf. O funs (Cs. also btuiis 
 I have drunk out), (fut. btun Cs.), 
 imp. O fu>i, (Cs. also btun drink out!), W. 
 *fun-ce*, to drink, frq. ; to suck, to smoke 
 (tobacco), to eat (soup); to be soaked, 
 drenched (cloth) Dzl.; noms-pa O fii>i-ba 
 to drink one's fill Dzl.; zo- funs, ^o- futis 
 suckling baby; zo- fun dus-na during the 
 time of giving suck Med.; O funs-pa fsdm- 
 gyis immediately after drinking Thgy.; 
 O futis - so they were engaged in drinking 
 Glr.; O fun-du run-ba, W. * fun-cog*, drink- 
 able; btun-ba sbst drink, beverage, bzd-ba 
 dan btun-ba, bza-btim (W. *zabtuit*} meat 
 and drink, frq.; btun-cu water for drinking 
 Mil. - 
 
 - a( ^j- v - fu-ba. 2. vb., 
 Ns also O fun-pa, pf. O ftis, btm, fut. btu, 
 imp. fus, btu (Cs.), to gather, collect, pick 
 up, sin, me-tog, frq.; fus-mi an assemblage 
 of men, council, Cs. 
 
 and abstr. sbst., O fug- 
 po adj , thick, mta- fug thicker toward the 
 margin or edge Mng.\ gen. of woven stuffs, 
 opp. to srdb-pa; srab- fug 1. thin and thick, 
 2. thickness relatively; also consistency, of 
 liquids, opp to sld-ba Med.; dense, nags, 
 frq.; sound, heavy, rnyid O fug-po a sound 
 sleep; strong, bag-cdgs O fug-po a strong 
 inclination Mil. 
 
 O fud-pa, mfud-pa to 
 make longer by adding 
 a piece, to piece out, to prolong, pu-duii 
 W. a sleeve; skye-ba O fud mi df/os he has 
 no need of adding a re-birth, a new period 
 of life Pth.-, O fud-ma 1. addition, proloV 
 gation, *srog-gi fud-ma tdit-ce* W. prolong- 
 ing life (by medicine, careful nursing). 
 2. aid, assistance, subsidy, e.g. to a needy 
 betrothed couple; also a gift of honour, a 
 present, offered to a departing benefactor 
 or respected Lama W.; dmag - O fud sub- 
 sidies; auxiliary troops. 3. help, assistance 
 in general. 
 
 O fun gatherer, sin- fun a gatherer of 
 wood, rtsa- fun of grass. 
 
 O fub-pa, pf. O fubs, fut. ytub, imp. 
 
 <M btub, W. *fub-ce*, to cut into 
 v. ytub-pa. 
 
 O fum-pa, pf. O fums, btums, fut. 
 
 btum, imp. O fum, btum, W. *tum- 
 ce*, to cover or lay over, to put over, to
 
 O tums 
 
 coat, zdns-kyis Glr. ; to wrap up, to envelop, 
 
 v. jtum-pa. 
 
 Jinn* barren, sterile; addled (eggs); 
 blo-Jums stupid Lt\t\r. 
 
 ' Jur supine of JU-/M/. 
 
 O ftd-ba to rise, to spread, of smoke, 
 vapours, perfumes, ga-pur O ful it 
 smells of camphor Leu:; rdul mi Jul-bar 
 byds-pai ,6y-tu after having laid the dust 
 Dzl.\ la -Ids bdug-spos O ful some persons 
 were spreading perfumes 1'ili. 
 qgrTKrcr J& - P a Cs - to set out on a 
 journey. (To me only *%-* W. 
 is known.) i. to pack up. 2. to depart. It 
 prob. signifies the same as feg-pa, Q deys- 
 pa to lift, raise, take up, cf. yzi btdg-ces, 
 or O deys-pa to shift, to change, lodgings, 
 to remove; teg-fag carpet-bag, knapsack. 
 n qp. Je/i, perh. only another spelling for 
 fcii ; Sch. has Je/t-la Jbor-ba to throw 
 away as unfit, and if that be correct, it 
 may serve to explain both significations 
 mentioned under feit. 
 nct-q- Jen-ba Cs. to be lame, to go lame, 
 cf. ft'ii-po; also adj.: bsu-mKan 
 byiu O feii - ma tig kyah med not even a 
 lame chicken came to meet me Mil. nt. 
 Jen-pa 1. to draw, to pull, y yen-la 
 up, upward, nuh'm-du forth, out; 
 par Q ft>n four O fen they pulled to and fro, 
 this way and that way Pth.; nur-yyis by 
 jerks, by little and little Glr. ; yol-ba Jen- 
 pa a curtain drawn before Glr.; *u fen- 
 ce* W. to draw breath, to breathe; in W. 
 esp. used for to draw out (a cork) to take 
 off (a pot -lid), to draw or take away (a 
 pot from the fire). 2. to stop, to stop 
 short, to wait, JSn-pu bzan it will be ad- 
 visable to stop, to wait. In W. also = 
 rii'n-pa to lean, recline, repose on. - 
 *gw-la fen-cc* W. to form on a lathe, to 
 turn. Sch. : O fen - %^ forgetting and 
 remembering (?). 
 
 o fcb overplus, extra, supernumerary, 
 gos-Jeb& supernumerary dress L>.< .: 
 nntl-gos O feb-kyix //////-; to wrap up in 
 an extra blanket Ltu-.; ~a<j )'cig O fcb one 
 
 245 
 
 day over, or too much; O feb-pa to have 
 too much(?) Sch. 
 
 O tibs-pa, pf. febs, (prop, the 
 passive or neuter vb. to O debs- 
 pa, but often not differing from it, v. O dt'l>*- 
 pa) 1. to be thrown, strewed, scattered, sd- 
 bon Mil.; to be afflicted with, befallen by, 
 iu'nl-kyi& a disease, frq., also with lus-la 
 Glr.; Ian O febs-pa to answer; ysal O febs-pa 
 to be explained minutely; to be undcr- 
 s.ood perfectly Thgr. 2. W. to be hit 
 or struck (=Kes-pa; *'i-ru feb soil* I have 
 been hit here (stung, bitten etc.); *feb Hiy- 
 te ton* put it down, hitting (the right place), 
 i.e. put it just in its proper place; *mi 
 feb-ce* not to hit the mark, to miss the 
 aim; *ma feb* the blow did not strike home; 
 even of a prayer is said: *feb*, it has hit, 
 it has been heard. 3. Cs. in a general 
 sense: to take, seize, hold fast; febs-U-ib 
 ( s. : 'a tailor's instrument for holding fast 
 cloth etc. in sewing; a thimble'; but the 
 latter is undoubtedly to be spelled mfeb 
 (or febyittbs; v. labs. 
 
 o#-P aGB " ' to shut comprise, 
 cover, include; v. Jams-pa'- the 
 Le.r.r. have only: nan-cags- fems, and Jems- 
 nan w. e. In W. it is l.vb.n. to Jams- 
 pa: *ldg-pa fern* my hand has been squeezed 1 
 in, *fem-cei cd-lag* a thing (e.g. a machine) 
 giving chances of being squeezed. 2. to 
 suffice, = Kyed-pa, Iddii-ba. 
 
 Jo-Jsdms-pa v. fo etc. 
 
 Jog-paCs.=yt6g-pa, Sch. also 
 = Jdg-pa. 
 
 * <f9*-P a p f - and im P- J9 S > ! to 
 take, to seize, to take up, a knife, 
 a sword DzL, provisions in order to dis- 
 tribute themDzl., esp. to carry Dzl and 
 elsewh.; rol-mo O togs-pa Glr., Tar. 21, 16, 
 prob. to carry musical instruments (or to 
 make music?); = fob -pa to receive, *mii 
 /.s tnyx rt'-n'', or fogs fmd* all that have 
 received human bodies by the metem- 
 psychosis (.'., W. 2. = O tl<></ s ~l" 1 w ' tu /'""' 
 fnj., v. <h'Hjx-p<i\ Tar. 159, 1<! = to name, 
 to call.
 
 246 
 
 fon-pa 
 
 da 
 
 o fon-pa, pf. and imp. fon, vb.n. 
 
 to O don-pa, in W. very frq., in B. 
 less so, = byari-ba, 1. to COtne Out, to go 
 out, *ddy - sa /can - pa - nc fon* he is just 
 coming out of the house; kun pyir O fon- 
 te all coming out Mil. ; to remove (from a 
 house or place), to leave, *fon-cdg* W. the 
 last farewell; to depart, to emigrate; cnpd- 
 gar fdn-nas when I shall be beyond the 
 river Mil.', more carelessly: *yul fon-na, 
 lun-pa ton-na* W. when one has passed 
 through, the village, the valley; *dun-du 
 fon - ce* to step or come forth (from the 
 crowd etc.) ; to rise, arise, originate, v. myih- 
 rm. 2. for ^.oit-ba, to come. esp. Bal. 
 - 3. to come from , to proceed from , to 
 have origin, bod Ko-rdn-nas O fdn-pa yin 
 these are products of Tibet itself; hence: 
 to occur, like ^ofi-ba, fsou-pas kur-nas O fon 
 O dug (these goods) occur as imported, are 
 imported; rig-pa-can min Q fon yin-te known 
 as being acute, sagacious. 
 
 O fob-pa, v. fob-pa. 
 
 pa, to be dim, dull, 
 clouded, of tlie senses and the understanding, 
 *nyid fom-cc* W. to slumber, to doze, *nyid 
 yur-ce* id.; mgo-^bo} O fom consciousness 
 is clouded or darkened, by intoxication, 
 disease Med.; also of religious darkness JWt.; 
 *mig torn - torn ca dug' W. he is dazzled 
 (by the brightness of the sun); Idons-sin 
 O foms-par qyur having become blind Dzl. 
 
 O for fragment, of a book Tar., cf. 
 
 for-bu. 
 
 O for - ba, pf. btor, fut. ytoi\ imp. 
 O for, 1. prop. vb.n. to be scattered, 
 of leaves by the wind Dzl, to fly asunder, 
 to be dispersed ; to fall to pieces, to decay, 
 of the body after death Mil. ; to burst, of 
 a gun; but also vb.a. : me -tog O for-ba to 
 strew r flowers Glr., Dzl.', O for- fun libation 
 Cs., cu- for libation of water Sch-. ; cf. ytor- 
 ba. 2. W.: to have notches, flaws, of 
 edge-tools. 
 
 f6l-ba v. mfol-ba. 
 
 ' da 1. the letter d, originally, and in 
 ' the frontier districts also at present, 
 pronounced like the German d , i.e. not 
 quite so soft as the English d; in C. as 
 initial aspirated and low-toned, dh ; as final 
 letter half dropped, and changing a pre- 
 ceding a, o, u into a, o, ?/; as prefix in Kh. 
 and Bal. = y, not differing from the pre- 
 fixed g. da - drag is a term used by 
 grammarians, for the now obsolete d as 
 second final, after n, r, 1, e.g. in hind, 
 changing the termination du into tu; no, 
 ro, lo into to; nam, ram, lam into tarn. 
 2. num. figure for 11. 
 
 r- da 1. gen at the head of a sentence: 
 now, at present, just, esp. before the 
 imp. mood: da kar-ddn-la son just go to 
 Kardang! directly, immediately, forthwith, 
 instantly ; in narration sometimes (though 
 rarely) for then, at that time. 2. in col. 
 language after the emphatical word of the 
 sentence: it is true, to be sure, indeed, *lon 
 da yod nul med* time I have, it is true, 
 but no money. 
 
 Comp. da-ko Sch. = da. dd-ci a little 
 while ago, lately. Mil. and col. dd-ca 
 in future, henceforward. da-nyid the 
 present time; but just now. dd-Ua(r)
 
 247 
 
 dd-Tca 
 
 1. now, at present, dd-i-i-nax dd-lta j'dn-la 
 from lately till now T/n/y.: dii-ltai (or dd- 
 Itar-gyfy bdr-du until no\v ; dd-lfd/ ipy6d- 
 lam our course of acting during this life 
 Glr.; dd - Itar - gyi byd-ba, or dnos-po a 
 person's experience or actions during the 
 present period of his life DzL ; dd-lfd-ni/id- 
 du Glr., <ld -ltd -rait Mil , J't/i.. instantly; 
 dd-lta-baCs., dd-ltar-ba Gram., dus dd-l tu- 
 ba the present time, presence; the present 
 tense 2. W. hereafter, afterwards, '"day-Mi 
 mi gos, Jdl-ta ton* I do not want it now; 
 give it me afterwards. dd-xt<> henceforth, 
 from this time forward Dzl. da-du/t (frq. 
 pronounced and spelled da-run) v. below. 
 
 - dd-dt' 1 Glr. and C. now. da ndii this 
 morning. dd-ni 1. now, 2. henceforth Glr. 
 dd-/\u/(>t)-cad Dzl., da-pyis Glr. henceforth. 
 
 - dd-bi/uii a man of yesterday, an upstart. 
 dd-tsam about this time. da -him 
 
 henceforth Pth. da-yz6d but now, but 
 just, not until now. *da-rdns* C. = da- 
 nitt'i. da-i'ifn, <ld-di<n still, still more, da- 
 fiin foil give still more! da-run legs- par 
 ysun - bar zu please, explain it more in 
 detail Ma.: still longer, once more, da-run 
 I/an again and again, over and over again; 
 
 - da-run fsd-big ma fsar* W. it is not quite 
 finished yet. da -res (Sch. also da-rc- 
 ba?) 1. now, now at least, but for this time 
 (opp. to sndn-cad, .sv/c// 1 , /'///*) ^Hl. 2. W. 
 formerly, heretofore (opp. to da now). 
 dd-lo this year, in this year. 
 
 ddg-pa 
 
 JT*ra* -ca horse-shoe. *dhd-Ha c/ydb-pa* 
 to shoe a horse ('. 
 dd-ci (istd-ci*) sickle hook, for cutting 
 off briers /,//. 
 
 "" dii-cii mercury JAW. 
 
 S ;^l* 
 
 aa ~t''' ( J a medicine Mcd. 
 dd-drd(i v. the letter d. 
 ';' (/ " -/'''''.'/< 
 
 da-tse, orphan. 
 
 dwd-ba a plant Med., yielding an acrid 
 drug; da-fsdd id.(?); dd-rtjnd, and 
 du-yyuit are two species of this plant, the 
 
 former of which is considered to be of 
 greater virtue Wdii. 
 
 dd-bag v. td-bag, far- bdg. 
 
 da-ber v. ta-ber, mda-l>n i . 
 
 _.:_. da-byid lizard. Med.\ Lc.v. = skyin- 
 
 '^ ' gor. 
 r*^* dd-ra col. and sometimes B. = ddr- 
 
 ba buttermilk. 
 r-(5r da -It several low-growing kinds of 
 
 Rhododendron. 
 
 I-OT. dag 1. sign of the plural, eleg. for 
 ' rnams; often added to the pronouns 
 de and O di, and sometimes to numerals; 
 also in the combination dag - rnams. In 
 translations of Sanskrit works it denotes 
 the dual number. 2. nd-dag, Hyed-dag, 
 seems in Mil. often to be used for iid-lta- 
 bu-dag my equal, or equals (another reading 
 is -iid - Ita, v. Ita 2). 3. W. col. = da, 
 esp. in the compounds *ddg-sam, dcig-sa* 
 now; also certainly, it is true (v. da 2) Mil 
 4. v. ddg-pa. 
 rm'm- dug - Ka is said to be used in Ts. 
 
 for de-Ka. 
 
 rcjr-$' dag - ci Lh. mint, aromatic plant, 
 Mentha Royliana. 
 
 dag-ga-dog-ge Ld. for dog- 
 dog. 
 
 ddg-pa (prop. pf. of O ddg-pa), clean, 
 pure; cleanness, purity; as adj. also 
 ddg-po, W. * dag-mo*; dag-par ^gyur-ba to 
 become clean, dag -par byed-pa to make 
 clean, to cleanse, to purify, dag-par Ji'ru- 
 ba (W. * dag -mo tu-ce*) to wash clean; 
 more frq. fig.: *Ka ma dhag* (\ impure, 
 incorrect, vulgar pronunciation, cf. sgra 1 ; 
 rigs ma dag impure blood or kindred; com. 
 pure with regard to religion and morals, 
 (also = holy, sacred, relative to lifeless ob- 
 jects), lus dan nag dan yld-kyi las ydns-su 
 ddg-pa quite pure in word and action I hi.: 
 lus dag sems dag dbdn-po dag, also ///.<- 
 ytsait etc. id.: </'<</-/> r O fsd - ba to lead a 
 pure, a virtuous lite: undtt-lotn ddff-pa is 
 stated to mean a sincere prayer Glr.\ rndin- 
 (/w) dag(-pa) quite pure, most holy, frq.;
 
 248 
 
 dag-pa 
 
 hence rnam-(par) day (-par) rtsi-ba, or 
 mdzdd-pa is used for: to justify, in a 
 scriptural sense, by Chr. Prof. ; mi or ma- 
 ddg-pa impure; impurity, bkriis-na mi-ddg- 
 pa med-do when they have bathed they 
 are quite clean Dzl. Adv. day-par, e.g. 
 Jcru-ba v. above; ddg-tu assuredly, certainly 
 Lt.(?)', ddg - gis purely = quite, entirely 
 S.g. (?); *ddg-mo f W. id., *ddg-mo srdg- 
 ce* to burn completely, *ddg-mo za-ce* to 
 eat all, to consume entirely. ydn-dag- 
 pa Skr. ^fcfi Trigl., actual, real, ydn-dag- 
 par cu i/in in reality it is water Dzl.\ more 
 frq. construed thus: de yin ydn-dag-na if 
 it is really that, btsoii ydn-dag-na if you 
 are really willing to sell it, O dod ydn-dag- 
 na if you really wish it, Kyod-la yod ydn- 
 dag-na if you really have Dzl.; yan-dag- 
 pa dan bden-pai fsul bziii-du in truth and 
 in reality S. 0. ; yan-dag-pa ni bden-pa-ste 
 since that which is real is true S.O.; yan- 
 dag-pa-nytd reality S.O.; dge-bai cos-mams 
 ydn-dag-par bldn-ba to assume, to adopt, 
 virtuous habits earnestly Stg. ; ydn-dag-par 
 rdzogs-pa really accomplished S.O.; yah- 
 dag-par ltd-ba to be orthodox, v. dge-ba 
 bcu ; yan - dag lam the right way, = far- 
 lam Mil.\, yan-dag-don seems to be = nes- 
 don Mil., but ydn-dag don-du ynyer-ba to 
 aim at, to aspire to, truth Mil. ; ydn-dag- 
 pai don-la O jug-pa to be pious Thgy. 
 Comp. dag-brjod orthoepy 6s. dag- 
 fer-ba, dag-fer byed-pa Sch. to clean, to 
 cleanse; Tar. 189,22; dag-ster(-cer)mdzdd- 
 pa. dag - (pai) snan(-ba) Schr. 'good 
 opinion' (?), prob.: a pure, sound view or 
 knowledge Glr.; in Mil. it has a similar 
 meaning; *dhag-ndn )6n-wa* C. to lead a 
 holy life. dag-zin holy country Sch. 
 dag-yig orthography; siwn-gyi-dag-yig the 
 older orthography; brda-ddg = dag-yig. 
 
 ddg-pa, W. *dag-ce*, v. teg-pa. 
 
 zr' aan > postp. c. accus , with (Lat. cum), 
 na dan with me (often with the ad- 
 dition of beds-pa, lhan-ycig, mnydm, q. v.), 
 e.g. to go, speak, play, quarrel with ; bud- 
 med dait nydl-ba to lie with a woman ; in 
 
 some cases it must be omitted in English, 
 or rendered by other words, as: gron-kyer 
 dan nye-ba, rin-ba near the town, far from 
 the town ; de dan O drd - ba equal to that. 
 Some particular ways of using dan are 
 the following: 1. for and, yser daii dnul 
 da/I Icags-la-sogs-pa gold, and silver, and 
 iron, and the other (metals). The shad 
 is here always put after dan, which shows 
 that in the mind of the Tibetan dan never 
 ceases to be a postposition; it can there- 
 fore be used only for connecting nouns 
 and pronouns. In enumerations it is em- 
 ployed in different ways, and often quite 
 arbitrarily, e.g. after every single noun 
 or pronoun except the last one, or also 
 after the last; it is used or omitted just 
 as the metre may require it; or when a 
 sum is mentioned, in the following manner: 
 byun-ba bzi ni: sa (dan) cu (dan) me (dan) 
 rlun dan bzio the four elements: earth, and 
 water, and fire, and air, four they are; 
 or, esp. in col. language, thus: sa dan 
 ycig, cu dan ynyis etc. 2. distributively: 
 zag dan zag, lo dan lo, day by day, every 
 year; Kyim dan Kyim-na Tar. every one 
 in his house. 3. after a personal pronoun 
 col. almost like a sign of the plural: na 
 dan ynyis-ka we two, both of us. na dan 
 fsdn-ma all of us. 4. after the inf., and 
 in W. after the gerund in gin, nyi-ma sdr- 
 ba dan at sun -rise, as soon as the sun 
 rises, when the sun rose; lo brgya Ion-pa 
 dan when a hundred years had (or shall 
 have) passed away, after a hundred years; 
 smrds-pa dait Kyim-du son with saying so, 
 he went home, is gen. translated : he said 
 so and went home, and so frq. in narration; 
 W. : *sug - da ton dan* with a whistling, 
 *foh-gin zig daii* at beholding. 5. after 
 an imperative for and, sgo rduns sig dan 
 de-dag ^oii-no knock at the door, and they 
 will come Dzl. ; yid-la byos tig dan bsdd- 
 do give heed, and I will explain it to you 
 Stg.; or it is used in the following manner: 
 legs-par sems sig dan ma nor-ram consider 
 it well; have you not made a mistake there? 
 nijon cig dan snon-dus-na listen to me!
 
 Now, there was in olden times etc. Dzl. 
 and elsewh., frq.; Ion zig </// iin-la dln'tii 
 yod do take it! I have the power, you 
 know, i.e. I shall answer for it Dzl.; in 
 more recent times it is used (also when 
 not followed by any other words) as an 
 imperative particle = big: l da zo dan' byas- 
 pas saying 'eat!' Gb\; 'daltosdan ysuns 
 'now just see', he said Mil.; even after zu, 
 which in its application is like a verb in 
 the imperative: ysuii-ba zu dan' zes zer- 
 fxis saying 'pray, teach (us)!' Mil. 6. In 
 W. dan is used improperly for the instrum. : 
 *ber-ka dan din'* strike with the stick! 
 and for by or through with respect to 
 persons : *yog-po dan sab-sob zer* he cheats 
 me, tells me a lie, through his servant. 
 r- dan 1. meadow Lit. 2. dait, or perh. 
 better to//, (cf. tin), *tan tan - cr, or 
 tait n-j-tV, /(/// w// c6-ce*, to read in a 
 singing or drawling manner Ld. 3. ddn- 
 </>( It'n-jHi, c. la. to submit, yield to, comply 
 with. Glr , Tar. ; c. accus. submissively to 
 put up with (Seh. and Wts. are hardly right). 
 rfdii-ya, <ldii-I> : <(, 1. appetite, 
 dan-ga O yag ray appetite is 
 gone, mi bde is bad, Mcd.. and Mil (Sch. 
 'the will'?). 2. C. for ddm-Ka. 
 5C"2f ddn-po 1. the first, with respect to 
 number, time, rank, ddit-po'i /t<ni> 
 de sm zer Pfh. who spoke (raised) the first 
 rumour? who was it that first got up the 
 rumour? dd/i-poi nyin-par on the very first 
 day ; na-fsod ddn-po-la ynds-pa being still 
 in the prime of life Wdn.; the former, he 
 that is mentioned before another, d<h/-/n> 
 //////.s the two first named T/ir/y. ; the former, 
 the earlier, he that precedes another in point 
 of time, = sitd-ni<t, <>|i|>. to }\i/t-ina, ^og-ma, 
 the latter. 2. the first thing, part etc., ;/_/////- 
 mo'i dun-po-la at the beginning of day, at 
 day-break Tar. ;< la //-/>-/////< l-iln in the first 
 place, before the rest, above all, before every 
 other thing Tlujy.\ e&ri-^XMUM from the very 
 beginning Tlujt/.. Tar.: <lti/'i-/>tn\ and very 
 frq. dih'i-fin adv., firstly, in the first place; 
 at first, in the beginning. l<ix-<l<in-i>o-pa 
 a beginner, lan-dnii-jio-fHii <lhs-u as long 
 
 249 
 
 as he is only a beginner Thgy.; las-dd/'i- 
 po-pai bnix- 1> like vr^ning (child) in the 
 N.T., Mil. 
 
 <l(ifi-l>n 1 . to be pure. //<h//-/t/^t <ldii- 
 nas Mil.; gen. adj. pure, clear, O bras 
 ddn-ba picked rice Lt.; of inclinations, 
 dispositions, feelings: sews-can kim-ln rah 
 <l<iii-ba full of love towards all creatures; 
 dge-%fan ddn-ba a pure, sincere disposition 
 to virtue S.O.; most frq. devout, pious: de- 
 votion, faith; d>in-lti .sr/y/.s id (in \V. often 
 confounded with ydeh-ba). 2. la<i tldfi- 
 ba = ddr-bd, v. darba II. 2. 
 
 ddn-tee W. a field-terrace. 
 
 ddn-ra. (spelling dubious) stable, for 
 cattle, C., W. 
 
 <l"H-l<i 1. Sch. 'a tract of land abound- 
 ing in springs'. 2.n. of a high moun- 
 tain pass, north of Lhasa, called Tantla by 
 Hue II., 231. 
 
 (lirdiis-pa, C. also *dhdh-po*, pure, 
 clean, clear, = dan - ba I., of air, 
 water ;ynam-dwdns a clear sky, fine weather 
 (W. *fan*); dans-smucj reddish gray Sch. 
 ilira/is-ma 1. the chyle, Ssk. -^r, con- 
 cerning which Brahmanical and Buddhist 
 physiology has led to a great many phan- 
 tastical ideas, Med. frq.; also fig., mostly 
 in an obscure and unintelligible manner. 
 - 2. Sch.: 'the spirit, the soul', a signifi- 
 cation not found hitherto in any book, but 
 ace. to a Lama's statement the word de- 
 notes the soul, when purified from every 
 sin, and to be compared to a clear and 
 limpid fluid, in which every heterogeneous 
 matter has been precipitated. da/ix is 
 also not seldom met with erron. used for 
 dnans and mdaits. 
 
 dad -pa 1. secondary form of </<>V- 
 I'n to wish 1>:I. and elsewh ; heuce 
 in compounds: xkoni-<.l<i<l thirst, *f <}</*-< /</</- 
 ban* fond of dress or finery (cf. d'H/s-f>a') 
 \\'., and in similar expressions. 2. to 
 believe (cf. ^nj) in a religious sense, more 
 significant than ///</-<r.s-y/.s and including a 
 devotedness full of confidence, like mateieiv 
 in thn N.T.; also sbst. faith, more fully (lad-
 
 250 
 
 dan-da 
 
 pai sems, and adj. faithful, believing, yon- 
 May dad-pa the faithful giver of alms Mil. : 
 more fully dad (-pa) -can, dad-lddni ma- 
 fldd-pa, and dad-med unbelieving; often with 
 mos or c/us : kun dad-dad-ntos-mos-su O dua- 
 pa-la Mil. ; dad-ciii-gus-par O yyur-ba Glr. ; 
 dad-par O ayvr-ba. dad-pa byed-pa to become 
 faithful or believing, to believe, frq.; ddd-bzin- 
 du full of faith dad-brtson for dad-pa dan 
 brtson- yrus Tar. Note. *mi ziy-la dad- 
 pa fob* W. col. a man becomes a believer, 
 v. fob-pa; but Tar. 35, 1 pays-pa DM-ti-ka- 
 la dad-pa fob means: he was brought to 
 believe by hearing the Reverend Dhitika. 
 
 dan -da, and dan-roa, medicinal 
 
 herbs Med. 
 _ ,! pi- ddn-da-li, or dan-ddl, Ld. a sieve, 
 gen. consisting of perforated leather 
 and a wooden frame; rds-dan-dal a sieve 
 made of cloth (inst. of leather). 
 
 dan-mo (spelling?) the female of the 
 
 ibex, and of the musk-deer. 
 *-5j- dam (a root signifying bound, fast, 
 fixed, from which the following com- 
 pounds, as well as sddm-pa, are to be de- 
 rived), sbst., also dam-fsiy and yi(cT)-dam, 
 resp. fugs-dam, a solemn promise; vow. oath, 
 confirmation by oath, like bden-fsiyi dam 
 bcd-ba 1. to promise, 2. the act of promising, 
 the promise; also ddm-bca Mil. and col.; 
 ddm-bca Jbul-ba resp. to make a promise, 
 e. g. mi O bdb - pai not to descend Mil. ; to 
 promise solemnly Mil. ; hence yi-dam, and 
 (more popularly) dam - bca the sacrament 
 Chr. Prot.; dam beds -pa a promise made; 
 dam sruh-ba, dam-la ynds-pa, or nye-bar 
 byed-pa, ddm-bcas-pa spyod-pa, ddm-bcas- 
 pa bzin-du byed-pa, ddm-bcas-pa daft mi 
 O gdl-ba, to keep one's promise; nydms-pa 
 to break (a promise, a vow) ; dam-nydms- 
 kyi Ids-rnams violations of duty; dam - la 
 O d6gs-pa to exorcise demons etc. Glr., Pth., 
 but only by gentle persuasion, which in- 
 duces them to promise to do no harm any- 
 more, not by magic power (so it was ex- 
 pressly stated by a Lama); dam -la )dg- 
 pa Tar. 125 id. (ni f.); dam-can, dam-fsig- 
 can Mil. bound by an oath etc.; ddm-cu 
 
 prob. water which is drunk in taking an 
 oath Pth. 
 
 ddm-Jca Glr., ddm-ga Wts., fdm-ga 
 Cs., a seal, stamp, resp. pyag-ddm, 
 esp. for the seals of Lamas; dam-fta rgydb- 
 pa to seal, to stamp ; Kyi-dam \. %'; dam- 
 rgyd -= ddm-Ka Tar.; *dam-ci<g* W. seal 
 of a Lama, used as an amulet. 
 
 i' dam-pa, ace to the explanation of 
 a Lama: bound by an oath or vow, 
 consecrated; but Lexx. render it by i^TT, 
 ^TO i e. = incog, thus Dzl. ^V^, 4; $?, 9, 
 and Cs.: noble, brave, excellent, which is 
 prob. also the sense of the word when 
 compounded with cos, skyes-bu, aud other 
 words. Its usual rendering, however, is 
 2. holy, sacred, bld-ma dam- pa, skyes-bu 
 dam -pa, a holy Lama, a holy man, and 
 most fru. ddm-pai cos, dam-pa cos, ddm- 
 cos, the holy doctrine, the holy religion of 
 Buddha. Yet, in the interpretation of pas- 
 sages the original meaning(noble, excellent) 
 ought to be resorted to much oftener. So 
 also yyoy-mo dam-pa ciy Glr. signifies an 
 excellent, a favourite female slave, but not 
 exactly a holy or a faithful one. 
 
 ddm-po 1. strong, firm; tight, narrow. 
 of fetters etc. ; gen. adverbially dam- 
 du, e.g. to bind, to lock up, to seize firmly, 
 securely. 2. of laws, commandments, 
 severe, strict, exact. 
 
 ^$T^$r dam-diim various Sc/i.; yet cf. dum. 
 
 ^s 
 
 M- dar J. 1. silk, ddr-gyi of silk, silken; 
 mjal-ddr resp. for K'a-btdgs ('.', ryydi 
 nan dar fine Chinese silks Thgy. dar- 
 dkdr white silk Glr. dar-skud silk-thread; 
 gos-med dar-skud O dra stark naked Ma. 
 dar - yds silk dress, Cs. also silk-stuff, 
 dar-cun a bunch or fringe of silk Cs. 
 dar-cen Ld-Glr., ace. to Schl. = Ka-btdys, 
 yet cf. the significations given sub I. '2. 
 dar- fdg-mJMn a silk- weaver; dar- fay-bu- 
 mo Glr. the daughter of a silk-weaver. 
 dar-pdn = dar-cun. ddr-bu a coarse kind 
 of silk Cs. dar -bubs a whole piece of 
 silk-stuff rolled together. *dhar-ma-r&* 
 C. 'neither silk nor cotton', half silk half
 
 >251 
 
 dar-rgyus-glin 
 
 ddl-ba 
 
 cotton; ace. to others velvet. d<n--dnnin- 
 pa raw silk tic/tr. dar-faon-pa a dealer 
 in silks, a silk-mercer. dar-zdb the finest 
 silk, t'rq. : a piece of such silk. -- d<tr-i/<'d> 
 a silk fan. dar-yuy a narrow ribbon- 
 like piece of silk-stuff Glr , Mil. </<ir- 
 h/'i = *dhar-mtwjl*. dai'-xdni the lower 
 border of a silk dress Glr. dar-^gy-i") 
 .sr///(-w) silk-worm. 2. a cloth, made of 
 whatever material: flag HV.s.. sail (v. yi/<r- 
 '""') ' c p!lr-d<'ir a hoisted Hag; mduft-dar 
 a little flag fixed to a lance; *i~u-dhdr* (.'. 
 military banner. dar-lcoy little flags fixed 
 on houses, piles of stones, and the like (v. 
 M,l. Uttddh. 198). dar-po-w I. a large 
 flag fastened to a flag-staff; 2. flag-staff, mast. 
 - (f(ir-fw a military division, squadron 
 Sch. dar*Mn, dar-bdr, prob. flag-staff. 
 
 II. ice, icy plain; dar cdy* ice is form- 
 ing: also MibstaiHively = dar, mho-la dur- 
 <('/</* liiah Mil. dar-zdm ice-bridge. 
 " d < i r-j <'i r'" ('clinging to the ice'?) W. a dark- 
 gray aquatic bird. 
 
 III. v. dar-yriy, ddr-ba, ddr-ma. 
 
 " dar-rgyas-gliu v. rdo-rje-glin. 
 
 
 " ddr-sf/a walnut. 
 
 M-qracrr <l-i'-)'<'<<i (col. also dal-yc/'y), a 
 little while, a moment; dar-yciy 
 lon-pa-na after a little while Glr.', adver- 
 bially: for a little while, for a moment Mil.; 
 directly, instantly, in a moment M /'/.-. dar- 
 fx<iin Mi. id. 
 
 <l>'-<lii' humming, buzzing Mil.: wail- 
 ing. lamenting /'/// 
 2-^-5^ ddi'-i'do grinding-stone fur Indian ink 
 
 SV7/.: liilt'ii- - r</o would perhaps be 
 more correct. 
 
 ^^f' ^-xf <lar-fi<>, <l<ir-mo, col. for i/dl- 
 
 /><>, (l<'ll-i>l<>. V. <l<'ll-l>tl. 
 
 dar - ha 1. sbst., also <l('t - r<t , <l<ir. 
 buttermilk, drfr-yxdr iVc-h buttermilk. 
 
 II. vb. 1. to be diffused, to spread, of 
 
 influence, power, opinions, diseases, <r.s dnr- 
 ba to gain much ground, to increase ex- 
 ceedingly Lt.'. dar -tin /i/f/-/x>, (act.) to 
 extend, enlarge, <-'.^. academics (llr.\ <lar- 
 
 ijinl gpreaoiDg and decaying, increase and 
 decrease: ^'dhur-po* ('. grand, magnificent. 
 of a feast, drinking-bout. 2. with /(/</. 
 to take in hand, to put hand to a work. c. 
 
 /a I):/.: also d<'iii-l>a. 
 
 ^.^ r <l<ir-m<i 1 the age of manhood, manly 
 age. prime of life, gen. reckoned from 
 30 to 50, but ace. to <S.</.froin 16 70: 'fur- 
 la bob - pa, or <lur - !><il>, a person in the 
 prime of life, fiq.; dr-</dii col. id.: <l<n-- 
 i/<>/ a person beyond that age. 2. a man. 
 and dar-mo a woman in the prime of life. 
 
 ^^*^T ddr->no v. ddi'-po } d<tr-nt<i. 
 
 * d(ir-tx<un v. dar-i' 
 
 dar-Ml M,. 'groin* ('0- 
 
 dar-(in}fsur Wdii. = <l< 
 
 alum Sch. 
 
 ^ ar - y a - k (tn a medicinal herb 
 Med, 
 
 dal-ydms Mil., rims-ddl Mil.. 
 
 epidemic disease, plague, or perh. 
 n. of a particular disease. 
 
 ddl-ciy, col. for dar-ycig. 
 
 dal-fdy Jug -pa to attack 
 and disperse an enemy s,-/,. 
 <Ml-ba, ddl-lw, slowness, ease, quiet- 
 ness, leisure (opp to haste, hurry, 
 vehemence), *d/tdl-ira (or dhdl-lnt) ;/<'>'- 
 < //////* C., have you time? ddl-ba zi<j - </i 
 skdbs-m when he happened to have nothing 
 to do Dzl. ; ddl-bar O diig-pa to be disen- 
 gaged, unemployed; ddl-ba brai/ad the eight 
 conditions of rest, the state of being free 
 from the eight m-i-lfom-pa ; to these belong 
 the Jbi/or-pa bcu, i.e. ten goods or blessings 
 which, in part, are but more particular de- 
 finitions of the eight rests, yet include also 
 other blessings; hence both together are 
 called dal - J>t/<'>r !><<> - bryi/dd (another in- 
 stance of this peculiar way of reckoning v. 
 sub -Hi/in - Htfxdn). As these various con- 
 ditions are partly characteristics of 'hu- 
 manity', and attainable only by human
 
 52 
 
 beings, they might be denominated 'the 
 (eighteen) specific blessings of humanity'. 
 Often they are also used directly for 'con- 
 dition of humanity, or of human nature', 
 this kind of existence being, from a reli- 
 gious point of view, the best and most de- 
 sirable, rnyed - dkdi dul - ba mi lus, and 
 similar expressions frq. occur (6s. has calm- 
 ness, tranquillity of mind, evidently mistak- 
 ing it for mal~Jbyor). ddl-ba, ddl-bu, ddl- 
 po, ddl-mo, W. also *ddl-can*, quiet, calm, 
 of the mind, the water; gentle, of the wind; 
 slow, lazy; *se-gyu dhdl-wa, or se-pa dhdl- 
 wa* C. phlegmatic disposition. - Adv. ddl- 
 bar (v. above), ddl-yyis, ddl-bus, slowly. 
 softly, gradually, e.g. to draw, opp to di-dg- 
 tu', ddl- groi rgyun bzin like a stream flow- 
 ing gently and softly; mi-ddl-bar Dzl. in- 
 cessantly. 
 
 ddl-mo chine, loin. 
 
 dal-btson (spelling dubious), *dal- 
 tsoit tdh-ce* W. to carry on com- 
 pulsory trade. This is frequently done by 
 Eastern rulers, who in time of personal 
 need make a sale of goods, compelling 
 people to buy at fixed prices. 
 
 ^ di, num. fig.: 41. 
 
 r-cnx-^' di-gar-ci is said to be a provin- 
 cialism, and secondary form of 
 yzi-Ka-rtse, n. of a town near Tashilunpo. 
 r-,U^ di - mar Sch. : 'a certain worm or 
 
 insect'. 
 
 r-^-5; di-ri-ri buzz, murmur, hum, low con- 
 fused noise, as of crowds, of a 
 number of praying people, of wailing pri- 
 soners, of birds on the wing Glr. 
 
 ^T|" dig, the Persian ^Lo, a large kettle, 
 washing-copper, brewer's copper. 
 dig-pa 1. Cs. a stammerer, also /M- 
 dig, d. dig-pa. 2. 6'. reeling, 
 staggering, intoxicated. 
 Pp.j^-. diit-diii, gdd-mo din-din Tar. 158, 4 
 prob. an onomatopoetic word, Schf. 
 laughing aloud'. 
 
 ,* diu-sdu den-san. 
 
 r- du 1. num. fig.: 71. 2. for tu (q.v.) 
 0> after final n, d, n, m, r, 1. 3. how 
 many? bslebs-nas zld-ba du Ion how many 
 months is it ago that he came? du-du 
 how much, how many each time? du-zig 
 how much about? dii-ma many, zag du-ma 
 many days; du-mar pye it is divided into 
 several (parts) Wdn.\ Ian du-mar many a 
 time, often Cs.; *du-ma rdksa* (I col. a 
 great many, very much (perh. c devilishly 
 much', from raksas). 
 
 _._. du-ba (cf. dud -pa) smoke. O ful, or 
 N! gyen - du O pyur smoke rises Zam. ; 
 du-ba- pa Sp. very poor people that pay 
 but a trifling tax, proletarians (prop, 'smoke- 
 people' that have nothing but the smoke 
 of their fire). du-ba-mjug-rin a CO met. 
 du-zdg C. the smoke or vapour hanging 
 over towns and large villages in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 __. dug poison, dug bliid-pa to administer 
 >o a poisoned potion to a person, to give 
 him poison to drink; dug - mi - ynod - par 
 O gyur he becomes proof against poison Dow.; 
 cu-la dug O debs-pa to poison the water 
 Pth.; dug ysum in a moral sense, O dod- 
 cdgs, -yii-mug, ze-sddii; sometimes dug lha, 
 five moral poisons, are mentioned. 
 
 Comp. dug-can poisonous. dug-ynyen 
 an antidote Cs. dug - mdd a poisoned 
 arrow. duy-sbrul venomous serpent. 
 dug-med not poisonous. dug-sog poisonous 
 paper Mil., Pth., Glr. dug-sel that which 
 neutralizes a poison Cs. dug-srun a pre- 
 servative against poison Cs. 
 
 <^' dug-ti (or dug-ste?) Ts., so, thus, 
 1 ' ' in this manner, also nug-ti. 
 ^nr"^y dug-po, esp. U (= *cu-pa* Ts., 
 N! ' *gon-ce f W. coat, garment, dress Mil. 
 rcn^T' dugs, esp. in medical writings; it 
 seems to denote 1. heat: Tar. 31, 21 
 fsdd-pai dugs-kyis by the glowing heat of 
 the day Schf.; S.g.: cui dri dugs rldns-pa 
 ce the water (i. e. urine) has a strong 
 smell and emits much heat(?) and vapour; 
 Lt.99, 4. 5; K, 4; c^S, 5; sS^, 4; 9&V, 10. 
 cui rigs sin-tu dugs -pa Mng. adj.? 2. 
 revenge, grudge, rancour, *dug kdr-ce, dugs-
 
 253 
 
 dwjs-pa 
 
 Ian Idon-ce* to take vengeance, to revenge 
 one's self. 
 
 dugs-pa W. 1. to make warm, to 
 warm , me - la at the fire , e. g. 
 one's hands, a plate. 2. to light, to kindle, 
 *me dug-ce* to light a fire; *kd?i-pa mes 
 dug son* the house has begun to burn, 
 has caught fire; *zd-ce dug fsdr-Kan* burnt 
 food, a burnt meal; *dug-di* a burnt smell. 
 rj-. dun 1. a tortoise shell, dnit-rdo a pe- 
 N! trifled tortoise shell C's. 2. a shell, 
 both small shells, worn as an ornament 
 (skye - dun - pren necklace of shells), and 
 more particularly the great trumpet - shell, 
 which is sounded on certain occasions; it 
 is usually of a pure white, hence dun- 
 dkur i. trumpet-shell, 2. white rose C , dun- 
 so snow-white teeth Pth , dun - ru snow- 
 white horns Mil.' a trumpet-shell wound 
 to the right (jyds-su Jcyil-ba) is regarded 
 as valuable as it is rare Glr. 3. trum- 
 pet, tuba, dun Jmd-pa to sound, to blow 
 a trumpet; I? rims -dun judgment- trumpet, 
 trumpet used in courts of justice, cos -dun 
 church-trumpet, trumpet used in religious 
 ceremonies, dmag-dun war-trumpet, lins- 
 dnii hunting-bugle; rkan-duh a trumpet or 
 cornet made of a hollow thigh-bone; zans- 
 dm'i a copper trumpet, a bass tuba eight 
 feet long; dban-dun a similar instrument, 
 but of less dimensions; rwa - dun a trum- 
 pet of horn, rag-dun a brass trumpet. 
 4. Skull (?) Sch. has: dun-cen 1. skull, 2. 
 = rkan-dun; in Glr. Brahma is called 
 dm'i-gi. for-fsof/s-at n . 
 
 dun-ne constant, continual Dom.; dun- 
 iie-ba Tltgr. id. 
 
 dun-dun staggering, reeling, tottering, 
 
 wavering Sch. 
 
 dun-pan, C. *dhuh-pi ; n*, basin. 
 
 * duit- p!t<i>- /'///., 100 million Sch. 
 
 du/'ts-pa, secondary form of ydfn'ix- 
 NJ pa, love. </>'</-/><! ddii <h'iim-pa zig 
 
 skyes-te Mil., frq.; yid-duns = an yiii- A/V.sv- 
 ba, frq.; *dhun-bhu* ('. love, *fi(-<ju-l<i 
 dhuh-bu jli/-pa* cf. rces-pa. 
 
 ss'rr dud-pa I. sbst. (cf. dit-ba, and the 
 xs Pers. J^o) Smoke, W. : *Kaii-nii<i dfid- 
 pa ma med - Kan dug* there comes very 
 little smoke into the room. dud-lea Sch. 
 
 1. having the colour of smoke, dark-gray. 
 
 2. family, household. 3. chimney (0- dil- 
 ttu Sch. 'liquid soot'; prob. soot mixed 
 with water, smut; Lt. compares morbid 
 evacuations or matter ejected from the sto- 
 mach with dud-Ku. dud-bdl soot Sch., 
 prob. flocky soot. dud- bun a cloud of 
 smoke 6s. dud-rtsi soot, smut C's. 
 dud-lam chimney. 
 
 II. vb. 1. to tie, to knit, to knot, v. 
 mdud-pa. 2. pf. of <///"/-/"<, stooping, 
 bent, hence dud- gro quadruped, beast, ani- 
 mal, opp. to man that walks erect Stg. 
 dim-pa great diligence, assiduity, dun- 
 pa drdg-po\ *dun-can* very diligent 
 W. (cf. O diin-pa, and rtun). 
 
 dub-pa, vb. to be or get tired; adj. 
 tired; sbst. fatigue; mi dub-bo they 
 do not get tired Dzl. ; nf'd - ziii dub - nas 
 Glr.', lus dan nag yid dub Pth. he is tired 
 in body, mouth, and soul, i.e. he has no 
 1 strength for doing, saying, or thinking any- 
 thing good. dub-can tiresome Cs. dub- 
 rgyu anxious, sorrowful Sch. 
 rnxi' dubs, Stg. frq.: nye-zih dubs nye-bar 
 ^o ace. to the context it might mean : 
 very probably; but the word seems to be 
 little known. 
 
 rr dum a piece, frq.; as a measure or cer- 
 xs tain quantity of meat, v. yzugs\ dit ///-/> 
 a large piece ( 'a. dum-bu a small piece, frq. ; 
 ili/ni-liitr ; cog-pa, ycdd-pa, byed-pa to break, 
 to cut to pieces. dam-dum several small 
 pieces or things Cs.; perh. = dutti-dinn Ld., 
 e.g. yul dum-dum, or groii dum dum several 
 scattered farms, hamlets or villages, which 
 have together one common name. 
 r^- dur tomb, grave, di<r-du ,,/>'/.</-/"'. 
 
 Ni O dzi<d-]>a (< Is. jtibs-pa') ' :: '(x)k>'tn-a>* W., 
 to bury; dm- rko-ba to dig a grave. - 
 diir-rkun grave-robber, plunderer of tombs. 
 dur-kuii grave, tomb. dur-krod ace. 
 to etymology denotes a cemetery, burial-
 
 254 
 
 dus 
 
 ground, but in Tibet it signifies a place 
 to which corpses are brought to be cut 
 into pieces for hungry dogs and vultures, 
 this being considered a very honourable 
 mode of burying (or rather disposing of) 
 dead bodies, Kopp. II, 322. These places 
 of course are haunted by demons and foul 
 spirits; dur-Krod-pa an ascetic living at 
 such a place, Burn I, 309. dur-rgyas 
 the last food which a dying man eats. 
 dur-sgam, dur-sgrom coffin. ditr-rdo 
 tomb-stone C's. dur-spyan jackal. dur- 
 pufl barrow, tumulus, mound, cairn. dur- 
 byan epitaph Cs. dur - fsun } dur - fsod, 
 food offered to the dead 6s. dur-mfsed 
 a place for burning dead bodies Sch. 
 ditr-sri a grave-devil, a sort of sepulchral 
 vampire. 
 
 dur -la 1. sbst. weed, weeds, Sch. 
 2. vb. to run Mil., dur-te rgyiig- 
 pa to run towards a place or object, to 
 hasten to, zds-la dur-ba to hasten to dinner, 
 Ids-la to work (.'.; cf. ndm-dur-can. 
 
 ' diir - bin W. , the Persian ,-~u .o 
 spy-glass. 
 
 d&r-bya a paring-axe; a hoe Sch. 
 
 M'qr' dur-byid a purgative root, prob. = 
 NO fdr-nu S.g. } ace. to Wdn. = tri- 
 
 byi-ta (sic), prop. f^^Tjf, Ipomoea Tur- 
 pethum. 
 
 rorn* diil-bo,, prop. pf. of O did-ba, soft, 
 of the skin etc.; tame; gentle (tem- 
 per), easy (disposition), mild; also sbst. 
 softness etc.; dul-p<>, W. *dul-mo* id., but 
 only adj.; ma dul-ba untamed, rude, Dzl; 
 *srdb-Ka (or fcd-po) dul-mo* W. soft- or 
 tender-mouthed ; tame, manageable, tractable. 
 Tar. 11, 14 a better reading prob. would 
 be: dban-po O dul-bai bijid a splendour 
 that dazzles the senses. 
 
 dul-ma a kind of water-colour made 
 of pulverized gold and silver, for 
 painting and writing. 
 r^r- dm 1. time, in general, dus-kyi ttor- 
 NO lo v. K6r-lo; dus-kyi means also: 
 happening sometimes Mil ; dus adv., for a 
 while, for some time Lt.; del dus-su, dus 
 
 de tsa-na, de-dus, dus der, at the time, at 
 this time; dus de-nyid-du then immediately, 
 directly afterwards; ddn-poi dus nyid-du 
 in the very first time ; dus-su, or dus-dus- 
 su, dus O ga-re, sometimes, now and then; 
 de dan dus mnydm-du simultaneously wilh 
 that Glr. ; dus yUg - tu or la at one and 
 the same time, together; dus-cig-na (erron. 
 ycig\ also dus re (or nani)-zig-gi fse, dus- 
 re(-zig), once, one day, some day; dus 
 lan-cig id. Glr.; dus pyi zig-na some fu- 
 ture day; dus yzan zig-na another time; 
 dus ci tsam-na at what time? when? Glr. ; 
 dus(-na) after a genit., inf., or verbal root 
 = when, after, zag ynyis son dus when 
 two days had, or will have passed Mil.', 
 na bu-moi dus-na yin-te when I was still 
 a girl Glr. ; mgu - dus med the time of 
 being satisfied never arrives Mil. ; btsd- 
 dus-te as the time of giving birth has come 
 Lt. ; frq. with Jbdb-pa: bdag O ditl-bai dus- 
 la bob the time of my conversion has come; 
 sometimes dus- la sleb Lt.', col.: dus sleb 
 the time is come; ^gro-bai dus O debs-pa 
 Dzl., byed-pa frq., to fix a time for going, 
 also thus : nam O gro-bai dus byed-pa Dzl. ; 
 dus kitn-tu, dus rgyiin-du always; almost 
 pleon. in: dus dd-nas henceforth, from 
 this time forward Mil.; de dan dus O dzom 
 as to time it coincides with that Glr. 
 2. the right time, proper season; for is ex- 
 pressed by the genit. of the inf. (cf. above: 
 the time of my conversion); dus-su at 
 the right or proper time, e.g. for paying 
 off Glr.; dus ma yin-pa the wrong time; 
 dus ma yin - par, dus - mm unseasonably, 
 not in due time; esp. too soon, prema- 
 turely, e.g. to die; dus-ma-yin-pa spoh-ba 
 to abstain from doing unseasonable things. 
 - 3 dm ysurn the three times, viz. dd- 
 Itai, or dd-ltar-gyi, Q dds-pai, and ma-^6rts- 
 pai^ frq., thus in dus fsiim-gyi saris- rgyds 
 the Buddhas of the three times; often also 
 with special reference to metempsychosis, 
 the present, the former, and the future period 
 of life; with respect to the times of the 
 day: morning, noon, evening; besides nyin- 
 dus ysum, also mfsdn-dus ysum occurs.
 
 4. season. Here Tibetans, of course, distin- 
 guish the four seasons of the temperate 
 zone, dpyid spring, dbijar summer, ston 
 autumn, dgun winter; but in books, ori- 
 ginally written in India, either three are 
 counted, fsd - dus hot season, yrdh - dus 
 cold season, cdr-dm rainy season, or more 
 accurately six: dpi/id (^Trf) s P r i Q gi i- e - 
 March and April, sos-ka (tftm) hot season, 
 May, June, dbyar (^f) rainy season, July. 
 August, ston ('sp[7f) damp season, Sep- 
 tember, October, dgun - .s/W (^jf?f) first 
 part of winter, November, December, dyitti- 
 XIIH'H! (flfflpt;) last part of winter, Ja- 
 nuary, February. 5. conjunctures, times, 
 circumstances, *dn* iU~>md* \V.. V/<//-tA ; 
 (m-jdiri)* 6'., dm-ki/i Ji'rny-pa med-pa 
 Ld.-G/r., dus bzdit-po Dom., peace. 6. 
 a particular period of time, as distinguished 
 from others, an age, *p[ (=TiJW *R^), 
 ll<tr-ld<in, or rdzoys-lddn (^f or ^n?T) .'/<"'- 
 /v/A.s, or ysum-lddn (%7f) rfxod - Iddn, or 
 
 //<///* - uidn ftrnrO * n y'y* - m<t fafir), to 
 
 be compared to the four ages of Greek 
 mythology. - 7. year Lt. 8. symb. 
 num.: 6. Note, dus byed-pa also sig- 
 nifies (cf. 1 above) to fulfil the time, fsei 
 ififs bi/rd-pa to die, to perish, also to com- 
 mit suicide Dzl. frq.; O ci-bai dus bued-pa 
 id. Wdn. dus dzin-pa to take the day- 
 service upon one's self(?) Dzl. 3\S3, 3. 
 
 Comp. du-9icaot v. skabs. dus-ctm, 
 -/o///, -xffin, festival, byhl-pa to keep one. 
 
 dttx-ntcdd v. mcod-pa. dus-sbi/or ('*.: 
 judicial astrology', dux-sbyor-pa an astro- 
 loger. dus-inf COmet Cs. dus-rtsi-/>a ( Js. 
 
 'the counting of time'. dux -fay Sch.: 
 v///.s - /'.s/V/ ym'ir - ba new, fresh provisions, 
 produce of the year' (?). - <///.s-/:s/y/.s, dus- 
 iHfstimx i. period, epoch; . season Cs. - 
 diix-txod 1. space or measure of time. 2. 
 
 often for dux, <l< : i dtt$-tUd~kyi 'nti-rn<rnis 
 the men of that time or period, de'i dttx- 
 fxod - la at that time; also for IKUM-. 
 diis-zih Sch.: 'time of depravity'. dus- 
 />:<i// v. above dus-cen. <lttx-r/ti/ix 'wave 
 of time' i.e. ebb and flood, the tides. M,,. 
 
 dux-h'nj -A year yielding no crops, a 
 sterile, bad year Pth. 
 c- de 1. num. figure: 101. 2. affix of 
 
 the gerund, for fc, after a final d. 
 - <//' demonstrative pron. (in B. gen. placed 
 ' after the word to which it belongs, in 
 col. language before it, even without the 
 termination of the genitive) that, that one. 
 opp. to O di this, this one, yet with oc- 
 casional exceptions. 1. when words or 
 passages are literally quoted, the Tibetan 
 begins with O di-skad or some similar ex- 
 pression, and places a <Vx or de-skad after 
 it. </z, in such a case, corresponds about 
 to 'the following', de to 'such', or 'thus', (cf. 
 TOVTO and rode). But elsewhere O di may 
 also refer to what has been said before, 
 e.g. in a reply: fsig O di ni bden-pa >//'- 
 nam is this word (that has just been said) 
 true? Dzl. In the context of a narrative, 
 however, de is usually employed. 2. 
 It frq. stands in the place of the definite 
 article the: pa de Uy-ste son-no the father 
 went back Mil.; esp. after adjectives and 
 participles, where it adds to perspicuity: 
 yzon - nu de na - re the younger one said 
 Mil.\ sii6n-la soii-ba de he that has gone 
 on before Mil.; <l< ; i don-dtt, del /'////(-</</), 
 n'd-du, sldd-du, therefore, on this account, 
 for this reason; dc'i ,<></-t>< under that, after 
 that, afterwards; dc'i <A/.s-.s//, fxc(-n} there, 
 then, at that time. 3 he, she, it, for Afo, 
 which in classical style is not in use. 
 4. for del, in de-pij'ii; dr-dus, (abbreviations 
 of deipyir-du, del dus-su, v. above). Plural: 
 d( : -ddt/, d<''-rn(DH$, de-fso. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. di'>-kn, r// : -/,v/, the very 
 same, /w de-kit ii ///// the very same 
 snow-leopard (you saw) was I myself Mil. ; 
 de - kit Itiu just SO T/ufi/. ; di' - k >/od (in 
 answer to a question) indeed! yes. yes! to 
 be sure! Mil., < .. frq.: di-l.a A/^/s Mil.. 
 id.; de /,'>/>'(/ lui/x 1'f/i., oh, this ... is you?! 
 di'-ko-ini, df-in/.d, col. de-rnfi. the very 
 
 Same, cf. kn-n<t; de-i/f</, and de-l, : -n<t- 
 
 iii/id arc als.. sbst. : essence, nature '/'//////.: 
 N< ; ///N -//// de- m/id the essence of the soul
 
 256 
 
 de-ba 
 
 Mil. de-snyed so many. de-lta, de- 
 Itar (-f/w, or -no) SO, pa ni de-lta ma 
 i/in-ie as it is not so with the father Sty.; 
 de-lta-bu of that kind, quality, or manner, 
 such, esp. in B. de-de = de, but more 
 emphatic, exactly that; de-de-bzin-no yes, 
 SO it is ! *dhen-c]a, de* C. = de-lta etc. 
 de-na therein, in that place, there, here. 
 de-nas from, thence, from that place; after- 
 wards, then, at that time, very frq. - de- 
 pa, de-ma Cs. one of that place, sect, 
 religion etc. de-bas 1. after a compa- 
 rative, than that; 2. also de-bas-na, des-na, 
 des, therefore, consequently, now then (dry) 
 B. frq. de-bo = de Cs. de-team SO 
 much; de-tsam-na, de-tsa-na, then, at that 
 time. de-teii y, W. gen. *de-zuy*, SO, thus. 
 - de-bzin(-du} according to that, thus, so; 
 frq. for it, de-bzin-du yndh-ho he allowed 
 it DzL; de-bzin no-ses-nas perceiving it 
 Glr. de-bzin-nyid (cfW) essence, Was. 
 (272), identity (297), like cos-nyid and some 
 other similar expressions, = ston-pa-nyid, 
 Trigl. fol. 20. dt'-zuy = de-tsuy. de- 
 yan, derail, i. this, or that, too; he also. 
 2. namely, to wit, viz., preceding specifica- 
 tions and detailed statements, sometimes 
 also after a gerund, in which case it cannot 
 be rendered in English. de-ray directly, 
 immediately Sch. de-rdn = de-K6-na, de- 
 rdn yin that is just the thing! exactly! to 
 be sure! col. de-rin B. and C. to -day, 
 de-rin-gi of this day. de-ru, der, 1. into 
 that, thereinto, into that place, .thither, that 
 way. 2. in that, therein, in that place, there. 
 frq. de-la to this, to that; in, on, or at 
 this; thereat, therewith, thereto, thereon; about 
 that, concerning that; thereof, therefore. - 
 de-las from, out of, from that; after a com- 
 parative and fzan, than that de-srid to 
 such a length of time. 
 
 * 
 
 de-ba a medicinal herb, Med. 
 
 en' den, also din, to-day, den-nas from this 
 day forward Mil.; deii pyin-cdd or 
 cad DzL id.; den-yi dus the present time 
 or age; den-sdn to-day and to-morrow; 
 now-a-days; de/i-sdti llm-ije the physicians 
 
 of the present day Wd/i.; den-dus smdn- 
 pa Lt. id. 
 
 ^r-a* deii-ba, pf. and imp. of deti-ba, to 
 go, to go away; deiis-pa seems to be 
 the same form: so-soi ynds-su deiis J^fil., 
 rdn-sar dens-so Pth. they went each to his 
 own place; ndm-mKar den Mil. prob. it 
 melted away, dissolved into air; sor-mo- 
 rnams dens mdzdd-pa to turn the fingers 
 upwards (?). Schr. dens-pa to ascend. 
 
 ^^*^J" ded-pa, pf. of O ded-pa. 
 
 deb(-md) poultice, cataplasm, ap- 
 plied to sores and inflamed parts 
 of the body Sch. 
 
 ^qik- -snw, 'W ^fb-fer^ -rter, -ster, 
 tibetanized form of 
 
 the Persian yij documents, records, cata- 
 logues, registers, lists, books; deb-fer-pa, deb- 
 fer-mKan Cs. keeper of the archives or re- 
 cords, recorder, archivist, librarian; deb-Kan 
 chancery, government office Schr.; deb-yig 
 cover, envelope, stitched book Sch. 
 
 dem - tsi (perh. Bu - wan), a small. 
 
 narrow bridge, foot-bridge L/t. 
 
 " dean, v. sub de. 
 
 deu(-re~) one day, some future time, 
 
 DzL frq.; deu . . . deu . . . now . . . 
 now, at one time ... at another time Mil. 
 {Tar. 165, 18 is prob. an incorr. reading). 
 ^' der, for de-ru, esp. as adv., then, at 
 that time; der -</, der bas Cs. that is 
 all, there is nothing more, finis. 
 c^t- des \. instrum. of de; des cog with that 
 it is enough, that will do Sch. 2. for 
 de-bas, v. de comp. 
 
 des-pa Cs. : ; fine, brave, noble, chaste; 
 
 a title'; occurs frq. in DzL as a 
 commendable quality of women. 
 & do 1. num. figure: 131. 2. two. a pair, 
 a couple, used only in counting, mea- 
 suring etc.: zo do re two drams of each 
 Med.; *td-bag do* W. two platefuls. 3. 
 this, Schr.: do-yi don-du; gen. only in do- 
 nub this evening, to-night Mil.; bday do- 
 nub sdn-yi mi I, a man only for to - day 
 and to-morrow Mil.; Cs. also do-~d<j, do-
 
 257 
 
 dogs-pa 
 
 m6d to-day. 4. an equal, a match ; a com- 
 panion, associate, W. *yd - do* fellow, yoke- 
 fellow, mate, comrade, consort; do-da 1. id. 
 Mil', 2. party in a lawsuit (?); *do-da pan- 
 tsun zib ce -pa* Cs. seems to mean: care- 
 fully to investigate (the right of) both 
 parties; do - med unequalled, matchless; 
 *dho-med zan-po*, 6'., W. 
 
 = for-fsuys Le,<: 
 
 ' do-gar-Kd W. light-blue. 
 
 do-gal importance, weight; important, 
 weighty C., W.; *dlio-ghdl mi jhe - 
 pa* C., * do-gal mi co-ce* W., to treat lightly, 
 to make light of, to slight ; * di fsiy-po dho- 
 glidl mi O duy* 6'., this word is unimportant, 
 of no consequence; do-gdl-can important, 
 of consequence Cs. 
 
 do-ddm commission, charge, superin- 
 tendence; *dho-dhdnt jhe -pa* C., 
 *do-ddm Kur-ce* W., to have the superin- 
 tendence, direction, or charge of a business, 
 to have the keeping of a thing; do-ddm- 
 pa 1. a commissioned, authorized person, 
 overseer etc. ; 2. bishop Chr. Prot. 
 
 do-po a load, for a beast of burden, 
 cf. dos; *do-gom* W. saddle-cloth, 
 housing; do-logs the load on one side of 
 a surnpter-horse , half a load, do ya-yciy\ 
 do-non-pa the equalizing of the load, by 
 increasing or lessening it on one of the 
 sides. 
 
 do-ba 1. Jerusalem artichoke Sik. 
 2. secondary form of sdo-ba c. accus., 
 to be a match for, to be equal in strength 
 etc., to cope with Mil.', *srog dhan dhon- 
 da >'<>* C. his life is at stake (da?}. 
 
 d6-bo Med., prob. = do-ba I. 
 
 do-mod to-day, this day, v. do. 
 V do-rd Mil.? 
 
 ^N" do-re v. ifo 2. 
 
 (h-iid-fi't Hind. :i thick Shawl 
 
 ^ wrapper W. 
 
 do-sdl Cs. n. of an ornament hang 
 ing down from the shoulders; Schr. 
 mu-tig-gi do-sdl pearl-necklace; Mil. id. 
 
 *^$f do-se (from fse?) now, at present Bal 
 
 rm- dog col. an auxiliary vb., ace. to Lamas 
 ' of W. and C. rtog-pa, but of differ- 
 ent pronunciation ( W. *doy*, C. *dhoy*}. It 
 seems to correspond to the expressions: ;is 
 far as I know, as much as you know, to 
 your knowledge etc. So a person may be 
 asked: *yog-mo me bar ddg-ga(m)* has 
 your maid - servant, for what you know, 
 lighted a fire? whilst, if the servant herself 
 were asked, the question could only be: *me 
 bar-ra(m), or bar fsar-ra(iii)*. 
 "zfrn- dog sbst, iii B. mostly doy-pa, 1 . bundle, 
 ' clew, skein, e.g. of wool, weighing about 
 two pounds, as much as one can hold con- 
 veniently with the hand or twist round it 
 (lay-doy}. 2. capsule, ar-dza-kai of the 
 cotton plant. 3. ear of corn Le.\\\ Col. 
 more in use: dog -dog a larger piece, Ka- 
 ra dog - dog, lump-sugar (opp. to ground 
 sugar); clod, clump, lump, loaf, *dog-dog 
 c6-ce* W. to form loaves; or in general: to 
 press, to press together, to crush, to crumple; 
 a piece of wood, a log W. (differing from 
 rdog) ; *ddy-ya-doy-y<? f Ld. broken in pieces, 
 e.g. tfa-ra. 
 
 dog^pa 1. v. dog sbst. 2. adj. and 
 
 sbst., narrow, narrowness; dng-po, 
 dog-mo adj.; dog-pai ynas-las far-ba Wd/'i.; 
 fig. sin-tu dog-par gyur-to they were kept 
 within narrow bounds Glr.; *fim dhog-po* 
 C. strict administration of justice. 
 
 dog-le an iron pan with a handle 
 
 6'., W. 
 
 dogs-pa 1 . vb., to fear, to be afraid 
 of, to apprehend, gen. \\ith the root 
 of the pf. tense, which in earlier writings is 
 placed in the instrum. case: nyes-pa bi/iu'i- 
 gi* mi dogs DzL; whereas Glr.: *</ A /////'/ 
 dogs-pai dus-su (fearing) when a hail-storm 
 is threatening; Tar. 188, 1): ryi/<tl-*ri<l nm 
 zin-gyi(s) doys-te being afraid (the prince) 
 might not be able to govern; ma zin <l<'></x- 
 pa$ (ilr. fearing lest he should not finish
 
 258 
 
 don 
 
 the matter; yso-mKan ma byun dogs-nas 
 Glr. fearing that no deliverer would make 
 his appearance; hence for that not, lest and 
 similar expressions, bit mis mfon-gis dogs 
 nas that his son might not be seen by the 
 people Pth.; ze-sddn laris dogs tur-re gyis 
 be on your guard lest anger should arise, 
 take care not to grow angry! Mil. ; O gos 
 dogs-pai Icibs dusters to prevent (things) 
 from getting dirty Lex, ; yzdn-gyis ysdl-bar 
 Ms-kyis dogs^-na] using distant allusions, 
 so that the drift of a speech is not at once 
 clear and intelligible Gram.', rarely with 
 the supine : de - dag bag - tu, or Jbros - su 
 dogs fearing lest they should become faint- 
 hearted or take to flight Dzl. 2. sbst. 
 apprehension, fear, scruple, dogs-pa skyes-te 
 Dzl; also dogs skyes-te Glr.', dogs bsdl-ba, 
 dogs ycod-pa to remove doubts or apprehen- 
 sions Tar.', dogs dpyod ni dogs yc6d-do 
 examining a scruple is as much as remov- 
 ing it Sch. ; re-dogs hope and fear (things 
 which a saint ought to be no longer sub- 
 ject to) frq. 
 
 ;*- don 1. a deep hole, pit, ditch, an ex- 
 cavation deep in proportion to its 
 breadth, e.g. a trench in fortifications, Glr.; 
 sa-ddn id.; cu-don a well, a deep cistern; 
 me - don a fiery abyss, pool of fire Dzl.] 
 Sch. proposes to use it also for crater. 
 2. depth, deepness, profundity; don-can Cs., 
 *don-po* W., deep; don-med not deep, 
 shallow Cs. 3. v. O don-ba. 
 
 ddn-ga n. of a tropical climbing plant, 
 
 and of a sweet-tasted lenient purga- 
 tive Med. 
 sfc'^' don-pa padlock, don-pa )ug -pa to 
 
 put a padlock on. 
 
 ddn-po, ldon-po 1. tube, any 
 hollow cylindrical vessel, = 
 pu-ri; don-bu a small ditto; spa-don a tube 
 etc. of bamboo, sin-doit a tube etc. of wood; 
 Icags-don of iron ; mda-don a quiver, don- 
 ba Glr. id. ; don-mo, ldon-mo a Small churn, 
 = gur-gur. 2 a shuttle, made of a piece 
 of bamboo. 
 rr*(r' dou-tse, Sch. also doti-fse, don-rtse, 
 
 piece of money, coin, yser-gyi gold 
 
 coin Dzl.; esp. a small coin, used (like 
 penny) proverbially for a small sum, Dzl. 
 3C7,9; ^, 6. 
 sK'S^r don-zil(?) W. Corydalis mc'ifolia. 
 
 ^p*3' doii-ze wasp Cs. 
 
 ^r- dod an equivalent, VmZ med-na dod cig 
 ' fob gos* W. if you have no money, I 
 must receive an equivalent; dei dod ci- dra 
 yod, what is the equivalent, what shall we 
 get for it? Mil. ; bu-dod adoptive son, ned- 
 kyi bu-dod mdzod pray, suffer yourself to 
 be adopted by us Mil. ; skad - dod verbal 
 equivalent, synonym, translation Lex.-, dod- 
 du as an equivalent, as payment, for, instead 
 of, at, e.g. at a moderate price; Icyod-kyis 
 nai sfobs-kyi dod mi per Glr., gen. *minori* 
 r., you cannot cope with me in strength, 
 you are no match for me. 
 ^r-q- dod- pa to project, to be prominent, 
 gen. with Jbur - du\ also elongated 
 (Botany) Wdn. 
 
 1" don (Ssk. ^f%), resp. (at least in some 
 1 ' of its applications) zabs-don Pth. \ . sense, 
 meaning, signification, go-ba to understand, 
 O grel-ba to explain; don rnyed-par dkd-bai 
 yig -Jbru letters the meaning of which is 
 not easily understood Glr. ; don mi O dug that 
 makes no sense ; O dii don ci yin what does 
 that mean? zal ni Kai don yin: ''zal' signifies 
 the same as Ka; dpe bzi don dan liiai mgur 
 a psalm, containing four parables, together 
 with their explanation, as being the fifth 
 (part) Mil.; rdh-gi-sems-la don gyis refer 
 the signification, make the application, to 
 your own soul Mil.; . . . kyi don-du bsad, 
 it is explained in the sense of . . ., as having 
 the same meaning as ... Gram.; don mfun- 
 no they agree in this sense, on that point, 
 they say so unanimously Glr.; don de-la 
 soms think over this sense, i.e. over the 
 meaning of this significant example Mil.; 
 zu-don application, petition, request; con- 
 tents, Tar. 45, 19.; also opp. to fsig (word, 
 form) ; cos-bynn-na spri-ti-ma zer-ba O dug- 
 ste don mfun in the cos - byun, it is true, 
 he is called Spritirmi, but the contents (i.e.
 
 259 
 
 don 
 
 dor 
 
 the things related about him) agree, are 
 the same Glr.; ties -don, and drdii-don \. 
 ties-pa extr.; idea, notion, conception Was. 
 (283); as the heading of a chapter or pa- 
 ragraph, e.g. sdiy-pa ddg-pai don of the 
 expiation of sin. Rarely in a subjective 
 sense : don-med byis-pa thoughtless children 
 Mil. 2. the true sense, the real state of 
 the case, the truth, (cf. </ n-il<iin\ esp. don- 
 ld, sometimes also don-gyis Tar. 102, 12, 
 in truth, in fact, really Glr. and elsewh. ; 
 to speak the truth Thyy.\ di'm-la bltd-na 
 col. id.; also for: true! surely! indeed, for- 
 sooth. 3. intent, purpose, design; profit, 
 advantage, </// don ci yin what is your mean- 
 ing and intent (of doing that)? soti-soti-bai 
 don med Dzl. going on is to no purpose; 
 don med bzin-du without seeing the use of 
 it, without understanding the purpose HV//.; 
 with the genit. of the noun : the profit, ad- 
 vantage, the good, of a person, mii don byed- 
 pa to promote a person's welfare; esp. with 
 reference to holy men, O gro(-bai") don byed- 
 JHI to work for the welfare of (all) beings, 
 very frq. ; of priests col. : to act officially, 
 to sacrifice; gain, profit, v. ynycr-b(i\ in a 
 concrete sense: some particular advantage, 
 prerogative, good or blessing obtained, frq.; 
 pdn-pai don a useful thing, bde-bai don a 
 gift of fortune, vnyed-pa to obtain it; ditos- 
 (jriib mcoy - yi don the excellency of the 
 highest perfection; hence don-du postp. c. 
 genit. 1. for, for the good or the benefit of; 
 2. for the sake of. on account of; c. genit. 
 of inf. in order to, that; 3. rarely: in the 
 place of, instead of, against, for, zas nor- 
 iiyi ilun-du O fson-ba to sell food for money 
 Mil. 4. in a general sense: affair, concern, 
 business, /-a i/ -(<//) don one's own affairs, 
 one's own interest (cf. n. 3); yzan-(yyi) don 
 the interest cf ethers; also melon, for dlS- 
 
 interestedness Mil. (*S.s/i. mnr) ; don mdit- 
 
 IKIS on account, of much business (syn. ///r/- 
 //) Dzl. ; chief or main point (ni f.), yso- 
 /><i-i'/'/-jiK/' d&n-rnamru nnlor tdb-ba to sum 
 up the principal points of medical science; 
 
 r .s tlon yxinn-lii tliix-ti' religion being re- 
 duced to three main points (/w.s, /}</</, ///</) 
 
 Glr. ; don sgrub-pa, or O grub-pa to settle an 
 affair, to obtain one's end, to attain to 
 happiness. 5. in anatomy don Ina are: 
 the heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys 
 JAW. -, cf. snod. 6. document, cdd-don a 
 written contract, agreement; ce(d}-don a 
 letter (to an inferior person). 
 
 Comp. d>'m-can, don dan Iddn-pa 1 . use- 
 ful, profitable, expedient, e.g. fsig Th</y. 2. en- 
 joying an advantage. 3. having a certain 
 sense. don-mfun a merchant (. 's. ; dpal daii 
 Iddn-pai don-mfun -dag most honourable 
 merchants! don-dag 1. Sch. business, af- 
 fairs (?). 2. col. = don 1. don-dam (n - <^|^), 
 the true sense, subjectively: good earnest, 
 col. W. ydits-pa man don-dam yin it is not 
 (said in) jest, but in good earnest; ob- 
 jectively : don-ddm-par dbyer-med in truth, 
 (after all, upon the whole, in the end), it 
 is all the same Gram. ; don-dam rndm-par 
 nes-pai cos Glr. prob. = don-ddm-pai bden- 
 pa absolute truth Was. (293) ; in later times 
 = stoii-pa-nyid Trigl. 20; Mil. * don-das* 
 W. (lit.- bras) = ce-don? 
 y- don num. for bdun-cu, don-yciy etc. 
 ! 71, 72 etc. to 79. 
 
 don -pa for Q t6n-pa Glr. in one 
 
 passage, prov. in C. 
 dob-dob, dob -dob smrd-ba to talk 
 stuff, nonsense Sch. 
 ... dom the brown bear; dom-bu 1. Sch. 
 the cub of a bear, 2. 6s.: a species 
 of black dogs, resembling a bear. 
 F*MT' dom-ddmCs.: ornamental fringes 
 hanging down from the neck of a 
 horse ; Wdn. : me-tog rtd-yi dom-dom O dra. 
 ttrx: ( - lom ~ ra screen ? shade for the eyes 
 
 and the like /SW/. 
 
 ^. ,lor a pair of draught cattle; gla/t-dt>r 
 a yoke of oxen 
 
 dor-ba v. .dor-ba. 
 
 breeches, trowsers, dor-ffm 
 
 short lireeches. <A>/-/v'/J long drawers. 
 lro\vsers 6s.; snam-dor from xnam-lnt; dnr- 
 //,/ 1. that part of the breeches \\liieh covers 
 tin- privy parts, v. rf ; i/i'iys-sa-moi dor- 
 /fd (//'.s- y:n snt/<, rm<'i-ln />// Ml///., the
 
 260 
 
 dol 
 
 drdg-pa 
 
 middle part of a widow's drawers pre- 
 vents epilepsy and heals wounds. 2. W. 
 = dor-ma? 
 Q>' dol 1. net, esj). fishing-net, *tdm-pa* 
 
 to spread, to fix it C'., W.; {nya-)dol- 
 pa a fisherman, of. j-dol-pa. 2. W. stew- 
 pan. 3. dol ycod - pa to split, to cleave 
 Sch. 
 jj- dos a load (of a beast of burden) that 
 
 has to be carried by compulsory ser- 
 vice, without being paid for; Kal-dos id.; 
 ja-dos a load of tea carried in this manner; 
 dos ^gel-ba to load (on), to pack, dos O bogs- 
 pa (not Q pog-pa Cs.) to unload; dos-pa a 
 conductor of such loads Cs., dos-dpon the 
 leader of a caravan of such loads; dos 
 drdg-pa 1. Mil. prob.: hard compulsory 
 service; 2. perh. also: severe in exacting it, 
 e.g. a feudal lord. 
 r'-r- ^c*^* drd-ci, drdn-ci Pur. a flat 
 
 -s. ? 
 
 basket. 
 S'ri" drd-pa a small copper coin, used in 
 
 the western part of the Himalaya, a 
 thick paisa. of the value of half a penny. 
 
 drd-ba I. sbst. ^[^, 1- grate, lattice; 
 
 net, net -work, lus-la drd-bar Jbrel 
 (the veins) are spread throughout the body 
 like net-work S.g. ; ru- pai drd-ba the 
 frame-work of bones, the skeleton Thgtj.; 
 ^.od-zer-gyi drd-la a pencil or aggregate 
 of rays of light (lit. lattice-work of rays) 
 Glr.; dra mig id., esp. col.; lcdgs-(kyi) 
 dra(-mig} iron railings; grate; gridiron ; rgyd- 
 dra wooden rails, fence C., W.; dm-(bd) 
 pyed(-pd) Lex., Glr. 'half-lattice', technical 
 term for a kind of silk ornament; drd- 
 ba-can latticed, grated; dr a- lag- drd- lag- 
 can having many forked ends or branches, 
 of the horns of a stag. 2. a bag made 
 of net-work C's , dra-pdd, dra-cuh id. 
 3. the web of water-fowls. 
 
 II. vb., pf. dra*, W. *de-ce*, to cut, 
 clip, lop, dress, prune, pare (leather, cloth, 
 paper, wings etc. with knife or scissors); 
 also fig.: pai min-nas drds-te borrowing 
 (a syllable) from the father's name Glr. 
 (twice); cf. also Tar. 107, 13; *feb-dh?- 
 pa* C. one that cuts the strings (of a 
 
 purse) on his thumb, i.e. a cut-purse, pick- 
 pocket; gos-drds cloth cut out for a garment 
 Cs. ; dras-spydd scissors Sch.; dra-gri Cs.: 
 'a tailor's knife used for shears'; drai (sic) 
 ro Sch., *dc-riig, fa-de* W. clippings, cut- 
 tings, remnants. 
 
 _.. drd-ma experienced, practised, learned 
 "^ Sch.; so perh. Pth. , where however 
 bra-ma and tra-ma is the usual form. 
 _._. dra-zu, or *dra-su* W. a small pan 
 ~^ with a handle; a ladle. 
 -OT- d ra( J 1- M 7 - t ne P s *; an V parcels or 
 ^ ' goods conveyed by post, the Hind. ^TCR. 
 
 - 2. expedient, profitable, of use, pt'd-ba 
 drag - gam will it be of any use, well- 
 applied, if I give? Mil. ; ji byas kyah ma 
 drag whatever I did, it was of no use 
 Pth. ; na ei-ltar byds-na drag what course 
 will it be expedient to take? what shall 
 I do best? Pth.; *ci dhag, ghan dhag* C, 
 what is right? what is expedient? ndd-pa 
 drag-pas cog it is sufficient, if the patient 
 is getting better Mil. 
 ,-_... drdg-pa 1. noble, of noble birth C., 
 ' :: 'drdg-po* W. ; mi drdg-pa, or merely 
 drdg-pa, a nobleman; drag -rigs nobility, 
 gentry; drag-par byed-pa to raise to nobi- 
 lity, drag-par Q gyur-ba to become a noble- 
 man Cs.; drag-sos an inferior officer or ma- 
 gistrate Cs. 2. gen. drags -po, W. also 
 drag-can, (Ssk. <fto, -^j) strong, vehement, 
 violent cu drag -pa a rapid river, violent 
 current; brtson- grus drag -pa O bdd-pa or 
 O dun-pa drag - pa unbending, unwearied 
 application; skad drag-pa a powerful voice; 
 Krims drag-pa a severe punishment; snyin- 
 rje drag yearning compassion; strong, for- 
 cible, of expressions or language ; moreover 
 an epithet of terrifying deities, particularly 
 of Siwa {Ssk. '^), drag-mo fern.; zi rgyas 
 (llntit, drag v. sub zi-ba. Adv. drag-tu 
 vehemently, violently, e.g. to pull, to lament, 
 to implore: hastily, speedily, e.g. to come 
 
 Wdn. ; drag -por, e.g. drag - por bead - de 
 bkldg-par byao in reading a marked stop 
 should be made Gram.; ha-can mi-drdg- 
 par very gently, softly; drdg-gis, dad-pa 
 to believe firmly Mil. 3. drdg-pa pos-
 
 drag* 
 
 sessing a quality in a high degree, diig- 
 drag-pa Stg. very poisonous. 4. syrnb. 
 num. 11. 
 
 Comp. drag-ndd, v. dreg-ndd, gout. -- 
 drag -rtaal- can = drdg-po, of deities. 
 drug-zdn strong and weak, e.g. the relative 
 force of sound Gram.', also high and low, 
 with respect to rank. drag - xul fright- 
 fulness, drag-Mil-can frightful, terrible, power- 
 ful ; cruel, frq., yet chiefly with respect to 
 the power manifested by gods and sor- 
 cerers. drag-j'xcd. lit. 'cruel hangman', 
 a terrifying deity v. Schl. Ill, 214. 
 
 drags adv. very, much, greatly, man- 
 drags MIL very much; adj. much, 
 strong, intense, bza-btun -drags eating and 
 drinking a great deal S.g. ; dran-drdgs an 
 intense, most vivid, remembrance of a per- 
 son Mil., an ardent longing or desire; dga- 
 drdgs-nas being very happy, highly rejoiced 
 rili , (.'. O gyod-drdgs-nas feeling deep re- 
 pentance Mil. ; bsten drdgs-na if one continues 
 it too long S.g. 
 ^C" dratt a kind of bear Sch. 
 
 ^C'Sf <l> ' f i'' l -P 0^5) Straight 1. not de- 
 viating from the direct course, not 
 crooked or oblique, fig, lam etc. frq. ; his 
 dr<'n't-po ^jog-pa to sit straight; *Ka bub- 
 ne ddu-po co - ce* W. to place a thing 
 straight or upright again; *ied-la ddn-po* 
 W., horizontal. 2. right, e.g. lam, opp. 
 to log -pa. 3. sincere, honest, upright, 
 truthful, drdn-poi ran-bzin-can-gyi pyir be- 
 cause they have an upright character Dzl.', 
 las drdn-po good actions, righteous deeds, 
 opp. to rtsub-j)o violent, unjust Stg.', /t'rims 
 dnitf-jio 1. a just sentence, righteous judg- 
 ment, opp. to log-pa. 2. applied to men, 
 with regard to their acting according to 
 just ire and the law (v. /Wwv.s); ms-///v///- 
 /"/ honest, upright, with respect to religion 
 and the divine law; also drdn-po alone, 
 whenever it is not to be misunderstood, 
 may be used for our just. draft - /><>r, 
 fxig drtiH- f H>r smr<i-b<t to be candid, to speak 
 
 the truth, frq. draft-dun. \. ftf^-fia. extr. 
 
 <lr<n'i-li<i 1. aliMract noun to draft- 
 
 drdn-pa 
 
 ^r'.n* 
 
 po. 2. pf. to O d riii-pa. 
 
 261 
 
 ---^-- drait-sroii, ^f^, 1 . a holy hermit, 
 ^ "^ an order of men, introduced from 
 Brahmanism into Buddhism. These saint < 
 are looked upon partly as human beings, 
 partly as Dewas, and at any rate as being 
 endowed with miraculous powers Dzl. frq. 
 2. At present the Lama that offers 
 *///'n-srey is stated to bear that name, and 
 whilst he is attending to the sacred rites, 
 he is not allowed to eat anything but <//>//- 
 zas (v. dkar-po). 3. symb. num.: 7. 
 
 drdn-dri Lh. the beam of a pair of 
 
 scales, Hind, ^fr 
 r,T'jn* drdn-pa I. vb. j, 1. to think of, 
 
 c. accus., with or without jrfcZ-fo, gen. 
 to think of past events, to remember, re- 
 collect, call to mind, drin benefits, v. drin-, 
 hijiin-ba-rnams that which has happened 
 Glr.; more emphatically: rjes-su drdn-pa 
 frq.; but also dkon-mcog drdn-pa to think 
 of, to remember, God; sdug-jx) yon-ba de 
 ma drdn-pa yin do not think of, do not 
 trouble yourself about, future evils Mil. ; 
 bskyis-par mi drdn-no I do not recollect 
 having taken anything on credit Dzi; dnhi- 
 pa fsdm-gyis as soon as one thinks of it, 
 quick as thought Thgr.', so-so-nas. . . drdn- 
 par gyis sig every body should think of . . . 
 Dzl. (the simple imp. seems not to be 
 used); (rjes-su) drdn-par byed-pa also: to 
 remind of, to put in mind of, to revive the 
 memory Of, = drdn-du Jug-pa, dr<ni-d-id 
 l>!l<'<l-pa Lex. 2. to become conscious of, 
 to recollect, rmi-lam a dream 7Vt.; draft- 
 par O gyiir - ba to recover one's senses, to 
 be one's self again Dzl.', ciaii ml drdn-pa 
 insensible Dzl.', mi drdn-pai ^oy-tu after 
 they had become insensible Dzl. 3. to 
 think of with love or affection, to be attached 
 to, to long for, a-ma for the mother col.; 
 *dran-sem* W. love, affection, attachment; 
 dran-mcog-r)c dearest Sir! Mil. 
 
 II. sbst. ^nfff, ^j-^, 1. remembrance, re- 
 collection, remfniscence ; memory frq.: d run- 
 pa ysdl-po a retentive memory. 2. con- 
 sciousness, nfor is lost; fugs dnm-iin'-d-du 
 t /in -pa to lose one's senses, ivsp. Mil.: 
 drait-nn'i l-dtt />rgi/~ d-fa id.: </r<ht-f><t /V///M/-
 
 50}' dral 
 
 drin 
 
 pa to recover one's senses Pth. ; yso - ba 
 id.; dran- dzin-med-pa being out of one's 
 senses (with joy") Glr.; self-possession, con- 
 sideration, dran-med without consideration, 
 inconsiderate; sems-can smyon-pa-dag drdn- 
 pa so - sdr rnyed insane persons regained 
 the respective faculties of their minds S.O., 
 drdn-pa yzuns-pa prob. quickness of ap- 
 prehension, good capacity; drdn-pa nydms- 
 pa weak-minded; dran-yod, dran-lddn, 
 remembering, being in one's senses 6s.; 
 dran-se's for drdn-pa dan ses-rdb Mil.; 
 *dhem-pa ma-ii-po Ko-la sar* C. he is 
 uneasy, troubled, full of scruples and ap- 
 prehensions. 
 
 J-QJ- dral \. v. Icam-mo. 2. v. O dral-ba. 
 3. for gral. 
 
 dral-tse a kind of courier or messen- 
 ger Cs. 
 
 dras v. dra-ba II. 
 
 j&. dri, col. also dri- ma, odour, smell, scent, 
 "^ dri-zim(-po\ dri-bsun Dzl. an agreeable 
 sin ell, sweet scent; dri-bzdn(-po) 1. id., 
 2. 6s. also saffron; dri -nan, prob. also 
 dri-log, W. *dri sog-po*, 6s. dri-mi-zim an 
 unpleasant smell, a stench; dri bro-ba to 
 exhale an odour Glr.; *di num-pa or nom- 
 pa* to inhale an odour; W.: *kyur-(li, 
 nyifi-di, dug-cli, me-di, riil-di, hdm-di rag* 
 I perceive a sour, stale, burnt, smoky, 
 putrid, mouldy smell; *fsig-di, zob-di* a 
 smell of burnt food, burnt wool; dri l/'ta 
 five odours or perfumes used in offering; 
 dri - Ka Sch. : urinous smell (?); dri - nod 
 vapour, exhalation, fragrance; dri-can Ite- 
 ba bag of the musk-deer; musk Wdii.; 
 dri-cu scented water, perfume 6s. (yet cf. 
 dri-ma), dri-cen a medicinal herb Lt. 
 dri-ytsaii-Kdn, iTO^z, a sacred place, a 
 chapel, conjectures about the etymology 
 of the word v. Burn. I, 262. dri- dzin 
 po., the nose. dri-za, also dri-za-mo 
 fern., 7T?rw an ea * er f fragrance, in Brah- 
 manism the heavenly musicians, and so also 
 in Buddhism painted as playing on guitars, 
 but usually (in accordance with the ety- 
 mology) thought to be aerial spirits, that 
 
 feed on odours of every description. They 
 are supposed not only to be fond of flowers 
 and other fragrant objects, but also to visit 
 dunghills, tlaying-places, shambles etc., the 
 various substances of which are accordingly 
 dedicated to them (cf. ytor-ma). The in- 
 sects, swarming about such places, the 
 Tibetan believes to be incarnated dri-za. 
 dri-zai gron(-Kyer} mirage, fata morgana. 
 r-q- dri-ba question, dri-ba O dn-ba to ask 
 "^ a question, mi-la a person; dri -bed 
 Ian, dris-ldn, answer; dri-rtog ma man 
 Mil., 6'., *dhi gya ma jhe or ce* 6s., don't 
 ask long! do not ask many questions! 
 ^.^r dri-bo an enchanter, sorcerer, magician, 
 "^ dri-mo enchantress, witch Mil. 
 a.^. dri -ma, ?M, 1- dirt, filth, impurity; 
 ^ excrement, ordure; lag-(pai) dri(-ma) 
 marks left by dirty fingers on books etc.; 
 snd-dri mucus, snot, snivel .</.; dri -ma 
 yzum the three impurities, excrement, urine, 
 sweat; but sometimes more are enumerated ; 
 frq. fig.: nyes-pai, nyon-mons-pai, fca-na- 
 ma-fo-bai dri -ma; dri -ma kun zdd-nas 
 after all impurities have been put off Dzl.; 
 dri-cu 1. urine, O dor-ba to urinate Glr. ; 
 res- ga rah-byun-gi dri-cu sten sometimes 
 (in my extremity) I had recourse to my 
 own water Mil. 2. v. sub dri. dri- 
 cen feces of the intestinal canal. <///- 
 ma -can dirty, sluttish, as to dress: <///- 
 ma-med-pa clean, cleanly. 2. for dJcrir 
 ma, v. dkri-ba. 
 
 j&q. drin Cs. = 'drin kindness, favour;" yet, 
 7 yzan drin, mi jog Lejc. , yzdn - gyis 
 <lri//-la mi ^jog - cin rah-gi cos zugs-so 
 Dom. ? One dictionary renders it by TCfltf. 
 knowledge; certainty, faith, confidence 
 5^j- drin, resp. bka-drin., rarely sku-di'in 
 ' Glr., kindness, favour, grace, bid -mat 
 tlrln-gyis by the grace of my Lama, of 
 my spiritual father, of my patron saint 
 Mil. ; in addressing a person, kyed (or Kyod)- 
 kyi bka- drin -gyis is gen. used; mai drin 
 benefits conferred by a mother Thgy.; drin- 
 can, drin-ce kind, gracious, benevolent; 
 benefactor, drin - can pa - md the parents, 
 these benefactors; drin-can mar-pet, Marpa
 
 263 
 
 full of grace (Milaraspa's Lama); fsc O di- 
 la drin ce-sos rdii-gi ma yin the greatest 
 benefactress for this life is one's own 
 mother; bod-la bka-drin ce-ba lags-so this 
 turned out the greatest benefit for Tibet 
 G-fr.; a-ma dnn-cen kindest mother! (says 
 a king to a wonder-working female saint) 
 I 'lit.: drin d run-pa as a vb., to acknowledge 
 a kindness, to feel obliged; as a sbst. thank- 
 fulness, gratitude T/if/y.; /,'^W-/-/// <///// rtdg- 
 tu d run-pas as I shall always feel greatly 
 obliged to you Dzl.; dei bka-drin d run- 
 t-lit full of thankfulness towards him Dzl.', 
 drill rjcd-pa unmindful of obligations; 
 drin yzo-ba, drin-du yzo-ba, dnn-ldn gldn- 
 pa, drin-ldn bsdb-pa, W. *din-zo tan-ce* 
 to return benefits, to show one's self grate- 
 ful; drin fzo-zifi Ian byao you shall not 
 have done it for nothing/)^.; drin-ldn- 
 du as a gift made in return, a return- 
 present. 
 ^q\qq* ('/>$-#) *dib-siT, a corrupt form 
 
 for dril-bu ysil, Ld., = yytr-K-a. 
 j^ r drim (spelling?) stump, trunk, of a tree 
 or plant, deprived of top and branches 
 Ld. 
 
 <s^ 
 
 ^V drin v. di-f. 
 
 SNa 
 
 ^nj- dril, gen. dril-bn, bell; dril srog-pa 
 to ring the bell; to publish by ringing 
 a bell; dril -Ice the tongue of a bell, the 
 clapper; dril-yziigs the body of a bell Cs. } 
 Glr.', drif-M/r<i the voice or sound of a bell, 
 peal of bells; dril-Kau bell-tower, belfry; 
 dril - .sV/v/.s the frame of timber, on which 
 bells are suspended. 
 
 dnl-ba v. 
 
 years. drinj-s<jr<i- the so-called article, 
 presenting itself in the following six forms: 
 pa, ba, ma, po, bo, mo. 
 
 di'i's-pa v. O dri-hd. 
 
 di'h'bu = <Ji'ii-l>n, t/rii - t/u, a clue or 
 
 ball, of wool etc. ' ' 
 -CT- dnuj num. six, drug -pa, drug-pod. 
 N3 dgu; yi-ge dnig-pa or -ma the prayer 
 of the six letters, the Ommanipadmeliimu 
 (}lr.\ ilriiij-i-ii sixty; drini-cn-rfxu-yclg ( W. 
 * >! ii <j- < -!<'-! !<!*}, or re-ycig, sixty one; 
 drttg-brgyd six hundred; drng - stoii six 
 thousand; dfug-fal-tk&r a cycle of sixty 
 
 dmdr, two sorts of 
 turkoise < *. 
 
 ^^-- dmii the space near, and esp. before 
 x-> a person or thing, po-bmii - gi drnii 
 gdn-na-ba d<'i <liig-nas alighting on the 
 place before the palace Dzl. ?V, 3; gen. 
 with na, du, nas. 1. adv. near to, near by. 
 to or at the side of, before, to, off from; 
 driiii-du rt6g-pa to examine personally, 
 face to face, orally Dzl.', drun-du O gr6-ba 
 to go near or up to. 2. postp. c. genit. 
 (less corr. c. accus.), siii-gi drun-na near, 
 or under the tree, drun-du id.; to or town n Is 
 the tree; drun-nas away from (the tree); 
 rgydl-poi druu-du to the king, before, in 
 presence of (coram) the king; driit'f - j>, 
 resp. sku-drun-pa, one standing near, a 
 waiting man, a page in ordinary ( 's. dritii- 
 Jtor train, retinue. driiii-ynas-pa com- 
 panion, associate. druit-yig(-pu} secretary. 
 druit-Jso-la private physician, physician 
 in ordinary Cs. When preceded by zabs 
 it becomes a respectful term, e.g. in the 
 direction of a letter, where it stands for 
 our 'to' (lit. 'to the feet, of N.N.'). 
 
 dmn-po 1. prudent, sensible, judicious, 
 wise Mil., in conjunction with ycdit- 
 po; so also Pth. ycaii-drun-ldait-pa. 
 2. sincere, candid C. 3. diligent? 
 __^.. dru/'/s root, of rare occurrence; dritita 
 ^ (-nas) pyuii exterminated, destroyed 
 root and branch, Lex. 
 
 druns-pa clarified, clear ( '. ; bzes- 
 dmns resp. for can, beer, Ts. 
 
 drud 1. v. O drud-pa. 2. drud-dritd 
 
 pelican Sch. 
 
 drub-pa v. O drub-pa. 
 > 
 r p n* dmm-pa to have a strong desire, to 
 
 Ni long, languish, pine, for, X<-l<. 
 dt'/<*-ma millet Sch. 
 
 & </r< 7!s., drt-n. L,'.r., din Lit., divl (!/,:. 
 ^ mule, dn'-jio. /"'>-<//< he-mule, dn'-in, 
 mn-dre she-inulc.
 
 264 
 
 dre-bo 
 
 ..< dre-bo Lt., dre - mo Mng., *de - mon* 
 ? W., elbow. 
 
 ZTn-rr dreg-pa, dregs -pa 1. any dirt that 
 is removed by scraping, whereas 
 dri-ma is washed off; more particularly: 
 2. soot, which is also used as a medicine 
 Wdn. ; Run-dreg id. ; sgron-dreg lamp-black ; 
 dan-dreg soot on a kettle ; Icdgs - dreg v. 
 Icags', fdl-dreg, rdo-dreg Med. ? so-dreg 
 tartar incrusting the teeth Med. dreg- 
 bdl flakes of soot. dreg-ndd gout; dreg- 
 grum id. 
 
 dregs-pa 1. pride, haughtiness, ar- 
 rogance, Ken-dcgs id.; dregs -pa 
 nyams pride is put down, humbled; dregs- 
 pa skydn-ba to lay aside, to put off pride; 
 nor-gyis dregs purse-proud Lex. 2. proud, 
 haughty, arrogant, = dregs-pa-can] dregs-pa 
 (-can fams-cdd the great, the proud, the 
 people of high rank, the great ones of 
 this world Pth.; in the world of spirits, 
 with or without bgegs : the powerful demons. 
 
 3. as a vb.: ro-tsas dregs fse when the 
 sexual impulse is strong Med. 
 
 dred (Zam. rf^f) hyena, which name 
 has prob. been transferred by the in- 
 habitants of the mountainous districts to 
 the dred, an animal better known to them) 
 the yellow bear; mi-dreda, bear that devours 
 men Mil. ; pyugs-dred a bear destructive to 
 cattle; dred-po he-bear, dred-mo she-bear. 
 
 dred-fsdn a bear's den. dred-siu-sin 
 hazel-nut tree Sch. 
 
 dred-po I. Sch.: 'evasive, lazy', yet 
 cos-med dred-po zol-zog yyo-rgyu- 
 can? 2. load, burden, esp. a heavy load 
 C., dred-po d red-pa = Kre's-po grdg-pa, to 
 cord a load. 
 
 -... dred-ma, rtsa-drcd-ma Glr. dres- 
 "^ ' ma', ddm-dred-ma Mil.? 
 $Q* $ftJ" dreu, drel, v. dre; dreu-rnog 
 -^>' ^ 1. the mane of a mule. 2. a 
 couch, or stuffed -seat 6s. 3. a kind of 
 long-haired cloth. 
 
 dres-ma 1. C. a kind of grass, of 
 which ropes and shoes (of great 
 durability) are made; Glr. died-ma\ dres- 
 mai ge-sdr S.g. the filaments of dres-ma', 
 
 j- 
 ' 
 
 J' dros-pa 
 
 dres- bru Cs., dres- brum S.g. the seeds of 
 drt'x-ma. 2. W. Iris kamaonensis. 
 r^ dro (cf. dro-ba), 1. the hot time of the 
 "^ day, from about 9 o'cl. a. m. till 3 o'cl. 
 p. m.; dro-la bdb-nas when this time arrived 
 Dzl.', snd-dro the morning, pyi-dro \. the 
 later part of the afternoon, 2. W. *pi-ro* 
 evening, night. 2. a meal taken about 
 noon, lunch; dro btdb-pa to lunch; dro-lug 
 a sheep intended to be eaten for a luncheon; 
 dro-sd meat intended for such a purpose. 
 5fjb" dro-ba 1. to be warm, v. dros-pa; gen. 
 "^ adj. warm, dro-baiynas a warm place; 
 dro - bar O gyur - ba to grow warm. 2. 
 warmth (bdg-dro v. sub ur). 
 
 drogsSch.: 'packed up, made up into 
 
 pack or parcel'. 
 
 )* dron(s) v. O dren-pa. 
 
 5gw drdit - ma a large basket or dosser, 
 provided with a lid, and carried on 
 the back, Hind. q?TTTT- 
 rr- drod 1. warmth, heat, e.g. of the sun; 
 ' drod-yser warmth and moisture; clrod- 
 kyi sin a tropical tree Wdii.; me-drod 1. the 
 heat of the fire Lt. 2. prob. animal heat, 
 perh. because it is supposed to arise from 
 a union of the fiery element with a germ 
 originated by conception. 2. Ka - drod 
 zun ycig a small piece of food, Ka-zds, 
 and prob. incorrect for Ka-brod enjoyment 
 of the mouth. lam-la drod fob-pa Mil. 
 was explained: to have a cheerful mind, 
 free from doubts and apprehensions on the 
 way (to heaven), drod, therefore, seems 
 to stand here for brod. drod-rtags, Mil., 
 was explained as being new knowledge, 
 new perceptions, as a fruit of long medi- 
 tation; one Lex. has drod -rig-pa = TTT^W 
 experienced or well-versed in measure. 
 
 dron-mo*co\. warm, zan-dron warm 
 food. 
 
 ^p^* drol v. O drol-ba. 
 
 f~ri' dros, Sch. = dro', dros-cen noon, mid- 
 day, dros-cuii forenoon (?). 
 dros-pa, pf. of dro-ba, heated, grown 
 warm, esp. of the ground by the
 
 dha-mdn 
 
 
 heat of the sun, of men, by warm clothing; 
 dros son the ground has grown warm, the 
 snow is beginning to melt; dros-na when 
 it is getting warm; di gon-na dros lags 
 if you put that on, you will be warm Mil. ; 
 fse ycig dros -pai gos warm clothing for 
 one period of existence Mil. ma-drox- 
 pa n. of the Manasarowara or lake of 
 Mapam in Nari. The Hindoos describe it 
 as something like a northern ocean, in- 
 habited by Nagas (v. klu), and the Tibetans 
 in good faith repeat such fables, at least 
 in their literature, although they know 
 better. 
 
 ^$|3f dha-mdn Ld.-Glr. Schl. fol. 17, b., 
 5S v. Ida-man. 
 
 r-c- dfni-tt, (\lf7T a shaker, agitator?) a 
 K ' word of more recent mystical physio- 
 >c logy, 'the middle vein', = dbu-ma (cf. 
 yft'tnt-po and fi'g-lc) Thgr., Mil., Wdn. The 
 Lamas consulted by me asserted, not quite 
 in accordance with books, dhu-ti to denote 
 u kind of rlnii in the body (which would 
 agree with w to blow, and with 7ivevf.ioi), 
 a vital power closely connected with the 
 soul, supporting it during lifetime, and 
 leaving it only when separated by death. 
 I Ins would be anew or second signification 
 of dhu-ti, although I cannot vouch for the 
 correctness of the above statement, nor am 
 I able to decide, whether dhu-ti and - 
 ba-dhuti are quite the same. a-ba-dhuti- 
 I'ti Tar. 187,8 is a proper name, Schf. 
 -q- dhe-la, Hind. \j^ half a paisa, the 
 K smallest coin, equal to the tenth part 
 
 of a penny, W. 
 
 rncm/^TV yd a y(s) 1- fut. of O dogs-pa. - 
 ' 2. ydayx the light, day ('*., opp. 
 to xribs. 3. in Stg. yddff9-pa occurs frq. 
 as a translation of inn wisdom. 
 
 -. yilai'i, rtltu't (l<l fi'?} \. clothes- 
 stand, rack or rail for hanging 
 up clothes, yddii-la go* f d:<ir-/>a, <jel-ba; 
 yddii-bti } . peg 01- nail, for the same purpose. 
 2. skdt-kyi ydan(-bti) L<',i\, *&ral-ddn* W., 
 step of a ladder. 2. col. for y<l<;<. 
 
 y<I<iii-lxt, y<hh't*-i>d. to open wide, 
 mouth and no>trils, to gape l>. and 
 
 col.; fddfi-pai Kro-zdl an angry face with 
 the mouth wide opened Glr. 
 
 ' ydans 1. music, harmony, melody, = 
 hs, myags, also ydans-snyan; 
 ydaits byed-pa to make music C. 2. resp. 
 for dprdl-ba forehead Cs. 
 
 ydd/ls-pa 1 . v. yddii-ba. 2. resp. 
 one recovering from illness, con- 
 valescent, with snyun, bsnyun-ba Leje. ; *ra 
 dan* W. he has recovered from his drunken 
 fit, has become sober again. 
 
 y dan > ^n^T' res P- bzugs-ydan W., 
 a bolster, or seat composed of several 
 quilts or cushions, put one upon the other 
 (five for common people, nine for people of 
 quality), cf. O bol; ydan-lcri a throne Glr.; 
 ydan-rdbs a succession of teachers Tar. 199,4. 
 The word is much used in polite expressions : 
 ydan O degs-pa to take leave, to withdraw, to 
 depart; yddn-sa i. place of residence, bla- 
 mai Mil. ; dga - ston - yyi place of a festival 
 Glr. 2. situation, position, rank, ni f., Mil.-, 
 yddn- dren-pa to invite, = spy an- O dr en-pa, 
 to appoint, to nominate, dpon-du a chief, a 
 leader Glr. ; to go to meet (?//.; *dan-su- 
 ce* W. id. ; *dan-kyal-ce* W. to accompany, 
 as a mark of attention ; dan-peb-pa to arrive 
 Sch, 
 
 'q* yddb-pa, fut. of O debs-pa. 
 
 yddm-ka W., ydam-naLe.r., choice, 
 election, *ddm-ka c6-c W. to 
 choose, to elect; yddm-na byed-pa Lex. id. 
 yddm-pa, fut. of O doms-pa, yddms- 
 pa, pf. of O ddms-pa, to advise, 
 rgydl-po-la yddm-pai mdo adviser of kings, 
 a mirror for sovereigns Thyy.; yddms-pa 
 sbst. advice, counsel, doctrine, precept, /</<// 
 ndy, W. 9 yddm8-ka , yddtM-Kcf (cf. / r d- 
 tfd-lta), resp. zal-yddms, bka- y<l<imx id.: 
 yddms-pa cig zu we ask for some advice 
 Glr.; pan -pa yddms-pa a good advice; 
 yddtiix-Hdg st6n-pa Lc.r., *dd ni-k<i , or Icd- 
 f<i f<iit-ce* W. to give an advice, to advi-e: 
 ydams-r'idg O ddms-pi t'*i<j the imperative 
 mood, expressing command or exhortation 
 (f rum. 
 
 ydd-l>a, eleg. for '/''.'/-/'" /> and 
 A7m/.x, i. to be, to be there, d,, 
 
 17*
 
 266 
 
 ,'d(i how many arc there here ? 7,am. ; sgyiir- 
 gin yda Glr.; rtog-tu ydao he or it may 
 be discerned, distinguished DzL; pyin-nas 
 yda he had arrived Mil.; no other negative 
 than mi can precede it: zdbs-mfil-la cu 
 reg-pa tsdm-las mi yda the water did not 
 reach above the soles of the shoes Mil. 
 2. with par it expresses uncertainty, vague- 
 ness, fsegs - par yda he may possibly go, 
 Pth.; O di yin-pa (col. for par") yda he seems 
 to be this (man) Pth. ; cf. O dug-pa. 3. to 
 say, cf. mci-ba. 
 
 yddl-ba another form for rdal-ba. 
 
 uti-ba 
 
 rnr^'n' ydiii-ba another form for O din-ba; 
 also sbst. : ydin - ba dan bgo - ba 
 carpets and clothes, i.e. all sorts of textures, 
 . 
 
 ydu-ba \. another form for sdu-ba 
 to gather, to collect. 2. another form 
 for ydun-ba(?) Sch.: to love; cf. rnyed-la 
 ydu Zam. 
 rnr'CT 1 ydu-bu Glr. , ydu-gu Glr. , fdub-bu 
 
 So the usual form, ring for the wrist, 
 bracelet, or for the ankle, an ornament of 
 Hindoo women; lag (resp. pyag}-ydub 
 bracelet; rkan (resp. zabs)-ydub foot-ring; 
 soi' (col. ser)-ydub finger-ring Glr.; yser- 
 ydub gold-ring, dnul-ydub silver-ring; yser- 
 ser-ydub a golden finger-ring; *tdg-ce* W. 
 to put on (a ring). 
 
 ydug-pa \. poison - dug, ydug-pa 
 ysum Dzl. = dug ysum; zds - su 
 ydug-pa zd-ba Dom. 2. in general: any 
 thing hurtful, or any injury, mischief, harm 
 done; as adj. noxious, mischievous, dangerous, 
 ydug-pa-can, of animals, demons, wicked 
 men; dug-sbrul ydug-pa -can dangerous 
 venemous serpents Glr.; dre-srin ydug-pa 
 man many mischievous demons Glr.; yditg- 
 pai bsdm-pa propensity to destroy, destruc- 
 tiveness, ferocity, of beasts of prey Glr.: 
 ydug-pai nd-ro wild screams Mil.; ydug- 
 rtsub ferocity, malice, spite Mil.; stdr-bu 
 ydug-pa tser-ma-can buckthorn with horrible 
 spines Wdn.; also for mischief done by evil 
 spirits Mil. 
 mrrjKj* ydugs I. resp. dbu-ydugs 1. parasol. 
 
 C ' umbrella, B., C. 2. canopy, bal- 
 
 dachin: *}>!/{- ydugs a covering, shelter, 
 awning, for several persons Glr. ; ydugs 
 O bubs-pa to raise a canopy, to put up a 
 shade or screen; of peacocks: to spread 
 the tail. 
 
 II. eleg. mid-day, noon, sdh-gi ydiigs-la 
 for to-morrow noon DzL; noon -tide heat 
 (cf. dugs}, ydugs-med ydoh-pa ydiigs-kyis 
 yduns an unprotected face is molested by 
 the heatL&r.; ydugs-fsod 1. noon-tide, dinner- 
 time, 2. dinner. 
 znrr- yduii, resp. for rus(-pa}, 1. bone, 
 
 Q, bones, remains, esp. as rin-srd, also 
 yduu-rus, sku-ydun; yser-yduh, diiul-ydiul 
 the gold and silver palls covering the re- 
 mains of the highest Lamas. 2. family, 
 lineage, progeny, descendants, rigs ni rgyal- 
 rigs-so,ydun-nigau-ta mao as to caste, he be- 
 longs to that of the ruler, as to family, he is a 
 descendant of Gotama ; also fig. : sans-rgyds- 
 kyi yduii DzL the spiritual children of Bud- 
 dha, the saints; yduii-brgyud yod the house, 
 the family, is still existing Glr. ;yduii(brgyud) 
 O dzin-pai sras a first-born male, by whom 
 the lineage may be continued, frq.; also 
 for any single descendant Glr. yduti- 
 sgrom Sch. coffin, Schr. funeral urn. yduii- 
 rten funeral pyramid containing relics, cf. 
 mcod-^rten. ydun-rabs generation, iid-nas 
 yduii-rdbs Ind-pa-la in the fifth degree after 
 me Glr. 
 rju-p-q- yduii-ba, yduns-pa I. vb. 1 . to desire, 
 
 'NS to long for, zds-la, lto-la, Glr. and 
 elsewh.; *duh dun co-ce* W. id. 2. to 
 love, sin-tu ydun-bai ma ycig my own dearly 
 beloved mother! cf. brtse-yduii. 3. to 
 feel pain, to be pained, tormented, afflicted, 
 by heat or cold, thirst, lust, distress; *nyin 
 dun-te* W. sad, sorrowful; ydun-bar byed- 
 pa to make sad, to distress, yzdn-gyi sems- 
 la, the mind of others. 4. to be dried, 
 nyi-mas by the sun, of a dead body Dzl. 
 II. sbst. 1. desire, longing, lust, yduii- 
 ba zi (sensual) desire ceases Stg. 2. love, 
 mos-gus-yduh-ba dpay-med skye immense 
 veneration and love arises Glr. 3. affliction, 
 misery, distress, torment, pang, yduit-bai skad 
 a plaintive voice, doleful cry Glr.
 
 ydun-ma 
 
 III. adj. 1. longed for. earnestly desired. 
 - 2. beloved, v. above. 3. grieved, tor- 
 mented frq. ; ydun-dbydn* a song expressive 
 of longing or of grief, an elegy Mil.; ydutl- 
 sems love-longing #., and col.; *a-ma-la 
 dun-sem-can Q dug* W. he tenderly loves 
 his mother. 
 
 ydun-ma beam, piece of timber, 
 
 md-ydun principal beam, bu-ydu/'i 
 cross-beam; yduit-Kebs beams projecting 
 over the capital of a column Glr. ydun- 
 syriy a raft Ld. ydun- debs S.g. pedestal, 
 base(?) ydun-zdm a bridge of timber 
 or of poles. ydun-sin Sik. fir-tree (Pinus 
 abies). 
 
 ydiul-jtu love, longing Scfi., cf. ydti- 
 
 ba. 
 
 y<h'/b-bu v. ydu-bu. 
 
 fdub-paStg.'. zds-la, adj., frugal, 
 temperate? 
 
 ") ydum(-po~) a piece <SV-/j., = dum. 
 yd n/ v. O dul-ba. 
 ^J* ydus v. ydu-ba. 
 
 f. O degs-pa. 
 
 ydfii confidence, assurance, cheerfulness 
 
 Mil. very frq.; ydeit fob -pa to be- 
 come confident, to take courage, to be re- 
 assured; O ci-f*<- ydcit cian med when dying, 
 he has no confident hope Mil.; mi- jigs- 
 pai ydeit a strong confidence Mil., Thgr.; 
 ydeii-fsdd id. , de - rih tsam yan sdod - pai 
 ydfit - fsdd ma mas - pas not being sure 
 whether his life will be spared for one 
 day more; O ci-bi'dd ydeit-tsdd med without 
 confidence, without any readiness to die 
 Mil. ; bl<>-y<li'ii Mil. and col. = ydeit. 
 
 yd<>ii-ba, pf. ydeitx. Cs. to threaten, 
 to menace; &&, to brandish in a 
 menacing way, mfson-ydeii brandishing a 
 weapon Lex.; I also met with: lag ydeit-ba 
 Glr. to raise and move one's hand (in a 
 suppliant manner), cf. ddit-ba II., and: />//// 
 ysog yi/t'/i-pif :i bird with its wings raised 
 and spread Mn. 
 
 267 
 
 ydtns-ka head and neck of a ser- 
 
 pent, .sA/vi/-///// Glr. 
 cnr (~ ^J'^J* )'d ( ''' s - P a 1 v - fdeh - ba , 2. = 
 
 ydeit (?) *ddH-pa-can*W.*l6-ili'ii- 
 pa* ('., deserving or enjoying confidence; faith- 
 ful, trusty, of servants, husbands, wives etc. 
 
 ydon(-pa), resp. zal-ydon, 1. face, 
 
 countenance, ydoit skya a pale 
 face Lt ; ydofi-dmar bod-yul the country 
 of the red-faced (more accurately : brown- 
 faced) Tibetans Pth.; ydot't-ndg(-po) 1. a 
 black face; 2. a frowning countenance; ydon- 
 cuit dejected, disheartened, Krel-med ydoit- 
 cun mi byed-par impudent and saucy Glr.; 
 *doit-srdn tdh-ce* W 7 !, *doit-sran-te cd-wa* 
 Kun., to be forward, bold, brazen-faced; 
 pag - yi ydon-pa pig's face, pig's head 
 Sambh.; ydoh-bzi-pa Brahma ('the four- 
 faced'). 2. surface, superficies, sa-yzii; 
 fore-part, front-part, ddti-la adv. in front, in 
 advance e.g. to go C.; ydon-ytdd, Ld.: doii- 
 stdd just opposite; ydoit(-la)- ded-pa to push 
 or press forward, to urge on (a donkey, a 
 coward to the fight), to haul (a culprit 
 before the judge); sndn-ba ydon-ded-pa to 
 pursue one's course regardless of others 
 (both in a good and in a bad sense) Mil. ; 
 ydon-pyis handkerchief Sch.; *don-s? W. 
 complexion, gyur son he has changed colour; 
 to fug-pa and bsu-ba it is joined pleon.; 
 )'<!o/'i-lh6ys is stated to imply the same as 
 f/rum-bu Lt. 
 
 ydod-ma = yzdd-ma, the beginning, 
 ydod - mai dus; yddd -mar in the 
 beginning, at first Mil. ; yddd-kyi(s) first, at 
 first, previously, before Mil ; ydod^-ma^-nas 
 from the beginning; ydod-nas day -pa of 
 primitive purity Mil. and elsewh.; da-ydod 
 Lex. prob. = da-yz6d. 
 
 _v%. ydon (^rf) evil spirit, demon, causing 
 ' diseases etc., sten ^og-yi superior and 
 inferior (spirits), Rahu e.g. is steii-gi ydon, 
 an evil spirit of the aerial or heavenly 
 regions; stefi-ydon-gyis Q ci-ba Glr. = yzas 
 pdg-pa to die of epilepsy (W.?), or of 
 apoplexy (Sch.) ; ydon-cen bcn-liiu. or bco- 
 
 <|.; ydott - /////* l>rl<intx - /> Lf., 
 
 SrA., infjitiiatcd or possessed l>y
 
 268 
 
 J" f don-pa 
 
 some evil spirit; ydon O jug-pa the entering 
 of a demon into a person; ydon-mi-za-ba 
 certainty, surety; de byun-ba-la or de byuii- 
 bar ydon mi za there is no doubt of such 
 a thing having happened ; gen. adv. : ydon- 
 mi-za-bar undoubtedly, indubitably, ydon- 
 mi- fsal-bar Dzl. id. 
 
 ydon-pa Cs. fut. of O don-pa. 
 
 , Lexx. = rigs-nan, 
 an outcast, a man of the lowest 
 and most despised caste, still below the 
 dmdn-rigs. The Tibetan word for this caste 
 was perh. originally dol-pa fisherman, and 
 has afterwards been transferred to all per- 
 sons that gain their livelihood by the kill- 
 ing of animals, and consequently are de- 
 spised as professional sinners. 
 
 ydos 1. fetter, chain; ydos-fdg fetter 
 in a fig. sense, bondage, Thgy. - 
 2. material existence (?;, matter (?), ydos-bcds, 
 (b)rdos-bcds, material, corporeal, ydos-bcds- 
 kyi lus Thgr., frq. ; ydos-bcas-su grub-pa 
 med (these things) are nothing material, 
 they have no substance Thgr.', ydos-nrfd 
 immaterial, unsubstantial; ydds-su ce-ba seems 
 to be the same as ydos-bcas, and perh. also 
 ydos-pa O dzin Lex. - 3. ydos brgydb-pa C. 
 for W. *Ka kun gydb-ce*, v. rkun-ma. 
 
 ydos-pa 1. = /dos(?) 2. Cs. mast, 
 sail-yard; ace. to Lexx. something 
 pertaining to a ship; fdos-bu oar Sch. 
 n^rcn* bdag 1. self, no, bdag for no, nyidDzl. 
 ' VG, 14; gen. in the objective case: 
 myself, thyself, one'$ self; bdag ston yzan smad 
 to praise one's self, to blame others ; bdag 
 srun-ba to devote one's self to solitary con- 
 templation; or as a genit. : bddg-gi one's 
 own, my, mine; bddg-gi sems-la smad he 
 reproved himself Dzl.; bddg -tu O dzin-pa; 
 bdag- dzin the clinging to the I, the at- 
 tachment to one's own self, egotism, frq.; 
 bdag dan bddg-gir O dzin-pa attachment to 
 the I and mine S.O. ; bddg-tu ltd-ba prob. 
 id., Tar. 35, 18, Schf. : Atmaka-theory, bdag- 
 med-pai cos Tar. 36, 1 the Anatmaka, the 
 contrary ; bdag - med rndm - pa ynyis are 
 mentioned in Thgy., prob. . - gdii - zdg - gi 
 
 bdag-mcd, and cds-kyibdag-medMil.c.Xil.', 
 bddg-gir med S.O.; bdag -med ultimately 
 coincides with ston-pa-nyid, Burn. L, 462 
 med. In common life, bdag -med is also 
 used for another, *dag - med - kyi mi* id.; 
 *dag-rned-la ma tan* do not give it to an- 
 other; bdag-yzan I and others, one's self 
 and others; bdag-nyid \. = bdag I myself, 
 thou thyself, he himself, bdag-nyid-la yson- 
 cig listen to me! Pth.; rgydl-po bdag-nyid 
 the king himself Dzl. ; Ka-cig ni bdag-nyid 
 rdb - tu Jbyun - bar ysol some ask for the 
 permission of becoming priests themselves 
 Dzl. ; bdag-nyid O ba-zig only for their own 
 persons Thgy. 2. sbst. the thing itself, the 
 substance, the essence, byan-cub-sems-kyi 
 bdag-nyid yin I am the essence of bodhi, 
 the personified bodhi, says Mil.; fugs-rjei 
 bdag-nyid dkon-mcog-ysum o grace personi- 
 fied, Triratna! Glr. ; the Ommanipadmehurn 
 is sans-rgyds fams-cdd-kyi dgons-pa fams- 
 cdd ycig-tu bsdus-pai bdag-nyid Glr., i e. 
 the sum and substance of all the sentences 
 of all the Buddhas concentrated in one 
 word; bdag-nyid-cen-po, ce-bai bdag-nyid 
 = rdzogs - pai sans-rgyds chief Buddha, 
 Sakyathubpa, S.O. 2. sbst. pronoun, first 
 person , I , eleg. , expressing modesty and 
 respect to the hearer or reader, without 
 amounting to our 'my own humble self, 
 v. prdn-bu; plur. bddg - cag, bddg - rnams, 
 bddg-cag-rnams, also in a general sense: 
 we mortals Thgy. ; bddg-cag fson-pa-rnams 
 we, these merchants here Dzl. 3. the I, 
 the ego = gdh-zag Was. (269). 4. master, 
 lord, for bddg-po, v. below. 5. in natural 
 philosophy the element of solid matter; also 
 for air Stg. bddg-po 1. proprietor, master, 
 lord; bddg-poi sgra the syllable pa, as de- 
 noting the active agent, i.e. him that has 
 to do with a thing, e.g. rtd-pa (not to be 
 taken as 'definite article' 6s.) ; thus in many 
 compound words : Kdit-bdag, kyim-bdag etc. ; 
 fugs-rjei bddg-po lord of grace, Awalokites- 
 wara, Glr. init. ; supreme lord, liege-lord, 
 klui bddg-po = dbdn-po, rgydl-po', patron. 
 2. husband, lord, spouse; hence *a-ma ddg- 
 po, or srin-mo ddg-po*, a vulgar and ob-
 
 2G9 
 
 bdd-ba 
 
 scene word of abuse. bdag(-po) by>'d- 
 pa to reign over, to possess, prop, with /</. 
 but also with accus. -y/ta - s - ca bod-kyis 
 bdag byas Tibet reigned over the province 
 of Gha; W. also: to treat rudely, to handle 
 roughly ; bddy - tu byds - pai bud - med a 
 married woman Thyy. ; bdag-po-med-pa 
 (col. inKaii) unowned, e.g. of a dog, Pth ; 
 forlorn, friendless, without a patron, a va- 
 gabond; also for an unmarried woman; also 
 as an abusive word. 
 
 Comp. bduy-rkytn (as yet not found in 
 books) seems to denote kindness, attention. 
 help, received from a superior, (yet, it would 
 seem, not without some obligation or other 
 existing on the part of the latter, and thus 
 the word differs from bka-driri). bdag- 
 nyid, bdag-med v. above. bday-bzun Glr. 
 prob. = bday-po. bday-bsridt hermit. 
 
 bdd-ba I. adj. resp. savoury, well- 
 tasted, for ~i ni-pa; C. col. *ddn-te*. 
 
 II. vb., pf. bdas = O ded-pa, 1. to drive, 
 to drive out, pyugs cattle; to chase, to put 
 to flight Dzl. ; Ids-kyis, Ids-kyi rlun-gis bdds- 
 wr/.s in consequence of works, -of certain 
 actions, frq. 2. to carry away, along, or 
 off, to hurry off, cit-bos bdds-pai glin land 
 carried away by water Cs. 3. to call in, 
 collect, recover, bu-hn debts Dzl. 4. to 
 reprove, rebuke, accuse Sch.; bda- ded byed- 
 pa Le.c., Cs.: 1. to drive, to carry. 2. to exa- 
 mine. to investigate. 
 
 bdar for bda-bar. 
 
 bdun 
 
 bddr-ba, rddr-ba, to rub, 
 i.e. 1. to file, to polish G7/\, 
 to grind, to whet; Ixlar-rdo whet stone, hone. 
 '2. to rasp, e.g. sandal-wood (?//.; to grind, 
 to pulverize, pye-mar bddr-ba to grind to 
 powder, Leu\r.; Icdys-bdar a file. sa-bd<ir 
 
 a rasp. 8. so bddr - /xi ('. to gnash or 
 grind the teeth: ///</ bddr-ba to sweep H.; 
 l>yl and />///' btldr-ba to clean, to polish />;/. 
 Mn. in two passages : to pray earnestly, 
 which is the meaning required by the con- 
 text, confirmed also by several Lamas. 
 indiiii-dii /></(i/--/><i l.i'.r.: JlT^t. to place in 
 front: to lead; to appoint; show; inspect; 
 
 prefer; honour. skyel-bddr fee or reward 
 given to an escort Sch. brddr-sa Sch.: 
 .sr'//j.s-Xv// hrddr-sa the nerves, sinews' (?); 
 l>d<ir-xa ycod-pa, and rtsa-brddr ycod-fxt to 
 examine closely Mil.; rah-yi sthns bnldi-xu 
 cod < '. take it seriously to heart. 
 
 bddl-ba v. rddl-ba. 
 
 bdug-pa 1. vb. pf. bdugs, to fumi- 
 gate, to burn incense, to swing the 
 
 censer Dzl. 2. sbst. the burning of incense; 
 
 perfume, frankincense, more Irq. bduy-spfo, 
 
 bdug-qpfc-h/i* hduy-pa, Dzl.: bdug-*pfo O fvl 
 
 odours of incense arise I*f/t. 
 
 bdun-ba v. rdun-ba. 
 
 - bdud, Ssk. ^ffT, Mong. Zimnus, the 
 personified evil principle, the Evil One. 
 the Devil, the adversary of Buddha, and he 
 that tempts men to sin, but not like Satan 
 of the Bible, a fallen spirit, nor like Ahriraan 
 of the Persians, an antagonist of Buddha 
 of equal power and influence, but merely 
 an evil genius of the highest rank, by whose 
 defeat Buddha will finally be tho more glori- 
 fied. He is also identified with the god of 
 love (Cupid), fw; v. Kopp. I. 88. 111. 253. 
 In later times he has been split into four, 
 and subsequently into numerous devils; also 
 female devils, bdud-mo, are mentioned. 
 bdud-rfsi (OTrf, *ror) 1 the drink of gods, 
 nectar, frq. ; fig. : ms-//// bdiid-Hni the nectar 
 of the doctrine, and similar expressions; 
 even common beer, when drunk by a Lama, 
 may resp. be called so. 2. a praising 
 epithet of medicines; bdud-rtsi-l/ia-lum a 
 bath prepared of a decoction of five holy 
 plants, viz. suy-pa, bd-lu, fxe-pdd, Kdrn-pa, 
 and ^6m - bu. 3. myrobalan . Terminalia 
 citrina, Wdn. 4. a kind of brandy (?) 
 5. bdud-rtsi-dmdr-po a demon. 
 
 bduu 1. seven, bdun-pa, bdun-po, cf. 
 dgu\ bdun-cu seventy; l>dnii-:-ii-rt^i- 
 ycig, ( W. *bdun - cu - don - fcig*}, don^yciy, 
 seventy one etc. ; bdtm-bryyd seven hundred, 
 lidnn-xt<'>;t seven thousand etc. lus -//// 
 lidiin-po the seven (principal) parts of the 
 body, viz. hands, feet, shoulders, and neck,
 
 270 
 
 bdur-ba 
 
 bden- 
 
 pa 
 
 (those of holy men are of a goodly size, 
 long and stately) Sty. bd&n-prdg (/?- 
 dopdc) seven days, a week, S.g. *<Unt- 
 na-tse* W. a child born before the natural 
 time, a seven months' child. 
 
 - bdur-ba Sch. to belong to a class (?). 
 
 po adj. Mil., '. (of rare occurrence), 
 bde'-mo adj., col., esp. W., 1. to be happy or 
 well; happy: happiness; mi bde-ba the con- 
 trary of bde-ba\ iia bde-ste as 1 am quite 
 happy Dzl.] bdeo he is happy, prospers, 
 flourishes; bde-bar byed-pa to make happy; 
 bde - bar pyin - pa to come to a state of 
 happiness, of rest, to a place of safety ; bde- 
 bar ynds-paio be happy, to live in prosperity; 
 bde-bar ftofi-ba to let alone, to let another 
 be happy; kyod bde-bar btan mi yon we 
 shall not allow you to be quiet Alii.; in C. 
 col. : *zg' de-mo - la mi zay* id. ; bde-bar 
 yyitr-ciy, resp. bzugs-sig, be happy! farewell! 
 W. * de-mo ca zig*; bde-bar btsd-ba B., "de- 
 mo-la kye-ce* W., to be safely delivered of 
 a child ; bde-bar yseys-pa he that has entered 
 into eternal bliss, the blessed, Sch. (Kopp. 
 I, 91 ?) an epithet of former Buddhas, Ssk. 
 qaifl ; lus dan sems mi-bde-bar O gyur-ba to 
 be bodily and spiritually afflicted Dzl.; mi- 
 bde-bai bdy-med-na fearless of adversity 
 Dzl. ; mi-bde-bar O gyur-ba to ache, of parts 
 of the body; mnal mi-bde-bar O gyur-ba to 
 be in travail, to sufler the pangs of child- 
 birth; sems-bde, blo-bde, snyin-bde cheerful, 
 merry, glad; sin-tu fugs-ma-bde-bar ddm- 
 bcas-te promising with a heavy heart, very 
 reluctantly Glr. ; dya-bde v. dyd-ba comp. ; 
 dus-bde (*-mo* W.) peace, a state of peace, 
 in 6'. frq. in conjunction wilh zod- jdgs or 
 set-Jaw; zi(-bai)-bde(-ba') the happiness of 
 rest, a happy tranquillity Gl/\; peace Thyy.\ 
 esp. the happiness of Nirwana Thyy., Mil. : 
 ojiy-rten-yyi bde -ba -la cdgs-te fond of a 
 worldly life of pleasure Dzl.; bde-ba dan 
 Iddn -pa happy, bde-ba-can v. below ; -nas- 
 skdbs-kyi bde-ba a happy situation Glr.; 
 mya-ndn-las O dds-pai bde-ba fob-pa to attain 
 to the happiness of NirwauaDs/.; dus-brt</)i- 
 
 fiyi bde-ba-la bkod dyos I must help him to 
 attain to eternal bliss Mil.; pan-bde v. pan. 
 - 2. good, favourable, suited to its purpose 
 . . . na bdeo (W. *de-mo-yin*} the best thing 
 will be, if I ... Dzl.; *yho de-wa you* ('. 
 so it becomes intelligible; good, well-quali- 
 fied, well -adapted, Ka Ice bde-ba with good 
 organs of speech Pth.\ smra-bde-zin know- 
 ing to speak well, well-spoken Pth.; nydms- 
 rtoys-kyi smra Ice bde a tongue skilled in 
 speaking wisdom Pth.; in W. it is opp. to 
 rtsoy-po: *lam de-mo* the road is good, 
 may be passed without risk. 3. in W. 
 bde is also the usual word for beautiful, 
 more accurately: *(l)td-na de-mo ; ma de- 
 mo* splendid indeed! * de-mo man-na-med* 
 it is only for show. 
 
 Comp. bde-skyid happiness, felicity, frq.; 
 bde - ^ro going to happiness, joining the 
 happy (spirits in heaven), also bder-^gro, 
 opp. to nan - O yro; usually in a general 
 sense, like our 'heaven'; bde-^ro mfo-ris- 
 kyi lus fob-pa to receive a heavenly (glori- 
 fied) body. bde-cen felicity, consum- 
 mate bliss, frq. bde-mcdg, -gpgrT. *f*n:, 
 a deity of more recent Buddhism, Schl. 108; 
 Tar. bde-jdgs prosperity, welfare. - 
 bde-sto/i (ace. to a Lama's statement for 
 fobs bde-ba, ses-rdb ston-pa-nyid} , an ex- 
 pression for contemplation, v. Was. (144 
 and 141). bde-spyod W., *de-cod* C. *de- 
 co'*, col. euphemism for privy. bdi'-ba- 
 can mgtqf?f, bde-ba- can-gyi zin-Kams the 
 land of bliss, a sort of heaven or paradise, 
 in the far west, the abode of Dhyani Buddha 
 Amitabha, v. Glr. chapt. IV., Kopp. II., 27. 
 bde-byed he who or that which makes 
 happy C 1 *., -g^. bde-byim i[^ ; TT^^T, 
 source of happiness, n. of Siu-a; as symb. 
 num.: 11. bde - blag ease, content 6s., 
 ace. to our Lama: quickness, speed, ndd- 
 pa bde-bldy-tu ysos-par O yyur-bai mfsan- 
 nyid Wdn. a sign that the patient will soon 
 recover. bde-leys well-being; . . . las bde- 
 leys-su gyur- tig they shall recover from . . ., 
 they shall prosper again after . . . Dom. 
 bden-pa, Ttf$, I. vb. 1 . to be true, 
 and adj. true, k'yod zer-ba btli'it-no
 
 271 
 
 Men- 
 
 pa 
 
 what you say is true, you arc right />:/.; 
 bddg-pis nyes-pa bden-gyis it being true 
 that I committed a fault Dzl. ; de-bzin-du 
 bden srid it might be true after all Glr.; 
 sin-tit yan bden to be sure, that is true! 
 Glr. ; de bden-par nes-sam is it quite cer- 
 tain that this is true? Glr.; ebden ltos-la 
 bden - par O dug -na . . . see whether it is 
 true, and if it is, then . . . l*th. ; bden-par 
 O dzin-pa to believe to be true, to take for 
 granted bden- dzin zig-na the illusion being 
 destroyed T/tgr.; *den-ce-ce* W. (for ///</- 
 ces-pa) to believe, to be persuaded of the 
 truth, frq.; bden bden very true indeed! 
 certainly; bden -bden -in a prob. something 
 in which there is much truth Tar. 2. 
 to be in the right, to be right, kyed bod- 
 Iil<i-Di<niix bden ye Tibetan ambassadors 
 are in your full right Glr.] *na a -sal-la 
 den-pa son* W. I have evidently been right. 
 II. sbst. 1. truth, in the abstract; but 
 usually: something true, true words etc., 
 ll<>)t-p(t. xinru-ba to tell or speak the truth; 
 as adj.: true, veracious Sty., (W. *den-pa 
 ze'r-kan*"); mi-bden-rdziin this is not truth 
 but falsehood Glr.; bden -pa mfoit - ba to 
 discern, to know, the truth, a degree of 
 Buddhist perfection Tar.; bden-pa bzi the 
 four truths, the four realities, viz. pain, 
 the origin of pain, the annihilation of pain, 
 and the way of annihilating it, v. Kopp. I., 
 '1 '2(. Whether, when bden-paynyis are 
 mentioned, they refer to two of the just 
 named realities, or whether 'they always 
 denote absolute (objective) truth (don-dam- 
 /Kit Ixlt'ii - pa) and subjective truth (kun- 
 rdznb-kyf i><lt'n-]Hi) as mentioned by Was. 
 (293), 1 am not prepared to decide, nor 
 am I able to explain the meaning of Idm- 
 tn/i Ixlrn-fxi, and <.</(></-/>/ lxlin-pa (Thgij. 
 frq.). bden-pa-nyid seems to be a tech- 
 nical term for truth, though the Buddhist 
 understands by it nothing but sto/i-pa-ny/d. 
 Nevertheless, the possibility of its being 
 misapprehended from this reason ought 
 to be no obstacle to the word being used 
 in its original sense, and re-established in 
 its proper right, the more so, as Buddhist, 
 
 philosophy makes but a mockery of truth, 
 by identifying it with a negation of reality. 
 2. = bden-tsig, v. below, Mil. 
 
 Comp. ">/<'>/-<//<, </i-n-da* W. in truth, 
 certainly. bden-po a true, a just man ( '. 
 
 bden-brdl C's.: \. 'void of truth, unjust. 
 2. southwest part or direction'. bden-fxiy 
 
 \. a true word J///., but usually 2. a solemn 
 asseveration, often combined with a prayer, 
 to which the power of securing infallible 
 fulfilment is ascribed Dzl. and elsewh., frq. 
 
 l><l(>n- dzin v. above. 
 
 qr^- bder -bde-b<n-. </<ii/-/></<'i whichever 
 you like, at your pleasure; </-/></<'/ 
 has a similar meaning, v. Tar. 69, 14, 
 and prob. also 192, 4; bdcr-bkod v. <j6d- 
 jxi lxl(''r- gro v. bde-ba. 
 q~q- bdd-ba I. Cs. 'abundance, exuberance'; 
 ' more corr., ace. to Zam., where it 
 is explained by ddr-ba and ?ffa (unbound- 
 ed), to extend (intr.) without bounds. 2. 
 with /a, to hurt, to injure a person Dom. 
 and elsewh.; dgra bdo-ba v. xdvit-lxi. 
 
 bdog-pa I. vb. 1. W. to get or 
 take possession of. to stow away, 
 to house, *ston-(6g* the harvest; to put into, 
 *gam-mi ndn-du* something into a box; 
 to lay up or by, to keep, esp. *ddy-tc bor- 
 ce* in store, on hand; *ug ndn-du dog-ce* 
 to hold one's breath -- 2. It. to be in 
 possession, to be possessed of, gen. with 
 (a, like yod-pa. <li : -l<t r<ix- >//'<</ yc'nj bdog 
 he is in possession of only one piece of 
 cloth Dzl.; Kyod-la Q di- dra-bai slob-ma 
 bdog -gam have you such scholars? Dzl.', 
 nor mi bdog -pa Dzl. poor; dgon-pa ni 
 </<i/t-na bdog Mil. where have you (where 
 is) your monastery? f>dti</-/<i p&g-pa bdog 
 I have a cavern Mil.: in an absolute sense: 
 fobs bdng-i/(tni i/ttbdoynre there any moans 
 or not? Ma.; W. *i//>t-do(/-c<t/t* is staled 
 
 to mean proud, arrogant; *ydg-dog-tan* one 
 that saves money, a M-raper. 
 
 II. sbst. wealth, riches, />'.: rog to 
 
 n"Tir*T bdr<'d-/><i, pf. of ,//v// /></, I hi. tn|. 
 (S.I.C.) 
 
 ti>d<ti/-p a sort of l:irg' unburnt 
 bricks of mud or clay ( x.
 
 272 
 
 mddg-ma. 
 
 miluit 
 
 mdd( J - ma ' me - w '%> 
 glowing embers, live or 
 burning coals, mddg-mai doit a pit for keep- 
 ing them, e.g. for the purpose of melting 
 metals Stg. 
 
 jrr- mdan, also mdans, 1. C., B. yesterday 
 evening, last night, frq. ; mddn-gi rmi- 
 lam, also mdaii - sum - gyi rmi - lam Glr., 
 Pt/i.j last night's dream. 2. W. yesterday 
 (cf ka-rtsan); mdah-sdil Lex., Cs.: 'yester- 
 day and to-morrow, now -a- days'; perh. 
 erron. for den-sdn. 
 
 * m ddn - ba Sch. : mddh - bai ynas 
 place of cremation, the spot where 
 the burning of the dead takes place. 
 
 skit mdans brightness of face, fresh 
 and healthy complexion, also with bzin-gyi 
 Cs.; mig - gi mdans bright eyes Lt; yzi- 
 mddns = mdans ; dinar - bai mdans fresh, 
 ruddy complexion Glr.; dmdr-bai mddns- 
 kyis with a face beaming with joy Dzl. 
 and elsewh.; the brightness is destroyed 
 by disease, />/'0<7, frq., or is fading away, 
 O cor Lt.; in a relative sense: appearance, 
 exterior, look, mdans-ndn bad, ugly appear- 
 ance S.g. 2. Med.: a hypothetical fluid, 
 the most subtile part of the semen, a sub- 
 stance that pervades the whole body, esp. 
 the skin, and is the primary source of 
 vitality; cf. Wise, Hindu Syst. of Med., 
 Calcutta 1845, p. 42. 54. 201. mdans- 
 bsgyur n. of a species of bile. 3. bright- 
 ness, lustre, splendour, in general, nyi-mai, 
 ojai B. and col.; fig.: dbdit-poi mddns-ma 
 mig ni nd-la med Pth. I am destitute of 
 the eye, that brightest of the senses, as 
 much as: the most excellent of possessions 
 is denied to me. 
 
 II. resp. dprdl-ba forehead. 
 - mda 1 . arrow, rgydb-pa, O pen-pa to 
 shoot (an arrow) ; smyug - mda an 
 arrow of reed, Icdgs-mda an iron arrow; 
 dug -mda a poisoned arrow Mil.; dpral- 
 bai mda an arrow lodged in the forehead 
 Glr.; me-mda l. a fiery dart. 2. gun, fire- 
 lock C. 2. any straight and thin pole 
 or piece of wood, e.g. the stem or tube 
 
 of a tobacco-pipe; sin-rtai mda pole or 
 beam of a carriage ; Icdgs - mda an iron 
 bar or rod, a ramrod etc.; cu-mda a jet 
 or shoot of water, frq.; *(s)kdr-da* W. a 
 shooting star. 3. = mdo 1. 4. symb. 
 num.: 5. 
 
 Comp. mda-Kun loop-hole, embrasure. 
 
 - mda - mJcan 1 . an archer. 2. an arrow- 
 maker Glr. mda-rgydn the range of an 
 arrow-shot Glr. mda-sgro the feathers 
 of an arrow Cs. mdd - cu the waters 
 discharged from the lower parts of a valley, 
 opp. to pu-cu, those of the upper part 
 Glr. mda - ltdn the notch at that end 
 of an arrow which is placed on the bow- 
 string Pth. mda-ddr a little flag fastened 
 to an arrow; esp. an arrow with silk rib- 
 bons of five different colours. By hooking 
 such an arrow into the collar of a bride, 
 the match - maker draws her forth from 
 among her maiden companions Glr. - mda- 
 doii quiver. mdd -pa an archer; mda- 
 dpon the commander of the archers, a high 
 military rank C. mda-sprdd v. sprod- 
 pa. mda - bet* perh. the more correct 
 form of ta-ber. mdd-bo a large arrow. 
 
 - mda-mo arrow- lot, a kind of fortune- 
 telling by means of arrows. mda-rtsed 
 byed-pa to amuse one's self with the shoot- 
 ing of arrows Cs. mda-fso a troop of 
 archers Cs. mda-yyu bow and arrows 
 Dzl. mdd-bzo-pa arrow-maker. mda- 
 ydb Glr. 1. Lex. = pu-su, fence; hence 
 parapet, railing; yet a Lama from Tashi- 
 Ihunpo declared it to be the projecting part 
 of the (flat) roofs of large temples, on which 
 the parapet is erected. 2. a covered 
 gallery on the top of a house C. 
 
 mdun 1. lance, spear, pike, mduii- 
 sk&r-ba to brandish, to whirl a spear 
 Cs.; mdun-Kyim Dzl. 96, 9 a frame for 
 leaning spears against ; mduit-mJcan a maker 
 of spears ; mdun- fun, or O fdb-mdun a short 
 lance or pike, a javelin. mduii-fogs Mil., 
 mdun-pa a spearsman, a lancer. mdtiii- 
 ddr a lance with a little flag at the top. 
 mdun-rtse top of a spear, spear - head : 
 mdufi-sin shaft of a lance. mdun-bzo-pa =
 
 mdud 
 
 273 
 
 mdo-le 
 
 - mdun rtse-ysum-pa trident. 
 2. Sting, of insects C., W., mduft bryydb- 
 pa to sting. 3. yser-mdun, dnul-mdu/i 
 prob. the two frontal muscles Med. 
 
 &J^* mdud Lt. a medicine (?). 
 
 jjrr n* wdud-pa a knot, mdud-pa bdr-ba 
 
 >o " frq., dud -pa Lt., byed-pa Cs., 
 
 *yydb-ce* W., to tie or make a knot, syrol- 
 
 ba, ^rol-ba, to untie (a knot); *ddl-dud* 
 
 W. sliding-knot , slip-knot, *sin - dud* W. 
 a regular knot; skra - mdud knot or bow 
 of ribbons holding together the long plaits 
 of the women; frq. fig. ser-snai mdud-pa 
 bonds of avarice Mil.; *nyin-dud dol-ce* 
 
 W. (to untie) to open one's heart to a 
 person ; mdud-pa-can. 1 . full of knots, knotty. 
 2. cloddy (?) S.g. mdud- dra a disease 
 of the membrum virile, prob. paraphimosis 
 Miiy. 
 
 mdun the fore-part, the front -side of 
 a thing ; the vis-a-vis, mdun-yyi ndm- 
 mka-la in the heavens before him, over 
 against him, Glr. and elsewh.; mdun-yyis 
 adv. coram, face to face, mdun-yyis ltd-ba 
 to behold face to face; gen. c. la, na, du, 
 nas: 1. adv. before it, at it, to it, from it; 
 2. postp. before, at, to etc.; mdun-la ^6n- 
 ba, or sleb-pa to come up or near, rdn-yi 
 mdun - la sleb ma bcuy he did not allow 
 (the pursuer) to come near; mdun-du 
 skur-ba to send in advance; mdun-du 
 pijin-pa to come near, to approach; to 
 hasten to PtJi. ; mi mdn-po fsoys-pai mdun- 
 du in the presence of a great number of 
 people Dzl. sku-mdun-pa a waiting-man, 
 valet de chambre, v. sku. mdun-lcoy v. 
 Icoy-tse. mdun-na- don (C. *dijn-ndn- 
 don*) I. Le.r. ij^tffcT, court- chaplain, do- 
 mestic chaplain or priest; soprob.also Tar.58, 
 17. 2. at present: a high civil officer or 
 functionary, = bka-blon, vizier, Sta. and 
 elsewh. 
 
 mdun-ma, frq. in later lit.; one 
 Lama explained it by mos-pa, 
 another by: 1. wife, 2. things, concerns; Jiy- 
 rten-yyi mdun-ma = ojiy-rtin-yyi bya-ba. 
 
 ^rrn iHdeu, Sch. also mdc-Ka, arrow-head 
 '^ B. ; mde - sul Cs. : 'the furrows or 
 grooves of an arrow-head'. 
 ny'mdo 1. the lower part of a valley, where 
 ' it merges into the plain (opp. to pu), 
 = mda; more frq. the place where one 
 valley opens into another, hence in gene- 
 ral: the point where two valleys, roads 
 (lam - mdo), rivers (cu- mdo) meet; Idm- 
 sran-mdor at the street-corners Dzl. ; ysum- 
 mdo, bzi-mdo, coy -mdo the point where 
 three, four, several (roads etc.) meet, esp. 
 bzi-mdo a crossing, cross-road, as a place 
 of incantations; mdo prop. n. (in full: </<'/- 
 rtse-mdo) province of the eastern part of 
 Tibet, v. Kams; * do-ru* in C. used as 
 postp. = near, with, by, *ne O do^i*u* with 
 me, *yul-yyi O do-rw* near the village. - 
 2. Ssk. ^, aphorism, short sentence or rule, 
 axiom ; hence ww/o'-ra, mdor, mdo-tsam sdu- 
 ba to contract, abridge, epitomize, to give 
 only the main points, frq. ; mdor(-sdu)-na 
 in short, in general, altogether, on an average, 
 denique, frq. 3. Sutra, in the more re- 
 cent Buddhist sense, religious treatise or 
 dissertation, a sacred writing, mdo - sde a 
 collection of Sutras, a part of the Kan- 
 gyur; mdo-sde-pa, mdo-sde- dzin Sautran- 
 tika, a school of philosophers, v. Tar.; 
 mdo-mdn title of several collections of Su- 
 tras ; in quoting passages : mdo - la, mdo- 
 las, in the mdo, according to the mdo (viz. 
 is said , is written etc.) Sty. ; mdo - snob 
 giving a benediction to the host for his 
 entertainment Mil., cf. Kopp. I, 143. At 
 present a distinction is to be made between 
 mdoi or dbu-mai lam, and sndys-kyi lam, 
 i. e. between the doctrine of the sacred 
 writings and a faithful and systematic study 
 of them, and of the more modern mysti- 
 cism, which is mixed up with Siwaism, 
 and seeks to obtain spiritual gifts by means 
 of witchcraft, thus saving trouble and time; 
 v. Was. (142. 177), Kopp. II, 29. 4. Cs. 
 mdo-can prudent, mdo-med imprudent, cf. 
 O do. 
 
 m&Qr mdo-le, the tibetanized ^t^T tlitid. 
 ' sedan-chair Pth. 
 
 18
 
 274 
 
 mdoy 
 
 dam- 
 
 r^i^qv mdog, resp. sku-mdog, colour (cf. 
 ' Ka-dog} B., C.; mdog-legs of a beau- 
 tiful colour; mdog-mdzes 1. id., 2. a rose. 
 Cs.; mdog-dkar-Kd perh. the more corr. 
 spelling for *do-gar-/cd* W., light-blue; 
 mdog-ysdl a species of gall, lit. 'purifier of 
 the skin', Med. 
 
 t>r-*t- mdons 1. the white spot, blaze, 
 star on the forehead of a horse 
 Glr. and elsewh. ; 2. the eye in a peacock's 
 feather; rmd-byai mdons, sgro-mdons, mdons- 
 sgro peacock's feather; mddns-mfa-can tur- 
 key-hen Cs. 
 
 mdons-pa = ldoh-ba, blind, phy- 
 sically and morally, B., mig- 
 mdons-pa, mdons-par Q gyt<r-ba, to get blind, 
 to be made blind Dzl. 
 
 mdohs-ysol-ba Mil., mdons- 
 sol zu-ba or byed-pa Cs., 
 to congratulate, to wish joy to another Cs. ; 
 Zam. explains it by O dun-pa to wish, an- 
 other Lex. by no-dga joy; in the passage 
 of Mil. it seems to signify thank-offering. 
 
 5J^5|$T mdoms, sometimes written for O doms. 
 
 mdos a cross formed of two small 
 sticks, the ends of which are con- 
 nected by coloured strings <-j^j and used in 
 various magic ceremonies. 
 
 O ddg-pa \.Sch.: 'clay; cleaving, ad- 
 hesive, sticky.' In C. = Jim-pa ( W. 
 *kd-lag*} a mixture of clay and water; O dag- 
 zdl S.g. prob. id. ; O ddg-pa sbydn-ba to make 
 such a mixture, Cs.; O dag-sbydr covering, 
 or stopping up with clay, e.g. the chinks 
 of a wall or door , * Q dag -)dr Jbul - ba* to 
 render such service to a meditating Lama 
 as an act of piety. 'In Pth. O ddg-pa is men- 
 tioned as a kind of plastic art, and evi- 
 dently signifies to mould, to model, to shape. 
 2. = Iddg-pa Cs. ; O ddg-gu Lex. = skyo- 
 ma, pap, pulp, prob. Ide-gu. 3. pf. dag, 
 
 1 . to clear, to wash away, to wipe off, dri- 
 ma, frq.; rtd-la sol-byug (to clean) a horse 
 marked or blackened with charcoal Glr.; 
 sdiy-sgrib (to wash off) the filth of sin Glr. 
 
 2. to disappear, of sinful thoughts Glr., some- 
 times ynds-su to their own place, is added 
 
 pa 
 
 pleon. Mil. Participle dag-pa clean, v. 
 dag-pa. 
 
 ' dan v. dad. 
 
 O ddh-ba Sch. to come to, to arrive 
 at; cf. also brgya- dans, sub brgya. 
 QI-I-. QC* <A a( ^i O dan, resp. sku- dad or 
 
 dan Lex. funeral-repast. 
 n-j- O dab a train of persons, J>or- dab re- 
 tinue Cs. 
 
 _-... O ddb-ma 1 wing, sprug-pa to shake 
 (the wings) Cs., yyob-pa to clap 
 them Cs. 2. ladle, float-board of a water- 
 wheel. 3. petal, flower-leaf, frq.; O dab- 
 brgyad eight-petaled Glr.; v. Schl. Buddh. 
 248. 4. any leaf, a broad leaf, also lo- 
 O dab. 5. fan Cs. 6. flag Cs. O dab-cags 
 a winged animal, bird, frq. O dab-rdns-pa 
 full of leaves; with leaves fully developed 
 Sch. O dab-ysog flag-feather, quill-feather. 
 O dabs, rarely O dab, the side, lateral 
 surface, of a hill, of the body etc. ; 
 surface, mcin- dabs of the liver Med.; in a 
 more general sense: sgdl- dabs the lumbar 
 region Med.; pleon.: ndgs- Q dabs-na = ndgs- 
 na in the woods Mil. 
 QMi- O dam mud, mire, swamp, earth and 
 water, = O ddg-pa, but as a product 
 of nature ; O dam-rdzdb B., *dam-tsog* W. id. ; 
 O ddm-du, O dam-rdzdb-la Jbyin-ba to sink 
 into a swamp; *dam - pdg(s)* W. muddy 
 plash, slough. Q ddm-bu reed for thatching, 
 writing etc.; Cs. also sugar-cane; O dam-bu 
 ka-ra? prob. a species of reed in wells or 
 ponds Wdn.; * dam-bur* W. sugar-cane. 
 
 O ddm-ka Zam., O ddm-ga, O dum-ini, 
 O ddm-pa Cs. choice, option, den 
 san O ddm-ka byed-pa to choose whether 
 to-day or to-morrow Zam.; cf. yddm-ka. 
 O ddm-pa (or O dom(s)-pa Glr. prov.) 
 pf. O dams, imp. O dom(s\ to choose, 
 to select, a bride Glr.; mi-ytsdn-ba O ddm- 
 pa such as choose impure things, cynical, 
 lascivious characters Stg.; O dam-rin choos- 
 ing, turning over in one's mind a long 
 while;' dgrd-bo ydn-pa mi ytan O dam - riii 
 fdbs - kyis ydul prob. : not losing sight of 
 your enemy, constantly watching, put him
 
 dd-ba 
 
 i 
 
 275 
 
 down, as soon as an opportunity offers, 
 S.g., and hence ze-sddh O dam - ri/i a long 
 lingering, lurking grudge S.g. 
 orn*n* O dd-ba, pf. O das (prob. vb. n. to l>dd- 
 
 ba, O ded-pa) to pass over, 1 . to travel 
 over, to clear a certain space, fan de this 
 plain Samb/t. ; zag du-mai lam (to perform) 
 many day's journeys DzL 2. c. las: to 
 go beyond, to surpass Dzl. ; Ihd-las dds-pai 
 spos incense surpassing that of the gods, 
 i.e. that which is burnt to them S.O.; to 
 exceed, fsdcl-las the measure Lt. ; grans-las 
 dds-pa Tar. surpassing number, innume- 
 rable; bsdm-byai yul-las (surpassing) the 
 understanding or imagination, inconceivable 
 Gli: ; to transgress, to trespass against, bkd- 
 /xJ t : r<///*-las, a commandment, a law=^ </Z- 
 ba; to get over a thing, to get the better of, 
 to overcome, = rgydl-ba; to go away from, 
 n///(t-//dn-las q.v.; to let go, leave off, aban- 
 don, cos-las one's religion Thai/. ; bio - las 
 ddx-pa? 3. with or without dus-las, fse, 
 resp. sk-Uj to depart this life, to die; das-po 
 the deceased, defunct, late, Lex.; *de-Ug* 
 W. the soul of a deceased person, ghost, 
 apparition; the re-appearing is possible only 
 for about forty days after death, as long 
 as the Bardo lasts, v. bar-do. 4. to pass 
 by, = to disappear, nyi-zld O dds-nas when 
 the sun and the moon have disappeared 
 (for a time); very frq. relative to time: 
 to pass away, to elapse, O dds-pai dus the 
 time that has passed, is gone, past time, 
 v. dus 5. ; zla dgu O dds-nas after nine months 
 Lt.; das-lo the year past, das-zld the month 
 past, O das-zdg the day past; *de,-zdg-la* W. 
 the other day, lately; nyin-mfsdn c6s-kyis 
 O dd - bar bya day and night are spent in 
 religious exercises; dge-bai byd-ba K6-nas 
 <ln* jla Tar. (time) spentinnone but works of 
 virtue. O dd-aa (-ma) Cs. hour of death, 
 jla-ga-yi'-M-s wf?f "^TT^ knowledge of the 
 hour of death (title of a book). 
 Qj-^-q- O dar-ba to tremble, shudder, shiver, 
 
 quake, <jrdit-bx O dar-ba to shiver 
 with cold; )igs-pas (to tremble) with fear; 
 O ddr-zin O f/ul-ba id.; Q ddr-bar O gyi<r-ba to 
 begin to tremble; O dai'-i/d'ni &c/i. doubting, 
 
 wavering, undetermined, O dar-ydm byed-pa 
 to doubt, to waver. 
 
 QJ-QJ- O dal(?) ru- Q ddl, m- drel a single horn 
 Sch. bad- ddl prov., being left 
 exhausted on the road, sinking under fa- 
 tigue. 
 
 Q dal- ddl v. td-bag. 
 
 O ddl-ba= ddl-ba, cu- ddl still water 
 
 Las. 
 
 QJ&- <//' demonstr. pron. this, itai bu O dl this 
 ' my son; nai O di this of me, i.e. that 
 winch I am doing just now Glr., what I 
 am experiencing just now MiL\ the present, 
 the respective, O griib-pa-po O di the respective 
 performer (of an incantation) Dom.; such 
 a one, bdag miii O di zes-byd-ba ], such and 
 such a one Thgr., also O di dan O di (-lta-bu) 
 and similar expressions, nas Kyod-la O di dan 
 O di-lta-bu zig sbyin-no I give you such and 
 such a thing. On the difference between 
 O di and de v. de\ the plural forms and de- 
 rivatives of both of them are in conformity; 
 only the following may be particularly men- 
 tioned : O di-ka-rdn is used also for just here, 
 just now Mil.; O di-lta-ste for instance, to wit. 
 such as, viz.; also pleon. with ze-na: ynyix 
 gan ze-na O di-lta-ste Wdn.; ci pyir ze-na 
 O di-lta-ste Pth.; O di-ltar so, in this manner, 
 cii pyir Kyod O di-ltar gyur in what manner 
 have you become so, how did you get into 
 this condition ? DzL frq. ; Q di-ltar-ro it ran 
 thus, it was to this effect, of this purport 
 Glr. frq.; na O di-ltar yin such I am, I am, 
 live, go, just as you see me here Mil.; in 
 the verse: O dw-byas cos-mams O di-ltar blt<t 
 'compounded things must be regarded thus' 
 - the word O di - Itar is meant to be ac- 
 companied by a snap of the fingers (se-gol, 
 <>r .s/Y/</-r/</-wa); O di-nas from this place, from 
 this time present, as yet, still. </// (<//?) ;(///' 
 (-///) the present and the future life, frq.; 
 ( /// />!//</ x<lt'/i-jHi, rji'-lxi to exchange this lite 
 for the future one, i.e. fse pyi-ma bl6s-bf<ti<- 
 ste O dii don sgrub-pa to be earthly minded 
 T.; *di-zug, I'-zug* W., so, thus; '*// -////* 
 W. to-day ; O di~ru (come) in here, into this 
 place; here, at this place, frq.: now, seldom.
 
 276 
 
 qrzrr <% stopper, stopple, also Ka- dig; 
 ' *diy-ce* Ld. to put in a stopper; to 
 stop up, to close with a stopper; *diy-iil* 
 6'. musket-ball. Of. <%. 
 
 O dvi-ba, pf. btiti, fut. ydin, imp. 
 
 fr/;(.s), to spread on the ground, a 
 mat, carpet etc. ; to scatter, sprinkle, strew, 
 grass or hay to lie upon, ashes on the snow 
 etc.; *btin-ba* sbst. W. a Small carpet, on 
 which the Lamas use to sit; *mal-btm* C. 
 bedding, pillow, or blanket. O din ryydb- 
 pa Sch. to weigh in one's mind, to consider; 
 to suspect, to entertain a suspicion. 
 
 O du(ri)-Kah meeting-house, house 
 of assembly; cos cdd-pai((\uasi) 
 church, chapel Dzl. 
 
 O du- krug tumult, riot, uproar Cs. 
 
 O du-ba, pf. O dus, (vb.n. to sdud-pa) 
 1. to come together, to assemble, of 
 men and animals; dun-Jcdn-du Dzl.; O dus- 
 sam ma O dus are they already assembled? 
 dan with (a person) Tar.; in order to fight 
 Sty.; of things: nyes-pa fams-cdd dei lus~ 
 la O duo, v. nyes-pa; O du-ba and O dus-pa sbst. 
 a coming together, an assembling, a gather- 
 ing, esp. in Med. a (somewhat indefinite) 
 disease, or cause of disease; O dus-sa meeting- 
 place Glr. ; las-mi man-po O dus-sa an estab- 
 lishment comprizing many workmen, ma- 
 nufactory, workshop, workhouse, *dz6m- dii 
 yon- gin O dug* C. they flock or crowd to- 
 gether; fsou- dus the assembled traders or 
 dealers, the market frq. ; skyabs-kun- dus 'a 
 collection of all the refuges 1 is a name 
 given to Milaraspa. 2. to unite, to join one 
 another, fyo-suy-tu as husband and wife, 
 to get married; in a special sense in philo- 
 sophical language: 1. to unite (opp. to Jbrdl- 
 ba) } e.g. the soul uniting with an organ of 
 sense, like sdeb-pa. Mil. 2. O dus-byds com- 
 posed of two or more ingredients, O dus-ma- 
 byas consisting of one thing, simple, ele- 
 mentary; only this is eternal, every thing 
 compounded is perishable, frq. 3. to be 
 pressed or crowded together, *sril dus-te dug* 
 Ld. they stand crowded, in serried files 
 or ranks; intellectually: dam-cos O dus-pa a 
 
 compressed system of religion. 4. O d>'rs- 
 pa to consist of or in, ynyis-su O dus-so (re- 
 ligion) consists of two things Thyy.; snaii- 
 srt'd seim-su O diis-te yda the external world 
 consists of spirit, is spirit, i.e. is nothing 
 Mil. 5. col. : to be drawn together, to con- 
 tract, to shrink, *dus ca dug* Ld. it shrinks, 
 e.g. wood or paper from heat; *tsa- Q d>t* 
 C. prob. cramp, spasm, convulsion; *dus-K-an* 
 Ld. elastic, springy. 
 
 O du -byf d > S*k- *TWTT' (the Tibetan 
 word is nothing but a literal trans- 
 lation of the Ssk. sariskara; cf. also O du-ses 
 and pun-po) 'one of the obscurest and most 
 difficult terms of Buddhist philosophy'76>/.>p. 
 I, 603, where the various translations are 
 enumerated that have been attempted, such 
 as: idea, notion, imagination (cf. Burn. I, 
 503), action ( Was.) etc. It should, however, 
 at once be acknowledged, that the word 
 cannot be translated into a European lan- 
 guage, as the meaning given to it is not 
 the result of honest research and obser- 
 vation, but a product of arbitrary and wild 
 speculation. 
 
 O du ~o dzi n ise, bustle, din, clamour, 
 O du- dzi med-pai dben-pa O di this 
 solitude without any noise Mil. ; O du- dzi- 
 la ynds-pa to live in the midst of the bustle 
 of worldly affairs; O du-zin, O du-ldn Cs. id. 
 o du ~^ Ssk. ^tfT ('con-scientia : ) 
 corresponds in most cases to our 
 idea, notion, conception, image, although 
 sometimes perception, feeling, sense, thought, 
 consciousness may be employed for it: nor- 
 la rtdg - tu yod - pai O du - ses skyed - pa to 
 combine with earthly goods the idea of 
 constant possession S.O. and thus frq.; lus- 
 la yrui O du-ses )ug-pa to unite with the 
 human body the idea of a ship, to represent 
 the body as a ship, Thyy., skyo-bai O du- 
 ses byuh the perception, the feeling of dis- 
 comfort arises S.g. ; Kro-bai O du-ses-spdn-ba 
 to detest the idea, the thought of anger 
 Dzl. ; dye-bed pyoys-la O du-ses cun-zad kyafi 
 ma yyos no thoughts, no inclinations, tend- 
 ing to virtue, arose (in him), virtuous emo- 
 tions never stirred in his mind; cdgs-fxif
 
 O du-ses-can entertaining thoughts of sensual 
 pleasure Glr.; O du-ses slar rnyed-pa to 
 recover from a state of insensibility; as 
 vb. : O du-ses-pa, mya-nan- dds fob du - ses- 
 te imagining that I shall obtain NirwHna 
 Thyy. As one of the five pun - po it is 
 translated by idea (Bum. I, 511), by per- 
 ception (AV;/</>. I, 603). The three terms 
 O du-ses-can, du-ses-med-pa, du-ises-ined-min 
 may be rendered : having the faculty of think- 
 ing, having no faculty of thinking, neither 
 thinking nor not thinking (Dzl. 9^S^ 7), 
 (ht-ses-can refers to human beings, the 
 two other terms relate to celestial beings 
 (v. Kopp. I, 261, 17 and 26), that are evi- 
 dently so much the more excellent and 
 exalted, as they are far above all reason- 
 ing and thinking. According to another, 
 and (it would seem) more natural inter- 
 pretation, the first of these three terms 
 implies rational beings (man), the second 
 irrational beings (higher animals), and the 
 third quite irrational creatures (lower ani- 
 mals, worms, rep tiles J that are not even 
 possessed of the sensitive powers of the 
 higher animals), whilst the 'long-lived Lhas' 
 of the Nth. heaven are classed together 
 with the common Lhas (who however taken 
 strictly, belong to the 'first world') and on 
 account of their stupidity are believed to 
 be incapable of ever being converted, TJigy. 
 nrqrrr o a ^9~P a (eleg. ydd-ba, resp. bziigs- 
 ^ pa) \. to Sit, syn. with sdod-pa; 
 with nu, la etc.; to sit down with termin. 
 or In: to sit up (in bed); O dug-par O gyu>' 
 to get seated Dzl. YNS, 6; to remain sitting, 
 to keep one's seat, Dzl. Y\S, 7; to remain, 
 to stay, O i/fr ma O duy-par son zig Dzl.; to 
 remain behind, to stay at home, with or without 
 /-////. l, : ylm-na etc. Dzl. 2. to be, to exist, 
 to live Glr. : . . . tkabe-med ^dug-go /' there 
 is no chance of ... Yes, there is! ... O duy 
 .svs-w/s knowing that ... is still alive Dzl.; 
 <lr<iit-xi'i)ii Infnl-cili Q <hi<i he lives as a hermit 
 Dzl.; to be, to live at a certain place, //w.s- 
 na O diig-pa the being somewhere Grain.: 
 jKi-ini'i ijdii-na <li/ where are my parents 
 now'? to be at home Dzl. and clsewh.; to 
 
 277 
 
 be extant, to be found, can mi O dug nothing 
 is, or was to be found, nothing was there 
 Mil.: as partic. joined with, or put inst.of the 
 possess, pron.: Ho-rda ilaii Qcoi) bu br<ni<ul 
 Q dug-pa he and his eight children being 
 with him Mil. (yud-pa is construed in the 
 same manner); in quotations: to be found, 
 to be written, to be met with, . . . yod c<r- 
 ba . . . na O dug the account of being . . . 
 is to be found in . . . , Glr. 3. to be, as 
 copula, in B. often with terrain.: //_/////-/"// 
 O dug-pa to be a layman Stg. ; rkdii-pa h'rd- 
 bor O dug the foot was variously coloured 
 Dzl. ; O di-rnams mi-ma-yin-du Q dug-pa* a- 
 these are spirits Mil. Generally speaking, 
 this termin case is not to be pressed, nor 
 always to be explained by: to have become, 
 or to be translated by : in, as in the follow- 
 ing: rgya-gdr-gyi yi-ger O dug-pas to be 
 (written), in the Indian language Glr. 
 4. to be, as auxiliar vb., 1. with the termin. 
 of the inf., often merely paraphrastically, 
 eg. yod-par O dug-pa = yod -pa Glr.; frq., 
 however, indicating doubtfulness and un- 
 certainty: na ni san ci-bar Q dug may be 
 I shall die to-morrow Glr.; Kyed . . . yin- 
 par- dug you seem to be, you are, I dare 
 say Mil. ; O gro dgos-par O dug I suppose you 
 must go Glr.; ster-bar Q dug it will probably 
 be given Glr.\ ma mfoii-na mi rtogs-par 
 O dug if we had not seen it, we should pro- 
 bably not have known it Mil.; in the same 
 manner it is used with yod-pa, q.v. 
 2. with a verbal root, in ancient lit. hardly 
 ever occurring, in more recent writings used 
 paraphrastically like O dug-pa, with the ter- 
 min. of the inf. (v. above 1), but not in- 
 dicating a certain tense, e.g. rdol O dug it 
 makes its appearance, comes to light, Glr., 
 //;/ o duy they were destroyed Glr.] in col. 
 language (in W. at least) it is gen. a sign 
 of the pres. tense: zer O dug I say, thou 
 sayest etc.; only in Bal. it indicates the 
 fut. tense. 3. with the gerund in te or 
 nas vulgo for the pres. or preterite tense, 
 frq.; in B. of so rare occurrence, that it is 
 proh. to be regarded as a vulgarism to be 
 charged on the copyists, and to be cur-
 
 278 
 
 Q dud-pa 
 
 rected accordingly. 4. with gin (B. and 
 col.) and cin (B.}, denoting a continued 
 action, state, or condition, as in English: I 
 am looking. O duy-ynas, Q dug-sa, place of 
 residence, abode. 
 
 Q-;-'rr O dud-pa, pf. btud, fut. ydud (Cs.), 
 X imp. dud, fuel (6s.), to bend or bow 
 down, to incline, rnd-ba, to incline one's 
 ears to hear, (also used of animals), cf. our 
 'to prick the ears', Dzl.; to bow, to make 
 a bow, la, to a person; zabs-la at a per- 
 son's feet, to kneel down before a person. 
 O dun, qo- dun, = sna-fsogs of several 
 kinds, divers, sundry, various, Lex. 
 r O dun-pa \. vb. to desire, to wish 
 earnestly, with la, nydn-pa-la mi 
 O dun - par they not having any desire to 
 hear Pth.; dge-ba-la to strive after virtue, 
 frq.; also O dun-pa alone (without dge-ba-la) 
 id. Thg.; *lo co-la O dum - pa* C. religious 
 interest, concern for religion ; to be zealous, 
 to take a warm interest Mil. 2. sbst. 
 a desire Thgy.i a supplication Dzl, Glr. Cf. 
 dun-pa. 
 
 p__... o dun-ma 1. advice, counsel, nan-pa 
 Ao' a bad advice Ma.; Q debs-pa to give 
 advice; byed-pa to take a resolution Mil. 
 2 consultation (v. examples sub cuh-ba), 
 Q dun-gros id.; da-ldn-gyi Q dun-gros cH-la 
 at this present consultation Glr.; * Q difm-ma 
 jhe -pa* C. to consult, to confer with (a 
 person about a matter). 3. council, O dun- 
 mar bsdus they called a council together 
 Mil. ; esp. in compounds: O dun-Uah = O du- 
 Kah q.v.; O dim-sa meeting-place, assembly, 
 frq. ; union, association, society, dge- Q dun an 
 association of clerical persons. 4. v. 
 O dum? ynyen- dun harmony amongst rela- 
 tions, Stg. 5. the state of being a bride ; 
 bride, C., and perh. Glr. ; cf. also dga- dim 
 sub dc/d-ba. 6. = mdun-ma? 
 QM'fSa^J' O dub - snyoms Sch. a State of 
 A! v comfort, ease; Q dub- K)*ugs, an 
 interruption of that state, discomfort. 
 
 Q dum-pa 1. vb. to reconcile one's 
 self to. to be reconciled with, fdb- 
 pa O dum-na if contending parties are re- 
 conciled with one another ; rtdg-tu mi O di<m- 
 
 mo they are constantly at variance Dzl.; 
 *dum-t ( a* (lit. krd) C. contract, agreement, 
 = cad -don. 2. sbst. concord, unison, 
 peace Cs. 
 
 O dur thick and clammy ScJi. 
 O dur-ba to trot; O dur-yr6s the trot. 
 
 O dul-ba I. vb., pf. btul, ful, fut. 
 
 ydul, imp. ful, W. *tul-ce* 1. to 
 tame. ( to break in, rta; to subdue, conquer, 
 vanquish, dgra; sometimes even to kill, to 
 annihilate Rh. 2. to till, cultivate, waste 
 land: to civilize, a nation, which with the 
 Buddhist is the same as to convert, frq.; 
 to educate, to discipline, to punish; ydul-bai 
 rigs-pa those fit for and predestinated to 
 conversion Dzl.; ydiil-bya id. frq.; also 
 used substantively : O gro - ba nd - yi fdt'tl- 
 bya yin the beings are to be converted by 
 me Glr.; bdag Uyed-kyi ydiil-byar soy etc/ 
 may we become your converts! 
 
 II. sbst. f^Rl 1. the taming etc. 2. 
 also O dul-bai sde, the disciplinary part of 
 the Kangyur, O dul-ba-las from, or accord- 
 ing to the Dulwa; O diil-bai brda an ex- 
 pression (taken) from the Dulwa. 
 
 O dus-pa, v. O du-ba. 
 O de-gu, v. Ide-gu. 
 
 O de-ba, v. Idc-ba. 
 
 'rr O deg(s}-pa, pf. bteg(s), fut, 
 ydey, imp. feg, W. *tdg-ce*. 
 imp. *tog*, to lift, to raise, to elevate, the 
 head, the tail, also fig.; sgron-me Glr., 
 *'od-to* W., to hold up a lamp, a light; 
 also fig. : to let one's light shine to others ; 
 grdgs -pai go - sar Q degs - pa to raise to a 
 high rank; to support, sustain, maintain, keep 
 up, Pth.; rdm-bu O degs-pa to join in singing, 
 to fall in with, Dzl. and elsewh. (Sch. 
 erron. 'to bawl, to blare'); rd-mda O degs- 
 pa to help; for *zi tag -be* and similar 
 phrases cf. the secondary forms teg -pa, 
 tegs-pa, O fi>gs-pa; with or without sran-la. 
 rgyd-ma-la etc.: to put on the balance, 
 to weigh, B.; zib-btigs weighed accurately
 
 dc/l-ba 
 
 Lt.', O degs-Kal 'a bushel by weight 1 f'.s., 
 or rather: twenty points on the large steel- 
 yard. *jug - tag* W. water - wagtail. 
 *deg-Ka* C., W., weight. O dtgs-dpon is 
 said to denote a military dignity, but is 
 not generally known; as 'servant waiting 
 at table', it ought to be spelled stegs-dpon. 
 
 O dcgs-sin Sc/i. yoke, fitted to a person's 
 shoulders, for carrying water-buckets etc. 
 
 O deh - ba, pf. deii, imp. deti(s), to 
 go, esp. pyir den-ba to go back, 
 to return, DzL, Lex. Cf. Q doii-ba. 
 
 O ded-fa, pf. and imp. ded, some- 
 times preceded by rjes-su, to go 
 or walk behind, hence 1. to drive, cattle, 
 the herdsman walking behind the animals, 
 whereas of the shepherd /cnd-pa is used; 
 rUth-gis gru O ded the wind drives the ship, 
 frq.; also to drive through (a tube) by 
 blowing, to blow through Glr.; to drive 
 (animals, birds) from a place of rest, to 
 rouse, start. 2. to pursue, chase, run after, 
 tydd-MQ O ded - pa to be in the rut (of a 
 stallion); *ded tdn-ce* W. to chase, to hunt; 
 *ded-de bo-ce* W. to call after a person. 
 
 3. vb. n. to follow in succession, to suc- 
 ceed, rim -pa bzin successively, of gene- 
 rations, Glr. 4. to call in, to recover, 
 money, debts; bu-lon- ded drdg-po a severe 
 dun Mil.; O ded-mi a driver, e.g. the person 
 walking behind the horse of a rider, driving 
 it on Lt.; the pursuer of a fugitive Glr. 
 Cf. bdd-ba. 
 
 o debs 1 . puncheon (tool). 2. time, 
 
 times, - *lan* W.(?). 
 
 od&9-pO) pf- btab, flit, ftab, imp. 
 fob, supine O debs-su, and yddb- 
 tu, W. *tdb-ce*, imp. *tob*; to cast, throw, 
 strike, hit, variously applied, cf. rgydb-pa, 
 in li. gen. with instr., even if there is a 
 dative in the same sentence, v. the ex- 
 amples; *cog-tse-la tdb-ce* W. to strike 
 upon the table; iiuit-gis, ydon-gyis, >n'nl- 
 kyis O debs-pa, to be beaten by the wind, 
 to be possessed by a demon, to be seized 
 with an illness, frq.; s/i</.s - ////* ( <l('bx-pa 
 R., mtu btdb-pa col., to pronounce a charm 
 against a person or thing, with la; Ian, 
 
 279 
 
 iio-xprodj f/ros O debs-pa, to answer, to ex- 
 plain, to advise; ysol-ba O deb$-pa to make 
 a request, smon-lam O debs-pa to offer up 
 a prayer; ysal- debs byed-pa to remember 
 well Mil.; j'sal - O debs - su ses-pa prob to 
 have a distinct recollection of a thing Glr.; 
 MX/.S o di'b*-pa prob. to cast up an account, 
 to reckon, to compute, dei rtsis-yddb bdi'nj- 
 la med I do not take that into account 
 Mil. ; lus-la yztr(-gyis) O debs-pa DzL, *ze'r 
 tab-ce, or gyab-ce* W., knocking nails into 
 the body; rgyas O debs-pa to Seal; *litd tab- 
 ce, or gydb-ce* W. to spread dung (on the 
 ground), to manure; cus O debs-pa to sprinkle 
 with water Dzl.\ fsa, sa fiig-pa-l<i O debs- 
 pa to put salt, meat, into the soup; sd~ 
 bon O debs-pa to sow; gur O debs-pa, sga- 
 O dc>bs-pa, to pitch a tent, a camp (driving 
 in the tent-pins); also without a sbst.: 
 stiar btab-pai cu-yson-du (pitching) in the 
 same dell where they had encamped be- 
 fore DzL 7V9, 1. (Sch. incorr.): hence in 
 general: to found, to establish, e.g. a mo- 
 nastery, frq.; dus O debs-pa to fix a time. 
 
 O dem-pa to prove, to examine Sch. 
 
 * O der Glr. prob. for Idcr. 
 
 Ogr o do, for mdo 3., 6s. O do-yod prudent, 
 ' clever, O do-med Lex , Cs. imprudent, 
 silly. 
 
 q^W O do-ba 1. sbst. Sch.: 'a breed of fine 
 
 horses' ; one Lex. has O do-i'ta w. e. 
 
 - 2. vb. Cs.: = zU-ba, to say, to repeat; 
 
 ma- dos-par unspeakable (?) DzL %&V, 4 
 
 (the reading of Sch. dubious, v. Schf.'s 
 
 remarks on this passage). 
 
 o dog-pa, prob. an incorr. reading 
 for dogs-pa. 
 
 <% s -P a > P f - bta( J s ( also ydays'?), 
 fut. fdag(s), imp. fogs, W. : ' : f<t</- 
 ce*, imp *tog or. tag ton*, 1. to bind, fasten, 
 tie to, (opp. to O gr6l-ba), W. *tfyi tug-te 
 bor*, tie up, fasten, the dog well; (v. J>oi" 
 /><t~); la to a thing, frq.; also in a more 
 general sense: to fix, to attach, e.g. a bal- 
 cony to a house .</.: to tie round, to buckle 
 On, go-mfsoH It'ts - la the armour /'///.; to
 
 280 
 
 doii-ba 
 
 *q* Q dod-pa 
 
 put on. rgyan gay clothes, finery, rgyan 
 bzdn-po btdgs-pa beautifully attired Mil. : 
 col. also without rgyan, e.g. *tdg-dad-can* 
 W. fond of dress and finery. 2. in par- 
 ticular phrases: bkar - O dogs - pa v. bkar: 
 in i-la skyon O d6gs-pa to charge a person 
 with a fault, to upbraid; sgro O dogs-pa \. 
 sgro; fugs-la O dogs-pa to interest one's self 
 in or for, to take care of; kyod fugs-la mi 
 O d6gs - pa O di ci yin mi ses why he does 
 not interest himself in your behalf, I know 
 not Mil.nt. 37, 6.; with reference to things: 
 to have near at heart; fugs-la btdgs-sojou 
 have taken great care of me, a phrase 
 frq. used, where we should say: I am much 
 obliged to you! though Tibetans deny its 
 implying acknowledgment and expression 
 of thanks. dam - la O dogs-pa v. dam; 
 pan O ddgs-pa v. pdn-pa; min O dogs-pa to 
 give a name; dr(i-bai sgo-nas according to 
 likeness or analogy Mng.; Kyeui mit't ci- 
 skad ydags how is the boy to be called? 
 Dzl. miii mi-ydun-ba zes (or mi-ydun-bar} 
 btdgs-so they named him... Mil., Dzl.; 
 min may also be wanting. 3. Gram, to 
 join, subjoin, affix, rar btags ga a g joined 
 with y, i.e. rg; ra-la )a a ) joined with r, 
 i.e. r) ; sa-la btags-pai ta-^yig, st; ya-btags, 
 or shorter, yd-ta, the ya which is written 
 underneath, the subscribed ya, ^\ yd- 
 ta btdgs-pa yi-ge bdun, seven letters are 
 joined with yd-ta(gs} Glr.; smdd- dogs 
 ysum the three subscribed letters, ya, ra, 
 and la Zam.; O dogs-can 1. having a letter 
 subscribed; 2. an open syllable with a 
 vowel-sign, as go ^f de ^ mdo 5J^ etc. 
 (not da ^ or mda ^J 2 ^) Zam. ; a - Q dogs 
 consonants with a (RJ subscribed, syllables 
 with a long vowel. 4. in philosophical 
 writings: btdgs-pa conditional, not absolute, 
 Was. (228. 270), btags-med nominal Was. 
 (281). 
 
 QJ^'jq* O d6/i-ba, pf. and imp. don or O doti, 
 to go. to proceed, so-sdr Dzl. to 
 separate, to disperse; rgydl-poi tdd-du 
 (to go) to the king; pyi-rol-tu Jcdg-cln 
 to take a walk Dzl.; don -no let us go 
 Dzl.; log-la ^don-no let us turn back Glr. 
 
 Q*J* d<M-pa I. vb. ( W. more frq. fad- 
 pa'), to have a mind, to like, to be 
 willing, zas bzdii-po mi O dod Dzl.; mi :c 
 O dod fsul byed he pretends not to like this 
 food Lt.\ sbyin(-par) O dod-pa ^yur he 
 gets inclined to give; mi O dod-par ^gyin'-ba 
 to feel no longer inclined; to wish, nydn 
 (-par) to listen; ci dan ci O dod-pa what- 
 ever you may wish Dzl.; rgydl-po O dod- 
 pa to wish to be a king Dzl.; as adj.: 
 wished for. desirable, esp. with negatives, 
 v. below: Mod-par byd-ba adj. agreeable, 
 pleasing, obliging, flattering, >'.. C's.; to 
 desire, to long for, Kyim O dod I wish I 
 were at home Dzl.; me dan nyi-ma (I 
 am longing) for fire and for sunshine Mi'<L; 
 bu-mo na mi O dod I do not wish for a 
 girl; ran- ddd-zen-pa self-love Glr.: (rait-} 
 bzdn- dod self-complacency, vanity, Glr.; to 
 ask for, to demand, koit-jo O d6d-pa-la slebs 
 they came in order to ask for Konjo (in 
 marriage) Glr.: to strive for, to aspire after. 
 sans-rgya-bar for holiness, for being like 
 Buddha, for Buddhaship, Dzl; to be willing, 
 to intend; also ironically: nd- dod-pa one 
 that wants to grow ill, that does not take 
 any care of himself; to be ready, willing, 
 bsnyen-bkur byed-par to take charge of the 
 waiting on (Buddha); O dod-par byed -pa 
 to make willing, disposed, to persuade to 
 it Dzl.; to maintain, to assert; to suppose; 
 to pronounce to be (cf. O fdd-pa?) M/ig., 
 Tar. and elsewh. frq. mi O dod-pa to 
 be not willing, not liking ; to detest, btsogs- 
 pas kiin-gyis mi O dod-na as she was detested 
 by all on account of her sluttishness Dzl. ; 
 to be angry, indignant, zes mi O d6d nas thus 
 exclaiming indignantly Dzl.', mi- dod-pa, 
 and ma- dod-pa adj. not wished for. dis- 
 agreeable, adverse, mi- dod-pai las hard 
 drudgery; mi- dod(-log)-pai rlun adverse 
 wind, frq.; *fsig mi-dod-pa zer-kan H. 
 one that slanders. 
 
 II. sbst. Ssk. cfiTO 1- lust, desire in ge- 
 neral; O dod-pa />un zdd-de after all desires 
 have ceased Dzl.; O dod-pa-rnams-la cd<js- 
 pa to indulge one's desires or passions; 
 in a special sense, carnal desire, lust, vo-
 
 281 
 
 O dom-pa 
 
 luptuousness, = O dod- cdgs, frq.; melon., 
 coitus, O dod-pa spyod-pa to practise it; 
 O d6d-pai dus O debs-pa to agree upon the 
 time for cohabiting Tar. 2. Ssk. ^^, 
 a wish, O dod - pa ysum yndn -na if three 
 wishes are granted Dzl. ; meton. the object 
 of desire, O d6d-pa fob -pa; O dod-pa dan 
 O brdl-ba to be separated from the object 
 of one's desire. 3. supposition Tar. 45, 21 . 
 
 4. W. semen virile. 5. Kama, Cupid, the 
 god of love and of lust. B.symb.num.: 13. 
 
 Comp. O dod-Kdms the world of sensual 
 pleasure, the world of Brahma; Dod-/cains- 
 bddg-ma, prop. n. Skye-dgui-bddg-^no, = 
 Dpal-lhd-mo. O dod-mfcan he that wishes, 
 seeks, sues, a lover, suitor, cca., nai bu- 
 mo O ddd-mtcan mdn-po O duy there are here 
 many suitors of my daughter Glr. O dod- 
 dyu all wishes, lus O dod-dgur sgyur-ba to 
 transform one's self at pleasure Mil., Stg. 
 
 O dod-can, O dod-lddn, O dod-pa-can eager, 
 desirous Cs. O dod - cdgs (TTJT) passion, 
 carnal desire, lust, frq., O dod-cdgs skyes-te, 
 Q dod-cdgs-kyis yduns-te; as the highest of 
 the three guna (cf. yti-mug) it corresponds 
 to ^ncf, virtue, and is symbolized as cock 
 or hen, though Tibetan readers probably 
 never understand anything else by it than 
 sensual indulgence. Q dod- )6 v. ^jo-ba. 
 
 O dod-dun strong desire Cs. O dod-dpdl 
 prop. n. Dodpal. a large hard ware -manu- 
 factory and mint at the foot of the Potala 
 in Lhasa. O dod-brdl, O dod-med, free from 
 passions. ^dod-^pai) ydn-(tan) 'wished 
 for goods', earthly goods and pleasures, 
 whatever is grateful to the senses, such 
 as O dod-pa Ina, a delight to the ears, the 
 eyes, the palate etc. Q dod-I6<j unchastity, 
 lewdness, prostitution, spyod-pa to have illi- 
 cit, esp. incestuous intercourse, dan with. 
 
 O dod-sred- can avaricious, greedy Pth., 
 yet cf. cags-sred- can; both words prob. 
 signify the same. O dod-lha = O dod-pa 5. 
 o don Lt., n. of a medicine (?) dkar, 
 dmar, skyur- don. 
 
 O dn-p", pf- bton, fut. (Cs.} ydon, 
 imp. ton, W. *ton-ce*, the vulg. 
 word for Jbyin-pa, vb.a. to fon-pa, Jbyitn- 
 
 ba, to cause to go out or to come forth, i.e. 
 1. to expel, throw out, eject, from the house, 
 village etc.; to take out, from a box; to 
 draw forth; to dig out, metals; *zdn-ton-sa* 
 W. a copper-mine; *ton-te b&r-ce* W. to 
 put, set, lay, place out; to let out, of prison 
 Pth.; to drive or turn away, to dismiss, a 
 servant, a wife etc., frq.; *na Koi fca-ne 
 can ma ton* W. I could not get or force 
 any thing out of him; mct-ma O don-pa to 
 shed tears Glr. ; with skad and similar 
 words: to utter, to set up (a cry), to make 
 one's self heard; hence 2. to pronounce, .///- 
 qe ynyis-ynyis-su O ddn-pa to pronounce two 
 consonants as two distinct sounds Gram.; 
 to pronounce a magic formula; klog-pa dan 
 O don-pa-la goms-sin practising reading and 
 pronouncing Dzl.; to say, to repeat; to re- 
 cite (sacred texts) with a singing, drawling 
 tone, like that of mendicant friars; hence 
 in general, to perform one's devotions; zal- 
 O don - du mdzdd - pa, Tar. 95 , 11, prob. 
 resp. = Ka-ton byed-pa to repeat by heart; 
 fugs-la O don-pa prob. to read silently. 
 
 3. fig. to elevate, to raise, M fog-tu, Pth., 
 or rgydl-sar Glr., to raise to the throne; 
 mgo v. mgo - O don, sub mgo compounds; 
 yzdn - gyi srog to prolong a person's life, 
 by affording him a (scanty) subsistence 
 T/igy.; *sr6g-ton-Kan(-po}* W. the giver 
 of life, fannnios. 4. *Ka ton- be* W. to 
 sharpen a scythe by means of a hammer. 
 5. to edit, to publish, books, Tar. 47, 17. 
 
 6. cos mfd - ru O don - pa to arrive at 
 the end and scope of religious knowledge 
 Mil. 7. W. resp. to take, to taste, to eat 
 or to drink, don yin-na would you like a 
 taste of that? don-Kan dining-room; don- 
 gir resp. for ta-gir; don-rag for "<-rag. 
 . o ddm-pa 1. to come together /././., 
 Lt. 2. for O ddm-pa to choose, 
 to make a choice Glr. 3. also O ddms-pa, 
 pf. ydams, ft. ydam, imp. O doms, 1. to ad- 
 vise, cf. i -dam -pa. 2. to exhort, bdg-med- 
 pa-rnams-la wicked persons, brtson-par 
 to give diligence Tar. 3. to recommend 
 Glr., to bid, to command, v. ydfim-pa. - 
 
 4. 6s.: importance; business, occupation (?). 
 
 18*
 
 282 
 
 ) (-pa Cs.) 1. a long- 
 measure, a fathom, = 6 feet, 
 O dom-gdh one fathom, $.#., as the usual 
 length of a man, = Km bzi; sin O dom do 
 a piece of wood two fathoms long DzL; 
 O dom bcui don a well ten fathoms deep; 
 O dom-gyis, or O dmns-su ^dl-ba to measure 
 by fathoms Cs.; O dom-gah-gru-bzi \. adj. 
 measuring a square fathom, also a cubic 
 fathom; 2. sbst. a strong jail or dungeon. 
 
 2. imp. of O dam-pa to choose. 
 
 o 6 ^^ the pudenda, privities, regio 
 pubis, O doms(-kyi)-spu the hair of 
 that region, O doms-spu O fog-pa to pluck 
 out such hair Cs. ; rna-ma O doms 6g-tu )vg- 
 pa col. to take to one's heels; O doms-ston 
 vulg. without breeches ; sdoms-lpdgs foreskin, 
 prepuce (?); O doms - ytsdn(-md) C. a pure 
 virgin; a nun; O doms -ytsdn -pa a chaste 
 monk (if not rather sdom is meant); O doms- 
 rds (also car-rasCs.) a small apron to 
 cover the privy parts Cs. 
 
 O dar-ba, pf. and imp. dor (cog. to 
 ytw'-ba, stdr-ba, byi-dor, pyag- 
 ddr). 1. to throw or cast away, like ytor- 
 ba and O b6r-ba Stg.; esp. to throw out, to 
 eject, spittle, frq.; dri-cu O dor-ba to make 
 water Glr.; fig. srog O dor-ba to fling away 
 one's life DzL; to sweep out or away DzL, 
 Stg. 2. (opp. to len-pa, bzed-pd) to 
 decline, refuse, reject, despise, things offered 
 DzL; to reject, a reading, a passage Gram.', 
 to disapprove, of an action as immoral; blan- 
 dor, gdor-len, accepting and rejecting, de- 
 ciding for or against, e.g. dge-sdig-gi Glr. 
 
 3. to subtract, dor-bai lhdg-ma Wdk. the 
 remainder left after subtracting; perh. also 
 to divide. 4. srog O dor-ba also signifies: 
 to endanger life, or to deprive of life, used e.g. 
 of diseases S.g.; yom-pa O dor-ba (= Q b6r- 
 ba), to pace, to step, to stride, frq. ; dmod- 
 pa O dor-ba V. dmod-pa. 
 
 O d6l~sa Lex., fertile ground or soil 
 
 O drd-ba 1. adj., C.: Vd-fe*, similar, 
 equal (which two notions gen. are 
 
 not strictly distinguished from each other) ; 
 
 O drd-ba O di-dag these equal things, for: 
 
 drd-ba 
 
 these comparisons, Pth. ; kyed ynyis O drd- 
 bar O dug , O dra - ba yin , O drao , you two 
 resemble each other very much; with a 
 pleon. mnyam: rih-tufi mnydm-la O drd-ba 
 equally long DzL; gen. with dan or accus., 
 seldom with terrain., in various applications: 
 lcyed(da/i) O drd-ba ni your equals DzL ; bud- 
 med-du O drd-bai ndn-na amongst woman- 
 like, effeminate (men), DzL; O dii byin fsd/'ts- 
 pa dan O drao his brightness is equal to 
 (that of) Brahma DzL ; yzdn-gyi don-laaii 
 rdn-gi O drar sems-pa esteeming our neigh- 
 bour's advantage as high as our own S.g.; 
 fams-cdd-la bu ycig-pa dan drao he behaved 
 to all as (to) an only son DzL; with a 
 negative: yzan yan de dan O drd-ste yndn- 
 ba med others shall allow it just as little 
 as he himself DzL ; Sans-rgyds dan O drd- 
 bar byd-bai pyir in order to be equal to 
 Buddha, to come up with Buddha Dzl.\ 
 brtsigs-pa mi O dra skyes-pa O dra not as if 
 (it had been) built, but as if it had grown 
 up spontaneously Glr. ; bdag O dra bud-med 
 blo-dmdn kyah even a stupid woman like 
 myself; skra O drd-ba yod-dam whether any 
 thing like hair is still left? Mil. ; fen-ro 
 O dra rnyed he found the remnants of a 
 carcass or something like it Mil.', ro dan 
 O drd-ba as much as dead Wdn.', mnydn- 
 pa dan O drd-bai bses-ynyen a teacher like 
 as a ferryman (conveying to the shores 
 of happiness) Thgy. ; rtag - rtdg O dra yan 
 seemingly eternal Mil ; skyid-skyid O drayan 
 even if it appears a blessing Mil. ; run-ba 
 dan O drd-na if it appears feasible DzL; 
 ster dgos-pa O dra it seems I shall be obliged 
 to give it Glr.; da-ldn Kyod ntis-pa ce-ce 
 Q dra bzin byun - ste as your strength this 
 time at least seems to be rather great Mil. ; 
 Kyedslu-slii O dra you might easily be ensnared 
 Mil.; mi- drd-ba unequal, unlike, different, 
 snon-cdd dan mi O drd-bar quite otherwise 
 than formerly DzL ; cos-pa mi O drti-bar not 
 like, not befitting, a priest Mil.; various, 
 several, *lia-ze mi-dd-wa* C. several dishes; 
 O di- dra-ba, de- dra-ba SUC\n;de-dras, (*dhen- 
 de* C. vulg.) SO, thus ; ci- dra-ba, )i- dra- 
 ba of what kind (qualis), ci- dra cig legs-
 
 283 
 
 drans 
 
 O drub-pa 
 
 par ston dgos you must tell me minutely 
 how she looks, what kind of appearance 
 she has Glr.; pug ci O dra cig ^on what will 
 be the upshot? where is this to end? Glr.; 
 na ji- dra-bar de bzin O gyur he becomes 
 just what I am Stg.; *gkdn-de* C. col. how? 
 O dra- dra ( W. * dan-da**) very frq. for O drd- 
 ba, e.g. sa-dkdr-gyi rgyu O drd- dra-la tig- 
 rtse-zer something similar to the substance 
 of tin is called zinc; O dra mi O dra like 
 and unlike; equality, likeness, similarity, O t/ra 
 mi O dra ltd-ba to examine the likeness Glr. 
 2. sbst. 1. resemblance, likeness, v. O d6gs- 
 pa 2. 2. form, shape, appearance, phase. 
 Thg. 
 
 O drans v. grafts. 
 * drad v. brad. 
 
 .fir an v. 
 
 O drdl-ba, pf. dral (cf. rdl-ba and 
 krdl-ba), to tear to pieces, to rend 
 asunder; also to pull down, a house; to rip 
 up, to cut open, an animal. 
 
 O dri-ba, pf. and imp. Q dris, 1. to ask, 
 . . . la, W. nas, a person ; with accus. 
 to enquire after or about a thing; gros- dri- 
 sa a place for asking advice, oracle Glr. ; 
 bld-rna O dri-ba to inquire after one's Lama 
 Mil. ; pa-mdi ytam after one's parents Dzl. ; 
 O dri-bai fsig interrogative pronoun, e.g. ci 
 Gram. ; v. also dri-ba. 2. inst. of O bri-ba. 
 O^r-q- O drin-ba Glr. fol. 57, 12? another 
 reading: Idiii-ba. 
 
 O drid-pa for Jbrid pa. 
 
 O drim-pa for O brim-pa. 
 
 aEarq* O dril-ba, pf. dril, I. vb. n., cf. O gril- 
 ba and hril-ba, 1. to be turned, 
 rolled round or twisted into a thing, od-zer- 
 gyi gdn-bur to be wrapped into a covering 
 of light Glr.; to gather, to flow together, as 
 po-bai bdd-kan, the gastric phlegm Med.; 
 fig.: blo-sems ycig-tu O dril-te whilst our 
 minds were flowing together Glr.; yi(/-/>u- 
 rntnns ka-^lril-te no-log-pa a conspiracy 
 Sc/ir. 2. to roll down, ri-bo itos-la the 
 
 slope of a hill Tligy. 3. to fall, to fall 
 down W. 
 
 II. vb. a., cf. sgril-ba, to wrap up, rds- 
 ki/is in a kandkerchief Glr., dar sna Inas 
 in five sorts of silk Glr. ; zans-kyis (covered 
 or sheathed) with copper Mil.; to heap 
 together, to pile up, me-tog pun-por dril 
 the blossoms are aggregated, heaped to- 
 gether in a panicle Wdn. ; dril-bas in short, 
 to sum up all, in summa Glr. Ijags O dril- 
 ba Sch. : to play with the tongue, moving 
 it to and fro. 
 
 O dns-pa to be accustomed to, to 
 be acquainted with, gen. with dan, 
 Glr. and col. ; rarely with accus. : fnyen 
 )i team O dris bzin the more friends you get 
 familiar with ; mig O dris ces-na if persons 
 constantly see one another, get perfectly 
 used to one another, Mil.; mostly adj. 
 (= goms-pa} accustomed, used, mi or Kdn- 
 pa dan, to men, to one's house; also dris- 
 pa used absol. = tame W. ; dris-pa mi an 
 acquaintance, a sympathizing friend, an 
 assistant Thgy.\ snar-dris-kyi mi an old 
 acquaintance, an old crony Thgr. A deri- 
 vation of dris-pa from O dnd-pa, Jbrid-pa, 
 to deceive, to bait, to decoy, and hence 
 to tame, was suggested by some Tibetans, 
 but is after all scarcely to be authenti- 
 cated. 
 
 Q^'^T O dru-ba v. Jbru-ba. 
 
 O drugs-pa to fall into small pieces, 
 to crumble (away) Sch. 
 O drud-pa, pf. and imp. drud( drus?), 
 rarely O brud-pa, 1. to rub, lus the 
 to file, to rasp, sin wood, Lex.; to 
 rub off, to scour, *be-ma dan W.; to polish, 
 to smooth, to plane, pag-ste with a plane 
 W.; to grind, to powder, to pulverize (?). - 
 2. to drag, to draw or pull along on the ground, 
 by a rope, ro sd-la a dead body on the 
 ground (ina- drus-par without slipping (?) 
 Med.~) 3. *t]ud-de gyur ton* W. move, 
 or push it a little aside; dud cdd-ce W. 
 to cut off obliquely (?). 
 
 O dri<b-pa, pf. and imp. drub(s) 
 1. to sew Sch., so perh.Dc/. ^^>, 1 1 . 
 
 body
 
 284 
 
 NS 
 
 drul-ba 
 
 2. to embroider 6'. 3. to heal, rma 
 
 wounds S.g. fsem-drub needle- work Sch. 
 O drul-ba, pf. drul, gen. rul (q.v), 
 to become putrid, to rot, to putrefy, 
 drul- bar gyur-ba id.; O drul-bar byed-pa 
 to cause to be decomposed Med.; rten- drul 
 prob. : putrefied substances, bsan-yas Jbyin- 
 par-byed are removed with the faeces Med. 
 ? O dre, also lhd- dre, W. *ldn-cle*, goblin,, 
 gnome, imp, demon, evil spirit, devil, 
 col. the most frq. word for such beings; 
 quite in a general sense : klu-ynydn-la sogs- 
 pai lha- dre-rnams; byd- dre, O dre-rgod Lt. 
 prob. two particular species of demons; 
 zd - O dre is said to be a word for 'owl' ; 
 O dres Jfyer-ba to be carried off by goblins 
 Ma.; O dres-}'nod, O drei ynod-pa mischief 
 done by evil spirits ; O dre J)ug-pa the entering 
 of evil spirits, the state of possession; O dre- 
 zugs -pa ( W. *-Kan*} one possessed by a 
 devil, a demoniac ; skrod-pa to cast out, O dul- 
 ba to subdue (devils). 
 
 Comp. O dre- O jigs-sin = gu-gul-sin, 'devil's 
 fear', a resinous wood, by the burning of 
 which goblins are smoked out. - O dre- 
 pan-Jca n. of the fruit of sgon-fog Wdn. 
 *de-pu (or bu?)-fsub* W. whirlwind, water- 
 spout. O dre-po a male devil, O dre-mo a 
 female d., O dre-bu a young d., an imp Cs. 
 
 O dre-me-bud ignis fatuus, will-o'the wisp, 
 Jack with the lantern Schr. O dre-dmdg 
 a goblin host. O dre-ldg the left hand, 
 the left side of the body being supposed 
 to belong to the evil spirits C. O dre-sig 
 'devil's louse', bed-bug C. O dre-srin goblins 
 and Rakshasas, demons in general, frq. 
 Q$*n* O dre-ba I. pf. and imp. O dres, prop. 
 
 ^ vb.n. to bsre-ba, 1. to be mixed with, 
 de ynyis dres-(-nd) Lt. if the two are mixed 
 with each other; pyogs-ycig-tu O dres mixed 
 together, miscellaneous Lex.] O dres-mfsdms 
 ( O fsams Tar.} the 'limit of mixing', rgyd- 
 mfso dan gdn-gd O dres-mfsdms the influx 
 of the Ganga into the sea Tar. 178, 9; fsig 
 yzan ma O dres-par without mingling other 
 talk with (the conversation); Ka dan snyin 
 ma O dres a man with whom word and senti- 
 ment differ, a hypocrite; cos dan cos ma 
 
 o dren-pa 
 
 yin-pa O dres right and wrong were mixed 
 together; in an absol. sense: spyod-pa O dres- 
 te mu-stegs-par gyur-to his course of life 
 degenerated, and he became a Brahmanist 
 Pth.; dud- gro O dres-pa an animal of a 
 mixed race, half-breed, mongrel; ma O dres- 
 par without any confounding or mixing to- 
 gether, sharply discriminating Mil.; ma- 
 O dres-pa prob. pure, unadulterated. 2. to 
 interfere, to meddle with, *de U-ka dan ma 
 cle* W. do not meddle with that; to have 
 intercourse with, to engage in, B. and col.; 
 rdn-sems bld-ma O dres-pas bde through your, 
 the Lama's, intercourse with my soul, in 
 your society, I am happy Mil ; ytam O drd- 
 ba id. 
 
 II. erron. for ^gre-ba Pth. 
 
 O dreg-pa v. Jbreg-pa. 
 
 o^reys v. dreg-pa. 
 
 o d d -P a ^ slide, glide, slip, *ded- 
 de gyel* W., * ded-tag(?) sor-ne 
 * C. he slipped and fell. 
 Q$cT]* O dren-pa, pf. dran(s\ fut. dran, 
 imp. drops'), 1. to draw, drag, pull, 
 a carriage Glr. ; a person by his arm Dzl. ; 
 drdg-tu violently Dzl.; to draw tight, a rope 
 Dzl.; to draw from, to pull out, an arrow 
 out of a wound Glr. ; to press or squeeze 
 out, matter, pus, Med. ; to tear out, ysoii- 
 poirgyu-ma the intestines of a living person ; 
 fig. Ka-cig fser-snon-gyi rigs-suait O dren some 
 reckon it (lit. draw it) to the species of 
 Meconopsis Wdn. ; to cause, to effect, bde- 
 cen felicity Thgy., skyug-pa vomiting Tar. 
 - 2. to conduct, water (W. *rdn-ce*}; to 
 lead, to guide; with or without swa, lam 
 O dren-pa tq direct a person in his way; 
 also sbst. guide, O dren-med without a guide, 
 without akingZteZ. ; esp.toleadto happiness, 
 felicity, frq.; opp. to log- O dr en-pa q.v.; yul- 
 du-dmag to lead an army into a country, 
 to wage war against it, frq. 3. to cite, 
 to quote, lun a religious authority Cs. 
 4. to invite, a guest; to call, to go to meet; 
 to cause to appear, to conjure up, a ghost, 
 a deity; resp. spydn- dren-pa, yddn- dren-
 
 285 
 
 rdun-ba 
 
 pa; also for to fetch, to go for, if the object 
 is of a sacred character, e.g. relics; spyan 
 ma drafts-par O gro-ba to go uninvited ( s. 
 5. to place before one, to serve up, dishes, 
 meals; to pour out, beer, wine etc., ccdpar., 
 frq.; resp. with zdl-du Pth.; to taste, to eat 
 or drink what has been offered, resp. W. 
 (cf. mcod-pa, ysol-ba). 6. to count, to 
 number, esp. with re, wre-re-nas, separately, 
 one by one, Glr., Mil.; to enumerate, ma 
 drans . .. are here not enumerated Wdn.; 
 c. tennin. to count for, to consider, to look 
 upon as, dpe-ru as a parable, as not existing 
 Mil. 7. W. in a general sense: to convey, 
 to remove, *zd-ce fur-man dan den* food 
 is conveyed by a spoon, *Ica Kyem dan den* 
 snow is removed by a shovel. 8. further: 
 rkan (resp. zabs~) O dren-pa to insult, to scoff, 
 to deride Thyy., C. me O dren-pa the 
 blazing, flaring of a flame Sch. mgo- dren 
 v. myo, comp. 
 
 O dren - ma, O dres - ma, 
 mixture, medley, e.g. in 
 border-districts a mixed dialect, a mixed 
 religion; a mixed colour, e.g. gray. 
 
 O dr6iis-pa = O dren -pa, esp. in 
 
 conjunction with spyan: spydn- 
 O dro//s-sam Itos sig; mi drons-na try whether 
 you can invite him (whether he will come) ; 
 if not, then . . . Mil., also Mil. nt. 
 
 O dr6g-pa 1. to wince, shrink, quiver, 
 start, from fear; to shy, of horses; 
 O dr6g-can shy, skittish, easily frightened W. 
 2. O drog-sl6n-ba Sch. : to take by sur- 
 prise, to deceive by cunning, to outwit; blo- 
 O dr6g Lex. w.e. 
 
 S drob-sky6n Sch. : 'the keeper of 
 
 light' (?). 
 
 rdan v. ydan. 
 
 rddb-pa v. rdeb-pa. 
 
 rddr-ba \. bddr-ba. 
 
 rddl-ba, pf. and fut. brdal, imp. rdol, 
 also yddl-ba, bddl-ba, \ . to spread, 
 sand, stones, manure, esp. if done by means 
 of a stick, rake, shovel etc.; to extend, a 
 
 canopy Pth.\ to cover, rdzin-yi zabs bye- 
 mas, the bottom of a pond with sand Dzl.\ 
 fig. dam-cos fan-mar bddl-ba-la now when 
 holy religion lies before you as if it were 
 spread out in a plain, i.e. when it is accessible 
 to all, Mil.; kyab-yddl or rddl spreading 
 far and wide, all-embracing, sems ndm- 
 mfi'a ltd-bu, cds-kyi klon, cos-dbyins, and 
 the like ; gron-rddl v. sub f/ron. 2. sos- 
 . w.e.; Sch.: slowly, not in a hurry. 
 
 >'dig yo-bydd? ndn-gi rdig kun Mil. 
 
 seems to mean : all the utensils and 
 furniture of a house. 
 
 Itm- 
 ' 
 
 ?cn$rr rdigs - pa to beat Sch., prob. = 
 
 ' ' rdeg-pa. 
 
 ^n'rr rdib-pa, pf. rdibs, vb. n. to rtib-pa, 
 "^ to fall to pieces, to give way, to break 
 down, of a roof, rock, tree, the heavens. 
 2. to get dinted, battered, like tin-vessels 
 by a blow or knock, C., W. 
 
 rdu-ba Cs. thistle, not generally known, 
 but perh. the same as ma-rdu. 
 rdug-pa, pf. brdugs, fut. brduy, 1. to 
 conquer, to vanquish (?), klu-rnams- 
 kyis lha-ma-yin fub-cin rditg-par byds - te 
 the Nagas having overcome and vanquished 
 the Asuras Sty. ; hence prob. to annihilate, 
 destroy, undo, der fabs brdugs -pas as all 
 resources were destroyed Pth. 2. to strike 
 against, to stumble at, C. (cf. fug-pa II, 3) ; 
 fogs-rdug (or brtug)~med-pa, v. fogs -pa, 
 without impediment. 
 
 K rdun, a small mound, hillock, Ld. 
 \s 
 
 xr-n* rdun-ba, pf. brduns, fut. brduii, imp. 
 4 (b}rdun(s), also bdun-ba, to beat, 
 to strike, a person, a drum etc. ; to cudgel, 
 to drub, also rduh- fsoq-pa (Sch. - O fsob-pa?); 
 to beat with a hammer, to hammer, lcags\ 
 rdun-du run-ba malleable, ductile; to knock, 
 sao at a door ; to break to pieces, to smash, 
 rdo-yis with a stone (the sacrificial vessels) 
 Glr.; to beat out, brd-bo buckwheat, with 
 a stick; hence to beat out with a flail, to 
 thrash; to pound, to bray: xttn-rduH a pestle 
 Ld. />/<> rdiiii-lm to dance. yzu rdun- 
 ba to bend the bow, v. Schf. on Dzl. 7xS?, 11. 
 lcan a fighter, bully; of horses:
 
 286 
 
 rdum-po 
 
 a kicker ; of oxen, butting. rduit-ytdg Lex. 
 w.e., prob. a drubbing, a sound thrashing; 
 rdun-ytag byun I have got a drubbing. 
 
 rdum-po Cs. maimed, mutilated, nh'nn- 
 
 po byed-pa to mutilate, lag-rdum a 
 maimed hand, rkan-rdum a maimed foot, 
 rwa-rdum a mutilated horn; havingamaimed 
 hand, foot etc. Mil. 
 
 xrji- rdul dust not so much as a deposited 
 ^, mass, but rather as particles floating 
 in the air, motes, atoms; thus esp. rdul- 
 p'rdn, rdul-prd-mo, rdul-pra-rdb , nyi-zer- 
 gyi rdul, yet less to express minuteness than 
 infinite number; atom, in a philosophical 
 sense, feu - Urdg - gi rdul fams-cdd all the 
 atoms of the procreative fluid Wdn.; monad, 
 rdul-pra-rab-ca-med, ace. to Was. (279); 
 rdul O ful, Idan, dust arises DzL; rdul mi 
 ful-bar (or ma Idan- bar) byed-pa to lay 
 the dust DzL; spi*ug-pa, W. *srug-ce*, to 
 shake off, to beat out ; rdul-du rlog-pa (in 
 this case also fdl-bar rlog-pa) to crush or 
 pound a thing, until it is reduced to powder 
 Lex.', glah-rdul Cs.: 'a, mote in the dung 
 of an ox'(?), Sch.: '& small particle of cow- 
 dung.' rdo-rjei rdul diamond-powder(P) 
 Lex. ; sol-bai rdul coal-dust. 
 
 Comp. rdul - can dusty. rdul-pydgs 
 dusting-whisk, dusting-brush Sch. rdul-fsub 
 a whirling cloud of dust. rdul-fson col- 
 oured stone-dust, employed in certain ce- 
 remonies, for making figures drawn in the 
 sand more visible Mil. nt. rdul-fzdn a 
 blouse (?), travelling-cloak against the dust, 
 Wdk. fol. 144 a Lha wears such a garment. 
 
 rdul-po, prob. erron. for rtul-po DzL 
 
 9W 2 
 
 :" rde in compounds for rdeu. 
 
 rde-ba-da-ru Wdn., tibetanized 
 from ^rarei^r. cedar. 
 
 rdeg(s)-pa, pf. (6)n%s,fut. brdeg, 
 imp. (6>%(s), to beat, strike, 
 smite, c. accus., or (less corr.) c. dat., chiefly 
 in B., rdeg-cin spyod-pa, verberando con- 
 cumbere, to compel a wife by blows to 
 fulfil the conjugal duty Thgy.', me- Ion- la 
 b)'dey-cin beating the looking-glass in anger 
 
 ^ rdo 
 
 Glr. ; rdeg- fsog-gi sdug-bsndl the ill-fortune 
 of getting a beating Thgy.; to push, thrust, 
 knock, kick, pul-rdeg a blow with the fist, 
 byed-pa to give one Mil.; rdeg-cos Lex. w.e., 
 Sch. a dance; rdeg-cos -pa to dance, so 
 perh. Thgy.. if brdog-cos-pa is not a better 
 reading, glo^rdeg(-tu) = glo-biir-du, sud- 
 denly. 
 ?^'CJ" rdeb-pa, sometimes for sdeb-pa. 
 
 t- rdeb(s)-pa, pr.ob. the original 
 form, but of rare occurrence, for 
 rddb-pa, pf. brdabs, fut. brdab, 1 . to throw 
 down with a clap, to clap the coat-tail on 
 the ground Glr.; with a clashing sound, 
 a potsherd Tar. ; to fling or knock down, a 
 person Mil. ; lus sd-la to prostrate one's self, 
 very frq. ; rtas (to be thrown) by the horse 
 Sch.; *ka ddb-pa* i. C. to fall upon one's 
 face. 2. It", to smack with the tongue, also 
 of the snapping of a spring, of the clapping 
 down of a lid or the cover of a book; *kd- 
 Ipags deb -pa* W. to smack with the lips 
 (in eating). 2. to throw to and fro, to 
 toss about, mgo-bo rdebs-sin O dre-ldog-pa to 
 turn one's head this way and that way Pth. 
 - 3. to stumble Sch., so perh. Lt. fol. 196, 6; 
 cal rddb-pa Lex., rddb-cal-ba Sch. to slip 
 and stumble. 4. to kill, to slaughter Bal. 
 
 5. *deb-sog se'-pa, tan -wo? C., *ur deb 
 tdn-ce* W., to talk big, to exaggerate. 
 
 xn CJ"J"' rdeu, rde, rdel-po, dimin. 
 ^ N3 ' v ^ of rdo, 1. a little stone, 
 pebble, rdeu bskur-ba bzin like a little stone 
 thrown on the ground Glr. 2. the stone, 
 calculus, in the bladder or the kidneys, po- 
 rde calculus in males, mo-rde in females; 
 rdeu cdgs-pa the concrescence of a calculus, 
 rdeu ^don-pa the removing it Cs. rdel- 
 dkdr a white pebble, rdel-Krd a coloured 
 pebble Cs. rde-^rdm ('the spreading of 
 little- stones') the counting with pebbles Cs. 
 
 rde-yzdl a pavement of pebbles. 3. a 
 musket-ball C., rdeu-pdr a bullet-mould; a 
 bullet-founder C. 
 
 y 1 rdo B., C., rdo-ba in W. the usual form, 
 
 i in more recent lit. frq., 1. stone. 2. 
 
 weight, for weighing things by a balance,
 
 287 
 
 rdo 
 
 rdo-rjt 
 
 col.; rdoi of stone, rdoi tub-pa a stone 
 Buddha Glr.; rdo skyed-pa, skyd-ba, to 
 carry or drag stones to a place; *do-cdg 
 cog-pa' C. a ceremony observed in making 
 a contract, by breaking a stone and using 
 the fractured side as a seal, cf. mdzug-gu 
 O tud-pa ; rdo-bcdl btin-ba Sch. : 'stones ar- 
 ranged according to their species'; *do-rub- 
 la tdn-ce, do-rub tdh-te sdd-ce* W. to pelt, 
 beat, or kill with stones, to stone: rdo rus 
 fug to the last extremity Sch.\ dnul-rdo 
 a stone containing silver, silver-ore Lex.; 
 sprin-rdo a sort of marble Cs.; sbrd-rdo 
 Sch., (perh. spra-rdo?) asbestus; me -rdo 
 fire-stone, flint; rman-rdo foundation-stone; 
 zur-rdo corner-stone; yser-rdo a stone con- 
 taining gold, gold-ore Cs. 
 
 Comp. rdo-kldd a stone resembling a 
 sheep's brain, and used as a remedy for 
 diseases of the brain S.g. rdo dkdr Cs. 
 a white stone; Sch. alabaster. rdo-skrdn 
 a kind of steatite or soap-stone. rdo- 
 K'd a vein in a stone. rdo-Kog a stone 
 pot. rdo-mfcns gall-stone (?) S.g. rdo- 
 rgyud various kinds of soft stone, as ser- 
 pentine, soap-stone, chalk. rdo-rgyus 
 S.gJ *do-cdg* C. oath taken in the above 
 mentioned ceremony. rdo-cdl Sik. = rdo- 
 yzdl. rdo-cdr a shower of stones; hail 
 Schr. rdo- cdn, W. *dom-cdn*, a stone 
 of such a size as may be grasped by the 
 hand. rdo-mnyen Cs. = ka-ma-ru a soft 
 kind of stone, alabaster. rdo-snyin jasper 
 Sch. rdo-fdl Cs. stone -ashes, calcined 
 stone; Sch. quicklime, Schf. Tar. 103,14: 
 chalk; rdo-fdl byugs-pa to rough -cast, to 
 plaster. rdo-dreg S.g. ? Sch. dirt on stones. 
 rdo-snum rock-oil, petroleum Schr. * do- 
 pe* W. stone-dust, small p;irticles or grains 
 of stone. rdo buh-ba a shining black 
 stone Cs. rdo-bos (perh. do-bos') a large 
 hammer, mallet 1A. do-dbyug a sling- 
 stone S.g. rdo -Jbum a sacred heap of 
 stones, a mani. rdo -shorn large, heavy 
 stones Sch. rdo-rtsig stone-wall rdo- 
 fsdd (= ydm-bu, rta-rmig-ma Cs.) a bar of 
 silver-bullion, of about 156^ tolas (4 pounds) 
 in weight, the common medium of barter 
 
 in Central Asia. rdo-zun Lt. brag- 
 zun bitumen, mineral pitch (?) rdo-zo lime, 
 both quick lime and slaked lime C. rdo- 
 fzdl a stone-pavement. rdo-fzogs a cut 
 or wrought stone 6s. rdo-zdm a stone- 
 bridge; a rock-bridge, natural bridge formed 
 by overhanging rocks. rdo-rin(s) a stone 
 pillar, obelisk, as a land-mark, monument, 
 or an ornament of buildings Glr. rdo- 
 ril a globular stone Pth. rdo-leb a stone 
 slab to sit upon ; or to write on etc. 
 rdo - sran a stone weight 6s. rdo - srin 
 Glr. 50, 10, evidently a corruption of dar- 
 srin. 
 
 y"- rdo-r)e, gen. *dor-je* W. *ddr-2!e*, ^^, 
 i (Zam. also ^tra) 1. precious, stone, 
 jewel, esp. diamond, more precisely: rdd- 
 rje pa-ldm', rdo-iyei ytun a knocker made 
 of precious stones Dzl. ; rdo - rjei sku an 
 adamantine body Pth. ; rdo-rjei fse an ada- 
 mantine life G7r.; zag-med-rdo-rje-lta-bui 
 fse-la mna brnyed-pas Pth. as much as im- 
 mortality; rdo-rjei )im-pa, or rin-po-cei 
 jim-paGlr. mortar composed of pulverized 
 precious stones and water, and considered 
 a cement of marvelous properties. 2. 
 thunderbolt, originally the weapon of Indra, 
 with the northern Buddhists the ritual 
 sceptre of the priests (v. Kopp. II, 271; 
 Was. 193), held by them during their 
 prayers in their hands and moved about 
 in various directions; symbol of hardness 
 and durability, also of power; source of 
 many phantastic ideas and practices ; frq. 
 forming part of names. 3. euphem. for 
 po-rtdgs C. 
 
 Comp. rdo-rje-glin seems to be the po- 
 pular spelling of the Sanitarium in British 
 Sikkim, which by the English generally is 
 written Darjeeling. (Here Csoma died, and 
 Dr. Hooker staid here for some time.) Ace. 
 to several titles of books in the Petersb. list of 
 manuscripts, it ought properly to be spelled 
 dar-rgyas-glin. rdo-rje-rgya-grdm v. rgya 
 comp. rdo-r)e-ycdd-pa, ^^T^f^qrr, title 
 
 of a religious book most extensively used 
 
 among Buddhists; Was. (145), fiwn. I, 465. 
 
 - rdo-rje-^cdn,
 
 288 
 
 rdo-ra 
 
 " Ma.. 
 
 also Idg-na, or pydg-na-rdo-rje, and 
 abbreviated Za#-, or pyay-rdor, holder of 
 the sceptre, originally the Indra of the 
 Brahmans; in Buddhism, in the first place, 
 the Dhyani Bodhisatva of the Dhyani 
 Buddha Aksobhya, and secondly a terri- 
 fying deity, the guardian of the mystical 
 doctrine (Was. frq.), hence confounded with 
 the cos-sktjon-bzi, as well as with ku-be-ra, 
 prince of the ynod-sbyin, and special deity 
 of Milaraspa; v. Kopp. and Schl. rdo- 
 r)e-fddn, ej^fraT, prop the diamond seat 
 or throne of Buddha at Gaya, Kopp. I, 93, 
 and hence also proper name applied to that 
 town, frq. rdo-rje -pa-ldm diamond v. 
 above. rdo-rje-pdcj-mo, ^J^TTTflj or 
 3T'jfVr% ( Wts. 136) 'diamond-sow', a goddess 
 of later Buddhism, frq. worshipped (also 
 in Lh.j where she has a sanctuary at Mar- 
 kula near Trilpknath), and incarnated as 
 abbess in a nunnery, situated on an island 
 of the lake Pal-te, v. Georgi Alph. Tib., 
 Wts. 135. rdo-r)e-pur-pa Glr. an in- 
 strument the upper part of which is a dorje 
 and the lower a purpa. rdo-rje-legs-pa, 
 abbrev. *dor - lag*, a local deity in LA., 
 originally an honest village black-smith. 
 rdo-rje- sems-dpa, cjSjq-^. gen. = rdo-rje- 
 ^dn (Was. 188), sometimes differing from 
 it, v. Schl. p. 50; also = mi-skyod-pa, Ak- 
 sobhya; also mi - skyor't - rdo-rje Glr. Re- 
 specting the word rdo-rje cf. Burn. I, 526. 
 
 2fc" rdo-ra, or rto-ra circle of dancers W. 
 
 jqr rdog C. root, *dog dhan 16 -ma* root 
 ' ' and leaves; *lab-dog* radish-root; yet 
 cf. rdog-po. 
 
 |JOTcr rdog-pa step, footstep; kick, rdog-pa 
 Jb6r-ba to step, to pace, to walk Cs.; 
 rdog-sgra the sound of steps, the clattering 
 of hoofs; rdog-stdn a straw-mat for clean- 
 ing one's shoes C. ; rdog-pai ^6g-tu O jug-pa 
 Dzl ;*?, 13 (Ms.-, Sch.: rdog-pai zdbs-su?) 
 to prostrate, to throw under one's feet; rdog- 
 pas rdun-ba Sch., O pul-ba Sch., snon-pa, 
 mndn-pa Sch., rdog-ptd rgydb-pa Pth., *dog- 
 fopul-wa* C., * dog-con gyab-ce* W.to strike 
 with the foot, to apply a good kick, to stamp 
 
 the ground; rdoy-bstdd byed-pa prob. id.; 
 prop, to load, to pack on(? 7 \ 
 
 rdog-po (Cs. also rdog-ma), a grain 
 of corn, sand, sugar; a drop of rain 
 Glr.; sranrdog bdun seven peas; O preh-rdog 
 the bead of a rosary, which often consists of 
 grains of seed ; a piece, rdog-ycig (how many 
 turnips do you want?) one C. 
 
 J" rdons-pa v. sdohs-pa. 
 * rdom-cdn v. rdo-mcdn. 
 
 Si- rdor 1. in compound words for rdo- 
 ' rje. 2. n. of a monastery in Tibet 
 Cs. Chronolog. Table 1223 p. C. 3. - 
 sdor Cs. 
 
 1^'^T rdol-pa a cobbler 6s., pTob.==}>dol-pa. 
 
 IJjj-q- rdol-ba, pf. and fut. brdol, vb. n. to 
 rtol-ba, 1. to come out, to break forth 
 from, to gush forth, to issue from, of a well 
 of water (issuing from) Pth. ; to come up, 
 to sprout, to shoot, of seed; *so ma dol* W. 
 the teeth are not yet cutting; /con - nas 
 rdol-bai glu a song streaming forth from 
 .within Mil. ; mi-nad rdol-zin diseases break- 
 ing out among men Mil.] to flow or run 
 Off, of the water of a lake; klon rdol-ba 
 to come forth, to proceed from the middle 
 or the midst of Glr. (the meaning of this 
 passage is not quite clear); rdol-yzer an 
 instrument for boring metals Sch. 2. of 
 vessels : to leak, to be not tight, to have holes, 
 snod zabs-brdol a vessel with a leaky bottom 
 Thgy.; also of shoes, covers, tent-cloth etc. 
 not being watertight; to break, to burst, of 
 ulcers, wounds; glo-^rdol Med. v. glo-ba; 
 rdol-ynydn Sch.: 'fistula; gonorrhea'. 
 3. to rave, to del irate: to be sleep-walking, 
 lunatic, also bla rdol(smrd}-ba Lex,, where 
 it is explained by bab-col; ynyid-rdol, mig- 
 rdol C. id. 
 
 rdos-pa 1. sbst., Cs. = ydos; lus rdos- 
 ce Lex. w.e. 2. vb. n. Sch.: 'to 
 break, burst, flow out, dbii-ba, or Ibu-ba the 
 bursting of a bubble'. 
 oj. - Ida . . . Ld. frq. for kla . . ., gla . . ., 
 " zla..
 
 289 
 
 Iddn-pa 
 
 Idd-gu discourse, speech, conversation; 
 ^ W.: *ldd-gu tdn-ce* to speak; *ldd- 
 gu se-ce med* one cannot understand what 
 is spoken or said; Idd-gu-can talkative Cs. 
 Ida-man, Ld.-Glr. dha-mdn, a couple 
 Of small kettle-drums, one hanging 
 in front, the other behind, the latter being 
 beaten by a second person that follows the 
 bearer. 
 
 ryaj- Ida-ldi a kind of ornament of silk or 
 ^ cotton, a fringe or tassel, ddr-gyi, rin- 
 po-cei, esp. worn in sacrificing, Lex. 
 
 Iddg-pa, pf. bldays, fut. bldag, imp. 
 Idog, to lick, /crag blood ; Had Iddg- 
 pa the brain being licked up, a punish- 
 ment of hell TJigy.; nd-bza-la, or -nas to 
 lick a person's coat Mil.; *ldag-ldog* W. 
 = pe-srul, lit. 'a lick', i.e. a pap prepared 
 ofrtsdm-pa and can, licked from the fingers, 
 or eaten with a spoon. 
 nj^- Idan 1. v. Iddn-ba. 2. iorydan stand, 
 "" frame, trestle. 3. W. *ldan-lddn-la 
 kur* carry it lengthways! opp. to pred\ 
 *ldan-lddn-la dad - ce* to rock with one's 
 chair. 
 
 Iddn-mgo the yarn-beam of a loom 
 Sch. 
 
 Gyatch. 3\SC; if the text is cor- 
 rect, it would seem preferable to connect 
 ri-dags with Iddii-sgo-ska, and to render 
 it: 'the animal Sarabha', a fabulous eight- 
 footed creature of the snowy mountains. 
 Iddn-ba, pf. Idans or lans, imp. Idon, 
 1. vb. n. to sldn-ba, to rise, to get 
 up (cf. the more frq. secondary form Idn- 
 ba), O gyel-ba-las from a fall Wdn.; nydl- 
 las from a lying position Lex.; stdn-las 
 from a seat; fo-rdns in the morning Lt. ; 
 no-mi-ses-pa-la before, or in presence of 
 a stranger; also used of the bristling of 
 the hair, Lt., of the rising of vapours, per- 
 fumes, dust, of a wind springing up; to 
 extend, to spread, dri nan -pa pyogs bcur 
 Idaii an offensive smell is spreading in 
 every quarter Tar.; Q Krugs-pa dbus-nas the 
 rebellion (spread) from the province of U, 
 Ma.; to break out, me-ro Idan, the smoth- 
 
 ered flame breaks out again; in a special 
 sense of morbid matter that has accumu- 
 lated (ysog-pa) Med. frq., e.g. Ua-zds zu- 
 nas Idan during digestion the symptoms 
 break out anew; dgrd-ru Iddn-ba to show 
 one's self an enemy, to break out into hosti- 
 lities frq.; to arise, originate, break out, of dis- 
 ease, despair, MY.; also for: to have risen, 
 to Stand, but only in certain combinations, 
 Idan dub byed-pa tired from having been 
 standing (so long) Lt. 2. W. to suffice, 
 to be sufficient, enough (cf. lon-ba) = Jiyed- 
 pa, of food, clothes, money; hence Idan: 
 complete, perfect, entire, whole, *ras ndn-$a 
 rag-ma gos Idan cig* cotton cloth with lining 
 (sufficient) for a whole dress; *du-gu gos 
 Idan nyis* woolen yarn for two complete 
 dresses. Idan prob. signifies also quite 
 through, cf. Itan II.; Idan-fsdd occurs in 
 medical works, and in many cases seems 
 to imply quantity; neu - Idan Lex. = na- 
 mnydm of the same age (Sch. not corr.). 
 lddd-pa \. vb. pf. and fut. bldad, 
 imp. Idod, to chew Zam., W.; skyug- 
 Iddd Cs., v. skyug bldeg-cin ldad-pa(?) 
 Sch. to chew the cud, to ruminate; log Cs. 
 i. id., 2. rumination, deliberate reflection; 
 Pur.: *spd Idad-cas* to taste, to try; Ld.: 
 *di Idad-ce* to smell at. 2. Ld. for 
 glad-pa 
 
 Iddn-pa I. sbst., also mddn-pa Lex., 
 cheek, Iddn(-pai) so cheek-tooth, 
 molar tooth; Idan-lcdg Cs. a blow on the 
 cheek, a box on the ear; *den-tsog* C. 
 id. ; *mi dhe - la den - tsog gyag (or gyaV) 
 son, mi dhe de'n-tsog-ghl mdn-po dun son* 
 his ears have been soundly boxed; metaph. 
 grog - Idan the cheek or side of a ravine 
 Mil nt. 
 
 II. vb. and adj. 1. originally: to be 
 near to, hard by, a thing, (j uxta )> hence 
 W. *lddn-la, lddn-du*, adv. and postp., 
 near to, by, *ne lddn-la dug* sit down by 
 my side; *sin-gi Iddn-du* close by the 
 tree; *nai Iddn-du sog* come near to me! 
 * gam -mi Iddn-du* near the box; *fser- 
 mdii-ni lddn-la dul-ce* to go along the 
 side of a hedge. 2. in B. and C. only 
 19
 
 290 
 
 " Idir-ldir 
 
 used with reference to possession (penes), 
 mostly as partic. or adj., and construed like 
 beds-pa, having, being possessed of, provided 
 with, = can (which in W. is almost ex- 
 clusively used in this sense). The objects 
 may be things of any description, also 
 physical and mental properties, so that 
 Iddn-pa differs in this respect from beds- 
 pa (Tar. 136, 14. 15); nor dan Iddn-pa 
 rich, wealthy; sems-can dan Iddn-pa with 
 child ; bu dan bu - mor - Iddn - pa having 
 children; rig -pa dan Iddn-pa wise; with 
 a negative: nor dan mi Iddn-pa; dan 
 Idan-par O gyur-ba to get, to obtain, frq.; 
 Iddn-du len-pa Glr. 101, 1 is stated to 
 mean the same. Poetically, and forming 
 part of certain expressions and names, 
 without dan and pa, like can: nor-lddn, 
 dga-Udn, O byor-lddn. 3. Iddn-pa and 
 Idan dan O dus-pa seem to imply: mixed, 
 compound (opp. to rkydn-ya) with regard 
 to temper and disposition of mind S. g. 
 
 - 4. to add up, sum up, Wdk. 5. W. 
 *gun-ka fsug-pa Idan yin* it will be enough, 
 it will hold out, till winter- time, prob. 
 only a corruption of Iddn-ba. 6. Par. 
 = O griff, regularly, properly, duly, rightly. 
 
 lddn(-pa)-po one that has, that 
 is able, a man of ability Cs. 
 
 Iddn-ma n. of a country Ma. 
 
 Idan-fsdd equivalent to O dus-fsdd 
 Mng. 35 (?). 
 
 Idab - Idib (skad) Lex. silly talk, 
 tittle-tattle. 
 
 Idab-ldob Lex. w.e., Cs. indolence, 
 dullness, drowsiness; ace. to others, 
 
 a hasty, volatile manner. 
 
 rj- lddb-pa, pf. bldabs, fut bldab, imp. 
 Idob, 1. Cs. to do again, to repeat; 
 tkydr-Mdb Lex., Sch.: repeatedly, anew, 
 afresh, again; nyis-lddb Lex., Sch.: for the 
 second time, doubly, twice; *cu-(l)dab de 
 san cen-mo yod* W. it is ten times as large 
 as that, yet cf. ltdb-pa; *lddb-ste zer-na* 
 W. saying it once more, again, in short, 
 
 - 2. ? Ld.: *ldab zum-fe Kyer* take a 
 
 firm hold of him (or it) with your hand, 
 
 and carry him (or it) away! 
 
 ajxrojrr Idam-lddm Cs., Idam-pa, very 
 
 idle, slothful. 
 
 r Idam - Idiim Cs.: 'mean, pitiful, 
 sorry, idle'. 
 
 Mam-Idem Ld. dubious, uncertain, 
 used of things. 
 
 Iddr-ba Cs. to be weary, tired, faint, 
 languid, Idar-lddr-du O gyur-ba. 
 ' ldi - ri ~ ri (v. Idtr-ba) the rolling of 
 
 thunder Thgr. 
 'q* ldig-pa to fall or sink through Sch. 
 
 ldin-ba to be swimming, floating, cf. 
 
 rkydl-ba, W.: *cdii-niKa-f6g-la pabs 
 Idiii dug*, opp. to *fil-la ner or nub-* to 
 be suspended, floating, soaring (in the air), 
 yndm-la, ndm-mKa-la-, mK'd-ldin v. mica. 
 
 Idiii-Ka v. Itin-Ka. 
 
 bower formed by the 
 branches of a tree, the leafy canopy 
 of a dense wood Mil.', sin yyu-lo rgijds- 
 pai Idin - Kan the wide shady porches of 
 turkois-leaved trees. 
 
 ^' ~ dp an officer over fifty, 
 ace. to others, over a hundred 
 men, = brgyd-dpon, a sergeant, captain, 
 distinguished by a copper button on his 
 cap, Hook;U, 160. 200.; Idin-^og Sch., 
 Idm-fso, the troop under this officer's 
 command. 
 
 I*^f" Mw- 86 ! or Idin -si Ld., adv. quite, 
 very, very much, *na Idin - se Hams 
 zdn-po yod* I am quite well; *na Idin-se 
 ma O fdd son* I was very much displeased, 
 very vexed; perh. also *ldins fdg-pa-nas* 
 for ytin, cf. lihs-pa, or perh. in Ld. Idin 
 is the form for ytin. 
 
 ^q-rj. Idib-pa 1. vb., pf. bldib, Sch. = 
 ldig-pa. 2. adj. Cs.: not clear, 
 not intelligible, *Ka-dib* W. stammering, 
 stuttering; Idib-ldib = Idab-ldib. 
 fo^- Idim W. the crash of a falling tree, 
 the report of a gun, *ldim zer-ra rag* 
 1 hear a crack. 
 
 Idir-ldir is said to be = *di-ri- 
 ri* ('.
 
 291 
 
 ldir-ba 
 
 Idem-pa 
 
 ;r-jn- ldir-ba 1. also Itir-ba, to be distended, 
 Inflated, to belly; Ito-ldir a big belly; 
 Ito-ldir-can big-bellied. 2. to rush, to 
 roar, of the wind W.; to roll, of the thun- 
 der, Jbrag Idir it thunders; Idir bzin like 
 thunder; Idir-sgra a thundering, roaring 
 noise; Idir-ce-ba thundering Thgr. 
 
 Idu-gu = ydu-ba, ydu-gu. 
 
 Idug ( s ) - pa , pf. Idugs (Lex.}, 
 blugs (usual form), fut. blug, 
 imp. blug(s\ col. blug-pa, to pour, snod-du; 
 Idg-cu blugs pour some water on my hands, 
 give me water for washing; to sprinkle, to 
 strew, sand Glr. ; to cast, to found, metals. 
 Cf. blugs and lugs. 
 
 91^'CJ* ldud-pa, pf., fut. and imp. blud, col. 
 5 ' blud-pa, to give to drink, to water, 
 cattle etc., with accus of the drink given, 
 dug blud-ciii mi Q ci he does not die by a 
 poisoned draught, btun - ba blud he gives 
 (him) to drink Thgr.', fug -pa legs -par 
 blud - bin making (another) eat plenty of 
 soup Lt, as one also says: fug-pa O fun- 
 ba to eat soup. 
 
 ojr r Idum 1. vegetables, greens, in general. 
 5 - 2. W. lettuce, salad; Idum-ndg, a 
 kind of lettuce 6s.; Idum-bu 1. 6s. plant, 
 stalked plant. '2. prob. for ldom-bu Mil; 3. 
 C. vulgar pronunciation for sdo-h - po. 
 - Idum-ra i. W. kitchen -garden; 2. fruit- 
 garden, orchard, and 3. esp. flower-garden 
 (better sdum-ra); Idum-ra-pa gardener Pth. 
 Idum-po, Idum -Idum, 1. 
 for dum-po Glr.; 2. Ld. 
 for zlum-po, round; Mil. also Idum-la O gril- 
 ba made round, rounded off. 
 
 Idur - Idur Lex. ; Sch. : roaring , 
 rushing. 
 
 oj Me? Lexx. miii(-gi)-lde w. e.; Ide-Ka 
 " Sch.: 'belonging together, of the same 
 species'. 
 
 i- Ide-gu, Ideu Med. 1. 6s. mix- 
 9 ture, syrup (?); 2. ointment Wdn. 
 also O de-ba), pf. (brides, 
 fut. bide, imp. Ides, to warm one's 
 self, c. accus., me, at the fire; nyi-ma, in 
 the sun (not me-la}. 
 
 Ide-mig B. and C. (Ts. col. *J- 
 mag* Bal. *le-mig, otherwise not 
 
 in use in W.) 1. key, Ide-cdb Glr. prob. 
 
 id. 2. introduction, preface 6s. 
 
 jn Ideu 1. 6k also sdeu, a kind of pease, 
 
 ^ Hind. -q%\ 2. v. Ue-gu. 
 
 Sm-q. W^r-pa (pf. &&%?) to quake, shake, 
 tremble, e. g. of the palace of the 
 
 gods Dzl. 
 
 Men-ka, Idin-ka, v. Iten-ka, a pond. 
 
 eb 1. Sch. leaf, sheet, of paper; 2. 
 
 Idebs 1. 
 
 Ideb-pa 1. Cs. = Ideg - pa', 2. Sch. 
 
 to bend round or back, to turn round, 
 to double down. 
 
 r Idebs 1. side, Lex. = O dabs, e.g. of 
 
 a mountain Sch., the flat side of a 
 sword or knife 6s.; rus-pai Jbur-poi Idebs 
 by the side of, near, the protuberance of 
 a bone. 2. compass, enclosure, fence Sch. 
 
 - 3. C., W. a large cloth, in which a 
 person is carried by several others, either 
 by means of a pole, or by taking hold of 
 the four corners. This mode of conveyance 
 is called Dandi (vgu/) Hindi). 4. in the 
 Wdn. it seems to have still another sig- 
 nification. 
 
 Idem 1. v. Idem -pa I. 2. statue, 
 idolatrous image, idol, standing upfight, 
 cf. Mem-pall., C. 3. suspension-bridge (?) 
 Ld.-Glr. Schl. 17, a; v. Mem-pa III. 
 ofcrq' ldem-ya I. sbst. 1. 6s.: 'contrariety, 
 opposition, irony', which seems not 
 to be quite inconsistent with the explanation 
 given by Zam., dran-min, as being an 
 intentional concealing of the true sentiment. 
 
 - Uem(-po) riddle, enigma (cf. fsdd-bt/a); 
 mi-Idem, byd-ldem, bem-ldem an enigma or 
 allegory applied to men, to birds, to in- 
 animate beings; Idem-poi nag, Idem-ytam 
 parable, allegory; Idem-dgons Lex. = Ssk. 
 TSrf^JfV, prob.: a concealed deceitful in- 
 tention, Sch. : 'a mysterious opinion' ; Idem- 
 r)od-pa Cs. to say a riddle or parable, 
 *ldem tad-be* W. to propose a riddle, Idem 
 fsod-pa Cs., 36d-pa Sch., to solve a riddle. 
 
 - 2. W. a trap (C. *pur-nyi*), *l 
 
 19*
 
 292 
 
 Ider 
 
 mouse-trap, *wa-ldem* fox-trap, *tsug-ce* 
 to put a trap. 
 
 II. adj. 1. (Schr. Idem-po) straight, 
 upright; tall, well-made, Mil, prob. also 
 Wdn. 2. partic. of III., inconstant; un- 
 stable, variable, perishable 6s. 
 
 III. vb., also Idem - Idem - pa Sch. to 
 move up and down, striking, trembling, 
 vibrating; fsog-sgro Idem-pa the clapping 
 of wings Mil-, Idem -Idem flexible, supple, 
 elastic, pliant. 
 
 pfc^. Ider, Ts. = Idebs I., styai Ider -la on 
 the side of a wall, on a wall, e.g. to 
 paint, to scrawl; rii Ider. 
 
 lder-ba &.: '1. toughness, clamminess, 
 2. potter's clay'. Ider-fso Cs. \. clay, 
 2. an idol made of clay Mng. Ider-sku 
 Glr. prob. = Ider-fso 2.; ace. to others: a 
 picture on a wall. Idei'-bzo figures mod- 
 elled of clay, plastic work, Ider-bzoi lha 
 Zam. = Ider-tso 2.; Ider-bzoi-ldebs Lex. a 
 clay-enclosure (?) ldei*-so Glr. 88, 1. 2., 
 by the context also figure, image. 
 
 Jf Ido side, Ld. for glo. 
 
 ldog-pa, pf. and imp. log, vb. n. 
 
 to zlog-pa, 1. to come back, to re- 
 turn, to go home, to depart. 2. to come 
 again, often with pyir, of diseases, = to 
 relapse; in a specific religious sense v. 
 O brds-bu bzi, frq.; dgrar to come forward 
 again as an enemy, to renew the war (ni f.) 
 Mil. 3. to change, to undergo a change), 
 as to colour, smell etc. Med.', ^gyur-ldog, 
 and Idog-^yur Mng. changeableness, in- 
 constancy, fickleness. 4. to turn away 
 (vb. n.) las from; bio ldog-pa id. Thgy.', 
 no ldog-pa v. log-pa. The partic. as adj.: 
 de-las Idog-pai (the thing) opposed to that, 
 contrary to it, Wdn; go-ldog id. Lt.; mgo- 
 Idog Lex.? Sch. has also Idog-pye-ba 
 distinguished, different, from each other, and 
 ldog-pa reciprocal, mutual, each separately. 
 Cf. log-pa. 
 
 ldon-ba 1. vb., pf. Idons, Ion, to 
 
 become blind, to be blind; to be in- 
 fatuated. 2. adj., also Id6ns-pa, mdons- 
 pa, blind; infatuated. Cf. I6n-ba. 
 
 sdig 
 
 fr 'Sf Idoh - mo, resp. ysol-ldon, a small 
 churn, used for preparing tea, -gur- 
 giir, v sub ja. Cf *don-dus* Ld. a stave; 
 Idott-nis ? 
 
 Idoh-ros Cs.: n. of a yellow earth, 
 bole, ochre, used for staining the 
 walls of houses; Idon-ros-sa Lt. 
 gjgrq- ld<'>n-pa to give or pay back, to re- 
 turn, = klon-pa, glon-pa, esp. with 
 Ian, to answer Dzl. 
 
 ldob-pa to apprehend quickly; to be 
 witty, to be quick in repartee Cs.; 
 Idobs-skyen Lex., explained by ses-sla-ba 
 understanding readily? 
 
 - Idom-pa? rag-ldvm-pa is stated to 
 be = rag-lus-pa Ld. 
 ldom-bu, less frq. Idum-bu, often 
 preceded by ro-snyoms alms, con- 
 sisting of food; Mom-bu byed-pa to ask 
 such alms; ldom-sa alms-house, house 
 where beggars receive food; ldom-bu-ba 
 a person living on alms, a beggar, Mil., Pth. 
 sddn-ba, pf. sdaiis, I. to be angry, 
 wrathful, mi dgd-zih sddn-ste grow- 
 ing angry, flying into a passion Dzl. ; gen. 
 c. la: to hate, to be inimically disposed, frq.; 
 sddn-bai dgra opp. to bydms-pai ynyen; 
 sddn-bar sems-pai dgrd-bo id. Wdn.', Icyim- 
 mfses-kyi dgrd-sdan-ba, or dgrd-bdo-ba the 
 neighbour's grudge; sddh^-bai) sems, sddn- 
 blo, most frq. ze-sddn, hatred, enmity, hosti- 
 lity, ill-will; (cf. dug) sddfi - ba fams-cdd 
 jig-pa to subdue all hostile powers; snar 
 sddn-ba the former, the old hatred Mil; 
 sdan-mig Lex. an angry look, a scowl. 
 II. for yddh-ba. 
 
 sddn-bu v. yddh-bu. 
 '^J' sddd-pa v. sdod-pa. 
 sddm-pa v. sddm-pa. 
 
 sddr-ma trembling, timorous, timid 
 Dzl., Zam. 
 
 sdi-ba, pf. bsdis, v. sdig-pa. 
 
 sdig \ . thick (?) ysits-pa sdig Mitg. 
 2. foundation 6', rgydg-pa to lay a 
 foundation.
 
 j&W|"J* sdiy-pa 
 
 sduy-pa 
 
 |ycn-r sdiy-pa I. also sdig-pa rwd-can, 
 col. *rd-tse*, scorpion, also as sign 
 of the zodiac; sdiy-pa dkur-po, ndg-po; 
 sdig-ncd, the sting of a scorpion ; sdiy-duy 
 the poison of a scorpion; sdiy-fsdh a scor- 
 pion's nest; sdiy-snn crab, crawfish, used 
 both as food and medicine Med., but not 
 as designation for the respective sign of 
 the zodiac, v. sub fcyim; sdiy-srin-JbuLt. id.? 
 II. (tm) sm 5 moral evil as a power, 
 sdiy-pa-la yid-ces-pa Dzl. %&%, 11 to be- 
 lieve in sin as such ; O j6ms-pa to conquer 
 sin, as something hostile to man Dom., 
 and so meton. = sinners , adversaries ; 
 sometimes perh. for sinfulness, sinful state, 
 but gen. in a concrete sense: offence, tres- 
 pass, in thought, word, or deed, Ka-na- 
 ma-fo-bai sdiy-pa, or nyes-pa prob. a 
 grievous sin Dzl. ; also with a genit., ryydl- 
 poi sdiy-pa sbyoh-ba to wash away, to 
 expiate, the king's sin; also O ddy-pa, sel- 
 ba, W. *cdd-ce*; O bydn-ba id., but more 
 in an intransitive or passive sense; so also 
 O ceys-pa (y say-pa, bsays-pa) to confess, as 
 ace. to Buddhist views, confession is al- 
 most tantamount to expiation of sin, cf. 
 also O yyod-pa and bzod-pa; there seems 
 to be, however, no word strictly corres- 
 ponding to our 'forgiving' of sin; sdiy- 
 (pat)-las a sinful deed; sdiy-pa-la dyd-ba 
 to love sin, to be wicked; sdiy-(pai} grogs 
 a companion in vice, an associate in crime 
 Dzl. ; sdiy-pa byed-pa, spyod-pa, to commit 
 Sin, to Sin; sdig-pa mi byed-pai yul a 
 country where no sins are committed, a 
 pious country; sdig-byed, sdiy- spy 6d im- 
 pious, wicked; a wicked person, sdig-pa- 
 rnams byds-pa id. (more accurately: noM.a 
 tf/iajrctyxoig) Stg.; sdiy - can id. (sdiy -pa- 
 can seems not to be in use) ; sdiy - syrib 
 the filth, the contamination of sin, sdiy- 
 syrib fams-cdd sel-ba to cleanse from every 
 defilement of sin Glr. (which the Ommani- 
 padniehuin is sufficient to do); sdiy-po a 
 sinner, a bad character, sdiy-po ce a vile 
 sinner Glr., Mil.', r dig -to -can, HTMfa, = 
 sdig-can, but only as epithet of Dud; sdig- 
 blon a wicked officer Glr. 
 
 293 
 
 pa, pf. bsdiys, fut. bsdiy, 
 imp. sdigs, and sdi-ba, pf. bsdis, 
 ft. 6s<//, 1. to Show, to point out, sdiys-mdzub 
 a pointing finger, ... /a sdiys-mdzub ytdd- 
 pa to point at ... (with scorn or derision) ; 
 sdiys-mdzub ndm-mKa-la ytad pointing with 
 the fingers toward heaven, yet not in a 
 * menacing' (6s.) way. -- 2. to aim C., 
 bsdi(g)s-sa the place that is aimed at, 
 aim, butt; goal Thyy.', bsdis -pai pyogs-su 
 in the direction of the aim Thyy. 3. 
 to menace, to threaten, cdd-pas with punish- 
 ment Mil. (nif.); *diy-ce pi-la* Ld. as an 
 alarm-shot; O di-la bddy-yis ^iys-pa ziy-gis 
 ma bsdigs-na if I do not threaten him with 
 something frightful, if I do not strike him 
 with fear, Dzl.; sdiys-mo byed-pa to assume 
 a menacing attitude Mil., to threaten taunt- 
 ingly Thyy. 
 |^-^j. sdins a cavity or depression, spdn- 
 
 sdihs a depression on a grassy plain, 
 ri- sdins on a mountain-ridge; the signi- 
 fications given by 6s., 'middle part, heart, 
 core', were not known to our men of Tashi- 
 lunpo. 
 Itej-q- sdib-pa l.Sch. = Idib-pa. 2. Tar. 
 
 8,18 = rtib-pa. 
 
 sduy-pa I. adj. pretty, nice, ltd-na 
 
 to look at Dzl. ; *tsa-dhi-dug-pa* C. 
 mint, Mentha, fidvoopov; gen. with reference 
 to a person: what is agreeable, pleasing, 
 dear, to a person Ssk.: ff^f, bddg-gi bu 
 ndn-gi sdug-pa-la the most beloved of my 
 sons Dzl.; nai bu sdug my dear son J't/i.: 
 sduy-par O dzin-pa Dzl., sem-pa Dzl. frq., 
 rtsi-baMil., to love, c. dat., gen. with regard 
 to parental love; sdiiy-par ^yitr-ba to be- 
 come dear to a person, to be endeared to, 
 Dzl.; mi-sduy-pa not fair, ugly, disagreeable, 
 of the body, of a country etc.; mi-sduy- 
 pai tin-ne- dzin Tar. 10, 11 contemplating 
 one's self and the world as a foul, putrid 
 carcass (v. Tar. Transl. 285, foot of the 
 page); mi-sduy-par byed-pa to disfigure, 
 pollute, profane, a temple ZM; sdug - gu 
 beautiful, pretty, handsome, bud-med sdiiy- 
 gu fams-cad all pretty women Dzl. ; there 
 is also a form for the fern, gender:
 
 294 
 
 sdug-pa 
 
 gu-ma Dzl. ; sdu -ge-ba Cs. : 'the state of 
 being somewhat pleasing' (?); in a prayer 
 occurs: bod-bans sdug-ge snyin-re-rje the 
 good, poor Tibetans, just as in W. *sdug- 
 pa-fse* is used ; often (but not necessarily) 
 rather pityingly: Mo sdug-pa-fse the good 
 man (will do his utmost) ; *ri-pa sdug-pa- 
 fse* the good fieldmouse (speedily made 
 off) ; but also : *sab dug-pa-fse a-lu zig ton* 
 W. good sir, give me a few potatoes! 
 
 II. vb. to be oppressed, afflicted, grieved, 
 like ydun-ba, sems Ids-kyis sduy-nas by 
 sorrow Mil.; *sem mdn-po mdn-po dug son* 
 C. I was very, very sorry for it; ... pas 
 sdiig-go we are miserable, because . . Dzl. ; 
 sdug-par O gyur-ba to become unhappy, to 
 get into distress Dzl. 
 
 III. sbst, Ssk. 'Z'.Tg, affliction, misery, 
 distress, bod sdug-pai mgo O dzugs that is 
 the beginning of the misfortunes of Tibet 
 Ma.; ned-la sdug-pai re-mos bab (then) 
 came our turn of being visited by affliction 
 Mil.] more frq. sdug , and sdug-bsndl (v. 
 below) sdug-tu mi yon O dug-gam are you 
 not in distress? Mil.; sdug Kur byed-pa 
 to undergo hardships (voluntarily), to bear 
 affliction (patiently), to suffer, in an em- 
 phatical sense, Mil. ; sdug mi feg you cannot 
 endure the hardships Mil.; *ka-dug mdn- 
 po )he" - pa* C. to work hard , to drudge ; 
 skyid-sdug good and adverse fortune, good 
 luck and ill luck, very frq.; bde-sdug id.; 
 sdug-sogs byed-pa (the contrary to fsogs- 
 sogs byed-pa) to accumulate misery upon 
 one's self Mil. ; *dug mdn-po tdn-wa* C. to 
 plague or vex a good deal, to inflict injury, 
 c. la] yzan-sdug-gi sdig-pa the sin of having 
 done evil to others Mil.; *dug zo'-la tdn- 
 wa* C. to torture, to put to the rack; sdug 
 O bdb-pa to be in mourning Cs.; sdug srun- 
 ba to mourn Cs. ; sdug - can col. fatiguing, 
 worrying. sdug as adj., unhappy, miserable, 
 Pth., is of rare occurrence. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. sdug -Kan a chamber 
 of mourning, a darkened room Cs. sdug- 
 gos a mourning dress Cs. sdug-bsndl the 
 most frq. word for misfortune, misery, suf- 
 fering; also pain, sdug-bsndl-gyis yduns-pa 
 
 Dzl., sdug-bsndl myon-ba (W. *fon-ce*) to 
 be in calamity, to suffer pain; *dug-ndl 
 tdn-wa, ter-wa* C. (*tdn-ce* W.), to inflict 
 pain, to grieve, to torment; sdug-bsnal dan 
 Iddn-pa, sdug-bsiidl-can unhappy, miserable; 
 misery, distress, affliction ; *dug-ndl )ke'-pa* 
 C. to lament, wail, moan; sdug-bsndl-du 
 O gyur-ba to become sorrowful or melancholy; 
 *nd-la nd-ga-ri ma ses-pe dug-ndl yod* Ld. 
 I regret my not knowing Sanskrit; sdug- 
 bsndl -ba (vb.) to be unhappy, (sbst.) the 
 State -Of unhappiness, Thgy. ; sdug-bsndl-bai 
 skad lamentable, doleful cries. sdug- 
 mfug C. accumulating calamity. sdug- Q dre 
 a demon Sch. *dug-po* C. wretched (road), 
 savage (dog), ill-bred, naughty, unamiable; 
 evil (sbst.), dug-po byed-pa to do evil Mil.] 
 *mi-la dug-po tdn-wa* C. to do evil to a 
 person, to molest, trouble, annoy, injure, 
 a person. sdug-pons-pa Stg., C., poor. 
 sdug-zwa a mourning-hood Cs. sdug- 
 srdn inured to hardships; the being hardened 
 Mil. 
 
 yr- sdud 1. Sch.: the folds of a garment; 
 ^> ' sdud-fca string for drawing together 
 the opening of a bag, drawing-hem. 2. Cs. 
 synthesis, Jbyed-sdud analysis and synthesis. 
 jr w T sdud-pa, pf. bsdus, fut. and likewise 
 ^> ' for the pres. tense) bsdu, imp. sdus, 
 bsdu, vb.a. to O du-ba, I. to collect, gather, 
 lay up, amass, assemble, riches, tlowers, 
 broken victuals, taxes, crops, earnings, men, 
 cattle etc., frq.; to put together, to compile, 
 min-rnams . . . nas bsdus the names have 
 been put together out of . . . Glr.] to brush 
 or sweep together, W. : *Kyim-sa ol-mo-ne 
 (or dan)* the dust with a broom; dbdn- 
 du to subject, subdue, frq. 2 to unite, 
 join, combine, sin ysum mgo three pieces 
 of wood at their upper ends Dzl.; six king- 
 doms into one Dzl. (to join) actions, words, 
 and thoughts in the path of virtue Dzl.; dmdg- 
 rnams Kor-du (joining) the troops with his 
 retinue Dzl. ; Kyo-sug-tu to unite in matri- 
 mony, to give in marriage. 3. to condense, 
 to comprise, all moral precepts in three 
 main points, the letters of the alphabet 
 in five classes Gram.; esp. with nyun-nur,
 
 sdum-pa 
 
 zur-tsam, to contract, compress, abridge, frq., 
 deyaii bsdu-na if one shortens it still more, 
 if it is abridged a second time Gratti.: 
 *dus-k'an* W. brief, concise, compendious; 
 *du-yig* C. abbreviation, abridgment; bsdus- 
 O grel an abridged commentary Tar. 177,7; 
 to close, conclude, finish, terminate, mjug 
 sdud-pa to close a train, opp. to sna O dren- 
 paMg.\ sldr-bsdu-ba concluding a sentence 
 or period with the finite verb in o, Gram. 
 4. bsdus-pa to consist of or in, c.instrum., 
 e.g. yi-ge drug-gis of six letters Thgy. 
 5. to boil down, to inspissate Lt., bsdus-Ku, 
 ydus-Ku, a preparation thus obtained Med. ; 
 bsdus-fdn prob. id. Med. 6. scil. bsod- 
 nams: bsdu-ba mam bzi the four ways of 
 collecting merit Glr. 7. dbugs sdud-pa 
 Med.? bsdu-ba sbst. collection, gathering 
 Tar. 33, 16. bsdus-yzom or )om Schr. : 
 a machine for executing criminals con- 
 structed in such a manner, that the head 
 is crushed by two stones striking together; 
 Stg.: n. of one of the hells 
 
 sdum-pa 1. vb. , pf. bsdums, fut. 
 bsdum, imp. sdum(s), vb.a. to O diim- 
 j(. to make agree, to bring to an agreement, 
 mi-mfun-pa-rnams things not agreeing 
 Sch., to reconcile, to conciliate, mi-mdzd- 
 ba-rnams enemies Thgy.\ sdum-par byed- 
 pa id. ; sdum-byed (resp. mdzad\ sdum{-pa)- 
 po, sdum-mKan, conciliator, pacifier, peace- 
 maker; res Jlntgs-pa res bsdum-pa mdn-du 
 byun-no at one time they were at odds, 
 at another they were at peace with one 
 another Tar. 2. sbst. house, mansion C.; 
 yzim-sdum (resp.) bed-room ; sdum-ra garden 
 near the house, cf. Idum-ra. 
 
 sdur-ba, pf. and fut. bsdur, to com- 
 pare, go-sdur byed-pa id., v. go 2; 
 nyams sdur byed-pa C. to compare different 
 texts; *tam-dur* W. judicial examination, 
 trial. 
 
 sdur - len, sdur - blan, 
 amber Ts., for sbur-len. 
 ^' sde (Ssk. in compound words %n) part, 
 ^ portion, of a whole, e.g. of a country, 
 also yul-sde, province, district, territory, even 
 village C'., bon-sde the places or villages of 
 
 295 
 
 the Bonpas Glr.; sde-cen-la snyeg-pa to 
 aim at an extension of territory Dom. ; 
 part of the human race: nation, people, tribe, 
 clan, community, pd-rol-gyi sde J6ms-pa 
 to conquer hostile nations; class, e.g. of 
 letters: phonetical class; sde sder bgo-ba 
 to divide into classes Cs. ; classes of books : 
 mdo - sde the Sutras, v. sub mdo; rgyud- 
 sde the Tantras, v. sub ryyud; sbyar-sde 
 bzi the four volumes treating of pharmacy 
 Glr.; of monks: community of monks, body 
 of conventuals (consisting of not less than 
 four persons); hence convent, monastery, 
 sde btsugs he founded convents Glr. cos- 
 sde id. ; class of religious followers, philo- 
 sophical school, sde bzi the four (principal) 
 schools Tar.; lha srin-gyi sde togyad, Ilia, 
 klii-la sogs-yai sde brgyad the eight classes 
 of spirits, frq.; it is also used for a great 
 quantity, great many, lots of; and by im- 
 proper use, or by way of abbreviation for 
 sde-pa, sde-dpon, commander, ruler. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. sde-skor Glr. district 
 
 - sde-Krugs insurrection, general revolt of 
 a people, byed - pa to excite one Ma. 
 sde-snod ysum, f^fMA<*>, 'the three baskets', 
 viz. the three classes of the sacred Bud- 
 dhist writings, O dul-bai (discipline), mdo- 
 sdei (Sutras), sndgs-kyi sde-snod (Mantras, 
 i.e. metaphysics and mysticism), hence sde- 
 snod-lasbydn-ba to study the sacred writings 
 Mil. sde-pa 1. the chief or governor of 
 a district 6'., = O gd-pa W., majordomo of 
 the Dalai Lama, Kopp.il., 134; in a general 
 sense: a man of quality, a nobleman Ma. 
 2. a letter of a certain phonetic class, or 
 the phonetic class itself, sde-pa bzi -pa 
 the fourth phonetic class, the labials Gram. 
 So the word is also used for denoting a 
 certain class or school of Buddhist philo- 
 sophers, Tar., frq. sde-dpon = sde-pa 1, 
 signifies also a class of demons Dom. 
 sde-fsdn class, e.g. phonetic class, = scfe; 
 a particular kind of writing, nd-ga-^n sde- 
 fsdn Glr.', sde-yzdr Sch. lawlessness, 
 anarchy, sde-yzdr cen-po general anarchy (V) 
 
 - sde-yans (spelling?) court, court-yard, 
 = fyams. sde - rigs dominion , territory,
 
 296 
 
 sde-ba 
 
 * sdod-pa 
 
 Glr. sde-srid 1. province, kingdom 6s. 2. 
 regent, administrator, in more recent times 
 title of the sde-pa of the Dalai Lama, and 
 the rulers of Bhotan. Kopp. II., 154. 
 j'>n' sde-ba(?) W. *l'-ra de-ce med* there 
 ^ is here no room any more. 
 fq. sdeb (? debs) time, times, = Ian W., 
 ^ e.g. four times. 
 jq-rj- sdeb-pa, pf. bsdebs, fut. bsdeb, imp. 
 
 sdebs, 1. to mingle, mix, blend (pyogs) 
 ycig-tu together, Lex., cf. sbyir-ba. 2. to 
 join, unite, combine, drds-su sdeb-pa Mil, 
 by the context: sewed well together, - 
 but drds-su? Gen. vb.n.: to join, to unite, 
 dan with, also la, sems mig dan bsdebs- 
 nas Ita, md-ba dan bsdebs -nas nyan Mil. 
 the soul sees by joining the eye, it hears 
 by joining the ear; to join company, to 
 associate, to hold intercourse with, Mil. ; also 
 to have sexual intercourse Pth., cf. O dre- 
 ba, O grogs-pa, dzom-pa. 3. to prepare, 
 dress, get ready (victuals) Sch., cf. sbyor- 
 ba. 4. to exchange, barter, truck for, *bdg- 
 pe dds-la* W. flour for rice; in this sense 
 prob. also used by Mil; to change, money, 
 *nul deb sal* please change me a rupee 
 (not so in 6'.). 5. to make poetry, to 
 compose verses, at the end of poems: zes- 
 pa . . . kyis sdeb-pao the above verses have 
 been composed by . . .; = sbyw-ba. 
 
 : sdeb-sbyor 1. composition, esp. 
 poetical, poetry, 2. yi-gei sdeb- 
 sby&r orthography Schr., Cs., Sch. ' 
 
 sder-ma, resp. ysol-sder, dish, platter, 
 
 plate, saucer; sder-gdn a plateful, a 
 dish (of meat etc.), esp. 6'. 
 kv3n s^C-^ ) claw, talon, sder-kyu 
 Sch. id. ; sder - mo rno a sharp 
 claw; sder-can furnished with claws, sder- 
 med without claws; sder- dzin byed-pa to 
 seize with the claws 6's.; stag(-gi}-sder a 
 tiger's claw Lt. ; sder-cdgs animals provided 
 with claws Mil. 
 
 sdo-fcdm Sch. belonging together, a 
 
 pair(?). 
 
 3fq- sdo-ba, pf. (b)sdos, fut. bs do, imp. 
 ^ sdos (also do-ba q. v.) 1 . to risk, hazard, 
 venture, gen.c. dan, also c.dat. or accus., 
 
 bddy-gi lus one's own body Dom. ; lus srog 
 dan frq., lus dan srog-la Dzl 2. to bear 
 up against, sdug-bsnal, nyon-mdns-pa dan, 
 against heavy trials, against toil and drudgery 
 Dzl. ; to bid defiance , to an enemy Dzl, 
 also to behave with insolence, contemptuously 
 Dzl. 3. lag-pas Dzl. ??,6(?). 
 
 sdon-po (C. vulg. *dum-po* 1. trunk. 
 
 stem, body of a tree Glr. 2. stalk, 
 of a plant, pddmai of a lotus; sdon-po 
 fcoii-ston a hollow stalk Wdn. ; sdon-poi sde 
 the class of stalked plants 6s. 3. tree, also 
 sin-sdot'i(-po) frq. ; sin-sdotl rkan-ycig a tree 
 of a single stem Glr.; sin-sdon Kon-rul a 
 tree rotten at the core; col. fig. barren, 
 of females, prob. jestingly. 4. block, log. 
 Comp. 6s. : sdar-sdott trunk of a walnut- 
 tree, sug-sdon stem of a juniper-tree; fsil- 
 sdcrii a tallow-candle; Ryags-sdoii an icicle. 
 mcod-sdon (Sch. = mead - rten) , in a 
 botanical work it was explained by 'wick', 
 = sdon - rds, which seems to be more to 
 the purpose, as a blossom is compared 
 with it. sdon-rkdn v. sdon-^t'ds. sdon- 
 dum stump of a tree, sddn-dum fsig-pa the 
 burnt stump of a tree 6s. sddh-bu Cs. 
 \. a small trunk. 2. stalk. 3. wick. sdon- 
 rds, sdon-sm, sdon-rkdn C. a wick of cotton, 
 of wood, of pith; cotton wicks are used 
 esp. for sacred lamps. 
 
 sdoii-ba, sdons-pa (Sch. 
 also rdons-pd) pf. bsdons, 
 fut. bsdon, to unite, to join (in undertakings), 
 to enter into a confederacy, to associate one's 
 self with, c. dan (also accus.?); Kyod dan 
 na sdon-ste O gro you and I, we will go 
 together; sdons-zla prob. = zla-grogs. 
 r'r sddd-pa, pf. and fut. bsdad, resp. 
 
 bzes-pa, W. *ddd-ce\ 1. to sit, frq., 
 *sil-la dod* W. sit down in the shade! ddl- 
 bar sdod-pa to sit still Lt. 2. to stay, 
 to tarry, to abide, fog -mar der bsdad for 
 the present I will stay here yet a little 
 longer Mil ; nydl-nas bsdad- dug-pa to lie 
 down and to continue lying Mil; *do-du 
 jug-pa* to receive hospitably, *mi ^jug- 
 pa* to deny reception, to send awayC.; 
 to stop, to halt, in running, walking Dzl ;
 
 297 
 
 to wait, re zig ma bsdd-par sdod-cig wait 
 a little yet before beginning to kill Dzl.; 
 skdd-cig kyan sdod-pai Ion med-par without 
 waiting even for a moment Glr.; Ld.: *ltos- 
 te ddd-ce* to wait and see whether etc. ; 
 *sdm-te ddd-ce* to wait for, hope for, to 
 look forward to, *gug-te ddd-ce* id.; mdo- 
 sde O di O fso-zih sd6d-na as long as the au- 
 thority of this book is acknowledged Dom.; 
 *zag dan kyir-kyir dad dug* W. (this thing) 
 always remains round (crooked), it will 
 not get straight. 3. to be at home, *de' 
 3/0'* he is at home, *de > me 1 * he is not at 
 home 6'.; to live, reside, settle at B. and 
 col.; bka-sdod Lex., C.: i. attendant, waiting 
 servant, 2. aid-de camp. 
 jj- sdom 1. Lex. and C. spider. 2. sum- 
 mary, contents, spit sdom J. table of 
 contents, index S.g. 2. general introductory 
 remarks, introduction, also sdom-fsig; sdom- 
 la summarily, to be brief, in short. 
 
 sdom-pa I. vb., pf. bsdams, bsdoms, 
 fut. bsdam, bsdom, imp. sdom(s), 
 W. *ddm-ce* 1. to bind, Icags-sgrog-gis to 
 fetter Cs.; to bind or tie fast, to pinion; to 
 bind up, to dress, wounds. 2. to fasten, 
 to fix firmly, e.g. by a screw- vice; tiro-cits 
 by melted metal, i.e. to solder; so, to press, 
 grind, or strike the teeth together, to gnash, 
 as in anger Pth.; to fasten securely, the 
 door Dzl, Pth. ; rtsd-Ka to close an opened 
 veinJl/erf.; hence in general, 3. to stanch, 
 Stop, to cause to cease, rtsa-K.rdg sdr-ba the 
 bloody flux Med.; to bind, constrain, render 
 harmless, to neutralize, nyes-pa an evil Lex., 
 Sch. 4 W. */ldb-sa dam dug* the shoe 
 pinches. 5. to make morally firm, to con- 
 firm, spyod-pa, one's conduct, to conform 
 it strictly to the moral law. 6. with or 
 without bdag-nyid, to bind one's self, to 
 engage Cs. 7. to add together, to cast or 
 sum up, rgyud bzi bsdoms-pas leu ?V^ all 
 the four Gyud together have 154 chapters; 
 yons-su bsdus-pa-la taking all together Tar. 
 II. sbst.^^; obligation, engagement,duty, 
 sdom-pa len-pa Glr., O dzin-pa Cs., to enter 
 into an engagement, to bind one's self to 
 perform a certain duty, mi-la O b6gs-j>a to 
 
 bind a person by duty, by oath, to swear in 
 Glr. (e.g. in convents, in the relations of 
 priests and laymen) ; srun-ba to be true to 
 one's duty, to keep one's engagements; O cor 
 a duty is violated Glr.', t'td-la sdom-pa med 
 I have renounced my vow Glr. sdom- 
 pa ysum, ace. to Glr. and other more recent 
 authors, are: so-far (v. so-so), byaii-sems, 
 and ysan-sndgs-kyi sdom-pa. 
 
 Comp. sdom - ltd >i(?) neck -bell, bell at- 
 tached to the neck of cattle. sdom-byed 
 1 one that binds, by duty etc. 2. an astringent 
 medicine Cs. sdom-yzer rivet of a pair 
 of scissors or tongs Sch. 
 
 sddm-bu Sch.: a ball; a round tassel. 
 
 f^- |. sdor, rdor 1. (like oi/'ov) that 
 ' which gives relish to food, sea- 
 soning, condiment, esp. fug-sdor that which 
 gives substance to soup, viz. meat; fsa-sddr 
 salt and meat. 2. spice, sdor-gyi rkydl- 
 pa spice-bag S.g.; sdor-fdl spice -powder 
 Sch. 
 
 qx- brda (^571) sign, i.e. 1. gesture, cdgs- 
 ' pa O dod-pai brda man - du bstdn - nas 
 making many wanton gestures (or giving 
 hints, intimations v. 2), lag-brda signs with 
 the hand, sans-rgyds la ysol-cig ces Idg-brda 
 byas they beckoned to him to ask Buddha 
 Dzl.; *mig-da tdn-ce* W. to give a hint 
 with the eye, to wink. 2. indication, in- 
 timation, symptom, token, mi-rtdg O gyur-bai 
 brdao it is an indication of their frail con- 
 dition Thgy.; symbol Pth., brdar as a symbol, 
 symbolically ; de gan yin O dri-bai brda stdn- 
 pa to ask for a thing by symbolic signs, 
 in symbolic language Glr.; brda sprod-pa, 
 Q prod-pa, sbyor-ba, O grol-ba to explain, de- 
 scribe, represent, with accus., and prob. also 
 with genit. : yin-lugs-kyi brda O grol-ba Mil. 
 to explain the essence or nature of things 
 (ni f.) ; meton. dei brda ci lags what may 
 be the symbolical meaning of it Mil. - 
 3. word, Jb6d-pai brda interjection Lis.; 
 O did-bai brda word out of the Dulwa Zam.; 
 dris-pai brda-rnyih an obsolete word for 
 "being asked', Lex.; brda - sgyur - pa Sch. 
 interpreter, dragoman Sc/i.; bnli bld-ma is
 
 298 
 
 brda 
 
 stated to be a Lama who instructs by word 
 of mouth Mil.; esp. with regard to the spell- 
 ing of words: trrda yah mi O dra sna-tsogs 
 gyur there came also into use various spell- 
 ings Zam. ; brda - rnyin old orthography, 
 brda-ysdr new orthography Zam. ; bod-kyi 
 brdai bstan-bcos title of the Zamatog ; fsiy- 
 brda = fsig, fsig-brda-yis O grol-ba to explain 
 by words Mil. 
 
 Comp. brdd-skad language by symbolical 
 signs Mil.; prob. also nothing but the usual 
 language by words Glr. brda-cdd (prob. 
 for O cad, from O cdd-pa II.), me-loii-gi brda- 
 cdd the language or evidence of the mirror; 
 so prob. also Tar. 210, 22. brda-sprod, 
 brda-sbyor \. explanation, min-dnn brda- 
 sprod explanation of the import of names, 
 title of a small Materia Medica by a cer- 
 tain \Vairocana. '2 .orthography Gram., Pth. 
 
 __,_,.. 
 
 brda - Ion Mil. is said to be = fsig- 
 lan, verbal answer. brda-lags 'insignis', 
 ace. to Cs. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. V. 384. 
 brdid-ba 1. Lea: w.e. ; Sch. to de- 
 ceive, to cheat. 2. Sch. to swing, 
 brandish, flourish, yydb-mo a fly-flap. 
 
 brd 9-^s-pa to slip, to slide, 
 to lose one's footing. 
 bsddr-ba, Sch.: mdun-du bsddr-ba 
 to hope, to expect or wait for a 
 favour. In Dzl. 9%L-> 18 the better reading 
 (accordant with the manuscript of Kyelang) 
 is sdur ( sdu-bar"). 
 
 bsdogs-pa-, the Lexx. add : grabs, 
 Cs. to compose, prepare, make 
 ready, nyer bsdogs-pa id.; sna-fdg bsdogs- 
 pa to wind the rope, which is fastened in 
 the nose of an ox or a camel, round the 
 horns or the neck of the animal. 
 
 3^ na 1. the letter n. 2. num. figure: 12. 
 
 y- na meadow, C. also nd-ma; nar skye it 
 ' grows on meadows, Wdn. and elsewh. 
 (cf. neu). 
 
 r' na I. sbst. 1. year(?) v. nd-nin. 2. stage 
 ' Of life, age, also na-fsod, and net-so, resp. 
 sku-nd (also sku-nds T) ; na-fsod rgds - pas 
 Wdn. old, of an advanced age ; nd-so yzon- 
 te Glr. young; sku-nds pr a -mo Mil. of a 
 tender age ; na-fsod-kyi dbye - ba the dif- 
 ferent ages or stages of life; (sku-} ndr- 
 son-pa (Sch. grown old ?) Glr. : of full age, 
 adult, grown up; *nd-so-tsir-ld* W. accord- 
 ing to age ; na - cun girl, maiden, virgin, 
 na - cun bzdn - mo bcu ten beautiful girls 
 Dzl. ; na-mnydm, - O drd, -zld, neu-lddh, Lex. 
 of the same age, coetaneous; *nd-da-tom- 
 mo* C. a festivity given by wealthy parents 
 
 on their son's birthday to him and his play- 
 mates, also *lo-da-tgm-mo*: na-prd young, 
 tender; na-yzon = yzon - nu. II. postp. c. 
 accus., signifying the place where a thing 
 is, 1. added to substantives, in, (more ac- 
 curately ndn-na c. genit.), sometimes also 
 to be rendered by on, at, with, to etc. mdd- 
 na in scripture, lo-rgyus-na in a book of 
 history Glr.; de-na there, in that place; 
 of time: dus-ycig-na at the same time, dei 
 fse-na at tha f , time, then etc. 2. added 
 to verbs, either to the inf., or- more frq. 
 (col. always) to the verbal root: in, at, 
 during (the doing or happening of a thing), 
 hence a. when, at the time of, bos-na when 
 I called Dzl., zer-ba-na when he said Tar.; 
 bddg-gi pa fse pos-na when my father shall 
 have died Dzl.; with nam: nam diis-la bdb- 
 na ( W. *dus leb-na*) when the time conies,
 
 299 
 
 na-bun 
 
 frq. ; nam O gr6-na when I (you etc.) go, 
 was going, shall go. b. If, in case, sup- 
 posing that (fia'*)> tne different degrees of 
 possibility, however, cannot be so precisely 
 expressed by the mood in Tibetan, as in 
 other languages; with or without a preced- 
 ing gdl-te, ci-ste etc. (cf. the remarks sub 
 gan II.) ; . . . ma mfon na . . . mi rtdgs-par 
 dug if we had not seen . . ., we should not 
 have known . . . Mil. ; but in most cases also 
 the vb., to which it is subordinate, is put 
 in the gerund: O di byds-na brdm-ze ma yin- 
 pas as I should be no longer a Brahmin, 
 if I were to do that Dzl. ; further : if even . . ., 
 how much the more . . .! in asseverations: 
 if . . ., then indeed may . . .! then I would 
 that . . . ! it is well, that . . ., it will be well, 
 if . . ., na legs-so frq.; if legs -so is ellipti- 
 cally omitted, na answers to: that! would 
 that! also: I will; in an interrogative sen- 
 tence, viz. 'legs-sam' being omitted, to: must 
 I? Shall I? Mil.: cos byds-na snyam (when 
 we are with you) we think, we will be 
 pious! jig-rten byds-na snyam (when we 
 have come home) we think, let us take 
 care of temporal things! ci drdg-na (better 
 ci byds-na drag) what shall we consider 
 the most advantageous? c. of a more 
 general signification: as, since, whilst, by 
 (with the partic. pres.), = te or pas Dzl. 
 frq., dug zos-na yah even by eating poi- 
 sonous things (he was not hurt) ^^, 3; 
 na is used thus, however, only in con- 
 junction with yan, and dug zos-na yah is 
 the more popular phrase for dug zos kyan 
 In careless speaking or writing na is also 
 used for ce-na Thgy. frq. 3 pleon. added 
 to the termination of the instr. of substan 
 tives and verbs: rgyu des-na for that reason, 
 therefore, cii rgyus-na for what reason, why, 
 wherefore Sty.; de-bas-na hence, thus, so 
 then, accordingly, very frq.; kur-bas-na 
 because they carried Glr.; also added to 
 the termination of the termin. : ji-ltar-na 
 frq. ; ycig-tu-na, ynyis - su - na, in the first 
 place, firstly etc. Dzl; sldd-du-na Dzl.; 
 rgya-gdr skdd-du-na Thgy. 4. incorr. for 
 nas, col. frq. ; its being used for the termin. 
 
 is very questionable, and the rare instances 
 of this use in books may be regarded as 
 errors in writing (e.g. Dzl. '4&Q, 17 ndn- 
 na son inst. ofnan-du), whereas the con- 
 trary, du for na, occurs frq., and is to be 
 considered as sanctioned. 
 
 III. conj. and, Bal (?) - IV. v. nd-Ka, 
 nd-ba 
 
 nd-Ka, = span, greensward, turf. 
 
 na-ga, Ssk. for klu. 
 
 ' nci-ga-ri Sanskrit, Sanskrit-letters. 
 
 a. na-gi Sch. 1. being ill(?). 2. the claws 
 1 of a sea-monster (?). 
 
 na-ge-sar Lt. = Hindi, for *frai%- 
 ^TT, Mesua ferrea. 
 <3\'Q>EQ.* na ~<J a W. mock -suns and similar 
 
 phenomena, v. na-bun. 
 nd-nin (6s.: 'for na-myin) the last 
 year; gen. adv. last year; nd-nih-gi 
 adj. of last year or last year's (crop). 
 j-q- nd-ba 1. to be ill, sick; inf. also the 
 state of being ill, illness, sickness, nd- 
 ba yso - ba to cure it Lt., though nad is 
 more in use; partic.: a sick person, patient, 
 nd-ba dan O ci-ba disease and death; skye 
 rga na O ci v. skye-ba I., rgds-pa dan nd-ba 
 old and sick people ; mi-nd-ba ynds-pa to 
 remain in health S.g. ; nd-ba-pa, nd-ba-ma 
 Cs. a sick person, an invalid (male and 
 female); nd-mo a female patient Mil.\ nd- 
 ba-ml>'an a sickly person, an invalid Cs.; 
 nd-ba-can sickly, na-ba-med healthy 6s.; 
 na - fog after falling ill Sch. 2. of the 
 separate parts of the body: to ache, rnd- 
 ba (not -bai} nd-ba pain in the ear, ear- 
 ache ; lus fams - cad na (my) whole body 
 aches Dom.\ so nd-na having the tooth- 
 ache; ndn-na na it aches, when pressed 
 (with the fingers) S.g.; kldd-pa nd-ba-la 
 (good) for the headache, for diseases of 
 the brain; na- preit complication of diseases 
 or fits Sch. ; na-(ba dan)zug(-riiu), na-fsd 
 disease and pain 
 
 _.__. na-bun fog, thick mist, fibs, Jcyims 
 ^ ^ ' comes on ; byin - rlabs - kyi prob. a 
 cloud, a flood, of blessing Mil
 
 300 
 
 ndgs(-ma} 
 
 nd-ma \.\.na I. 2. also nd-mo( 
 praise, glory, adoration, na-mo gu-m 
 praise to the teacher! 
 ... nd-ma Ssk. = zes byd-ba SO called, frq. 
 n^ in titles of books. 
 
 nd-bza (*nd - za*, vulg. *ndb - za, 
 ndm - za*} resp. for gos, garment, 
 dress, frq.; ysol-ba to put it on. 
 
 na-un obs. or vulg. for na-bun, old 
 edition of Mil. 
 na-rag, Ssk. fT*R5 bell. 
 na-rdm medicinal herb, Med.; in 
 Lh. Polygon, viviparum. 
 W na-ri-ke-la Ssk. COCOa-nut. 
 
 ^ 
 
 <3TX' nd-re, by form and position an adv., 
 like O di-skad-du; before words or sen- 
 tences that are quoted literally, mostly fol- 
 lowed by smrds-nas, zer - ba - la , but not 
 always, in which latter case it stands for 
 'he says, he said' etc., the noun being always 
 put in the nom. case, never in the instr.: 
 O pags-pa na-re the Reverend said; rarely 
 in accessory sentences: gdl-te yzdn-dag nd- 
 re (not nd-re-na) si forte alii dixerint Wd/i. ; 
 even without gdl-te in the same sense Thgy. 
 It hardly occurs in old classical literature, 
 nor in the col. language of W., but pretty 
 frq. in later literature. In Kun., however, 
 there exists a vb. nd - cas (*nd - cd*), pf. 
 nas (*na*), imp. nos (*wo*) which is used 
 for zer-ba (not in use there), and is con- 
 strued with the instr. : a-pa-su nd son the 
 father has said. 
 
 r'jrt nd- 
 
 \ nd-ro the sign for the vowel o, -^. 
 
 -ro n. of a holy Lama Mil. ; nd-ro- 
 , pa Tar. 1 8 1 , 1 id. ? nd-roi sems- dzm- 
 gyi Icags-fdg a sort of puzzle. 
 
 na ~landa Pth. na-kn-dra Wdk., n. of 
 a monastery in Magadha. 
 (T'pr na - H bowl, basin, an iron or china 
 
 dish W. 
 
 (T'^Vnqr na-le-sag Lt., sal S.g., = si-kru 
 1 Wdn. (fijlf ?) n. of an acrid me- 
 dicine. 
 
 gnr na 9 (blackness?) crime, offence, trans- 
 gression, v. ndg-pa comp.; nag-ku-be- 
 ra v. ku-be-ra. 
 
 ndg-pa, gen. ndg-po, black, 
 ber pyi ndg-pa nat't dkdr- 
 ba a garment outside black, inside white 
 Glr.; *ndg-po ma ku* do not blacken it, 
 do not soil it! of the countenance dark, 
 frowning, gloomy, mournful Glr.\ mi nag (-po 
 or-pa) a black one, a layman, (on account 
 of his not being clad in a red or yellow 
 clerical garb) ; ndg-po n. p. Krishna Tar., 
 ndg-po cen -po = *j^|ehH Siwa; nag -mo 
 1. a black woman, 2. Kali, Uma; ndg-moi- 
 O bans or Kol Kalidasa, 3. woman, in ge- 
 neral Sch. nag- yros, ndg-po O gro - ses 
 'easy to be understood' Sch.; ace. to our 
 Lama from Tashilunpo ndg-po O gro- bser 
 implies : illustrating a sentence by compar- 
 ing it with similar passages; nay-can i.a 
 person guilty of a crime Sch.] mi ndg-can 
 dori-nas far -pa a criminal released from 
 prison Mil. 2. a married man Sch. nag- 
 cdgs black-cattle, horned cattle Sch.; v. also 
 yndg-pa. ndg-cu n. of a river north 
 of Lhasa, Hue II, 238; ndg-ai-Jca-pa people 
 living on its banks, notorious for their 
 thievish propensities. nag-cen, nag-nyes C. 
 a heinous crime. nag-fum, nag-fom, Sch., 
 nay-siii-ba Thgy., nag-hur-re Sch., coal- 
 black, jet-black. nag -nog (-can) dirty, 
 dingy; not clear, as bad print; fig. stained, 
 polluted, with sin, guilt, sems. nay-pyogs 
 v. pyogs. nag(-ma)-fsur a black mineral 
 colour, Sch : green vitriol (?). nag-tsig a 
 point, dot, W. nag-zug(?) darkness, nag- 
 zug-la snom-bzin son, he groped about in 
 the dark. 
 
 ndg-sa Sch.: linden -tree, lime-tree 
 (hardly to be found in Tibet; the 
 word perhaps introduced from Mongol dic- 
 tionaries). 
 
 ndgs (~ ma Glr -) R > C -> W '' forest ' 
 
 rtsi-sifi-nags-kyis mdzes beauti- 
 
 fied by forests, richly wooded Glr.; O fug- 
 po dense forest ; nays-tfrnd a thicket Glr. ; 
 nags-can woody, covered with forests ; nays- 
 Ijons woodland country, a well- wooded pro- 
 vince ; nags-sbdl Lt. tree-frog (?) ; nags-fsdl 
 = nags, nydm-iia-ba a dreadful forest Dzl. ; 
 yid-du-^oh-ba a lovely wood Sambh. ; nags- 
 (f)seb an intersected forest, v. (f)seb.
 
 301 
 
 __. nan I. the space within a thing, 1. the 
 interior, the inside, pug-pai nan kun 
 the whole interior of the cavern Mil. ; yzoft- 
 pai, don-gi nan the interior of a basin, of 
 a pit (e.g. being filled up) Dzl.\ Kdn-pai 
 nan pyag-ddr byed-pa to sweep the inside 
 of a house Dzl. 2. space, room, apart- 
 ment, chamber col. 3. dwelling, domicile, 
 house, esp. C. 4. meton inmates, family, 
 household, '''nan fsan* W. the whole family. 
 5. the interior (spiritually), heart, mind, 
 soul, ye-ses ndn-na sar wisdom begins to 
 shine in the mind; zen- dzin nan-nas O grol 
 affection, interest, disappears from the heart 
 Gfr, g. sometimes adv. for ndn-na. 
 
 II. ndn-gi, genit., used 1. as an adj.: 
 inner, inward, esoteric (opp. to pyii), ndn- 
 gi h'rims, nan - Krims, a private law, an 
 esoteric precept or doctrine not intended 
 for the public; *ge-dun-gyl ndfi-fim dhan 
 O gal fse* C. if priests violate their special 
 moral duties, (very different from ndfi-pai 
 k'rims the Buddhist law, merely opp. to 
 Brahmanism); nan - gi sbyin -pa inward 
 offerings, i.e. spiritual sacrifices, opp. to 
 outward and material offerings; but Dzl. 
 2&, 4 it denotes personal sacrifices, the 
 surrendering of parts of our own self, e.g. 
 a member of the body, opp. to outward 
 property; the meaning also reminds of Rom. 
 12,1, and I Pet. 2,5. ndn-gi byd-ba 
 internal affairs Glr.; v. also the compounds. 
 
 - 2. for ndn - na among, amidst, frq. c. 
 accus. : bu ndn-gi fa cun, pug-ron ndh-gi 
 cun-nu Dzl. the smallest among etc.; for 
 de-dag-gi ndn-na of it, of them, among them 
 etc. : ndn-gi cun-nu the least of them Dzl.; 
 ndn-gi Ihd-mo snd-ma the foremost among 
 the goddesses; sometimes more pleon., with- 
 out distinct reference to a preceding noun, 
 Dzl ?ZAS, 18; 7%&, 16 (where Sch. prob. 
 translates incorr.). 
 
 III. with la, na, du, nas; 1. as sbst., 
 ace. to the significations given above, e.g. 
 ndd-pai ndn-du ^jug-pa to go into the room 
 of a sick person Wdn.; dei ndn-du ydan- 
 drdns-te inviting into their house Mil. - 
 2. as adv. ndn-na in it, therein, within, 
 
 among it or them; ndn-du and nah-la there- 
 into, into it; ndn -nas out, thereout, from 
 among; among it or them = ndn - na. 
 3. postp : in, into, among etc., e.g. rdzih- 
 gi ndn-na Jcrus byed-pa Dzl. to bathe in 
 a pond, cui ndn-du zugs-pa to go into the 
 water; gron-k'yer dei nan dan pyi-rol-na in 
 the town and out of it Dzl. ; *sem-mi ndn- 
 na zer-pa* W. he said to himself; snai ndh- 
 nas byun it came out of his nose (again) 
 Dzl; mii ndn-na(s) bzdn-po zig one very 
 beautiful among men Dzl; glin de-rnams- 
 kyi ndn-na(s] mcog-tu gyur-pa the most 
 important among or of these countries Glr. 
 (here at least the sing, is as frq. als the 
 plur.); in col. language the word is much 
 used, though often inaccurately; so it is 
 frq. employed, where the later literature 
 has ndn-la, ndn-nas; *wdh-gi ndn-na* by 
 force ; *so-mf > ndn-na zer gos* W. that should 
 have been mentioned, when it was fresh 
 (in remembrance); *lo ton-ni ndn-na fsd- 
 pig ma fsar* not yet quite in a thousand 
 years, i.e. it is not full a thousand years 
 W. There is still to be noticed: nan 
 
 nan-mo. nah-med-la col. frq. suddenly; 
 in B. of rare occurrence ; nan-med norrnyed- 
 pa to become rich unexpectedly S.g. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. nah-tyog Sch.: having 
 legs bending inward, bandy-legged. nan- 
 skdr v. sk6r-ba extr. nan-Krims v. above. 
 
 nan -fool, vulgo -rol, bowels, entrails, 
 intestines; also any separate part of them; 
 nah-Krol dro/i-ba spasmodic contractions 
 of the bowels Sch.', nan-Krol-bzag seems 
 in Lexx. to be taken synon. with mnyam- 
 bzag. nan-gog v. fer. *nah-gyog* W. 
 a large bolt, door -bar. ndn-ca = nan- 
 tfrol. nan-cags-su in one's self, in one's 
 own mind Sch. ndn-rjc minister of the 
 interior, home - minister Sch. -- ndn-lta 
 Glr 89, 11? nan-fab byed-pa to be in- 
 volved in intestine war l*th., = nan- Kriigs. 
 
 - nan -dag \. Sch. 'the interior being 
 cleansed 1 . 2. col. (or nan-brtags?) v. snail. 
 
 - ndn- don the intrinsic meaning, the true 
 sense, ndh-don rtog-pa to investigate, to 
 study, the real meaning; * ''nan-don tog-Ken^
 
 302 
 
 nan-mcod 
 
 or gho - Ken* C., *ndn-don-can (or -yod- 
 Karif W. most learned, very erudite; ace. 
 to 6s. more particularly the mystical sense 
 of religious writings, a higher degree of 
 theology, as it were ; nan - don - gyi rab- 
 Jbydms -pa a, Doctor of Divinity Cs. 
 nan-ndn-gi, nan-nan -nas = nah-gi, nan- 
 nas among. ndii-pa Buddhist, opp. to 
 pyi-pa, Non-Buddhist, Brahmanist; ndn- 
 pai Ita-ba, bstdn-pa, cos, ston-pa, cd-lugs, 
 the theory etc. of the Buddhists. nan- 
 po an intimate, a bosom-friend Sch. 
 nan-mi members of a household, inmates 
 (nif) Dom. ndn-mig room, apartment, 
 C., W. *nan-ydns* W. wide, spacious, 
 roomy. nan-rol nan-Krol ndn-sa 
 lining, *ndn-sa tdn-wa* to cover on the 
 inside, to line, *ndii-sa-cen* C. lined. - 
 nan-sel dissension, discrepancy. nah-yses. 
 reciprocal, mutual Wdn. frq. 
 
 . nan-mcod a sort of potion (thin 
 pap?) consisting of the 'ten im- 
 purities', viz. five kinds of flesh (also human 
 flesh), excrements, urine, blood, marrow, 
 and 'byan-sems dkdr-po' (?), all mixed to- 
 gether, transsubstantiated by charms, and 
 changed into bdud-rtsi or nectar, a small 
 quantity of which is tasted by the devo- 
 tees, with the Lama at their head. This 
 delicious drink is considered of great im- 
 portance by the mystics, who seek to obtain 
 spiritual gifts by witchcraft (cf. mdo extr.); 
 hence every offering is sprinkled with this 
 potion. 
 
 xr'fvx^ (ndn-ltar) *ndh-tar* W., 61, *ndn- 
 zin* C. col. for bzin-du, Itar, ac- 
 cording to, in conformity with, like, as, c. 
 genit. or accus., bka nan-tar, bkai nan-tar. 
 e i r esp. for me fire W. (sndn- 
 mef). 
 
 nan - mo ( ma Pth.?) the morning; in 
 the morning; nan -mo ycig bzin-du 
 every morning Pth.\ nan re id.; nan re 
 dgons re every morning and evening; da- 
 ndn this morning; da-nan ni gdn-nas byon 
 where do you come from to-day? Mil.; 
 da-ndn-gi fso-ba this day's breakfast Mil. ; 
 nan-nub in the morning and in the even- 
 
 <3C'3T 
 
 ing; nan -nub nyi-pyed ysum-la in the 
 morning, in the evening, and at noon. 
 nan-par 1. in the morning, nan-par snar 
 early in the morning Dzl. 2. the morning, 
 esp the following morning , ndii - par - kyt 
 skdl-ba the allowance, the ration for the 
 following morning Glr. 
 
 nans W. (?) nan - cun yod that is a 
 mere trifle, not worth while, cf. mnog. 
 nans-par 6's., *ndn-la* W., the 
 day after to-morrow, B. ynan. 
 --- nad disease, distemper, malady, sickness, 
 
 ' cf. nd-ba\ (the Tibetan science of me- 
 dicine distinguishes 404 kinds of diseases); 
 mi - nad pyugs - nad diseases among men 
 and animals Glr. ; nad yso - ba to cure a 
 disease, nad O fso-ba, nad sos-par, or zi- 
 bar, or dan brdl-bar O gyur-ba to be cured 
 of a disease, to get well, to recover; ndd- 
 kyis O debs-pa, O febs-pa, to be attacked by 
 a disease, to be taken ill B. ; C. more frq. : 
 *ne'-kyi gydb-pa, zir-wa*, W.: *nd-la nad 
 yon(s)*; ndd-kyi rgyu, and rkyen, v. rkyen 
 1 and 2. 
 
 Comp. nad - rkydl Wdk. emblem of a 
 deity (meaning not clear). nad -Kan 
 hospital Cs. ndd -go seat of a disease 
 Sch. ndd- can ill, sick (little used). 
 ndd-pa\. a sick person, male or female. 
 2. adj. ill, sick, sems-can ndd-pa-dag 8. 0. 
 = ndd-po and ndd-bu = nad 6s., *ndd- 
 bu-can* W., weak in health, sickly, poorly. 
 - nad-med healthy, hale, in health, (the 
 usual word); nad-med-par gyiir-cig may 
 you recover your health, may you remain 
 in good health, all hail to you ! 6s. ndd- 
 med-pa health, ndd-med-pa fob-pa, rnyed- 
 pa to get well, to recover one's health; 
 ndd-med-pa O gyiir-ba declining health Thgy. 
 nad fsul the character of a disease S.g. 
 wad-/z'seat, primary cause of a disease(?) 
 Lt. nad-yyog one attending to sick 
 persons, a nurse ; nad-yyog byed-pa W. *co- 
 ce*, to nurse. 
 - nan the act of pressing, urging; pressure, 
 
 ' urgency, importunity, K6n-rnams-kyi nan 
 ma fegs-par not being able to resist their 
 importunity Mil. ; ndn-gyis with urgency,
 
 303 
 
 ndn-te 
 
 pressingly, e.g. zu-ba to request, to solicit 
 Glr.\ ndn-gyis zar ^jug-pa to urge, to 
 compel (a person) to eat Dzl.; ndn-gyis 
 skor-ba to press, to crowd, round Dzl. ; 
 ndn-gyis O gug-pa to make a person come 
 near by calling to him Mil. ; nan - cdgs 
 1. sbst. certainty, surety, *da nan-cdg fob 
 son* W. now I have certainty, now 1 know 
 for sure; nan-cags O fems? Zam. 2. adv. 
 certainly, surely W., C.; adj. !! Ion nan-cdg* 
 W. certain news. nan-tan l.sbst. earnest 
 desire, application, exertion Cs.; tyaii- cub- 
 la nan-tan byed-pa to strive earnestly for 
 perfection Dzl. ; ndn-tan-du byed-pa Thgy. ; 
 in cos-kyi nan-tan ysuns Pth. 'kyi is perh. 
 to be cancelled. 2. adv. C : certainly, po- 
 sitively, *ne nen-ten lab -pa, ntn-cdg zer- 
 pa* , I have told him so definitively, as 
 my unalterable decision; W.: earnestly, ar- 
 dently, accurately, *ndn-tan zib-ca Itos* 
 look at it, examine it, accurately! *ndn- 
 tan cos* do it well, most carefully! *ndn- 
 tan srdg-ce* to burn entirely. nan-tar 
 very , nan - tar bzan Lex. ; very much, all 
 the more, altogether Mil ; nan-tur, of rare 
 occurrence, = nan-tan. non-pa, fndn- 
 pa are cog. to nan. 
 
 XX-C' ndn-te 1. Ts. for nd-ba sick, ill. 
 ' 2. W. *cu ndn-te kyoh*, for ran-te, 
 O dren-te, conduct the water this way! 
 dv3T(cfTT na n-zag W. late, recent, what has 
 happened a few weeks or months 
 ago. 
 
 nabs put on (your clothes)! Sch., v. 
 
 mndb-pa. 
 
 ndbs-so one of the lunar mansions, 
 v. rgyu-skdr \S. 
 yyr nam I. sbst. 1. night, nam lans-te, or 
 -was, when night departs, at day-break, 
 frq.; nam-gdn Sch.: the last day of the 
 lunar month on which there is no moon- 
 shine at all; nam-gun midnight, ndm-gyi 
 gun-fun-la in the hour of midnight Dom.; 
 nam-stod the first half of the night, nam- 
 smdd the second half of the night; ndm- 
 gyi ca stod, smad, id. nam-pyed mid- 
 night DzL, Glr.; nam-zoh(?) Sch. in the 
 morning; nam-rin Sch. a long day(??) 
 
 ndm-mKa 
 
 nam-ldns day-break, nam-lans-kyi-bar- 
 du Dzl. nam - srod darkness of night, 
 nam-srod byiii son-bai fse as it was almost 
 quite dark Mil., *nam - srod yol son - nas* 
 6'., nam-sros-nas Sch. id. 2. for nam- 
 mfca q. v. 
 
 II. adv. of time, also dus-ndm-zig, 1. 
 when? frq., how long a time? seldom; rgyun- 
 du nam O ci ca med sgom always keep in 
 mind that you do not know when you will 
 die Mil. ; dus - nam -zig- gi tse-nas since 
 when? since what time? how long ago? Ml; 
 relatively: nam ^ro-bai dus byed-pa to 
 appoint the time, when one is going to 
 start Dzl.', nam zig sgyu-lus )og-pai tse, 
 when he shall lay aside his phantom-body 
 Mil.', *nam fsug-pa Ko ma leb-na, de 
 fuy*. . ., as long as he has not come, so 
 long ... W. 2. ndm(-du') yan (col. 
 *ndm-an, ndms-an*) with a negative, never, 
 in sentences relating to the past, or the 
 future, or containing a prohibition, cf. mi 
 and ma, nam-yan mi zin-to it will never 
 be finished Dzl. %&>, 9; snon nam yan 
 ma fos (that) has never been heard of 
 formerly; without a negative in B. rarely, 
 col. frq.: always; nam zag bi'tan Mil.', 
 *ndm-zag gyun-du* C. id. 
 
 the space or region above us, 
 heaven, sky, where the birds are flying, 
 and the saints are soaring, where it light- 
 ens and thunders etc.; the ether, as the 
 fifth element S. g.; the principle of expan- 
 sion and enlargement Wdn.; ndm-mKa dan 
 mnydm-pa like unto the heavens, as to 
 wide expanse, frq.; inaccurately also for 
 an innumerable multitude, ndm-mJca dan 
 mnydm - pai sems - can - mams Mil. ; ndm- 
 mHai dbyins, ndm-mKa- Idiit (-mo} v. sub 
 m/ca; ndm-mKai mtons celestial vault, fir- 
 mament Glr., S. 0. ; nam - ml,'a - mdog the 
 blue colour of the sky, azure; it is supposed 
 to be produced by the southern side of 
 mount Rirab, which consists entirely of 
 azur-stone, Mil.; Kyim-gyi ndm-mKa-la in 
 the air above the house, like bar-sndn-la, 
 Tar. ^sS, 2 ; nam- pdns ycod-pa, also nam-
 
 304 
 
 ndm-zla 
 
 dpdns spyod-pa Mil, to cross the height 
 of the heavens, to fly across the sky. - 
 nam-gru v. rgyu-skar. 
 jxr = (ndm-zla} pronounced *ndm-da, and 
 rfl ndm-la*, Mil, Pth., col, season, 
 ndm-zla dus bzi the four seasons; da nam- 
 da st-;n sar now autumn has set in; *da 
 nam-da dan-mo soft*', fig. ndm-da O das the 
 (favourable) season has passed Mil. 
 
 dm-so == ndbs-so. 
 
 nar v. na I. and II., 2; also nd-Ra. 
 
 j. ndr-ma adj., and ndr-mar adv., con- 
 tinuous, without interruption Sch.', 
 *ci-ma ndr-te fon or sor* C. torrents of 
 tears gushed from his eyes, cf. fcrul; nclr- 
 re Mil., more vulg. *ndr-ra-ra* in a long 
 row or file, O grul-ba to walk 
 XT'^T sT'XT^v ndr-mo, ndr-nar-po ob- 
 J long Mil., U*L; Ka-nar- 
 can having the shape of a rectangle; gru- 
 nar-can rhombic, lozenge-shaped. Cf. (b)sndr- 
 ba. 
 
 SPj" nal n. of a precious stone Sch. 
 
 -^..^j. ndl(-ma) Cs. incest, fornication; 
 nal-grib pollution by it. nal-priig 
 frq., *nal-le* Ts., bastard-child; ndl-bu 
 Sch. a libidinous woman (??). 
 
 ^PJ'S* na l-fyi Pth- n - f a poison-tree. 
 
 y^r- nas I. sbst. 1. barley, in three varieties: 
 mgyogs-nas (Ld. ydn-ma, or drug-cu- 
 nas, Wdn. Krd-ma^) early barley, ripening 
 in about 60 days; ser-mo late barley, the 
 best sort; ce - nas a middling sort. 2. 
 barley-corn, nas-tsam as much as a barley- 
 corn Glr. - nds-can beer brewed of barley. 
 nas-rjen v. rjen-pa. nas-pye barley- 
 flour. *nas - zir* (spelling not certain) 
 aim or sight on a gun W. 
 
 II. postp., sign of the ablative case 
 (almost like las') 1. added to sbst: from, 
 bydn-pyogs-nas from the north, often joined 
 with bzun-ste (Ld. *tdns-te*\ commencing 
 from, extending from, with a following to, 
 as far as; till, until, with respect so space 
 and time; by, Idg-pa-nas O dzin-pa or Ju- 
 
 ba to take a person by the hand, miii- 
 nas rjod-pa, smo-ba to call by name, figs- 
 pa re -re -nas (to count) by single drops, 
 so -so -nas one by one, each by himself; 
 through, du/t-nas bsdd-pas speaking through 
 a trumpet Glr., syo-sdh-nas ltd-ba looking 
 through the chink of a door Tar.; sgo- 
 nas yton - ba to admit through the door 
 Dzl.; *bi'-yan-ne pan* W, he flung it through 
 the hole (cf. also rgy&d-pal.,%)] made, 
 manufactured, built etc. of, pd-gu-nas of 
 bricks; (made, worked, struck etc.) with, 
 *ldg-pa-ne dun* W. struck with the hand; 
 denoting distance: rgyan .- grays ycig-nas 
 po-ta-la yod 6'., Potala lies within reach 
 of the ear; O di-nas gdns-ri-la far from 
 here on the snowy mountain Glr.', with 
 respect to time: after, sag bdun-nas after 
 seven days: de-nas after that, afterwards, 
 then. 2. added to verbs, as gerundial 
 particle, rarely to the inf., gen. (col. al- 
 ways) to the verbal root, prop, after, since; 
 also equivalent to te, when added to a 
 pres. or pf. root (instances of which are 
 to be met with almost on every page of 
 Tibetan books) ; together with O dug or yod 
 added to a pres. or pf. tense, col. frq., in 
 B. rarely: ha Iceb dgos snydm-nas yod I 
 think I must seek death Ptk.; fsos-nas 
 yod it is boiled Pth.\ so-nam-gyi byd-ba- 
 la zugs-nas yod-pa-la as they began to 
 till the ground Glr. Col. also for na. 
 |j- ni I. 1. particle, col. also *m'n*; Cs. 
 ' justly remarks : 'an emphatical particle', 
 serving to give force to that word or part 
 of a sentence, which rhetorically is most 
 important, esp. also (though not exclusively, 
 Sch.) to separate the subject of a sentence 
 from its predicate, thus adding to perspi- 
 cuity : Kyod O dir ^.oris-pa ni nai mfus f ons- 
 so thy coming hither has been effected by 
 my (magic) power Dzl.; bdag ni brdm-ze 
 yin myself am a Brahmin Dzl.; de ni tia 
 yin that one am I; O di ni mi pod-do this 
 I am not able to do Dzl.; fa-mdl-pa ni 
 ma yin a vulgar person she is not Dzl.', 
 des ni it is by this (that . . .); stobs ni as 
 to strength (I . . .); gdl-te nus-na ni if he
 
 305 
 
 ni-la 
 
 nus-pa 
 
 can ( well!); da ni, siiar ni, O di-las ni, 
 snon-cad ni etc.; sin-m/can ni now, as to 
 the carpenter, he ... Dzl. ; ddr-ba ni now, 
 with respect to the propagation (of the 
 doctrine). In a similar manner it is frq. 
 used, where we begin a new paragraph, 
 heading it with its principal contents. In 
 col. language the word before ni is rendered 
 still more emphatic by repeating it once 
 more after ni: *zer ni zer dug* W. (it is 
 true) they say so; *dl ni dl-te yod* it has 
 been written, (to be sure); *jhe ni jhe* 
 6'., *co ni co dug* W. (certainly) they are 
 working at it, (but . . .). In metrical com- 
 positions, esp. in mnemonic verses, it is 
 often added as a mere metrical expletive, 
 without any meaning, esp. after dan. 
 2. Ts.: demonstrative pron., *ri ni-le ni 
 fo-iva dug* this mountain is higher than 
 that. 
 
 II. num. figure: 42. 
 
 Ircr ni-la (Hindi f^f blue) 1. 6s. indigo. 
 2. W. the blue pheasant of the South 
 Himalaya, manal. 
 
 fo'Qigi' ni - lam , U-lam (Hindi; 
 Shaksp. : 'from the Portu- 
 guese leilam') auction, public sale. 
 J-p" niti 1. col. for ni. 2. for rnyin? v. na- 
 
 nin, ze-niu. 
 |-Wq- nim-ba, f^jsf, n. of a plant, Melia 
 
 Azedarachta. 
 
 nii - li Sch. : the great buzzard or 
 
 mouse-hawk (?). 
 
 5 
 
 nu num. fig.: 72. 
 
 y-q- nu-ba pf. and imp. nus, to SUCk 6s., 
 NO nu(-ba)-po, mo, a suckling 6s., nu-kiig 
 sucking-bag. 
 
 r-j-f' nu-bo, resp. ycun-po, W. *no*, a man's 
 1 younger brother B. and 61 
 r'^nu-ma, Cs. also cdb-nu (resp.?), breast, 
 >o as two correspondent parts of the body, 
 1. mammary gland, female breast, bosom S.g. 
 2. nipple, teat, also of males. 3. dug, 
 nipple of a cow's udder; nu-Kyim, -ydan, 
 -Jbui\ - O bor, Cs. id. nu-sa the thoracic 
 muscle. nu-rtse, nu-sor Cs. the tip of 
 the breasts, nipple. nu-zo mother's milk, 
 
 mai nu-zo Dzl.\ nu-zo snun-par byed-pa 
 
 to suckle, to give suck, Lt.', nu-zo skdm- 
 
 na if she has no milk Lt. 
 
 nu ~' nw ! W- *no-mo*^ the younger 
 sister of a female, B. and col. 2. 
 
 v. nu-ba. 
 
 nuy-ste (pronounced *nug-te*} Ts., 
 so,' thus. 
 
 nud-pa to suckle, W. : *pi-pi nud ton* 
 give to suck! (= snun-pa). 
 
 yq- nub 1. the west, nub-(kyf) pyogs(-rol) 
 
 4> id.; niib-pyogs-su towards the west; 
 
 nub-bydn north-west; nub-kyi of the west, 
 
 western; v. also bde-ba-can. 2. evening, 
 
 do-nub this evening, to-night. 
 
 nub-pa 1. vb., to fall gradually, to 
 sink, mfil-la to the bottom; to sink 
 
 in, piis-mo nub-pa tsam knee-deep Dzl. frq.; 
 
 to go down, to set, of the sun, moon, frq.; 
 
 fig. to decay, decline, of religion; nub-par 
 
 O gyur-ba id. ; nub-par byed-pa Sch. = vb. a. 
 
 snub -pa. 2. sbst. an inhabitant of the 
 
 West. 
 
 <3W"f nu ^~ mo evening; in the evening, frq.; 
 
 NO nubgrdn-gi happening every evening 
 
 Sch. 
 
 <3\5J* num, W. col. for mun. 
 
 No 
 
 ( T^- ( T^'^I :/ nur-nur-po denotes the form of 
 NO NO the embryo in the second week: 
 oval, oblong; mer-mer-po id. 
 *r .. nur-ba (cf . brnur-ba, snur-ba'), 1 . to 
 4 change place or posture, to move a 
 little, *rig-te nur* (v. sgrig-pa) W. move 
 a little nearer together, stand or sit a little 
 closer! nur-gyis O t 'en-pa to pull gradually, 
 to give short pulls Glr. ; pa-bori O dam rdzis- 
 pa bzin-du nur the rock yielded, i.e. received 
 impressions, like foot-prints on soft clay, 
 MH.: to step aside, to draw or fall back; 
 to get out of its place, to be dislocated; *pi 
 nur-la dul-ce, pi-log-la nur-ce* W. to move 
 slowly back. 2. to crumble to pieces, Mil. 
 of mountains during an unearthly storm, 
 according to some Lamas, cf. snur-ba. 
 3. 6s.: to approach, to come near to(?), yet 
 cf. snu)'-ba. 
 
 nus P a ! ^ v ^- * be able, to have 
 sufficient moral or physical power, 
 20
 
 306 
 
 nog-pa 
 
 also = pod- pa; )i (or frq. ci) nus-kyis to 
 one's best ability; to be able to do or to 
 perform, dkd-las gan yah mi nus he cannot 
 perform any difficult task Thyy.; rgydl-po 
 mi nus he cannot be a king; to venture, 
 to dare, ^ro nus-pa one that dared to go. 
 (In W. *fub-pa* is used almost exclusively 
 instead of it.) 2. adj. able, nus-pa su 
 ce - ba Ita let us see who is more able, 
 more efficient, who can do more, Mil.; C. 
 also active, diligent, assiduous. 3. sbst. 
 power, ability, faculty, capability, c. genit : 
 nai nus -pa -la brten-nas by my power, 
 through my agency (you shall obtain it) 
 Mil.; rtsig-pai nus-pa yod- dam med whether 
 there will be a capability of building . . . 
 Gil'.; *de cos-la nus-pa med* W. this re- 
 ligion has no power; nus-pa bsig-pa fams- 
 cdd all the destructive powers; bycd-nus- 
 pa, sf on -nus -pa the capability of doing, 
 of showing That/.; rnam-smin-nus-pa the 
 power of retributive justice (Nemesis, as 
 it were) Mil. ; efficiency, efficacy, virtue (of 
 a remedy), smdn-nus ^joms they hinder 
 the efficacy of the medicines Med. ; nus-pa 
 smin the efficacy becomes complete Mil.; 
 in a more particular sense : the effect of a 
 medicine in the stomach (opp. to its taste etc.) ; 
 there are eight different effects: lei, snum, 
 bsil, rtul, yan, rtsub, fsa, mo S.g.; nus-pa 
 ynyis dan Idan they have both qualities 
 S.g.; mis-stdbs = nus-pa Sch. 
 
 II. pf. of nu-ba. 
 -s^ 
 
 5T ne num. figure: 102. 
 
 ne-fa'Hi neu-fdii, meadow, 
 grass-plot, green-sward, B., 
 
 a, w. 
 
 ne-ne-mo aunt, the father's sister, 
 or wife of the mother's brother. 
 
 ne-ma meadow, green-sward, C., W. 
 ne-tso parrot. 
 
 sfc'afc* -re, ner ner (v. ner - ba), 
 
 W. sediment, settlings, dregs. 
 
 5'(5j- ne-U Sch. : 'mouse-hawk', a species of 
 
 large hawk or vulture, differing from 
 
 go-bo, frequently to be met with in Kullu, 
 
 but not in Ladak. 
 
 ne-weSch. mason's trowel, nc-we rgyag- 
 pa to plaster, to roughcast. 
 
 ne-bsiii = neu- 
 
 nen-pa W. col. for len-pa, to take, 
 lay hold of, seize; to take out, off, 
 away; to hold. 
 
 nem-nem denotes a nodding, waving, 
 or rocking motion, Mil ; cf. nems and 
 
 nem-bu doubt, error Sch. 
 
 nems; Stg. describes an elastic floor 
 in the following manner: rkdn-pa 
 
 bzcig-na ni nems ses byed-de, rkdh-pa btegs- 
 
 na ni spar zes byed: hence nems, it sinks 
 
 a little, gives way. 
 
 j-Q-ntr-' neu-lddn Lex. = na-mnydm one of 
 the same age, coetaneous, contem- 
 porary; Sch. : neu-lddn friend, and neu-ldd/is 
 
 protector, defender. 
 
 3\Q*(1T neu ~M, Hindi %^<5fT, Ssk. ^^jwf. ich- 
 neumon, Herpestes PharaonTs, Lis. ; 
 
 represented in B. as a fabulous animal, 
 
 cat-like and vomiting jewels. 
 
 neu-(y)sin 1. C. = ne-fan. 
 2. grass-plots on high mountains, 
 
 alpine pastures (C. span). 
 
 ner-ba to sink, to fall gradually, mfil- 
 la to the bottom, nub-pa. 
 
 ner-ncr ne-re 
 
 W. 
 
 no 1. W. for nu-bo. 2. num. fig. : 132. 
 
 no-no Ld. title of young noblemen, 
 no-no cen-mo the eldest of a noble- 
 man's sons, bar-pa the second, cun-se the 
 youngest; Sp. title of the highest magistrate 
 of the country. 
 
 no-mo (Bal. no-no) W. for nu-mo. 
 
 nog Sch.: cervical vertebra; hump of a 
 camel. 
 
 n 9-P, P^o. prov. 
 for ndg-po; nog -nog very 
 
 dark, deep-black.
 
 <3C*^* non-ba 
 
 noii-ba, pf. nons, to commit a fault, 
 to make a mistake, to commit one's 
 self, ci noiis what have I done amiss ? Mag 
 ma ndns-par O di-ltar ynod-pa bgyis I have 
 thus been injured without my fault Dzl.; 
 no/ts-pa fault, crime, nons(-pa) mi byed-pa 
 not to commit a fault or crime DzL; bzod- 
 pa to pardon, to forgive, v. bzod-pa; nons- 
 pa bzod-par ysol-ba to ask pardon for a 
 fault committed (in C. even: *noh-pa sol- 
 ^6a*); nons-pa-can culpable, liable to punish- 
 ment; *noh-can-ni (s)pe-ra* W. a reprehen- 
 sible speech. 
 
 nons-pa resp. no more alive, dead 
 Dzl., rje-btsiin sku ma ndns-par 
 pebs-pa that your Reverence has arrived 
 safe and sound Mil. 
 
 n< >d-pa, mnod-pa, pf. and 
 imp. mnos, to receive in- 
 struction, directions, favours, from a superior, 
 esp. priest, Dzl., Glr. ; but also to receive 
 punishment. 
 
 *]* n o n -p a ! a ls ^'non-pa, pf. ynan, 
 mnan, 1. to press, ' ;f mdn-po ma non* 
 do not press too hard! *ndn-te pe-ce* W. 
 to open a thing by pressing ; with or without 
 rkdn-pas to tread under foot, to crush; 
 to pour over, to cover with, sas, bye-mas, with 
 earth, with sand; to be drenched, car-pas 
 by a shower of rain DzL; to lay over, to 
 overlay with Tar. 9, 11, 21 ; more frq. fig. 
 to oppress, suppress, overcome, conquer, 
 humble, keep under, mfo-ba Krims-kyis the 
 great people by laws Glr. ; enemies frq.; 
 evil spirits by magic, e.g. sri yndn-pa by 
 burying heads of animals in the ground, 
 in order that the evil spirits may remain 
 shut up there; bgegs non -pa to keep the 
 spirits away from the fields during harvest 
 by hatchets etc. stuck in the ground; po. 
 Kd-bai ydoii sri mnan I have crushed, sub- 
 dued, the face of the snow (i.e. its sur- 
 face) that was adverse to me Mil.; sa yndn- 
 du the sitting posture of a saint, when his 
 left hand rests in his lap, and his right 
 hand hangs down, keeping down, as it 
 were, the earth and her powers ; cf. mnyam- 
 bzdg. Frq. also: mya-fidn-gyis, snyiit- 
 
 307 
 
 rjes etc. to be overcome by misery, by com- 
 passion. 2. to overtake, to catch, to reach, 
 bdds-pas in the pursuit Mil. and W. - 
 3. sgo-na to brood, to hatch, eggs, Sch. 
 
 II. W. lo tsam-non, for Ion, how old 
 is he? 
 
 Sjrn* nom-pa, pf. noms, 1. Cs. to be satis- 
 fied, contented (nom-pa?) 2. to 
 seize, to lay hold of (snom-pa); Sch.: noms- 
 nyug byed-pa. 
 
 & nor I. (Ssk. \pf, also ^) 1. wealth, 
 property, possessions, nor(-la) ' god-pa 
 Mil. to suffer a loss of property; * nor god- 
 da* or *pog-ga* W. have you suffered 
 damage or loss? *nor nyams co-pa* C., 
 *Un-ce* W., to examine the inventory, the 
 amount of property ; pdgs - pai nor Mun 
 Mil. the seven (spiritual) possessions of 
 a saint, v. Trig. 17; proverb: *rdii-nor-la 
 man mi-nor-la dhug (sc. tar to)* C. look 
 upon your own property as a medicine, 
 upon that of others as a poison; thing, 
 substance, much the same as rdzas, Zam. 
 (nif.). 2. more or less exclusively: money, 
 nor - la ltd - ba to care for money , to be 
 avaricious, easily bribed etc.; nor skyi-ba 
 toborrow money, norbsri-ba to save money, 
 to scrape together; nor sog-joy-pa to ac- 
 cumulate riches. 3. Sch. : cattle, even in 
 such phrases as : nor Kria-pa the pairing 
 of cattle. Sch., nor-dpon Desg. chief neat- 
 herd (provincialism of C.?). 4. heritage, 
 inheritance, bko-ba to divide (it among the 
 heirs) ; pa - nor heritage from the father, 
 md-nor heritage from the mother. b 
 symb. num.: 8 (cf. nor-lha). 
 
 Comp. nor-skal inheritance, hereditary 
 portion; nor-skal-rnams funds, capital A/V/. 
 nor-rgyun imperishable riches Cs. ; no-r- 
 rgyun-ma a goddess, nor - can wealthy, 
 opulent, rich Cs. nor-bdag 1. a man of 
 wealth. 2. an heir. 3. a money-changer, usurer, 
 Hind. ?Tf T'Jl^- ndr-bdag-mo fern, of it; 
 also n. of a goddess ; nor-bdag-bu heir. 
 nor- dus Pur. the gathering of taxes. nor- 
 bmab-can covetous, greedy of money. 
 nor-pyugs amount, or stock of cattle, nor- 
 J)ru store of corn. noi'-bu v. that article
 
 308 
 
 nor-ba 
 
 'q* yndn-ba 
 
 nor- dzin po. the earth. nw-rdzds = 
 nor I., 1 . B. and col. nor-lha ku-be- 
 ra, god of riches; there are eight such gods. 
 
 II. v. sub nor-ba. 
 2^-q- nor-ba to err, to make a mistake, to 
 
 commit a fault, gas O pul nor-ro it 
 is wrong (to write it) with the prefix y 
 Gram." nor son it is a mistake, I (thou, 
 he etc.) am wrong; Jca, lag -pa, lam nor 
 son, it was a slip of the tongue, I got hold 
 of the wrong thing, I lost my way; to 
 stray, de-las O di-ru from one thing to 
 another Thgy.', mi-nor-ba, ma-nor-ba, nor- 
 ba-med-pa infallible, not liable to fail, e.g. 
 of a charm; where one cannot miss or go 
 wrong, lam; mi-nor-bar, strictly according 
 to prescription or direction. nor - ba, 
 nor -pa Cs. 1. a wanderer, from the right 
 way. 2. an error, a mistake. nor-Jcrul 
 id., f'rq.; nor-ra-re Sch.: he might possibly 
 he mistaken. 
 
 n or-bu (*rfT!r) 1 jewel, gem, precious 
 stone , nor -bu- can adorned with 
 jewels, set with precious stones; nor-bu-pa, 
 nor-bu-mKan Cs. a jeweler, a connoisseur 
 of gems ; nor -bu- O preh - ba a rosary or 
 chaplet composed of precious stones; also 
 as title of a book; nor-bu rin-po-ce, f^-- 
 nTTfltW, a vei 7 costl J jewel; also jewel, 
 par excellence, a fabulous precious stone, 
 the possession of which procures inex- 
 haustible riches; ace. to Wdk. 488, it has 
 the shape of an oval fruit of the size of 
 a large lemon. 2. a noun personal, or 
 family name, much in use. 3. gen. pro- 
 nounced *ndr-ru, nw-ro*, good, excellent, 
 noble, e.g. mi, Bal., Pur. 
 
 nor- so, nor-so-can, Wdri. 173, 11; 
 
 182,4? 
 * nol-ba to agree, to come to terms 
 
 Cs. 
 
 |" nos-pa v. nod-pa. 
 
 nya-gro-dha SsL, Ficus indica, = 
 byan-cub-sifi. 
 
 y na y-p a , a secondary form of nc'ig- 
 pa, of rare occurrence, 1. black; 
 ynag-sbdgs SOOty Sch.', ynag-pyitgs black 
 
 cattle, esp. the yak; ynag rta lug ysum 
 cattle, horses, and sheep, these three ; ynag- 
 kyu a herd of cattle; ynag-rdzi a keeper 
 of cattle, cow-herd ; ynag-lhds an enclosure 
 for cattle. 2. fig. black-hearted, wicked. 
 impious. 3. (looking black upon) frowning; 
 Glr. fol. 96 : sems sin-tu yndg-par byun (not- 
 withstanding their friendly appearance) they 
 had a spite against each other in their 
 hearts. 4. sbst. misfortune, grief, affliction, 
 pain, yndg-pa dan Iddn-pa unfortunate, un- 
 happy Stg.; '^ nag-can* W. cruel, tormenting; 
 *nag stdn-pa* Ld. to torture, to torment. 
 - 5. Sch.: (well) considered, (carefully) 
 weighed in the mind; v. however brndg-pa. 
 
 yndh-ba I. vb., pf. ynau(s), imp. 
 
 ynon, B., C. (in W. stsdl-ba is gen. 
 used for yndii-ba) 1. to give, resp., i.e. only 
 used when a person of higher rank gives 
 or is asked to give; cf. Jbid-ba; *ddg-la 
 <ld-tra cig-gi pog kydb-rog ndii-wa zu* C. 
 please, have the kindness to give me my 
 month's pay; sometimes it is preceded by 
 a pleon. rjes-su, Cs., to bestow, to confer, 
 upon, frq. ; to commit to, to place under a 
 person's care, e.g. a pupil (resp. for ytod- 
 pd) Mil; to grant, to concede, what has 
 been asked, yhdh-du ysol (ancient lit.), 
 yndii - ba zu (later lit.) I request you to 
 grant; skur-yndt't mdzdd-pa mUycn-mK'yt'n 
 I beg you for the favour of sending me ... 
 (in modern letters) ; to allow, permit, approve 
 of, assent to, ysegs-par yndn-no he accepted 
 the invitation, he promised to come Dzl.', 
 bdag rdb-tu Jbyuii-ba^ ynoii zig allow me 
 to take (holy) orders, to become a priest 
 Dzl.; bdag ni sbyin-pa zig bycd-kyis ynon 
 zig allow of my making a donation Dzl.; 
 de bzin-du yndn-no yes, I permit it Dzl.; 
 yid bzin-du yndn-no we allow it; do ac- 
 cording to your pleasure! - ci ynan v. ci 
 I., 4. In a looser sense: blon-por yndn- 
 no he appointed him his minister; miyndn- 
 ba to forbid, prohibit, cos byar mi yndit-bai 
 Jcrims bcas he published a prohibitory law 
 concerning the exercise of religion Glr. ; 
 (bkas) ma ynan Pth. he refused it, declined 
 to grant it, byon-du ma ynan he refused
 
 309 
 
 yuan* 
 
 ynd-ba 
 
 to come Glr. 2. sometimes to command, 
 to order, complete form: bkaynd/t-ba; y?idn- 
 fsiy skul-ba to order a person to do a thing 
 Pth. 3. in complimentary phrases used 
 in ( '. the precise meaning of yndri - ba is 
 not always quite obvious i/wa/i-m/s mdzad- 
 pa (v. above) to give, to help to, to assist 
 in(?); *goh-pa fsom-pa ma nan*, do not 
 be put out, do not give way to any mis- 
 givings (to wards me)! sometimes swa//(q.v.) 
 would make a better senso. 
 
 II. sbst. concession, permission, grant, 
 O gr6-bai yndn-ba zu-ba Mil.; mi-las yndn- 
 ba fob -pa to obtain permission from a 
 person ; bka - ynd/'i - ba (magisterial) per- 
 mission, order (of government) ; ynah-sbyln 
 very frq., gift, donation, present, ston-mo 
 ynah-sbyin a present of provisions Glr. ; 
 gift of honour, reward, favour, privilege, price 
 of victory held out etc. 
 mgry;$|y ynans adv. 1. on the third day, 
 
 ^ e.g. he came Glr.] gen. of the 
 
 future: the day after to-morrow, san ynans 
 Glr.', *fo-re ndn-la* W. to-morrow and the 
 day after to-morrow; san O gro ynans ^gro 
 yod-pa yin to-morrow or the day after to- 
 morrow I must be off Pth. ; ynans-yzes on 
 the third and fourth day Lex. 2. ynaris- 
 ce rather (too) large, ynans-cun rather (too) 
 small Mil.nt. 
 
 ynad, Ssk. TT^. 1. the main point, 
 object or substance, the pith, essence, 
 ynad O gr6l-ba to explain the main point 
 Mil.; ynad -don the proper meaning, the 
 pith of the matter Tar., Sch/.; *yndd-ses- 
 mKan* W. one that knows athing thoroughly, 
 that is up to it, knows how to do it; *nS 
 se'-pa, ne'-kyi zu-wa bul-iva* C. to excuse 
 one's self, to defend or justify one's self 
 (prop, to account for the circumstances 
 that led to an action) ; *pog da pog ; nad- 
 du (or nad - can) ma feb* W. I have hit 
 (him), but not mortally; so B.: yndd-du 
 snun-pa to pierce mortally. 2. in ana- 
 tomy: by ynad bdun, or 'the seven impor- 
 tant parts of the body', ace. to S. g. are 
 meant: flesh, fat, bones and veins, and cu- 
 rgyus, don, and snod (Wise, Hindoo Me- 
 
 mar- 
 
 dicine p. 69, gives a somewhat different 
 explanation). 3. in mysticism: the seven 
 physical conditions requisite for successful 
 meditation, Ida-pa mnyam-bzdg-tu bzdg-pa 
 (the hands joined over the stomach in such 
 a manner, that the fore-joints of the fingers 
 cover each other, whilst the thumbs are 
 stretched out without touching), lus rdo- 
 rje-skyil-kruh sdod-pa, gal-fsig mda Itar 
 sru/i-ba, dpiin-pa rgod-sog-pa Itar sru/i-ba, 
 mig ma- riser Jbebs-pa, mcu rah-Jbab-tu 
 bzdg-pa, Ice-rtse ya-dkdn-la sbydr-ba ; there 
 are also sems - Tcyi ynad Mil. certain con- 
 ditions of the mind required, such as ab- 
 staining from rtog-pa, speculative thinking. 
 
 yndn-pa v. non-pa. 
 ' yndb-pa v. mndb-pa. 
 
 ynam 1. heaven, sky, = ndm - mKa; 
 
 yndm-ga id. Cs.; yndm-gyi go-la the 
 sphere or globe of heaven Cs. ^ ; ynam ^yur- 
 ba Mil , mentioned in connexion with an 
 earthquake, and prob. corr. translated by 
 Schr. with thunderstorm, tempest; *nam 
 kar-kor* W. now the sky is cloudless, now 
 overcast (inst. of *dkar-Jtor* ?) ; yndm-sgo 
 \. Sch. the gate of heaven (?). 2. C. trap- 
 door. ynam-lcags, piam-lce Cs. thunder- 
 bolt, lightning that has struck; ynam-stdn 
 the thirtieth day of the lunar month, the 
 day of new moon Pth.; *nam-fdn* W. serene 
 sky, fine weather. ynam-fel-dkdr-po Glr. 
 99 is said to be a deity of the Horpa or 
 Mongols, as likewise sa-fel-ndy-po, and bar- 
 fel-tcrd-bo. yndm-mda Pth. shooting an 
 arrow straight up into the air. yndm-rdo 
 Cs. = ynam-lcdc/s, Schr. hail. ynam-zlum 
 vault of heaven Sch. fnam-yds Glr. 95 
 is said to be a n. p., the name of a build- 
 ing. ynam-ru, resp. for fzu, bow (for 
 shooting), Cs. rainbow. yndm-sa heaven 
 and earth, yndm-sa brdeb-pa tsam so that 
 heaven and earth were mixed Glr. 2. v. 
 nam, faulty, incorrect. 
 xn-q- ynd-ba Glr., Lt., mab Sg., Ld. *nd- 
 po, fern, nd-mo*, an antelope, found 
 in Ld., Sp., Kun., Nepal and other countries ;
 
 310 
 
 jrnd-bo 
 
 ynds-pa 
 
 its flesh is well-tasted, and its hair is sup- 
 posed to cure cases of poisoning (!) Med. 
 Hook-., (Him. Journ. II, 132) seems to mean 
 this animal by his 'gnow', prob. confound- 
 ing yna with ynyan (q.v.) which latter, ace. 
 to Cunningham's Ladak p. 198, and by the 
 statements of the natives, is the argali. 
 ynd-bo ancient Cs.;yna-m6n form- 
 erly, in old times Cs.; ynd-dus Lex. 
 former times, time of yore; ynd-nas ma mfoh 
 never seen or heard of before Dzl. ; ynd- 
 rabs C's. men who lived in old times, the 
 ancients. 
 
 ynd-mi Lex. w.e.; Sch. witness. 
 
 - P |ace ' s P ot ' B -> c -> ( in w - 
 
 sa(-Kydd), sa-cd) dben-pai ynas sig 
 a lonely place; mfo-bai ynas a raised place, 
 an elevation Dzl.; ynds-na Q dug-pa, ynds- 
 su sdod-pa the being somewhere, ynds-su 
 c gro-ba the going somewhere, ynds-nas 
 skrod-pa the expelling from a place Gram. 
 - 2 place of residence, abode, dwelling- 
 place, (in W. not in use) ?nas Jbebspa Sch., 
 O cd-ba Ma., O de'bs-pa, to establish one's self 
 at a place, to settle, ynas ytori-ba, som-pa, 
 to quarter, lodge, take in, a person Stg., ynas 
 med-par O gyiir-ba to become homeless; a 
 house, family, or race no longer existing, 
 extinct, Dzl.; ynds-su son-no they returned 
 to their place, their home Dzl. ; ynas dan 
 skyabs med-par O gyur-ba to be at one's 
 wit's end, not knowing what to do Schr. 
 
 3. a holy place, place of pilgrimage ; her- 
 mitage, monastery; *nds)al-pa, nds-kor-pa* 
 W. a pilgrim; *dor-)e-lin-gi n?* the her- 
 mitage, or Buddhist parsonage in Darjee- 
 ling; ace. to Sch. also Lama, cf. mcod-ynas. 
 
 4. a clerical dignity or degree, ynas sbyin- 
 pa to confer such Sch. 5. (cf. the Latin 
 locus) object, like yul, but not so frq., gdd- 
 moi ynas an object of laughter; no-fsai 
 ynas words, actions, which ought to be an 
 object of shame Schr.: point, head, item 
 Was. (225) ; sphere, province, fig. S.y. ; rig- 
 
 pai ynas l/ta the five classes of science. 
 ynas O ayur-ba Sch. : to appear embodied (?) ; 
 
 ynds-su O gyitr -ba and byed-pa S.O. and 
 elsewh. ? 
 
 y na8 -pa, (imp- prob. only in the 
 periphrastical form ynds-par byos) 
 1. to be, live, lodge, dwell, stay, of persons, 
 animals and things, mndl-na ynds-pai Kyeu 
 the babes in their mother's womb Dom. 
 2. to remain, hold to or on, adhere to, e.g. / 
 a doctrine, opinion, way of acting etc., dge- 
 ba bcii-la ynds-pa to persevere in the ten 
 virtues; bydms - pai sems - la ynds - pa to 
 remain, to continue in love; in a general 
 sense: cos-la ynds-pa 'one abiding in re- 
 ligion', a clerical person Dzl. &(, 13; to 
 exist permanently, opp. to the moment of 
 first taking existence Was. (278). 3. to 
 hesitate (?). rdb-tu ynds-pa v. rdb-tu. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. (also of ynas): ynds- 
 skabs \ . state, condition, or perh. more ac- 
 curately period, tm'idl-gyi ynds-skabs Itdr- 
 Itar-po Lex. 2. temporal life, ynas-skabs-kyi 
 bde-ba temporal happiness (opp. to mfdr- 
 fug-gi snyi/i-po, or don, O brds-bu, Schr., the 
 essence or result of perfection, here, there- 
 fore, = eternal felicity); ynds-skabs- fse-yi 
 bar-ycod mi O byun-zin if my temporal life 
 be not endangered. ynds -Kan dwelling. 
 dwelling-house or room Dzl.; ynds- Kan-la 
 soys -pa a furnished house or room Dzl. 
 - ynas-cen a great resort of pilgrimage, 
 a great sanctuary Tar. ynas brtdn (loco 
 firmus, stabilis, lit. translation of ^frf%^ 
 1. firm, 2. old) an elder, senior, n. of the 
 (16) highest disciples of Buddha: afterwards, 
 when various schools had been formed, n. 
 of the orthodox Buddhists, Bum. I, 288; 
 Kopp. I, 383; Was. (38). (C's. seems to have 
 confounded brtan with brten,v?]ien he trans- 
 lates: subaltern, vicar). ynds - po host, 
 landlord, master of a house, head of a fa- 
 mily C., ynds-mo fern. Glr. ynas-mdl Lex., 
 9|"^'mT, sleeping - place, night - quarters, 
 couch Schr.; Cs. dwelling-place (?) ynas- 
 med v. ynas 2. ynas ytsdii-mai ris n. p., 
 name of an abode of the gods. ynas- 
 f* 'n't dwelling, quarters, lodgings, mi-la ynas- 
 fsdn yydr-ba to ask for a lodging; to be
 
 ynon 
 
 lodged, to be received into another's house 
 Tar.', *ne-fsan JUH* C. you will be lodged 
 here, you may stay here (over night), W. 
 *f]dii-sa* ynas-fsid 1. the state in which 
 one is, good or bad, condition of life, sems- 
 kyi the state of one's soul or heart. 2. an 
 account, of one's state of mind. 3. story, 
 tale, narration; event, col. 4. in philosophy: 
 the reality of being (opp. to non-existence) 
 Was. ("297). ynas-yzi \.- ynas 3, Tar. frq. 
 2. the locative, that case which relates to 
 beiug in or at a place Gram. ynds-lugs 
 
 1. position, disposition, arrangement, lus-kyi 
 arrangement of the parts of the body, the 
 science of anatomy Med. 2. in mystical 
 works : ynds-lugs rtogs-pa the knowledge of 
 the essence of things, the knowledge ot all 
 things, or in a Buddhist sense, of the non- 
 existence of all things, Tar. and elsewh. 
 ynas-bsdd l. topography and geography 
 col. 2. narration of legendary tales con- 
 nected with some holy place. ynds-sa 
 (v. ynds-pa) the permanent residence of a 
 person, or the constant place of a thing, 
 opp. to *bor-sa* W. temporary place or re- 
 sidence; place, room, in general, *ne-saydn- 
 pa dug* W. there is much room here. 
 ynas-bsrun 1. W. ('locum tenens') earnest, 
 earnest-money, pledge, security; it might also 
 be used for ticket, ticket of admission etc. 
 
 2. Sch.: guardian, or warden of a monastery. 
 mgr' ynon-\. v. ynan-ba. 2. conscious- 
 ness of guilt, ynoh Ian (his) conscience 
 
 smites (him) Mil.; O gyod-bin ynon bkur-bai 
 sems repentance and a sense of guilt Dzl. 
 yn6n-ba 1. to be conscious of one's 
 guilt, to feel remorse, to be stung 
 in one's conscience, ynoh-zin O gyod-pai sgo- 
 nas from a consciousness of guilt Pth., ynofi- 
 O gyod drdg-pos id. Pth.; * non-no Idh-na 
 tim-co de* C. where there is repentance, 
 it is easy to pass judgment. 2. to be 
 seized with anguish, as the effect of poison- 
 ing. 
 
 ynod-pa 1. vb. (cf. sndd-pa) to hurt, 
 harm, injure, damage, rkdn -pa - la 
 f nod-par O gyiir-gyi dogs-pas in order not to 
 hurt one's foot Dzl. ; ynod - par O gyiir-bai 
 
 311 
 
 dgra a dangerous enemy Dzl.- *na-la nod 
 yin* W. (he or it) will hurt me. More 
 frq. : 2. sbst. damage, harm, injury, bijcd-pa, 
 skyel-ba, Glr., Mil, *kydl-ce* W. to do harm, 
 to inflict injury, to hurt, with la-, yn&l-prr 
 med-par, ma O gyur-nas without any harm, 
 without injury Sch,; ynod-byed-nyes-pa v. 
 nyes-pa I. klui ynod-pa damage done 
 by Nagas. ynod-sbyin, ^j, a class of 
 demons. 
 
 ynnn-pa v. non-pa. 
 ^TR^" ynob v. mndb-pa. 
 
 mndg-pa Sch. = yndg-pa 5. 
 
 mnaa - mna dSch.: falsehood, ca- 
 lumny; W. *nad-ndd co-fcan* one 
 doing damage maliciously. 
 
 J" mndn-pa v. non-pa. 
 
 resp. for g yon- pa, to 
 put on, nd-bza Lex. the garment; v. also 
 nabs. 
 
 . mnab-rtsdl Cs. mean, worthless; 
 Lex. and Sch. : nourishment, food, 
 mnab-rtsdl-gyi bu(-fsa) Cs.: the child of an 
 indigent person, Sch.: foster-child; the word 
 is not much known. 
 
 mndm-pa to smell of, cca., dri-ma 
 gld - bai til - ma mnam as to its 
 smell, it smells of the dung of a musk- 
 deer; to smell agreeably, to exhale fragrance, 
 e.g. the scent of lotus Glr.', more frq. to 
 smell badly, to spread an offensive smell, 
 to stink, rnul man dri mnam profuse and 
 badly smelling perspiration Lt.; lus btsog- 
 pa mnam - pa (or -po) O di Dzl. this foul 
 stinking body. Note: The transitive signi- 
 fication (to smell == to perceive by the nose) 
 belongs only to the form sndm-pa, and 
 Dzl. V&, 14 should be translated: the me- 
 dicine stank. 
 
 nina oath, mna Jbo-r-ba, O ddr-ba, bi/nl- 
 pa, ski/el-ba B., *kydl-ce* W., to take 
 an oath, to swear; Ilia tl^'iii-du l>t*it<ix-n<ix 
 mna bycd-pa to swear by the Lha Glr.; 
 O di-skad ccs mna bor-ro Dzl. ; bar dan mnd-
 
 312 
 
 rnag 
 
 dpan byed - pa to act as a mediator and 
 witness of the confirmation of the peace 
 by oath Glr. ; *mna zd - ba* C. to swear 
 falsely, to commit perjury. 
 rurvxr mnd-ma Dzl. and elsewh., Cs. : a 
 son's or grand-son's wife, a daughter- 
 in-law; but the word is also used for the 
 daughter-in-law 'in spe', i.e. for the bride 
 of the son, who is usually selected by the 
 parents and lives with these for one or two 
 years before being married ; so also bride- 
 groom and son-in-law are nearly synon- 
 ymous; v. bag -ma and mag -pa; cf. also 
 the Hebrew ]nn and n'^s. 
 
 mnar -ba to suffer, to be tormented, 
 J3., C.j sdug-bsndl pun-pos under a 
 mountain of misery Glr.; nyes-med yiso-bo 
 rgydl-poi O jigs-pas mnar the innocent lords 
 had to suffer in consequence of the king's 
 fears Pth. ; Ids-kyis mnar - ba to suffer in 
 consequence of former actions, to be damned; 
 Ids-kyis mndr-bai brdg-srin-mo zig a Srinino 
 in the state of damnation; ran-nyid mnar- 
 sdan(?) byed you make yourselves suffer 
 the torments of damnation Mil. 
 
 mna l> resp. for ynyid, sleep, mndl- 
 du peb-pa or O gro-ba to fall asleep, 
 mndl-ba to sleep, mndl-yzim-pa id.; mnal 
 sad-pa to awake Mil, ; mnal - lab the talk- 
 ing in one's sleep; mndl-lam dream Glr. 
 mn -I>a l.to think, fancy, imagine, 
 de nd-la zei'-ba yin mnds-nas think- 
 ing it had been said to him. 2. to think 
 upon, to consider, sna bsam pyi mno med- 
 par neither considering before hand, nor 
 thinking of the consequences; bsam -mno 
 yton-ba id., Mil. (cf. bsam-blo). 
 $$jqrq* mnog-pa contentment Cs.; zas-mnog 
 Lex. v?.Q.;Sch.: moderate fare, fru- 
 gal diet; mnog-cutl insignificant, trifling, v. 
 nans. 
 
 ' mnon-ba v. ynoh-ba. 
 
 J" mnod-pa v. nod-pa. 
 
 C$. = mnal-grib; mnol- 
 rig weak intellect, want of quick 
 perception Sch. 
 
 $$&$' mnos 1. v. nod-pa. 2. v. mno-ba. 
 
 s-n- rnd-ba 1. resp. snyan, col. *ndm-cog, 
 * or am -cog*, (Pur., Bal. *rna, sna*), 
 the ear, sems-can ^6n-pa-dag rnd-bas sgrd- 
 rnams fos the deaf hear; rnd-bai me -Ion 
 the drum or tympanum of the ear Cs. ; md- 
 bai dgd-ston a treat for the ears Glr.; rnd- 
 bai dbdh-po ytod lend me your ear, listen 
 to me Mil. ; ned rnd-ba mi sun I am not 
 tired of hearing Mil.; rnar snydn-pa plea- 
 sant to the ear, tickling the ear Stg. ; rnd- 
 ba O dud-pa v. O dud-pa; rnd-ba byd-ba, byo- 
 ba, bldg-pa Sch., to listen, rnd-ba nd - ba 
 disease of the ear, ear-ache; rnd-ba ^ur-ba 
 Med. a tingling, humming, or buzzing in 
 the ears ; rnd-ba sra hard or dull of hear- 
 ing Sch. 2. v. ynd-ba. 
 
 Comp. rna-kor ear-ring Sch. *na-kydg* 
 W. ear-wax, cerumen. rna-Kun ear-hole, 
 O ci-bai rnd-Kun-du (or md-bar, or mar) 
 bijod-pa to cry into a dying man's ear. 
 
 - rna-kebs that part of a helmet which 
 protects the ear Sch. rna - gydn orna- 
 ment worn in the ears, e.g. me-tog-gi Stg.', 
 rna-cd id., yser-gyi Mil. rnd-mcog col. 
 \. rnd-ba. 2. the pan of a fire-lock. 
 rna-ltdg the back -part of the ear Cs. 
 rnd-feg-can, bzod-pa sgom-pai rnd-feg-can 
 one that is able to listen to all that (stuff) 
 with patience Mil. rna-ydub ear - ring 
 6s. rna-mdd yzer-ba C. the piercing of 
 the ear with an arrow, a Chinese punish- 
 ment. rna-spdg (sic), or -spdbs ear-wax 
 Sch. rna-rdl an ear torn by pendants. 
 
 - rna-lun Cs. the ear or handle of a vessel. 
 
 rna -sal Med. ear-lap, tip of the ear. 
 
 ma^-pa^-ysog Lex. and Lt., perh. = sna- 
 ysog. rna-sldn (*nas-ldn*) a fur -cover 
 for the ears, worn by Tibetan ladies. 
 
 =qv rnag matter, pus, suppuration, rnagsmin- 
 
 ' ' pa pus grown ripe Cs. ; O dren-pa Sch. : 
 'to draw out the pus'; (I only met with 
 rnag snd- dren-pa S.g., which can hardly 
 have this signification); rnag-rdol-ba dis- 
 charge of matter; rnag-rtol-ba prob. caus- 
 ing such a discharge by a puncture ; rnag 
 Q dzdg-pa the dropping or running of pus
 
 313 
 
 rnags 
 
 Cs.\ rndg-par mdg-pa to form pus, to 
 ulcerate Cs. skrdns-pa rndc/-tu Kug v. 
 gug-pa. rnag - Krdg matter and blood. 
 
 - mdg-can containing pus, purulent. - 
 rnag- brum abscess Sch. rnag-subs prob. 
 the core of an ulcer. 
 
 jj. rnags W., 6'., ready money, cash, *nag 
 
 kyan*id. -*nag-zog* money and goods ; 
 
 *gir-mo gyad nag* Ld. eight rupees in cash. 
 
 *r-n* man - ba pf. brnans to be checked, 
 
 ' stopped, shut off; with or without gre- 
 bar, to stick fast in one's throat; to be 
 choked (complete form brndns - te ci-bd); 
 dbugs-kyis man -sin (his) breath stopping 
 short (from fright) Pth.; skdd-kyis rndn-te 
 not being able to utter a word Dzl. %?, 1 ; 
 zds-kyis rndn-te the food sticking fast in 
 his throat, mya-ndn-gyis from sorrow Dzl. 
 zj- rnam, in compounds for rndm-par, v. 
 rndm-par extr. 
 
 Jr&r^r rnam ~P a 1- P' ece > P ar *> e -S- ^ e 
 parts of a panel of a door, *rin-gi 
 ndm-pa* a longitudinal piece, *zen-gi ndm- 
 pa* a cross piece W.; rndm-pa ynyis-su 
 gyes (a ray of light) is divided into two 
 parts or rays; section, distinct part of a 
 treatise; part, ingredient, lus-kyi rndm-pa 
 prd-rags-rnams the subtile and the coarse 
 ingredients of the body Wdn. ; rndm-pa 
 kun - tu, fams - cad - du in every respect, 
 to all intents and purposes, through and 
 through, entirely, perfectly; this phrase is 
 used, whenever people of rank are address- 
 ed: rnam- kun fugs-rje mgo- dren bka- 
 drin mfsuns - brdl most honoured patron, 
 altogether incomparable as to grace and 
 goodness! or, rnam-kun fugs-rje dan bka- 
 drin mfsuns-brdl; European gentlemen are 
 thus addressed in letters: rnam-kun fugs- 
 rje ^gyur-med sd-heb most honoured Sahib, 
 invariably kind in every respect! 2. 
 things or persons taken individually, often 
 pleon., ^.od-zer rndm-pa bzi four (separate) 
 rays of light; jo-bo rnam(-pa) ynyis the 
 two lords (sc. gods) Glr.; bdag O dir fsogs 
 bu - mo rndm - pa Ina we five girls here 
 assembled Mil.; *sd-heb ndm-pa nyi* W. 
 the two European gentlemen; &> - O f>r>'// 
 
 mam-pa 
 
 rndm-pa bco-brgydd the eighteen wonder- 
 ful feats; O byun-ba rndm-pa Ina Wdn. the 
 five elements; %al-zds rndm-pa Dzl. V\S, 
 17 the separate dishes of a meal (another 
 reading: zal - zds - mams) ; when used in 
 quite a general sense, the exact meaning 
 is to be understood only by the context: 
 Ihd-sa mam-pa ynyis fsdr-nas after finish- 
 ing the two Lhasa affairs, viz. the erecting 
 of two buildings previously mentioned; 
 mdm-pa fams-cdd mkyen-pai ye-ses 8. $., 
 or spyan DzL, as much as omniscience; 
 yzugs ni I'a-d6g dan dbyibs-kyi rndm-pao 
 'yzugs' is that in which both colour and 
 form are included Wdn. 3. division, class, 
 species, dpun rnam bzi the four species 
 of troops (cavalry, elephants, charidts, in- 
 fantry) ; rndm-pa bzi of four different kinds. 
 4. manner, way, rnam-pa sna-fsogs-kyis, 
 rndm-pa sna-fsogs-kyi sg6-nas in manifold 
 manner, variously, frq. ; rndm-pa drug-tu 
 (the earth shakes) in six ways, i.e. direc- 
 tions (whenever extraordinary works of 
 charity are performed by holy men) v. 
 Bum. I., 262 (not 'six times' Sch.} ; rndm- 
 pas = sgo-nas, or pyir, bslu-bai rndm-pas 
 by arts of seduction Dzl. ; de-la mi dgd- 
 bai mdm-pas from vexation at it Mil. ; bser- 
 mai rndm-pas in consequence of the cold 
 wind Mil 5. outward appearance, ex- 
 terior, -jliqiK, as to form, figure, shape: 
 Icdgs-kyui rndm-pa in the shape of a hook, 
 hooked Wdn. ; ston-pai rndm-par spml he 
 assumed the appearance of the Teacher 
 Tar. ; cos-skui rndm-par O gyur-ba to appear 
 in a misty form Glr. ; his O di ni roi rndm- 
 par O gyur this body turns into a corpse 
 Thgy., and so in most cases with regard 
 to the whole appearance; of colour alone 
 it is used only, when dbyibs (the shape) 
 has already been stated, as in a passage 
 from Pth. : as to its rndm-pa (colour), it 
 is spotted like a leopard; deportment, de- 
 meanour, gesture, yid-du ^6n-bai rndm-pas 
 of graceful manners Mil.; further: state, 
 manner of existence, of certain inhabitants 
 of hell Ttyy.; in philosophical writings: 
 'Form der Erkenntniss' Was. (274); men- 
 20*
 
 314 
 
 rndm-par 
 
 rndm-pa 
 
 tally : disposition, temper, state of mind T%.; 
 *Ko ndm-pa-la* = sdm-pa-la C. in his mind. 
 sxrnx' rndm-par 1. termin. of rndm-pa: 
 into the form etc., v. above. 2. 
 as postp. like, = the Lat. instar, Wdn. 
 3. adv. (possibly an abbreviation of rndm- 
 pa kun-tu), entirely, perfectly, thoroughly; 
 in negative sentences: by no means, on no 
 account; often only adding force to another 
 word, Ssk. f^; frq. in the shorter form 
 rnam. 
 
 The following expressions most in use, 
 containing the adv. rndm-par or rnam, 
 are alphabetically arranged with reference 
 to the second word : rndm-par klub-pa to 
 adorn, embellish Cs. mam-grdns i. enu- 
 meration, rgydl-poi of kings Glr. 2. the 
 whole amount, sum total, >..-/.: full number 
 or quantity, where nothing is wanting (?Zr.90, 
 3.; mfsdn-gyi rnam -grans the component 
 parts of his name according to their ety- 
 mological value Tar. 69, 3. 3. treatise, disser- 
 tation, a paper, cos-kyi frq. 4. by gramma- 
 rians the signification of de is thus defined : 
 rnam -grans -yzan -brjod-pa demonstrative 
 pronoun(P). rnam-^gyur (cf. above mdm- 
 pa 5) 1. form, figure, shape, yi-gei rnam- 
 O gyur the form of the letters (written or 
 printed) Glr., or in this passage also = the 
 graceful form of letters, caligraphy, pen- 
 manship, v. below. 2. behaviour, demeanour, 
 lus-ndg-gi Wdn.; of a sick person S.g.; 
 gesture, e.g. devout gestures Mil.; rnam- 
 O gyur rdzes-pa Pth. mimic gestures, mimical 
 performance, ballet. More esp.: 3. beau- 
 tiful form, graceful carriage of the body, 
 graceful attitudes (of dancers etc.) Pth. ; bzoi 
 rnam - ^gyur the beauty of a work Glr. 
 4. pride CL, W., Mil; rndm-^yur-can fine, 
 smart, gayly dressed; proud, vain, foppish 
 col. rnam - par rgydl - ba conquering 
 completely, gaining a full victory Pth.; 
 mam-rgydl a surname much in use; rnam- 
 rgyal- pun-pa, ace. to Schl. 247 bum-pa, 
 water-bottle for sacred uses. rnam(-par)- 
 bcdd(-pa) section, paragraph, rndm-par 
 bead -pa dan-po-o first paragraph; also 
 mark of punctuation at the end of a pa- 
 
 ragraph, i.e. double -shad. rnam-bcu- 
 dban - Man a certain way of writing the 
 Ommanipadmehum, v. Schl. p. 121 ; but I 
 should rather explain it in accordance to 
 mam -pa 2, as the 'ten powerful things', 
 scil. letters or written characters, else the 
 words would have been: rndm-par dban- 
 Iddn bcu. rndm-par O jog-pa v. rnam- 
 bzdg. rndm-par rfog-pa (cf. rtog-pa I. 2, 
 and II., 2), gen. sbst. rnam-rtog (fcc^ 
 distinction; doubt, error) 1. discrimination, 
 perception; so perh. S.g. : rnam-rtog nan 
 bcom the perception of what is disagreeable 
 is weakened; reasoning, mental investigation, 
 opp. to ye-ses, the sublime wisdom of the 
 saint, 2. scruple, hesitation, rnam-rfog ma 
 mdzdd-par can O di ysol please drink this 
 beer without any scruple! Pth. ; so also in 
 col. language. 3. in philosophy: obscuration, 
 viz. of the clear and direct (nihilistic) know- 
 ledge of truth by reasonings in the mind 
 of the individual, error, Was. (305). 4. in 
 pop. language disgust, distaste, rnam-rtog 
 skyed-pa to feel disgust Glr., zd-ba Pth. 
 prob. id. rndm-(par} fdr(-ba). 1. to be 
 entirely released or delivered, and sbst. com- 
 plete deliverance, rnam -far ysum Trigl. 
 fol. 12, three ascetic notions (in themselves 
 of little consequence), ston-pa-nyid, mfsdn- 
 pa-med-pa, and smon-pa-med-pa. 2. sbst. 
 rnam- far biography, legendary tales about 
 a saint; tale, story, description, in general. 
 rnam-f6s-(kyi) bu, sras, rnam -sr as = 
 Kuvera, Ssk. ^jmqiq. rnam -(par) dag 
 (-pa) thoroughly cleansed, frq. ; by rnam- 
 (par} dag {-par} rtsi-ba, or mdzdd-pa I 
 have attempted to express the Scriptural 
 doctrine of dixaiovv or justification. rnam- 
 O dud n. of one of the seven golden hills 
 round Mount Mem Glr. rnam - O dren 
 (cf. O dren-pa 2) the saviour, Buddha; rnam- 
 log- dren the reverse. mam-par-snan- 
 mdzdd, C^^TJH, n. of the first of the Dhyani 
 Buddhas. rnam-(par'} O prul{-ba) sorcery, 
 magic tricks, byed-pa Dom. rnam-pye, 
 rnam-pyed, prob. = rnam -(par) dbye(-ba) 
 1. distinction, division, section. 2. rnam-dbye 
 case or cases, of which the Tibetan gram-
 
 315 
 
 rnd-ba 
 
 marians, from an excessive regard of the 
 Ssk. language and in fond imitation of its 
 peculiarities, have also adopted seven in 
 number. rnam-(par) smm(-pd) retalia- 
 tion, requital, of good or evil deeds, com- 
 mitted in former lives, of good actions by 
 prosperity (las- pro), of bad ones by misery 
 and suiferings (lan-cdgs), very frq.; sdig- 
 pai rnam-par smin-pa myon-ba Dzl. - 
 rnam -(par) bzdg(-pa) 1. to distinguish, to 
 put in order, arrange, classify Wdn., Thgy., 
 
 sgo - nas according to ... (certain 
 
 points or facts). 2. to consider a person 
 or thing as fully equal or equivalent to 
 another, to substitute one for the other, 
 C. ; rnam-bzag sbst., Lex. cq^^TT 1 placing 
 apart, separating ; distinction. 2. arrangement, 
 position, = ynds -lugs 1. rnam-(par) 
 rig^-pa) and ses(-pa), as a vb., 1. to know 
 fully, to understand thoroughly. 2. rndm-par 
 ses-pai lus-can-rnams Dom. rational, or at 
 least animated, beings, opp. to inanimate 
 nature; as a sbst., gen. rnam-ses, fc^M ; 
 l. etymologically: perfect knowledge, con- 
 sciousness, Kopp. I, 604. 2. in philosophy : 
 one of the five pun-po, perceptions, cog- 
 nitions, Was. (of which there are six, if 
 the knowledge acquired by the inner sense 
 is included ) also in Mil. frq. , e. g. sgo 
 Inai rnam - ses (cf. sgo ysum). 3. in pop. 
 language : soul, e.g. of the departed, (later 
 literature and col.) (The significations 2 
 and 3, I presume, should be distinguished, 
 as is done here, according to the different 
 spheres in which they are used and not 
 be explained one out of the other, as is 
 attempted Burn. I, 503. Schr. gives here, 
 as in most cases, the signification used in 
 col. language.) 4. rnam - rig Was. (307) 
 idea, notion; Tar. often = ^qrRT also f^ff, 
 rnam-rig-tu bkrdl-pa 'explained in the sense 
 of the idealists', Schf. ; mam-rig dan rtog- 
 gei bstan-bcos logical and dialectical Shas- 
 tras. rnam-bsdd explanation Tar. 
 *x*&r mams, in B. the usual sign of the 
 plural, in col. language little used, 
 esp. in W., meaning, ace. to its etymology, 
 piece by piece; hence its use is not a strict 
 
 grammatical rule, but more or less arbi- 
 trary; it is mostly omitted, when the plural 
 is otherwise indicated , e. g. after definite 
 and indefinite numerals; it may be used, 
 however, not only in these instances (Jcor 
 man -po- mams many servants), but also 
 after collective nouns (dge- dun-rnams), at 
 the end of enumerations (= de fams-cdd), 
 after general expressions, such as: gan 
 yod(-pd)-rnams whatever they were, after 
 other plural- signs (. . . dag- imams etc.). 
 Cf. mam-pa 2. 
 
 <? ^" rnar, for rnd-bar, q. v. 
 
 W2iv"\ rndl(-ma) I. 1. rest Cs., lus mdl- 
 ' du ynds - par gyur - to his body 
 
 obtained rest Tar.- esp. tranquillity of mind, 
 composedness, absence of passion, *'///* ///<;/- 
 du mi ynds - par his soul having no rest 
 Tar.; rndl-du O dug-pa, or K6d-pa, Mil.: 
 rndl-mar sdod-pa id.; rig-pa rndl-du O bebs- 
 pa to give one's mind up to perfect rest 
 Thgr. ; rnal-Jbyor \ . TEffa, meditation, nearly 
 the same as tih-ne- O dzin and bsam-ytdn 
 Mil., but chiefly when it is considered as 
 the business of life ; rnal - O byor - rgyud, 
 q^ldfd, Tar. frq. 2. often for rnal-Jbyor- 
 pa. rnal- bydr-pa ^ftfa^, <fl'INl4 
 devotee, saint, sage, miracle-worker frq. - 
 2. Sch. also: personal, visible, essential (?) 
 Tar. 201, 6. 22: bstdn-pa rndl-ma? 
 II. often for mnal. 
 
 <?^"J" mur-ba v. snur-ba. 
 
 rn6-ba B., 1^'^T mon-po usual form, 
 
 1 . sharp, acute, edged, pointed ; rno-mtd C. 
 dull, blunt; rno pyun-ba to sharpen, grind, 
 whet Sch. (like Ka O d6n-pa~); rno len-pa 
 to get sharp, to be sharpened; mo-pyun 
 name of males. 2. this word is applied 
 by the Tibetans to the chemical qualities 
 of things, though not quite in the same 
 way as we do, as they ascribe a 'sharp' 
 taste to the flesh of beasts of prey, to the 
 bile etc. Med. 3. rig-pa rnd-ba sharp, 
 clever, shrewd, Glr., bio rnd-ba talented, 
 gifted, dbdn-po mo-ba acute, sagacious.
 
 316 
 
 |C" rnon Mil.? rnon-la O pog. 
 
 aq. sna 1. (resp. sans) the nose, B.; in col. 
 ^ language sna-mfsul, v. below; swae rws- 
 j9a bridge of the nose, snai cag-krum car- 
 tilage of the nose; skad snd-nas O don-pa 
 to utter (nasal) whining tones Mil; snd- 
 nas Jirid-pa to lead or turn by the nose; 
 sna Q pyi-ba to blow one's nose. 2. trunk, 
 proboscis, pdg-pai Glr.; gldh-wa v. glan. 
 3. a mountain projecting from some 
 other mountain in a lateral direction, a 
 spur Glr.; it might also be used for cape, 
 promontory. 4. end, fig-sna the end of 
 a string Glr., rdl-pai sna the end of a 
 lock of hair Glr.] hem, edge, border, gos- 
 kyi sna the border of a garment Cs.; esp. 
 the nearer end, fore-part, ^od cen-po zig-gi 
 sna - la foremost of a bright ray .of light 
 (that was approaching) Mil] sna O dren-pa 
 to lead, to head (a body of men) cf. mjug- 
 ma; dmdg-sna O dren-pa to take the com- 
 mand of an army Pth.; more indefinitely, 
 like O dren-pa: to draw along, to lead, to 
 guide, esp. with lam, to direct the way or 
 course of a person, (having the person 
 always in the genit. case); Q gro drug-gi 
 lam - sna O dren as a guide he leads all 
 beings Mil.; *cu-na d em-pa* C. to conduct 
 water (by a water-course); to bring upon, 
 to cause, v. below, compounds; rndg-sna 
 O dren-pa to cause suppuration Med.; Idm- 
 sna O dzin-pa to have taken a certain road 
 Mil. In some cases it is difficult to ac- 
 count for the signification, so: sna-cen-po 
 Cs. a deputy; commissioner; sna-Un byed- 
 pa c. genit. to shelter, harbour, lodge, take 
 in, Pth., C.; sna (b}stdd-pa Lex., bddg-gi 
 sna-stdd Jeyod-la re C's. I place my full 
 confidence in you; *nd-do fog-ne* C., (?ndr- 
 do gydb-te* W.} * gyel-ba* either: to fall 
 by striking with the fore-part of one's foot 
 against a stone, or by striking one's foot 
 against a stone lying before one. 5. sort, 
 kind, species, mostly with fsogs(-pa), W. 
 with *so-s6*, diverse, various, all sorts of, 
 spos sna-fsogs-kyis O debs-pa Dzl. to strew 
 all sorts of spices over . . . . ; mam - pa 
 
 sna-fsogs frq. ; less frq. sna-man Lex., sna 
 dpag -tu- med-pa Glr., sna -f sad Glr. of 
 every sort; rin-po-ce sna-bdun seven kinds 
 of jewels; ddr-sna Ina five sorts of silk; 
 also sna alone is added to substantives, 
 inst. of sna - fsogs, or = rnams: sin - snai 
 dud-pa smoke from different sorts of wood 
 Glr. ; Jbru-sna smin-pa the ripening of corn 
 Glr. ; sna-ycig a single one Mil.; cds-sna 
 Tar. 166, 4 prob. is not so much a kind, 
 as a part of doctrine, Schf. 6. mi-sna, 
 blo-sna v. mi and bio. 
 
 Comp. snd-skad, *nd - lead ton* W., he 
 speaks through his nose. sna-Kun nostril. 
 
 sna-Krdg, sna-Krdg O dzdg-pa a bleeding 
 from the nose, sna-Krdg f cod -pa to stop 
 it, cad, it ceases, it is stanched. sna- 
 Krid guide, leader; the leader of a choir. 
 
 snd-ga col. = sna 3. sna-gon trunk, 
 proboscis Sch. sna-sgdii bridge of the 
 nose Cs. sna-sgrd the noise made through 
 the nostrils Cs., snuffling. sna-cu a run- 
 ning nose, sna-cu O dzag mucus is dropping 
 from the nose Lt. sna - cen Thgr. a 
 demon (?). sna-mcu an elephant's trunk 
 Pth. sna-fdg 1. a rppe passed through 
 the nose of a beast to lead it by. 2. pro- 
 boscis, sna-fdg or sna-mcu srin-ba to stretch 
 it forward Pth. sna-dn prob. = snobs 
 Med. sna-ydon bridge of the nose Sch. 
 
 sna - O ddg (spelling?) W. snuff. sna- 
 O dren leader, commander ;sdug-bsndl-gyisna- 
 O dren one that causes misfortune, author of 
 it. sna-ndd disease of the nose. *na- 
 o* C., *na-pi* W., pocket-handkerchief. 
 
 sna-bdbs the glanders Sch. snd - bo 
 l. leader, commander, chief. 2. a guide, gom 
 
 ysum tsam-laan snd - bo dgos about every 
 third step one wants a guide Mil. sna- 
 bug S.a., sna - sbugs Cs., nostril. sna- 
 sbyon, sna-smdn snuff Med. snd-ma Lex. 
 w.e. 7 Cs. = sna 4. sna-rtsd root of the 
 nose Cs. sna - rtse tip of the nose. - 
 sna-fsogs v. sna 5. ''nam-fsuF W., *nam- 
 suP Bal. sna 1 and 2. sna- dzur an 
 aquiline or crooked nose Cs. sna-leb a 
 flat nose Cs. sna - sd the flesh of the 
 nose ; the nose Cs. ; ma-sd sbyin-pa to suffer
 
 317 
 
 sndn-ba 
 
 one's self to be led by the nose Cs. sna- 
 ysoy 'the hair in the nostrils' ; sna - ysoys 
 'the wings of the nose (alae nasi), together 
 with the nostrils' Sch.; sna-ysor id. Sch. 
 sna-bsdl Lt., prob. an injection into the 
 nose. 
 
 sna-ndm Samarkand Glr. 
 
 sna-snem, sna-snem ma O dug-ci,y do 
 not sit here so idly, without any 
 particular object! Sch. 
 
 " sna-sbrdn arrow-head Sch. 
 
 snd - ma 1 . Cs. : 'the blossom of the 
 nutmeg- tree' (?). 2. v. sna, com- 
 pounds. 
 
 J*^*, JT^s snd-ru, md-ro, = nd-ro Sch. 
 
 sna y \. = rnay Cs. 2. also sndg- 
 fsa ink, Indian ink, rgya-sndg China 
 ink, bod-snag Tibetan ink, ce-sndy Cash- 
 mere ink; *ndg(-fsa) lug son* W. the ink 
 has run, i.e. a blot has been made. 
 *nag-kon* W., *nag-bhum* C., inkstand. 
 snay-fiy an ink-spot, a dash, a stroke, made 
 with the pen. snag-pye ink-powder. 
 snay-ris rgydg-pa to paint over with ink. 
 3. mig-gi sndg-lpags Pth.? 
 
 sna ff( s ) = ma- ynyen, relationship 
 by the mother's side; sndg-gi ynyen- 
 mfsdms id. Pth. ; snag-dbon Lex. w.e. 
 a&j-q' $ndn-ba I. vb. 1 . to emit light, to shine, 
 to be bright; man-bar byed-pa to fill 
 with light, to enlighten, to illuminate, O gyur- 
 ba to be filled with light, to be enlightened, 
 e.g. by the light of wisdom DzL; sin-tu 
 mi-sndti-bai mun-pa darkness entirely de- 
 void of light Dzl. 2. to be seen or per- 
 ceived, to show one's self, to appear, e.g. 
 blood appears on the floor Dzl. ; {pyi) sndn- 
 ba fams-cdd Mil., pyi sndn-ba gan Jbyun 
 Mil., pyi snun-bai yul Mil., snan-fsdd Glr., 
 every thing visible, all that is an object 
 of sense, the external world; dd-lta rgyu 
 zig sndn-no now an opportunity shows itself 
 Dzl.', lus mi snan yah ysuii sndn-ba ma- 
 cdd-pa byutl although the body had become 
 invisible, yet the voice continued to appear, 
 
 to be heard Tar. 127, 11; it seems even 
 to be capable of being extended to mental 
 perceptions, the partic. being equivalent to 
 imaginable; to have a certain appearance, 
 to look (like), cad-pa Itar as if it had been 
 suddenly cut off Wdn. ; snum-bcas (to look) 
 greasy S.y.', O prul-du sndn-no it looks like 
 sorcery Glr. (cf. O prul)-, mi-sndti-ba invisible, 
 mi - snan - bar O gyur-ba to disappear frq. ; 
 btsun-mo-rnams mi sndii - ba dan as their 
 wives were not to be seen, were not, present 
 DzL V, 17; mi-sndn bar byed-pa to make 
 invisible, to efface the traces of a thing. 
 3. =yod-pa Lea:., sometimes in B., and 
 in the col. language of certain districts; 
 zes prdl-skad-la snan so it occurs in vulgar 
 language Gram. ; zer - ba snaii it is said, 
 dicitur, Tar. 34, 4, and in a similar manner 
 33,22; 34, 14; prob. also: to be in a cer- 
 tain state (of health), in a certain condition, 
 Situation etc., 6'.: *dhd-ta yhait ndn-yhin 
 yo-dham* how are you now? *cag peb za 
 nan* is the usual salutation in 6'., like our: 
 good morning! or: how do you do? however, 
 the literal sense of it seems to have been 
 forgotten, as even educated Lamas seldom 
 know how to write it correctly. The proper 
 way of spelling it seems to be : pyag peb 
 bzud snan, and the words hardly imply 
 much more than those addressed to inferior 
 people, viz. da leb son well, so you are 
 come! well, there you are! Cf. gd-le. 
 
 II. sbst. (3^*1, srreffai etc.) 1 . brightness, 
 light, sndn-ba yod-pai dus-su when there is 
 light, broad day-light Thgy.', fig. cos-kyi 
 sndn-ba the light of doctrine DzL 2. an 
 apparation, phantom, mi mdn-pos ded-pai 
 sndn-ba O byun-no there is an appearance 
 as of being pursued by many people, i.e. 
 a phantom of many pursuing people Thyr. ; 
 rmi-lam-gyi sndn-ba- rnams Miiy. 3. phy- 
 sically: seeing, sight, bdag-rdn-gi sndh-ba 
 ma dag-pa yin my faculty of vision, my 
 sight, is dimmed Tar.; more frq. intellec- 
 tually: view, opinion, sahs-ryyus-k-yi sndii- 
 ba-la . . . yziys-so, mi-ndg-gi sndn-ba-la . . . 
 mfon - no by the Buddhas he was looked 
 upon as . . ., by laymen as ... Glr.; thought,
 
 818 
 
 sndn-ba 
 
 idea, notion, conception, c. genit., O di fams- 
 cdd rdn-gi sems-kyi sndn-ba yin all these 
 things are only conceptions of your mind, 
 your fancies Thgr.; skyid-sdug-gi snafi-ba 
 sar Thgr. ; Jcydgs-pai sndn-ba Jbyun Mil. ; 
 bkres-sndn ye-med-par gyur-to he was even 
 without a thought of hunger Mil. ; abso- 
 lutely : *Kyod-di ndn-wa gd-ru tan son* W. 
 where are your thoughts wandering? cos- 
 la sndn-ba sgyur turn your mind to religion ! 
 Mil; man - ba O gyiir - ba (TO (teTCcvoelv) 
 change of heart, conversion (not to be con- 
 founded with snail-bar O gyur-ba v. above). 
 sndn-ba bde-ba pleased, cheerful, happy Pth. ; 
 in some expressions it is equivalent to soul. 
 Most of the significations mentioned sub 3 
 seem not to have been in use in the older 
 language. Urul-sndn, O prul sndn illusion, 
 deception of the senses, deceit, error Mil, 
 Glr., col. ynyis-sndn the arising of two 
 ideas in the mind, j-nyis-sndn-gi ring -pa 
 hesitation, irresolution, wavering Mil. mfon- 
 sndn i. the act of seeing, the sight, mfon- 
 sndn-gi sprul-pa phantom, apparition, *fon- 
 ndh de-mo* W. a sight beautiful to look at, 
 *fon-ndn sog-po* of ugly appearance. 2. Cs. : 
 manner or mode of viewing, point of view; 
 yzigs-sndn id. resp.; Pth.: yzigs - sndn - la 
 according to his (supernatural) intuition (with 
 reference to a holy person). tsor-sndn 
 the hearing, *fsor-ndn-la nydn-po* W. de- 
 lightful to hear, pleasing to the ear. 
 bar-man v. bar. ran - sndn one's own 
 thoughts, ideas Mil; the own mind Glr.; 
 ran-sndn Jfriil-pa an illusion of fancy Thgr. ; 
 man-grdgs things seen and heard Mil. - 
 snah-ston Mil. Irq., prob. not 'empty show, 
 delusive appearance'ScA., but: things (really) 
 appearing and (yet) void, one of those frq. 
 instances, where two words of opposite 
 meaning are placed together, dbyer - med 
 often being added, as a tertium quid (cf. 
 Kopp. I, 598). snan - ddg (nan - rtdgs, 
 brtdgf? Ld. nan-stag'} col. the inward man, 
 the heart, the SOUl, *nah-ddg-la sdm-pa sar 
 son* W. a thought has risen in my soul; 
 *nan - ddg cad son* now he has felt it in 
 his inmost soul, this will have struck home 
 
 sndr-po 
 
 to his heart W. ; *nd-la nan-dhdg ma jhun* 
 ('. I have not heard it, perceived it, minded 
 it; *nan-dhdg ma jhe* C. , *ma co* W. , I 
 was not heedful, I made a mistake! - 
 sndn-ba-mfa-yds = ^od-dpag-med Amitabha, 
 the fourth Dhyani Buddha. sndn-me v. 
 nan -me. snan-fsdd v. above I., 2. 
 snan-fsul 1. the outward appearance, of a 
 landscape = scenery Mil.; 2. appearance 
 opp. to essence, ynas-fsul Was. (297). 
 snan-mdzdd v. rndm-par. snan-sds 
 thoughts, fancies (?) snan-srid (Ssk. WTT) 
 the visible, external world frq. snan-j-sdl 
 shining brightlo, brilliant; cos-kyi snan-ysdl 
 sgron-me the bright light of doctrine Pth. 
 snaii-nor ral O drum Tar. 16(?). 
 
 m dd-pa, pf. bsnad, imp. snod, to hurt, 
 to harm, to injure, c. accus., lus sndd- 
 nas being hurt in the body Dzl.\ nai rta 
 snad ^gro or ^o/i my horse might be hurt 
 Mil.; sndd-kyis dogs-te afraid of hurting 
 him Dzl.; of horned cattle: to butt Sch. 
 sna ?>s, resp. sans, mucus, snivel, snot, 
 snabs pyi - ba to blow one's nose, 
 snabs-pyis pocket-handkerchief; snabs-lug 
 snotty nose, snotty fellow Sch.; snabs-litd, 
 prob. also dar-sndbs Dom. = snabs ; be-snabs 
 thick phlegm Cs. ; sndm-pa v. snom. 
 
 sndm-bu woolen cloth; the common 
 sort is not dyed, very coarse, and 
 loosely woven; sndm-bu spu-can hairy cloth, 
 napped cloth ; snam-prug, dbns-sndm Mil, 
 fine cloth; ^go-sndm C. id. ; snam-sbydr Lex. 
 a sort of loose mantle for priests Cs. 
 *ndm-ya* W. trowsers. snam-yug, yiig- 
 snam a whole piece or roll of woolen cloth. 
 snam rc'ts woolen cloth and cotton cloth Mil. 
 snam-brdg (U: *am-bdg*} bosom. 
 snam-logs, snam-yzogs resp. side. 
 ^j^. swar, terrain, of sna; S7iar-bkdb Wdk. 
 fol. 464 nose- band (?) pocket -handker- 
 chief (?); sndr-kyu guide -rope for camels, 
 passing through their nose. 
 
 nar-fdn n. of a monastery, Kopp. II. 
 256; n. of a philologist Gram. 
 
 sndr-po, sndr-mo Cs. 1 . of a 
 white or light red colour (cf. 
 skya-ndr). 2. long, oblong, cf. ndr-mo.
 
 319 
 
 sndr-ba 
 
 sndr-ba prob. the original form of 
 
 bsndr-ba. 
 
 sndr-ma n. of one of the lunar man- 
 
 sions, v. rgyu-skar 3. 
 
 sndl-ba v. bsndl-ba. 
 
 sndl-ma thread, silk -thread, woolen 
 
 thread etc.; knitting -yarn, or yarn 
 used for other purposes; also for warp, abb- 
 yarn. 
 
 snun -p a i pf- a d fut bsnun, 1. to 
 
 prick Lz. ; to stick or prick into, e.g. 
 a stick into the ground Mil., mfson a weapon 
 Lex. 2. to suckle (cf. nu-ba, nud-pa), 
 nit-ma or nu-zo snun-pa Pth., Lk, id. 
 3. to multiply Wdk. ynad snun-pa Lex. 
 w.e , Sch. : 'to excavate the interior, to get 
 or penetrate into the inside 1 (?). 
 
 snub-pa, pf. bsnubs, fut. bsnub, imp. 
 
 snub(s) vb.a to nub-pa, to cause 
 to perish; gen. fig. to suppress, abolish, abro- 
 gate, annul, destroy, annihilate, a religion, 
 a custom etc. 
 
 ^Vj- snum(-paS.(/.,-poCs.\ 1. fat, grease, 
 ^ any greasy substance, snum-yyis skud- 
 pa to grease, to smear; in C. esp. oil (W. 
 *mdr-nay*), snum-zdd-kyi mdr-me a lamp, 
 the oil of which is consumed; also fig., snum 
 being added pleon. , e. g. Mny. : lus - zuns 
 snum-zdd, and parallel to it: lus-zuhs zad 
 Lt.\ rlan-snum raw fat, zun-snum melted 
 fat Cs.; sol-snum cart-grease, composed of 
 pulverized charcoal and fat Glr. 2. fig. 
 of luxuriant grass or pasture, ri snum-pa 
 a hill clothed with luxuriant pastures C. 
 (cf. itig-ge)) snum-la jam-pa luxurious and 
 soft Mil. snum - kon a little bowl for 
 oil etc. snum-Jcur a kind of pastry baked 
 in suet. snum-yteys, W. *num-ldy*, a 
 wooden tablet, blackened, greased, and 
 strewed with ashes, used for writing upon 
 with a wood-pencil, thus serving for a slate. 
 snum - can, snum-bcas, snum-lddn fat, 
 oily, greasy. snum-dri a smell of fat. 
 - snum - nay oil Kun. snum - rtsi a 
 greasy liquid, oil etc. ; greasy, oily C. snum- 
 pa vb. = snom-pa I. 
 
 snur-ba, pf. and fut. bsnur, vb.a. 
 
 to nur-ba, 1. to put or move out of 
 
 nod 
 
 its place, to remove, to shift W. : to move or 
 draw towards one's self Cs. , so mdun - du 
 snur-ba Zam. is explained by O fen-pa. 
 2. Sch.: to cut into pieces, to fracture, to 
 crush, zib-mor into small pieces (to reduce), 
 to powder; so it seems to be frq. used in 
 Lt., though one Lex. explains it by O dds- 
 pa (scarcely corr.). 3. Cs. to bring near 
 = to shorten, dus a term, a space of time. 
 Cf. brnt'/^r^-ba Lexx. 
 
 sn ^(- m ) 1. extremity, end, sndl-mai 
 Lex., of a thread, fdy-sne the end 
 of a rope Sch.; hem, seam, ne-mo *ltdb- 
 ce* W. to fold down and sew the edge of 
 a piece of cloth, to hem; *ne-mo yydb-ce* 
 W. to trim with cord or lace. sne- K6r to 
 warp, to get twisted Sch. 2. sne-rgod, 
 sne-dmdr, sne-fsod, mon-sne, sneu, names 
 of plants. 
 
 ^,- r - r snem-pa to shake, to cause to move 
 Slightly, bsnem-byaisa-yzi a quagmire, 
 shaking or yielding under one's feet Sch.; 
 nem-nem bsnem-pa Lex., pf. bsnems. 
 g^q. sno - ba Cs. = snur - ba, to reduce to 
 ^ small pieces, to crumble. 
 SJc- snod I. sbst. (inw) 1- vessel, snod- 
 * spydd id., Lex. and col. frq.; yser- 
 snod a gold vessel; pye-snod a vessel for 
 meal or flour; cu-snod water-pot, pitcher; 
 bu-snod uterus, womb, Lt. and col.; snod- 
 Kyi fca mouth of a vessel, snod-kyi zabs 
 bottom or foot of a vessel, stem of a glass. 
 2. in anatomy : snod dmy (the six vessels) 
 are: gall-bladder, stomach, the small and 
 the large intestine, urinary bladder and 
 spermatic vessels (in the female: uterus); 
 don-snod, the six vessels and the five don 
 together, v. don 5. 3. with reference to 
 religion v. sde, compounds. 4. fig. 1. in 
 ascetic language denoting man, as far as 
 he is susceptible of higher and divine things ; 
 so already in Dzl. a man is called snod 
 yohs-su ddy-pa a very pure and holy vessel; 
 snod-lddn slob-ma a disciple eager to be 
 instructed Mil.; snod-du ruii-ba one fit for, 
 worthy of (instruction); snod-du med-pa 
 unfit, insusceptible, rude, vulgar. ; ties-par 
 Uys-pai snod mcoy, nes-leys bsyrub-pai snod
 
 320 
 
 mcog a most perfect vessel of religion (most 
 susceptible of etc.) Thgy. ; snod ma yin in- 
 susceptible of religion Thgy., Tar. 2. in 
 metaphysics: pyi-mdd the external world, 
 or rather inanimate nature, pyi-snod-kyi ^ig- 
 rten Glr. and elsewh. frq., opp. to nan- 
 bcud, viz. the sentient beings composing 
 it; so Mil. ; Sch. : matter and spirit. II. v. 
 
 zfc snon rest, remainder (?) Dzl. Z^SZ, 4, 
 *> Sch. 
 
 Sji'^r snon-pa, pf. and fut. bsnan, 1 . to add, 
 superadd, increase, augment, *la nan- 
 ce* W. to add to the wages, to raise the 
 wages; *)a fsd-big nan sal* W. please give 
 me some more tea! ynyis bsndn-te two being 
 added to them, (their number) increasing 
 by two Mil.; mdn-du snon-pa to augment 
 by a great number frq. non-ka, or non- 
 Ka W., increase, growth, augmentation, and 
 in a special sense: agio, premium; snon-ma, 
 bsndn-ma, id.; *pun-non* W., *gyab-nori f 
 6'., dmag-fsogs snon -ma reinforcements, 
 auxiliary troops. 2. to add up, sum up 
 Wdk. 
 
 snob -zog- can (spelling?) cu- 
 rious, inquisitive, * nob -zog co- 
 ce* W. to pry into, to ferret. 
 
 snom-pa I. also snum-pa, pf. bsnums, 
 fut. bsnum, imp snum(s); and sndm- 
 pa, pf. bsnams, fut. bsnam, imp. snom(s\ 
 1. to smell, to perceive by the nose (cf. 
 mndm-pd), snas dri-rnams bsndms-pa to 
 perceive scents by the nose Stg. ; *da num* 
 W. there, smell at that! *zi num-te dul-ce* 
 W. to go about smelling and prying; *na 
 cian mi num* W. I do not smell any thing. 
 - 2. to grope, *m//n-nag-la nom-ne cin 
 = nag-zitg-la nom-zin son* C., v. nag-zug. 
 II. pf. bsnams, fut. bsnam, W. *ndm-ce*, 
 resp. for ten-pa, O dzm-pa, fogs-pa, O cdn- 
 ba, to take, relics from a sepulchre Glr.', 
 to seize, to take up, the alms -bowl Dzl; 
 to hold, u stick Mil; to put on, a sacred 
 garment; *nam yin -no* W. would you 
 please (to take), would you like (to have 
 a cup of tea etc.)? 
 
 e.g. 
 
 brndb-sems 
 
 snor-ba, pf. and fut. bsnor, to COn- 
 found, mingle, mix, disturb Cs. 
 snol-ba. pf. and fut. bsnol, 1. to 
 unite, join, put together, fit together, 
 
 bricks or stones in building W. ; Cs. 
 
 to adjust; Sch. : to mend holes in stockings, 
 to darn; to cross one's hands, bruit - /Jar, 
 resp. fugs - /car, on the breast Thgr. and 
 elsewh. frq.; O fam snol-ba to put together, 
 to embrace Cs. ; ltd-snol-ba to look at each 
 other, ^6-snol-ba to kiss each other, 'and 
 thus frq. denoting reciprocity' Cs. (though 
 not to my knowledge). 2. to wrestle, 
 scuffle, fight, of boys, dogs frq., also Jlf7.; 
 stag snol - ba a fighting tiger that rushes 
 upon the enemy Ma.; to contend with, fight 
 against, subdue, me, a fire Tar. 
 
 fCTSJ" "*&& snrubs, snron, the names of two 
 ^ ' of the lunar mansions, v. rgyu- 
 skdr. 
 
 ; Cs. 
 
 sloping, oblique; Sch.: confusedly, 
 pellmell: Cs. also mediocrity. 
 
 brndg-pa 1. to devise, contrive, to 
 take care, to be concerned about, 
 to strive for or after, . . . zes ycig-tu brnags- 
 pas striving only after (that one thing) Tar.; 
 as sbst. brndg - pa cons keep (it) well in 
 your mind, pay all attention (to it)! c. genit., 
 cf. brndn-pa. 2. Lex. = bzod-pa, to suffer, 
 to endure; bmag-dka intolerable, insuppor- 
 table Lea:. 3. 6s.; to be full of corrupt 
 matter. 
 
 brndn-ba v. rndn-ba. 
 
 brndn-pa 1. 6s. to attend, to look 
 on attentively, Jbri-klog brndn-pa 
 to attend while a person is reading or writ- 
 ing. 2. Sch. : 'to be desirous of, to long 
 for, cos -la for religious instruction, ltd -la 
 for food'. With the first signification agrees 
 a quotation in Zam.: ndn-tan-brnan, with 
 the second the word *zd-nan-can* W., = 
 zd-brnab-can. 
 
 * brndb-sems Cs.: covetousness, 
 selfishness; Thgy.: bddg-gi-la 
 brndb-sems predilection for one's own things, 
 }'zdn-gyi-lu brndb-sems desire for tilings
 
 brnu-ba 
 
 321 
 
 belonging to others; W.: *zd - nab - can* 
 greedy, ravenous; *nar-nab-can* greedy of 
 gain or money, covetous. 
 
 |* bmu-ba, bi*nur-ba Lexx.; 
 ( ' 8 - to draw to, to attract, 
 (Sch. also: 'to remove a thing from its 
 place?'), prob. another form for snur-ba. 
 J" bmogs-pa to hide, conceal, 
 
 bsndn-ba v. rndn-ba. 
 
 *J* bsndd-pa v. sndd-pa. 
 * bsndn-pa v. snon-pa. 
 
 bsndm-pa v. snom-pa. 
 
 bsndr-ba 1. to extend in length, to 
 lengthen, to pull out, e.g. a piece of 
 India rubber W. 2. to draw or drag 
 after, to trail, mjug - ma Lex. the train of 
 a robe, the tail etc. ; fig. to have in its train, to 
 be attended with, nyon-mm'ts-bsndr the con- 
 sequences of sin Sch. 
 
 bsndl-ba to spin out, to protract Cs. 
 
 bsnun-pa v. snun-pa. 
 
 rj pa ] . the letter />, (tenuis), the French 
 
 p. 2. num. figure: 13. 
 j- pa, an affix, or so-called article, the 
 
 same as ba (q.v.) which, when attached 
 to the roots of verbs, gives them the sig- 
 nification of nouns, or, in other words is 
 the sign of the infinitive and the participle; 
 in the language of common life, however, 
 it is frq. used for the finite tense, and for 
 par; affixed to the names of things, it de- 
 notes the person that deals with the thing 
 (rtd-pa horseman, cu-pa water-carrier); 
 combined with names of places, it desig- 
 nates the inhabitant (bod-pa inhabitant of 
 Tibet); with numerals, it either forms the 
 ordinal number ()'nyi's-pa the second), or 
 it implies a counting, measuring, contain- 
 ing (bu-mo lo-ynyis-pa a girl counting two 
 years, i. e. a girl of two years; Kru-gdn- 
 pa measuring one cubit; sum-cu-pa con- 
 taining thirty viz. letters, like the Tibetan 
 alphabet); frq. it has no particular signi- 
 fication (rked-pa etc. etc.), or it serves to 
 distinguish different meanings (rkan marrow, 
 rkdn-pa foot) or dialects (M-ba B., *tfa* 
 
 W. snow); pa dan with a verb, v. dan 4; 
 in certain expressions it stands, it would 
 seem, incorr. inst. of pail ys6-ba rig -pa 
 science of medicine, grub-pa Iw structure 
 of the body, dam-pa cos holy doctrine (of 
 Buddha). 
 
 q-c- pd-ta W. cross, St. Andrew's cross 
 ? (thus X). 
 
 pa-til v. pa-til. 
 
 pd-to a medicinal herb Wdn. 
 
 more corr - ^J5*> P a -tra (also pa-ta 
 
 Pth.} Ssk., cup, basin, bowl (esp. for sacri- 
 fices); beggar's bowl = Ihun-bzed. 
 ? pa-na Ssk. = tan-ka Tar. 112, 6; in 
 Bhotan 1 rupee Schr.-, in W. (also 
 *pe-na*) a copper-coin = Paisa, esp. of 
 foreign coinage. 
 
 1^6' pa-ni Hind. UHlfK water Lt. 
 
 rj-B*- pa -ben a strip of wood, ledge, bor- 
 1 der (?) W. 
 
 P a ( wa )~ sdns 1 - tile 
 
 Venus. - 2. Friday. 
 
 21
 
 322 
 
 pa-yag-pa 
 
 pa-yag-pa a medicinal herb = 
 smug-cun Med. 
 
 pa-yu salt Bal. 
 
 pa-yo-to-yo, *srog dan pa-i/o- 
 td-yo tan-te son* Ld. for sroy 
 dan bsdos, v. sdo-ba. 
 
 fpd-ra-Ka W. cross (a straight one -j-)- 
 
 'pa-ran (spelling doubtful, at any 
 rate not pa-ran) n. of a mountain 
 
 pass, 19 000 feet high, between Ladak and 
 
 Spiti. 
 
 .^ pd-ri W., pd-ru 6'., B. 1. box, cylin- 
 drical or oval, high or flat, of wood 
 
 or metal. 2. pd-ru, also pd-tra Sch. 
 
 3. v. bd-ru. 
 
 ' Tibetan priest that went to China. 
 J'$JC^|" pa-sans v. pa-wa-sans. 
 
 OTT OTTCT P a 9-> pdg-bu Bal., pdg-gu Dzl, 
 |NO pau W., pag Glr., pau Wdn.: 
 brick ; pdg-gu byed-pa Dzl. ; pi'bs-pag roof- 
 tile 6s.; wd-pag gutter-tile 6s.; rdzd-pag, 
 so -pag Glr. burnt-brick 6s.; sd-pag Glr. 
 unburnt-brick 6s.; pag(-bu)-mKan mason 
 6s.; pag-rtsig brick-w T all 6s.; *pag-fsir W. 
 a row or layer of bricks; frq. used as a 
 measure = a small span, */capag-tsir nyisyod* 
 the snow is as deep as two layers of bricks. 
 - Not quite plain is the etymology of 
 ^og-pag, Lea;.', ska- rags- kyi rgyan, Sch.: 
 'a girdle ornamented with glass - beads'; 
 and of pag -por Sch. cup or vessel with 
 a lid. 
 
 pdgs-pa, Mil. also -po (cf. Ipags) 
 1. skin, hide; su-ba to skin, ace. 
 to Schr. also merely to fret the skin; pdgs- 
 pai gos skin or fur - clothing S. g. 2. 
 foreskin, when the connection of words does 
 not admit of a misconception, Miig. 3. 
 skin or peel of fruit, the bark of trees, also 
 pags-sun, and sun-pags ; *pag-fdg* C. bark- 
 cord, match-cord; pdgs-cu anasarca, skin- 
 dropsy; pdgs-cu-zugs affected with this 
 disease. 
 
 |C^" pan, fQ* pan } resp. sku-pd/i, 1. the 
 
 bend or hollow formed by the belly and 
 the thighs in sitting, lap, B., ('., W ; pan- 
 du son he sat down on the lap of ... Glr. ; 
 pan-Kebs apron ; pan-Krag the blood flowing 
 off during child-birth ; *pan - big* W. uri- 
 nary bladder; *pan-ri (for dri?) sun* C. 
 she has the bloody flux; pdh-yyog-ma 6s. 
 midwife (a kinswoman generally has to 
 officiate as such; a hired one receives a 
 new dress for her services). 2. the bend 
 or hollow formed by the arm and the chest 
 in carrying something ; bosom, usually pan- 
 pa', sin-pan-pa gan an armful of wood; 
 pan - par Jcyer - ba to carry (a child) on 
 the arm Dzl. and elsewh.; sdon-po pan- 
 pas ma Jlyigs-pa tsam zig a tree not to 
 be encompassed by a man's arms Pth.; 
 '^pan-god, pan-kod* W. an armful. 
 
 pdn-ka, pdn-fca 1 . W! an implement 
 for stirring the fire; for scraping = 
 rbad. 2. Ts. = pan. 
 
 pantsa, pan-tsa, seems to be 
 the n. of a tree B., C.; Ssk. 
 only: five. 
 qr-q- pad -pa C. = srin-bu pad -ma, v. 
 
 pdd-ma. 
 
 -. CTff'jr padma , pad - ma Ssk. in C. 
 5j ' pronounced *pe-ma* 1. water- 
 
 lily, lotos, Nymphaea, if not nearer defined, 
 the blue species, whilst the less frq. form 
 pad -mo (ace. to Glr. fol. 62) seems to 
 denote the white kind of this flower. - 
 
 2. (not in Ssk., at least ace. to Wls. and 
 Williams, though Kopp. II, 61 seems to 
 dissent): genitals, of either sex, Med. 
 
 3. srin-bu pdd-ma leech. pad-koi\ pad- 
 skdr 1 . a particular way of folding the fin- 
 gers during prayer 6s. and Sch.; a certain 
 gesture with the hand. 2. a kind of toupet 
 of the women, also pad- 16 C., W. pad 
 (-ma} dkdr(-do) 1. white lotos. 2. title of 
 a celebrated Sutra, translated by Burnouf, 
 Was. (151). pad-dkdr zal-lan an astro- 
 nomical work by Piigpapa, v. 6s. time- 
 table. pad-ma- can full of lotos; more 
 particularly lotos -lake, with and without 
 mfso Glr. pad-(ma dan nyi-ma dan) 
 zldi ydan Glr. and elsewh., carpet with
 
 323 
 
 pir 
 
 representations of lotos, sun and moon. 
 pad-ma-pa-ni lotos-bearer, name of Awa- 
 lokiteswara, Kopp. II, 23. Pad-ma-Jbyun 
 ynds, Sskr. P. Sambhava, also: U-rgyan- 
 pdd-ma, one of the most famous divines 
 and holy magicians, in the 8th century, 
 from Urgyen (Ssk. Udayana) i.e. Kabul, 
 who ace. to his own declaration (v. the 
 fantastic legend concerning him, entitled: 
 pad-ma fan-yig} was greater than Buddha 
 himself, v. Kopp. II, 68. pad-ma-ra-ga 
 Ssk. ruby. pdd-rtsa a medicinal herb 
 Wdn ( pe-tse'ty. 
 
 J*E* P a V(Ji-ta Ssk., Pandit, Indian scholar 
 ^ ' or linguist; pan-cen great Pandit; 
 pan-cen rin-po-ce, bog-do (Mongolian) rin- 
 cen, title of the second Buddhist pope, re- 
 siding at Tashilunpo, Kopp. II, 121. pan- 
 za Pandit-cap. 
 
 pan-pon (also pan-pun?') not con- 
 sidered perfect in dignity, as for 
 instance the Lamas in Lh., that are mar- 
 ried ; yet cf. ban-bdn. 
 T^. par I. form, mould, blugs-par casting- 
 mould; rdeu-par bullet-mould; blugs- 
 par, as well as sin-par, printing form, a 
 stereotype plate cut in wood; par rkd-ba 
 to cut types; rgydb-pa, par-du O debs-pa, 
 to print, to stamp; par (-yig) Jbri-ba to 
 write the exemplar or manuscript for print- 
 ing. pdr-rko-pa, pdr-rko-mKan, cutter 
 of types. par - lean printing - office. - 
 par-rgydb print, *par-rgydb fsogs-se* W. 
 like a print or impression. par - snag 
 printing-ink. pdr-pa printer Cs. pdr- 
 dpon fore-man of a printing-office. par- 
 ma a printed work, book ; *di pdr-ma yan 
 yod* this is also to be had printed. par- 
 yyog a printer's man, assistant. par-sog 
 printing-paper. par-yzi = par. 
 
 II. v. par - ma. III. terrain, of pa, 
 also sign of the adverb; combined with 
 verbs, it represents the supine, or adver- 
 bial sentences, commencing with whilst, SO 
 that; mi byed-par without doing. 
 
 "par-tan Lex., a hairy carpet Sch. 
 
 par-pa-ta n. of an officinal plant 
 Ned. 
 
 par-bu Lexx., Sch. - pa-tra. 
 
 par-tsa-sd-ti W. a kind of cotton 
 
 cloth. 
 
 pal-la-tu-la Hind, scales of a 
 
 balance Sik. 
 
 pas 1. the instr. of pa; combined with 
 verbs, it signifies by, in consequence 
 of, because; also as, since, when. 2. = 
 las, as sign of the comparative; after 
 vowels, however and the final consonants 
 d, r, 1, bos stands in its place; rtd-bas Kyi 
 cun - ba yin the dog is smaller than the 
 horse ; Kyod-pas, stag-pas, rtd-pa-bas, sndr- 
 bas, or snd-ma-bas ce, bigger than you, 
 than a tiger, than a rider, than formerly; 
 it rarely stands for the partitive: bu Ina- 
 brgyd-bas ycig, or for las with the signi- 
 fication: except, Mil. 
 
 J" pi num. fig.: 43. 
 
 pi-cdg ( Turk. ^ 'L>) large butcher's 
 knife. 
 
 pi-pi 1. Schr., Sch. fife, flute. 2. 
 W. nipple, teat; *pi-pi nud tdii-ce* 
 to suckle. 3. icicle W. 
 
 longum, a spice, similar to black 
 pepper, yet more oblong. 
 
 pi-po v. pi-si. 
 
 pi-tse skin, or leather bag for water etc. 
 Lh. 
 
 ^^pi-fsi, and ma-fsi, interjections of 
 anger, Foucaux Gyatch. 3\S/C, transl. 
 292. 
 
 pi-wun or pi -bait, Zam. = ^\ iy j, 
 guitar, also </a-nyt.'n-pi-wan C., pi- 
 wan rdl-mo Glr. =tfd-pon W.; pi -wan 
 rgyud ysum a three - stringed guitar Stg.; 
 rgyud-mdn a guitar with many strings 
 Cs. ; sgrog-pa to play (the guitar) ; pi-wan- 
 i, or pi-wan-pa a player on the guitar. 
 pi- si (perh. from the Persian) cat, 
 W. ; pi-po male cat, pi-mo female cat. 
 
 pig-mo v. pus-mo. 
 
 pir brush, pencil ; byug-pir large brush, 
 for house - painting ; bead - pir small
 
 324 
 
 pir-ba 
 
 po 
 
 brush or pencil for artistic painting, Chi- 
 nese writing; pir-fogs(-pd) painter Cs. - 
 pir-don receptacle or case for brushes. 
 pir-spu pencil -hair. *pir-nyug* W. = 
 bcad-pir; also for lead-pencil. pir-sin 
 pencil-stick. 
 
 pir-ba (spelling?) to crush, to grind 
 (to powder) = mnyed-pa Ld. 
 
 l-tse Ld. sieve. 
 
 pis-mo v. pus-mo. 
 
 pispal, ace. to 6s. Ssk., yet not to 
 be found in Lexx., the wild fig-tree, 
 Hindi: pipal. 
 
 J" pu num. figure for 73. 
 
 ri%' pu-ti milfoil, (millefolium), yarrow; 
 2* Lh. 
 
 q-f*. pu-tri (Ssk. ipft, daughter), a eom- 
 xo"* mon female name (perh. bu-Krid.') 
 rrm- pu-sti, Glr.=p6-ti, book (perh. form- 
 N? ^ ed out of pustak). 
 
 Pu-na-Ka town in Bhotan. 
 
 J* pu-byi v. spu-byi. 
 
 pu-tse, pu-se, a little rat-like animal, 
 v. bra and zlum; pu-tse-sel prob. = 
 
 pu-fse husks of barley W.; Cs. bran. 
 &***** Mil.) a district in Mna- 
 
 n*^* pu-ri tube, any thing tubular and 
 NS hollow, box of tin or wood, pen- 
 case etc.; also=o?^-po the Tibetan 'shuttle; 
 *pu-ri med-Kan* W. full, solid, not hollow, 
 cf. pd-ri. 
 
 ^'^"fV pu-ra-sa Ssk. man; soul; = styes-bu. 
 
 q-q^'OT pu-lin-ga Cs.: Ssk. masculine 
 
 NS I gender. 
 
 CTft!* PU~I U hut, built of stones, like those 
 
 S3 ""* of the alpine herdsmen W., (Ts. rdzi- 
 
 skym*}; Kyi-pul dog-kennel. 
 
 jqvfl' pu-su fence, Lex. = mda-ydb and Idn- 
 
 ^y pug-ta (?) shelf, partition in a box. 
 
 pug-ma Pu>\ collar-bone. 
 
 pun-pa, pun-pa C., W. an urn-shaped 
 
 vessel of clay or wood, for water, 
 beer etc. (seems not to be the same with 
 bum-pa). 
 
 P un -P a W- *pun-ce* = litd-ce to 
 
 run over. 
 
 ''Ty pundarika Ssk, white lotos. 
 
 j^- pur Cs. 1. steel -yard. 2. pur-yyis 
 S v. O pur-ba. 3. v. spur. 
 
 J(^" pul v. pu-lu. 
 
 3 
 
 ^fi' 3 ^ puskara Ssk. blue lotos. 
 
 S sfc - b k - 
 
 pus-mo, W. *pis-mo, pig-mo*, knee ; 
 
 pis -mo sa-la O dzug-pa to kneel; 
 * pig-mo tsug-ce, pi-tsug gydb-ce* W. id.; 
 *pig-mo tsug-te dad-ce* to sit in kneeling 
 (which is considered indecorous); cf. tsog. 
 
 J" pe num. figure: 103. 
 
 P e ~(d)k" r -> a l so be-kdr, pe-hd-ra. 
 bi-hdr Lt., Glr., Mil, a much 
 worshipped deity, v. kye-pdn, and Schl. 157. 
 
 * pe-te-hor n. of a people Sch. 
 
 pe-ne, pe-na v. pa-na. 
 
 kan. 
 
 pu-sel-tse a medicinal herb Med. 
 
 pe-bdn (Pers. j^lj), graft, scion; 
 *pe-bdn tsug-ce* W. to graft. 
 
 -feam little, small, a little &?/*. 
 
 pe-tse, pi-tsi, Chin, pai-tsdi, Chinese 
 white cabbage in C.; of late also known 
 in Europe. 
 
 Hj'*; pe-ra a flat basket. 
 
 pe- 8a , paisa, Hind., copper coin, not 
 
 quite a half-penny. 
 
 P^ n ~ t 86 a kind of wood of which 
 vessels are made Cs. (= pdn-tsaf) 
 po 1. sign of nouns, in like manner 
 as -pa; it particularly designates con-
 
 -ta-la 
 
 crete nouns and the masculine gender, frq., 
 in contradistinction to abstract nouns with 
 -pa or -ba, and to feminities with -mo; 
 connected with a numeral, it supplies the 
 definite article: litd-po the five (just men- 
 tioned) ; ynyis-po the two, both, = ynyis-ka. 
 2. num. figure: 133. 
 
 pd-ta-la (Ssk. iffa ship, ^ to re- 
 ceive, hence: harbour, port; Tib. 
 gru-dzin) 1. ancient n. of Tatta, a town 
 not far from the mouth of the Indus. - 
 2. n. of a three -peaked hill near Lhasa, 
 with the palace of the old kings of Tibet, 
 now the seat of the Dalai Lama. (The 
 spelling 'Buddha -la' arises from an er- 
 roneous etymological hypothesis, and the 
 fact of its being found even in Hue's writ- 
 ings may be attributed merely to a thought- 
 less adherence to what had become a cus- 
 tom ; v. Kopp. II, 340.) 
 j^ po-ti (ace. to one Lex. a corruption 
 of pu-sta-ka, for which also the form 
 pu-sti seems to speak) = glegs-bam, book 
 (of loose leaves). 
 
 po-tum Sik. large wasp. 
 po-td C. bullock. 
 
 v - mfo-po-tog. 
 
 po-ld the well-known Turkish mess 
 of pilaw, Hind, pulao. rice boiled with 
 fowl; in Ld. however sweet rice, prepared 
 with butter, sugar, and 'pating'; fig. bsdm- 
 bloi po-la byed-pa to concoct and deal in 
 plans and plots. 
 
 P-l(n)-sd n n - f the moun- 
 tains bordering on China Ld.- 
 Glr. Schl. 21, a (where in the translation 
 the word has not been recognized as being 
 a proper name). 
 
 pog-pw censer, perfuming-pan. 
 
 pogs-ta v. pugs-ta. 
 
 pod, pon, pon-to v. pod, pon, pon-to. 
 pob C. castrated ram. 
 
 JT po 
 
 325 
 
 Ts. = tsd-bai nad. 
 
 j. pro. small turkoises, 1 or 2'" in size, 
 "* strung together foi 1 finger-rings, v. fsom. 
 T(&f) P ra (- m ) t's. ! lot; pro, O debs-pa 
 to cast lot. 2. sign, token, prog- 
 nostic; Sch.: pra Jbebs-pa 'ein Zeichen ge- 
 ben, ein Bild darstellen'. 
 
 pra - cdl, spra - cdl Lea;, w. e. Sch. 
 jest, joke, fun, nonsensical talk; byed- 
 pa to make sport, to play the buffoon; 
 slon-ba to cause merriment; pra-cdl-pa, 
 or -m/can wag, buffoon. 
 jn*ar pra -It Sch.: hill-mouse (marmot?), 
 hare(?); cf. brd-ba. 
 
 P rat ^-offos an alpine herb, said 
 to be very wholesome to sheep 
 (so for instance in Purig); ace. to recent 
 investigations, of little value. Ace. to Cs. 
 = a-krori, but this is denied by the people 
 of Lahoul. 
 
 P ~ y a ~ y u S^-, n. of several 
 kinds of Indian aromatic plants 
 Med. 
 
 P r 9-> ze ~P r< ^9 Le^., the crest 
 Of acockCs.; prog-zu, brog- 
 zu, sprog-zu cod-pan. 
 
 dpd(-ba) (^, ^T), also spd-ba 
 1. bravery, strength, courage; brave, 
 strong, courageous; dpa bsgon-ba Lex., Kon- 
 ba Thgy. ; goii-ba, bkon-ba Lex., to despond ; 
 to dishearten (?); sin-tu dpd-zi/i he becom- 
 ing very brave Dzl. ; dpd-la stobs (yah gyad 
 dan bnydm-ste being brave, and in strength 
 equal to an athlete Dzl. 2. beauty ; beauti- 
 ful. 3. W. taste, agreeable taste, flavour. 
 Comp. dpd-can \. brave. 2. beautiful. 
 3. W. savoury. dpa-med-Kan W. taste- 
 less , v. also Iddd - pa. dpa - cen very 
 brave; a great hero. dpa-ddr = mgul- 
 ddr, a piece of silk, tied round the neck, 
 as an honourable distinction for some brave 
 deed. dpa-lddn = dpd-can 1 and 2. 
 dpd-bo, fV^? 1. strong man, hero. 2. demi- 
 god. dpa - bo - dkdr a medicinal herb 
 Med. dpd-mo \. heroine (more frq. than 
 the masc. dpd-bo). 2. mka-gro-ma, Da- 
 .kini Mil, Thgr., Glr. dpa-fstil Mil. = 
 dpd-ba 1. sbst., ni f. 
 
 OT1*
 
 326 
 
 dpag-tsdd 
 
 'ST dpun-pa 
 
 dpag-fsdd mile, ace. to Cs. = 
 4000 fathoms, hence a geogra- 
 phical mile ; yet there are mentioned dpag- 
 cen and dpag-cun, the latter = 500 fathoms. 
 The word seems altogether to belong more 
 to the phantastic mythical literature, than 
 to common life; so at least in W. 
 
 dpdg-pa \. dpog-pa. 
 
 dpag-yyeits the bustle or tu- 
 mult of a festival Ld. 
 dpag-bsam-sin n. of a fa- 
 bulous tree, that grants 
 every wish; ace. to Pth. == tsdn-dan-sbrul- 
 gyi snyin-po. 
 
 _. jt dpdn(-po) witness, both the de- 
 ponent, and the evidence de- 
 posed. Fully authenticated are as yet only : 
 lha dpdn-du O dzug-pa to call a deity for 
 a witness in taking an oath, to appeal to 
 Glr.; also: dpan byed-pa to bear witness, 
 to attest, v. mna. More conjectural are 
 the meanings of: blo-sems dpdn-du jog-pa 
 Glr., or ran-sems dpdn-du O dziig-pa Mil., 
 to be sincere, to be conscious of speaking 
 the truth; dpdn-du O gyur-ba to be witness 
 of, to see, to know (cf. spydn-du ^)})ur- 
 ba)\ bden-dpdii Lis. as explanation of ce- 
 bzi, witness or proof for the truth of a 
 thing; *pdn-po log^pa zer-ces* W. to give 
 false evidence (Schr. rdzun-dpdn). mi- 
 dpdn (Ld. *mir - pan*} W., C., is used as 
 syn. to dpdn-po (also Schr), 1. witness. 
 '2. defender, advocate; mi-dpan (or dpaii- 
 po} byed-pa c. genit. or dat., to defend in 
 a court of justice; (dpdn-pos dpoii-ba Sch. 
 seems to be unknown and doubtful). 
 
 d P ails ne '9 nt ; dpdn-m in height 
 Samb.; dpam-mfo Lex. high, cf. 
 O pans. dpans-fsdd great heat Schr. (?). 
 dpdr-ba v. dpor-ba. 
 
 dpalSsk. *ft 1. glory, splendour, mag- 
 nificence, abundance; dpal reg-pa- 
 med-pa unattainable glory Glr.; yon- tan 
 dii - mai dpal splendour of numerous ac- 
 complishments; skyed - pai dpdl - la lons- 
 spyod-pa enjoying the utmost happiness 
 
 Glr.', frq. as an epithet, or part of the 
 names of deities, e.g. dpal-cen he-ru-ka, 
 and esp. dpal(-ldan)lhd-mo , dpal-cen-mo, 
 Durga Uma, Kali, the much adored spouse 
 of Siva ; O clod-dgui dpal the fulness of all 
 that can be desired Glr.; dpdl-gyi dum-bu, 
 AjTl^U^, ! sandal-wood. 2. Cs. a kind of 
 syrup , prepared of bse - sin , used as a 
 purgative. 2. wealth, abundance, Glr. and 
 elsewh. 3. welfare, happiness, blessing, 
 O yro-bai of creatures Mil. and elsewh.; kun- 
 gyi dpdl-du O gyur-ba or sdr-ba to be (be- 
 come) the salvation, the saviour of all beings 
 Glr. and elsewh. ; dpal skyed-pa, yzdn-gyi, 
 rdii-gi dpal to work for the elevation of 
 others or for one's own. 4. nobility, dpdl- 
 gyi yndn-ba privilege of nobility; dpdl-gyi 
 ynan-sog diploma of nobility, dpdl-gyi 
 ynan-soy-pa one having a diploma of no- 
 bility Cs. dpal-lcydd Dzl. = dpal 1. 
 dpal-rtiig majesty, full glory Sch. dpal- 
 Iddn a man's name (very common). dpal- 
 po an illustrious man, dpdl-mo an illustrious 
 woman Cs. dpal (- gyi) - beu is said to 
 denote the figure $fc &>' dpal - byeu 
 glow-worm Sch. dpal -by or 1. glory, 
 wealth, magnificence, as a man's possession. 
 2. W. strawberry; 3. a man's name (very 
 common). 
 ^J' dpuh 1 host, great number, fians fams- 
 
 N cdd-kyi Dzl.; esp. of soldiers. 2. 
 troops, army, dpun bzi the four species of 
 troops: rtai, gldii-po-cei, sin-rtai, and rkafi- 
 fdit-gi dpuii (or dpuii(-bu)-cuit) ; dpuii-(gi) 
 fsogs, dmag-dpun, army frq.; dgra-dpuii 
 hostilearmy. 3. (auxiliaries?), help, assist- 
 ance. * pun -la tdit-ce* W. to send assistance. 
 dpun-grogs, -rogs, helper. dpun-(gi) 
 ynyen friend, protector, defender, assistant, 
 frq. *pun-non* W. reinforcement. 
 rq^'rj- dpUH-pa 1. shoulder, dpun-pa Kar 
 
 >s on the shoulder Glr.; dpun-pa daii 
 dpyi ynyis both the shoulders and hips S.g.; 
 upper arm, dpun-pa-rkdn upper arm-bone ; 
 dpun Jum-paSch. to contract the arm(?); 
 dpun -pa -lag upper and lower arm Cs. ; 
 dpun-pa-rgyun an ornament for the arm 
 Cs. 2. sleeve, yos dpuii-pa-can a garment
 
 327 
 
 dpon-po 
 
 with sleeves 6s. ; dpun-pa-bcdd the part of 
 a woman's dress covering the chest Zaut . : 
 Sch. : dpun-bcad-'rds. 
 
 rj?j- dpe, Ld. *spe*, 1. pattern, model, de- 
 la dpe Glr., or de dper byds-nas Zam., 
 taking this for a pattern ; rgyd - yul - nas 
 rtsis-kyi dpe blans it was from China that 
 mathematics were learned Glr.- . . .pai dpe 
 mi O dug there are no patterns for . . . Glr. ; 
 dpe ci Itar with what to be compared? 
 according to what analogy? Thgy.; simi- 
 litude, parable, example, mfun-pai dpe an 
 example that may be followed, a good ex- 
 ample; bzlog-pai dpe an example to the 
 contrary, a warning example Thgy.; *pe 
 zdn-po, and nem-pe pe* as well as *y ar- 
 ia and mar-la zdg-pe-pe, or mar-pe* C. 
 id.; dpe st6n-pa to teach or to prove by 
 examples; hence the participle, used sub- 
 stantively, serves as an epithet of the Sau- 
 trantikas, Was. (112); dpe bsdd-pa, dpe 
 bzdg-pa = dpe stdn-pa; dper rjod-pa to set 
 up for a parable or comparison; dper-na, 
 in later times also dpe - ni, dpe byed - na 
 Mil. , *pe gydb - na" W. , 1 . (in order ) to 
 quote an example, by way of a comparison, 
 just as if, followed by bzin-du or Itar, very 
 frq.; 2. like our 'for instance', e.g., before 
 enumerations, where in the older writings 
 gen. O di-lta-ste is used; dper ^os-pa Cs. 
 what may be compared, dper mi ^os-pa not 
 to be compared; occasionally also: worthy 
 or not worthy of imitation ; Kd-dpe, ytdm- 
 dpe proverb, adage 6s.; O drd-dpe allegory, 
 parable S.g.; md-dpe W., Ld. *md-spe*, 
 Lh. *mdr-pe*, pattern, (writing-) copy (cf. 
 also md - dpe and bu - dpe below). 2. 
 symmetry, harmony, beauty, (in certain phra- 
 ses). 3. book, /crims brgyad-kyi dpe the 
 book of the eight commandments Dzl. ; kd- 
 dpe, ka-ttdi dpe abc-book, prituer; pydg- 
 dpe resp. for dpe, if used by a Lama (cf. 
 pyag-mfcdr') ; md-dpe, bu-dpe original and 
 copy of a book 6 r s. ; yig - nag dpe a real 
 book, not of a fig. meaning, as the book 
 of nature, Mil.; dpe.rtsom-pa to write, to 
 compose, bsu-ba to copy a book; O d6ys-pa, 
 O fsem-pa to bind, to stitch a book. 
 
 Comp. dpe-ka little book, vulgo. dpe- 
 /, : d/'/ library; bookseller's shop. dpe-kri 
 a table to put books on, book-stand. - 
 dpe-mkyvd, Jtyud Cs. v. mKyud-pa. dpe- 
 mgo, dpe-mjug beginning, end, of a book. 
 dpe-sgdm chest for books, book-case. 
 - dpe- ca not frq. in B., but vulgo the 
 common word for book. *dpe-ca pe-ce, 
 tum-ce* W. to open, to close a book; v. 
 btum-pa. dpe-rjod v. dper. dpe - fd 
 list of books. dpe-bydd proportion, sym- 
 metry, beauty, dpe -b;/ ad bzdn-po brgydd- 
 i-u the eighty physical perfections of Bud- 
 dha. dpe-bydd-can well-proportioned. 
 dpe-fsoh-pa bookseller. dpe-subs case or 
 covering for a book. dpe-bsus copy of 
 a book. dper v. 1. dpe-brjod \. ex- 
 ample, comparison, dpe-brjod byed- pa to 
 compare, to cite an example 6"s. ; dpe-brjod 
 rtogs-paGram. id.(?). 2. paradigm, example 
 Gram. 
 
 dpe-sgra(?}, *(s)pt-ra* W., speech, 
 for ytam; *(s)pe"-ra zer~ce(s), tdn- 
 6-^(s)*, to speak, to talk ; I'-zuc/ (s)pe-ra ma 
 tan do not say so! *(s)pe -ra zer - ce(s) 
 med-Kan son* he became speechless (with 
 terror etc.). 
 
 dper-na v. sub dpe. 
 
 dpog-pa, pf . dpags, fut. dpag, 1 . to 
 measure, to proportion, to fix, ytoh- 
 tsul ce-cun-la (to proportion) the dose to 
 the sizeLtf.; . . .kyif sad-las after the measure 
 of. ... Lt.; nad-stobs-la according to the 
 violence of the disease Lt.', dpag (tu) med 
 (-pa), less frq. dpag-brdl, dpag -yds, im- 
 mensely large, very much; fugs dpag-med 
 infinite grace, mdzdd-pa to show Dzl. 
 2. to outweigh, to counterbalance, lons-spyod 
 fams-cdd-kyis mi dpog-pa not to be counter- 
 balanced by all the wealth . . . Tar. 3. to 
 weigh, to judge, to prove, />'.s-.s?/, dpog-pa 
 to examine Tar.', rjes-dpdg Zant. 
 inference, conclusion. 
 
 dpdn-po master, lord, over men 
 (generally); (cf. bddg-po owner) 
 master, over working-men, overseer, fore- 
 man, leader, yi'd-pai dpon-po, director,
 
 328 
 
 dpor-ba 
 
 O go-dpon; *dpon-po-la cay pul dug zu zer, 
 fug-sro ma kyod, na yon-Ion med* W. make 
 your master my compliment, and he should 
 not take it amiss that I had no time to 
 come; Krims-dpon 1. prop.: superior judge, 
 lord chief-justice. 2. now: high officer of 
 state, prefect, = mi-dpon; mKar-dpon com- 
 mander of a fortress; Jfrug-dpon general 
 Ma.; O go-dpon v. go; brgyd-dpon centurion, 
 captain; bcu-dpon corporal; cibs-dpon master 
 of the horse, equerry; rje-dpon = rje; rtd- 
 pa-dpon (sic) (cf. pa extr.) general of ca- 
 valry Glr.; stegs-dpon(?) v. stegs; ston-dpon 
 leader of a thousand (seems to be no longer 
 in use); ded-dpon sea-captain; mdd-dpon 
 is said to be in C. the modern word for 
 general, and O degs-dpon the same as ston- 
 dpon; however v. stegs; Idin-dpon v, Idin; 
 spyi-dpon governor general 6s.; mi-dpon 
 prefect; rtsig-dpon master-mason; rdzoh- 
 dpon m/cdr-dpon; yul-dpon prefect of a 
 district Wts.; ru-dpon something like co- 
 lonel; sin-dpon master-carpenter; slob-dpon 
 teacher, frq., also title of the higher and 
 more learned Lamas, corresponding, as it 
 were, to M.A., master of arts; ysol-dpon 
 head-cook, butler. dpon - mo fern. , nai 
 - mo yin she is my mistress Glr. 
 ^standing under amaster or mistress. 
 dpon-med free 6s. dpon-yyog master 
 and servants, frq. Kon-)o dpon-yyog 
 (princess) koh-jo and her suite Glr. dpon- 
 fsdn physician Schr. and Sch. dpon-yig 
 secretary Schr. dpon-slob \ . inst. of dpon- 
 po dan slob-ma Ma. and elsewh. 2. title 
 of the four independent rulers in Bhotan, 
 the Tenlow' of English news-papers, ace. 
 to the pronunciation of *pon-lob, pon-lo*. 
 dpor-ba, pf. and fut. dpar, to dic- 
 tate, Cs.; if por-tsom (jhe^-pa* C. id. 
 rq- dpya tax, duty, tribute, Q bul-ba to pay, 
 ' DzL, Jbebs-pa to impose Tar. 21, 11; 
 dpya -Ural id., rgydl-poi dpya-Krdl Lex. ; 
 likewise dpya-fdn Cs. 
 
 dpydh-ba, spydn-ba, to suspend, to 
 make hang down, prop. vb. a. topydn- 
 ba, with pf. dpyans and spijans, imp. dpyans, 
 ns, but also vb. n., to rock, to 
 
 pitch (of a ship) Pth.; dpydn-la yton-ba trs. 
 Thgy.; *gyog-can*, perh. more corr. *tiyog- 
 cdh*, also *peb-cdn* C. sedan-chair, palan- 
 quin; dpyan-fdg, O pyaii-fdg, cord or rope, 
 by which a thing is suspended, e.g. a 
 plummet, a bucket, a miner; hence fig. 
 fugs-tjei dpyaii-fdg ycod-pa Thgr. ; cu-snod 
 dan dpyan-fag sbd-ba to hide the bucket 
 together with the rope Schr.; a rope-swing, 
 dpyan-fag rtsed-pa to swing (one's self); 
 dpyans, spydns-paipan, hanging ornaments, 
 dar-dpydns silk ornaments S.a. 
 
 dpyad 1 . v. dpyod-pa. 2. Stg. : an 
 instrument to open the mouth by 
 force; perh. also in a more general sense: 
 crow-bar (?); dpydd-pa v. dpyod-pa. 
 
 dpyds-po offence, fault, blame 6s.; 
 dpyds-can faulty, blamable ; dpyas- 
 med faultless, blameless 6s. ; dpyas O dogs- 
 pa to blame Tar.; cf. O pyd-ba. 
 ?&' dpyi (Cs. also spyi) W. *(s)^??'*, hip 
 ^ Lt.; dpyi-mgo 6s., dpyi-zur, dpyi-rus, 
 hip-bone; dpyi-mig socket of the hip-bone, 
 perh. also vulg. = hip. 
 
 dpyid (cf. Phonetic Table), spring, 
 also adv. in spring Dzl. ; cf. also dus 
 4; dpyid-ka, *pid-Ka* W., id., also Glr.', 
 dpyid-zla month of spring. 
 
 dpi/is, dpyis pyin-pa Sch. : to come 
 to the last, to arrive at the end; 
 dei rig-pa O di dpyis pyin-pa sus kyan mi 
 ses dgons - nas Schf. : as he reflected , that 
 no body would thoroughly understand his 
 arguments. 
 
 dpydfi-ba, perh. primitive form of 
 dpydn-ba. 
 
 ^pT dpyo-ba to change Sch. 
 
 rrjr-^r dpyod-pa^ pf. and fut. dpyad, to 
 try, to examine, nyes-pa dan ma- 
 nyes-pamnocence and guilt, right and wrong 
 Dzl. ; dpydd-na . . . ma rtogs-so after ever 
 so much investigating . . . they found out 
 nothing Dzl. ; bye -brag -tu dpydd-pa ste 
 having now been separately examined Zam.; 
 sa-dpydd, or ri-dpydd yzigs-pa to examine 
 the country, or the mountains, i.e. their 
 general features, with regard to omens and
 
 dprdl-ba 
 
 329 
 
 span-spun 
 
 auspices Glr.; sai dpyad bzdn-bar ses-pa 
 to know that this examination will turn 
 out favourably Glr.', *rin cdd-ce* (gen. 
 written *bcad-ce*, cf. bcod-pa extr.) W. to 
 tax, to estimate; gon-fdn dpyad -kyis (or 
 -pas) mi cod Glr. v. cod -pa 2; esp. in 
 medicine: smdn-pas . . . dpyad byds-te . . . 
 zes dpyad byds - so the physician having 
 tried, tried thus, (pronounced the following 
 as the result of his examination) Dzl. 9Y9, 
 12; sman-dpydd byed-paio treat medically, 
 dpyad ma-la bya then the mother (not the 
 child) must be placed under medical treat- 
 ment Lt.; Jbrds-kyis btsun-moi sman-dpydd 
 byed-pa to cure (the illness of) the queen 
 with rice Dzl. ; sman-dpydd-la mKds-pa to 
 be skilled in medical science!)^.; ca-bydd 
 dpydd-kyi ynas instrumental therapeutics 
 i.e. surgery S.g. ; rtog-dpyod, brtag-dpydd, 
 examination; rtog-dpyod rdb-tu yton-ba to 
 examine very closely Pth. ; rtog-dpyod fon 
 examine! Mil.; bzan-dpyod examining the 
 worth of a thing. dpyod-pa-pa, and 
 spyod-pa-pa, Ssk. 4JV*lf<J^i> an Indian sect 
 of philosophers (the former of the two 
 spellings seems to be more correct). 
 rnorn* dprdl-ba (reap, ydans 6s.), *tdl- 
 iva*, Ld. *srdl-wa*, forehead, dprdl- 
 bai mda an arrow sticking in the forehead 
 Glr.; dprdl-bai mig bzin-du 'like the eye 
 of the countenance', to designate something 
 highly valued (as the scriptural 'apple of 
 the eye'); dprdl-bai pyogs-kyi fad drdn-na 
 just before one in front Wdn.; fig. *tal- 
 wa hdn-pa* W. unlucky; a luckless person. 
 Sqq'SqOf dprul-dprul (or prul- prult}, 
 i3 *& *tul-tul-la ton wa* C. to hang 
 one's self. 
 
 Ipags, as second part of compounds 
 inst. of pdgs-pa, e.g. wd-lpags fox- 
 skin, stdg-lpags tiger-skin ; sun-lpags skin, 
 bark, peel, shell. 
 
 ,, spa \. v. dpa. 2. also sba, cane (seems 
 " to be distinguished from smyug - ma 
 more in a popular and practical way, than 
 scientifically) ; spa-skor hoop of a cask Schr. ; 
 spa-lcdr Mil., spa-lcdy Mil., spa - her Pth., 
 spa - dbyuy Lex. , walking-cane ; spa - gliii 
 
 cane-flute Sch.; spa-til \\rnt, match, v. pa- 
 til; spa- don or -Idon little cask, made of 
 bamboo, prob. = gur-gur don-mo; *pa- bdr* 
 C., W. torch; spa-dmyug or -smyug, cane 
 Cs.; pa-sin Sik. strong bamboo sticks. 
 
 spa -ma 1. juniper, Juniperus squa- 
 mosa, and some other small species; 
 cf. sug-pa. 2. cypress Sik. 
 
 spdg-pa 1. v. spog-pa. 2. *fcdl- 
 pag pdg-ce* W. to smack (in eating). 
 3. C., W. to dip, e.g. meat into the gravy; 
 cf. the following. 
 
 spags, resp. skyu-rum, 1. C. = zan 
 (= *K6-lag,pdg-Ku* Ld.}, pap, esp. 
 made of tea and 'tsampa'. 2. W. = *sa- 
 rug* C.}, sauce, gravy, for dipping in (sops); 
 *dam-pdg* W. mire, sludge. 3. food, dish, 
 mess; W., C. *pag na so-so*. 
 ^tr* span, I. also spdn-po, 1. turf, green- 
 ^ sward, meadow, mdun-na spdn-po me- 
 tog bkra in front a flowery meadow-ground 
 Mil. 2. moss, also cu-span Cs. 3. bog, 
 span-skon 1 . p.n. ('turf-ditch'), a large valley, 
 with a lake in it, on the frontier of Ladak 
 and Rudog. 2. span-skon pyag-rgyd-pa n. 
 of an ancient work on religion Glr. ; span- 
 rgyan a medicinal herb Med. ; span - can 
 covered with turf; spdn-cu green mud Sch. ; 
 span-ljons grassy country ; span-fan a plain 
 covered with verdure ; span - spos Wald- 
 heimia tridactylites, a pretty, very aromatic 
 composite, growing on the higher alps; 
 span-bog piece of turf, sod ; span-ma Med., 
 Tfpej, blue vitriol; span-rtsiS.g.(t}; span-zun 
 verdigris Sch. ; span-ri a grassy hill Mil.; 
 span -yson a mountain-meadow Mil. 
 
 II. board, plank, gen. span-leb Glr. and 
 vulg. ; also a Slab, slate, flag Lh. ; span-sgo 
 board or panel of a door Cs. ; span - kri 
 Schr., *ti-pdn* Ld , *pan-ddn* Ld., book- 
 stand. 
 
 spah-ba v. spon-ba. 
 
 spans, sometimes inst. of dpans. 
 
 xtj" spad, only \npa-spdd father and children; 
 " cf. the more frq. ma-smdd, Lex. 
 '' span-spun brothers, relatives Cs. 
 
 21*
 
 330 
 
 , rna-spdbs C. ear-wax; Lexx. 
 also rnul- (or rdul- ?) gyi spabs w.e. 
 
 spar for par 1. Sch. 
 
 IFF 
 
 spar-Ka, spar-Ka brgyad the pah 
 kwah, or eight diagrams of Chinese 
 
 science, ~ ~ etc. 
 
 spar-ba I. sbst., also spar-mo (Ld. 
 
 *^vdr-mo*^ ace. to the spelling sbar- 
 mo) 1. the grasping hand, paw, claw, sprdn- 
 poi spdr-mor spa-dbyug sprad he puts the 
 staff into the beggar's grasp (hand) Lexx.; 
 *wdr-mo gydb-ce* W., spdr-mos Jbrdd-pa 
 to clutch, to scratch; spdr-mos O debs-pa Cs., 
 spar byed-pa Sch., to seize with the hand, 
 the paw, or the claws ; ydon fams-cdd spar- 
 sad rgydb-pa Pth. to scratch the whole 
 face ('combing it with the claws'); *sbar- 
 ju* C. rail, for taking hold of; spar -mo 
 O byed-pa, bsddm-pa to open, to close the 
 hand 6s. 2. as a measure: as much as 
 may be grasped with the hand, a handful 
 (of wood, grass, earth etc.), *(s)pdr-ra yan* 
 one handful, (s)pdr-ra gan do two hand- 
 fuls etc.; spar-fsdd Ina-brgyd 500 hand- 
 fuls S.g. ; sa spar - gdn Mil. a handful of 
 earth. 
 
 II. vb. v. spor-ba. 
 
 spar -ma a low-growing shrub of 
 
 very hard wood Mil.nt. 
 (s}pi-ti Spiti, the valley, situated to 
 the west of Lahul, watered by the 
 Spiti river, belonging to the British Punjab, 
 and inhabited by a race of pure Tibetans. 
 
 ^TO* spin col. for speu. 
 
 fspu, Ssk. ^fT^, 1- hair ( ( pilus\ cf. skra\ 
 lus-kyi of the body in general, Lex.; 
 mgo-spu, Jed- or ydoh-spu, mcdn-spu, O doms- 
 spu (or spu-ndn Cs.), brdn-spu., hair of the 
 head, the beard, arm-pits, lower-parts, chest; 
 bd-spu the little hairs of the skin, frq.; 
 rtd-spu horse-hair; spu O pyi or ytog the 
 hair is plucked out Lex., byi falls off Dzl, 
 fzob byed is singed off Sch., Idan, Ian Dzl, 
 lon-yyo Mil., the hair bristles, stands on 
 end; spu zin byed B., brtse Sch., *se-zin* 
 W., a shuddering of I'ear comes over (me, 
 
 him etc.) ; fams-cdd spu-zin byed-cin Pth. ; 
 byad spits Kens- pa with a face all hairy 
 G-lr.; spui llun-bu passage of perspiration, 
 pore Dzl. ; spu nydg-ma tsdm-gyi ^gyod-pai 
 sems repentance as much as one single little 
 hair Dzl. 2. feather, byd-spu rlun-gis 
 Kyer-ba a down (feather) blown off; feathers. 
 plumage. 
 
 Comp. spu-fca colour of horses and other 
 hairy animals. spu-gri i. razor: also 
 allegorically, as a title of books. 2. knife 
 C. spu- can hairy. spu-cim(?) false 
 hair Sch. spu-ja v. ja. spu-byi ndg- 
 po, spu-ndgalsopu-byi, sable (furred animal) 
 Sch. spu-ma hairy, carded (cloth). 
 spu-me'd hairless. spu-ytsan-ma v. spus. 
 spu-hrug short-haired Sch. 
 
 spu-rdns Glr. v. pu-rdns. 
 
 spue/ Lexx. n. of a precious stone Cs. 
 
 Sjr spun heap, col. also for pun-po ; spuh- 
 NS ba pf. and imp. -spuns, to heap, ac- 
 cumulate, pile up (coals etc.); rin-cen spuns- 
 pa a heap of precious stones Glr. 
 
 s pud-pa to decorate; rgydn-gyis Lex. 
 
 ^y spun 1. children of the same parents, 
 >3 ' brothers, sisters, K6-mo-cag spunynyis 
 we (his) two sisters Dzl. 9LP-, 17; ned spun 
 ysum we three brothers Glr. ; /eyed bit-mo 
 spun Ina-po you five sisters Mil.', pleon. 
 bu spun ysum Tar.; spun yzdn-rnams his 
 other (six elder) brothers Tar.; spun-yces 
 dear brother! Chr. P. pd-spun, brothers 
 and sisters of the same father; md-spun 
 of the same mother; spun-zla, (js)pun-da, 
 or -la 1. = spun; 2. in C. it is said to be 
 used also for attorney, advocate; spun-ma 
 sister, as a more particular designation of 
 the sex. 2. in a wider sense: cousins. 
 brothers- or sisters-in-law; grogs-spun mate, 
 comrade ; cos-spun a brother of a religious 
 order; pd-spun, pas-spun, several neigh- 
 bours or inhabitants of a village, that have 
 a common Lha, and thus have become * i rus- 
 pa cig-cig'*, members of the same family; 
 this common tie entails on them the duty,
 
 331 
 
 spun-pa 
 
 whenever a death takes place, ofcaring for 
 the cremation of the dead body (cf. cos- 
 spun) Mil. and elsewh.; mdza-spun friend 
 Cs. 3. weft, woof in weaving. 
 3sTT-,q- spun-pa 1. sbst., also sbun-pa B., 
 < 6'., sbur(-ma) Dzl., Ld., chaff, husks 
 etc. 2. adj. a botanical term, description 
 of the stalk of a plant Wdn. 
 
 spub-pa, pi", spubs, vb. a. to Jbub-pa 
 
 to turn upside down. 
 x- spur, pur, also sku-spur, resp. for ro, 
 9 dead body, corpse, spur sbydns-pa C. 
 to burn a dead body; spur-Kan house for 
 keeping dead bodies, or rather, in most 
 cases, the place of cremation; spur-sgam 
 or sgrom coffin; spur-fal ashes of a dead 
 body; spur - fsa the salt for preparing a 
 dead body; spur -sin wood for burning a 
 corpse. 
 
 t^-q. spur-ba, vb. a. to O pur-ba, to make 
 <3 fly, to scare up, to let fly; dus spur- 
 ba to pass time quickly Cs. ; ston-spur ex- 
 aggeration, bombast Cs. 
 ST jr spus 1. goods, merchandize, ware, spus 
 NS ltd-ba to examine goods before pur- 
 chase Cs. ; *spus gyur-ce* W., *pu ^yur-wa* 
 Cs. = *dal tson tan - ce*. 2. goodness, 
 beauty, spus-can, spus-ytsdn, spus-bzdii, of 
 fine appearance; spus-med ill-looking, un- 
 sightly. 3. Sch.: for spos. 
 MQ- fW speu, spiu, turret, on a castle or 
 P3 ' *te gate yy^ ( ttog). High towers 
 or steeples are seldom met with in Tibetan 
 architecture; *peu gyd-can rin-mo*, mKar 
 or Kdn-pa dgu-fog are the terms denoting 
 such. 
 
 " speg-sin Cs. : n. of part of a cart. 
 
 sp6g-pa 
 
 spen-tog, ornament, finery. 
 
 SMT'n* spen-pa, yza-spen-pa 1. the planet 
 
 Saturn; the proper meaning is said 
 
 to be a broom, hence the sign for it is 
 
 somewhat resembling that implement Wdk. 
 
 - 2. Saturday. 
 
 :_... spen-ma, spen-sin, n. of a tree, prob. 
 tamarisk ; spen-bdd a parapet, formed 
 of the stems of tamarisk and raised on the 
 roofs of monasteries. 
 
 xmrjT s pM ~ ba, vb. a. to O pel - ba, 1. to 
 augment, to increase, nor the wealth 
 Z/&c., bkra-sis the welfare ; rkan-^gros spel- 
 ba to breed cattle Dzl. and elsewh.; *spel- 
 gyud-la bor-ce* W. to keep cattle for breed- 
 ing. 2. to multiply (arithm.) Wdk. - 
 3. to spread, to propagate (news, secrets) 
 Dzl. and elsewh.; more emphatically: spel 
 rgyds-par, or sgrog-par byed-pa to blaze 
 about Sch. 4. to join, to put together, e.g. 
 letters (almost = to spell); to mingle, to 
 mix; spel -ma mixture, e.g. of prose and 
 verse Cs.' ace. to Was. however, couplets, 
 similar both as to metre and contents; com- 
 position, combination, yser yyu spel -mat 
 Kri a chair of gold and turkoises Pth.; spel- 
 mai nor mixed goods 6s.; spel-gos clothes 
 of various colours Cs.; spel-fsig Sch. : a com- 
 bination of verses, poetry (?); spel-mar byed- 
 a to mix Lex. 
 
 spes edge, brim, border, Sch. 
 
 Sr spo summit of a mountain, brag - dmar 
 spo-mfo-nas from the height of Bragmar 
 Mil.; rdo^rje-yddn-gyi spo-la on the top of 
 Gaya Pth.\ spo-bo 1. (top, point =) bud 
 Ts. 2. district to the east of Lhasa Glr. 
 
 spo - to I. bullock C. 2. n. of a 
 
 village in Panyul. 
 
 ^" s s" spo-re v. spor. 
 
 ^rq. spo - 6a, pf. and imp. spos, vb. a. to 
 ^ O po-ba, to alter, to change; with and 
 without ynas ( W. *sa*) : to change the place 
 (of residence), to remove, to shift; also to 
 transpose, transplant; min spo-ba to change 
 the name Mil.; gos spo-ba to change one's 
 dress ; mgo-lus v. mgo extr. ; to remove (an 
 officer) to another station; to dismiss (a 
 servant), W., also B. frq.; yzan micas -pa 
 yod - na spos - pa bzan if another skilful 
 (physician) is to be had, it will be better 
 to dismiss (the present one); to alter, to 
 mend, to correct W. ; spo-sa a place newly 
 occupied by nomads Sch. 
 
 spog-pa, pf. pags, fut. spa</, to remove 
 and to bring near by turns Cs.; Lexjc.
 
 332 
 
 spogs 
 
 byed - pa to make profit, to gain 
 money; tson-spogs byed-pa to gain money 
 by traffic Dzl. ; fson-spogs-la O gro-ba Dzl. ; 
 skyed-spogs interest (of money) ; spogs - su 
 ytdn-ba to give money on interest Cs. ; *mi- 
 pog lem-pa* C. to demand a tax from emi- 
 grants or travellers. 
 
 JT*fl* spon-ba, spdn-ba, pf. spans, fut. span, 
 imp. sporc(s), (Ssk. ^^) 1. to give up, 
 to declare off, bdag dan bdag-gir Sambh. 
 to give one's self up and all that one has; 
 sman-dpydd mi byed-par spon-na if he gives 
 (the patient) over without even attempt- 
 ing a cure Dzl. vS,l; to renounce (all 
 pleasures) frq.; *kod-gu-ru span mi pod* 
 he cannot give up Kotgur (his former re- 
 sidence) or forget it; without an object: 
 ydns-su spdn-ba (partic.) they (the Bodhi- 
 sattvas) who entirely renounce Thg;j.\ to 
 shun, avoid, abstain from (faults, sins, certain 
 food) frq.; to reject = dor-ba: bde-sdug-la 
 span-blan med between happiness and un- 
 happiness there was no need to choose (sc. 
 because only bliss prevailed) Glr.; spoti- 
 bldn O dzin-pa zig-pa the cessation of every 
 inclination and disinclination, or also, of 
 every interest in choosing or rejecting. 
 2. to throw off, to drop, a letter, pyi-fseg 
 (to omit) the dot after a syllable Gram. 
 xj^-qr- spon - byed Vaisali , ancient town 
 ** ^ } near Allahabad, Tar. 7, 5 and 
 elsewh.; also Vriji, ace. to Schf. 
 ^tr spod spice Med. ;spod debs-pa to season ; 
 " ' spod-can seasoned. 
 3jr-j' spod-pa 1 . hermit, spod-fcan hermit- 
 age Sch. 2. VOW, spod-pa nydms- 
 pa one that has broken his vow Sch. 
 
 spobs-pa ( W. also *spos-pa*\ l.vb. 
 
 to dare, to venture, ju-bar mispobs- 
 pas not daring to take hold of Pfh., also 
 Dzl.9L&,\ %&2 16; spobs-par byed-pa 
 \, id. 2. to enable, empower, authorize Cs. 
 - 2. sbst. courage, confidence. 
 IJSj'B}^; s pom-yor diffuse (in words), prolix, 
 
 long-winded, byed -pa, smrd-ba, 
 cdd-pa Cs. 'to say circumstantially'. 
 3fe. spor, spo-re, steel-yard ; W. particularly 
 ^ a little one. 
 
 $&'.n* spo-r-ba, spdr-ba, pf. and fut. spar, 
 1. to lift up, rdo-rje the praying- 
 sceptre Dom.- (a hatchet) to fetch a blow; 
 W. *sed spdr-la (or spdr-te) rgyob* swing 
 (the hatchet) well and strike! *spdr-la con* 
 run and leap ! cf. also nems ; to raise, pro- 
 mote, advance, go - pan in rank Leu:. - 
 2. v. dpor-ba. 
 
 spol Ts. for *me-me* W. (v. mes-po). 
 
 $^T- spos 1. sbst. incense; bdug - spds id.; 
 ^ less frq. perfume in general; byug-spos 
 sweet-scented water or ointment; spossbydr- 
 ba, sgrub-pa, also rgydb-pa and rgydg-pa 
 Cs., to prepare incense, perfumes, bdug-pa 
 to burn (incense); Jbyiig-pa to cover (with 
 perfume); rgya-spos, brag-spos, span -spds, 
 different kinds of perfume; spos-(kyi} re/I 
 (-bu) pastil, long and thin straws being 
 covered with an odoriferous substance, which 
 generally consists of pulverized sugpa, and 
 sandal-wood, combined with some gugul, 
 musk and the like; they are made by the 
 Lamas, and frequently presented to tra- 
 vellers as an offering of welcome, spos-dkdr 
 frankincense, = gugul dkdr-po. spos- 
 mA : awperfumer. spos-cdg incense in pieces 
 or cakes. spos-cu, resp. cab, sweet-scented 
 water, diluted ointment, lus - la Jbyug -pa 
 Pth.\ spos-cm cog- cdg O debs -pa Pth. to 
 sprinkle with such water. spos-snod Cs., 
 spos-por (also pog-pvr}, censer, perfuming- 
 pan. spos-fson-pa = spds-mfcan. spos- 
 yzdn basin for incense Cs. spos-sel (col. 
 *po-sel*) amber. 2. vb. v. spo-ba and 
 spobs-pa. 
 
 spya-dnos Cs. = yo - bydd; Lexx. 
 spyad-dnos and dnos-spydd, as ex- 
 planations to ka-ca. 
 
 spydn-ki Mil., Sa., -gi Dzl., -ku, -gu, 
 Ku Cs., Lh. *sdn-ku*, wolf. (Wolves, 
 where more frequent, as e. g. in Spiti, 
 commit ravages among the sheep; but are 
 other wise not much dreaded by man). 
 spy ait-mo female wolf; spyan-prug young 
 wolf; spyan-fsdn wolfs den; spy an - don 
 wolf's trap (used in Sp.~); spydn-ku nu-ba 
 the howling of a wolf Cs.; ce-spydn Lex.,
 
 333 
 
 spydn-ba 
 
 Ice-spydn Stg., dur-spydn Cs., */c,yi-cdri* W., 
 jackal. spyan-dug-pa Cs.,spyan-fser Med., 
 thistle, or kind of thistle, mentioned as an 
 emetic. 
 
 xjr'CT" spydn-ba 1. sbst. and adj.; spydn- 
 po adj., skill; skilful, clever, Leasx., 
 Glr. and elsewh. ; prob. = ycdn(-po), q. v. ; 
 sometimes confounded vi\i\Lsbydti-ba,sbydns- 
 pa, practiced, expert; rig -pa spydn-bas 
 rtsom-pa kun-la ojug Lt. the clever man 
 finds his way in every thing; spyan-ylen 
 Cs. the clever man and the dunce; Glr.: 
 spy an ylen ma nor-ba cig byed dyos, prob. 
 to be read O byed, and to be translated: then 
 it must evidently appear, who is clever and 
 who is stupid. 2. vb. = dpydn-ba. 
 
 ^ spyad v. spy a. 
 
 ^R'^T spydd-pa v. spyod-pa. 
 
 XT?- spyan, resp. for mig, eye ; spyan byrdd- 
 ^ pa, yddn-ba, to stare 6s.; spyan O gyur- 
 ba \. spydn-pa', spyan O dren-pa, rarely drons- 
 pa, resp. for O dren-pa, to invite, v. O dren- 
 pa; spyan O pyi-ba to wipe the eyes; spyan 
 btsum-pa to shut the eyes Cs. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. spyan -kyug or Kyug 
 eye-brow 6s. spyan-dkyus v. dkyus. 
 spyan-bskyuns mdzdd-pa to protect, to pre- 
 serve the eyes Sch. spydn-sna before, 
 with, in presence of a dignitary, spydn- 
 stiai grd-pa-rnams the scholars standing in 
 presence of his Reverence 6s.; mostly in 
 the termin. case: spydn-snar, as adv. and 
 postp., rgydl-poi spydn-siiar Krid-pa to lead 
 (another) before the king, frq.; rarely in 
 reference to the first pers. : nai spydn-snar 
 ^on they came to me, before my face (sc. 
 Buddha's) Dzl. ; less corr. spydn-snar mdzes- 
 pai skud-ris Mil. in front (on the fore-part 
 of the shoes) beautifully embroidered figures. 
 spydn-can having eyes. spyan-lcibs 
 eye-lid. spy an-cdb tears, O byin-pa to shed; 
 cor-ba to flow from; also to shed, rgydl- 
 bu spy an- cab sor-ro Pth. the prince shed 
 tears. spyan- dren one who invites, one 
 that calls to dinner. spydn-pa Cs. 1. eye- 
 witness; 2. commissary; 3. Sch. overseer; 
 
 spyi 
 
 )ipydn-d^l Q gyur-ba = dpdn-du O gyur-ba, to 
 see, to know ; spydn-pa byed-pa to watch, 
 guard, keep, protect, inspect Sch. ; bd-ylan- 
 gi spydn-pa cow- herd (?) Sch. spyan- 
 Q brds apple of the eye. spyan-mig-bzdn 
 the western 'king of ghosts', v. rgyal-cen 
 sub rgydl-ba. spyan - dmigs Sch.: 'the 
 object of vision; the inclination of the 
 mind'. spyan-smdn medicine for the eyes. 
 spyan - rtseg the wrinkles of the eye- 
 lids Cs. spyan -zur Sch., corner of the 
 eye. spyan-yzigs, costly offerings dedi- 
 cated to the gods, Ml; also applied to pres- 
 ents of food, offered to men, Mil. ; O bul-ba 
 to offer such; also O dren-pa. spyan-yds, 
 Sch., without eyes, blind. spyan-rds, Sch. 
 the brightness of the eye, a glance of the 
 eye. spyan-ras-yzigs W.\ *can-re-zig*Cs.: 
 *cen-re-sig or -sf, SsK. ^M^fehd^ the 
 
 other (cf. jam-dpat) of the two great half- 
 divine Bodhisattvas of the northern Bud- 
 dhists, who more particularly is revered as 
 begetter (not creator), redeemer, and ruler 
 of men, and in the first place of the Tibe- 
 tans, incarnate as king Sron-tsan-gdm-po, 
 Kopp. II, 22. spydn-lam-du seems to be 
 = drun-du, spydn-snar, Mil. and elsewh. 
 
 tspyi, I. adj. (synon. fun, also dbyins, 
 opp. to sgos) 1. general, relating to all, 
 standing higher than all: *lim-pon h*, chief 
 prefect, governor general C.; adv. spyi, 
 spyir(-du), less frq. spyi-la, spyi-na, spyir- 
 yyis, generally, in general, frq. followed by 
 sgos(-kyis), Jcydd-par, in particular, singly; 
 also like cum turn in Latin; spyi dan O dir, 
 generally, and here, in this work, Wd?l.- 
 spyii sdom, v. sdom; spyii Kog ji dan 
 ji bzin-du (?) Sch. : 'according to general 
 custom'. 2. all, C. ; Ihd-Kaii spyii bstan- 
 srun Glr. 3. for spyi- bo, v. below. 
 spyi-sgra Cs., general meaning, more corr. 
 syra-spyi, Was. (294), general expression. 
 spyi-yi-er, spyi-fer Cs., bald-headed. 
 spyi-f6r gtsug-tor Lex. spyi-fda, property 
 of the community, common property; W.: 
 *pi-fog-ne ton* bestow it out of the com- 
 mon funds ! spyi-gdugs, v. syos. spyi- 
 pa, head, chief, leader, superintendent, Mi.;
 
 334 
 
 spyi-ti 
 
 spydd-pa, 
 
 spyi-dpon, much the same, v. sgos; spyi- 
 bo, l . (rarely spyi), crown of the head, top, 
 spyi-bor Jcur-ba to carry on the head; 
 spyi-bospydg- tsal-ba to bow down bending 
 the head; zabs spyi-bor len-pa, frq., to 
 place the foot of a superior on one's ow^i 
 head; dei spyi-bo-nas byug-nas, pouring 
 over his head, anointing him, Doman ; more 
 frq.: spyi-bo-nas dban skur-ba, v skur-ba; 
 spyi-bo-nas dban bskur-bai rgydl-po, the 
 anointed king; spyi-glugs, the vessel used 
 for anointing (resembling a tea-pot). 
 2. the end of a piece of cloth, dar-yug-yi, 
 Glr. 3. name of a king of China Glr.; 
 spyi-min common appellation: dkor ni nor- 
 gyi spyi-min, 'rf/or' is a general word for 
 property, Lex. II. often incorr. for ci, 
 also dpyi. 
 
 spyi-ti, a fantastic, mystical doctrine 
 of Urgyen-Padma, feg-pa cen-po spyi- 
 ti,- spyi-ti yog-brdai dkyil-tcor Pth.; ydii- 
 ti, another of his doctrines. 
 
 spyi-brtol, Cs.: impudence, imper- 
 tinence, Sch. : lewd ; spyi-brtol-can, 
 impudent; spyi-brtol byed-pa, to be im- 
 pudent Cs. 
 
 rjn- spyin - ba, pf. sp-yins, imp. spyin(s), 
 the vb. a. to Jbyin-ba^ to sink, to 
 lower, let down, dip under; cur, Lexx. 
 
 spyin ( W. *(s)pin*\ glue, paste : spyin 
 skol-ba, to manufacture glue; skiid-pa 
 (Sch. also bddr-ba?) to spread glue on; 
 *pin dan )dr-ce* W. to glue; ko - spyin, 
 glue made of skins, nya-spyin, fish-glue, 
 isinglass; bdg-spyin paste or rather a kind 
 of putty, compounded of flour and glue; 
 rd- spyin glue made of horn; sa- spyin, 
 meat- jelly; spyin-por glue-pot. 
 
 spyims (? cims}, Ld. = spyi; *cimsi 
 min* = spyi-min. 
 
 spyir v. spyi. 
 
 spyil - po, 1. hut Mil., Pth.; rtsai, 
 thatched hut Lex.; spyil- bu, id.; 
 lo-mai spyil-bu, hut constructed of twigs, 
 fastened together on the top, arbour: a cot, 
 a mean house. 2. inmate of such a one, 
 6s.; also &pyil-pa, fern. -ma. 
 
 pf. *pyugs, imp. spyug(s); 
 to expel, to turn out, to banish; /////- 
 nas out of the country ; yul yzdn-du Glr.; 
 mfd-la, mfar into the neighbouring coun- 
 try, over the frontier (v. mfa); when the 
 place of banishment is named, the other- 
 wise faulty spelling bciig-pa is allowable; 
 
 fn- spyo-ba, pf. and imp. spyos, to blame, 
 to scold DzL; cun-ma rtdg-tu spyo- 
 zin, as my wife is always scolding; ces 
 spyos-so thus they spoke in a blaming way, 
 DzL; Cs. also: to mock, to ridicule (?). synon. 
 yse-ba. 
 
 WC"^" spyoit-ba = dpydit-ba. 
 
 f-. r y spyod-pa, I. vb., also spydd pa, pf. 
 spy ad, Ssk. ^j^T ^- = tyed-pa, to 
 do, to act, v. fsdns-par, yet gen. with an 
 object in the accus. to accomplish, perform, 
 commit; sdig-pa, sdig-pai las, dge-ba, dkd- 
 ba (v. dkd-ba), cos spyod-pa; mi-dge-ba 
 de-dag spyod-na if one commits these sins 
 Thgy.; bdag ci spy fid-pas O dir skyes, what 
 having done, or because of which doing 
 of mine am I re-born here? DzL; even 
 like byed-pa = to be, mna-^og spyod-pai 
 O bdns Glr., simply = subjects; rarely c. dat.: 
 sdig-pa Jbd-zig-la spyod-pa, Thgy., dge-ba 
 bcu-la, DzL, denoting a habitual doing; cf. 
 zd-ba. 2. to treat, to deal with, zas-skom 
 leys-par spyod-pa, (to deal with) food and 
 drink in the right manner S.g. ; gen. with 
 the dat. : zih-la lhv-ru spyad, the fields were 
 disposed of in lots, divided Glr.; hence 
 gen. to use, to make use of, to employ, to 
 enjoy: bci-glan nyin-par to use an ox du- 
 ring the day (for ploughing) DzL ; yun-riii- 
 dus-su bde-bar spyad /cyan, even if one has 
 long and in tranquillity used, enjoyed (this 
 world's goods), Thgy.; so frq. with Ions: 
 lons-spyod-pa; to have for a sphere of acti- 
 vity, v. mftd-spyod, sd-spyod, sa-^dg-spyod; 
 also a euphemism for sensual indulgence : 
 bud-med-la spyod-pa to use, to cohabit 
 with, a woman, DzL; mi-riys-par or log- 
 par, to violate (a woman) Thgy. & others; 
 dga mgur spyod-pa, of a like meaning; the
 
 335 
 
 spyod-pa-pa 
 
 other synonymous phrases: O dod-I6g spyod- 
 pa, mi ^.os-pai spyod-pa byed-pa, Glr., nydl- 
 po, cdgs-pa, Jmg-pa spyod-pa, belong by 
 their construction properly to 1; so also: 
 bud-med brgya spyod nus he can get done 
 with a hundred wives, Lt. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. action, practice, execution, opp. 
 to ltd-ba, theory, esp. in mysticism, v. sf/om- 
 pa. 2. activity: spyod-pa sin-tu dog-par 
 gyiir-to they were much restrained, nar- 
 rowly watched Glr.; sems-kyi spyod-pa 
 seems to be: faculty of mind, Wdn. 3. 
 way of acting, conduct, course of life, = spyod- 
 lam; byan-cub-sems-dpaiiY(\ ; iidn-ornyes- 
 spyod bad actions, bzdn- or legs-spyod good 
 actions 6s.; spyod-pa zib-pa, 'the strict', 
 a monastic order Pth.; behaviour, deport- 
 ment, frq. : spyod-pa rtsin-ba, rude, rough, 
 in manners Glr. ; spyod-pas skdd-cig kyan 
 mi fsugs, of an extremely variable conduct 
 (lit. not for one moment the same) Glr. 
 Comp. spyod- gros gait and deportment 
 Mil. spyod-ndn = ndn-spyod, spyod-ndn 
 byed pa. spyod-fsul, Sch. = spyod-pa II. 
 spyod-yul, sphere of activity; kun-gyi spyod- 
 yul O di ma lags, that is not a thing to be 
 attempted by every body Mil.; mfon-bai 
 spyod-pa range of vision Tar.', cf. aft -4^. 
 - spyod -lam, i. demeanour, deportment, 
 mode of life frq.; 2. good behaviour, grace- 
 ful demeanour, noble deportment; other- 
 wise spyod-pa mdzes-pa; hence spydd-pa 
 dan Iddn-pa, spyod-lddn of genteel manners 
 Dzl. ; spyod-pa dan mi Iddn-pa Dzl., *cod- 
 ndn-can* W., *co-l6g jhe-Hen*, C. rude, 
 unmannerly, ill-bred, disobedient. :\.M,-<i.: diet, 
 and more particularly bodily exercise; zas- 
 spyod, food and exercise. 4. attitude: spyod- 
 lam rnam-bzi the four attitudes of sitting, 
 lying, standing and walking. 
 ^re*J"CJ" spyod-pa-pa v. dpyod-pa, extr. 
 
 ^|r*qr* spyod-pad or dpyod-pdd (spelling 
 ^ not quite certain), pronunc. : * co- 
 pe*, lemon, citron C. 
 
 spyon-pa, rarely for O byon-pa. 
 
 spydm~2Ja, pf. spyoms, to boast, to 
 exhibit with ostentation, e.g. virtues, 
 
 spri-sti-ma-rdza-ya 
 
 f 
 
 (the Greek xavyaodai}. Notwithstanding 
 the detailed explanations of the Lexx., the 
 word is after all so little known, that I 
 never met with it in books, nor heard it 
 used by the people. spyoms, sbst., self- 
 praise, boasting Zam. 
 
 spra, monkey. Mil., prob. the large dark- 
 gray, long-tailed monkey of the southern 
 Himalaya; sprd-mo; spra-prug. 
 
 spra-cdl v. pra-cdl; spra-tel v. 
 til-pa. 
 
 sprd-ba, I. sbst. W. *srd-wa*, spunk, 
 German tinder, prepared of the fibres 
 of a thistle (Cousinia); spra-mc, glowing 
 tinder, Pth. ; pyi ni sprd-ba dkdr-por yyoys, 
 white-nappy, as a botanical term, Wdn., the 
 colour of the tinder, referred to, being a 
 light gray; sprd-bai fog-gu a medicinal 
 herb Wdn. 
 
 II. vb. pf. spras, imp. spros, 1. to adorn, 
 to decorate: rgydn-yyis frq., mfsdn-dpes Mil. 
 and elsewh. 2. yces spras, Le^c.f sprd-ba 
 byed-pa to love, to caress. 3. perh. iden- 
 tical with *srd-ce(s^, to empty (a dish). 
 4. spra Jcrid-pa to lead, to direct right. - 
 Cf. also ytsan sprd-wa. 
 
 spra-fsil, Med., C. wax ( W. "mum*). 
 
 $pj"]* sprdg-pa v. sbrdg-pa. 
 
 w^-q- sprdn-ba, 6s., to beg; (the verb I 
 never met with, and Zam. explains 
 the sbst. only by nor-med); sprdn-po, beg- 
 gar, Dzl., Glr., frq. ( Wte. 'filou', rather bold, 
 though not far from the truth); * tan-Ion* 
 C., id.; sprah-rgdn Mil, an old beggar; 
 rdzus-mai sprdn-po a sham-beggar Glr.', 
 spran-priig beggar boy; spran-bdn men- 
 dicant friar Glr. ; spran-zds beggar's live- 
 lihood Mil ; dfcar-spran begging for lenten 
 food, also such food obtained by begging, 
 v. dkar-zds-, skyur-sprdn begging for beer 
 Mil. 
 
 *J' sprdd-pa v. sprod-pa. 
 
 s * ' si-Zen, n. of the em- 
 
 peror of China, during whose reign Bud- 
 dhism was introduced into that country,
 
 336 
 
 spri-ma 
 
 Glr. ; ace. to Chinese accounts: Ming-ti, 
 58 76 after Christ. 
 
 tt- spri-ma, spris-ma, sris-ma, W. *sri*, 
 cream, and other fatty substances, ga- 
 thering on the surfaces of fluids; ^6-mai 
 spris, Lt., zo(i) - spi*is , Wdn.; gen. ^.o-sri, 
 cream (of milk); fug-spri, the greasy sur- 
 face of soup; ditto of urine Med. 
 
 f. sprins, to send a message, 
 to give information, to send word ;prin, 
 tidings DzL ; zes sprin -no so I send him 
 word DzL 
 
 tj. sprin, *tin*, Ld. *srin*, Bal. *spin*, 
 cloud, also as an emblem of transito- 
 riness frq.; *srin tigs, 1,'or*, W., clouds are 
 spreading; sprin-gyi yseb-nas from between 
 the clouds Glr.; glog-sprin thunder-cloud 
 Glr.; cdr-sprin rain-cloud; jd-sprin cloud 
 tinged with rainbow colours Pth.; mig- 
 sprin v. this; Iho-sprin a southern cloud, 
 picturesque expression, the clouds in Tibet 
 generally coming from the south Mil.; sprin- 
 skyes lightning; sprin-dmdr clouds redden- 
 ed by the sun, morning or evening red; 
 sprin-pun, sprin- fsogs, an accumulation of 
 clouds; sprin-yyi po-nya the messenger of 
 the clouds, Meghaduta, a poem by Kalidasa 
 Tar. 
 
 spribs-pa to be hungry Sch. 
 
 >T spris-ma v. spri-ma. 
 
 sprit -ma, 6s., hellebore; spru-dkdr, 
 
 -nag Med. 
 
 sprug-pa, pf. and imp. sprugs, *fug- 
 pa*, W. *srug-ce* to shake, to shake 
 off, to beat out, rdul dust; to stir up, rdul- 
 fsub, to raise, whirl up dust; Itis sprug-sil- 
 ba, lus sprug-sil byed-pa Glr., to shake one's 
 self (used of horses); fig. nus mfu rtsal 
 sprug-pa, to strain every nerve, to work 
 with might and main Pth. ; to shake about, 
 to stir up (synon. *srul-ce, rum-ce* W.) ; 6s. 
 also: to rub, to scratch, to brush?? 
 
 SMJ'q* sprM-ba C c ^ O prul-ba'), to juggle, to 
 make phantoms (spri'd^pa) appear, to 
 change, to transform (one's self), which ac- 
 cording to the doctrines of Buddhism is the 
 
 sprul-ba 
 
 highest acquisition of any man, that by his 
 own holiness has assumed divine nature, 
 viz. as long as he is capable of acting, not 
 having yet been absorbed into the blessed 
 state of nothingness. This power of trans- 
 formation on the part of the Buddhist is 
 the evidence of what he understands by di- 
 vine omnipotence; but as this conception 
 is a mere product of fancy, it varies in its 
 import. On the one hand it is opposed to 
 reality, dnos; thus e.g. beings, whom no 
 Buddha could convert through his personal 
 agency, sku-dfios-kyi sgo-nas, are converted 
 (ace. to Pth.) sprul-pai tdbs-kyis. Frequently 
 Buddha avails himself of jugglery, rdzu- 
 fit'd ston, converting thousands of beings in 
 a trice, DzL &> elsewh.; further: drdg-poi 
 sprul-pa byds-pa yin Glr., T caused ter- 
 rifying phantoms to appear, viz. the spec- 
 tral bodies of executed culprits, in order 
 to scare the rude Tibetans into the way of 
 virtue. From the foregoing it is evident that 
 the term in question by no means conveys 
 the scriptural idea of a creative and mira- 
 culous power; the Tibetan, however, when 
 he becomes acquainted with Christianity, is 
 always apt to substitute his sprul-pa or 
 rdzu- Q prul, and sprul-ba for it. On the other 
 hand, a real and material existence is as 
 often attributed to a sprul-pa, when it de- 
 signates the incarnate and embodied per- 
 son, the Avatara of a deity, (Mongol. Chu- 
 bilgan), who like any human being is ca- 
 pable of acting, and exerting an influence 
 on the material world around him, or of 
 suffering by it, without any docetic admix- 
 ture. Occasionally it is also to be translat- 
 ed by emanation: ydn-sprul, emanation of 
 the second degree, i.e. one emanation going 
 forth from another; nyin-sprul or ysum- 
 sprul, an em. of the third degree Pth.; sprul- 
 pa O gyed-pa, to let emanations go forth, 
 Lexx. Further: spr id-pa mkyen-pa, to 
 be an adept in the art of sprul-pa, i. e. 
 witchcraft, Glr.; ri ynyis sprul-te produ- 
 cing two mountains by magic, DzL ; ... mfo- 
 ba . . . bzugs-pa sprul-nas, changing himself 
 into a high enthroned person, DzL; dge-
 
 337 
 
 spre 
 
 sloii 7-#M, transforming himself into a friar, 
 DzL frq. ; dud- gro fsim-par sp)*ul-ba, to 
 satiate animals by fictitious food Dzl.\ fams- 
 cdd sprul-par O dug-pa, these were all meta- 
 morphoses, mocking phantoms, Glr. ; sku- 
 liis-kyi sprul-pa brgya-rtsa-brgydd mdzdd- 
 de or sprul-te, to centuple one's self, Glr. 
 sprul-pai rgydl-po, the phantom-king, viz. 
 Buddha, Avalokitesvara, or some other di- 
 vine person, incarnate as a king; gan-la- 
 gan- dul-gyi sprul-pa, all-converting Ava- 
 tara, frq. 
 
 v- spre, gen. sp)-eu, rarely sprel (Ld. *sreu', 
 *J spriu*) monkey, of a grayish yellow 
 brown, common in the forests of the southern 
 Himalaya, (cf. spra); sometimes a distinc- 
 tion is made between spre and spra, in which 
 case the former is the long-tailed monkey. 
 spre-mo, female monkey, Cs. ; yet also 
 spreu zdr-ma, a blind female monkey, Dzl ; 
 spre-pri'ig, young monkey. spre-rised, 
 apish tricks; foolery. 
 
 fq- spro-ba I. vb. pf. spros, prop, the tran- 
 sitive of O pr6-ba to make go out, to 
 disperse, to spread; gen. however intransi- 
 tive: 1. to go out, to proceed, to spread, of 
 rays of light, of the wind, Wdn. 2. fig. to 
 enlarge upon, by way of explaining, repre- 
 senting, Zam., Pth.-, ycig-las spros-pa, Was. 
 (115), enlarging (proceeding) from the num- 
 ber one in an ascending progression of num- 
 bers; rndm-par spros-pa, to have come to 
 a full development and restoration from the 
 consequences of sins, Stg. 
 
 II. 1. vb. (pf. unaltered), to feel an in- 
 clination for, to delight in: dye-ba-la,in virtue, 
 Dzl. ; bijd-ba ydn-la yah spro-ba cun, feel- 
 ing little inclination for doing any thing, 
 Tfigy. ; bsdd-par spro-ba su yan ma byun, 
 none was found that had a mind to kill, 
 Stg.; so also Tar.-, to be willing, to wish, 
 Tar.', in an absolute sense: sems, or resp. 
 fugs, spro-bar O gyi'ir-ba, to get cheerful, merry, 
 Mil. 2. sbst. joy, cheerfulness: spro-ba 
 skyed-pa, to feel joy, pleasure, Dzl. and 
 elsewh.; spro-ba skye-bai pyir-du, for an 
 encouragement, for a comfort, Glr. ; spro- 
 sin-ba Sch., great, joy (cf. sin'); spro-siu-ge- 
 
 spros-pa 
 
 ba, Sch. } to one's wish(?); spro si-ba, Sc/i.. 
 'not to be joyful', lit. the cessation of joy; 
 spro fun-ba, 'short cheerfulness', i.e. a passi- 
 onate disposition; or as adj. passionate, iras- 
 cible, Wd/i.; dga-spro, joy, dga-spro dpag- 
 tu-med-pa fob, he got into a most cheerful 
 humour, Mil. *to-Kdn*,C., pleasure-house, 
 summer-house, pavilion ; spro-sems and (Ld.~) 
 *spro-ses, sro-ses*,^oy; spro-sems, Thgy. also 
 youthful joy, alacrity, cheerfulness in work- 
 ing, readiness to act. 
 
 sprog-ma; Sch. spds-kyi sprdg-ma, 
 little box for frankincense. 
 
 sprdg-zu v. prog. 
 
 *T sprdd-pa, secondary form sprad, the 
 vb. a. of prod-pa (by the illiterate 
 it is often used for ytod-pa, not very current 
 in common life) 1. to bring together, to put 
 together, to make to meet: nai bld-ma-la 
 sprdd-do, we will bring you together with 
 
 our Lama, Mil ; so also resp ynyis zal 
 
 sprdd mdzdd-pa; in another passage de dan 
 zal-sprod-du bzugs-sin prob. means sitting 
 exactly opposite to one another, (a whimsi- 
 cal idea, relative to two idols many miles 
 distant from each other; possibly it should 
 be read ytod-du); bddg-cag sprdd-cig, bring 
 about a meeting between our two parties! 
 DzL; yyul or fab-mo, to commit a battle; 
 rdl-Jca, Ma., to put the edges of the swords 
 together, prob. meaning the same; mfeb 
 sprdd-pa, to put the finger to the bow-string, 
 Glr. ; *ldg-to feb-to kdl-wa*, to suspend by 
 the thumb and big toe, a kind of torture 
 in C. (The special meaning: to cohabit, Cs , 
 never came to my notice). 2. to deliver 
 (a letter, message) Pth.; spdr-mor, Idg-tu, 
 Lex., to put into one's hand ; to set, to put, 
 to propose, *gyugs, Idem*, a task, a riddle, 
 W.; to pay (cf. O prod-pa"), pyir sprod-pa, 
 to repay. Moreover: nd-sprod-pa, to ex- 
 plain, don dan sprdd-pa seems to signify 
 the same in Mil., Pth.', brdd-sprod-pa, to 
 explain, to describe v. brda; brda-sprdd, ibid, 
 seems to denote grammar. 
 
 sprds-pa. 1. pf. v. spro-ba I. 2. 
 business, employment, activity; Cs.: 
 
 22
 
 338 
 
 5J 
 
 pa 
 
 l spros - pa - can, busy, employed, occupied; 
 spros-bcas, id. ; cos-kyi and Oi )^ - rte'w - $?/?' 
 spros-pa, spiritual and secular business'; 
 Sch. : 'spros kun, all affairs' ; I met only with 
 
 spros-pa med-pa or cod-pa, or spros-brdl, 
 denoting the state of an absolute inactivity, 
 such as belongs to Buddha in the state of 
 cos-sku, (v. sku 2) Pth., Mil. 
 
 pa 1. the letter^?, aspirate, the English 
 
 p in pass. 2. num. figure: 14. 
 5j- pa I. vulgo tT5J', l^T^T, cr-pa, a -pa, 
 (Cs. also l^J'^' a-ta) 1. father, resp. yob 
 (yet also pa is used, e.g. when Milaraspa 
 is addressed by his female disciples, as well 
 as in prayers to defunct saints Mil.} 2. 
 a male, not castrated, animal (vulg. likewise 
 a-pa). Comp. pa-gldn bull. pa-rjes-bu, 
 Sch., a child born after its father's death. 
 pa-rtd, stallion. *pa- nor*, patrimony 
 C., W. pa-spdd (Sch. also pad) \. spad; 
 pa-spun v. spun. pa-pdg, boar. pa- 
 md, parents, pa-md-la gus-pa, Stg.', *pa- 
 ma-med-fcan*, W., orphan; also father or 
 mother, parent; pa-md-ycig-pa, brothers 
 and sisters born of the same parents. - 
 pa-min, relations on the father's side; btsun- 
 moi pa-min b6s-so, Glr., he invited the re- 
 lations of his wife's father; pa (dan) mes 
 (-po), ancestors ; pa-mes si-bai don-du, for 
 the (defunct) ancestors, Wdn.; pa-fsdb 
 1. foster-father, guardian, Sch. 2. father to 
 a country (?). pa-fsdn, Mil. 1. cousin by 
 the father's side (patruelis) C. 2. also=/5a- 
 spun (?). pa-yzi = *pa-nor*, C. pa-ydii, 
 Sch., step -father; pa-yul, fatherland, 
 native country, frq.; pa-yul-la cdgs-pa or 
 sreg-pa, love of country. pa-yydg, yak- 
 bull. pa-yydr, step-father, foster-father, 
 Cs. pa-rd, he-goat, buck. 
 
 II. root for the terms: beyond, onward, 
 farther on ; pd-ga, the opposite side ; cu pa- 
 gar fon-nas, to get to the opposite bank 
 or shore, Mil. (not frq.). pd-gi, 1. that 
 
 which is on the other side, Sch. 2. C., also 
 Pth., Mil.: yonder; pd-gii ri de, that moun- 
 tain yonder, Pth. 3. col. : he. pd-gir, there, 
 thither. pd-nos=pd-rol, pd-rol-tu Lh. 
 jjd-mfa, the other end, the other boun- 
 dary, Cs.', pa-mfa-med, without boundary, 
 endless, 6s. pa-^pyogs C. = pd-ga. pa- 
 fsdd, pa-zdd, distance; pa-fsdd cig-na, at a 
 small distance (from the town), Pth.; de- 
 nas pa-zdd cig-na, a bit farther on, Dzl.; 
 pa- f sad cig-tu O ton-nas, stepping a little 
 aside, Pth. ; pa-zdd O gro-ba, to go on, Dzl. 
 frq. pa-ri the mountain on the other 
 side. pd-rol, in B. very frq. l.the other 
 side; opposite side, counterparty. 2. for pd- 
 rol-pa, -na, -tu v. below; pd-rol-tu, over 
 to the other side, skyel-ba, to carry, pyin- 
 pa, to get to the other side, esp. in re- 
 ference to the Mahayana doctrine of crossing 
 the stream of time to the shore of rest, 
 of Nirwana; gen. as sbst.= TJTTf'TTn: means 
 of crossing (Was. perfections, Kdpp. cardinal- 
 virtues); gen. six of them are reckoned: 
 sbyin-pa, fsiil-Krims, bzod-pa, brtson- grus, 
 bsam-ytdn, ses-rdb; sometimes only five, at 
 other times even ten, by adding fobs, smon- 
 lam, stobs, ye-ses', sbyin-pai, ses-rdb-kyi pd- 
 rol-tu pyin-pa, to have stepped over or 
 crossed by means of beneficence, wisdom etc. 
 (or more naturally: to have got to the end 
 of beneficence etc., to have fully achieved, 
 accomplished it; sbst. the full accomplish- 
 ment of etc.). pd-rol- na, adv., on the 
 other side; postp. e. gen. beyond, behind, 
 with regard to space, Sambh.; extending
 
 pd-gu 
 
 339 
 
 P a 9 
 
 beyond, both as to the future and the past, 
 e. g. bskdl-pa grdns-med-pai pd-rol-na, in- 
 numerable Kalpas ago, frq.; pd-rol-pa, 
 l. one living on the other side. 2. also po, 
 enemy, adversary, pd-rol-pai rgydl-po, pd- 
 rol-pai dmag, pd-rol-gyi dmag-fsogs, the 
 hostile king, hostile army; pd-rol ynon-pa, 
 to vanquish the enemy; pd-rol-gyis mi 
 fsugs-par ^yur-ba, not to be molested by 
 the enemy. 3. also po, the other; the neigh- 
 bour; pd-rol-gyi Un-pa, to take away the 
 neighbour's property; pd-rol-gyi rdzas, yo- 
 bydd,nor,Stg.; patrol ynon-pa, Tar. 12,20: 
 excelling others, Sclif. exceedingly. Of. 
 also par and pan II. 
 
 w pd-gu, Sch. wall; edge, border; in two 
 NO passages of Glr. the latter meaning 
 does not suit at all, and the former not 
 well; rather: tile; v. pag. 
 
 . pd-tin , W. , sweet dried apricots, in 
 C. *na-ri-Kdm-bu*, in Hind. ^L^>, 
 in Russia bokhari, bokharki, also "called 
 Persian fruit, much exported from Balti, 
 Kabul, and other countries of western Asia. 
 pa-til, pa -til (Ar. Kly3) W., lunt, 
 match; *dug-ce*, to light (a match). 
 ff pa-ba-dgo-dgo, puff-ball, bull- 
 fist (a kind of fungus) Wdn. 
 pa-boil, Glr. and elsewh., C., pa- 
 Jn Pth., Bal, pa-Ion, Ld., a large 
 rock or block, above ground. 
 
 pa-wan, 1. bat (animal) Lt., Thgr., 
 C.; *po-lon-hel-kyi, pa-wan-an-kye, 
 -nr-Kyi*, W., ''pa-wan-fdr*, Sik., id.(= bya- 
 wan). 2. rdo pa-wan, Ssk. salagrama, am- 
 monite. 
 5^"^" pd-ra, 1. breeding-buck. 2.v.pdr-ba. 
 
 r*'Tr' pa-ran, 1. also pe-rdn, *pi-lm*, 
 C., Feringhi, European. 2. vulg. 
 venereal disease. 
 
 5j.^. pa-ri l.Lh., acoarse covering or carpet. 
 - 2. a mountain on the other side. 
 
 pd-la Ssk., fruit, Lt. 
 
 a-ldm, rdo-rje-pa-ldm, diamond./.'. 
 
 pa-li, shield, buckler. 
 
 pa-sodsedjug, he changes 
 colour, turns pale, with 
 consternation, Ld. 
 
 pag, I. v. pag. II. in B. gen. ^ojr- 
 pa, swine, hog, pig (introduced into 
 6'. from China, and largely consumed; in 
 W. somewhat known from India, *ri-pag 
 and lun-pag* being distinguished as the wild 
 boar and the tame hog); pdg-pai sna, Glr.', 
 rus-pa, Med. ; bcud(?} Lt. ; pdg-gi ydon, a 
 pig's face, Sambh.; pd-pag, not castrated, 
 po-pag, castrated boar; mo -pag, sow. - 
 pdg-Kyu, herd of swine. pdg-mgo, 1 . boar's 
 head (a valued protective against demons, 
 it being hid in the ground under the thresh- 
 old of the door). 2. S.g. fol. 26, it seems 
 to be a mineral used in medicine. pag- 
 rgod, wild boar. pag-mce, tusks of a 
 boar. pag-fuh, Sch.: a large boar(?). 
 pag-prug, young pig. pdg-ma, Sch., 
 gelded hog. pdg-mo, 1. sow. 2. a goddess 
 v. rdo-rje. pag-fsdn, pig-sty. pag- 
 fsil, hog's lard; bacon. pag-fsogs = pag- 
 li'yu. pag-rdzi, swine-herd. pag-ze, 
 hog's bristle, Wdn. pag-yar-ma, Sch., 
 the fattening of pigs(?) pag-ril, pig's 
 muck(?) Lt. pag-sa, pork. 
 
 III. (Cs.pdg-ma\ something hidden; con- 
 cealment: pdg-na mi yod-pa, a man con- 
 cealed behind, Dzl, pag -gam g*u zig-tu, 
 in a corner, in obscurity, Dzl.; *fsd-big 
 pdg-la yod*, it is somewhat hidden, cannot 
 be seen well (from this place), Ld.; * pdg- 
 la zd-ce*, to eat (dainties) by stealth, W.; 
 nyi-ma nipdg-tu ^ro, Thgy., the sun hides 
 himself behind the mountain; sgo-pdg-nas 
 bltds-pas, to watch, spy, lurk behind the 
 door, Glr., v. also ojdb, pa; pag nyan tdn- 
 ce W., to listen. *pag-ste*, W. ('a hidden 
 paring-axe' v. ste-po) plane; *pag-ste gydb- 
 ce, fjud-ce, srub-ce*, to plane. pag-fsdn^ 
 smuggling, co-ce, to smuggle, W. *tdn-Kan*, 
 smuggler, W. p'dg-ra, parapet. pag- 
 rdgs, rampart, intrenchment. pag-ldm, 
 secret path (of smugglers). *pag-sug*, 
 bribery, C., W.', *pag-sug tdn-ce*, to bribe; 
 zd-ce, to accept a bribe, W.
 
 340 
 
 p'ag-pdg 
 
 pun-pa 
 
 pag-pdg, the name given in Pur. 
 toCodonopsis ovata, the thick roots 
 of which plant are cooked like turnips or 
 ground and baked; v. klu-mdud. 
 _, . pan I. O pah (pan - ma , pan - bu Cs ) 
 spindle; pan -16, l.the whirl of the 
 spindle. 2. sih-rtai pan-lo, waggon wheel. 
 Dzl. 
 
 II. v. pan. 
 
 pan- gro, Sch., the belly or body 
 of a stringed instrument. 
 ,_._. pdn-ba, pans-pa (Glr. also potis-pa, 
 prov.) to save, to spare, to use economy: 
 srog to spare one's life; mi-pdns-te or -par 
 e.g. O bul-ba, to give largely, not sparingly; 
 pdn-sems, thrift! ness: p'dn-sems-an, thrifty, 
 frugal; *pah-sem co-ce* , W., to be thrifty, 
 frugal. 
 SJC'SJ* pdn-ma, a medicinal plant, Med. 
 
 pan-med, stated to be = 'rin-med, 
 Ts. 
 pan-lo v. pan I. 
 
 , vertebra(P) </. 
 
 -j' pat SsL, an unmeaning sound, fre- 
 ' quently used in magic spells, on which 
 subject Milaraspa speaks rather obstrusely. 
 5jj-* pad, a large bag or sack, rds-pad, rdl- 
 ' pad, rtsid-pad, sack of cotton cloth, 
 goat's hair, yak's hair; pad-}; a, -sked, 
 -mfil, the mouth, middle, and bottom of a 
 sack; pad-gdh, a full sack, a sackful; pad- 
 stoti, an empty sack; pdd-snam, sack-twine, 
 sack-cloth; p'dd-tsa, very coarse sack- cloth. 
 * pan I. sbst., hanging ornaments, lappets 
 ' of silk, similar to the decorations of 
 our tent -cloths, awnings etc. , ka-, sgo-, 
 ydun-pan, on pillars, doors, beams; pan- 
 ydugs, a parasol so decorated, S.g. 
 
 II. = pa II., gen. in the combination of 
 pan-cad (Glr. also pan-cod}, also pan-la 
 or pan, towards, until: dd-ci-nas dd-lta pan- 
 la dar cig son, from 'but just' till 'just 
 now' a moment has passed, Thgy. ; nd-nin- 
 nas da pan - cdd lo ycig son , Thgy. ; *da 
 pan*, until now, C. ; ... nas din-san pan 
 (-la) Glr. from . . . till now ; pyi-ma pan- 
 
 cdd-du^ro-bayin, I am proceeding towards 
 the future, Thgy. ; pan-cad also beyond: *de 
 p'en-ce' ma do* C. do not go any farther 
 than that place; combined with its contrary 
 fsun : pan-fsun(-du) gro-ba, to walk to and 
 fro, there and back; to walk past, frq.; 
 pan-fsun-du pul-ba, to push hither and 
 thither, Glr. ; pan -(sun mfun - pai ytam, 
 assurances of mutual friend ship, Glr.; pan- 
 fsun ycig-gis ycig-la yi-ge yton-ba, pyag 
 byed-pa, y nod-pa byed-pa, mutual corres- 
 pondence, m. greetings, m. encroachment; 
 pan- f sun sdur-ba sdfbs-pa, to compare with 
 one another, to mix one with the other, 
 2am.', fnyis-ynyis-dag pan-fsun-gyi O dra- 
 bai yi-ge, two equal letters (a, a etc.) at a 
 time Gram. : ma-pdn-gi ^ram pan-fsun-du 
 on each of the two shores of lake Ma-pan, 
 Mil.; don pan-fsun bsdu-rgyu yod-pa, cor- 
 relative terms, having reciprocal relation, 
 Gram. : pan-fmn for-ba, to scatter, to dis- 
 perse; pan-fsun-dag, Cs., both parties. 
 III. v. the following articles. 
 
 pdn-dil W. kettle, pot (of tinned 
 copper, the common cooking-vessel 
 in Tibet and India, having the shape of 
 a broad urn); in C. *zans(-bu)*, Pel's, and 
 
 Hd. <JijJ (degci); pan-cun, a small 
 vessel of that kind. 
 
 r*xzr pan-pa I. vb. to be useful: de ni 
 bdag-la mi pan, that is no more of 
 use to me; pan-par mi O gyur, it will be 
 of no use ; bu O dis fid-la pan -par dka, this 
 son will hardly be useful to me, Glr.; pan- 
 par dgd-ba-mams, such as wish to make 
 themselves useful, they who are ready to 
 serve, Thgy.; bgrod-lapan, useful for learn- 
 ing to walk, Lt. ; nod kun-la pan-pa yin, 
 that is good for all diseases, Lt. ; nai ndd- 
 la pan-pa yin-pas, because I have recovered, 
 Glr.] *pan son*, it has helped, it has got 
 better; . . . na pan, if . . . , then I shall get 
 well, Glr. ; pan-pa zig srid, recovery might 
 be possible, Pth.; mi pan, it is useless, = 
 hurtful; also: it is not enough, Mil; mi pan- 
 par O dod-pa fams-cad, all the malevolent, 
 Doman: Ud-la pan, lit. 'it is a mere en-
 
 pdb-pa 
 
 341 
 
 joyment of the mouth', i. e. an outward, 
 temporary enjoyment or advantage; hence 
 pan -pa and pan- pa yin-pa, adj., useful: 
 pdn-pai don, a useful thing, valuable pos- 
 session, frq.; bdag nyon-motis-pa-las pan- 
 pai don med, after all it is of no use to 
 me in my misery, Dzl. ; bslab-bya pan-pai 
 fsi'g, a wholesome instructive word, Glr.; 
 pan-pai gros, useful advice, Dzl. 
 
 II. sbst. use, benefit, profit: bstdn-pa-la 
 pan -pa zig byed-pa, Stg.; pan-ynod-med- 
 pa, bringing neither profit nor harm, Mil.; 
 pan-pa dan bde-ba, pan-bde happiness and 
 blessing, very frq.; pan- dogs-pa, pan- dogs 
 byed-pa, to be of use, and adj. profitable, 
 frq.; pan -fogs, profit; pan- fogs ce, Thgy., 
 *cen-mo*, W., very profitable; . . . la pan 
 gan fogs gyis, render services to ... in every 
 way possible! Mil. ; pan -grogs a helping 
 (useful) friend, Pth.; pan-ynod, profit and 
 loss, pan-bde v. above ; pan-zds, wholesome 
 diet, Med. ; pan-yon, benefit, blessing, as a 
 reward for a meritorious action, frq.; pan- 
 (pai) sems, benevolence, readiness to help. 
 
 P a b~P a -> ! v - bebs-pa. II. Sch. : 
 
 to fall down (?). 
 
 P aos ) ! dry barm (prepared for inst. 
 
 in Balti, is said to consist of flour, 
 mixed with some ginger and aconite). 
 2. lees, yeast (of beer). 
 5J5TJ" pdm-pa v. O pdm-pa. 
 
 5JQ/ pau v. pag. 
 
 ^. par I. sbst. interest (of money), W.: 
 *nul-lapar kdl-ce*, to impose, demand 
 interest, *cdl-ce*, to pay interest; exchange, 
 agio. 
 
 II. in later writings and col. for pall.', 
 also for pan- cad, pa-zdd: farther; par O gro- 
 ba, to go on ; par O kydm-pa, to roam far- 
 ther and farther, Thgy.; *pdr-tsam*, C., = 
 var\ par O gro fsur O gro-ba-rnams, people 
 going, travelling, hither and thither; away, 
 off: di-nas par, away from here; par mi 
 mcio, I do not go away, Dzl. 33, 6 (Sch. 
 erron. 'to the father'); P ar bzud, go away!; 
 . . . la par Ita-ba, to look (in a certain di- 
 
 rection) Mil, away from one's self, as opp. 
 to: ran-rig-sems-la fsur ltd-ba, to look into 
 one's own heart Mil.; glu pdr-cig fsur-cig 
 len-pa, alternative song, Mil. ; pdr-slob fsur- 
 slob yin, they are mutually scholars one of 
 the other, Tar. ; par ycig Idb-na fsur ynyis 
 rgol, if you say one word 'towards her', she 
 gives you smartly a double charge back, 
 Mil. ; par-fsur-la, W. also = *so-sor, in Op- 
 posite directions; *par-fsur-la co-ce* to se- 
 parate vb. a.; *()o-ce*, to separate vb. n. 
 
 Comp. ]>dr-ka, Thgy. pdr-ka pd-rol, 
 the opposite side (of a valley &.) vulgo frq. 
 pdr-nos, id., cut par- fsur -gyi-lam. 
 par-pyin abbreviation for pd-rol-tu pyin- 
 pa v. pd-rol, pa II. Mil. *pdr-tsam*, 
 C., = pa-zdd. par- dzug and tsur-rgol 
 prob. == snd-rool and pyi-rgol. par-zdd 
 = pa-zdd. par -la, \.=par, away, on- 
 ward, Schr. 2. = pd-rol-tu, na, esp. with 
 regard to time : vulgo lo ycig par-la, after 
 one year; W. esp. after the gerund in nas: 
 *zan zos-ne par-la*, after dinner. par- 
 lam, way or journey thither, Sp. ni f. 
 
 pur-fat I- l.wild dog (barks, and 
 commits its ravages like the wolf, 
 yet being afraid of man) in I^d. 2. wolf 
 C., also par-spydn. II. v. O pdr-ba. 
 
 T par-rdzds, Sch., an old heir-loom. 
 
 P a ^-> !? Ld. 1. *pal cos-se (or te) dug*, 
 step aside! make way! 2. *pal-pdl 
 cd-ce*, to feel flattered. II. v. the following. 
 gram- pdl-pa, usual, common; pal-pai min, 
 his usual (common) name, Thgr.; 
 pdl-pa-las pags-par bzdn-ba, a more than 
 ordinary beauty Dzl.; mi or gan-zdg pal- 
 pa, common people, Mil.', fson-pdl-rnams 
 bor-ro, they left the common tradespeople 
 behind, Dzl.; pdl-pai rdzas v. jdl-ba; sin 
 pal rnams, common trees, Mil.; snod pdl- 
 pa, common vessels, Mil. ; pal, the com- 
 mon people; pdl-gyi ndh-na j-nds-pa, to 
 live among the people Dzl.;pdl-gyis rgyab- 
 nas ded pdl-gyis bskor-te, the people run- 
 ning after and crowding round him, Ptli.; 
 *pdl - (pai) s/cad*, 1 . W. the language of 
 common life, opp. to *?6s-skad*, book-Ian-
 
 342 
 
 pal-can 
 
 guage (C. *dl-ke'*). 2. Sch.: rough-copy, 
 waste-book ;pdl-po- (6s. also -mo} ce, a host, 
 a troop ; mi-rgod pal-po-ce zig, a troop or 
 set of monsters (v. rgod-pa II.) ; gen. like 
 01 nollni, the mass of the people, majo- 
 rity, great part or number; pal-ce-ba id. 
 pal-cen, a philosophers' school, called Ma- 
 hasanghika. pal - cer, manifold, for the 
 most part, ordinarily, also = universally ; pal- 
 cer co-nes O degs-so, they raised a general 
 lamentation Dzl. 
 gp.. . pdl - can W., broad, wide, e.g. a 
 
 1 broad valley; pal-mecL narrow. 
 *t- pas, instrum. of pa, I. by the father; 
 v. also pas-spun, sub spun. II. of the 
 opposite side, of the counter-party, e.g. pas 
 rgol-ba. 
 
 . pi,, 1. num. figure 44. 2. W. for pyi, 
 pi-pa for pyi-pa. 
 
 Ij'TK' pi-Jcer (Urdu J&, Ar. reflexion) W. 
 
 *can pi-ker med* = can mi sto it is no mat- 
 ter, it makes no difference. 
 
 " pi-lin v. under rgya. 
 
 pig-pig, a kind of jelly 6'. 
 
 jgk-. pin, Sch.: 1. earthen -ware pitcher. 
 2. cup, cupping-glass. 3. W.: *sgo- 
 pin*, door-hinge. 
 
 Pin-pa v. f C^'; 
 
 /w--6, *pr-ce* W. to fall down. 
 
 51" jew numerical figure: 74. 
 
 jtw, I. sbst. 1. the upper part of an as- 
 ^ cending valley or ravine ; pu bar mdo 
 (or mda), the upper, middle, and lower 
 part of such a valley; pu- cu, mountain-tor- 
 rent, frq.; pur ma O gro, pu yd-gir ma O gro, 
 Glr., do not go to the upper part of the 
 valley; pu-lhdg$, higher situated and colder 
 places or districts, opp. to rgya-sod, lower 
 and milder parts. The not unfrequent 
 phrase: pu-fdg ycdd-pa or cod -pa was 
 traced by our Lama to its original mean- 
 ing: the upper part of the valley is shut 
 
 up (with snow etc.), which is now used in 
 a general sense; Krul-bai pu-fdg cod, Mil., 
 prob. shut out all error, prevent every mis- 
 take \pu-fag-cod-lugs-kyi cossig. Mil. seems 
 to be an instruction for making a decision; 
 na rgds-pa dan sems kyi pu-fdg cod-pas 
 ^ro-ba mi yon-bar O dug, prob.: I being 
 old and my spiritual affairs settled (not call- 
 ing for further improvement), shall prob- 
 ably not travel any more (to India; but 
 you may do so) Mil. cf. pu,gs. pii-pa, 
 the inhabitant of an elevated valley. Fig. : 
 pu yyo mda dkrug, there is agitation above 
 and below, the higher and the lower fa- 
 culties of the mind are troubled, excited, 
 Mil. 2. prop. n. Pu, e. g. a village in 
 Upper Kunawar, missionary station of the 
 Church of the United Brethren. 3. vulgo 
 the spirit or gaseous element of liquors, caus- 
 ing them to foam, effervesce or explode, 
 cf. dbugs; perh. to be referred to no. II. 
 
 II. interjection and imitative sound: pu 
 O debs-pa Glr., *pu gydb-ce* W., to make 
 pooh, to blow, to puff, to inflate; pu skon, 
 pun it up (the skin etc.), lit.: fill it with 
 pooh! pus, w r ith the breath; fas O debs-pa 
 Sch. to blow, howl, cry(?); sna-rtsa-pu, n. 
 of a disease, /.'. 
 
 pu-duh, also pu-fun Glr., pu-rufi 
 Cs., sleeve; *pu-rdzus* C. (false slee- 
 ves), pu-dun- (or -fun-} rtse (sleeve-edges) 
 hand-ruffles; mittens, cuffs (to keep the wrist 
 warm). 
 
 pu-dud, honour, respect, esteem; pu- 
 dud-du byed-pa, Glr., pud-du fa'ir- 
 ba, S.g., to show honour, respect. 
 
 pu-ba, pf. of O bud-pa, to blow , col. 
 
 used for the latter. 
 
 pu-bo, po-bo, {Sch. also pun), 
 a man's eloper brother: pu-nu, 
 the elder and the younger, i. e. the two 
 brothers; also the elder and the younger 
 sons (for examples refer to tsan-ddii)\ in 
 the passage of Dzl. 3sS, 14, nu ought to 
 be canceled, and pu-nu -mo, V^S, 6. 9. 
 should be translated by sister-in-law. pu+ 
 grds, Sch., the elder brothers, dub.
 
 343 
 
 P u ~ ron Pth~> pug-ron, (*pur-gon* 
 vulg.) pigeon; pu-ron-gyi Kyu Pth.; 
 pug-skyd Sch. of a light blue colour, like 
 pigeons. 
 
 5J*OJ* 5fo|* pu-la, po-la Ld. (from the 
 Turkish), pilaw, a dish of boil- 
 ed rice, with butter and dried apricots. 
 " pv-^d hoopoe. 
 
 u-se, mouse, souslik and similar ro- 
 dent quadrupeds (cf. bra). 
 P U 9> 1- =pugs. 2. = sbugs, pug-pa\ 
 Igdh-pug-gait, the bladder, in reference 
 to its capaciousness, S.g.; mje pug-tu nub, 
 the penis recedes into its cavity, Wdn.; the 
 eye of a needle, Lt. 3. pf. and imp. of 
 Jbug-pa. 4 = pub Schr. 5. for pug- 
 ron , q.v. 
 
 * P u 9~P a > cavern; brag-pug, rock-ca- 
 vern, grotto; gad-pug, cavern in a 
 steep river-bank, or in conglomerate ; dben- 
 pug, the solitary cavern of an anchorite, 
 Ma.; p'ug -pa-pa, n. of an astronomer of 
 the 15th. century, v. pdd-ma; pug-rtsis, 
 and likewise pug -lugs Wdn., his calcula- 
 tions. 
 
 pug-ron v. pu-ron. 
 
 -se-le (?) W., hoopoe; 
 perh. = p'u-sud, which occa- 
 sionally is also spelled pu-ysud 
 
 > (cognate topu; also O bug- 
 and sbugs), end, termination; 
 pug-mda-fug-pai lon-ka, the entrails, the 
 beginning and end of which lie close to- 
 gether, Mil. (mda, v. under pu) ; innermost 
 part, an innermost apartment, = sbuys; pugs- 
 kyi nor \. sgo init. ; perh. also piig-gi spa- 
 rim ltd-bu Glr. 45, 4 may be referable to 
 this meaning, sems-kyi pugs- fag cod-pas 
 bde, happy (am I), because the final aim 
 of my mind is deeded and settled, Mil, 
 evidently = pu-fag cod-pa, the former being 
 perh. etymologically more correct. Simi- 
 larly: bu fse O dii bio -pugs cos -la ytod-cig 
 Mil, may the boy direct the aim of his 
 mind for this life unto religion! Time 
 to come, futurity, (opp. to O pral, the present 
 moment); pugs-su, pugs-na, hereafter, at 
 
 last, ultimately (Sch. always?); pugs-ci O dra 
 cig ^o/i, how will it end? what will be the 
 final issue? Glr. 
 
 puys-ta, pogs-ta, pogs-ta, W. (Pers. 
 
 aJjJ^), firm, strong, durable; pugs- 
 ta btsems, sew it well (so that it will hold) ! 
 pun-pa v. pun-pa. 
 
 P u "~Pi 1- heap; pun-por spun-ba, 
 Lex. also bcer-ba, to gather into a 
 heap; nds-pun, rtsd-pun, lud-pun, sd-pun, 
 a heap of barley, hay, dung, earth; mass, 
 me-mur-gyi puii-po, a glowing mass, a mass 
 of fire; sprin-puii, clouds, a gathering of 
 clouds Glr.; ynyer-mai puh-po (the skin 
 becomes) a heap of wrinkles, Tligy.', the 
 body is called mi-ytsdn-ba mdm-pa sna- 
 fsogs-kyi p'un-po, dug ysum-gyi pun-po, jig- 
 pai pun-po, zin-pai pun-po, Thgy.', accu- 
 mulation, mass, bsod-nams-kyi, cos-kyi, e.g. 
 cos-kyi pun-po L^ 000 , the whole mass of 
 the b4 000 religious lectures of Buddha (!) 
 Mil. 2. In metaphysics: ^fft}, the SO- 
 called five aggregates (6s.) or elements of 
 being, viz. yzugs, fsor-ba, O du-ses, O du-byed, 
 rnam-ses, (v. Kopp. I. 602, and esp. Burn. 
 I. 475 and 511), which in the physical pro- 
 cess of conception unite, so as to form a 
 human individual or the body of a man, 
 (pun-po Ina-las grub-pai lus Wdn.} which 
 by some of the later and more popular wri- 
 ters is itself called pun-po. So this word, 
 as being synonymous to lus, has found its 
 way into the language of the people, and 
 not in a low sense, in as much as one of 
 our Christian converts used the expression : 
 ye-sui pun-po dur-Kun-ne zens. 3. Symb. 
 num. for 5. 
 
 Sp'^T puh-ba v. Q^Sp'q* O puii-ba. 
 
 *s* pud, sbst. I. (v. O pud-pa, pf. pud\ a 
 ^ thing set apart, used particularly of 
 the first-fruits of the field, as a meat- or 
 drink-offering, in various applications : zas- 
 caii-<ji pud meat- and drink-offering Glr.; 
 fog -pud, 16 -pud, an offering of the first- 
 fruits of harvest; srus-pud id., consisting 
 of ears of corn, wound round a pillar of
 
 344 
 
 pud-pa 
 
 the house; bun -pud, first-fruit offering of 
 the barn; rdo-pud, sd-pud, an offering of 
 stones or earth, when a house is built, these 
 materials then being used for manufacturing 
 images of gods, Glr. ; initiatory present, e.g. 
 the first produce of a work, that has been 
 committed to one Glr. (so, according to cir- 
 cumstances, it may be as much as a spe- 
 cimen); in a general sense, a thing done for 
 the first time ; bdg-mai pud, prob the first 
 cohabitation. II. for pu - dun and pu- 
 dud, q.v. 
 
 SJS'^T pud-pa, I. pf. of Jbud-pa. 
 
 IT. 6s. sbst. 1. spindle covered with yarn. 
 2. hair-knot, tuft of hair; pud-can, being 
 provided with such a one. 
 
 1. adj. perfect, com- 
 plete, possessing every requisite quality, e.g. 
 dgon-pa, a hermit's dwelling; excellent, ex- 
 quisite, distinguished, e.g. ro, taste, bsnyen- 
 bkur, distinctions, marks of honour Mil., 
 nor dan lons-spyod Doman ; adv. dge-ba bcu 
 pun-sum-tsogs-par spyod-pa, Dzl., to prac- 
 tise the ten virtues to perfection. 2. sbst. 
 perfection, excellence, superior good, frq.;^a- 
 rol-poi pun-sum-fsogs-pa-la cdgs-pa to covet 
 the excellent things which another posses- 
 ses, Thgy. 3. pun-fsogs, frequent name 
 for males and females. 
 5|q- pub \ . shield, buckler, Glr., of a con- 
 ^ vex shape, with the rim bent round ; ko- 
 pub, a leather buckler; pub-subs, the cover 
 of a buckler, Cs. ; pub-kyi me-lon, the centre 
 of the shield, Cs. 2. v. the following. 
 
 J" pub-pa, pf. of Jbitb-pa. 
 
 pub-ma, short straw; pub-ma zig, a 
 small stalk, a bit of chaff; *pub-ma 
 
 tab-be or tab tan- be*, to fan, to winnow; 
 
 pub-ldir Cs., chaff; gro-pub, wheat-straw. 
 
 pum-pum, posterior, anus Pfh. 
 
 pur 1. v. pu 2. v. O pur-ba. 3. v. 
 pur-pa. 
 
 i' pur-pa, peg, pin, nail ; rtsig-pur Schr., 
 *pur-ca or sa* (?) Ld., a peg on a 
 
 peg-rdob 
 
 wall, to hang up things ; Icdgs-pur, iron nail ; 
 sih~pur, wooden peg ; pur-rnyi v. rnyi, pur- 
 bzi brkydn-ba to fasten the hands and feet 
 of a culprit to four pegs driven into the 
 ground, when he is to undergo the punish- 
 ment of the rkyan-sin, v. rkyoh-ba. '2. iron 
 instrument in the form of a short dagger, 
 used for expelling evil spirits, and fancied 
 to possess great power, Schl. 257; sd-p'ur 
 O debs-pa, to stick such a dagger into the 
 ground, whereby the subterranean demons 
 are kept off; fig. mig pur-fsugs-su ltd-ba 
 Glr., to look at one with a piercing glance 
 of the eye ; *lha-la sol-iva pur-tsug-tu O deb- 
 pa* C'., to implore a god very earnestly. 
 pur-bu 1. = pur-pa; the usual form of in- 
 cantation is : pur-bus yddb-bo, fo-bas brdun- 
 no, pydg-rgyas mndn-no! 2. (yza) pur-bu, 
 the planet Jupiter; its day: Thursday. 
 
 pur-ba, Sch.: to emboss; piir-ma or 
 Jbur-ma, relief work, embossment. 
 2. to scratch, v. Q pur-ba; mgo-pur, n. of a 
 disease Lt. 
 
 S^*^" pur-bu, v. under pur-pa. 
 
 pur-ma, v. pur-ba. 2. pye-mai 
 
 pur-ma, a decoration resembling a 
 flag. 
 
 pur-mo, a medicament Wdn.; pur- 
 
 tdl? S.ff. 
 
 P u l 1- a handful, also pul-gdh, e.g. of 
 corn, Dzl., beer Lt. (in which case 
 = skyor). 2. end? only in the phrase: 
 pul-tu pyin-pa, to reach the highest degree, 
 to be victorious , to have the better of an 
 argument; yi-gei sgrd-la pul-tu pyin, he has 
 finished his studies in grammar, Glr. ; mKds- 
 pai pul-tu pyin-par gyur-to, he became a 
 great scholar, Pth. ; also pul-(tu) byun(-ba), 
 accomplished, perfect, eminent S.g. ; p. n. = 
 a-ti-sa. 3. pul-can, thick = *rom-po* Ld. 
 
 Spj"^' pul-ba v. O pul-ba and O bid-ba. 
 
 -^ pe 1. W. for pye\ pe-ku-lig, key. 2. 
 num. figure: 104. 
 
 Europeans, C. 
 
 '' peg-rdob v. under peb-pa.
 
 345 
 
 pad 
 
 /^ P en W. for ^yd, ^e ; ped- 
 
 jp06? v. pyad-pyad. 
 
 t 1. pf._pis, resp. to go f.'.; to 
 come 6'. and W. ; also cagr (or pydg)- 
 peb-pa; scarcely in ancientlit., but (rZr., Pf/t., 
 .M7.; *nyi-rdn-la peb-lon yod-na* \V.,ifyou 
 have time to come; *^o-nd ghd-le peb* C., 
 well, good bye! *dha sd-hib peb*, id. in 
 speaking to a European; cay peb zu nan 
 \. sndn-ba I. extr. ; peb-par smrd-ba Schr., 
 to salute; Sch. also: to speak politely (??); 
 peb-par pdg-pa, Sch., to rise gracefully, to 
 walk decently (?); peb-sgo Itar Sch.: 'ac- 
 cording to the given order', but cf. O gro- 
 sgo Itar under sc/o 3; peb-rdog-pa 'to tramp 
 arrival', to go to welcome a high Lama or 
 other honoured person on his arrival with 
 dance and music C., Leacx.; Cs. however 
 mentions peg-rdob as a musical instrument, 
 'a small brazen plate for music', and in 
 Stg. the same word occurs along with sil- 
 bsnydn. 2. for Jbab; so it seems to be 
 used, Lt.: fur-du mi pebs; po-bar mi pebs, 
 it won't go down his throat. 
 qx?q- per-ba to be able Mil.nt, cf. also 
 dod\ Cs.: 'to become, to be fit' etc. 
 
 5f po I. num. figure: 134. 
 
 II. man, opp. to woman, male, po lo 
 Ind-bcu-pa, men of the age of fifty (opp. 
 to bu-mo lo-gnyis-ma) Ma.\ po mcor-po, a 
 handsome man (opp. to bud-med mcor-mo) 
 Pth.; as a pleonastic apposition to the pers. 
 pron., like?m, Mil.; common in C.:*po-nd*, 
 I (masc.) = K6-bo ; esp. in reference to ani- 
 mals: male, he (ass), cock (bird), Dzl and 
 elsewh. ; as apposition to the names of do- 
 mestic animals when castrated : po-rtd, geld- 
 ing; rd-po, a castrated he-goat. po-skyes, 
 man, male person, Pth. po-gos, man's 
 dress, man's coat; po-cds, Mil. id. (?) 
 po-cen Wts., Sch., gelding. po-to Bal, 
 stallion. po-rtdgs 1 . Physiol. = po-mfsdn. 
 2. Gram. : sign for the masculine gender, 
 Cs. po-ndd, I. W. andromany, inordinate 
 desire after men. 2. v. po-ba. po-mo, man 
 and woman, men and women, male and 
 female; po-mo med, no difference of .sex 
 
 exists. *po-fse* Bal., male sex. po-mfsan, 
 membrum virile, man's yard, esp. the penis; 
 the rather vague expression po-mfsdn (or 
 po-i'tdgs) bcdd-pa is asserted to apply not 
 to castration (Schr.\ but only to circum- 
 cision (which, however, is not generally 
 known in Tibet, Mussulmans being found 
 only in some of the larger cities of the 
 country). po-yan Sch. and po-ran Cs., 
 po-hran C.. an unmarried man. *po-ri* 
 W., *po-re* C. a male kid. po-lhd, 1. 
 tutelary deity of a man's right side (ni f.) 
 Glr. 2. Cs.: Sir, as polite address. (Ob- 
 servation : The circumstance of the conso- 
 nants of the alphabet and the prefix-letters 
 being divided by Tibetan grammarians into 
 masculine, feminine and neuter, is of no 
 practical moment: careful investigations on 
 that head have been made by Schiefner and 
 Lepsius). 
 
 III. v. po-so. 
 
 po-yyty Sch - (P erl1 - p-9y v - ffy- 
 
 mo), hollow tile. 
 
 J^fW pd-nya, less frq. po-nya-ba (Ssk. T7T), 
 I. messenger, e.g. sent for a physician; 
 po-nya yton-ba, p6-nya-mndg-pa, to send, 
 dispatch a messenger; brtsi-ba, Cs. to re- 
 ceive one (?) 2. ambassador, envoy. 3. 
 Passages like ysin-rjei po - nya messenger 
 of death, angel of death, and bde-ba-can- 
 gyi po-nya, honourable epithet of a king, 
 that is looked upon as a demi-god (simi- 
 larly to a//fiAog TOV naQadeioov) suffi- 
 ciently justify the application of the word 
 to the scriptural notion of angel, which may 
 be rendered still more intelligible by adding 
 ndm-mltai, Chr. P. (P. Georgi retains the 
 Italian angelo, spelling it an-Jbye-lo). Bud- 
 dhist mythology has no available type for 
 it, and lha (Cs.) could only be made use 
 of, if already whole generations of the Ti- 
 betan nation had become Christians. 
 
 no Bal for pu-nu. 
 
 Jtfty po-ba (resp. sku-fog Cs.) 1. stomach 
 
 2. the second cavity of the stomach 
 
 or reticulum of ruminating animals (cf. grdd- 
 
 pa). po-ba l)id-pa, Cs. to overcharge the 
 
 22*
 
 346 
 
 ; pd-ba-) 
 
 stomach, to clog; sol-ba Cs. to purge, to 
 cleanse; po-bai Joa 6s., the upper orifice of 
 the stomach, joining the oesophagus; po- 
 nan, a weak st., bzan, a good, sound st. 6s. 
 po-fer, swag-belly Sch.;po-ndd, disorder 
 of the st. 2. v. po* above. 
 
 II. pf. of O bo-ba for pos Glr. 
 sf^TX" po-ba-ri, also -ns orpo-ns Lt., black 
 pepper; the col. form: po-ba-ril-bu 
 'Stomachic pills' prob. is merely a popular 
 etymology (similar to the English 'sparrow 
 grass', corrupted from asparagus). 
 
 dn resp. for kdn-pa, house, dwel- 
 ling; often also implying hall, castle, 
 palace, B. and col.; sleipo-bran, the castle 
 (palace) of Le. 
 
 Schr. red paint; dun-la po- 
 us-pa, red paint put on a 
 shell Pth.; po-fsos-fsal Pth. 
 
 po-ris v. po.-ba-ri. 
 
 Wdn. 
 
 , raven > P er h. also crow ; cf - 
 Kwd-ta-, po-rog-mig, medicinal herb, 
 
 , spar p 6-la, pu-la W., v. po-la. 
 o-ldd W. steel, Pen. oL 
 
 ' po-lo-lin W. peppermint. 
 
 po-lon-mdud Mil a kind of 
 knot, complicated, and of ma- 
 gic virtue. 
 
 po-kn-hel-kyi etc. v. pa-wdh. 
 
 . haughtiness, pride; *po-so co- 
 ce*, to demean one's self haughtily, 
 W.\ *po-so-can*, proud, haughty, puffed up; 
 'kd-po Mil. bragging about things, which 
 in reality one is not able to do; po-fsod, 
 prob. the same asjoo-so, Mil.: po-fsod innon- 
 ses ma O cad cig, do not boast of prophetic 
 sight. 
 
 "jfim-pog, 1. Wts. beam, rafter; Sch.: 'the prin- 
 ' cipal beam of the roof. 2. v. O poy-pa 
 and Jbog-pa. 
 
 Jqm^-pogs, wages, pay, salary; lo-,zla-,nyin- 
 
 pogs annual, monthly salary, daily 
 
 wages; dnul-pogs, smdr-pogs, 6s., payment 
 
 in money; zon-pogs Cs. payment in goods. 
 2. providing for another person in natural pro- 
 duce, even without any service being done 
 in return, e.g. the maintenance of Lamas; 
 pogs-dod, maintenance by an allowance of 
 money (in exceptional cases). 
 
 2^" pon,v. pdn-ba\p6n-baG-lr. for pan-ba. 
 
 P s ~P a ( cf - cP'ons-pa') 1. poor, 
 needy; sems-can nyam-t'dg-pons- 
 
 dgu, the poor and miserable creatures, Glr. ; 
 
 sdiig-pons-pa, id. %., C. 2. poverty. 
 
 f^* pod, skdr-wia pod, 6s., Sch., comet. 
 
 zxs-m- pod-Ka, masquerade garment with 
 
 long sleeves. 
 
 2J^"T pod-pa , 1 . to be able, esp. in a moral 
 ' sense, to prevail on one's self, Jbral- 
 mi pod-pa Itar yod-na yan, although he 
 was scarcely able to part with . . . Glr. ; O di 
 ni mi pod-do, that I cannot do (moral im- 
 possibility) DzL- Ita mi pod, I cannot bear 
 to see that, DzL; to be able to resist: zas 
 zim gos bzan su - yis pod who can resist 
 good food and fine clothes? hence pod- 
 pa-can, Cs., bold, daring; *pod-cun-se*, W. 
 timid, cowardly. 2. to come up to, to be 
 nearly equal in worth, with fsam(-la): dei 
 bsod-nams fsam-la pod it is nearly of equal 
 merit as ... DzL 
 
 pon(j-po) Glr. and elsewh., pob- 
 pon Cs. , pon-po(n), pon-to, pod- 
 pod, W., 1. bundle, truss, of hay, straw, reeds; 
 sheaf. 6'. 2. bunch, wisp, cluster, umbel, 
 W.; tuft, tassel; ddr-pon, skud-pon, Cs. 
 
 ZQQt' pob v. O bebs-y:>a. 
 
 r-pa C., B. ( W. *ko~re*, resp. *don- 
 kyog*}, bowl, dish, drinking-cup, ge- 
 nerally made of wood and carried in the 
 bosom, to have it always ready for use; 
 cups made of other materials are called 
 Icdgs-p'or, dnul-por, yser-por, and a glass 
 tumbler sel-por. The word is also applied 
 to vessels used for other purposes : spyin- 
 por, glue-pot, pog-por, perfuming-pan. - 
 por-pyis, cloth for wiping the cup ; por-kug, 
 id.(?); por-sug(subs?), the pocket or fold 
 in the coat for receiving the cup, C.
 
 l&q' pol, W. 1. blister caused by burning, 
 
 pol-mig, a bad sore, ulcer, abscess, 6'., 
 
 W. 2. T%y., a kind of fungus (mould). 
 
 pos, 1. v. O bo-ba. 2. v. sa. 
 
 f 
 
 i/a, lot, pya debs -pa to cast lots 
 s.; lot, fortune Cs.,pya brtdg-pa 
 to judge of lots or fortune 6s. ; prognostic 
 Sch., pya-bzdn, -nan good, bad fortune or 
 prognostics 6s.; nw-pya, Kyim-pya prog- 
 nostics relative to property, family etc., in 
 drawing lots or playing at dice; pya (daii) 
 yyan lot (good luck) and blessing, pya dan 
 yyan Q g>'ig-pa to call forth good luck and 
 blessing, to secure it by enchantment Glr., 
 rgya-ndg-gipya-yydn nydms-pas as China's 
 fortune and welfare were prejudiced Glr. ; 
 pyd-mKan fortune-teller 6s., but v. also the 
 next article. 
 
 pyd-mKan, 1. = rdzd-mKan, potter. 
 
 2. v. the foregoing. 
 
 pya- can Lt.f 
 
 pya-la-le-ba, Sch., coarse, rude, 
 negligent, disorderly (?). 
 
 pyd-ra, curtain before a door, Sckr. 
 
 Sch. 
 
 pyag, 1. resp. for lag, hand; bcom- 
 
 ldan- dds-kyis pyag sd-la brdebs, Bud- 
 dha struck with his hand on the earth, Dzl. ; 
 pyag brgydn-ba, to stretch forth one's hand, 
 Sch. ; with la it denotes also the imposition 
 of hands as a holy ceremony , W. : *cay 
 yyan sdl-ce*. 2. bow, compliment, re- 
 verence: pyag ddn-po-la, whilst making the 
 first bow, Glr.; also compliment in letters: 
 . . . la pyag grans-med beans, with a thou- 
 sand compliments to ... (a Lama even of 
 a higher order concluded his letter to a 
 nobleman with 10000 compliments to him 
 as the head of the family, and then to the 
 rest according to rank and age in a des- 
 cending line with 1000, 100 etc.); therefore 
 pyag byed-pa (eleg. gyid-pa; resp. mdzdd- 
 pa, when e.g. a king is addressed by a 
 Lama, Pth."), in Balti *pyag byd-ca* W. 
 gen. *cay pul-ce or co-ce, resp. jal-cag co- 
 ce*, to salute, to pay one's respects, with 
 
 347 
 
 la, e.g. ministers waiting on the king, Glr. ; 
 *cdg-ga yon*, he comes to pay his respects, 
 W.; pyag dan skor-ba byed-pa^ to make 
 bows and circumitions,/S v <7. ; with or without 
 a preceding pyi (vulg. O fon), to take leave, 
 to bid adieu, B. and vulgo (cf. pyi below), 
 *de-ne cag pul yin*, W. , so then I shall 
 take my leave now. pyag O fsdl-ba, pf. 
 btsal, imp. fsol, to make a very low rever- 
 ence, the head almost touching the ground; 
 more at large: yzdn-gyi zdbs-la mgo-bos 
 pyag O fsdl-ba, esp. in use before Lamas and 
 kings ; in the introductions of books, also, 
 the authors generally address both deities 
 and readers with the phrase: pyag O fsdl- 
 lo. 3. impurity, dirt(?); v. some of the 
 following compounds and also O p'ydg-pa. 
 4. sometimes for cag. 
 
 Com p. pyag-mKdr resp. for mJcar-ba 
 staff. pyag-Jiur W. = pyag-rten. pyag- 
 gon the back of the hand 6s. pyag-i'gyd 
 
 (W) L res P- for r 9 l J a C 1 -) sea| ; pyag^ffy** 
 
 O debs-pa to seal, to confirm by a seal, v. 
 rgya I. This meaning is at present hardly 
 any longer known, but only: 2. gesture, 
 the manner in which the hand and fingers 
 are held by Buddha, by stage -players, 
 Lamas or saints etc , when performing re- 
 ligious ceremonies or sorceries ; pyag-rgyds 
 mndn-pa to overcome evil spirits by such 
 gesticulations Dom., O grol-ba to set them 
 free, by dissolving the charm Pth. There 
 is a great number of these gesticulations. 
 pyag-rgya-cen-po is said to be a figurative 
 designation of theUma-doctrine. (The other 
 meanings given by 6's. and Sch. are rather 
 uncertain.) pyag-ndr wrist 6s., yet v. 
 war I. pyag - ca Sch. 'wrought by the 
 hand; an implement', resp. for lag-ca, v. 
 ca III. extr. ; pyag - cds attributes, carried 
 in the hand, in performing religious dances, 
 cf. pyag - mfsdn. pyag - cab water for 
 washing the hands and the face. pyag- 
 mcdd Mil. for pyag dan m cod-pa byed-pa. 
 pyag-snyigs Lexx. = pyag-ddr. pyag- 
 rtdgs 1. resp. for lag-rtdgs sign of the hand, 
 impression of a blackened finger in the 
 place of a seal. 2. = pyag-rten (?). py
 
 348 
 
 pyag 
 
 pyi 
 
 rten B. and col. a present of welcome, frq., 
 a present in general, also a fee Glr. ; pyag- 
 rten rgya - cen immense presents Glr. 
 pyag-mfil resp. palm of the hand. pyag- 
 mfeb resp. thumb. pyag-ddr sweepings, 
 dust, rubbish; pyag-ddr byed-pa Dzl. and 
 e\sewh.,pydg-pa Lex., *gydb-ce* W. to sweep, 
 to clean ; pyag-dar-pa a sweeper Dzl.; p'yag- 
 ddr-gyi pun-po, pyag-dar-Kr6d dust-heap; 
 pyag-dar-Krod-kyi cos-gos or nd-bza vest- 
 ment or cowl of a mendicant friar, which 
 according to the rules of his order is to 
 be patched up of rags gathered from heaps 
 of rubbish Burn. I, 305. (The explanation 
 given by Sch. seems to rest on mere hy- 
 pothesis.) pyag-na-rdo-rje, p f yag-rdor v. 
 rdo-r)e- can. pyag-dpe resp. for dpe-ca 
 v. dpe 3. pyag-dpun resp. for arm. 
 pydg-pyi attendant, man-servant = zabs-pyi; 
 pydg-pyi byed-pa to be a servant; pydg- 
 pyi-la orpyag-pyir Jbren-ba to be a follower 
 (of a Lama); collect, train of servants, 
 retinue. pyag-pyis resp. towel. fyag- 
 bris resp. 1. hand - writing, manuscript. 2. 
 drawing Glr. 3. letter W., brtse-bai pyag- 
 bris your kind letter, your friendly cor- 
 respondence. pyag-Jbulre$\>. gift, present. 
 pyag-sbdlCs. resp. = pyag-gon; Sch. 
 pyag-sbdl-du bcug-pa to hold one's hand 
 ready for taking or receiving, v. sbal. 
 pyag-smdn 1. resp. for sman C. 2. = pyag- 
 rten W. pyag-ma broom, duster, mop 6'., 
 Lexx. pya<g - fsan Sch. : 'the all - filling 
 One, the all-universalizing One' (?) pyag- 
 mfsdn the attributes or emblems of Bud- 
 dha and of different deities, carried in the 
 hands (it is indeed nothing else than what, 
 when carried in the hands of men, is called 
 lag- or pyag-cds Glr. and elsewh.). pyag- 
 mdzub resp. for finger. pyag-mdzod trea- 
 surer, of kings or in large monasteries. 
 pyag-rdzds resp. for nor-rdzds Mil. pyag- 
 zdbs resp. for rkan-ldg Schr. pyag-ra 
 (prob. for pyag-gra} privy, water-closet. 
 pyag-rds resp. for towel Sch. pyag-ldn 
 the return of a salutation, reciprocal greeting 
 Mil. pyag-las W. resp. for las = prin- 
 las B. pyag-Un resp. for lag-len practice. 
 
 exercise, also ceremony (?) religious rite (?); 
 
 . . . la-pyag-Un O debs-pa Pth? . . . la-pyag- 
 len-du Q gro-ba Mil.(?) pyag-sin an at- 
 tribute of idols, resembling a rod (birch) 
 or besom Wdk. pydg-sa = pyag-ra ;pyag- 
 sen resp. for sen-mo ; pyag-s&r resp. for sor- 
 mo. fyag-srol law, regulation; practice, 
 use; tradition. 
 
 &rr*P*n* pydn-ne-ba, Cs. '. jol-le-ba, hanging 
 down (belly, v. pyal}; Lexx. give 
 
 , slender, slight-made; Sch. : straight, 
 stretched (?); pyan-prul or - O prul Lea\v. 
 pendent ornaments. 
 
 ^jr'^jr' pyad-pydd, vulg. ped-ped, awkward 
 ^ '^ ' gambols, clumsy attempts at dancing. 
 pydd-pa, also O pydd-pa, constant, 
 firm, persevering; pydd-par, always, 
 continually, perpetually; Lexx. = rgyun-du 
 (of rare occurrence) ; pyad ma j'yod Mil. ? 
 5J5|" py am = Icam (Sbh. also Icyam), pyam- 
 V rnas, -rten, -stegs, support (of rafters); 
 Sch. : the resting-point of a beam. 
 
 pyam-pydm-pa, Thgr. glittering ; 
 cf. Icdm-me-ba. 
 
 , Glr. slow, not hasty, 
 not greedy, indifferent to. 
 pydr-Ka Sch. blame, affront, insult 
 (v. O pyd-ba?) pyar-yydn Sch. id.; 
 Lexx. pyar-yyeii? 
 
 5TOJ* Py a ^ r esp. belly, stomach, Cs.; pyal- 
 ^ pyan-ne, Lexx. = grod-pa Jol-le-ba, 
 paunch, swag-belly; pydl-mo id.? 
 |>- pyi ( W. *pi*) I. behind adv. : pyi-bkan- 
 ^ du nydl-ba Sch., to lie on one's back; 
 pyi-gros-su gye-ba, Glr.; *ci-do gydb-pa* 
 C., to retreat, to recede, with the back in 
 advance; pyi lus-pa, to lag behind; pyi- 
 rtin Sch., heel; pyi-sder, Sch. the spur of 
 birds \pyi-na, Cs.; behind \pyi-nas, Cs., from 
 behind ; *pi-nur-la* or * pi-log-la dvl-ce*, to 
 walk backward, W. ; pyi-ynon yon, pursuing 
 he comes rapidly near, Mil. ; pyi mig Itd- 
 ba, to look round (back), Glr. } pyi mig ma 
 ltd -bar, without looking round; pyi mig 
 cig yzigs-pas, resp. just looking round 
 (back), Mil; *pi (mig) Ug-te ltd-ce* W. 
 id. pyi-pyir, behind, following, e.g. pyi
 
 349 
 
 PU* 
 
 O gro-ba, to walk behind or after another 
 person, Pth. pyi Jbrdn Lex. (also mcis- 
 brdn), spouse, wife. pyi-ma, the poste- 
 rior Schr. (?) pyi-bzin adv. and postp., 
 after; O gr6-ba, Jbrdn -ba, frq. ; ri-dags-kyi 
 pyi-bzin rgyiig-pa, to pursue game, deer; 
 pyir-bzin, id.; pyi-la, later lit. and 6'., id.; 
 . . . kyi pyi-bzin pyin-pa, ^dn-ba, O yro-ba, 
 to go after; v. also pyir and pyis. 
 
 II. after; adv.: ma-pyi, sooner and la- 
 ter; also adj.: the former, the latter; the 
 earlier, the later; Q di-pyi sc. fse, the pre- 
 sent and the future life; frq.; dus pyi zig- 
 na, at a later period, some time afterwards 
 Dzl.; del pyi nyin on the following day 
 Dzl.; nyi-ma del pyi de nyin Icd-na, id., 
 Tar. pyi -dgra v. dgra. pyi- cad 
 pyin-cad q.v. pyi-fog W., the later part 
 of the afternoon. pyi-dro, pyi-ro (also 
 Mil.) W., gen. *pi-fog, pi-ro* id., also even- 
 ing. pyi-nas, in future, in time to come, 
 Mil. pyi-pred Tar.: nyi-ma pyi-pred- 
 kyi bar-du Schf., until sunset; Schr.: even- 
 ing. pyi-pydg byed-pa, to greet for the 
 last time, to bid farewell, to take leave. 
 pyi-ma adj.: later, subsequent, following, 
 snd-ma ma su pyi-ma zd-ba, not having 
 digested the first (meal), to eat (consecu- 
 tive) additional quantities Lt.; pyi-ma pyi- 
 ma, each following one, every one conse- 
 cutive in a series, S.y. and elsewh.; nydl- 
 bai pyi-ma, the last going to bed, Mil.', 
 pyi-ma-rnams, the later ones, the moderns, 
 frq. pyi-mo adj. late, da (nyi-ma} pyi- 
 mor son dug-pas, it having grown late (in 
 the day) Mil; *'i go pi-mo pe dug*, this 
 door is not opened until later (in the day), 
 W. *pi-mo c6(s}-Kan-ni td-gir*, the last 
 baked, newest bread, W. pyi-rabs, the 
 later generation, posterity. Cf. pyin, pyis. 
 
 III. outside, pyii ziii, the field outside, 
 as a third part of the property, exclusive 
 of cattle and money (cf. syo init.); pyii so- 
 nam, husbandry, farming Glr.; pyii-rgya- 
 mfso, the outer sea, the ocean, Glr.; pyii 
 mi Dzl. (Ms.), people from abroad, other, 
 strange people, not belonging to the family, 
 myron-nam pyi-mi-day ^dns-na, if (when) 
 
 guests or strangers come, DzL; pyi-na, out 
 of doors, abroad; pyi-nus, from without, 
 from abroad; pyi-ru, pyir, out (proceeding 
 from the interior of a place to the exterior), 
 less frq., v. pyi-rol; pyi-la, id., B. and C. 
 frq. - pyi-tfyoy Sch.: with knees bent out- 
 ward. pyi-gliu v. rgya-pi-lin under ryya 
 comp. ; pyi-dgrd v. dgra. - *pi-(s)ta-la 
 and -ru*. W. for pyi-rol-na etc.; *pi-sta-la 
 cd-ce*, euphemist. for 'going to the water- 
 closet'. pyi-ndn, the outside and inside, 
 *pi naii I6y-ce*, W., bsgyiir-ba, Schr. to 
 turn inside out, e.g. a bag; Icdys-kyi syrom- 
 la-soys-pa syrom pyi nan rim-pa bdun tsam, 
 an iron box (coffin) and moreover a series 
 of 7 boxes one within the other Tar. 28; 
 pyi nan ynyis-ka smin-pa, ripe both as to 
 the outside and inside, Dzl.', pyi nan ytsan, 
 pure as to thought and action. With re- 
 spect to religion, this expression generally 
 denotes the difference between Non-Bud- 
 dhism or in a more limited sense Brah- 
 manism and Buddhism; frequently ysan 
 is added as a third item, being explained 
 by: pyi lus nan nay )'sdii-ba yid, which 
 explanation however is insufficient, e.g. in 
 the passage : cos pyi nan ysa/i Pth., in which 
 moreover merely a classification within the 
 Buddhist religion seems to be spoken of. 
 Political distinctions are made in Glr.: pyi 
 nan bar ysum-yyi byd-ba byed-pai blon-po, 
 yet without sufficiently elucidating the sub- 
 ject. The terms pyi Ita and nan Ita, Glr. 
 fol. 89, as well as pyi ltdr-du and nan 
 ltdr-du, Pth. p. 10 I am at a loss to ex- 
 plain. pyi-pa \ . B. and col. a Non-Bud- 
 dhist, more particularly a Brahmanist, also 
 for pyi-pai cos, the doctrine of Brahma 
 pyi-pa-la dga Glr. 2. Chr. Prot.: heathen, 
 one that is neither a jew nor a Christian. 
 - pyi-yul 1. Sen. foreign country. ?. pyi 
 sndn-bai yul, the external world, opp. to: 
 ndn-yi sems, Mil. pyi-rol, 1. the outside, 
 mdl - gyi pyi - rol, the outside of the bed, 
 Glr.; pyi-rol-na, -tu, -nas, in B. gen. 
 for pyi-na, -ru, -nas; adv. outside, out of 
 doors, out, from without; postp. on the out- 
 side before (the door), (he was turned) out
 
 350 
 
 of (the house), (he comes) from without 
 (the village), frq.; *pi-log* W. id.; *cdg-ri 
 pi-log la*, outside before the (garden) wall. 
 2. mystic: ydon bgegs pyi-rol-tu Q dzin-pa, 
 to believe goblins and demons to be really 
 existing in the outer world Mil. pyi-sa, 
 excrements S.g. ; the supposed food of cer- 
 tain demons Tligy. pyi-lha ? 
 IV. pyi-la, on account of, v. pyir. 
 
 pyi-lciig, Cs.; a blow with the side 
 
 of the hand. 
 
 pyi-fdn, threat, menace, Mil.nt. 
 
 pyi - bddr (or 
 brdar} byed-pa, 
 to clean, to cleanse Dzl. and elsewh. ; bydd- 
 kyi pyi-bddr bsol-nas kyait though you do 
 not wash your face Mil. 
 5>.*x- pyi-pur, a kind of ornament, similar 
 
 to pan. 
 
 ft.q. pyi-ba S.g., O pyi-ba Lt., 1. the large 
 marmot of the highlands of Asia, Arc- 
 tomys Boibak. 2. v. O byi-ba. 
 Zrgr pyi-mo, I. col. *a-pyi, a-pi*, grand- 
 T mother, Cs. II. \.pyi II. 
 5*-q- Pur. *pyih-pa*; Ld., Lh. *piii-pa*, 
 
 elsewh. cin-pa, felt, O ded-pa, to make 
 felt, to mill, to full Sch.; pyin -gur, felt- 
 tent, a Tartar hut; pyin-stdn, felt-carpet, 
 felt-covering ; pyin-deb Sch. : a wrapper or 
 cover made of felt. 
 
 r- pyid = pyi, after, following ]pyid-nyin, 
 ^ ' the day after to-morrow, Cs. 
 
 pyid-pa I. (\.pyi ni f.) to retard, 
 
 prolong, maintain, with fse: to main- 
 tain one's life, to earn a livelihood, W. e.g. 
 *gdr-ra co-te* or * cos-si ndn-ne fsepid-ce*, 
 to maintain one's self as a smith, or by 
 religion, (being a Lama). II. to freeze, 
 *kdn-pa pid-soh*, the foot is frozen, suffer- 
 ing from chilblains; *mig pid son*, the eyes 
 are inflamed, snow-blind, W. (G 1 . *&''*). 
 III. v. O pyid; byid. 
 
 ftr- pyin for pyi, in certain phrases: 1. 
 y" pyin-cdd, -cad, later, afterwards, pyin- 
 cdd sdom, bound over for the time to come, 
 e.g. not to do a thing again ; da pyin-cdd, 
 from the present moment, from henceforth, 
 
 frq.; O di pyin, id.; de pyin-cdd, rarely de 
 pyin-nas, Tar. 57, 2 since, since that time, 
 ever since. 2. outside, pyin rtsig-pa med- 
 de as there was no wall outside Glr.; pyin- 
 dgrd a foreign enemy Glr. ; pyin-las out- 
 ward business, foreign affairs Z);z. 
 
 Pyin-ti-ty, anything wrong, in- 
 correct, deceptive, fallacious; per- 
 versity; pyin-ci-loy-gis bsldd-de corrupt, de- 
 praved by perversity Dzl. ; pyin-ci ma log- 
 pao it is infallible (of a spell), synon. to bden- 
 pa ; ltd-ba pyin-ci ma log-pa correct view, 
 opinion Pth. ; pyin-ci-log-tu ston-pa to teach 
 a false doctrine; bio pyin-ci ma log-par, 
 with a never erring mind Mil. 
 Stercj" pyi n -p<*> I- B-, C. *cin-pa*, Sp. *pin- 
 pa*, little used in W.: 1. to come, 
 to get to, advance, arrive; lam pyed tsdm- 
 du, having got about midway, Dzl.; der 
 pyin-pa daft, frq.; cuprdg-pa tsdm-dupyin- 
 to, the water reached up to his shoulders, 
 Dzl.; *pin-na* Sp., is he arrived? sbyin- 
 pai pa - rol pyin , that goes farther than 
 alms-giving, surpasses it, Glr.: dpag-fsdd 
 Inar pyin-pa, to be five miles in length, 
 Dzl. 2. to go, to proceed, snon-la pyin- 
 pa, Pth.; ma pyin-par sleb, without going, 
 without moving from the place, he arrives 
 at ... Mil. ; bud-med de'i rtsar ma pyin, he 
 did not go to the woman (euphemist.) Glr. ; 
 stab-stob-du nan-du pyin-te, he went in, 
 ran in, in a great hurry. (Probably the 
 word is cog. to pyi, and therefore = Q byun- 
 ba, O fon-pa.) II. v. Jbyin-pa. 
 jrjx- pyw, prop, the termin. of pyi: I. 1. 
 adv. back, towards the back, behind; 
 pyir ^on-ba, to come back, to return Dzl. 
 and elsewh., frq.; also used in a special 
 sense rel. to re-birth lan-ycig pyir ^oh-ba, 
 pyir mi ^6h-ba v. Jbrds-bu(bzi); pyir Q gro- 
 ba, pyir O don-ba etc., id.; pyir Q dug-pa, to 
 remain behind, at home, Dzl.; pyir jog- 
 pa, to leave behind, at home, to lay aside, 
 to lay up, Dzl.; again (mrsws), pyir Idn- 
 ba, to get up again, after having fallen; 
 pyir ldog-pa, Ug-pa, to come back again, 
 to return ; pyir Idog-pai lam, the way back, 
 the return, Dzl. ; pyir mi Idog-pa, the not
 
 351 
 
 taking place of relapses, the prevention of 
 them, Lt. ; pyir zlog-pa, to bring back, to 
 draw off, to divert from; pyir sos-par O gyur- 
 ba, to return to life; pyir sdns-nas, having 
 come to himself again, having recovered, 
 Dzl.', pyir md-la smrds-pa, he replied to 
 his mother, Dzl. ; pyir-log skyon-pa, to make 
 one ride backward, with the face to the 
 horse's tail. 2. postp. e.g. behind, after, 
 nai pyir e* O gro Pth., will you follow me? 
 come with me ? instead of this more care- 
 lessly: ha pyir Mil. \ pyir-bzin ~ pyi-bzin 
 frq. - 
 
 II. afterwards, hereafter, at a later time 
 Thgy.', pyir ^on-ba, to come too late Dzl. 
 
 III. out, pyir -la out (motion from an 
 interior to an exterior place), pyir fon-pa, 
 Q gro-ba, O den-ba, ysegs-pa to go out, skyur- 
 ba, to cast out, pyir bstdn-nas, turned in- 
 side out (the lining of a coat) Glr.; pyir 
 O biid-pa Sch.: 'to put out, to remove; to 
 come to an end, to be completely exhausted'; 
 sgo pyir mi yton-ba, not to let out at the 
 door, to keep locked in or shut up Pth. 
 In C. also pyi-la is used in this sense. 
 pyir-zin ace. to Lexx. = WSffl more (ex- 
 ceeding in number or degree). 
 
 IV. postp. e.g., &\sopyir-du, more rarely 
 pyir-na( W. *pi-la*) on account of, 1 . (propter) 
 = by or through, cii pir Kyod di-ltar gyur, 
 whereby or through what have you got 
 into this plight? Dzl. ; without Kyod: where 
 does that come from? Dzl. ; *l nad ci pi- 
 la yons*, by what has this disease been 
 caused? W.', ynod-pai pyir- du, because I 
 have done you harm Mil. 2. for, for the 
 sake of (causa), for the good or benefit of, 
 from love to Dzl. ; for the purpose of, brtdg- 
 pai pyir-du, in order to try or to prove 
 Glr. Whether pyir with the infinitive, esp. 
 of one-rooted verbs, is to be resolved by 
 because or in order that, can be determined 
 only by the context. 
 
 py I- a dv- behind, pyis ni sgra Jbyun, 
 behind, i.e. behind your back, voices 
 are heard; gen. with respect to time: after- 
 wards, later, pyis Jbyun-ba, to arise, to follow, 
 to come later Wdit.\ also in reference to 
 
 things past, of a later date than others 
 that had happened before them Glr. ; pyis- 
 naskyaii, also in future, in after times Mil.-, 
 pyis-nyin, on the following day (= san) 
 Dzl.', at some future time, some (future) 
 day, Dzl.\ da pyis = da pyin-cad Glr.', dus 
 pyis = dus pyi zig-na, subsequently, here- 
 after Pth. ; pyis sl<ye-ba-med-pa , one that 
 in future will not be re-born Mil. ; on the 
 other hand : pyis skyes bu Sch., a son born 
 after the death of his father ; su-bas kyan 
 pyis last of all Dzl.', pyis-pa v. O pyi-ba (I.); 
 it is also construed like a sbst. : . . . fob- 
 pat pyis sig-na, at a time subsequent to 
 his having obtained, = after he had ob- 
 tained Tar. II. sbst. in compounds: clout, 
 rag, duster, cloth, snd-pyis, Mg-pyis, pydg- 
 pyis\ pyis-pa, v. O pyi-ba II. 
 OTra- pyfy-pa adj. rich, also fig. : yon-tan 
 ^ ' du-mai dpdl-gyis pyug-par sog, may 
 I grow rich in the splendour of numerous 
 accomplishments! pyug-po, adj. rich, sbst. 
 a rich man, pyug-po cen-po zig a rich 
 nobleman Mil. ; pyug-mo a rich lady ; pyug- 
 Kydd riches, wealth, opulence Dzl.\ pyug- 
 par O gyur-ba to grow rich, byed-pa to make 
 rich; pyug-dbul rich and poor; pyug dbul 
 med no difference between rich and poor 
 Dzl. 
 
 zmm' P'yuff 8 * cattle > sgoipyugs v. sgo-,pyugs 
 ^Z, ' O fso-ba to tend cattle Glr.; pyugs- 
 kyi sih-rta Cs., a bullock cart; pyugs-nad 
 disease of cattle, murrain ;noi'-pyugs, chattels, 
 all kinds of property Dzl. 
 
 pyur-buSch. hay-rick, shock of sheaves, 
 heap Of Sticks (Schr. O pyur-ba, to 
 heap up). 
 
 tpye W. *pe*, resp. ysdn-pye, zib, 1. flour, 
 meal, esp. 2. flour of parched barley, - 
 rtsdm-pa. 3. iorpye-ma, dust, powder etc.; 
 pye O fdy-pa, fsdg-pa, to grind corn to flour; 
 to sieve; pyer O fdg-pa, to reduce to flour. 
 - 4. v. Jbyed-pa. rgydgs-pye flour as 
 provision for a journey Glr.', *ndn-pe* W. 
 = rtsdm-pa\ also parched meal. Icdgs-pye 
 iron filings; rdo-pye, stone reduced to powder, 
 small particles of stone; spos-pye, tsdndan- 
 gyipye-ma, sandlewood powder, fumigating
 
 352 
 
 ' pye-ma-leb 
 
 powder; bag - pye wheat flour; brag - pye 
 small fragments of stone, produced by stone- 
 cutting Glr. ; sih-pye saw-dust ; yser-pye gold- 
 dust ; pye-Jcug flour-bag ; pye-sgye flour sack ; 
 Cs.: 'a double pouch for meal'; pye-snod, 
 flour-tub; pye-por Cs. a box for meal; pye- 
 pdd, flour-bag; pye-ban, flour -store; pye- 
 ma, dust, powder; saw -dust, filings etc. ; 
 pye-mar terniin. of pye-ma ; pye-mdr (Hindi 
 tflq-ri) flour roasted with melted butter, 
 sweetened with sugar, considered a dainty. 
 ST&rajn* pye-ma-leb Lex , *pe-ma-leb - tse* 
 
 W., butterfly. 
 
 &Z' pyed I. half; pyed- dan -ynyis ('which 
 7 ' with an additional ^ would be - 2') 
 one and a half etc. ; brgya-prdg pyed-dan- 
 ysum, two hundred and fifty; *ydn-ce > C., 
 *ydn-ped, ped-di(san) ped, ped-yan-ped* W. 
 one fourth, a quarter; yuh-pyed one eighth 
 (little used); mi-pyed half a man, also used 
 for woman Pth. (n.f.); zla-pyed v. zld-ba; 
 zla-ba-pyed-pa, lasting half a month, e. g. 
 a disease. pyed-ka, -pa, -ma, Cs., pyed- 
 po Cs. and vulg. one half; pyed-ma also: 
 partner to one half ; O dii ndh-na nai pyed- 
 ma zig kyaii yod-de, as I have still a partner 
 in this business ;pyed-kruft, half a skyil-krun 
 (q. v.), drawing in one leg, and stretching 
 out the other Glr.; pyed-glin, peninsula; 
 pyed-brgydd= pyed-dan-brgyad hence sbst.: 
 half a rupee, = 7 points on the gold-steel- 
 yard C. 
 
 II. v. Jbyed-pa. 
 
 jk- py en ( vul g- peri), wind, flatulence Med.; 
 yton-ba, to let go a wind; pyen sor 
 son, a wind has escaped (me etc.); pyen- 
 dbugs Cs., id.; pyen-dri, a low, soft wind. 
 Srl^T Pyo^pydf *co-cd zer-wa*, to set On or 
 
 at (to set a dog at a person) C. 
 pi$j* Py9 s I- side, direction; pyoys gan- 
 nas from whence? pyogs der, there, 
 thither, in that direction ; yul del pyogs-su 
 or-la^son, proceed in the direction of yonder 
 village; ltdg-pa (for -pai) pyogs-su Wdn. 
 towards the nape of the neck; pyogs ycig- 
 tu or -la towards one side, in one direc- 
 tion; also for together, e.g. to sweep to- 
 gether, to heap together; vulgo also for 
 
 at the same time, at once; kyim-pai 
 su byin-pas, bestowing on lay-men DzL; 
 cos pyogs-su yton-ba to spend for pious pur- 
 poses Mil.', in the same manner: dge-bai 
 pyogs-su, to devote to benevolent designs 
 Mil.-, for, in behalf of, for the benefit of: 
 ytdn-groys pyogs-su si-lcebs byed-pa, to die, 
 to undergo death for the sake of husband 
 or wife Mil.; in letters usually: de-jjyogs- 
 su, there with you, O di-pyogs-su, here with 
 us. 2. quarter of the heavens, the cardinal 
 points of the horizon; pyogs bzi, the four 
 points of the compass; pyogs bzir, round 
 about, in all directions; e.g. round (a person 
 or place) ; pyogs bzi - nas, from all sides ; 
 frequently also pyogs bcu, the ten points 
 of the compass are spoken of, which are 
 the following: sar, sar-lho, Iho, Iho-nub, 
 nub, nub-bydh, byah, byan-sdr, sten- and 
 ^og-pyogs (Zenith and Nadir); pyogs-skyon, 
 pyogs-skyoii-rgydl-po, lha cen-popyogs-skyon- 
 ba bcu similar to jig-rten-skyoh (v. skyon- 
 ba), yet ten in number; rgya-gdr-gyi sdr- 
 pyogs-na, to the east of India; rgya-gdr 
 sdr-pyogs-pa-rnams , the eastern Indians. 
 
 - 3. sa- pyogs, country, region, neighbour- 
 hood, part, dben-pai sa-pyogs, lonely region, 
 solitary part; jigs pai sa-pyogs, an unsafe 
 country; yuLpyogs id., nai sa-pyogs-na in 
 my country Mil, C. 4. part, party, also 
 pyogs-ris; yzdn-la pyogs O gyur-ba, to take 
 another man's part, to side with a certain 
 person Thgy.\ pyogs-(i*is) byed-pa c. genit. 
 
 W., *cog-(ri) co-ce*, pyogs O dzin-pa Tar., 
 pyogs tsam rig -pa Tar. 119,4 id.; pyogs- 
 med impartial, sine ira et studio, gen. in a 
 Buddhist ascetic sense: indifferent to every 
 thing ;py6ys-ca Mil., pyogs-lhun Lex., prob. 
 also pyogs-zen Tar. 184, 22, partial, inter- 
 ested ',pyogs-cairtog-pa, hesitation, scruples, 
 arising from still feeling an interest in a 
 thing Mil.; in a general sense it is used 
 in: pyogs -mf suns -pa similar Wdn., Tar.; 
 pyogs- mfun - du Tar. 190,16 ought to be 
 rendered: appropriate, suitable, adequate; 
 rdn-pyogs one's own party, yzdn-pyogs the 
 other or opposite party ; j'nyen-pyogs friends, 
 dgrd-pyoys enemies; dkdr- pyoys the good,
 
 353 
 
 yoys-pa 
 
 the well-disposed, esp. the good spirits, ndg- 
 pyoys, sdig-can-gyi pyogs the bad, malicious, 
 esp. the evil spirits, devils. 5. in popular 
 language the word is used also with respect 
 to time: *Ka-san-st6n-cogs* Ld., last autumn. 
 pydgs-pa I. vb. to turn vb. n., cos- 
 la to turn to religion Schr. ; pyir 
 pyogs-pa to turn one's self back, to turn 
 aside (Schr. pyir pyogs -par byed-pa, to 
 divert from, to dissuade from) Tar. 12, 14 
 28,9. Jii-Kar pyoys-pa turned to dying = 
 near dying? Kor-ba-la rgydb-kyis pyoys- 
 pa, to turn one's back to the orb of trans- 
 migration; mnon-du pyogs-pa, l.to be visible, 
 to be evident, to be exposed to view(?), Iho- 
 hos-su mnon-du pyogs-pai brag-las Jbyun- 
 ba growing on a surface rock on the south- 
 side Sambh. ; don de mnon-du pyogs -par 
 byd-baipyir, in order to bring this meaning 
 to the light, to express it clearly Gram.(l). 
 2. to be openly or evidently attached to, to 
 adhere to(?) rgyud-la to a Tantra or treatise 
 Sambh. 
 
 II. adj., sbst., attached to, following; a 
 partizan, an adherent. 
 
 Bfc'CJ' Pyod-pa Cs. progress, pyod ce-ba, 
 great progress ; Lex.: sa-pyod-ce v. 
 cod. 
 
 2g^* pyor Mil., prob. for mcor. 
 
 z- pra, O pra, ornament (?), jewel (?) pra 
 rgydg-pa, ryydb-pa, O god-pa, O debs-pa, 
 Sch. also pros sprd-ba, to insert an orna- 
 ment of jewels, to stud with jewels; rmog- 
 la pad-ma-ra-gai pra btdb-pa de, this set 
 of rubies on the helmet, this helmet stud- 
 ded with rubies Glr. ; rin-cen sna-fsogs-kyis 
 pra bkod-pa Mil.', pra-fsom border, trim- 
 ming, Lex. 
 
 pra-rgyds Was. (2\} bag-la nydl- 
 ba, vanities, i.e. passions, errors, er- 
 roneous notions. 
 
 pra-dog v. prag-dog. 
 
 1 1. v. O pra-ba. 2. Lt. a disease 
 of children. 3. adj., gen. prd-mo (Cs. 
 also bo) thin, fine, minute, opp. to sbom-po 
 q.v., sbrul prd-mo zig Tar. ; in a general 
 
 gsTfST prdg-pa 
 
 sense, little, small, sems-can prd-mo-rndms ; 
 nd-pra-mo, little as to age, young, Mil.', 
 trifling, little, slight, rndm-rtog prd-mo slight 
 scruples, Mil.; rdzun prd-mo, a little lie, 
 a fib, Thyy.; *td-mo-ne fon-wa, lab -pa*, 
 to see, to inspect most accurately, to learn 
 the minutest details, C.; thin, high, rel. to 
 voice W.; pra-zib Lex., fine and exact; sin- 
 tu prd-ba, in reference to the doctrine of 
 Buddha, implying prob. its subtilties. Cf. 
 pran. 
 
 * P ra ~ ma -, calumny, slander, esp. through 
 tell-tales and intermeddling persons 
 B. and col.; prd-ma byed-pa Dzl., smrd-ba 
 Cs.,jug-pa B. and C., *cd-ce* W., resp. 
 (when referring to a person of higher rank) 
 ysol-ba, zu-ba, to calumniate, slander, vilify, 
 blacken; prd - ma - mfcan Cs. calumniator, 
 slanderer. 
 
 pra- men, sorcery, witchcraft Schr.; 
 so prob. Pth.: mi-dgos-pai pra-men- 
 gyi nan-sfidgs, an evil magic spell of per- 
 nicious necromancy; pra-men-po and -pa 
 masc., -mo and -ma fern., necromancer, 
 wizard, witch ; pra-men rdzd-ki (for dzo-gi, 
 
 ra-sags, 
 
 'prd-mo, v. prd-ba', 
 
 v. O prd-ba. 
 
 rrm' prag pro vine, also dbrag, srag, 1. in- 
 ' termediate space, interstice, interval, 
 hence prdg-tu = bdr-du Thgy.-, a hollow, 
 ravine, defile; smin-prdg v. smin-ma. 2. 
 after cardinal numbers it seems to corre- 
 spond about to the Greek subst. termina- 
 tion ag: bcu-prdg a decade, brgya-prdg a 
 hundred (century), ston-prdg a thousand 
 (chiliad), brgya-prag ?cig, brgya-prag bcu\ 
 ston-prdg bzi-bcu-zig, a number of forty 
 thousand Dzl. ; bdun-prdg, eftdo(.iaq, week 
 (recognized as a measure of time, but in 
 common life not much in use). 
 
 prdg-pa, 1. sbst., resp. sku-prdg 
 shoulder, prdg-pa -la ^gel-ba Glr., 
 fogs-pa Sambh. to load on one's shoulder; 
 grogs-poi prdg-pa-la O dzeg-pa, to mount the 
 shoulder of one's companion Dzl.', upper 
 arm, prag-yu ynyis-kyi sa Dzl, prag-g6h
 
 354 
 
 pran 
 
 Lt. id. 2. vb., also O prdg-pa, to envy, 
 to grudge, Cs. ; prog-dog, pra-dog, the envy, 
 prog-dog skye envy is stirring within me, 
 I envy, frq. ; prag-dog-can^ envious, grudg- 
 ing, jealous Ptii. 
 
 Zp* pran, v. O pran. 
 
 5^' prod, fsig-frdd, prdd-kyi yi-ge, particle, 
 ^ ^ e.g. rndm-dbye-prad the signs of the 
 cases, kyi, la etc. 
 
 prdd-pa v. O prdd-pa\ prdd-po for 
 
 _, jjj'n" pran,prdn-bu, (7s. also jw'tm- 
 ' 3I te)=prd-mo, little, small, trif- 
 ling, yet more in particular phrases, and less 
 used in books, than in common life, esp. 
 in C. : *rin fem-bhu te-dhe* (lit. : sprad-de} 
 having paid, spent a trifle; *zu-ba fnn-bhu 
 zig* a small request; *fem-bhu ciy* a little 
 bit C. ; as sbst. : 1 . part of the body (whether 
 in a general or a more particular sense, I 
 have not been able to ascertain); in me- 
 dical writings ihepran-bui nad form a class 
 of their own; yan-ldg-gi pran y cod-pa Glr., 
 to maim, to mutilate parts of the body (not 
 necessarily to castrate Sch.^). 2. knives and 
 other small instruments used in surgery 
 Med. 3. pran-rdn in the polite episto- 
 lary style the person of the writer, 'my own 
 little self, 'your humble servant' ; prdn-la 
 rdn-gi = to me my . . ., inst. of: nd-la na-rdh- 
 gi. pran-fsegs, trifles, minor matters; O dul- 
 ba pran-fsegs-kyi yzi the minutiae of reli- 
 gious discipline, Dulva. 
 
 , pran-ne-rtsag-tsi stated 
 to te = pyin-ci-Ug Ld. 
 
 pran-fsegs v. prdn-bu extr. 
 5JQJ" pral v. prdl-ba, 5J^T pri-ba v. O pri- 
 
 ba; 51^* prid v. sbnd-pa. 
 
 a^ prin, O prin, news, tidings, intelligence, 
 message, prin bzdn-po, good tidings, 
 favourable accounts ; prin-bkur-mKan, mes- 
 senger, vulgo;/5rm skur-ba, sprin-ba to send 
 word, information, Kyer-ba, to bring tidings, 
 intelligence; sprod-pa, O prod-pa to deliver; 
 smrd-ba, r)od-pa, byed-pa to report, to de- 
 
 liver messages orally; to superiors: ysol-ba, 
 zu-ba; to inferiors: sgo-ba, ysuh-ba; fcd-boi 
 prin yah de-la byos sig deliver a message 
 to him also from me Dzl. ; prin-ytam mes- 
 sage, report Cs.\ prin-pa messenger ; news- 
 monger Cs. ; prin-bzdn gospel Chr. Prot.; 
 prin-yig letter, epistle; prin-ldn answer to 
 a message. prin-lds (W. *cag-lds*} 1. 
 resp. for las labour, business; deed, work, 
 frq.; rdb-tu-ynds-pai prin-las mdzad (the 
 Buddhas) performed the work of consecra- 
 ting Glr.; prin -Ids mam bzi the same as 
 zi-rgyas-dbah-drdg-gi prin-lds Glr., v. ex- 
 planation under zi-ba; prin-lds col-ba,prin- 
 bcdl byed-pa ccdpar. to commit a thing to 
 another person's care or trust, e.g. before 
 going on a journey; in reference to gods: 
 to recommend to their protection or blessing 
 Glr. and elsewh. 2. po. for prin-lds-pa 
 commissary Glr., where Avalokitesvara is 
 called prin-lds of all Buddhas. 3. effi- 
 ciency, power Mil. 
 
 v. prug. 
 
 fq- prii-ba, O pru-ba = K6g-ma earthen pot, 
 pan, stew-pan. 
 
 5T$J* pru-mc^ O pru-ma 1. uterus, matrix of 
 ^o animals, or ace. to Cs. merely the in- 
 teguments of the eggs ; ace. to some, also 
 the urinary bladder. 2. encampment, = 
 dmag-sgdr L,ex. 
 
 jxar pmg 1. in compounds for prug - gu, 
 3> ' pru-gu child, a young one (of animals); 
 prug-gu-mo a little girl 6s.; priig-gu skyed- 
 pa to beget children, yso-ba to rear, to bring 
 up (children) ; priig-gu skye a child is born ; 
 sor a miscarriage, abortion, takes place; 
 prug-gui dm childhood; da -prug orphan; 
 nal-prug bastard ; gldh-pmg the young one 
 of an elephant; seii-pnig a lion's cub etc.; 
 metaph. of disciples and subalterns: fson- 
 priiy the merchants of a caravan in their 
 relationship to. their leader fson-dpon. 2. 
 fine cloth or woollen stuffs Wts., snam-pritfj 
 id. 7 dbus-prug woollen goods from I Mil. 
 iJcn^T" P'/ 8 one day with the night, a pe- 
 xl riod of 24 hours, but this sig- 
 nification does not hold good in every case.
 
 prud-yzon 
 
 355 
 
 pan 
 
 ' pmd-yzon v. yzoii-pa. 
 
 prum Lt and S.gJ prum-rus cartilage, 
 gristle. 
 
 5Jf'J&T pmm-prum Sik. -- pum-pum. 
 
 N ^O 
 
 6s. = p'rd-mo. 
 
 -pren-ba v. O pren-ba. 
 
 s*~' pred, opred, cross, transverse; across, 
 ' athwart, obliquely; pred-du, col. Vrf- 
 fed-la*, crossways, in a cross direction; 
 pred-lam, a path (horizontal or inclined) 
 leading along the side of a mountain, (cf. 
 on the other hand O pran); p'red-ytdn bolt 
 or bar of a gate; *ted-la ddn-po*, horizon- 
 tal W. 
 
 J>f%f pro-bo something like: a child's frock 
 or chemise Ld. (?) 
 
 prog etc. v. O prog; |q', S&T p'rob, 
 
 prot v. cjw'06, O prol. 
 5l" jw-os v. O pro-ba. 
 
 pf- oW*> 1- to rise, to be 
 raised, e.g. a post or stake raised 
 by the frost; to soar up, to fly up to heaven, 
 a miraculous feat often performed by the 
 saints oi legends, Dzl and elsewh.; of rays 
 of light, DzL and elsewh. ; fig. : to be higher, 
 more elevated, del steh-du (or de-las) dpag- 
 fsdd brgyad-Tcri (or more accurately Kris} 
 O pdgs-so Glr., Pth., (this region) lies by 
 80000 miles higher than that/S^.; to grow 
 larger, longer, of the apparent lengthening 
 of the teeth when aching W. ; of horses : to 
 rear, to rise up on the hind-legs; more par- 
 ticularly of the deifying of saints; thus the 
 demi-god-like king Srontsansgampo in his 
 farewell speech says: Kyed kun O pdgs-pai 
 byin-rlabs yin I am the divine instrument 
 of your elevation (your elevation-blessing), 
 he who will effect your ascent to heaven 
 or deification; part.pf. pdffs-pa(Ssk.^[TSS(), 
 sublime, exalted, raised above, pdl-las O pdgs- 
 par bzdn-ba a more than ordinary beauty 
 DzL; yzan-pas Q pdgs-par gyur-to he far 
 excelled others Dzl. ; Kyc'id-(par) O pags-(pa), 
 
 distinguished, excellent, glorious, yid-las fcyad- 
 O pags rgya-gar-yul India, the most glorious 
 country; nor-sna Kydd-par O pdgs-pa brgyai 
 O bul-ba an offering of a hundred of the most 
 costly kinds of jewels Pth.] esp. in refe- 
 rence to holy persons, things, places etc.; 
 title of saints, and teachers of religion, with 
 the fern. O pdgs-ma; pdgs-pa^o,T excellence' 
 is Avalokitesvara, in W. esp. the one, that 
 has his throne at Triloknath in Chamba, 
 v. re- pdgs; the word is also frq. used as 
 an epithet, placed at the head of the title- 
 pages of religious writings; lastly it is a 
 name of common persons. O pdgs-pai nor 
 bdun the seven treasures of the saints : sbyin- 
 pa, fsul-Krims, ddd-pa and the like Mil. 
 O pdgs(j-pai) yul 1 . elevated country, high- 
 land. 2. the holy land of the Buddhists, 
 the tracts of the middle Ganges ; O pags-pai 
 skad, the Sanskrit language Lex. O pags- 
 rgyal Tar. and elsewh. = ^^fq^fj Schf., 
 town and district of Ujain. 2. the word 
 is stated to imply also to play, to joke, to 
 make sport C. 
 
 oP a ! v. pan I. 2. also O pans, 
 dpans, spans, height, O pdn-du, O pdns- 
 su in height; fcri- pan v. AH, go- pan v. 
 go; )"nam- pan, the height of the heavens 
 Lex., Mil.; dbu- pan fig. highness, subli- 
 mity, dkon-mcog-gi dbu- pd/i smdd-pa to 
 lower, to detract from the sublimity of God 
 (v. dkon-mcog'), to blaspheme God Doman; 
 O paiis-mf6 high DzL; O pd>'is-mfo-ba, O pans- 
 mfon-dmdn relative height DzL 
 
 O pdn-ba fut., O pans-papf. of. O pen- 
 pa. 
 
 O p ans -P a ! f r( l- ^ or pans-pa to 
 spare, to save DzL; kindly and 
 carefully to protect from harm, e.g. a drun- 
 ken Lama Thgy. ; hence prob. the version 
 jpqj^; O pans - med yfoh-sems-ldan liberal, 
 bounteous, without restriction S.g. 2. 
 Glr. also for O p6ns-pa provinc. 
 
 QSMT P an ! v - P an C 1 )- ~ n< O p dn -y ul 
 
 ' Glr., O pdn-po Hue II, 242; name of 
 the nearest alpine valley north of Lhasa, 
 the inhabitants of which are said to speak 
 an indistinct dialect. 
 
 38*
 
 356 
 
 idm-pa 
 
 , pf- ^w*5 PP- to r gy al- 
 ba to be beaten, conquered, to come 
 off a loser, to get the worst of, yyul(-las) in 
 battle Dzl ; lha-ma-ym-las by the Asuras 
 Dom.; in law-suits, in traffic etc.; O pdm- 
 par O gyur-ba B., *pam ()6-wa* C. id ; also 
 with pam, as if it were a sbst. : *pam kiir- 
 wa* C. to put up with, to bear a loss, da- 
 mage, defeat; O pam bldn-ba Glr., Pfh. prob. 
 id.; O pdm-par byed-pa to beat, to defeat, 
 to conquer, rgyd-mams O j5dm-j)ar byas he 
 conquered the Chinese Glr.; rds-pas bon- 
 po cos-kyis pdm-byas-te Raspa overcoming 
 the Bonpo by the doctrine of Buddha (v. 
 cos 3.) Mil.; *pam cug-ce or kdl-ce*, W. 
 id.; pam pog son I have met with a loss, 
 I suffered damage, opp. to gyal fob son; 
 pam-rgydl ma bsres-na if one is not inclined 
 now for a serious struggle, will not stand 
 the chance of ... Mil. ; yid- pdm-pa Mil., 
 *sems pdm-po* C. dejection; yid- pdm-ma 
 a low-spirited, dejected woman Mil.; pdm- 
 pa Glr., pdm-po the vanquished etc. ; *pam- 
 pe no-len co-ce* W. to give in, to ask par- 
 don ; mi- p dm i. invincible. 2. a man's name. 
 3. mi- pam mgon-po Zam., also mi- pdm 
 cos-kyi rje is stated to be - jam-dbydhs. 
 oP ar Cs. in compounds: board, sgo- 
 O par board or leaf of a door. 
 
 o pdr-ba I. sbst. v. pdr-ba. 
 
 P f - oPW s Sch 
 O bhj(s)-pa. 
 
 O pir-ba Ts. = Jnir-ba, to fly. 
 
 II. vb. (vb. n. to spor-ba) 1. to rebound, 
 of stones, *bar-ndn-la* W. to splash up, of 
 water, to fly up, of sparks; to leap, to bound, 
 to throb, of the veins, rtsa O par, the pulse 
 is beating; *par td-ce* W., to feel one's 
 pulse; *nyin-kapar dug* his heart is throb- 
 bing, palpitating; *pdr-ra rag*\ have heart- 
 throbbing (v. rag)\ O pdr- pro cad v. O pro- 
 ba 2; sd-la O pdr-ba, to fidget, to be restless, 
 to jump, from fear Pfh.; pdr-gyis Q pdr-ba 
 Lex. prob. the same as O pdr-ba. 2. Cs. 
 to be raised, elevated, promoted, advanced. 
 
 opdr-ma, Sch. 'double, manifold'; 
 
 brgya- par-ma, Sch. 'more than 
 hundred'. 
 
 O pdl-ya V*-* incision, indentation. 
 
 notch. 
 
 epiih-ba, pf. pun, to sink, to begin 
 
 to decay, to be in declining circum- 
 stances. to get into misery, either by one's 
 own fault, or that of others (opp. to fse/i- 
 ba) Glr. and elsewh.; bod-yul O puii-bai las 
 a deed to the detriment of Tibet Glr. ; in 
 a similar manner bod-yul O pun-bai puh-gon, 
 mischievous conjurers in order to inflict an 
 injury on Tibet Ld.-Glr. Schl. 21, b; mgdr- 
 gyis ryyd-yul piu'i-bar byds-pa-rnams drdn- 
 nas, remembering the calamities brought on 
 China by Mgar Glr. ; O pu*-bar O gyiir-ba B., 
 *pitn-du <16-wa* C., *pun cd-ce* W., to be 
 ruined, to perish, O puh-bar byed-pa B., 
 O pun-la sbyor-ba Mil., prob. also yton-ba, 
 ^jug -pa to ruin, to undo Pth.\ ran- pun 
 having been reduced by one's own fault; 
 Q pun-dkrol or llrol the decay of fortune, ruin, 
 destruction Mil. and elsewh. ; O puh-yzi cause, 
 occasion of decay Mil. 
 n njr-q- O pud-pa to lay aside, to put away, 
 
 to separate, = O bud-pa Cs. (?), sug- 
 pa O pud-pa, to clear, to part the flour from 
 the bran, to sieve Sch. (?) 
 
 O pub-pa = O bi'tb-pa to cover with a 
 
 roof Sch. (?) 
 
 <ur-ba, pf. pur, 1. to ty; pur-gyis 
 
 O pur-ba Lex., prob. id.; cf. par- 
 ba. 2. to wrap up, envelop, muffle up; 
 Dzl. 3/^Sj 10: rin-po-ce gos-kyi mfd-mar 
 the gem into the skirt of the coat, and like- 
 wise Dzl.9QV, 13 read: gos-mfar pur-te, 
 inst. of byuh-ste', mgo gos-kyis Mil. (col. 
 not used). 3. mnycd-pa to rub with the 
 hand, e.g. linen in washing, leather in tan- 
 ning Glr. ; to scratch (softly) C. 
 
 o^w) P refix ' de S 9 S da ~ 
 
 yig gds- pul-can , these and 
 others have d with the prefix g : bds- pul- 
 kao words beginning with k with the prefix 
 b; bd-yis Q pul-bai sla, viz. bsla . . .; das- 
 O pul-med these receive no d as prefix; sa-
 
 357 
 
 - O p6ns-pa 
 
 ra- Id -mams O pul-fsul ni the manner in 
 which prefixes are joined with words be- 
 ginning with .s, r or /; rkya/i- pul words be- 
 ginning with a simple consonant (to which 
 also ya-j /'-, and la- tags are reckoned), 
 preceded by a prefix; brtsegs- pul, words 
 beginning with two consonants and a prefix 
 e.g. bska Gram. 
 
 opu^'ha I. v. the preceding article. 
 - II. vb. 1. = Jbiil-ba, to give. - 
 2. to push, to jostle; *pul-fug yydb-i-e*, to 
 push with the fist, with the trunk, (of ele- 
 phants) etc., W.; gru-moi O pul-rdeg cig byed- 
 pa, to jostle with the elbow Mil.; vulgo 
 *pul-dag or fag* W., * pul-fsug* C. 
 
 v. peg. 
 
 for the pres.) O paii, \tivp. pon, p 
 1. to throw, to cast, to fling; ndm-mKa-la 
 into the air DzL; K'6r-bar, to throw into 
 the orb of transmigration Mil. ; dmydl-bar, 
 to cast into hell Thgy. ; *t?a pan - ce*, to 
 shovel snow (out of the road, from the roof); 
 *pdn-te bor-ra tsig-te bor* am I to throw 
 down the wood, or pile it up? W.; *pu 
 pan - ce* to cast the hair W. ; hence O p'an, 
 spindle, and O pcn-siit, ace. to Sch., a wea- 
 ver's shuttle (it being flung). 2. to fire 
 off, to discharge, to let fly, mda, an ar- 
 row, yzan-la, at another DzL; O pen-duu 
 dart, javelin Stg. ; to shoot, O pen-mi ses-pa, 
 W. *p'an-mi-ses-lM)i* } one that does not 
 know how to shoot. 3. Sch. O pen - pa 
 bii't-ba 'to intend, to have a mind, to think 
 upon, to consider', (yet in the only passage, 
 in which I met with the word, in Thgr., 
 the above meaning does not seem appli- 
 cable). 
 
 P d ~ ba L vb - ^'P el (F^) vb>n ' 
 
 to spel-ba, opp. to O g rib-pa, 1. to 
 increase, augment, multiply, enlarge, frq.; 
 *sum Ian nyi-la team pel* how many are 
 two times three? W. ; O pel- arib-kyi dbdit- 
 gis in consequence of the increase and de- 
 crease Gram.; Q pel- grib-nc'id, prob. diseases 
 ai'ising from an excess or deficiency of hu- 
 mours Wdn.2. to improve, to grow better, 
 
 bsam-ytdn or tugs-dam ^p'el-ba ijin medi- 
 tation has improved, has proceeded better 
 Mil. IT. sbst., Sch. also O pel-ka, 1. in- 
 crease. '2. development S.g. 
 
 Q^n 1 oP~b a pf- an( ^ imp- P OS ) P r P- in- 
 trans. to spo-ba, - yna$-spo-ba; 1. 
 to change place, shift, migrate frq.; myur- 
 du O pos-sig, go speedily elsewhere! DzL; 
 in a more general sense to change, O po-med 
 bde-ba changeless happiness; in a similar 
 sense O po- gyur-med-pai mal-Jbyor Mil.; 
 yet frq. also vb. a.: Ku-ba yaii O po yah. O po 
 byds si/'i pouring off the gravy again and 
 again Pth.; very frq. fse O p'6-ba, O ci- p'6- 
 ba, si- Q po-ba, to exchange life, to die, (in 
 the earlier literature the most common ex- 
 pression for it) ; the last of the above terms 
 prob. may be explained by ci-zin O p'6-ba; 
 ci- po-ba O debs-pa, Thgr. frq. seems to 
 mean: to help the soul to a happy depar- 
 ture. 2. 6'. to fall out, to shed, of wheat 
 and corn in general. 
 
 oPfy-P "* P^ an d secondary form 
 pog, to hit, strike, touch, befal, meet, 
 mndr-bai dris O p6g-pa fams-cdd all whom 
 the sweet odour met, to whom it became 
 perceptible DzL ; gen. with la: ^od-zer, grib- 
 ma mi-la O pog., a ray of light, a shadow 
 falls upon that man Glr. frq.; K6-la nod, 
 fsdd-pa, cdd-pa O pog, disease, heat, punish- 
 ment etc. has befallen him; yza- Q pog-mkan 
 an epileptic person W., C.; the signification: 
 to hurt, seems to be less inherent to the 
 word than dependent on contingent circum- 
 stances. 
 
 oP ^ s ' archery, O p'6n - sa archery 
 ground, O p f otl-mkan archer, O pon- 
 skyen good, skilful archer DzL 
 
 Q pon-fsos Cs. buttocks; O pons sit- 
 ting-part, posteriors Lt., Wdn.; 
 O poh-la skyon-pa Sch. 'the riding of two 
 persons on one horse'. 
 
 P /lS -P a l - vb.,pf. ^W)s orpons, 
 to be poor, indigent; O p6iis-par 
 bziig-pa to let (another) pine in poverty Tligu.; 
 with instrum. to be deprived of, to lose, rgydl- 
 po srds-kyis Q pons-nas the king having lost 
 his son Pth. 2. also poiis-pa, sbst. poverty,
 
 358 
 
 and adj. poor, v.pons-pa; perh. also dejected, 
 disheartened. 
 
 O p6d-pa= pod-pa, Cs.; Q$3' 
 
 O pon-po = pon-po; qqq'q* o pob-pa = 
 
 O bebs-pa Sch. 
 
 oPya-ba, pf. O pyas, ace. to L<u-. == 
 smdd-pa to blame, censure, chide; 
 
 the context however, in which the word 
 
 occurs, seems to suggest the meaning: to 
 
 scoff, to deride, (Sch.} e.g. Dzl 913, 13. 
 
 9&L, 7. 3L, 15; also Pth. mis O pyd-i*u ^on, 
 
 people will laugh at you. 
 
 QOTra- O py d 9-p a , pf- opyag* wpyag* to 
 sweep, to clean Lex., Pth.; cf. 
 pyag-ddr. 
 
 qsjC'q* Py arl - ba > pf- O py a " s , vb. n. to 
 
 dpydn-ba, to hang down, dar sow- 
 poi ge-sa O pyah-ba a handkerchief of blue 
 silk hanging down from the head Sambh.; 
 md-mcu fur-du O pydn-bd the lower lip 
 hanging down, as a sign of death S.y.; to 
 cling to a person, from love etc.; ije-btmn- 
 yyi sku-la Mil., to the Reverend's person (or 
 body?); ju-zin O pydn-ba to cling to, to take 
 a firm hold of Thgy. O pyan-fdg plumb- 
 line, sounding -line C. also dpydh-fag. - 
 *cdn-Kem-pa* rope-dancer, esp. at the festi- 
 vities of new-year C. 
 
 wr <&f *****y*9<x'&y 
 
 ^ ' Sch., singular, strange. 
 ' O pyad Sch. = pyad. 
 
 . * ydn-pa to ramble. 
 
 to range, roam about, wander, stray 
 from; O pydn-te ^ro-ba Dzl. ^vSG, 4. 
 n r^m- O pydr-Tca Sch., blame, affront, dis- 
 
 grace. 
 * oPy dr -ba, imp. O pyor and pyor 1. 
 
 to raise, to lift up; pru-gu ndm- 
 Glr. to lift the infant up to heaven; 
 to hold aloft, e. g. the dor-je in practising 
 magic, pointing it towards heaven; so also 
 sdiy-tndzub to raise the finger Mil.; rdl- 
 gri, to lift up the sword to fetch a blow: 
 to lift up the grain in a shovel, hence: to 
 fan, to sift, to winnow. 2. to hoist, a flag, 
 frq.; O pyar-ddr or dar- pydi\ a flag: in a 
 
 Q,SpT O pyo-ba 
 
 general sense: to hang up, so esp. W. *cdr- 
 la* (Lad. *cds-la* for cars-la), *bor-ce* id.; 
 * car -la tdn-ce* to hang a man; car - sin 
 gallows; occasionally too: to cling or stick 
 to an object. 3. 6s. to show, to represent 
 to excite, to waken; O pyar-yyen, engaging, 
 winning behaviour (= o )og-sgeys), pydr-ba 
 byed-pa to assume an alluring attitude; 
 O pydr-ka-can, tempting, graceful, charm- 
 ing. 
 
 Q^'q* O py*-b<* I. sbst. marmot, pyi-ba. 
 II. vb. pf. pyis, O pyis 1. to be late, 
 
 to be belated, to come too late ; gdl-te O pyis- 
 na, if I come too late Dzl. ; da tfyod cun 
 O pyis-pa yin you come just a little too late 
 Pfa" > op!]*- v. pyi II. 2. also O py id- 
 pa to wipe, to blot out, mig to wipe the 
 eyes Pth.; ma -ma the tears Glr.; to pull 
 out, spu the hair W.- to tear out, rlig-pa 
 the testicles Sch.; O pyi-rds Cs., wiper, wip- 
 ing-clout, duster; ldg- pyiCs., towel, v.pyis II. 
 
 py*9-P a >Sch. to bind, better Jjyig- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Q pyil-ba for Kyil-ba to wind, to 
 twist, (the hair) Wdn. 
 
 O pyfy(*)-P a > rarel y %-p to 
 be mistaken, also W.; to miss. 
 lam, the road Lea;.; cu-fsod, to mistake 
 the hour Pth. 
 
 O pyur-ba 1. to mount, to rise up, 
 of smoke; to overflow; inundate, of 
 rivers and lakes Lex. 2. Sch. to heap 
 up, to accumulate? \.pyur-bu. 
 
 O py e -ba> pf. O pyes, to crawl, to creep, 
 like snakes; esp. lto- pye, 'belly- 
 creeper', snake, serpent; O pye-ba cen-po, 
 4j^| 4^1, name of a demon; O pye-bo, fern. 
 mo cripple Lex. = rkah-med. 
 
 oPy &n Mil = P!/* n > wind ' yton-ba, to 
 let go a wind. 
 
 q^q- O py-t> a pf- O pyos? i. to swim, of 
 
 ^ fishes, Ml 2. to soar, to float. 
 in the air Thgy. 3. to flow, heave, swell, 
 of fluids Miig.; O pyo-ddr-ba Sch., to un- 
 dulate. 4. to range, roam about, gambol, 
 
 rtse-ziit O pyo-ba, of deer Mil. ; ri-la O pyo
 
 pyon-ba 
 
 359 
 
 O i>rdl-ba 
 
 dgu, po. the wild animals of the field Sch. 
 5. snyin O pyo Sch., 'the heart is swel- 
 ling, courage is rising'; however ses-pa O pyo 
 Med., seems rather to imply: consciousness 
 gives way, is wavering, flitting; sems O pyo 
 Lt.? 
 
 qgfe'q- PyoA-ba Lt. perh. = O pydn-ba; 
 occasionally, like O pyons-pa used 
 incorr. for mcoris-pa. 
 
 ofyons-rgyteSch; pride, haugh- 
 tiness, insolence. 
 
 opy 6n - ma , harlot, prostitute, byed- 
 pa, to whore, to fornicate Lex. 
 oPyw-ba, v. pydr-ba, also for coV- 
 ba; O pyor-po for mcor-po, hence 
 O pyor-dga Sch. dandy, fop. 
 
 O pyos-ma Sch., purchase-price of 
 a bride. 
 
 . vb., alsop*d-6a, pf.^Jras, 
 to kick, to jerk, to strike with the foot, 
 O pra-sdgs a stroke or kick with the foot, 
 byed-pa to kick about with the feet, in a 
 paroxysm of pain or anguish, Pth. ; * fa- 
 say gydb-pa*, to give one a kick. II. 
 = prd-ba, prd-mo. 
 
 *V ra 9-> <>P rd 9-P a > to envy, 
 grudge, v.pray. 
 
 *, lam- prdn, a foot- 
 path along a narrow ledge on 
 the side of a precipitous wall of rock (not 
 'a defile or narrow pass' Sch.), frq.; bar- 
 doi O pran the road of the abyss of the bar- 
 do, (as with us : the valley of death) frq. 
 Thgr.; bdr-doi O pran-sgrol, prob. a prayer 
 for deliverance from that abyss Thgr. 
 
 O pran- pml Sch. something 
 hanging down. 
 
 prud-pa pf- and fut. prad to meet 
 together ; dan to meet with, to fall 
 in with, to find; de dan prdd-do, you shall 
 see him Dzl. ; de ni na dan prad mi fub, 
 him I cannot admit Dzl; bdag dan Q prdd- 
 par sog cig, come to see me Dzl.; snar na 
 dan O prdd-pai ^og-tu not until they have 
 met me (sensu obscoeno) Dzl.; byis-pai ro 
 zig dan prdd-do he found the dead body 
 of an infant Dzl.; O prad-fsams Sch. } inter- 
 secting line of two plains, corner, angle. 
 
 O prdb-pa = O prd-ba and Krdb- 
 pa\ O prdb-byed-pa to flutter, of a 
 bird wounded by a shot. 
 Q^JO^ 5?Qj- O p>'al, pral, prob. to be re- 
 garded as a sbst, like di*un, 
 mdun, sna etc., expressing immediate near- 
 ness; 1. in reference to space, but seldom, 
 as for instance O prdl-du Kyi tir-id-de, having 
 a dog near at hand Glr.; gen. 2. with re- 
 spect to time: pral daii pugs, what is going 
 to happen immediately and at a later period, 
 presence and futurity; O pral-pugs-kyi ^al- 
 rkyen fams-cdd sel-bar byed Glr. to avert 
 immediate and subsequent disasters ; O pral 
 pugs gdn-la bzan that is good both for the 
 nearest and the more distant future; O pral 
 dan yun-du now and for a long time to 
 come ; ^ral-sog-^og-med-par without hav- 
 ing gathered or laid up any thing for daily 
 use Mil.; O prdl-gyi u dug-fsugs nan- pa a 
 poor temporary dwelling, or also : a com- 
 mon, ordinary dwelling, v. no. 3 ; Q pral-du 
 sa yzan ma rnyed-de as at the moment he 
 was not able to procure any other meat 
 Dzl.; O prdl-du sleb yon Mil. I shall come 
 immediately; O prdl-du dgos-pai yo-bydd 
 the things necessary for daily use Dzl. ; 
 O prdl-du O by6r-ba ma yin that is not to 
 be had at a moment's bidding Dzl.; also 
 postp. e.g. : del O prdl-la pan that will help 
 the moment directly after it; more frq. after 
 verbal roots = ma-fdg-tu'. pebs-p'rdl as soon 
 as he had arrived Mil. ; smras-prdl as soon 
 as it has been spoken S.g.; skyes-prdl im- 
 mediately after birth Lt.; in compounds: 
 pral-rkyen, pral-dgos, pral-pugs cf. above; 
 pral-grig finished, ready, prepared, in pro- 
 per case, (vulgo, esp. in W., a word much 
 used) *tal-dig co-ce* to prepare, to get 
 ready. 3. fig., common, ordinary, of daily 
 occurrence, common-place, prdl-skad B., C., 
 ( W. *p c dl-kad*) common dialect; zes pral- 
 skad - la snaii so you may hear it in the 
 language of the common people, Gram., 
 Wdn. 
 
 O prdl-ba, pf. pral, fut. dbral, imp. 
 
 prol, vb.a. to J>rdl-ba, to separate, 
 to part, *Ka tdl-wa*, id., C.; dan from;
 
 rtags dan pral he deprived them of their 
 insignia Glr.; srog dan O p'rdl-ba to put to 
 death, to inflict capital punishment Glr.; 
 zug-tu O prdl-ba to cut into quarters (cattle) 
 Mil.:, lto-ba prdl-ba to cut open, to rip up 
 the belly Tar.- dbrdl-bar dka difficult to 
 part, hard to be kept asunder Lex. 
 
 p ras ~P a 1- pf- ofj-rd-ba; as sbst. 
 stroke, blow, kick with the foot, 
 Cs.; rkan- prds, id.; rtas- pras rgyay-pa, 
 the kicking of a horse; lag- prds, a blow 
 with the hand, Cs.; O ci- prds Lexx., si- pros 
 vulg. (W. *sin-fds or /<?*), the kicking, 
 struggling, moving in convulsions, of a dy- 
 ing man or animal, agony. (Sch. O pras, to 
 lie on one's side?). 2. instrum. of O pra, 
 Sch.: pros spras-pa. 
 
 O pri-ba pf. and imp. ;?W(s), fut. dbri, 
 vb.a. to O bri-ba, to lessen, diminish; 
 to take away from, Ma fi-ce* to take off at 
 the top, e.g. from too full a measure W.; 
 more in the special sense of subtracting, 
 with different construction: de (or de-yis or 
 de-la) fig-ro pri-ba-yis 60 diminished by 
 this, or: this being subtracted from 60; 
 (fig-ro = cipher six) Wdk. 
 
 ofry-pa 1- to struggle, flutter, Cs.; 
 to throb, pulsate, Lt. 2. Sch. to 
 desire, covet, demand. 3. Sch. to be sus- 
 pected. 4 error? Sch.: O prig-lddn, er- 
 roneous, mistaken, faulty, incorrect. 
 
 (^fflf(5* o prin v.prin\ O prin-pa to inform Cs. 
 
 CtC* 
 
 , P f - /'$ to scratch one's 
 self, fi*uys-na Lt. if one scratches; 
 za- prug byed he scratches himself on ac- 
 count of an itching Med. 
 
 S.O., perh. = 
 
 II. 
 
 l, jugglery, magical deception, the 
 abstract noun to sprul-ba^.\.\ Q f'nd- 
 ce-ba great in magic power Glr.', O pi"ul- 
 gyi rgyal-po the magic king, enchanted 
 king, phantom-king Glr.; prul-(/hi koit-jo 
 the enchantress Kotl-)o Glr. ; O yrul-gyispyan- 
 gyis with a magic eye. by means of ma- 
 
 gical vision DzL; p'd-rol ynon-pai O prul dan 
 Iddn-pa possessing magic power for sub- 
 duing an enemy Sambh.', rndm-(par) O prul 
 (-bd), co- pi'ul, rdzu- j'rul, frq. ; sgyu-j'rid 
 less frq., id.; mig- prul, optical deception 
 Cs. O prul-gyi O fcar-lo, O p'rul-Jcor, magic 
 wheel, in ancient literature merely a phau- 
 tastic attribute of gods etc.; in modern life 
 applicable to every more complicated ma- 
 chine with a rotating motion, e.g. a sugar- 
 mill Stg., an electrifying machine and the 
 like. O pnd-dgai lha, dga-bzi- pml-gyi lha, 
 yzan-dga- prul-dban-byed-kyilha, the names 
 of various regions that are residences of 
 gods. O prul-sndn 1. delusion, mockery. 2. 
 n. of a monastery in Lhasa founded by the 
 Nepal wife of Sroit-btsan-sgam-po's. 
 
 ' prul-furS.a. seems to be catheter. 
 
 O prul-ba, 1. by its form intrs. to 
 >o sprul-ba; ace. to Cs. both are iden- 
 
 tical in meaning; I met with it only as an 
 abstract noun = O prul in mam-par O prul- 
 ba (v. under ptuF), e.g. mam-par O prid- 
 ba du-ma, many transformations, magic 
 tricks, for which rnam- pnd gen. is used. 
 2. to be mistaken, to err, to make blunders 
 Mil., better Jirul-ba. 3. to separate, part. 
 discriminate, the good from the bad, truth 
 from falsehood Ld. (= prdl-ba? like druit- 
 po and drdii-po). 
 
 O p-ba pf. O pres Cs., O pre byed-pa 
 Sch., to incline, to lean against; to put 
 down, to lay down; Dzl. V, 12, where how- 
 ever the context is not perfectly clear. 
 
 sbst, col. W*td-na\ 
 U: *pan*) Ssk. TTT^ a string, a thread or 
 cord, on which things are filed, strung, or 
 ranged, e.g.me-tog-gi preh-baGlr. a wreath, 
 garland of flow r ers; O pren-ba dmar-po a 
 wreath of red flowers Wdn. ; gans-rii a circle 
 of snow-mountains Schr.' nags-kyi, of woods 
 Sambh. ; sin - rtai O pren - ba rim - pa bdun 
 7 circles of chariots Pth. ; yig- preii a line 
 of letters; O preh-ba Q dogs-pa to bind a 
 wreath; O preii-skud, O pren-fdg the string 
 or cord of the wreath ; O pren - rddg bead,
 
 ren-bd 
 
 361 
 
 O prod-pa 
 
 hence O pren - ba esp. : a string of beads, 
 rosary; bgrah- preii, rosary for counting 
 the repetitions of prayers and magic spells, 
 being used also in arithmetic, as an aid 
 to memory; mu-tig- Q pren string of pearls, 
 rosary composed of pearls; nor-bu- prcn- 
 ba of precious stones; also title of a book; 
 fig. don ma go fsig-gi O preh-ba bzuri, they 
 only keep to the string of words, without 
 understanding their import Mil. 
 
 o pren-ba vb. n. to love , to be fond 
 of, greatly attached to, with accus. 
 of the person, sems-la and similar supple- 
 mentary words being generally added ; bid- 
 ma yid-la Q pren-bai- rtags, bu-mo sems-la 
 O pi'en-bas Glr.; ydb-kyi fugs -la pren-bar 
 gyur-te, or O pren-bzin-du as she was very 
 dear to her father Glr. ; sin-tu O pron-ba zig 
 byuit an ardent longing for home came 
 over me Mil.nt. 
 
 * preAj sometimes incorr. for pran. 
 
 pred, v. pred. Q^J^J' O pres, v. 
 
 O pre-ba. 
 
 O pi'o-ba, pf- P''OS, prop- vb.n. to 
 spro-ba, 1 . gen. with /as, from, to 
 proceed, issue, emanate from, to spread, in 
 most cases rel. to rays of light; sku ^od- 
 zer Q pro-ba a body from which rays of 
 light proceed, a body sending forth light 
 Glr. ; C's. also relative to odours, fame etc. ; 
 occasionally in reference to descent or 
 parentage Thgy. 2. to proceed, to go on, 
 continue, and O pro continuation, op p. to being 
 finished, at an end (Sch. incorr.: 'the end'); 
 * lab- to zen-ghyi ce'-pa* C., Schr. : the inter- 
 ruption of a conversation by another person; 
 jig -pi'o bead the process of destruction 
 came to an end Glr.; sbyin-pai O pro cad 
 kijah sloii-mo-pai O pro ma cad Pth. the gifts 
 had come to an end, but not the begging ; 
 O par- pro cad the pulse no longer beats 
 Thgr.; cos-bsgyur- Q pro-rnams bskyw the 
 continuations of translating were thrown 
 aside Glr.; of the soul: yod- pro-la mi 
 yon whilst it is still existing, it does not 
 come forth, i.e. it vanishes imperceptibly, 
 as soon as an attempt is made to find out 
 
 its seat and to demonstrate its essence 
 Mil.; O pro fud-pa to annex the remainder, 
 to append the continuation ; * c fo zdy-pa* C. 
 to lay the continuation aside; *sol-wa* to 
 put it off, both expressions implying an 
 interruption of work; O pro lus son or las 
 son a remainder is still left of what has 
 not been used or consumed ; * di ghait 'to- 
 te* after this has been filled up (by pouring 
 in the wanting quantity) C. 
 
 ol j> 'oy-p a > P^ an d imp./^-o^s, fut. 
 
 dbrog 1 . to rob, take away ; to deprive 
 Of, ccgpar. nor, gos, rgydl-poi Idg-nas 
 rgydl-sa to deprive the king of his throne 
 Glr. ; hence rgydl-sa progs-pai mi usurper 
 Glr.\ f sad-pas mii mfu-stobs O prog the heat 
 deprives a man of his strength Med.\ yet 
 also: sems-yid O prog-pa to take another 
 man's heart, to run away with his affec- 
 tions, to captivate him Glr.; O prog-byed, 
 and also O prog-ma dbah-pyfig I . <^v^^ 
 i.e. Shiwa, or also Indra. 2. symb. num.: 
 11. rku- Q prog, robbery Ma., *com- or 
 com- tog*, id., W.;* com- log tdn-kan* robber, 
 *wan dan com- tog co-te* by violence, W. 
 - 2. to make one lose a thing , bddg - gi 
 glafi progs (by his negligence) he has made 
 me lose my ox DzL; sdom-pa O prog-tu byun 
 my vow is lost to me, i.e. the meditation 
 I had vowed has been disturbed, thwarted 
 Glr., to deprive a person of his power or 
 place, to overthrow, kings, dignitaries etc. 
 Stg., analogous to yyo-ba, O gul-ba, J>' rugs- 
 pa. 3. to remove, do away with, expel, 
 demons Glr. 
 
 O pron Glr., pro vine, for O pran and 
 P ret *) v - QpMi-ba- 
 
 O prod-pa 1 . vb. : pf. prod, vb. n. 
 
 to sprod-pa, to have been delivered, 
 transmitted, Idg-tu into the hands of a person, 
 hence Q prod- dzin, *t'od-zm* W. receipt, 
 quittance; no or >ios- prod-pa to know, per- 
 ceive, understand; so prob. also snyin-la 
 ysdl-bar ma prod Schr. 2. adj. fit, proper, 
 suitable, agreeing with, congenial to, po-bar 
 agreeing with the stomach Mf<l.; mi- prod 
 zas unwholesome food Med.\ mi- Q prod-pa 
 also signifies adverse fortune, adversity C.\
 
 362 
 
 O prob-pa 
 
 ba-ddn 
 
 Kaii-pa e' O prod ce-na if the question is, 
 whether the house is likely to prosper. 
 
 O prol-ba Sch. = O prdl-ba. 
 
 O prds-pa v. O pro-ba\ O pros ytoh- 
 ba Schr., O pros-par byed-pa Sch. 
 to spread, to pour forth, e.g. light, O pros 
 Tar. 48,3, ace. to Sch f.: a detailed work; 
 but Tar. 143,13? 
 
 q ba 1. the letter b, originally, and in the 
 frontier districts still at the present day, 
 corresponding to the English b; the pro- 
 nunciation of it, however, varies a good 
 deal in the different dialects of the country: 
 in C. this letter, as an initial, is at present 
 deep-toned and aspirated = bh; in Sp. as 
 a final letter, it is softened down to w; 
 and this softening of its sound prevails 
 throughout Tibet in the substantive termi- 
 nations ba and bo, when preceded by a 
 vowel or by n, r, l\ as a prefix it is sounded 
 in Bal. and Kh. = b or w. Regarding the 
 irregularities in the pronunciation of initial 
 db v. the Phonetic Table. 2. num. fi- 
 gure: 15. 
 
 . ba I. (also bd-mo Cs. ?) COW, O dod-Joi 
 ba v. -)o-ba; ba-ko cow-leather; ba-kyu 
 herd of cows; ba-gldn v. below; ba-ycin 
 urine of a cow; ba-lci cow's dung; ba-cu, 
 resp. -cab = ba-ycin (used by hindooizing 
 Tibetans, the cow being sacred to the 
 Hindoos); ba-nu 1. a cow's dug. 2. a stone 
 resembling it in appearance Med.\ ba-prug 
 calf; ba-rmiy a cow's hoofs; ba-rmiy-yi cu 
 the water collected in the impression of a 
 cow's foot on the ground, to denote a very 
 small quantity of water Dzl. ; ba-o for bai 
 ^6-ma', ba-rdzi cow-herd; ba-rd pen or 
 stable for cows ; ba - ru 1 . a cow's horn. 
 2. vulg. cup for scarifying, the hollow tip 
 of a cow's horn being used as such; ba- 
 sd cow-beef. 
 
 II. affix or so-called article, for pa, to 
 
 substantives the roots of which end with 
 a vowel or with w, r, Z, except when pa has 
 its particular signification^ in cu-paetc.(v. 
 pa); in adjectives it is either syn. with po 
 (as : dmdr-bai mdans, a ruddy complexion), 
 or it denotes 'having' (= . . . po-can, as: sna- 
 dmdr-ba or sna-dmdr-po-can having a red- 
 dish trunk), or it is the sign of the verb 
 formed from it (dmdr-ba, to be red), or 
 of the abstract substantive (dmdr-ba, red- 
 ness). 
 
 ba-dkdr lime lime-stone Schr. 
 
 &-y- and elsewh. ; Cs. : 'low 
 wall, parapet 1 ; ace. to my authorities 
 a certain part of the timber work of a roof, 
 something like pinnacle, battlement; so 
 also Tar. 80,21: the king with his retinue 
 beheld the pinnacles of the Naga palace 
 rising above the surface; v. nyuy-pak. 
 
 bd-y\an OX, bull; *ba-lan t'soys* W., 
 like an ox, stubborn, stupid; also 
 dirty, filthy, nasty, for which our vulgar 
 expression is swinish; ba-ylan-spyod ap- 
 pellation for the western part of the globe, 
 v. yliri. 2. for bdl-ylan Dzl. 
 
 ^ bd-ti, Hind, ^r^t, a large brass dish. 
 
 bd-ti-ka Sty., a small long-measure, 
 
 \ of a barley-corn. 
 
 bd-t'ay W., also Satnbh., 1. root. 
 
 2. stalk of fruit. 
 
 ba-ddn 1. TTrTTeRTj f which the word 
 
 is a corruption ace. to Li&., an ensign
 
 363 
 
 ba-ddm 
 
 with pendent silk strips DzL, Gyatch., Glr. 
 2. also ses-rab-ral-gri, stated to be a 
 kind of dagger, set upright, a semblance 
 of which often attends apparitions of the 
 gods ; thus the signification of 'sword', given 
 by Sch., seems to be justified, and also 
 Schr. refers to it under spa-dam; I never 
 met with it in B. in that sense. 
 n'MT ba-ddm, Pers., Urd. Jj>L, from the 
 Ssk. cJTrHtT- 'windmango' Shksp., 
 almond. 
 
 n'3sT bd-spu a little hair, the little hairs 
 NS of the body, bd-spu Ian or Idan, the 
 little hairs stand up, I shudder, B., 6'.; 
 similarly: bd-spu yyo Glr., Mil.', ba-spu 
 tsam yan med (I feel no repentance) even 
 as great as a hair DzL ; bd-spu-can hairy, 
 covered with hair, ba-spu-med bald; bd-spui 
 bii-ga or Jcun (-bu) pore. 
 
 bd-bu (Pers. (ji^jLj, pa pot) a soft shoe, 
 skud-pai knitted shoe, pih-pai felt- 
 shoe, but in general they are made of wool 
 or goat's hair. 
 
 Q'g ba-bla (Ts. *bhd-bla*) Med, arsenic. 
 
 ba- bog W. clod, lump of earth. 
 
 ba-men Mil., Wdh., Cs. and Sch.: 
 'a species of wild cattle with large 
 horns'; Sch. also: buffalo-calf; though in 
 Sambh. gans-ri-ba-men are spoken of. 
 
 bd-mo hoar-frost, B. and col.; ba-fsa 
 (Campbell in Summer's Phenix p. 142, 
 5 : pen-cha), inferior, impure SOda, incrusting 
 the ground near salt-lakes; it is mixed with 
 the food of cattle (from which circumstance 
 the word may be translated 'cow-salt'), oc- 
 casionally also for the want of something 
 better put into the tea; bd-fsai skyur-rtsi 
 Cs. muriatic (hydro-chloric) acid. 
 
 bd-ra-na-si, v. wd-ra-na-si. 
 
 ba-ru-ra an astringent medicament 
 
 Med. 
 
 -fya* bd-la-ha, can-ses bd-la-ha, n. of a 
 ' demon, v. rta-mcoa. 
 ba - lu = da - li, various low alpine 
 species of Rhododendron. 
 
 bag 
 
 q*OJ"T|' ^-^-^ medicinal plant, belonging 
 
 ' to the climbers Med. 
 qVT bd-* a 1- v - ba I. 2. prob. = bd- 
 ' ha-ha a bitter-tasted officinal plant, 
 ace. to Wdn. an Indian tree ; in Lh. a rather 
 insignificant radiated flower. 
 
 qVT bd-su, W. a virulent boil, ulcer. 
 
 N3 
 
 q\!cf bd-so Ld., ba-so-ka C'., currants, small 
 
 1 raisins. 
 
 q-^ji bd-so elephant's tooth, ivory; bd-so- 
 mKan worker in ivory. 
 bag I. a primary signification of this 
 word seems to be : a narrow space ; thus 
 with Sch. fig. bdg-dog-pa to be straitened, in 
 necessitous circumstances, poor; in another 
 application more frq. : bag - tsam a little, 
 nor bdg-tsam re a little money Mil. ; bag- 
 re Thgr., perh. the same; ddii-ga bdg-tsam 
 bde the appetite is growing a little better 
 Lt.', fser-ma bdg-tsam yod-pa having a few 
 prickles Wdn.; bdg-tsam-pa slight, insigni- 
 ficant, trifling, sdug-bsndl, a slight misfortune 
 Thgy.; ma-bde-ba bdg-tsam-la bzod-pa mi 
 byed-pa Mil. to be fretting on account of 
 a trifling mischance; most frq., however, 
 the word has a moral bearing: attention, 
 care, caution, relative to physical and moral 
 evils or contaminations ; bag-med, in a gen. 
 sense: rd-ro ddn-po bag -med -pa the be- 
 ginning of intoxication is the disappearing 
 of attention ; in a special sense (Ssk. Ut{\<*) : 
 careless, heedless, fearless; mi-bde-bai fear- 
 less of misfortune DzL; Q di-lta-bui bag innl- 
 par O gyur I shall be freed from the fear 
 of such things DzL; fearless, without fear 
 or consideration, without regard to conse- 
 quences or to the judgment of others etc., 
 can -la bag -med O di-tsam O fun-ba l*tlt. 
 without shame drinking such great quantities 
 of beer; mi-dge-bai las bdg-med-par byi'tl- 
 pa to sin without fear or restraint DzL; 
 Q dod-cdgs-la bdg-med-pas to indulge in 
 sensuality without restraint Dzl. ; heedless- 
 ness with regard to good and evil Tar. 4, 
 22; moral carelessness, indifference, want of 
 principle, bdg-med-la nydl-ba ., stated to 
 be = bag-la nyal-ba. v. bag II : of an op-
 
 364 
 
 ^" bait 
 
 posite meaning: bag-yod(-pa) reverence, 
 fear, shame, often parallel to no-fsa, O dzem- 
 l'n: conscientiousness, almost religious awe; 
 adj. conscientious; spyod-pa bdg-yod-pa con- 
 scientious dealings (pious course of life) 
 Dom.; bdg-yod-par mdzod-cig act conscien- 
 tiously, take care not to commit sin (here 
 do not kill) Tar. 32, 7; de bdg-yod-pai 
 p'yirws he was conscientious (here = chaste) 
 Tar. 39, 2; bag dan Iddn-pa id.; bag dan 
 Iddn-par mdzod Glr. ; bdg-fsa-ba to be afraid ; 
 bag mi fsa I am not afraid Mil. ; sbst. fear, 
 timidity, anxiousness Mil., Sty.; bdg-fsa med- 
 pa fearlessness Mil.; bag byed-pa c. la, to 
 fear, to dread, a person Dzl., to take care 
 of, one's clothes Dzl.; bag-yahs-su (or-kyis) 
 Sch. ( l cura relcucata') without fear, fear- 
 lessly, coolly ; bag Jtums - pa Sch. to be 
 afraid; bag O bebs-pa to drop, abandon, 
 cast away all fear, yzan-la the dread of a 
 person Mil. frq.; bag-pa Dzl. ^,V, 15 Ms. as 
 a vb. to be afraid, to be fearful, de-dag 
 bag - tu dogs - nas afraid lest they should 
 take fright (another reading: bros-su] bdgs- 
 kyis with fear, with we Mil.; bdgs-kyis 
 byed-pa to act carefully, with caution Dzl. 
 3^}, 15; ma bags - kyis without fear, un- 
 restrained Dzl. 3W, 1 (Ms. ; with Sch. ma 
 is wanting, and both passages are rendered 
 incorr.); bdg-po adj. = bdg-yod-pa Cs.; bag- 
 zon dread, fear, anxiety Sch. 
 
 II. inclination? passion? bdg-la nydl-ba 
 Was. (241) 'vanities (in Chinese: lullings 
 into security'), the usual sinful temptations, 
 lust, anger etc. ; the etymological derivation 
 of the term is, however, not perfectly clear ; 
 bag-me'd-la n^dl-ba, which ace. to its pri- 
 mary signification ought to be placed sub I, 
 is said to imply the same. More frq. bag-cdgs 
 denotes passion, inclination, propensity, gen. 
 in a bad sense, las-nan bag-cdgs, iidn-pai 
 bag-cdgs, also occasionally without any ad- 
 dition, id.; bag-cdgs yid-kyi lus the 'in- 
 tellectual' body of passions Thar., v. lus; 
 less frq. in a good sense : Tar. 32, 7 = love, 
 affection; bag-cdgs bzait, Mil. 
 
 III. in compounds also for baa-j-ye and 
 bag-ma. 
 
 bag-pa 1. vb. to be afraid, v. bag I. 
 - 2. purity? Cs. 
 
 bdg-po 1. = bag-yodCs. 2. bride- 
 groom. 
 
 qqrr bag-pye (W. *bdg-] : e^ wheat-flour; 
 ' ^ bag - skyo thin pap or porridge of 
 meal; bag-zdn thick pap, dough; bag-dron, 
 warm porridge ; bag-sbydr paste ; bags-sbyin 
 lute, putty, a compound of meal and glue; 
 bag-leb, resp. bzes-bag C. a cake of bread 
 (Hind, chapafi). 
 
 bag-ma bride, len-pa to choose, to 
 take frq.; bdg-ma-la (or bag-mar} 
 len-pa to choose for a bride, ytoii-ba to 
 give for a bride (wife), O gro-ba, cd-ba Ma., 
 *cd-ce* W., to become a bride, to get mar- 
 ried; *bdg-ma ti-te (or Idii-te) bor-ce*, W. 
 to leave the chosen bride with her parents, 
 sometimes for years, which frequently is 
 the case, as betrothals, from reasons of ex- 
 pediency, are often brought about by the 
 parents at a very early age. The common 
 custom is that the young man desirous of 
 marrying proceeds to the parents of his 
 chosen one with the 'wooing-beer',sZo'w-ca/5, 
 which step however may remain yet a pri- 
 vate affair; after some time he brings tig- 
 can, the 'settling-beer', and finally bsu-caii, 
 the 'taking-home-beer 1 , whereupon follows 
 the wedding, bag - ston, and the consum- 
 mation of marriage, bza-mi byed-pa. bag- 
 gos wedding-garment; bag -grogs -mo bride's 
 maid Cs. ; bag-zon Cs. (prob. more correctly: 
 rdzoiis) dowry. 
 
 bdg-tsam v. bag I. 
 
 bdg-tse a little basket for wool or 
 clews of wool, W. 
 
 ^ bag-Ms (also bdxis, boxis etc.) Ar. 
 
 S yiwyix^u 1. fee, drink-money. 
 
 2. Sp. a present, alms. 
 
 ^Tpj" bags v. bag I. 
 
 r^r-' bail 1. foot-race, ban niyzdn-las mgyogs- 
 pa to be quicker in running than an- 
 other; de dan ban mnydm-par rgyug-pa to 
 run with equal swiftness as ... Pth.; bail 
 rgyug-pa Cs., *bhan tdn-wa* C.; *ban tan-
 
 365 
 
 bdit-ba 
 
 ce* W. ; ban O yrdn-pa to run a race ; ban- 
 rtsdl sbyon-ba Mil. to exercise one's self in 
 racing; bait dan O yr6-las-day-yis nyen-pa 
 or bait - ^r 6s nyen-pa to overexert one's 
 self in running Med. ; *bka>i-yyoy, bhaii-coii* 
 C. running-match, race; ban-cen(-pa, also 
 -po) Pth., Glr. swift messenger, courier; 
 *bhah-mi* C., *ban-mf W., id. 2. v. 
 bdn-ba. 
 
 qr-q- bdn-ba, ban-Kan, bdh-mdzod store- 
 room. store-house, corn magazine, also 
 treasury Dzl.' sin-ban Kun. a large box for 
 grain, half underground; ban -pud first- 
 fruit oifering from the barn; *bhan-yha* Ts. 
 repository; (dints -ban, pronounced:) */- 
 bhdii* Ts. cupboard, press, case. 
 qr 'x j- bait-rim = fcri- pdri, the part of the 
 mcod-rten which has the form of 
 a staircase. 2. Sch. 'a separate part of 
 a house connected by a staircase' (?). 
 
 bdit-so grave, tomb, yson-por bdn-sor 
 O dzu(f-pa to bury alive Glr.; sepul- 
 chre, monument, bait-so O debs-pa, or rtsiy-pa 
 to build a sepulchre Glr.; ban-so mcod-pa 
 to perform funeral sacrifices, to honour a 
 grave Glr. 
 
 bdhs-pa Sch. 1. = sbdns-pa. 2. 
 = bdn-ba. 3. = ban-so, 
 bdt-ti (Hindi} 1. a weight = 2 s<r, 
 about 4 pounds. 2. balance, pair 
 of scales; *bdt-ti tdy-ce* to weigh W. 
 qr 6ac/ 1 . moisture, humidity, ** bad Kor- 
 1 wa* W! when wood attracts humidity; 
 *bdd-can* moist, humid, damp, from rain 
 or dew W. 2. hoar-frost ~ bd-mo Sch., 
 Wts. 3. in compounds for bdd-kan. 
 4. edge, border, bad ni yser the edge is of 
 gold Sch. ; mk'ar-bdd S.g. Ka-bad? bad- 
 Jbur Mil? 
 q_._. bdd-ka C. a plant, similar to mustard, 
 
 ' yielding oil. 
 
 __.__ bdd-kan mucus phlegm, a. as normal 
 ' substance of the body comprizing 5 
 kinds: rten-byed mucus in the joints of the 
 neck and shoulders, myay-byed in the sto- 
 mach, myoh-byed in the tongue and palate, 
 fsim-byed in the brain, eyes etc., Jbyor-byed 
 in the rest of the joints; b. in a morbid 
 
 state, as a cause of disease: bdd-kan-las 
 yyiir-pai nod mucous diseases; bad-k<tn- 
 Ihen mucus in the cardiac regions, prob. 
 = gastric catarrh; bad-kan-lcays-dreqs in- 
 testinal catarrh; bad-kan-tnyul-^dys mu- 
 cous consumption ; bdd-kan yrmn-bu dkdr- 
 po etc. Med. ; bad-kan-rluh phlegm and air, 
 bad-kan-mttris phlegm and bile; bad-kan- 
 Kray phlegm and blood Med. 
 q^. ban 1. C. beer-jug, pitcher. 2 v. the 
 ' following articles. 
 
 ban -*, ban-bun a little, 
 a bit; kyod-rdn nyams- 
 ban-bun-yyi sndn-ba-la you, with your little 
 bit of spiritual light Mil. ; rt&i-sin sna-fsoys 
 ban-ma-bun forest-trees of every kind not 
 a few (or also variously mixed?) Mil.; ban- 
 ce in moderate quantity, 'tolerably many'. 
 - bdn-dha Sch. skull, cranium; frq. 
 
 R spelled bh('m-dha, hence perh. = ^TK^ 
 vessel, in which sense it is gen. to be un- 
 derstood in books; accordingly it may be 
 a skull used as a drinking- vessel. 
 
 ' bdn-d/te, ban -de, ace. to 
 
 *o Hodgson's learned Nepalese 
 
 authority (Illustr, 75) = ^*^f, reveren- 
 dus, salutandus, for which also in the Ti- 
 betan language btsun-pa is always used as 
 an equivalent: a Buddhist priest; hence origi- 
 nally = Buddhist in general, the term being 
 also applied to women Mil.; ban-rydn an 
 old priest Glr.; ban-sprdn and spran-bdn 
 a mendicant friar; ban-cun (pen-kiony* 
 Desy. 370) pupil, disciple in a monastery; 
 ban-log col., a priest that has turned apos- 
 tate; ban-bon Mil. and elsewh. 1. (ace. to 
 our Lama:) Buddhist and Bonpo. 2. (ace. 
 to Sch.): a Bon-priest, in which case, how- 
 ever, the word prob. would be bon-bdn. 
 q^'Hr' ban-zon Sch.: for bay-zon dread, 
 ' fear. 
 
 qq* bab v. O bdb-pa. 
 
 qq.^.. bab-col hastiness, rashness, want of 
 consideration in speaking and act- 
 ing = yzu-liim; sdiy-pa bab-col-du byed-pa 
 to sin recklessly, without heed or regard Mil.
 
 366 
 
 bdb-mo 
 
 bar 
 
 bdb-mo, bds-mo (?) Ld. soft, 
 mild ; also chaste, modest(cor- 
 rupted from bag-mot}. 
 
 babs 1. sunk, settled, v. O bdb-pa; nu- 
 ma-la rah-bdbs-kyi rdzas byug-ste 
 rubbing the breasts with a medicine, so that 
 they sank down of themselves, as if they 
 were full Glr.: bdbs-sa settlement, colony 
 Sch. 2. shape, form, appearance Sch. 
 3. rta-babs v. rta, comp. 
 qsjY^n bdm('pa) 1. rotten, decayed, putrid, 
 ro bdm -pa putrid corpse Tar.., 
 bam-ro, id.; prob. also corpse in general, 
 esp. in connection with sorcery; bam-cen, 
 id.? Thgr. 2. mould, white film on liquids; 
 mouldy, fusty, musty W. 
 n*T$f' bdm-po 1 . bundle of wood or grass 
 Schr., Sch. 2. division, section, of 
 books, (of greater length than a chapter) ; 
 in metrical compositions it is said to com- 
 prize a number of 300 verses; ylegs-bdm 
 v. glegs; bam-siii Sch. board, prob. = gleys- 
 sih. 
 
 bam-ril 1. Sch. dull, weak, from 
 old age or long labour, worn out, 
 by much usage. 2. W. mould. 
 qr- bar sbst. (Cs. also bar -ma) 1. inter- 
 mediate space, interstice, interval, >///>// 
 ynyis-kyi bar zdm-gyis sbrel-ba Glr. over- 
 bridging the space between the two castles; 
 sa-bdr straits, narrow sea; cu-bdr isthmus, 
 neck Of land; *pdh-gi bar, lah-Ke bar, O ce 
 bar* shelf of a repository, cup-board etc. 
 li".: intermediate, middle, mean, .-/..,/ smad 
 bar ysum upper, lower and middle country 
 Ma. ; bar O dir here in the middle countries 
 Glr.; bdr-gyi, id., as adj. Tar. and elsewh.; 
 bdr-gyi sder-cdgs, in Wdn. a lizard, as an 
 ainphibiurn partaking of two natures; bdr- 
 na, bdr-du, bar-la adv. and postp. c. genit. 
 (and accus.), lam-gyi bdr-na in the middle 
 of the road (there is a well); on the road, 
 in or on the way, on the journey Dzl. ; brag- 
 bar btsir-ba to be squeezed between two 
 rocks Thgy. ; 16-ma dan ydl-gai bdr-du be- 
 tween leaves and branches Dzl. ; rgya bod 
 bar-la O gro-bai mi people travelling between 
 China and Tibet Glr.; dei bar- la, de-bar 
 
 between Glr. ; in the mean time, at the same 
 time, Glr.', zla-ba ysum-gyi bdr-du (to pro- 
 vide for a person) for the space of 3 months 
 Dzl.; zag bdun-gyi bdr-du for seven days 
 (he had not eaten any thing) Dzl.; fun-cin 
 byd-bai sd-ca bdr-du byon he went as far 
 as the coun'ry called tuii-cin Glr.', dd-lfai 
 bdr-du Glr., da-tsam-gyi bdr-du Dzl.; da- 
 bar, Mil. until now, hitherto; de(i) bdr(du} 
 id., when referring to what is past - until 
 then; Jbrds-bui bdr-du fob-pa to obtain all, 
 even to the fruit (inclusive of the fruit) Dzl.', 
 Ian ysum-gyi bdr-du at three (different) 
 times Dzl ; frq. with verbs : rtse-mo-la fug- 
 gi bdr-du till even touching the top Dzl. 
 and so frq.; rel. to time gen. with a ne- 
 gative, being then equivalent to as long as, 
 ma fob-pat bdr-du as long as it has not 
 been obtained = until its having been ob- 
 tained Dzl. ; ha ma si bdr-du till or up to 
 my death Mil. ; ma bsleb bdr-du as long as 
 we have not reached, attained Glr. ; seldom 
 without a negation: mya-hdn-las O dds-pai 
 bdr-du Dzl. tf), 4 (s. 1. c.); bdr-nas from 
 between, rtsib-mai bdr-nas from between 
 the ribs Glr. 2. fig. bar byed-pa to inter- 
 pose, intercede, mediate Glr., cf. bar-mi. 
 3. Termin. of ba, and cf. par III. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. *bhdr-kya* partition- 
 wall C. bar-skdbs space of time, period 
 Tar. bar-skdr veranda, exterior gallery 
 of the middle story of a house. bar-lean 
 Sch. a building between two other houses; 
 Schr. a room between two others. bar-gos 
 Schr. waist-coat. bdr-^ga some, several; 
 several times, now . . . now . . . Dzl. bar- 
 cod, -cad, perh. also -ycod, sbst. to bar-du 
 fcod-pa, (v.ycod-pa) hinderance, impediment; 
 danger; damage, failure, fatal accident; fse- 
 la bar-cad ^on, or byun (my) life is in dan- 
 ger; lus-kyi, srog-gi bar-cdd-du O gyur id.; 
 also: to meet with an accident, to perish, 
 to be lost Dzl. and elsewh.; *bar-cad-la si* 
 W., he met with a violent death ; bar- cad 
 sel-ba to protect against fatal accidents, of 
 magic spells frq.; nd-la bar-cad med-par 
 without meeting with an accident Mil. ; bar- 
 cad rtsom-pa to meditate evil, to brood
 
 367 
 
 bar-lig 
 
 bds-mo 
 
 mischief Mil.; bar-cad ma fsiiys-par without 
 having played me a roguish trick Mil. ; also 
 in a moral sense: temptation; sin, trespass, 
 bdr-du fcod-pa to commit sin, to trespass 
 Mil. *bdr-ta* W. cloth round the loins. 
 - bar-ston Sch. empty space. bar -do 
 I. also bar-ma-do the intermediate state 
 between death and re -birth, of a shorter 
 or longer duration (yet not of more than 
 40 days, ni f.) ; although on the one hand 
 it is firmly believed, that the place of re- 
 birth (whether a raan, an animal, or a god etc. 
 go forth from it), unalterably depends on 
 the former course of life, yet in Thgr. the 
 soul is urged and instructed to proceed at 
 once into Nirwana to Buddha (inconsistently 
 with the general dogma), bar-do ycod-pa 
 Mil. is explained as putting off and pre- 
 venting the intermediate state after death, 
 as well as re-birth, by penitentiary exer- 
 cises. 2. W. : hard, difficult; difficulty, perh. 
 Bunan. bar-sndn (seldom bar-sndn-ba) 
 atmospherical space; sten-gi bar-sndn-la in 
 the heavens, in the air, frq.; bar-sndn-la 
 O par (a fragment of a blasted rock) flies 
 up into the air; bar-sndn-du or -la c. genit., 
 the common word for over, goi bar-ndn-la, 
 over (his) head. *bdr-pa* W. the middle 
 one, e.g. of three brothers. bar-bdr-du 
 Ma. at intervals, from time to time, now and 
 then; bar-bar-la id.; *md bar-bdr-la*, at long 
 intervals, seldom W. bar-ma the middle 
 one of three things G-lr. bar - mi me- 
 diator, intercessor, umpire. *bar-tsod* W. 
 middling, *lun-po bar-fsod* a moderate wind. 
 - bar-mfsdms, bar- fsdms interval (Sch.: 
 room; leisure, convenience, comfort?). 
 bar-ldg-pa = bar-mi Sch. *bar-lhay* gap, 
 vacancy, deficiency W., *bar-ldg kdii-ce* to 
 fill up a gap or vacancy, to supply a want, 
 or deficiency. 
 
 bar-lig W. a field or estate let to 
 a person for the term of his life, 
 for usufruct. 
 
 qq- bal wool, bdl-gyi woolen, bal dan Iddn- 
 
 pa woolly Wdn.; bal sed-pa the first 
 
 coarse plucking of wool, rmel-ba the second, 
 
 of the finer wool, sin-ba the third, of the 
 
 finest W.; *bal tdb-ce* to beat wool W.; 
 lug-, ra-, md-bal sheep-wool, goat's and 
 camel's hair; rds-bal, sin-bal cotton Cs.; 
 sin-bal prob. also the down on willow-blos- 
 soms Sch.; srm-bal Wdn., Schr.: raw silk, 
 yet perh. also cotton; cu-bal a kind of moss 
 on stones in brooks Cs. bal-skud a woolen 
 thread or yarn, worsted. - bal-skye Sch.: 
 mould on fermented liquors. bal-gldn, 
 Cs. also bdl-gyi c/lan-po-ce, a kind of ele- 
 phant, for which sometimes incorr. and am- 
 biguously bd-lan is used, Dzl. and elsewh. 
 
 bal-fer thin woolen cloth Cs. ; *bal- ddb* 
 W. tuft of wool, as is used for spinning. 
 
 bal-prug thick woolen cloth. bal-yds 
 Sch. wool-card (?) 
 
 aflTsf bdl-po, bal(-po}-yul Nepal, frq. de- 
 signated as rin-po-cei gliii, and as 
 the favourite country of the Klu, or serpent- 
 demons; bdl-po-pa, fern, bdl-po-ma^ bdl-mo 
 Glr., a Nepal man or woman; bal-nyiii C 1 ., 
 (-snyins) a Nepal rupee; bal-srdn Tar., 
 Nepal pease. 
 
 __.. bas I. v bds-pa. II. instrum. of ba; 
 bas-blddgs, 'licked by a cow', n. of a 
 disease combined with the sensation, as if 
 the skin had been licked off by a cow, cow- 
 itch, cow-pox Cs. (?) III. v. pas, where 
 there is to be added : to say nothing of, much 
 less, e.g. Kron O dom dgu-brgyd-bas brgyayan, 
 Jbru mi fub, a well a hundred fathoms 
 deep cannot be dug, to say nothing of 900 
 fathoms (much less one of 900 f.) Glr. 
 
 bds-pa (cf. Pers., Hind. ^S) Cs.: 
 pf. of byed-pa inst. of, byds-pa in 
 the signification of 'done (with), settled'; bds- 
 par byed-pa, id. Sch.; in Bal. frq.: *bas, 
 byas, bas-se, or also byds-teydd*itis finished, 
 completed, ready, all right; der bas that is 
 all of it, nothing more is left Sch. ; in bgyis- 
 su bds-kyis after having been made, caused, 
 occasioned Mil., it stands as a sign of the 
 preterite, similar to zin\ or like zad: mi 
 ycig-gi smdn-du ma bds-kyis not only for 
 one man it serves as a medicine Dzl.; bas- 
 mta border-country Sch. 
 
 bds-mo v. bdb-mo.
 
 u 
 
 bu-ga 
 
 q- bi 1. num. figure: 45. 2. in JF. gen. for 
 byi. 3. fo' and bin Pur. for fy/ bird, 
 fowl, hen. 
 
 jn'OT""* q'UsJC" bi-gdn, bi-ydh in compounds 
 big, hole W. for foi-#a, cf. 
 Jbig-pa; bi-gdii-can having holes. 
 
 bi-tan, Lh. door, prop. Bunan. 
 
 * bi-nd-ya-ka Ssk., \. bgegs. 
 
 CT qvTTjET" bi-swa-kar-ma Ssk., lhai bzo-bo 
 <t ' the smith of the gods, the Brah- 
 man-Buddhist Vulcan DzL, Glr. 
 q*fV **^ a O&k wor d f r poison) n. of cer- 
 tain medicinal plants, e.g. bi-sa-dkar 
 Polygonatum, in Lit. 
 
 qzrrq<3T biy pan Cs. vitriol; Sch. potash, gar- 
 lic-ashes; mentioned in S.y. as a 
 caustic. 
 f^Tr-q-OJCTj- big-bi-liy Run. quail. 
 
 qr-qr- bid-bid^} Ld. mouth-piece of a haut- 
 ' boy, hautboy reed. 
 bim-pa f^^, f%^, Momordica mo- 
 nadelpha, a cucurbitaceous plant 
 with a red fruit Wdh., along with ka-bed; 
 the fashion of Indian poets to compare red 
 lips with the bimpa fruit, has been adopted 
 also by the Tibetans, G-yatch. p. Q(3; transl. 
 p. 108; so also Pth.: mcu-sgros bim-pa Itd- 
 bur mdzes (where Sch. gives the signification 
 of peach, on which tbe name possibly may 
 have been transferred, although 'lips of the 
 shape of a peach-tree leaf seem to be 
 rather a strange fancy). 
 
 bir-bir W. crumbs, bits, scraps. 
 
 bil ~ ba 8sk - f^T> Hind, bilb, bel, 
 Aegle marmelos, tree with a nour- 
 ishing and wholesome fruit; the word seems 
 to have been transferred also to the cocoa-nut. 
 q* bu I. sbst, resp. sras, 1. son, common 
 ^ in B. and 6'.; *ce-bu* W., the eldest son. 
 2. child, bu btsd-ba the bringing forth 
 of children, children being born Dzl.', bu 
 man-bar O gyiir-ba to get many children; 
 bu mi ?s6s - pa not being able to keep a 
 child alive Dom.' esp. in reference to the 
 mother: ma-bu, mother and children; also 
 transferred on animals: rfa ma bryya bu 
 
 brgya a hundred mares with as many foals 
 DzL; the word is moreover used in many 
 other instances, e.g. with regard to letters 
 which in writing are placed under other 
 letters, in reference to principal beams and 
 smaller cross-beams, to capital and interest; 
 also as a friendly address of a teacher to 
 his hearers Mil. The fern, bu-mo v. below. 
 Comp. bu- Q Knd (or pu-tri?) a fern, noun 
 proper. bu-grogs Cs. step-brother, foster- 
 brother. bu-rgyud offspring, issue, pro- 
 geny, generation Tar. 168. 11. bu-dod 
 foster-child, adopted son, iied-kyi bu-dod 
 mdzod deign to be adopted by us Mil. 
 bu-ydun a small cross-beam Mil. bu-ndd 
 child-bed, bu-ndd log the child-bed termi- 
 nates unfavourably Pth. bu-snod uterus, 
 womb Med. bii-po male child, son DzL 
 
 bu-pmg children. bu-mo, vulg. also 
 bo-mo i. daughter, frq. 2. girl, ha bu-moi 
 dus-na yin-te when I was still a girl Glr. 
 
 ttyeu dan bu-mo lads and lasses DzL; 
 maiden, virgin; bu-mo ytsdh-ma, ysdr-ma, 
 ysdr-pa a girl that is still in a virgin state. 
 3. young woman DzL ; W. gen. for bud- 
 med, frq. bu-smdd, Cs. also bu-mdd fa- 
 mily, children, nearest relations Mil. and 
 elsewh. bu-fsd (DzL ed. Sch. also bu-ted} 
 1. children's children Thgy.; family = bu- 
 smdd 2. W., son, gen. for bu; boy, *bu-fsa 
 dan bo -mo*. bu-fsdb Cs. = bu-dod. - 
 bu-tsds Jbrel-ba Glr. (ace. to the context) 
 to cohabit. bu-sntl brother and sister. 
 bu-slob scholar, disciple, follower of a cle- 
 rical teacher, opp. to nyd-ma hearer, who 
 still continues in his secular calling. II. 
 num. figure: 75. 
 
 bu-ga 1. f^rs", in compounds bug, 
 hole, opening, orifice, aperture, bd-spui 
 bu-ga pore, passage of perspiration DzL; 
 sna-bug nostril; bu-ga dgu(-po) the nine 
 orifices of the body (eyes, ears, nostrils, 
 mouth, urethra, anus) ; fsdns-pai bii-ga and 
 perh. also yid-jug bu-ga Med., appears to 
 be = mfsog-ma the fontanel or vacancy in 
 the infant cranium, with which various fables 
 are connected; cavity, vessel, (anatom.), also 
 veins Med. 2. symbol, num. : 9.
 
 369 
 
 bubs 
 
 bu-gu hole, sgoi key-hole Dzl. 
 
 j-jj' w - ston name of a leamed Lama 
 ^^ ' and author of cos-bytm, about the 
 year 1300 (r// 1 ., an adherent of the Adi- 
 buddha doctrine, v. Cs. Gram. 
 
 ^ bu-rdo Sch., idle talk, tittle-tattle. 
 bu-yurj snow-storm Mil 
 
 * bu-ram Hindi jf^ gur, hence W. 
 *gu-rdm*, raw^sugar, muscovado; 
 treacle, Mil., Lt.; bu-rdm sgor-ba to boil 
 down raw sugar Lex. ; bu-ram-sr/t, bur-sin, 
 vulg. * gur -sin* sugar-cane; bu-ram -sin-pa, 
 ^^31 cfi, name of the first king of the solar 
 dynasty in India, Glr.; bu-ram-can, bur- 
 can sugar-beer Lt.; bur-dkdr? Lt. bur-stdii 
 ycig (more correctly Itan) Sch., a bale of 
 raw sugar packed up in leather. 
 q-gji- bu-lon (d.bun) advanced money, debt, 
 
 ' *nul gye bu-lon mi -la tdn-ce* W. 
 to lend a person a hundred florins; (bu- 
 lon byed-pa to contract debts Schr., Sch.??) 
 bu-lon Jdl-ba ( W. *cdl-ce*), sprod-pa Sch. 
 to pay a debt, sel-ba to put out, to cancel 
 a debt, ded-pa, bdd-ba to call in, to recover 
 a debt, cdgs-pa prob. the beginning and 
 running up of debts Dzl. ; bu-lon-pa debtor, 
 di'tul brgyai of a hundred rupees. 
 
 bu-hdg v. sbugs-hdg. 
 
 1- sbst. hole, bug-pa O bug- 
 pa to bore holes Glr., cog. to bu- 
 <ja. 2. Sch., to get holes (?). 
 
 -zol v. 
 
 bug-sug Ld. birdsfoot-trefoil, Me- 
 lilotus. 
 
 _-.. bun-ba 1. a humming and stinging 
 insect, bee etc. ; buii-lcdg sting, and 
 
 also the wound caused by it; *bun-ba cdg tan 
 
 son* W. the bee has stung. 2 Cs. a bright 
 
 black stone. 
 
 buns mass, heap, bulk, buns-cen a 
 large heap Lt; dri-cui bu/is-ce a 
 
 great quantity of urine Mng.; buns byed- 
 
 pa to heap one upon another, pile up. 
 
 bun many(?). 
 
 qr* bud, every darkening of the air through 
 ' dry matter, a cloud of dust, more ex- 
 actly fal-bud; bud-fsub dust from threshing; 
 bud-kyis btab wrapt in vapour Mil.; perh. 
 also snow-storm (Sch.), yet not exclusively. 
 
 bud-dhaSsk., Buddha, n. of the founder 
 
 of the religion which is called after 
 him, occui'ring but rarely in Tibetan writings, 
 and among the people (at least in W.) al- 
 most unknown, v. saws - rgyas ; bud - dhai 
 preh-ba, *biid-de td/i-na* rosary Ts. 
 
 bud-pa 1. Sch. = sbud-pa. 2. pf. 
 
 cf. Jbud-pa. 
 
 . bud-med B. and C., 1 . woman, bud- 
 ed sdug-gu a fair woman DzL; 
 bud-med dan s bags -pa to defile, corrupt 
 one's self with women Dzl. 2. wife, spouse, 
 not frq. Dzl. (W. bu-mo and a-ne). 
 
 . bud-sin fire-wood, fuel, also dung 
 used as such; bud-sin bsdg-pa to 
 cleave or chop wood. 
 qj- bun 1. = bu-lon Mil., bun ton lend us! 
 ^ ' Mil.; bun btdn-du ma nydn-pas not 
 willing to lend any thing Mil; Kyed-rnams- 
 la bun dgos-na if you want an advance (of 
 money) Mil bun-fo, bun-yig 1. debtor's 
 account - book. 2. bond or obligation, bill 
 of debt. bun-bddg i. creditor. 2. money- 
 changer, banker. bun-yig v. bun-fo. 
 2. interest, *bhyn kye'-pa* to bear interest 
 C.; bun O jdl-ba to pay interest Cs. 3. 
 (house) rent Sch.(?) 4. bun-re Sch. a 
 small matter, cf. ban -bun; bun -bun Sch. 
 piece-meal, scattered, dispersed. 5. v. 
 Jbun-pa. 
 
 J.^P-. bun-Ion cu bun-lon-lon byed it 
 is whirling up and down, an ex- 
 pression used of boiling water which con- 
 tains impurities or extraneous matter; hence 
 bun-lon-gi snari-sds troubled, impure, sinful 
 thoughts. 
 
 * bub-pa v. O bub-pa. 
 
 bubs = yug , also fan (^Pf Hind.} 
 1. an entire piece of cloth rolled up; 
 
 gos-bubs cotton-cloth 6s. 2. in a general 
 
 sense one whole, something entire Sch.; 
 
 bubs-ril prob. whole, entire, bubs-ril lus S.g. 
 
 the whole body, opp. to separate parts. 
 24
 
 370 
 
 ' bum -pa 
 
 bem-po 
 
 bum-pa., bottle, flask; the water-flask 
 of the hukka; bottle-shaped orna- 
 ments in architecture, e. g. on the ceno- 
 taphs or Chodten; rdzd-mai earthen-bottle, 
 pitcher; sel-bum glass-bottle; can-bum beer- 
 bottle; mcod-bum C's. vessel used in sacri- 
 ficing; me-bum cupping-glass Lt. (cf. pun- 
 pa). 
 
 rjy- bur 1. bolt, bar, vertically fastened to 
 s a door etc., fog -bur upper, yog -bur 
 lower bolt. 2. for bu-rdm. 3. for O bur. 
 bur-rtiii (or perh. tin) Sch., a kind 
 of bell or gong in temples. 
 ^** fu * M n - f certain plants in Ld. $ 
 Run. 
 
 bul W., *bhul, bh>d, Iky and bh>;-tog* 
 C., Med., (the spellings of Campbell, 
 pen v. bd-mo and of Schl., phuli, have 
 prob. resulted from a mistake in hearing), 
 SOda, not unfrequently found in Tibet as a 
 white powder on the ground, and used as 
 a medicine, as a ferment, as a means for 
 giving additional flavour to tea, and for 
 various technical purposes. 
 
 bul-po slow, heavy, tardy, ^ro bul-te 
 slow in walking, making but tardy 
 progress DzL; W.: *clul-ce lul-po*. 
 
 bul-ha-ri, *bul-gar* W., Russia 
 leather, jufts. 
 
 bus-pa 1. for byis-pa Lt. 2. v. 
 O bud-pa. 
 
 CT be, 1. num. figure: 105. 2. W. for 
 bye. 3. for words here not noted refer 
 to pe. 
 
 be-Kur S.g.f 
 
 be-ge v. beg-ge. 
 
 be-con, also -tson, Ssk. ^T, 1 . club, 
 with an ornamental knob , prob. 
 
 merely an attribute of gods. 2. n. of a 
 
 goddess Thgr. 
 
 q-j-* be-ta a geographical prop, name, prob. 
 ' = Himalaya, Pth. 
 
 be-to, be-do, vulg. calf. 
 be-dha v. Jbe-dha. 
 
 be-sndbs C's., thick slime or mucus, 
 e.g. the mucus flowing at child- 
 birth from the vagina Lt. 
 q*q5T be-bum, also beu-b&m, writing, scrip- 
 ture, book Glr.j perh. the same word 
 as the following. 
 
 be- bum, are stated to be the sacred 
 writings of the Bonpos, which 
 as our Lama candidly owned 'are also 
 perused by Buddhists for their edification'. 
 
 q*f be-mo COW-calf, female calf C. 
 
 q*j[" be-rdzi Nakshatra, v. rgyu-skdr 3. 
 
 q-^- be-za W., from the Hind. ^TT5(, in- 
 terest, id - ka be-za a double paisa 
 
 interest, of 1 rupee, = 4 6 pCt.pro month. 
 be-rag (spelling?), fillet of the women 
 in Lt/., ornamented with coloured 
 
 stones. 
 
 q'Oprr be-le-ka S.g., a kind of surgical in- 
 ' strument. 
 
 q*3jcT|* be-log Sch. great-grandfather. 
 
 be-sin oak-tree, = ca-ra', be- Prod 
 oak-forest Wdn. 
 
 bcg-ge Lt.^ a disease ; Sch. : measles. 
 
 *S ST 1 
 
 ^^"S" beg-tse a hidden shirt of mail. 
 
 JC" ben Sch., stick, cudgel, club. 
 
 ^-- bed, 1. = fee, He-bed, advantage, profit, 
 ' gain, high price, fsd-la dmg-cu bed yod- 
 pai skdbs-su at a time when salt was a sixty 
 times dearer (than barley) Glr.; *bed fob- 
 ce* W. to gain, to make profit; bed -cod 
 Mil. is stated to be the same as loits-spyod', 
 bed- cod fsod bcdd-de to be temperate, to 
 keep moderation in the indulgence of the 
 appetites. 2. interest, C., W. 
 j^r ben a large pitcher; jug, beer-pot, Glr.; 
 ' *cu-bhen*, water-pot, C. 
 
 bem-po 1. dead matter, mostly ap- 
 plied to the body, as opp. to the 
 soul, rig -pa, e.g. bem rig ^ye-dus when 
 body and soul are parting, Mil., Thgr. ; lus 
 bem -rig ynyis - kyi so - mtsdms - su on the
 
 ben 
 
 371 
 
 bon-bu 
 
 boundary between the physical matter of 
 the body and the soul Mil. ; Was. (272) bem- 
 reg is perh. a mistake in writing, although 
 it also makes sense. 2. Sch. a pestilential 
 disease; in the Mng. bem tol rgydb-pa seems 
 to denote u surgical operation. 3. some 
 receptacle, box, bag etc., lem-poi ndn-nas 
 yser bton she took gold out of the . . .? 
 
 qo; leu Cs. calf. 
 
 N3 
 
 JCVCJ$}* beu-bum v. be-bum, Mil. 
 
 NO "^> 
 
 qp -;^r beu - rds, in Stg. mentioned as a 
 material for clothing; Schr.: 'fine 
 linen', which however is as yet unknown 
 in Tibet. 
 
 ^. ler 1. Cloak, ber-gyi fu-ba tail of the 
 cloak Glr.; ber ndy-po a black cloak 
 Glr. and elsewh.; )ol-bi>r dress with a train 
 Wdk., Pth.; fsem-bei' a cloak patched up 
 of many pieces Pth.; ber-cen gown of a 
 priest, sacerdotal cloak, without sleeves, 
 with yos-cen for a collar; ber-ful fur-cloak. 
 2. strength, sharpness, keenness, pungency, 
 of spices, spirits, snuff etc. ; ber-can sharp, 
 pungent, piquant; * 'a -rug -la ber mdn-po 
 yod* the gin is very strong W.; *ber-ra 
 rag, Ice'i ber-ce mdn-po rag* it bites, burns 
 my tongue; za-bcr Cs. the burning sensa- 
 tion caused by the stinging of nettles ; cf. 
 gdr-ba. 
 
 bcr-ka W., ber-ma, ber-lcdg Mil., 
 Stick, staff (cf. dbyug-pa) ; sped ber- 
 ma cane, bamboo Mil. ; ber- ma Icag fcig> 
 a simple staff Mil.; Icags-ber iron-bar, crow- 
 bar; smyug-ber cane, walking-stick. 
 
 ^PT bel Cs. leather bag. 
 
 q.^-^. wcd-dur-ya, SsL, azure stone, lapis 
 ^ ^ lazuli Dzl. wai-dur-ya dkar-po and 
 st'ton-po, v. table of abbreviations. 
 
 wai-ro-tsa-na Ssk., Tib.: rnam- 
 par-snaii-mdzad, 1. n. of the first 
 Dhyani-Buddha. 2. a Lotsawa v. Kopp. 
 II., 69. 
 
 ^ bo, 1. num. figure: 135. 2. affix, to 
 designate some words as nouns. 
 
 bo-tdgya, bo-lon-ba 
 Ts., ankle, ankle-bone. 
 
 bo-de Cs. : 'n. cf a tree, the fruits of 
 which are used as beads for rosaries'. 
 . lo-dhi SsL:, wisdom; also n. of the 
 Indian fig-tree, ficus religiosa, byan- 
 
 cub-siii; n. of the white narcissus (/A). 
 
 H^I' bo-ba, prob. pf. of O b6-ba. 
 
 16-mo W. for bu-mo. 
 
 bo-lo, ball, for playing Ld. 
 I" bog-pa v. Jbogs-pa. 
 T bog-ra Sch. roof. 
 
 % 8 ^ Cs -> 9 ain 7 profit advantage; bogs 
 O don-pa Sc/i. to yield profit; where- 
 ever I met with the word, it was used only 
 in a religious sense: gain for the mind, be- 
 nefit for the heart, furtherance of devotion 
 of meditation, Mil. 
 
 2ff boii 1. also boiis, size, dimensions, vol- 
 ume, bulk, bon-ce, -cen large, boii ce 
 don cun, large of size, and small of signi- 
 ficance are e. g. the lungs (in as far as 
 roasted or boiled they yield liitle substan- 
 tial food) Mil.; lus-lon-ce, -cuit, Jbriit big, 
 little, middling, as to size of body, S.a. ; 
 boh-fun little in stature; bon-fsdd, bon-fsod=* 
 rdzogs-pa full size, a full-grown body Thyy. 
 2. v. boii-na. 3. also boii-ba, Cs. : 'ge- 
 neral name for small stones, pebbles etc.'; 
 in medical works zih-gi bon-ba are men- 
 tioned as remedies; in Pth. the word occurs 
 in an enumeration of temporal goods, pre- 
 cluding the above signification. 4. v. boh- 
 bu. 5. provinc. for ban Glr. 
 
 boii-Krd Sch. a species of falcon. 
 
 bo/'i-gu v. bon-bu. 
 
 boi't-nd, various species of wolf S bane, 
 aconite, lon-tlkdr, -nag, -dinar, -ser, 
 used as medicines, or even as poisons. 
 
 boit-ndg \. the preceeding and the 
 following article. 
 r^-q- bon-bu, Sch. also bon-bo, 1. ass, Idit- 
 ^ po or po-bon he-ass, boii-mo or mo- 
 bon she-ass, bon-pi-ug colt or foal of an
 
 372 
 
 bod 
 
 bya-fdl 
 
 ass; bon-sgdl an ass's load; bon-sbdh dung 
 of an ass ; boii-rdzi keeper or driver of an 
 ass; dre-boh Cs. 'an ass generating a mule'. 
 
 - 2. n. of insects, rgyds-poi boh-bu sugar- 
 mite, lepisma, Ld.; boh-ndg (perh. bun-nag} 
 dung-beetle Lli. 3. Cs. : blockhead, fool. 
 & bod 1. Ssk. affe, Tibet, b6d-(kyi}yul 
 
 ' id. 2. for bod-pa, bod Ica-cig some Ti- 
 betans Tar., Kyed bod- mams ye Tibetans. 
 
 - 3. for bod - skad the Tibetan language, 
 bod-du bsgyur ^ug 1 will have it trans- 
 lated into Tibetan Pth.; bdd-skad, in a more 
 limited sense, also implies the common 
 language of conversation, opp. to book- 
 language W.; bod-pa, bod-(kyi) mi Tibetans, 
 bod-mo fern ; bod-kyi mi-rigs or mi-brgyud 
 the people of Tibet, in contradistinction to 
 other nations, bod- bd/ts the Tibetan people, 
 opp. to its ruler. 
 
 ^*J" bod-pa 1. v. bod. 2. = Jbod-pa. 
 
 Jfa bon (ace. to Schf. = ^ftgj) 1. n. of the 
 ' early religion of Tibet, concerning which 
 but very imperfect accounts are existing 
 (v. Report of the Royal Bavarian Acad. 
 of Sc., 13. Jan. 1866); so much is certain, 
 that sorcery was the principal feature of 
 it. When Buddhism became the religion 
 of state, the former was considered here- 
 tical and condemnable , and Ilia - cos and 
 bon-cos, or shorter cos and bon, were placed 
 in opposition, as with us Christianity and 
 paganism; v. Glr. and Mil.; at the present 
 time, both of them seem to exist peaceably 
 side by side, and the primitive religion 
 has not only numerous adherents and con- 
 vents in C., but manifold traces of it may 
 be found still in the creed of the Tibetans 
 of to-day. 2. = bon-po, follower of this 
 religion. 
 ^^" bor, v. Jbor-ba. 
 
 bdr ra, a sack of corn, holding about 
 30 Kal W. 
 
 2pr bol, bol-yoh 1. the upper part of the 
 foot %. 2. the leg of a boot W. - 
 3. clod of earth C. 4. v. O bol. 
 bol-ydr = btd-lia-ri. 
 
 ^T bol-po v. J>6l-po. 
 
 bos, v. O bdd-pa. 
 
 q- bya 1. sbst. bird, fowl, hen, cf. the fol- 
 ^ lowing articles. {Pur. bin [v. byiu], bi). 
 2. vb. fut. root of byed-pa, v. this and 
 the sbst. byd-ba. 3. *ja co - ce* W., to 
 castrate, to geld. 
 
 ' planation , 1 . = luii - du - ston - pa 
 
 pa 
 
 prophecy, cf Burn. I, 54 sequ. 2. in later 
 times: grammar. 
 
 % a " k M"9--> fya - tri Lt., n. of a 
 medicine. 
 
 " tya-rkdn, 1. a bird's foot. 2. n. 
 of a vein Med. 3. officinal plant, 
 in Lh. a blue kind of orobanche. 
 
 bya-skdd, also bya-sgrin'ts, by a- cos 
 title of a book of satirical fables, in 
 which birds are introduced speaking. 
 
 bya-skon fowler's net Lex. 
 bya-skyi %.; Sch.: roof, shelter. 
 
 " bya-Kdu Cs. bird-cage. 
 
 1 -^ Kyuii,Krasm&Kmn-li'run. 
 bya-gdg Dzl. and elsewh., a species 
 of ducks, Sch. : the gray duck. 
 bya-dgd gift, present, esp. as a 
 reward; sbyin-pa to bestow a gift, 
 frq.; bya-dgdr as a present, fora reward, 
 ster-ba to give. 
 
 and zSar bya-rg6d and -r^Z bird 
 ** of prey 5. and col. ; bya- 
 rgod-spos Med., vulgo la-da-ra (v. ^/a) Z^- 
 rgod-pun-poi ri, w^reR^, vulture -hill, in 
 Magadha, a preaching^place of Buddha. 
 
 J'cfj" bya-rgnd fowler's net. 
 
 bya-sgdb n. of one of the smaller 
 lobes of the lungs. 
 
 " bya-snyefi v. bya-rmyen. 
 
 3*5* bya-tri v. bya-kri. 
 
 bya-fdl Glr. light-gray bird's dung.
 
 373 
 
 bya- ddb 
 
 bya-rdsi 
 
 q-nrq- bya- cldb 1. lit. a bird's wing. - 
 ' 2. a part of the roof or vertical 
 projection of the same, a kind of facade, 
 admitting of pictorial decoration Glr. 
 
 c' bya- dr<' Sch., a winged diabolical 
 
 creature, harpy. 
 S'<% bya-na (ace. to Lis. corrupted from 
 ^^r) seasoning, condiment, sauce, iu 
 a legend; prob. also in a gen. sense: meat. 
 food, byd-naiyo+bydd Lex., byd-na-ma, prob. 
 id.; fsd-ba byd-na-ma zig Kyer-nas bringing 
 some warm food Mil. 
 n'ftrn' bya-ndg raven, or some similar bird 
 ' S.g. ; bya-nag - rdo- rj e Mil. id., be- 
 cause the raven is said to reach an age 
 of a thousand years. 
 
 bya-ndn Sch. (sub. byd-ra) earnest 
 endeavour. 
 
 J" byd-pa C's. fowler, bird-catcher. 
 
 byd-po 1. cock, the male of the do- 
 mestic fowl, more definitely :. byd(-po) 
 mfsa-lu D. and col.; byd-po ddn-po, ynyis- 
 pa etc., the first, the second cock-crow 6'. 
 VSbyd-po skyd-po* W. sparrow. 3. bya- 
 po-tsi-tsi Med., a medicinal plant, stopping 
 the monthly courses; in Lh. the great bal- 
 sainine, Impatiens Roylei. 
 T'SJ" byd-spu, down (feather), byai spu B. 
 ^ N3 and col. 
 
 bya-po, cock, the male of any bird. 
 
 bya-pi'ug 1. a young bird. 2. a 
 young fowl, chicken. 
 
 q-q- byd-ba 1. inf. and part. fut. of byed- 
 pa, q. v. 2. sbst. deed, action, work, 
 without any reference to time, )iy-rten- 
 yyi byd-ba and cds-kyi byd-ba secular and 
 religious \\*orks, frq. ; tnai byd-ba byed-pa 
 to act as a mother, to perform a mother's 
 part Tar. ; byd-bazin-pa an action completely 
 past Gram.\ byd-ba mah yan Jbrds-bu cun- 
 ba much labour and little fruit, much work 
 and little profit Tar.- der rgydl-po dan blon- 
 po-rnams-kyi byd-ba byuii-ba yin then the 
 affairs of the kings and their officers, the 
 concerns of the state and its functionaries, 
 gained ground; also in an absolute sense 
 
 byd-ba = secularity, worldliness, byd-ba btdfi- 
 ba jig ryydn-du ce a resigning of worldly 
 things is fraught with great blessing Mil. ; 
 bya-bycd the doing, doings: bya-byed injiu'i- 
 ba jig rgydn-du ce the doing little brings 
 great blessing, and so in a similar manner: 
 byd-rgyu bycd-rgyu ma man jig do not give 
 way to a bustling disposition Mil., i.e. do 
 not permit your contemplative state to be 
 interrupted by a distracting activity of your 
 mind; bstdn -pa-la (or bstdn-pai} byd-ba 
 byds-pai lo-rgyits an account of what has 
 been done for the spread of the doctrine 
 Tar. ; byd-ba dan O brel-ba seems to be a 
 grammatical term relating to the verb. 
 
 ^"^C^" bya-bdn v. bya-wd/i. 
 
 g'q^T bya-bdlSch. down (feathers) ; Lt. 1 2 1 ? 
 
 a*naj*r bya-brdl-pa one free from business, 
 one that has renounced all worldly 
 employment, an ascetic. Ld.-Glr. 
 
 byd-ma a female bird, hen, brood-hen. 
 
 ' byd-ma-rta courier, estafet. 
 
 by a - ma - bum a tea-pot shaped 
 vessel used in sacrificing. 
 V bya-ma-byar-skyda(?) dan- 
 delion, Taraxacum Ld. 
 
 bya-ma-byi S.g. ; Sch. flying squirrel. 
 
 jq- bya-ma-Ub Sch. butterfly, = pye- 
 
 ma-Ub. 
 
 byd-mo 1 . the female of any kind of 
 birds. 2. hen, female fowl, also in 
 conjunction with mfsd-lu, cf. byd-po (?). 
 bya-rmydii-ba Sch. , bya-rmytn 
 (another reading snyeii 
 to yawn Mil. 
 
 * bya-dmdr flamingo Sch. 
 
 bya-fsdn bird's nest. 
 
 ' bya-fsc-riit Sch. the white crane. 
 
 bya-fsoys a flight of birds. 
 bya-nki one attending to poultry.
 
 374 i 
 
 ^T^C" bya-wdii 
 
 bya-u'dil S.g.; Sch.: night-hawk, goat- 
 sucker, caprimulgus; bat. 
 
 *bya-bzon* Bal. egg. 
 
 3. bya-ze crest, tuft (of feathers) of birds 
 Sch. 
 
 bya-^lig prob. Owl; Sch. quail (?). 
 
 byd-t'aCs.: 'heed, care, caution'. This 
 ^ word belonging to the language of the 
 people and to later literature, is not so much 
 an abstract, as a concrete noun, signifying 
 a watchman, superintendent (chiefly by day, 
 cf. mel-fse night-watch); it denotes more 
 particularly that individual of a community, 
 who has to see to it, that the compulsory 
 post-office duties be punctually performed, 
 and that messages from the lord or ma- 
 gistrate of the place be duly dispatched 
 and forwarded to their place of destination ; 
 in a more gen. sense byd-ra byed-pa Glr., 
 *co-ce* W., yton-ba Mil, c. la, to give heed, 
 to pay attention, to look sharp, not to lose 
 sight of; also, to be on one's guard against, 
 to take a thing seriously, e.g. ndd-la a disease 
 Lt.] *jd-^ra l-mia" f (prop, yid-mig) *>*, pay 
 strict attention! W. 
 
 bya-rog crow, raven, mentioned in 
 S. O. as an inveterate enemy of the 
 jig-pa (owl). 
 
 bya-lds, labour, work, zin-pa-med- 
 pai bya-lds endless labours Mil. 
 byd-lo-pa 1. v. lo. V.Sch. 'keeping 
 poultry'(F). 
 
 bya-so-ma Ts , Ld. bat. 
 
 ) L Cs - pliancy, nimble- 
 ness, agility of body; byag-mtfan 
 rope-dancer Lex. 2. sometimes erron. 
 for jag and jdy-pa. 
 
 q- byaii \. north; btjan-pyoys and prob. 
 ^ also bydii-Ka Mil. id.; bydii-gi, byan- 
 pyogs-kyi northern; byaii-nos north side, 
 northern brow or slope of a hill; also n. 
 pr., Glr.; byan-fdn n. pr. the heaths or 
 steppes in northern Tibet, more esp. those 
 bordering in the west on Ld. 2. northern 
 country, coinciding with byan-fdii: byun-la 
 
 "r" byan-rdo 
 
 bcug-go\ie\\Sis banished to the north country 
 Gli'. ; bydn-pa a man from Jan-fdn 3. the 
 significations oibyan-snyom-paSch. to tailor, 
 to cut to a proper shape, and of several 
 other compounds, require a different ety- 
 mology yet unknown. 4. for bydh-bu. 
 
 q^'rfC' fywi-rtydn trowsers. small-clothes, 
 ^ breeches Mil 
 
 byan-K6g 1 . the inside of the body. 
 
 byah-Kog-stod the upper part of 
 the body, cavity of the chest, byan-koy- 
 smdd lower part of the belly, abdomen, 
 bowels S.g. ; *jah - K6g-la zug rag* I feel a 
 pain in my bowels W. 2. rump; opp. to 
 yan-ldg limbs Lt. 
 
 bydn-ga LtJ 
 
 3C' 2 N"5T5!'5" % a/ * 
 ^ SI v> i 
 
 ~ m ^ ~ sn !J an te 
 nor t nern continent of the an- 
 cient geography of India, v. glin. 
 
 byah - cilb, ^f%f, prop, wisdom ; 
 with the Buddhists the highest per- 
 fection and holiness, such as every Bud- 
 dhist desires to obtain, which however to 
 its full extent only the real Buddha him- 
 self possesses, v. Kopp. I, 425, 435; byait- 
 cub~mcog id., frq. ; byan-cub-mcog-tu sems 
 (or resp. fugs)skyed-pa to create the thought 
 of such holiness, to direct the mind to it 
 DzL, Gli'.', byan-cub O dod-pa to aim at it, 
 to be anxious to obtain it Dzl. ; tin- pa to 
 attain it; byau-^cub-sems the mind intent 
 on and suited for it, universal charity; 
 snyiii-rje-byan-cub-sems-kyis kiin blaii-nas 
 submitting to every thing with a loving 
 and charitable mind; byafi-cub-sems-clpa, 
 ef|f\j^T=<- fro,- with the addition of sems- 
 clpa-cen-po the saint that has attained the 
 highest station next to Buddha, merely for 
 the welfare of men still tarrying in this world, 
 designated Buddha, as it were; Kdp. 1,422; 
 byah-cub-sems-ma fern, of it T/iyr.; byaii- 
 cub-sift, fquj^f, the bodhi-tree, holy fig- 
 tree, ficus religiosa (not indica), emblem 
 of mercy; byah-cub-snyiit-po ^tf\J^n^ n - 
 pr. = rdo-rje-ydan. 
 
 lyan-rdoCs. monument, prop, in- 
 
 scription-stone.
 
 bydii-pa 
 
 bydii-pa 1. v. byan. 2. S.g.t byait- 
 pa-srin Sch. : an insect. 
 qr*n' bydn-ba, pf. of Jbydh-ba q. v. ; byati- 
 sems a pure, holy mind Mil., prob. 
 
 = byaii-cub-sems. 
 
 ^"-T bydn-bu, JC*&T bydii-ma 1. inscrip- 
 
 tion, direction, label. 2. the tablet on which 
 
 an inscription is written, zdns-kyi bydn-bu- 
 la (to write) on a copper plate or tablet 
 Glr.; yig-bydn, l?a-bydit, resp. zal-byafi, - 
 bydn-bu 1 ; syo-bydh inscription over a door, 
 dur - bydii on a sepulchre; rtags - bydh a 
 mark on a thing Cs.; brjed-bydn list of 
 marked luggage; min-bydii, resp. mtsan- 
 bydn list of names Pth. ; sog - bydn cards 
 Sch.', byait-rdo a stone monument. 
 qr- by ad I. 1. Cs. proportion, symmetry, 
 beauty, dpe-byadDzl., id.; bydd-can 
 well-proportioned, fair, beautiful ; byad-med 
 the contrary Cs. 2. face, countenance Lex.; 
 byad spus Kens-pa a hairy face Glr.; bydd- 
 //// bkrags Thgy. , mdahs Lt, brightness, 
 radiancy, beautiful complexion; byad-bzin 
 face Dzl., -am Lex. ; byad-yziigs, Sch. : stature, 
 prob. more correctly: countenance and body 
 Dzl. and elsewh. 
 
 II. (Cs. also bydd-ma) 1. enemy. 2. a 
 wicked demon, bydd-ma rme-sa-can Wdn. 
 
 - 3. also byad-stem(s), S. 0. and elsewh ., 
 imprecation, malediction, combined with sor- 
 cery, the name of an enemy being written 
 on a slip of paper and hid in the ground, 
 under various conjurations; yzdn-gyi byad, 
 pd-rol-poi by ad-stems a malediction practised 
 by another; bydd-du or stems -su jug -pa, 
 prob. to curse a person with conjurations. 
 
 III. in compounds, yo-bydd, ca-bydd 
 q. v. IV. frq. for byed. 
 
 qy- byan 1. Ld. frq. for byd-na, *)an co- 
 * ' Kan, )dn-ma*CQQ\(. 2. v. the following. 
 qy.^ bydn-poCs. married man; Sch. : a 
 free man, one divorced from his 
 wife; byan-mo Cs. wife, spouse; Sch.: 1. a 
 divorced woman. 2. a whore. Only this 
 latter signification seems to be known among 
 the common people, e.g. *a-pe jdn-mo*, 
 as a vulgar abusive term; byan-fsud-pa 
 
 375 
 
 Sch. 'to allure, entice, seduce'; these sig- 
 nifications are, however, not sufficient to 
 explain: bydn-moi byl-bor (or -por} rail 
 byan fsud Lex., and : sems-la rait byan fsud 
 Mil 
 
 bydb-pa 1. to clean, cleanse, wash, 
 wipe, nan fams-cdd-la to clean the 
 whole house Domah. 2. to take up, to 
 gather with both hands, e.g. barley C.; byah- 
 zed Sch. instrument for cleaning, brush; 
 byabs-tfrus Sch. shower-bath. 
 
 %w-^ 1- kindness, love, affec- 
 tion, bydms-sems id. 2. kind, lov- 
 ing, affectionate, used of the love of parents 
 to their children, of the beneficent to the 
 needy, but not in the contrary order, nor 
 of love to inanimate objects; bydms-pai tiii- 
 he- dzin the meditation of love, compassion, 
 frq.; mi kun-la bydms-siii being kind to- 
 wards every body; bi/dms-pai ynyen kind, 
 affectionate relations, frq ; bydms-pa wan- 
 na when I have many well-wishers, patrons 
 Dom. ; bydms-pa as a n. pr., also bydms-pa 
 mgon-po Maitreya, the Buddha of the future 
 period of the world, who at present is en- 
 throned in the Galdan heaven, and who is 
 frequently represented in pictures, v. Kopp. ; 
 byams-bzugs sitting like Maitreya, i.e. after 
 European fashion on a chair, with his legs 
 hanging down, opp. to fub-bzugs, like Sa- 
 kyathubpa; yet he is by no means uniformly 
 represented in that posture. 
 nx- bijar, supine of byed-pa; byar-med 1. 
 ^ prop. : non faciendum, not to be done. 
 2. sbst. inactivity, inaction in the speci- 
 fically Buddhist sense, apathy, indifference, 
 byar-med-kyi nan-la ynds-par gyi* T/if/>'. 
 . byds-pa, pf. of byed-pa ; byds-na 'si 
 fecens\ 'sinjeceris', after a preced- 
 ing prohibitive ma byed also to be rendered 
 by else; as sbst. 1. l factar\ 2. foetus: byed- 
 pa byds-pa a doer of deeds, as the first 
 grade of holiness; byds-pa ties -pa, yzo-ba 
 Sch. to keep in mind a thing done, to re- 
 quite, to reward ; byas-cos Mil., also known 
 in C., seems to be a notion akin to our 
 conscience, *jA-c zdtl-po, nem-pa* C., *jk$- 
 ti* id.
 
 376 
 
 ' 
 
 fj- fy/* 1. G/r., .ft/*., byi byed-pa to commit 
 ^ adultery or rape of females, 6^-aurfpunish- 
 ment for it. 2. v. byl-ba. 3. Pur. *bi* 
 bird, of. byiu. 
 
 ^"^'(^T) byi-tdh(-gd) a medicine JJ/<?c?. 
 n-nr* byi- fur or cfoj 1 , 1. n. of an animal, 
 NS inhabiting caves S.g. ; byi-dur-ma 
 Sik. porcupine. 2. spine of a porcupine 
 or a hedgehog Sch. 
 
 -cfc/V a kind of silk stuff? 
 
 5"^N* byi-dur v. byi-fur. 
 
 '*; byi -dor the wiping, cleaning; 
 
 fo/cw* zes-pa byi-dor-gyi las dei min 
 the word pyag-bddr denotes the act of clean- 
 ing Lex.; commonly byi-dor byed-pa e.g. 
 ynds - su to clean, to sweep a place Dzl. ; 
 spiritually; to cleanse one's thoughts Mil.; 
 byi-bddr byed-pa Dzl. to dress, trim, decorate 
 one's self, to make one's self smart. 
 
 tyi-po Sch. bosom. 2. W. male-cat, 
 
 tom-cat. 
 
 q'T byi-ba 1. sbst. .B. and 6'. ; col. C. *)hi- 
 ? fe" L</., Pwr. *fo'-fce*, Ld., L/t. *sa- 
 bi-li(g}*, rat, mouse, and various other ani- 
 mals: by i-ba-rka it-rill Sch. rabbit (?); dniil- 
 byi Sch. white rabbit. byi-dkdr Sch. white 
 hare. byi-Kuii mouse-hole. byi-rdoSch. 
 rat's-bane, arsenic. byi-ldem mouse-trap. 
 
 byi-ndg Sch. fitch et, polecat. byi-prug 
 young mouse. byi-brun Dzl. mouse-dung. 
 
 byi-bld v. sub byi-la. byi-fsdh mouse- 
 nest, mouse-hole. byi-fser medicinal herb 
 Med. byi- dzin Cs. mouse-trap; byi-bzuit 
 Lt., ' l bi-zitm* W., etymol. id.; but applied 
 to that troublesome plant, the bur (bur- 
 dock), which is stuck into mouse-holes, to 
 fasten in the skin of the mice. byi-loh 
 etym. blind-mouse Sch. mole. II. vb.: 
 byi-ba byed-pa Cs., = byi byed-pa 1. to mouse : 
 to steal, to pilfer. 2. to commit adultery. 
 III. pf. of O byi-ba q. v.; byi-ba spu, Sch.. 
 hair that has fallen off. 
 
 q-^ byi-bo Lex. ; Sch. little child, infant, = 
 ^ byis-pa. 
 
 byi-bzin n. of one of the lunar man- 
 
 sions, v. ryyu-skdr. 
 
 \ ^ 
 J'3" byi-ze Cs. = tabs, manner, way, method. 
 
 S'X* byi-'ru COral, frq., also byu-ru; byi-ru 
 * ^ mdog light red Glr. 
 
 *^^ff\byi-ruy medicinal plant Med. 
 
 g.^. byi-la, B., W. *bi-la, bi-li* (Hind. 
 *billd*), cat; byi-lai brun, cat's dung 
 Lt.- byi-bla Wdk. id.? In the latter work 
 it is mentioned as the name of a certain 
 monster, whilst byi-blai ryyal-mfsdn is an 
 attribute of the gods, resembling a flag with 
 a cat's head at the top. 
 
 byi-ldm Wdk.? 
 byi-sdii Wdn.? 
 
 byin-ba v. Jbyin-ba. 
 
 bijiii-byiii-fu-lu 8.y. n. of an 
 animal (?). 
 
 byihs-pa 1. Cs. general, common. 
 2. Sch. hidden, concealed. 3. Cs. 
 root. The word seems to be a secondary 
 form of spyi ano dbyi/is, yet in various pas- 
 sages of medical works none of the above 
 meanings is applicable. 
 qr fy'i n ! pomp, splendour, magnificence, 
 ^ e.g. of kings; byin-ce-bar bziiys-paio 
 be enthroned in great splendour Dzl. ; yzi- 
 brjid dan byin ce Dzl. mfti dan byin Dzl.; 
 byin-can magnificent, splendid, brilliant, 
 byin - med the contrary. 2. blessing , a 
 bestowing of blessings, a power working for 
 good, byin-bdb Lea:., -pdb Sch.: conferring 
 blessings (?), bcom-ldan- dds-kyi byin -yyis 
 by the blessing, the miraculous power of 
 Buddha; yet also applied to devils, v, below; 
 most frq. byin-gyis rlob-pa, pf. brlabs, ft. 
 brlab, imp. rlobs, to bless, mi a person, sa- 
 yzi a place Mil., also followed by the termin.: 
 sems-can-gyi sduy-bsiidl zi-bar byin-gyis 
 rlobs grant thy blessing, that the m isery of 
 beings may be assuaged Mil.;bu mfun-rkyen 
 O dzom-bar byin-gyis rlobs bless the son, that 
 all happiness may be accumulated on hi m 
 Mil.; rgijud ynyen-po bzdii-bar bless my 
 soul, that it may be an efficient help (to 
 these people) Mil.; relative to devils: log-
 
 377 
 
 byin-rten 
 
 O dren bdud-kyis byin-gyis brlabs heretical 
 teachers sent and fitted out by the devil; 
 so also Tar. 46, 13; to create, to change into 
 Mil., Tar.- hence byin-rlabs blessing, byin- 
 rlabs byed-pa, resp. mdzdd-pa frq., ytoh-ba, 
 resp. stsol-ba 6s., = byin-gyis rlob-pa; byin- 
 rlabs-can, byin-rlabs daii Iddn-pa blessed, 
 sanctified, highly favoured, men or things 
 Pth. ; so also byin-rlabs zugs-pa Mil. ; O dre- 
 O dul byin-rlabs blessing pronounced against 
 demons, exorcism of devils Mil. ; meton. : 
 I am the O pdgs-pai byin-rlabs of all of you, 
 he who will help you to go to heaven Glr. 
 byin-rten Cs., the relics of a saint, 
 or the place where they are kept 
 ('depository of blessings') ; also in the shape 
 of pills, which liberal donors receive from 
 their Lamas, and which they swallow, par- 
 ticularly in the hour of death. 
 j^T-rt- byin-pa 1. sbst. calf of the leg, byin- 
 
 pa nd-ba pain in the calf; byin-sul 
 Cs. 'hollow on the inward side of the thigh'(P). 
 II. pf. of sbyin-pa. 
 q<r2f byin-po Sch. all, the whole; general; 
 
 byin-gyis prd-ba by degrees, more 
 and more fine etc.? 
 
 bye-brag 
 
 byin-rlabs v. byin 2. 
 
 qqxj" byib-pa, pf. byibs 1. to cover, to wrap 
 up, gos-kyis Lt. 2. Cs. to hide, con- 
 
 ceal, keep secret, hush up. 
 
 fcq- byiu 1. Pur, *biu*, little bird, bird S.g. 
 - 2. Sch. alpine hare. 
 
 H(2rn w byil-ba to stroke, mgo-bo-la byil-byil 
 byed-pato stroke a person's head Pth. 
 
 byil-mo naked Sch. 
 
 byis-pa 1. child, esp. little child; byis- 
 -pai) nad disease of children Med. ; 
 byis-pa btsd-fabs obstetric science Med.', 
 byis-ston v. nd-zla sub na I, 2; byis-pai 
 bio Cs. childishness, want of judgment; 
 byis-pai skye-bo a plain, ignorant person, a 
 person not initiated Thgy., /S.O.; mo-byis 
 girl, lass Mil. ; byis-pa-zun-zig Cs. , twins. 
 2. boy, lad, till about the age of 16 years, 
 frq. (W. not in use). 
 3*^" byu-ru = byi-ru. 
 
 qcrra- byug-pa 1. unguent, ointment, salve, 
 ^> ' whether as colouring-matter, medi- 
 cine or sweet scent DzL, Med.; byi/g-pa ska 
 thick ointment, thick plaster; fyyug-pa sla 
 thin unguent Cs. 2. foot-bath W., perh. 
 better: bcug-pa. 
 
 byug-ris, Lex. gral, place, in a 
 certain succession or row; byug- 
 ris zog make room, leave a place empty Sch. 
 OTKT byugs v. Jbyiig-pa; byugs-spos anoint- 
 3 ' ing-oil Sch. 
 
 nr* byun v. O byun-ba', byun-fsul history, 
 ?> story, particulars of any event, nai byitn- 
 fsul de-ltar yda that is my story Mil. ; byun- 
 rdbs Sch. id. 
 
 q^* byur B., esp. of later times and col., 
 5 Ld. also byus, misfortune, mishap, ac- 
 cident, byur ce-zin bu mi ysos-na if one has 
 the great misfortune not to be able to keep 
 a child alive Dom.\ mi-la byur O gel-ba to 
 draw down misfortune on a person Dom.; 
 *nd-la jur cug son* W., *jhur* 6'., I have 
 had misfortune, I have been uniortunate; 
 byur-gyi, also byur-can unlucky, disastrous, 
 perilous. *jhur-ndg* great calamity C. 
 
 byur-sel preservative against misfortune. 
 
 ran-byur-rdo was explained: a sling- 
 stone with which one hits one's self. 
 
 tT'^r byur-po,Cs. also-6w, vulg. byur-byiir 
 heaped, a heaped measure of corn 
 or meal; byur-por bkan Thgy. 
 ^- bye 1. = byeu little bird, bye-glin bird's 
 ^ nest Ma.', bye-prug a young little bird 
 Dzl., also bya-prug; bye-brun bird-dung 
 Wdn.; byeu ^.ur-pa Sch. partridge. 2. v. 
 la. 
 
 bye-mgo 1. bird's head. 2. an offi- 
 cinal mineral S.g. 
 q*q* bye-ba ten million, bye-ba-prag ysum 
 ^ dan sd-ya-prag drug thirty-six million ; 
 bye-ba sa-ya, eleven million; it seems 
 to be among the larger numbers one of the 
 most popular, as the word million is in 
 English. 
 
 -wrr bye-brdg, f^f^rf, 1. difference, diver- 
 
 ' sity, K6-bo dan sahs-rgyds bye-bi'dg 
 
 ci yod what difference is there between me 
 
 and Buddha? DzL; bye-brag O byed-pa to find, 
 
 24*
 
 378 
 
 bye-ma 
 J 
 
 byed-pa 
 
 to show a difference, c. genit. in, of, be- 
 tween things ; to analyze, to explain; variety, 
 diversity Was. ("266); bye-brag bsdd-pa = 
 vibhasha Was. (147), also bye -brag -bsad- 
 mfso or -cu-yter, title of books; bye-brag- 
 can Cs. different, bye-brag-med-pa Cs., mi- 
 pyed-pa Dzl. equal; bye-brdg-tu smrd-ba 
 Thgy. , bye - brag - pa, tnffqfefi, name of a 
 school of philosophers, Atomists^Topp.I, 69. 
 - 2. division, section, class, species, ,-/////- 
 O groi, rol-moi bye-brag a species of animals, 
 a kind of musical instrument etc. Lex. ; yul- 
 gyi bye-brag a part of the country, province, 
 Tar. 33, 6; bye-brdg-tu (to go through) 
 according to the separate classes Zam. 
 B'T bye-ma (C. *jhe^ma*, W. *be-ma*} 1. 
 ^ sand, frq. 2. sandy plain, sands, yser- 
 gyi bye-mai dkyil-na in the middle of a plain 
 of gold sand Glr. 3. gravel (disease) 
 Schr. bye-ma O bru -ycig a grain of sand 
 Cs.; gdn-pai klun-gi bye-ma tsam as much 
 sand as there is on the Ganges; bye-ma- 
 kd-ra brown sugar, ground sugar, Hind. 
 TfVn, C. bye-dkdr white sand, bye-nag 
 black sand. bye -cab Lt. sandy water, 
 water standing on sandy ground. bye- 
 Ijons a sandy tract Cs. bye-fan a plain 
 of sand, a sandy desert Glr. bye -pun 
 heap of sand. bye-fsub sand raised by 
 a whirlwind. bye-^ril (Schr. hriT), small 
 sugar-balls, Indian sweet -meat, imported 
 into Tibet, C. 
 
 ^r-n* byed-pa I. vb., pf. byas, fut. bya, imp. 
 byos, vulgo byas (Sp., Bal. *bed-pa*; 
 in Ld. and Lh. instead of it gen. *c6-ce*}, 
 resp. mdzdd-pa, eleg. bgyid-pa, I. to make, 
 to fabricate, with the ace., e.g. a house, an 
 armour etc.; with las or la, to make out of 
 or of: yser-las out of gold, sin-la Tar. 160, 
 11 of wood; with the ace. and termin. to 
 form to, to work into, pdgs-fa sog-sog-tu 
 to work or manufacture skin into parch- 
 ment Dzl. ; with the instrum. : to do with, 
 to make of: O dis ci zig bya what are you 
 going to do with it, to make of it? Dzl. to 
 cause, to effect : lhun-ba de nas byds-pa yin 
 Mil. it was I that caused this falling; with 
 the supine, to take care that: byed-par 
 
 O dod-par byed-pa to make him inclined to 
 do it Dzl., ma sor-bar byos sig Pth, take 
 care, that he do not escape; yod-par byed- 
 pa to produce, procure, provide, dei ynds- 
 Kan-la sogs-pa byds-nas he provided for 
 him a dwelling with appurtenances Dzl.\ 
 to fit out, equip (a ship) Glr.', to act: rgydl- 
 po, dran-sron etc. byed-pa to act a king, 
 a saint, as much as: to rule as a king, to 
 live as a saint Dzl., bld-ma byed-pa to be 
 a priest 6'.; in a gen. sense: to do: byd-ba 
 dan, bya-ba-ma-yin-pa ston-pa to teach what 
 men ought to do and what they ought not 
 to do Thgy.', to commit, perform, execute: 
 nyes-pa byed-byed-pa one that has repeat- 
 edly committed himself, las or byd-ba byed- 
 pa to perform an action, las ci zig byed 
 what are you doing, what is your business? 
 fobs yod-de byed-mKan med there is an 
 expedient, but no one that carries it into 
 effect Ma ; mi byar mi run-bas as it must 
 be performed, lit. as it cannot remain un- 
 done Dzl.', bsdm-pa Itar myu^-du byds-na 
 if an intention is speedily executed, per- 
 formed; las byed-pa to work, to be efficient 
 (of a medicine); to act, proceed, pretend, 
 affect: ci Itar byds-na legs how proceeding 
 is good? i.e. which is the best way to pro- 
 ceed, how shall I manage best? Glr.; bsdm- 
 ytan - la yod-pai lugs byas he pretended, 
 affected to meditate Glr.', dei lugs-su byao 
 I will act as he does, I will do like that 
 man Glr.', gd-le byed-pa Mil. to proceed 
 slowly, to be slow; to take, to assume, to 
 count: zag bzi-pa ddn-por byds-na if the 
 fourth day be taken for (counted as) the 
 first Wdn. ; byed-pa with the termin. of the 
 inf. is frequently used periphrastically or 
 to give force to other verbs; such forms 
 are: ysod-par byed-pa to kill, pa-mas ses- 
 par byos (or gyis) sig, resp. yab-yum-gyis 
 mKyen-par mdzod cig dear parents, you 
 must know ! Dzl. ; on the other hand : pa- 
 la rig -par gyis sig let your father know 
 about it Tar. 37, 7 ; in such cases the pro- 
 per sense is merely to be gathered from the 
 context. Besides the simple fut. : Q dug-par 
 byao I shall remain Tar., K6-mo grogs byd-
 
 q^'^T byed-pa 
 
 yis as I shall be with you Glr.', the form 
 byao frq. serves to express necessity: btsdl- 
 bar bya I must seek DzL; esp. with a ne- 
 gation: brjod-par mi byao they are by no 
 means to be pronounced; the participles in 
 the short forms of yton-byed and ytoii-byd 
 differ, in as much as the former is used 
 in an active sense, e.g. one giving, a giver, 
 the latter in a passive sense, one to be given; 
 they may be formed of any verb. For spe- 
 cific combinations, in which byed-pa is 
 differently to be translated, as dpe byed-pa, 
 yid-la byed-pa etc., refer to these words. 
 2. to say, to call, yet chiefly only in the 
 pf. tense: zes byds-pa DzL thus said, so 
 called ; snar byds-pa bzin according to what 
 has been said before DzL; byas-kyan though 
 saying Pth. and in the fut, which in 
 that case, however, frq. stands for the pre- 
 sent: (zes) byd-bai sgra byun-no a voice 
 thus speaking was heard Glr. ; de-la dbyans 
 ses byao these are called vowels Gram.', 
 (zes-) byds-pa, or more frq. byd-ba, the so 
 called, being often joined to a name, that 
 is mentioned for the first time, e.g. Anu, 
 the so called, whilst we should say, a man, 
 called Anu, or of the name of A.; byd-ba 
 also implies: of the purport, to the effect, 
 just as ces-pa is also used: ( fsol-ziy' byd- 
 bai lun byun-nas an order being given to 
 make a search Glr. 3. to go away, to 
 disappear: byas son he disappeared Glr. 
 II. sbst. 1. byed-pa and byed-mKan, the 
 person that does or has done a thing, the 
 doer, performer etc. ; author, bstan-bcos byed- 
 mJcan the author of the work Tar. 2. 
 byed-pa the instrumentative case Gram. 3. 
 byed-pa the doing, dealings, with noun in 
 the instrum. case: de- dra-ba mi-rigs-pa 
 rgydl-pos byed-pa such wrong being done 
 by the king, such unjust dealings of the 
 king DzL; in the genit. case: blo-yi byed- 
 pa dbyins-su sbos hide the working of your 
 understanding in the heavens, i. e. let it 
 disappear in nothingness ; effect, also with 
 the noun in the genit. case, Wdit. 4. byed 
 (-pa)-po, doer, accomplisher etc., mcod-sbyin 
 byi'd-pa-por bos he invited him as sacri- 
 
 379 
 
 brd-lxi 
 
 ficing priest Tar. ; O dul-bar byed-pa-po con- 
 verter Tar. ; bkra-xis spel-bai byed-po aug- 
 menter of eternal happiness (from a hymn); 
 byed-pa-po instrumentative case G-ram. ; as the 
 twelve byed-pa-poi skye-mced I here cite 
 the following from WdK., without being able 
 to offer an explanation: bdaa, sems-can, 
 srog, O gro-ba, yso-ba, skyes-bu, gan-zdg, sed- 
 can, sed-bddg, byed-pa-po, fsor-ba-po, s&- 
 pa-po, mfon-ba-po, where, by the by, it is to 
 be observed, that thirteen are here enu- 
 merated, byed-pa-po being mentioned again 
 with the rest (a want of accuracy, which 
 is not unfrequently to be met with in the 
 scientific works of the Tibetans). 5. byd- 
 ba q. v. 
 
 gq- byeu (also byiu q.v.) little bird; byeu- 
 ^^ zul byed-pa v. zul; byeu-la-pug S.g., 
 a medicinal herb 6s. 
 
 3^*q* byer-ba v. Jbyer-ba. 
 
 n^r tyes, Lexx. and col.; foreign country; 
 
 abroad, byes fag-rih-ba a far distant 
 country 6s.; byes-su ^gro-ba to go abroad, 
 to travel; byes-su O dea-pa to remove, to 
 emigrate Lex.; byes-nas sleb-pa to come 
 from abroad Lex.; byes -pa traveller, for- 
 eigner, stranger; *lam-rog bes-pa yod-pa 
 yin-te* W. proceeding together as fellow- 
 travellers. 
 2fq* by6-ba Cs. rnd-ba byd-ba to hear, 
 
 hearken, listen. 
 
 q<3rJ' byon-pa v. Jbyon-pa. 
 
 prq* byol-ba v. O byol-ba. 
 
 byol-sdn animal, esp. quadruped; 
 
 byol-son-bas glen-pa more stupid 
 than a brute Mil. ; byol-son, rgydl-po the 
 lion Mil. 
 
 brd-ka v. fd-ka. 
 
 bra-nye, n. of a lunar mansion, v. 
 
 rgyu-skdr ?. 
 
 brd-bji, 1. sbst., n. of a small rodent, 
 
 living under ground (not mole 6s., but 
 rather suslik, earless marmot Sch.) ; brd-pu- 
 se Ld. a similar animal ( pra-li?); bra- 
 ml,'dr, bra-fsd/t Cs., burrow of it; bra-brim
 
 380 
 
 brd-bo 
 
 bran 
 
 Lea;., bra-ril Cs., dung of it; bra-lpdgs skin 
 of it. 2. vb. to have or to be in great 
 plenty, to abound (?), rdti-gis za ma bra, 
 btun ma bra, gon ma bra she allowed her- 
 self no abundance of food, drink, or cloth- 
 ing; *za~, tun-, cin-, lab-, zer-dha-te* eat- 
 ing, drinking plentifully; walking, speaking, 
 talking a great deal C. ; *fsa-, (/ho-, dhdn- 
 dha-te* being very hot, warm, cold C. 
 
 brd-bo (prov. *brau*, Pur. *bro*) buck- 
 wheat; bra-pye Lex., rjen Sch. buck- 
 wheat flour; bra-sog buck -wheat straw, 
 serving as a poor sort of fodder during winter. 
 mr brag rock, brag rtse-ysum-pa a three- 
 ^ ' pointed rock; brag-sked the middle 
 height of a rock, opp. to brag - mjug and 
 rtse its foot and top Cs. brag-spos prob. 
 an aromatic herb, used for incense Lt. 
 brag-skibs beetling rock. brag-rgydl a 
 prominent, high and precipitous rock, tower- 
 ing rock. brdg-ca, -ca echo; also fig. 
 for something unsubstantial, shadowy, not 
 existing Mil. brag-mjug foot of a rock 
 Cs. brag-pug rock-cavern. brag-pye 
 dust produced by hewing stones Glr. 
 *dhag-bhon* = pa-bon C. brag-dmdr name 
 of a rock in or near Lhasa, alledged not 
 to be identic with dmar-po-ri(Sch.). *dag- 
 tsel-wa, dag-sig-pa* mite, tick W. brag- 
 rtsdn rock-lizard. brag-rtse top of a rock. 
 brag-zun mineral pitch, bitumen, is said 
 to cure fevers and even fractures. brag- 
 ri rocky hill. brag-rud fall of a rock. 
 brag-ron chasm in a rock, ravine. brag- 
 sig v. brag-rtsel-ba. 
 
 q- bran 1. resp. sku-brdn chest, breast, (cf. 
 nu-md); bran rdun-ba to beat one's 
 breast Glr.; *t'u-gu dan-la cir-te Kyer-ce* 
 W. to carry a child pressed against one's 
 breast. bran-kyed (?) Cs. a high, pro- 
 minent chest. brah-dkyil middle of the 
 breast, cardiac region. bran-lkog Mil. 
 prob. = Ikog-ma. bran-skds Sch. the 
 dorsal vertebrae opposite to the chest. 
 *dan - kud* string of the bran - fcun (-gun, 
 -Kon, -gon), pellet-bow, a bow furnished with 
 two strings, to shoot pellets or small stones, 
 bran-rdi or -rdeu, with it W. *dhan-K6g* 
 
 C. cardiac -region, pit of the stomach. 
 bran-sgro snake, serpent (like lto- gro). 
 bran-bur the middle convex part of the rdo- 
 rje Ma. bran-fsig Lh., prob. heart-burn- 
 ing. bran-(y}zol Cs. dew-lap. bran- 
 ze Mil. prob. breast-bone, sternum. bran- 
 yyun Sch. tame, gentle. bran-rus Med. 
 breast -bone. *dan-ldg* W. the hands 
 crossed on the breast. bran-so Glr. breast, 
 brisket of a butchered animal. 2. also 
 Jbran, gen. Jbrdn-sa, eleg. mcis-brdn (q.v.), 
 resp. yzim-brdn, bzugs-brdti night-quarters, 
 halting -place, whether under a roof or in 
 the open air; also as much as stage (of a 
 journey); brdh-sa O debs-pa Tar., prob. also 
 *bor-ce* W., to take up night -quarters; 
 dwelling, particularly a temporary one, lodg- 
 ings; but also a permanent abode, esp. in 
 W. ; *ddn-sa tdn-ce, ydr-ce* to take in, to 
 lodge a person over night W. (cf. ynas 2). 
 
 brdn-Kan, dwelling-house, dwelling-room 
 Pth. bran-grogs house-mate, bed-fellow. 
 
 bran-dpon master of the house, land- 
 lord. po-brdn v. po, bla-brdii v. bla. 
 
 " bran-ne Lex. = kran-ne. 
 
 J" brdn-pa v. O brdii-pa. 
 
 qy- bran 1 . slave, servant, mi-brdn l vir ser- 
 ' VMS' $.#.; 6rcm byed-pa to be a serv- 
 ant, to serve Cs.; brdn-du O gyur-ba to be- 
 come a servant 6s. ; bran - du K6l - ba to 
 make another be a servant, to use him as 
 a servant B. ; brdn-du skul-ba to engage a 
 person as a servant, to get him to work 
 for one's self Glr.', brdn-du Kas-bldns-so 
 Pth. they promised to serve him; lus nag 
 yid ysum brdn-du pul-fe devoting heart, 
 mouth, and body to his service Pth.; nan 
 nub Ito-gos-kyis brdn-du fcol morning and 
 night I am a slave to food and clothing 
 Mil.; subject, one owing allegiance, *la- 
 ddgs-si gydl-po-la ddn-yul-fso* a village 
 subject to, belonging to, the king of Ladak 
 W. ; brdn-po servant, slave Tar. ; brdn-mo 
 maid-servant, female slave; bran-K6l, bran- 
 yyog = bran; also collectively, servants, 
 domestics, household. 2. texture, in the
 
 381 
 
 bran-pa 
 
 compound fags-bran byed-pa to weave Mil.; 
 nye-brcin Mil. seems to be some decoration 
 of the shoes; sno-brc'm Mil. something si- 
 milar. cu-brdn Glr., and mfso-brdn?? 
 bran-pa to pour out Tar. 
 
 bran -mo 1. v. bran 1. extr. 2. 
 also = *dan-tsos* W. finger, toe. 
 brdb-pa v. Jbrdb-pa. 
 
 brdm-ze, from 3^]*^ 1. Brahmin, 
 Hindoo priest; brdm-ze-mo female 
 Brahmin; brdm-ze rig-byed O don-pai sgra 
 the voice of a Brahmin reciting the Yedas, 
 being taken as a sign of good luck; brdm- 
 ze-pa an adherent of Brahma. 2. a priest 
 in general S.O. (Ace. to Fouc. transl. of 
 Gyatch. 13 and 52 also = brdhmana, the 
 theological part of the Vedas; this is how- 
 ever against the tenor of the Tibetan text, 
 which requires the word to be taken in 
 the former sense.) 
 
 5&T bral v. O brdl-ba. 
 
 2j* bri v. Jbri-ba. 
 
 brid-pa 1. Sch. 'to continue, to reit- 
 erate, to repeat continually; brid-la 
 yton-ba to give again and again'. 2. v. 
 
 brid-brid-pa Sch.lo float, to move 
 confusedly, before one's eyes. 
 
 brid-rtsa LtJ 
 
 bred-pa 
 
 " brim(s) \. O brim-pa. 
 
 q*r bris v. O bri-ba; bris-sku, sku-bris pic- 
 ture of a saint, drawn or painted 6s. 
 bris- bur the art of painting and carv- 
 ing images. bris- ma written book. 
 nag-bris a drawing Cs.; fson-bris a coloured 
 picture. 
 
 brit-ba v. Jbru-ba. 
 
 .-. 
 ' 
 
 bru-ba-fsd Lex. hunger. 
 
 bru-zd or bru-sd Wdk., prob. 
 
 = gru-zd and gru-sd Pth., 
 O bru-sdl or Jru-sdl Ld.-Glr. Schl. 19, b. 21, 
 a. name of a country to the west of Tibet, 
 bordering on Persia. 
 
 brhg-pa to flow, to stream, to gush 
 Cs.; sbst. current, flow, flux Cs.; cu 
 brug-pa flowing-water Lex. 
 q*. brun dirt, dung, excrements, mi-brun, 
 >i bya-briin, sbraii-brfin etc. feces of men, 
 birds, flies etc. Med. and elsewh. 
 
 brub-pa, brubs-pa v. O brub- 
 pa. 
 
 brul small particles, fritters, bits, crumbs, 
 bag-brul C. crumbs of bread; brul-ba 
 Mil, C. to fall, into an abyss Thg. ; to fall 
 off, fall out, fall down, of leaves, seeds etc. ; 
 brtil-bu, brul-lu = brul W. 
 
 us v. bru-ba. 
 
 S- bre,*cle*, Sskr. sffjr, J - a measure for 
 dry things as well fluids, about 4 pints; 
 ace. to 6s. ^ of a Jbo\ bre-bo ce, breu cun 
 large and small bre, Cs.; yser-pye bre gan 
 Glr. one (small) measure of gold-dust ; bre- 
 do two measures; bre-la-yson that will just 
 fill a bre Zam. ; bres bsar - ba to measure 
 with a bre Lex. ; lha-Kan bre-fsad tsam zig 
 a miniature temple, not larger than a bre 
 Glr. ; vulgo also that part of the Chod-rten, 
 which has the shape of a corn -measure; 
 in a general sense, measure, bre-srdn ytdn- 
 la Jbebs-pa Glr. to regulate measures and 
 weights. 2. *bre* Ld. Lh. *bre-se* Run. 
 Eremurus spectabilis, a plant of about a 
 man's height, belonging to the asphodels. 
 3. v. bre-ba. 
 
 5'ffr bre-ko basin for washing C. 
 
 bre-ga medicinal herb; 
 
 the same plant) Med. 
 B*n* bre-ba v. O bre-ba; bla-bre, ka-bre Sch. 
 
 capital, chapiter, upper part of a co- 
 lumn or pillar. 
 
 bre-mo Sch. unfit, useless, worthless; 
 
 bre-moi ytam Thgy. 
 
 bregs-pa v. Jbreg-pa. 
 
 bren-ba v. O bren-ba. 
 
 bred-pa to be frightened, afraid, in 
 fear = rtdb-pa\ B. and C.; abrt'fl- 
 gyis diians-sin bred-pa to be frightened by 
 a snake Wdn., or bred-cin dndns-pa /V//.:
 
 382 
 
 brel-ba 
 
 bdhd-kyis bred-na if you are afraid of the 
 devil Glr. ; bred- foms Lex. ; *dhe'-po* fear- 
 ful, frightful, terrible C. 
 j^prq- brel-ba 1. vb. (not the same as Jbrel- 
 bd) 1. to be employed, busy, engaged, 
 to have business or work on hand, ned mJcar- 
 las-l\yis brel- nas Ion mi O dug being engaged 
 in building, we have no time to spare Mil.; 
 O dod Jco-nas brel-na if one is entirely taken 
 up with lust and pleasure; *dhe-rih nd-la, 
 dhel-wa yo', san-nyin sog* to-day I have 
 a great deal to do, come to-morrow C.; 
 brel-bas on account of much business Dzl. 
 
 2. synon. with p'6ns-pa to be poor, to 
 be without, wanting, destitute of, c. instrum.: 
 Ions- spy od-kyis brel-ba Dzl. ?2>G, 7; more 
 frq. with a negative: cis kyah mi brel-bar 
 byds-so they did not let him want anything 
 Dzl. 92, 17, Sch.; O fso-bai yo-bydd-kyis mi 
 brel-bar abounding in every necessary of 
 life Dzl. ?\S^S, 3 (ace. to a better reading) ; 
 combined with another word : pons-brel-te ; 
 brel-pon-med-cin Dzl., mi brel-bar not 
 sparingly, scantily, niggardly, e.g. to bestow 
 Dzl. frq. II. sbst. 1. C. and B., a being 
 engaged in a multiplicity of business v. 1,1. 
 
 - 2. W.: business, affair, concern, *nd-la 
 dtl - wa zig yod* I have some particular 
 business, concern, suit; *del-wa ci yod* 
 what do you want, what are you about, 
 what are you doing there? 
 j^j. bres 1., W. also bres-kyu manger; rta- 
 ^ bres manger for horses. 2. v. bre. 
 
 3. v. Jbre-ba. 
 
 ^f bro 1. oath, bro -fsdl-ba to take an 
 ^ oath(?) Pth., bro Jbor-ba id., dbu-bsnyun 
 dan bro bor - ro Glr. they swore by their 
 heads, nif. 2. dance, bro skrdb-pa Lea;., 
 Krdb-pa Mil., brdun-ba Glr., resp. zabs-bro 
 mdzdd-pa Mil. to dance, leap, gambol, as 
 a manifestation of gladness and mirth, whilst 
 gar byed-pa is a regular kind of dancing, 
 with gentle and waving motions of the body; 
 rna-bro drums and dancing Glr. ; bro-mtian 
 Cs. dancer. 3. Pur. bro v. brd-bo. 
 4. v. bro-ba. 5. bro-ndd Lex., Mil. and 
 elsewh.; Sch. 'an epidemic disease'; bro- 
 O fsdl Sch. 'cold (in the head), cough, catarrh;' 
 
 Tar.: pdgs-pa lo man-por sku-bro O fsal-te; 
 Mil. : sin-tu bro- fsdl-bar gyitr-nas. 
 j^-. bro-ba, I. vb. 1. to taste, to smell, vb. 
 a. &n.; ynyid kyan mi bro-bas, not 
 even enjoying (tasting) sleep Dzl.; Kd-ro 
 skyd-ba bro one has an astringent taste in 
 the mouth Med. ; spos bro-o it smells of in- 
 cense Dzl.; dri-ysun zim-pa bro-o it has a 
 pleasant smell Dzl. 2. C. to desire, to 
 wish, = O d6d-pa, blo-bro-ba id.; nu bro-ste 
 being about to weep Mil. II. sbst. taste, 
 savour, flavour, col. bro -blag (*dob-ldg*}, 
 lan-fsa Ka-zds kun-gyi bro-ba skyed salt 
 imparts flavour to any kind of food S.g.; 
 bro ltd-ba or myoii-ba, col. * ''dob-lag nyah- 
 ce* W. to taste, to savour; to try the taste; 
 bro-ba-canCs., * dob -lag-can* W. savoury, 
 pleasing to the organs of taste, exciting 
 the appetite; bro- (ba-~)med tasteless, in- 
 sipid 6s. 
 
 bro-ma v. gro-ma. 
 
 brog-zu v. prog-zu. 
 
 yrod, = bro-ba, taste (zim-po) *dliff- 
 cen* C., *dod-can*W., well-tasted, 
 savoury; *<//*<?' cem-po* C. of a strong, 
 powerful taste. 
 
 2jff-q- brod-pa joy, joyfulness, brod-paskyed- 
 / ' pa Mil. ; dga - brod id. C. ; ci - brod 
 readiness to die Mil. Here may be quoted 
 also drod 2 and 3. 
 nq* 5 pj* brob, brol v. Jbrdb-pa, O brdl-ba. 
 
 Jft- bros I . v. bro 5 ; bros - febs Sch. - 
 ^ 2. v. Jbr os-pa. 
 
 q. bla I. the space over, above a thing, 
 ^ chiefly occurring in compounds; bld-na 
 above Lex.', bla-na-mcd-pa, ^rsjTno nav i n S 
 nothing higher over it, the upper-most, the 
 very highest, e.g. byan-cub, ses-rdb and 
 the like frq ; bla-na-med-pai lam, bla-med- 
 rdo-rjeifeg-pa, sndgs-kyi lam, the mystical 
 method, v. mdo 3; sd-bla, above the earth, 
 above ground, opp. to sa-steh, sa-^6g upon 
 and under the earth. Generally fig. : superior, 
 better, preferable, ban-mdzod stoii yah blao 
 then even an empty treasury is preferable 
 Dzl.\ commonly with the pf. root of a vb.:
 
 383 
 
 bla 
 
 fse O pos kyaii blao Dzl. then I will rather 
 die; less frq. with na: si-na yan blai since 
 even death is to be preferred Dzl. ; frq. it 
 may be rendered by 'may', ryydl-bar yyur 
 kyan blao then may rather . . . gain the 
 victory (than that I should . . .) Dzl.- also 
 pleon.: kyod miy-gis mi mfon yan blai be 
 it that you do not see it (it is of no con- 
 sequence whether you see or not) Dzl. %9&, 7. 
 In the passage Tar. 123,8 bla seems to 
 stand as an adv. for 'very', Schf. 
 
 Comp. bla-gdb, bla-yos ( W. vulgo *tsd- 
 dar, tsd-sar*) = yzdn-yos, upper garment, 
 cloth, servinglndians, and occasionally also 
 Tibetans as a covering, = toga, l^aziov^ 
 bla-gdb prdy-pa yciy-tu yzdr-ba to throw 
 the toga over one shoulder, frq.; bla-yab- 
 med-pa, 1. without upper garment Dzl. 
 2. having no wish, no desire, free from 
 passion (?) bla-bre, also bla-re, canopy, 
 dais Dzl. and elsewh. bld-ma ^TfT 1 . the 
 higher., upper, superior; bid-mar byed-pa to 
 esteem highly, to honour, syn. to bkur-sti 
 byed-paDoman, Tar.; the exact grammatical 
 explanation of mii bld-mai cos-kyi co- prul 
 Dzl. V/C, or of the similar passage mii cos 
 bld-mai rdzu- prul Burn. 1, 164, offers some 
 difficulties, although itisevident, th&tBurn. 
 has hit the sense better than Sch. Of later 
 date is the signification: 2. the superior, i.e. 
 spiritual teacher, father confessor, ap^, with 
 the genit. of the person Pth.', in a more 
 gen. sense: ecclesiastic, priest, 'Lama' Thgr., 
 Pth.; in East. Tib. a title designing a high 
 eccles. degree, something like 'D.D.' v. 
 Desg. 247, 371 ; bla-mcod for bld-ma dan 
 mcod-ynds ecclesiastic and sacrificing priest, 
 whether it be one and the same person, 
 or two different individuals Pth., Mil. ; bla- 
 (ma-)cen(-po) chief Lama, Grand-Lama. - 
 bla-brdn resp. for dwelling-room or house 
 of a Lama or Lamas, whilst yzim-tfdn, po- 
 brdi'i are the resp. expressions for secular 
 dignitaries. bla- slob, bld-ma dan slob- 
 ma, the Lama and his disciple Sch. sman- 
 yyi-bla v. sman. 
 
 II. Sch. 'soul, life'; ace. to oral expla- 
 nations: 1. strength, power, vitality, e.g. in 
 
 - bldy-pa 
 
 food, scents etc., just like bcud. 2. blessing, 
 power of blessings, like yyan, e.g. *tim-mg 
 mi-la la cem-po mi dug yan mi cay* C 1 ., 
 no blessing attends a contemner of the law. 
 3. an object with which a person's life 
 is ominously connected; thus very com- 
 monly bla-sin a tree of fate (gen. a juniper 
 or in W. a willow-tree, ral-lcdn\ planted 
 at a child's birth; ryydl-poi bla-gyu the 
 king's turkois of life Glr.; bla-ddr a little 
 flag on the house-top, on which benedictions 
 are written; bla ynds the omen is lasting, 
 propitious, nyams it is vanishing, fore- 
 boding danger; so prob. also Dzl. 3, 1 7, 
 where it is not at once equivalent to 'soul' 
 (Sch.-). - 
 
 III. frq. incorr. for sla. IV. in some 
 combinations it has a signification not yet 
 accounted for, e.g. bla rdol-ba Sch. to 
 find fault with, to blame, abuse, without a 
 reason; bla-fse(?) Lex. 
 
 ' ? Sfpf bla-ydb, gos v. bla I. 
 
 S$k' Ma-Mn, -mtod v. bld-ma 
 ' sub bla I. 
 
 bla-ynydn MedJ 
 
 bla-fdbs Lex. 
 
 .--.. bla-ddys Gram.; Sch.: 'a primitive 
 word, an abstract noun'.(?) 
 
 bld-na v. bla I. 
 
 - bld-bor Sch.: 'well! that may be! so 
 much the better!' 
 
 ' bla-brdn v. bld-ma sub bla I. 
 
 bla - fs6 > 9 la - fso Sch - : here ' 
 ditary portion, inheritance. 
 
 bla-yyii, g" bla-sin v. bla II. 
 
 I'-V bla-re v. bla-bre sub bla I. 
 
 6Za# 1. sub bde-bldy q.v. 2. sub 
 btso-blay q.v. 
 
 bldy-pa \. pf. blags, rnd-ba bldy- 
 pa = md-ba ytdd-pa Le.c. : to incline 
 one's ear to, to lend one's ear, to listen to 
 (bldy-pa not by itself 'to hear' Cs.) -
 
 384 
 
 bldh-ba 
 
 2. mct-ma blag -pa to shed tears. 3. in 
 blag -pa med-pa, the free translation of 
 3TP3H <* I f^ <=h- Burn. J, 309 takes it in the 
 signification given by Sch. to bde-bldg, and 
 explains it by 'bare of every convenience 
 or comfort'. 
 
 bldii-ba v. len-pa. 
 
 bldd-pa to chew, secondary form to 
 Iddd-paLex. 
 
 bldn-pa = gldn-pa Cs. 
 jH^* blar, frq. incorr. for slar. 
 
 n-q- blu-ba, pf. blus, to buy off, to ransom, 
 to redeem, mi de blu-ru yton-ba to 
 pay in order to redeem a man, to pay as 
 a ransom for him Glr.; p'ug-ron-yyi srog 
 blus he redeemed the life of the dove Dzl. ; 
 O di-dag-gis ryyal-poi mgo blu-o therewith 
 1 will redeem the king's head Dzl.', to re- 
 cover, to redeem, yte-ba, a pawn, pledge, 
 security C.; blu-rin the money or price paid 
 for the redeeming of persons or goods, 
 ransom. 
 
 r blug-pa v. Idug-pa. 
 
 blugs-sku molten image; blugs-pdr 
 casting-mould;6%s-wa cast metal, 
 statues, relievos (cf. O bur-ba); blugs-yzdr, 
 dgdn-blugs v. yzar; jd-blugs urn-shaped 
 vessel for pouring out tea etc.; spyi-blugs 
 v. spyi-bo suh spyi; mdr-blugs oil-pitcher. 
 
 blud-pa 1. vb. Idud-pa. 2. sbst. 
 
 to blu-ba, release, ransom, redemp- 
 tion Sch. blud-bu v. rlud-bu. 
 nj-q* blun-padu\\, stupid; stupidity, foolish- 
 N? ' ness; blun-po stupid, foolish; fool, 
 idiot; blun-po la -Id . . . O dzin some fools 
 consider it . . . ; blun-poi lugs foolery, fool's 
 opinion, fool's wisdom, expressions frq. used 
 in scientific works to defeat antagonistic 
 views; dge-ba mi byed-pai mi ni blun-po 
 yin the man without virtue is a fool; O dod- 
 yon-la cays sin-tu blun to be given to lust 
 is folly Pth.\ byol-son-pyugs-pas blun more 
 stupid than a beast Mil.; blun-ytam, blun- 
 fsig foolish talk, foolery; blun-dad super- 
 stition MU. (cf. dnos-dad). 
 
 blus v. blu-ba; blus-ma ransom Cs. 
 
 & bio I. rarely blo-ba mind ( Was. 
 ^ 1. the intellectual power in man, under- 
 standing, mKds-pai bio dan Iddn-pa Dzl., 
 bio rno-ba Glr. talented, gifted; bio cen-po 
 (cuii-nu) of great (small) mental abilities 
 C. ; bio ysdl -te of a clear understanding, 
 sharp-witted Dzl.', ses-pai bio sagacity, in- 
 telligence, judgment Dzl.; bio - rgyd Sch. 
 comprehensive intellectual power; blomyur- 
 zin being of quick comprehension, sharp 
 Dzl.-, blo-rdb, -Jbrin, -dmdn-pa of sound, 
 moderate, weak intellects or mental faculties 
 Mng., the last expression is frq. used in 
 modestly speaking of one's self Glr. and 
 elsewh. ; blo-yimun-pa intellectual darkness, 
 a darkened mind Glr. ; bio - bag narrow- 
 minded, weak in intellect Sch. ; fcyod ni bio 
 nor-ro you are mistaken; blos-lcogs-pa 'to 
 be competent in mind or judgment' Sch.', 
 blo-na-Jbab'-l understand' Sch.(?) 2. mind, 
 thought, memory, cos dan yi-ge-la bio jug- 
 pa to direct one's thoughts to religion and 
 to learning to read Glr.; bio -la sbyor-ba 
 to impresss on the mind, to inculcate Glr.', 
 blo-la bzugs-pa whatis retained by, treasured 
 up in the memory Ta,r.', blo-la bzun-ba to learn 
 by heart Glr., W.: *loa or lo-na zum-ce* ; 
 bio -fag -cod v. sub fag -pa I. 3. mind, 
 sentiment, disposition (here in part = yid), 
 blo-la O dod-pa to desire; bio O dun-pa interest, 
 concern, v. O dun-pa; mcod-pa byed-pai bio- 
 can de he that has a mind, is disposed, to 
 sacrifice Dzl.; ran bde-bar O dod-pai bio med- 
 par without any regard to his own welfare 
 Thgy.; bio nye-ba friendly sentiment; also: 
 kindly disposed Glr.; sddn-bai bio a hating 
 mind, malevolent disposition Lt. ; bio gro- 
 ba Sch.: 'to get soft, moved, touched, sad', 
 ace. to a native authority : to be agreeably 
 affected by ; bio mfun-pa to be of the same 
 mind, like-minded, with supine also: to 
 agree Glr.; perh. also: to be unanimous, 
 peaceable, on friendly terms Sch. ; fcyed-kyi 
 bio dan mfun-pa agreeably to your wish 
 Mil. ; blor ma son Sch. 'the mind could not 
 take it in' Tar. 51,7, Schf. : 'it did not please
 
 385 
 
 blon-po 
 
 me, I could not reconcile myself to it'; *blo 
 skyel-ba* W., *M-ba* C., cel-ba &.(?), to 
 rely, to depend upon, bio gel-ba to hope 
 Sch. (the correct spelling as yet doubtful) ; 
 bios yton-ba to give up, resign entirely, to 
 risk, venture, e.g. rdn-gi srog Glr., Mil., 
 bio spdn-ba, id. Mil.; *fse- di lo-tdn* monk 
 C.; ^6-cay bios ma tons-par as she was so 
 much attached to us Mil. ; ran -bios ma fons- 
 pa a man attached to himself, in love with 
 himself; bio ytod-pa Schr. to trust, confide 
 (cf. compounds) ; de-las bio zlog-pa Thgy., 
 to subtract, to draw off, divert, dissuade 
 from ; bio brid-pa to deceive, impose upon, 
 cheat Glr. (blo-yi bdag 'conscience' Sch., 
 ace. to Schr. not. an authenticated expres- 
 sion). 
 
 Comp. blo-Kog-ce confident, courageous, 
 intrepid, undaunted. - blo-gros sense, in- 
 tellect, understanding; blo-gros- kyi ses-bya 
 what is to be discerned by the understanding; 
 blo-gros dan Iddn-pa, blo-gros-can sensible, 
 judicious (of persons), blo-gros cen-po C. of 
 much sense, of an excellent understanding, 
 cun-nu C.,zdn-paMil. of little understanding ; 
 blo-(jros-med unintelligent, injudicious; blo- 
 gros -rgyal-po n. of a medicinal plant, = 
 smug-cun Wdii. bio-can having mind, 
 sense; byis-pai bio-can having the mind or 
 sense of a child, thinking like a child Cs. ; 
 having a mind, v. above mcod-pa byed- 
 pai bio - can de. blo-nyes ill -meaning, 
 malicious Glr. blo-ytdd, blo-ydeh hope, 
 confidence, assurance, bddg-gi blo-yden su- 
 la O ca in whom am I to place my confi- 
 dence. blo-ydeii cos-la byed-pa Glr.\ W.: 
 *lor-tdd or lo-ddn co-ce, kyel-ce(s)*, c. la. 
 blo-rtog prob. = blo-gros, blo-rtog t'a-ddd- 
 pa Pth. people of different mental abilities. 
 - blo-stobs l. C., W. courage. 2. W., ge- 
 nerosity, magnanimity, or perh. also equani- 
 mity, self-command, e.g. if a person remains 
 kind and forbearing towards disobedient 
 servants. bio - fobs counsel, expedient, 
 bio -fobs tsdl-baMa. blo-bde cheerful, 
 happy. blo- dod covetous, greedy. blo- 
 sna 1. blo-sna man-ba Glr. was explained 
 by our Lama: having manifold thoughts, 
 
 being restless, flighty, giddy. 2. W. dis- 
 position, turn of mind, *lo-na rin-mo* slow- 
 ness, irresolution, also longsuffering, *lo-na 
 fun-se* resoluteness, determination, prompt- 
 ness, both also adj.: slow, irresolute, and: 
 resolute, determined etc. blo-med inju- 
 dicious, foolish Cs. (Dzl 9LL, 18 makes no 
 sense, there being prob. an error in the 
 text. The translation of Sch. seems to be a 
 mere conjecture). blo-bzdn 'sound sense', 
 col. *'lob-zan'*, a very common name .of 
 persons, blo-sed Sch. 'memory, intellec- 
 tual power'. blo-scms mind, soul, heart, 
 blo-sems-bde = blo-bde Mil. blo-bsdm in- 
 tellect; W. : *lo-sdm med-Kan* foolish, one 
 not knowing what he is about. 
 
 II. frq. incorr. for glo. 
 Sfq- bl6-ba I. vb. to be able = pod-pa; Kyod 
 mi Id-na if you cannot; *di mi lo* that 
 you cannot (dare not) do, prob. only W. 
 vulg. II. sbst. = bio, frq. used by Mil. 
 for the sake of the rhythm. 
 
 * bio-bur = aid -bur sudden, suddenly; 
 Kyed dd-ltar-gyi dad-pa bio-bur yin 
 thy present faith is new, but just sprung 
 up in thee Mil. ; mi-spyod blo-bur-du O gyur 
 the conduct of men suddenly changes Ma. 
 'f blon-mo,for Ion-mo, bones or knuckles 
 
 used as dice Mil. 
 
 HT- blon 1. Lex. = gros, blon O debs-pa to 
 ' give advice, to counsel; Cs.: to make 
 arrangements 2. v. the following. 
 "sfc'zf blon-po officer(prop. counsellor), any 
 magisterial officer of higher rank; 
 bldn-po danjbans commanding and obeying, 
 higher officers and subalterns Glr. ; more 
 particularly minister (of state); blon(-po) 
 cen(-po) Glr., blon-po bkd-la ytogs-pa Glr., 
 more commonly bka-blon(-po\ high officer 
 of state, minister, governor; Krims-blon mi- 
 nister of justice, officer of justice; rgyal-blon 
 king and minister, also = council, privy- 
 council, Glr. ; cos-blon 1 . (opp. to bdud-blon) 
 an orthodox, faithful minister etc. 2. <fos- 
 blon cen-po minister of public worship Glr.; 
 rje-blon the same as rgyal-blon Glr. spyi- 
 blon chief officer Cs. pyi nan bar ysum- 
 gyi blon-po Glr., lit. outer, inner, middle 
 25
 
 386 
 
 bha 
 
 dban 
 
 minister, a distinction not quite intelligible. 
 dmdg-blon military, yul-blon civil officer 
 Cs. nan-blon 1. v. above pyi-nan etc. 
 2. Z/A. country-judge. 
 q. Ma, sometimes written for ^, either from 
 ^ ignorance, or in order to appear learned, 
 as is also ^ for ^, and so forth. 
 
 bhd-ga Ssk. the female genitals, Pth. 
 
 *C' bhd-ra-ta, bhd-ra-tai dum-bu, bhdr- 
 ' ta, bdr-dha, Ssk. )K^4^U^ country 
 
 between Lanka and the Sumeru, viz. Hin- 
 dustan; also North-India, Mil. and elsewh. 
 
 bha-lad, Urd. ouUj, Bang, belati, 
 'a far distant country', = pi-lin, for Europe. 
 bhan-ge W., Ssk. a^fT, hemp. 
 
 bhe-da v. Jbe-dha. 
 
 rqq* <$ 1 . Lar. = z<?-sa reverence, respect, 
 obs. 2. (or rbd) = the following. 
 dba-kldn Glr., rba-klon Mil, Dzl, 
 dba-rldbs wave, billow; rba-skya 
 whitish waves 3/7.; dba-tsub surge, roar, 
 turmoil of waves 6s.; dba-byi water-rat? 
 dbdg-pa, pf. dbags Sch., v. d&o^- 
 ^9 and bag-pa. 
 
 w, vulg. 'arc*) 1 . might, power, 
 potency, blon-po dban ces-pas because 
 the minister was very potent Glr.; dban 
 dge- dun-la ytad Glr., not only : 'he granted 
 great privileges to the priesthood' Sch., but: 
 he invested it with magisterial power and 
 jurisdiction; rarely used of physical power 
 or strength S.g. ; bsdad-dban-med it is not 
 in. my power to stay Thgy.; bum-pa jo-moi 
 yin-te dban ma mcis-so as the pitcher be- 
 longs to my mistress, I have no power over 
 it, I have not to dispose of itZte/.; sdod- 
 dban-med-par having no strength, not being 
 able to wait (from eagerness, avidity etc.) 
 Glr.', dban-med } prob. sdod to be supplied 
 (if the text be correct), this won't do so 
 any longer Glr. ; (ran-^dban-med-du or par 
 involuntarily, not being able to help it, e.g. 
 to weep, rejoice, believe, Mil.: dban-med- 
 du ma-ma O cdr-du ^jug-pa to make one 
 
 weep; dban-med-du O col-ba to make a per- 
 son powerless, to force by absolute power 
 Glr. ; dbdn-du ^gyur-ba to get into another's 
 power, to be overpowered Tar.', O dod-pai 
 to get into the power of the passions, to 
 be led away by them Dzl.; dbdn-du gyi>r- 
 pa seems also sometimes to mean: he who 
 has brought every thing into his power (?), 
 along with nyon-mons-pa-med-pa and sems- 
 rnam-par-grol-ba', dbdn-du sdud-pa to re- 
 duce under one's power Pth.', snyin-rje to 
 make the principle of mercy one's own, to 
 practise it freely Glr., (where O du-ba stands); 
 O gro-ba to comprise all beings, Glr.; dbdn- 
 du byed-pa id.; dban byed-pa c. la, 1. to 
 rule over, to govern, frq. 2. to possess, bddg- 
 gis dban byar med-pa what one does not 
 possess Thgy. dban-sgyur-ba c. la, to 
 govern, to rule, frq.; dban O grub-pa id. 
 seldom. dban skur-ba v. skur-ba and 
 dban, 2. *wan tdn-ce* W. to make efforts, 
 to exert one's self, also = the next. dban 
 zd-ba to offer violence Dzl. 9LV-, 3. dbdn- 
 gis like a postposition, by, by means of, 
 in virtue of, in consequence of, e.g. Ids-kyi 
 of former actions Glr. ; na-rgydl-gyi dbdn- 
 gis from or in consequence of pride Tar. 
 2. more especially in mythology, dban 
 bcu Dzl. %V%, 14, also stobs-bcu Trigl 8, 6; 
 Gyatch. II, 46, Burn. II, 781 seqq. 1. the 
 ten powers of knowiedge of Buddha, v. 
 Kopp.1,^37 seqq. 2. in later times yzan rjes- 
 su Q dzin-pai dban bcu ten powers tending 
 to the benefit of others are ascribed to the 
 Bodhisattva, Thgy. : fse-la dbdh-ba (respect- 
 ing this form v. below) power over the 
 length of one's own life; sems-la dbdn-ba 
 power according to one's own pleasure to 
 enter into any meditation; yo-bydd-la to 
 shower down provisions for the support of 
 creatures; Ids-la to mitigate the punishments 
 for their sins ; skye-ba-la to effect one's own 
 re-birth in the external world, without dan- 
 ger of being infected by its sin ; mos-pa- 
 la at pleasure to change one object into 
 another; smon-lam-la to see every prayer 
 for the welfare of others fulfilled; rdzu- 
 O prul-la to exhibit wonderful feats for bring-
 
 387 
 
 Man 
 
 ing about the conversion of others; ye-ses- 
 la to understand all writings on religion 
 (ni f .) ; cos-la to convey the publication of 
 religion to all creatures at the same time 
 and in every language. 3. in practical mysti- 
 cism : various supernatural powers (v. skur- 
 a), e.g. pyi nan ysdn-gi dban skur-ba Pth. 
 is alledged to signify : to convey externally, 
 i.e. into the mouth, the power of snan-ba- 
 mfa-yds (this and the two following are 
 names of Buddhas and demons), internally, 
 into the body, the power of spyan-ras-yzigs 
 and lastly into the mind perfect purity, i.e. 
 the rfa-myrin, and together with it power 
 over the demons. 3. regard, considera- 
 tion (?). In later writings the composition 
 of dbdn-du byds-na (mdzdd-na etc.) c. genit. 
 (instead of which in C. also dbdn-du sor- 
 na, son-na are said to be in use), is frq. 
 to be met with, signifying as much as: 
 when ... is concerned, when ... is in question, 
 for the purpose of, or merely : respecting, 
 as regards: legs-pai, jigs-pai, btsdn-pai 
 when beauty, firmness, formidable appear- 
 ance (of a royal castle) are concerned, 
 are the points in question Glr,; shdgs-kyi 
 dbdn-du rtsis-pai slo-ka prob. the Slokas 
 being numbered with a regard to the Man- 
 tras, i.e. including the latter Tar. 127, 16. 
 4. symb. num. : 5 (dban being taken for 
 dbdn-po). 
 
 Comp. and deriv. dban-bskur consecra- 
 tion, inauguration, initiation Was. (189), = 
 dban-bskyur might, power, e.g. sans-rgyds- 
 kyi Glr. dban-grdl the row of those that 
 are to be ordained or consecrated. dbdn- 
 can mighty, powerful Cs. dban -fan \. 
 might, = mna-fan, dban-fan-med-pa low, 
 mean, of inferior rank Dzl. 2. time, chro- 
 nology Lexx. 3. destiny, fate, predestined fate, 
 or rather the destiny of any creature con- 
 sequent to its former actions, fse dan dban- 
 fdn, frq.; dban-fan-med-pa may therefore 
 imply: having no destiny, i.e. no particular 
 destiny. dban- dus-po-brdn 'Angdopho- 
 rung' of the Indian papers, n. of a fort in 
 Tibet. dbaii-lddn mighty, powerful ; dban- 
 Iddn-gyi pyogs Daman, dbdn-poi pyogs Sbh., 
 
 dbdn-po 
 
 is said to be north-cast. dbdn-po v. the 
 next article. dban-pyug 1 . adj . mighty, also 
 sbst.: dban-pyug yzdn-las ce-ba Glr. 2. 
 symb. num.: 11. 3. noun proper a. Iswara, 
 Siva Glr. , hence also the Lingam as his 
 emtlem 6r/r. b. Avalokitesvara(r/r. dbdn- 
 ba 1. vb. c. la = dban byed-pa, e.g. rgyal- 
 srid-la mi dban he does not succeed to the 
 throne; gen. with accus. yog O di dbdn-ba 
 yin one ... belongs to this one Mil.; bdag 
 dbdn-bai rgyal-p'rdn the vassals under my 
 sway Dzl. 2. sbst. = dban, e.g. fse-la dbdn- 
 ba (v. above). dban-ris prob. domain, 
 dominion. dban(-po)-ldg(-pd) a medicine, 
 said to be prepared from a viscid, aromatic 
 root, shaped like a hand. dban-ses per- 
 ception, by means of the organs of sense 
 Was. (278). 
 
 dbdn-po 1. possessed of power, do- 
 minion, nor-gyi dbdn-por gyur Dzl. 
 (Ms.}; lord, ruler, sovereign, esp. divine 
 rulers: Indra, also lhai dbdn-po; further 
 rgydl-bai dbdn-po, fub-pai dbdn-po the 
 highest of the Buddhas Glr. 2. organ of 
 sense, dbdn-po lna(-po) a. the five organs 
 of sense, eyes etc., also dbdn-poi sgo Ina 
 Med. b. Trigl. 17, 6, five immaterial, trans- 
 cendent senses of Buddha, which are in 
 unison with his five powers, stobs Ina, as 
 stated by Burn. II, 430, v. Kopp. I, 436. In 
 natural philosophy six organs of sense frq. 
 are mentioned, ?H4f being added as the 
 sixth; medical writings also treat of dbdn- 
 po dgu or dbdn-poi sgo dgu, v. bu-ga. 
 3. sense, intellectual power, dbdii-po rnon-po 
 of acute intellect, dbdn-po rdul-po of obtuse 
 intellect, also as common expressions for 
 sagacious or dull Dzl. ; dbdn-po nyams the 
 senses are weakened, become dull Med.; 
 lus sems dbdn-po body, soul, and senses (are 
 glad, are pure etc.) Dom.; dbdn-po yso-ba 
 to gladden, strengthen, revive, the senses 
 Mil.; rdn-gi sems -las dbdn-poi rnam-ses 
 O byun out of the spirit (of the personality 
 which during the time between two periods 
 of existence is in a disembodied state) the 
 sense-endowed soul (of the new individual) 
 is generated (in the process of conception)
 
 388 
 
 S.g. 4. genitals, Wdn. and elsewh. ; dbdn- 
 po lag-pa v. dban-ldg sub dban. 
 jrq^'&j- dbdr-mi Sch. a faint-hearted, timo- 
 rous man. 
 
 rnor dbal Lex. = tog and rtse-mo top, sum- 
 mit, point e.g. of a mcod-rten Glr.; 
 the point, or ace. to some the grooves of 
 the pur-pa or exorcising dagger; rtai dbal 
 bzan-nan LexJ dbdl-ba v. Jbal-ba. 
 rq dbu resp. for mgo, head, frq. ; beginning, 
 3 commencement, e.g. of holy doctrine 
 Glr.- *'u Idn-ce* W., the mode of greeting 
 between Lamas, by touching each other 
 with their fore-heads; to bless (a layman 
 by imposition of hands); dbu mdzdd-pa to 
 be the head, the principal person, e.g. in 
 an assembly of believers Mil; more defi- 
 nitely: dbu mdzdd-do he was my instructor 
 Mil. dbu-skrd the hair of the head. - 
 dbu-rgydn ornament of the head, diadem 
 Mil. dbu-rnds Sch. pillow. dbu-can 
 furnished with a head, i.e. with a thick 
 stroke at the top (of a letter), hence the 
 name of the Tibetan printing characters. 
 dbu-cen 1. higher officer. 2.dbu-cun subaltern 
 officer 6s. dbu-r)e Reverence, Reverend, 
 title of Lamas. dbu-snyuh bzes-pa Sch., 
 dbu-snyun dan bro O bor-ba Glr. resp. to 
 swear by one's head. dbu-fod royal cap, 
 crown. dbu-mfun drun-du resp. the same 
 as zabs drun-du in directing letters : To ... 
 
 dbu- pdn elevation, high rank, dignity, 
 stod-pa to praise, smdd-pa to despise, to 
 revile (dignities). dbu-ma 1. n. of the 
 goddess Durga, the wife of Siva. 2. principal 
 vein, v. rtsd-ba. 3. the middle (-doctrine), 
 middle -road, YfVRT? which endeavours to 
 avoid the two extremes Was., also dbu-mai 
 lam or ltd-ba; dbu-ma-pa an adherent of 
 this doctrine Sch., cf. however mdo extr. 
 
 dbu-med the Tibetan current hand-writing, 
 cf. dbu-can. dbu-rmog Zam. w.e. ; in W. 
 *gydl-po u-mog co zig* is said to signify: 
 Long live the king! dbu-rtse the top, 
 pinnacle, of a temple, monastery Glr. 
 dbu-mdzdd (cf. dbu mdzdd-pa above) chair- 
 man, principal, warden, in convents an offi- 
 cial that takes the lead in performing the 
 
 dbus 
 
 prayers. dbu-zwd cap. dbu-sog title- 
 page Sch. 
 
 dbii-ba v. Ibu-ba. 
 
 dbugs 1. breath, respiration, dbugs 
 rnub-pa dan O byin-pa or Jbyuii-ba 
 to respire, to inhale and exhale air Med., 
 W. *ton-ce* for Jbyun-ba; dbugs O byin-pa to 
 stop for rest, to recover one's breath Sch. 
 (and perh. Pth.); dbugs-dbyun fob-pa to be 
 eased in one's mind, after despondency Tar.; 
 *'ug gyan bor-ce* W. to stop, to keep back 
 one's breath ; *'ug sub or kor tdn-ce* W. to 
 choke, suffocate, strangle, throttle; skye- gro 
 fams-cdd-kyi dbugs len-pa to take away the 
 breath of beings (which is ascribed to the 
 demon pe-dkdr) Glr.\pyi-dbugs seems to be 
 the last breath of a dying man, but ndn- 
 dbugs is some fantastic physiological notion 
 Thgr. ; dbugs mde-ba and mi-bde-ba an easy 
 and a hard breathing Med. frq. ; dbugs-fun 
 short breath; dbugs rdzdn-ba or brdzdns-pa 
 shortness of breath, asthma, as a complaint 
 of old age Thgy.; dbugs lheb-l/teb byed-pa 
 to pant, to be pursy Med. dbugs-rgod 
 Lt. ? dbugs-ndn Sch. flatulence. dbugs 
 febs-rel Sch. 'in one breath' ? 2. a breath, 
 one respiration, as smallest measure of time 
 = j-gVff Kyim 4 seconds. 
 
 * dbun Lex. = dbus. 
 
 dbub-pa v. Jbubs-pa. 
 
 dbur termin. of dbu, Sch. first, at first. 
 
 dbur-ba, also ^ur-ba, 'ur-ba to 
 
 smooth, sog-bu paper, ras woollen 
 stuff, yzdl a pavement Cs.; *'ur gydg-pa* 6'., 
 *gydb-ce* W. to iron, to smooth linen etc., 
 *'ur-cag* smoothing-iron. 
 
 dbul-ba I. vb. v. O bul-ba. II. adj. 
 
 poor, indigent Dzl; sbst. poverty, 
 want, penury, dbul-ba sel-ba to relieve want 
 Glr. ; dbul-zin O p6ns-pai rigs a poor and 
 indigent generation Dzl.; hence frq. dbul- 
 pons poor, a poor man, pauper Mil.; poverty 
 Glr. ; usually dbul-po, fern, dbul-mo, poor. 
 - dbus (Ld. *W, C. *V) 1. middle, 
 midst, centre, fdg-pai dbus tsdm-du
 
 dben-pa 
 
 389 
 
 " dbyi-mon 
 
 pyin - nas having proceeded about to the 
 middle of the rope Dzl.; skye-boi dbus-su 
 in the midst of the people Tar.' fan ynyis- 
 kyi dbus-ri the hill (mountain) in the middle 
 between the two plains Glr.; dbiis-kyi ri- 
 rgydl Sumeru standing in the centre (of the 
 world) Mil.; seldom relative to time: bzugs- 
 pai dbus-su whilst he was sitting Glr.; in 
 metaphysics : dbus dan mfa 'the medium 
 and the extremes' 6s. A siat. Researches XX, 
 577 dbiis-ma the middle one (of three 
 or more persons) Mil., (of inanimate things) 
 Glr. 2. in a specific sense: the central 
 province of a country, a. of India, hence = 
 Magadha, the holy land, land of Buddha 
 Thyy. b. of Tibet, the province U; dbus- 
 pa an inhabitant of it; dbus-ytsdn U and 
 Tsan. 
 
 en*-- dben-pa solitary, lonely, e.g. a road 
 Dzl; solitude, loneliness, dben-pa 
 O di-na iu tbis solitude Dzl. ; dben-par O yro- 
 ba or ynds-pa frq.; dben, id.: dben-la dga 
 Ma.; dben-(pai} ynas, sa solitary place, esp. 
 hermitage ; dben-ynas cen-po brgydd-kyi sa 
 earth from the eightgreat hermitages, sacred 
 places of pilgrimage in India Glr.; like 
 bstons-pa the word is construed with the 
 instrum. case: mas dben-pa, solitary as to 
 a mother, i.e. motherless; snyin-pos dben- 
 pa = snyin-po med-pa Tar. 
 
 dbo 1. n. of a lunar mansion, v. ryyu- 
 skdr, no. 99. 2. the belly-side of fur. 
 
 * dbo-ba v. Jbo-ba. 
 
 dbon-po ( W. *'6n-po*, C. *'om-po*) 
 1. B. resp. for fsd-bo grandson; 
 nephew; dbon-srds id. Glr.; dbdn-mo fern.; 
 mes-dbon ancestor and grandchild Glr.; 
 dbon-zdn Glr. 95 seems to denote son-in- 
 law and brother-in-law, with which also 
 Sch.'s Mongol transl. agrees, Geschichte d. 
 Ost-Mong. p. 359 med. 2. Lama-servant 
 C. 3. a certain sect of Lamas, clad in 
 red, shorn, and married, = *sor-kyim-pa f , 
 C., W. 4. a Lama skilled in astrology, 
 who for instance, when a person has died, 
 performs those ceremonies, that serve to 
 avert harm from the survivors W. 
 
 db6l-ba Cs. = rtol-ba, Lex. rd:iii 
 
 dbol-ba. 
 
 d by ((f ' ts , *#'<(*)* L singing, song, 
 
 tune, melody, ylu-dbydns id.; lun- 
 bstdn-gyi dbyaiis prophetic song, psalm 
 Mil.; dbyans^-su) len-pa, dbyans byed-pa 
 to sing Dzl ; sfod(-pai) dbyans song of 
 praise, hymn of thanksgiving, *jh&-pa* C., 
 *pul-ce* W.; ydun- dbyans a song of aspi- 
 ration Mil. dbydris-can Glr. a deity, prob. 
 = jam-dbydns-can-ma Saraswati, goddess 
 of euphony. dbyans-snydn sweet singing. 
 dbydns-pa singer 6s. *yan-zu* bow 
 for a violin, fiddle -stick W. 2. vowel, 
 hence dbyans-yig 1. the (four) signs of the 
 vowels, Gram. 2. Cs.: notes (of music) or 
 any contrivance for marking the modula- 
 tion of sounds; so perh. also Glr. 
 
 dbyar summer, in India : rainy season 
 (cf. dus); also dbydr-ka, dbydr-Ka 
 Mil., W., dbydr-dus, Cs.dbydr-mo; dbyar- 
 dgun-med-par summer and winter Mil.; 
 dbyar B.,dbydr-ka-la col. in summer;c?fy/ar- 
 ynds 1. summer-abode, Sch. 2. the solitary 
 summer-fasting of the monks; dbyar-skyes 
 'summer-born 1 ; dbyar -rnd summer-drum, 
 po. expression for thunder 6s. dbyar- 
 cdr summer-rain Cs. dbyar -zwa sum- 
 mer-hat. 
 
 dbydr-pa (Pur. *sbydr-pa*, elsewh. 
 
 *ydr-pa*} poplar, various kinds of 
 which tree are found in the vicinity of vil- 
 lages, cultivated or growing wild. (Wdn. 
 also sbydr-pa.) 
 
 rq- dbyi (*yi, com. ''*) 1 . lynx, dbyi-mo the 
 ^ female of this animal, dbyi-prug a 
 young one; dbyi-fsda lair of it. 2. in U: 
 beer, = can. 
 
 dbyi-gu = dbyig-gu little stick, cf. 
 dbyig-pa. 
 
 ^.,_. dbyi-ba, prob. only fut. to O pyi-ba, 
 to wipe off, to blot out, to efface, 
 Lex.: ri-mo, a drawing. Sch. however no- 
 tices also a perf. dbyis. 
 
 dbyi-mo flax(?). 
 
 . dbyi - mon medicinal herb , used 
 against delirium Med.; Cs. : 'a plant
 
 390 
 
 of an acrid taste, used as tea' ; in Lh. Po- 
 tentilla Salesovii, of which neither the one 
 nor the other fact is known to me. 
 
 ^ dbyig(s) 1 . = nor wealth, riches, 
 treasures, nor-dbyig id. DzL; 
 dbyig-can rich, dbyig-med poor 6s.; dbyiy- 
 mdn Lex. 2. prob. = dbyig-ynyen, pre- 
 cious stone or a kind of such (r/r.andelsewh. 
 
 I" dbyig-pa stick, = dbyug-pa. 
 
 ]* dbyig-puSch.: 'implement for clean- 
 NS ing, scouring, polishing'. 
 
 dbyin-za Sch.: summer-hat ('?). 
 
 ns 1. syn. with &fo, com. 
 m/cai dbyins or dbyifis alone: the 
 heavens, celestial region, rgydb-la brag dmar 
 ndm-mlcai dbyins red rocks behind and the 
 expanse of heaven Mil, ; Kyeu dbyin-su yal 
 the youth disappearing was carried up to 
 heaven Pth.; dbyins-na bzugs-pai dd-ki-ma 
 Mil. 2. height Schr.-, the above passage 
 was also rendered: red rocks behind, as 
 high as heaven. 3. in metaphysics an 
 undefined idea of extent, region, space, \irnT, 
 (cf. klon\ cos-kyi dbyins, \f?faT<j, not 'the 
 wide diffusion of religion' Sch., but a mere 
 fanciful notion, or as it is expressed Wts. 
 143: le monde intellectuel de Bouddha; of 
 highly learned Lamas the words are used: 
 fugs-dgons cos-dbyins-su fim 6'.; and also 
 dbyifis alone : blo-yi byed-pa dbyins-su sbos 
 Glr. hide your mental activity in the hea- 
 vens, i.e. let it be reduced to nothing; so 
 prob. also Tar. 38, \Q, puti-po Ihdg-mo 
 med-pai dbyifts-su, where nothing of the 
 skandha is left remaining. Sch. : dbyins-su 
 in a body, in one mass, whole, entire (?). 
 rn*' dbyin or fyin byed-pa Sch., to incite, 
 ' instigate, set on. 
 
 dbyibs shape, figure, form, byd- 
 dbyibs-can having the shape of a 
 bird Lt; sin-rtai dbyibs dan O dra shaped 
 like a waggon or carriage Glr.; skyes-pai 
 dbyibs- la nos-bzun-ba to learn the nature 
 (of plants) from the shape in which they 
 grow; *a-me yib dug* he quite resembles 
 his mother in shape W.; dbyibs legs-pa B. 
 
 a flue figure, *sog-po* an ugly figure W., 
 or also : of a handsome (or ugly) form ; dbyibs 
 zlum-por yod it has a round shape Glr. 
 zrqrrrqr STITCH- dbyug-gu, dbyu-gu 1 . small 
 ^ U' ^i NJ staff, wand, rod, e.g. used 
 as a magic wand, sun-dial etc. 6s. 2. 
 Lex.: = cu-fsod q.v.; Sch.: dbyug-gu re- 
 bzi, '64 equal parts of weight or measure; 
 G4 quarters of an hour, or 16 hours'; but 
 64 cu-fsod would make as much as 25 f 
 hours. 
 
 _-_.-vt dbyug-rdo W. sling-stone; B.: rdo- 
 ^2 I 1 r yug. 
 _ _.^j. dbyug-pa I. vb. pf. dbyuys 1. to 
 
 ^3> ' swing, brandish, flourish, a stick, a 
 sword; to wag, riid-ma the tail 6s ; *yug 
 yug )he'-pa* W., to swing to and fro , to 
 dangle; *yug toil* Wl, swing! dangle! 
 2. to throw, cast, fling, *gydl-kar-ne do* C., 
 to fling a stone through a window; to throw 
 away, to throw down, *yug-le zog* C. (= 
 *pdn-te bor* W.), throw it away! II. 
 sbst , stick, C.; *yug-pa gydb-pa* C. to strike, 
 to beat with a stick, dbyug-to Glr., dbyiig- 
 fo, id. (Sch. club?) Lex. : = ber-ka, 
 dbyug-to-can wielding a stick; n.p. 
 
 r dbyuii-ba, fut., and in 6'. secondary 
 
 form to the pres. O byin-pa. 
 rB'JH* dbye-ba, (regular pronunciation *ye- 
 
 ^ u-a, com. V-im*). I. vb. fut., and in 
 C. secondary form of O byed-pa. II. sbst. 
 1. parting, partition, division, distinction, clas- 
 sification Thgy. 2. section, part, class, 
 species, dbye-ba nyi-su ysuits twenty diffe- 
 rent species are named Lt. ; yi-ge O di dbye- 
 ba ynyis these letters are divided into two 
 classes; hence like sna-fsogs: sgyu-rtsdl 
 dbye-ba manifold arts, artifices Smbh. 
 dbye-brdl Lex.: discord, dissension. 
 jrn<3Tr dbyen-pa (*yen-pa, com. 'en-pa*, 
 dben-pa), difference, dissension, dis- 
 cord, schism, dge- dun-gyi dbyen-pa byed-pa 
 to create discord, to cause a schism among 
 the priesthood DzL; dbyen Jbyed pa to make 
 a difference, to discriminate Sch. 
 
 med, dbye-ru-med-pa, dbyer-mi-pyed-pa in-
 
 391 
 
 dbyes 
 
 separable, not to be distinguished, quite the 
 same, identical Glr. and elsewh.; bid-mar 
 dbye/r-med prob. : identical with a Lama; 
 esp. in the higher philosophy in reference 
 to the impossibility of distinguishing be- 
 tween good and evil (!). 
 
 dbyes Schr.: magnitude, size, dimen- 
 sions, so perh. where dprdl-bai dbyes 
 ce is mentioned as a characteristic of beauty. 
 dbrag, v. prag, intermediate space, 
 interstice;. ravine, glen, defile, C.;Sch. 
 also: vise, handvise. 
 
 "]" dbrdd-pa v. O brdd-pa. 
 "CJ" dbrdb-pa v. Jbrdb-pa. 
 dbrdl-ba v. J>rdl-ba. 
 
 o bdd-pa 
 
 dbri-ba v. O bri-ba. 
 
 dbre - btson (?) Sch. ; Lex. dbre- 
 btsog dirt, filth. 
 
 J" dbrog-pa v. O prog-pa. 
 
 Jba Sch.: 'seizure, distraint'; or rather 
 the liability of paying higher interest, 
 payment not having been made at the ap- 
 pointed time ; Jba-gan, Jba-gan-yig warrant 
 for thus proceeding against a debtor C. 
 ; ba-caWdn.; Sch.: lees from dis- 
 tilling brandy. 
 
 O bd-po magician, sorcerer, conjurer; 
 Jbd-mo sorceress, witch 6s., W. 
 O bd-ba 1. to bleat, W. *ba tdn-ce*. 
 - 2. to bring, to carry, O ba-sog 
 bring it hither! Sik., Jba-soh take it there! 
 - 3. to commit adultery C. 
 qqQ*H" O bd-bo, 6s. = pug -pa, hole, cave, 
 cavern, brdg-gi cleft in a rock, 
 grotto; O bd-bo-can hollow, excavated. 
 onQ*n* Jbd-byi a kind of cake, baked of 
 ^ parched rice or maize meal, fre- 
 quently eaten with the tea C. 
 
 O bd-zig B. only, solely, alone, bdag 
 Jbd-zig tdr-ro I alone escaped 
 DzL; rkdn-pa O bd-zig the foot alone (ap- 
 peared party-coloured) DzL: blon-po de Jbd- 
 zig-gi cun-ma only this officer's wife DzL] 
 
 mere, nothing but, yser dan dhul Q ba-ziy-<jis 
 gah Sbh. 
 
 J>ag 1. mask, guise, disguise; cf. also 
 sub sgo-lo. 2. imitation, effigy, like- 
 ness, figure, O dra- Q bdg resp. sku- bag, zuL- 
 O bdy id. ; O dra- bag-gyon-mi masked persons 
 Pth O bag- cam, prop, masquerade, masked 
 ball; 6s.: buffoonery, grimaces. 
 
 O bdg-pa I. vb. pf. Jbags, fut. dbag? 
 cf. sbdg-pa, to defile, to pollute 
 one's self, bud-med dan with women DzL] 
 O dod-cdgs~la through lust DzL ; to defile, to 
 soil, to dirty, snod-la a vessel DzL &&, 7? 
 '2. C. to take away, to steal, to rob; to covet, 
 to wish to take, c. la Mil. (ace. to oral in- 
 formation). 
 
 ^ a #~% a sli g ht elevation, hil- 
 lockTF. 
 
 J^ag-rdg spider, J)ag-rdg-gi fsan 
 cob-web Sik. 
 
 O t>ags-lhag resi, remainder, rem- 
 nant (of food) Mil. 
 J>dn-ba to be soaked, macerated, 
 softened by soaking Cs.,cf.sbdn-ba. 
 o^ a " s subject, rgydl-po O bdns-su ^on 
 the king turns into a subject Ma.\ 
 Jbans byed-pa to obey, bkai Jbans bgyid- 
 par (or bka-Jbaiis-su) fcas-blans-so they pro- 
 mised to obey, to perform the command- 
 ment Mil. frq. ; bdris-su bye"d-pa Cs. to re- 
 duce under one's dominion ; gen. collective- 
 ly: the people, the subjects, opp. to blon- 
 po officers, magistrates, or rje, rg$dl-po etc. 
 - Iha-bdus Tar. 165, 22 Schf.: slaves be- 
 longing to a temple. 
 
 O bdd-pa I. vb., imp. O bod, to en- 
 deavour, to exert one's self, apply 
 one's self, c. la or the terrain.; dus-rgyun- 
 du cos-la Jbdd-pa de this (habit of) con- 
 stantly applying one's self to religion Mil. ; 
 also c ace. : dkd-ba brgya-prdg to perform 
 a hundred exercises of penance ; col. to cul- 
 tivate, raise, rear, take care of, zifi or sa- 
 yzi to cultivate the ground, rgun- brum to 
 grow vines, dud- Q gro to breed cattle; slob- 
 par to apply one's self to learning, glen- 
 mo fco-nar to devote one's self exclusively 
 to public speaking, preaching C. 11. sbst,
 
 392 
 
 bab 
 
 application, study, exertion, O bdd-pa drdg-pos 
 with most persevering application; Jbdd- 
 pa dan rtsol-ba med-par without any exer- 
 tion Glr.; hence Jbad-rtsol id.; skyes-bus 
 srnb-pai Jbad-rtsol an assiduous rubbing 
 with a human hand Wdn.; del Jbad-rtsol- 
 gyis through his endeavours Thgy.; prob. 
 also: volition, energy of will S.g.; the pas- 
 sage in Thgy.: byaii-cub ci fob-la Jbad O fsdl- 
 lo, is perh. not quite correct. 
 
 Jbab l . a fall of snow Mil. 2. tax, 
 dutySp. 
 
 Jbdb-pa, pf. bab(s), imp. Jbob Cs., 
 bobs Glr., to move downward 1. to 
 descend, ld-nas col., a defile, in B. gen. 
 with las, e.g. rtd-las Dzl., also rtd-Ka-nas 
 Glr. to alight from a horse, mostly with 
 Id, although ri-la Jbdb-pa may also mean : 
 to alight (flying) on a mountain Dzl. ^V^,"2. 
 2. to fall down, yndm-la Kd-ba Jbab snow 
 falls from heaven Dzl. to flow, the usual 
 word; to flow off; mi-ytsdn O bdb-pai ytor- 
 Kun sink-hole, for dirty water to run through 
 Lex. 4. to alight on, to enter into, of 
 demons Lt. 5. in a general sense, like 
 to get: nya skdm-la Jbdb-pa a fish that 
 has got on dry ground; nd-la re-mos Jbab 
 Pth., or res Jbab Tar. it is my turn ; srog- 
 la O bdb-bo Dzl. life is at stake; frq. in re- 
 ference to time: ci-bai dus-la bdb-bo it has 
 come to the time of dying, the hour of 
 death has arrived; without a genit. : it is 
 time ; skdbs-la bdb-bo there is now an op- 
 portunity!)^. Jbab-cu river, rivulet, brook; 
 also rain. Jbab-stegs access or descent 
 to the water, steps leading to a bathing- 
 place Hind. ' :: 'ghat. O bdb-mo* W. conde- 
 scending, affable. 
 
 Jbam 1. rkan-Jjdm a disease of the 
 foot Sch. : gout. 2. Jbdm - yig v. 
 yi-ge. 
 
 Jbdm-pa Cs. putrefaction, rottenness; 
 to be putrid, rotten, cf. bdm-pa. 
 Jbdr-ba (vb.n. to sbdr-bd) 1. to 
 burn, me Jbdr-bai Kdn-pa a burning 
 house Thgy.; to catch fire, to be ignited; to 
 blaze Dzl. ; also in reference to the passions 
 frq. ; to beam, radiate, jd-du in light Tar. ; 
 
 Jbdr-du ruii-ba Cs. combustible. 2. to 
 open, to begin to bloom, to blossom, frq. 
 
 3. to talk, tattle, to be garrulous, babbling, 
 *Jbar ^o-pa me'* it is not worth while to 
 talk about it C. ; Ko nd-la mdn-po Jbar O dug 
 he treats me to a long gossip C ; esp. to 
 brawl, quarrel, chide, Ka- bdr quarrelsome, 
 brawling Mil.; mdn-du Jbdr-du byun-ba-las 
 as she was going to brawl still longer Mil. ; 
 *bar-kdd tdit-ce* to rail at a person W. 
 
 4. dpal Jbar-ba Cs. to be celebrated, famous. 
 
 Jbar-Jbdr 1. sbst. a high, pointed 
 hill, cf. Jbag-Jbog. 2. adj. un- 
 even, rough; pock-marked. 
 
 Jbal-ba, used only with skra, I . to 
 part, dress, arrange, the hair, as 
 it is customary with the monks and nuns 
 of certain sects; in Kham also national 
 costume; stoa yyas Jbal yyon O bal byed-pa 
 (of a nun) Pfh.; *bdl - O go - cen* a person 
 wearing the hair thus dressed C.; skrd-Jbal- 
 can, prob. id. ; C. : name of an old Indian 
 sect. 2. as a sign of mourning, to have 
 the hair disheveled, hanging down in dis- 
 order Pth.; so also DzL ?c^y,17, ace. to 
 correct reading; Jbal-Jbdl shaggy Sch. 
 
 Jbi-Jbi small lumps of clay Cs. 
 
 %( s )~f a ' P f - -W' fut - *% 
 imp. jt%(s) and O biig(s)-pa, 
 
 pug, dbug, pug, also pig-pa, pug-pa, 1. to 
 sting, of insects Stg. ; to pierce, rdo-rje-yis 
 ni rin-cen pug the diamond pierces the pre- 
 cious stone Pth.; to bore, sin -la bug -pa 
 Jbiig-pa to bore holes into wood Glr.; in 
 a gen. sense, to make a hole, rkdn-pa Kyis 
 pug the dog bit my foot Mil.; Icdn-pa Jbig- 
 pa Thgy. and elsewh., to break into, to break 
 open ; *Jt>ig gydb-pa*, id. C. ; cu- gdgs Jbiys 
 it removes strangury Med. 2. C. to de- 
 flower, to lie with, obscene. *bug-ce* W. 
 to make remarks on an absent person, to 
 criticize. biys-byed, n.p., n. of the Vindhya 
 mountains (v. f^^). 
 
 Jbin, *jham-bin* C., resp. *sol- bm* 
 
 tea-pot. 
 
 Jnb(s)-pa = Jbub(s)-pa Sch.
 
 393 
 
 Jmm 
 
 Q Jbti worm, insect, any small vermin, 
 
 ^ esp. euphem. for louse; O bu-srtn, srin- 
 Jbu, id.; O bu-skyoys snail Med.; O bu-tags Cs., 
 cob-web ; *bu-ydn* (prob. a mere corruption 
 of biin-ba) humble-bee W.; *><-///; * snake W. 
 Jbu-ba, pf. Jbus 1. to open, to unfold, 
 of flowers, esp. with KaPth. 2.6s. : 
 to be lighted, kindled, set on fire. 
 n"rzj' O bu-ma Sch. : tool used in forging 
 ^ ' nails. 
 
 O bu-rds a coarse silky material, 
 stated to be imported into Tibet 
 from Nepal, and to come from some other 
 insect than the silk-worm. 
 
 O bu-la 1. 6'., W. shoe of plaited straw. 
 2. 6'.: *ko-wa bu-la*, a kind of 
 leather, resembling chagreen. 
 
 bu-su-hdh medicinal herb Med. 
 
 . awl, puncher; chisel. 
 
 - Jbu/ts-pa, prop.: to fall upon in 
 a body, to rush in upon, = rub- 
 pa; cos-la Jbuiis apply yourselves with might 
 and main to religion! it is also used of one 
 person: O bad O buns he summons all his 
 strength, strains every nerve Dzl, 
 n qr-n- O bud-pa I. pf. bus, pu(s) (the latter 
 
 form prob. transit., the former in- 
 transit.) fut. dbu, imp. pu(s) l.vb.n to blow, 
 Ids-kyi rlun Jbud-cin whilst the wind of works 
 is blowing; cos - kyi dun bus the trumpet 
 of religion blew (was blown). 2. vb. a. 
 to blow, dun the trumpet; to blow away, 
 rluit-gis sbur-ma bits-pa /far like chaff blown 
 off by the wind DzL; to blow up, to fan, 
 me the fire, frq.; to blow into, to inject, e.g. 
 to apply a clyster C.; to blow or breathe 
 upon, bser-bus to be encountered by a cold 
 wind Med.; to inflate, to distend by injecting 
 air, lus kun bus-pa Itar skraiis Mng.; O bud- 
 O dun Wdk. = duri trumpet. Cf. sbud-pa and 
 pu. W. *pu-ce*. II. pf. imp. pud, fut. 
 dbud W. *pud-ce*, trs.: 1. to put off, pull 
 Off. take off 6'., W., the turban, hat, coat, 
 ring etc. Glr. and elsewh.; to throw down. 
 pud bzdy-yo Glr., = * Q pan-ste* bar W., v. 
 
 sub O pen-pa. 2. to drive out, expel, cast 
 out, chase away, with the accus. of the person 
 and place, ynl out of the country Tar.: //></- 
 pud an exile Schr. ; dray-pos by force Mil. : 
 to let out (out of a cage); to set free, to 
 set at liberty, to allow to pass W. ; to lay 
 out, to spend, *md tsam pud son* how many 
 rupees have been laid out, spent? 3. to 
 pull out, tear out, extract, uproot, so a tooth, 
 C., W. 4. to take away, to subtract, *gu- 
 ne (or gu fog-ne') zi pud-pa (or pud -no) 
 ha lus* 4 taken from 9 leaves 5 W. III. 
 pf. Jbud, vb.n. (limited perh. to W.} 1. to 
 fall from, escape from, drop, fall down, *%- 
 pa - ne bud son f it escaped, dropped out 
 of my hand; to fall off, of leaves; to fall 
 through, *sol-wa <la-mig-ne bud son* the 
 coals are fallen through the grate. 2. to 
 go away, to leave, e. g. to leave the service. 
 - 3. to go out of sight, to disappear, *nyi- 
 tna bud son* the sun is gone down; *bud- 
 k'an* a departed (deceased) person; the an- 
 cients. those of old, pi*isfini; to pass away, 
 *dus-fsod bud* time passes away (make 
 haste!); *pid-ka sar-na gun bud son* when 
 spring begins, winter has passed away; *bud 
 cug - ce* to cause to be lost, or to suffer to 
 be lost, to lose. 
 
 qq^'q* J<5"T J 3un -p a -> bun-pa to itch; 
 *bun, zd-bun* the itch, 
 itching W. ; *bun rag* I feel an itching (J5. 
 yyd-ba). 
 
 qqq*q* J>ub-pa, pf. bub, imp. bub(s), 1. to 
 be turned over, upside down, frq. 
 with Ka, Ka- bub - tu nyal he lies with his 
 face undermost; Ka- bub-tu bzag or bar it 
 is placed with its top lowermost, inverted, 
 tilted, turned over; lag- bub (or -bubs) byed- 
 pa Sch.: stumbling to fall on the hands. 
 2 fig., to be overthrown, destroyed, spoiled, 
 with regard to meditation Mil. 
 
 Jbubs - pa, pf. imp. pub(s), fut, 
 dbub, W. *pub-ce*, to put on a 
 roof, or something for a roof; fog to make, 
 construct a roof; gur to pitch a tent; gru- 
 corner-pavilion S.g. 
 r O buw one hundred thousand, Jbum- 
 fso id. ; rgyai dmay Jbiim - fso lha
 
 394 
 
 o bum-pa 
 
 o bebs-pa 
 
 500000 Chinese Glr.; O bum-prdg fcig a 
 hundred thousand; Jyitm-fsv drug 600000; 
 mgur-Jbum the 100000 songs, v. mgur-ma. 
 p^g. Jbum-pa tomb, sepulchre Cs., sku- 
 Jbum,ydun-Jb>'tmCs., id.; sku-Jbum 
 (*kum-bum*) n. p., a large monastery on 
 the Chinese frontier, v. Hue, also Kopp., 
 who traces the name back to the preceding 
 word. 
 
 Jbur-ba, I. vb. l. to rise, to be 
 prominent, sbdn-la brdg-ri Jbur-ba 
 cig a rocky hill rising from the green-sward 
 Mil.; Jbur-du ddd-pa v. dod-pa', Jbur-durko- 
 ba to emboss, to work out relievos Glr.; 
 *Jbur-ko gydb-pa* C , *bi<r-la ton-ce* W. id. 
 - 2. to spring up, come forth, bud, unfold, 
 *>w bur dug* it is getting green W. 3. to 
 increase, augment, *no kye-na o-ma bur dug* 
 Avhen the fields are getting green, milk be- 
 comes more plentiful W. kyon-Jbur gold 
 and silver ornaments in relievo on some 
 other metal. glo - Jbur, bio- Jbur seems 
 to be a technical term for some part of a 
 building Glr. bris -Jbur paintings and 
 sculptures. bur-rko-mJcan , Q bur-bzo-pa 
 engraver. Jwr-sku relief-picture Jbur- 
 rgod (s.l.c.)Ld.-Glr., ScM. 17, b., mentioned 
 among various musical instruments (?). 
 Jbur-joms with byed-pa to reduce elevations, 
 to smooth uneven ground ; fig. Mil., to pro- 
 strate an opponent in disputation. Jbur-po 
 
 I. Sch.: projecting, prominent; a protuberance, 
 tumor, rus-pai Jbur-poi Idebs near the pro- 
 tuberance of the bonel/<%?. 2. having protuber- 
 ances, uneven, rough, opp. to Jdm-po, of the 
 sk'mMed. Jbur-ma embossment, relievo 
 
 II. sbst. protuberance, e g. a boil, pustule etc. 
 qqorq* JM-ba I. vb., pf. imp. put, fut. 
 
 dbul (X .'.'**), W - *pM-ce* 1. to 
 give, when the person receiving is considered 
 to be of higher rank (cf. yndn-bd), ci tsam 
 zig dbul-bar bgyi how much shall we give 
 you? Peer Introd. p. 70, 18; to bring in, e.g 
 to place a criminal before the king Dzl.\ 
 gar dan rtsed-mo rgydl-po-la Jbul-ba to per- 
 form dances etc. before the king Dzl.;ytsug- 
 lag-Han rgydl-po-la )'zigs-par Jbul-ba to 
 show the king the conveut-teniple Glr. ; to 
 
 lay before, represent, report, like ysdl - ba, 
 fsul rgyas pul-bas as they had given him 
 a minute report of the manner in which . . . 
 Mil.', pul zig communicate it to me Mil.' 
 Jbul-barpul-nasMil., prob. proposing to 
 give, offering; lam to put a person in the 
 way of, to put in a condition, to enable 
 Mil.] specifically in dating letters: dkar- 
 mddns-nas pul given at Kardang. 2. to 
 add (arith.) Wdk. II. sbst. offering, gift, 
 present, Jbul-ba man-po pul Mil., also byed- 
 pa Pth. 
 
 Jbus-pa 1. v. O bu-ba. 2. = Jbiir- 
 ba>\ prominent. 
 
 O bu*-Mn Sch. a coppice of young 
 trees. 
 
 Jbe-dha (*bc-da*\ a class of itinerant 
 musicians, cf. mon W. (This seems 
 not to be a Tibetan word, but to belong 
 to one of the mountain dialects; its spelling 
 also ace. ivLd.-Glr., Schl. 25, b. p. 15 - 
 may be wrong). 
 
 J^ &&> * bem* W., C., 1 . aim, goal, 
 target, Jben O dzugs-pa to set up a 
 target; Jben-la y tod-pa to aim, to take aim ; 
 Jben-sa the place where the target is to 
 be set up; specifically: the central part of 
 the target, the mark. 2. scope Cs. - 
 3. putrefaction Sch., = Jbam. 
 
 o ben-dug Cs. rags, tatters. 
 
 JMbs-pa, pf pab, fut. dbab, imp. 
 pob W. *pdb-ce' ) causative to Jbdb- 
 pa 1. to cast down, throw down, lto-ba sa-la 
 to cast one's self on the ground Dzl. ; sa- 
 rdul Jbebs bcug he made (the pigeon) throw 
 down dust Glr. ; to cause to rain (e.g. jewels) 
 frq. ; Kyeu cu O bebs-kyi ri-mo a picture re- 
 presenting two youths who, driven by piety, 
 conveyed by means of an elephant skins 
 filled with water to the fishes in a dried- 
 up pool Glr.) mig sna-rtser to keep one's 
 eyes directed towards the tip of the nose. 
 - 2. to subject Dzl. AS , 12. 3. to put 
 off, to lay aside, e.g. bag \. 4. used in 
 a variety of phrases: ynas Jbebs-pa W. *zi 
 pdb - ce* to take up one's residence in a 
 place; dpya Jbebs-pa, with la, to impose
 
 395 
 
 bem 
 
 J,6d-pa 
 
 taxes Tar., cf 66; s%ow Jbebs-pa to imj)ute 
 a crime to a person, to calumniate Glr. ; 
 *(s)/'ad pab-ce* W. to translate; Wo, resp. 
 fw</s, e.g. yul-pyogs Q di-ru Jbebs-pa to direct 
 one's thoughts to a certain place, to have 
 a mind to settle there; ytdn-la Jbebs-pa v. 
 yfan; *na t/ul-la pdb-ca* to turn the barley 
 into money Kun. 
 
 beni v. ben. 
 
 Jber ( s. : 'a sort of plastic mass used 
 
 by smiths'. 
 
 O bel(-rna) the hair on the fore- 
 head of a horse 6s. 
 Ml-P Sch.: 'temperate, saving, 
 economical; Jbel-po jLug a good 
 deal has been saved (by economy), ample 
 provision has been made; Jjel-du O jng-pa 
 to enjoin temperance, frugality' (?). 
 Q^f o^ a dry measure, which seems to be 
 very variable as to quantity, and little 
 used : Kal-b6 C's. bushel. 
 
 Jbo-ba, pf. Jbos, bo, po, fut. dbo W. 
 
 *bo-ce, po-ce*, to pour out, Krag Jbo- 
 ba to shed blood Ma. ; ma bo-ba byith-nas 
 there being no spilling Glr. ; bdud-rtsi po- 
 bas pouring out nectar Glr.; *pos ton* Ld. 
 pour out! 2. to swell (up), to rise, *b6s- 
 te rag* I see it has swelled W. ; Jbos-pai 
 nas Sck, swelled bailey; srdn-ma pos-pa 
 tsam as big as a swelled pea Lt. ; srrid- 
 ma pos-pos grain swelled, and afterwards 
 parched. 3. to sprout, shoot forth, of wild- 
 growing plants, sa O bo O dug the ground is 
 verdant C. 
 
 %> a kind f upper-garment, po-Jbog, 
 
 for men, mo- bog for females C's. 
 2. W.: a square cloth, for wrapping up and 
 carrying provisions, also *bog-ca*, hence 
 *bog-{es* a burden thus formed. 3. W., 
 a small hillock; *sa-bog, be- bog* a sand- 
 hill; *ri-bog* a projecting hill, also a clod; 
 *paii-bog* a piece of turf. 
 
 O bog-col v. sbug-col. 
 
 O boy-f6, zwd-mo Jbog-fo 6s., hat 
 with a broad crown of yellow cloth, 
 and trimmed with long-haired fur. 
 
 O bo<j(s)-pa, pf. bog, pog, fut. 
 
 dboff? W. *boy-ce*, to be rooted 
 out, uprooted, pulled out, of teeth W.; to 
 be put out of joint, fsigs W. 2. to be taken 
 down (opp. to O gel-ba), Hdl-rnams pog Glr. 
 
 the loads were taken off; *zan 
 
 the 
 
 kettle from the fire W. 3. to grow loose, 
 to come off, to drop off, leaves from a ttee 
 6'. 4. to sink down, to fall to the ground, 
 esp. in a fainting-fit, Jbog - cin brgydl-ba 
 Thgy., brgydl(-zii>'} % pa Pth , id.; Jbog 
 yun rin-na Lt. prob.: when the fainting-fit 
 lias lasted a long time; smijo- Q bog madness, 
 insanity, Jjyuii sets in, takes place Glr. ; Jbog- 
 si being quickly carried off, by cholera etc. 
 W. 5. to wade, to dip into, to submerge, 
 cu-la Dzl. also cu Lex. to wade through 
 the wa'er. 
 
 J> 6 y 8 -pa, P f - fut d%, dbag, 
 imp. pog, 1. to give, to impart, 
 ydams-i>dy, luii ccmnsel, advice, directions 
 Tar. ; /end. bsldb-pa Mil. instruction ; sdi'im- 
 pa to impose religious duties, i.e. to receive 
 into holy orders Glr. ; to bequeath, to give(?), 
 nor Lex. 2. yzi-ma to fit up a dwelling, 
 Jbebs-pa Glr. ; gro Jb^gs-pa to take break- 
 fast. 3. to blot, stain, pollute, v. Jbdg-pa. 
 bon - ba 6s., roundness, rotundity, 
 Jbon-Jbon, round; ace. to my in- 
 formants *bon-bon* loose, slack, incoherent 
 W. - 
 
 " Jbod 1 . v. Jbod-pa. 2. v. Jbdd-pa. 
 
 Jbod-pa^ bod-pa, pf. imp. bos, W. 
 
 *bo-ce, bos (boi, bo}*, 1. to call, to 
 exclaim, sdod cig ces bds-so he exclaimed: 
 wait! Dzl.', mi zig B., mi zig-la col., to 
 call a person; rtsar Glr., mdun-du Pth. to 
 call near; ndn-du to call in; Q b6d-pai brda 
 or fsig interjection Gram ; con -la Jbod-pa 
 to call, to invite, to a cup of beer Dzl. ; ma 
 bos-par V 6n-ba to come uninvited Dzl. ; / it- 
 cos Jbod-pa Wdn., Jbod-grogs-pa Dzl. to cry 
 repeatedly; *bos-ra* Ld., *boi-ra, bo-ra*Lh., 
 ' tdn-ce or gydb-ce* id. W.', iiu-Jbod howling, 
 v. im-ba. 2. to call, to name, to deno- 
 minate, yul-skad. . . Jb6d-pa commonly called, 
 styled . . . Wdn.
 
 396 
 
 bobs 
 
 O bobs, n t exactly 'stocking' (Sch.), 
 but a soft, warm stuffing of the 
 stockings ; *bob-zon* a shoe provided with 
 such stuffing C. 
 
 O bor-ba, pf. imp. bor, 1. to throw, 
 cast, fling, e.g. the mendicant's bowl 
 up in the air, the sword to the ground Dzl.', 
 zdm-pai f og - tu to precipitate a person 
 from a bridge Dzl. ; p-yir to cast out Thgy. ; 
 *ma bhor-wa )he'* C. don't throw it away! 
 *bhor son* I've lost it C. bor-ytor, bor-stor, 
 bor-ddr, dor-Jbor-ba Mil. and elsewh. id.; 
 to throw away, pour away, cu water C. ; 
 to waste, to squander Dzl. 2. to leave, 
 forsake, Kyim-fab husband or wife Dzl.; to 
 leave behind, mi zig bod-du to leave a 
 person behind in Tibet; ydb-kyis bor-bai 
 tse when I was left by my father, when 
 my father died Pth. ; de bor-la ton let that 
 alone, give it up, keep away from it Mil. ; 
 *na U-ka bor tan yin* W. I shall now leave 
 off working, I shall put aside my work. 
 3. = Jog-pa, to place, put, lay, in W. the 
 word commonly used, in C. and B. only in 
 certain phrases: *l'-ru bor* put it here! *tdn- 
 ni Tear bor-ce* to seat a person on the carpet, 
 to invite to a seat on the carpet; *mii lag- 
 tu t'in bor-ce* to place a charge into some- 
 body's hands; *nyer-pa so-ma bor-ce* to 
 appoint a new manager; frq. with gerund: 
 *Kyi tdy-te bor-ce* to fasten a dog (to a 
 chain). 4. in particular combinations, 
 e.g. gom-pa. 
 
 cA^ ( v - &0 cushion, bolster, mattress; 
 snye-Jbol pillow, v. snye-ba. 
 
 J> 6l -P B -> c -> * I>ol-mo* w. l. soft, 
 
 of the ground, beds, leather, fruit 
 etc. ; soft, gentle, pliable, also as to dispo- 
 sition of mind ; Jbol-le sig-ge sdod-pa to sit 
 still, to remain quiet, tranquil Mil. 2. C. 
 = mod-po. 
 
 bos L v - 0*0- 2. v. O bo - ba. - 
 3. sbst. boil, bump, tumour C. 
 O byan-ba to clean, cleanse, purify 
 Cs., Jbyan-Kydd custom C., W. 
 ^ dm ~P a ' P f - fyams Cs., to flow 
 over, to be diffused. Jbyam-klds- 
 pa Lex., Cs.'. unlimited, infinite; rab-Jbydms 
 
 Lex., Cs. : widely diffused, far spread ; rab- 
 Jbydms-pa Cs.: a man of profound learning, 
 a doctor of theology or philosophy; also 
 Schr.- Kopp. II, 253. 
 
 Jbydr-ba v. Jbyor-ba. 
 
 aq-q* otyi-ba, pf- byi, also pyi and pyis, 
 ^ vb. n. of pyi-ba to be wiped off, blotted 
 out, effaced Cs. to fall off, of the hair Dzl. 
 and elsewh. 
 
 n q^-q- Jbyin-ba, pf. byiti 1 . to sink in, to 
 sink down, to be swallowed up, -/,;- 
 rta bye-ma-la O byin Glr. the carriage sticks 
 fast in the sand; gru cu-la the ship sinks 
 in the water Dzl. and elsewh. 2. to grow 
 faint, languid, remiss, rig-pa byin-ba bser-ba 
 to lift up again one's fainting soul Mil. ; 
 byin-rgod seems to signify languor, distrac- 
 tion, byir>-rmugs Mil., id., byifi-rmugs-med- 
 pai s(/om; so also byin-fibs Lt.\ sems-byiii- 
 ba drowsiness, indolence, depression of spirits. 
 3. C. *jhin son, jhit't log son*, they have 
 dispersed, separated, are all gone home. 
 4. v. jin, 2. 
 
 ofy'd-P a , P f - %*^ Pyid 1. to glide, 
 to slip Lej.-. = O dred-pa. 2. to 
 disappear, to pass away, e.g. mi-fse O byid 
 human life passes away LM:; in W. *tse 
 fjid-ce* vb. a., to earn a livelihood, *gdr-ra 
 co-te* by smith's work (C. Ito zd-ba). 
 
 J>y in -P a > pf- i^P- faun, fat. (in 
 C. also pres.) dbyuti Ld. *}>in-ce*, 
 trs. otjbyun-ba, to cause to come forth: 1. to 
 take out, to remove, a pillar from its place 
 Dzl.', *pi&8(ton)* take it out (out of your 
 pocket, out of the box etc.) Ld. ; to draw 
 out, pull out, a sword, a thorn etc., frq. ; to 
 tear out, to put out, one's eyes etc., mig 
 dbyun-ba de-dag the men whose eyes are 
 to be put out Dzl. p. >C, 10, ace. to an 
 emended reading; to draw forth, produce. 
 bring to light, something that was hid Dzl. 
 - 2. in a more gen. sense: to let pro- 
 ceed from, to send out, to emit, rays of light, 
 frq.; lus-la Jcrag to draw blood by scratching 
 one's self Dzl.', mci-ma Glr. to shed tears; 
 skad to make the voice to be heard, of a 
 bird Dzl. ; sdug - bsndl - gyi skad to utter
 
 397 
 
 O byun-ba 
 
 complaints, lamentations Dzl.; skad cen-po 
 to cry aloud Dzl. ; to exhibit, to extol, bstdn- 
 pai ce-ba the grandeur of the doctrine 
 Tar. 48, 9, Schf. to drive out. turn out. expel. 
 ynas Jbyin-pa Tar.,*yun-ira* jf's., to banish, 
 so also Ld. *pin-ce*; to cast out, throw away 
 Ts. ; to save, rescue, liberate, release, was 
 from, Dom.\ absol. Tar. 121,19. 3. par- 
 ticular phrases, such as tfol-du pijun-ba, 
 i/id Jbyin-pa etc. v. in their own places. 
 (^OTra" ^yug-pa-, pf. and imp. byugs 1. to 
 
 ' wet. moisten, smear, spread over, 
 anoint, with la: sa skdm-la fsd-cu byugs-pa 
 salt-meat Glr.; ydoii-la sol-mum O byug-pa 
 to daub one's face with coal -salve Glr.: 
 also with accus. and instrum. : lha-rten spos 
 dan byug-pas covering the little temple with 
 spices and ointments Dzl. ; yser O byug-pa 
 prob. to gild Pth. 2. to stroke, to pat, 
 mgo la a person's head Dzl 
 p nr~ w n* O byuh-ba I.vb.. pf. imp. byu/'i (intrs 
 
 ^ of Jbyin-pa) to come out, to emerge. 
 often with a pleon. pyiretc., from the water, 
 from an egg. a vessel etc. Dzl. ; Jcor-ba-las 
 = to be set free, to be liberated Dom.\ to 
 go out, Kyim-nas Dzl. ; pyi-rol-tu Jbyun-ba 
 to go out into the open air Dzl. ; to make 
 one's appearance, to become visible Dzl.; to 
 show one's self, to appear rgydl-poi rmi-lam- 
 du byun-bai Iha-ycig the princess that ap- 
 peared to the king in a dream Glr.; also: 
 itd-la rmi-lam bzdn-po byun I have had an 
 auspicious dream Mil. : sgren-mor O byun-ba 
 to go abroad naked Dzl. ; to be heard, to 
 resound, skad frq. ; to be said, to be told Tar. 
 to turn out, to prove, to be found, ma bzi- 
 ba su byuii-ba he who is found not intoxi- 
 cated Glr. ; ndn-pa byun it proved to be 
 ill founded Mil.; ...pa su yan ma byun 
 none was to be found that . . . Pth.; to step 
 forward, from the crowd; to step forth, to 
 appear Glr. ; to step up to, with rtsar to 
 Glr.; brgyiigs-nas byutt they came running 
 up or near Pt/i.; to go to, to proceed to, to 
 come, /'// rtse-mor Dzl.', *ka-ndn-wa ma 
 jiiii - na* W. if no order (permission etc.) 
 comes: dbvga j'njir byuii-nas when breathing 
 returned, when they recovered from faint- 
 
 ing Dzl- mun-pai bskal-pa Ina-brffya byun- 
 no then came, followed, 500 dark Kalpas 
 Pth. 2 to rise, as kings, frq.; to arise, 
 to originate, to become, \\ith was, /as, from, 
 in consequence of, by, de-nas byun it de- 
 rives its origin from that Glr.; O brds-bu 
 Jbyuii-bai sin trees on which fruit is grow- 
 ing Stg. ; mi O byun-bar <gyur ba not to come 
 to a fair beginning, to be suppressed in its 
 first beginnings Glr. ; kyeu zig byun O dug 
 by that time a boy had become of it Glr.; 
 ynyis-su bijUn they became two. they split 
 in two (systems of doctrine) ; rdb-tu Jbyun- 
 ba to become a priest, v. rab- to come in 
 (money); to happen, to take place, very frq., 
 ftos ci byun what signs have taken place? 
 Dzl. ; mi zig-la nyes-pa cen-po byun = a man 
 has committed etc. Dzl. frq. ; ro Q di-mams- 
 la ci byun-ba yin what has happened to 
 these corpses, what is their history? Glr. ; 
 snar byun-ba and ma byun-ba things heard 
 of and unheard of Tar.; k'd-pye-nas y6d- 
 pa de-an de dus-su byun-no 'at that time 
 also the opened position (of the hands of 
 the image) took place' Glr. ; bld-ma-la yan 
 byun Idgs-sam did the same thing happen 
 to your Reverence? Mil.', ned-kyis O di-bzin 
 byun it is I that brought this thing about 
 Glr. ; pyu-byun or Jbyuit the later time, time 
 to come, also adv. afterwards, latterly, Tar. 
 3. The word more and more assumes 
 the character of an auxiliary in such phrases 
 as the following: O gro-fub-pa byui/ they 
 were able to proceed (the possibility of pro- 
 ceeding was brought about) Glr. ; da bla- 
 ma der bzugs-pa byim-na in case your Re- 
 verence should stay there Mil.; with the su- 
 pine: Jbul-du, zer-du, stdn-du byuri-ba-la(s) 
 as they gave, said, showed Mil.; fugs-dam 
 O pel-bar byun meditation increased; lastly. 
 with the root only : bod dan Jbrel byuii came 
 into communication with Tibet Glr.\ skb 
 byun-ba -la when he appeared Mil. ; rdo 
 dbyug byun he threw a stone; and so it is 
 commonly used now, esp. in C. ; it supplies 
 the place of a copula in : ymit de kun scms- 
 la Jiin-tu O fdd-pa zig byun this song was 
 truly heart-affecting J///.
 
 398 
 
 Jbijun-po 
 
 Comp. Jbyun-Kuiis 1. = cu-mig a well, 
 spring Sambh. 2. origin Pth. 3. ablative case 
 Gram. Jbyun-l'uits-kyiKams 6s./amineral, 
 byun - l''uns - kyi /cams - kyi bcud a mineral 
 elixir'(?) Jbyuh - ynds (^Rf^f), place Of 
 origin (cf. padma Jbyun -/was); primitive 
 source, yon-tan fams-cdd-kyi Q byun-ynds 
 source of all accomplishments; byuit-bai yzi 
 id. ; pan-bde tarns- cod Jbyim-bai )zi primor- 
 dial source of all happiness. II. sbst. 1. 
 a coming forth, an originating, the state of 
 being, Jbyun-ba-nyid Tar. 4, 4 Schf. the true 
 state of a case. 2. element, usually 4: 
 O byun-ba bzii ynod-pa damage done by fire, 
 water, wind and sand Glr.; O byun-ba bzii 
 lus the physical body, very frq.; Jbyi'in ba 
 yyo the elements are in motion, are raging 
 Ma.; higher philosophy numbers 5 elements, 
 adding the ether, mKa, as the fifth; ac- 
 cordingly physiology teaches, that in the 
 composition of the human body earth con- 
 stitutes the mucus of the nose, water the 
 saliva, fire produces the pictures formed in 
 the eyes, air the sensations of the skin, 
 ether the sensations of the ear; even 6 
 elements are spoken of, v. Kdpp. I, 602. 
 3. symb. num. for 5. 
 
 Jbyun -po (^rjfl 1. being, creature, 
 Jbyuii-po kun all beings 6s. ; Jbyiin- 
 po cen-po the great being, Buddha 6s. 
 2. demon, evil spirit, foul sprite, frq., Jbyun- 
 po-sruh a preservative, talisman, against 
 such; Jbyun-mo fern. 6s. 
 Qn'n* ofye~ba, pf- and imp. bye, W. *be- 
 &?(s)% intrs. of O byed-pa 1. to open, 
 padma Kd-bye-ba a lotos-flower that has 
 opened Glr.; mnal Kd-bye-nas when the 
 mouth of the womb has opened itself S.g. 
 - 2. to divide, separate, resolve, .>/ sla 
 jnyis-su bye it resolves into thick and thin 
 matter Med.; dum-bu ston - du dbye-bar 
 O gyur it separates into a thousand pieces 
 Glr.; bye-brag ma bye-bai bdr-du as long 
 as the separation has not evidenced itself 
 Dzl. 
 
 nqr*r Jtytdrpa, pf. and imp. pye, pyed, 
 
 pyes, fut. dbye, W. *pe-ce(s)*, pf. 
 
 and imp. *pe(s)*, vb. a., 1. to open, *Ka pe(s) 
 
 ton* W. open your mouth; sgo pyes-nas 
 pa Pth , *pe-te bor-ce* W. to open the door 
 without shutting it again; fig. cos-kyi sgo 
 rndm-par O byed-pa; mig to open one's eyes, 
 op p . to O dzum-pa ; lon-baimig Jbyed-pa to open 
 a blind man's eyes Dzl. ; to open again what 
 had been shut or stopped, to restore, ddn- 
 ga, yi-(/a B -, l^am W. the appetite; ba-pyed 
 the open b, b pronounced like \v, Gram. ; 
 to get out, work out, fetch out, stone-shivers 
 by means of a chisel Glr. 2. to separate, 
 to keep asunder, to disentangle, threads W.; 
 to disunite, to set at variance, de-dag dbyc- 
 bai pyir in order to set them at variance, 
 to create enmity between them Stg.: to part, 
 separate, byah-icog-stod-smad mcin-dris 
 dbye-ba ste the cavity of the chest and the 
 abdomen being separated by the diaphragm 
 S.g.; to divide, classify, rigs-kyi sgo-nas dbye- 
 na if they are classified according to the 
 different species Lt; to pick, to sort, pease; 
 hence, to pick out, choose, select, *f>6-fe kyoit* 
 make your choice, and bring it here! W. ; 
 sems-can-rnams Ids kyis rndm-par pye the 
 beings are severed by their deeds Thgy.; 
 M-pye-ba to open, to separate, eg. when 
 hands, that were laid in each other, are 
 separated again Glr.; fed -pye -ba also to 
 open, to begin to bloom ; O byed-pa to dissect. 
 to anatomize Thgy.; esp. with rndm-par, 
 to analyze, to explain grammatically and lo- 
 gically, don, the sense, import, Stg. frq. ; 
 as sdud-pa is the opposite of it: Jbyed-sdud 
 analysis and synthesis 6s.; byed-.sdud-Lyisyra 
 term for the affix am, the disjunctive par- 
 ticle (ni f.) Glr. ; mi-pyed-pa inseparable, in- 
 divisible, imperishable, sku Sch.; unshaken, 
 immovable, ddd-pa Mil. frq. 
 
 Jbtjed-dpydd Sch. tongs, pincers. 
 
 O', with bycd-pa, 'to act 
 with promptness , determination 
 and good success' Sch. 
 aB^'fl* O byer-ba pf. and imp. bye>\ to dis- 
 perse in flight, to flee in different 
 directions Dzl. fs6n- Q dus byer-nas mi O diig- 
 ste the market-people having fled, and no 
 body remaining Pth.; to give way, to be
 
 399 
 
 O by6-ba 
 
 removed, of diseases Lt., opp. to ryyas and 
 bsags. 
 
 -^ a ? l )f - i n J"i vy*> im P- W %> 
 os, to pour out, to pour into another 
 vessel, to transfuse Lex. and 6s. 
 
 %^-p, pf. %o</s to lick L^. and 
 6s. 
 
 o byon-bu I. pf. bydn-ba 1. to be 
 Cleansed, purified, v. bydit-ba. - 
 2. to be skilled, well versed, rig-byed-la in 
 the Vedas Tr. II. pf Jbyohs-pa to be 
 finished, perfect, complete, frq. with snyin- 
 rje Mil and elsewh., to exercise full com- 
 passion^) cf. sbyoii-ba. (The above arrange- 
 ment is nothing more than an attempt; in 
 order to arrive at any certainty as to these 
 roots, a far greater number of observations 
 would be required.) 
 
 Jbyon-pa., pf. and imp. byon, resp. 
 to go, proceed, travel, de-nas bydn- 
 pa-na then in proceeding on the way Glr. ; 
 to arrive, appear, become visible; also for 
 Jbyidi-ba. e.g. ran-byon; with root of the 
 verb: pur-byon-pas preparing to fly Mil.', 
 ma-byon-pa = ma-^ons-pa future(Buddhas) 
 S.O.; to rise, to appear; with dat. inf. = 
 jug-pa to begin, to set about a certain work 
 Tar. 125, 16. 
 
 Jbyor-pa wealth, riches, goods, trea- 
 sures, Jbyor-pa zdd-nii-ses-pa dan 
 Iddn-pa one possessing inexhaustible wealth, 
 bde-ba dan Jbyor-pa joy and treasures S.O.; 
 Jbyor-pa drug Pth., prob. six kinds of tem- 
 poral goods; rdn-gi Jbyor-pa Ina and yzan- 
 gyi Jbyor-pa- Ina five subjective and live 
 objective goods, of a similar nature as those 
 mentioned sub dal-Jbyor, yet without any 
 evident reason for being thus divided Thgy.; 
 Jbyor - Iddn rich, mostly used as a noun 
 personal. 
 
 Q brdb-pa 
 
 intrs. of sbyor-ba 1. to 
 Stick to, adhere to Med. ; *Kydg-la )ar soii*, 
 it is frozen fast W.; Jbydr - byed spyin glue 
 Lc,r.; Jbyor-sman sticking-plaster W. ; to 
 infect, of diseases, Jbyor-nad an infectious 
 disease 6s. also mentally: *l<> or sem-lajar* 
 it sticks fast, is remembered, borne in mind. 
 
 2. to be prepared, ready, at hand, ex- 
 tant, s a ma byor-nas there being no meat 
 prepared DzL; O prdl-du Jby'ir-ba ma yin 
 tliat is not at once in readinessZte/. ; cijbyw- 
 ba des mcod-pa byed-pa to offer sacrifice 
 of such things as are at hand DzL; ci-ste 
 O by6r-bar mi O yyur-na but if he has not 
 such a thing at his disposal Sambh. 3. 
 to agree, mi- byor-ba Kd-cig some disagree- 
 ments, contradictions Tar. II. resp. to 
 come, arrive, W., 6'.; *lfyn-kyi ku dnn-du 
 J('ir-gyu yin* I shall appear before your 
 Honour 6'.; *nyiir-du jar yon* 1 shall im- 
 mediately attend C. 
 
 Jfydl ~ l )a > P^ an( l 11:r >P' byol, fut 
 (and [>res. in 6'.) dbyol to give or 
 make way, to turn out of the way, to step 
 aside, ycig-gis ycig-la Dzl. ; O by6l-te ^ro in 
 walking I make way (to people) DzL; W. 
 with accus. : *rul, las, dig-pa jol-ce* to step 
 out of the way of, to sliun, a serpent, toil, 
 sin. Sometimes jol-ba. 
 
 " Jbrd-go n. of a medicine Med. 
 
 tran v. bran II. 
 
 braii-rgyds Mil. sacrifice, offer- 
 
 ing of eatables. 
 
 ^^ii-ba \. pf. Jbraiis, imp. Jbroii, 
 to bear, bring forth, give birth; to 
 litter, brdn-mo an animal going with young, 
 bearing 6s. 2. also Jbreii-ba, pf. Jbraiis, 
 imp. Jbreim Mil. (Jbron Sch ?) to follow, to 
 walk at another's heels, with pyir, pyi-bzin 
 {du)^ rjes-su, W. *tiii-la* with genit., to 
 follow, pursue, hunt after, dbyiiy-pa* with a 
 stick Pth. ; to pursue, in one's thoughts. 
 
 * bl ' dd -P a . Add- pa, P f. 
 
 brad, imp. brodio scratch, 
 to scrape, with the nails, claws etc.; to 
 lacerate by scratching, ydoh DzL; also to 
 gnaw, nibble at. 
 
 T O brdb-pa, pf. brab, imp. brob 1. 
 to catch suddenly, to snap away, 
 snatch away, a fly with one's hand, tho prey 
 with a bound. - 2. to beat, to scourge, t*< / - 
 Icdg-gis with thorns Thgy. 3. to throw 
 out, to scatter, magical objects, such as g 
 of barley etc.
 
 400 
 
 brdl-ba 
 
 Jbri-ba 
 
 Jbrdl-ba, pf. bral, imp. brol, intrs. 
 ofeprdl-ba, to be separated, parted 
 from, deprived of, c. da/I, e.g. from one's 
 retinue, of the light of doctrine Dzl. ; O brdl- 
 bar mi pod bit-mo Kyod thou, my daughter, 
 from whom I am not able to part Glr.' 
 cun-nu-nas pa-md ynyis dan brdl-te from 
 a child bereft of parents, an orphan from 
 infancy l*th.', to lose, to be bereft, frq. used 
 in reference to the death of near relations ; 
 mdo-sdedan lag-pa mi brdl-zin as the sacred 
 writings never came out of his hands; skom- 
 pa dan brdl-bar yyur-to he got rid of his 
 thirst; nad dan brdl-bar yyu-r-to he recover- 
 ed from his illness, frq. (in such cases often 
 confounded by the illiterate with ndd-las 
 bsgral etc.) ; more particularly : srog dan etc. 
 to die, perish, frq. ; jig-ciii Jbrdl-bar O gyur- 
 ba to be dissolved, of the human body DzL; 
 O du-ba yod-na Jbral-bar oil what was solid, 
 is dissolved in dust Dzl. ; Jbral(-bar} med 
 (-pd) inseparable, indissoluble, frq. 
 
 cA' as > ^- a ^ so Jbrds-mo, resp. bsait- 
 O brds (Pur. *bras*, Ld. *das*, Lh. 
 *clai*, C. W) 1. rice; O bras-dkdr(-mo') white 
 rice, O bras-dmdr red rice (the inferior and 
 cheaper sort); of the former there seem to 
 be distinguished: O bo-tsa-li (Hd. ^basmati*), 
 rgyal-mo-ysdn, ham-dzem, O dzin~ dzin the 
 second sort , ace. to Cs. ; Jbrds - kyi srus 
 peeled rice Sch.; Jbras-sd-lu 'wild rice Sch. ; 
 Jbras-so-ba Sch. ;md Schr., rice not husked 
 O brds-mo spos-sel or dkar- Q dz6m Ts. mai/e. 
 Comp. O bras-cdn rice-wine, rice-beer. 
 Jbras-cdn boiled rice. sa- brds rice mixed 
 with small pieces of meat. Jbras-fug rice- 
 soup. Jbras-zin rice-field. O bras-zdn 
 dish of rice. O bras-yds parched rice Med. 
 Jbras-sil C. boiled rice, got up with butter, 
 sugar, apricots etc., W. *pu-ld, po Id*, <^ 
 *2. tumour, esp. larger swellings in the 
 groin etc. 
 
 obras-ljon (*</->*) n. p., 
 
 Sikim. 
 
 O b>'as - spit/is n. p., monastery 
 
 near Lhasa. 
 
 O brds-bu 1 . fruit, e.g. sin-gi Mil. ; 
 Jbrds-bu ye-med-kyi sa a country 
 
 producing no fruit Thgy.\ corn, grain, Jbrds- 
 bu zor-bas brnd-ba Mil. ; Jbras-nan a failure 
 of fruit. 2. testicle Wdti. cf. rlig-pa\ miy- 
 O brds apple of the eye. 3. iig. effect, con- 
 sequence, esp. as op|>. to ryyu, hence rgyu- 
 Jbrds cause and effect, more esp. in moral 
 philosophy = retribution, requital, recom- 
 pense, reward, three grades being distin- 
 guished : 1 . rndm-par smin-pai Jbrds-bu full 
 recompense, in the worst case by the punish- 
 ments of hell; 2. Tgyu bt'un-pai O brds-bu by 
 adversity during life; 3. dbdn-gi Jbrds-bu 
 by unpleasant local circumstances, so 
 Thyy. ; ryyu- Jbrds and O brds-bu also directly 
 denote the doctrine of final retribution, Jbrds- 
 bu mi bden the doctrine of requital is not 
 true Thgy. ; further : Jbrds-bu reward of as- 
 cetic exercises, the various grades of per- 
 fection, of which four are distinguished: 
 a. ryyim-du-zuys-pa yfldlMfrT or as partic. 
 ot^p 5 he who enters the stream (that takes 
 from the external world to Nirwana); b. 
 lan-yciy-pyir-^on-ba qia<^HITf^r*t.- ne who 
 returns once more (for the period of a 
 human birth); 
 
 he who returns no more, being a candidate 
 of Nirwana; d. dgra-bcom-pa ^^ff. the 
 Arhat, the finished saint; v. Kdpp. I, 398. 
 
 r cnc* bri ~ ^ n or ~y utl sect of 
 
 >J Lamas and monastery in 
 Tibet, Q bri-Teun-pa member of that sect. 
 Qjn'K" O bn-ta a form of medicine, prob. a 
 ^ ' kind of extract Med.; Jbri-ta-sa- dzin 
 medicinal herb, an emetic, Med.\ in Lh. 
 Cuscuta, which however does not agree 
 with the descriptions. 
 Qq-q- O bri-ba, I. pf. and imp. bri, intrs. of 
 O pri-ba to lessen, decrease, diminish, 
 of water, frq. in conjunction with A : a, at 
 the surface, used with regard tosize,number 
 and intensity (synon. O grib-pa~). II. pf. 
 and imp. bris (Glr. also bri) 1. to draw, 
 design, describe, dkyil-Jior zig to describe 
 a circle or other figure; also to paint Glr. 
 >. to write, yi-ge letters, a letter (epistle); 
 yi-ger ''literis mandare\ to record, to write 
 down, something from hearing DzL : Jbri- 
 smyug writing-reed, pen, pencil etc.
 
 401 
 
 * o b,-um-pa 
 
 O bri-mo, -^ifO, tame female yak; 
 
 rgod-Jbri Pth., or Jbron-Jbri 6's., 
 wild female yak; Jbn-zal young female yak 
 Ld.-Glr , e bri-o yak-milk; O bri-mar yak- 
 butter; Jbri-mdzo (W. *brim-dzo*) bastard 
 of bull and yak. 
 
 O bri-mog medicinal herb Med. 
 
 qn- Jbrin middle, midst, mean, middling, 
 moderate, Jbrin zig something mode- 
 rate, of middling quality, = fsdd-ma or fig- 
 had W.\ brin-po the middle one, of three 
 sons Dzl. and elsewh.; between stobs-ceand 
 cun-nu Lt.\ bzan nan Jbrin ysum', rnal-Jbyor 
 Jbrin-po one that is moderately advanced 
 in contemplation Thgr. ; zld-ba Jbrin-po \. 
 zla-ba; Jbrin-gis middling, moderately, adv. 
 
 qq^-n- Jbrfn-ba, in zabs- Jbrin byed-pa for 
 
 brdh-ba Mil. 
 n qr 'r Jbrid-pa 1 . also O drid-pa, pf. brid, 
 
 to deceive, cheat, impose upon, bio 
 Jbrid-pa id. Glr.; Jbrid-de rnod-pa-las Tar., 
 as she wanted to seduce him deceitfully; 
 ka-mnar-brid deceitfully, insidiously sweet, 
 being followed by a nauseous, acrid or 
 burning taste Med. 2. 6s. = O pri-ba. 
 
 qq^j-rj- Jbrim-pa, I. vb., pf. brim(s) 1. to 
 distribute, deal out, hand round, 
 sweet - meats, flowers, poems Dzl., Tar.; 
 ... la, to ... 2. Ld. to throw away, what 
 is worthless, = *pdn-ces*. II. sbst. dis- 
 tributer, dispenser, waiter at table Dzl. ; Jbrim 
 (-pa) -po, id. 6s. 
 
 qrj- Jbru grain, corn, seed, frq.; grain of 
 NO sand, bye-ma O bru rei sten-na on every 
 grain of sand Glr.; Jbru O t'ag-pa to pound 
 grains Lex. 2. a single grain, piece, letter, 
 yi-ge Jbru ycig a single letter ; also without 
 yi-ge: Jbru drug the six letters = yi-ge- 
 dru(/-pa, v. drug. 3. collectively, grain, 
 corn, in gen. O brui Hal a load of grain Dzl.\ 
 Jbru - sna mi Jtruns no kind of grain is 
 growing Glr.\ Jbru gdn-bu-can pulse, le- 
 gume S.g. ; nor dan Jbru-rnams O pel money 
 and corn multiply. Jbru-rdog grain of 
 seed. Jbru-ma v. above. Jbru -ban 
 granary. Jbru-Jbu corn-worm, weevil 6s. 
 
 O bru-mdr oil extracted from seeds; lamp- 
 oil Dzl. Jbru-fson-pa oil-merchant. 
 Q^'SJC' obru-tdn, n. of a superior sort of 
 N^ tea. 
 
 * O bru-ba, bru-ba, pf. and imp 
 brus, O dru-ba, drus 1. to dig, 
 Kun-bu, dur, don (cf. rko-ba}. 2. to chisel, 
 carve, cut. 3. Sch. to look through, yig 
 a writing; to examine, Jbru grain; hence 
 mfsan Jbru-ba to spy out, smell out, faults, 
 stirring up brawls and quarrels by it, Stg. 
 to irritate, vex, provoke, mfsan Jbru-bai hig 
 provoking words Lex. ; snyad, snyon Jbru- 
 ba to accuse W. 
 
 Jbrii-ma tumour, swelling, weal Sch. 
 
 O bru-fsa an angular kind of Tibetan 
 current handwriting, v. CsomaGram. 
 
 Q'+PT o^^-sd/, O bru-sd v. bru- 
 -^ ' sd. 
 qqcn* *rug (Sal. *blug*) 1 . thunder, O bnig- 
 
 ^s skdd, Q brug-sgrd id.; skad-cen O brug 
 loud thunder; Jbrug Jbod-pa 6s., grdg-pa 
 Dzl., Idir-ba Lex. and elsewh., thundering. 
 2. dragon (to which thunder is ascribed 
 Sch.}; yyu-Jbrug snon-po blue dragon Glr 
 Qnqrq- O brug-pa I. sbst. 1. sect of Lamas, 
 
 3 ' clothed in red, Schl.13., established v 
 in the province of Bhotan, ace. to Sch. = 
 za-dmdr, = sd-skya. 2. Bhotan. 
 II. vb. for Jbrub-pa Mil. frq. 
 
 Jbrud-pa, = Jbru-ba, also Q drud-pa. 
 
 O brub-pa 1. gen. with CM, to cause 
 to overflow, to gush, to spout forth 
 to flow over, Mil., Tar. and elsewh.; cu- 
 Jbrub Lex., Jbrubs Sch. water that has flown 
 over(?). Q brub-po fluid, liquid; fluidity, a fluid, 
 6's. (?). 2. 6s. to deal out. 3. Sch. to 
 shut up, wrap up. 
 
 O brum-pa 1. 6's. grain, minute par- 
 tide, Jbrum-rdog^ O bru-rdog a single 
 grain, = Jbru; fruit, rgun-Jbrum grape; se- 
 Jbrum hip (fruit of wild brier) Sik. 2. 
 pustule, pock, gen. O brum-bu; Jbrum-nad 
 small - pox ; Jbrum - nag black or deadly 
 small-pox; Jbrum - dkdr white small-pox; 
 Jbmm-Krd coloured sinall-pox Med., Jbrum- 
 26
 
 402 
 
 Jbrum-lha-mo 
 
 ' O bron 
 
 pa and Jbrum - pa nag - po as name of a 
 disease of the groin, prob. bubo Med. 
 Jbrum-rjes pock-mark. Jbriim-po a large 
 grain Cs.; Jbrum-bu a small grain; pock, 
 pustule, v. above. 
 
 Jbrum-lha-mo Sch. a tutelar 
 goddess of little children, wor- 
 shipped by the Shamans. 
 
 Jbre-ba, pf. and imp. bres to. draw 
 over or before, to spread, to stretch, 
 a net Glr., a curtain Glr., a canopy, awn- 
 ing Lex.\ to wrap a thing up in a cloth, in 
 order to carry it, as books, a corpse Thgy. 
 Meg-pa, pf. breg(s\ imp. brog(s), 
 also O dreg-pa to cut off, sih-ta-lai 
 lo-ma bregs-pa a plantain branch cut 
 off, as representing a being irremediably 
 cut off from its former state of existence 
 Mil.-, to mow Sch.; of parts of the body: 
 ske to cut off a person's neck Thgr., p'o- 
 mfsdn the membrum virile Schr., rtai sug- 
 pa the foot of a horse, prob. only the ten- 
 don of it, as much as to lame, to disable 
 Glr.] also to sever with a saw; most frq. 
 in reference to the hair, to cut off, to shave, 
 with the scissors or a razor, skra dan fcd- 
 spu frq.; Jbreg-mKan barber, hair-cutter Dzl. ; 
 Q breg-spydd a sharp small knife Sch. 
 
 Jbren-pa Cs., bren-ba strap, rope, 
 ko-Jbreh leather strap; sa- bi'eti 
 Mil.', Jbren-fag Cs. cane-ribbon, made of 
 buck-leather; leading-rope, guide-line. 
 Jbren-bu Cs. cobbler's strap. 
 Q^*^* J>ren-ba frq. for O brdn-ba. 
 
 o brel sbst. v. O brel-ba II. 
 
 Jbrel-pa connection, conjunction, yet 
 only in certain applications: 1. 
 connection between cause and effect, used 
 also at once for effect, consequence, efficacy, 
 smon-lam-gyi Jbrel-pa the efficacy of prayer 
 Mil. frq. ; ^jog-pa to apply, make use of it 
 Mil. 2. the vascular and nervous system 
 conjunctively, the two systems in their to- 
 tality, ni f., Med. 3. genitive case, the 
 sixth case of Tibetan Grammarians, O brel- 
 pai sgra, the termination of it, kyi. 4. a 
 small quantity, a little, a bit, zds-kyi Jbrel- 
 
 pa zig dgos I ask for a little bit to eat Mil. 
 frq.; cos(-kyt) Jbrel(j-pa) fob -pa to snatch 
 up a little bit of religion Mil. 
 
 Jbrel-ba I. vb., intrs. of sbrel-ba, 
 1. to hang together, to cohere, to 
 be connected, rtsa dan rus-pa tsam Jbrel-ba 
 connected only by veins and bones, nothing 
 but skin and bone Dzl.; ^od-zer-gyi drd- 
 bas Jbrel-te covered with a continuous net 
 of rays Glr. ; gen. with dan, bod dan t'gyai 
 Jbrel-fsul the connection with, or the inter- 
 course between Tibet and China Glr.; de 
 dan Jbrel-bai las the functions connected 
 with, and peculiar to (a certain organ) Lt.; 
 Jwel-mfsams 1. joint, or rivet of pincers etc. 
 S.g. 2. boundary, W. 2. to come together, 
 to meet, to join, O brel-ytam gossipings in 
 meeting on the road Mil. 3. to meet 
 sexually, to cohabit, de dan lus O brel-ba to 
 cohabit with (him or her) Glr.; (Ihdn-du) 
 Jbrel-ba-la(s)bu skyes they having cohabited, 
 a child was born Glr. II. sbst. Jbrel-ba 
 or Jbrel union, communication, connection, 
 bod dan Jbrel byun the union with Tibet 
 took place Glr.; rgya bod ynyis Jbrel cdd 
 the union ceases Glr.; *nor-del co-ce, nor- 
 del-la cd-ce* W., to form a mercantile con- 
 nection, to enter into commercial intercourse. 
 las- Jbrel = las- Q pro q.v. ynyis- Jbrel, 
 ysum-Jbi'el a double, triple consonant, e.g. 
 sk, skr. 
 
 O t> r og solitude, wilderness, uncultivat- 
 ed land, esp. summer-pasture for cattle 
 in the mountains; thus Jbrog-skyoh-ba Ld.- 
 Glr., Schl. 15, 6 might imply: to attend to 
 a mountain dairy ; gdm-Jbrog a near, rgydn- 
 Jbrog a remote summer-pasture; Jbrog-Kyi 
 Cs. a large shaggy shepherd's dog; O br6g- 
 dgon, Jbrog-ston, Jbrog-sa Jbrog. Jbrog- 
 ynas i. pasture-land 2. people occupying it. 
 Jbrog-pa, O b>'6g-mii<\.; more particularly, 
 inhabitants of the steppe, nomadic Tibetans 
 Sch., Jbrog - mo wife, Jbrog -prug child of 
 such a nomad. Jbrog - zdd Sch. rude, 
 rough, boorish, Jbrog - zad ston - pa to be 
 rude etc. 
 
 q2St bro " L C^"T) ^ ryay-rgod, wild 
 
 yak Glr.; bydn-Kai Jbron, the yak of
 
 403 
 
 brom 
 
 Jang-thang ; Jbron-Jbri cow, O toon-prug calf, 
 O broh-ko skin, leather, Jbron-sa flesh, Jbrou- 
 ru or -ra Glr. horns of the wild yak. - 
 2. v. Jbrdn-ba. 
 
 Jbroni noun personal; Jbrom-ston a 
 celebrated Lama and scholar in the 
 1 1 th. century. 
 
 obros-pa, pf. and imp. bros, to flee, 
 to run away ( W. *sor-ce*), O bros- 
 sin gab-pa to flee and hide ones self Dzl. ; 
 pyir Jbros-so (the army) took to flight Glr. ; 
 O bros-pai ynas Dzl., Jbros-sa Glr. place of 
 refuge; fig. mig Kun-du bros his eyes are 
 sunk, hollow S.g. O bros-sa a large dorsal 
 muscle Med. ynyid-Jbros-pa yni/id- 
 log-pa (?) Dzl WL, 9. 
 
 j" rba v. dba. 
 
 xr- rbad, 1. Sch. a large species of eagles. 
 - 2. W. crutch, = pan - ka. 3. = 
 rbab. 4. great (?) v. ka-rbad; rbad-sgra 
 a strong voice Sch.; cf. rbod-rbod. 5. 
 quite, wholly, entirely (?) rbdd-y cod-pa, rbad- 
 tser f cod-pa Mil. to cut off entirely, to ex- 
 tirpate; *fag-c<! be'-ctf* resolute C. 
 
 rbad-sikydgs Sch. residue, residu- 
 um, dregs, husks etc. 
 AZ-H' rbdd-pa 1. vb., imp. rbod, to set On, 
 incite, Tar., C., e.g. Kyi; to excite, 
 instigate, animate, 6s. ; rbad-Ka S.g. an in- 
 citing talk (?). 2. adj. undulating, undu- 
 latory Sch. 
 
 rbad-rbod, thick, dense, close, strong, 
 great Cs., skra rbad-rbod Lex. 
 iq> rbab, 1. Med., Sch.: a kind of dropsy, 
 skya-rbdb Sch., also sa-rbab Lt. id.(?) 
 - 2. the rolling down, also rbad, e.g. rdo- 
 rbdb loose stones rolling down, a frequent 
 annoyance in high mountains Pth., rbab zi- 
 bas after the rolling of detritus had ceased 
 Mil. ; *bad poy son* a piece of rock rolling 
 down hit him W.; rbab sgril-ba Lex. to roll 
 down, trs.; rbdb-pa id. intrs.; mar-la rbdb- 
 tu sor it rolled down and away Mil. 
 
 ^* rbe Sch. 'the fur of the stone-fox'. 
 2f rbo Sch. milt of fish. 
 
 sbdr-mo 
 
 * rbod \. rbdd-pa. 
 
 lbd-ba 1. wen, goitre. 2. knots, ex- 
 crescenses on trees, on account of their 
 speckled appearance often worked into drink- 
 ing-bowls; Ibd-fsa Med., prob. a kind of 
 salt, used as a curative of goitre. 
 CLpr Ibag bubbles (?), *cu bag gydb-ce* to 
 ^ strike the water, so as to make it 
 splash and foam W. 
 
 ttu-ba, dbu-ba bubble, foam, 
 froth, slaver; cu-lbu Lex.; Ibu- 
 bcas nyun producing little froth Lt.; Ibu- 
 ba bsdl-ba to scum or skim oft Cs. ; grogs 
 cu-yi Ibu-ba dan O dra a friend is like water- 
 bubbles. 
 
 ^T sba v. spa. 
 
 sba-ndg Sch. a mean house, hovel, hut 
 
 sbd-ba 1. vb. fut. of sbed-pa q.v. 
 2. sbst. privy parts, pudenda Stg. 
 
 s bdg-pa, pf- sbags, imp. sbogs (cf. 
 
 O bdg-pa), to soil, stain, defile, pollute, 
 dri-mas Lex. 2. to mingle, intermix, Lex. 
 
 sbdn-ba v. sbdn-ba. 
 
 sbdn-nia malt from which beer has 
 been brewed, v. can ; sban-skom id. 
 dried, sban-pye id. reduced to flour (of an 
 inferior quality) Cs. ; glum-sbdn Ts. = sbdn- 
 ma\ sban-cu barm prepared from it W. 
 
 sbans dung of larger animals, rtai 
 sbans Glr. (*stal-bdn(s)* Ld.\ bon- 
 sbaris, glait-po-cei sbans Cs.; sbans-lud id., 
 used for manure; sbans-skdm id. dried for 
 fuel. 
 
 * sbdb-ca C., *sbdb-)a* W. a certain 
 number or quantity of trading-ar- 
 ticles, e.g. of paper, a quire of 10 lOOsheets, 
 a bundle of matches etc. 
 -..... sbdm-pa, pf. sbams, imp. sboms, to 
 put or place together, to collect, to 
 gather, pyogs ycig-tu Lex. ; smyug-ma sbdms- 
 pa O dra like reeds laid together Wdn. 
 
 sbdr-ba, v. sbor-ba. 
 sbdr-mo v. spdr-mo.
 
 404 
 
 sbal 
 
 sbal (perh. the same as the following 
 sbal-pa), Idg-pai the soft muscles of 
 the inner hand, cf. also pyag-sbdl; the soft 
 part of the paw of animals. 
 
 an( j sbdl-pa and -ba frog (rather 
 scarce in Tibet), one Lex. 
 r, crab, crawfish (?) ; sbdl-pa dkdr-po Stg. 
 stated to be a large species of frog; ndgs- 
 sbal Lt. prob. tree-frog; rus-sbal tortoise; 
 sbal-cun or -Icon Pth. 1. a young frog, tad- 
 pole 6s. 2. vulg. (from ignorance) lizard ; 
 sbal-rgydb S.g. tortoise-shell. 
 
 sbal-mig bud, eye, gem, sprout, 
 shoot, O fon comes forth, Jbye opens 
 
 ^j_.j. sbid-pa Ts. for sbud-pa bellows, in- 
 strument for blowing, 
 st-jn- sbu-gu hollow, cavity, in the stem of 
 - a plant or a grass-blade Mil. 
 
 sbu-ba v. 
 
 _~Q..-q. sbu-la-Ka Ts. = bka-blon-sram sable, 
 xs ' mustela zibellina. 
 
 sbu-lhdn Ts. (*bu-hk ; ri : ^ plane, tool 
 
 used in joinery. 
 
 r spar, fgMJjg"*: 
 
 G//-.; *sbug-zdl, sbum-zol* W. large brass 
 cymbal; *dun-ce, pdb-ce* W. to play the 
 cymbals. 
 
 s ^fy~P a = O bfy s -P a ) *o perforate, to 
 
 pierce. 
 
 bu - Cs - ho|| w - 
 
 sbugs-hdg ^bu-hdg*} 1. the 
 panting of a dog Sik. 2. bassoon 
 with a large and nearly globular bell-mouth 
 W. - 
 
 sbud-pa 1. vb. to light, kindle, set on 
 fire, seldom, Lex.: me- cos sbud-pa 
 q.v. sbst. bellows, usually consisting of 
 two skin-bags, the orifices of which are open- 
 ed and shut by the hands, and which are then 
 squeezed together, so that the compressed 
 air passing through a tube is driven into 
 the fire; sbud-pa Jbud-pa Cs. or rgyah-ba 
 Sch. to blow or work the bellows; sbud- 
 rgydl = sbud-pa. 
 
 5J<3^T sbun-pa v. spun-pa. 
 
 SMTZTTK' sbun-yte'r Pth. a small building 
 >3 ' in the style of a monument, in 
 
 which sacred writings are deposited. 
 ^r^ sbur ant 6s., prob. identical \vith the 
 >3 following (cf. grog-sbur}. 
 5ps'T sbur-pa beetle, cu-sburS.g.;sbur-cen y 
 ^ -CMW, -dmar, -mgyogs 6s., denoting 
 various kinds of beetles. 
 
 s ^ ir ~ ma i = sbun-pa, chaff, husks etc. ; 
 
 rlun-gis sbur -ma bus-pa Itar Dzl., 
 sog - sbur cm yyen-ba Itar Pth. like chaff 
 scattered by the wind, carried along by 
 the water; sbu-lm or -Ion amber Wts. 
 
 sbe-ga Lex. w. e. 
 
 splf^n suu y\. s )-> more fr<l- sbubs, hollow, 
 cavity, excavation, interior space, 
 fcun-bui Lex. tubular cavity, in bones etc. 
 S.g.; subterraneous passage, conduit, sewer 
 C.; sbubs-su Jjug-pa, sbubs-nas O f6n-pa to 
 put into an underground hole or recess, 
 to come forth from it Glr., Mil.', sbiig- 
 tu noi" sbd - ba to hide money in such a 
 place Lex.; hiding-place, hidden recess, =san- 
 set'i', hole for inserting the handle of some 
 instrument Sch.; sdns kyi sbubs ynyis hollow, 
 expanded nostrils 6s.; sbubs - Jbydr Med. 
 disease of the penis, prob. stoppage of its 
 orifice by gonorrhoea, cf. mje. 
 
 |py sbe-ba Sch. to scuffle, wrestle. 
 ' sbeg-pa lean, lank, thin S.g. 
 
 sbed-pa, pf. sbas, fut. and common 
 secondary form sba, imp. sbos, W. 
 *sbd-ce*, pf. s&os, to hide, conceal, fter a 
 treasure, mdzod-du in a store-house; ma- 
 mo sbed-pai pug cavern in which a Mamo 
 is concealed Mil. ; dpun-gi fsogs fsdl-du to 
 conceal troops in a wood Dzl. ; yter-du to 
 deposit as a treasure Glr.; sai ^og-tu in 
 the ground Dzl. ; also as much as to inter, 
 to bury Dzl.; *sbds-te or b<j-te bor-ce* W. 
 = sbed-pa; *sbds-te* secretly, clandestinely, 
 by stealth W.; mi sdig-can-la lu-s sba pyir 
 in order to hide our form before sinful men, 
 in order not to be recognized by them Mil. :
 
 405 
 
 $s^*5|* sbed-ma 
 
 to hide from, to guard, secure, protect from, 
 sruh-zin sbd-ba id.; to keep, preserve, sba- 
 sri - med -par (to bestow) freely , amply, 
 without restriction. 
 sjr-jr sbed-ma a veiled woman; name of a 
 
 wife of Buddha 6s. 
 
 |f sbo Sch. the upper part of the belly; sbo- 
 ^ fsil bacon C.; sbo-rkun-pa pickpocket C. 
 $. sbo-ba pf. sbos O bo-ba 2, to SWell(up), 
 ^ to distend, lto-ba sbos Lt. the belly is 
 swollen, turgid; sb6- Krog-pa Sch. 'to wheeze 
 from inflation' (?). 
 
 ' sbog(s)-pa v. sbdg-pa; rdii-gi 
 bu-fsai fsig-sbog Mil., seems to 
 imply a man that is receiving abusive lan- 
 guage from his own sons(?). 
 xjr'n* sbon-ba, pf. sbans, fut. sban to steep 
 
 in water, to soak, to drench; ^an- 
 te bor* W. soak it in water! 
 
 fj^q* sbdd-pa tassel, tuft. 
 
 sbom-pa, more frq. sbom-po thick, 
 pra-ba-las zLog sbom-po Zam. the 
 contrary to prd-ba is sbom-po; sbom-prd dan 
 rin-fun mnyam of equal length and thick- 
 ness Dzl. ; stout; coarse, clumsy, heavy, also 
 applied to sins; sbom-ma a stout woman 
 6s.; sbst. thickness, stoutness, heaviness. 
 
 sbdr-ba, pf., fut. and secondary form 
 sbar, trs. of Jbdr-ba, to light, kindle, 
 inflame. 
 51^'ftr sbor-lo Anemone polyantha Lh. 
 
 
 
 abyon-ba 
 
 
 
 sbydn-ba v. sbyon-ba. 
 
 sbydr-ba v. sbyor-ba. 
 
 Wdn., n. of a tree, prob. 
 
 Lex. w.e. 
 
 dbydr-pa. 
 ' sbyig-pa, 
 
 sbytn-pa, I. vb., pf. and imp. byin, 
 1. to give, to bestow (in B. a common 
 word, in W. almost unknown; yet v. smin- 
 pa II.), without any ceremonial difference 
 between high and low; to hand, deliver; to 
 give up, deliver over; to give back, give for 
 a present; to offer, proffer, hold out, rin-la 
 byin-no he offered as an equivalent Pth.; 
 
 ma byin-par mi len-pa v. dge-ba. 2. to 
 add, to sum up Wdk. 
 
 II. sbst. gift, present, alms; the expression 
 sbyin-pa ysum comprises: zan-zin-gi the 
 bestowing of goods, mi- jigs-pai the afford- 
 ing of protection, and c6s-kyi sbyin-pa, the 
 giving of moral instruction 6s., sbyin-yton 
 distribution of gifts, sbyin-yton cen-po byed- 
 pa Dzl. sbyin-bdag dispenser of gifts, 
 more especially in the first beginnings of 
 Buddhism a layman manifesting his piety 
 by making presents to the priesthood, v. 
 Kopp. 1,487, and in almost all legends; also 
 the reverse, len-pa the receiver of gifts, 
 Dulva v. Feer Introd. p. 71. sbyin-sreg, 
 ft*T, burnt -offering, v. Was. (194), SchL 
 251 sqq. 
 
 ^T sbyu, sometimes for sgyu Sch. 
 
 sbyon-ba, pf. sbyans, fut. sbyan Tq\j 
 1. to clean, remove by cleaning, clear 
 away, as O ddy-pa, esp. sdig-pa Tar., 
 sgrib(-pa^) Thyy.; less frq. in a physical 
 sense, e.g. removing phlegm by vomiting 
 Med., Jci^u-sbijdns diarrhoea Lex.; to cleanse, 
 sbyon-byed 1 . cleansing, purifying, ran sbyon- 
 byed-kyi ses-rab Mil. the knowledge how 
 a man may be purified by his own doings. 
 2. Med.: purging medicine. 2. to remove, 
 take away, in a general sense 6s.; to sub- 
 tract, de-rnams fig-mfsams sbyan-ste Wdk., 
 60 being subtracted, cf. pr/'-ba; to cease, 
 of diseases Med. 3. to exercise, to train, 
 bio one's mind 6s., Tea one's mouth, hence 
 Ka-sbydn eloquence Mil. (having reference 
 also to Ica-ycdn q.v.); snon yon-tan sbydns- 
 pa son-bai mfus by dint of formerly culti- 
 vated abilities Gb\ ; fugs yons-su sbi/dns-pai 
 skyes-bu Mil. a saint of a thoroughly culti- 
 vated (or purified) mind; to exercise, to 
 practise, da -run sbyan dyos that must be 
 practised still better; to study, sde-snod-la 
 the holy scriptures Mil. , and with accus. 
 fzun-lugs Tar. 14,9 (where byan stands); 
 rtsis-la sbydn-ba to learn mathematics Pth. ; 
 to practise, to perform; to recite, to repeat, 
 formulas, bsar-sbydii bycd-pa Mil., *kor)aii 
 co-i-e* W. ; to accustom, familiarize, *mi dan
 
 406 
 
 sbyor-ba 
 
 sbra 
 
 jan- Jean* accustomed to man, tame, also 
 without *mi dan* W.; *jan-Kydd* custom, 
 use, habit W. 4. to accumulate (?) Cs. 
 5. to conjure to the spot, to call by magic (?) 
 Tar. 16,15 Schf. 
 
 f-.. sbyor-ba I. vb , pf. and fut. sbyar, 
 W. *zdr-ce*, trs. of Q byor-ba, I. to 
 affix, attach, fasten, stick, a writing, a plaster 
 W.: *zar gyab-ce*; to apply Ice-rtse dkdn- 
 laGram.; fig. blo-la, sems-la to impress; 
 *kdr-ya dan* to solder W.; ' :: 'zer gydb-la zor* 
 nail it fast! W.; *me-skdm zar fsar* the 
 trigger is drawn W.] to put On, a plaster, 
 v. above, an arrow on the bow-string; to 
 subjoin, take up, resume, a subject in a treatise 
 Thgy., Tar. 127,14; to put together, to join, 
 unite, rus-pa cdg-pa Med., dbdn-po ynyis 
 \. sub II.; to compile, compose, a book; Ka 
 1. to close, shut, one's mouth, = O fdms-pa 
 Pth. 2. to kiss C'.; to insert, to dispose in 
 proper classes or divisions Gram., byd-bai 
 sara ma sbyar yan also without the word 
 by a being added; bde-ba-la, byafi-ciib-la 
 M7.,like O god-pa 3; to join, connect, combine, 
 words, letters; fsiy de don dan sbydr-tsa- 
 na if these sentences are joined with their 
 significations, i.e. if their explanation is 
 given Mil.-, rtsis-su to count together, to sum 
 up Dzl.; sbyor-la, gen. written zor-la, joined, 
 connected, combined, *fsig nyi sum zor -la 
 yon* two or three words are found joined 
 to one another; this word is frq. used to 
 express simultaneousness of action, where 
 in English expressions as 'along with', 'to- 
 gether with', 'at the same time' etc. are 
 used: zor-la O gro-ba to go along with 
 (another person) Mil. ; zor-la Kur-Kyer take 
 this also along with it! *Ko cd-te zor dan 
 kal son* W. as he was going, we sent it 
 along with him; zor-la gyel son it fell at 
 the same time (by coming in contact with 
 some other falling body); *zor-la Jcyer-ica* 
 to take hold of and take away at the same 
 time; fco-la zor pog-pa he was also (simul- 
 taneously) affected by (the loss); *zor-la 
 zer-Kan zig* or even *fsig-gi zor* a mere 
 expletive, without any appreciable meaning 
 C.; bdag sdig-sgrib ces-pai zor-la (the ca- 
 
 lamity has befallen the others too), owing 
 to their connection with such a great sinner 
 as I am Mil. nt. 2. to prepare, procure, 
 to get ready, ijo-bydd the appurtenances 
 Dzl., O fso-ba victuals Dzl.\ rta dan sbydr- 
 bai sin -rta a carriage ready to start Stg. 
 (or ace. to no. 1 , a carriage attached to 
 the horses); to mix, cu dan with water Dzl. 
 and elsewh.; yzdn-du to prepare, to turn 
 one thing into another, to change, transform 
 Thgy.\ frq. to prepare one's own mind, to 
 compose one's self, ddd-pa-la sbyor-bar gyis 
 make up your mind to believe Mil. to 
 join, fit together, adjust, make agree, esp. one's 
 course of action; to conform one's self to, 
 with dan, h'6-moi yid dan sbyor cig accom- 
 modate yourself to my wishes Dzl.; /,'rims 
 dan sbydr-ro Dzl. then we must conform 
 to the law; most frq.: . . . daii sbydr-nas 
 or -te corresponding, agreeable to, according 
 to, Krims according to the law, to usage etc. 
 Dzl.; bu-moi yid according to the wish of 
 the daughter Dzl. ; also to compare Tar. 89, 
 16, Thgy.; yzan-rgyud-la sbyur-ba seems to 
 imply: to gain knowledge by observing 
 others, opp. to ran-rgyud-la brtdg-pa, to as- 
 certain by one's own immediate judgment. 
 4. to compose poetry, . . . kyis sbydr-bao 
 = sdeb-pa 5 II. sbst. 1. adjunction, con- 
 junction, union, dbdn-po j-nyis-kyi sbyor-ba 
 byed-pa, 'membrorum amborum conjunc- 
 tionem ejficere' Wdn.; hence coition, coha- 
 bitation, bud-med-lasbyor-babyed-pato effec- 
 tuate it with a woman Pth. ; sgra-sbyor-ba 
 a joining or combination of sounds (letters), 
 orthography (?) Zam. 2. a mingling, a mix- 
 ture, e.g.'of medicines, also sbyar-fdbs Med.; 
 sbyor-sde-bzi the four departments of phar- 
 macy Glr. (apparently the title of a book); 
 preparation =sn6n- groSchl. 240, also mental 
 preparation, esp. the preparation of the mind 
 for prayer, and the arrangement of it, me- 
 ditation preparatory to it (nif.) cf. mfsams 
 sbydr-ba. 3. syllogism Was. (278). 4. 
 comparison, agreement, harmony, ytdm-gyi 
 the harmony of history Schf. 
 ,. sbra 1. W. *(s)h-a*, C. *da* felt-tent, 
 5! sbra-gur id.; sbra-fdg ropes, sbra -sin
 
 sbrdg-pa 
 
 frame-work, sbrd-pa inmate, of such a tent. 
 2. v. sub ytsan. 
 
 smra* sbrdg-pa, pf. sbrags, C. * dag -pa*, 
 W. *rdg-ce* to lay, to put, a thing 
 over or by the side of an other, pyogs-ycig- 
 tu Lex.-, gen. used only in the gerund: *fsa 
 dor rdg-ne* together with salt and spices 
 W. ; *nd-za dan rdg-te mi dug* he does 
 not belong to us W., or in compounds : nyi- 
 rdg double-barreled gun (one barrel beside 
 the other), W*ran-bdr dug-rag* six-barreled 
 pistol, revolver W., bse-sgo bdun-sbrag Pth., 
 sevenfold skin-door, used as a target for 
 shooting at. 
 
 sbrdg-ma hay-fork, Cs. 
 
 &tf^ 
 
 S^'^I" sbr6n-pa 
 P * 
 
 407 
 
 C. *ddn-bu*, W. *rdn-nu, 
 ra-un* fly, and similar insects without 
 a sting; sbrdn-ma 1. id. 2. C. bee, sbrdn- 
 mai fsogs swarm of bees. sbrdn-rtsi W. 
 *rdn-si' f honey; *rdn-si rdn-nu* W. bee. 
 sbrdn-can mead or something similar. 
 sbran - fsd/t and sbran - don Cs. cells in a 
 honey -comb, the honey --comb itself. 
 sbran-bug bee-hive Sch. sbrah-byi marten 
 Sch. sbran-ydb flap, fly-brush Cs. 
 
 $F*^r sbrdd-pa Jbrdd-pa to scratch Sch. 
 $J<^'^r sbrdn-pa = sbron-pa. 
 fp{"3' sbrdm-bu unwrought gold Cs. 
 
 sjc-q' sbiid-pa 1. to sneeze Med.- sbnd-pa 
 Jbyun I am seized with a sneezing 
 Med. 2. to become numb, torpid, *kdn- 
 pe. nya did son* my foot is asleep W. 
 '6. Dzl. %&?, 5 Sch. to flutter before one's 
 eyes ('?). 
 
 fr-r sbrud-pa, pf. and imp. sbrus, fut. and 
 sec. form sbru, W. *ru-ce* to stir with 
 one's hand, zan Lex. ; to knead (Cs.) is rdzi- 
 ba which is not identical with sbrud-pa, 
 at least not in W. 
 
 535T5J" s ^ r ^ m ~P a pregnant, big with young; 
 mi dan srog-cags sbrum-ma-rnams 
 Dzl. women with child and beasts with 
 young; sbrum-par O gyur-ba to conceive, to 
 become pregnant, frq.; sbrum-par fsor-nas 
 feeling pregnant Pth.: pn'i-gu sbrum byun- 
 
 bos having conceived, being with child 
 Pth. 
 
 pj. sbrul, Pur. sbrul, Lh. *rul*, C. *dul* 
 1. serpent, Snake; sbrul and sbrul-mo 
 also mythical demoniac beings ; sbrul } 'dug- 
 pa or dug-sbi*ul venomous serpent; sbrul 
 Kas sdigs-po Sch. serpent-tamer; sbrul-gyi 
 snyiii-po v. fsdn-dan. sbrul -mgo 1. a 
 serpent's head. 2. v. ^an-ke. sbrul-sgon 
 a serpent's egg. - - *dul-nyd* eel or some 
 other esculent snake-like fish C. sbrul- 
 dug venom of serpents. sbrul-mig 1. a 
 snake's eye. 2. n. of a certain vein Med. 
 sbrul- fsil snake's grease Med. sbnil-zdgs v. 
 zags. sbrul-16 serpent-year, sbrul-lo-pa 
 one born in such a year v. lo. sbrul- 
 sun slough, skin of a snake. 2. symb. 
 num. : 8, = klu. 
 
 t/ry sbre(d) Lex. n. of an animal; Sch. : 
 ^ stone-fox. 
 
 rx 1 ^ X'fl' sbre-bo, re-bo, re-ba a 
 coarse material manu- 
 factured of yak's hair for tent-coverings. 
 r v ._. sbren-ba, pf. sbre/is, Cs. : to play an 
 instrument; ace. to Dzl. xSY^, 16, to 
 jerk, a chord, a bow-string. 
 
 sbrebs-pa Cs.: resp. for Itogs-pa 
 hungry. 
 
 sbrel-ba, W. *rel-ce(s)* to stitch to- 
 gether, paper; to stitch to, to sew on; 
 to fasten on, a package on a horse; Icags- 
 sgroy lag-pa sbrel-nas having one's hands 
 shackled together; bar zdm-gyis sbrel the 
 chasm is overarched by abridge Glr.; (iron 
 chains) seii-ge dan fastened to (stone) lions; 
 in a gen. sense: to connect, to join, ynyis- 
 sbrel, ysum- sbrel two or three consonants 
 joined together, cf. min-yzi. 
 
 I" sbres-pa Cs. frozen, stiff, hard. 
 
 sbt'6n-pa,ipf. and fat. sbran l.tocaJlto 
 the spot, rd-mda, grogs for assistance 
 Lea-.; to send for, the minister Glr. 2. 
 to call to Thgy.; to give information, notice, 
 intelligence, rgydl-po-la rmi-lam-du to wain 
 the king by a dream Dzl.; mi zig sbrdn- 
 du btdn-nas Dzl. to dispatch a man in order 
 to convey intelligence. 3. to sprinkle, to 
 stain, to pollute, fuj-Us Sch.
 
 408 
 
 ma-kdr 
 
 XT ma 1. the letter m. 2. numerical fi- 
 gure: 16. 
 
 XT* ma I. sbst. 1. mother, col. cr-ma, resp. 
 yum; mai rum womb, matrix; rdn-gi 
 ma ycig-pai srin-mo full sister by the same 
 mother, whilst mas dben-pai srin-mo denotes 
 half-sister, step-sister, by another mother. 
 
 - 2. frq. used metonymically, e.g. capital, 
 v. below; *ma tsam yod* W., what is the 
 amount of the sum advanced? original text, 
 copy to write after, pattern v. below ; a letter 
 written above another. Comp.: ma- Ml 
 amount in bushels of grain lent out. ma- 
 fcu mother and uncle, v. Kd-bo. ma-rgyud 
 Sch. 1. original, primary cause. 2. line of 
 descent by the mother's side, when how- 
 ever it should be spelt brgyud. md-cu 
 the first infusion of malt or stronger beer, 
 v. can. ma-cun Cs.: 'a mother's younger 
 sister', perh. more correctly: a father's se- 
 cond wife, as to rank; ma-cen 1. Cs.: 'a. 
 mother's elder sister', or a father's prin- 
 cipal wife. 2. v. the respective article. 
 ma-pdr capital and interest W. ma-bu 
 mother and son; capital and interest; ori- 
 ginal and copy; ma-bu mfun-pa Jbri-ba to 
 copy accurately Sch r.; a letter written above 
 and below another letter; principal and cross 
 beam etc. ma-mo v. that article. ma- 
 fsdb foster-mother Sch. ma-yzi v. sub II. 
 
 - ma-yydr step-mother Cs. ma-ro a 
 mother's corpse Pth. 
 
 II. a root signifying below, opp. to ya: 
 md-gi the lower one, e.g. cu-bo Mil. ; ma- 
 gi-na below, at the bottom, md-gi-nas from 
 below, out of the valley, in Sik.: from, out 
 of, the Indian plain (v. mfa); md-mcu lower 
 lip. md-fem sill, threshold. md-fog 
 v. fog I, 2. md-rdo = rmdn-rdo. ma- 
 rdbs mean descent, people of low extraction 
 Dzl. ma-ri Sch. down ward (?) ma- 
 re = ma-fem, v. re. 
 
 III. negative adv. not, however only in 
 some cases: a. in the simplest form of pro- 
 hibition, where in the Tibetan language 
 inst.of the imperative the root of the present 
 with ma is used : ma O gro do not go, ma 
 byed do not do (it). With the form of the 
 future mi is placed: rjod-par mi byao it 
 shall not, should not be pronounced Dom.\ 
 mi de dgrar mi bslan they should not make 
 the man their enemy S.g. b. with the 
 preterite : ma son he did not go, ma byas 
 he did not do (it). c. with the present 
 tense also in conjunction with the words 
 yin, lags, mcis, red. d. without any evident 
 reason, and perh. not always correctly, with 
 many substantives and adjectives that are 
 formed of infinitives or participles, and are 
 conveying a negative sense: ma-rig-pa a 
 not knowing, ignorance; ma-run-ba v. run- 
 ba (v. mi). 
 
 IV. In the col. language of Lh. ma is 
 used as an interrogative, when a question 
 is returned by a question : *Kyod-di mih ci 
 zer* what is your name? *min mai* my 
 name? 
 
 V. Affix, so-called article, frq. denoting 
 the fern, of the masc. in pa, if mo is not 
 used inst. of it; gen. put to the names of 
 inanimate things, utensils etc., as also to 
 compound adjectives: zans ru-bzi-ma a 
 four-handled kettle (cf. bu lo-ynyis-pa a 
 boy two years old, sub pa). 
 
 VI. mai nyin two days before yesterday 
 6'., snon-ma zag W. 
 
 XT- ma W. always with a marked accent and 
 r^ long vowel, prob. abbrev. of mans very, 
 before adjectives and adverbs, *md mdn- 
 po* very much, *ma gydl-la* very good. 
 5|'T!^' ma-kdr (Hind, i^ impostor) W. 
 
 deceit, imposition, intrigue, *ma-kdr co-te zer* 
 he speaks hypocritically, with some secret 
 design; ma-kar-can, hypocritical, fawning.
 
 ma-ka-ra 
 
 409 
 
 md-lag 
 
 's ma-ka-ra Ssk. sea-monster. 
 ma-Kd 1. Lt. = mfsan-dbye. 2. Mecca 
 
 ma-Kdl v. ma I. 
 ma-mKdn v. ma-rgdn. 
 ma-gdl Wdn., W. poplar-tree. 
 
 md-gi v. ma II. 
 
 ma-rgdd, *mar-gdd* Glr.,irom fl Defter. 
 i emerald. 
 
 ma-rgdn W. *mar-gdn* 1. matron, 
 grandam. 2. 6'. also *ma-Ken* cook; 
 quarter-master. 
 
 ma-cen 1. v. wet I. 2. head-cook. 
 
 is said to be a form of 
 prayer of the Bonpos, as the Ommanipad- 
 inelium is of the Buddhists; Desg. p. 242 
 has: ma tchri mou me sa le gou. 
 XTJ-P-- (?) ma-dd/'t Ld. a place on the roof 
 
 of a house cleared for spreading 
 grain there. 
 
 ma-yddn, W. *mag-ddn*, C. *ma- 
 d<_ : n* ground, basis, foundation; also 
 for ma-yddn-gyi ri-mo ground-plan. 
 j... .-.(?) ma-rdu, *ma-du W. thorn, 
 ^' NS prickle, md-rdu-can thorny, 
 prickly. 
 5j-y md-rdoj *mar-do* W. prob. a careless 
 
 ' pronunciation of rmdfi-rdo. 
 ^r- ma-nin 1. without sexual distinction 
 Med. and Gram. 2. impotent, un- 
 able to beget S.g. 3. barren, childless Wdn. 
 (explained by bu-fsa-med-pa). 4. Cs.: 
 also hermaphrodite, Wdn. however denotes 
 this explicitly by mfsan-ynyt's-pa. 
 
 ma-nu Med.? Cs : = ^, TT^, y^\ 
 as symb. num.: 14. 
 
 ma-nu-pa-tra a medicine Wdn.', 
 in Lh. Bryonia dioeca. 
 * md-ni (Ssk. precious stone) 1 . abbrev. 
 of Ommanipadinehum; *md-ni tdn-i'c* 
 W. i. to mutter prayers. 2. to purr like a cat. 
 Hence 2. praying-cylinder, prop. ma-ni-Zos- 
 
 Jcor Schl. 230. 3. consecrated stone-heaps 
 or stone-walls (Mongol Obo)Schl. 196; ma- 
 ni bka-Jmm title of a book'; as to its con- 
 tents v. Schl. 84. 
 3T5IC* ma ~P ai1 Mil., ma-pdm Cs. = ma- 
 
 md-ma children's nurse Dzl, Glr., Cs. : 
 nu-ma sniin-pai wet-nurse, dri-ma 
 O pyi-bai nurse for cleaning, paii-du Jcur- 
 bai for carrying, rtsed-grogs-kyi for playing. 
 
 ma-mun Ld. col. for na-bitn, fog. 
 
 md-mo 1. Sch. grandmother. 2. Sch. 
 ewe, sheep that has lambed. 3. Mil. 
 and elsewh. frq., a kind of wicked demons. 
 
 J*(^' ma-zi Lt. medicinal plant (?). 
 5T(3' md-zu v. zu-ba. 
 
 NS 
 
 g^-cn* md-yyij W. *mdb-zi* 1. ground-work, 
 ^ basis, elementary principle, component 
 part; prime colour; principal thing, main point. 
 - 2. Sch. originally (?). 
 
 3TUJ* m '' l -y a Ssk- Tib. sgyu- prul-ma 
 r\ Q, 'delusion', n. of the mother of Buddha 
 Sakyamuni. 
 
 ma -yyy = ^-/W kitchen-boy, 
 
 scullion W. 
 
 j ^1*^" ma-ri, ma-'re v. wza II. 
 
 |"^" md-ru n. of a castle, perh. = 
 
 'T*xr' ma-ru-r(se 1. n. of a medicine J/k?. 
 
 2. n. of a country Pfh. 
 wa-Za /Sc/*. excellent! capital! In 
 Feer Introd. p. 69 it was explained 
 by our Lama as = '<?'-?wa ah, well! Also 
 Feer has: Eh bien! 
 
 md-la-tian Ld. snake-charmer, 
 conjurer. 
 
 ^id-la-ya the western Ghauts famous 
 for sandal-wood; the tracts along 
 their foot, Malayalim. Malabar. 
 
 ma-la-la- tse Ld, small lizard. 
 
 md-lag Ld. somerset; *md-lag log- 
 ce* to pei-form a somerset, to play 
 the tricks of a mountebank; to roll on the 
 ground with legs turned up, of horses etc.
 
 410 
 
 md-lam 
 
 md-lam high-road, broad passage W. 
 
 mu-sa 1. osA. ffm. pea, 
 radiatus, = mon-srdn or greu Wdn. 
 - 2. W. the contrary of ya-sa, contempt, 
 scorn, disregard. 3. W. trigger of a musket. 
 _.. n'Tl" m a-sa-ka Ssk. jfiqcfi, 6s. : a small 
 ' gold weight and coin in ancient 
 India. 
 
 ma-si-ka name formed from the 
 Hebrew rrtrto, for Christ, the Greek 
 word not being adapted to the Tib. language 
 Chr. Prot. 
 
 5j.- ma-hd Ssk. great, used in names and 
 r^ titles: ma-hd-ka-la and de-ba Siva 
 Glr.; ma-ha-tsl-na, ma-hd-tsin the modern 
 name of China, formerly rgya-ndg; ma-hd- 
 tsi-nai skad the Chinese language Wdk.; 
 ma-ha-rd-dza the great king, title of some 
 princes, particularly that of Kashmere. 
 jrS' ma-he, Ssk. jjf^q, buffalo Glr., ma- 
 
 ' he-mo female of it. 
 
 Tcn-rr mag-pa 1 . son-in-law DzL, mag-skud 
 son-in-law and father-in-law Dom. 
 2. bridegroom col. 
 
 SJZTTSfftr mag-mal, Ar. J^<?, velvet W. 
 
 rjr- man 1. C. col. for mi on, mi O dug (?); 
 so also in some passages of the Ma. 
 2. v. mdn-po. 
 
 man-ga-lam Ssk. = bkra-sis. 
 
 mdn-po 1. much, many, mi man-po 
 (rnams) many people, also (like 01 
 i. most people, the gross or bulk of 
 the people, for which W. *mdn-ce*, e.g 
 *mdn-ce zer dug* most people say, or, mostly 
 it is said etc.; Jcor mdn-po(mams^) the 
 numerous retinue DzL; mdn-por adverb 
 mostly (not frq.) Zam.; cu man-nyuh Itos 
 look after the height of the water, whether 
 there is much or little of it; ycig bsgyur- 
 ba-la man-nyuh med if you multiply by 1, 
 you will get neither more nor less Wdk. 
 2. very, very much, with verbs, chiefly col., 
 man-po ojigs I am very much afraid. 
 
 Com p. and deriv. man-bkur = mdn-pos 
 bkw-ba v. bkur-ba I. and II. mah-ge- 
 
 mo long ago, long since (?) Cs. *waw- 
 na* W. col. for mdn-por, mdn-ba(r); *zag 
 dan zag mdn-na mdn-na tdn-ce* to give a 
 little more every day. mdh-ce v. above. 
 mdn-ja a liberal distribution of tea Ld.- 
 Glr. Schl. fol. 27, a, and p. 72. mdn-du is 
 not only the termiu. case, but also a com- 
 pound of man and the synon. du, being used 
 exactly like mdn-po, both in the nomin. and 
 accus case, yda/ms-ndg mdn-du bsfdn-pas 
 Jbras-bu bzi fob-pa mdn-du byut'i as he gave 
 manifold instructions, many became ob- 
 tainers of the four fruits Tar. 14, 3. 
 
 mdn-ba 1. vb. pf. mans, to be much, 
 O di mdn-nam de man is this much 
 or that? i.e. which is more, this or that? 
 DzL ; dgra mdns-pas as the enemies had 
 become very numerous DzL; sman-dpydd 
 mdns-pas pdn-rgyu med by making much 
 of medical treatment he will not grow well 
 Mil ; ma man ciy be it not much, let it 
 not grow too much Mil. and elsewh.; mdns- 
 kyis dogs -pa fearing lest it should grow 
 too much Wdn. II. adj. 1. mdn-po. 
 2. having much, bu mail-bar ^gyur-ba to get 
 many children, bu-mdns rich in children 
 Pth. mdns-fsig a sign of the plural num- 
 ber, e.g. day Gram. HI. also sbst. plenty. 
 mdn-yul, a province of Tibet bor- 
 dering on Nepal, in which skyid- 
 yroit is situated, v. skyid. 
 
 man-dzi-ra S.g. a mineral medi- 
 cine; perh. man-dza-ri Ssk. pearl. 
 zjTnr manclal Ssk, prop. Tib. dkyil-Jtor 
 p jewels, viands etc. presented as offer- 
 ings, and arranged in a cirle Git: and else- 
 where, cf. fsogs. 
 rjf' mad 1 . = nad (?) lus mad - med - cm 
 
 ' Sambh. 2. sometimes for smad. 
 mad-pa true, kyed mad ysim-zi?i as 
 you speak what is true Mil.; ma 
 nyes-pai bden-fsig mdd-po smras kyan al- 
 though he solemnly declared not to have 
 committed it Pth. 
 -.-. man I. sbst., also mdn-na, md-naHind. 
 
 ' a 'man' or Indian hundredweight, equal 
 to about 80 pounds, anglicized maund. 
 II W. for ma yin {B. min) 1. it is not;
 
 man-nag 
 
 411 
 
 -ka-la-ga 
 
 *'i man* this it is not; *mdn-na* is it not 
 so? isn't it? is it? In conjunction with a 
 negative it is col. almost the only word for 
 only, but etc.: ~ :: ~de mdn-na mi yon, de man- 
 na med* only this one is to be met with, 
 besides this there are none; *la-ddg-gi lug 
 cun-se mdn-na mi yon* there are only small 
 sheep in Ladak; * dun-la mdn-na mi f6n- 
 Kan* he who sees only what is close be- 
 fore him, a short-sighted person; *de'-bu lo 
 gyad tin-la mdn-na mi yon* fruit will ap- 
 pear only after a space of eight years; *f/i- 
 rin mdn-na ma fon* I have seen (him, it) 
 only to-day, i.e. to-day for the first time 
 cf. min. 2. no. III. = ma II., man- 
 ydn below and above 6s.; man-cdd, -cad, 
 -cod 1. adv.and postp.c.accus., below, down- 
 ward, on the lower side of, as far as, lfe-ba 
 man-cad cu ndn-du nub Glr , he was im- 
 merged in the water below his navel, i.e. 
 up to his navel; inst. of man-cad also mere- 
 ly man: pus-mo gon man Mil., lit below 
 the parts over the knee i.e. higher than the 
 knee; de man- cod, below that Glr.; in re- 
 ference to time, from, do-nub man cad from 
 this evening Mil. ; de man-cad since, from 
 that time forward Mil; rmaii btin-ba man 
 rab-ynds mdzdd-pa ydn-la from the founda- 
 tion up to the consecration Glr. ; even to 
 (the last man), (all) except or save (one), 
 also *mdn-pa, mdn-pe, mdn-tcan, man-no* 
 W. (B. min-pa). 2. sbst. lower part of 
 a country, lowland, thus in Lk. as a proper 
 
 e) Ld., 
 
 turbid, muddy, dingy, dim, 
 dull, dusky, as to water, flames of light etc. 
 
 1 mdn-tsi Sch. a kind of silk-cloth. 
 
 man -^ a 9i Ssk- ^tj^ir, advice, di- 
 rection. information, ston-pa to give, 
 man -na^ (-gi}-rgyiid v. rgyud 2; in later 
 writings and in the mind of the common 
 people, it coincides with snags, in as much 
 as the esoteric doctrines of mysticism, i.e. 
 magic art, are concerned, which are com- 
 municated in no other way than by word 
 of mouth ; cf. 1,'a-rayan. 
 
 a tree 
 
 pa, Uiay, v. man II. and III. 
 man-da-ra-ba, 
 in paradise Stg. 
 
 man-dzi 1. ScA.'a small square table', 
 ace. to others a tripod with long curv- 
 
 ed feet, for sacrificial purposes. 2. W' 
 
 bed Hindi ^^. 
 
 SjajV^jOT man-M crystal, glass Pth. 
 
 T^- mar I. sbst., resp. ysol-mdr 1. butter 
 Thgy , C., W. 2. col. also oil. - 
 Comp. skya-mdr, Ld. tfdg-la mar fresh, not 
 melted butter; ba-mdr cow-butter; Jbri- 
 mdr yak-butter; Jbru-mar oil from oleagin- 
 ous seeds, rape-seed oil etc. DzL and else- 
 where ; rtsi-mdr oil from the stones of apri- 
 cots etc. ; mdzo-mdr butter from the bastard- 
 cow; zun-mdr melted butter, gki (Hind.), 
 the usual form of butter in India and frq. 
 also in Tibet, highly esteemed both as food 
 and as medicine; *zum-mdr-pa* C. lamp; 
 mar-dkdr Med. = skya-mdr. mdr-Ku melt- 
 ed, liquid butter. mar-myin old, rancid 
 butter, recommended by physicians for dis- 
 eases of the mind, fainting-fits, wounds. 
 
 * ''mar -nag* W. oil, *nyun-dkar-mar-ndg* 
 rape-seed oil. *mar - blug* W. a small 
 urn- shaped vessel for butter or oil. mar- 
 me lamp, at present only for holy uses, thus: 
 
 * mar -me ghyen-fsijn* holy, heavenward 
 burning lamp C. (formerly any lamp DzL 
 2AS, 11; Glr.); mar me mdzdd Buddha Di- 
 pankara, v. Dzl. XXXVII.; mar-zogs 
 Mil. a part cut off, one half of a mar-ril, 
 i.e. a globular lump of fresh butter, about 
 one pound in weight, not unfrequently offered 
 to travellers as a gift of courtesy. mar- 
 ysdr fresh butter Lt. II. termin. of ma 
 I., to or 'into' the mother; mar-gyur ^gro-ba 
 regarded as a mother, a creature loved like 
 a mother, Mil.; v. ma II. down, downward, 
 mar-la id., B. and C.; v. rbab and ^rib- 
 pa; mar-no v. no 5. 
 
 . mar-ka-la-ga (?) a fine ochre- 
 ous earth, found e. g. on the 
 Baralasa pass between Lh. and Ld., used
 
 412 
 
 mar-rydn 
 
 as ground-colour in staining houses with 
 dkdr-rtsi Ld. 
 
 mar-rydn v. ma-ryn. 
 
 "R* mar-no v. no 5. 
 
 T mar-don perh. dmar- don. 
 
 mar-pa, n. of a holy Lama, teacher 
 of Milaraspa, by whom he was highly 
 respected. 
 
 I" mar-ba pro vine, for dmdr-ba Sch. 
 
 mar - yul Ma., n. p. = la - dways 
 Ladak. 
 
 iQt- mal, the place where a thing is, its 
 site, situation, *mdl-du zdy-pa* C. *bor- 
 ce* W., to put a thing in its own place; 
 also where a thing has been, its trace, ves- 
 tige, sin-rtai rut, wheel-mark, track; mal 
 ycig-tu mi O dug-pa prob. to be unstable, 
 changeable, fickle, restless ; more esp. place 
 of rest, couch, bed, mdl-yyi <oy-tu under 
 the bed Glr.; dyohs-mal resp. for night- 
 quarters Dzl. ?C, 3 (so ace. to the xylo- 
 graphic copy; Sch. having the less appro- 
 priate dyons-lam) ; *mal duy-ce* W. to live 
 in a strange place, enidr/nelv; mal bde-ba 
 Sch. a quiet sleep, nai lus sems mdl-du bde 
 I now may safely lie down, fig. for: the 
 danger is now over Glr. mal-Kri bed- 
 frame, bed-stead. mal -yds Cs., mal-cd 
 Lex., *mal-ce* C., *-stdn* C., W .. Dzl. bed- 
 ding, bed-clothes. mal-ldan Sch. 'cradle', 
 rather improb., perh. hammock. mal-yol 
 bed-curtain. mdl - sa, resp. yzims - mdl 
 couch, bed. 
 
 mal-la-mul-le Ld. lukewarm, 
 tepid. 
 
 TQi'(-M'm- mal-li-ka Ssk., properly name of 
 ' a flower, Jasminum Champaca, 
 used as an epithet in pompous titles of 
 books. 
 
 mas 1. instrum. case of ma mother. 
 2. v. ma II , the lower part, gen. how- 
 ever with terminative meaning, downward, 
 towards the lower parts, mas ltdh-ba Med. 
 to move downward, to purge; backward, last 
 Sch.; used also as a sbst.: mds-kyi the last, 
 
 e.g. yi-ge final letter Cs. ; mds-la downward, 
 below Sch., mds-nas from below Sch.; cf. 
 the contrary yds. 
 > mi, 1. num. figure: 46. II. sbst. man, 
 
 mi ysod-pa to kill men, to murder, mi- 
 med ri-Krod uninhabited, desolate moun- 
 tains Mil. ; mi-rnams nd-re people said Mil.; 
 mi-la ma lab tell no body else of it Mil; 
 rdn-yis bsdys-pa mi-yis spyod what we gath- 
 ered ourselves, is enjoyed by others Mil.; 
 mi-nor ran sloit-ba to gather by begging 
 what belongs to others Mil.; mii bit -mo 
 1. daughters of men, opp. to lhai bu-mo 
 e.g. witches appear in the shape of daugh- 
 ters of men Mil. 2. daughters of others, 
 opp. to rdn-yi bu-mo Mil., cf. also mi-bu 
 further on; pleon. before a pers. pron. of 
 the first person: mi-nd, mi-bddy I, Mil. 
 (cf. po}, and with certain sbst. : ytso-bo mi 
 drug (we) six lords Glr. ; plur. also mi-fso 
 Sch. 
 
 Comp. mt-Ka, (idle) talk of the people, 
 common talk, yul-sdei ndu-nas mi-Ka sdud 
 in the whole neighbourhood one is an ob- 
 ject of gossip, nif. ; defaming talk; impre- 
 cating speech, with or without nan-pa, mi- 
 Jcd zuy or poy (damnation) lights on (me, 
 him) Dom. mi-kyim l. human dwelling, 
 house, (the Chinese capital contained) mi- 
 kyim Jbum-fso 100 000 houses Glr. 2. Ld.- 
 Glr. Schl. 20. b. and Glr. 94, 7 it seems to 
 imply the people of a household, domestics, 
 the same as Kyim-ghi mi. mi- yreii v. 
 ^ren-ba. mi-ryod v. ryod-pa II. mi- 
 bryyud v. bryyud. mi-rje sovereign, king, 
 mi-rje mdzdd-pa to be king, to reign Glr. 
 
 mi - nyid Cs. 'humanity, honesty' ; mi~ 
 nyid-can 'humane, honest' (?) mi-brddy. 
 1. = mi-rje. 2. symb. num. : 16. mi-mda 
 (vulgo min-da) Mil. and C., W.: men, per- 
 sons preceded by a numeral, e.g. six men, 
 six women (prop, a line or row of people). 
 
 mi-sde v. sde. Sch. has also: lha-sdv 
 mi-sde princes and nations. mi-snd 1. 
 race of men. class of people (seldom). 2. 
 messenger, delegate, not frq met with in 
 books, yet not unknown in 6'. and W., and 
 used esp. of messengers with an errand or
 
 413 
 
 mig 
 
 charge given them in words; in our trans- 
 lations introduced for apostle, po-nya hav- 
 ing been adopted for 'angel'. mi-dp6n 
 prefect Glr., C. mi(i)-bu 1. a child of 
 man, a mortal, po., Mil., cf. mii bu-mo above. 
 2. son of man, when Christ speaks of him- 
 self as such, otherwise mii sras Chr. Prot. 
 - mi-bo 6s., rarely for mi. mi-dbaii, 
 prince, potentate. mi-ma-yin(-pa) -y^^. 
 one that is not a human being, mi dan 
 mi-ma-yin-pa fams-cdd all human and not 
 human (adversaries) Dom., esp. ghosts, de- 
 mons, dur - /trod - kyi mi-ma-yin-pa-rnams 
 the ghosts of a grave-yard (not the souls 
 of the dead); mfcd-la rgyit-bai mi-ma-yin 
 the ghosts that walk in the air Mil.; dkdr- 
 pyoys-kyi mi-ma yin-rnams good genii Mil. ; 
 mi-ma-yin-gyi co- priil apparitions of ghosts 
 Mil. mi-mo woman, yet only in contra- 
 position to Ihd-mo and other not human 
 female beings Mil. and elsewh. mi(i)-yul 
 human world, lower world, earth, opp. to 
 regions of the gods or of infernal beings 
 Glr., Pth. mi-robs mankind. mi-rif/s 
 v. rigs. Mi-la-^ms-pa, often only Mi-la, 
 name of a Buddhist ascetic, of the 11 cen- 
 tury (Wdk.\ who between the periods of 
 his meditations itinerating in the southern 
 part of Middle Tibet, as a mendicant friar, 
 instructed the people by his improvisations 
 delivered in poetry and song, brought the 
 indifferent to his faith, refuted and con- 
 verted the heretics, wrought manifold mi- 
 racles (rdzu - O prul} , and whose legends, 
 written not without wit and poetical merit, 
 are still at the present day the most po- 
 pular and widely circulated book in Tibet. 
 mi-lag servant, *mi-ldg-tu ()6-wa* to do 
 servant's work, to perform drudgery W. 
 mi-lus 1. the human body. 2. v. liis-pa. 
 mi-ser i. subject, servant, menial, drudge. 
 2. robber, thief, sharper. 3. v. below. 
 
 III. negative adv. : not, in all such cases 
 where ma (q.v.) is not used. With simple 
 verbs the place of the negation is always 
 immediately before them, in compound forms 
 gen. before the last of the component parts, 
 e.g. Jbyiin bar mi O gy>'ir-ro, unless logically 
 
 it belongs to the first, in which case often 
 ma inst. of mi is employed. This rule, how- 
 ever, is not always strictly observed, so 
 Glr. 70 : de dan ndm-du yah mi O brdl-bar 
 gyis sig, and immediately after: skad fcig 
 kyati ma brdl-bar gyis sig do never part 
 with it 
 
 mi-nydg, me-nydg, and 5* 
 
 mr- Tanggud, names of two provinces close- 
 NJ ly connected with each other, situated 
 in the north-eastern part of Tibet and forming 
 in ancient times a separate kingdom Glr. 
 mi-ma Sch. tears. 
 
 mi-ser 1. n.p., formed after -*ox, 
 
 mi-ser yul Egypt, mi-ser-pa Egyptian, Chr. 
 Prot. 2. v. mi. 
 
 TQX{'3' miam-ci, Ssk. fag ^, fabulous be- 
 ings of Indian origin, nearly re- 
 lated to the O dri-za, and belonging to the 
 retinue of Kuvera; fern miam-ci-mo. 
 |Vj- miu 1. a little man, dwarf, also miu- 
 ^ fun Wdn.; mig-gi miu v. mig. 2. 
 perh. applicable also to puppet, doll. 
 
 mig, resp. 1. eye. 2. eye of a needle; 
 hole in a hatchet or hammer, to insert 
 the handle 3. symb. num.: 2. miy- 
 gi garis Sch., the white of the eye; mig-yi 
 rgydl-mo or miu, 'the queen or the little 
 man in the eye': 1. pupil. 2. iris Sty.; mig- 
 gi sndg-fsa or -mfso 6s., vulgo mig-gi ndg- 
 po id.; mig-gi me -tog Sch. the luminous 
 point of the eye: mig nydms-pa 6s. weak 
 eyes; mig ltd-ba to see with the eyes, to 
 look up, to look round Glr. ; mig O dzum-pa 
 to shut the eyes, Jbyed-pa to open the eyes, 
 v. Jbyed-2)a 1 ; O don-pa, Jbyin-pa to cut or 
 tear out the eyes, to squeeze them out by 
 a particular instrument, as a torture or pu- 
 nishment C.; mig bcdr-ba Lex., ace. to Sch. 
 id.; mdoiis-pa, mdons-par ^gyiir-ba to get 
 blind or blinded, to be deprived of sight 
 Dzl. ; mig Jcyid-pa Sch., to distort or roll 
 the eyes; mig sku-ba Dowt. (bsku-ba?) n. 
 of a certain magic trick; mig eld -pa in- 
 flammation of the eyes through cold, snow- 
 blindness C. (perh, pyid-pa)', *mig zug son*
 
 414 
 
 mig 
 
 it has struck my eyes, I should like to have 
 it C., W. ; *mig log ltd-ce* to eye one 'ob- 
 liquely, with envy or jealousy W. 
 
 Comp. mig-kyog squinting Sch. mig- 
 rkyen Mil., is said to be the same as mig- 
 Itos. *mig-skyor* W. eye-ball. mig- 
 skydg the impurities in the eyes Cs. mig- 
 Kun eye-hole, socket Sch. mig-Jlrul Mil. 
 v. mig- pnd. mig -grogs one's sweet- 
 heart Cs. mig - O gram edge of the eye 
 Sch. mig-rgyan 1. v. rgyan-ma. 2. far- 
 sightedness, mig-rgydn-can one that is far- 
 sighted, mig rgyan-fuh short-sighted Bhar. 
 mig-sgyu mirage, looming, Fata Morgana, 
 sos-kai fan-la mig-sgyu O gyu-ba bzin Thgr. 
 like the mirage on a plain in the hot season. 
 
 mig-sgyur-ma = m/cd- gro-ma Mil. 
 mig-can 1. having eyes. 2. having seeds or 
 grains, fructified, of ears of corn W. 
 mig-cer v. -ce-re. mig-lcibs eye-lid Med. 
 
 mig-cu 1. tears W. 2. hydrophthalmia 
 Med. 3. mig-cu dzdg-pa blear-eyes Schr. 
 
 mig-brnyds Jcyer-ba Mil. c. dat., to slight, 
 to treat contemptuously. mig-rtul dim, 
 dull eyes Sch. mig-lta (resp. zdl-lta, 
 zdl-ta)byed-pa to inspect, superintend (*mig- 
 ta-Kan* overseer of workmen); to keep, to 
 guard; to care for, to minister, to serve. 
 
 mig-ltdg Sch. = mig-sky(ig(?} mig- 
 Itos \. eye-sight, look, mien Cs. 2. C. W. 
 learning by observation and close ocular 
 attention, *gdr-za-pe hin-dui mig-tos Kur, 
 or Kyon, or lob dug*W. the people of Lahoul 
 copy the Hindoos; *mig-tos nan-pa I'ur, or 
 lob son* W. he has imitated what is not 
 good. *mig-to-la pem-pa, or no'-pa* C. 
 to derive profit or harm from observing and 
 imitating others (?) *mig-to-la pem-pe 'tim* 
 deterring punishment. *mig-fdg ton-tea* 
 a kind of torture in C 1 ., little hooks, con- 
 nected by strings, being fastened in the 
 lower eye-lids as well as in the chest, by 
 which means the former are constantly 
 drawn down and prevented from closing. 
 
 mig-fun short-sightedness Cs., mig-fun- 
 can short-sighted. *mig-da* snow-spec- 
 tacles, shades formed of a texture of horse- 
 hair. *mig-dol* C. = ynyid-rdol. mig- 
 
 Iddn = mig-can po. needle. mig - ndd, 
 disease of the eye. mig-po = mig Cs., 
 mig-po-ce a large eye Cs. *mig-pdg* C., 
 W. eye-lid. mig-spnn 'a white spot in 
 the eye' Sch. ; ace. to Lt. it seems to be 
 the white of the eye, sclerotica, in C. the 
 cataract is called so. mig-por Cs. = mig- 
 Jcun. mig -Jirul Mil. optical deception, 
 mig-Jcrul-mKan a showman Cs. mig-bu 
 'Augenklappe' Sch. (?) mig- bitr goggle- 
 eyes. mig- Q bras apple of the eye, eye- 
 ball, *mig-dds Uy-ce, or mig-Mr log-ce* W. 
 to roll the eyes; bddg-gi mig-gi O bras Itar 
 yces-na yatl although she is as dear to me 
 as the apple of my eye. mig-mdh(s) 
 chess-board, game at tables, miy-mdn rtse- 
 ba Dzl. to play at chess, mig-man-ris-su 
 b)*is-pa Glr. chequered, painted or in-laid 
 work after the pattern of a chess-board. 
 
 mig-med eyeless, blind. miy-dmdr 
 
 1. red eye, as a symptom of disease Lt. 
 
 2. the planet Mars. mig-smdn eye-me- 
 dicine. mig-rtsa 1. prob. Vena facialis 
 externa Med . 2. the blood - vessels of the 
 sclerotica, mig-rtsa Jcrugs-pa the blood- 
 vessels irritated, reddened Med. *mig- 
 sdl* W. sharp-sightedness, *mig - sal - Kan* 
 sharp-sighted, *mig-sal-nydm* the contrary. 
 
 mig-rtseg the wrinkles of the eye-lid Cs. 
 - mig-fsil, 1. fat in the eye Mil. 2. the 
 
 white in the eye Cs. *mig-fsig(-ce)* W. 
 inflammation of the eye, *Kd-mig-fsig* caused 
 by snow, *dud-mig-fsig* caused by smoke. 
 mig-zi mist before the eyes Sch. mig- 
 zur corner of the eye Sch. mig-yziigs 
 S.g. optical perception, a picture of objects 
 being formed on the retina by reflected rays 
 of light (merely guessed by Tibetan science, 
 not ascertained by observation and research). 
 *mig-ydn(s)* C., W. liberal, bountiful. 
 mig -y or, \. Sch. = mig-rtul. 2. = mig-sgyu 
 Thgr. mig-rig-rig Mil. timidly, anxiously 
 looking to and fro, hither and thither. 
 mig-rin-can = mig-rgydn-can Cs. mig-ris 
 artificial eye-brows Cs. mig^rus eye-bone 
 Cs. mig-slobs the act of accustoming the 
 eyes to . . ., mig-slobs nan-pa skye Mil. you 
 habituate yourself to a faulty look , i. e.
 
 415 
 
 downward, to what is earthly. 
 W. eye-lash. mig-ser 1 . jaundice , also 
 *gya-ndg mig-ser* W. 2. envy, jealousy, 
 mig-ser-can envious, jealous. mig-hu-re 
 v. hu-re. 
 
 |V_. min, resp. mtsan, name, Kyod-kyi min 
 ci yin Mil. or *ci zer* W. what is your 
 name? dei min yaii med Glr. such a thing 
 is or was not known at all, such a thing 
 does not exist; min-tsam-gyi dge-sloh DzL 
 priest only by name; W.: *min-gi ndn-na* 
 id.; C. also: *tdl-gyi min tsdm-le me* this 
 tax exists only nominally; appellation, de- 
 signation, word, fm-pai min a word for 
 drawing (pulling) Gram.; min - gi mdzod 
 dictionary ; *tfyod - su min dan* or *su mi-n- 
 ni ndii-na* or *su min nen-te* or *su min- 
 la ten - te ca dug* W. in whose name or 
 business, upon whose order are you going? 
 *cii min dan* W. for what cause, in behalf 
 of what affair? min-nas r)6d-pa, or smo- 
 ba DzL and elsewh., to call by name, also 
 to call upon the name of, hence . . . kyi 
 min-nas br)6d-de in the name of ; min O d6gs- 
 pa to name v. min 2; dnos-min v. dhos; 
 btdgs-min a name given (e.g. a Christian 
 name) 6s., rjes-grub-kyi min a surname 6s., 
 rus-miii a family name Cs. 
 
 Comp. min-rkydn a single syllable or 
 name 6s., cf. min-sbydr. mih-grogs one's 
 name-sake 6s. min-sgrd a mere name, 
 word, or sound (philosophical term.) Was. 
 min - nan a bad name, infamy 6s. 
 min-can having a name, dpal-Jbyor min- 
 can one of the name of Paljor. miii-fon 
 v. O fon-pa. min-mfd final letter 6s. 
 min-sbydr compound name. min -med 
 1. nameless. 2. the fourth finger. min- 
 fsig word, appellation. miii-yzi the first 
 letter of the root of a word, in contra- 
 distinction to the second, the third, and 
 the prefix-letters, min-yz! rkydh-pa a Dingle 
 initial, e. g. T], including JJ. [TJ, g], Zam.\ 
 ynyis-sbrel, ysum-sbrel a double, triplo, letter, 
 like 7f|, ^, 6s. (?) min-bzdn good repu- 
 tation 6s ^ 
 /> >l ~ P brother in relation to liis 
 sister, min-sii'ri brother and sister; 
 
 de ha dan mih-srih-du byao Dzl. her and 
 myself I shall make to be sister and brother, 
 i.e. I shall raise her to be my sister. 
 
 5J^" mid a large fish 6s.; mid-mid id. 
 
 mid-pa 1. sbst. gullet, oesophagus Mil. 
 
 and elsewh.; mid-skrdn a tumour of 
 it, incident to horses Sch. 2. vb. to 
 swallow, to gulp down, frq. 
 gVr min, W. *man*, 1. for ma yin (he, 
 ^ she, it) is not, sa-min-fsil-min Mil. 
 they are neither 'flesh nor fat'. 2. abbrev. 
 for min-pa and min -par v. below; btan- 
 min for *btan yin-nam ma yin* W. will it 
 be given or not? min-pa and ma yin-pa 
 to be not; often as a participle supplying 
 the place of a prep, or adv. (for min-par\ 
 excepted, except, besides, de ma yin-pai sin 
 Stg. the other trees except this one; klu 
 ma yin-pa yzan mi tub Dzl. except he that 
 is a Lu cannot . . .; sans-rgyds min-pa sus 
 /cyan mi ses Mil. besides Buddha no one 
 knows of it, no one knows it except Bud- 
 dha; has yug ycig min-pa mi bsdad Mil. I 
 have been sitting down only this moment; 
 TO zer-ba min-pa skyab-pai min mi yoh-ba 
 O dug Mil. one can only say 'corpse', and 
 the appellation 'skyab-pa' is not admissible; 
 de min besides, otherwise, else, apart from, 
 setting aside Mil.; even: de-min-rnams Glr. 
 those that are not doing so. Cf. man. 
 &|<3T^" min-da v. mi-mda, sub mi compounds. 
 
 |W mim, the Hind, mem, Madam, mim sd- 
 
 heb the mistress or lady of the house. 
 
 xte* mir termin., jfor w*s instrum. case 
 
 of mi. 
 
 5|- mu 1. num. fig.: 76. 2. sbst. border, 
 ^ boundary, limit, edge, end, zih-mu-la 
 vnds-pai lha deity residing on the land- 
 mark; mu-la skye (the plant) grows on the 
 edges of fields Wdh.; mfa med-cih mu med 
 Stg. there is neither limit nor end; mu bzi 
 = mfa bzi Mil , S.g. seems to be used in 
 a philosophical sense for 'perfect limited- 
 ness'; mu-Kyud circumference, compass, the 
 hoops of a cask Sch., tlie rim of a wheel 
 Stg. ; mu-Icyud-qdzin ii.p., the least of the
 
 416 
 
 -ge 
 
 mur-ba 
 
 seven mountains surrounding the Sumeru. 
 mu-stegs-pa, also mu-stegs-can Ssk. <ftf^efi 
 (overlooking the word steys) it is gen. ex- 
 plained in an intellectual sense, so by Cun- 
 ningham : adherents of the doctrine of finite 
 existence (Bhilsa Topes), Cs. : the doctrine 
 of perpetual duration or of perpetual an- 
 nihilation (?); but should not rather mu- 
 stegs be the same as O bdb-stegs (v. Jbdb-pa), 
 being a literal translation of <ft^[, and there- 
 fore prop, a Brahm.anic ascetic (v. Ssk. 
 diet.), in Buddhist literature always equi- 
 valent to Brahmanist, Non-Buddhist, heretic 
 (infidel)? 3 Sch has besides: mu-la in 
 a circle, continuously; mu-ltar or mu-nas 
 = bzin-duC.\ in W they say: *mu cig-la 
 bor* throw it together on a heap! 
 
 mu-ge 1. W. desire, appetite, *zan za- 
 ce* or *can fun-cet mu-ge rag* I have 
 a longing for food, for beer; mu-ge-can fond 
 of dainties, lickerish, of men and animals. 
 2. B. and col., famine, mu-ge Jbyun Dzl., 
 Mil. a famine is caused, breaks out. 
 ( mu-cor nonsense, smrd-baStg. to 
 
 talk nonsense. 
 
 jfcqr tnu-tig pearl frq., mu-tig-rgyan a 
 ' pearl ornament Cs ; mjn-tig-cun-po, 
 mu-tig'drd-baG-lr. garland formed of pearls; 
 mu-tig-pren string of pearls. 
 
 mu-fi-la mother of pearl Sch. (?). 
 
 mu-niSsk. saint, ascetic, anchorite, 
 chiefly in names: Sd-kya-mu-ni the 
 saint of the Sakyas, Buddha. 
 
 mu-ni-tiSch. = mu-tig(?). 
 
 j. mu-men Glr., Mil. a precious stone, of 
 a dark blue, yet inferior to the azure- 
 stone, occasionally used for rosaries; mention 
 is also made of mu-men dmdr-po Wdn. 
 
 mu-rtsdd(?) colt's foot, Tussilago 
 farfara Lh 
 
 mu-zi brimstone, sulphur Med., mu-zi- 
 can containing- sulphur, sulphurous; 
 mu-zii skyur-rtsi (snum Schr.) sulphuric 
 acid C's.(?). 
 
 mu-rdn hoop, of casks etc. Sch. 
 
 mu-la Ssk., root| particular roots, such 
 as those of Arum campanulatum, so 
 
 perh. Lt. 
 
 5CT'^j" mug-ge sometimes for mu-ge. 
 
 g^n-q. mug-pa, 1. sbst. moth, worm, mug- 
 ma id. Gb\, also mun-ma\ gos-mug 
 clothes-moth, bdl-mug id., Icdgs-mug aworm 
 that eats iron away(?) 6s.; mug-zan moth- 
 eaten, destroyed by worms Cs. 2. vb. 
 with yid-, yi-, resp. fugs-, to despair Pth.; 
 bio mug-po'd gloomy, doleful way of thinking 
 Sch. 
 
 mun-pa 1. sbst. obscurity, darkness, 
 frq. mun-pai smog-rum id., frq.; 
 mun-pa-nas mun-par groDzl. they wander 
 in eternal darkness; mun-pa scl-ba to lighten 
 the darkness; frq. fig. with and without 
 bloi. 2 adj. obscure, dark. 3. vb. in 
 W., mun son he has become insensible. 
 Comp. mun-Kafi dark room, e.g. the sanctuary 
 containing the images of the gods Glr.; 
 prison Cs. mun-Kun Dzl. prison, dungeon. 
 *mun-tig* Lh., mun-Krod Dzl., *mun- 
 ndg* W., ., mun-brdg Sch. and Lh. (?) close 
 darkness. *mun-dul, or mun-nyug tdn- 
 ce* W. to grope in the dark. *mun-cu, 
 num-cu* W. the dusk of evening, *mun 
 (-cu) rub* sets in. *mun-(s)pe-ra tdn- 
 ce* W. to talk confusedly, wildly. mun- 
 sprul Tar. 56,17, to judge by the context: 
 ignorance, stupidity; so Schf. mun-sribs 
 Lea;, the darkness of night. mun - sro 
 furious passion, *mun-sro yon dug* W. he 
 rages in his passion. *mun-sros = mun- 
 cu* W. 
 5T mum (Hind.') W. wax. 
 
 rr^- mur 1. termin. of inu, hence mur-fug 
 to the extremity, till the end of Cs.; perh. 
 also mur-dum(or -zlum"?}Ld. dull, of knives, 
 hatchets; mur- dug = mu-stegs-pa Sch. 
 2. gills of fish. 
 
 SF^ffc" mu>r -gon the temples Sch.; mur- 
 O grdm id. Cs ; jaw, jaw-bone Sch. 
 - mur-for ulcers in the mouth Sch. 
 
 mur-ba 1. to gnaw, to destroy by 
 gnawing, to bite asunder, e. g. bones 
 Thgr. 2. to masticate, to chew(?).
 
 417 
 
 med-pa 
 
 mul-fug W. fist, *mul-fug co-ce, 
 gdm-ce* to threaten with the fist, 
 *gydb-ce* to strike with the fist. 
 j- me I. num. fig. : 106. II. sbst. 1. resp. 
 
 zugs C., *ndn-me* W., fire, me Jbar the 
 fire burns, so?* breaks out, meed spreads, si 
 is extinguished; *me sdn-na* W. is the fire 
 burning (again)? Kdn-pa mes (vulgo *me- 
 /*) bsregs, sor, ffyer the house is burnt 
 down, *dugs son* W. ignited , burnt (par- 
 tially); me sbor-ba, Jbud-pa, ytoh-ba B., 
 \s)bdr-ce, pu-ce, dug-ce* W. to light a fire, 
 yso-ba, *son-te co-ce* W. to stir, poke, trim 
 the fire, *nydl-ce* W. to cover the glowing 
 embers with ashes, in order to preserve the 
 heat; rgydb-pa 1. to set on fire, Kyim-la a 
 house Glr. 2. to strike fire W., me Ide-baB. 
 and col., to warm one's self at the fire. 
 2. symb. num.: 3. 
 
 Comp. me-skdm cock (of a gun), *me- 
 kdmjar fsar* W. the gun is cocked. me- 
 skyogs C. a shovel for live coals. me- 
 S 9y9 s > 9y9 s = 8 9 1 J9 S 2 - me-mgdl fire- 
 brand, me-mgdl-gyi H6r-lo the circle made 
 by a firebrand, when quickly swung round 
 Cs. *me-rlon* torch C. me-can fiery, 
 containing fire. me-lcdgs fire-steel, pocket- 
 fire. me-lce flame of fire. me-cd fire- 
 steel (?) Sch., *me- ce* C. every thing re- 
 quisite for kindling a fire, as it is got in 
 readiness for the following morning. me- 
 mnyam-rlun v. rlun. *me-tdg* C. 1 . (rtags) 
 a mark of burning. 2. (Itag or stag} spark, 
 sparklet, a bit of live coal in the ashes. 
 me-fdb fire-place, hearth; stove. me- don 
 Dzl fire-pit, pool of fire. me-drod v. 
 drod. *me-dd*C., musket, pistol; *me- 
 da pag-cen* canon Schr.; *me-dd gydb-pa* 
 to discharge a gun; *me-da-sin* resinous 
 wood, the coal of which is particularly used 
 for making gun-powder. *me-ddg* (mday} 
 C. coals glowing underneath the ashes. 
 nw-rdel bullet, musket-ball Sch. me-rdo 
 flint Cs. me-niir Sch. = me-mddg. me- 
 snod, or -por coal-pan, chafing-dish, per- 
 fuming-pan. me-puri, me-bum cupping- 
 glass, cup Lt. me-ba Dzl. = me. me- 
 bo = me a large fire, me-bo ce Dzl. me- 
 
 dbdl a disease Med. ; it is said to be a cu- 
 taneous eruption, hot and smarting, perh. 
 erysipelas? me-mur = me-mddg Dzl. ; 
 me-ma-mur Thgy. id.? me-btsd v. btsa. 
 *me - fsdg* spark W. - *me-dze* gun- 
 powder C. me-yzi anvil Sch. me-yzob 
 mark of singeing, of having caught fire. 
 - *me-zt* W. = me-ltdg. me-^obs = me- 
 doh Sch. me-ri fire-mountain, introduced 
 by us for volcano. me - ris a figure re- 
 sembling a flame Sch. me-ro an extin- 
 guished fire, fig. bstdn-pai me-ro Ian Glr. 
 the extinct doctrine revives again. *me- 
 lifi* W. flame. me-len fire-tongs. me- 
 sel burning-glass. me-lhd the god of fire, 
 v. Schl. 251 sqq. III. v. also me-tog. 
 me-nydg v. mi-nydg. 
 
 m e- to 9-> W. *men-tog*, 1. flower, me- 
 
 tog O bar, Ka Jbus the flower opens, 
 begins to bloom, me-tog-gi pren-ba chaplet, 
 wreath of flowers. 2. W. tuft or crest on 
 the head of some birds. 3. W. snow-flake. 
 
 me-lon 1. mirror, looking-glass, frq.; 
 
 Ids-kyi me-lon a magic mirror, re- 
 vealing the future Glr.; also fig., esp. in 
 titles of books, e.g. rgyal-rdbs-kyi ysdl-bai, 
 me-lon A bright Mirror of the History of 
 Kings. 2. plain surface, flat body extending 
 in length and breadth, e.g. the flatness of 
 the shoulder-blade, table-top, door-pannels 
 etc., hence sgo me-lon-can Glr. an opening 
 provided with a frame of boards to close 
 it, not merely an 'ostium', of which de- 
 scription most of the inner doors in Tibetan 
 houses are. 
 SJoS^ mea^o the mewing of a cat. 
 
 Tjr'j- med-pa for mi yod-pa to be not, to 
 exist not (v. ydd-pd), med he is not 
 here, he is gone etc. ; *Ka-cul-du son-te med* 
 W. he is off, having gone to Kashmere \*cag- 
 mag a-pe Kyer-te med* W. the tinder-box 
 is not here, father has taken it with him; 
 *si-te med* W. he is dead and gone; skabs 
 med Dzl. there is, or there 'was, no oppor- 
 tunity ; cos-kyi min tsam yah med Glr. re- 
 ligious law does not, or did not, exist at 
 all; med kyaii even if nothing is extant, 
 27
 
 418 
 
 mes-po 
 
 though the thing does not exist in reality ; 
 *ni med-na yan yon dug* the 'm 5 may be 
 dispensed with, though 'm' be omitted, it 
 will be all right; rgyd-la med-pai yi-ge 
 drug Glr. six letters not existing in Sanskrit; 
 mtd-kyan-run-baiyig-Jbru ycig a letter that 
 may also be wanting, a dispensable letter, 
 e.g. <2J G-lr. ; med-kyan dgos-pai Kral-bsdud 
 Mil. a taxation necessary, and even if one 
 possesses nothing, yet as it were inexorable ; 
 med-pa ( W. *med-Kan*} not being, not exist- 
 ing, not having; bld-ma-la bzugs-grogs med- 
 pa Idgs-sam Mil. has your Reverence no 
 fellow-resident in your house? fern, med- 
 ma Mil. ; W. *md dud-pa-med-Kan* very or 
 quite smokeless; mi brndns-pa skyug-tu 
 med-pa mid-du med-pa Dzl. a man about 
 to be choked, being neither able to spit 
 out, nor to swallow down; bdag (or bdag- 
 la) can dbul-du med Dzl. we are not able 
 to give any thing; med-mi-run-gi bu-fsd 
 Mil. the sons and grandsons that are to 
 get something (as a heritage); Jcyim der 
 med-du mi ytub-pa, or mi run-ba indis- 
 pensable in the house Thgy.; so also med- 
 fabs-med-pai blon-po Glr.', med-par ^gyur- 
 > ba to be annihilated, to disappear, stdg-mo 
 med-par gyur-to Pth. the tigress disap- 
 peared ; ynam dan sa yan med-gyur-na Dzl. 
 when heaven and earth shall pass away; 
 *da na cian med -Kan son* W. now I am 
 quite undone; blon-po-rnams O gran-sems- 
 med-par gyur-to Glr. the ministers lost their 
 litigiousness, gave up quarreling; zas brim- 
 du med-par gyur-to Dzl. the distribution 
 of the dishes became impossible; *pe-ra 
 zer-ce med-Kan son* W. he became speech- 
 less; med-par byed-pa to annihilate, an 
 enemy DzL, to put an end to, a quarrel Glr. ; 
 frq. med-pa(r) may be rendered by 'with- 
 out' : rgydl-po zig med-na mi run, or tabs - 
 med Pth. we cannot do without a king; 
 mfa-rfen-me'd-pai mfa a termination with- 
 out a final consonant Gram. ; rc/yu med-par 
 S. g. without cause ; or by ' instead of : 
 rgydl-po med-par Glr. instead of the king, 
 sndr-gyi lus med-par Glr. instead of the 
 former shape ; nyin-mfsan-med-par making 
 
 no difference between day and night, po-mo- 
 med-par between male and female, rgan-byis- 
 med-par old and young; vulgo also nyin- 
 med-mfsdn-med etc. med-po, W. *med- 
 Kan*, fern, med-mo, a poor man, pauper. 
 
 1^* men Mil. an ornament, piece of finery. 
 
 mendi, Ssk. fl^, Lawsonia alba, a 
 ^ plant used for staining the finger-nails 
 red Mil. 
 
 ' men-tsi a coloured silk handkerchief W. 
 
 : men-hri a, kind of fur? men-hridmdr- 
 ' "* poi slog-pa a fur-coat of red men-hri 
 is mentioned as the vesture of a Lha. 
 
 SJ^s" mer termin. of me. 
 
 mer-ba Cs.: 'a quaking; thinness; 
 
 mei*-po, mer -mer thin, as liquids'; 
 Sch. : 'mer-gyis gan full to the brim 1 . I met 
 with 1. mer in zig-mer q.v. 2. mer-ba 
 as adj. for mfso the lake Mil. 3. *mer- 
 mer* W. adj. like a thin pap, and sbst. a 
 muddy Substance, e.g. street-mire; *mer-mer 
 co-ce* to make a mire. 4. mei'-mer-ba 
 adj in connection with such sbst. as light, 
 ray, beam, brightness Thgr., Mil. 5. mer- 
 mer-po used in medical writings in a similar 
 manner as nur-nur-po, to define the shape 
 of an embryo, oblong, oval; these descrip- 
 tions, however, though partly founded on 
 observation, are frequently very arbitrary, 
 vague, and even contradictory. In W. the 
 word has only the signification 3; a Lama 
 from C. rendered it with "full', which would 
 agree with Sch. and no. 1, as well as with 
 'glittering, quivering', having some relation 
 to no. 2 and no. 4. 
 
 or * m * l ~ fse or ~ tee l watcn > watch- 
 man, sentinel; watcher, spy, mel- 
 fse byed-pa to watch, to keep watch Dzl. ; 
 jd-ra-mel-fse = *mel-fse* W. 2. steatite 
 or soap-stone, of a greenish colour. 
 
 m&-po, vulgo *me-me*, grandfather; 
 
 also forefather, ancestor, progenitor, 
 saiiis-rgyds fams-cdd-kyi spyi-mes kun-tu- 
 bzdn-po Thgr. Kuntuzaiipo, the common 
 progenitor of all the Buddhas; mes ryydl- 
 po Glr. merely equivalent to k the old king';
 
 419 
 
 mod-pa 
 
 pa-mes the grandfather by the father's, ma- 
 mes by the mother's side C's ; yan-mes great- 
 grandfather Glr. ; ze- or yzi-mes Sch. great- 
 great-grandfather; mes-dbon grandfather 
 and grandchildren, resp., e.g rgijdl-po mes- 
 dbon the kings from one generation to an- 
 other, the royal ancestors Glr.' mes-rdbs id. 
 Sch. ; *me-me*, reverential name given to 
 men of a more advanced age W. also C. 
 S|*5" me-tri., f^fa, v. bydms-pa Mil. 
 
 ST wo, I. num. figure: 136. 
 
 II. woman, female, opp. to po, = bud- 
 med: mo na-re the woman said Glr., Mil.', 
 of animals : female. *mo-kydn* W. virgin. 
 
 mo-gos woman's gown, petticoat. mo- 
 brgyud female line of descent. mo-bi fe- 
 male calf. mo-byis Mil., mo-dbyis (*mo- 
 yt*) C. girl, female child. mo-btsun nun Glr. 
 
 - mo-mfsdn, moi dbdn-po female genitals. 
 
 mo-rdn-(mo') l. single, unmarried woman, 
 so perh. in the passage, ydon ndn-gyi Kyo- 
 bas mo-rdn skyid happier is a single woman 
 than one with a husband of a bad face; 
 more frq., the word implies 2. a poor, de- 
 stitute female, one who did not get a husband 
 W. 3. she, herself C., Lew.mo-ri, mo-re a 
 female kid. mo-rigs female sex. Cs. - 
 mo-liis the female body Sch. mo-ysdm a 
 barren female, hence mo-ysdm-gyi bu a non- 
 sense, an incongruity. 
 
 III. lot, mo O debs-pa to cast the lot, al- 
 ways a religious ceremony performed by 
 Lamas (cf. rgyan and rtags-rit), which how- 
 ever does not preclude the possibility of an 
 imposture; mo-pa one dealing with these 
 practices, a soothsayer, mo-pa O dre mfon- 
 ba a soothsayer that pretends to have seen 
 a ghost; mo-mKan Cs., md-rtsis-pa Glr. id. 
 (the latter expression in the respective pas- 
 sage = court-astrologer); mo-ma the femi- 
 nine of it Cs., which however is at variance 
 with Mil., who in several places has bla- 
 ma mtfas^pai mo-ma. 
 
 IV. affix, so-called article, correspond- 
 ing to the masc. terminations po and pa, 
 and denoting the fern, gender of persons, 
 bu-mo daughter, b6d-mo a Tibetan woman. 
 
 paste. 
 
 mo-Kdb v. Kab. 
 
 mog-pa dark (coloured) Cs.', mog-ro 
 of horses, yellowish-brown Glr. 
 
 mog-mog \. Cs. = m6g-pa. 2. 
 
 meat-pie, meat-balls in a cover of 
 
 mog-sa mushroom W. 
 
 m fy s -t sa - ra Lt. n. of a plant; 
 
 in Lh. mog-sa-ras is a large 
 species of Ferula or Dorema, of a yellow 
 flower and a fetid smell. 
 
 mon-gol a Mongul Tib. sog-po. 
 
 mon-rtul Lex. = blun-po dull, stupid. 
 
 mon-lo, W. for I6n-mo knuckle, an- 
 
 klebone. 
 
 |r- mod moment, occurring only in the 
 following combinations: Idn-bai mod 
 (de-nyid^-la at the very moment of rising 
 Ptli., Mil., dei mod-la the moment after Glr. ; 
 gen. mod-la instantly, immediately, mod-la 
 drdns-so Glr. he immediately pulled it out; 
 Kra yan mod-la pyin-te Dzl. immediately 
 after there came also the hawk; dt-nas 
 mod-la id. Dzl. 
 gS3r'T m d-pa (cognate to mdd-pa?) an 
 
 emphatic word for to be, 1. as an 
 augmentative oiyin, sometimes superadded 
 to this word; occasionally untranslatable, 
 sometimes = indeed, to be sure , zes smras 
 mod-kyi Dzl. though indeed you may say 
 so; dpag-tu-med mod-kyi though indeed it 
 is immeasurable Dzl.', )'sa de-ka rta yin mod 
 Mil. the snow-leopard indeed was I myself; 
 di ma yin mod ^.on-kyan ... to be sure, it 
 is not this one, yet. . . Tar.; ^ro-bayin mod 
 (although not invited) yet after all you 
 must go. 2. as augmentative of yod, sig- 
 nifying abundance, plenty J9., C., W.', de 
 mi byed-na dgra mod if you omit to do this, 
 you will have plenty of enemies, nad mod 
 plenty of diseases; sti-bstdn-gi Krims sin- 
 tu mod-kyi although they abounded in com- 
 pliments; mdd-pa having an abundance, 
 lons-spydd rn6d-par ^gyur he becomes the 
 owner of great wealth Dzl.; sin-fog m6d-
 
 420 
 
 mydd-pa 
 
 pa Glr. abounding in tree-fruit; mod-po 
 adj. plentiful, abounding, kiil-lu-ru sin mod- 
 po in Kullu wood is plentiful, or sin mod- 
 poi yul (Kullu is) a country abounding in 
 wood, opp. to dkon-po, hence 'cheap' may 
 occasionally stand for it. 
 gfa mon \. n. p., general name for the 
 ' different nations living between Tibet 
 and the Indian plain Mil : mon-yul-gyi bdn- 
 dhe a monk from Nepal; Glr.: dpal-gro mon- 
 la Paldo in Bhotan ; mon-ta-waii is stated 
 to be a commercial place in Assam, from 
 whence much rice is brought to Tibet; the 
 people of Lahoul are looked upon by the 
 real Tibetans as Mon, though for the most 
 part they speak the Tibetan language, and 
 they in their turn consider the Hindoos in 
 Kullu as Mon ; that this appellation is often 
 extended to the Hindoos in general, appears 
 from such names as, mon-gre, mon- si an 
 Indian pea, Phaseolus radiatus, 7TTO; mon- 
 ca-ra the ever-green oak and its fruit, of 
 the southern Himalaya ridges Wd/l. ; in Ld. 
 the musicians (Ld.-Glr. Schl. 25, b), car- 
 penters, and wood-cutters coming from the 
 south, are likewise denominated Mon. 
 The form mon-pa Cs. is not known to me; 
 mon-mo fern. Pth. 2. sometimes for mun. 
 mon-za (or perh. fza} W., popularity, 
 respect, reputation, mon-za fob he 
 makes himself generally beloved, is highly 
 respected; mon-za-can beloved, popular. 
 
 ^P\* mor termin. of mo. 
 
 mol-ba the usual resp. term, esp. in 
 W., for to say, to speak, as bsgo-ba 
 and bkd-rtsal-ba are used in earlier, and 
 ysiin- ba in later literature and in C., hence 
 it is often to be rendered by 'to order'; *sd- 
 heb-la sa-ldm mol zu* have the goodness 
 to present (say) my compliments to that 
 gentleman; *mol-lce tdn-ce* to flatter, to 
 caress; *mol-la tan-Ma* 6'. to make known(?). 
 j- mds-pa vb. and sbst. to be pleased, 
 la with, to wish, to have a mind, O ar6- 
 bar mos-so Glr. I took a fancy to go there ; 
 cu-la sogs-par mos-na Thgy. if you wish 
 for water or something of the kind; mds- 
 
 pa dan O dod-pa 8.0. desiring and coveting 
 (are the origin of all the misery of sin); 
 to take pleasure in. to rejoice at, mos-pai 
 glu Glr. song of rejoicing; as sbst.: pleasure, 
 satisfaction, esteem. 2. to respect, to esteem, 
 with la, to respect with devotion, to revere, 
 to adore cos-la frq. ; Uyod gdn - la mos to 
 whom do you direct your devotions? Mil.; 
 mos-nas O bul-ba yin I give it merely from 
 devout veneration, i.e. I shall take nothing 
 for it Pth.\ frq. joined with giis-pa: yid- 
 mos-gus drdg-pos with fervent veneration; 
 dad-mos devotion; mos spyod-pa as parti- 
 ciple, a pious man, a devotee Tar. 109, 7. 
 mya-iidn, trouble, misery, affliction, 
 mya-ndn-gyis ydun-ste Dzl.\ mya- 
 ndn ci yan med Dzl. I have no trouble, no 
 uneasiness, whatever; mya-ndn bsal Tar. 
 the time of mourning is at an end; mya- 
 ndn byed-pa to lament, to wail; mya-nan- 
 med, Tinftefi, n. of a famous king of ancient 
 India Glr.,, Tar. ch. VI; mya-ndn-las O dds- 
 pa, abbr. myan- das (and so also pronoun- 
 ced, as for instance in a verse of Mil., where 
 it occurs as a trochee) 'having been deli- 
 vered from pain', the usual, illiteral, Tibetan 
 version of f^nrnjr, the absolute cessation 
 of all motion and excitement both of body 
 and mind, which is necessarily connected 
 with personal existence; absolute rest, which 
 by orientals is thought to be the highest 
 degree of happiness, imagined by some as 
 a perfect annihilation of existence, by others, 
 more or less, only as a cessation of all that 
 is unpleasant in human existence, well 
 set forth by Kopp. I. 304 sqq. 
 
 mya-nam a fearful desert Lex., Tligy. 
 
 niydfj-pa Sch. 'to chew'; ace. to me- 
 dical writings, the chemical decom- 
 position of the chyme in the stomach; to 
 cause putrefaction; pf. myags; mydgs-par 
 byed-pa = myag-pa S.g.; rul-cin mydgs-pa 
 Dzl. decomposed, putrefied; ro-mydgs the 
 watery product of putrefaction, 'tabes' Tligy. 
 
 mydn-ba v. myon-ba. 
 "J' mydd-pa Sch. mid-pa sbst.
 
 mytn 
 
 421 
 
 " myit'i Sch. = 7m/. 
 
 
 
 - ^- reeu< > rusn ' 
 
 > flag, also = smyu-gu. 
 
 2. 6s. sprout, the first shoot of corn etc., 
 myu-gu snon-po Thgy. the young green corn. 
 myug-pa, myug-myug-pa 1. to run, 
 roam, stroll idle about Sch. 2. to 
 show, exhibit ostentatiously, to boast with 6s. 
 v. dmyug-pa. 
 
 myur-ba quick, swift, speedy, WM/W/-- 
 po id. JVM. ; mostly as adv., myur-du 
 quickly, speedily; soon; ci-myur as speedily 
 as possible; myur-du-btsd-rtags symptoms 
 of immediate parturition Med. 
 gmra- myul-ba to examine closely, to search 
 ^ into, to scrutinize, c. accus. or terinin. 
 of place Stg., Mil., prob. but a different 
 spelling for nyul-ba. Ice-myul Mt'ig., Lt. 
 a symptom of disease, ace. to Wise p. 282: 
 a quivering motion of the tongue. 
 
 C|* myo-ba v. smyo-ba. 
 
 myon-ba, pf. myaris, also myo/'t, fut. 
 
 myan W. *nydn-ce*, 1. to taste Dzl; 
 to try by tasting, myan-bas zim-po fsor-nas 
 perceiving the relish by tasting; ro myon- 
 ba * (lob-lag nydn-ce* W., id. ; to enjoy, mfo- 
 iis-k'yi lons-spyod the bliss of paradise Dzl.', 
 myon-bar bijed-pa to make, or to permit 
 to, enjoy, Kyod cos-kyi zas myon-bar byao 
 I shall make thee enjoy the food of religious 
 doctrine Sch., yet it may be rendered also 
 more simply : thou wilt enjoy . . . Dzl. 9V$, 
 b. 2. in philosophy: to perceive, in re- 
 lation to the perceptions of sense, Ssk. %^T. 
 3. to experience, to suffer, both good and 
 evil, sdug-bsnal, distress etc. frq. ; to get, 
 mi-sdug-pai lus an ugly body; seldom with 
 termin., ynds-skabsyzdn-duwyoii-bar Q yyur- 
 bai Ids - rnams works which would bring 
 upon their author another state of existence 
 (after his death) Thgy. ; myon-bar mi O gyur- 
 ba to be preserved from Dom.; ran-gibyds- 
 pa rdn-gi myoit-ba yin Pth. your own doings 
 are your own sufferings ; as you have brewed, 
 so you must drink. 4. auxil. of the pf. 
 like byun, but chiefly in negative sentences: 
 
 btsal ma myo/t Dzl. I have never yet sought, 
 mfoit ma myoi't Mil. I have never yet seen, 
 fos ma myoh Mil. I have never yet heard, 
 a construction, that has originated from 
 the earlier one c. inf. : rdzun smrd-ba ma 
 myon, dge-bai semsskyed-pa ma myoit dealing 
 with falsehood, producing virtuous thoughts, 
 has never happened to me yet Dzl. 
 
 dmd-ba to be low, dbus dma mfa 
 ynyis mfo-na if (in pregnancy) the 
 middle parts of the body are low, and the 
 sides high Med.; sbst. lowness; adj., also 
 dmd-mo, low, low water, low voice, low 
 rank, short measure or weight, frq.; dmq- 
 la Uydd-du ysod-pa to despise the low and 
 humble Lt.; dmd-na if I live in humble 
 circumstances Dow.; nd-yis mfomfo byds- 
 padmadmabyun aspiring higherand higher, 
 I fell deep Pth.] of religion: cuh-zad dmd- 
 bai dus-su as it had somewhat fallen into 
 decay Pth. ; dma O bebs-pa (frq. written smd) 
 W. *ma bob kdl-ce*, and intrs. dma Jbdb- 
 pa to lower, to degrade, by words: to abuse, 
 to vilify Do. by deeds : to deface, to deform, 
 to mar /'///., to disgrace, dishonour, profane 
 Pth. ; to humiliate Tar. ; to oppress, to ruin 
 Schr. ; *ma-bab-can* W. humiliated, brought 
 low. dmd-sa \. Sch. low land(?) 2. = 
 dmdn-sa. Cf. dmdn-pa. 
 
 dmag Lexx. %TT 1 army, host, dmag- 
 tsogs, dmag - dpun , less frq. dmag- 
 yseb id.; dmag dan beds-pa with an army 
 Tar.; mi-la dmag skyur-ba to commit the 
 command of an army to a person Glr. ; yul- 
 la dmag Q dren-pa to lead an army against, 
 to invade a country, frq.; dmag rgydg-pa 
 Glr., *mag fab-pa* C. to war, to make or 
 wage war, dmag-rgydg (or dmag- dren) res 
 mdn-du byed-pa to make war upon each 
 other Glr. ; mu-slegs-pai dmdg-gis bzun he 
 was made a prisoner by an army of Brah- 
 manists Glr.] dmag stoii 1000 men 7V//.; 
 dmdg-gi fsogs ston-prdg sum-cu an army of 
 30000 men Dzl. 2. in a gen. sense, mul- 
 titude, number, host, *mag-lin(s}* W. abeating 
 up of game, a battue ; *mag-nor* property 
 of the community, - *(s)pi-nor* W. 3. 6's. 
 and Sch. war.
 
 422 
 
 ' dmdg-pa 
 
 dmigs-pa 
 
 Comp. dmag-Krims 'martial law' Cs. 
 *mag-tug* W. war, contention, contest. - 
 
 dmag-mgo Ma. vanguard, front or first line 
 of the army. dmag-sgdr encampment, 
 O degs-pa to pitch a camp. dmag-bsgrig 
 troops drawn up, battle-array Sch dmag- 
 cds requisites for war, military stores, am- 
 munition Pth. * may -tab* ('., W. war. 
 dmag-nor v. above sub no. 2 mag- nor. dmag- 
 snd dmay-mgo Ma. dmag-dpun army. 
 dmag-dpon commander, general. dmag- 
 brdn = dmag-sgdr. dmag-mi warrior, 
 soldier. dmdg-mo = dmag, dmdg-mo ce 
 bski/r-ba Pth. to send out a great army. 
 dmag-fsogs = dmag-dpuii. dmag-lms v. 
 above. 
 
 J" dmdg-pa v. 
 
 mdg-pa. 
 
 dnutHs the common people, populace, 
 
 multitude, vulgar; dmdits-kyi ston- 
 mo a banquet for all Mil.' dmaiis pdl-pa 
 the vulgar, the common people; one of the 
 common people ; dmdns-rigs id. ; used also 
 as an abusive word: mean fellow; when 
 referred to Indian matters = vrg. the caste 
 of craftsmen, not so low as ydol-ba. 
 %Tijz'r dmdd - pa Sch. invective, abuse, 
 
 (does not suit to S.g. 21). 
 
 dmdn-pa (cf. dmd-ba) 1. low, v. 
 
 mfo-ba; gen. fig., in reference to 
 quantity, little, dman lhag log either too 
 little, or too much, or badly constituted, e.g. 
 gall, and other humours of the human body 
 Med. ; bsod - nams dman - pa having little 
 merit, bio dmdn-pa having little sense Glr. ; 
 with skye-ba v. skye-ba II. ; in reference to 
 quality: indifferent, inferior Ssk. ^ff, rim ~ 
 pas ddn-po mcog yin pyi-ma dman in the 
 order (of enumeration) the first is always 
 better, the next following inferior S.g.', 
 *men-isdr* maiden, girl, virgin C. (cf. skyie- 
 dmdn); depressed in spirits Wdn.\ poor, piti- 
 able, ri-dwdgs dmdn-ma the poor deer Mil.; 
 dmdn-sa or dman-ca, O dzin-pa to choose 
 the low, humble part, to be humble, to 
 humble one's self, frq.; dmdn-sa zuh dan 
 mfo-sar sleb Mil. choose what is low, and 
 you will obtain what is high. 2. dman 
 
 for sky e- dmdn woman, opp. to po Mil. 
 3. in Mil. sometimes also for ma-mo, srin-mo. 
 r^p^ dinar profit, gain, good success, dmar 
 cu/t ti small profit Mil ; dmdr-po adj., 
 tugs-ddm dmdr-po byun-nam did it go on 
 well with your meditation? Mil., dmar-Krid 
 Cs. 'practical instruction', e.g. in the healing 
 art; ace. to my authorities it signifies the 
 last "finishing' instruction, in religion Mil., 
 in medical science Med. 
 
 dmdr-po, fern, dmdr-mo (seldom), 
 dmdr-ba, adj. 1. red, frq., mdog- 
 dmdr-po one red -coloured (lit. red as to 
 colour) Dom.; dmdr-bai spyan red eyes Glr.; 
 sna dmdr-ba having a red trunk or pro- 
 boscis Glr. ; dmdr-ba, also redness and to be 
 red. - 2. \.dmar. Comp. dmar-skyd pale 
 red. dmar-Krd Lt., red-spotted. dmar- 
 Krid v. dmar. *mar-zhi* raw meat W. 
 dmar-ljdn greenish red Mil. *mdr-t'ag 
 cod* W. the red of evening has vanished 
 from the mountains. dmar- fab? dmar- 
 for v. fur-pa. dmar-mddiis Sch. 1 . bright 
 red(?) 2. ruddy complexion. dmar- don 
 Lt. medicinal herb ; in Lh. = bya-po-tsi-tsi. 
 dmar-ndg, skud-pa dinar-nag ynyis two 
 threads, one black, the other red, used in 
 magic. dmar-smyug blackish red. mar- 
 zan-zdn scarlet-j'ed. dmar-yol red china- 
 ware (? opp. to dkar-yoV) Med. dmar-bsdl 
 Sch. dysentery, bloody flux. dmar-ser 
 (-po) i eddish yellow, honey-coloured Glr. 
 dmds-pa Cs. wounded. 
 
 dmfy-pa, dmig-bu Lex. 
 and Cs. hole. 
 sbst. v. the following. 
 
 dmigs-pa 1. vb. (analogous to 
 sgom-pa), to fancy, to imagine 
 Tar. 73, 5. prob.; to think, to construe in 
 one's mind, dmigs-te Glr. or vulgo dmigs-la 
 in imagination, e.g. to do a thing in one's 
 mind, which at the time one is not able to 
 perform in reality ; this according to a Bud- 
 dhist's belief is permitted in various cases 
 (e.g. *sem-mi mig-la pul-ce*W., to bring an 
 offering in mind, in imagination); it is at- 
 tended with the same beneficial effects, as
 
 dmigs-pa 
 
 423 
 
 dm.'jdl-ba 
 
 if actually done, and in legends, especially, 
 it is generally followed by a happy reali- 
 sation of what had been desired. dmigs- 
 so S.O. prob.: it is imaginable, it may be 
 done in mind; don dmigs-pa to intend a 
 benefit or profit for another person Mil 
 - Generally 2. sbst., thought, idea, fancy 
 ^TT*T^T- v < ' Igo* mig(sy f \ dmigs-pai rten prob . : 
 a thing only supposed, an object imagined 
 Tkgr.\ dmigs-pa zig ston-pa, Jbogs-pa to 
 give (to another person) an idea of, to make 
 a suggestion Mil.; *mig-la, co go* W. means 
 also : do it, execute it, according to your 
 own mind, I cannot supply you an exact 
 pattern of it ; dmigs-can ingenious, skilful in 
 contriving W. ; dmigs-pa-las O dds-pa = bsdm- 
 byai yul-las O dds-pa? ye'iis-med(-par} 
 dmigs-pa (dan) brdl-bas-na indisturbable 
 by fancies of the mind, free from every 
 working of the imagination Mil.; dmigs- 
 pa-med-pai snyin-rje Mil seems to be, ace. 
 to Thgy.. the pity which the accomplished 
 saint, who has found every thing, even re- 
 ligion, to be vain and empty, feels towards 
 all other beings, in as far as they are still 
 subject to error and mistake, opp. to sems- 
 can-la dmigs-pai snyin-r)e,&n& cos-la dmigs- 
 pai snyin-tje the tender sympathies called 
 forth by the sight of beings that are really 
 suffering and of those defective in morality 
 a play upon empty phrases, in as much 
 as in the very narrative, from which the 
 passage above is quoted, the natural soft- 
 ness of Milaraspa is evidently excited by 
 a very positive case, and not by any re- 
 flexions of an abstract nature. *mig-pa- 
 ne z<j-pa* (v. bzo-bd) C. done only in thought, 
 supposed, fictitious; dmigs fams-cdd brjed- 
 nas forgetful of all the beautiful fancies, 
 schemes, and airy notions; dmigs-pa ytod- 
 pa prob. : to direct one's thoughts, fancies, 
 la to Tar. 189, 2. (where, no doubt, ytdd- 
 na is to be read); dmigs-ytdd mental object, 
 dmigs-ytdd brdl-bai rndl-Jbyor-pa a saint 
 that is free from such objects; ace. to our 
 Lama also = ytdd-so q.v.; dmigs-ysdl L,ex.\ 
 (Sch.: 'a clear notion'), perh. misspelt for 
 dmigs -bsdl exception from a rule Gram.; 
 
 a particular mention, marking out, exemp- 
 tion of a person, in magisterial orders or 
 enactments W. dmigs-bu a blind man's 
 leader DzL, Lea; = Ion -K 'rid -pa. nyes- 
 dmigs Mil. and elsewh., punishment. In 
 the last three examples the etymological 
 relationship is not quite evident. 
 j-jr .- dmu, rmu a kind of evil demon, 
 ^ ' NS rarely mentioned Lex. ; rmu-rgod 
 wild, angry, passionate; a violent fellow, not 
 safe to deal with Mil. ; dmu-blo a wild, iras- 
 cible mindSck.; hence dmtis-byu/t terrifying, 
 frightful Sch.; perh. also dmus-lon blind, 
 bodily blind, whilst lon-ba may be applied 
 also to spiritual blindness DzL, Glr. and 
 elsewh., and dmu-cu dropsy, esp.in the chest 
 and in the belly Med.; dmu-skrdn Sch. an 
 oedema, tumour filled with water. 
 
 dmun-pa darkened, obscured, bio-, 
 
 mun-pa. 
 
 * dmul-ba v. O dzum-pa. 
 dmur-ba v. mur-ba. 
 
 dmus-loh v. dmu. 
 
 dme-ba v. rme-ba. 
 
 dmod-pa I. vb.t's. to curse, accurse, 
 execrate, dmod-pa byed-pa id. Tar. 
 14. 17. II. sbst. dmod-pa Dzl, dmod, Glr. 
 and elsewh., imprecation, execration, male- 
 diction; dmod-mo id.; joined with Jbor-ba, 
 O dor-ba, O dzug-pa, smo-ba: 1. to curse, to 
 execrate, dran-sron-gis dmod-pa bor-bai lo 
 bcu-ynyis the twelve years on which a curse 
 had been pronounced by the saint Dzl. 2. 
 to Swear, to confirm a treaty by an oath 
 Glr. 3. to pronounce a prayer or conjuration, 
 lha-la to the deity Glr. 4. to affirm, e.g. 
 to say' *'kon-cdg se* or the like. The word 
 seems to be nearly related both to simnl- 
 pa, and to smon-pa, but, as expressly stated 
 by the Lexx., is notsynon. with these verbs. 
 dmydl-ba I. vb. to cut up, to cut 
 into little pieces, moat at dinner 
 DzL, a punishment of hell DzL II. sbst. 
 hell, also sems- can -dmydl-ba; dniydl-bar 
 O yro-ba to go to hell, dmydl-ba bco-brgydd
 
 424 
 
 dmyity-pa 
 
 the 18 regions of hell; fsa-dmydl the hot 
 hell, gran-dmydl the cold hell. dmydl- 
 ba-pa, -po, occupant of hell. *nydl-wa- 
 can* W. poor, miserable, wretched; also like 
 l _*j_c. UrcL, = my own little self, for T, in 
 humble speech. 
 
 2^Tcn'j' dmyuy-paCs. to show, dmyug- 
 So ' dmyug-pa, dmyug-pa byed-pa to 
 show repeatedly, to boast. Yet cf. myuy-pa. 
 i- rma wound B , 6'.; nd-la rma byun I 
 was wounded; rma Jbyin-pa to wound, 
 rma }'so-ba to heal a wound; rmai Ihd-ba 
 Sch. 'a wound growing worse' ; yet cf. Ihd- 
 ba. rmd-tca l. the orifice or edges of a 
 wound. -2. W. inst. of rma wound, *rtil-li 
 fdm-te md-Ka ton* he has been wounded 
 by the bite of a serpent. rma-cds Sch. 
 plaster, cataplasm, dressing, bandage. r-ma- 
 r)es Sch. scar, cicatrix. rma-myin, an old 
 wound. rma-smdn, rma-rtsis medicine 
 or salve for a wound. rma-mfsan scar 
 Bhar. rma-ro Sch. scurf, scab. rma- 
 su a festering, suppurating wound. rma- 
 sulscsLT. rma-srolSch. the act of wounding, 
 the wound received (?) rma-ysdl a fresh 
 wound. 
 
 Q rmd-cu n.p., the river Hoangho Glr. 
 
 rma-cen v. rma- 
 
 i-bya. 
 
 rmd-ba, pf. /-was 1. to ask, obs., Lex. 
 
 2. to wound Dzl. 
 . ._. rma-bya (vulgo often *mdb-ja*\ WOT- 
 ^ peacock, living wild in India, an object 
 of superstition with Buddhists and Brah- 
 manists. rma-bya-cen-po n. of a deity 
 Dom. ; rma - cen Wdk. , 
 
 'one of the 5 tutelar deities of the Bud- 
 
 dhists' ; Sch. : rma-cen O bom-ra 'lord of the 
 
 yellow stream' (?). 
 
 z p. rmaii, provinc. rmin Glr. ground, foun- 
 dation, rman O din - ba to lay a foun- 
 
 dation Glr.] rtsig-rmdn id.; rmdn-rdo foun- 
 
 dation-stone. 
 
 >man- fser, sman- fser or -fsar 
 Sch. 1. pincers to pluck outhairs; 
 
 Cs. instrument for cleaning the nostrils. 
 
 2. Sch. rake (instrument). 
 
 rmug-pa 
 
 rmdn-lam Sch. = rmi-lam, of rare 
 occurrence. 
 
 rmdd-pa or rather usually: rmdd- 
 du byun-ba, rmad-byun wonderful, 
 marvelous, and no-mfsar-rmdd-du ^yiir-ba 
 to wonder, to be surprised at, fq. 
 
 ' rmdn-pa Sch. wounded; rmds-pa v. 
 rmd-ba. 
 
 rmi-ba, pf rims, to dream; rmi-lam 
 resp. mndl-lam a dream, rmi-lam za- 
 zl a troubled dream Lt.] mi-bzan-ba a por- 
 tentous, ill-boding dream S.g. ; rmi-lam 
 mfoii-ba, rmi-ba to dream, rmi-lam-du rdl- 
 bar rmis-so he dreamt that he had been 
 torn to pieces Dzl.] rmi-lam-du O byun-ba 
 to appear in a dream Dzl.; rmi-lam brtdy- 
 pa Cs. to judge of dreams, bsdd-pa Cs. to 
 interpret dreams. 
 
 T qiw rmifi-sga Sch. a saddle that may be 
 n folded together. 
 
 iOT^J* rm fy-p a 1- hoof, rmig-pa Ka-brdg, 
 rmig-brdg Cs. a cloven hoof, mig- 
 pa-Ka-brdg-can cloven - footed ; rmig - zlum 
 an undivided hoof: rta-rmig a horse's hoof, 
 also name of a plant Wdn.; yydg-rmig a 
 yak's hoof; rmig-lcdgs horse-shoe Cs. ; rmig- 
 (f)zer horse-shoe nail, hob-nail Cs. 2. 
 W. horse-shoe, yyab-ce to put on a horse- 
 shoe, to shoe. 
 
 rmiy(s)-pa lizard, of a small kind 
 
 S.g. 
 '' rmin v. rman. 
 
 rmu v. dmu. 
 
 rmu-ba Cs. 1 . dullness, heaviness. 
 2. fog. rnms-pa i. Cs. dull, heavy; 
 I.-.' peevish, loath, listless. 2. foggy, gloomy, 
 dark, nam rmtts-pa a dark night Dzl., cf. 
 rmugs-pa] covered with fog, yul, Dzl. - 
 rmu-fag 1. a cord to which little flags are 
 attached, on convents etc. 2. Glr. fol. 24, 
 sqq., here the word seems to denote some 
 supernatural means of communication be- 
 tween certain ancient kings and their an- 
 cestors dwelling among the gods. 
 
 rmug-pa, pf. rmuys, 1 . to bite, B. } C., 
 2. to hurt, to sting, of bees etc. W.]
 
 rmugs-pa 
 
 425 
 
 rmyd-ba 
 
 to gall, the feet by friction of the shoes W. 
 - 3. to bark W. 
 
 rmugs-pa 1. a dense fog, Jcyimfog 
 is coming on, Q fib Cs. id.; saws 
 has cleared away Cs. ; rmugs- pa-can foggy ; 
 nam rmugs-pa Dzl. 3%, 12, a dark, foggy 
 night (another reading : rmus-pa); Dzl. ?^, 
 1 5, nyin-mtsdn-du yul rmugs-pa (rmus-pa), 
 covered with fog, wrapt in darkness. 
 2. Sch. eyes heavy with sleep. 3. inertness, 
 languor, laziness ML ; inert, languid, sluggish, 
 rmugs-par byed-pa Dom. 
 
 rmvn-po Cs. dull, heavy, stupid; zo 
 
 rmun-po S.g. sour milk (?). 
 
 rmitr-ba to gnarland bite each other, 
 
 of dogs Lex. 
 
 rmus-pa v. rmu-ba. 
 
 NO 
 
 g.q. rme-ba I. to be economizing, parsimo- 
 nious Lex. ; bsris- (Sch. sridt} and ser- 
 rme-ba Lex. id. 
 
 II. also dme-ba and sme-ba 1 . sbst. spot, 
 speck, mark, a natural mark, on a cane Mil. ; 
 mole, mother-spot; *<me-zol* W.mark of burn- 
 ing; a detestable sin, esp. murder; uncleanness 
 of food, rme-yfsan-med or yfsan-rme-med 
 making no difference as to clean or unclean 
 food Mil.; rme-grib moral defilement; rme- 
 sa-can Wdn., *me-sa za-kan* W., eating un- 
 clean flesh, as an animal that devours its 
 own young. 2. adj., also rme-ba- can, 
 rme-can Wdn., rme-po Lex. unclean, defiled, 
 contaminated. 
 
 Z^T' rme-ru, n.p. 1. mountain on the Chi- 
 nese frontier Glr. 2. a castle in 
 Lhasa Glr. 
 
 * meg-pa =ytan order, series, row Lea;., 
 rmeg-med-pa disordered, not regu- 
 lated. 
 
 r- rmed crupper, attached to a saddle, sgd- 
 ' yi rmed Lexx.\ gon-rmed Pth. 
 
 r med-pa I. also smed-pa, pf. rmes, 
 to ask, dri-zin smed-par mdzdd-pa 
 id. resp. Mil. snyun-dri smed-pa Mil. 
 snyun-dri zu-ba. II. to plough and sow; 
 rmed-du jitg-pa to cause to be ploughed 
 and sown, e.g. rice Dzl. 
 
 rmen-pa Lex. rmen-bu Lt., sa-rmen 
 Mil. and vulgo, gland, swelling of the 
 
 glands, wen. 
 
 iiflrq- i^OJ-q* ^mel-ba, smel-ba 1. to pluck 
 Out,C-, W.,Lex.,v.bal- 
 
 a. to become threadbare W. 3. Sch. to 
 
 appoint, to call, to invite. 
 
 r mo-snags Sch. = smre-sndgs. 
 
 vn. 2. Sch. 
 grandmother. 
 
 SrrW rmo-ba, pf. and imp. rmos 1. to plough 
 (up), zin frq.; to sow and plough in 
 Jbras Dzl. ; ma rmos-pai lo-fog 1. a fabu- 
 lous kind of grain in the mythical age. 2. 
 maize, C., W. rmd-po, rmd-mKan plough- 
 man. 2. ^gyod-rmo-ba v. O aydd-pa. 
 |jcq. rmog helmet Glr.', rmog-tsdns Cs. 'the 
 ' padding in a helmet'; Krab-rmog coat 
 of mail and helmet. 
 
 ^jr-n- rmon-ba vb. and sbst., pf. rmons to 
 be obscured; obscurity, chiefly in a 
 spiritual sense; also adj. obscured, stultified 
 Stg.', more frq. rmons-pa, e.g. bio, the mind 
 darkened, by false doctrine Thgy.; by sor- 
 row, despondency, = despairing, despon- 
 dent, unnerved Dzl., with la or termin., as 
 to, with regard to . . . ; bio ma rmons-pa, or 
 rmons-med Mil. a mind lively, unimpaired, 
 susceptible, la of; kun-tu-rmon sas-ce-ba 
 an ample share of irrationality, the prin- 
 cipal obstacle to the happiness (ma-K6m- 
 pa) of those beings which are born as beasts; 
 rmdn-par gyur-baiQ be obscured, darkened, 
 byed-pa to obscure, to darken Glr., also: 
 to confound, perplex, deceive, = mgo skor- 
 ba Tar. ; rmdfi-bu Lex. without expl., Cs. : 
 'a kind of distemper' ; rmon-spu hair of the 
 abdomen and the pudenda, ra-fug rmon- 
 spus Ihog-pa ^jom S.g. the belly-hair of a 
 he-goat tends to heal cancer. 
 JJr-fl' rm6d-pa Cs. to plough, rmod-gldn a 
 ' plough-ox; rmod-ldm Sch. furrow. 
 rmon-pa 1 . the act of ploughing ; rmon- 
 pa rgydb-pa to plough Cs. -<- 2. a 
 plough-OX, rmon-dor a yoke of plough-oxen. 
 -.q. rmyd-ba S.g. sickness, nausea, tfams- 
 ^ rmyd Lex. id. 
 
 27*
 
 426 
 
 rmydii-ba 
 
 ,, - . . sir 'H- rmydh-ba, rmyeh-ba = snyen- 
 ba to stretch one's self, to 
 stretch forward the neck; bya-rmydh byed- 
 pa id. Cs. also: to yawn. 
 
 $T sma v. dma. 
 
 beard Mil., smd-ra-can bearded. 
 
 1. a sort of medicine of an as- 
 tringent taste Med.', smdg-rgyu black 
 pepper. 2. dark; darkness; mun-pai smag- 
 rum id. Glr. 
 
 'sman-fser v. rman-Jser. 
 
 - the ' ower P ai % PP- to 
 
 ' sfoo 7 ; smdd-la downward Sch. ; lus-kyi 
 smad the lower half of the human body, 
 frq.; smad pyes-paSch.: 'to move the pos- 
 terior to and fro 1 (?). lus-smad-lna sd-la 
 y tug-pa to bring the five lower parts of the 
 body, the belly, the knees, and the points 
 of the feet in close contact with the ground, 
 i. e. to prostrate one's self; hence cos-gos 
 smad Ina Dzl. 92?, 16, the five lower pieces 
 of the priestly apparel, perh. breeches, stock- 
 ings and boots; the meaning, however, of 
 sems-smdd bco-brgydd Pth. I am not pre- 
 pared to settle. 2. lowland = man-cdd. 
 - 3. low rank, v. smad-rigs below. 4. 
 with regard to time, the latter part, the second 
 half, ^rfT? f tne n ig nt J Dzl., of winter, of 
 life etc. 5. children, in relation to their 
 mother, gen. preceded by ma or bu, thus: 
 ned ma-smdd I and my mother Mil.; rgdn- 
 mo ma-smdd ysum the old woman with her 
 (two) sons, those three Dzl.; also of animals: 
 r god-ma ma-smdd ynyis the mare and her 
 foal, the two Dzl. ; bu-smdd (Cs. also mad) 
 wife and children, family; ndd-pa dei bu- 
 smdd Mil. the sick man's family; bu-smdd- 
 rnams (my) wife and children Mil. 
 
 Comp. smad- cal lewdness, dissoluteness, 
 prostitution, byed-pa to indulge in, to prac- 
 tise Mil. smad- dogs a subscribed letter 
 Gram. smdd-fson-ma ( meretria:\ prosti- 
 tute, harlot, frq. smad-yyogs nether in- 
 teguments, breeches, trowsers Wdn. 
 smad-rigs common people, lower caste Dzl. 
 
 2jj<3T sman 
 
 smdd-pa I. vb. 1. to bend down; to 
 hand, to reach down, the alms bowl 
 to a little boy Dzl. ; (Sch. 'to stoop' ?) ; ydon 
 smdd-pa to cast down one's eyes, to be 
 abashed, dejected Tar.; sems to humble 
 one's self, la before Dzl., fugs id. resp. : to 
 be condescending, lowly, meek Dzl. 2. to 
 vilify, c. la or accus. : to blame, to chide, bu- 
 mo one's own daughter Dzl., bddg-gi sems- 
 la to blame one's self Dzl ; to abuse, defame, 
 degrade, traduce, fsig ndr-pas O pdgs-pa-la 
 (to abuse) the venerable man with base 
 words Dzl., dfcon-mcdg-gi dbu- pdn (to de- 
 grade) the highness of the excellent, = to 
 blaspheme; to despise, the doctrine Glr.;io 
 dishonour, violate, ravish, bu-moi lus a girl 
 Pth.', md-ga-dha nydms-smad-pai fse Tar. \ 92 
 when (the country of) Magadha had been 
 brought low, had decayed in its prosperity; 
 smdd-pai fsig or nag abusive word, invective, 
 libel; smdd-ra (prop, sgra) id., more in the 
 language of the common people, but also 
 Mil; smdd-ra yfdn-ba Mil., *tan-ce* W. to 
 abuse, to revile; smad-rigs common people. 
 II. sbst. blame, reproof, reproach, disgrace, 
 contempt. 
 
 sman 1. medicine, physic, remedy, both 
 artificially prepared and crude : medi- 
 cinal herb, drug; rii sman O fu-ba to gather 
 officinal plants on the mountains Dzl.', men- 
 la O do* C., * man-la ca* W, (the plant) is 
 used as a medicine; sman sbyor-ba to prepare 
 a medicine, yton-ba to administer, zd-ba or 
 O fun-ba to take (physic) ; different forms of 
 medicine are: fdn-gi sman liquid medicine, 
 infusion, decocture ; pye-mai sman powder; 
 ril-bu pill; Ide-gu electuary, sirup; sman- 
 mdr oily medicine (Tar. 39, 8); sman-cdn 
 prob. alcoholic tincture; Jbri-ta extract(F). 
 Further: Jcon-sman medicine taken in- 
 ternally, byug-sman used externally, un- 
 guent; Jbydr-sman plaster; bzi-sman sopori- 
 ferous potion; skyug-sman emetic; bsdl- 
 sman purgative. smdn-gyi bla, or smdn- 
 bla Glr. nnd Med.; Sch.: 'physician general 1 , 
 yet to my knowledge it is never used in 
 that sense, but only as a god or Buddha 
 of therapeutics; there are eight such gods, 
 
 Iff
 
 427 
 
 n-ba 
 
 revered by students of medicine, and fre- 
 quently invoked in medicinal writings, as 
 well as in medical practice, v. Schl. p. 266 
 sqq. (swum - gyi lha Glr. , is prob. but a 
 misprint). Other compounds : sman-rhydl 
 medicine -bag, smaller or larger leather- 
 bags being the usual receptacles for the 
 commodities of grocers and the drugs of 
 physicians. smdn-Kan apothecary's shop. 
 sman-Kug medicine-bag. sman-sgd a 
 kind of officinal ginger (?) S.g. sman- 
 sydm medicioe-box. sman-mcod the best, 
 or a very superior medicine Pth. sman- 
 fyons a country rich in medicinal plants. 
 sman-rfd the vehicle or substance in which 
 medicine is taken Med. sman-snod me- 
 dicine glass or vessel. smdn-pa physi- 
 cian Dzl., Glr., Med. smdn-dpe medical 
 book. sman-dpydd v. dpydd-pa. sman- 
 bld v. above. 
 
 II. the same as, or something like klu 
 Glr., Mil 
 
 III. Lex. = pan:, Sch. also has: sman- 
 sems 'a beneficent mind, a mind intent on 
 working good 1 . 
 
 IV. incorr. for dman. 
 
 'q- smdr-ba 1. sbst , ready money, gen. 
 
 smar-rkydn; zon min smar money, 
 and not goods Lex. 2. vb. careless and 
 incorr. pronunciation of smrd-ba. 
 ttQrry smdl-po n. of a lunar mansion v. 
 
 rgyu-skdr. 
 
 * smds-pa Sch., v. rmds-pa. 
 
 mirage Lex. 
 
 prob. also a reflection in water, cur- 
 Krul-smig-rgyu . 
 
 ch., v. rmig(s}-pa. 
 
 smig-ma, provinc. for smyug-ma 
 
 cane, reed Do. 
 |>y _._. smin- drug 1. also skdr-ma-smin- 
 ^ '9> ' drug mp^fa. the Pleiades; smin- 
 dntg-zld-ba the month in which the moon 
 standing near the Pleiades is full, Oct. or 
 Nov., Glr. ; smin- drug -bu, qrrf^%tr, the 
 son of Siva, god of wax Lex. 2. Pur. 
 Eremurus spectabilis, v. bre. 
 
 smn ' sme ~ 
 
 the Great Bear, Ursa 
 
 major. 
 
 ^r-q- smin-pa, I. (f^rn^) to ripen, ripe- 
 
 ness, maturity; most frq. ripe, Jbrds- 
 bu smin-no B., smin son vulgo, tiie fruit 
 is ripe; smin-par O gyur-ba Glr. smin ^6n- 
 ba to ripen; the growing on to maturity 
 of an animal germ; also the 'stadium ma- 
 turationis', or the full development of a 
 disease Med.; applied to conversion Pth. 
 and elsewh. ; rgyud smin-cin grol-bar byin- 
 gyis rlobs give them the benediction for 
 being saved (absorbed into Nirvana) after 
 having attained to maturity of mind Mil." 
 smin-grol-la or smin-grol-gyi Idm-la ^god- 
 pa to lead to conversion and salvation Glr. ; 
 rndm-par smin-pa v. rndm-pa. smin-grol- 
 glin n. of a monastery Cs. 
 
 II. Bal. to give (sbyin-pa). 
 |>. smin-ma eye-brow, smin(-mai} dbrag 
 
 Med., smin-prag Mil., smin-mfsams 
 Glr. the space between the eye-brows. 
 
 smug-cun Med. a plant = smug- 
 
 _._..__. 
 S l^ k 
 
 smug-pa Sch. for rmugs-pa fog. 
 
 smiig-po I. sbst. a disease, ace. to 
 Cs. = O dus-ndd, v. O du-ba, 1. 2. 
 adj. dark bay, cherry- brown, purple-brown; 
 *gya-mug* C. violet coloured ; dmar-smug 
 brownish white Wdn. ; smug-smug Sch. dark 
 red. smug-rtsi 1. red colour, with which 
 sacrificial utensils are painted Lex. 2. 
 Macrotomia, a plant with dark-red root, used 
 for dyeing, smug-fsds paint or colour yielded 
 by this plant Cs. 
 2Tq^<5" sme-bdun v. smin-bdun. 
 
 y sme-ba 1. v. rme-ba. 2. rtsis-kyi 
 ^ sme-ba Lex. a kind of arithmetical 
 figure in geomancy, which is used together 
 with the Chinese diagrams, spar-Ka Mil. 
 
 fq. smo-ba, pf. and imp. smos, not frq., 
 yet in some cases of constant use, for 
 smrd-ba to say, min-nas smo-ba to call by 
 name, to name Do.', . . . zes smds-pa the 
 assertion that . . . Wdn.; gon-du smos -pa 
 above-mentioned Do.; Ita ci smos v. Ita.
 
 428 
 
 smyo-ba 
 
 SjTT'n' smdd-pa, pf. smad,Lex. f1 
 ^ ' pa, to blame. 6c?a# sfoc? /z 
 
 . smdd- 
 
 pa, o blame. 6c?a# sfoc? /zaw swod to 
 praise one's self, disparaging others ; yzogs- 
 smod byed-pa to slander, calumniate Tligy.; 
 to depreciate, to make contemptible, smod- 
 par O gyur - bas Stg. because it would be 
 disreputable, would detract from his honour. 
 For smod- dziig-pa it would prob. be better 
 to write dmod- Q dzug-pa. 
 Xji-q- smon-pa to wish, to desire, with la, 
 skyid-pa yzdn-la na mi smon for an- 
 other happiness I do not wish Mil.; more 
 frq. with terinin. of the infinitive, and then 
 = to pray for, rgydl-po skye-bar (to pray 
 for) being re-born as a king Dzl.; smon- 
 pa bzin-du byed-pa to fulfil a prayer Dzl.; 
 smdn-paiynas the object of a wish or prayer 
 (7s.; yid-smon wish, desire, de fsur-sog-gi 
 yid-smon nd-la med I do not wish that he 
 should come Mil. ; rin-po-nas O di-lta-bur 
 yid-smon byed-par gyur-te having long ago 
 entertained this wish Stg. ; yid - smon ^os 
 worth wishing, desirable ; smon-Jjug a wish 
 and its accomplishment, smon- jug ynyis\ 
 smon-lam, nfiirfa, P ra yer, whether it be in 
 the general way oi expressing a good wish 
 or offering a petition to the deity, or in the 
 specific Brahmanic-Buddhistic form, which 
 is always united with some condition or 
 asseveration, as: if such or such a thing 
 be true, then may . . ., wishing-prayer. 
 smon-(lam) I6g(-par) O debs-pa to curse, to 
 execrate. 
 
 comrade, companion, as- 
 sociate, = grogs-po Lex. 
 Qg smyan? Sch.: smyan byed-pa to travel 
 iP on business; smyan -byed blo-zan a 
 traveling clerk not very shrewd Bhar. 108; 
 this would seem preferable to the Ssk. equi- 
 valent, mentioned in Schf.'s edition. 
 
 smydr-ba Sch. to stretch one's self, 
 
 after sleep. 
 
 :> gu thin cane, writing- 
 cane, reed-pen; *doinyi-gu* C. goose-quill, 
 *cdg-gi nyi-gu* C. steel-pen. 
 
 ma, smyug - 
 ma 1. cane, bamboo, 
 smyug - mai sbubs tube of bamboo 6s. 
 2. a pen of reed, Jog -pa, W. *z6g-ce* to 
 make a reed-pen ; *di-nyiig* id , improp. also 
 lead-pencil. 
 
 Comp. smyug -Krog 6s., ace. to others, 
 smyug - sbrog tube of bamboo; pen -case; 
 small churn, = gur-gur 6s. *nyug-Kyim* 
 C. house constructed of bamboo. smyug- 
 m/can a. worker in cane 6s. smyug-sgdm 
 a chest made of reed 6s. smyug-gri pen- 
 knife. smyug-lcdg flag, flag-stick; long 
 bamboo 6s. *nyug-fdl* C. a flat basket. 
 smyug-fogs writer 6s. smyug-don 6s. 
 = gur-gur. smyug-yddn m at of reed, cane- 
 mat. smyug-ydugs an umbrella made of 
 split reeds Cs. smyug-sder plate, dish or 
 flat basket, coustructed of reed 6'. *nyug- 
 tsd-me-tog* C., Carthusian pink. smyug- 
 fsigs knot, node, joint, of reeds. *nyug- 
 16m* C. flat basket. smyug -bsdd comb 
 made of bamboo. 
 
 r.q. smyun-ba to fast, to observe a strict 
 diet Med. ; often in a religious sense, 
 smyun-bar byds-pa and ma byas-pa he who 
 has strictly observed fasting, and he who 
 has not Do.; smyuit-ynds the fast, the act 
 of fasting; *nyen-ne nyun-ne zum-ce* W. to 
 fast, to practise abstinence. V. Schl. 240. 
 smyur-ba to be quick, expeditious, in 
 a hurry, to hasten 6s. Cf. myur-ba. 
 3\n"T smyo-ba, myo-ba, pf. smyos, 
 ^ myos to be insane, mad, ci-^an 
 mi drdn-par myos-so they lost their senses 
 and ran mad (with grief) Dzl.; smyos-sam 
 is she mad? Dzl. ; snyin myos-pas Do., being 
 deranged; *nyo dug* W. he is crazy; to be 
 mad, as dogs Schr.; to be intoxicated, smyo- 
 bai Ku-ba intoxicating liquor Dzl. ; rtdg-tu 
 myos-pai fnas pot-houses, fuddling-places 
 Stg. ; fig. O dod-cdgs-kyis myos Dzl. he is mad 
 with lust; smyo-bar byed-pa to make one 
 mad or drunk. smyo-byed 1. narcotic, 
 smyo-byed-kyi rdzas narcotic medicine, so- 
 poriferous potion, maddening drink, l.smyo- 
 byed(-kyi} ydon a demon that causes a state 
 
 
 '
 
 429 
 
 smyon-pa 
 
 of stupefaction or insanity. 3. frenzy, mad- 
 ness. 4. symb. num.: 13. 
 
 fr.j- smyon-pa insane, frantic, mad, la-ddg- 
 pa nyon-pa a madman from Ladak; 
 gldit-po-ce Dzl. a mad elephant, Kyi a mad 
 dog; *nyon-pa co dug* W. he raves, he is 
 stark mad; *cp-nyon zug* W. he has been 
 seized with religious insanity, is deranged, 
 which is stated to be occasionally the effect 
 of severe and long continued meditation. 
 Cf. Ihon. 
 
 tsa-kra-ba-ka 
 
 smrd-ba, sometimes 
 
 sm6-ba, also 
 
 ,x-n smdr-ba, pf. smras, imp. smros 1. to 
 speak, to talk, smra ma nits-te Dzl. 
 growing dumb, speechless, not being able 
 to speak (physically); can mi smrd-bar </yur- 
 to they grew speechless, did not know what 
 to say Dzl, ; smra ses-nas mir gyur-to they 
 received the faculty of speech and became 
 men Glr.;bslu-bai rndm-pas tfyeu dan smrds- 
 te Dzl. speaking to the youth in a seductive 
 manner; fsig snydn-par smrd-ba Dzl. to 
 speak in a friendly way; cos smrd-ba to 
 preach, cos smrd-bai zdl-la ltd-ba to hang 
 on the preacher's lips, to listen very atten- 
 tively Pth.\ da ma smra zig Dzl. do not 
 lose another word ; smra-mltas^-pa} speak- 
 ing shrewdly, well-spoken, eloquent Dzl., 
 G-lr.\ smra- dod talkative, loquacious 6s.; 
 smra-nyun sparing of words, taciturn, Lt. ; 
 smra-bcdd forbearing to speak; not being 
 bound to speak Mil.; smra-mcog, smrd- 
 bai dban-pyug, smrd-bai rgydl-po = O jam- 
 
 dpdl\ also to treat Of, with reference to 
 books Was. 2. to say, mi-la to a person; 
 when it precedes the words that are quoted 
 as they were spoken, (the so-called 'oratio 
 obliqua' being very seldom made use of, 
 one instance v. further on): (di-skad-ces) 
 smrds-pa or smrds-so; when placed after the 
 words spoken, (ces) smrds-so, smrds-te etc. ; 
 smrds-pa also is equivalent to he continued 
 Dzl. ; sometimes it is used impersonally, it 
 is said, e.g. it is said in that letter, where 
 we should say, 'that letter says', Stg. ; smrd- 
 rgyu ma byun-iio there remained nothing 
 more for him to say (v. above) ; rarely with 
 termin. inf. : ytug-par ni na mi smrao that 
 they will reach it, I do not pretend to say 
 Tligy.; ses-par smrd-ba to profess to know, 
 to understand, like 'artem profiter? Dzl.; 
 dnos-p&r smrd-ba to acknowledge a thing 
 in substance Was., med-par smrd-ba to deny 
 it in sum and substance. 
 
 Note. The word which forms the sub- 
 ject of this article, though constantly to be 
 met with in books, seems to be hardly ever 
 used in conversational language. 
 5C" ffc* smra ^i smren Cs. word, speech ; 
 2j smran ysol-ba to beg the word, 
 to beg leave to speak 
 
 smre-ba 1. = smrd-ba^} 2. to wail, 
 to lament Pth. ; more com smre-sndgs 
 O don-pa to utter lamentations; smre-sndgs- 
 kyi sgo-nas whining (with joy) Mil. smre- 
 ytsdnt 
 
 tsa, 1. the letter sounding ts; tenuis, as 
 
 in the words 'it got So cold', cf. however 
 
 * fsa; 3^ <3b and R represent in Ssk. and 
 
 Hindi-words the palatals ^, ^ and gf (R 
 
 = ^j). 2. num fig.: 17. 
 
 Ld. spunk, German tinder. 
 
 tsa-kdr, Ssk. ^cfit^ partridge, = 
 sreg-pa. 
 
 tsa-kra-bd-ka red goose, Anas ca- 
 
 sarca.
 
 430 
 
 tsa-dar 
 
 tsam 
 
 W. - 
 
 tsa-dar, tsa-sar, Pers., Hind. 
 JL> shawl, plaid, cloak, toga 
 
 tsd ~ na > tsd - nas ' tsd - la 
 
 v. tsam. 
 tsa-na-ka, more con. ""TT Ssk ., 
 
 chick-pea, Cicer arietinum. 
 tsd-bia, v. fsa-big. 
 
 -f-. -. 
 
 tsa-rdg,*tsa-rdgzer-ce*Ld.\Q crackle, 
 of fire, breaking twigs etc. 
 g'T' tsd-ru 1 W. curled, frizzled, as hair 
 and similar things. 2. Lex. : Ssk. 
 meat-offering to the manes. 
 
 tsa-sa(-ka), TfT^ Coracias Indica, 
 jay, roller. 
 
 r tsdg-ge W. the black mark in a target, 
 tsdg-ge-la gyob hit the mark! 
 . Va-a~ tsdn - dan, tsdndan, xf*^ |, 
 ^ ' sandal-tree, Sirium myrtifo- 
 lium, sandal-wood, used for elegant build- 
 ings, images of the gods, perfumes, medi- 
 cines Glr., Med.','m different varieties: dkdr- 
 po, dmdr-po etc., also of fabulous kinds: 
 tsdn-dan sbrul-gyi snyin-po, gor-si-sa, gldh- 
 mgo Glr., Dzl; fig. something superior in its 
 kind, pa tsdn-dan pu-nu mi-la</-tu son the 
 elder and younger sons of a distinguished 
 father perform menial services. 
 
 \y3T*\* tsan-don v. btson-don. 
 
 tsab-tsub tsab- 
 
 tsob, rtsao-rtsub 
 hurry, haste Cs., tsab-tsub-can hasty Cs.; tsab- 
 tsub mi bya Lex. take your time, don't be 
 in a hurry! rtsab-rtsub-med-par not flitting, 
 like a butterfly, from one object to another 
 Mil; tsub-linSch. hastily, in a hurry (?) 
 rtsab-hrdl Lea;. ; Sch. a loose, dissolute 
 course of life (?) rtsdb-pa Sch. to hurry, 
 to hasten (?). 
 
 - tsabs-ru 1. a kind of salt, tsabs-ru- 
 
 fsd S.g. 2. a tube of horn Sch. 
 .^W tsam mostly affixed as an enclitic, = 
 snyed (sometimes carelessly for tsdm- 
 pa or tsdm-du) I. in a relative sense, 1. as 
 much as O di-tsam as much as this, = so 
 
 much, so many; mi O di tsam ysod-pa to kill 
 so many men Glr. ; de- tsam id. ; also ernphat. : 
 cos de tsam zig bsdd-nas after having given 
 you so much religious instruction Mil.; by 
 way of exclamation : ci-tsam how much ! W. 
 and B., ci-tsam byas how much have you not 
 done ! Q-lr, ; ji-tsam . . . de-tsam how m uch . . . 
 so much (as much as) Cs. 2. denoting com- 
 parison, as to size, degree, intensity, like, 
 as-as, SO-as, SO that: ri-rdb tsam like Sumeru 
 (in height) 6s ; yu/is- bru tsam as big as a 
 grain of mustard-seed; *de ri fon-po tsam 
 dug de-fsogs di yan yod* W. as high as yon 
 mountain is also this one ; pus-mo nub-pa 
 tsam even to sinking in up to the knees 
 (knee-deep); nyi-ma Q grib-pa tsam so much 
 that the sun was darkened Glr. ; mfai rgydl- 
 po yan dbdn-du O dus-pa tsam byun he be- 
 came so (powerful), that he could also sub- 
 due or could have subdued the neigh- 
 bouring kings Glr. 3. denoting contin- 
 gency and restriction: perhaps, if need be, 
 almost, only, but, all but: fsab run tsdm-mo 
 Wdn. this may perhaps be used instead, 
 this may, if need be, supply its place; btan- 
 na nam-mKai bya yan, zin-(pd) tsam yda 
 if I let him loose, he might almost catch a 
 bird in the air, = zin-pa dan O drao Mil.; 
 with a partic. : rtags yod-pa tsdm-la = rtags 
 dan yod-pa-la to every one that has the 
 mark Glr. ; rtsa dan rus-pa tsamDzl. nothing 
 but skin and bones; O gro mi nus-pa ^jog- 
 pa tsam Dzl. one only creeping, not being 
 able to walk; ca tsam ses kyan if one knows 
 but a particle, but a little bit; sems tsdm- 
 mo they exist only in our fancy Was.] fsigs- 
 ma tsam yod-dam Dzl. is not the sediment 
 at least still left? Ihdg-ma tsam zig Dzl. 
 but a remnant; brgyatsam may mean : about 
 one hundred, or: only one hundred; in some 
 cases tsam is untranslatable: Ina-brgyd tsam 
 fams-cdd fsei dus byas-so the 500 merchants 
 died all Dzl. (15, 9 s.l c.); bden-pa tsam yod 
 Mil. some grain of truth is in the matter; 
 fsig dan rndm-par O drd-ba tsam O dug-na- 
 ^an Mil. though it is all but equal to the 
 words, i.e. very much like the real tenor 
 or wording; it may also be combined with
 
 431 
 
 tsam 
 
 the signs of the cases: na mih tsdm-gyi 
 dge-slon ma yin Dzl. I am Bhikshu not only 
 by name, I am not merely called so; da 
 tsdm-gyi bdr-du Dzl. till about the present 
 time (standing here rather pleon., as frq. 
 is the case); brdm-ze ycig tsdm-gyi sldd- 
 du Dzl. for the sake of a single Brahmin-, 
 spu nyag-ma tsdm-g.,i O gyod-pai sems Dzl. 
 but a whit (lit. a little hair) of repentance. 
 - 4. tsdm-na referring to time: about a 
 certain time, at the time when, when: nam- 
 pyed tsdm-na about midnight; de tsdm-na 
 then, at that time; esp. with verbs: Kyim- 
 du pyin tsdm-na Dzl. when he came home; 
 in st. of tsdm-na it is very common to say 
 tsd-na; byed-gin yod tsd-na as he was just 
 doing it Glr.\ ynyid sad tsd-na when he 
 awoke Glr.; zld-ba brgyad son tsd-na when 
 eight months had passed Glr. ; esp. col. : *yoh 
 tsd-na* W. as we came, on our journey 
 hither, when incorr. *tsa-ne (or sd-ne)* is 
 said, which is justifiable only in such cases, 
 as: *a-ma kye-sa-ne* from one's birth; )i- 
 tsam-na or -nas when, yet mostly pleon., in 
 as far as the sentence beginning with ji- 
 tsam-na after all concludes with was, pa 
 dan, dus-kyi fse etc., v. Peer Introd. frq., 
 also Tar. 5. tsdm-du denoting extent, 
 degree, intensity: as far as, about SO far, 
 nearly up to, even to, till, so that, and tsam in 
 various other applications: lam p'yed tsdm- 
 du about half way ; frq. with verbs : bd- 
 spu Idhs-pa tsdm-du skrags Dzl. he was so 
 frightened, that his hair stood on end ; dum- 
 bur bcdd-pa tsdm-du sdug-bsndl-gyis yduns- 
 te Dzl. tormented by a pain, as if he were 
 cut to pieces ; bus ma mtoh-ba tsdm-du dgd- 
 steDzl. 'being glad even to a mother's being 
 seen by her child', i.e. so glad as a child 
 is, when beholding its mother again; some- 
 times tsdm-la for tsdm-na and tsdm-du Mil. 
 yet not frq. and more col.: (lib tsdm-la in 
 the shade; *sin-ni tsdm-la* W. under, before, 
 near a tree; tsdm-yyis instrum.: nan-non 
 tsdm-gyis cog-ses-pa content with every 
 thing, as poor as it may be; com. added 
 to the inf.: smrds-pa tsdm-du as soon as it 
 
 had been said Dzl. frq., or also : 'in the mere 
 saying so' Stg.; inst. of it, col.: *zer tsam 
 zig-la* ; W.: *zer-ra tsdm-zig-ga*. tsam 
 yan with a following negative : not the least, 
 mos-pa tsam yan mi byed-pa Mil. to pay 
 not the least respect; not in the least, not 
 at all: nyi-ma dan zld-ba tsam yan Itar med 
 Dzl. neither sun nor moon is to be seen 
 at all. tsdm-pa adj., mi-fsad-tsdm-pa 
 man-sized, having the size of a man Tar. 
 tsdm-po Mil. mi tsdm-po yons-kyi sems- 
 la ^jug prob : I shall enter into the soul 
 of the very first man I meet with; also = 
 gan (cf. rtags gan yod-pa-la above). 
 Cs. has besides : tsdm-po-ba a comparing, 
 estimating; tsam -poi fsig a comparative 
 expression; tsam- poi don a comparative 
 sense (?). II. used interrogatively : how much? 
 how many? *rin tsam?* W. how dear? 
 
 tsdm-pa 1. v. tsam towards end of 
 preced. article. 2. sbst flour from 
 parched barley, v. rtsdm-pa. 3. n. of 
 a country Tar. 10,14; 20,16; ace. to Safe. 
 Lexx. = Bhagalpore. v. Kopp. I, 96; in 
 modern geography : the small Hindu moun- 
 tain-province Chamba on the river Ravi, 
 under British protection. 
 
 tsdm-pa-kaSsk. magnolia, Michelia 
 
 tsam ~ ts m tripping to and fro, fid- 
 geting about W. (cf. tsab-tsoU). 
 t sar ~ ma n - f a place, freq. resorted 
 to by Mil. 
 5 tsi num. fig.: 47. 
 
 5*c*m* tsi-tra-ka Ssk. 1. a painted mark on 
 "* ' the forehead, being the badge of 
 various sects Sch. 2. name of several 
 plants, esp. Ricinus communis, so perh. Lt.; 
 in Lh. : Anemone rivularis, common there. 
 r tsi-stdg n. of a purgative Med. 
 
 tsi-na ^VT, China Cs.; now com. ma- 
 ha-tsin. 
 
 . tsi- tsi mouse C., tsi-ghi id. Ts.; tsi- 
 cun Shrew (mouse) Sch.', fdh-gi tsi-tsi 
 field-mouse Schr. ; sai tsi-tsi mole Schr. ; tsi- 
 tsis- dzin n. of a plant Wdn.
 
 432 
 
 tsi-tsi-dzo-la 
 
 ytsan 
 
 tsi-tsi-dzo-la Cs., tsi-tsi-dzo-ba 
 Sch. cancer (disease), said to be a 
 Nepalese word. 
 
 tsi-tse v. tse-tse. 
 
 tsig-tsig byed-pa to quarrel, to be 
 
 at variance Sch. 
 
 tsitta Ssk. the heart as seat of the in- 
 tellect, v. Bum. I, 637. 
 
 ^ tsid anvil Sch. 
 
 ^ tsu num. fig.: 77. 
 
 "^* fsu-da, tsu-dai sin n. of a tree Sch. 
 
 for ci-ltar adv. interrog. and cor- 
 relat., how, as, rarely occurringin hooks; 
 Pth.: de gar O gro, tsug byed where she is 
 going, and what she is doing. In W. com. 
 in the form zug, in such combinations as: 
 gd-zug for ci-tsug, ci-ltar; *i-zug or O di- 
 zug, and a-zug* or *de-zug*\ so ; *dan de- 
 zug de-zug* and more of that kind; de-tsug 
 lags in Lexx. 
 
 tsug-tsug the noise of smacking in 
 eating, tsug-tsug mi bya do not 
 smack Zam. 
 
 \y tse num. fig.: 107. 
 
 &<?-#wr &?A.: 1. a small tube. 2. a 
 little. 
 
 3flr2f fee '-p5 fe#-po a basket carried 
 on the back, dosser, esp. W. ; 
 *cdn-tse or cdg-tse* a wicker basket, *nyun- 
 tse or nyug-tse* a cane basket Ts.; *feeZ- 
 cug* the wands used for such a basket; *tsd- 
 cdg* a broken dosser W.; *fe^-ra* the 
 frame-work of a basket Cs.; *tsel-luh* string 
 or strap for carrying it. 
 
 millet Cs. 
 
 fee-re 1 . song, tune Lex. 2. = 
 
 tseg-tseg, tseg-tseg zer-ba to rustle, 
 'to make a noise like dry hay' Cs. 
 
 tseb-tseb sharp-pointed, of needles, 
 
 thorns. 
 
 tsem-tse = cem-tse small scissors. 
 
 tseii-ri a species of female demons 
 Thgr. 
 
 tser-tser, tser-tser byed-pa to tremble, 
 shake, quake Sch. 
 
 . tse-po. 
 
 ^ feo num. fig.: 137. 
 ^^. feo'-m Wd/i., /Ss^;. n. for the medicinal 
 herb srub-ka; in SsL Lexx. no bo- 
 tanical explication is given, but only the 
 notice, that it is a perfume; in Kullu a 
 sweet-scented white lily is called so. 
 ^rn-jri- tsog-pu (ace. to one Lex. ^^- qj<re|i. 
 'NO which is not to be found; on the 
 other hand Burn. 1,310 gives ts6<j-pu-pa 
 = ^Mf^^. one sitting down) the posture of 
 cowering, squatting, crouching, tsog(-tsog}-pur 
 sdod-pa, O diig-pa resp. bzugs-pa Pth., col. 
 *tson-tson, tsom-tsom*, to cower, squat, crouch; 
 tsog-pu mi nus he cannot even cower, of 
 one sick unto death Thgy.; tsog mi yzug- 
 pa of a similar sense Sch. (The version 
 'to sit on one leg drawn in' Sch., which has 
 also been adopted by Burn., may possibly 
 be founded on a mistake of Sch., who in 
 Cs.'s explanation: 'sitting in a crouching 
 posture upon one's legs', prob. read 'upon 
 one leg'). 
 
 3#-'m- tson -Ka n. of a place in Eastern 
 Tibet Ma.', tsori-Jea-pa 1. inhabitant 
 of that place. 2. n. of a celebrated teacher 
 of religion and reformer, about the year 
 1400. 
 
 tson-tson 1 . = tsog-tsog v. tsog-pu. 
 2. tsan-tsoh-la kur carry it straight 
 W. 
 
 " tson-don v. btson-don. 
 
 tsob-tsob, *tsob-tsob-la dug-ce* Ld. 
 to stand or sit in different groups, 
 not in rows. 
 
 r tsor-mo a five-finger pinch Cs. 
 
 v. O t 'sag-pa', ytsdg-bu also 
 i lancet for bleeding. 
 ytsan 1. clean, pure v. ytsrin-ba. - 
 2. n. of a province in C., where Tasi- 
 Ihunpo is situated ; ytsdit-pa inhabitant of it.
 
 433 
 
 ytsan-ba 
 
 ytsan-ba 1. vb. to be clean, pure 
 Dom. 2. sbst. cleanness, purity. 
 - 3 adj. clean, pure. Most frq. as sbst. 
 with negation: mi-ytsdii-ba impurity, foul- 
 ness, filth Dzl. and elsewh. : excrement S.g. ; 
 mi-ytsdn-ba rndm-pa sna-fsogs-kyi pun-po 
 heap of all kinds of filth, mass of corrup- 
 tion, sometimes applied to the human body 
 Dzl. ; ytsdn-ma adj., clean, as to the body, 
 clothes etc.; de ni rab-bkriis ytsdn-ma yin 
 that man is well washed and clean S 0.; 
 ytsan-btsog-me'd(-pa) one that knows no 
 difference between clean and unclean (cf. 
 med)\ dirty, slovenly; rude, uncouth Glr.; 
 ytsdh-mar byed-pa l. to clean. 2. to make 
 one's self clean, smart, tidy; *tsdn-majhe > - 
 pa* C., *co-ce* W. is said to be a euphemism 
 for circumcision. *sul-tsdn-po* C. one 
 that clears his plate, empties his cup; one 
 that does a thing thoroughly. ytsdn-Kan 
 Cs., com. dri-ytsan-Kan v. dri. ytsan- 
 sbrd religious purity, ^fa; ytsan-sbrd-can 
 (or dafi Iddn-pa) morally pure, ytsan-sbra- 
 med-pa impure Do. ytsan-ris Sch.: the pure 
 country and its inhabitants, the pure, the 
 saints. 
 
 ytsdh-po, Ld. *tsdns-po* river, 
 stream ; esp. the large stream flow- 
 ing through Tibet from west to east, gen. 
 called * Yarutsartpo*; ytsan-cu, resp. ytsan- 
 cdb, id. 
 z *|tfc"3" y t8a ^~^ u screen, parasol Sch. 
 
 ytsan-ytson (or * dzan- Q dzon*?} 
 Ld., steep, rugged, mountainous. 
 ytsdb-pa to detach with a crow-bar. 
 
 . ytsi-ba, pf. ytsis, to invite, summon, 
 call, appoint Sch. 
 
 ytsi 9 s l ' lm P rtance 6 ' s -' /%< SM ) 
 -ce very important Lex.; ytsigs ce- 
 bar byed-pa to make much of Cs.; Sch. 
 also mi-ytsiys insignificant; unapt, and ma- 
 t -tsigs unimportant; without difficulty, whereas 
 in one Lex. mi-ytsigs spyod-pa is explained 
 by mi-rigs-pa. 2. Pth. 85 : (but as a girl 
 was born, the king and his ministers were 
 quite in despair, and) btsun-mo-la yan fugs 
 ytsiys-cutl-bar gyur-to also the queen's mind 
 
 ytso 
 
 was much dejected (?). 3. Mil.: ytsigs-la 
 O bebs-pa frq.; by the context: to subdue, to 
 force, compel, also with supine, Jbans bgyid- 
 par to compel to obey. 4. Sch. : ytsigs- 
 pai bio quick comprehension, retentive me- 
 mory. 
 
 ytsigs-pa, with or without med- 
 ia, to show one's teeth, to grin 
 Glr. ; mam-par ytsigs-pa id. Glr. 
 
 " ytsir-ba v. O tsir-ba. 
 
 yteug 1- crown of the head, vertex Lt., 
 
 spyi - ytsug id. Glr. frq. ; ytsug - tu 
 O cin-ba to fasten on the head; fig. sd-yig 
 ftsug-tu bcins-pai ga, cf. fod. 2. tuft, crest, 
 of birds Sch. 3. whirlpool, eddy, vortex, 
 in the water Sch. ; ytsug -Jiyil Wdn., also 
 rtsub-Jcyil, perh. id.(?); ytsug-rgydn head- 
 ornament, ytsug-(gi) nor(-bu) jewel of the 
 head; frq. fig.: most high, most glorious 
 among . . . , c.genit. ; also ytsug-gi nor-bur 
 gyur-pa Glr., mcog-tu gyur-pa. ytsug- 
 tor = for -cog, NjUjfiM; conical or flame- 
 shaped hair-tuft on the crown of a Buddha, 
 in later times represented as an excrescence 
 of the skull itself, v. Burn. 11., 558. Schl. '209. 
 /^-% L sciences, 'literae'-, 
 ytsug-ldg mdm-pa bco-brgydd 
 the eighteen sciences; Kyod ytsug -lag ce- 
 zin O dzdns-pa thou, who art rich in know- 
 ledge and wisdom. 2. scientific work or 
 works, frq. ; ytsug-lag-Tcdn f^^K, academy, 
 convent-temple and school, cf. also gdndJio- 
 la; ytsug-lag-mKan or -pa 6s. a learned man. 
 
 r te ^9 s -P a to bore ^ scoop out, 
 
 excavate &*.(?). 
 
 rteub-pa, pf. yteubs, to rub, ytsub- 
 sin, a piece ot dry wood that is 
 
 rubbed against another (ytsub-stdn or -ytdn) 
 
 in order to make fire Cs. 
 
 CTK^q* ytse-ba, pf. ytses v. O fse-ba. 
 
 ' ytsegs-pa = Q dzigs-pa Sch. 
 ytseh-ba = ytsi-ba Sch. 
 ytser-ba = O fs4-ba Lex. 
 ytso 1. v. ytso-bo. 2. v. yfsod.
 
 434 
 
 Z^& 2f ytso-bo 
 
 btsdn(-po) 
 
 yteo-bo (SsL lTOT*t consequently 
 = ?nc0#) 1. the highest in perfection, 
 the most excellent in its kind, ytsd-bor or 
 ytsor byed-pa, Un-pa to place foremost, to 
 consider the first or most excellent; ytso 
 byas-pai bu-mo lha the five noblest of the 
 girls Mil. ; ytso byed-pa-rnams the most 
 respectable, the leaders, the heads Mil.; des 
 ytso-byas dpon-yyog-rnams the higher and 
 lower people subject to him Pth. (jtso-byed- 
 pa to be the first, belongs however rather 
 under the head of no. 2) ; sndgs-kyi ytso-bo, 
 smon-lam-gyi ytso -bo (the same as rgydl- 
 po) chief spell, principal prayer; yi-ge ytso- 
 bo sum-cu the 30 principal letters, (the let- 
 ters of the alphabet) Glr.; nad-rnams kun- 
 gyi ytso-bo the principal disease, viz. fever 
 Lt. (more correct from an Indian than from 
 a Tibetan point of view); ytso-ce-ba very 
 important Thgr.; eminent Tar. ; j 'tsd-bor and 
 ytso-ccr, adv., especially, chiefly, principally. 
 Hence: 2. a chief, a principal, master, lord, 
 rkan-ynyis-kyi (lord) of men, i.e. Buddha 
 Dzl.; rten-gyi ytso-bo the 'lord' of the shrine, 
 the deity to whom a shrine is consecrated, 
 which in the lord's absence is guarded by 
 some servant deity, e.g. Dzl. chap. "VI.; cos- 
 kyi ytso-bo cen-po grand-master of the doc- 
 trine, a title of Sariibu Dzl ; gentleman, but 
 chiefly as a title = Sir, Mr., blon-po ytso- 
 bo drug-po, ytso-bo mi drug the six (gentle- 
 men) ministers Glr.; ytso-mo the most dis- 
 tinguished lady, the noblest, first in rank, 
 bi'i-mo ytso -mo the most excellent among 
 the girls; ytso-mor ^os-pa zig the one most 
 deserving of preference, the one of the 
 noblest appearance Mil. ; ytso-mo mdzdd-pa 
 to be mistress, resp. 
 
 ytso-ma, btso-ma hemp Sch. 
 
 * (Ld. 
 
 vulgo *stsod*\ the so- 
 called Tibetan antelope, with straight horns 
 standing close together and in the direction 
 of the longitudinal axis of the head S.g., 
 ytsod-mo fern., ytsod-prug the young one, 
 ytsod-rus the bones, ftsod-Kul the wool of 
 it (used for shawls). 
 
 btsa (btsa-ba Sch.?) 1. rust, Icdgs-kyi 
 btsa rust of iron ; btsas-zas Sch., Kyer 
 Lex. destroyed by rust. 2. rust, blight, 
 smut, of corn Sch. 3. = btsag, Sch. 
 me-btsd moxa Lt.; mi-rus-btsa? 
 
 ._. btsd-ba 1. pf. btsas, to bear, to bring 
 forth, cun-ma-la bu btsas his wife 
 bore, gave birth to, a son Dzl. ; bu btsd-bai 
 fabs mi tub they could not bring forth Dzl. ; 
 btsds-pa what is begotten, new-born child- 
 ren or animals Do. ; btsd-zug lans pains of 
 labour ensued Sch. 2. resp. to watch, 
 look on, spy, spydn-gyis Cs. 
 
 btsd-ma fruit Sch. 2. = btsa Sch. 
 
 %ft^5 red ochre Med. and Lex.-, 
 used also of earths of a different col- 
 our; btsag-fdh, btsag-ri, btsag-lun plain, 
 hill, valley, of red earth; btsag-yug some 
 other officinal mineral Med. 
 
 btsdg-pa v O fsdg-pa. 
 
 btsdg -mo a certain beverage, = 
 rtsdb-mo. 
 
 'q' btsdn-ba prob. = O tsdn-ba. 
 
 btsdn-po title of sovereigns Glr., 
 alledged to be but K hams-dialect 
 for btsdn-po. 
 
 btsan 1. a species of demons, resid- 
 ing in the air, on high rocks etc., 
 mischievous, Glr., Dom. 2. v. the follow- 
 ing article. 
 
 bts an(-po) strong, mighty, power- 
 ful, of kings, ministers etc., esp. 
 as title of honour: high-potent, Dzl., Glr.; 
 hence of family, race, descent: illustrious, 
 noble, lhd-mo btsdn-rnams the queens of 
 high descent, in opp. to a third of low ex- 
 traction Glr. ; btsan-(zin) pyug(-po) noble 
 and rich Dzl., Mil.; strong, violent, btsan- 
 dug a virulent poison Dzl; forcible, violent, 
 btsan- proas byed-pa to commit a robbery 
 connected with violence Pth. ; btsan-tabs-su 
 by violent means Pth. ; coercive, strict, se- 
 vere bka, Krims Glr., btsdn-par mdzdd-pa 
 rigorously to enforce (a law) ; firm, staunch, 
 immovable, not wavering, nag-btsdn stead- 
 fastly abiding by one's word Sch. ; firm, safe,
 
 435 
 
 btsdb-pa 
 
 btso/i 
 
 sure, dben-ynds Mil. a safe, inaccessible re- 
 treat; rdzon btsan a firm stronghold Lex.; 
 = concealed, hidden, hence btsan-Kan the 
 innermost dark room in a temple, in which 
 the gods reside, or an apartment for the 
 same purpose on the top of a house; de- 
 finite, decided, without uncertainty, sans-rgyds- 
 kyi bstdn-pa mi nub-cin mfa bfsdn-par byed- 
 pai pyir in order that the doctrine of Bud- 
 dha by being accurately defined may be 
 secured against subversion Pth. 
 
 btsdb-pa imp. btsob, to cut small, to 
 chop, wood; to hash, to mince, meat 
 6".; bstab-stdn chopping-block C. 
 
 s)-pa for fsdm-pa, v. fo. 
 
 btsdl-ba v. O fsol-ba. 
 
 btsds-pa v. btsd-ba. 
 
 btsds-ma I. also rtsds-ma harvest, 
 btsds-ma rna-ba to reap, to mow 
 C. and Lex., btsds-ma ran tsa-na in harvest 
 time Mil. 2. wages, pay, gru-btsds Lex., 
 fare, passage-money; la-btsds Lex., la-can- 
 gyi btsas? 
 
 btsir-ba v. Jsir-ba. 
 
 g(s)-pa v. O dzugs-pa. 
 
 'q* btsud-pa v. O dzud-pa, O fsud-pa. 
 
 btsun-pa 1. respectable, noble, of 
 race, family, rigs ce-zin btsun-pa 
 id. Dzl.; btsun-pai bud-med Dzl. a lady of 
 rank. 2. reverend, as title of ecclesiastics, 
 btsun- pa -rnams the ecclesiastics, priests 
 Glr., = ban-dhe and Ssk. fgft ( Tar. Transl. 
 p. 4, note 7) ; even btsun - pa Krims - med 
 wicked Reverends Ma. 3. creditable, 
 honourable, faithful in observing religious 
 duties , so frq. : micas btsun bzan ysum v. 
 mKas-pa; fsig-btsun-pa grave and virtuous 
 discourse Schr., Sch. : poh'te words (?), fsig 
 mi btsun-pa Thgy. was explained to me: 
 one whom nobody believes ; applied to things : 
 good; thus Mil. says of his cane: spa co- 
 ns ye-nas btsun-pa de this cane of quite an 
 excellent quality. btsun-po = btsun-pa 1., 
 
 rgya-rje btsun-po the noble emperor of 
 China Glr.; as a title v. snyun; btsun-por 
 byed - pa Cs. to reverence. btsun - ma 
 priestess Cs. btsun-mo 1. woman of rank, 
 a lady; also as a term of address: your lady- 
 ship, e.g. in a legend, when a merchant 
 speaks to the wife of a judge Dzl. ; spouse, 
 consort, esp. queen consort, with and with- 
 out rgydl-poi, frq.; btsun-mo ce-ba = cen- 
 ma the principal wife; btsun-mo-can having 
 a wife, btsun-mo-med not having a wife Cs. 
 2. nun, mo-bfsun, id. Glr., C. 
 
 btsum-pa v. O dzum-pa. 
 
 btse-ba v. fse-ba. 
 
 I* btsem-pa v. fsem-pa. 
 
 q^ btso, purification, refining (?) *ser-la tso 
 taii-wa* C. to refine gold (which term 
 eventually is the same as 'to boil') v. O fsod- 
 pa; btso-ma, btsds-ma a purified substance, 
 yser btso-ma, purified gold, very frq. with 
 regard to a bright yellow colour Glr. 
 
 btso-ba v. O t "sod-pa', btso-blag-pa to 
 dye, to colour, btso-bldg-mfcan a dyer, 
 Lex. 
 
 q^f&J* btso-ma 1 . = ytsd-ma. 2. v. btso. 
 
 q^|"T btsog-pa I. vb. v. O fsog-pa. 
 
 II. adj., also (b)rtsog(s)-pa, W. *sog-po* 
 1. unclean, dirty, nasty, vile, O di-ni sin-tu 
 rtsog-pai sa yin this is a very vile place, 
 says the prince of hades to a saint visiting 
 there; so also every Tibetan will say to a 
 stranger entering his house; na btsog-lin 
 when I am getting unclean, i.e. when I am 
 confined Dzl.; lus btsog-pa mnyam-pa O di 
 this vile stinking body Dzl 2. in W. the 
 common word for bad in every respect, use- 
 less, spoiled, troublesome, perilous (e.g. of a 
 road); injurious; also in a more relative sense, 
 inferior, poor, of goods; btsog-ndg tobacco- 
 juice, oil from the tobacco-pipe. 
 
 btson onion Med. and vulgo, eschewed 
 by pious Buddhists and ascetics, but 
 a favourite food of the bulk of the people; 
 btson srey-pa to roast onions.
 
 436 
 
 bfsdn-ba 
 
 rtsa 
 
 bfsdn-ba v. .fson-ba. 
 
 . of an animal, = ytsod, q v. 
 ' 2. n. of a plant, madder ^f^ST, (Ru- 
 bia Manjii); btsod- b)'u seeds of this plant, 
 btsod-zin field on which it is grown. 
 ,_tjg.. btson,&\so btsdn-pa, a captive, prisoner, 
 ' nyes-pa byds-pai btson zig an impris- 
 oned criminal Dzl.\ btson -du Q dzin-pa to 
 take prisoner Dzl. ; jug-pa to put to prison ; 
 btson-nas O don-pa to set free, fdr-ba to be 
 released; bzdn-bison undeserved imprison- 
 ment or detention (ni f.), e.g. of hostages, 
 fig. of people that are snowed up Mil - 
 btson-Jcan, btson-ra prison. btson-don 1. 
 dungeon, keep; Mil.: ynds-skabs-kyi btson- 
 don the dungeon of life. 2. W. deep abyss, 
 gulf, *tson-don fon-na mi mdn-poi go fcor* 
 many are getting dizzy, when looking into 
 a deep abyss. btson - rdzi, btson - sruii 
 jailer, turnkey. btson-^rdzas prison-fare. 
 
 q3&rq* bts6l-ba v. O fsol-ba. 
 
 y* rtsa I. sbst., more col. rtsd-ba (W. *sd- 
 wa*} or rtsd-bo S.g. 5, 1. vein, rtsa ycdd- 
 pa to open a vein Dzl., *sd-wa gydb-ce* W. 
 id. Owing to the imperfect state of Indian 
 and Tibetan anatomy , resulting from in- 
 veterate prejudices both of a religious and 
 intellectual nature, great confusion prevails 
 also in the department of angiology, many 
 different vessels of the human body, and 
 even part of the nerves being classed among 
 the veins, so that it is impossible to find 
 adequate terms for the Tibetan nomencla- 
 ture. This applies e.g. to the division of the 
 rtsa in cdgs-pai, srid-pai, O brel-pai, and fsei 
 or srog-gi rtsa, which last term does not 
 correspond to what we understand by artery 
 (6s.); so it is also with respect to the three 
 principal veins, which by a mystic theory are 
 stated to proceed from the heart, dbu-ma the 
 middle one, white, rkydn-ma the left one, 
 red, and ro-ma the right one, white, con- 
 cerning which cf. the articles ftum-mo and 
 fig-U ; rtsa-dkdr, also rlun-rtsa Med., are perh. 
 in most cases the same as artery, ace. to 
 the well-known supposition of the ancients, 
 
 that the veins of dead men, appearing empty, 
 contain air; par-rtsa id., as in the living 
 body it pulsates ; rtsa - nag or Krdg - rtsa, 
 vein, blood-vessel; rtsa-sbubs is mentioned 
 Lt. 147, 10, as a surgical instrument. Some 
 names are more or less clear: mig - rtsa 
 seems to be the Venafac.ext., rtsa-cun Vena 
 jugul.ext., rtsa-cen or rtsa-bo-ce V. saphcna 
 magna, po-mfsan-glu dbus-rtsa V. dorsalis 
 penis, rgyu-grog-rtsa, on the other hand, 
 are the ureters, ni f., which are represented 
 as proceeding from the small intestine. 
 rtsa-rgyus Med. 1. Sch. : 'veins and sinews' 
 (?); rtsa-rgym-^ag an obstruction of the 
 veins S.g. '2. title of a book : Directions how 
 to feel the pulse. rtsa-cus, C. rtsa- dus 
 cramp. rtsa-mdud an inturgescence of the 
 veins. rtsa-ynds Mil. seems to be a net 
 of veins, vascular plexus, any connection 
 of things that may be compared to it, as 
 e.g. the causal connection of the 12 Nida- 
 nas (v. rten- brel sub rten-pa cornp.) 
 rtsa-spun tissue of veins Sch. 2. pulse, 
 so in rtsa ltd-ba, or rtog-pa Med. to feel 
 one's pulse, and mfson-, kan-, or cag-rtsa 
 the feeling one's pulse with the second, 
 third or fourth finger. 
 
 II. sbst , for rtsd-ba. 
 
 III. particle in conjunction with nume- 
 rals: 1. gen. connecting the tens with the 
 units, equivalent to and: nyi-su-rtsa-ycig 
 twenty and one; less frq. after brgya and 
 ston, where also dan-rtsa is not unusual, 
 yet examples as the following: S c/. y fol. 5, 
 where the sum of 62, 33, 95 and 112 is 
 stated to be = sum - brgya- rtsa -ynyis, and 
 Pth. p. 34, twice Ina-brgyd-rtsa ycig = ston- 
 dan-rtsa-ynyis, exclude any doubt as to 
 the proper use of the word. 2. inst. of 
 nyi-su-rtsa-ycig to nyi-su-rtsa-dgu, rtsa-ydig 
 etc. is also used by itself, as an abbreviation, 
 e.g. S.g. p. 3, in describing the growth of 
 an embryo from week to week; this use 
 of the word may account for the assump- 
 tion, quite general in W. and C., that rtsa 
 in itself is equivalent to 20, for even Lamas 
 of both districts could be convinced only 
 by an arithmetical proof, that the numbers
 
 rtsiva 
 
 437 
 
 mentioned in the above passages were 302 
 and 1002, and not 322 and 1022. - 3. In 
 bcu-rtsa nyi-su-rtsa, brgyd-rtsa, without any 
 units following, e.g Tar. 120, 10, the word 
 evidently stands but pleonastically, like 
 fam-pa. 
 
 XT rtswa (Bal., Pur. rtswa, stswd) C. *tsa*, 
 < Lh., Ld., *sa*, f^uf, grass, herb, plant, 
 rtsa-Kai (or rtsa-rtsei) zil-pa the dew on 
 the grass Glr. ; rtsa nyag ycig a single blade 
 of grass 6s.; sno-yi rtsa, rtsa-snon green 
 grass; rtsa-skdm, and often rtsa alone, hay, 
 rtsa rnd-ba to mow grass, O fu-ba, to gather 
 (grass) ; rtsd-Jca C., W. pasture, pasturage, 
 *sd-l>a gydl-la* W. good pasturage. rtsd- 
 can covered with grass, grassy. rtsa- 
 mcog Kusha-grass Lex., v. ku-sa\ rtsa-mcog 
 (-yrori) town in West Assam, where Bud- 
 dha died Glr.; Kainarupa. rtsa-fdg grass- 
 rope Dzl. rtsa-fun grass-gatherer Sch. 
 
 rtsa-yddn grass-mat Sch. rtsa-yydb 
 manger Sch. rtsa-ras Sch. 'linen', prop, 
 the same as la-ta q. v. 2. euphemism 
 for rkyay; *tsa tdh-wa* C. to go to stool; 
 rtsa cu bsdams Mil. he suffers from ob- 
 struction and strangury. 
 
 ,-r"rr rted-ba, I- cf. ftsan and rtsad, Ssk. 
 *rer. 1 . root ( W. com. *6a-%* for it), 
 stalk oT fruits; rtsd-ba Ua five (medicinal) 
 roots, viz. rd-mnye, Icd-ba, nye-sin, a-so 
 (better a-sa)-gandha, yze-ma; rtsd-ba-nas 
 O byin-pa etc. to pull out with the root, to 
 eradicate, extirpate, mostly fig., v. below. 
 
 2. the lower end of a stick, trunk of a 
 tree, pillar; md-fog rtsd-ba id. Mil. ; the 
 foot of a hill, mountain-pass, the latter also 
 Id -rtsa W. *ldr-sa*; rtsd-bai zal, lag the 
 lower faces or hands of those images, that 
 represent deities with many faces and hands 
 Glr.; rtsd-bai nos base of a triangle Tar. 204, 
 1 ; fundament, foundation-pillar, and the like; 
 in later literature and vulgo rtsd-bar and 
 rtsar, rarely (Glr. )rtsd-ru postp. with genit., 
 to, at, e.g. to go to, to come to, to be at, both 
 of persons and things, bud-med-kyi rtsar 
 nydl-ba or more euphem., pyin-pa to go to 
 a woman Glr., sin-gi rtsar, even cui rtsar 
 Glr. ; at, near, to, a tree, river etc. ; so also 
 
 rtsd-la to, at; rtsd(-bd)-na Glr. and vulgo 
 (incorr.) *tsd-ne* C. at, near; without a case 
 following: rtsar byun-nas coming near, step- 
 ping up to Glr. 3. root fig. origin, primary 
 cause, also yzi-rtsa, e.g. /cor-bai yzi-rtsa 
 fcod-pa Mil. to cut off the root of trans- 
 migration, to deliver a soul from tr.; rtsd- 
 ba-nas Jbyin-pa, O don-pa, O g6g-pa etc., also 
 tsdn-nas, tsdd-nas ^cod-pa etc., to exter- 
 minate (root and branch), to annihilate; on 
 the other hand: rtsa-brddr-ycod-pa Mil., 
 rtsdd-ycod-pa to examine closely, to in- 
 vestigate thoroughly. nyon - mdris - kyi 
 rtsd-ba ysum are the three primary moral 
 evils, viz. O dod-cdgs, ze-sddn, yti-mug; rtsa- 
 brdl therefore' might signify: he who has 
 freed himself from them; but it seems to 
 mean also : without beginning or end, un- 
 limited, e.g. snyin-rje Glr., sems nyid Mil ; 
 dge-bai rtsd-ba, dge-rtsa a virtuous deed, 
 as a cause of future reward, skyed-pa, spyod- 
 pa, byed-pa to perform such a deed; rtsd- 
 bai ... the original, primary, principal . . . , 
 e.g. don, primitive or first meaning Cs.; 
 rtsd-bai nyon-mons-pa Cs.: 'original sin', 
 Sch. : 'sin inherited from former births' ; at 
 all events not identical with the original 
 sin of Christian dogmatics, although the 
 word grammatically might denote it; rtsa 
 (j-bai} rgyud an introductory treatise, giv- 
 ing a summary of the contents of a larger 
 work, e.g. of the rgyud-bzi, mentioned sub 
 brgyud; also title of other works, Ssk. 3R>tdr|, 
 v. Cs. Gram., chronol. table; whether Sch.s 
 translation 'cause and effect' is altogether 
 correct, may admit of some doubt, yet v. 
 below; rtsd-ba datl ^grel-ba Cs. 'text and 
 commentary'; in rtsd-bai ma Thgy. the ge- 
 nitive case stands prob. for the apposition: 
 the mother that is the root of me, in a 
 similar manner as rtsd-bai ran-bzin nature 
 6s.; rtsd-bai bld-ma seems to denote the 
 teaching priest, the one by whom in any 
 particular case the instruction is given, opp. 
 to brgyud-pa, he to whom it is imparted. 
 A good deal of confusion however prevails 
 here, owing to the ambiguity of the verbal 
 form in brgyud-pa and the variable spelling;
 
 438 
 
 rtsd-la 
 
 v. rgyiid-pa extr. rtsa-for Sch.: 'lower 
 end and top' (?) (should perh. be rtsa-fog); 
 rtsa-mi Tar. 191, 3 is rendered by Schf. 
 with 'Haupt-Mann', principal man. rtsa- 
 Idg (Schr.: root and branches) Lex. -3^ 
 relations, kindred; rtsa-lag-can having re- 
 lations, rtsa-lag-med without relations Cs. 
 rtsa-ses Sch.: primitive wisdom. 4. 
 symb. num.: 9. II. v. rtsa vein. 
 
 Note, rfea, vein, is traced by Tibetan 
 scholars back to rtsd-ba, the veins being 
 the 'roots of life' ; in a dictionary the words 
 are better treated separately. 
 
 rtsd-la v. rtsd-ba I, 2. 
 " rtsan = rtsd-ba seldom, v. rtsd-ba I, 3. 
 
 , brag-gi Lt. (W. 
 *gag-cig*). 
 
 sfj-' rtsad = rtsd-ba root, rtsdd-nas ycod-pa 
 ' Mil. to root out, to eradicate; rtsad 
 f cod-pa, = rtsa-toddr ycod-pa, = fsar and 
 ysar ^cod-pa, to search, investigate Mil. ; 
 gar bzugs rtsad bcdd-nas to inquire, search 
 for a person's place of abode Pth. 
 
 3f3*3!^T r * sa b} rtsab-rtsab v. tsab- 
 
 tsub. 
 
 rtsa ^ s ferment, barm, yeast, prepared 
 of barley-flour; rtsabs-ttur a sweetish 
 sort of bread, made up with it Ld. ; rtsdbs- 
 mo a beverage brewed from roasted meal 
 (rtsdm-pd) and water, and made to ferment 
 by adding butter-milk, esp. liked in winter; 
 also called btsdy-mo; zo^rtsabs Sch. milk- 
 brandy, not known to us. 
 
 "35* rtsabs-ru-fsaLt. n. of a medicine. 
 
 rtsdm-pa, I. sbst. 1 . roast-flour, flour 
 from roasted grain, O bras-rtsam of 
 rice, gro^rtsam of wheat, nas-rtsam of barley, 
 this last the most common; stirred with 
 water, beer, or tea into a pap, it is the 
 usual food in C. rtsdm-Jbm roast-flour 
 and grain = victuals in gen. Kun. rtsdm- 
 rin the price of flour Sch. 2. urine Lt. 
 rtsam-mdog colour of urine. 
 II. vb. v. rtsdm-pa. 
 
 $*\ rtsar v. rtsd-ba I, 2. 
 
 i'q- rtsal 1. skill, dexterity, adroitness, ac- 
 complishment; in the first place physical 
 Skill, lag -rtsal- can of a skilful, practised 
 h;md W. ; sgyu-rtsdl id., stobs daii sgyu-rtsdl 
 strength and dexterity Glr. , skilfulness; 
 rtsal(dan} lddn(-pa) skilful, expert, adroit, 
 rtsal-med the contrary; rtsal ^ran-pa to 
 vie in skill, rtsal sbyon-ba to practise, or 
 improve one's self in skill Mil.; rtsal sor 
 all skill is gone, rgud id. Sch. ; stobs-(kyi) 
 rtsal, Lex. mj3i*T? strength, energy, mfu- 
 rtsdl and rtsal - mfu prob. id. Dzl , S.g. ; 
 rtsal- ce-ba or rtsal-po-ce adroit as a gym- 
 nastic, wrestler etc.; also sbst. athlete, jugg- 
 ler etc. Dzl.\ rtsdl-gyi mcoris a gymnastic 
 feat Lex. ; rtsal-sbyon bodily exercise, nim- 
 bleness, agility, bdn-rtsal-sbyon nimbleness 
 in running, ysog-rtsal-sbyoh agility in flying 
 Mil.; cu-rtsdl feats performed in the water; 
 the art of swimming Pth.; vulgo W. also 
 for natural, innate abilities: mig-rtsal-mKan 
 keen-sighted, mig- rtsal nyams of a weak 
 sight; rtsal-fon Sch 'skilful, masterly' (?) 
 2. in later times used in a special sense 
 of skill, expertness in contemplation, cf. sgom- 
 pa; so frq. with Mil.; byah-cub-sems-kyi 
 rtsal ysum\ lam-^gag-med-kyi rtsdl-ka such 
 accomplishments 'as will clear the road', 
 ascetical terms familiar only to the initiated. 
 
 rtsds-ma v. btsds-ma. 
 
 rtsi 1. all fluids of a somewhat greater 
 consistency, such as the juice of some 
 fruits, paints, varnish etc., rtsi- can viscid, 
 sticky, clammy; ' ; tsi gydg-pa* 6'., *sigydb-ce y 
 ku-ce, tdn-ce* W. to colour, to paint, *tsi 
 tdn-wa* C. also to solder; ldab-pa(?} Sch. 
 to lacker, to varnish; sbrdn-rtsi honey; ndd- 
 kyi rkyen rtsi a medical draught, potion 
 Dzl. y*, 7, (another reading: sman); bdud- 
 rtsi nectar; tson-rtsi painter's colour, dkdr- 
 rtsi white-w^ash, ndg-rtsi black paint, dmdr- 
 rtsi red paint; *ser-tsi f C. gilding, *nul-tsi* 
 silvering C. 2. applied to external ap- 
 pearance: *don-si* W. complexion; even spa 
 rtsi ojam Ka-dog legs -pa de this cane, as 
 to its outside smooth, as to colour beauti- 
 ful Mil. (unless rtsi be = shell, bark, rind?)
 
 439 
 
 rtsi-ba 
 
 rtsis 
 
 rtsi-fog juicy fruit; rtsi-sin 1. fruit-tree 
 Pth. 2. tree, in gen. Glr. and elsewh., frq. 
 
 rtsi-gu fruit-kernel, the kernel in a fruit- 
 stone (not the latter itself Sch.); W. for 
 *fsi-gu* } q.v. ; rtsi- gu-mar-nag oil extracted 
 from the stones of apricots ; rtsi-mdr Lt. id. 
 s-*q- rtsi-ba, pf. (b)rtsis, fut brtsi, imp. 
 
 (b)rtsi(s) 1. to count, *si-te bor-ce* W. 
 to pay down, money; cf. also rtsis. 2. 
 to count, reckon, calculate, mi re-la pul re- 
 rei fdd-du reckoning a handful to each Dzl; 
 zag sum-cu-la zld-ba ycig, zld-ba bcu-ynyis- 
 la lor rtsi-ba to reckon a month at 30 days, 
 a year at 12 months Thgy.; mi-lo-ltar rtsi- 
 ba to count by the years of a man Thgy.; 
 gait, bzah rtsi-ba to calculate which (day) 
 be a propitious one Glr.; dus rtsi-ba to 
 reckon up, to compute the time Mil', *ce- 
 min <ldl-la si-ce* W. to reckon among the 
 adults; yon-tan-la skyon-du rtsi-ba to con- 
 sider good qualities as faults, = ltd-ba I, 2; 
 brdun rtsi he may be reckoned to strike, 
 i.e. he is very likely to strike, threatens 
 to strike C.; brtsis zin l . the account is closed, 
 the bill is ready. 2. product, sum total. 
 
 ^"0," rtsiu n. of a plant, = pri-ydn-ku Wdn. 
 
 rtsig-pa 1. vb.,pf. (b)rtsigs,i\Jii. brtsig, 
 imp. (b)rtsig(s), 1. to build, whether 
 of stone or of wood, /can-pa. 2. to wall 
 up, sgo a door Glr. II. sbst wall, ma- 
 sonry. 
 
 Comp. rtsig-skydbs Stg. is said to be = 
 rtsig-rmdn. rtsig-hos side of a wall. 
 rtsig-rdo stone for building. rtsig-dpon 
 master-mason, architect. rtsig-pur a peg 
 in a wall, wall-hook, to hang up things. 
 
 rtsig-rmdn fundament of a wall. rtsig- 
 zur edge or ledge of a wall Thgy. rtsig- 
 bzo-pa brick-layer, mason. rtsig-yyog 
 journeyman mason. 
 
 rtsigs, Sch. : ''rtsigs-ce very gracious 
 and well-affected' (?), prob. should 
 be rtsis-ce q. v. no. 3. 
 
 rtsigs-ma turbid matter, sediment, 
 impurity, = tsigs-ma S.g. 
 rtsin-ba adj. and sbst., coarse, clumsy, 
 rough, rude; coarseness etc., B.; rtsin- 
 
 po B. and C., rtsih-ge C., W. id., but only 
 ac lj -5 Pye coarse meal, grits (opp. to zib- 
 po, O jdm-po); spyod-pa rtsin-ba of rude man- 
 ners Glr. 
 
 a-zvrj- rtsid-pa the long hair of the yak, rtsid- 
 fdgs = re-fdgs coarse cloth manufac- 
 tured of it; rtsid-stdn saddle-cloth Mil.] 
 rtsid-gur tent-covering made of it. 
 ynf^TV&r rtsib(s)-ma 1. rib, rtsib-mai bdr- 
 nas from between the ribs Glr.; 
 rtsib-logs yyas yyon all the ribs of the right 
 and left side Dzl ; rtsib-logs nd-ba pain 
 about the ribs Do. ; rtsib - rin the upper 
 ribs(?) 2. spoke of a wheel, frq.; rtsib- 
 kyi mu-Kyud fellies composing the rim of 
 a wheel Cs.; in ornamental designs the rtsib- 
 ma are often fanciful figures, supplying the 
 radii of the circle; further: the sticks or ribs 
 of a parasol, canopy etc. Glr. ; the spars of 
 a felt-tent, the ribs or futtocks of a boat 
 Schr. rtsib-ri n. of a mountain, = sri-ri. 
 >*tsis 1. counting, numbering, numeration, 
 rtsis -las O das-pa innumerable Mil.; 
 *bod si-la, mon-si-la* W. according to Ti- 
 betan, according to Indian counting or com- 
 putation of time (is to-day the twentieth); 
 "mi-si, don-si* W. numbering of the people, 
 of the domiciliated; *mdg-si tdn-ce* W. to 
 hold a numbering of military forces. 2. 
 account, rtsis byed-pa Glr., O debs-pa Mil., 
 c/ydb-pa C., W. *kor-ce, (l}ta-ce* to calculate, 
 to compute, rtsis-su sbydr-ba to count to- 
 gether, to sum up Dzl; calculation, compu- 
 tation (beforehand), scheme; *zag nyi-su- 
 la O gro- (or ca-rtsis yod)* W. in about 20 
 days we calculate, i.e. we intend, to go; 
 *sin-ta gyug-si yod-pe dus-fsod-la* Ld. at 
 the hour, when according to their calcu- 
 lation the carriage was to start; rtsis-kyis 
 for rtsis byds-nas) no-ses-pa to find by com- 
 putation Glr. skdr-rtsis astrology, astro- 
 nomy; dkdr-rtsis, ndg-rtsis, ace. to Cs.: In- 
 dian and Chinese astronomy and chrono- 
 logy. 3. estimation, esteem, rtsis-po cen- 
 po byed-pa to value, to make much of, lus- 
 kyi rtsis-po-ce one that makes much of his 
 own body, by indulging and adorning it 
 Thgy.\ rtsis-'ftsis byed-pa Sch. id.; de-la bla-
 
 440 
 
 rtsis-pa 
 
 'J' rtsed-pa 
 
 Ihdg-tu rtsis-su byed he respected her be- 
 yond measure Tar., Schf, *si-rug* vulgo 
 W. for rtsis in most of its significations. 
 
 rtsis-pa 1. also rtsis-mKan mathe- 
 matician, astronomer, soothsayer; ac- 
 countant 6s. 2. n. pr. rtsis-pa a-mgron 
 secular, rtsis-pa mgron-ynyer spiritual name 
 of the late Resident of the Sikim govern- 
 ment at Darjeeling, called by the English 
 Cheboo Lama, f 1866, v. Hooker Journ. 
 - rtsis-dpon a chief mathematician, chief 
 accountant, receiver general Cs. 
 
 rtst/b-pa I. vb. to revile, abuse, v. 
 nor rtsub-pa sub no. ' 
 II. adj., com. rtsub-po, rtsub-mo Ssk, 
 , uneven, rough, rugged, of the skin, cloth 
 etc.; coarse-grained, powder; rough, wild, 
 dreary, countries, ron-rtsub with wild ravines 
 Glr.; bristly, hair; harsh, tart, astringent, 
 of taste Med. ; also applied to any thing of 
 a highly aromatic, pricking, pungent or acerb 
 taste, such as onions and similar vegetables, 
 liable to cause both dietetic and religious 
 scruples; rtsub-zds food of this description; 
 in music: strong, forte; of sentiment and be- 
 haviour: rude, unfeeling, regardless, callous 
 S.g. t Glr. 
 
 rtse (- mo ) ! P0' n t top, peak, summit, 
 Kan-, gri-, ri-, sin-rtse, or Kan-pai 
 etc., rtse-mo gable of a house, point of a 
 knife, top of a hill, head of a tree; of con- 
 vents, royal palaces, resp.: dbu-rtse Glr.', 
 Id-rise, W. *ldr-se* (cf. rtsd-ba I, 2.) *ld-se* 
 summit of a mountain-pass; rise dan logs- 
 su terminal and lateral Wdn. ; rtse-sgro Glr. 
 flag- feather, pinion; za rtse-rin hat with a 
 high crown Tar.; rtseycil-ba Sch.: to break 
 off the point, to blunt; rtse-reg-ce Mil. very 
 sensitive, touchy, not to be touched with 
 the tip of the finger. 2. point, particular 
 spot, rtse ycig-tu ltd-ba to look at one point; 
 also adv., to look steadily, unremittingly, as: 
 rdn-gi grib-ma-la rtse-ycig-tu ltd-ba Wdn., 
 also Tar. frq. ; sems rtse ycig-tu byed-pa to 
 direct the mind to one point, frq.; sems rtse- 
 ycig-tu byds-pai tih-ne- dzin-lazvgs-te DzL; 
 aim, fse O dii rtse ycig as this life's only aim 
 Mil. 
 
 rtse-ba, pf. rtses, imp. rtse(s), 
 (different from brtse-ba) \. to play 
 mig-mdn at chess Dzl; to sport, to frolic, 
 used also of animals Dzl. ; rtse bro yton-ba 
 to run to and fro, playing and skipping, 
 of deer Mil.; to joke, to jest, rtse-zin dgd- 
 ba, rtse-dgd spydd-pa id. ; *ydn(s)-pa se-ce* 
 W. id.; to enjoy, amuse, divert one's self, 
 to take recreation, fsal-gyi nan-du rtser son 
 they went on a pleasure party into the 
 woods Dzl. ; euphem. of cohabitation, O di 
 dan rtse-bar byao Pth. I mean to enjoy her. 
 Comp. rtse-mfcan player, gambler, game- 
 ster. rtse-grogs, rtsed- grogs play-mate. 
 
 rtse-dgd v. above. rtse-rgod sport and 
 laughter. rtse-sa play-ground, place of 
 amusement. rtse-sems a mind fond of 
 play ; Kyod - hyis rtse - sems yin mod Kyati 
 though you may still relish pleasures Pth. 
 
 2. to touch, W. *ldg-pa ma se* do not 
 touch it with your hand. 3. to Shudder 
 (cf. spu). 
 
 rtse-cim = rtsa-cun, Vena jugularis 
 
 externa. 
 
 rtseg-pa, pf. (b~)rtsegs, fut. brtseg, 
 
 imp rtsog, W. *sdg-ce(s}* 1. to lay 
 one thing on or over another, to pile up, stack 
 up, build up, wood, boards ; to put slices of 
 meat on bread ; fig. : nd-ro ynyis brtseg two 
 'naro' one above the other, ^, Gram.; 
 gen. double; Kan-pa rtsegs-pa 1. 'a house of 
 two stories' = a stately building, palace; by 
 this word Wdn. explains Kan-bzdii, v. bzdn- 
 po. 2. ace. to other Lexx., an apartment built 
 on another, an upper chamber; balcony on 
 the roof of a house, ^T^rn;; rgya-grdm 
 brtsegs-pai mcod-rten a chod-ten with a 
 cross (v. rgya-grdm) on the top Pth. 2. 
 to tuck up ? clothes 6s. 3. dbugs rtsegs-pa, 
 gyen-du dbugs^-kyis} rtseg-pa Med., short- 
 breathed, asthmatic, panting, gasping, from 
 fright etc., or as a sign of approaching death. 
 
 dkon(-mcog} brtsegs(-pa) ; ^ffiqsg title of 
 a book. 
 
 rtsen-ba, pf. brtsens, fut. brtsen, imp. 
 (b)rtson(s} to tuck up, truss up. 
 yc'^r rtsed-pa I. also rtsen-pa, = rtse-ba 
 to play; rtsed rtse-ba id.; rtsed -mo
 
 441 
 
 rtsed-ma 
 
 stsoUa 
 
 play, game, dgd-bai rtsed-mo byed-pa Dzl.] 
 glu gar rtsed-mo byed-pa to sing, dance 
 and play Glr.; rtsed-mo toy, byis-pai chil- 
 dren's toy Mil; rtsed-mo-can playful, sportive, 
 merry 6s.; rkydl-, gar-, gri-, col-, mcon-, 
 rtd-rtsed the sport of swimming, dancing, 
 fencing, dicing, leaping, riding Cs. ; yyen- 
 rtsed play, amusement, diversion; rtsed-dgd 
 id. Sch.; to-to-lin-lin rtsed q.v.; rtsed- jo, 
 rtsen- jo, W. * sen-jo* sport, public amuse- 
 ment, popular pleasure; fzon-nu rtsed- Joi 
 fsogs-kyis bskdr-nas surrounded by a number 
 of youthful playmates; *sen-jo tdn-ce* W. 
 to arrange a sport. 
 II. to varnish (?). 
 
 rtsed-ma the disagreeable feeling in 
 the teeth produced by acids Sch.; 
 rsed-am a shivering, cold shudder Sch. v. 
 rtse-ba 3. 
 
 rtsed-mo, rtsen-pav.rtsed-pa. 
 
 rtsen-gog Mil , ace, to Sch.: calf of 
 the leg. 
 
 rtses v. rtse-ba. 
 
 rtsdg(s)-pa v. brtsog-pa. 
 
 rtsod-lddn n. of a certain era or 
 period of the world v. dus 6. 
 rtsod-pa, I. vb., pf. brtsad to contend, 
 to fight with arms DzL; with words: 
 to dispute, debate, wrangle, frq., dan with, 
 la about; rtsod-cin mi-snydn rjod-pa to 
 speak evil words, to use bad language, in 
 quarreling. 
 
 II. sbst. dispute, contention, quarrel; dis- 
 putation Glr. ; rtsod-pa O grdn-pa to compete 
 in disputation Glr. fsdd-mai rtsod-pa a 
 learned debate about words; rtsod-pa-rnams 
 points of controversy Tar. 132,18, Schf. 
 rtsod-yzi the subject of a disputation. 
 
 rfeo X~ ma ) P ur - nausea, vomiting, 
 *rtson pog* he grows sick ; *rtson- 
 cas* to be sick, to vomit. 
 
 rtsom-pa J.vb., pf. (b^rtsams, rtsoms, 
 fut. brtsam, imp. rtsom(s) 1. to begin, 
 commence a work, to be about, to set about 
 an undertaking; Jtrros-par brtsdms-te being 
 about to run away DzL; cos-las brtsdms-te 
 
 rtsod-do it was about religion that our dis- 
 pute began Tar.; no -log brtsdms-pa-las 
 beginning, stirring up an insurrection Glr. ; 
 de'-nas brtsdms-te beginning at this place, 
 from here, from that time (cf. bzuns-te sub 
 bzun-ba). 2. to make, to accomplish, 
 yso-bai las mi brtsdm-mo so he will not 
 accomplish the business of healing; com. 
 to compose, to draw up, in writing, bstdn- 
 bcos rtsom-mi author, writer, composer Pth. ; 
 brtson- grus rtsom-pa Dzl. frq., to work 
 diligently, carefully; to take pains, to exert 
 one's self, rtsom-par, or rtsdm-pa-la mfcds- 
 pa a clever writer, an elegant composer, 
 which title in Tibet is applied to any one, 
 that exhibits in his style high-sounding 
 bombast with a flourish of religious phrases ; 
 cad rtsod rtsom ysum-gyi bsad-gra Glr. prob. 
 a school, in which religion is taught and 
 explained, combined with disputations and 
 written compositions. 
 
 Il.sbt. beginning, commencement (^n"t*T)> 
 rtsom-pa dan-po the first beginning Ld.- 
 Glr.; a doing, proceeding, undertaking, deed 
 Tar. 
 
 rtsol-ba 1. vb. to endeavour, to take 
 pains, to give diligence; rtsdl-bar adv. 
 diligently, zealously; Kyod-kyis rtsol-bai dus- 
 la bob now you must use dispatch Pth.; rtsol- 
 med unsought, rtsol-med O gro-bai don byed- 
 pa to seek the welfare of beings without 
 their caring for it Glr.; srog rtsdl-ba Lex. 
 and Mil., ace. to Sch. : to draw breath, to 
 take fresh courage, which seems to be im- 
 plied by dbugs rtsdl-ba Ma.; nyal-po rtsol 
 drag(-nd) if cohabitation is immoderately 
 indulged in Med. 2. sbst. zeal, endeavour, 
 exertion, rtsdl-ba skyed-pa to use diligence 
 Zam. 
 
 stsol-ba, pf. and fut. stsol (*sol-wa, 
 sdl-wa*), 1. to give, bestow, grant, 
 when the person that gives is respectfully 
 spoken to, much the same as ynan-ba q.v. ; 
 stsdl-du ysol please to give, to grant etc. 
 Dzl.; bddg-gi Idm-rgyags stsol cig pray, give 
 me provisions (provender) for the journey 
 Dzl.\ to give back, to return what had been 
 lentD^.; to grant, bestow, afford, give (as 
 28*
 
 442 
 
 brtsdd-pa 
 
 ' fsa-cu 
 
 a present) ; also for yton-ba to send, to send 
 out, so at least in W. ; further: W. *}a saZ, 
 su-gu saZ, deb-sal* please to give me some 
 tea, to lend me some paper, pray, give me 
 change; or more pressingly: *)a sal gos* 
 I earnestly request you for some tea etc., 
 I entreat you to . . . ; *sal mi gos* I thank 
 you, I do not want it; bkd-stsal-ba v. sub 
 bka; dnos-grub stsol-ba to bestow spiritual 
 gifts (?). 3. sometimes incorr. for bsdl-ba 
 to clean, to clear, to remove DzL 
 
 brtsdd ~P a > brtsdm-pa 
 v. rtsod-pa, rtsom-pa, 
 sometimes incorr. for btsdd-pa, btsdm-pa. 
 brtse-ba vb. to love, sbst. love, affec- 
 tion, kindness, nearly the same as 
 bydms-pa, frq. preceded by snyin, resp. 
 fugs, q.v.; brtse-bas out of love, kindness, 
 e. g. yndn-ba to give something out of love ; 
 with love, lovingly, kindly, e. g. skyon - ba to 
 protect; brtse-bai fsig words of love, kind 
 exhortations Glr. ; brtse-bai pyag-bris your 
 very kind letter; snyin-brtse-ba, resp. fugs- 
 brtse-ba = brtse-ba; brtse-ba- can, brtse-lddn 
 loving, affectionate, kind; brtse(-bd)-med(-pa} 
 unkind, unmerciful, ungracious; brse-ydun 
 
 love, affection, pa-md brtse-ydun ce yah ci 
 zig bya what could even parental love do? 
 Glr.; lha-prug yzon-nui brtse-ydun de this 
 proof of love on the part of young god- 
 desses towards me Mil. 
 
 r-rr brtson-pa 1. vb. with la, to strive, 
 to aim at, to exert one's self for, 
 fsogs-pa-la an accumulation of merits, frq. ; 
 brtson-par byed-pa, or O gyur-ba, also with 
 mnon-par preceding it; to apply one's self, 
 Ids-la to business, fugs-ddm-la to medita- 
 tion Dzl, Mil. 2. sbst. (Ssk. -f^, virtus') 
 endeavour, effort, care, exertion, byd-ba-la 
 brtson-pa alacrity, readiness to act Wdn.; 
 more frq. brtson-^rus v. below. 3. adj. 
 = brtson-pa-can, brtson-lddn Mil. , diligent, 
 assiduos, studious, sgrub(-pd)-la eager to ob- 
 tain power over demons Mil.; brtson-par 
 on purpose, with intention, wilfully; as sbst. 
 mostly brtson- grus, with skyed-pa, byed-pa, 
 rtsom-pa to use diligence, to show energy, 
 zeal etc.; brtson- grus drdg-po intense appli- 
 cation; brtson- (jrus-can assiduous, studious, 
 brtson- grus nydms-te Stg. having lost one's 
 energy. 
 
 1. the letter fsa, the aspirate of x$ (cf. 
 
 6), sounded fs. 2. num. fig. : 18. 
 ^. fsa, 1. hot, v. fsa-ba. 2. grandchild, 
 
 v. fsd-bo. 3. v. fsa- fsa. 4. resp. 
 illness, complaint C. 
 
 ; fswa salt, fswa O debs-pa to salt, with la; 
 * *fsa nyen-ce* W. to taste, to try, food 
 prepared with salt; Jca-ru-fswa alum Med.; 
 rgya-fswa sal-am m n iac .1A</. : Ice-myan-tswa 
 alum Lt.; rdo-fswa rock-salt Cs.; ba-fswa 
 impure soda, v. Id-mo. bod-fswa Lt. ? 
 Idn-fswa = fswa. fswa-Ka salt mine Cs. 
 - *fsa-(Ku-)can* W. saline, salinous. 
 
 fswa-sgo place where salt is found. *fsa- 
 tse sal-ammoniac C. *fsa-cu* salt-water, 
 brine; ace. to some, vinegar (?). 
 * tsa-skor v. fsd-bo. 
 
 fsa-Kdn v. fsa-fsd. 
 
 fsa- Jcru v. fsa-ba. 
 
 fsd-ga- bu, also cd-ga- bu, fsag- 
 
 fsdg grasshopper, locust C. 
 
 " fsa-fdg-ma thick blanket, quilt 6'. 
 
 fsa-cu v. fsa-ba.
 
 fswa-cu 
 
 443 
 
 fsd-le 
 
 >*<5' fswa-cu v. fswa. 
 
 fsa-drdg haste, hurry, *fsa-ddg jhe 
 sz<7* 6'., *fsa-rag ton* W. make haste! 
 adv. fsa-drdg-tu Sch. but also *wa fsa- 
 rdg sog* W. come quickly, without delay! 
 fsd-sna anxiety about, tender care for 
 a thing, ni.f; *fsa-na-can* W. SOli- 
 citous, careful, attached, *fsa-na-med-fcan* 
 W. indifferent, unfeeling, callous; Kdn-pe 
 *fsd-na ftur-Kan* W. one that has to care 
 for the welfare of a household or community, 
 superintendent etc. 
 
 ' fsa-sndg Sch. = sndg-fsa ink. 
 fsa-pan-tseC. dresser, kitchen-table. 
 
 fsd-big Ld. a little. 
 
 t'sd-ba I. vb. to be hot, so-ga-(la) nyi- 
 mai ^od-zer rdb-(tu-) fsd-bas as at the 
 
 time of the Soga the rays of the sun are 
 
 very hot. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. heat, fsd-bas ydun-ba to be 
 tormented by the heat S.g.; fsd-bai dus-su 
 during the heat of the day, at noon, cf. dro 
 Mil.; fsd-ba ni bsii-bar gyur-to the heat 
 changed into coolness Dzl. ; fsa yzer-ba the 
 burning of the heat, or of the sun Sch. ; fsd-bai 
 nadLt. the fever-stage in diseases; fsa sel- 
 ba to cure an acute disease Sch.; fsd-bas 
 rmyd-ba to lose one's appetite in conse- 
 quence of great heat Sch. 2. warm food, 
 ster-ba, O dren-pa Mil. ; fsa-ycig-ma one that 
 in twenty-four hours takes but one regular 
 meal. 3. spice, condiment, fsd-ba ysum 
 f^Z3b black pepper, long pepper, ginger. 
 
 III. adj. (vulgo *fsem-mo* C., *fsdn-te* 
 W.) 1 . hot, warm. 2. sharp, biting, pungent, 
 of spices etc. 3. stinging, prickly, thorny 
 Pth. 
 
 Comp. fsa- Jem colic, gripes Lt. fsa- 
 goh forenoon Sch. fsa-grah \. hot and 
 cold. 2. (relative) warmth. *f*an-gyaF 
 W. inflammatory fever. fsa-lcib v. Icib. 
 - * fsa- CM* 1. a hot spring C. 2. a warm 
 bath C. fsa-bra dinner Sch.(?) fsa- 
 mig red pepper Ld. *fsem-mo C. hot, 
 warm. fsa-dmydl hot hell. fsa-zer 
 
 'glowing ray', po. for sun. *tsan-ldn* 
 W. hot, passionate, ardent; in the rut 
 fsa-lam Sch.: half a day's journey, a march 
 before breakfast, = fsal-mai lam. fsa- 
 bsubs Lt? 
 
 fsa-60, resp. db6n-po B., sku-fsa C. 
 
 1. grandchild, grandson, Ld. *mc-mt- 
 fsa-wo*. 2. nephew, brother's son Dzl.; 
 Ld.: *d-zdn-fsa-wo*. bu-fsa v. bu\ ydn- 
 fsa great-grandchild, yun-tsa great -great- 
 grandchild, ^'-fsaid. Sch. fsa-skor grand- 
 children Sch. fsd-mo l. granddaughter. 
 2. niece. 3. wife Lh. fsa-zdri nephew and 
 uncle Mil. fsa-yzug nephews and nieces 
 Sch. fsa - yug grandchildren , fsa - yug 
 mdn-poi co-lo the many grandchildren's 
 tattling Mil. ; offspring, in gen., bu-fsa-yiig 
 id. W., C.; *fsd-wo fsa-yug ydn-fsa yith-fsa* 
 W. children and children's children. 
 
 tsa-mig v. fsd-ba comp. 
 
 fsd-mo 1. v. tsd-ba. 2. v. fsd-bo. 
 
 fsd-fsa 1. little images of Buddha, and 
 conical figures, moulded of clay and 
 used at sacrifices Schl. 194,206; fsd-Kan 
 place for keeping them Cs. ; fig. M-nas me- 
 yi fsd-fsa O pro from his mouth proceeded 
 cones of fire Pth. 2. Bal. for fsa-drdg 
 hastily, quickly; fsa-fsa-med slow, slowly. 
 
 fsa-fzug v. fsd-bo. 
 
 * fsd-zar v. tsd-dar. 
 
 fsa-rdg v. fsa-drdg. 
 
 fsa-ru Iamb-Skin, *fsar-ldg* W. coat 
 
 made of lamb-skins. 
 
 fsd-Za a kind of medicine Med., ace. 
 
 to Wdn. = dar-fsur. 
 
 fsa-Zw 1. also mtsa - Zw(?) COCk, bya 
 
 (-po)-fsd-lu Wdn., C.; in W. applied 
 only to red-breasted cocks, from wfsaJ ver- 
 milion (Sch. hen?). 2. v. fsdl-ba. 
 
 fsa-lum-pa C. sweet orange, frq. 
 in Sik. 
 
 fsd-le 1. Ssk. T, lid. T^n, Pers. 
 
 Ar. 
 
 borax, fsd-lei skyur-
 
 444 
 
 fsag 
 
 rtsi boracic acid Cs. ; fsa-le byed-pa to solder 
 
 Sch.(?). 2. fsd-le zdh-po Lh., n. of a 
 
 flower, Hemwocallis fulva. 
 
 grn- fsag, 1. v. fsa^s. 2. fsdg - sgra an 
 1 appalling tone &&(?); *fsaggyab* W. 
 
 a stinging pain is felt. 3. *fsag-t c ug, fsag- 
 
 yd* W. twins; *fsag-lug* twin-sheep. 
 
 -/_ ... fsdg-pa (cf. O fsdg-pa), mar fsdg-pa 
 oil-miller M. fsdg-ma sieve, filter, 
 
 also fecwjrs. q.v. *fsag-re* bolting-cloth, 
 
 bolter C. , W. fsag - ro residuum after 
 
 sifting, as bran etc. 
 
 fsag - fsig dark spots or speckles, 
 on wood etc. MY.; freckles C. 
 
 fsag-fse bruised barley or wheat Sch. 
 
 fsdg-sa flesh of larger animals, of 
 
 cattle etc. 
 
 fsags 1- cap, gos-fsdgs coat and cap 
 Dzl. 2. = fsag -ma, fsags - kyis, 
 btsagsLex.', ko-fsdgs a sieve made of leather, 
 the one most in use; fcrol-fsdgs = fsdg-ma 
 Lea;. ; nya-fsdgs weel , for catching fish C. 
 3. thin-split bamboo, for making baskets 
 Sik. 4. Sch. : 'the right sort, a choice ar- 
 ticle, fsags -bzdh byds-nas making a good 
 choice'. 5. density (?) *f sag-can, fsag-fug- 
 mo* W. standing close together, e. g. trees, 
 books; fsags-ddm dense and strong, as stuffs 
 Sch. ; so tsags-dam-zin the teeth standing 
 close and firm Glr.', *fsag co-te dug* sit 
 close together! Ld.; fsags-lhod not dense 
 or compact Sch.', relative density. Q. 
 fsags byed-pa (W. *c6-ce*}, fsdgs-su )ug- 
 pa and cud-pa Mil. to save, spare, lay up 
 as provision for the future, fse pyi-mai grabs 
 ci yah fsdgs-su ma cud I have not made 
 any provision yet for the future life MY.; 
 to economize, to be sparing, me -la of the 
 fire; to be niggardly; fsdgs- dod-can stingy, 
 griping, avaricious. 
 
 ^^- fsan 1. nest, bydrfsan S.g. ; fsan bzo-ba 
 to build a nest Sch.', den, hole, lair, 
 kennel, burrow, stdg-fsan, wd-fsan, pyi-fsan 
 (cf. pyi-ba); cell, honey-comb, hive, sbrdn- 
 fsan Cs. 2. variously applied to human 
 places of abode: ynas-fsan habitation, house; 
 fsan O cd-ba to build a nest, to establish a 
 
 fsah-ra 
 
 household Schr.', grwa-fsan v. grwa\ *fab- 
 fsdn* in W. the common word for kitchen, 
 ysol-Kan being the resp. term for it; fsdn- 
 zla perh. brothers and sisters, beside pa- 
 ma Mil. 3. v. O tsdn-ba. 
 
 ' fsdn-nu cradle Sch. 
 
 fsdn-ba I. vb., pf. fsans, to be complete, 
 full, entire, zld-ba dgu fsdn-ba-na, 
 fsdn-ba dan, fsdn(s)-nas when the nine 
 months were full, completed Dzl., zld-ba 
 fsan - du nye - bos towards the end of the 
 months of pregnancy Dzl. ; *dd-wa fsan son 
 = bud son* W. the month is completed, is 
 expired; rgydl-po ycig (also ycig-gis) ma 
 fsdn-ba-la as one king was still wanting, 
 the number not being yet complete Dzl.; 
 fsan-nas yod they are complete (in number) 
 Pth. 
 
 II. sbst. (seldom) completeness, entire- 
 ness, yin-min-gyi(s) ma-fsdn-ba byun-na 
 when there is no completeness, no absolute 
 certainty as to right and wrong. 
 
 III. adj. 1. complete, entire; morefrq.: 
 2. having things complete, yon - tan de - fso 
 fsdn-bai bit-mo a girl in full possession of 
 all these qualities Pth. ; lea-dog Ina tsaii-ba 
 having all the five colours complete Glr.; 
 dbdn-po ma-fsdn-ba one notinfull possession 
 of his five senses Glr. tsdh-ma I. whole, 
 entire, perfect (the usual adjective form), 
 bya-pi*ug tsdh-ma zig a perfect young bird, 
 i.e. perfectly developed Dzl. 2. esp. W. 
 all, for tams-cdd. *fsdh-ka* W. all to- 
 gether, in all, with regard to smaller numbers. 
 fsdn-po forming a whole. fsah-skdm 
 perfectly dry, fsan-rlon perfectly wet; fsah- 
 O gng all right, frq., *fsan-dig)he'-pa or c6- 
 ce* W. 
 
 fsa n- fs > Cs - : wood > 9 rove c P se ' 
 thicket; Sch.: a wild, dismal place; 
 
 fsah-fsih Jcrigs-pa Sch.: 'dense thicket; 
 
 horrible and awful'; 'fsah-fsih srid-pai ynas 
 
 the horrible existence in the external world 
 
 Mil. 
 
 " fsan-yd double-barreled gun C. and W. 
 
 fsan-ra v. n fsan-ra,
 
 fsans 
 
 445 
 
 fsad 
 
 fsans, W. *ku-lig-gi fsans*, key-hole, 
 
 col. for mfsams (?). 
 _r__..,pj. fsdns-pa (evid. preterite of O fsdn- 
 ba) 1. purified, clean, pure, holy, 
 fsdns-par yyur cig prob. be clean! be for- 
 given ! Dzl. 9&%, 1 3 ; ^gyod- fsans, mfol-fsdns, 
 v. the two; fsdns-par spyod-pa, fsdns-pai 
 spydd-pa spyod-pa, fsdns-par mf suns-par 
 spyod-pa I. to be clean, chaste, holy, to do 
 what is right, to lead an honest, upright 
 life. 2. to be a priest, to belong to a holy 
 order, and as sbst. priest, cleric ; mi-fsans- 
 par spydd-pa, not to be clean, chaste etc., 
 esp. with bud-med-la to commit one's self 
 with a woman Mil. fsatis-skud, Sch.: 
 'holy cord, the bond of spirits' (?) fsans- 
 fig equator, prob. of C's.'s construction, cf. 
 dgun extr. 2. ^|r, Brahma, an Indian 
 deity transplanted into Buddhism ; he is oc- 
 casionally called lha cen-po ((r/r.) and pro- 
 verbial for his melodious voice, yet other- 
 wise not of any consequence. fsdns-pai 
 bu-ga = mfsog-ma Med., Pth. 
 ? fsad (cf. fsod) 1. measure, a. in a general 
 ' sense, size: ce-cun-gi fsdd-la according 
 to the size, in size Glr.', mi-fsad size of a 
 (full-grown) man Tar. ; sku-fsdd stature, size 
 of body, resp. Glr.', zld-bai dkyil-Jior-gyi 
 fsad the size of the moon's disk Stg. ; stobs 
 gyad stdbs-po-cei fsdd-du pyin-te his strength 
 was equal to that of a powerful athlete Dzl. ; 
 *tu sum-cui fsad co gos* W. make it thirty 
 cubits in size ; fcam-fsdd-du ycod-pa to cut 
 into bits piecemeal Dzl.; cu-rgyun fcyab- 
 fsdd-du as far as the waters covered it Tar.; 
 nom-fsad(-du) O tun-ba to drink one's fill; 
 ynds-fsad seems to express chronology Wdk.\ 
 mnan-tsad direction how the pulse is to be 
 felt (or pressed) Med.; Kyed-rnams-kyi cds- 
 bslab-fsad according to your view of reli- 
 gious studies Mil. ; drd-fsad thermometer, 
 gran-droi fsad id.; yan-lcii fsad barometer; 
 mfo-dman-gyi fsad scale for the rising and 
 falling (of the barometer) ; all these appear 
 to be proposals of Cs. for the respective 
 physical terms; pa-fsdd distance (v. sub 
 /all); fsad-med(-pa) unmeasured, immea- 
 surable, innumerable, e.g. yon-tan Dzl ; fsad- 
 
 med(-pa) bzi the four immeasurables (viz. 
 merits): bydms-pa, snyi/i-rje, dkd-ba and 
 btan-snydm Dom.,spyod-pa to practise them, 
 fob-pa to attain to them Dzl.', na-bas mi 
 fsad yzan yah an infinity of others besides 
 me Mil. 
 
 b. the full measure, which is not short 
 of the proper quantity, standard, fsdd-du 
 p'yin-pa, skye-ba (Sch. also Jcyol-ba) to grow, 
 so as to reach the proper measure; fsdd- 
 du skyes-pa grown up, full-sized, adj. Dzl.] 
 *fse' zdg-pa* to set up a pattern, or as a 
 pattern 6'. fsad-lddn right (as weight), about 
 the same as 'gaged', just, fair, with regard 
 to persons (ni f.) C. 
 
 c. the right measure, which does not ex- 
 ceed the proper quantity: fsdd-ycod-pa to 
 limit, bed-cod the enjoyment Mil.\ bza-btuh- 
 la to observe the proper measure in eating 
 and drinking, *fse > dzim-pa, or zdg-pa* C. 
 id.; f sad-las O dd-ba, fdl-ba to exceed the 
 proper measure frq. ; yid-pdm-pa-la fsdd- 
 las O dds-pa yon the dejection increases to 
 an excess Mil. To 1, a. may be referred 
 d. those instances in which the word assum- 
 ing the character of an affix serves to form 
 abstract nouns, such as ydens-fsdd, or rtogs- 
 fsdd, Mil. in several passages (cf. also fsod) 
 further to 1, b may be reckoned e. the sig- 
 nification all, dge-ba byed fsad all the pious 
 Pth., to which also Tar. 54, 15 may be re- 
 ferred; sna-fsdd of every kind, of all sorts 
 Glr.; *ze fse' cu'-du son C. all his eating 
 agreed with him extremely well; O dir Iddm- 
 bu-ba byun fsad all the beggars that show 
 themselves here Mil. ; mi yons fsad all the 
 people that come; swan fsad cos-skur Jar 
 all that happens appears as cds-sku Glr.', 
 ysun fsad all that is ordered, proclaimed 
 Sch. ; fsogs fsad all the people assembled 
 Sch. ; and f. enough, esp. with a negation: 
 O dra-ba mi fsad not having enough of the 
 comparisons, not resting satisfied with them; 
 *ma fsdd-de* W. = ma zdd-de B. not only. 
 2. a certain definite measure, in com- 
 pounds : dpag-fsdd a mile, sor-fsdd an inch : 
 also pleon. Kru-fsad an ell Cs. = kru. 3. 
 goal, mark, the point to which racers run C.
 
 446 
 
 fsdd-pa 
 
 fsab 
 
 4. tsad rgydg - pa to guess, conjecture, 
 suppose Sch., cf. fsod. 5. sometimes for 
 fsdd-pa heat; for fsad-ma logic, dbu-fsdd 
 Madhyamika logic Tar. 179, 17, Schf. 
 ^r-q- fsdd-pa I. sbst. 1. heat, in gen.; ftdrf- 
 ' >a byuti-fse when it grows hot G/r. ; 
 fsdd-pas ydun-ba to be tormented by the 
 heat Glr." fsdd-pas, or vulg. fsdd-pa-nas, 
 pog-pa to be struck by the heat, to receive 
 a sun-stroke ; also to be taken ill with dys- 
 entery, to which the Tibetans, used to the 
 dry atmosphere of the northern Himalaya, 
 are very liable, when during summer they 
 venture into the southern subtropical re- 
 gions; fsdd-can hot, e.g. yul; fsad-lddnprob. 
 id.; me-bum fsdd-can, Lt. a hot cupping- 
 glass (?). 2. morbid heat of the body, fever 
 ( W. *fsan-zug*} ; fsad-pai nod id., but also 
 dysentery, v. above Glr., C. '; fsad-pa zag- 
 ynyis-ma tertian fever Schr.; gya-fsc' Sik. 
 Indian or jungle-fever; *ron-fst/* Sik com- 
 mon intermittent fever. II. vb. Cs.: to 
 measure, = fsdd-du byed-pa, fsad Jdl-ba. 
 
 fsdd- bu grasshoppier, locust Sch. 
 
 fsdd-ma, umiij Cs.: 'measure, rule, 
 model, proof, argument; logic'; fsdd- 
 ma-pa, or -mtfan, Cs. logician, dialectitian; 
 fsdd-mai bstan-bcds a dialectical work Pth. ; 
 fsad-ma yzuh an original work on dialectics 
 Cs. ; fsdd-ma O grel-ba commentary to it Cs. ; 
 saits-rgyds-kyi bka f sad-mar bzdg-pa the 
 words of Buddha reduced to a dogmatical 
 system (?) Pth. fsdd-ma kun- dus, fsdd-ma 
 sde bdun titles of books mentioned by Was. 
 g fsan, 1. a root = fsa in fsd-ba hot, warm 
 C. andZ?.; fsdn-mo (^fsem-mo*\ in W. 
 *fsdn-te*, e.g. with cu, *cu fsem-mo* C., *cu- 
 tsdn* W., hot water Dzl., warm water Lt.; 
 zan-dron fsdn-mo warm food Lt.] cu-skol 
 fsdn-mo boiling w r ater Mng.; *sa tst-pa fsem- 
 mo* boiled meat, in Lhasa brought warm 
 to the market; *fsen- di tdn-wa* C. to pro- 
 ceed capitally against, ni. f.; fsdn-te sharp, 
 biting, pungent, W. also sbst. : spice, esp. red 
 pepper. fsan -zug W. fever. fsan-ro 
 Sch.: 'hot, the sensation of heat'. 2. = 
 fsd-bo: *pa-fsen* cousin by the father's, *ma- 
 
 fsen* by the mother's side C. ; pa-fsdn also 
 = pa-spun- Ku-fsdn v. Ku-bo. 3. series, 
 order, class, sde-fsdn id.; bzi-fsdn a class 
 or collection of four things, tetrad Gram.] 
 drug-fsdn-du sdebs-pa to put together in 
 classes of six Mil.; don-fsdn Tar. 96, 14, 
 a certain class of ideas, range of thoughts 
 Schf. 4. as termination of some collec- 
 tive nouns: ynyen-fsdn, nye-fsan kindred, 
 relations, nye-tsdn bdud-kyi bsol-^debs yin 
 Mil. ; blon-po-fsan Ind-po the five embassies, 
 ni f. Glr. 5. ndh-fsan part, of a country, 
 district, Tar. 90, 20. - 6. cos-fsan any treat- 
 ise under a distinct head or title in a volume 
 Cs. 7. difference Sch. ; le-fsan different 
 divisions, sections, chapters. 8. much, 
 large, copious, great, *Ka tsan tin-te* W. 
 much deep snow; fsan-ce-ba, fsan-cen very 
 much, a great deal, las nan ni fsan-ce a great 
 many bad actions Thgr.\ lo fsan-ce-ba a 
 plentiful harvest, rich crop Glr.; hence fsdn- 
 po a dignitary, grandee Pth. Kams-fsdn, i. 
 prefect of a provincial association, in large 
 convents, such as Sera and others. 2. asso- 
 ciation, club. 
 
 ^q- fsab (cf. O tsdb-pa), representative, com. 
 fsdb-po C'., W., *ko-la fsdb-po yod* he 
 has got a representative, proxy; in reference 
 to a thing: equivalent, substitute, des fsab 
 run it may be replaced by this, fsab run 
 tsam-mo this may perhaps be used as a 
 substitute Wdn. ; *fdb-pii fsab co-ce* W. to 
 use as a mop; nas fsab byao I shall supply 
 his place Tar.-, fsdb-tu instead of, in the 
 place Of, mdr-mei instead of a lamp, for a 
 lamp Glr.; in W. *f sab-la* very common. 
 Chiefly in compounds : sku - fsab resp. = 
 fsdb-po representative of a superior, hence, 
 as may be the case, vice-roy, delegate, com- 
 missioner, agent rgyal-fsdb v. rgydl-ba. 
 
 do-fsab Schr. prob. = fsdb-po = sku-fsdb. 
 
 rta-fsdb a thing given as an equivalent 
 for a horse Cs. nor-fsdb goods serving 
 as a compensation for something else, pa- 
 fsdb guardian, trustee. bla-fsdb represen- 
 tative of a Lama, Vice-Lama. bu-fsdb 
 adopted child, foster-child. mi-fsdb Schr. 
 negociator, mediator; hostage (?).
 
 fsab-fsdb 
 
 fsab-fsdb, miy fsab-fsdb byed-pa 
 to blink or twinkle with the eyes 6'., 
 
 also 
 
 fsabs 1. mostly with &, cen-po, very 
 great, very much, sdig-pa fsabs -ce- 
 bar O dug it proves a very great sin, mgo- 
 bo Kor fsabs-ce-na when much dizziness 
 intervenes Lt.\ *t im-dhan-gal fsab cem-po* 
 C.j great, serious transgression; O adl-fsabs- 
 can sinning heinously. 2. fsdbs-pa and 
 -po Cs., who also designates it as resp., peril, 
 fear, sin (rather questionable); difficulty, 
 trouble (might perh. be more adequate); bud- 
 med ^6- fsabs -la pan Wdn. it is of use in 
 milk-diseases of the women. 
 
 fsam-ddm noisy, blustering, alarming 
 
 Sch. 
 
 (cf. fsom-pa, fe-tsom) 
 doubt, hesitation, wavering, fsam-fsum byed- 
 pa to doubt, hesitate, waver; fsam-fsum-can, 
 fsam-me-fso-m-me doubtful, wavering, unde- 
 cided, pan-tsun pydg-la fsam-me-fsom-mer 
 lus-pai fse whilst both of them were un- 
 certain as to saluting (who should salute 
 first) Pth. 
 
 fsai-tau (Chinese) chopping-knife C. 
 
 fsai-skyogs scoop, basting-ladle C. 
 
 j{V. fsar 1. also fser time Pth. vulgo; fsar- 
 ycig one time, once ; fsar ycig-la also 
 = srib-ycig-la in one moment; fsar ysum 
 threefold, in three specimens, copies Tar.; 
 fsar bzi Dzl. 9%L, 8, in four divisions, sorts, 
 qualities(?) 2. also fsar-fsar ends of threads, 
 fringes, in webs, Ka-fsdr Ld. also ru-fsdr 
 fringes at the beginning, pon-fsar at the 
 end of a web Cs. 3. thin strips of cane, 
 for wicker-work, fsar-zdm cane-bridge C. 
 4. fsar-sldg v. fsa-ru. 5. v. O fsar-ba. 
 
 fsar-bon officinal plant in Lh., Car- 
 duus nutans, but not agreeing with 
 the description in Wdn. 
 
 T fsdr-ma, fem. fsdr-mo Bal. old. 
 
 fsar-fsar v fsar 2. 
 
 447 
 
 ^Oj. fsal 1. provinc. also fsol, wood, grove, 
 as a place for hunting and recreation, 
 fsal stug-po Dzl.; nags-tsdl\&.\ garden, me- 
 tog-gi flower-garden Ph. ; fsal yan-tse(Chin.} 
 C. kitchen-garden. 2. smyu-gui-fsal one 
 kind of the fabulous food of man in the 
 primitive world Glr.; also the 'unploughed 
 rice' is called O bras sa-lu-fsal. 3. v. mfsal. 
 fsdl-pa (Sch. fsal-ba?) 1. also sin- 
 fsal chip (of wood), splinter, ndn-po 
 a sharp, piercing splinter Dzl. ; billet Glr. ; 
 thin board, veneer etc. ; shiver, fragment, fsdl- 
 pa bdun-du gas Dzl.\ fsdl-bu dimin., small 
 chip or shiver W. : * fsdl-bu fon son* a small 
 piece is broken out. 2. bunch, of flowers, 
 of ears of corn etc , a lock of hair cut off W. 
 fsdl-ma vulgo for dro, breakfast, f sal- 
 ma za-ba to breakfast, fsdl-ma zd- 
 ba - mams 'companions at a great man's 
 table' (?) Cs.; fsdl-mai lam = fsa-ldm v. fsd- 
 ba extr. ; fsal bog-pa = dro btdb-pa to make 
 a morning-halt on a journey; fsal-rtin the 
 time from breakfast till dinner, opp. to snd- 
 dro, q.v. 
 
 fsas (fsds-po Cs.) 1. W. for fsal garden, 
 fsas-skor, tsds-Kan garden-bed, fsds- 
 mKan gardener. 2. of a woman in child- 
 birth: fsas-kyis /so(?) Med. 
 
 eb fsi num. fig. : 48. 
 
 fsi-ka (or fsi-rka?)C. furrow in a 
 
 ploughed field. 
 
 gcn-OT f si -gu, fsig-gu \. kernel ..or 
 >J nut contained in the stone 
 of a stone-fruit, Kdm-bui of an apricot Lt., 
 C. (W.: *rtsi-gu*}. 2. Ld. a large muller 
 or grinding-stone=jw-^w;musket-ball, bullet. 
 giq. fsi-ba C., W. *fsi* tough, viscous, sticky 
 
 matter, esp. clammy dirt, e.g. in the 
 wool of sheep ; fsi ddm-po solid dirt, bad' 
 kan-gyi fsi-ba Med. tenacious slime; fsi(-ba) 
 -mw sticky, clammy, dirty; *fsi-du* W. dirty, 
 unclean, filthy, esp. in a religious sense, = 
 *kyug-dho* C.; *ne zug-po fsi-du son* says 
 a girl euphemistically for: I have the menses. 
 
 fsig 1. word, in its strict sense, 'bde- 
 
 bar ysegs-pa ni" 1 bde-ba dan ysegs-pai 
 fsig ynyis-las mcd, bde-bar yseas-pa are only
 
 448 
 
 fsig-gu 
 
 two words, viz. bde-ba and ysegs-pa Lex. ; 
 O dri-bai fsig interrogative (word), such as 
 ci; fsig sgrig-pa to connect or arrange words; 
 as a sbst.: construction, the order in which 
 words are to be placed; grammatical form, 
 dd-lfar-gyi fsig form of the present tense; 
 fsig - grogs, fsiy- grogs -kyi dbdn-gis Tar.; 
 Schf. : 'by the force of construction' (?) fsig- 
 O grel Tar. explanation of words; fsig- gros 
 Sch. : 'course of speech, connexion of words'; 
 fsig-prad, fsig-rgydn particle, a small word 
 not inflected; fsig-Jbru Schr.: a separate 
 word or syllable, fsig- bru-ynyer-pa Sch. 
 'linguist, philologist, purist'; fsig- bru-lcibs 
 Lex.? 2. word, saying, speech, subject of 
 a discourse, fsig -snydn(-pa) kind word, 
 friendly speech, fsig-jdm id., brtse-bai fsig 
 an affectionate word Glr.] * fsig -sub* W. 
 hard, angry, bad words; *fsig-ndn, fsig- 
 zur* W. id. ; rtdg-par ma mfdn-bai fsig fos- 
 nas always receiving the answer, that (she 
 who was sought) had not been seen; fsig- 
 med-par O gyur-ba not being able to utter 
 a word (from pain) Dzl. ; but Ka-fsig-med- 
 par ysol-ba debs-paMil. prob. to pray 
 without hypocrisy; fsig nyun-la don ce-ba 
 Mil. saying much in few words; fsig-Kydl- 
 pa = kyal-ka Dzl.] yzdn-gyi fsig y cod-pa 
 to interrupt one in his speech ; fsig-ysal a 
 clear word, perspicuous style (7s.; fsig- bol 
 easy or fluent style Cs. ; fsig-la mJcas-pa skil- 
 ful in selecting words Cs. ; bden-fsig v. bden- 
 pa extr. ; brdzun-fsig falsehood, lie 6s. 
 eEfrr^n* fsig-gu v. fsi-gu. 
 
 " 
 
 fsig -pa l.jir. O tsig-pa. 2. sbst., 
 W. also fsig-po anger, indignation, 
 vexation, provocation, fsig -pa zd-ba to be 
 angry Pth., frq.; *fsig(-po~) fcol* W. his anger 
 kindles. 
 
 fsig-po 1 . = fsig Cs. 2. v. fsig-pal. 
 
 ^ s ' * ess ^ r< l- t st '<J s -p a -> fsigs-ma 1. 
 
 member between two joints, hence 
 fsigs-mtsdms joint S.g.\ joint, sor-fsigs the 
 joints of the fingers, knuckles 6s.; fsigs Jbud- 
 pa Cs., *lul-ce, bog-ce* W. to put out of 
 joint, to dislocate, to sprain; fsigs Jug-pa 
 to reduce a dislocated joint 6s.; fsigs-ndd, 
 
 fsigs-zug articular disease, pain in the joints, 
 gout; joint of the back-bone, vertebra; spine, 
 also sgal-fsigs, vulgo fsigs-rus, hence *fsig- 
 gur* W. hump, hunch ; joint, knee, knot, sog- 
 fsigs knot of a stalk of corn or straw, smyug- 
 fsigs knot of cane 6s. ; member of a gene- 
 ration Glr. ; metrical division, verse, fsigs-su 
 bead -de smrd-ba to speak in verse, fs^s 
 (-su) bcad(-pa) strophe, stanza, fsigs- bead 
 byed-pa to compose verse?, to speak in verse 
 Dzl; dus-fsigs division of time, e.g. season 
 Pth. 2. fsigs-ma sediment, residuum, re- 
 sidue, smdn-gyi of a medicine Dzl.; mdr- 
 gyi Dzl. olive -husks, oil-cake; fsigs -ro = 
 fsigs-ma. 
 
 ' fsib(), fsib-nad measles Sch. 
 
 fsim-pa vb. to be content; gen. adj. 
 content, satisfied, satiated, consoled, 
 
 frq.: yid fsim-par gyur he was satisfied, 
 appeased, consoled ; )i O dod-pai yid tsim-ste 
 all her (their) wishes being satisfied Glr. ; 
 dga-bdes fsim-par gyur-cin being indeed 
 over-happy Pth. ; fsim-par byed-pa to satisfy, 
 with the dat. or accus. of the person. 
 
 fsim-tsim, mig fsim-fsim O dug C. 
 
 the eye is dazzled. 
 g^ fsir order, course, succession, turn, prob. 
 only col., *nd-la fsir yon or bob* it is 
 my turn; *nd-so fsir -la* succession by 
 seniority; *gdn-fsir zon-fsir* id.; *fsir-la, 
 fsir-du, fsir dan* by turns, every one in 
 his turn or course, one thing after the other. 
 
 fsir-ba \. fsir-ba. 
 
 fsil fat, not melted, fsil-bu id. S.g.-, 
 lug-fsil mutton fat, pdg-fsil pork-fat, 
 bacon; /cdl-fsil, Jcdg-fsit, grod-fsil suet, lard; 
 sbd-fsil bacon; lon-fsil intestinal fat. spra- 
 fsil wax B., C. (W. *mum*); fsil-ku liquid 
 fat, in the living body, or melted fat Pth. 
 fsil-can, fsil-lddn fat, fsil-med lean. 
 fsil - rd remains of lard after melting. 
 fsil-sitbs i. straight-gut, rectum Med. 2. sausage 
 6s. 
 
 " fsil-din Ld. mortar and pestle. 
 
 fsis Mil., Thgy. prob. secondary form 
 of rtsis.
 
 449 
 
 fsu 
 
 fsu 1. num. fig.: 78. 2. the contrary 
 ^ of pa II., root of the words signifying 
 hitherward, on this side; fsu-Ka Cs. (fsur-lca 
 q v.), more frq. fsu-rol this side (opp. to 
 p'd-rol), fsu-rol-na adv. on this side, postp. 
 with genit. adj. on this side; fsu-rol-tu, this 
 way, to this place; fsu-rol-nas from this 
 side; fsu-rol-pa one on this side, one be- 
 longing to this (our) party Stg.; fsu-bi one 
 of this side, p'a-bi one of the other side Cs., 
 pro vine. ('?). Cf. fsun, fsur. 
 r>n'fsu-u(?') C., prob. Chinese, for the Ti- 
 ^ ^ betan skyur-ru, ace. to some : vinegar, 
 ace. to others: a pulpy product, prepared of 
 various kinds of fruit, mixed with vinegar, 
 sugar, and spices, and having been left to 
 ferment, used, like mustard, as a condi- 
 ment, which in India is called 'chutney'. 
 ^cn- fsu 9 1- Sch - : 'group, object' (?); fsug- 
 ^ ' so W. all the households or villages 
 placed under oneGopa. 2. rarely for tsug', 
 thus ji-fsug Glr. 49, inst. of ci-tsug. 
 
 fsug-pa(-la) W. to, up to, till, 
 gan fsug-pa how far, how' long? 
 *na Nyun-ti-ru cd-ce tsug-pa-la* until I go 
 to Sultanpur; gan fsug-pa . . . de fsug-pa 
 so far as. 
 
 /^msiZJ* t su 9 s ~P a 1- v - fougs-pa. 2. to 
 do one harm, to hurt, to inflict, 
 mostly 'with a negative, bar-cdd ma fsugs- 
 par without having hurt me Mil.; nd-la 
 mes, nad-kyis etc. mi fsugs fire, disease etc. 
 can do me no harm, Glr., Mil., frq. 3. 
 sbst., also fsugs-Kan, W. *fsug-sa*, caravan- 
 sary, or merely a level, open place near a 
 village, where traveller's may encamp, or 
 where public business is transacted; also 
 for ^nhrn?n, hall of judgment; hospital. 
 (5)^*^1* fsud-pa v. O tsud-pa. 
 
 ri" fsun = fsu 2., gen. with cad or cad or 
 ' la, signifying within, by, not later than, 
 as postp. c.accus., robs bdun fsun- cdd within 
 seven generations, (they will be happy) even 
 to the seventh generation, Dzl. ; sdn-gi nyi- 
 ma-pyed fsun -la by to-morrow noon (it 
 must be finished) Glr.; *dd-wa ce' fsun } e 
 leb* C. shall he come in less than half a 
 
 month ? bu dan bit-mo fsun-cdd even to the 
 children, not even the children being ex- 
 cluded Tar. 119, 3. - 
 
 Note. In the terms pan and fsun, like 
 yan and man(-cad), the significations given 
 by Cs.: from, from a certain place or time 
 forward, till, until, are not properly inherent 
 to the word, but are to be inferred in each 
 separate instance from the figurative appli- 
 cation of the original sense of the root. 
 
 f sub-ma, O fsub-ma storm, fsub-ceb, 
 rlun-fsub gale, hurricane, Ka-fsub 
 snow-storm; bu-fsub (pu-fsub?) gust of 
 wind, (^a) O drei bu-fsub whirlwind; fig. 
 prag-dog-gi fsub-ma Mil. a violent fit of envy ; 
 sems-fsub trouble of mind Cs. 
 ^- tsur hither, to this place, hitherward (cf. 
 ^ par}, fsur sog (resp. ysegs, in later lit. 
 byon) come hither, come here! also in an 
 objective sense : tsur ^on-ba to return home 
 Pth., Tar.; O di-nas fsur bsdd-nas speaking 
 to me through this (tube) Glr. ; almost pleon. 
 in fsur -la nyon listen to me! Mil. frq.; 
 fsur-ka this side, the this side river-bank, 
 declivity, party etc., similarly : fsur - logs, 
 fsur-pyogs. 
 
 colouring matter, pig- 
 ment, prob. = sa-fsur Stg., ace. to 6s. mineral 
 paint, nag- black, ser- yellow, dmar - tsur 
 red-paint; for nag fsur Sch. has: green vi- 
 triol; in Zam. also rus-kyi fsur is named. 
 fsu l ifN I- manner, way, form, cha- 
 racter, nature, fsul yi-ltar ...de bzin- 
 du as so Wdn., zer-tsul, O grul-fsul, bsdm- 
 fsul the way in which a person speaks, walks, 
 thinks; ynds-tsul v. ynds-pa; ynds-fsul and 
 man - fsul being and appearing, philosoph. 
 terms for reality and appearance Was. (297); 
 f ton- fsul the way of giving, i.e. a certain 
 quantity given, dose Stg.; mi sdug-pai sna- 
 fsogs-kyis (to damage) in various vicious 
 ways Mil; fsul de Kd-nas by that same 
 way of proceeding Tar. ; hence fsul-gyis in 
 consequence of, by means of Pth. and else- 
 where; snan smrds-pai fsul the character 
 of his last speech Dzl; rgya-bod-kyi O brel- 
 fsul the mode or kind of intercourse, the 
 29
 
 450 
 
 fse 
 
 relations between Tibet and China Glr,; 
 pydg-gi fsul-du in a way as if he were sa- 
 luting Mil.] gm-gus-kyi fsid^-du) byed-pa 
 to make a semblance of veneration, to make 
 gestures of reverence Mil.; mi mfcyen-pai 
 fsul-du byds-fe pretending not to know Mil.; 
 (cf. fsul- cos-pa v. cos-pa); dge-slon-gi fsul- 
 du in the guise of a monk Tar. ; mai fsul 
 O dzin-pa to assume the mother's form, fi- 
 gure Tar.; glan-cen-gyi fsul-du, (Buddha 
 came down) in the shape of, or as, an ele- 
 phant Glr.] ddd-pai fsul-gyis in the way of 
 faith, with a believing mind Pfh.; mi-rtdg 
 fsul-du yda it exists in the way of tran- 
 sientness, it is of a transitory nature Mil. ; 
 mdzdd-pa bcu-ynyis-kyi fsul-gyis in the 
 manner, in the order, of the twelve deeds 
 Glr. ; sas ce-bai fsul-gyis for the most part, 
 Tar. 50, 15; way of acting, conduct, deport- 
 ment, course Of life, snd-mai fsul your former 
 conduct Mil. ; de-lta-bui dge-bai fsul de fos- 
 nas hearing such an example of virtue re- 
 lated. 2. emphat.: the right way, good 
 manners, order, rule; fsul (dan) mfun(-pa) 
 orderly, regular, sensible, reasonable, brgyd- 
 la fsul-mfun re tsam Jbyun-na Mil. if but 
 once in a hundred cases something sensible 
 is uttered ; fsul-lddn, fsul-can regular, me- 
 thodical 6s. ; also just, conformable to duty, 
 fsul-bzin-pa adv. fsul-bzin-du id. ; fsul-med, 
 fsul-bzin-min irregular, unjust 6s.; srid-zui 
 fsul spyod-cin fulfilling a child's duty; fsul- 
 las nyams growing remiss in one's duty, neg- 
 lecting, breaking one's duty; esp.fsul-fcrims 
 religious or moral duty, moral law; monastic 
 vows, fsul - Krims - can 1 . being bound by 
 such Sch.-, 2. observing such 6's.; fsul-Krims 
 srun-ba to keep them, ojig-pa, nydms-pa 
 to break them ; fsul - Krims, as a personal 
 name, is much in favour. 3. species, kind, 
 ndd-fsul species or kind of disease, zds- 
 fsul species of food S.g. (not frq.). 4. 
 joined to the root of a verb : yon fsul, when, 
 or as, he came, W. 
 
 & fse I. num. figure: 108. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. time, in a gen. sense, = dus 
 B.; yod(-pai} fse(-na), when it is, when it 
 was; gdn(-gi} fse(-na), de(i) fse (-no) at 
 
 which time, at that time, then, frq. fse-re all 
 the time(?), nyin-fse-ret\iQ whole day, fsan- 
 fse-re the whole night W. 2. time of life, 
 * t'se-yhan-tson-cug* imprisonment for life 
 C.; fse ycig-gi dros-pai gos v. dros-pa; life, 
 fse O di this, the present, life, fse-pyi(-ma) 
 a future period of life (also merely: O dipyi, 
 without fse) ; fse snd-ma an earlier period 
 of existence, relative to the transmigraiion 
 of souls, yet tse O di and pyi may also be 
 used in a Christian sense; fse rin-ba long 
 life, fse fun-ba short life; fse-rih is also a 
 very common name both of men and women ; 
 rgydl-ba dan fse-rin-bar sog-cig happiness 
 and long life (to the king) ! Dzl. ; fse(-dan) 
 -lddn(-pa), ^n^raTT'O title or epithet of 
 Bodhisattwas; fse-dpag-med name of Bud- 
 dha; *fse pid-ce* W. to earn a livelihood; 
 fse Jcyer-zin sor-ba to come off with one's 
 life, to have a narrow escape; fse fdr-du 
 jug-pa v. fdr-ba] fse(-las) O dds(-pa) having 
 died Dzl. 3. Bal. sex, *po-fse, mo -fse*, 
 male, female sex. 
 
 Comp. fse-skdbs v. skabs. fse-cu water 
 of life Glr. fse-ynyis-pa of an amphibious 
 nature 6s. fse-ltogs a poor, starving va- 
 grant, beggar W. fse-mddns Lt. = byad- 
 mdans healthy appearance, a fine, fresh 
 complexion. fse-fsdd duration of life. 
 fse-mdzad, Wdk. 457, an attribute of the 
 gods, resembling a small plate with fruit. 
 fse-rdbs period of existence, duration of a 
 re -birth, a great many of which ace. to 
 Buddhist doctrine every man has to pass 
 through DzL; fse-rdbs-kyi bld-ma Mil. a man 
 that is always re-born as a Lama. 
 
 fse -pad Ephedra saxatilis, a little 
 alpine shrub with red berries, which 
 are said to be roasted and pulverized, to 
 give greater pungency to snuff. 
 
 ^,* fse-re 1. v. fse. 2. v. fser-ka. 
 
 fseg W. *fsag* 1 . point, dot, also nag- 
 fseg. 2. more particularly the point 
 separating syllables, bar- fseg, id.; pyi-fseg 
 likewise, in as far as it follows a letter Gram.', 
 fseg - bar that which stands between two 
 points or tsegs, a syllable.
 
 tseys 
 
 451 
 
 fse 9 s troublesome, difficult, hard, fsegs- 
 ce very troublesome, rkan fsegs-ce 
 Mil. much (fruitless) running to and fro; 
 fsegs-med it is not difficult; fsegs-med(-par) 
 easily adv. ; fsegs-pa trouble, toil, difficulty 
 Sch.; pran-fsegs little troubles or diffi- 
 culties 6s. 
 
 fs( * m (.~P ^ seam, cf. O fsem-pa ; fsem- 
 bzo-pa, fsem-pa tailor W.', fsem- 
 po O grol the seam opens, comes loose; fsem- 
 med without a seam; fsem-bu Lea;., Sch.: 
 what has been stitched, darned, quilted. 
 
 fsems, resp. tooth, fsems -sin tooth- 
 pick Dzl. 
 
 fcenis-pa to have the disadvantage, 
 to come off a loser, not receiving 
 a full share Sch. 
 
 g^. fser 1. = fsar time vulgo ; fser - fser, 
 Mil., prob. many times, repeatedly. 
 2. v. the following. 
 
 fser-ka W. also fse-re, fse-ri sorrow, 
 grief, pain, affliction, *fse-re co mi go* 
 do not grieve! *fser cug-ce* to afflict, to 
 grieve (not in .). 
 
 f^r-ma, W.*fser-mdn* 1. thorn, prick, 
 brier, Dzl. fser zug son I have run 
 a thorn into (my hand, foot) ; fser-mai mgo 
 a deer's head po. spoken of Mil.; fser-ma 
 O don-pa to pull out a thorn ; nya-t'ser fish- 
 bone Sch.] fse'r-ma-can 1. thorny, prickly, 
 briery. 2. like thorns, Thgy. 2. thorn-bush, 
 bramble, brake fser-dkdr, fser-stdr, buck- 
 thorn, Hippophae rhamno'ides, *fser-tar-lu- 
 lu* Ld., the berries of it (extremely sour). 
 fser-fdgs thorn-hedge (in Tibet gen. dead 
 hedges). fser-lum yellow raspberry SiL 
 tser-lhdg n. of a disease Lt. 
 
 fses ^f^, 1. day of the month, fses- 
 grdns date, always expressed by the 
 cardinal number, fses-ycig etc., fses-bcu the 
 tenth, in certain months a festival day, fses- 
 bcu-mcod-pa sacrifice and beer-drinking on 
 that day; tses-bcui O cdm-yig programme of 
 the religious dances performed on that oc- 
 casion; zld-ba fses -pa and fses-ysum-zld- 
 ba. 2. symb. num.: 15. 
 " fso 1. num. figure: 138. 2. sbst. troop, 
 number, host, yet hardly ever standing 
 
 alone, or governing a genit. case, but like 
 a termination affixed : gron-mi-fso the peas- 
 ants (of the village), /eyed rndl-Jbyor -pa- 
 fso ye saints! In some instances its sub- 
 stantive character is more apparent, thus 
 in fson-pa-fso, mKds-pa-fso , bd-fso it may 
 be rendered by: a troop of merchants, a 
 society of learned men (or the learned), a 
 herd of cows (6s.); but most frq. it stands 
 (at least in later lit.) as plural termination 
 of pronouns, so: ned-fso we, Kon-fso they, 
 O di-fso these, or it is affixed to numerals: 
 O bum-fso 100000. yul-fso v. yul 3. 
 adj. hot Bal. 
 
 fso-ba fat, greasy, fso-Ku fat gravy, 
 fso - Idir unwieldy with fatness ( fso 
 O dug mi Q dug, or bud ma bud, is it fat or 
 not ? being with young or not ? Sch. T) 
 
 |" fso-lo W. vulg. = opons, cf. O pon-fsos. 
 
 fsogs Ssk. ip$, (cf. O fsogs-pa) 1. an 
 assemblage of men (implying, how- 
 ever, compared with fso, a larger number 
 of individuals, not at once to be surveyed), 
 6s. : fso^s sdu-ba to call an assembly, O gyed- 
 pa to dismiss it; fso^rs O du an assembly meets, 
 O gye it dissolves,; W.:*$ol8on*it is adjourned, 
 *tol son* it is broken up; dpun(-gi), dmag 
 (-gi)-fsogs army frq.; yul-fsogs village com- 
 munity, country-parish, *yul-fsog nyi lan- 
 te yod* W. two parishes have set out; human 
 society, fsogs-kyi ndn-nas O byun-ba Sty., 
 *fsog c/han gye-wa* C. to retire from society ; 
 fsogs-nan mi O gro-ba not mixing with so- 
 ciety Do.; cos - fsogs has been introduced 
 by us, with the concurrence of our native 
 Christians, as the word for 'congregation, 
 church, exxkrjoia'. 2. accumulation, mul- 
 titude, of things, *sin-fsog* W. wood, thicket, 
 copse, bush, shrub ; me-fsogs mass of fire, 
 Thgy. ; in a more special sense = dge-bai 
 fsogs, or bsod-nams-kyi fsogs, accumulation 
 of merit acquired by virtue, fso^rs ysog-pa 
 to accumulate such frq.; fsogs ma bsdg-pai 
 mi almost the same as a wicked, godless 
 person ; fsogs(-kyi) Kor(-lo), *nir^'fi> sacri- 
 ficial offering, a quantity of victuals, trink- 
 ets, and other articles being disposed in
 
 452 
 
 afe- 
 
 fson 
 
 * fsod 
 
 a circle as an oblation, Mil. and elsewh.; 
 fsogs- Ji'dr skor-ba prob., like som-pa to pre- 
 pare such an offering; fsogs ynyis Glr. was 
 explained by bsod-nams-kyi fsogs dan ye- 
 ses-kyi fsogs\ sna-fsogs of all kinds, merely 
 signifies 'many'. 3. fsogs drug Mil. and 
 elsewh., Was. 290, 'kinds' of perception by 
 the senses, which are supposed to be more 
 or less in number, yet the etymology of the 
 word rather suggests the groups of objects 
 perceptible by means of the (6) senses. 
 
 Comp. fsogs-Kdn meeting-house Cs. 
 fsogs -Jcor v. above. fsogs -grdl Mil. 1. 
 row of people in an assembly 2. row of 
 offerings, nif. fsogs-can-ma Sch. 'song- 
 stress, prostitute'. fsogs-mcog a most splen- 
 did assemblage, fsogs-mcog-dge- dun Thgy. 
 fsogs-ytdm speech addressed to a meeting 
 Cs. fsogs-ston a high sacrificial festival 
 Pth. fsogs^-kyiybddg^o) ^1%^, son of 
 Siwa, the god of wisdom, furnished with a 
 thick belly and the head of an elephant; 
 appears also in the Buddhism of later times. 
 fsogs-dpon president or chairman of a meet- 
 ing Cs. fsogs -zdns Sch.: 'the meeting- 
 kettle, the point of union or its symbol'. 
 fsogs-sa place of meeting s. fsogs-ysog 
 accumulated merit, tantamount to offer- 
 ings and gifts bestowed on priests, also any 
 service or work done to or for a priest Mil. 
 Vr- fson (Cs. = zon merchandize, but more 
 corr.:) trade, traffic, commerce, *pag- 
 fsdn* W. smuggling-trade, *cd-ce, tdn-ce*; 
 fson-gi fee profit, gain, gun loss in trading; 
 tson byed-pa Glr., *gyag-pa* C., *gyab-ce* W. 
 (cf. above), to carry on trade; fson brgud- 
 pa id. Sch. 
 
 Comp. fson-skad commercial language, 
 business-like style, terms of trade. fsdh- 
 Kan store - house , magazine. fson - gru 
 trading- vessel, merchantman. f son-grogs 
 commercial friend, correspondent. f son- 
 can pledging in beer, after a bargain has 
 been struck. fson- cad bill of purchase, 
 deed of sale. fson-mfun commercial inter- 
 course. fson- dus market people Pth. 
 fson- dus-sa market-place. fson-rdal that 
 quarter of a city which is chiefly inhabited 
 
 by merchants. fson-pa merchant, trader, 
 seller; O bru-fson-pa corn -merchant, can- 
 tson-pa dealer in wine and other liquors. 
 yser-dah-dnul-(gyi) fson-pa exchanger 
 of gold and silver coins. fson-dpon, Hind, 
 caudhari. head of a commercial establish- 
 ment, the principal merchant in a city, under 
 whose control all the rest, and the market 
 in general, are standing; the chief leader 
 of a caravan, to whom all that have joined 
 in it are subordinate Glr. fsoh-spogs pro- 
 ceeds of trade; fson-spogs byed-pa, fson- 
 spogs-la O gro-ba to engage in commercial 
 speculations Dzl. fson- Q prul commerce, 
 fson- prul-gyi ynas market. fsoit-zdn (cf. 
 fsoh-cdfi) meal after settling a business. 
 fson -zon goods, merchandize. fsdn-sa 
 commercial place, market. 
 
 Sfc'Sfc* fsotl ~ tson ! a ki Q d of ornament Cs. 
 
 2. = tson-tson. 
 
 VT- fsod (prop, the same as fsad) 1. mea- 
 sure, proportion, in a general sense = 
 the right and just measure; fsod O dzin-pa, 
 (bzun-ba) W. *zum-ce* 1. to take measure, 
 to measure, to measure out, to survey, yul 
 land, *yul'fsdd-zum-Kan* land-surveyor W. 
 '2. to estimate, to rate, to appraise, to tax, 
 ran-yi fsod mi Q dzin he overrates himself 
 (his own powers) Dzl. 3. to observe the 
 right measure, to be temperate, zas-cdn-la 
 in eating and drinking Glr.', zds-fsod ma 
 zin cuns gyur-na when below the proper 
 measure, i.e. when too little is eaten S.g. 
 4. to try, to tempt, to lead into temptation 
 W.; fsod-ltd-ba, len-pa B. and vulg., Cs. 
 also fsod bgdm-pa to try, prove, *fsod ma 
 Itos* 1 have not tried it yet W., * fig -fsod 
 ma Itos* id., fsod ltd-ba, len-pa also to sound. 
 to sift, examine, spy out, fs6d-len-pa sbst., 
 spy ; sems-kyi or nydms-(kyi) fsod len-pa to 
 examine, find out or sift another's thoughts 
 or sentiments, also *Rog-fso' lem-pa* 6'.; 
 fsod ^al-ba to measure ; fsod-ses-pa to keep 
 measure, and adj.: observing due measure, 
 temperate, fsod-mi-ses-pa not keeping mea- 
 sure, intemperate. fsod- can, fsod-ldan 
 i. moderate. 2. punctilious, strict, grave W. 
 fsod-med intemperate, immoderate, im-
 
 fsod-ma 
 
 453 
 
 fsos 
 
 pudeut, 2. measure, instrument for measur- 
 ing, cu-fsod water-clock. 3. division, portion, 
 quantity, fsod-ag part, *nor fsod cig* part 
 of the money, of the estate W. ; esp. of time, 
 point of time, certain hour, cf. cu-fsod and 
 dus-fsod; *dufi pu-ce fsod-la* W. at the time 
 when the signal with the trumpet is given; 
 *tsam fsod* W., at which hour? 4. esti- 
 mation, supposition, conjecture, guess; nai 
 fsod-la according to my estimation, fsod 
 O dzin-pa v. above; *dha leb-pe fso' yoj* by 
 this time he will have arrived, I guess C.] 
 hence *fsod-ce* W. to guess; fsod-ses, fsod- 
 bya riddle 6's., fsod-ses smrd~ba to propose a 
 riddle, mi-fsod about men, bem-fsod about in- 
 animate objects 6s.(?); *fsod-fsod' f W. at ran- 
 dom Sch. 5. fsod affixed to an adj. serves to 
 form abstract nouns, thus: rnyed-par dkd- 
 fsoWthe difficulty of obtaining, O jig-par sld- 
 fsod the facility of destroying, pan- dogs 
 ce-fsod the greatness of the advantage Thgy. 
 ^jj' fsod-ma 1. vegetables, greens, fsod- 
 ma ryod - skyes 6's. : wild - growing 
 greens, frequently gathered by the Tibetans 
 in spring-time, such as dandelion, nettles, 
 Eremurus etc. ; fsod-ma yyun-skyes Cs. cul- 
 tivated vegetables. 2. boiled greens, ve- 
 getable-soup Mil. and vulgo. sno-fsod = 
 fsod-ma\ nyun-fsod a dish of roots, turnips 
 etc. 6s. ; Idum-fsod a variety of roots 6's. (?) 
 
 lo-fsod all sorts of cabbage; sa-tsodCs., 
 'meat',(?)or more probably: prepared mush- 
 rooms. fsod-sder plate, dish Sch. 
 
 j^jr- fson, I. (cf. fso-ba and fsos) colour, 1. 
 ' colouring matter, paint, = fson-rtsi, or 
 rtsi-fson; fsdn-rtsi dkdr-pos Q bri-ba to mark 
 with white paint; Jbyug-pa to paint; fson 
 len-pa to take, imbibe colour 6s.; fson sbyor- 
 ba to mix, to prepare colours Cs. ; fson-gyis 
 btso-ba to colour, to dye; fson-skud dyed 
 thread Do.; tson-spel a coloured strip W. 
 
 2. colour = mdog W. II. v. mfson. 
 
 fson-po 1. fat, plump, well-fed W., C. 
 2. resinous. 
 
 fson-mo-sfen a metal (not known) 
 
 %. 
 
 fsob for fsab Sch. 
 
 fsom-pa I. also fs6m-po Cs. bundle, 
 bunch, fsom-bu id., me-tog-gi fsom- 
 bu bunch of flowers Pth. ; rnd-ma ndg-poi 
 fsom-pa btdgs-pa Mil., a kind of collar, 
 made of black yak's tail; pra-fsom a border 
 or trimming set with jewels or pearls. Ace. 
 to our authorities, however, the word pro- 
 perly signifies a mixture or variety of co- 
 lours, something variegated, gay-coloured, e.g. 
 *dii nd/t-du fsom mdh-po* there is much 
 colouring in this, it is many coloured, *fsom- 
 fsdm* id. II. vb. to doubt, hesitate; to be 
 timid, bashful, shy; to be ashamed C.; sbst. 
 doubt, timidity etc.; fsom-fsom, tsam-fsom, 
 fe-fsom id. 
 
 fsoms C., W. 1. = Kyams, also fsoms- 
 skor court-yard, Kan-pai fsoms Lex. 
 2. set, division, part, chapter Sch., so perh. 
 in the title of a book, ced-du brjod-pai fsoms 
 Thgy. ; *kye-ca yu dan zii fsom-can* W. a 
 neck-lace or string of pearls in sets, divided 
 by turkois-drops and fzi. 
 
 fsoms ~ r " awis noise, din, clatter 
 Sch. 
 
 fs6r-ba 1. to perceive, sbst. percep- 
 tion; as one of the five skandhas = 
 , a sensation, a feeling; to perceive, 
 yzdn gyis ma tsor-bar without any one per- 
 ceiving itDzl.; also without yzdn-gyis: ma 
 fsor-bar rku-ba to steal unobserved, the 
 contrary to robbing forcibly Thgy.; *zim- 
 po fsor* he found it well-tasted; sbrum-pa 
 fsor-nas feeling herself to be with child Pth.; 
 *ydn-mo fsor son* W. it felt light to the 
 touch. 2. to hear, for fos-pa. common in 
 W. - 
 
 fs6r-lo a (flying) report, rumour. 
 
 fsol-ba v. O fsol-ba. 
 
 fsos 1. paint, dye, colouring matter; fsos 
 rgydg-pa, rgydb-pa to dye, to colour 
 
 Sch. ; fsos gyur (or log} son it has lost co- 
 lour, it is faded; fsos(-kyi) Ku(-ba) liquid 
 paint, = fson-rtsi Glr.; fsds-mtfan dyer, 
 fsos-^w Sch. : a cosmetic, wash(?); rgyd-fsos 
 a red pigment from India, perh. kermes 
 Med. 2. a medicament Med. 3. v. Kur- 
 fsos, O pon-fsos.
 
 454 
 
 mfsd-lu 
 
 mfsdn-mo 
 
 r mfsd-lu 1. also rtd-mfsa-lu Lex., 
 Sch.: a horse with white feet. 
 2. v. fso-Zw. 
 
 mfsags Sch. = fsags 4, fsags-bzdn 
 byed-pa. 
 
 * mtsan v. tsan-ba. 
 
 res P- f rOT *Kj name, esp. the 
 new name which every one receives 
 that takes orders; nifsan ysol-ba 1. to give 
 a name Glr. 2. to take, to assume, a name 
 Glr., title W. 2. mark, sign, v. mfsan-ma. 
 3. night, mfsdn-mo. 
 
 wfsaw(-wa) ^TJT, 1. sign (rta?s 
 and Kas), mark, token, badge, 
 symptom, don-med-pai mfsdn-ma yin it is 
 a sign that it would be fruitless Wdn.; 
 mfsdn-ma Q debs-pa to make a mark, to mark 
 (e.g. with paint) Glr.' btsun-mo-la ma O jigs- 
 sig byds-pai mfsan-ma byin-nas making a 
 sign to the queen, signifying: do not fear! 
 (that she had nothing to fear) ; mfsdn-mas 
 mfson-pa to represent a thing by a sign 
 or mark Lex.; rgyal-poi mfsdn-ma (or rtags) 
 Ind-po (ace. to Indian notions) the five royal 
 insignia, turban, parasol, sword, fly -flap 
 and coloured sandals; shape and peculiar 
 characteristics of separate parts of the body, 
 lus-kyi mfsan Dzl. 9&L, 5, esp. as marks 
 of beauty, skyes-bu cen-poi mfsan sum-cu- 
 rtsa-ynyis cf. skyes-bu', mfsan dan dbyibs 
 as to limbs and stature Dzl. ; mfsan(-ma) 
 bzdn(-po) and ndn(-pa) good and evil signs, 
 tokens, symptoms, prognostics, frq. ; bkra- 
 sis-pai dge- mfsan propitious signs Glr., 
 emphat, good, favourable sign, some special 
 (good) quality, mfsan dan Idan-pa possess- 
 ing such quality, superior, excellent, frq.; 
 mfsdn-ma rtog-pa to prove, to examine, 
 signs; mfsdn-mar sgom-pa to take as an 
 omen Sch., mfsdn-mar ma bzuh do not re- 
 gard it as an (evil) omen, be not surprised 
 or alarmed Sch. mfsan(dan) bcds(-pa), 
 and mfsan-med having characteristics and 
 having none, (v. also Was. 297), terms with 
 which Buddhist speculation loves to play, 
 cf. Kopp. I, 597. 2. genitals Med., Pth., 
 gen. preceded by po or mo; mfsan -t 
 
 prob. the genitals open themselves Med.] 
 hence in Lhasa the word fsan-zug (q. v.) 
 might be misunderstood for painful affection 
 of the genitals. 3. sin-tu mfsan ce-bar 
 gyur-te is at one time applied to Buddha, 
 at another to men, thus leaving the true 
 meaning doubtful. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. mfsdn-mfcan sooth- 
 sayer, astrologer, frq. mfsan-grdh and 
 dgu- mfsan prize, crown of victory C. 
 mfsan - brjod calling upon the name of a 
 deity, enumerating its characteristics and at- 
 tributes 6s.; mfsan-don something similar(P). 
 mfsan-nyid prop. : 'the sign', the essential 
 characteristic, sometimes even implying the 
 true, innermost essence of a thing, whilst, 
 on the other hand, it is also used merely 
 for 'mark' in general; cos-kyi mfsan-nyid 
 ston-pa, Kon-du cud-pa prob. to show the 
 true essence of doctrine, to receive it into 
 one's own mind Dzl.', mfsan-nyid-pa Mil. 
 n. of a philosophical school of the present 
 day, stated to be the same as bye-brdg-pa; 
 it is much in favour with the Gelugpa-sect, 
 and the principal object of their studies is, 
 to ascertain the literal sense and original 
 spirit of their doctrine; they love disputa- 
 tions on these subjects, and may be con- 
 sidered the representatives of speculative 
 science among the Tibetan clergy. O dus- 
 byds-kyi mfsan-nyid mi-rtdg-pa yin the 
 essential property of all that is compounded 
 is liability to decay Glr. ; property, quality 
 Doman-, symptom, indication, ndd-pa sos- 
 paimfsan-nyidan. indication that the patient 
 will recover S.g.; mfsan-nyid ysum the three 
 marks or characteristics in the doctrine of 
 'perception 1 of the Mahayanists, kun-btdgs, 
 yzdn-dbdii, yons-grub Was. 291 ; mfsan-nyid 
 bsdd-pa Schr. : definition; so it seems to be 
 used in Thgy. unfsan-rfdgs mfsdn-ma 
 Wdk. mfsdn-pa marked, K6r-los being 
 marked with the figure of a wheel Glr. 
 mfsdn-dpe for mfsan dan dpe-byad Glr. 
 mtsan-yzi Lex., Sch. : 'the cause of a sign 
 or symptom, an object' (?). 
 
 m ^ san ~' ni0 W., *fsan*, night *fsan 
 ca dug*, W. night sets in ; adv. at
 
 mfsams 
 
 455 
 
 night, by night, in the night time Dzl, W.: 
 *fsan-la*', dei mfsdn-mo Dzl. in that night; 
 tsan gdn, fsan fog- tag, W. also *fsan-fse- i re*, 
 the whole night; also adv., all night; mfsan- 
 dkyil, mfsan-gun, mfsan-pyed midnight; 
 mfsan-sfod, mfsan-smdd the first, the second 
 half of the night; mfsan-stod-kyi rmi-lam 
 a dream before midnight Med. mfsan- 
 dus night time. mfsan-byi (W. *fsan-bi*) 
 bat. fsan- sin W. i. chip of pine-wood, 
 2. pine-wood. 3. pine-tree. mfsan-so byed- 
 pa to keep watch during the night Sch. 
 
 - mfsams I. intermediate space, in- 
 terstice, border, boundary-line, rgya- 
 gdr dan bdl-poi mfsdms-na, rgya-bdl-gyi 
 mfsdms-su on the border between India and 
 Nepal Glr.' mfsams -kyi nays-Krod boun- 
 dary-forest Glr.; fa- mfsams (vulgo san- 
 fxdni) frontier of the country Glr.; de-nas 
 O doms Ina-brgydi m&dms-nas at a distance 
 of 500 fathoms from that place; bar-mfsams- 
 na yodii lies in the middle between; ri fan 
 mftdms-su where the mountains are conti- 
 guous to the plain; byan sar mfsdms-au in 
 the north-east (cf. no. 2 below); cu O gram 
 mfsams - su (between the water and the 
 river's bank) close to tbe edge Wdn.; dei 
 mfsdms-au (with regard to a royal dynasty) 
 intervening, a usurper, interrupting the regu- 
 lar succession Glr. ; ces-pai fsig mfsdms-nas 
 when these words were uttered, at these 
 words Tar. 127, 11; sgo(i)-mfsdms a narrow 
 opening of the door, sgo-m&dms-nas sleb 
 (he or it) enters through the cleft of a door, 
 equivalent to our 'through the key-hole'; 
 *fsdm-la cug-ce* W. to preserve, to put 
 (plants) between (paper), to pack up (glass 
 in straw). mf tarns tbyor-ba \. to close 
 interstices, to stitch up, to sew together (the 
 separate parts of a shoe) Mil 2. Sch.: to 
 occupy a certain space, to enter a womb', 
 to embody one's self in human flesh, so it 
 seems to be used in Thgr. and Mil 3. to 
 take a resolution, to form a plan, to conceive 
 an idea, to settle in one's mind, like O god- 
 joa, cf. sbyor-ba I, 2; TI, 2 6'., W. mfsams 
 O bye-ba to split(?),*&ra smin ysdr-dumfoams- 
 bye rtsub Jiyil S.g. the hair of the head and 
 
 the eye-brows splits, divides again, is grow- 
 ing thin, crisp, and interspersed with bald 
 places, which is alledged to be a symptom 
 of approaching death, yet hardly founded 
 on correct observation, nor by any means 
 clearly defined; Schr. has: skra mfxams 
 O byed-pa to part the hair on the top of the 
 head. mfxams-med-pa 1. adj., Ssk. dnan- 
 tarya, without interstices, continuous, = go- 
 mfmms-med-pa v. go 1, Dzl. 2. sbst., Ssk. 
 anantarya, Was. (240), 'where nothing is to 
 be interposed between a deed and its con- 
 sequences, where the consequences are not 
 to be averted', a deadly, capital sin Dzl. and 
 elsewh.; mfudms-med-pa Ina, i e. inexpiable 
 sins, are: parricide and matricide, murder 
 of an Arhat (dqrd-bcom-pa\ or of a Tatha- 
 gata, likewise causing divisions among the 
 priesthood. dus-mfsdms intermediate time 
 Cs. mft-ams-sbyor the Sanskrit diphthongs 
 e, 6, ai, au; mf*ams-sbyor-pa and -wa, a 
 bawd, Cs. mfcams^-kyfy-zu^ba), also 
 O f#ams-zu, an expression gen. occurring in 
 modern Tibetan letters, winding up the 
 complimentary phrases of the introduction, 
 and passing over to the proper business of 
 the letter; for the immediate sense of the 
 phrase I found no explanation. 2. the 
 points of the compass, mfsams bzi the four 
 cardinal points of the horizon; mfsams brgyad 
 includes the intermediate points, south-east 
 etc., mfiams drug denotes the four cardinal 
 points together with the zenith and nadir. 
 - 3. demarcation, partition, break, pause, 
 stop, mfsams ycod-pa to make a stop or 
 pause with the voice in reading Gram.; esp. 
 to draw a line of demarcation about one's 
 own person, whether it be by a magic circle 
 (Dom.*), or by retiring to a solitary house, 
 either for the sake of private study (Zam.\ 
 or which is most frq. the case, for religious 
 meditation, (*fsdm-la ddd-ce* W.} in the cell 
 of a cloister, or in a hermitage or cave in 
 the mountains, the seclusion lasting some- 
 times for several months, during which time 
 the scanty food is silently received from 
 without through a small aperture. Such 
 seclusions are undergone by some in the
 
 456 
 
 m fsdr-ba 
 
 mfso 
 
 sincere belief, that they will acquire there- 
 by higher gifts and abilities, by others 
 merely to increase their odour of sanctity. 
 mfsams sdom-pa Mil. has a similar signi- 
 fication. spyad-mfadms rules, instructions, 
 defining the extent and limits of a person's 
 duties. 4. symb. num. : 6, v. mfsams drug 
 above. 
 
 mfsdr-ba 1. fair, fine, beautiful, = 
 mdzes - pa Zam. , Glr. frq., mfsar 
 sdug dan Iddn-pa id , e. g. bu-mo Glr. ; also 
 of flowers; bright, shining, of metals Stg.\ 
 *nydm-fsar->wa, 16-fsar-wa* admirably fair, 
 wonderfully fine. 2. wondrous, wonderful, 
 marvelous, gen. with no, no-mfsar-can zig a 
 wonderful, distinguished, eminent man Mil. ; 
 rfen no-mfsar-can a wonderful image (of 
 some deity) Glr., in both instances equi- 
 valent to wonder-working, miraculous; no- 
 mfsar-mcod-pa a marvelous, extremely rich 
 offering Mil.; more frq. no-mfsar-ce-ba e.g. 
 marvelous things, events, miracles DzL; mi 
 srid no-mfsar-ce impossible! most wonder- 
 ful! Glr.- no-mfsar-ce-ba ma yin that is not 
 so very wonderful DzL; strange, ridiculous, 
 ytam sm-tu no-mfsar-ce Glr. 3. no-mfsdr 
 wonder, surprise, astonishment, no-mfsdrskye- 
 ba, no-mfsdr-du O gyur-ba or O dzin-pa, no- 
 mfsar-rmdd-du O gyur-ba to wonder, to be 
 surprised. 4. no-mfar-ce an expression 
 of thanks, = bka-drin-ce, de-ltar yin-na 
 Kyed rnyis-ka no-mfsar-ce if that is so, then 
 both of you receive my best thanks! Mil.', 
 yons-pa no-mfsar-ce thanks to you for your 
 coming! Mil. 
 
 mfsa l G S - a ^ 80 fsa l vermilion , used 
 (among the rest) inst. of red ink for 
 writing; mf sal-par a printing with red ink 
 Cs. ; mfsal-lcogs-pa(?) Sch.: 'clear vermil- 
 ion^?); sku-mfsdl resp. for Jcrag blood Cs. 
 mfsu " s -p a (W. *fsogs*) similar, 
 like, equal, Ka-doy as to colour 
 S.O., sna-ma dan like the former, bdud- 
 rtsir like nectar S.g. ; bdud dan mtsuns you 
 are to me like a satan, you are a satan 
 to me Pth.; lhai sdug-bsndl dan ca-mfsuns- 
 pai steii-du besides their sharing all the 
 imperfections of the gods Thgy.;dus-mfsuns- 
 
 pa a contemporary Mil. ; mfsuns-med, mfsuns- 
 brdl, without an equal, matchless, incomparable ; 
 sems dan mfsuns Iddn-pa explained by Was. 
 (241) as: manifestations of mind, those out- 
 ward signs by which the mind manifests 
 itself as existing. 
 
 rr- mfsun (Zam. = Ssk. sRoEf, raw flesh) 
 1. Cs. : meat for the manes of the dead, 
 yton-ba to bring an offering to the dead, 
 skyel-ba to send one; mfsun-ytor explained 
 in Wdn. by si-bai don-du f tor -ma ytoh- 
 ba\ mfsun-ytor ster - ba Wdn. 2. Sch. : 
 tutelar deities, household-gods, or rather the 
 souls of ancestors; so Dzl. %p, 16 (another 
 reading is bfsun)', also in mfsun-ytor, if mtsun 
 be taken as a dat., it may have this signi- 
 fication; mes-mfsun household-gods of the 
 Shamans Sch. 
 
 mfsur v. fsur-mo. 
 
 mfsul-pa the lower part of the face, 
 nose and mouth, the muzzle of 
 animals Mil; bill, beak-ScA.; W. *ndm-fsul* 
 nose; mfsul-pa O gag the effect of the gall 
 entering the nose(?) Mng.; Ka-mfsul (W. 
 */i ; am-fsul*) face, seldom in B. 
 
 JeS*?rjC" mfse-skyon Wdn.? 
 
 mfse-ldum n. of a medicinal herb 
 S.g. 
 
 mfse-ma (W. *fsag-fug*} twins, bu 
 mtse-ma ynyis dus j-cig-na Km>is- 
 so Pth. two twin -sons were born simulta- 
 neously; mfse-ma ysum-po three-twin-child, 
 trigemini Wdn. 
 
 Jfc- mfsed,Sch.: dur-mfsed, place for burn- 
 ' ing the dead. 
 
 mfseu a small lake, mfso dan mfseu 
 lakes and lakelets Pth. 
 
 mtser-ba = O fser-ba. 
 
 mfso 1 . lake, frq. 2. for ryya-mfso 
 sea, rarely. 3. symb. num. : 4. 
 Comp. mfso-dkyil, mfso-dbus the middle of 
 a lake. mfso- Kor an assemblage of many 
 lakes Cs. mfso- fcyoms v. Jcyoms. mfso- 
 O grdm, mfso-mfd border of a lake. mfso- 
 snon Glr., *sog-po fso-non* C. the blue lake, 
 Kokonor, in Mongolia. mfso-cu water,
 
 mfsog-pa 
 
 457 
 
 fsdn-ba 
 
 mfso-i'ldhs vapours, mtso-rldbs waves of a 
 lake. *fso-ldg* C. inlet, creek, cove. 
 *fo-lag-del* C. strait, channel. 
 
 5|c5^|*^T mfsog-pa v. O fsog-pa. 
 
 XVJN^TrSJ" mfsog-ma Lt.,&\so mfsog-ysen Cs., 
 'spot or tender part of the head', 
 vacancy in the infant cranium, = fsdns-pai 
 bu-ga. 
 
 xTxrn^* mfsogs adv., *fsogs-se* adj., W. for 
 mtsuns or dra, similar, like, equal; 
 *an~re-zi fsogs rgydl-la mi dug* they are 
 not so good as the English; *Ko dan nd-la 
 dug-iidl fsdg-se yod* w T ith him and with me 
 there is the like disaster, misfortune visits 
 us equally. 
 
 mfson, 1. also mfson-ca, any pointed 
 or cutting instrument, mfsdn-cas ytub- 
 pa to cut to pieces with such an instru- 
 ment Dzl. ; weapon, arms ; mfson fogs-pa to 
 seize a sword, to take up arms Dzl.; mfsdn- 
 gyis O jig-pa to destroy, to conquer, with 
 the sword Ma. ; mfson- ca rndm-pa bzi Stg. : 
 sword, spear, dart, arrow; go-mfson armory 
 and arms; ru-mtson v. ru; mfson-Jcrdg blood 
 drawn by cuts or stabs (used for sorceries) 
 Lt. mfson-gyi dru-bu an attribute of the 
 gods, resembling a coil or ball of thread Wdn.; 
 mfson-skud sgril-ma Thyr. id. (?). 2. also 
 fson fore-finger, mtson-rtsa the pulse to be 
 felt with the fo re-finger ; mfson gan a finger's 
 breadth; mfson gan mar a finger's breadth 
 lower Med.;mf son-pa afour-fingers' pinch(?); 
 sin mfson-pa zig a handful of sticks Mil. 
 &!^vk"r mfson-pa 1. v. mfson. 2. vb. to 
 set forth, bring forward, adduce, state, 
 quote, exhibit, examples of grammatical forms 
 etc. Gram.; O dis mfson-nas illustrating it 
 by this, setting this up asanexampleOaw.; 
 den kyati sgyu-mai dpe cig mfson also in 
 this may be seen an instance of deception 
 Mil.; dpes mfson-pa to illustrate by par- 
 ables Mil. ; mfsdn-mas by a sign Gram.; 
 so prob. also: am-ban ynyis dei mfson-pai 
 dmdg-mi the soldiers brought forward by 
 the two Chinese officials; it is also alledged 
 to stand for to make, to prepare C. rndm- 
 mKa mfson-pai mdl- Q byor-pa prob.: the 
 
 saint that represents the heavens, that re- 
 sembles the heavenly space Mil. 
 
 O fsa-lu v. mfsa-lu. 
 
 - vb -> P f - 
 
 fut. btsag, imp. fsog (trans, to O dzag- 
 pa), to cause to trickle, to strain, filter, sift, 
 squeeze, press out, J>ru-mdr &a#-pa(partic.) 
 oil-miller Dzl.; to draw off, dmu-cu to tap 
 (a dropsical person) S.g. Cf. fsdg-ma, tsags. 
 - 2. adj. thick, fat, obese Lex. 
 
 O f*a't, mfsaii fault, error, offence, 
 sin, de O fsd/i-du ce that is very 
 wicked, a great offence ; mil or mi-la O fsan 
 bru-ba or dru-ba l.to spy out another's faults, 
 to upbraid him with them, to accuse him 
 Do., C., W.; *fsaii ^og dhu-wa* C. id. 
 2. to irritate, provoke, make angry C. 
 
 Qjfr *n* O tsd/t-ba, vb. I. pf. fsans, fut. Zfoa/J(?) 
 1. to press into, to stuff Sch., O fsdn- 
 Ka byed-pa id. Sch. ; ndn-du O fsdns-pa Lexx. 
 prob. pressed into, stuffed inside, so Sch. : 
 fcri nan fsdns-can a stuffed seat ; dbugs /car 
 O fsdns-pa out of breath, panting (in the 
 heat of pursuit) Mil.; dbugs stod-du O fsans- 
 nas skad mi ton Mil. I am pressed for breath, 
 my breath stops, I cannot utter a word 
 (for ardent longing); stod- fsdns, rlun- fsdns, 
 O fsdns-la pan, all these expressions imply a 
 want of breath, not sufficiently to be re- 
 conciled to the original meaning of the 
 word. 2. *su-la fsdns-se yon-ce* Ld. to 
 attack a person with open violence, opp. 
 to a stealthy attack. II. pf. sa>is, which 
 verb, however, occurs only in O fsan-rgyd- 
 bar O gyiir-ba to become Buddha Dzl. frq., 
 O fsan rgyd-bar O dod-pa to aim at Buddha- 
 ship, and sans-rgyds (having become) Bud- 
 dha. Besides this form, there exists also 
 a verb sdn-ba, pf. (6)sa/Js, to clean, as may 
 easily be proved by examples. The whole 
 will perh. become clear, if we presume, 
 that the form O fsan-ba for the present tense 
 is now obsolete, occurring only in reference 
 to Buddha, as quoted above, and that the 
 root san is now used as present tense in 
 the following significations: 1. to remove 
 (impurities) like O ddg-pa to make clean, 
 29*
 
 458 
 
 Jsah-ra 
 
 * daii sdn-te med* W. (the soot) having 
 yesterday been removed, there is none just 
 now ; *san dug, sail cos* W. it is cleansed, 
 swept clean, * bag sail, nye-pa san* the 
 contamination, the sin, has been removed, 
 done away with C. ; snyun sans the disease 
 is removed Pth. ; skyo-sdns byed-pa to re- 
 move melancholy, to recreate or amuse one's 
 self; to comfort others; skyo-sdns-la O gro- 
 ba, skyo-sdns byed-pa to take a walk, to 
 take a ride Pth., C.; mya-ndn sdn-ba to 
 comfort Pt/i., to console one's self; esp. 2. to 
 recover, to come again to one's senses, ra- 
 ro-ba-las from intoxication Dzl. ; yzim-pa- 
 las from a deep sleep Dzl.; also construed 
 as before: bzi Glr., *ra* W. from a drunken 
 fit, and this agrees with a sufficiently authen- 
 ticated signification of the Ssk. root budh, 
 so that sans-rgyds would after all be the 
 literal translation of ^ff (contrary to Burn. I, 
 71 med.), taking the signification of the 
 name, accord, to Tibetan notions, to be: 
 'the man that has entirely recovered from 
 error and come to the knowledge of ab- 
 solute truth'. That sans-rgyds be the same 
 as perfect, holy, seems to be a mere ety- 
 mological conjecture of 6s. 3. to take 
 away, to take off, *fceb sdn-wa* C. to un- 
 cover. 4. to be spoiled, to become unfit, 
 useless, *wo-masah son* C. the milk is spoiled, 
 zom san O dug = san O dug the casks are 
 leaky, are running out. 
 
 O fsah-ra Sch. : theneckof the thigh- 
 bone ; fsdn-^rai fsil the fat attached 
 to it C. 
 
 ofsdb-pa, pf- f&abs, bsabs, fut. bsab, 
 imp.fso6,to pay back, repay, refund, 
 skyin-pa a loan Lex.; cf. fsab. 
 
 fsa b- fsu b hurry, confusion, per- 
 plexity, fear Sch.; also: O fsab- 
 O t'sdb-mor ynds-pa to tarry in fear, to he- 
 sitate in apprehensions Tar. 
 
 o&dfa-pGy pf. fsabs, imp. fsobs 
 Sch. : resp. to be afraid; Lex. blo- 
 
 P 1. = O cam-pa(?) 
 fit, suitable, in accordance to- 
 in conformity with, de dan O fsdm-par S.y. ; 
 
 so-soi Jbyoi'-pa daii O fsdm-par Tar. according 
 to their ability, in proportion to their pro- 
 perty. 2. frq. and mostly erron. for 
 mfsdms-pa. 
 
 O fsdr-ba, pf. f&ar 1. to be finished, 
 completed, terminated, sn6n-la fsdr- 
 ro Glr. it was the first that was finished; 
 to be at an end, consumed, spent, *nor fsdr- 
 te son* W. the money is all spent; esp. as 
 an auxiliary, to denote an action that is 
 perfectly past or completed (where in the 
 earlier literature zin stands), in later books 
 with the termin. inf., yoiis - su rdzogs-par 
 fsdr - te when . . . was completely finished 
 Glr.-, vulgo the mere root is used, esp. in W., 
 *fsog fsar-ra ma fsar* are they assembled, has 
 the meeting begun already? *lam-la zug 
 fsar, son fsar, kal fsar* he is on the way, 
 he is gone, it is dispatched ; fsdr-ba byed-pa, 
 fsdr-du jug -pa Cs., *fsar cug-ce* W. to 
 bring to a close, to finish, to terminate. 
 fsdr-fcod-pa l.to destroy, annihilate, e.g. 
 diabolic influences, infernal powers Pth.; 
 to defeat, overcome, in disputation Mil. ; to 
 excel, surpass, sgyu-rtsdl-gyis Glr.; to punish 
 Tar. 2. for ysdr-ycod-pa Pth. 2. to grow, 
 grow up, thrive, of little children W. ; O fsar- 
 skyed growth Mil. 
 
 ' O fsal, sgro-bai- fsal- gyi Ka-brgyan 
 
 Mil. ? 
 
 o fsdl-ba, imp. O fsol eleg. 1. to want, 
 wish, desire, ask; when folio wed by 
 a verb, the latter stands in the termin. inf., 
 or the mere root of it, and more esp. that 
 of the perf. form, yob dan mjal O fsdl-lo I 
 have a mind to go to see my father Dzl.; 
 bltds-par O fsdl-te wishing to see Dzl. ; tugs- 
 la bzag Q fsal I wish it may be borne in 
 mind Glr. ; ysun O fsal I beg you to speak 
 Mil., bzun O fsal please take Pth.; pleon. 
 Jcrid-par zu O fsal Glr. ; esp. as an intimation 
 of willingness, de-ltar O fsdl-lo yes, we will 
 do th&t Mil., or like our: very well! Further: 
 pa-la nor ma Q fsdl-tam has he not asked 
 the money from his father ? Dzl. ; gum yan 
 ci O fsdl why does (the king) want to kill 
 me? Dzl.; de'i don mi O fsal the profit of it 
 I do not desire Glr. 2. to eat, btsan-dug
 
 Q tsdl-ma 
 
 459 
 
 Q fsem-pa 
 
 poison DzL; byi-bas O fsdl-te eaten by mice 
 Dzl. ; ydon mi O f sal-bar eleg. for ydon mi 
 zd-bar without doubt DzL 3. to know 
 6s.; so iio- fsdl-ba appears to be used for 
 no-ses-pa, and in a passage of S.O. it seems 
 to imply to understand. 4. in certain 
 phrases : Jbad O tsdl-ba to use diligence Thgy. ; 
 Iro O fsdl-ba l. to swear P^A.(?), 2. to have 
 a cold Mil. ; pyag O fsdl-ba to greet, salute, 
 v. pyag. 
 
 fsdl-ma 6s. = fsdl-ma. 
 
 , pf. %, to burn, to destroy 
 by fire, gron-Kyer mi dan bcas^pa 
 (he burned) the town with its inhabitants 
 Pth.] mes, mer, vulgo *me-la* with fire; 
 rndm-par entirely, completely Dzl.', more 
 loosely : fsig son he burnt himself, scalded 
 himself etc.; also of food, burnt, injured by 
 the heat; O fsig-gam am I burning? (thinks 
 one suffering of fever) Med.; of inflammation, 
 v. mig- fsig; of any violent pain Dom. ; to 
 be glowing, of the evening- sky W.; *fsig 
 Jug dug*C. to be in the rut, the copulating 
 of larger animals. 
 
 and oJSt*r*r *?* f and <&**-? 
 
 fsir-ba, pf. fsir, btsir, fut. ytsir, 
 btsir, imp. fst> W. *btsir-ce*io press, 
 mw/ with the finger on the eye Med. ; ndn- 
 gyis to press hard^.; to press out, an 
 ulcer; to wring, a wet cloth; to crush out, 
 til-mar sesame-oil Lex. ; ^o-ma O fsir-ba to 
 milk; *tsir tagjhe'-pa, or tdn-wa* C. to press 
 hard, to examine closely, to hold a rigorous 
 inquest; btsun-mo-la yan fugs ytsir cun-bar 
 gyur-toPth. also the queen's mind was much 
 depressed. 
 
 O fsugs-pa, pf. fsugs (intrs. of 
 O dzug-pa), 1. to go into (more 
 frq. mc?-p), to enter upon, begin, commence, 
 stod-pa Jbul-ba-la fsugs he began to praise, 
 to flatter. 2. to penetrate by boring , v. 
 pur-pa; to take root, to establish one's self, 
 to settle, rtsd-ba ma fsugs it has not struck 
 root; O brog Q fsugs-su yema- dodMil., prob. : 
 they had no longer any mind to establish 
 themselves in this alpine solitude; brtdn- 
 
 gyi skyid-mgo de-nas fsugs this was the be- 
 ginning of my lasting happiness Mil.; most 
 frq. fsugs-pa as partic. or adj. : firm, steady, 
 r/i'an-ldg ma fsugs-te sd-la O gyel-to his limbs 
 not remaining firm (in consequence of a 
 paralytic stroke), he fell to the ground DzL ; 
 *kdn-pa fsug-kyin dug* sit quiet with your 
 feet! Ld.; O dug mi tsugs-pa Med., sa ycig- 
 tu mi fsugs-pa Pth., *do'-fsug me' -pa* 6'., 
 *ddd-du mi fsug-Kan* W. not being able 
 to sit still; not stationary, unsettled, roving, 
 restless, volatile, flighty, inattentive, spyod-pas 
 skdd-cig kyan mi fsiigs-pa Glr. id. ; *fsug- 
 la dod* W., be attentive! to be able 6'. 
 
 u d-p a -> P^ f su d> (intrs. to O dzud- 
 pa~) to be put into (a hole), to prison 
 Glr. ; to go into, to enter, to get into (a good 
 and wholesome way), to go to (hell); L'on- 
 du v. Ron O fsud-pa. 
 
 O tsub-pa, pf. fsubs, 1. to whirl, of 
 whirlwinds, snow-storms, smoke 
 etc. Mil. and elsewh. 2. to be choked, 
 esp. to be drowned, nya cab-la O p'yo-ba O fsub 
 mi srid the fish swimming in the water 
 cannot be drowned Mil. ; cus Q fsub-pa Mil. ; 
 *fsub-te si* W. he has been drowned. - 
 3. spyod-pa O fsub-pa pugnacity, of fowl Glr. 
 O fse-ba 1. vb. pf. btses, fut. btse, ytse 
 (Dzl} to hurt, damage, injure, perse- 
 cute, torment, mi-la O fse-zin ynod-pa byed- 
 pa, or ynvd-cirt O fse-bar byed-pa id.; also 
 sbst., enemy', persecutor Mil.-, ycan-zdn-la 
 sogs-pai O fse-ba dan beds-pa (a place) haunted 
 by beasts of prey or any other noxious 
 creatures Thgy.; the term is also applied 
 to horses that bite each other. 2. sbst. 
 (spelling uncertain) psalterium, the third 
 stomach of ruminating animals W. 
 
 ^g-pa, pf. fsegs, imp. faeg(s), to 
 repay 6s. 
 
 o^en-bd, pf. prob. Q fsehs, 1. to in- 
 crease, improve, thrive, opp. to pitn 
 ba W. 2. to be content, happy Mil. 
 
 O fsed-pa 1. v. O fs6d-pa. 2. v. 
 bsed-pa. 
 
 . o fsem-pa pf. fsems, btsems, fut. 
 btsem, imp. fsems, W. *tsem-ce* to 
 sew, *gos tscm-cei ras* materials for a gar-
 
 460 
 
 fser-ba 
 
 TCr O fs6d-pa 
 
 ment; O fwm-skiid thread for sewing: O fscm- 
 Kdb needle. Q fscm-dmb needle -work Cs. 
 
 O fsem-srub W. seam. O fsem-med without 
 a seam; Sch. also: without interruption. 
 
 O fser-ba, I. vb. to neigh Pth. and 
 vulgo. II. also mtscr-ba 1. vb. 
 to grieve, to sorrow, and sbst. grief, sorrow, 
 resp. fugs- fser, cf. tser-ka; O fser-can sorrow- 
 ful, anxious, O fser-med free from sorrow, easy. 
 -- 2. to be afraid, to fear C., Mil. 3. to 
 shine, to glitter, and sbst. lustre, brightness, 
 splendour, brilliancy, oflight Lea;., of jewels 
 Dzl.; dkdr-zin (or dkdr-la) O fser-ba to be 
 of a shining white Mil. 
 
 '-sa, mfs ^- sa h ScL: 
 
 cause of uneasiness, source 
 of care. 2. an old deserted settlement 
 or dwelling; O fscr-rnyin id. Sch. 
 
 o fso-ba, I. vb. a. intrs , pf. and imp. 
 
 sos, 1. to live, riit-du a long time, 
 lo brgya a hundred years Med.; nam (or 
 )i-srid) O fsoi bdr-du for life, life-long, cos- 
 kyis, rig-pas, r non-pas to gain a livelihood 
 by religion, science, hunting Cs., or: to lead 
 the life of a cleric, scholar, hunter; srid O ts6- 
 ba to pass life, to continue in a state, to exist, 
 frq. ; O du- dzii nd/i-du O fso mi pod-do in the 
 throng of the world I cannot exist Dzl. ( W. 
 *son-ce and fse pid-ce*}. 2. to remain 
 alive, to be maintained in life, O di ma byds- 
 wa mi O fsoo else we shall not remain alive, 
 we shall not be able to live Dzl.', to revive, 
 to recover, from sickness etc. Dzl.', sds-par 
 O gyur-ba id, frq.; si-ba-las to be rescued 
 from peril of death Dzl. 3. to last, to be 
 durable, of clothes etc., W. : *mdn-yo tso-ce* 
 to last long, to be very durable; O fs6-ziit 
 sdod-pa to remain valid, binding, to retain 
 its virtue, efficacy, of laws, doctrine etc. 
 
 4. to feed, to graze. b. trs., pf. (b~)sos, 
 fut. yso, 1. to nourish, lw the body; to 
 sustain, srog life ; to pasture, to feed, pyugs 
 O fso -ba-la kyer - ba to lead the cattle to 
 pasture Ptli., pyugs O tsor pyin-pa id. 2. 
 to heal, to cure, nod Lt. ; in this sense the 
 fut. form is used as a vb. for itself, q.v.; 
 Q fso-byed, fso-mdzdd 'life-giver, i.e. physi- 
 cian, medicine. 
 
 II. sbst., also O fso, 1. life, mi zig-gi O fso- 
 ba bsol-ba to prolong life Dzl. ; <6-cag O fso'i 
 r)e the lord of our lives, viz. the king Glr. ; 
 O fso skyofi - ba to spare , preserve, protect 
 another's life; to rear, bring up, educate. 
 2. livelihood, sustenance, nourishment, enter- 
 tainment, zld-ba ysum-gyi bdr-du O fso-ba 
 sbyor-ba to board a person for three months 
 Dzl. ; O fso-ba-la ma bltd-ste not caring for 
 the entertainment Dzl.', O fso-bab zdn-po 
 good eating and drinking Mil. 
 
 ^og-cas goods, effects, chattels, 
 tools, necessaries, =yo-byadLcx.\ 
 also provisions, provender. 
 
 O f s( >g-P a , pf- btsags, fut. btsoy, imp. 
 
 fsog, W. *tsog-ce* 1. to hew, chop, 
 cut, pierce; to inoculate, vaccinate, bn'im-pa 
 the small-pox. 2. to cudgel, O fsoy-cin rduii- 
 ba Pth., brdog- fsog-pa id. Dzl. 3. also 
 mfsog-pa to find fault with, to blame, censure, 
 carp at, teaze Sch. 
 
 mfsog-ma. 
 
 O fsogs-pa, pf. and imp. fsogs, to 
 assemble, to gather, to meet, frq.; 
 ftyed O dir fsogs, ye, that are here assembled 
 Mil. ; mi mdtl-po fsogs-pai mdun-du before 
 many assembled people Dzl.; Jbyuii-ba liia 
 fsogs - pa the five elements meeting S.g.; 
 O fsogs rten-gyi zas-cdn food and drink to 
 entertain the people assembledG^r.; to unite, 
 to join in doing something, to associate, to 
 make common cause; examples v. lugs. 
 
 O fs6n-ba, pf. bisons, fut. bison, imp. 
 
 fson, W. *tso/i-ce*, to sell, dri O fs6n- 
 bai ynas place where perfumes are sold 
 Stg.; *dan gon-w tsdh-Kan-ni mi* W. the 
 man that yesterday had a coat to sell. 
 
 O f sod-pa, O fsed-pa, (Cs. 
 O fso-ba?) pf. btsos, fut. 
 biso, imp. fsos, fsod, W. *tso-ce*, 1. to cook, 
 to dress, in boiling water, meat, vegetables; 
 *cu-is6s'' W. 'water-boiled 1 , dumplings, = 
 *cu-ta-gir*. 2. to bake provinc. 3. to 
 dye,^os a garment. 4. fsds-pa,*fsos-ml< ; an* 
 W* ripe, *fsos so/i* is ripe; *lddd-pa ma tsos* 
 Ld., he is a green-horn.
 
 461 
 
 q- ,/*#00-?-> ^ be a deputy, re- 
 presentative. Substitute Cs.; rigs 
 O fsob-pa to be the first-born male in a fa- 
 mily, the support of a family Dzl. ; O fsob- 
 par byed-pa to substitute, to put in the place 
 of another Dzl.; yduit - O fsob-po resp. for 
 first-born Dzl. 
 
 O tsol-ba, pf. and fut. btsol, imp. f*ol, 
 W. *tedl-c<?, 1. to seek, to search. 
 
 to make research; tabs to think upon means. 
 
 2. to try to obtain. cs; to procure, acquire 
 
 Mil.-, to fetch Thg. 
 
 g dza 1. the letter sounding dz; cf. the ob- 
 servations to x> tsa. 2. numerical fi- 
 gure: 19. 
 
 - dza \. v. dza-ti. 2. dzd-brduii-ba to 
 break through Sch. 
 
 Ely dzd-ti, prop. E;'q", Ss. ^-pfft, nutmeg 
 // and vulgo; sometimes dza for it, po. Lt. 
 dza-bo-sin Lex. a hollow tree Sch. 
 
 gf-mj- dzd-ya 1. &?/*.: 'muddy deposit, green 
 slime in the water'. 2. C. the mark- 
 ings of wood, speckled and variegated, in 
 consequence of a disease of the tree, cf. Ibd- 
 ba. 3. n. of an ancient king of China Glr. 
 
 5 
 
 dza-lantra. more accur. 
 
 dza-ldn-dha-ra, n. of a province in the 
 Punjab, now 'Jellundur'. 
 
 c * Z(l ~l u ~k a > cui dza-lu-ka Sch. 'water- 
 spider'; in Ssk. however: leech. 
 dzdb~ra } prob. to be spelt rdza-bra 
 q.v. 
 
 dzdm-bu, gen. O dzdm-bu, u^, the 
 rose apple-tree, Eugenia, which fi- 
 gures also in mythology; dzdm-bui glit't, 
 </:c//i-bu-glin } dzam-gliii, ^n^f^Vq, ace. to 
 tli(.- ancient geography of India and Tibet, 
 that part of the world which comprizes these 
 countries, the triangular peninsula of Hin- 
 dostan, occasionally including the imme- 
 diate border-lands; but as in Brahman and 
 
 Buddhist literature all that does not belong 
 to these two religions is considered as not 
 existing, or at least as hardly human, O dzam- 
 bu-glm is simply used for earth, world, and 
 O dzam-bu-gliii-pa,ior inhabitant of the 
 world, man. 
 
 E-5T^"(SJ" dzdm-bha-la, also dzdm-bha, Glr. 
 3) the Tibetan Plutos, god of riches, 
 = rnam-fos-srds, also rmugs- dzm Lex., 
 ynod- dzin, and ace. to Schf.'s conjecture 
 (Tar. 6, 1) also ynod-pa-can; dzam-ser 
 this god painted yellow, dzam-ndg painted 
 black C's. 
 E;* dzi, num. figure: 49. 
 
 V-^Jrc* dzi-na-mi-tra Ssk. n. of a Bud- 
 
 "? dhist scholar. 
 R" dzu, num. figure: 79. 
 
 NS 
 
 ^" dzu-ta Hindi: shoe C., W. 
 
 N3 ' 
 
 dzub-dzub C. *dhsub-dhsub jhe-pa* 
 
 v> ^> to wag. to whisk the tail, of horses 
 
 and cattle. 
 -^ 
 R* dze, num. figure: 109. 
 
 "fg dze-tse C. *dJise-tse*, vent-hole for the 
 smoke, chimney. 
 
 R" dzo num. figure: 139. 
 
 d:6-ki,dzwo-kiMil.,Wdh.,\\i\%. 
 
 for yo-gi, v. mdl- byor-pa. 
 mdzd-ba {Lex. = mfun-pa) to love, 
 as friends or kinsmen do, Ttyo-suy
 
 462 
 
 mdzans-pa 
 
 mdzub-mo 
 
 mdzd -ba- rnams a loving married couple 
 DzL; mdza-zin sdug-par ^yiir-ba loving 
 each other, e.g. like brothers or sisters, DzL; 
 mi-mdzd-ba tams-cdd any hostile, malignant 
 (creatures or powers) Dom. ; mi-mdzd-ba- 
 rnams sdum-pa to reconcile those that are 
 at variance Thgy.; brdm-ze mdzd-zin ses- 
 pa zig yod-de he had a Brahmin for his in- 
 timate friend DzL; mdza-bscs friend, frq. in 
 conjunction with nye-du or Kyim-mfses Glr.; 
 mdzd -bo id. DzL etc. and vulgo, rarely 
 mdzao Thc/y.; still more vulg. Ts.: *dzdn-te, 
 dzd-mo*fem.; *dzd-wo)Ii/-pa*,C., = mdzd- 
 ba; mdza- grogs intimate friend Sch.; C.: 
 husband, wife. 
 
 dz<*n*-pa (&& TTf^rf) 1- wise, 
 learned, frq.; mKds-sin mdzdns- 
 pa, ytsug-lag-ce-zin mdzdns-pa; mdzar'is- 
 blun the wise man and the fool, a relig. com- 
 position, publ. by Schmidt, together with 
 a German translation, containing an endless 
 variety of examples relative to the Bud- 
 dhist doctrine of future rewards and pun- 
 ishments; mdzdns-ma a wise woman Glr. 
 2. gentle, noble, distinguished as to rank, 
 ya-rdbs mdzdns-kyi bu Glr. po. (The 
 spelling O dzdns-pa is not of unfrequent oc- 
 currence, but seems to be objectionable.) 
 mdzdd-pa, imp. mdzod (W. also 
 *dzad*\ to do, to act, resp.for byed- 
 pa in all its significations, whenever the 
 person acting is the object of respect, hence 
 almost without exception with regard to 
 Buddha; but also in common life: *ci dzad 
 dug* W. what is your honour doing? also 
 together with by cd-pa, grogs byed-par mdzod 
 cig pray, help me! further as a sbst. : the 
 act of doing, the thing done, the deed, mdzdd- 
 pa bcu-gnyis the twelve deeds (or prop, 
 incidents) of an incarnated Buddha, viz. the 
 descending from the gods, conception, birth, 
 exhibition of skill (i.e. going through certain 
 chivalrous exercises), conjugal diversion, 
 relinquishing family-ties, engaging in pe- 
 nitential exercises, conquering the devil, 
 becoming Buddha, preaching, dying, being 
 deposited in the shape of relics; sometimes 
 
 even hundred (or rather 125) such deeds 
 are enumerated Cs. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. mdzdd(-pd)-po a maker, 
 composer etc. ; also to be used for creator. 
 mdzad - spyod resp. deed, action Mil. ; 
 deportment, conduct, like spyod-lam Mil.; 
 course of life, way of acting, e.g. of a he- 
 retical king Pth. 
 
 mdzdr-ra-mdzer-re Ld. 
 pitted with the small-pox, 
 pock-marked ; warty, blotchy, v. mdzer-pa. 
 S|q*3f, vulgo ^\'mmdzub-vw,<md,zug- 
 NS NO '>J gu, 1. finger, esp. 
 
 fore-finger; fams-cdd Jcar mdzub-mo ciig-la 
 sdod Glr. now sit down and put your finger 
 into your mouth (for our : put your finger 
 upon your mouth), i.e. be silent, as becomes 
 the vanquished; *dzug-gu f/V-pa* C. a kind 
 of covenanting, the two parties wetting their 
 fingers with saliva and then striking them 
 against one another, which ceremony is con- 
 sidered more stringent than that of *do coy- 
 pa*, v.rdo. The different fingers are: (in)fe- 
 bo, (m~)feb-mo thumb ; mdzub-mo B., *dziig- 
 gu* vulgo, ston-byed Cs., mfsod Med. fore- 
 finger; srin-ldd, bar-mdzub Cs., *gun-dzug* 
 C., kdn-ma Med. middle-finger; srin-mdzub 
 Cs., *srin-dzug* vulgo, min-med (Cs., ace. to 
 &A.) cad Med. the fourth finger; (m)fr(-ia) 
 or feu-cun, *dzug-cun *C. the little finger. 
 2. toe. 3. claw. 
 
 Comp. mdzub-ker, -kyrr or -kydu Cs. a 
 stiff finger. mdzub - brkydns Cs. an ex- 
 tended finger. mdzub-skyis finger-ring (= 
 ser-ydub}Leiv. mdzub-Krid a pointing with 
 the finger, hint, intimation, direction, blo-fe- 
 fsom sel-bai mdzub-Krtd byas he made an in- 
 timation that removed every scruple of the 
 mind Glr. *dzug-gdh* W. a span, mea- 
 sured with thumb and fore-finger. mdzub- 
 giig a crooked finger Cs. *mdzub-rtc>n* 
 vulgo, thimble mdzub-mfo 'a span mea- 
 sured with the thumb and middle -finger' 
 Sch. prob. = mdzug-gan. mdzub -rdiib 
 a mutilated finger 6s. mdzub-brdd a hint 
 or sign given with a finger Cs. mdzub-rtse 
 tip of a finger Cs. mdzub-fsigs joint of
 
 &JE; mdze 
 
 463 
 
 O dzaits-pa 
 
 a finger C's. mdzub - zd thimble Cs. 
 *dzug-ri*W.= mdzub-brdd, *dzug-ri-tdn-ce* 
 to beckon. mdzub-subs a fingered glove 
 Sch. 
 
 gi mdze, Ssk. <^?, leprosy (not cancer, yet 
 infectious, the skin growing white and 
 chapped) Glr., Med.', mdze-can leprous. 
 
 mdzer-pa, O dzer-pa knot, 
 excrescence of the skin, 
 wart etc. Med.] rus - mdzer S.g. bony ex- 
 crescence, exostosis (?); knag, knot, in wood 
 Dzl,; mdzer-mdl knot-hole, in boards. 
 
 m dzes-pa fair, handsome, beautiful, 
 mdzes-pai or -mai bu-mo Glr. ; bu- 
 mo mdzes-pa as a tender address to a daugh- 
 ter Glr.; ri-bo nags- f sal du-mas mdzes-pa 
 a mountain beautified by numerous woods ; 
 mdzes-par byd-bai pyir for show, serving 
 as finery, ornament Stg. ; fig. : spyod- lam 
 mdzes-pa a deportment outwardly unbla- 
 mable Dzl.; lus-mdzes a well-made body, 
 ydon-mdzes a handsome face, mig-mdzes a 
 beautiful eye Cs. ; mdzes-mdzes pomp, extra- 
 vagance, profusion, debauchery Sch. ynod- 
 mdzes name of the rig-sndgs-kyi rgydl-po(^} 
 Dom., Lex. 
 
 jtjSf' mdzo mongrel-breed of the yak-bull 
 and common cow Lt., whilst Jbri-mdzo 
 (W' *brim-dzo*} is the hybrid of a common 
 bull and a yak-cow, mdzo-po a male, mdzo- 
 mo a female animal of the kind, both valued 
 as domestic cattle; mdz6-m&4?yu a herd of 
 such animals; mdzo-rgod wild cattle; mdzo- 
 priig calf of such cattle; mdzo-ko leather, 
 mdzo-mdr butter from a bastard cow, mdzo- 
 sgdl load for the same 6s.; mdzo-fsd Wdn. 
 n. of a medicine (cf. ba-fsd?). 
 
 mdzo-mo, 1. v. mdzo. 2. 
 
 Sch. 
 
 mdzod,Ssk. ^f, 1. sbst. store-house, 
 magazine, depository, strong-box, 
 
 mdzod-du jvg-pa, sbed-pa to secure, to hide 
 a thing in a depository, mdzod-nas O don- 
 pa to fetch forth from it; dkowndzod, yter- 
 mdzod Glr. treasury; ban-mdzod corn-ma- 
 ga/.ine, granary; dbyig-mdzod a safe for val- 
 uables, yser-mdzod for gold; pyag-mdzod 
 (6s. also mdzod-pa) treasurer, with kings, 
 
 in large monasteries ; min-gi mdzod a trea- 
 sury of words , dictionary. mdzod - Kan 
 store-room, larder. mdzod-sruh treasurer 
 Dzl. 2. vb. v. mdzdd-pa. 
 
 wdzod-spu, Ssk.fjnsff, smin-mtsams- 
 kyi mdzod- spu Glr., ace. to < k a 
 single hair, ace. to the majority, a circle of 
 hair, between the eye-brows, in the middle 
 of the forehead, one of the particular marks 
 of a Buddha, from which, e.g., he is able 
 to send forth magic or divine rays of light. 
 ^' mdz6 l-bu Lex.-, Sch.: 'grief, dejec- 
 tion; asnare ? atrap'(?)- 
 Q d~a 1. exchange, agio 6'. 2. interest 
 or premium paid for the use of money 
 borrowed Lh. 
 
 Q dzd - ba, prob. only in the word 
 cud- dza-ba to be expended in vain 
 6s. (?). 
 
 O dza 9-p<*> pf. (y)z<w*> fiit - y za v, 
 
 (intrs. io O f sag-pa}, to drop, drip, 
 trickle, sna-Krdg, sna-cu dzag blood, water, 
 dripping from the nose Med.; *iial-lag zdg- 
 ce* the menstrual flow of females (plain 
 expression for it) W. ; mci-ma Dzl. ; ^6-ma 
 O dzdg-pa de-las Jbyun milk is trickling from 
 it Wdn.; O dzag - O dzdg - pa to trickle con- 
 stantly Sch. ; in a more gen. sense : to flow 
 out spouting; Krag yzdgs-pa the blood that 
 has been shed Dzl. ; mfso zdbs-nas zdgs-te 
 med-par sok flowing off at the bottom, the 
 lake dwindled away Mil; *lcd-cu zag dug* 
 W. he foams (with rage); bzin zags-te the 
 face dripping (with perspiration); *su-gu 
 zags son* W. the paper runs, blots; some- 
 times used transitively: kun-la snyih-btse 
 mci-ma fzag he is shedding tears of uni- 
 versal pity Dzl. ?9, 16; sor bar-nas O dzdg- 
 nas letting (the ashes) fall through between 
 his fingers Mil. 
 
 - O dzag- dzog mixed, mingled, pro- 
 miscuously, pell-mell Le.r.r. = 
 J,'rugs-pa. 
 
 " Q dzan- dz6ii = ytsaii-ytson. 
 
 o dzans-pa, Lex. zdd-pa spent, 
 consumed, exhausted, construed 
 with nor, of rare occurrence.
 
 464 
 
 Q dzud-pa 
 
 dzm- 
 
 O dzdd-pa, pf. zaci! 1. to be on the 
 decline, pf. to be consumed, spent, 
 fr({.,bsdgs-painor dzadi\ie gathered wealth 
 goes to an end Pth.; snum-zad-kyi indr-me 
 a lamp the oil of which is exhausted Glr.; 
 Kyod-kyi bsod-nams zdd-pai fson-pruy-rnams 
 ye (poor) partners in trade, whose stored- 
 up merits are now at an end (whilst the 
 speaker by the strength of his virtue is 
 saved from the danger in which the others 
 perish) Glr. ; rgydgs-la zad that has been 
 spent for provisions Mil. ; brlai sa zad kyait 
 yah-ito the flesh of the upper part of the 
 thigh, even after it had been used (after all 
 had been laid on the scales), was nevertheless 
 lighter than .... Dzl.; fabs-zdd helpless 
 Glr.- fse-yo/is-su zdd-pa-las whilst life is 
 consuming itself Do. ; fse-zdd-kar Do. } prob. 
 the same as O a-#ar, at the hour of death; 
 frq. referred to sin: O dod-cdgs-kyi sems, dri- 
 ma kun, nyes-pai skyon fams-cdd, O dod-pa 
 kun yons-su zdd-de sensuality and all sin, 
 desire and defilement being done away 
 with, having ceased DzL; dug liiai Ids-la 
 zdd-pa med the effects of the five poisons 
 (q.v.) never cease; O dre-la zad-pa med of 
 devils there is an infinite number Mil.; zad 
 (-pa) med(-pa), zad-mi-ses-pa incessant, 
 endless, everlasting 2. O dis zad with this 
 it is done, i.e. a. this is the only thing, be- 
 sides which no second is existing; O disdon- 
 fnyer-zin O fso-bar zdd-na as this is our only 
 means of making a living DzL; bu niKyod 
 fciy-pur zdd-de as thou art our only son 
 Dzl. ; mfon-ba /co-mo K6-nar zdd-de as I am 
 the only person that has seen .... Tar.; 
 mfson-bar zdd-de this is limited to seeing, 
 this refers only to sight DzL tf), 12; ynyis 
 ni min ycig-pa tsdm-du zdd-pas as the two 
 have only one name Tar.; hence the frequent 
 ma zdd-de with the termin. case, not only, 
 srog O dor-ba O di Jbd-zig-tu ma zdd-de hav- 
 ing lost his life not only this time (but often 
 so before) Dzl. V^ 13; der ma zad(-kyi) 
 not enough with that, still more, further, 
 yea even Thgy. b. it is decided, settled, 
 unquestionable, nor ryydl-pos bzes-par zdd-na 
 as the fortune unquestionably tails to the king. 
 
 Sch, 
 
 <pa 
 
 Q dzdb magic sentence, bzld-ba to pro- 
 nounce one Le<i\ 
 
 q. dzdb(s}-pa\Q strive, endeavour; 
 to be studious, to give diligence 
 
 o dzdm-bu v. dzdm-bu. 
 
 O dzam-bur, gun, cannon, *gydlj-pa* 
 C. to discharge. 
 
 ' O d~ar bob, tassel, tuft Lex. 
 
 O dzdr-ba Cs.: 'to hang down'; yet it 
 is evidently the prop, present-form 
 to the pf. bzar and the fut. yzar, which 
 frq. are used without regard to tense: to 
 hang up, clothes on a line Dzl. ; to hang or 
 throw over, the toga over one's shoulder DzL 
 and elsewh. 
 
 * O dzi-ba to abstain from, to be absti- 
 nent, temperate Sch. 
 O dzin-ba to quarrel, contend, fight, 
 mce-, sder-, rtra- dzhl byed-pa to 
 fight with tusks, claws, horns Cs. ; O dzih-mo 
 quarrel, contention, dispute. 
 Qgk*TSr, ^q- ^ns-pa, r zin-ba, gen 
 With sAvo, rarely with 
 mgo Glr., bristly, rugged, shaggy, of beggars 
 Dzl , infernal monsters DzL sprin-sna 
 O dziiis-mfifi-ndg Mil. ? 
 **-. o dzin 1. the act of seizing, seizure, grasp, 
 ' gripe, v. O dzin-pa, e.g. nyi- dzin eclipse 
 of the sun, zla- dzin lunar eclipse, (the 
 heavenly bodies being seized by the dragon 
 Rahula, v. sgra-ycan), ril- dzin total, m- 
 O dzin partial eclipse Wdk. 2. he that seizes, 
 holds fast, a holder, keeper; receptacle; rdo- 
 r)e- dzm v. rdo-r)e; cu- dzin po. cloud, ro- 
 O dzin po. tongue Lex. ; adherent, e.g. in srol- 
 O dzin. 3. bond, obligation, certificate, e.g. 
 pi'od- dzin receipt, acquittance. 4. contract, 
 agreement, treaty, *zdg-pa* C., *tdn-ce* W., 
 to conclude, make, a bargain, a treaty; 
 yig- dzin a written agreement 
 
 O dzin-can W. sticky, glutinous (?) 
 
 o dzin-pa I. vb. pf. (fyzufi, fut. yzu/i, 
 imp. zun(s\ also yzun-ba, bzuit-ba 
 
 and zin-pa in all tenses, W. *zum-ce*, Bal. 
 
 *zun-cas*, 1. to take hold of, to seize, grasp,
 
 465 
 
 O dzin-pa 
 
 Idg-pa-nas to grasp a person's hand Mil', 
 mgo-nas taking hold of a skull Dzl. %?, 6 ; 
 gos-kyi mfd-ma to seize the coat-tail Dzl.', 
 mi a man, = to catch, frq.; cun-mar O dzin- 
 pa to take wives Glr.; to hold, Idg-na rdl- 
 gri to hold a sword in one's hand Glr. ; 
 *Kyi zum ton* W., *Kyi dzin (or zin) rog jhe* 
 C., hold the dog fast! to catch, a ball, rain- 
 water etc.; bzun-bas mi zin capiendo non 
 capitur, it (the soul) cannot be taken hold 
 of Mil;bddg-gi ydun-brgyud O dzin-pai rgydl- 
 bu a prince upholding my race Glr.', to hold, 
 support, a certain doctrine; to embrace, an- 
 other religion Glr,, v. below; to take upon 
 one's self, some religious duty. 2. to get, 
 receive, obtain. 3. to occupy, to take pos- 
 session of, hold in possession, a country Ma., 
 rgydl-sa the throne; to be seized, ndd-kyis 
 zin-pa seized with a malady Mil., 4. in- 
 tellectually: to take in, comprehend, grasp, con- 
 ceive, by the faculty of perception or'imagi- 
 nation: dbdn-po-rnams-kyi nus-pa zad-pas 
 yul mi O dzin-pa-amyzdn-du O dzin-pa to per- 
 ceive things not as they are, or not at all, 
 in consequence of weakened senses Thgy.', 
 with reference to mind or memory : sems- 
 la, yid-la, blo-la B. and col; to be taken 
 in, affected, seized, captivated, sdig-pas zin- 
 pa to be affected, taken, by sin Mil. ; fugs- 
 tjes zin-pa to be kindly, graciously, affected 
 towards a person ; fugs-ma zin-pa to be not 
 graciously inclined Mil nt. ; bti-mos zin-pa 
 taken in love with a girl Pth.; O dzin-pa 
 fams-cdd all that captivates me; to choose, 
 to follow, ri-Jcrod to choose the solitude of 
 mountains Mil, dmdn-sa to follow humility, 
 to choose lowliness Mil. and elsewh. ; to 
 embrace, another religion, v. above; to take 
 for, to consider, esteem, na-la dgrar taking 
 me for an enemy Dzl; mi or mi-la yces- 
 par or sdiig-par to value, esteem, love, a 
 person, v. yces-pa; par, mar to esteem, 
 respect one, as a father, as a mother Stg. ; 
 med-pa-la yod-par to consider the not 
 existing as existing Thgr.; ynyis-su to con- 
 sider as different, to find a difference be- 
 tween two things, which according to Bud- 
 dhist philosophy are one and the same, cf. 
 
 O dzugs-pa 
 
 ynyis- dzin; also absolutely, without an ob- 
 ject being mentioned : dnos-por O dzin-pa to 
 believe in the reality (of a thing) Mil 
 5. rjes-su O dzin-pa v. rjes. 
 
 II. sbst. 1 . he that seizes, holds, occupies, 
 rigs-snags O dzin-pa the holder of a magic 
 sentence; adherent, keeper etc. 2. that 
 which affects, captivates, in an intellectual 
 sense, v. above O dzin-pa fams-cdd; the being 
 seized or affected with, or as we should 
 say, taking an interest in, v. sub spdn-ba\ 
 also cf. yzun- dzin. O dzin-sky6h, po-brdn 
 O dn O dzin-skyoh gyis occupy this palace and 
 take care of it Glr. O dzin-pa the earth, 
 as a receptacle of beings Sch. 
 
 Lf. ? ace. to one Lex. = 
 
 O dzin-pa. 
 
 Q dzir-ba, = PfC^CJ dzdg-pa\Q drop, 
 to drip Lex. 
 
 O dzu-ba, pf. O dzus, to enter Sch. 
 
 pa, pf. btsugs, zugs, 
 fut. yzugs, imp. zug(s), (trs. to O fsugs-pa) 
 1. to prick or stick into, to set, to prick a 
 stick, to set a plant, into the ground, to plant, 
 frq.; to run, thrust, pierce, to run one's self 
 a splinter into the flesh etc. W.; to erect, 
 a pillar, to raise, a standard. 2. to put 
 down, to place, a kettle Dzl ; to place be- 
 fore, mi-la por-pa to place a drinking-bowl 
 before a person (more genteel than b%ag- 
 pa) Glr.; to put or place on, to touch with, 
 mdzub-mo the finger; esp. pus-mo(-i Iha- 
 na) sd-la to place the knee on the ground, 
 to kneel down, v. pus -mo, zdbs- dzugs- 
 kyi dga-ston feast given, when a little 
 child begins to walk Glr. 3. to lay out, 
 a garden, to found, a town, a convent; to 
 institute, a sacrificial festival Glr.; to in- 
 troduce, srol a custom Lea;., hence in a ge- 
 neral sense, to begin, commence, any busi- 
 ness, with or without mgo\ *ku-rim tsug- 
 sa ma tsugs* W. has the ceremony already 
 begun? is it a going? rgol-ba O dzugs-pa 
 to offer resistance Pth. 4. to prick, sting, 
 pierce, mdas with arrows Dzl, fig. mi-Ka 
 zug-pa hurting by malicious words Do.; 
 30
 
 O dziid-pa 
 
 O dzem-pa 
 
 tsiy kun - tu zug -pa & sarcastic, offensive 
 speech Sfg. 5. intrs., to bore or force 
 itself into, to penetrate,, to take hold, to stick 
 to, mostly fig., e.g. sman ma zug the me- 
 dicine has not taken hold yet, does not 
 work Thyy.; zld-la Kyed-kyis mi zug you 
 do not cling or stick to a companion Mil. ; 
 *de-la sem zug-pa* C. to be attached to, to 
 be pleased with a thing; * zug-pa* C., at- 
 tached. 6. to sting, like nettles, to prick, 
 fser Itar like a thorn Mil.; 16-ma zug-par 
 byed the leaves sting Wdn. ; zug-rgyu-med- 
 pa not smarting Wdn. 
 
 o dzud-pa, pf. btsud, Sch. also zud, 
 imp. fsud (trs. to O fsud-pa, synon. 
 to jug-pa\ to put, to lay, into a box, into 
 the grave; to lead, to guide, into the right way, 
 to virtue, to religion=to convert; to reduce, 
 to despair, sdig-pa-la to seduce to sin Pth. ; 
 to prompt one to do a thing Gyatch.; O dzud- 
 O dzud-pa to put into Sch. 
 
 O dzub- mo, sometimes erron. for 
 mdzub-mo. 
 
 O dzum smile, bydms-pai O dzum-yyis 
 with a friendly smile; O dzum byed-pa 
 to smile; O dzum dan Idan smiling Pth.; O dzum 
 skyon-ba to preserve a friendly countenance, 
 to be always mild and gentle; O dzum-skyoii 
 in a special sense, the exhortation given to 
 every daughter on her marriage, to treat 
 visitors with a friendly smile; also fig., an 
 engaging appearance, ri-mo O dzum-gyis ma 
 bslus-par not to be deceived by an enticing 
 appearance of colour Mil. ; no- dzum, smile, 
 in a relative sense, a-nei no- dzum dkar 
 nag bltas I watched whether the smile, the 
 mien, of my aunt was friendly or unfriendly 
 Mil- ; no- dzum ndg-ste looking sad Dzl. 
 
 O dzum-pa^ pf. btsum, zum, fut. 
 yzum, imp. fsum l.to close, to shut, 
 yet only in certain applications, more esp. 
 to close one's eyes, to shut one's mouth, mig 
 mi- dzum-par ltd-zin to have one's eyes 
 immovably fixed upon Dzl.', also pdd-mai 
 Tea zum bzin S.g. just as the lotus-flower 
 closes ; md-lca mi zum-zin Wdn. if the wound 
 will not close; Jca zum the orifice (of the 
 urethra) is closed Mr/g. 2. to wink ? prob. 
 
 only *dzum-dzum jhe -pa and co-ce*. 
 3. to smile, rdb-tu to look very friendly 
 Glr.', sbst. the smile, bcom-ldan-'dds-kyizal 
 O dzum-pa dan bcds-pai sgo-nas from the 
 portals of Buddha's countenance graced 
 with a smile Glr.\ zal- dzum mdzdd-pa resp. 
 to smile Glr. ; bzin-gyi O dzum the smile of 
 the countenance; adj. smiling; sweet, beauti- 
 ful Mil. 
 
 Comp. O dzum-Ka a smiling mouth; Iha- 
 mo dzum-Ka-mo a smiling goddess Mil. 
 O dzum-bag-can (of a child) sweetly smil- 
 ing Mil. O dzum-ltag-dgye Cs.: 'a smile 
 between the teeth, a sardonic smile, a grin'; 
 O dzum-mddns a smiling air Cs. O dzum- 
 mul or -dmul a smile; dzum-mul-gyis sor 
 a smile escaped him Glr. ; Q dzum-(cC)mul-ba 
 to smile. Q dzum-med frowning, austere 
 Cs. O dzum- dzum 1 . the winking. 2. the 
 smiling; O dzum-wan-wdn Cs.: smiling look. 
 
 O d zur > 1- SU P- f O dzu-ba. 2. v. the 
 
 following. 
 
 O dzur-ba, pf. bzur, fut. yzur, imp. 
 zur, Cs. *zur-wa* to give or make 
 way, lam(-nas) to step aside; to keep aloof 
 Mil.; Ids-la O dzur-ba to shun work, to evade 
 labour Lex. 
 
 o dzul-ba 1. vb. to slip in, rtsa-yseb- 
 tu between the grass Thgy., sgor 
 through the doorZ/&.; cu-la, cur into the 
 water, i.e. to dive. 2. sbst. Sch.: ; a 
 tippler'. 
 Q$J* o dzus v. O dzu-ba. 
 
 N3 
 
 aizTj'q* az fy~P a > P f - odzegs, imp. O dzog, to 
 ascend, ri-la frq. ; sin-sdo/t-po-la 
 Glr. 
 
 * O dzen, O dzen-rdo whsettone, hone Lex. 
 
 o dzen-ba to stick or jut out, to pro- 
 ject, to be prominent Sch. 
 O dzed-pa, pf. bzed, fut. yzed, vulgo 
 bzed-pa, *ze'-pa* C., *zed-ce* W., to 
 hold out or forth, Kud the coat-tail, mod a 
 vessel Dzl. (The significations given by Cs. : 
 to receive, and by Sch. : to meet with, seem 
 not to be sufficiently warranted.) 
 
 o dzem-pa to shrink, la, from, to 
 shun, avoid, mi-dge-ba-la Glr., sdig-
 
 o dzer-pa 
 
 fe 
 
 467 
 
 rdzab-rdziib 
 
 pa-la frq. ; no-fsa-la mi O dzem-pa Cs. in- 
 sensible td shame, shameless; ndd-rigs-la- 
 mi O dzem - na unless one is on his guard 
 against the several diseases; also to feel 
 ashamed, *ne'-nam-la mi O dzem-mam* C. do 
 you not feel abashed in our presence ? O dzem- 
 pa-can O dzem-bay-can bashful, modest, tem- 
 perate Cs.; Q dzem(-pa)-med(-pa) the contrary; 
 fcrel- dzem modesty Cs. 
 
 O dzer-pa v. mdzer-pa. 
 
 O dzer-ba 1. to say, to speak, Stg. p' 
 
 -^2 
 
 ft?, 6, obs., v. zer-ba. 2. to be hoarse, 
 c dzer-po hoarse, skad Dzl, Med.; skad O dzer- 
 O dzer-du nu-ba to weep with a very hoarse 
 voice Pth. 3. to solder Sch. 
 
 O dzo-sgrel Mil? 
 
 ngcrm' O dzog-pa, pf. btsogs, fut. btsog to 
 heap together, to jumble, to throw 
 disorderly together Cs. 
 
 O dzm- dz6n Ts. * O dzog - O dz6g* 
 1. jagged, pointed, conical. 2. 
 oblong, cylindrical C. 
 
 O dz6m(s)-pa to come together, 
 to meet, *dzomfsdr-rama fsar* 
 are they already assembled? ddg-pa mnon- 
 dgai zin-fcams der ^-skol O dzom-par ydon 
 mi za that we shall meet again in the realms 
 of pure bliss, that is certain Mil; fses bco- 
 Ind dan O dzoms-pas as it just fell upon the 
 15th. Glr.\ *dzommidzom* W. they do not 
 agree with each other; de-rnams rnyed-par 
 dkd-ste mi Q dzom as it is difficult to obtain 
 these things, we shall not be able to get 
 all of them together Glr.; *dzom-pa me'- 
 pa cig kyan me* C. there is nothing that 
 does not find its way there, that is not to be 
 had there; to be plentiful MZ.;as paf tic. with 
 termin. case : rich in, abounding Mil. ddl- 
 Jbyor O dzom-pai lus Mil. v. ddl-ba. fcun- 
 O dzom 'where all meet', name of mountain- 
 passes, eg. between Lh. and Sp., and of 
 females; in a similar manner gan- dzom and 
 Jbyor- Q dzom ('conflux of goods'). O dzom- 
 po rich in C., rtsa-cu O dzom-po abounding 
 in grass and water, fertile C.; mfun-rkyen 
 O dzom-po fortunate, successful, through a 
 
 favourable concurrence of circumstances; 
 fsos - sna- dzom - po variegated, many-co- 
 loured. 
 
 O dz6l-pa fault, error, mistake, de-la 
 O dzol-pa ysum byun he fell into 
 three mistakes, committed three errors Glr. 
 O dzol-ba to shake about, to stir or 
 shake up, e.g. a feather-bed; to 
 confound, to confuse, prin gon-^og O dzol-ba 
 to deliver a message confusedly, making 
 a mess of it Glr.- W.: *zol-zol bo-be*. - 
 \dzdl-fso* C., *zol-z6l* W. difference. 
 I" rdza, W. *za*, 1. clay, gen. rdzd-sa. 
 "* 2. in comp. for rdzd-ma, e.g. cdn-rdza 
 beer-jug, cu-rdza water-pitcher Cs. - 
 
 Comp. and deriv. rdza-k&r earthen bowl, 
 little dish. rdza-Kdn pottery Schr. - 
 rdza -Kun clay -pit. rdza-mKdn potter, 
 rdza-mKdn-gyi O kor-lo skor-ba to turn the 
 potter's wheel Dom. rdza - rnd kettle- 
 drum of burnt clay. rdza-cdg potsherd. 
 rdza-cu, or more refined rdza- cab, water 
 issuingfrom clay-slate rocks Mil and elsewh. 
 
 rdza-cen a large, rdza-ciin a little pot, 
 v. rdzd-ma. rdza-snod, rdza-spydd earthen 
 vessel. rdza-pdg tile, (Dutch) tile for 
 stoves. rdza-por C. = rdza-kor. rdza- 
 bum 1 . pitcher, jar, bottle, formed of clay. 
 2. jar, in gen., Icags-kyi rdza-bum iron jar 
 Stg. rdzd-bo an earthen vessel Cs. - 
 rdzd-ma pot (unglazed, urn-shaped, bellied 
 vessels of various size, not for cooking, but 
 only for holding water, butter and the like). 
 
 rdza - yzon earthen basin. rdza - ri 
 mountain consisting of clay-slate. rdza- 
 sd argillaceous earth, clay. dza-brd, C. 
 *dzab-ra*, W. *zab-ra* a mole-like animal. 
 
 rdzd-ki Mil., for dzo-gi, yo-gi. 
 
 rdzan chest, box, for various stoVe = 
 
 bdn-ba Thgy. 
 
 1" rdzdn-ba v. rdzdn-ba. 
 
 v rdzab, O dam-rdzdb, mud, mire(r. clay); 
 rdzab-don sink, slough. 
 r rdzab-rdzub sham, emptiness, false- 
 hood, rmi-lam rdzab-rdziib-cati an 
 empty dream Cs.
 
 468 
 
 rdzas 
 
 rdzb-ba 
 
 s^j' rdzas 1. thing, matter, object (= dnds- 
 poLex.\ rdzas dkar ser-por mfon white 
 objects appear yellow Li.; rdzas Ka - sdn 
 ydd-pa de-rin med the thing of yesterday 
 is to-day no more Mil; mi-ytsdn-bai rdzas 
 something impure Pth.; natural bodies, sub- 
 stances, from which e.g. medicines are pre- 
 pared S.g.; materials, requisites, dei rdzas 
 requisites for this purpose; especially for 
 sacrifices, sorceries etc., hence also used 
 as identical with magic agency Wdh.; remedy, 
 smyo-byed-kyi narcotic, soporific Glr. ; oint- 
 ment, v. rkdn-pa and bdbs', rdzds-las Jbyun- 
 bai bsod-nams Tar. 20, 9, not : merits arising 
 'from works or any material causes', but: 
 the good, the blessing accruing from a right 
 application of rdzas, wonder-working me- 
 dicines, and consisting in long life etc., with 
 which also Trigl. fol. 20, b is in unison, if 
 the Sanskrit word is read dzaiwatri/cam; 
 srog-rdzds provisions, victuals Pth.; in the 
 context rdzas is also found standing alone 
 in the same sense, where it perh. would 
 be more correct to read zas ; me-mdai rdzas, 
 me-rdzds, also rdzas alone, gun-powder, *dze- 
 Jcug* C. cartridge-box, *dze-m&* (a gun) 
 not loaded C.; goods, property, rdzas gan 
 yod-pa-rnams all his property Mil.', nor 
 (dan) rdzas money and money's worth Mil. 
 and elsewh. ; treasures, jewels, valuable pro- 
 ductions, rgya-gdr-gyi Glr. 2. in philo- 
 sophy: matter Was.; real substance, realities 
 Was. 
 
 S- rdzi, W. *zi*, 1 . wind, rdzi-rlun id., also 
 bser-bui, rlun-gi rdzi Do. ; pu-rdzi, or 
 stod-rdzi a wind blowing down the valley, 
 lun- or mdo-rdzi blowing up the valley; 
 dri-rdzi Idan a fragrant breeze, a wind 
 fraught with the odours of flowers is blowing 
 Stg.; *sdr-zi ydn-na rag* W. I perceive 
 an east- wind is setting in; rdzi- car heavy 
 rain with wind, rdzi-cdr drdg-po rain-storm 
 Tar. and elsewh.; *zi num-ce or tsor-ce* 
 W. to smell, sniff, snuffle, of dogs. 2. in 
 comp. for rdzi-bo, rdzi-ma. 3. v. zi. 
 se'n' rdzi-ba, pf. (b)rdzis, fut. brdzi, imp. 
 * (b)rdzi(s), W.,*zi-ce*, Pur. *dzi-cas* 
 to press, to knead, dough; to tread, to beat 
 
 (clay, gyan q.v.); gdl-te tser-ma brdzis-na 
 if I should tread into a thorn Dzl.\ to crush, 
 a worm; to oppress, to distress; rdzi- med 
 Lex., Sch. : 'powerless', but stobs-mams-la 
 rdzi-ba-med-pa Stg. evidently signifies: of 
 invincible strength. 
 
 g.jf rdzi - bo herdsman , shepherd , keeper. 
 frq.; also rdziu Dzl.; rdzi-po a male, 
 rdzi-mo a female keeper; pyugs-rdzi herds- 
 man, yndg-rdzi neat-herd, gldn-rdzi cow- 
 keeper; rd-rdzi (*rdr-zi* W.) goat-herd; 
 Kyi-rdzi dog-feeder, byd-rdzi person attend- 
 ing to the poultry; mi-rdzi 'guarder of man, 
 a god' Cs. yet a king might also be thus 
 designated; rdzi-skw shepherd's hut = pu- 
 lu. Sch. has besides: dpe-rdzi index, re- 
 gister. 
 
 -v rdzi-ma (vulgo *zi-ma*) eye-lashes 
 (the eye-lashes of Buddha are some- 
 times compared to those of a cow). 
 
 rdzig-rdzig, with *tan-wa* C., to 
 address harshly, to fly at. 
 > rdzih pond, gen. rdzin-bu e.g. for 
 
 bathing Dzl.\ v. also skyil-ba; rdzin- 
 po or -cen a large pond Cs. 
 
 rdzins, gru-rdzins Lt., gen. yzins 
 ship, ferry. 
 
 rdziu 1. for rdzi-bo. 2. fin of a fish 
 
 Sch. 
 
 rdzu-ba, pf. (b}rdzus, fut. brdzu, imp. 
 (b)rdzu(s) to give a deceptive repre- 
 sentation, to make a thing appear different 
 from what it is (cf. sprul-ba), with termiix. 
 case to change into, also to change (one's 
 self), to be changed, srin-por to change into 
 a Rakshasa Zam.\ to disguise one's self, 
 rnal-byor-par as a mendicant friar; rdzus- 
 te skye-ba v. skye-ba; yig-rdzu a letter filled 
 with falsehoods, a lying epistle Mil. nt. ; sd- 
 ru rdzu-bai rgyu-ma entrails feigning to 
 be flesh, looking like flesh Mil; rdzu- prul 
 (Ssk. ^f^-) delusion, miraculous appearances, 
 transformationSjS^w-jyatoproducesuch,^- 
 pa to destroy the illusion, e.g. by seeing 
 through it Mil.; rdzu - O prul - gyi mfu, or 
 stobs witchcraft, magic; rdzu- prul-can gifted 
 with magic power Thgy. rdzu- prul is the 
 highest manifestation of the acquired moral
 
 rdzun 
 
 l^tf rdzob-po 
 
 469 
 
 perfection, that is known to Buddhism; 
 there is, however, an essential difference 
 between it and the miracles of holy writ, 
 the former bearing the stamp of non-reality 
 and mere appearance, as is not only im- 
 plied by the name, but also universally 
 acknowledged ; and it differs again from co- 
 O prul, in as much as the latter requires the 
 help of natural magic (jugglery), or of de- 
 moniacal influences, and never can be pro- 
 duced, like rdzu- prul, at the pleasure of 
 the saint by his own immanent power. Yet 
 there is no doubt that the term co- prul 
 is also often used in connection with rdzu- 
 O prul, and as identical with it; v. Dzl. %*S 
 and V. 
 
 srr'rdzun,C.*dzun*, W.*zun*, Pur* rdzun*, 
 x> ' also brdzun untruthful speech, falsehood, 
 lie, fiction, fable; rdzun -fsig, id.; mi-bden 
 rdzun that is falsehood and not truth Glr. ; 
 rdzun-smrd-ba, rcsp. ysun-ba B., byed-pa 
 B., C., *zer-ce* W. to lie, rgydl-ba-rnams- 
 kyis rdzun ysun-ba mi srid it is impossible 
 that Buddhas should lie; to tell tales, to 
 make believe, to impose upon; *zun yin* W. 
 you are not in earnest, you only want to 
 quiz me; *zun gydb-ce* W. to lie, to act 
 the hypocrite; *mi se zun gyab* W. to feign, 
 to pretend ignorance, to disown a person 
 or thing, *mi fsor zungyab* W. he pretends 
 not to hear it. rdzun - Krdb Sch.: 'an 
 adroit liar and deceiver'. rdzun-ma (. 
 = rdzun Dzl. 2. liar Mil. * zun-yag-can* 
 W. clown, buffoon, merry Andrew. 
 q- rdzub deceit, imposture Lex. , byed-pa 
 NO to make a false assertion Tar. ; cf. rdzab- 
 rdzub. 
 
 gjT^J'&J' r dzus - ma something counterfeit, 
 feigned, dissembled, rdzus-maisprdn- 
 po a disguised beggar Glr. 
 jpq- rdze-ba pf. (b}rdzes, fut. brdze, imp. 
 (b}rdze(s) W. * ze-ce*, \. to tuck up, 
 truss up, clothes; to cock, a hat; to turn up, 
 the upper-lip Wdn. ; skra gyen-du brdzes-pa 
 the hair bristling Do. ; *so or ce-wa ze-ce* 
 W. to show one's teeth, to grin. 2. to 
 threaten Cs. 
 
 srn rdzeu dimin. of rdzd-ma, a small pot, 
 ^ pipkin. 
 
 * rdzog(a)? fist, also *dzog-ri1* C. 
 
 rdzogs-pa 1. vb. to be finished, to 
 be at an end, to terminate (Lea. = 
 zin -pa}, lam rdzogs - pai mfsdms - su just 
 where the road terminates Mil] *dd-wa 
 zog-ne* W. as the month has expired; "- 
 ru pi-ti yul-fso zog son* W. here the villages 
 of Spiti have an end; mdzdd-pa yons-su 
 rdzogs-nas having accomplished all his deeds 
 Glr. \ji-ltar smon-pa bzin-duyonsrdzogs-pas 
 all prayers and wishes being fully realized 
 Dzl.', yons-su rdzogs-par fsdr-te when the 
 whole (of the building) was completed Glr. 
 - 2. adj. perfect, complete, blameless, *go- 
 lo zog dug* W. the body (of this horse) is 
 without fault; sfdn-pa ddg-par rdzogs-pai 
 sans-rgyds the most perfect teacher, Bud- 
 dha Glr.; so in a similar manner rdzogs 
 (-pa)-cen(-po'); also ye-ses yo/is-su rdzogs- 
 pa is an appellation of Buddha. .rdzogs- 
 par adv. perfectly, completely, fully (cf. Ihug- 
 par), bsnydd-pa to report circumstantially 
 Dzl., ydams-ndg yndn-ba to counsel well 
 Mil.; rdzogs-par ses-pa zig one thoroughly 
 conversant Mil. ; rdzogs-par bsldb-pa to learn 
 thoroughly Mil. bsnyen-par rdzogs-pa 
 or bsnyen-rdzogs mdzdd-pa to ordain, v. 
 bsnyen-pa. 
 
 Comp. rdzogs-lddn v. dm 6. rdzogs- 
 fsig v. sldr-sdu-ba. *dzog-yeJ* C. obei- 
 sance to Chinese officers, in a kneeling 
 posture. rdzogsrim v. sub skyed-pa. 
 
 rdzon(s), 1. (C. vulgo *dzum*) castle, 
 fortress ; rdzon-dpon lord or governor 
 of a castle, commander of a fortress; *dzon- 
 kyel* C., *zon-leri* W. letter-post from one 
 nobleman's seat to another. 2. the act 
 of accompanying, escorting, Q debs-pa to ac- 
 company, to escort Dzl, fee for safe-conduct, 
 travelling-present; dowry, byed-pa to bestow. 
 rdz6n-ba\*i.(b}rdzan(s\ ini.(b}rdzan 
 to send, to dispatch, presents, am- 
 bassadors; to expedite, send off, dismiss; to 
 give to take along with. dbugs rdzoii-ba 
 shortness of breath, asthma Thgy.&nA elsewh. 
 fqif Jf rdzob -P, - m , I- vain, empty, 
 spurious, void; kun-rdzob v.kun. 
 2. vain, fond of dress W.
 
 470 
 
 wa 
 
 gj wa I- the letter w, which occurs but 
 ^ rarely, and only as an initial, yet it is 
 a true Tibetan letter, the Ssk. ^ being gen. 
 represented by ^, and as second constituent 
 of a double consonant denoted by * (called 
 wa-zur angular or small wa)- the pronun- 
 ciation in general is the same as that of 
 the English w. 2. num. fig.: 20. 
 nr wa 1- water-channel, gutter, gen. of wood 
 ^ (Cs. also: trough); wa-Ka Lea-, id., Cs.; 
 wa-mcu spout, lip, or beak of vessels. 
 2. fox (the name corresponding to the sound 
 of barking) DzL, vulgo wa-tse; wa brgyal 
 the fox yelps Sch. The fox is the riding- 
 beast of the goblins; whenever his barking 
 is heard, it is in consequence of his re- 
 ceiving lashes from his rider. wa-skyes 
 fox-born 6s. wa-gro a bluish fox, gro- 
 gro a gray fox Sch. ica-rgdn an old fox, 
 a knave 6s. wa-ldeb fox-trap W. wa- 
 nag a blackish fox Sch. wa-lpdgs fox's 
 skin. wa-spyan Mil , wd-ma-spya/i Cs. 
 jackall. wa-pmg young fox, cub. wd- 
 mo she-fox. wa-fsan fox-hole. wa- 
 rog black fox Sch. wa-fswd a kind of 
 salt S.a. 3. n. of a lunar mansion, v. rgyu- 
 
 skdr. 4. wa-log-pa to perform somersets 
 Sch. 5. W. ho! calling for one. 
 
 or *), q^'lr ^-ra-na-sior 
 r^ se, ba-ra-na-si 
 
 Banaras, a city in the valley of the Ganges, 
 frq. mentioned in legends, as a residence 
 of Buddha, at the present time a principal 
 seat of Brahmanism. 
 
 arar ciara- OT'firq' wa ~ 1 ^ wal ' 1 ^ wal ~ 
 ^aclear, distinct, 
 
 plain, wa-ler drdn-pa to recollect distinctly 
 6s.; yid-la floating distinctly before one's 
 mind Lex.; don iva-U gyis try to gain a 
 clear understanding of the sense of it Mil. ; 
 also skad-wdl 
 
 wa-si a kind of apples Sch. 
 wi num fig.: 50. 
 wu num fig.: 80. 
 ' wu-rdo pumice stone Sch. 
 01" we num. fig.: 110. 
 
 jfcCj 
 
 01' wo num. fiff. : 140. 
 
 za, 1. a letter of the alphabet, repre- 
 ' sented by 0, originally, and in the fron- 
 tier-provinces to the present day, the soft 
 sibilant, which is pronounced like j in 
 French, or like the English s in leisure, 
 (zh\ (still more accurately like the Polish 
 z' in zima) ; in 6'. it differs now from jCf 
 
 only by the following vowel being deep- 
 toned. 2. numerical figure: 21. 
 .-. /a-gjr zwhj zwa-mo, resp. dbu-zwa, a 
 <!' < covering of the head, hat, cap; 
 fig. n a yig sd-yi zivd-can the letter C having 
 ^J for a cap : ^J Zam. ; zwa g6n-pa, gyon- 
 pa to put the cap on, Jbud-pa to take it off
 
 471 
 
 (oj9, zd-nye 
 
 (in Ts. by way of salutation) ; rgya-, bod-, 
 sog-zwa Chinese, Tibetan, Mongolian cap; 
 dgun-zwa winter-cap, dbyar-zwa summer- 
 hat (light felt-hats adapted to the warmer 
 season); pyin-zwa hat or cap made of felt; 
 wa-zwa cap made of the fur of a fox. 
 zwa-dkdr, -nag, -dmdr, -ser white, black, 
 red, yellow cap, denoting occasionally also 
 the wearers of such caps, esp. red-caps and 
 yellow-caps, as belonging to different La- 
 ma-sects zwa-Kebs the covering of a hat 
 6s. zwa-tog top ornament of a hat 6s., 
 prob. a button, v. fog. zwa-?zol brim, 
 zwa-ri crown of a hat Cs., in Ld. however 
 ri denotes the brim or flap. Schl. p. 171 
 calls a low conical cap of the Chief Lama 
 nd-fon-za. 
 
 (3'ft' (3*3* %d-nye or zd-ne, also rd-nye Cs., 
 ' lead, zd-nyei ytm-rdo sounding- 
 lead, plummet Pth.; za-nye-rdo lead-ore 6s.; 
 zd-nyei cus sbydr-ba to fill up (a groove 
 or juncture) with molten lead Glr.', zd-nye 
 dkdr-po 6'., tin, also za-dkdr, ysa- or bsa- 
 dkdr; zd-nye ndg-po lead, (6s.'s 'white lead 
 and black lead' seem to be a mere con- 
 jecture) ; za-sog (tin-foil Sch. (?)), thin plates 
 of lead. 
 
 .q. zd-ba lame ; lameness ; gen. zd-bo lame, 
 halting ; a lame person, cripple, B. and 
 col.; zd-mo fern.; *zd-wo co dug* W. he is 
 lame, he limps; rkdn- or Idg-za-can having 
 a lame foot or hand. 
 
 * za-Jbrin v. zabs extr. 
 J" zd-la Glr. and vulgo, v. zdl-ba. 
 
 zdn-pa 
 
 zd-lu cup, bowl, = por-pa, ko-re Cs. 
 
 zd-lu-pa, zd-lu lots-fsa-ba or lo-cen 
 n. of the author of a little glossary, 
 called Zamatotj. 
 
 pt'. zag 1. zdg-pa (only Schr., 6s.), *zdg- 
 ' po* W , *zdg-ma* Lt., W. } resp. dgun- 
 zdg a day, the time from one sun-rise to 
 another (cf. on the other hand nyi-ma 2); 
 zag cig a day, and adv : once day, once ;*</ 
 cig-gi zdg-la* W. is also used of a future 
 day: *zag cig de dus leb yin* W. once the 
 time will come; zag O ga-nas after a few 
 
 days Mil.; zag du-ma Ion-par after many 
 days DzL; na di-rin nd-nin leb-zag* W. this 
 is the day of our arrival a year ago; *de- 
 zag* W. lately, the other day, a short time 
 ago; *ddn-zag* W. yesterday; recently , *ddn- 
 zag za-nyi-ma* W. last sunday; *ndn-zag* 
 W. some time ago, *ndn-zag ston-ka* W. 
 last autumn; *Kdr-san-zag* W. the day be- 
 fore yesterday; zdg-nas zdg-tu from day to 
 day; *zdg-dan(-zag}* W. every day, always; 
 zag bdun seven days, zag-bdun-prdg a week, 
 zag-bdun-prdg ze-brgydd forty-eight weeks 
 Thgy. zag-grdns the date, *zag-cjdn gydb- 
 ce* W. to date. zag-mdl a station, day's 
 journey, quarters Cs., zdg-sa id. 6s. *zag- 
 zdn* W. holiday. 2. fat, grease, in a liquid 
 state, = fsil-Ku S.g. ; also melted and con- 
 gealed again W.-, fig. the fat of the country, 
 fertility, yul-la zag med the country is barren 
 Ma.', zdg-can greasy, oily, zag -med lean; 
 zag-por a cup, vessel, for grease 6*s. 3. 
 fog, smoke, dry vapour, filling the atmosphere 
 in autumn. 
 
 zdgs-pa leash, rope with a noose, 
 e.g. for catching wild horses, zags- 
 fdg Cs , zags-dbyug Sch. id., rgydb-pa Cs., 
 pen pa Sch. to throw the noose; zags-pas, 
 zags-fag-gis O dzin-pa frq. fig., as Schl. 213; 
 sbrul-zdgs noose consisting of a serpent, for 
 catching any hurtful creature Glr. ; frq. as 
 an attribute of the gods. 
 /-jr-x <rp\ 0a/i(-po), vulgo a-zan, uncle by the 
 ' ^ mother's side, mother's brother; zah- 
 brgyud his offspring 6k ; zan - nyen in a 
 gen. sense, relations by the mother's side 
 Dom. ; zan-fsd sister's son. fsa-zdn, resp. 
 dbon-zdn 1. nephew and uncle, by the moth- 
 er's side, also applied to spiritual brother- 
 hood Mil. 2. son-in-law and brother-in- 
 (aw Glr. 
 
 zan-blon Glr. seems to be a kind 
 of title given to a minister (or ma- 
 gistrate). 
 
 zan-zuii ancient n. of the province 
 of Guge Glr. 
 
 j. zdn-pa weak, feeble, frq., the opp. to 
 drdg-po; naji-ltar zan yan as weak, 
 as miserable as 1 am (says a cripple) Pth.',
 
 472 
 
 zabs 
 
 Jcams zdn-pa Mil. of a weak body, of deli- 
 cate health; also applied to sounds, accent 
 and the like; cf. ?id-ro; ugly opp. to legs- 
 pa, v. skye-sgo. 
 
 a6s 1. bottom of a lake, of a vessel Dzl., 
 Mil.', lower end of a staff Mil.; for 
 under in compounds, as mha-zdbs q.v. 
 2. resp. for rkdn-pa foot, mi zig-gi zdbs-la 
 O dud-pa Cs., mgo-bos btug-pa S.b., ^o byed- 
 pa Cs. to bow down at another person's feet, 
 to touch them with one's head, to kiss them; 
 zabs drun-du c. genit to the feet of . . ., for 
 to . . . , in directions of letters ; zabs rjen- 
 par barefooted , e. g. fMg& - pa Mil. ; Zabs 
 O degs-pa Sch. to help, prob. = zabs-tog byed- 
 pa v. below; zabs O cdg-pa = O cdg-pa II. 
 Comp. For the most part they are the 
 same as those of rkdn-pa; there are to be 
 mentioned more especially: zdbs-kyu 1. spur 
 6s.(?). 2.n.of the vowel-sign NS for u Gram. 
 zdbs-mgo Tar. point of the foot Schf. 
 zabs-sgrog garter Cs. zabs-bcdgs Sch., 1. 
 partic. of zabs- cag-pa. 2. = zdbs-cdgs. 3. 
 grounds, territory. zabs-cdg(s), -pydgs, 
 resp. shoe, boot. zabs-fog \ . service ren- 
 dered to superiors, esp. to priests, convents 
 etc., by the erection of buildings, or keep- 
 ing them in repair, or by any aid or work 
 done in their behalf; O fso-bai zabs-tog or 
 zabs-tog alone: distribution of victuals, zabs- 
 tog bzdn-po pul he placed dainty food be- 
 fore him Mil. ; zabs-tog < o mi brgydl-ba Jbul 
 we shall pro vide you with every thing, so that 
 you shall not suffer want Mil. ; zabs-tog byed- 
 pa a. to render such services b. to feed, treat, 
 provide, offer, Glr. and elsewh. 2. = zabs- 
 tog-pa 1 . servant, regularly employed in mo- 
 nasteries, by Lamas etc., an official, rgydl- 
 poi sku-ysun-fugs-kyi zabs-tog royal page, 
 Glr. 2. dispenser, benefactor zabs-tdg-ma 
 fern. zabs-rtin heel. zabs-rten 1. foot- 
 stool 6s. 2. boot Sch. zabs- dren shame, 
 disgrace, from mii zabs O dren-pa to bring 
 shame upon another, to be a disgrace to him, 
 e.g. a child proving a disgrace to his pa- 
 rents, by a dissolute life, disrespectful de- 
 portment etc. Thgy. zabs-rdul dust on one's 
 feet 6s. zabs-pdd lit.: 'a padma below 
 
 (SpT zal 
 
 the foot', seems to be an attribute of di- 
 vine persons, but sometimes nothing more 
 than a high-sounding complimental expres- 
 sion for 'foot'; byin-pa 'e-na-ya O dra zabs- 
 pad Jbur his leg displays a calf like that 
 of Enaya.PA.; zabs-pad-la,Zam.\mi., seems 
 to stand like zabs drun-du, so also zabs- 
 pdd Kri drun-du, in letters; mii zabs -pad 
 stfn-pa Tar., tig. for zabs-fog byed-pa to 
 serve; to be a scholar, pupil Schf. zdbs- 
 pyi servant (male or female), in the widest 
 sense of the word, servant to an individual, 
 as well as a minister of the state or the 
 church, only that the latter service is al- 
 ways referred by an Asiatic to the 'person' 
 of the king or priest; collectively : retinue ; 
 occasionally also to be understood as an 
 attending, a waiting on, thus: rje-yi zdbs-pyi 
 O gran, we will vie with one another in our 
 attending the lord Glr.; zdbs-pyir O brdn-ba, 
 zdbs-Jbran-ba or Jbrin-ba to follow as a 
 servant, zam- brin(-pa) Do., zam-rin Cs., 
 za-Jbrin Sch. servant. zabs-bro, zabs-bro 
 mdzdd-pa to dance Sch. zabs-ma drawers, 
 under-petticoat. zabs-sen nail of the toe 
 Sch. zabs - bsil water for washing an 
 honoured person's feet. zabs - Ihdm = 
 zabs-cdg. 
 
 zdm-cu Sch.: 'the scum left by the 
 evaporation of water' (?); *zdm-ce* 
 W. to take off, Ibu-ba the froth, scum; yet 
 cf. yzdm-pa. 
 
 zdm-me-ba being plentiful, abound- 
 ing in Mil. 
 /x'fl" zdr-ba, fern, ma, 1. = yan lag ma 
 
 fsan being not in full possession of 
 one's members, mig-zdr one-eyed, half or 
 totally blind; lag-zdr having only one hand, 
 being lame in one or both hands; so in a 
 similar manner rkan-zdr. 2. (= mig-zdr) 
 C., W. blind, rarely in B. *zar-te* (zar- 
 Itas) the winking with one eye C. 
 
 zar-la, Schr. 'following, succeeding', 
 
 prob. = zor-la, q.v. 
 fflflj. zal resp. for ka i. mouth 2. face, coun- 
 tenance zdl-du ysol-ba, W. *zdl-la rdg- 
 ce*, to eat, to drink; *fsd-big zdl-la rag* or 
 *zal-rdg dzod* please to take some . . .!
 
 zal 
 
 473 
 
 ZrtJ 
 
 rgyal-poi zdl-nas ysuns the king spoke (r/r. 
 frq.; zdl-gyi syo the door of the face, the 
 mouth (cf. also O dzum-pa); zdl-la mi nydn- 
 pa Glr. to be disobedient; zdl-gyis bzes-pa 
 Glr. or O ce-ba Sch. to promise, and other 
 significations of Has Un-pa, e.g. to accept 
 Tar. 126, 10; zal bgrdd-pa and yddn-ba to 
 gape Sch., O byed-pa to open the mouth, zal 
 O dzum-pa to smile; with ltd-ba \. zdl-la 
 ltd-ba, e.g. cos smrd-bai to watch the mouth 
 of the preacher, to hang on his lips Pth.; 
 in a similar manner: gus-pai sems-kyis nd- 
 yi zal - la Ita Pth. 2. zal ltd - ba, zal - Ita 
 byed-pa to serve (v. zdl-ta), zal yan ttyed- 
 la Ita mcod-pa yan Kyed-la Jbul they serve 
 you and honour you Glr.; zdl-lta-ru byun 
 he came to serve him Mil.; zal y dams-pa 
 to bid, order, exhort Glr.; zal don -pa to 
 pronounce, to deliver, state, report ; zal mjdl- 
 ba Mil. to visit, to come to see; zal mfdn-ba 
 to see a person's face Tar. ; 'in order to at- 
 tain the highest dnos-grub, one must sems- 
 kyi ran- zal mfon-ba, and in order to be 
 able to do this, one must penetrate into the 
 Buddhist doctrine' thus Mil. teaches a 
 Bonpa; pyis zal mfon-bao afterwards his 
 face was seen, he made his appearance Tar.; 
 zal-yzigs-pa v. sbst. zal-yzig. 
 
 Comp. For the most part expressions 
 of civility : zal-kdr, resp. for kar-yol plates 
 and drinking-vessels. zal-dkyil face Cs. 
 zal-bkod order, ordinance Sch.(l). - 
 zal-skom, zal-skyems drink. zal-skyin Glr. 
 countenance. zal-skyogs cup, goblet Mil. 
 zal-Kebs cover of an image of Buddha 
 Sch. zal-tcrid oral or personal instruc- 
 tion Mil. zal- Kan biting words of a 
 superior (Sch. prob. not quite correct). 
 *zal-gyd* (rgyal brgya) *)he'-pa or ze-pd* 
 to promise C. zal-rgydn mustaches C. 
 zal-no 1. = no, zal- no nag -par bzugs he 
 was sitting there with a mournful face Glr. 
 2. fsogs-cen-zal-no title of the chief-justices 
 of the great monasteries of Sera, Gadan 
 andDepung. 3. Sch. : ' ' zal-no ornor(?), noble 
 sons, princes' (?) zal-dnos bodily, in one's 
 own body or person, sans-i'yyds zal-diios- 
 kyi Jcruiis-yul Pth., the place where Bud- 
 
 dha was born bodily; zal-dnds-su mjdl-bar 
 yod Glr. he is bodily to be seen. zal- 
 sna Cs. = spyan-sna. zal-col resp. for 'a;*- 
 col handkerchief, napkin C. zal-cdd v. 
 Jca-cdd. zal-cu, zal-cdb Schr., Cs. spittle, 
 saliva. zal-mcu lip, v. Ka-mcii. zal- 
 ce judgment, decision; des ^u-bu-cag-yi zal- 
 ce ycdd - do he shall pass sentence on us 
 Dzl 3x53, 15, and elsewh. (the text of Sch. 
 is not quite correct); zal-ce bcu-drug-pa 
 and bcu-ysum-pa '(the code) with the 16 and 
 that with the 13 judgments'; these are two 
 distinct bodies of law, both of them in C. of 
 standard authority; zal-ce-pa judge Dzl. 
 zal-cems v. cems 2. zal-nyod favourite 
 dish Sch. zdl-ta 1. also zdl-lta a. service, 
 turn. b. inspection, visitation, revision; zdl- 
 ta byed-pa a. to serve, b. to inspect, review, 
 superintend ; to visit, the poor, the sick and 
 to take care of them; to guard, zin-la the 
 field. 2. resp. for Kd-ta, Ka-yddms direction, 
 instruction, counsel, advice, zdl-ta zib-rgyds 
 zu-ba to ask for accurate and detailed in- 
 structions Mil.', zdl-ta-pa = sku-mdun-pa, 
 zdbs-pyi waiting-man, valet-de-chambre C., 
 Tar. 56,2: servant in a convent; more frq. 
 fern., zdl-ta-ma waiting-woman, lady's maid, 
 chamber-maid. zal-yddms instruction, ad- 
 vice, )ig-rten-la dyos-pai zal-yddms ysuiis- 
 so he imparted to her useful maxims Glr.; 
 order, command Glr. (v. above); also, zal- 
 yddms bris-mKan author, in as much as all 
 printed books are considered to be sacred, 
 and the authors generally are Lamas, whose 
 words are looked upon as divine. zal- 
 ydon countenance. -- zal-bddg in large re- 
 ligious meetings a Lama, who walks about 
 with a wand in order to preserve good 
 order, a verger. zal- debs a free-will 
 offering or present 6s. zal-lpdgs lip. - 
 zal-pyis resp. napkin. zal-bdd (or pad?) 
 C. chief overseer, superintendent. zal-bydn 
 title, superscription, inscription. zal-fsom 
 (for og-fsom) Pth. beard. zal-fsos Sch. 
 (Cs. zal-fsus) = zal-zds Dzl. food. zal- 
 zdg tobacco-pipe, v. gan-zag. zal-yzigs 
 
 1. looking with the face, Ihor, southward Glr. 
 
 2. apparition, zal-yzigs fob-pa to see an ap- 
 
 30*
 
 474 
 
 zul-ba 
 
 parition, bzugs-par zal-yzigs-sin appearing 
 in a sitting posture Mil. nt. (cf. spyan-rds). 
 - M-bsro Tar. 76, 12, Schf.: the act of 
 consecrating, e.g. a temple. 
 
 zdl-ba I. sbst., also zal, zd-la, zdl- 
 rtsa or -rdza Sch. clay, lime-floor, 
 Lex. : zfllr-ba = skydn-nul; mfil-gyi zd-la Glr. 
 clay, cement of a floor, cf. ar-ga; plastering, 
 rough-cast, sgo-la zal bgyis-te plastering the 
 door with clay Glr., also applied to the 
 anointing of sacrificial objects with butter 
 Mil. II. vb. to serve up food, to spread 
 a repast Sch. 
 
 (5j* zi num. fig.: 51. 
 
 (S'ZTpJ* zi~dtt chaff an( ^ other impurities re- 
 moved from the grain by washing. 
 S-q. zi-ba, Ssk. ^, to become quiet, calm, 
 to abate, to subside; to settle, of a swell- 
 ing W.; to be allayed, of passion, malice etc. 
 Glr. ; to be appeased, relieved, to cease, of 
 pain, quarrels, intoxication, maladies etc. 
 Glr. and elsewh. ; to be atoned, blotted out, 
 of sins Tar.; zi-bar c gyur-ba B., *zi cd-ce* 
 W., id.; *ra, sro zi son* W. the drunken 
 fit, the paroxysm of passion has passed 
 over; zi-la son (the hobgoblins) became 
 quiet, held their peace Mil. ; zi-bar byed-pa 
 to still, sooth, appease, mitigate, *zi cug-ce* 
 W. ; zi-byed a composing draught, Jnr^H 
 Wise 130; more particularly with reference- 
 to the affections: to be dispassionate, not 
 subject to any mental emotion, zi-ba cen-por 
 ^gyur he is getting very free from passion 
 Do., v. below zi-ynds; also sbst. tranquillity, 
 calmness, and adj. tranquil, calm, zi-ba dan 
 bde-legs-su O yyur-bar mdzdd-du ysol permit 
 us to attain to peace and happiness Dom.; 
 zi-bai Idbs-kyis amicably, in a fair way Glr. ; 
 so also zi-bai ytam smrd-ba Glr.; zi-bas 
 mi ful drdg-pos O dul dgos O dug Pth. if he 
 will not submit by fair means, he must be 
 converted or subdued by force; zi-bai zal 
 Pth. the expression of calmness about his 
 mouth, his peaceful countenance; zi-bar 
 ysegs-pa to go to rest, to die Cs.; zi-bai or 
 Uns-skui lha-fsogs ze-ynyis Thgr. the good, 
 the peaceable deities, opp. to those called 
 
 ', differently again the word is used 
 in : zi-ba dan Jcro-ba dan zi-ma-Kro Pth., 
 which has been explained by Sch. as: the 
 medium between calmness and passion, 
 'calm indignation'. Cs. moreover mentions 
 zi-ba or rtag-zi-ba, as 'a name or epithet of 
 Iswara and certain Buddhas', so that zi-ba 
 would be equal in sound as well as in mean- 
 ing to f^f,zi-ba-paand -ma being his male 
 and female disciples. A. good deal of ob- 
 scurity attaches, further, to the frequent 
 mention of the zi-rgyas-dbah-drag, as the 
 characteristic properties of the four parts 
 of the world (v. gUn"), and likewise as 
 qualities and functions of the Buddhas, 
 gods and saints, viz. allaying diseases, con- 
 ferring happiness and wealth, ruling over 
 all creatures and subduing all that is unruly 
 and hostile; to which are to be added four 
 kinds of burnt-offerings, in the same four- 
 fold sense, v. Schl. 250. Finally, in mysti- 
 cism the term zi-ba acts a prominent part : 
 
 and f^nsjn, shortened zi-lhdg, im- 
 plies an absolute inexcitability of mind, and a 
 deadening of it against any impressions from 
 without, combined with an absorption in 
 the idea of Buddha, or which in the end 
 amounts to the same thing, in the idea of 
 emptiness and nothingness. This is the aim 
 to which the contemplating Buddhist as- 
 pires, when, placing an image of Buddha, 
 as rten, (v. rten 1) before him, he looks at 
 it immovably, until every other thought is 
 lost, and no sensual impressions from the 
 outer world any longer reach or affect his 
 mind. By continued practice he acquires 
 the ability of putting himself, also without 
 rten, merely by his own effort, into this 
 state of perfect apathy, and of attaining after- 
 wards even to dnos-grub, the supernatural 
 powers of a saint. The stories that are re- 
 lated of such achievements, and with which 
 the work of Taranatha abounds, are, not- 
 withstanding their absurdity, readily believ- 
 ed by every faithful Buddhist. That there 
 are also cases of failures, cf. smyon-pa. 
 (3*j w zi-ma sieve, of cane or wood Ts.
 
 475 
 
 Sj-J-j- zi-mi Schr. and Wts. (where si-mi 
 stands), gen. zim-bu Glr., or zum-bu 
 cat, C. 
 
 SOT zig 1. = %. 2. v. Jz^pa I., 2, zig- 
 ' rZ-6 demolished, ruined Mil. 
 
 ^. zig-mer (sbst. or adj.?) dense throng, 
 or crowded together in a mass W. 
 
 (Sfc* ^> ^' s ^ s *" ^f (^ s ' ' zin-ma, ziri-po, 
 zin-bu, perh. provincialisms), 1. field, 
 ground, soil, arable land; fdn-zm fields in 
 a plain, level land, ri-zin fields on a moun- 
 tain, liill-land ; tul-zin W. (ni f.) cultivated 
 land ; zin-Ka = zin, zin-ttai bu-mo the girls 
 in the field Mil.; zin rmo-ba frq., to plough 
 a field; to carry on agriculture; O debs-pa 
 to till, to sow a field, mi ycig-gis btdb-pai 
 a field that has been sowed by one man 
 Glr. ; zin O cu-ba to irrigate a field (?) Cs.; 
 rnd-ba to mow, to reap, a field, zin-mJcan 
 reaper; *zin bdd-ce* W. to pursue husbandry; 
 zin bgod-pa to divide or distribute land Cs. 
 2. fig., cf. zin- f cams, bsod-nams-kyi zin 
 dan O prdd-pa to enter the field of merit, to 
 turn into the path of virtue Dzl ; ydul-byai 
 zin-du yzigs-te Pth. seeing him in the land 
 of conversion (yet v. also 3, a.) ; region, zin 
 bcu (Sch.: 'the ten regions') is said to 
 signify something like: the reign of Evil. 
 
 3. equivalent to sans-rgyds-kyi zin the king- 
 dom of Buddha, a. in an earthly sense: a 
 holy land, a land of salvation, where Buddha 
 resides, or at least where Buddhism pre- 
 vails ; so also O dul-bai zin land of conver- 
 sion Glr. ; ace. to Wts. it is a name of the 
 earthly seat of Buddha, the residence of 
 the Dalai Lama at Lhasa; b. supernatu- 
 rally: heaven, paradise, Elysium i.e. one of 
 the heavens inhabited by the Buddhist gods, 
 or also the state of non-existence, Nirwana; 
 zin-la peb-pa bde-bar ysegs-pa to die. 
 
 4. body, v. zih-cen, zin-lpdgs. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. zin-bkod map C'., W., 
 zin-gi bkdd-pa v. Asiat. Res. XX., 425. - 
 zin- lean 1. summer-house, pleasure-house, 
 pavilion W. 2. field and house, the whole 
 estate or property W. (= yul-yzis) zw- 
 Kdms = zin 2 and 3, frq. zin- Kruns, zin- 
 gi Kruiis-pa or -ma the produce of the field 
 
 6s. zin-Krod many fields together Cs. 
 zin-rgod rough, uncultivated ground Sch. 
 zih-cen and -cun a large and a small field ; 
 also : a large and a small body or corpse Tkgr. 
 zin-mcog paradise, a most delightful 
 country, an Eden, an Eldorado Pth. zih- 
 bddg proprietor of a field, land-owner. 
 zin -pa husbandman, farmer Dzl. zin- 
 Ipags a skin (pulled off), hide. zin-mu 
 boundary of a field, landmark. zin-bzdn 
 good land, productive soil Cs. zin-ysin 
 dead, arid, burnt soil Cs. zin-sa 1. ground, 
 soil, arable land Cs. 2. province Sch. 
 II. gerundial termin. = cin, q.v, 
 
 Ijq* %&> res P- f' ne fl ur 5 a l so f' our ' n general, 
 
 zib-Kug bag, zib-poi" box, for flour Cs. 
 (an'n* &&?&> B-, ~ib-po Cs., zib-mo C'., W. 
 1. fine, of powder and similar things, 
 zib-rtsin fine and coarse Zam. ; zib-par byed- 
 pa, B* zib-mo co-ce* W., to make fine, to 
 pound, to reduce to powder. 2. accurate, 
 exact, Strict, precise, lid-ba ydm-sin spyod- 
 lam zib-par mdzod be wide in your views, 
 but strict in your actions Glr.; so Sch. un- 
 derstands also zib-zib yod, zib-po med, zib- 
 rgyu med, which ought however to be trans- 
 lated : 'I have accurate information, I have 
 no precise information, I have no particu- 
 lars to communicate'; zib-mo ses-pa to know 
 accurately; more frq. adv. zib-par, zib-tuB., 
 *zib-ca *vulg., exactly, precisely, thoroughly 
 zib-tu ysol-ba, ytam zib-tu byed-pa to report 
 accurately Dzl. (the former resp.); zib-par 
 bsdd-pa Glr. id. ; zib-par (s<?s-) O ddd-na if 
 you wish to know it accurately Glr. ; bka 
 zib-tu bgros-pa resp., to consult carefully 
 Pth ; bka-mcid ysun-glen zib-tu bgyid gentle- 
 men, discourse as freely as you please! Mil.; 
 las-rgyu- Q bras zib-tu mi rtsi-na if one does 
 not strictly regard the doctrine of retaliation 
 Mil; *%ib-ca Itos (or to*) W.look at it well, 
 carefully ; *zib-ca zer* W. pronounce it accu- 
 rately; *zib-ca cp'-pa*C. to examine closely; 
 *zib-sdl* W. accurately and distinctly. 
 
 zim-fog-le n. of a medicinal herb 
 Med. 
 
 zim-pa, gen. zim-po, well-tasted, sweet- 
 scented, *zim-po ray* W. I find the
 
 476 
 
 (3&!"CT zim-bu 
 
 taste or smell of it agreeable; sa O di Ihdg- 
 par zim-na this meat being of a better taste 
 DzL', zim-rgyui zas food prepared of sa- 
 voury things Zam.', dri-zim, dri-ysun zim- 
 po pleasant odour DzL ; dri mi zim-pa dis- 
 agreeable smell Glr.- *zim-ze* also *zim- 
 zim* C., *zim-zag* W. sweet-meats, confec- 
 tionery, *zim-zag-tsdn-kan* W. confectioner ; 
 *zim-lto-can* W. dainty-mouthed, a sweet- 
 tooth. 
 
 zim-bu v. zi-mi. 
 (3* zu, 1. num. figure: 81. 2. v. zu-ba. 
 
 zu-ddg, (SjST^l* zus-ddg amendment, 
 
 "NJ> 
 
 improvement, correction^ the word is also 
 added at the end of written books, e.g. of 
 Taranatha, as an attestation of a careful 
 revision ; zu-ddg byed-pa to mend, improve, 
 correct | ran-rgyud zu-ddg byed-pa to exa- 
 mine and reform one's self Cs. zu-dag-mfcan 
 reviser, corrector, censor Cs., zu-cen-gyi 
 lots-fsa-ba a great corrector or commentator 
 (of Ssk. writings), seems to have become a 
 current title. 
 
 (S*n* zu-ba I. vb., pf. zus (esp. in later writ- 
 -J> ings and vulgo, in ancient literature 
 gen. ysol-bar for it) signifies 1. every kind 
 of speaking to a person of higher rank, there- 
 fore to request, to prefer a suit or petition, 
 to make a report, to put a question etc., zu- 
 zin ysol-ba-la O gro-bai fse when I have to 
 bring in a petition DzL; ^mndl-lam de yzdn- 
 la mi ysun-bar zu' zus-so 'pray, do not relate 
 the dream to others', he begged Glr. ; yndn- 
 bar zu byds-pas saying, 'I beg you will per- 
 mit', Glr.; snar mfon-bai dftos-po de-dag 
 zuo I will ask him about the things lately 
 seen, I shall request an explanation of him 
 DzL; nd-la gdn-dag zu-ba de legs-so it is 
 very right of you, thus to ask me about 
 every thing Do.; rgydl-poi drun-du rmi-lam 
 zus-pa he related the dream before the king 
 Pfli. ; ston-pa zu (pa col. for par) I request 
 (you) to explain Mil. ; der O byon-pa zu 'thi- 
 ther to come I request' Mil.\ de-la mledn- 
 po zus they besought him to be their abbot 
 Glr. ; yndit-ba zii-ba to ask permission Cs. 
 
 zu-ba 
 
 2. In W. this zu has become a word of 
 civility to the widest extent, as it is not 
 only added to almost every sentence of a 
 speech or a letter, something like our 'with 
 your permission' or 'if you please', e.g. *zan 
 ci med-na na do yin zu* if you have noth- 
 ing further (to say), I shall go, with your 
 permission; *lco leb son zu* he is arrived, 
 if you please; but it also supplies every 
 kind of salutation in coming or going, hence 
 *zu zer-ce*, resp. *zu zu-ce*, to make or give 
 one's compliments, *a-pa-ne zu mdn-po 
 zu dug* my father's best respects (ci.pyag). 
 Inst. of zu, )u is also frq. heard (vulgo), 
 e.g. *ju sab jul* good day, Sir, good day! 
 which prob. is only an intensation of sound, 
 and not to be referred to the Indian gft. 
 
 *ci-la zu* W. why, well then, mind! *'- 
 la zu, nyi-rdn ne tsar ma kyod-pa yun-riri 
 kyod* well, I have not seen you this age! 
 
 The word is also used as a sbst., for 
 request, wish, question, *zu-wa Jbul-ba* C., 
 *pul-ce* W., yton-ba Glr. to make a request, 
 to put a question; ydan- dren-pai zu-ba 
 nan- can pul-bas Mil. assailing him with 
 pressing invitations. 
 
 II. (prop. fut. of O ju-bd) pf. (b}zu(s), 
 fut. (b)zu, (imp.?) 1. to melt, trs. and intrs., 
 bzu-btid v. sub lugs; bzu-byai yser gold to 
 be melted Cs. ; zu - bai Hams whatever is 
 melting or fusible, metals Sch.; zuo it melted 
 (from the heat) DzL; f od-du zu-nas dissolv- 
 ing in light Glr. frq. 2. to digest, zu- 
 byed-kyi sman digestive medicine Cs. (cf. 
 O ju-byed)', ma-zu(-ba} undigested, zas ma 
 zu-ba undigested food, also indigestion, suf- 
 ferings arising from it; ma-zui nad id. ; ma- 
 zu )u-ba to decompose what is undigested 
 Med.; opp. to zu-rjes it seems to denote 
 more particularly the chyme before it is 
 mixed with bile, and perh. also the duode- 
 num where this takes place; so the region 
 of zu dan ma-zui bdr-na is stated to be 
 the place, where the bile is principally ope- 
 rating S.g. Cf. O ju-ba. 
 
 Comp. zu-skyogs W. crucible, melting- 
 spoon. zu-mkan l. petitioner. 2. digester; 
 n. of an officinal plant, spa-n-zitn Wdn.
 
 477 
 
 y-.s<, 
 
 zu-gUn,zu-glen byed-pa to address, accost, 
 resp. C. zu-rgyd (v. rgya-ma) 1. petitio- 
 nary letter, petition, suit. 2. any writing 
 addressed to superiors, zu-rgyu the sub- 
 ject of a petition or suit. *zu-'/i6-pa* J 
 C., intercessor, advocate, mediator, *zu-no 
 jhe'-pa* to intercede, to advocate. zu- 
 r)es i . the chyme mixed with bile (cf. ma-zu 
 above). 2. the place of it. zu-rjes na I feel 
 a pain there Med. 3. eructation, rising, Kd- 
 la zu-rjes skyur S.g. caused by beer ; ro dan 
 zu-ries mndr-mo Med. a sweetish taste and 
 rising (from the stomach). zu-rten the 
 present which, according to oriental notions, 
 has necessarily to attend or introduce a 
 petition. zu-don prop, drift, subject of 
 a petition; in a general sense = zu-ba re- 
 quest, suit, address, communication etc. 
 zu-snd (pronounced *zu-nd*) W. = zu-no. 
 
 zu-po., zu-ba-po = zu-mKan 1. zu-byed 
 v. above zu-Jbftl, pronounced *zum-bul*, 
 petitioning, making a suit in an humble pos- 
 ture with folded hands Cs. zu-yig, zu- 
 sog, zu-bai prin-yig a petition, zu-yig-gi 
 rten = zu-rten. zu-ldn answer to a pe- 
 tition. zu-Ug a feigned, false, designing 
 suit, *gydb-pa* to address such a one C. 
 (3am' z u 9 s , res P- fire, e.g. the fire lighted 
 >J> ' for cremation Tar. 7, 4. 
 
 ' zugs-pa v. Jug-pa. 
 
 zun-ztin with byed-pa to nod Or bow 
 repeatedly, of a pigeon Mil. 
 
 zud-pa \ . to twine, to twist W. *zud- 
 
 ce, zu-ce*. 2. to spin Cs., zu-Kdr 
 spindle, distaff. 3. to rub Cs. 4. to hang 
 up, to suspend 7s. zud-fdg = dpyan-fdg. 
 
 z un -p a melted 6s.; *zun tdn-ce* W. 
 
 to melt, trs ; zun-fdr byed-pa to melt 
 and beat to pieces Mil.; zun-figs spark 
 flying from red-hot iron W.; zun-ma that 
 which is melted, ysei sogs zun-mai puii-po 
 heaps of melted gold and other metals Glr. 
 zun-mar v. mar. zun-mo melted, 
 whatever melts easily Cs. (who spells it 
 bzun-mo). 
 
 j'r zum-pa 1. sbst. fear, dismay, despon- 
 xl dency, faint-heartedness, verm zum-na 
 
 if I continue undismayed Dzl ; dkon-ntct'g 
 ysum-la zum-pa-med-par bkur-bsti byed-pa 
 to honour the three most Precious undaunt- 
 edly, with a cheerful heart; sems rdb-lu ziim- 
 par gyur-fo they became greatly dejected 
 in mind, their spirits were much cast down 
 Pth. - 2. vb. *lbu-u-a zum-ce* W. to scum, 
 to skim (off). 
 
 zum-bu = zi-mi. 
 
 zur, 1 . snout, muzzle, trunk. 2. sup. 
 of zu ba. 
 
 zut-zM, Ts.: *zu-za)he'-pa* to 
 > - stroke, to caress. 
 
 zus-ddg v. zu-ddy, ^pfCJ" zus-pa 
 
 v. zu-ba. 
 
 S- ze (cf. Zen) 1. inclination, affection, heart, 
 ^ mind; volition; there is a proverb in C.: 
 *mi Kd-po-ce-la ze me\ cu nyog-po-ce-la tin 
 me* a braggart has no mind, as muddy wa- 
 ter has no bottom, i.e. as in muddy water 
 you cannot see the bottom, so you cannot 
 rely on the solid principles of a braggart; 
 Ka-ze v. Jca, com p.; ze bkon-pa or Jcon-pa 
 a hating mind, rkdm-pa Sch. a covetous, 
 fag pa Mil. a sincere, ndg-po C. a wicked, 
 ytsdn-ba Sch. a pure heart or mind, or also 
 hating, covetous etc. as to mind (several 
 other combinations of this kind, given by 
 Sch. , are too doubtful to be copied); ze- 
 ycod-pa Sch. : 'to lose courage, to have no 
 longer any inclination for', perh. better, to 
 resign, and ze-bcdd resignation, as a Bud- 
 dhist virtue Mil.\ on the other hand, ze 
 ycod-pai fsig Sch.: 'slanderous words' which, 
 e.g. Dzl. 3, 11, well agrees with the con- 
 text, but is not clear in point of etymology. 
 ze-diig damage, destruction Sch., byed- 
 pa to cause, to inflict. ze-Ug v. zen-log 
 sub zen-pa. ze-sun angry, cross, ill- 
 humoured, vexed. 2. numerical word for 
 bzi-bcu in the abridged numbers ze-ycig etc., 
 41 to 49. 3. numerical figure: 111. 
 (a}"<3J* ze-na, rarely zes-na, v. ce-na. 
 
 ze-sa reverence, respect, civility, polite- 
 ness, ze-sa dan beds -pa reverential, 
 respectful 7V//.: dci Jus-su mis pyay dan 
 
 -
 
 478 
 
 zen 
 
 zo-sd 
 
 ze-sa mi ses-pas because at that time people 
 knew little of compliments and politeness 
 Pth.; ze-sa byed-pa to show honour, respect, 
 mdm-gyur mdzes-pai ze-sa Q bul-ba to ar- 
 range mimic performances in honour of 
 some persons, (which also at the present 
 time is frequently done in these countries); 
 complimentary word (for ze-sai fsig\ md- 
 bai ze-sa snyan the complimentary word for 
 rna-ba is snyan Zam. 
 
 **, /^ & (W. *zan*) 1. 
 
 breadth, width, zen-can broad 
 (road, valley), wide, spacious, *zen Ka-cem- 
 po* C. id.; zen-med, zen-prd-mo, *zen-cun- 
 se* W. narrow; zen-du in breadth Sambh.; 
 -en-sin writing-tablet = snum-ylegs. 2. 
 plain, surface, side, zeh-ce-ba ynyis the two 
 broad sides (of a pillar) Glr. 
 jar-q- zed-pa to fear, to be afraid, synon. 
 to -^igs-pa Thyr. frq.; zed-nas full 
 of apprehensions Pth. 
 
 Svr-j- zen-pa (cf. ze), vb. c. la, 1. to desire, 
 to long for, to be attached to, to be 
 partial to, to be taken with, Kyed-la zen-cin 
 cogs I love you ardently (eptD) Glr.; bod- 
 Jbdrts nd-la zen-ce-zin dyd-ba-mams the 
 people of Tibet, that are affectionately at- 
 tached to me Glr.; sbst.: desire, longing, e.g. to 
 hear more of a thing Mil.- also greediness, 
 covetousness; rdn- dod-zen-pa self-love, self- 
 ishness, egotism Glr.; pyogs-zen Tar. 184, 
 22, party-spirit, party-agitation; cdgs-med zen- 
 med free from passion or interest Mil.; zen- 
 pa zlog suppress your passion Mil. ; fse O di- 
 la zen ldog-pa to be disgusted with this 
 life Thgy. ; *zem-pa ma log-na dhe'-pa mi 
 yon* C. before one has renounced every de- 
 sire, one cannot believe. 
 
 Comp. zen-Ka, ze-Jca = zen-pa sbst., Sch. 
 -en-Kris Mil., zen-cdgs frq., also vulgo, 
 zen- dzin Glr. inclination, desire, passion, 
 attachment, *zen-dzin co-ce* W. to love, to 
 be attached. zen-don, resp. bzed-don, ob- 
 ject of desire Cs. zen-log(-pa, cf. above), 
 disinclination, antipathy, disgust; in an 
 ascetic sense: resignation Mil.; ^ig-rten 
 zen-Ug-gi gan-zdg a man tired of this world 
 -mKan fastidious, squeam- 
 
 ish, easily disgusted ; *ze-mi-Ug-ken* C. one 
 
 that is not easily disgusted, not squeamish. 
 - 2. = Ijen-pa to penetrate, to be fixed, 
 
 of colours etc., ras dkar-po fson zen-pa Itar 
 
 as a colour is fixed in white cloth, is lasting 
 
 Dzl 
 
 zem-zem Ld. an inferior kind of 
 silk, of which the handkerchiefs 
 
 consist, that are presented to foreign visi- 
 
 tors etc. as a welcome or mark of respect, 
 
 cf Ka-btdgs. 
 
 /ax- zer, zer O debs-par byed-pa Cs.: to chide, 
 rebuke, which, however, in the only 
 
 passage, where I met with the word, does 
 
 not suit the sense very well. 
 
 zer-po 'mean, pitiful, coarse' Cs. 
 
 zes v. ces. 
 
 $? zo, I. dram, a small weight = T 1 ounce, 
 ^ of skar-liia, v. skdr-m'a; yser-zo-gaii l*th. 
 a dram of gold; yser zo ysum-brgyd between 
 1 and 2 pounds of gold; as a coin it is 
 stated to be = 2 / 3 rupee. 2. resp. ysol- 
 zo thick milk, curds, zo bsnydl-ba to place 
 milk to curdle; milk in gen., esp. mai nu- 
 zo Dzl., md-zo col., mother's milk; zo- fuh 
 dus-na during the time of suckling, zo-spd/ts 
 zas zai dus-na after the child has been weaned 
 Med.i zo dkrog-pa, skrog-pa, bsrub-pa to 
 churn, to butter Lex. 3. a small white spot, 
 sen-zo on a finger nail, so-zo on a tooth Glr. 
 4. num. figure: 141. 
 
 Comp. zo-ka prob. = zo, Thgy. zo-skyd 
 Med.i zo-cdgs Med.i - zo-priim Sch. : 'a 
 vessel for thick milk 1 (?), perh. pru. zo- 
 rds Med., Sch.: spoiled milk. if zo-ri* W., 
 (like ru-ma 6'.) sour milk, used to acidify new 
 milk; in a gen. sense: ferment, leaven, *zo- 
 dzi* Ts. zo-si Sch. zo-rds. zo-sri, 
 
 ris-ma Wdt't. cream. 
 
 zo-sd 1. force, efficiency ( '. 2. n. 
 
 of a medicinal fruit, zo-sd ysum, viz. 
 mfcdl-zo-sa kidney-shaped, healing diseases 
 of the kidneys (in W. the chesnut bears this 
 name), snyiti-zo-sa heart-shaped, healing 
 diseases of the heart; gla-gor-zo-sa is >:ml 
 to be given to horses; besides man-pa-
 
 479 
 
 zog 
 
 and mcer-pa-zo-sa are mentioned. 3. 
 toll(?), pay(?), 20-sas /so-6a Tar., %. a 
 publican Cs. , a soldier Schr., prob. any 
 officer that receives salary or pay. 
 
 j' zog, imp. of Jty-pa. 
 
 yzdms-pa 
 
 zogs v. mar-zogs. 
 
 T zogs-pa Med., zog-ka Sch., = s/m- 
 <//-o morning, fore-noon; zogs-)a tea 
 at breakfast 6s. 
 
 /gr- 20/i lower, nether, zon-Kan-pa the lower 
 part of the house, zon-rtse the lower 
 and the upper part; zoti-zdn deepened, ex- 
 cavated, hollow, uneven C. 
 Sjr- oe? 1. the original meaning of the word 
 1 is yet uncertain; at present used in C.: 
 *zo > de-wa, zo-jdg*, peace, quietness, tran- 
 quillity, *Ko zo' -de-la mi zag** he gives him 
 no rest, causes him much trouble; *sem-kyi 
 zo' de-mo* peace of mind, evenness of tem- 
 per; *zo > or zo' de-mo or jdm-pa gentle- 
 ness, meekness. 2. Sch.: high-water, floods, 
 inundations Wts., C.; siia fan pyi zod first 
 drought, then inundation Wdk. 3. udder 
 W., C. 
 /&*'! zon-pa, resp. O cib-pa to mount, c. la; 
 
 rtd-la zon-pa to ride, on horseback, 
 siii-rta-la to ride, in a carriage, frq.; rtd- 
 la zon-nas Ihd-pyogs-su O gro-ba to ride 
 southward, to travel on horseback towards 
 the south S.g. ; also c. accus. : bzon-pa zon- 
 pa to mount a horse or a carriage Lex.', 
 zon-du ^jug-pa (= skyon-pd) to let mount. 
 (eS;rr zom-pa, = jams-pat rgas zom-ste 
 
 weighed down by old age Sch.- cf. 
 fzom-pa. 
 
 ^' zor, ^*ft|* zor-la etc. v. sbyor-la. 
 
 S^j- zol 1. zol-yydg, yak-bull, Bos gi-unniens 
 Sch.] rd-ma zol-mo a long-haired goat 
 Mil. nt. 2. village belonging to a convent 
 Mil., so Shikatse is the sde-zol of Tashi- 
 Ihunpo. 3. postp., under, Sch. (cf fzol- 
 ba II). 
 
 yza-ba Sch. : l . to sport, joke, play, 
 sing, (cf. ga-yzd). 2. to believe. 
 trust, confide. 
 
 yza-fson earlier form for ja-fson 
 rain-bow. 
 
 " yza-ysan = yyuii-dmn Lex. 
 a v. Jog-pa. 
 
 yzan 1 . anus Med., yzdh-Ka id. ; yzan- 
 ndd, yzan- brum piles, hemorrhoids 
 Med. ; yzan-srin a kind of intestinal worms 
 Lt. 2. privy parts, *zah- tdg* W. cata- 
 memal blood; *zdii-fson-ma* W. = smdd- 
 fson-ma; *zaii-sfon* W., without breeches, 
 with a bare posterior. 
 
 yzan, yzdn-pa, yzdn-ma (the last esp. 
 
 in W.\ 1. adj. and sbst, other, the 
 Other, another, zan mi the other men DzL, 
 yzdn-pas Ihdg-par more than others DzL; 
 slob-ma yzdn-dag the other scholars DzL; 
 mfsan yzdn-pa the other signs Dzl. ; blon- 
 po yzdn-ma-rnams the other ministers Glr.; 
 bu-mo yzdn-pas ce-rgyu med she is not taller 
 than the other girls (pas = las, not from 
 pa) Glr.; yzan rgol ma ntts others were 
 not able to resist them (= nobody could 
 do them any harm) Glr.', yzdn-du to some 
 other place, O gr6-ba to go (to some other 
 place) = to go away, to start; elsewhere; in 
 another way, v. example Q dzin-pa 1, 4; also: 
 yzdn-du ma sems sigDzl., suppose or believe 
 nothing else, do not think that the matter 
 can be otherwise, frq. used like our 'of 
 course'; yzdn-na elsewhere; yzdn-nas from 
 some other place; fzdn-nas ^riib-tu med 
 it cannot be accomplished from any other 
 quarter, by any body else Mil. 2. adv. 
 otherwise, else, on the other hand W. yzdn- 
 yafi further, furthermore, or else, (just) to men- 
 tion some other circumstance, frq. yzan- 
 bsgrub Lex. seems to be some logical term 
 Gram. yzan- pridn. of a heaven inhabit- 
 ed by certain gods Glr., Mil. yzan-dbdn 
 dependent on others Was , cf ron-dbdn. 
 
 yzdb-pa to lick Sch. 
 
 yzdms-pa v. bzvms-pa.
 
 4*0 
 
 - :zdr-yan 
 
 yzdr-yait Lex. = ndm-yan; Pth.: 
 fzar-yaii mi never (Sch. and Schr. 
 prob. incorr.). 
 
 yzdl-ba, fut. of jdl-ba, to weigh, 
 srdn-la yzdl-bar nus-kyi if one 
 could weigh with a pair of scales Glr.; yzdl- 
 dgos-lyi rdzas Sch.; 'goods for which duties 
 are to be paid', liable to duty, to custom; 
 yzal-du-med-pa imponderable Stg.; immense- 
 ly much /'///..- immeasurable, incomparable, 
 infinite, vast; yzal med, yzal-yds id.; yzal- 
 med-Kdn, more frq. yzal-yas-Kan, also yzal- 
 med-kati-bzcm palace, rarely used of human 
 palaces (so Glr. in one passage, when speak- 
 ing of the house of a Brahmin), mostly of 
 the abode of gods Pth. and elsewh.; also 
 Tibet, in po. language, is called a lha-rnds 
 yzal-yas-Kdn , the heavens with the sun a 
 no-mtsdr lhai yzal-yas-Rdti. yzal-fsdd 
 measure, scale, standard Sch. 
 
 f zas P la Y> s P rt J est > Joke Sch , Lea;.: 
 
 yzi(-ma) 1 . that from which and 
 J on which a thing arises, exists, 
 depends; ground, foundation, original cause, 
 exciting cause fo^f Was. 234); dge-tigs tams- 
 cdd Jyyun-bai yzi(-ma) the primitive source 
 of all happiness (is the doctrine of Bud- 
 dha) Glr. ; yzi-skye-med without origin and 
 birth Mil.; yzir bzdg-pa prob.: to use as a 
 foundation Mil., Tar.; *gor-zi* W. cause of 
 delay; md-yzi v. as an article of its own 
 sub ma; rtsig-yzi foundation of a wall Cs.; 
 nyiin-yzi, Id-yzi turnips, radishes, left for 
 seed (being the foundations, as it were, of 
 new plants); in yzi-sems-nyid, yzi-cos-nyid 
 it prob. stands as an apposition, in the sense 
 of kun-yzi: the spirit, the primeval cause; 
 in a special sense: the innermost essence, 
 inherent nature; yzi-nas actually, opp. to 
 'apparently' Mil; fundamental law, statute, 
 yzicen-po title of a book Was. 264 ; in certain 
 cases it may be translated by action, v. run- 
 ba 2, c. 2. ground, floor, yzi-ma gru-bzi 
 a square floor Glr. ; steh-yi yzi the upper 
 base, top-surface Stg. 3. residence, abode, 
 home, fzi O dzin-pa to take up one's resi- 
 dence in a place Mil. and elsewh. ; yzi O bebs- 
 
 yzis-ka 
 
 pa W. "'pab-ce* id.; fzi-ma rob cig f>6g-nas 
 bzdg-yo he assigned to him a nice dwelling- 
 place and established him there Glr.; seat, 
 place,c f os-^2/ seat of religion, monastery Tar. 
 and elsewh.; school of religion Tar. 44, 17; 
 yzi '/'cig-tu skdd-cig kyan mi sdod-de in no 
 place resting for a moment (the arrow flies 
 towards its goal) Thgy.; *zi cig-tu* C. the 
 same as rtse yciy-tu. 4. in philosophy: 
 axiom, proposition Was. (58) ; contents, tenor 
 (299); basis, support (273). 5. Sch.: en- 
 mity?? 6. also ze (cf. fzes} a definition 
 of time or of relationship: yzi-nih, ze-nin 
 two years ago, yzi-mes great-great-grand- 
 fa the v,yzi-mes-mo great-great-grandmother, 
 yzi-fsd great-great-grandchild Sch. 
 
 Comp. yzi-dyon monastery of the place, 
 in or near a village, usually very small and 
 harbouring but a few monks. yzi-ji-bzin- 
 pa a recluse, 'who stays where he is' Burn. 
 J, 310. yzi-bddy lord of the manor, lord 
 of the soil, may denote a king or noble- 
 man, but gen. it is a local deity, presiding 
 over a certain district, to whom travellers 
 are bound to offer sacrifice, and whom to 
 offend they must carefully avoid. 
 
 qilfrrq* f zi y-P a * * examine, search, try, 
 
 rtog- (or brtag-} yzig legs-par yton- 
 ba to select and arrange carefully, e.g. books 
 Pth. ; lo dan zld-bar rtog-fzig zib-tu yton- 
 ba to search minutely as to the day and 
 year Pth.; bsam-yzig yton-ba = bsam-blo 
 yton-ba to weigh, consider Pth. 2. fut. 
 of jig-pa. 
 
 yzib-pa fut. of jib-pa. 
 
 r yzibs-pa to put or lay in order 
 
 Lex., *zib-zib co-ce(sy W., *ton- 
 C. id. 
 
 yzil-ba fut. of jil-ba, 
 
 yzis-ka native place, native country 
 
 Lex.\ yul-yzis house, estate, pro- 
 perty Mil. = zin-Kdn paternal estate; j>a- 
 yzis the father's domicile as inheritance;/^ 
 sgril-ba to change one's abode, to remove 
 to another place Sch.; yzis-pa a native Sch.; 
 yzis-mad family, household, wife, children and
 
 - zu 
 
 domestics; yzi-byes Sch. : native and foreign, 
 
 at home and abroad. 
 
 _p. yzu, also yzu-mo Mil., resp. ynam-ru 
 
 '4 B. and col., 1. bow, for shooting, yzu 
 bi-os he constructed a bow Glr. ; yzu O gen- 
 ba, W. *kdn-ce*, to bend the bow and have 
 it ready, frq.; O fen-pa Pth., and O gugs-pa 
 Cs., id.; O bud-pa to unbend (the bow) 6s.; 
 rdun-ba (Dzl. V, 1 5, ?s?, 1 1 . Gyatch. 7$f, 
 10), ace. to explanations given by Lamas: 
 to make the bow-string sound by a sudden 
 pull or jerk, = yzu-rgyud sbren-ba Dzl., 
 which both as to matter and language seems 
 preferable to other explanations that have 
 been given. 2. arch, in architecture 6s., 
 yzu-lugs-su Jbub-pa 'to arch in the form of 
 a bow' 6s.; capital, chapiter, v. ka-ba. - 
 3. resp. for *zum-mdr-pa* lamp, *zim-zu* 
 id., *gon-zu* lantern 6'. (spelling uncertain). 
 Comp. yzu-mKan bow-maker. yzu- 
 rgyud bow-string Dzl. yzu-can, yzu-lddn 
 furnished with a bow. yzu-mcog Lex., 
 Sch.: 'the two ends of a bow'; yzu-mcog 
 O dzugs-pa to rest one end of the bow on 
 some object (?) Mil. yzu-fog an arched 
 roof 6s. yzu-fogs holding a bow, archer 
 Ld.-Glr. yzu-brtdn n. of an ancient In- 
 dian king Gl. yzu-doms a cord, fathom, 
 as a standard measure, opp. to any abitrary 
 measure (so explained by a Lama). yzu- 
 pa bow-man, archeKf yzur-subs, bow-case 
 Wdn. 
 
 yzu-ba to strike, to lash, Icdg-gis with 
 a whip. 
 manr fzugl.^mjug, q.v., end, extremity; 
 
 'U ' fzug-gu, yzug-cuii Med. coccyx; rump 
 or ventletof birds Sch. ; yzug-rmen theglauds 
 of it Sch. ; gral-yzug the end of a row Glr. ; 
 mgo-yzug upper and lower end, e.g. of a 
 stick Glr. ; lo-yzug-la at the end of the year 
 Mil; mnag-yzug household-servants, suite 
 Sch. 2. v. Jug^pa. 
 
 fzun 1. the middle, midst. 2. spinal 
 marrow S.g., &\soklad-yzun Sch.,yzun- 
 rins Mil. *gyab-zun-la zug rag* W. I feel 
 a pain in the middle of my back; Ice-yzun 
 the middle of the tongue; yzun-nas in a 
 direct way, opp. to zur-nas. 
 
 Comp. *zun-go* C. middle door, princi- 
 pal door or gate. *zuii-cdg* W. partition- 
 wall, *cdd-ce* to construct one. yziin-pa 
 a man from the middle part of the country, 
 neither stod-pa nor sdm-pa W. yzun-ma 
 \ . the middle of a thing 6's.; as a proper name : 
 the middle part of Lhasa, containing the 
 royal palace, also yzun-sa-dga-lddn. 2. the 
 back-part of fur Sch. 3. kernel, pith, main 
 substance Sch. 4. the original . the source, 
 text; fzun-lugs id. Tar. 
 qi/-jrq. yzun-ba pf. yzuns Cs. : 'to attend, 
 sl to be heedful; attention, fzum-pa 
 heedful'; Sch. has: 'sincere, orderly', and 
 for the current phrase yidyzuns-pa he gives: 
 'a quiet and prudent mind or behaviour'. 
 But the way in which the word is used 
 in books, where it frequently occurs in con- 
 junction with mKds-pa, as well as in the 
 popular expressions zuh-Kan and zuh-med- 
 fcan = blo-rno and blo-dmdn, would rather 
 suggest the version: acuteness of perception, 
 a good and quick comprehension. 
 
 fzud-pa Sch. : 'to go, to walk, to 
 
 put into'. 
 
 fzim-po excellent in its kind, yser 
 yzun-po the purest gold, ston-fog 
 fzun-po a capital crop 6*. 
 
 . yzur-ba to shear, shave, cut off, *ta* 
 
 the hair 6'., leaves, branches 6s. (cf. 
 bzdr-baty. 
 
 z *^" fze-ra parsley 6'. 
 
 " fzen v. zen. 
 
 fzen the act of remembering or re- 
 minding, *nyin-la zen yon-ce fri-la {If* 
 W. in order not to forget it, I have written 
 it down ; yzen skul - ba Lex. to remind a 
 person; yzen btdd-pa or ace. to another 
 reading btdb-pa, i.e. O debs-pa to admonish, 
 exhort Dzl. 7f?, 9. 
 
 yzen-pa to light, kindle, inflame Sch. ; 
 
 rdn-byun-gi mes zitgs-la, prob. to 
 be set in flames by spontaneous fire('?) 
 Tar. 7, 4. 
 
 y* 68 the second day after to - morrow 
 
 Lea;.; ;f to-re nan -la ze-la* W. to- 
 
 ai
 
 482 
 
 yzes-pa 
 
 bzdms-pa 
 
 morrow, the day after to-morrow, on the 
 
 fourth day; yzes-rnyin Cs. = yzi-niii. 
 
 yzes-pa (= bzugs-pa yet less used), 
 resp. for to sit, stay, wait, cuh tsam 
 
 yzes sig wait a little! Dzl. ?%?, 12 (another 
 
 reading : bzugs sig). 
 
 fzo-ba for bzd-ba, v. Jo-ba. 
 
 T fzog-pa v. jog-pa. 
 
 f z ogs the side of the body, = glo; 
 
 yzogs yyas yyon the right and left 
 side Sch.; yzogs - su sideways Sch.; yzogs 
 slon-ba Lex., fzoys-sloti byed-pa Cs. to speak 
 allusively; yzogs-smod byed-pa to prejudice 
 a person against another insidiously, to create 
 enmity Thgy.; it is also used like a verb: 
 yzogs-te rtsdb-pa to be insolent with a fair 
 appearance, opp. to nor downright Thgy. 
 yzogs-pyed nd-ba Do. prob. an inaccurate 
 expression for pain in one side. 
 
 .-,. yzon-pa wooden basin, trough, tub 
 washing-tub; Uyi-yzon. (col. * 
 
 --- 
 
 zon*) trough for feeding dogs and other 
 animals, also manger W.; *tud-zoh* W. 
 prob. id.; *cag-zon* W. trough for dry horse- 
 meat; *tab -zon* winnowing -tray, inst. of 
 a shovel; in books the word is used in a 
 wider sense, in such expressions as yser-, 
 dnul-, Jcar-, rdo-yzon. 
 
 yzons Lex. = Ijons. 
 
 cn/Xx*r yzon-pa 1. sbst. v. bzon-pa. 2. 
 adj. young, yzon-pa de na-re the 
 younger one said Mil. ; rgydl-po sku-nd yzon- 
 pa the young king; bdag yzon-pas as I 
 am still young, I as the younger one, the 
 youngest Dzl. ; yzon-pa ^gd-zig some young 
 people Mil. ; yzon-dus bu-med who in their 
 younger years had no children; yzon-nu 
 a youth, frq., yzon-nu-fso plur. Mil.; yzon- 
 nu-ma or bu-mo yzon-nu Dzl. virgin, maiden, 
 girl; se-ba yzon-nu a young rose Wdh.; yzon- 
 nu dan brdl-bar byed-pa to deprive a girl 
 of her virginity 6s., yzon-nu-brdl a girl 
 that has lost her virginity 6s. ; yzon-nu-nas 
 from a child, from infancy Mil. ; yzon-grogs 
 youthful companion Mil. ; yzon-sa-can with 
 
 youthfnl flesh, yzon-sa-can-du O gyur-ba Glr. 
 to grow young again. 
 
 ob 1. me-yzob singeing, or what has 
 been singed, wool, hair, feathers etc.; 
 a mark from burning; yzob - dri Sch. also 
 yzob-ro smell of singeing; -/zob-tu ^yur-ba 
 to be singed, seared Pth.\ *zob gydb-pa* C. 
 to singe off; fig. nai lus-sems yzob-tu fal 
 Glr. my body and soul were seared, deeply 
 afflicted. 2. W. a crash, e.g. of a tree 
 breaking down. 
 
 : zom-pa 1. v. joins-pa. 2. to 
 break in two, to tear Sch.; in W. 
 used of metal vessels bent or bruised. 
 
 yzor v. jor. 
 
 q. yzol-ba 1. to apply one's self dili- 
 gently 6s., cos-la fugs yzol-ba Pth. 
 id. resp. 2. to comprehend, to fathom (?) 
 Sch. 3. resp. for Jbdb-pa to alight, light 
 from, dismount, v. cibs; cf. ako zol. 
 
 c H(5^r y%os for bzos, v. jo-ba. 
 
 jn/an* bza, in Lexx. mentioned as the same 
 
 with brldn-pa. 
 q^spr bzag 1. large intestine, = ynye-ma; 
 
 ' bzag-sgor-mo the windings of the 
 intestines Glr., Mil. 2. certain muscles 
 under the arms Mng. 3. Sch.: 'flesh of 
 animals that died of disease'. 
 
 bzdg-pa 1. v. )6g-pa. 2. to tear, 
 wear, intrs., of cloth etc. ; to burst, 
 crack, split , W. 
 aaar bzad, also bzdd-pa Pth. swan ; bzad- 
 
 ' dkdr Lex. ; bzad-lddn Schr. : 'a pond 
 with swans on it'. 
 
 aesR'ST ZMSK'nr bzdd-pa, yzdd-ya to laugh, 
 smiled'.; bzdd-Ka-ma* 
 girl with a smiling face Mil.; bzad -gad 
 laughter, feg-pa to raise (a laughter) Mil., 
 bzad-gdd-mKan Tar. buffoon, jester; bzdd- 
 mo smile, laughing, laughter, bzdd-mo bzdd- 
 pa to laugh; bzdd-pa-mo, bzad-lddn-ma n. 
 of a goddess, Ssk. Hasawati 6s, 
 
 SJ" bzdb-pa v. jdb-pa. 
 
 bzdms-pa l.also yzdms-paSchr. 1 ? 
 to Stroke, p'ydg-gis resp. with the 
 hand, to coax, caress; hence bzdms-te Dzl.
 
 483 
 
 bzdr-ba 
 
 , might perh. be rendered: to appease, 
 to pacify. 2. bzams-bsgo byed-pa Lex. to 
 remind of, to call to mind. 
 
 bzdr-ba to scrap e, with a knife, to 
 shave or shear, with a razor Med.\ 
 skra bzdr-ba the hair. 
 
 q|j- bzi 1. four; bzi-pa, bzi-po cf. dgu-, bzi- 
 P bcu (col. *zib-cu*} 40, bzi-bcu-rtsa-ycig 
 ( W.*zib-cu-ze-cig\ ze-ycig etc. the numbers 
 4149; bzi-brgyd 400, bzi-ston 4000 etc.; 
 bzi-ca one fourth, a quarter; bzi-fsan-gyi- 
 sde-pa pyed-dan-brgydd the 7^ tetrads (of 
 letters) Gram. 2. often incorr. for ' or yzi. 
 Asm 1. sbst. face, countenance, rdb-tu 
 mi-sdug-pa (of) a very ugly face Dzl., 
 legs-pa, mdzes-pa Glr. (of) a handsome, a 
 pretty face ; bzin-mdzes-ma a woman or girl 
 with a pretty face; bzin zdgs-te the face 
 dripping (from perspiration); bzin O dzum-pa 
 dan bcas-pa with a friendly smiling coun- 
 tenance JVM.; tyin-pags ser-po the skin of the 
 face being yellow (as in bilious complaints) 
 Miig. ; bzin-rds the appearance, nan-pa Med. ; 
 bzin-bzdn, fern, bzin-bzan-ma, a polite ad- 
 dress: my dear Sir; kye bzin-bzan-dag much 
 respected gentlemen! also in other instances 
 as a word of politeness: b^in-bzdn-ma de- 
 dag lans-te the ladies rose and . . .; it seems 
 to be particularly in favour, when appari- 
 tions are addressed Mil. 2. particle, the 
 meaning of which corresponds in part to that 
 of the Greek prep, xara c. ace., gen. used 
 as an adv. bzin-du or b%in. but also as an 
 adj. with pa: a. joined to verbal roots, bzin 
 serves to form with them a partic. pres., 
 and bzin-du a gerund, t'ugs-mnyes-bzin-pai 
 ndii-la in a rejoicing frame of mind, in a 
 joyful mood Mil. ; !cri-la bzugs-bzin-du sitting 
 on the chair Dzl.', skrdg-bzin-du from fear 
 Dzl. (cf. xcttf UTTVOV); mdans ^gyur bzin-du 
 whilst his colour changes Dzl. ; mi ses bzin- 
 du ses-so zes zer not knowing it he pretends 
 to know it Stg. ; ddd-bzin-du log son 'credentes 
 discesserunt 1 , believing they went away Mil. 
 b. bzin(-du) as postp. c. ace., agreeably, in 
 conformity, according to, very frq.; cos bzin- 
 du according to the precepts of religion 
 Dzl.(cL xata vo'/uoJ 1 ), rgydl-pos bsgo-babzin- 
 
 bzugs-pa 
 
 du sgrub-pa to execute a thing according 
 to the king's command, to perform his order 
 frq.; Kyod ji-skad smrds-pa bzin-du yzdn- 
 dag-la bsnydd-de relating to the others ac- 
 cording to what has been said by you, = 
 relating what you have said Dzl.', yid-bzin- 
 du to heart's content frq. ; like, as, n O gyel- 
 ba like the breaking down of a mountain 
 Dzl.; also with a pleonastic Itar: mKdn-po 
 ji-ltar ysun-ba bzin Glr., or, which would 
 be the sa,me,ji-bzin ysun-ba Itar, as the very 
 learned gentleman has said, foretold; de bzin- 
 du SO = de-ltar; de-de-bzin-no yes, that is 
 so; de-bzin-nyid (cnefTn)? truth, reality, sub- 
 stance, essentiality Was. (272), identity (297), 
 in mysticism cos-nyid Thgy., v. cos, comp. 
 c. pyi-bzin(-du), pyir-bzin(-du) after- 
 wards, subsequently (cf. xaro'rrta^e). d. 
 distrib. nyin-re-b%in(-du), daily, per day 
 (y.a$ rj/Lisyav), nyin-ycig-bzin-du id. ; re-re- 
 bzin-gyi mdzad-pa Glr. his daily doings. 
 q/a'q* bzu-ba, v. zu-ba II. and ^ju-ba, to 
 >J melt. 
 
 bzugs-pa, res p. for sddd-pa and 
 ^dug-pa, 1. to Sit, bzugs-su ysol 
 B, bzugs (-zu) col., please sit down! 
 bzugs-tiri chair; throne. 2. to dwell, reside, 
 bzugs-pai po-brdn castle of residence Dzl. ; 
 bzugs-pai rten asmall temple in which a deity 
 resides Dzl. ; bzuys - grogs fellow - lodger : 
 3. to remain, stay, exist, live, jig-rten- 
 du bzugs-pa to be in the world, to live on 
 earth, of Buddha and saints; also, still to 
 remain in the world ; ston-pa bzugs-pai dus- 
 su during the life-time of the Teacher (Bud- 
 dha) Tar.; Kyed O dir bzugs cos-mdzdd ye 
 devout here present == my devout friends! 
 Mil. ; *zug yo-dham* C. are you at home? 
 *ku zug nan yo-dham* C. are you coming? 
 = welcome! well-met! ; transferred to writ- 
 ings, texts etc., to be contained, so in titles 
 of books: mdzans-blun zes-byd-ba bzugs-so 
 the so-styled 'Sage and Fool' is contained 
 (in the present volume); blo-la bzugs-pa 
 dan glegs-bdm-du bzugs-pa tams-cdd yi-ger 
 spel all that was found in the memories (of 
 individual persons) and in books, was re- 
 
 corded Tar. 
 
 31*
 
 484 
 
 bzM-pa 
 
 3* za 
 
 bziid-pa, resp. to go away, to depart, 
 B. frq. ; par bzud pray, go away ! 
 (opp. to fsur-byon). 
 bzun v. zun. 
 
 bzur-ba 1. = yzur-ba, bzdr-ba Cs. 
 - -2. to strain, filter, Sch. 
 * bzus-pa v. zw-6a. 
 
 bzen-ba, pf. and imp. 60/Js 6rZr., 
 resp. for slon-ba, to raise, erect, set 
 up, an image, temple ; to manufacture, com- 
 pose, sacred things, e.g. pictures, books; to 
 draw up, frame, write, print, or cause it to 
 be done; to found, endow, give, books to 
 monasteries etc. 
 
 bzens-pa 1. pf. (Abzeii-ba. '2. 
 resp. for Idn-ba to rise, get up, 
 intrs. to bzen-ba; also with ydr^-la) Glr.; 
 *nyi-rdn zdns(-sa*} W. are you risen? 
 *zan(ij* please to get up! 
 
 bzed-pa I. vb., resp. for O dod-pa, 
 to Wish, desire, rgydl-po yzigs bzed- 
 dam does your Reverence wish to see the 
 king ? Dzl.; rgydl-po ndn-du Jbyon-par bzed- 
 pa-la as the king wished to enter Glr.', rta 
 mi bzed-na if your Reverence does not wish 
 to have the horse Mil.', in science: to accept, 
 mKdn-pa pyi-ma-dag mi bzed-^pa legs it is 
 well that learned men of later times do not 
 accept it, approve of it Gram.; to assert, 
 maintain, so-soi bzed-fsul mdn-na yah al- 
 though many different propositions are to 
 be met with Wdk. ; snd - mas bzed earlier 
 writers are of opinion, insist on G~ram.\ of 
 letters : ga- pul bzed certain letters require 
 
 S] for a prefix Zam. II. supposition, view, 
 opinion Tar. 113, 21. bzed-don resp. wish. 
 desire Cs., bzed - don O grub it happens ac- 
 cording to one's wish, as one could wish Cs. 
 S_.... bzes-pa I. vb., resp. for len-pa to 
 take, receive, accept; to seize, con- 
 fiscate, B., C. ( W. *ndm-ce* synon.) ; fcdb-tu 
 bzes-pa and zdl-gyis bzes-pa v. Kab and zal] 
 esp. at meals, to take, to eat, ji bzed-pa bzes 
 siy Dzl. please take -whatever you like, bzes- 
 na if he would take it, if it should be to his 
 liking Mil.; instead of Ion-pa in: dgun-lo 
 bcu-ynyis bzes-pa he got twelve years old. 
 II. sbst. food, meat, bzes-pa O dren-pa to 
 offer, to serve up meat Mil., Pth. Comp. 
 *ze-c]ho* C. food, sweet-meats (cf. gro} bzes- 
 fdn food (?) Sch. *ze-clhun* (?) Ts. beer. 
 
 *ze-bhdg*C. bread *ze-rdg*W. brandy. 
 
 *ze-hor* 6'., hookah, oriental tobacco-pipe, 
 the smoke of which passes through water. 
 
 qjrq- bzd-ba, bzds-pa to milk. 
 
 bzog-pa v. jog-pa. 
 bzogs = fzogs. 
 * bzon = fzon. 
 
 on-pa) 
 
 vehiculum, riding - beast, carriage, 
 vehicle; bzon-pa som-pa to order the horses 
 to be put to Dzl.', bzon-pas O bros-pa to take 
 to flight in a vehicle or on horseback Dzl.', 
 mi-srun bzon-pa a not gentle riding-beast S.g. 
 bzon-ma milking COWt's ,bzon-pyugs 
 milking cattle Glr. 
 
 za 1. the letter z, originally, and in the 
 frontier -provinces to the present-day, 
 sounding like the English z, in C. differing 
 from ^j, s, only by the following vowel be- 
 ing deep-toned. 2. numer. figure: 22, 
 
 3* 3$f za > zas i Ld" an J tDm g small, neat, 
 elegant, of a miniature size, /--"'/ 
 za zig* a little book, pocket-edition, "nod- 
 cad za 
 a drop of beer.-
 
 485 
 
 3" zu-a 
 
 zah-zin 
 
 g. zwa, nettle, stinging nettle, gen. zwa- 
 4 fsod, being, when young, catenas greens 
 (v. fs6d-ma);ziva(i)-pyi(niQ), ' a-ya-zwa-fs6d, 
 Wdit., blind or dead nettle; zwa-lcag scourge 
 made of stinging nettles, zwa-lcdg brgydb- 
 pa to flog with it 6s.; zwa-ber, the smart 
 produced by the stinging of nettles 6s.; zwa- 
 Jbrum Wdn. (?). 
 
 za-Ku Med., e.g. bad-kan za-fcur ^gyur 
 Mng. prob. the same word which /ScA. 
 spells za-gu, explaining it by gonorrhoea, 
 morbid discharge of seminal fluid, semen 
 pruriens. 
 
 ^q- za-ba, bza-ba I. vb.,perf. 20s, bzas, fut. 
 tea, imp. zo, zos (C.*ze*} l.to eat, both 
 of men and animals, zd-bya, zd-rgyu what 
 may or must be eaten, za-cig-pa Dzl. (perh. 
 better bza-ycig-pa) one that takes only one 
 meal a day, or perh. : one that takes a so- 
 litary meal; zos-pas having eaten Dzl.] zos- 
 pai ^og-tu after he had eaten Dzl. ; zos- groys 
 'immediately after dinner' (??) Sch.', ma- 
 lus-par zd-ba Dzl., *ddg-mo za-ce* W., to 
 eat up, consume, to clear the plate, the 
 manger; bzd-^ru run-ba or mi-ruh-ba what 
 may or may not be eaten; Dzl. ?(B, 16 has 
 also a supine zos-su : bu zos-su ^on she will 
 even be constrained to eat her own young 
 (s.l. c.); zim-du zo Zam. may you enjoy 
 your dinner! ni f.; zd-Kar at dinner-time 
 Sch.', za-zd-ba 'to eat often, to be a glutton 1 
 6s. 2. to live upon, to live by, gla zd-ba to 
 gain one's subsistence as a day - labourer Zte/. 
 - 3. to itch, za O prug-pa v. O pi-ug-pa. 
 4. fig. for to Steal, *kun-ma, gon-mo zos son* 
 Ld., a thief, a witch, has made away with it. 
 5. fig. of affections of the mind : to en- 
 tertain, to give way to, Kon-Kro, tsig-pa, te- 
 fsom zd-ba to give way to resentment, anger, 
 doubts. II. sbst, food, meat, victuals, za 
 cu zim good, eating and drinking Mil. ; *zd- 
 ce zd-ce, co-ce* W. to eat food, to prepare 
 food. za-rkon v. rkoh. za-Kan dining- 
 room; eating-house, cook's shop 6'. za- 
 f> ; u v. the preceding article. zd - mKan 
 one that is eating, .an eater. *za-cog* W. 
 what may be eaten, *za-mi-c6g* what may 
 not be eaten. *za-fitr* 6V chop-sticks. 
 
 zd - ma food, victuals, zd - ma mi ster run 
 though you do not give me any food Mil. 
 
 za-yon meat-offering to saints etc. Mil. 
 
 For more refer to bza. 
 
 3*3T za ~ ma 1- v - above. 2. also zd-ma- 
 tog Ssk. cfr^ii^, basket, in Tibetan only 
 fig., mostly as a title of books, but also used 
 in connection with mysticism. 
 
 za-zi trouble, noise 6s., troublesome 
 chatting >'//.: troubled, bewildered, per- 
 plexed Schr.; in the passage rmi-lam za-zi 
 man Med. it seems to signify troubled dreams. 
 
 T za-zom a fine cotton fabric Sch. 
 
 zd-ra ? *zd-ra pi-mo* W. the later part 
 of the afternoon, v. rdzd-ra. 
 
 '^ zd-ru v. yzdr-bu. 
 
 za-^6g heavy silk cloth, za-^og-gi gos 
 a garment made of it Glr.; za-^og 
 dgu brtsegs Kri a seat formed of nine silk 
 quilts. za-bdb id. 
 
 a'Kr* za-hor n. of a town or district, ace. 
 ' to Cs. in Bengal, ace. to Pth. in the 
 north-west of India, by the statements of 
 Lamas the present Mandi. a small princi- 
 pality under British protection, in the Pun- 
 jab, between the rivers Byiis and Ravi, where 
 there is a sacred lake, celebrated as a place 
 of pilgrimage, from which the Brahmins 
 residing there derive a considerable income. 
 zdg-pa 1. sometimes for yzdg-pa, 
 from O dzdgs-pa. 2. sbst., Ssk. 
 misery, affliction, sorrow, esp. as a con- 
 sequence of sin, hence frq. = sin, zdg^pa 
 zad the woe of this world is over, frq.; zdg- 
 pa-med-pai las works spotless or without 
 sin Thgy.; zag-med-kyi bde-ba untroubled 
 happiness Glr. ; zag-bcds burdened with mi- 
 sery and sin, zag-bcds-kyi las ysum the 
 three sinful works Thgy. ; zag-bcas-kyi miion 
 (-par)-ses(-pa) Glr. and Thgr.? 
 
 3C" zan? Sch.: zan-fdl-du penetrating. 
 
 gr*3r* zan-zdn 1. v. dmdr-po extr. 2. 
 
 also zan-zin, zin-ziti, yzin-ba, v. 
 O dzins-pa', W. also: muddled, rather tipsy. 
 3-- zan-zih 1. sbst. matter, object, goods. 
 
 = rdzas, zan-zin cvn-zad tsdm-gyi
 
 486 
 
 zdr-bn 
 
 pyir even for the most trifling matter Sty.; 
 ]'yi-rol-gyi zan-zin external goods, earthly 
 possessions, (opp.to internal, spiritual gifts) 
 Dzl. ; also zan-zin by itself: what is earthly, 
 pertaining to this world Mil. 2. adj. Con- 
 fused in mind, stupefied Sch., v. the preceding 
 article. 
 
 3C^T zans 1 ' c PP er > yser-zans gilt copper, 
 zdns-kyi btsa prob. verdigris. 2. 
 kettle B., C., v. p'an-dil; zdns-su skol-ba to 
 boil in a kettle Dzl.; zar'ts /,'ol-pa a boiling 
 kettle Dzl.', Jcdr-zans bronze or brass kettle, 
 Icaas-zans iron kettle. zans-rkydn cop- 
 per can or jug. zans-skyogs copper ladle. 
 
 zans- cm a large, zans-cuii a small kettle. 
 
 zans-tig a small species of gentian. 
 zans-tib copper tea-pot *zdn-ton-sd !f W. 
 copper-mine. zans-fdl copper slacks Glr. 
 
 zans-mdog copper colour. zans-sder 
 copper plate or dish Sch. zans-snod cop- 
 per vessel. *zdn-bu* C., W., = zans 2; 
 *zdn-bu ce cun nyi'~~ two copper kettles, a 
 large one and a little one. zdns-ma = 
 zdns-bu? Mng. zdns-yya Cs.: 'copper- 
 green 1 , prob. verdigris. zdns-sa copper- 
 ore Cs. 
 
 gE^rrm^; zdns-dkar south-western pro- 
 vince of Ladak, zdns-dkar-pa, 
 -ma man or woman of that province. 
 
 3^'CJ* zdd-pa v. O dzdd-pa. 
 
 a^ zan, C. *zeri f , I. resp. bsdn-ma, also 
 ^ Kam-zdn Mil. \. pap, porridge, of flour 
 and water, thick, boiled or not boiled, warm 
 or cold, also called bdg-zan, esp. as dough 
 for baking; in C, porridge is gen. made of 
 rtsdm-pa, and if possible of tea; Jbrds-zan 
 rice-p., ^o-zan, milk-p.; porridge being the 
 daily food, as bread is with us, the word is 
 used also 2. for food in gen : zan zd-ba to 
 take food, to eat, bdag dan zan mi zd-na 
 if you will not eat with me Dzl.; zan-drdn 
 cold, zan-dron warm food, zan-can meat 
 and drink, S.g. ; zan btsos-pa boiled food ; 
 *zan-kon* dearth W. ; zan zos 1 . he was eat- 
 ing porridge. 2. as one word : Bal. wife, cf. 
 fea;fig. Ikog-zdn zd-ba to take unlawful inter- 
 est Sch. 3. fodder, provender, v. bzan. 
 
 II. inst. of za eater, as second part of a 
 compound: sa-zdn meat-eater; carnivorous 
 animal Glr.; nya-zdn fish-eater, ichthyo- 
 phagist; pag-zen pork-eater. 
 
 jSBj'^f zdn-po v. yzdn-po. 
 
 :w zab silk, fine or heavy silk, v. dar-zdb', 
 zab-cen costly silk cloth Sch. ; zab-skud 
 Lt.^Mil. silk-cord; zab- bol silk covering for 
 a seat, bolster Pth. 
 
 zdb-pa, vb., adj. and sbst , to be deep, 
 deep, depth, zdb-po,geo. zdb-mo,a,dj., 
 deep, frq. ; often fig., blo-zdb Cs.: a pro- 
 found mind or understanding ; zab-zdb bt/as 
 kyan zdb-mo ran mi O dug although people 
 call it deep, it is not deep Sch.; zab-ldm, 
 zdb-moi sgom-Krid a term of Buddhist mys- 
 ticism, doctrine of witchcraft, = dbu-mai 
 lam, or pydg-ryya cen-po. 2a6-%dddepth, 
 = zabs, Dzl, Mil. 
 
 za ^ s depth, zdbs-su O dom bcui don a 
 pit ten fathoms in depth. 
 zdm-pa bridge, grii-zam bridge of 
 boats 6s.; Icdgs - zam iron bridge, 
 wire-bridge; Icug-zam suspension-bridge, 
 by means of cables of twisted birch-tree 
 branches; O dren-zam draw-bridge Cs.; rdo- 
 zam 1. stone-bridge. 2. natural rock-bridge; 
 rtswd-zam common expression for Icvg-zam 
 and fsdr-zam; the latter: suspension-bridge 
 by cables formed of thin split cane ; sin-zam 
 wooden bridge ; zdm-pa O dzugs-pa to throw 
 a bridge Cs.; zdm-pai kd-ba or rkdn-pa 
 the piers or foundations, span-leb, span-sgo 
 the boards or planks, mda-ydb or lag-rten 
 parapet, yzu-fog arch, zam-ydun beam of a 
 bridge, Cs.; zam-cen a large bridge, zam- 
 cun a little one Cs., zdm-bu id. 
 g^' zar 1- supine of zd-ba; zar jug-pa to 
 give to eat. 2. pitch-fork, for shaking 
 up the corn, hay-fork, dung-fork; forks at 
 dinner are not yet used in Tibet, spoons 
 and knives, and in Lhasa chop-sticks, an- 
 swering their end sufficiently. 
 
 zar-bdbs Sch.: tassel; ace. to our 
 authorities: gold-brocade. 
 
 zdr-bu Glr., Mil. seems to be tassel.
 
 487 
 
 zim-bu 
 
 j. zar-ma DzL, Med. sesame-seed ; zar- 
 mai me-tog flower of sesame, Sch. ; 
 zar-ma-cu is mentioned in Pth. as Aphro- 
 disiacum; yet zar-mai ras is stated to be a 
 fabric, manufactured from zwa-fsod, muslin? 
 apr zal Ld. a small and uninhabited river- 
 island. 
 
 zdl-mo 1. young cow, heifer, Q bri-zdl 
 yak-heifer. 2. a fabulous bird Sch. 
 a^t- zas food, nourishment, for men and ani- 
 mals, also in a wider fig. sense; zas- 
 bcdd smyim-ynas fasting, abstaining from 
 or withholding food Lex. ; zas - bzdn(j-po) 
 1. dainty food DzL 2. nourishing fare, Wdn., 
 zas -nan (-pa) the contrary; zas-ni as to 
 diet . . . Med.] zds-su ci za what does it feed 
 011? DzL] zds-suL'rag Q fuii-ba to drink blood 
 for nourishment Do.; zas O fsol-ba to seek to 
 obtain a livelihood Ma. ; O fso-ba zas, Mil. 
 a pleon. expression = zas; Ka-zds (resp. zal- 
 zas B. } sol-wa col.) food, meat, for human 
 beings; dkdr-zas v. dkdr-ba; dmdr-zas Sch. : 
 'festival dishes', perh. more corr. flesh-meat, 
 animal food? gro-zas Sch.: 'dry traveller's 
 fare'; pan - zas, wholesome nutritive food 
 Med.- 
 
 Comp. *ze-kon* C. dearth, scarcity. 
 zas-skom meat and drink, solid and liquid 
 food Med.] zas -can, id., as travelling- 
 provisions Glr. zas-spyod food and ex- 
 ercise, diet, in a wider sense Med. zas- 
 fsod the due measure of food, zas-fsod ma 
 zin the portion or share was not full, it was 
 not the full allowance, S.y. zas-ytsdn- 
 ma (clean food), n.p. j^^q, the father 
 of Buddha; bdud-rtsi-zas, bre-bo-zas, zas- 
 dkdr the names of his three brothers, zas- 
 ftsan-srds appellation of Buddha himself. 
 H zi, I. num. figure: 52. II.T'F. 1. some- 
 thing of a very small size or quantity,*;?/ 
 yan mi dug* not an atom is left, *zi-med- 
 Kan co* eat it up to the last crumb! *me-zi* 
 a spark in the ashes ever so small. 2. the 
 black mark in a target, (cf. za~). 
 
 zi-nil v. zi-lin. 
 
 zi-ba v. 
 
 yz- 
 
 -|- zi-ma, Sch.: green slime on standing 
 water, zi-ma-can what is covered with 
 such a slime. 
 
 -^. zi-ra, Ssk. and Hindi gft^, the Asiatic 
 caraway, Cuminum Cyminum, export- 
 ed from Tibet to India, of a powerful aroma, 
 which to the taste of Europeans is often 
 disagreeable; two kinds are distinguished, 
 zi-ra dkdr-po, and ndg-po. 
 3'^-^- zi-ri-ri the humming of bees, the 
 singing of a kettle W. 
 
 3*^* zi-ru col. for yzer-bu. 
 
 ' zi-lin I. also *zi-nil, zi-lon* W. noise, 
 
 bustle, tumult. - 
 II. from the Chinese 1. also zi-lim, zi- 
 Idn a composition metal, similar to German 
 silver, zi-lin-pan-tse or ban-tse C. a basin of 
 that metal. 2. n. p., province, adjoining 
 the Kokonor, zi-lin-ja tea from thence. 
 
 zin-zin v. zan-zin. 
 
 zin-rel W., prob. for O dzin-sbrel, 
 with *c6-ce*, to prepare for battle, 
 or to begin fighting. 
 
 HT-^ zin-pa 1. v. O dzin-pa. 2. = O dzdd- 
 pa, esp. in the pf. tense, to draw near 
 to an end, to be at an end, to be finished, 
 exhausted, consumed; zin-pai puh-po the 
 perishable, mortal body Thgy.; to be finish- 
 ed, terminated, nam yan mi zin-to DzL it 
 will never be finished ; to finish, to get done 
 with, building a wall Glr., *zin cug-ce* W. 
 id. ; O fun ma zin dogs-pas fearing not to 
 be able to drink it all Glr.; rtse-ba zin-pas 
 as the playing has ceased, or, as he has 
 done playing DzL ] zin(-pd) med(-pai) las 
 endless working, unceasing labour Mil.] 
 hence = fsdr-ba, to denote an action that 
 is perfectly past, esp. in B., pru-gu skyes-su 
 zin kyan although the child is already born 
 Do. ; yson-poi tse-na ^ii-cag-gis de spyad zin 
 we had enjoyed it during our life-time; zin- 
 bris Cs. : l. abridgment, general view, synopsis. 
 2. lecture, so Schf. Tar. 210, 22. 3. receipt, 
 quittance; bond (of obligation), bill of debt. 
 zim-bu fine, thin, slender, car zim-bu 
 mi drdg-po zig bab a fine, drizzling
 
 488 
 
 zfr-ba 
 
 rain was falling DzL, Mil.', car zim-zim 
 ddl-gyis bdb-pa Mil., id.; zim-zim or zin- 
 zin fine, hair-shaped, capillary, e.g. the leaves 
 of some plants. 
 
 zir-ba, (j-zir-ba?} , gen. *zir tdn-ce* 
 W., to aim, zir-po, zir-can a good 
 aimer, marksman W.; zir-sa aim, dispart. 
 *ne-zir* sight (of a gun) W. 
 =;^-r zir-mo, * zir-mo gyun-ce* W. to slide 
 down a snow-hill on the coat spread 
 under, a winter-diversion of children. 
 q. zil 1. (Cs. zil-ma), brightness, splendour, 
 brilliancy, glory, rje-btsun-gyi fugs-rjei 
 zil ma bzod-par not being able to bear the 
 brightness of his Reverence's grace, (the 
 adversary fell down the mountain) Mil. ; 
 zil-can brilliant, resplendent; zil-yyis non^pa 
 to overcome, vanquish, Hoi zil-gyis non-te 
 overpowered by him Pth.', zil-bar ^gro-ba 
 to increase, multiply, spread Sch. 2. in 
 botany : ston-zil, Corydalis meifolia ; ?ser-zil, 
 dnul-zil? S.g. 
 
 " zil-dndr v. dnar. 
 
 z rt P a dew, ztt-p a Krom-me a spark- 
 ling dew-drop Pth.', zil dkdr hoar- 
 frost<Sc'A.; zil-mnar Cs. = mdud-rtsi nectar. 
 
 zil-bun-pa a slight shuddering 
 
 from fear. 
 
 * zu, num. figure: 82. 
 
 aqr zug 1. also yzug, pain, torment, phy- 
 ' sical and mental; distemper, illness, 
 complaint, esp. W. *zug rag* I feel a pain, 
 I am ill, * go-la zug rdg-ga* have you the 
 head -ache? *zug co dug* he is ill, he is 
 suffering from pain ; *so-zug* toothache; zug- 
 rnu, zug-yzer, res p. snyun or snyuh-zug, 
 B. and col. = zug , mya-ndn-gyi zug-rnus 
 sdug-bsnal-zin weighed down by the grief 
 of misery, nyon-mons-kyi zug-rnu Mil., of 
 the like import. 2. also yzug, the prin- 
 cipal or main pieces in cutting up an ani- 
 mal, quarters, ziig-tu O prdl-ba to cut into 
 such pieces Mil. ; 1 zug = 3 Ihu = 6 dum = 
 12 rgya-ri. 3. v. tsug. 
 
 ,=FT^* zug-rnu v. zug 1 . 
 ^ 
 
 y b- 1. v. O dzugs-pa. 2. 
 to bark Dzl. 
 II. sbst. building, erection, *zug-pa gydb- 
 pa* Ts. to build (cf. O dzugs-pa 3). 
 =r w zun 1. earlier literat. and W. a pair, 
 couple, zirh-du ma mcis not occurring 
 in pairs Wdh.; *cd-bu zun eig*, Ld. a pair 
 of pendants (for the ears) ; nyi-zld zun yciq 
 bfson-du bzun sun and moon are both shut 
 up (covered by clouds) Mil. ; zun-mcog the 
 model-pair, the two principal disciples of 
 Buddha, Sariibu and Maudgalgyibu, Kopp. 
 I, 101 ; zun-lddn agreeing in sound, rhyming 
 Cs.; zuii-Jbrel connection, junction, union, zuh- 
 Jbrel O dod-na if one wishes both things to 
 be united Grlr. ; zun-brel-du one after the 
 other, or one with the other Pth. ; zun sdebs- 
 pa to join, connect, unite Mil.', zuh-yd one 
 half of a pair, a single one, e.g. shoe etc. 
 Cs. 2. a single, separate piece C. and 
 sometimes in later literat. ; Ka-drod zuii cig 
 a bit or mouthful of food Thgy.', fsar re 
 zun re bltds-pas when he had seen a single 
 piece but once, (he knew it immediately) 
 Tar. 3. symb. num.: 2; zun-pyogs id. 
 zun-jiig a technical term, of practical 
 mysticism, the forcing the mind (sems) into 
 the principal artery, in order to prevent 
 distraction (of mind) (!) Mil. (v. ytum-mo). 
 
 " zun-mKdr n. of a royal castle Glr. 
 
 zun-ba v. O dzin-pa. 
 
 zuns v. yzuns. 
 
 sn'rr zub-pa inst. of bsubs-pa, pf. of sub- 
 " pa Glr. 
 
 zum ' J P a 1 v - O dzum-pa. 2. W. for 
 bzun-ba, v. O dzin-pa ; hence zum-kdb 
 pin, brooch. 
 
 =^- zur 1. edge, gad-zur edge of a steep 
 
 river- bank or precipice consisting of 
 
 conglomerate Cs.; cu-zur edge of the water, 
 
 border, brink, bank, cu-zur-pa one that 
 
 lives on the bank of a river; zur-na at 
 
 the border (of the place where one happens 
 
 to be) Mil. *zin-zur-ne lam yod* W. the 
 
 road leads along the field ; board, of a ship. 
 
 - 2. edge, corner, Kd-ba zur-brgydd-pa
 
 zer-ba 
 
 octangular pillar Stg., (v. zur-can and zul- 
 ma below); zur bzi the four corners Sch. 
 
 3. side, * zur-du (or loy-su) zag-pa* C. 
 to lay aside; zur(-du) bkul-ba Lex., Sch.: 
 to lay up, put by, spare, save; zur-du Jcrid- 
 pa to take aside, apart, for a private con- 
 versation ; so also zur pyin-pa Stg. ; zur- 
 du, zur-gyis B , *zitr-na* W., indirectly, by 
 the way, by the by, incidentally, zur-du smrd- 
 ba to speak indirectly, by hints 6s.; zur- 
 gyis mfson-pa Tar. to note, point out only 
 by hints or insinuations Schf.; hence perh. 
 fsig zur invective speech, *fsig-zur ma zer* 
 W. no invectives! don't be personal! zur 
 
 zd-ba is prob. the same, where Sch. has: 
 to address harshly; *zur-ne Idb-ce* W. to 
 learn or study privately (out of school-time, 
 or, not with the appointed master); zur 
 bzugs-pa Cs. (prob. for zur-du) to lead a 
 private life (cf. zur-pa); zur mig ltd-baio 
 look sideways, askance, to leer, squint Sch. 
 
 4. outline, tfyod dan zur O dra team yah 
 sa sten med none on earth is like you, or 
 can be compared to you, even in a general 
 outline Pfh. ; O di - dag zur team bsdu - ba 
 yin-gyis this is merely a brief outline, ex- 
 tract, sketch Glr. and elsewh., frq., also 
 zur team yin-gyis Glr. 
 
 Comp. zur-bkod, zur- debs, Sch.: 'founded 
 for a special purpose'. zur-can cornered, 
 angular, yi-ge Glr. p. 31, a sort of type or 
 printing-letter, = klui yi-ge, v. also no. 2 
 above. zur-cdg Sch.: prop., having a 
 broken edge, damaged by being knocked 
 about; gen. fig., of words and grammatical 
 forms : faulty, corrupted, misap plied ; Lis. and 
 elsewh., Ssk. ^T^IT- tne most vitiated Pra- 
 krit-dialect Was. (267). zur- debs = zur- 
 bkdd-zur-nor private goods C's. zur-pa 
 one out of office, a private individual C's. 
 - zur-ma = zur prov. zur-ysos educated 
 by strangers Sch. 
 
 zur-mo pain, = zug, vulg. 
 
 zur-pud Glr. hair-knot, dressed hair 
 
 Sch. 
 
 zu l~ ma W. cornered, angular, = zur- 
 can', *pe'-zul* lotus-edged, of bowls, 
 
 dishes, plates, that are of a polygonal or 
 radiated shape. 
 
 3" zf I. num. figure: 112. 
 
 II., also ze-ba B., W., ze-a Cs. 1. hump 
 of a camel, zebu etc. Cs. 2. crest, of birds, 
 dragons etc. Glr., S.g.', also ze-prog Lex. 
 ze-fcaC's.: 1. 'hump. 2. decorated pad or 
 cushion'. ze-rnog Cs. = ze-ba. ze- bru, 
 zeu- bruGlr., Mng. the anthers of a no\v.-r. 
 ze-bug W. the maw or fourth stomach 
 of ruminating animals. 
 
 ze-ma W. elastic spring. 
 
 3'<35* z ^~^ swa saltpetre S.g.', ze-fstva-can 
 * containing saltpetre, nitrous; ze-fsai 
 skyur-rtei nitric acid Cs. 
 
 a*Tpr$r zegs-ma impurity, smut, dirt Sch. 
 
 ^j-- zeh, fu-ba yyds-zeh yyon-zen byds-pa 
 the skirts of the coat on the right and 
 left side folded back, tucked up Mil. 
 ^r- zed I. sbst. 1 . brush, pag-zed brush of 
 ' hog's bristles; byab-zed clothes-brush, 
 dust-brush 6s.; so-zed tooth-brush 6s. 
 2. edge 6'. - II. adj Sch.: 'broken off, da- 
 maged, injured; zed-lans chink, crack, rent; 
 zed- dug-pa to crumble at the top' (?). 
 :|5j- zem I. cask, barrel, tun, often sonsisting 
 merely of an excavated piece of a wil- 
 low-tree, the Tibetans knowing but little of 
 coopery C., W. 2. box, chest W. zem- 
 sin the body or wood of a vessel, zem-mfil 
 the bottom of a vessel 6s. 
 :|s^ zer 1. v. yzer. 2. talk, cf. brjod. - 
 3. n of a small animal Med. 
 zer-ba 1. (seldom O dzer-ba) to say, 
 esp. later literat. and vulg ; Kyod zer- 
 ba bden-no you say rightly Dzl. (where at 
 other times always smra-ba is used inst. of 
 it); he he zer bgdd-pas they laughed he, he! 
 Glr. <;os dar zer rgyai yig-fsaii-na O dug then 
 the doctrine was diffused, say the Chinese 
 records Glr.', after words quoted: ...zer- 
 bar O dug-pas thus having been spoken, 
 read, heard Glr.; 'yin' zer bsnyon by as -so 
 saying 'it is he', she told a lie Glr., and so 
 frq. zer, where in earlier literat. zes is used; 
 zer-na 1 . if one says, esp. for the older ze-
 
 490 
 
 zel-ma 
 
 I" zld-ba 
 
 na, frq. 2. if I may say so, so to speak, as it 
 were; *di-la cizer* what is this called? frq., 
 also without la; to make a noise, e.g. *sag 
 sag zer-wa :f C. to foaru with a hissing noise, 
 to sparkle, of wine, beer; zer-mkan \. he 
 that is saying. 2. W., said, called, mentioned, 
 esp. for the older zes byd-ba. *zer-ke'* C. 
 rumour, report. *zer-pog-can* W. speak- 
 ing in an uncivil or offensive manner. 
 zer-ri C. rumour. 2 to drive in, nails, v. 
 yzer-ba. 
 
 zel-ma small chip, siii-zel wood-shav- 
 
 ings W. 
 
 9' zo I. num. figure: 142. 
 
 II. imp. of zd-ba. 
 
 III. sbst. resp. sku-zo, = lus-kyi /cams 
 physical constitution, sku-zo mdog legs-la as 
 the appearance of your majesty's bodily 
 constitution is so excellent Glr.; zo bzdn-ba 
 a good complexion Cs. 2. figure, deli- 
 neation, representation, perh. better to be spelt 
 bzo (?) 3. mould, zo-cdgs showing mouldy 
 spots Sch. (?) ; zo-mdr old, mouldy butter, 
 so prob. S.g.; zo-sa Lt. mouldy meat 
 
 zo-ba 1. sbst., pail, bucket, sin-zo 
 wooden pail, cu-zo water -pail. 2. 
 vb. v. bzo-ba. 
 
 zog 1 . deceit, fraud, falsehood (Lex. = 
 rdzub\ zoo-can 1. lying, deceitful; liar 
 W. 2. adulterate, counterfeit W.- zog-lddn, 
 zog-po Cs. id., zog-med the opp. ; sgyu-zog 
 (religious) hypocrisy Pth. ; cos-zog priestcraft 
 Mil.; *zol-zog* = zog W. 2. vulg. pronun- 
 ciation in C. and W., inst. of the following. 
 |g- zon (vulgo zog} 1. ware, merchandise, 
 goods, zon - min - smdr not goods but 
 ready money Lex.', rgydgs-zon goods taken 
 by travellers along with them to be bart- 
 ered for provisions; smdn-zoh drugs; fsoii- 
 zon merchandise Cs.; zon -rnams rndm-pa 
 sna-fsogs goods of all kinds; *zog-gi ddg- 
 po* Ts. owner of the .goods, master of the 
 estate, heir, = nor-bdag. 2. Sch. worth, 
 price(?). 3. Sch. doubt(?). - 4. Sch. lie(?). 
 =& ~on attention, heed, care, gen. zon byed- 
 ' pa, to pay attention, to take heed, to 
 beware, dgrd-la of an enemy Pth.; also c. 
 
 accus. Mil. ; zon sdig-pa spon mi ses seems 
 to mean: not knowing the attention needful 
 for renouncing sin Thgy.\ zon-med heedless; 
 zon -grabs provision, precaution, preventive 
 measure Sch. 
 ^q. zon -pa Ts., stuff- or woolen shoes; 
 
 *bob-zf>n* id., covered with leather. 
 jgj. zob Ts, *zob-zob)M-pa* to shake tho- 
 roughly, - O dzol-ba. 
 
 ^r zotn 1 point, top, rdo-rjei of the dor-je 
 Dom ; summit, of the Rirab and some 
 other mountains S.O. and elsewh.; zom-K6g 
 dull, simple, stupid, Sch. 2. cave Sch.,' 
 brag-zdm rock- cavern. 
 ^x- zor, 1. sup. of zo-ba, bzo-ba Sch. 
 2. sbst. the weapons employed in com- 
 bating the evil spirits in the yto'r-ma, such 
 as kuife, sword, sling, bow and arrows etc.; 
 zor-Ka the fore- or front-part, the edge, of 
 the weapons directed against the demons, 
 zw-Ka O pen-pa Cs.: to fling those weapons 
 a gainst the spirits. 
 
 zor-ba sickle, zdr-bas rt'td-ba Mil., 
 ycod-pa Cs. to cut with a sickle, zor- 
 Ice sickle-blade; zor-cuii small, zor-cen large 
 sickle, scythe, though in Tibet as yet hardly 
 known; zor-rtul blunt, dull, zor-mon sharp 
 sickle; zor-bn = zor-cuii. 
 
 * zor-ydn Sch. : small, short ('?). 
 
 zol-fso v. Jzdl-ba. 
 
 ~ol-zog deceit, fraud, imposture, false- 
 hood, zol-zog byed-pa, W. *co-ce*, 
 to deceive, impose on, e.g in traffic Thgy., 
 zol-zog- can deceitful, fraudulent, zol(-zog}- 
 med without deceit, free from guile, artless 
 Mil. 
 
 zos v. zd-ba. 
 
 zla 1. for zld-ba. 2. for zld-bo. 
 
 zld-ba I. sbst. 1. prov. zla, moon, frq.; 
 
 mJcai zla - ba celestial moon Lejc., to 
 distinguish it from 2. dus-kyi zld-ba tem- 
 poral moon or month, zld-ba ycig, B , W., 
 *da cig* C., one month; * zld-ba ma Kor 
 soy* come before the end of the month Sch.; 
 zld-ba fsdn-du nye-bas towards the expi-
 
 491 
 
 ration of the months (of pregnancy) Dzl. ; 
 zla-dus fern- pa dan at the expiration of 
 those months Glr ; cf. also no 5. 3. symb. 
 num : 1. Combinations and comp. zld-bai 
 dkyil-Jcor, zla-dkyil, *da Kyir-mo* W. disk 
 of the moon; *da gan son* W. the moon is 
 full: *da gan-po or son-te* W. zld-ba rgyds- 
 pa Pth., nya-rgyds zld-ba Pth. full moon; 
 nya day of full moon; zla(-bd) Kdm^-pa), 
 zla-gdm, W. *da-ped* half moon, i.e. the 
 first and last quarter ; semicircle, zld-ba Kdm- 
 pa ltd-bur bzdg-go they are placed round in 
 a semicircle Do. ; dbyibs zla-gdm ltd-bur yod 
 it is semicircular in shape Glr.; zld-bai no 
 v. no\ zla-feb = zla-sol', zla-ndg new moon 
 Sch. (?); zla-pogs monthly wages; zla-tses 
 1. = zld-ba fses-pa, fses-ysum-zld-ba Mil. 
 the moon on the first two or three evenings 
 of her being visible; crescent, zla-fses Itd- 
 bu in the shape of a crescent, S.g.; it is also 
 used as an image of speedy decay. 2. date 
 Schr. (?) zla-mfsdn the monthly courses ; 
 also the discharges of them, zla-mfsdn O dzag 
 the catamenial discharges flow C's. ; zla- 
 mf sun-can Stg., zla-mfsdn dan Iddn-pa S g. 
 having the monthly courses; zla(-ba)-s6L 
 -M, -feb, zla-lhdg, W. *da-tul* intercalary 
 month; the separate months of the year are 
 usually counted from zld-ba dd/t-po to bcu- 
 ynyis-pa, yet there are also particular names 
 for them, viz. ace. to 6s.: 
 
 1 . O brug-zla, cui zld-ba, rtd-pa zld-ba, 
 
 2. sbrul-zla, Krd-zla, dbo-zla, 
 
 3. rta(i) zla^-bd), ndg-zla, 
 
 4. liig-zla, sd-ga-zla-ba, 
 
 5. spre-zla, snron-zla, 
 
 6. byd-zla, cu-snod-zla-ba, 
 
 7. Kyi-zla, gro-bzin-zla-ba, 
 
 8. pdg-zla, krum-zla, 
 
 9. byi-zla, fa-skdr-zld-ba, 
 
 10. glait-zla, smin drug-zla-ba, 
 
 11. stdg-zla, mgo-zla, 
 
 12. y'lS-zla, rgydl-zla, 
 
 II. vb., also zlo-ba, zlos-pa, pf. bzlas, 
 bzlos, fut. bzlo, imp. zlos, 1 . to say, tell, ex- 
 press, zloam mi zlo shall you tell it or not? 
 
 Pth.; yzdn-la zlo-ba Lex. to tell others; yid- 
 ma-rans-pa-nyid pyir zlos -par byed-pa to 
 express one's dissatisfaction Sta.(?). 2. 
 to murmur or mutter over, to recite softly 
 or quite silently, prayers, spells etc., also 
 zub-bus zld-ba Zam.; yi-ge-dn'tg-pa lan-cig 
 bzlds-pai bsod-nams Glr. the merit of saying 
 once the six-syllable prayer, and as such 
 saying generally is done repeatedly, it is 
 synon with to repeat. 3. to answer, reply 
 C's.; Mil. nif. 4. undoubtedly a less correct 
 spelling for O da-ba (for which reason the 
 secondary forms with o are wanting), to pass. 
 to get beyond, la zld-ba to cross a mountain- 
 pass, ndd-kyi la zld-ba to be past hope of 
 recovery C's. ; also trs., mya-ndn-las zld-ba 
 to deliver from pain, to help to eternal hap- 
 piness. 
 
 zld-bo 1. = grogs, W. *yd-do*, com- 
 panion, associate, zld-bo byed-pa to ac- 
 company, attend, assist, rkun-zla a thief s ac- 
 complice Dzl.; O grdn-zla rival, competitor 
 (v. O grdn-pa extr.); ynyen-zla, v. ynyen; 
 bzd-zla spouse, consort (male or female) Lex. 
 srid-zla Mil. partner for life; zla-yzdn 
 a woman whose husband is dead ( l who has 
 eaten him'). 2. friend, acquaintance B. 
 and col. 3. lover, bridegroom; spouse in 
 C. Tozla standing for zld-bo, may be referred 
 zlos-dbye Zam., expl. by ^, pair, couple, 
 combination, viz. of a thing and its reverse, 
 hence zlas-p c ye-ba reverse, contrary, e.g. yod- 
 pai zlas-pye-ba med-pa Sch. 
 
 to give notice, send word, inform 
 
 Sch., prin-yig-gis bzlugs-pa he informed him 
 by a letter Stg., notfrq.; in Lexx. explained 
 by yzdn-la snydd-pa, and go-bar byed ojug- 
 pa. - 
 
 zlum-pa 1 adj., more frq. zlum-po, 
 (= *kor - Mr* C'., *k-yir - k-yir* W.") 
 round, circular, dbyibs\n shaped//-.; roundish, 
 rounded, obtuse, zlum-por rtsig-pa to erect 
 a round, cylindrical wall, e.g. for a monu- 
 ment; clubby, clumsy, e.g. of a short and 
 thick tobacco-pipe; rkdfi-pa zlum-pa club- 
 footed %.; globular, spherical, e.g. cavities 
 in the human body S.g.; dku-zlunt Zam.
 
 492 
 
 zMm-pu-se 
 
 (ace. to the Ssk.) the interior rounding of 
 the abdomen. 2. vb. 1 . to mix together 
 Sch. ; to put together, collect, fsogs merit Lexx. 
 2. for btum-pa Pth. : dge- dun dbu-zlum zabs- 
 rjen clerics with their heads wrapt up and 
 barefooted. 3. for O dum-pa. zlum-ril 
 globular 6s. *zlum-bu : W. host, swarm, 
 troop, crowd. 
 
 j^-.j..^*. zlum-pu-se (or rise?) a mole-like 
 ^ ^ animal Ld. (whether the same as 
 rdza-bra?). 
 
 |pr zti-ba v. zld-ba, II. 
 
 "JSnrzr zlog-pa, pf zloys, fut. bzlog, trs. to 
 ldog-pa, to cause to return: 1. to drive 
 back, repulse, an army Dzl; to dispel, expel, 
 evil spirits Dom.; to send back. 2. in a 
 gen. sense: to send, dispatch, people to fetch 
 something Dzl. frq. 3. to turn off, divert, 
 bsdm-pa-las from an intention Dzl.; with bio 
 to divert the mindfrom, to dismiss athought, 
 to give up, to banish from one's thoughts 
 Thyy., ynyen-gyi yduh-sems zlog dka it is 
 hard to give up the love of kindred alto- 
 gether Mil.; dei fugs slar zlog-tu ysol we 
 beg you to dismiss the thought of it Dzl.; 
 to dissuade from Tar. 40, 5; to avert, injury, 
 evil consequences, frq. ; to prevent, nad-sel 
 the healing of a disease S.g. zlog-tdbs 
 antidote Ma. 4 to subvert, overthrow (?). 
 5. mii no to resist, to be unyielding, uncompli- 
 ant Dzl 
 
 , zlod-gar Stg. 
 a dance, zlos-gar byed- 
 pa to dance, slob-pa to teach or learn dancing; 
 zlos-gar-mKan a dancer. 
 
 zlos-pa v. zld-ba. 
 
 yza I. ifir l. planet, yzabdun the well- 
 known seven heavenly bodies called 
 in ancient times planets, viz. Sun, Moon, 
 Mercury, Yenus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn; 
 sometimes the ascending knot (<TJ) ^ s 
 added to the number, sometimes also the 
 descending knot (%j), and then there are 
 yza brgyad or )-za dgu, eight or nine planets. 
 The former seven denote also the days of 
 the week: yza-nyi-ma Sunday, yza-zld-ba 
 
 yzn-pa 
 
 Monday, yza-mig-dmdr Tuesday, yza-lhdg- 
 ma Wednesday, yza-pur-bu Thursday, yza- 
 pa (or --ica)-sdns Friday, yza-spen-pa Satur- 
 day, and the signs for them in the calendar 
 are ?, ^, $, &, V, \S, ; yzai ynod-pa hurtful 
 influence of the planets. 2. fza-cen-po, 
 and often yza alone, = ra-hu, hence nyi-zla- 
 yzas- dzin or yzas-bzun eclipse of the sun 
 or moon, v. sgra-ycan\ ace. to Pth. every 
 uncommon or alarming sidereal phenomenon 
 seems to be personified as yza. 3. symb. 
 num.: 9. 4. vulgo: rainbow. yza-skdr, 
 1. planets and fixed stars, nyi-zla-yza-skdr 
 the sun, moon, planets, and stars. 2. con- 
 stellation, yza-skar-ndn an adverse confi- 
 guration S.g. yza-Kyim Cs. 'the place', 
 more corr. 'the house' of a planet, the con- 
 stellation in which the planet stands. yza- 
 nddCs. and Schr.: apoplexy; in W. it seems 
 to be used only for epilepsy; yza pog-pa id.; 
 yzd-pog-mkan , yzd-brgyab-pa epileptic. 
 bld-yza, srog-yza, ysed-yza, md-yza grogs- 
 yza, bu-yza, dgrd-yza, klun-si-dar-yza Wdk. 
 and several more, are astrological terms, 
 not to be clearly defined. II. sometimes 
 for bza, q.v. III. W. rubble-stones, bowlders, 
 detritus, yza-ron ravine filled with detritus; 
 a better spelling seems to be rdza. 
 
 1" yzdg pa v. Q fsdg-pa, O dzdg-pa. 
 
 r za 9 8 ~P a * v - yzdbs-pa. 2. to 
 magnify, multiply Sch. 
 yzan 1. v. bzan and yzan-pa; ycan- 
 fzan, q.v. 2. esp. W., commonly 
 yzan-gos plaid, = bla-gos v. bla. jrzan-stdn 
 Zam. id.? rhul-yzdn napkin, nif. Lex. 
 
 yzdn-pa 1. to eat, devour Cs. 2. 
 to gnaw, mostly fig. : fser-ma zdbs- 
 la yzan the thorn hurts, annoys, the foot 
 Mil; of clothes: to wear out 6'.; adj. yzdn- 
 pa and yzdn-po worn-out, threadbare; sems- 
 la yzan it gnaws at the heart Mil., srog-la 
 it preys upon life Mil, *nd-wa-la* C. it 
 deafens the ears, = sun- byin-pa; yzdn-du 
 skyur-ba (lit. to give to devour, e. g. a body 
 to demons), to scorn, slight, despise Mil ; to 
 throw away, squander, waste, lavish, gen. in 
 the forms (cud)-yz6n-pa } ; son-pa, v. cud.
 
 yzdb-pa 
 
 .jT.. yzdb-pal.Cs.'ftetn'jJSch. also 'clear. 
 careful'; bzdb-pa Cs. 'fine, elegant'. 
 
 In books 1 met with neither form ; in col. lan- 
 guage, however, are used: *zdb-mo ;f i. dressed 
 up, smart, = mcor-po. 2. fond of dress, vain. 
 - *zab-ce* W. to dress one's self up. 
 *zdb-gos* W. festival raiment, holiday-clothes 
 (opp. to rgyun-gos). *zab-tod* W., *zab- 
 to'* C. (lit. : sprod) *tan son* he is dressed 
 up, very smart. Sch.: yzdb-yig, 'elegant 
 writing', the Tibetan printed letters, dbu- 
 can. 
 
 II. v. yzobs-pa. 
 
 T yzdb-ma bundle, bunch, of grapes (7. 
 
 yzdbs-pa, also yzdb-pa, yzdgs-pa 
 Lex., imp. yzobs, to use care, di- 
 ligence, lo ycig zas-spyod yzdbs-pas by a 
 careful diet continued for a year Mng. ; to 
 take care, to beware, de-las yzobs beware of 
 it, be on your guard against it Sch. 
 
 y~ar Lex., peg, hook, wooden nail, for 
 hanging up things; yzar-sldit a pan 
 that may be hung up. 
 
 }'zdr-bu (col. zd-ru) ladle, gen. of 
 wood, yzdr-bu O pyar she wields the 
 ladle, she swings it for a blow Mil. ; dgdn- 
 yzar and blugs-yzar two spoons or ladles, 
 with long handles, used at burnt-offerings 
 Schl. 249. 
 
 precipitous, brag mfo-la yzdr-ba-la 
 near a high, precipitous rock Mil. ; ri yzdr- 
 po, brag yzdr-po slope, declivity, of a hill 
 or rock; brag-yyan-yzdr Mng. id.; ri yzdr- 
 <jyi hos steep declivity, cliff Thgy. ; ri-yzar- 
 cu waterfall, cataract Glr.- yzar-Kyom-pa 
 to get dizzy on a steep height Sch. 2. 
 vb. v. O dzdr-ba. 
 
 yzds-pa to be about, to be on the 
 point, to prepare, mcdns-par, bsdd- 
 par yzds-pa-las when he was on the point 
 of leaping, of killing Dzl.\ rko-bar yzds-so 
 he prepared, began, to dig out. 
 cn. yzi 1. shine, brightness, clearness, splen- 
 dour; *fdn-zi* W. looming, mirage. 
 2. n. of a half-precious stone, variously co- 
 
 493 
 
 loured, brown, gray, streaked Glr , Pth. 
 3. v. sub yzir-ba. 4. v. bzi. 
 
 Comp. yzi-can shining, bright, e.g. a 
 star W. yzi-brjid \. brightness, beauty, a 
 fair, healthy co mplexion,= nidans, or joined 
 with it, frq ; majesty, eg. of deities etc. Dzl. 
 2. honour, esteem, celebrity; yzi-brjid-can 
 i. bright, beautiful, majestic. 2. celebrated, 
 famous, distinguished. -- yzi-mddns 1. 
 healthy appearance S.g. 2. vulgoalso evening- 
 red, evening-Sky, ni f. ^zi-byin = yzi-brjid 
 1; yzi-byin nydms-pa looking poor, ema- 
 ciated, worn out, from hunger, sufferings^ 
 Stg.', yzi-byin-can bright, shining; yzi-^od 
 bright gloss or lustre Lex. 
 
 ^3'^* yzi-ru col. for yzer-bu a little nail W. 
 
 yzig leopard; yzig-ris its colour. 
 yzig-mo porcupine Ssk., yzig-mon 
 
 id.? 
 
 t- yzigs-pa, resp. for mtoh-ba and 
 ltd-ba 1. to see, Jns-par seeing 
 that he had come Dzl.', in indirect questions, 
 to see whether? what sort of? etc.; 
 to see through, to get an insight Tar. 94, 6, 
 Schf. ; to look, sdr-la towards the east Glr. ; 
 to look (for), yzigs-pas mi O dug when he 
 looked (for it), there was nothing to be seen; 
 to look at, to regard, mind, esteem, sku-fse- 
 la mi yzigs-pa not regarding your Honour's 
 life Dzl. 2. equivalent to: to give, grant, 
 sd-bon zig tugs-rje yzigs dgos have the good- 
 ness to give me some seed, prob. only bre- 
 viloquence for sd-bon zig yndfi-bar fugs- 
 brtse-bar yzigs sig. yzigs-rtm resp. pre- 
 sent, gift, yzigs-rten-du skur-ba to charge a 
 person with the delivery of a present Pth. 
 - *zig-dod-can* W. vain. *zig-po* W. 
 neat, well dressed, resp. for mcor-po. - 
 yzlgs-mo resp. for ltdd-mo, me-tog de-la 
 yzigs-mor byon-pa-las as he came in order 
 to look at the flower Pth. 
 cn3*^" yzin-ba for O dzins-pa Glr. 
 
 yzihs vessel, ship, float, ferry, also 
 fig.; gm-yzins id., frq.; yzirts cen- 
 po zig byds-te equipping a large vessel Glr. ;
 
 494 
 
 yzim-pa 
 
 yzun-ba 
 
 yzins-cun a small vessel Cs. ; yziiis-pa ship- 
 master, captain. 
 
 rn-gxr^r yzim-pa, also with mnal, resp. for 
 
 fnyid-log-pa, 1. to fall asleep Dzl 
 
 - 2. to sleep, rgydl-po yzim-pa-las whilst 
 
 the king was sleeping Glr. 3. to expire, 
 
 to die Tar. 4, 20. - 
 
 Comp. *zim-kyoit* "W., resp. for rkyoii- 
 rtse, candle, lamp. yzim-Jcan 1. sleeping - 
 room. 2. dwelling, habitation. yzim-Kebs 
 quilt. yzim-lcom cloak-bag, portmanteau. 
 
 yzim-ttri bedstead. yzim-gur sleeping- 
 2 tent. *zim-gdg' C. porter, door-keeper. 
 
 yzim-ca bedding, bed-clothes Gyatch. 
 *zim-tin, zim-ter^ W. lamp. *zim~tin* (lit. 
 -btiii) Sik. bedstead? yzim-ful sheep- 
 skins for night-quarters. yzim-dpon body- 
 servant, valet-de-chambre, = sku-mdun-pa\ 
 yzim-prug his subordinate sei van ts or pages. 
 
 yzim-mdl bed-linen. yzim-yol bed- 
 curtain. 
 
 yzim-yzim W., C'., *mig zim- 
 zim ca dug* W. the eyes are 
 dazzled, by a glaring light. 
 
 yzir-ba (ace. to Cs. fut. of O f$ir-ba, 
 certainly related to it, but chiefly 
 used in an intellectual sense), to be pressed, 
 harassed, troubled, to suffer, to be pressed 
 by necessity, to suffer from hunger, disease 
 etc. B. } C. Sch. also yzi yzir-ba a stinging 
 pain in the chest. 
 
 yzil, yzil-bun-pa C. = spu-zin byed-pa. 
 
 y z u-b a a lever, bar; = yso-mo Cs.; 
 yzu-rnds a prop Cs. 
 yzu-bo Cs.: 1. straight, right. 2. 
 upright, honest. Lexx.: fugs yzu-bo, 
 from which it appears to be a word of ci- 
 vility, but little known. Sch. has besides: 
 yzu-dpdn, which he renders by 'witness, 
 mediator'. 
 
 and fl^^n. hence signifying 
 rashness, impetuosity, so Cs., and therefore 
 yzu-lum-can inconsiderate; yzu-liim byed-pa 
 to act rashly; Sch. also: disobedience, pride, 
 haughtiness. 
 
 yzuy 1- v. zug. 2. top, lai of a 
 
 mountain-pass Mil. 
 
 yzug-ge-ba hurting, giving pain, 
 zes yzug-ge-ba zus-nas as she 
 spoke words that gave so much pain Mil.nt. 
 yzitg-pa to beableto bear, to sustain, 
 v. sub tsog. 
 
 /^M^s, Ss/:.^q. 1. figure, form, shape, 
 pyi-rol-gyi yzugs-rnams the forms 
 of the sensible world, the impressions that 
 are made on the eye Wdn.; mig-gis yzugs- 
 rnams mfon the forms (of things) are seen 
 with the eyes; rdb-tu-byuh-bai yzugs the 
 (painted) figure of a priest Glr.; sim. klui 
 yzugs yser-las byds-pa Tar. lus-yziigs shape 
 of body, stature, frq. ; srin-moiyziigs-subyed- 
 pa to transform one's self into a Rakshasi 
 Glr. ; rndl- byor-paiyzugs byed-pa to assume 
 the outward appearance of a hermit A///.: 
 in metaphysics: form, body, as one of the 
 five Skandhas, v. pun-po. 2. resp. sku- 
 yzugs, W *ziig-y)o* = lus, body, *zug-po tii- 
 ce' f W. to wash the body, to bathe; *zug-po 
 zdh-wa mi dug, mi-de-wa dug* C., * de-mo 
 mi dug* W. euphem. for: she has just her 
 courses. yzugs-ndn ill-formed, too short 
 in stature S.g. ; yzugs Jciim-pa to bend, twist 
 one's body, and yzugs-kyis O fso-ba, quaestum 
 corpore facere, are given by Sch. ; yzugs rin- 
 mo long-stalked Glr. 3. in physics: body, 
 matter, substance, yzugs-can., yzugs-su sndh- 
 ba com posed of matter, material, substantial; 
 yzugs-can ma yin-pa, yzugs-su mi sndn-ba, 
 yzugs-med immaterial, unsubstantial ; yzugs- 
 med-pai (or -%?') skad a ghostlike voice 
 Mil.; yzugs-tidms the range of the material 
 world yzugs-brnydn v. brnyan. , 
 
 '^l" yzugs-pa v. O dzug-pa. 
 
 yzun-ba v. O dzin-pa; yzuh- c dzin 
 Mil frq., interest, inclination, bias, 
 yzun- dzin-brdl being free from, interest, un- 
 biased, apathetic, which always is praised 
 as an indispensable quality and the true hap- 
 piness of an ascetic, and the literal equi- 
 valent to which in Ssk. may be regarded 
 be ^: yet Was. p. 304 renders it
 
 495 
 
 yz6~ba 
 
 by 'idea and reason". yzun-yzer peg on 
 a wall, -= rtsig-pur; a hold, support, rail. 
 balustrade (?) %. 
 
 ? ZUI1S * f r( l- spelt zuns, yet properly 
 only in compounds, lit. a hold, i.e. 
 1 . power, strength Schr. ;yzuns-zdnSch. : loose, 
 weak, without a hold, untenable; yzum-zdd 
 weakened, debilitated, esp. of women by loss 
 of blood Cs. ; yzuns-rten prop, support. 2. 
 lus-zuns the seven constituents necessary for 
 healthy life, \rnj, chyle, blood, fat, muscle, 
 bone, marrow, semen Med. 3. ^rnTjfV' 
 also yzuns-siidys, spells, magic sentences, first 
 used in the doctrine of Mahayana, from 
 which the mysticism of later times originated, 
 v. Was. (142, 177); they are for the most 
 part but short, and always end in a string 
 of Sanskrit syllables, that are devoid of 
 any meaning. Whole volumes are filled with 
 them. 
 
 cr^^^T yzud-pa, fut. of O dzud-pa. 
 
 ba, yzul-ba v. 
 O dzum-pa etc. 
 
 cn:g-q- yze-ba Sch. 1. pannier, dosser Dzl. 
 
 7W, 142. home, habitation, nest. 
 3. swift, in running Thgy., quick, in com- 
 prehending Sch. 
 cn3*&|" yze-ma Med. ; Cs. : 'a horned aquatic 
 
 plant' ; yze-mai can Med. beer made 
 of it. 
 
 rn=cn 
 
 > for yzer-bu a little nail. 
 
 yze-re looking poorly Sch.;yze-re byed- 
 pa to be poorly, ailing, ill Sch. 
 
 )'zeg(s), c^. a little grain, atom; 
 
 yzeg ca cun a small p article Lex.; 
 yzeg-ma prob. id. (Cs. also : filth ?) yzeg-zdn 
 eBUjl^. 'atom -eater', n. of the founder of 
 the Yaiseshika-philosophy, also called Ka- 
 syapa: yzeg-zdn-pa its professors Wdn. 
 
 yzeg-mo-byi hedgehog Sch. 
 
 yzen& height, loftiness, sublimity, glo- 
 riousness, esp. in yzens stdd-pa, also 
 
 yaryzehs stod-pa l*th.; to praise, extol, glorify 
 
 Mil. (cf. sen}. 
 
 yzed-pa I. vb. 1. v. Q dzed-pa. 2. 
 
 to hitSc. II. sbst. Sch.: 'a long 
 spike'. 
 jjiaj-'ry yzed-ma Cs , gen. yzeb-ma, also 
 
 yzebsSch. 1. pannier with lid Kun.-, 
 a box-shaped basket with lid C. 2. cage, 
 aviary Lex. ; prison Sch. 3. net, snare Sch. 
 
 yzem-pa, 1. t$. = O dzem-pa. 2. 
 
 to do a thing gently, v zem-te dul- 
 wa* C. to walk softly, *zdg-pa* C. to put 
 down softly. 
 
 zji:gr- yzer* also zei\ 1. nail, tack, sin-yzer 
 wooden nail, Icdgs-yzer iron nail; 
 yndm-yzer 'plug or bolt for fastening a door 
 (at the top)' 6s.; *gydb-ce* W., *gydg-pa* 
 6'., yzer-baGlr., O dzug-pa Lex., O debs-pa and 
 more frq. yzer-gyis O debs-pa B. to knock in, 
 drive in, nails; lag-zer gydg-pa driving red- 
 hot tacks into the finger-ends, a kind of 
 torture in 6'.; yzer-bu, vulgo *ze-ru, zi-ru* 
 a little nail. 2. a help to memory, for re- 
 taining a lesson or doctrine, mnemonic verse 
 Mil. 3. ray, beam, nyi-yzer sun-beam, 
 f od-yzer ray of light; fsa-yzer 'a hot beam', 
 bsil-yzer 'a cool beam'(?) 6s. 4. pain, 
 ache, illness, (y)zug-yzer id., mgo-yzer head- 
 ache, rgyu-yzer gripes, colic, po-yzer sto- 
 mach-ache, rtsib-yzer pleurisy, so-yzeriooth- 
 ache 6s.; *zer-kydn nd-la gydb-ba vag, or 
 tdn-na rag* W. I feel the pains of labour; 
 *zer-ldn* W. spasms in the stomach or some- 
 thing similar; yzer- prig-pa to writhe with 
 pain; yzer O po the pain passes from one 
 part of the body to another S.g. 
 
 yzer-ba l.to bore into, drive or knock 
 
 into, zer C. nails, *nd-da* C. an 
 arrow through the ear, Chinese punishment. 
 - 2. to feel pain, to be suffering (= yzir- 
 ba?)', can- fun yzer beer-tippling produces 
 pain Med. 
 
 yzer-bu, v. yzer 1, extr. 
 
 yzo-ba 1 . \.bzo-ba. 2. to remember, 
 keep in mind, own, acknowledge, esp. 
 flrin a favour, also byds-pa, as much as to 
 be grateful; de-dag-gi byas-pa yzo-bai ;//;> 
 from gratefulness for their kindness Dzl.\ 
 by as mi yzo they are ungrateful; di-in yzo-
 
 496 
 
 yzon 
 
 ba, drin yzo-bai sems gratitude, drin mi yzo- 
 ba ingratitude ; drin-yzo-can grateful. 
 
 * f 20 *' /^-^ cnisel > 9 rav ' 
 
 ing-tool, puncheon. 
 
 T sod 1- now ? * n ' s moment, (opp. to 
 da &, before, a little time ago) M7.; 
 at least just now, Mil. ; da-yzod(-cig), id.; 
 da-yzod bu yin-par ca yod now I know 
 that it is my son ; not until now, then for the 
 first time (in narratives with preterite ten- 
 ses) Pth.; then at length Pth. fzod-fsor- 
 ba, fos-pa. -rdog-pa Dzl. to hear, to receive 
 information, to be informed, to be told, ysegs- 
 pa that he was gone Dzl. 3. yzod-ma 
 beginning, commencement v. ydod-ma. 
 m^k'n' yzon-pa, yson-pa with cud, v. cud 
 
 and yzdn-pa extr.; bsgo-ba mar 
 yzon-pa the precept was wastled in the ear, 
 it entered at one ear and left at the other; 
 one Lex. gives the explanation: bsldb-bya- 
 la mi nydn-pai don. 
 
 yzob-pa\. Sch. quick, sharp, clever; 
 
 caution, circumspection. 2. v. 
 yzdb-pa. 
 
 bzan 1. n. of a medicinal plant in 
 Tibet Wdn. 2. whatever is good, v. 
 bzdn-ba. 3. agreement, treaty, v. sgrig-pa. 
 
 bzdn-ba adj. and sbst., bzdn-po adj. 
 
 1. good, (*rjr). in every respect, 
 answering its purpose, excellent, suited, 
 morally good; bsam-pa bzan-po a good re- 
 solution Mil. ; bday bzan -net if I behave 
 well, keep myself free from blame, Do. (cf. 
 legs-pa). 2. fair, beautiful, as to the body, 
 frq.; nags-fsal bzdn-po a beautiful wood 
 Mil.; yzugs-bzdn of a fine, tall stature. 
 sbst.: bzan the good, that which is good 
 in the abstract; bzdn-nas byun c \\> came from 
 good' i.e. from a good heart; dei yzdn-lan- 
 du as an acknowledgment of his goodness 
 Glr. - 
 
 Comp. bzdn-Kyi a species of large dogs 
 Cs. bzan-sgrig treaty of peace, *)he'-pa* 
 C., *co-ce* W. to make peace, to come to 
 an- agreement, to conclude a treaty, frq.; 
 bzan-sgrig-pa id. bzan-ndn good and bad, 
 good and ill, bzan- nan -Jbrih ysum good, 
 bad, and indifferent; bzan-ndn Jbyed-pa to 
 
 discern between good and evil, to choose 
 one or the other Schr. ; bzan-ndn rtogs-pai 
 sems is an attempt to find an adequate ex- 
 pression for the word 'conscience 1 Chr. P. 
 
 bzah-fdl a good exit out of the Jior-ba 
 (the cycle of transmigrations), a happy de- 
 parture Thgr. bzan-drug 'the six good 
 things' (nutmeg, cloves, saffron, cardamom, 
 camphor, sandal- wood) C.; used by Mil. 
 also in a fig. sense; in W. simply: cloves. 
 
 - bzan- dod self-complacency. bzan- 
 spyod 1. Cs. good action. 2. n. of a prayer 
 of particular efficacy Glr., also called smon- 
 lam-gyi rgydl-po. bzan-btson v. btson. 
 *zan-lug* W. good behaviour, good treat- 
 ment, *mi zig-ne fob-ce* to experience such 
 from a person, *mi-la co-ce* to show it to 
 a person. 
 
 bzans, only in Kan - bzdiis, which 
 Wdn. explains by kdn-pa brtsegs- 
 pa a large house of several stories, applied 
 only to the abodes of gods ; in W. also the 
 cubical part of the Chodten is called so. 
 
 bzad-pararely orbzod-pa; mi-bzdd- 
 pa 1. intolerable Dzl., Do. 2. ir- 
 resistible Do. 
 
 JH3J' bzan, sometimes for zan, esp. food of 
 animals, bzan O fsol-ba to seek food 
 Mil ; pasture, pasturage, bzdn-la skyel-ba to 
 place in pasture, to let feed Glr. ; bzdn-pa 
 Ts. id. 
 
 J" bzdb-pa v. yzdb-pa. 
 
 ^ za "> I- v b-> f Qt - f za -ba, to eat, bza 
 this is to be eaten, in dietetic pre- 
 scriptions ; v. also zd - ba. II. sbst. 1 . 
 (rarely yzd) seems to denote the members of 
 a family, they being conceived as eaters or 
 fellow -boarders; bzd - tso mdn-poi pa-md 
 parents that have a large family Mil.; bza 
 mans ndn-na among a numerous household 
 Mil.', bza-drug a family, a company at table, 
 of six persons, nif. C.; in certain combi- 
 nations: wife, spouse, rgyd-mo bza the Chi- 
 nese spouse, bdl-mo bza theNepalese spouse 
 (of the king), Glr. frq. 2. meat, food. 
 bzd-ba dan btun-ba meat and drink, spe- 
 cially the quality and quantity of food, zd-
 
 497 
 
 fear 
 
 bzo 
 
 ma bcud ce-la bza ce-ba nutritive and sub- 
 stantial food Mil. nt. 
 
 Comp. bza-ytdd, bzd-bai ytdd-so store 
 of provisions, bzd-ytad-med-pa not having 
 such a store Mil. bza-mi 1. = Kyo-suy 
 husband and wife, byed-pa to become hus- 
 band and wife, to marry each other, Kyod 
 dan na ynyis bza-mi byao we will marry 
 each other Glr.; bza-mir byin-gyis rlob-pa 
 to give the nuptial benediction, to unite in 
 wedlock, to marry Glr. ; dbul-po bza - mi 
 ynyis a poor married couple Glr. 2. in a 
 wider sense: household, bza-mi nyi-su- 
 rtsa-ynyis a household of twenty two per- 
 sons Mil. bza-med ill-fed, lean Mil. 
 bzd-fso plur. of bza. *za-dd*. (lit. za-zld) 
 W., C. partner, wife. bza -sin fruit-tree, 
 bza-sin-rd-ba orchard , bza-sin-i'a-ba-srun- 
 pa watchman or keeper of it Dzl bza- 
 sug (vulg. *-sub*) = bza-mi C. 
 
 bzar sometimes for zar; bzdr-ba v. 
 
 Q dzdr-ba. 
 
 bzds^pa v. zd-ba and yzds-pa. 
 
 . bzi (sometimes yzi, zi), drunken fit, in- 
 toxication, stupefaction; bzi s<ms-fehaving 
 become sober again after intoxication Glr. ; 
 *zi-can* W. intoxicated, muddled, bzi-ba 1. 
 vb. to become intoxicated, to get drunk, bzi- 
 bar ^yiir-ba id.; bzi-bar byed-pa to intoxi- 
 cate, to make drunk 6s. 2. sbst. state of 
 intoxication. 3. adj. drunk, intoxicated ' . 
 
 bzun-ba v. O dzin-pa; it is used as 
 an adv. in the form of bzuns-te, e.g. 
 dei nub-mo-nas bzuns-te from that evening 
 (prop, beginning with that evening), ever 
 since that evening Mil; fsesbrgyad-nas bzuns- 
 te nyai bar-du during the time from the 8 th. 
 to the 15th. (day of the month). 
 " bzur v. dzur-ba. 
 
 "X.' bze-re, also bze Sch. : pain, bze-re-can 
 suffering pain, bze-re byed-pa to inflict 
 pain, to torment. (Cs.: 'indignation; angry; 
 to be angry with.') 
 
 H3C* b ze d 1- in comp.: pyag-bzed (hand-) 
 
 basin 6s.; Ihun-bzedbeQgzfs bowl, alms- 
 
 pot, frq.; bzed-snodS3\verSch. ; bzed-zdlLex., 
 
 also zal-bzedCs.: "spitting-box; ace. to oral 
 
 expl. a cup into which the higher class of 
 people skim off the superabundant grease 
 swimming on the tea (v. )a~); bzed-pa v. 
 O dzed-pa. 2. bzed-sny6ms-pa wire-drawing 
 Sch. 
 
 bzo 1. work, labour, bzoirnam-^yyur the 
 beauty of a work or workmanship Glr. ; 
 bzo rgya-ndg-gi lugs as to the workmanship 
 it is in Chinese style Glr. (by some the 
 word is taken in these passages in the sig- 
 nification 3). bzo-lasred-pa liking labour, 
 laborious, = las Stg.; *zo fe-rel, mi-la ma 
 (s)tan* W. the work is not yet finished, do 
 not let people see it yet! snai bzo byed-gin 
 Q dug-pas being just occupied with working 
 out the noses Glr. 2. manufacture, art, 
 trade, handicraft, rin-po-cei art of a jeweler, 
 gos- trade of a tailor, dnul- art of a silver- 
 smith, Icags- trade of a blacksmith, tag- of 
 a rope-maker, rdo- of a stone-cutter, rtsig- 
 of a mason, bzan- of a copper-smith, sin- 
 of a joiner or carpenter, yser- art of a gold- 
 smith, lha- of an image-maker, lham-bzo 
 trade of a shoemaker. 3. also zo, figure, 
 image, picture, resemblance, = dbyibs, *a-me 
 zo dug* W. he is the exact likeness of his 
 mother; appearance, physical constitution, v. 
 zo. 4. sometimes for fed-pa, bzo-bo, so 
 that all the words enumerated sub 2 may 
 also denote the artist or workman. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. bzd-Kan workshop. 
 bzo-Ioydd, bzoikyadGlr. work of art, master- 
 piece, elegant piece of workmanship. feo- 
 Kyud, bzo-Icyun Cs.: \. potter's wheel. 2. a 
 hydraulic machine (?). bzo-grd academy 
 of arts, mechanics' institution Cs. bzo- 
 rgyu working-materials Glr. *2o'-6sto(?), 
 zob-sta, z6-sta* W. form, fashion, e.g. style 
 of a house, its architecture; form, of a bottle, 
 a lamp or candle stick, of any production 
 of art; *zor-do* anvil-stone W. (bzo-rdo}. 
 bzo-pa artist, mechanic, dnul-bzo-pa, silver- 
 smith, and so forth. bzo-dpon master, 
 over journey-men or the students of an art. 
 bzo-ba, pf. bzos, to make, to manufacture 
 C. (for the byed-pa of B., and *co-ce* of W.\ 
 *par zo-wa* to print; *sem-kyi zo-wa* C. 
 to frame in one's mind, contrive, invent; *zo- 
 32
 
 498 
 
 bzod-pa 
 
 pe tsa* manufactured salt, *zo-pe ser* arti- 
 ficial gold Wdn. bzo-bo = bzd-pa, bzo-bo 
 mfcds-pa a skilful artist Mil.; bzo-byed 1. id. 
 2. imaginative faculty, imagination, nif. bzo- 
 Ids work Sch. 
 n=^'r bzod-pa (rarely bzdd-pa) I. vb., 
 
 ' ^j^, 1 . to suffer, bear, endure, c. ace., 
 mig nd-ba ma bzod-nas not being able to 
 bear the pain in his eyes DzL ; lus O dis na 
 mi bzod with this body pain, disease, cannot 
 be endured Tkgy.\ sam-rgyds-kyitugs-rjece- 
 bas ma bzod-nas seems to imply : Buddha 
 in his mercy not suffering this, but checking 
 the mischief; also c. dat. : jdm-po-la 
 mibzod he cannot bear what is soft or smooth 
 DzL', ma-bde-ba bdg-tsam-la bzod-pa mi 
 byed-de getting so fretful through a slight 
 indisposition Mil.] ltd-basmi bzod-de finding 
 it unbearable for his eyes Pth.; drdn-pas 
 mi bzod-de as much as : so that he almost 
 lost his senses over it Pth. ; bzod-fabs (or 
 bzod-glags)-med-par O byuh-ba or O gyur-ba 
 not to be able to bear . . . any longer, frq. ; 
 mi-bzod-pa or -bzdd-pa adj., unbearable, in- 
 tolerable, also irresistible; ma bzod-nas not 
 being able to resist any longer Dzl. 2. 
 to forgive, pardon, sitan- cad fo- fsdm-pa bzod- 
 par ysol to pardon our former tricks is what 
 we beg Mil. ; rtd-la ma skyon-pa bzod-par 
 bzes O tsal thatl did not request you to mount, 
 this I beg you to forgive me Mil. ; bzod- 
 par j-sol-lo byas kyan although she begged 
 pardon Pth. ; skyon-rnamsye-ses-spyan-ldan- 
 rnams-la bzod-par ysol with respect to the 
 deficiencies I pray for the indulgence of 
 the very wise (readers); bzod-ysdl byed-pa 
 to ask pardon, forbearance Pth. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. patience (Ssk. ^rf^r), t>*6d- 
 pa sgom-pa to exercise one's self in patience 
 
 Dzl. V, 12; but also, to have patience, to 
 show forbearance; bzod-pa bzes-pa, id. resp. 
 (v. also above I, 2); bzod -pa- can patient; 
 bzod-srdn unwearied patience; bzod-pa-cun 
 impatient Mil., bzod-med Cs. id. 2. in as- 
 ceticism: perseverance, stedfast adherence to 
 the four truths, constancy in pursuing the 
 path that has been entered upon, mi skye- 
 bai cos-la bzod-pa ace. to Was. id., being 
 at the same time no longer subject to re- 
 births, p. (140). - 
 
 Observ. So far as 'to forgive' implies 
 patience, forbearance, it may be rendered 
 by bzod-pa; but as the Scriptural view of 
 'forgiveness of sin' involves more than that, 
 other expressions, such as bu-lon sel-ba, 
 must be resorted to with reference to the 
 latter. 
 
 bzob-pa Sch. = ysob-pa. 
 
 mtub, carried on the back, to convey 
 water, v. cu-bzom sub cu. 
 
 bzld-ba v. zld-ba. 
 
 bzlas-brjod (cf. zld-ba II, 2); 
 
 zld-ba in a strict sense, is stated 
 to be the silent, br)od-pa the soft, yet audible 
 pronouncing of spells etc., bzlas-btjod signi- 
 fying both together; bzlas-br)6d byed-pa to 
 mutter over Glr.; mii-stegs-pai bzlas-brjod 
 Brahmanical spell-murmuring Thgy. 
 
 bzlum-pa v. zlum-pa. 
 
 bzld-ba v. zld-ba. 
 
 bzlog the contrary, the reverse, prd- 
 ba-las bzlog sbom-po the contrary of 
 thin is thick Lex. 
 
 bzhs, v. zld-ba. 
 
 Q a, 1 . a letter peculiar to the Tibetan lan- 
 guage, which, contrary to tJ (<l-v.) de- 
 notes the pure vowel, without any admix- 
 
 ture of a consonant sound. The difficulty 
 which attaches to the articulation of this 
 vowel, requiring an opening of the glottis
 
 499 
 
 before it is sounded, has occasioned a great 
 variety of pronunciation in the different pro- 
 vincial dialects. Vide Phonetic Table with 
 its explications. 2. numerical figure : 23. 
 
 -cag, Cs. we, v. 
 
 fxS' ^a-ci n. of a country Glr. 
 
 -&-w0j with log-pa, Sch.: to per- 
 
 form somersets, to tumble over, to roll. 
 
 JCr < a - na -y a>l although, Sch.' ^a-na- 
 ma-na Sch.; perfectly alike, having 
 a striking resemblance (?). 
 
 ^d-ma but, e.g. ^d-ma ma rjed cig but 
 
 do not forget! Cs. 
 n-Qr- < a -u r Sch" 'shaking or rattling sounds' 
 
 ^ cf. jur-jur. 
 
 pr- <'* 1- like yan, attached to conjunc- 
 tions, and corresponding to the English 
 ever, soever, after vowels, col. also after 
 consonants, e.g. nam-^an. 2 ^dn-sgra, 
 boh-bui Cs. the braying of an ass. 
 nr-m* ^dn-ke (not ident. with an-gi num- 
 
 ' ber), a mystical character, frq. oc- 
 curring in certain finical ornaments or flour- 
 ishes called sbriil-mgo, occasionally also in 
 written words. 
 
 -q- ^db-pa Ts. to bark. 
 
 < dr -P> < dr -* an Ts - angry = 
 ytum-po. 
 
 **-&* C. lot, rgydb-pa to cast, = 
 rgyan rgydb-pa. 
 
 ^dr-yan also, too, likewise Sch. 
 
 Q- j 1. num. figure : 53. 2. W. demonstr. 
 
 pron. inst. of O di, this, also 'i-po. 
 q- <t 1. num. figure: 83. 2. sbst. kiss, 
 ^ v.,.0. 3. also^, 6s.: demonstr. pron., 
 this, ^H-m-iit, ^u-nir, < o'-mV, hither; Ts.*wu- 
 ahi* this. 
 
 q-jy. ju-sgra Glr. noise of many foot-steps, 
 ^ ^ prob. = ^ur-sgra. 
 q-^cn->-^ 1. also ^o-c'flw/ Glr., ^6-cog 
 ' Thgy., ^u-bu-cag Dzl. pers. pron. we. 
 - 2. chimney W. (?). 
 f-VSp]* <u-fug Sch.: ' Luderlichkeit, auch 
 
 s'; but in W. * un-fug co-ce* 
 means to break out into a violent 
 passion, and ^un-fug-Uan or -caw* angry ; in 
 C. *mu-fug-pa* and *dug-fiig-pa*\Q be at a 
 loss; so also in Mil. 
 
 Sch. 
 
 q-Qjzn- <w-%r compulsory post-service, the 
 gratuitous forwarding of letters, lug- 
 gage and persons, the supply of the requi- 
 site porters and beasts of burden (also 
 more immediately these themselves), ori- 
 ginally a socage-service rendered to lords 
 and proprietors, government officers and 
 priests; in more recent times remunerated 
 and legally regulated in those parts that 
 are visited by European travellers; mi-la 
 ^u-ldg skul-ba to impose such services, by 
 exacting porters etc. Pth., O gel-baid.; skyel- 
 ba prob. to forward by Ulag; (Cs. limits 
 the signification too much). 
 
 >-SM Lt. coriander seed. 
 
 * 
 
 <fy-P<*, owl, Lt; ^ug-rgdn Sch. the 
 great horn-owl, < tig(-gu')-cun the 
 little owl; jig-mig owl's eyes (6s. 'large 
 languishing eyes', Sch.: 'large protruding 
 eyes'); ^-mig-can having such eyes, Jig 
 mig-pa or -ma a goggle-eyed man or wo- 
 man 6*s. 2. Ld. also for yug-po oats. 
 
 Q^'lfc^f ^ug-sins v. sins-po. 
 
 qr- ^ud 1. 6s. swaggering, bragging, bom- 
 ^ ' bast, fustian ; ^ud cei* smra-ba to swag- 
 ger, brag, gen. *wur se-pa*,C. 2. = yud 
 Thgy., ^ud-kyis, in a moment, instantly, sud- 
 denly. 3. command, order (?), Sch. : jtd- 
 sgrog-pa to make known an order. 
 
 *ub-pa to sweep or rake together 
 with one's hands, pan-pas ^ub-kyis 
 bsdw-te Pth. with the arms gathering all 
 into one heap. 
 
 ^m-bu-glan-mKar n. of 
 the palace of the ancient 
 Tibetan king Thothori, Glr. 
 ,,,,.. jir 1 . noise, din, clashing, cracking, roar 
 ^ of a tempest etc., but also and not less. 
 32*
 
 500 
 
 a low, humming noise, rnd-bai bu-ga bkdg- 
 pai fse ^ur-^iir zes-pai sgra the humming 
 in the ears produced by stopping them Wdn., 
 ^ur-^ur-po-yi sgra id. Wdn.; rnd-ba ^iir-la 
 Jcrog there is a buzzing in my ear S.g.; ^r 
 Idan or Q byun a noise is heard; Cs. more 
 particularly: talk, babbling, chit-chat, ^ur- 
 yton-ba to talk, to chat; *ton- < ur* C. (lit. 
 ston) bragging, humbug; ^ur - sgra = ^ur 
 noise caused by many voices, many foot- 
 steps, cf. ^u-sgra ; of the howling of a tem- 
 pest, ^Lir-sgra ce although it (the thunder) 
 makes a great noise Mil. ; juur-tin a brass 
 basin, used to make a noise by striking it Sch. ; 
 ^ur-ba sbst. a humming insect, beetle Sch. ; 
 vb., to be noisy, chattering, Cs.; dga- grays 
 ju,r-te shouting, rejoicing Mil. ; %wr co-ce* 
 to set a dog on a person W. ; * < wr bsdd-pa, 
 ^ur-brddb btdn-ba* C., W. to exaggerate, 
 brag, boast. 2. bag - dro ^ur -^ur Pth. 
 seems to describe the feeling of a genial 
 warmth pervading the body. 3. *wur 
 gydg-pa* C., *'ur gydb-ce, tdn-ce* W. to 
 smooth, v. dbur-ba. 4. ^ur-rdo a sling 
 Sch.^ur-rdo O pen-pa to throw with a sling. 
 f^" ^e num. figure: 113. 
 
 f^o I. num. figure : 143. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. pro vine, ^u kiss (^r). *o 
 byed-pa to kiss Lt, Id-la on the mouth 
 Pth. ; pyag, zabs resp. on the hand, the foot 
 Cs.; <o yton-ba Cs., *'u Idn-ce* W., ^o byed- 
 pa. 2. v. ^o-ma. 
 
 III. pron. 1. pers. pron. we, v. ^u-cag. 
 - 2. dem. pron. this Cs. v. ju III. IV. 
 
 inter), (o ^o) 1. like oh, yes! as a reply: ^o 
 Idgs-so oh very well! Mil ; *'o yon-nog, 'o 
 dig-gog, 'o gydl-log W!, * ^o ydn-ne* C. well! 
 it's all right to me! well, do so! ^o, 
 ^o, so ! well ! very well ! in W. it is a common 
 reply, indicating nothing more, than that 
 attention has been paid to the words spo- 
 ken, like the English well! indeed! 2. 
 as a positive affirmative, yes! W., cf. <o-nd. 
 
 is very often used as a reciprocal pronoun : 
 ^-skol ma si prdd-pa the fact, that we 
 have seen each other once more before we 
 die Mil. 
 
 gfqAQj- *o-brgydl, resp. fatigue, weariness, 
 ^ want, any kind of hardship, *peb- 
 lam-la ob-gydl ma kyod-da*W. has not your 
 walk hither fatigued you? ^.o -brgydl yon- 
 lugs the getting into difficulties Mil.; more 
 frq. as vb.: ^o-brgydl-ba. fcyed-cag-rnams ^o 
 ma brgydl-lam are you perhaps fatigued ? 
 Glr.; zabs-tog ^o mi brgyal-ba Joul a short 
 expression for: everything shall be at your 
 service, so that you shall not want anything 
 Mil. ; ^o - re - brgydl = ^o - brgydl 1 . trouble. 
 drudgery, annoyance Mil. 2. decay, decline, 
 ruin, of religion, usages etc. 
 T ^o-snyig sour cream Sch. 
 
 (Cs. also >-sA-oZ), Ld.'d-yo, we, Ml, 
 Tar., Thgy., e.g. (if all men must die), ^o- 
 skol Ita ci smos of course also we Thgy. ; it 
 
 ^.o-snyigs birch-tree Sch. 
 
 ^o-dod lamentation, wailing, cry for 
 
 help, gen. as vb. ^o-dod O bod-pa to 
 lament, to call for help Glr., Pth., Wdn.; 
 ^o-dod-pa one that seeks help, support, re- 
 dress, a client, a plaintiff, more in pop. lan- 
 guage. 
 J^y- ^o-nd (cf. <o, < on, ^on-kyan), comes 
 
 ' nearest to the Greek aMa, used esp. 
 to introduce a new thought or proposition 
 in speech : now, what shall you do in that 
 case? Dzl; well, what did he say? Dzl; 
 well, I hope you have at least . . . Dzl. ; why, 
 ay, Mil; but now Thgy.; but, the Latin 
 autem, when a new clause is added Mil., 
 Thgy.; yea, in a climax, e.g.: I met with 
 a naked man, yea, an insane ascetic Mil. 
 2. as an answer in the affirmative, yes 
 W. - 
 
 cf&T <<*-* m '^5 ^o-ma jo-ba to milk Glr. ; 
 snyol-ba to let it curdle Cs., srub-pa 
 to churn it Cs.;^6-ma cags the milk thickens, 
 coagulates Cs. 
 
 Comp. <o-fdn 'milk-meadow', the plain 
 in which Lhasa now stands; of the former 
 lake, ^o-fdn-gi mfso Glr., a sedgy moor is 
 said to be still remaining. <o-fi>g milk- 
 soup Tar. ^.o-fud cheese, v. fud. +0- 
 O fun suckling-child, baby, = zo- fun. < o-
 
 9^1*3*3* ^o-ma-zi-zi 
 
 501 
 
 snod milk-vessel. ^o-spri, ^o-sri, cream. 
 
 ^o-mdr 1. milk and butter Sch. 2. termin. 
 
 of ^6-ma into the milk. ^o-zo milk-pail. 
 ^-ma-zi-zi W. pater -noster pea, 
 the seed of Abrus precatorius, 
 
 used as beads for rosaries. 
 
 o-yd, ^o-yog terrier Sch. 
 
 ^o-re-brgydl v. ^o-brgydl. 
 
 vr' ^o-so W., only in *'o-so tdn-ce or <jr#d&- 
 ce* to laugh at, deride, to feel a plea- 
 sure at the misfortune of others. 
 CVXT- ^o-se mulberry, ^6-se-sin mulberry- 
 tree; ba-^ds Med., perh. strawberry 
 spinach, Blitum, which in W. is called ba- 
 o-se, cow-mulberry. 
 
 Q|. ,og, W. *yof, Ts. *wag*, 1. root sig- 
 ' nifying below, or with reference to time, 
 after, opp. to gon; ^og-fu, W. * yog-la* 1. adv. 
 down, below, underneath; afterwards, later; 
 in paging books it denotes the second page 
 of a leaf, v. gon; it is used as an expedient 
 to correct errors in numbering, or to make 
 additions, as with us e.g. 'page 24, b'. 2. 
 postp. under, with accus., less frq. with dat., 
 down from; after (as to time, rank, succes- 
 sion). ^6g-na, W. *yog-na*, 1. adv. under- 
 neath, below. 2. postp. c. gen. under, after. 
 - ^og-nas, W. *yog-nas* 1. adv. from 
 under, from below. 2. postp. c. genit. forth 
 from below ^6g-tu jug-pa to put underneath, 
 to subject, subdue Glr.\ fca-^og Ts. = ^6g- 
 tu, e.g. *sin-gi Ka-wdy* under the tree; some- 
 times (less corr.) with accus. inst. of genit., 
 also ^og alone, inst. of <6g-fu, 6g-na: *Ru- 
 fog Gu- lab-sin 'og mi dug* W. Rutog does 
 not stand under, is not subordinate to, Gulab 
 Singh; Idin-^og the division of soldiers 
 under the Dingpon, or a century (division 
 of hundred); bcu-^og a body of ten men 
 under a bcu-dpon or corporal. 2. testicles, 
 of animals, ^og-can not castrated; *wog 
 ce-pa* (spyad-pa) to cover, copulate C. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ^dg-sgo the lower ori- 
 fices of the body for the discharge of the 
 excretions, <6g-sgo fnyis S.g. ; more partic. 
 the anus Pth. ^g-rdo anvil Sch. ^og- 
 
 pag v. pag. ^og-ma adj. the lower, later, 
 following one, dei ^og-ma the one following 
 after that, the second in turn; *ld-me san 
 ge-nyen ydg-ma zig dug* W. a Genyen is 
 inferior to a Lama, ^og-min, ^RTf^T?, ' tQ e 
 not inferiors' i.e. the highest, the inmates 
 of a certain heaven inhabited by gods, or 
 also that heaven itself. ^og-rol-tu = ^6g- 
 tu Tar. ^og-rluu Lt. vapour, flatulence. 
 ^og-sdl crop, craw of birds. 
 SE'fl" < on -bQ>, pf. ons, imp. sog, B. and Bal. 
 (*'o'/i-cos*), for which in common life 
 almost always, and in more recent literature 
 not seldom, yoh-ba, W. *yon-ce* ) is used, 
 1. to come, ma ^.oh-ba mfon-nas Dzl. when 
 he saw his mother coming; ndit-du ^otis, 
 Dzl. he came in; jyir ^on-ba Glr. to come 
 back; mi ynyis nai drun-du Jzii-rgyu yin- 
 pa Glr. two men that were about to come 
 to me; ^on-bai Idm-du Pth. when being on 
 their way ; ti-se-la sgom-du yons-pa yin Mil. 
 we come to the Tise in order to meditate ; 
 ^ons-pa Ugs-so you are welcome 6s.; nas 
 ^o-dod by as kyan^on-mUanmedPth. although 
 I was crying for help, nobody came ; kyer 
 ^ons - so Glr. they came to bring , they 
 brought with them; ftrid-sog bring hither! 
 krid ^.dns-so Glr. they brought thither ; with 
 reference to time : ma-^ons-pa not yet come, 
 i.e. future, dus etc. very frq.; also poet.: 
 ma-^oiis don-du for the benefit of those 
 that are to come, i.e. of posterity; canyoit- 
 bai rigs, Wdn., the kinds (of cerealia) from 
 which beer comes (is made). 2. to happen, 
 yod-pa yon-gin O dug-pas Mil. as it some- 
 times happens that there are . . .; more frq. 
 to occur, to be met mih^ren-bu^n^i/ur-na 
 whenever an e occurs, wherever an e stands 
 Gram. ; mii yul-na mi <on such a thing does 
 not occur on earth Glr. ; *di-ru mi ydn(-ce)* 
 W. that is not to be met with here. 3. 
 to fall to the lot of, to be given, to come upon, 
 c. dat., sras ^dh-bai ysol-ba btdb-bo Pth. 
 she prayed that a son might be given to 
 her; *Ko-la nad yons* W. a disease came 
 upon him; *sod-nyom you* I receive alms, 
 *sod-nam yon* I acquire merit W. ; to come 
 in, yon-sgo income, revenue Schr., cf. yon-
 
 502 
 
 ^on-mol 
 
 fan sub fan 2. 4. to be suitable, prac- 
 ticable, to do, bstdn-pa ycig-la ston-pa ynyis 
 mi ^ons-pas Glr. as two preceptors for one 
 doctrine will not do; yul-du log-pa mi ^.on- 
 bas Glr. as a journey home is not practi- 
 cable; ^o-yon-hog v. ^0; Ids-la oii-bai bdr- 
 du as long as he was fit for work; to go on 
 well, to do well 6'., *da yon-na* W. will it do 
 now? 5. when connected with verbs, it 
 serves to indicate futurity, like the English 
 auxiliaries shall and will, as becomes evident 
 from such expressions as the following: O ci- 
 banamyon ca med Mil. when dying comes, 
 i.e. when we shall die, is uncertain ; mdog 
 <gyur - ba ^on Glr. a change of colour is 
 coming, i.e. the colour will, or is going to, 
 change; O gr6-ba mi yon-bar Q dug Mil. I am 
 not likely (dug-pa, 4) to go there any more; 
 *tel-ce mi yon* W. he will not be put to 
 shame, not be disappointed ; also with the 
 supine : srog dan brdl-bar ^gyur-du ^on Dzl. 
 it will even come to his dying, it will be 
 his death; zos-su ^on Dzl. he will even get 
 so far as to eat . . . ; si-bar ^oh he will die ; 
 still more free and popular are those turns, 
 in which the gerund or the mere root is 
 used: ynan-ste ^on Pth. he will assent to 
 it, allow it; ycig min kyan ycig yin-te ^on 
 Glr. if it is not the one, it will be the other; 
 sleb yon he will come Mil. and in 6'. very 
 common; yid-ces mi ^on they will not be- 
 lieve it; it is also used to express the passive 
 voice, and the English to become, to grow, 
 to get: ses-na ha ysod ^on-bas Glr. as I 
 should be killed, if she heard of it ; *zer yon* 
 C. so it is said, expressed, i.e. this is the 
 usual way of expressing it; *pel-te yon* W. 
 it is getting larger, increases; or with a noun: 
 smin ^oti Glr. it is growing ripe; rgydl-po 
 Jbans-su^ohMa. the king becomes a subject. 
 
 ^on-mol Ld. for ^61-mo. 
 
 Qr- <od, light, shine, brightness, sar flames 
 ' up, shines, O pro spreads, proceeds from ; 
 ^od spro-ba to emit light, bkye-ba to spread 
 Sch. ; ^od lham-mer mdzdd-pa resp., to shine 
 with a bright light Sch. ; ^od Kens-pa filled 
 with light Sch.', lus-la f od yod-pa self-lumi- 
 
 " ^on-kyan 
 
 nous, a property of primeval man Glr. ; nyi- 
 ^6d sun-light, zla-^od moon-light, skar-^od 
 star-light 6s.; ynam-^od brightness of the 
 night-heavens, zodiacal-light Cs. ; me-^od 
 fire-shine 6s.; lustre, brightness, of polished 
 metal, ^od byin-pa to elicit a gloss or lustre, 
 to give a bright polish Sch. ; metaphor, fair 
 complexion, external beauty, *Kdn-pe 'od 
 pelte yon* the splendour of the house in- 
 creases, *bud ca dug* declines, decays W. ; 
 ^od dan Iddn-pa B., ^od-can 1. luminous, 
 emitting light; 2. bright, polished. 3. light, *da 
 'od-can ca yiv* W. now it will grow light. 
 4. of a fine colour, of a blooming appearance 
 Glr. 5. beautiful, splendid, stately; jd-med, 
 vulgo f od-med-Kan, the contrary. 
 
 . Comp. ^od-kor or skor a luminous circle 
 Lex. ^od-dkar \. white light. 2. syrnb. 
 num.: 1. ^od-can, v. above. ^.od-dpag- 
 med, Tjrf^Ttfn 1 ?? a l so snan-ba-mfa-yds the 
 fourth Dhyani-Buddha, v. sans - rgyds. 
 jd-spro (or proT) light? *nd-lo* W., 
 *6d-fo tog* hold up the light! *6d-to bu* 
 glow-worm, fire-fly; ^od- pro sometimes oc- 
 curring in the names of gods. ^od-yzer 
 ray of light Dzl. and elsewh. frq.; ^d-yzer- 
 can n. of a god, ^od-yzer-can-ma of a god- 
 dess Do. ^od-srun n. p. 1 . the human Bud- 
 dha of the preceding period of the world. 
 2. a king of Tibet, son of Langdarma. 
 ^od-ysdl 1. a bright light or gloss, ^od-ysdl 
 mdans dan Iddn-pa very glossy, of leaves. 
 2. com. of the supernatural enlightening of 
 the saints, ^d-ys'il-gyi ndii-nas yzigs-te Mil. 
 knowing, beholding, by means of prophetic 
 light. 
 
 Qr-jj- ^d-ma cane, bamboo, ^od-ma fsal, 
 ^TJf^T, cane -grove; such a grove 
 near Rhjagriha was a favourite retreat of 
 Buddha. 
 
 gi- <on W. but (sed, auteni); (not so often 
 ^ used as in English). 
 
 ' ^on-kyan but, yet, notwithstanding 
 Dzl. and elsewh , frq. in B. ; rarely 
 ^on-yan for it Mil.; it stands at the be- 
 ginning of sentences, but is also preceded 
 by a gerund with -kyi y in which case it is 
 almost pleonastic; Lexx. give ^ffT^t as tne
 
 503 
 
 Ssk. word for it, which however seems not 
 to agree with its use. 
 
 * ^on-tan = ^on-kyah Lex. 
 
 ^n-te B. and C. or if not, or else, or 
 also, in double-questions after the ter- 
 mination am of the first question. 
 SJS'CJ" < on ~P a 1- deaf, also to be deaf; ^6n- 
 pa-pa, ^on-pa-po, ^on-po a deaf man, 
 ^on-pa-mo, ^on-mo a deaf woman Cs. ; ^on- 
 ion deaf and blind. 2. to give, to bring, 
 chiefly as imp. ^on-cig Dzl. 
 
 ^on-sen, with byed-pa, to pay atten- 
 tion, to watch, to spy Sch. 
 Qrj- <ob 1. also ^.065 ditch, trench, pit Dzl', 
 me-^ob fiery pit; also fig.: the fire-pool 
 of passions. 2. v. yob. 
 
 - ^om-bu 1. tamarisk, Myricaria Med. 
 not unfrequent near the rivers of Ti- 
 bet. 2. Sch.: 'a town, settlement' (?). 
 Qi- <or 1. dropsy, viz the species anasarca, 
 nif., pdgs-cu] dbu-^or prob. id. Med. 
 2. eddy, whirlpool Sch. 
 C&'q* ^or-ba 1. to put or lay down 6s. 
 
 2. to feed, e. g. a little child W. 
 nf-jr ^o/clover, trefoil, viz. snail-clover, medic, 
 (Medicago); ^ol-fdn a plain covered 
 with such clover; *'ol-kyoy* W. snail. 
 
 * +ol-mdud v. 'ol-mdud. 
 vulture -ScA.? 
 
 i in a general way, generally 
 1 speaking, about, ^l-spyir id. &?A. ; <6l- 
 spyi tsdm-du dus mnydm-mo they are about 
 contemporaries Tar. 
 
 Jlrba black horse Mil, Ld.-Glr. (Ts. 
 *wdl-ba*). 
 
 ^61-mo Ld. *oh-mol* besom, broom, 
 brush, sfag-^61 birch-broom, zed-^61 
 hair-broom Cs. 
 
 SW'^f^J* <l- m - s v Wdn. an officinal plant; 
 6s.: ^ol-ma-sa 1. a certain small 
 berry. 2. a small weight'. 
 
 ^.08 1. v. the following. 2. v. ^-se, 
 
 ^6s-pa 1. vb. and adj. to be worthy, 
 suitable; becoming, appropriate, with 
 terrain, inf., in later times and vulgo, with 
 the root, sbyin-par ^os it is becoming, it is 
 meet to give; O di yzigs-par mi js it is not 
 decent to see this; *ka-lon cd-ce 'os* W. he 
 is worthy to be a vizier; *l'-sam la tah mi 
 'os* W. he is not worth such high wages; 
 *la ndn-te tan 'os* W. he deserves extra- 
 pay; yid-sm6n ^os to be wished, desirable; 
 pyag by a - bar ^os -par ^gyur he becomes 
 adorable; stdd-^os to be praised, laudable; 
 bkiir-^os deserving honour 6's.; fams-cdd-la 
 pog-^os-pai cdd-pa the punishment condign 
 to all ; rarely with genit. : kun-gyis bkur-zin 
 mcod-pai ^os Mil. he is deserving of uni- 
 versal honour and respect, and even : rjei 
 ^os min he was not worth to be a king, for 
 which more frq. the termin. is used:/frd- 
 mor ^os-pa zig Glr. the one that is the most 
 deserving of being mistress, i.e. she that 
 has the genteelest appearance, that is most 
 of a gentlewoman; grogs -su ^.os-pa he is 
 worthy to be his colleague, nif. Mil. 2. 
 more particularly in colloquial language: 
 right, W. *os-can, o-sari*; with a negative 
 *mi-6s-pa,os-med, os-min* W., *mi-y-pa* etc. 
 C. wrong (for the rigs-pa and mi-rigs-pa 
 of earlier lit.); mi ^os-pai spyod-pa byed-pa 
 Glr. to entertain illicit intercourse; rdzas 
 ^6s-pa a lawful, mi ^ds-pa an unlawful 
 matter Schr.\ *o-min-ghi tim-gdl*C. awrong, 
 immoral act, sinful transgression ; *'os mi- 
 os p6-ce* W. to discern between right and 
 wrong ; with regard to a man's words, cre- 
 dible, trustworthy, or the contrary. Sch. 
 has besides : <os ci yod, 'what other means 
 or way is there?' and: _os spyi-ba 'to finish 
 (a thing) for the most part; to be good or 
 tolerably good' (??).
 
 504 
 
 ' ya-ma-zun 
 
 yr ya 1. the consonant y, pronounced like 
 the English initial y, in yard, yoke etc., 
 in C. deep-toned; yd-btags, yd-ta Glr. the 
 subscribed y or \^-. 2. num. fig. : 24. 
 yr- ^/a I. often with, ycig, one of two things 
 that belong together as being of one 
 kind, or forming a pair, also one of two 
 opponents; mig ya-ycig lon-ba Pth. blind 
 of one eye ; lham ya-ycig Glr. one of a pair 
 of boots, an odd boot; lag -pa ya-ycig-tu 
 yser fogs, lag-pa ya-ycig-tu bu-mo Krid-de 
 Dzl. in one hand holding the gold, with the 
 other leading his daughter; ston-pa danysdl- 
 ba ynyis ya ma brdl-bar Thgr. the empty 
 and the clear (emptiness and clearness) being 
 inseparable from each other; ya-gydl one 
 of several, e.g. of three things Gram.; of 
 six Lex. ; *yd-do* in W. the common word 
 for grogs or zld-bo associate, companion, as- 
 sistant, *yd-do co-ce* to assist; *nyl-ka ya 
 yo'*C. they are equal to each other, a match, 
 one as good as the other, *K6-la ya me', 
 or Ko yajM'-Ken mi dug* C. he finds none 
 that is a match to him, *di l(J-ke ya ne mi 
 tub* C. I am not equal to the task ; Kai ya 
 v. k'd-ya; ya-med = do-med; O fdb-ya ad- 
 versary, antagonist; ya-zdr one-eyed; ya- 
 ma-zun and ya-md-brla, ya-ya v. below. 
 II. root signifying above, up etc. (opp. 
 to ma), cf. goh; adj. yd-gi (also yd-ki Mil.}, 
 pu yd - gi the upper or highest part of a 
 valley Glr., ri-bo yd-gi the hill up yonder 
 Mil.', yd-gi upper = heavenly Mil., opp. to 
 md-gi; yar andyas v. the respective articles; 
 the word, otherwise, occurs only in com- 
 pounds: yd-rkan palate; ya-gdd (forskad) 
 ladder Sch.;ya-g6n above, over Sch.; ya-mgdl, 
 ya-mcu,ya-fem, ya-fog, ya-rdbs, ya-re, ya-so 
 v. mgal etc.; ya-mfd the upper end, i.e. 
 the beginning e. g. of a word, opp. to ma- 
 mfa the end 6s.; yd-sa esteem, honour, love, 
 shown to a person W. (= ze-sa B., C.\ *yd- 
 
 se spe-ra* expressions of respect; *yd-se pi- 
 la zer-na* if one speaks respectfully ; ya- 
 sa-med-Kan uncivil, regard! ess, reckless, un- 
 feeling; *yd-sa co-ce* to show love, regard, 
 to treat with tenderness, to fondle, a child, 
 animal etc., opp. to md-sa, which however 
 is less in use. 
 
 y a ~^ a mutual revilings Ma. : ma smdd- 
 la yah yd-Ka sgrags mother and chil- 
 dren abuse one another. Cs. : yd-ga bad 
 reputation (?). 
 
 J" ya-gydl v. ya I. ^ 
 
 yd-na(-ba) C. also *yd-na-bo* 
 (prob. for/i/a ndn-pa) shuddering, 
 fright, anguish, with genit. or accus. of that 
 which is the cause of it Do. ; yd-na-bai dmag- 
 fsogs Mil. a formidable host; yd-nai gegs 
 terrible danger Pth. 
 
 yd-ta v. letter ya. 
 
 y a ~ tra (procession and 
 feast, in honour of some 
 idol) W.: festivity, reveling, in beer with 
 dumplings and pastry, held in autumn or 
 winter, in memory and for the benefit of 
 the souls of those that died during the last 
 year. 
 
 J**T* yd-do v. ya I. 
 
 yd-po butcher; executioner Schr. 
 '^* yd-ba prob. = yya-ba. Mil. ? 
 
 ya-ba-ksa-ra Ssk. saltpetre Med. 
 
 yd-ma 1. the temples. 2. a severe 
 cold, catarrh. Med. ; *yd-ma rag* W. 
 
 I have a bad cold. 3. n. of a goddess, 
 
 = brtdn-ma. 
 
 - ya-ma-zun unsymmetrical, incon- 
 gruous, not fitting together, e.g. 
 
 two unequal shoes; of religions, languages,
 
 ya-ma-brla 
 
 505 
 
 ydn-ge 
 
 customs, that have sprung from heteroge- 
 neous elements; of behaviour: inconsistent: 
 unheard of, prodigious, co- prul magic feats 
 Tar. 
 ...._.._._. ya-ma-brla, *ya-md-la*, U: ya- 
 
 ^ ma-la-po, Ts.: *ya-ma-kn-te* , 
 Lis. : = snyin-po-med-pa, mi-bden-pa vain, 
 unstable, fickle, not to be trusted or depended 
 upon. 
 
 yu-mfsan 1. wonder, miracle, super- 
 natural occurrence, adopted also as 
 the term for the miracles of Scripture Chr. 
 Prot. ; ltds-sam yd-mfsan ci byun DzL what 
 signs and wonders have happened? yd- 
 mfsan-du O gyur-ba Dzl. to happen, to come 
 to pass in a marvelous manner; yd-mfsan- 
 ste Pth. being a wonderful man; Kyod-la 
 O di-tsam rig-pa- med-pani yd-mfsan- ceo that 
 you are so ignorant is very strange (wonder- 
 ful); *yd-fsem-po*C. marvelous, miraculous; 
 yd-fsam-can id.Schr. 2. wonder, astonish- 
 ment, amazement, rgydl-po yd-mfsan cen-po 
 skyes-te Tar the king greatly wondering; 
 *ydm-fsan fsor-ce, co-ce* W. to wonder; yd- 
 mfsan-gyi ynds-so Tar. it is a thing to be 
 wondered at; de-tsam yd-mt'san-rgyu med 
 Mil. that is not so very astonishing. 
 yj*w* y a ~y a 1- ^' s - : differing, diverse, yd-ya- 
 
 ba diversity; yd-ya-bor gyur-ba Sch.i 
 a subject of dispute, contrariety of opinion. 
 2. yyd-ya. 
 
 ya-yo crooked, wry, col. Cs. 
 
 ya-ldd corselet and helmet, mail, ar- 
 mour, yser-gyi of gold; also fig. B. 
 
 yd-sa v. ya II. 
 
 ya-hu-dd Judah. ya-hu-dd-pa jew 
 Chr. Prot. 
 
 ya-ho-wd Jehovah Chr. Prot. 
 
 V a y-p a a small mattock, hoe, cdg-yag 
 iron hoe, sin-yag wooden hoe Ts. 
 y a y-P> P rov - a l so J<xg-po, seldom 
 in B., but otherwise common in C. 
 and W. good, in all its significations, both 
 as to men and things, = bzdii-po; *dei pi- 
 la di ydg-po* W. for that purpose this is 
 good, fit, serviceable; *yag-po )he-pa* 6'., 
 
 *co-ce* W., c. c. la, to caress, to flirt, also 
 in an obscene sense; ydg-po ydg-po well, 
 well! 
 
 yi-- yan 1. (accented), again, once more; 
 likewise, also, further, hq.,yan yan Mil, 
 yan dan ydn-du Tar., ydn-nas ydn-du Dzl. 
 again and again; joined to adj. and adv. 
 denoting a higher degree, still: yan cun Mil. 
 still smaller, O di ci-gan-las yan dgd-ba zig 
 byun Mil. that was still more pleasing than 
 any thing before; yan sgos Mil. still more 
 in detail; *ydn-non-zag* W. the third day 
 before yesterday. 2. (unaccented, throw- 
 ing the accent back on the preceding word), 
 after the final letters g, d, b, s, gen. kyari, 
 after vowels often < aw, also, too, the Latin 
 quoque, na yan, bdag kyan I too ; bu ce-ba 
 yan Dzl. my eldest boy too ; bsod-nams dan 
 yan Iddn-pa Dzl. having also merit; yan 
 yan , both and ; Q di yan de yan 
 both this and that, pyi-rol yan nan yan 
 both outside and inside; followed by a ne- 
 gative, neither nor; yan singly, with a ne- 
 gative: not even, kar-sd-pa-ni ycig kyan 
 mi sbyin-no Dzl. I shall not even give a 
 cowry for it; yan with a comparative (as 
 above) still, sndr-bas kyan Ihdg-par still 
 more than formerly ; as effect of a preced- 
 ing cause, SO then, kyeu de yan fse O das-so 
 Dzl. so then the boy died, bsdd-pa yan 
 grans-med-do Dzl. so then there were people 
 killed without number; einphat., even, rin- 
 por ma Ion-par smra yan ses-so Dzl. within 
 a short time he was even able to speak; 
 sna-tdd kyan Dzl. even before this; kar- 
 sd-pa- ni Jbum yan even so much as a 
 hundred thousand cowries (I would give) ; 
 also joined to a verbal root: fams-cad O dus 
 kyan even if all without exception be gather- 
 ed ; although, btsal kyan ma rnyed although 
 they were seeking, they did not find, or, 
 they were seeking indeed, but did not find ; 
 this latter turn is frequently used, where 
 we use but, yet, nevertheless etc. 
 y,p.,x* yan-skydr 1. sbst. postscript. 6s. 
 - 2. adv. again, afresh, anew C. 
 
 ydn-ge v. ydii-po.
 
 506 
 
 yaii-sgos 
 
 ydn-sgos v. yah 1. 
 'tS*: ydn-car Bhot. and Schr. 
 
 * yan-lci v. ydn-po. 
 
 ydn-jug the second of two final 
 letters, viz. s after g, n, b, m. 
 
 ing uncertain), is said to 
 be the n. of a green stone, which is worked 
 into handles of knives etc. W. 
 
 in-dag-pa \. ddg-pa. 
 
 ydn-na or, in B., com. pleon. after the 
 affixed am {gam, nam etc.), which 
 in itself already expresses the or; it is also 
 preceded by dan- further, Thgy.; either 
 or - , yati-na {ni) yan-na {ni) . 
 
 ydn-sprul v. sprul-pa. 
 
 dit-mo* C. and W*ydn- 
 ghe* Ts. adj., ydn-ba adj. and sbst., 
 light, lightness, opp. to Ici-ba, q. cf. ; fig. 
 ojam-zin ydn-ba what is soft and light, com- 
 modious and easy Dzl.', of food cf. Ici-ba II.; 
 weak, *de san ydn-mo yin* W. this is a 
 weaker, less emphatic, word than that; *no 
 ydn-mo* C., W. cheerful, happy. 
 
 ydn-ma early barley, v. nas I. 
 
 ydii-mes-po great-grandfather, 
 ydn-mes-mo great-grandmother 
 
 Sch. 
 
 ydn-rtsal very high skill, consum- 
 mate art Mil 
 
 - ydn-rtse the highest point, summit, fig. 
 the height of perfection. 
 
 *<35* ydn-fsa great-grandson Sch. 
 
 ri-ra W. buck, ram, he-goat. =pd-ra. 
 ydn-la prob. = ytin-na S.y. 
 ydn-sos n. of a hell Tligy. 
 ydns-pa 1. also -po, wide, broad, 
 
 ydn-pa 
 
 ne-sa) yan-pa dug* W. here is much room; 
 fig. *mig-ydii* C., W. liberal, generous, boun- 
 teous; * 'y 'an -tried -la , yan-ydn-pa-la* W. 
 sudden, unexpected, unawares; * yan -lug 
 co-i-e* W. to hang or throw a coat over, 
 without getting into the sleeves; yan-sam 
 byed-pa id., Sch.; ' ;: yan-hlub* C., W. wide, 
 of clothes. 2. v. -/yen-ba. 
 
 city 
 
 large, fan, sa-yzi a large or wide 
 field, plain Glr.', yans-sin rgya-ce-ba large 
 and spacious, of a house S. 0.; *gu-sa (or 
 
 wjcsrq-ss- y^-P a - 
 
 1 and else 
 India, now Allahabad. 
 ytr. yan (= ya II, opp. to man III q. v.) 
 
 ' what is uppermost, man-yan below and 
 above 6s.; ydn-na Cs.: above, in the begin- 
 ning, in the first part; gen. yan stands as 
 adv. or postp. with accus., = ydn-la, yan- 
 cdd{-la), yan-cod{-la), above, in the upper 
 part, Ite-ba yan steh-la yod-de Glr. lit. above 
 the navel standing out of (the water), i.e. 
 standing in (the water) up to the navel; 
 sta-zur yan- cad Dzl. above the hips; io- 
 brgydd yan-cdd Pth. above eight years old; 
 otherwise when referring to time, always 
 till, to ; often preceded by nas, from . . . forth, 
 Glr. 
 y._.^p. yan-ljin dulcimer, musical instru- 
 
 ' ^ ment in Ts. 
 
 WJ* yun-pa&&]., free, vacant, unoccupied, 
 having no owner, of places and things 
 that are common property, like the air, rocks 
 and stones etc. ; Kyi ydn-pa a dog without 
 a master, vagrant dog; gral ydn-la yod 
 there are yet places unoccupied; of fields: 
 unfilled, fallow-ground; yan tfydr-la ma ca, 
 v. Ji-ydr-ba; ydn-gar-ba separate, apart, by 
 itself Lis., rgyal-rigs ydn-gar-ba zig a se- 
 parate dynasty, a dynasty of its own ; ydn- 
 gar-du id., adv. Was. (281); rgya-ydn the 
 external world, ryya-ydn{-gyi} ynyen-pa 
 Glr. a helper from the external world; sems 
 rgya-ydn-du ma sdr-bar byos take care that 
 the mind be not distracted by outward 
 things; *yan ca-ce* W. to disperse, *lug, 
 nor fsan-ma, sam-pa yan son* W., the sheep 
 have dispersed (or a sheep has strayed), 
 the fortune is gone, the thoughts are lost, 
 wandering; ydn-du jug-pa to suffer (the 
 sheep) to disperse on the pasture ; nad ydn-
 
 pa wandering (contagious) disease, = yams 
 Sch. (ydn-pa to run about, to wander Sch., 
 is rather doubtful). 
 
 ydn-lag 1. member, limb, ydn-lay 
 liia arms, legs, and head Mny.\ 
 ydn-lag skyon-can an injured or defective 
 limb Lex. ; ydn-lag nyams-pa weak in the 
 limbs, decrepit, crazy, = zd-ba Lex. 2. 
 fig. branch of a river, branch of a tree ; dge- 
 bsnyen-gyi ydn-lag yzuh-bar bgyio Do. was 
 explained: I wish to be counted a branch, 
 i.e. a member, of the community of novices; 
 appendage, something subordinate to a great- 
 er thing, like branch-establishment Tar. 175, 
 3; also with reference to books: appendix, 
 supplement Tar. 3. branch, section, sepa- 
 rate part of a doctrine or science, frq:, a par- 
 ticular head, point, thought, in a treatise. 
 yiq- yab, resp. for pa, father, rgydl-po yab 
 yum ysum Glr. the king and his two 
 consorts; rgydl-po yab yum denotes also 
 king and queen as father and mother to 
 the country Glr.; yab rgydl-po -la ysol-to 
 Dzl. he said to his royal father; yab-srds 
 father and son, in a spiritual sense : master 
 and disciple; yab-mes l. father and grand- 
 father. 2. progenitor, ancestors Glr. 
 
 y db -P a > ryM-pa 1. to 
 lock, lock up, secure, cover 
 over Sch., yab-ca things well secured, under 
 safe keeping; ydb-yob-pa to hide, conceal 
 Sch. ; yyab or yyab-sa covered place, covert, 
 shelter Sch. ; yab riii - po portico , veranda, 
 e g. of the monastery atTashilhunpo; yab-ras 
 awning, tent Sch. 2. C. to skim, to scoop 
 off, from the surface of a fluid. 3. W. 
 to move to and fro, hither and thither, v. yyob- 
 pa. - 
 
 wq'Sf zroq'f : y db - mo > 7ydb-mo 1 . the act 
 of fanning, waving, lag-pa 
 ydb-mo byed-cin O ci-ba dying whilst waving 
 the hand to and fro, considered as a sign of 
 peace Do.; gos-kyi ydb-mo byed-pa Glr. to 
 beckon by waving with one's clothes ; hence 
 fig. 2. the bringing on, provoking, dgrd-boi 
 of an enemy Mil., O puii-yzii a calamity Mil. ; 
 ydb-mo )he'-pa or yydg-pa to beckon to 
 come, to bring (something adverse) upon 
 
 507 
 
 one's self. 3. fan, rha-ydb a. a yak-tail 
 fan Cs. b. kettle-drum stick Sch.', sbran- 
 ydb fly-brush 6s.; rlun-ydb ventilating- or 
 cooling- fan 6s.; bsil-ydb pankah {Hind.'), a 
 large fan suspended from the ceiling and 
 set in motion by means of a string. 4. 
 sail 6s. ? 
 
 ydm-bu rdo-fsdd v. rdo com p. 
 
 y am ~ me ~ ba ^' Sch-'- coarsely, 
 
 roughly, of a coarse make, rough- 
 hewn. 2. Mil. : cui Kd-na par-la ydm-me 
 ysegs he walked softly gliding across the 
 water to the other bank. 
 
 yam-yd* Vs. also yam-yam Thgr. 
 
 tottering, not steady Cs. yam-yom 
 byed-pa to totter. 
 
 yams, yams-ndd 6's., nad-ydms Glr. 
 epidemic or contagious disease, plague, 
 ma-yams a plague caused by evil spirits, v. 
 ma-mo. 
 
 Usi^* y ar -> ^ rom y a i U P' u P war l? also ydr-la, 
 e.g. yzigs-pa to look up Glr., yar- gro 
 mdr- gro byed-pa Glr. to travel up and 
 down; yar mar O cdg-pa B., *kyod-ce* W. 
 resp., to walk up and down; ydr-la Kyer 
 sog bring or fetch up Pth.; yar ma sgyugs 
 mar ma O fon-par Pth. as it would go off 
 neither upward by vomiting, nor downward ; 
 ydr-nas mar-la how top to bottom; yar fon- 
 pa Thgy. to come up again, from a depth; 
 *yarmar fsan-ma-ru* W. in every direction, 
 all over; in such expressions as yar lan-ba 
 to rise, get up, yar O pel-ba to increase, it 
 stands pleon.; ydr-la also denotes a relation 
 to that which is higher, the intercourse with, 
 the deportment towards, superiors (yndr-la 
 the contrary) Glr.; esp. with reference to 
 the transmigration of souls and their final 
 deliverance : yar ycod-pa to cut off the way 
 to the three upper classes of beings, the so- 
 called 'good natures', yar skye-ba to be re- 
 born in the upper classes, the reverse of 
 which is mar O grib-pa to sink down to the 
 lower; yar O drtn-pa to draw or lift up to 
 heaven. 
 
 ydr-ltos imitation Sch.
 
 508 
 
 ydr-ba 
 
 yt-ge 
 
 ydr-ba to disperse, ramble, stray C. 
 (= *^aw cd-ce* W.) ; to spring or leap 
 off Cs. ; to be scattered Sch. 
 
 yar-lun Glr. a large tributary of 
 theYangtsekyangcomingfrom the 
 north, in western China, east of the town 
 ofBathang; nevertheless Tibetan historians, 
 from a partiality to old legends, describe 
 it as flowing near the mountain of Yarlha- 
 sampo. V. Kdpp. II, 50. 
 UJ^'^'CV&r^r K*rftlaip0,*snowymonn- 
 tain, between Lhasa and the 
 frontier of Bhotan, near which according 
 to tradition the first king of Tibet, ynya- 
 Kri-ytsdn-po, Nyalitsdngpo, coming from 
 India, first entered the country. 
 piw y dl ~9 a branch, bough, frq., ydl-gai 
 ' fsul-du ramified S.g., ydl-ga-can 
 branchy, full of boughs; yal-prdn 6s., y al- 
 ga preu Sch. small branch, twig; yal- Q ddb 
 a branch full of leaves Cs. 
 Ujq*q* yM-ba to dwindle, fail; disappear, 
 vanish, drod yal animal heat (in a 
 living being) diminishes, (an inanimate ob- 
 ject) cools down, grows cold; had yal it 
 evaporates Lt. ; of beer : to get stale, dead 
 (W.: *yal cd-ce*); *(s)kug(s) gydl-Kan-la 
 yal ca dug* W. the stake is lost in going 
 to the winner; )a ydl-ba bzin-du Glr. like 
 the vanishing of the rainbow; yal-siil Wdn. 
 in a fruit the remnants of the withered 
 blossom ; to be obliged to yield, to be dislodg- 
 ed Glr. fol. 25, but perh. the signification: 
 to disappear is also here admissible ; lus dan 
 srog yal Dzl. body and soul are trifled away, 
 are lost; *go-ydl* (v. sgo-po) one who has 
 lost himself by gambling and has thus be- 
 come the slave of another; ydl-bar O dor-ba, 
 J>6r-ba, I. Sch. to annihilate, annul. 2. Cs. to 
 despise, fzan other people. Of. yol-ba. 
 WQJ'UsIdT y a l-ydl Cs. 1 00 000 octillions, yal- 
 ydl cen - po a nonillion ; yet cf. 
 dkriqs-pa. 
 
 usjor&R" -vw y . al ~ y6l > ~ yid inconstanc y> 
 
 ^ inattention, carelessness Cs., 
 Sch. 
 
 y^i fr m y a > ! f rom above, Jbdb-pa 
 to come down from above 6s. ; above. 
 
 yds-kyi the one above, the upper one Do. ; 
 yds-nas from above 6'., yas mas, a. from 
 above and from below 6s. b. upward and 
 downward 6s.; yas-byon coming from above 
 Mil. 2. Off, away, yas yton-ba, O pan-yds 
 ytoii-ba, ytor-yas byed-pa Glr. and elsewh., 
 to throw away. 3. in comp. without, mfa- 
 yds without an end, endless, frq.; bgrah-yds 
 numberless Gram. 
 
 ju- yi, 1. num. fig. : 54. 2. in some com- 
 binations inst. of yid, so yi ycod-pa yi(d) 
 cdd-pa 1. to forget, e.g. a benefactor Glr. 
 2. more frq. to give up, to despair Dzl; de- 
 spondency, despair Mil.', yi-pH-ba a disliking, 
 hatred 6s. ; yi(d)-mug-pa, yi-miig-par Q gyiir- 
 ba to despair, frq.; yi-rdn-ba to be glad, 
 to rejoice, v. rdn-ba; yi-ysdd-pa Cs. = yi- 
 mug-pa. 
 
 yi-ga appetite, yi-ga O gag, Idog the 
 appetite is lost, aversion, disgust is 
 felt, yi-ga sdan id. Sch.; O cus id. Med.; yi- 
 gar ^on it is grateful to the taste, it tastes 
 well Med. 
 
 y-9 e n com P- W 
 
 can( W. *)'6m-yig*) the Tibetan printed 
 letters, dbu-med( W.*ta-yig*) current hand- 
 writing, of which there are again different 
 kinds: dpe-yig the more distinct and care- 
 ful, used in copying books, Jtyug-yig the 
 cursory and often rather illegible writing in 
 letters, and Jbam-yig, the very large and 
 regular style invented for the use of ele- 
 mentary writing -schools (v. specimens of 
 all of them in the lithogr. supplement to 
 Cs.'s grammar). yi-ge-drug-pa the six- 
 syllable (prayer), theOmmanipadmehumG^/-. 
 and elsewh.; yi-ge-bdun-pa and brgyd-pa 
 Mil.? yi-ge bsldb-pa to learn reading and 
 writing, yig-rtsis reading, writing, and cy- 
 phering; kd-yig the letter k. 2. anything 
 that is written, note, card, bill, document: 
 inscription, title (more accurately &-#?#), esp. 
 letter, epistle; yi-ge bzdg-pa a deposited do- 
 cument, bond C. ; dge-sdiy-gi yi-ge register 
 of virtues and iniquities; yi-gei Ian a written 
 answer Glr.; yi-gei subs a. envelope, b. letter- 
 case, pocket-book; yi-ge O bri-ba to write a 
 letter, spnh-ba W. *kdl-ce* to send off, fob-
 
 yi-divags 
 
 509 
 
 pa to receive a letter; yi-ge sleb a letter 
 arrives; yi-ger O bri-ba Dzl., O god-pa to com- 
 pose, to pen down ; yi-ger Jbrir jug-pa to 
 get copied; yi-ger bris jog pa literis man- 
 datum deponere', sku-yig letter, circular 
 epistle; Jid-yig v. above; cdd-yig contract, 
 bargain; O cdms-yig dancing-book, rules re- 
 lating to religious dances; O col-yig letter of 
 recommendation 6s.; rtdgs-yig 1. stamp, sig- 
 nature Cs. 2. certificate, credentials W.-ynds- 
 yig description of a place; sprins- or O prin- 
 yig = skur-yig; bu-yig 1. copy. 2. commen- 
 tary, opp. to md-yig 1. original, first copy; 
 2. text Cs.; O dzin-yig = rtdgs-yig 2 W.', zu- 
 yig memorial, petition; Idn-yig letter in 
 answer, reply; Idm-yig 1. hand-book, road- 
 book, guide, sdm-bha-lai lam-yig description 
 of the road to Sambhala (a fantastical book). 
 2. itinerary, travelling-journal (?). 3. pass-port 
 Cs. 
 
 jn-rcn^r yi-dwags (from etymol. subtility 
 written also yid-tags or yid-btags), 
 jfcf, the fifth class of beings of Buddhist 
 cosmography, condemned in a fore-hell to 
 suffer perpetual hunger and thirst, a grade 
 of punishment preceding the final and full 
 torments of hell; they are represented as 
 giants with huge bellies, and very narrow 
 throats, inhabiting the air Kopp. I, 245. 
 
 yi-dam, less frq. yid-dam ( dam- 
 bca) resp. fugs -dam 1. oath, vow, 
 asseveration, promise, yi-dam-la brten-pas 
 because he firmly adhered to his word Dzl. 
 2. a 'wishing prayer' (v. smon-lam), yi- 
 dam bcd-ba to make a vow Dzl., to pro- 
 nounce a wishing prayer Dzl. 3. medi- 
 tation (this signification rests only on the 
 analogy with tugs-dam, and has yet to be 
 confirmed by quotations from literature). 
 - 4. also yi-dam-lhd tutelar god, a deity 
 whom a person chooses to be his patron, 
 whether for his whole life, or only for some 
 particular undertaking, and with whom he 
 enters into an intimate union by meditation; 
 frequently also it is a defunct saint or teacher 
 (so e.g. the yi-dam of Milaraspa was rdo- 
 rje- can); sometimes such a connection sub- 
 sists from infancy through life, or the deity 
 
 makes advances to the respective person 
 by special revelations, so in the case of king 
 Sron-btsan-sgam-po Glr. 5. ace. to Cs. 's 
 proposition: sacrament; yet our Christian 
 converts preferred the more popular dam- 
 bca. 
 
 &PJ' yig = yi-ge as an affix, v. yi-ge. 
 
 yig-bskur, also yig-mgo, epistolary 
 guide, containing the different 
 addresses and customary phrases used in 
 writing letters W. yig - /can library C., 
 chancery Sckr. yig-mKan secretary, book- 
 keeper, clerk Glr. and elsewh. yig-ca Glr., 
 Tar. written accounts, records, books of history. 
 yig-dpon a 'master-writer 1 Cs. yig- 
 preh line, written or printed. yig- brii 
 a single letter. yig-fsdri 1. archives, re- 
 cords, documents Glr. 2. book-case Glr. - 
 yig- dzin written contract, bzdg-pa to indent 
 (articles of agreement). 
 
 jr yid> res P- f u 9 s -> 1. 1- soul, mind, esp. the 
 ' powers of perception, volition and ima- 
 gination, cf. bio ; yid bzin-du as one would 
 wish, to heart's content, frq.; yid-bzin-gyi 
 nor-bu a jewel or talisman that grants every 
 wish; yid-du ^on-ba adj., rarely yid-^on-po 
 Mil. engaging, winning, pleasing, skye-bo mdn- 
 poi yid-du ^on-ba Do. beloved with many; 
 nice, pretty, of girls, houses etc., frq. ; also 
 yid-kyi inst. of it, e.g. yid-kyi mfo a pretty 
 lake Sbh. ; nai-yid ^on my dearest! my 
 darling! Pfh.; yid-du-mi-^on-bai fsig smrd- 
 ba Wdn. to say some unpleasant word; 
 whereas W.: *da yid -la yon or jun* now 
 it comes into my mind ; na yid-du mi rag 
 I do not recollect; 6'.: *yf-la ma son* it 
 would not go down with him, he had no 
 mind for it; nai yid-la mi Jbab Tar. it does 
 not please me, I do not like it; yid-la sar 
 kyan ro mi myon Mil. though you may 
 fancy it in your mind, yet you do not per- 
 ceive the taste ; yid-la byed-pa, O dzin-pa W.: 
 *co-ce, b&r-ce*, to comprehend, perceive, re- 
 member, mind, take to heart, frq.; yid-kyis 
 byed-pa to do a thing in one's mind, fancy, 
 e.g. sacrificing, like dmigs-la Thgr.; yid-kyis 
 b if UK-pa fancied, imaginary, ideal 6s.; *yv"-
 
 510 
 
 yid-tags 
 
 yin-pa 
 
 kyl log-spa* C. to read mentally, softly, in- 
 audibly; before many verbs yid stands al- 
 most pleon. : *yid kul-ce* W. to exhort; yid 
 /cul-ba Sch. 'mental suffering', perh. better: 
 to be uneasy, troubled, harassed; yid Jcrul- 
 baio be mistaken; yid-cad-pa \. yi-ycod-pa', 
 yid-ces-pa to believe, with the accus. or dat. 
 of the thing which one believes, with the 
 dat. of the person whom one believes, . . . 
 par, that . . . (cf . dad-pa) ; Kyod-la cun zig 
 yid ma ces-pas Mil. having become a little 
 distrustful towards you; *yid (or den)-ce- 
 cei spe-ra* W. credible words; yid-brtan- 
 dkd-ba Tar. not to be depended upon, hardly 
 to be believed ; yid-ynyis doubt: fe-fsom dan 
 yid-ynyis ma byed cig Mil. ; yid O pdm -pa 
 Mil. to be cast down, dejected, depressed; 
 yid O prog-pa Mil. to prepossess, to infatuate; 
 yid bloii-ba to be afraid, full of anxiety (?) 
 Sch.; yid Jbyurl-ba, resp. fugs-Jbyuii-ba Mil. 
 to be sad, unhappy, discontented, la, on ac- 
 count of; ha Kor-bai cos-la yid-byun-nas 
 Mil. I was wearied of the way of (con- 
 stantly moving in) the orb of transmigration; 
 yid- byin-paio make discontented or weary; 
 yid-mug-pa v. yi-mug-pa\ yid O fsim-par 
 ^yur-baDzl.to become satisfied, contented; 
 *yid fsim co-ce* W. to satisfy; y id-log-pa 
 to be tired or weary of Sch.; yid-fun Dzl. 
 forward, rash, overhasty; yid- duns v.duns; 
 yid-myos fuddled, tipsy ; yid-smon v. smon- 
 pa; yid-yzuns v. yziins; yid-srubs Lexx., 
 Sch. : 'a refractory, stubborn mind', which 
 however does not suit the connection. 
 2. symb. num.: 14. II. = yud, yid-tsam 
 for yud-tsam, Wdn frq. 
 
 ' yid-tags v. yi-dags. 
 
 juT-rr yin-pa, resp. and eleg. lags-pa I. to 
 be, with neg. ma yin or min, W. 
 *man* ; Kyod su yin who are you? bsa de-ka 
 na yin Mil. I was the leopard (you saw) ; 
 with genit., nai yin that is mine, belongs 
 to me ; *di-rin za-nyi-ma yin* W. to-day is 
 Sunday ; gdii-nas yin Mil. whence are you ? 
 O di med-pas yin Pth. it is because this is 
 not here . . . ; na bu-moi dus-na yin-te Glr. 
 when I was still a girl; *yin kyait* 6'., *yin- 
 
 na yait* W., C. for ^on kyaii yet, neverthe- 
 less, notwithstanding; yin-gran^-na) \.grdn- 
 ba extr. ; yin for optat or imp. : de yin 1 . SO 
 it is, yes. 2. that may be, mi O dod run deyin 
 Mil. if you feel no inclination, never mind, 
 let it be so ! dgrd-bo yin-na-^an yin Mil. if 
 he is an enemy, let him be so ! yin-na stands 
 also pleon. with adverbs etc. : shar yin-na 
 = siiar Mil.; yin, so it is! yes! mm, W. 
 ''man*, no! yin-min truth in a relative sense, 
 yin-min-gyi fe-fsom bsal Glr. it removes all 
 doubts as to the truth, e.g. the historical 
 truth; ma yin-pa, min-pa 1. vb. not to be 
 a thing. 2. adj. not being a certain thing, 
 ma yin-par, adv. ; cos ma yin-par 'not being 
 law', i.e. contrary to the law of religion, 
 wrong, unjust, = mi rigs-par; yul, dus, fsod, 
 rigs-pa ma yin-par spyod-pa Thgy. to do a 
 thing at a wrong time or place, without 
 observing due measure, in an improper or 
 unnatural manner; hence also ma-yin-pa 
 alone : wrong, unjust; *ma-yim-pe c{>-pajM- 
 Icen-la ten-sig zer* C. whoever commits an 
 improper action is called *fen-sig*; hence 
 also yin-min right and wrong. 3. v. min. 
 Cf. moreover yod-pa and O diig-pa, which 
 may be used for yin-pa, but not inversely. 
 Sometimes it implies to mean, to signify : /via 
 de ci yin Glr. what does this drumming 
 mean ? raydl-po Icon-ran yin dgons the king 
 thought (the prophecy) meant him, referred 
 to himself; fog -ma hed-kyi pyir ma yin- 
 pas Dzl. as from the very beginning it was 
 not aimed at me, had no reference to me; 
 also in other instances, where we have to 
 use words of a more precise character: Kyod- 
 kyi lo gah yin -pa -la Ko-it'O dgu-gis Tar. 
 whilst the sensibility that was with you, 
 i.e. the discretion shown by you, gives me 
 much pleasure. II. yin is joined to a 
 partic. pres., quite analogous to our English 
 construction: ^gro-ba yin I am going Md., 
 C.; Kyod-la Idm-mKan yod-pa e yin? Mil. 
 (are you having) have you a guide? dei 
 ndh-na su yod-pa yin? Glr. who is within? 
 it is also joined to a partic. pf., when re- 
 ferring to the past: na-rdn-la skyes-pa yin 
 Glr. I have born him ; cad-pa yin-pas Glr.
 
 511 
 
 yun-ma 
 
 because he is descended from . . . ; ci byun- 
 ba yin, Glr. what has become of him? de- 
 dus ci byas-pa y in Mil. what were you doing 
 just then? so esp. W. : *ze'r-pa yin, zer-pen* 
 he has said it, *kdl-pen* it has been sent 
 off; joined to the partic. fut., (or to the 
 partic. pres. or pf., in as far as these are 
 sometimes used also for the fut.) it ex- 
 presses futurity : si-ba yin Pth. I shall die ; 
 no su ses-pa-ld bskur-ba yin Glr. she shall 
 be given to him, that will know her, find 
 her out from amongst the rest; O gro-ba yin 
 mod Glr. indeed you will have to go now. 
 When joined to a root, it is only in W. that 
 it denotes the future : *Ub yin, Ub-bin* he 
 will come, *tdn yin* he will give. 
 
 Comp. *yin-tog-can* W. thinking one's 
 self to be something (great), proud, con- 
 ceited. yin-fsul Mil property, attribute, 
 ni f. yin-lugs 1. circumstances, condition 
 (= ynds - lugs?); Koh-rnams-kyi yin - lugs 
 brjod Mil. she related to him her circum- 
 stances. 2. nature or essence of things Mil. 
 yW yib, v. car-yib eaves, shed Mil. nt., yet 
 
 cf. the following. 
 
 - yib-pa to hide one's self C. t W.] car 
 yib byed-pa Pth. to take shelter from 
 the rain; *yib-te bor-ce* W. to hide, conceal; 
 yib-ma something hidden Sch.; yib-sa place 
 of concealment, hiding-corner. 
 
 IP 8 ' termination of the instrum. case 
 
 after vowels, po. 
 uq- yu 1. sbst? yu byed-pa to calumniate 
 ^ Sch. (?); yu-na if it is true Sch. (? ?) 
 2. num. figure: 84. 
 
 ra* ,y u '9 u i ~% u oa ^S, or a similar kind 
 - U of grain, which, in case of need, 
 may serve for food C. 
 
 y,._. gj_. yu-gu-sin officinal tree, yielding 
 Ns NJ a remedy for wounds and sores 
 
 S.g.; also fig. Wdn. 
 
 yu-gur, yu-ge-ra, n. of a 
 country and people, 6s., 
 which Sch. gratuitously identifies with Taii- 
 gud; however Glr. p. 32 is stated, that Ti- 
 bet derived mathematical science and works 
 of art from the east, viz. China and Mi- 
 nyag (i.e. Taii-ijud), laws and specimens 
 
 of workmanship from the north, viz. Hor 
 and Yugera (which are frequently mention- 
 ed together Ma.) a passage which Sch. 
 (History of the Eastern Monguls, 328) trans- 
 lated, but owing to an obscurity in the Mon- 
 gul text, he failed to recognize Yugera, 
 instead of which he has the word 'Gugi', 
 questionable even to himself. (Sch. on the 
 'Phantom of the Turkish Uigures', v. Preface 
 to Dzl IX.). 
 
 yu-ba handle, hilt, shaft, gri-yu haft of 
 a knife; stdr-yu helve of an axe; debs- 
 yu handle of an awl; Ihdm-yu leg of a boot 
 Cs.; yu(-ba)-can provided with a handle, 
 yu-med without a handle Cs.; yu-bcdd 'shoes, 
 slippers' Sch. (?). 
 
 ^'^'t^H' yu-bu-cag Cs. = ^u-bu-cag. 
 
 u-bo, yu-mo ox, cow, having 
 N=> no horns 6s.; for yu-mo Sch. 
 has 'hind, female of a stag' ; it seems to be 
 little known, yu-mo srol-gon and yu-mo 
 mdeu-Jbyin names of plants Wdn. 
 Usjzn* yug (= bubs) 1. piece of cloth or stuff; 
 Ns ' gos-su ras-yug ycig-las mi bdog-ste Dzl. 
 as they had but one cotton cloth for their 
 clothing. Cotton cloth is generally of very 
 small width, but the silk fabric, designated 
 by dar-yug, seems not to exceed much the 
 breadth of ribbons Glr. 2. for yud Mil. 
 yug-po, Ld. ug-pa oats, prob. the 
 same as yu-ku. 
 
 za mourning for a 
 deceased husband or wife, and the state of 
 uncleanness consequent to it, the duration 
 of which varies according to circumstances, 
 whether the first or second spouse has died, 
 and also with respect to the different coun- 
 tries; yug(s)-sa-pa, also yug(s)-sa widower, 
 yug(s)-sa-mo widow; yug(s)-sa pog-pa be- 
 ing unclean in consequence of mourning; 
 sdns-pa cleansed, viz. by the expiration of 
 the time of mourning 6s. 
 
 Med., *yun-p<? W., turmeric. 
 
 yun-ma, for nyuit-ma, turnip Glr.
 
 512 
 
 yun*-(d)kdr 
 
 yuns-(d)kdr white mustard, 
 yuns-ndg black mustard; yuns- 
 O bru grain of mustard-seed, yuns- bru tsam 
 as small as a grain of mustard-seed S.g. ; 
 yuns-mdr oil of mustard. 
 U^-> yud 1 . rarely yug, a very small portion 
 ^ ' of time, moment, ace. to S.g. 3^7, 
 stated to be a space of time varying from 
 8 seconds to 2 minutes; yud tsam (zig), 
 yud re but one moment, yud-tsam-pa Do. 
 of a moment's duration; fse O di yud tsam 
 yin pyi-ma-la mta-med this life is but like 
 a moment, the future without end ; yud-kyis, 
 yud-du in a moment, e.g. ynds-su pyin-pa 
 to get to a place S.g.; for a moment, ndm- 
 mKa-la ltd-ba looking up to heaven Wdri. 
 2. ace. to Stg. feu, fol. 53, yud is a space 
 of time of longer duration, 48 minutes; ace. 
 to Schr. in Shot. = cu-fsod 24 minutes. 
 3. a black or coloured stripe on woven fa- 
 brics, yud-can striped, black or white W. 
 
 yu-bu, ^u-bu Cs. (?). 
 
 yud-yud Sch.: yud-yud brid-pa a 
 dim and indistinct glimmering be- 
 fore one's eyes. 
 
 MX' yun time, when denoting a certain space 
 Ns ' or length of time, klog O kyug-pai yun 
 tsam ma Ion-par der pyin-nas Mil. in no 
 longer time than a flash of lightning takes 
 he arrived there; yun rin-po, W. *-mo*, a 
 long time, yun rin-por, yun rin-du during 
 a long time, yun rin-po -nas a long time 
 since or past; *yun mdn-po bud ca dug* 
 W. a long time passes; *yun rin-ni Kd-na* 
 W. by degrees, gradually; yun-du Glr. for 
 a long time to come; yun ci srid-du how 
 long? yun fuh-ba a short time. 
 
 yum, resp. for ma, 1. mother, btsun- 
 mo yum, yum btsun - mo the queen 
 mother. 2. Ssk. jfTcTM- title of the third 
 and latest part of the sacred writings, which 
 contains the Abhidharma. or metaphysical 
 portion (Kopp. I, 595. Burn. I, 48); Sch. 
 mentions also an extract of it, yum-cun. 
 
 yum-pa, only W. to strew, salt on 
 food, ashes on the snow. 
 
 yui-ba I. vb. 1. to slumber, W. also 
 *fom yur-ce*. 2. v. yt'ir-ma. 
 II. sbst. aqueduct, conduit, water-course, 
 ditch Glr.;yiir-po ce a large trench, channel, 
 canal, yur-prdn a small one; sbubs-yur a 
 covered, subterraneous canal Cs.; yur(-bai) 
 cu water conveyed by a canal. 
 ^.j..j. yur-ma the act of weeding C., W.; 
 *yur-ma yur-wa*, C., W. also *co-ce* 
 to pull out weeds; metaph.- to purify the 
 mind, cleanse the heart, e.g. by disburden- 
 ing one's conscience. 
 
 Usjq* yul ! place, a. an inhabited place, as 
 ^ PP- ^ desolation, fan ston-pa mi dan 
 yul med-cin Pth. a desert in which there 
 are neither men nor dwelling-places; b. 
 place, with reference to a sacred community 
 (college, monastery etc.) near it, e.g. some 
 of the students live in the college, others 
 in the place : so yul-dgon village and mon- 
 astery, yul-dgon-rnams Mil. for yul-mi dan 
 dgon - pa - pa - rnams laymen and clerics, 
 c. place, province, country, in a gen. sense, 
 yul-{gyi} skad provincial dialect, provin- 
 cialism; yul-(g\)i] mfil, mcog chief place, 
 capital ; yul cen-po brgyad chief places ; as 
 such are enumerated in Pth., without any 
 regard to geography, Singhala, Thogar, Li, 
 Balpo, Kashmir, Zahor, Urgyan, Magata; 
 r 9y a -y ar (-yyi} yul India ; rgyd-yul, bod-yid, 
 sog-yul India Cor China), Tibet, Mongolia; 
 whenever yul precedes a word, as in *yul 
 wa-ra-na-ser* , it is to be understood in this 
 way : as to the place (situation), in Banaras; 
 skyid-yul a lucky place, sdug-yul an unlucky 
 one; pa -yul fatherland, native country, 
 home; ran-yul one's own country, fzdn-yul 
 a foreign country; O br6g-yul country con- 
 sisting of steppes, ron-yul country full of 
 ravines; lha(i)-yul land of gods, abode of 
 the lha, also fig., a particularly pleasant 
 country or scenery ; tni(i}-yul abode of men, 
 (77 olxovpevrj) the inhabited world, earth, yet 
 in the Tibetan sense always as opp. to the 
 abodes of good or evil deities; mii yul-na 
 mi ^.OH Glr. in the world such a thing is 
 not to be found; rndm-ses dbdn-poi yul-las 
 O dds-pa Wdn. the soul that has left the ex-
 
 ye 
 
 ternal world, (yet cf. no. 2) ; spyod-yul, q.v. 
 
 - 2. the object or objects of perception by 
 means of the senses ; pyii yul drug the pro- 
 vinces of the six senses, viz. forms (the ex- 
 ternal appearances of bodies), sounds etc. 
 Mil.', so prob. also: yul-rnams-la lons-spyod- 
 par rmons-te Wdh. dead to sensual plea- 
 sures; yul mi O dzin-pa, or yzdn-du O dzin- 
 pa Thgy. to perceive things either not at 
 all, or not correctly ; brjod-pai yul-las O dds- 
 pa is stated to imply: exceeding the limits 
 of speech, unspeakable, unutterable; bsdm- 
 byai yul-las O dds-pa = bsdm-gyis mi Kydb- 
 pa frq. unimaginable, inconceivable, which 
 term, however, does not seem to be fully 
 adequate; also Was. (311) translates yul 
 with object; cf. /was, 5. 3. weather, or 
 rather in a more gen. sense, climatic state 
 of a country, and condition of the beings in 
 it, v. below yul-ndn, yul-bzdfi. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. yul-fcdms kingdom, e.g. 
 of Nepal, China, Glr. yul-Jcor country, 
 province Glr. yul-gru id. Glr. yul- 
 dgon v. above. yul-ndn C. tempest, yul- 
 ndn-gyi f sub-ma the turmoil of the ten? pest 
 Glr. ; also public calamities, such as famine, 
 murrain etc , Glr. yul-can \ . suited, pro- 
 per, being in its place, fulfilling its purpose, 
 C's. (?) 2. that which is treated 'objectively' 
 Was 311, cf. no. 2 above. yul-cos charac- 
 teristic properties, manners etc. of a country. 
 
 - yul-l)6ns district, tract of country. 
 *yul turn-turn* Ld. the separate villages of 
 a whole cluster bearing one common name. 
 yul-sde i. district C., W. 2. village magi- 
 strate. yul-pa inhabitant, native, gah yul- 
 pa yin whence are you ? what is your coun- 
 try? citizen, burgher Mil.; yul-pa-rnams 
 the people, the public Mil. yul-po gen. 
 with ce, a large country, Mil. yul-dpon 
 village magistrate, district judge. yul- 
 pyogs region, neighbourhood Mil. yul- 
 ma a native woman. yul-mi \. = yul- 
 pa. 2. countryman, compatriot Do. yul- 
 med 1. improper, not in its place Cs. 2. rdn- 
 snan yul-med bstdn-du ysol Glr. was ex- 
 plained: what has no place in my mind, 
 what I do not know or understand, I beg 
 
 you to teach me. yul-fco village, borough, 
 = gron-fso. *yul-fsdd-zum-/can* W. land- 
 surveyor, engineer. yul-yzis v. j-zis. 
 yul-bzdn fair weather Cs., yet cf. yul-ndn. 
 yul- yod-pa= yul-can Cs. yul-len the 
 mode of forwarding letters from village to 
 village, instead of expediting them in longer 
 and regular stages. yul-bsdd geography 
 or topography. yul - sd dwelling-place, 
 habitation W. yul-srid government of a 
 country Schr. yul-sred = yul-la O dod-pa 
 attachment to one's native place, the love 
 of country and of home, Mil. 
 
 yul-ba, less corr. spelling for nyul- 
 
 ba Tar. 
 
 y us L boasting, bragging, puff, yus & 
 don cun Mil. much bragging , and 
 nothing in it, yus ce ses cun Mil. one that 
 boasts much, and knows very little; yus 
 br)od-pa, byed-pa to boast Cs. 2. pride, 
 Kon yus ma ce zig do not take too much 
 pride in your heart Mil.; Ids-la by as yus ce-na 
 no-so cun the moreaman is pleased with him- 
 self after his deed, the less (real) happiness. 
 - 3. blame, charge, accusation Schr. (?), 
 false accusation Sch. (?) , yus byed - pa to 
 charge, accuse Schr. 4. ardour, fervour, 
 transport, ddd-pai yus-kyis in the fervour 
 of devotion, e.g. to shed tears, to fall down 
 on the ground Pth. 5. yus O fud-pa to 
 fasten one cord to another, to knit or join 
 things together Sch. 
 
 * ye, 1. Cs.:'ye-ma beginning and eternity, 
 ye-lddn eternal'. This word is known 
 to me only as an adv., completely, perfectly, 
 highly, quite; ye-nas id.; ye-ddg quite clean, 
 ye-rdzogs quite perfect, ye-nas bzdn-po al- 
 together good; with a negative following, 
 not at all, ye ma O dod I felt no inclination 
 at all, ye ma zig-par O dug Mil. he was not 
 hurt at all, ye-nas mi byed dgos that is not 
 to be done by any means ; ye-ses (vulgo Ld. 
 *'i-ses*) ^fTT, the perfect, absolute, heaven- 
 ly, divine wisdom; less frq. resp. ye-mkyen- 
 ye-ses Ina the five kinds of divine wisdom, 
 of which, ace. to some, every Buddha is 
 possessed, ace. to others, only Adibuddha; 
 ye-Ms, in a great measure at least, is inherent 
 33
 
 514 
 
 ye-fig 
 
 to all great saints and divine beings ; it will 
 suddenly break forth from the bodies of the 
 terrifying gods in the shape of fire, which 
 puts the demons to flight Glr.; ran-byufi 
 ye-ses the self-originated wisdom occasion- 
 ally is personified in a similar manner, as 
 Wisdom is in the Proverbs of Solomon; in 
 later times this conception coincides in the po- 
 pular mind also with ston-pa-nyid. 2. pro- 
 vine. for yin Glr. 75. 3. provinc. for ... am, 
 Kyed bld-ma-can O gro-ye Mil. are you going 
 to the Lama? 4. in comp. for ye-ses, v. 
 ye-fig. 5. num. figure: 114. 
 
 y e ~ty Sch. : 'the trace, line, or mani- 
 festation of divine wisdom'. 
 ye-ddns Bal. for nyid-rdn, you, the 
 pronoun of polite address. 
 ye-Jbrdg a contagious disease Cs.> 
 ace. to oral explanation: injury 
 inflicted on the soul, harm done to the mind, 
 which may take place in 360 different ways 
 Mil - 
 
 y e ~ ra n - f a c ity, next to Khobom 
 (Katmandu), the first in Nepal Mil 
 
 yer-re-ba pure, clear, genuine, un- 
 adulterated Mil ; sno ye-re a pure 
 blue, dkar ye-re a pure white C. 
 
 " 
 
 ye-re v. yer-re-ba. 
 
 Jesus Chr. Prot. 
 
 yegs-pa rough, shaggy, hairy Cs. 
 
 yen-ba v. 
 
 ^FT^T yed-po provinc. for ydg-po. 
 
 MX' yen, prob. only in yen -la joined to 
 ' ytdn-ba and synonyms, to bestow liber- 
 ally, amply, plentifully; zas dan spyod-lam 
 yen -la f tad -par bya food and exercise 
 should be amply provided for Lt 
 
 yer Lt. ynyid-yer q.v. 
 
 r yer-pa? pydg-tu yer-pa zig mdzdd- 
 nas to raise one's hand with the 
 palm turned upward, as a gesture of (wil- 
 lingly or respectfully) offering, Milnt. (This 
 term might perh. be applied to the 'waving' 
 of the wave-offerings, ordained by the Mo- 
 saic law.) 
 
 yer-ba sprinkled, sputtered, spouted(?) 
 Sch. 
 
 b" frq-5 e.g. mdans yel- 
 yel, sems-dad yel-yel clear, light, 
 bright or something like it(?). 
 
 ' yes-mcs ancestor Sch. 
 
 yo numerical figure: 144. 
 
 Ssk. = rnal- by6r, yo-gi = yo- 
 yo-gi-ni = yo-ga-ma\ more 
 about this word v. Williams Ssk. Diet. 
 
 yo-ba 1. adj. and sbst., oblique, slop- 
 ing, slanting, awry, crooked; obliquity, 
 slope, slant ; cun - yd - ba a little slanting, 
 crooked Glr. ; Ka yo the mouth awry $.</. ; 
 yon-po, col. *yon-te*, adj., id.; yo sron-ba, 
 yon-po bsran-ba, Lexx.,iQ make the crooked 
 straight; *zdm-pa yon-yon co dug* W. the 
 bridge is unsteady, swings to and fro; fig. 
 twisted, distorted, perverted, erroneous; yon- 
 dpyadvtrong interpretation, false judgment; 
 going crooked ways, deceitful, crafty, and 
 sbst. crookedness, deceitful dealings Cs.; 
 more frq. yyo. 2. everything, altogether, 
 whole (?) Sch. 
 
 Sf"K* yo'tyud, tools, implements, chattels, 
 household furniture, necessaries, Jso- 
 
 bai necessaries of life; mcod-pai requisites 
 for sacrificing; yo-bydd sbyor-ba to procure 
 the needful, to make preparations Dzl. ; yo- 
 bydd fams-cdd-kyis (or bzdn-pos) stob-pa 
 Tar. to provide a person with everything 
 necessary, to fit out well; yo-bydd srel-ba 
 id. (?) Sch. ; yo-bydd-kyis Jbrdl-ba to be in 
 want of the needful ; nor pyugs yo - bydd 
 money, cattle, and furniture, as a specifi- 
 cation of property. 
 
 yo- bog Wdn. n. of a tree, which 
 by the Lamas of Sikim is stated 
 to grow in Tibet; Sch.: elm, and in another 
 place: riiyo-Jbog linden-tree, less prob. 
 
 yog 1. col. but also sometimes in B., 
 for ^.og below, down stairs, yog -Kan 
 ground-floor; cellar. 2. v. y yog-pa.
 
 yoa-po 
 
 515 
 
 yon 
 
 y9~P * Sch- yog-mo, W. yoy-sin, 
 pole or stick for stirring the fire, poker 
 Mil. nt. 2. v. yyoy-po. 
 
 yog-'fcin one that is wetting his 
 bed Sch. 
 
 y ot ' l -ba>, yf.yons, used throughout 
 Tibet (except in Balti, where they 
 say *'0/?-cs*); not unfrq. also in later lite- 
 rature, for ^on-ba to come; Sch. has also 
 yon- cad (-fsad?) time and place of coming, 
 and yot'i-ye ever before, at all times (?). 
 y tiS ? a "> whole, mgo-ndg yons-kyi 
 rje Glr. lord of all the black-haired 
 (i.e. of all men); yons- du- fsal-gyi po-brdn 
 Mil. the palace in which all wish to meet, 
 nif.; yo/ts-su adv. wholly, completely, alto- 
 gether, yons-su ddg-pa quite clean, yons-su 
 spdn-ba to give up entirely; yons-su bsldd- 
 de quite lost in perverseness; generally, uni- 
 versally, zes yo/ts-su yrdys-so Glr. so he was 
 universally called; yons-yrdys-kyi bu cen 
 bzi Mil. nt., four disciples, followers, of uni- 
 versal fame; sduy-bsndl-las yons-su ma 
 yrol-la Sty., seems to mean: he is not yet 
 quite delivered; cf. however ye-nas with a 
 negative. yoits-yrub the absolute, what 
 is independent and complete in itself Was. 
 (202). - 
 
 Dsjk"J" yod-pa, resp. and eleg. mcis-pa 1. to 
 be, - yin-pa, syyu yod Dzl. it is de- 
 ceit, humbug; often with the terrain., like 
 O duy-pa, dud-pa ltd-bur yod Glr. it is smoke- 
 coloured; sin-tu mf im -par yod Q dug-pas 
 Glr. as they are very intimate with each 
 other; with a participle joined to it (or a 
 gerund, vulgo, esp. in W.}, yro-ba yod it is 
 becoming, growing, getting Pth.; sdr-pyogs- 
 su bstdn-pa yod it is pointing towards the 
 east, stsdl-nas yod he gives, has given; 
 brtsiy-nas yod he is building, he was build- 
 ing; *tib(s)-te yod* W. he is (has) come; 
 witlTa root often pleon. : nas bsags yod Kyod- 
 kijis Kol ciy Mil. I have been splitting (the 
 tree),^do you carry it away now; nan cen- 
 po by as yod Glr. he has been committing 
 a great evil; son yod -pas Pth. as he was 
 gone. 2. to be in a certain place, dei- rdzin- 
 bu-ziy yod-pai ndn-na Dzl. inn pond which 
 
 is io that place ; iiai yul-mi-las bu-mo yod- 
 pa-rnam Dzl. the girls that are among my 
 subjects; *de ndn-na yod-l>'an fsdn-ma* W. 
 all that is in it; yod-sa, pop. for gdn-na-ba, 
 place of abode. 3. to exist, to be on hand, 
 bde-bayodmayin Pth. no happiness exists; 
 ciin-zad yod kyafi srid-kyis Dzl. as possibly 
 a little might still be on hand ; 'e yod is, or 
 are there (even now) ? Glr. ; sndn-ba yod- 
 pai diis-su Thyy. whilst there is day-light. 
 4. with genit. or dat, for to have (like 
 the Latin est mihi I have): su-la-^anyod 
 ma yin Pth. nobody has. . .; rgydl-po-la 
 O dod-pa cen-po yod-par O duy the king seems 
 to have yet a great wish ; rgydl-moi yyog- 
 mo ziy yod-pa de Pth. a maid-servant whom 
 the queen had ; so in a like manner without a 
 case : yri ziy yod-pa de Mil. the knife which 
 he had about (him); yod-pa Thgy. the 
 things which one has, tct vnctQ%r)VT(t', fcron- 
 pa O dom bcu-dyu yod-pa Glr. a well having 
 a depth of 19 fathoms. 5. yod-par O yyur 
 a fut. oi-ydd-pa shall or will be. b. to origi- 
 nate, appear, bsdns-pai sul-du da-run yan 
 yod-par yyur-nas Dzl. as in the place of 
 (the gold-pieces) that were taken away, al- 
 ways new ones appeared, c. to get, receive, 
 fcri ydugs kyafi yod-par gyur ciy Dzl. the 
 throne should also receive a canopy! yod- 
 par byed-pa to beget, produce, effect, frq., 
 bu yod-par yyis siy Dzl. get her a child! 
 
 Comp. 6s. : yod-pa-nyid existence, yod- 
 min - nyid non - existence ; Sch. : yod - fan 
 'thoroughly clear' ; yod-fsod yin 'it has the 
 semblance of being' (?); yod-med a. being 
 and not being, yod-med yo-bzloy snan op- 
 tical illusions, when one imagines to see 
 what is not existing, or the reverse, b. in 
 W. yod is also used merely to give force to 
 med, as *yod med* there is not at all ... 
 Bjk* y n ! 9ift offering, of free will, to 
 
 ' priests and mendicant friars, frq., zds- 
 yon a gift consisting in food, yon Jbul-ba 
 to bestow a gift, to bring an offering; yon- 
 du Jbul-ba to present as a gift; fee, smdn- 
 yon physician's fee Cs.; yon sno-ba to bless 
 the gift received, to return a blessing for 
 it. 2. = yon-tan.
 
 516 
 
 yyaii 
 
 Comp. yon-mcod 1. = yon-bdag Glr. 2. 
 for yon-bdag dan mcod-ynas Mil. dispenser 
 (of gifts) and priest. y<'m - bday vulgo 
 and in more recent literature for the sbyin- 
 bgag of earlier writings, dispenser of gifts, 
 entertainer , host , in point of fact identic 
 with house-owner, citizen, farmer, and also 
 at the present time used in that sense with- 
 out any religious bearing; it is also the title 
 generally used by mendicant friars in their 
 addresses, something like 'your honour'. 
 yon-ynas the receiver of a gift C's. 
 
 y n - ian *plT (PP- to styon) 1 . good 
 quality, excellence, valuable proper- 
 ties, e.g. the medicinal virtues of plants; 
 also acquirements, accomplishments, attain- 
 ments, yon-tan slob-pa to learn something 
 useful Pth. and vulgo ; O di bui yon-tan yin 
 Dzl. for that you are indebted to the boy. 
 this is the boy's merit; property, quality, in 
 gen., e.g. the different tastes and effects of 
 medicines Med.; also mystic or fantastic 
 properties Glr. bdag blus kyan yon-tan 
 med Glr., even if one would ransom me, 
 it would be to no purpose, not worth while; 
 O d6d(^pai) yon^-tan) v. O dod-pa\ pan-yon 
 v. pan-pa. 2. num.: 3. 
 yon-po v. yo-ba. 
 
 n- yob, jb, stirrup C's.; yob-goii in- 
 step of the foot 6s.; yob-lcdgs 
 'the iron of the stirrup' Cs.; yob-cen = yob 
 6s.; yob-fag stirrup-leather 6's., yob-mfil the 
 footing, yob-lun (Sch. yob-Ion) the hoop of 
 the stirrup. 
 
 I" yob-pa v. y yob-pa. 
 
 yw m '- J P a > t's. vb., adj. sbst., to swing, 
 totter, tremble, to be unsteady ; swing- 
 ing etc., the swinging etc.; yom-po, a.dj.,yom- 
 yom Pth., yom-me-ba Mil. id. 
 
 ytr-P ! du "? lieavv < blunt Cs -> Ta> '- : 
 yor-yor-ba; but the expressions 
 tom-yor shaking, tottering, trembling, like 
 an old man Mil., and mig-yor mirage, seem 
 to indicate that the proper signification is 
 trembling. 2. oblique, slanting, C. 
 
 y61 ~ 9 ' y61 ' ma earthen ' 
 
 ware, crockery Schr., 6s., 
 
 dkar-y6l china-ware, porcelain, frq. ; yol-gor 
 cup, bowl. Sch. 
 
 yl-ba I. sbst. curtain, yol-bas O bre- 
 ba Glr. to stretch a curtain over; 
 yol-ba ten-pa Glr. to draw a curtain; yol- 
 ba ycod-pa to close the curtain (of a door), 
 yol-ba O byed-pa to open it 6s.; dar-yol silk- 
 curtain, ras-yol calico-cuilain; sgo-yol cur- 
 tain before a door. II. vb. 1. to be past. 
 nyi-ma-pyed yol mid-day is past, it is after- 
 noon (about 2 o'cl.) WdL (v. nyin-zdg}; 
 srod yol son the evening-twilight is gone, 
 it is complete night (about 11 o'cl.) 6'.; nyi- 
 ma yol-la Had day is almost over, evening 
 is drawing on, Dzl. 7%, 6; dus-las yol-ba 
 to be past, both impers., it is past, it is over, 
 and pers., he is past his prime, old, decrepit 
 Dzl.\ rlun dan car dus-las mi yol-bas wind 
 and rain setting in and ceasing at the pro- 
 per time Dzl. 2. also yyol-ba 6'., dbyol-ba. 
 O byol-ba to evade, shun, to go not to a place. 
 mig yol-ba to look away; *le-yol cem-po 
 yin* he is very shy of work, averse to la- 
 bour 6. 
 
 DOT # os > 1 . slightly roasted corn, mostly barley 
 or wheat, which on account of its trans- 
 portability is generally taken by travellers 
 along with them, as their fare on the road; 
 fresh prepared it is much relished by the 
 people; O brds-yos rice, thus prepared S.g. 
 2. hare, but only as an astronomical term, 
 yos-lo the hare-year. 
 
 qpjrn- ft/aff> ^^^ tne Y ak ' Bos gmnniens 
 ' (reckoned by the Hindu among the 
 antilopes), fern. v. Jbri-mo; po-yydg male 
 yak; pa-yydg uncastrated yak-bull; yyag- 
 ru horn of a yak, also n. of a plant, Morina 
 Ld. : yyag-rog-zol- cen a very long-haired, 
 shaggy yak Sch. 
 
 yy an 1- Ssk- ^, synon. dpal, happi- 
 ness, blessing, prosperity, yyaii cdgs 
 blessing comes (from), grows (out of), nif. 
 Mil. ; sor it departs, it is gone ; yyan-skyob. 
 yyau-^gugsSchl. 263, *yaii-Ki'ig* W. a calling 
 forth of blessing, sacrifices and other cere- 
 monies performed, in order to secure happi- 
 ness and prosperity. yyan-skdr propitious 
 stars or aspects; the lunar mansions no.
 
 yyan-ti 
 
 517 
 
 to 9V v. rgyu-skdr. yyah-Kug beggar's 
 bag of the Lamas. yy ait-can happy, blessed, 
 prosperous, yyait-wed the contrary. J'yuii- 
 yiy a written benediction Glr. yyan-lhd 
 a deity of the Shamans, dispensing happi- 
 ness Sch. 2. gulf, abyss, gen. yydii-sa also 
 yyah-yzdn; ji-tsam mfo bzin yydn-sa ce so 
 high as you stand, so deep is the gulf; lus 
 yydii-du yton-ba to plunge, to precipitate 
 one's self Dzl. ; yydn-du or yydh-la Ituit-ba 
 to fall down Dzl.; mcoit-ba to leap Glr.; 
 ndn-soit-gi yydh-la Jf.or Pth. he totters on 
 the brink of the abyss of hell; yydn-sa-las 
 c dzin-pa to snatch from the abyss, to save 
 Thgy.', brag-yyan-yzdr rocky precipice Mtlg. 
 OTur-%- yyan-ti Sch.: 'the precious stone 
 1 chas'. 
 
 .V. fyaii-fse Mil. nt., 6'. a bowl or cup 
 of clay or wood. 
 
 yy aA -ity* c - also yan-ite, = 
 
 yzdn-yos skin of an animal, 
 used for clothing; Mil. also fig.: bzod-pai 
 yyan-lugs gyon he wrapped himself in the 
 mantle of patience; yyan-yzi Lea;. ^ffafwj, 
 skin of an antilope, the customary couch 
 of the members of religious orders; also skin, 
 couch, covering, in general Pth. 
 
 yydn-pa Lexx. w. e. Sch. : a cuta- 
 neous eruption, akin to the itch, 
 which is said to invade any part of the body, 
 and to be combined with a copious dis- 
 charge of matter; hereditary, and not con- 
 tagious. 
 
 , yydb-pa, yydb-mo v. yab etc. 
 
 yy am &ch- : 'the following a good or 
 bad example, with the respective 
 consequences (?)'. 
 
 ZTOsJ&T^T yyu m -pa Sch. : 'a certain stone' ; 
 *yam-fidn* W. a slab of slate, roof- 
 slate, for yya-spdn. 
 
 ZTKWQ" yy a ^- rus ^' i ncorr - verdigris; Icags- 
 gyd id. ; Icags gya cac/s Lt. iron rusts; 
 *ya /,'or, or jun, or yon* W. id. ; *ya cdd- 
 ce* W. to scrape the rust off (from metals), 
 to clean, polish; yya-ddg-pa freed from rust, 
 clear, polished, e.g. a mirror; yyd-pa rusty 
 Sch.; fig. for infection, contamination Mil.\ 
 
 j-ya O drid-ba to be mouldy Sch. or more 
 corr. to get rusty, to get covered with foul 
 extraneous matter; Ice-la yya- drul byed Lt. 
 the tongue gets furred. 2. also yyd-ma, 
 vulgo *yd-mdit*, slate, slab of slate; yya- 
 spdn Lid. 2. Cs. also oil of vitriol, sulphuric- 
 acid(?) 3. in C. verdigris; yya-tiy 1. a line 
 drawn with a slate- or lead-pencil. 2. slate- 
 pencil, lead-pencil, also yya-smyug. 3. bolt, 
 bar, yya rgdb-pa to bolt, to bar, yya pye- 
 ba to unbolt, to unbar; yyd-sir=yya; * dzin- 
 ya* C. pin. 4. v. yyd-ba. 
 
 J- ryd-kyi-maLt. n. of a plant, 
 in LA. a small high-alpine Saus- 
 
 yyd-ba 1. to shrink, to start up, in 
 
 consequence of a sudden irritation, 
 tickling etc., to shudder, skyi-yya-ba id. Mil.; 
 W.: *ya cug-ce* to cause to shrink or start, 
 to tickle, Cs. also: yyd-ba to feel a horror. 
 2. to itch, dei lus yyd-bas Dzl. because 
 he felt an itching. 
 
 yy d -y aC ' *##* Y e ! in speaking 
 
 to inferiors. 
 a-li maple Sik.; the dried leaves 
 
 of it are said to be boiled by the 
 poor instead of tea. 
 
 yar-ddm Lex., oath(?) Sch. 
 
 j.-.-. yydr-ba to borrow, to lend; to hire; 
 with reference to money, only 
 pro vine. (LA., Ts.); po-toan-nas mar -me 
 yydr-te Glr. having borrowed a lamp in the 
 castle; ynas- fsdn yydr-ba Tar., C., *i]dn-sa 
 ydr-ce* W. with la, to ask for reception, 
 night-quarters; Kdn-pa '/-ydr-mTcan lessee, 
 tenant, lodger; yyar byed-pa yydr-ba Sch.; 
 *pan-ydr co-ce* W. to succour a person by 
 an advance of money; pa-yydr step-father, 
 ma-yydr step-mother, bu-yydr adopted child ; 
 yydr-po credit for what has been lent, ad- 
 vanced ; *ydr-po tdii-ce* W. to lend, a thing, 
 Schr. to let, lodgings. 
 
 yyar-fsus food, nourishment, vict- 
 uals Sch. 
 
 yy ds ~P a r '9ht, yyds-ma the right 
 ha,n<],ryds-na on theright(hand), 
 yyds-su to the right, yyds-nas from the right;
 
 518 
 
 mig-)'yds the right eye, lay-yyas the right 
 hand, rkan-yyds the right foot; yyas-nos, 
 -pyogs^, -logs the right (hand) side: yyas- 
 yyon right and left; yyas-yyon-la ltd-ba to 
 look all round; yyas-ru 1. the right wing. 
 2. p.n., district in Ts.; *Y^-ru tsd/t-po* n. 
 of the principal river in Tibet v. , tsd/t-po. 
 
 cnu^" ? ^J" yyi, dbyi lynx (Cs. erron. ermine). 
 
 /^X s )-F< t be hindered Cs.; 
 Lex. : yyer-mas yyif/s-pa? 
 
 yyul-du or yyul-nor zugs-pa to go to battle 
 Do. ; yyul som-pa to prepare for battle Lex.; 
 dug liiaiyyul-no zlog-pa to repulse the war- 
 like host of the five poisons Mil. 
 
 in the head-dress of females; p'rd-yyu 
 little turkois-stones; yyuiir^. for turkois- 
 blue ; *yu-ddn* W. the ribbon on which the 
 turkois-stones of the head-dress are fastened ; 
 yyu-mfso a blue-glittering lake, po. Mil.; 
 * yu-zun-men-tog* forget-me-not Sp ; yyu- 
 rdl a mane of turkois-colour Glr. yyu- 
 run for yyun-drun Glr. 
 
 *9-P a > incorr - spelling for dbyug- 
 
 (also yza- 
 
 ,n), the cross cramponee^, the 
 principal symbol of the Bonpos, but also 
 much in favour in Buddhist mysticism and 
 popular superstition; yyun-drun-pa = bon- 
 po', yyun-dnin dgon-pa the Buddhist mo- 
 nastery Lama Yurru in Ladak, v. Cun- 
 ningham. 
 
 "^* yyun-ba tame, opp. to rgod. 
 
 yyiih-mo (Lex. f%f^rr, a libidi- 
 nous woman), 6s. : 'a w r oinan having 
 always the menses'. 
 
 yyur \. sleep Sch. 2. v. yyul-Ka. 
 ' yyur-ba Lex., C. also *yor-ba* to 
 droop, to hang or sink down, of fad- 
 ing flowers etc.; yyur zd-ba Lex. w.e. ; Sch. : 
 what has become ripe and eatable. 
 
 yyulSckr.: army; Cs.: battle; neither 
 of the two meanings appears to be 
 quite exact (cf. dmag)\ prob. both yyul and 
 yyul - iid denote an army facing the enemy 
 and ready for battle; yyul-las rgydl-ba and 
 pdm-pa to conquer and to be conquered 
 frq. ; yyul ^gyed-pa Do., sprod-pa Do., Ptk., 
 O fdb pa to fight, strive, struggle, dan with; 
 
 _y^._._ 
 
 thrashing-floor; both 
 these words appear to be not everywhere 
 current, but provinc., cf. Ko-yyu', yyul-Ka 
 y cog-pa Sch., *yur)h/-pa* C. to thrash. 
 tnjbr^Sryyfa-ba, less frq. yen-ba, pf. 
 (r)yens, to move a thing softly to 
 and fro, e.g. an infant on one's arms, to lull 
 it to sleep Thgy.; esp. with reference to the 
 water: cus yyens-te moved by the waves to 
 and fro Dzl. ; fig. to run to and fro, like a 
 hunted hare Ma. ; to stream into, to overflow. 
 yul-Kdms-su a country, to inundate it, of 
 floods, hostile armies etc Ma. ; to rummage, 
 turn over, dpe-mams books Mil 2. to turn 
 off the attention, to disturb the mind, rgydl-po 
 spyan yyens-pa dan Glr. the king looking 
 away, directing his attention to something 
 else; sems bdud-kyis yyefis Mil. the soul is 
 disturbed by the devil; cos O d6d-^}a-rnams 
 yyei>s-par byed-pa Thgy. to put out or con- 
 found those that are seeking religion; ma- 
 y yens -par nyon cig now be all attention! 
 yyeii-ba, yyens-pa sbst., inattention, wander- 
 ing, absence of mind, yyens -su jiig-pa Thgr. 
 to give one's self to inattention; adj. rndm- 
 par yyens-pa very absent, wandering; rndm- 
 par mi-yyen-ba or -yyens-pa quite attentive, 
 not to be disturbed by anything, inexcit- 
 able, a character in which Buddha excels, 
 and which every one of his followers must 
 strive to attain. 3. sbst. yyehs-pa diver- 
 sion, pleasure, recreation, *ydn(s}-pa-la cd- 
 ce*, resp. *(ug-ydn(s)-la (s)kyod-ce* W. to 
 take a walk, *ydii(s)-pa se-ce* W. to be 
 playful, like children, kittens etc. ; jest, joke, 
 *ydn-pa man, don-dam yin* W. I am not 
 joking, I am serious; * ydn(s]-pa-can* W. 
 jester, buffoon; yehs- dod-kyi tfa-krdm ma 
 yin Mil., these are no falsehoods spoken in 
 jest. yyens-ma, a wanton female, prosti- 
 tute Sch. 
 
 yy en ^ yyen-sbyor-ba S.g. to calum- 
 
 niate nif.
 
 yyem-pa 
 
 a, Lex. f^^T^T, being 
 
 untrue in one's dealings, acting 
 wrongfully, which also my referees confirm- 
 ed to be the general import of the word; in 
 books, however, it is usually joined to O dod- 
 pas, or O d6d-pa-la, adding log-par, as: O dod- 
 pa-la log-par yyem-pa, or it stands alone as 
 in yyem byed-pa, signifying 'to commit adul- 
 tery, fornication' Dzl. and elsewh.; log-yyem 
 sbst. 
 
 yyb'-Ha ( vul g *'er-Ka\ bell, set of 
 
 bells, or peal Glr. 
 
 ryw-po wise, prudent, circumspect, 
 
 thorough-going Sch. 
 yy&'-bdg Lex., Sch, : a light, lu- 
 minous place. 
 
 Tye r - ma Med. frq., Guinea pepper, 
 
 Capsicum W. *nyer-ma*',yyer-sin- 
 pa medicinal herb S.g. 
 
 >y^ a 1- to be idle, lazy, slothful; 
 
 idleness, laziness; yyel-ba-med-par 
 incessantly, continually, e.g. to pray, to 
 guard Mil, S.O. 2. tugs yyel-ba resp. to 
 forget W. 
 
 yyo (rarely yo} craft, cunning, deceit, 
 more frq. yyo-sgyu, yyo-zol; yyo-can 
 crafty, deceitful, yyo-med honest, yyo 
 pa to deceive. 
 
 yy- ba L yb > p f - and im p- 
 
 to move, to cause to change place; 
 to be moved, agitated, shaken, ynam sayyos- 
 so heaven and earth were shaken Dzl.; des 
 ni sa O di yyo-bar O gyur thereby the earth 
 may be shaken Do.; to bend, incline, tilt, e.g. 
 a vessel; *zug-po yos ton* W. make a bow! 
 sku yy 6s-par O gyur-to the image began to 
 move Glr.; sa-yyos earthquake; to begin to 
 move or to inarch Ma.; fugs-rje ytin-nas 
 yyos-pai rtags it is a sign that his heart is 
 moved by grace Mil. nt. ; dge-bai pyogs-la 
 O du-ses cun-zad kyait, ma yyos he did not 
 allow the least virtuous impulses to rise (in 
 his heart), he kept down every sense of 
 virtue; yyo-ba partic , continually moving, 
 restless, uneasy, of the mind Mil., mi-yyo- 
 ba unmoved, immovable, n. of Siva and of 
 other terrifying deities Glr. (cf. ^f^f Will ) 
 2. to prepare, victuals for the table yyos- 
 
 519 
 
 mbyed-pa id. ; yyos-Kan kitchen, bake-house, 
 yyos-mKan baker, cook. 
 
 II. sbst. moveableness, mobility, ydn-ziii 
 ryo-ba-nyid an easy mobility Wdn. 
 
 yy9 ( v - y9-> *9) Tar - and elsewh., 
 usually occurring in the more defi- 
 nite form yyog-po, servant, man-servant, yyog- 
 mo maid -servant, female servant, waiting- 
 maid; when distinguished from Kol-po, Jcol- 
 mo and bran, it denotes a higher degree, 
 e.g. yyog-mo ynyis two waiting-maids and 
 besides 500 K6l-mo maid-servants/^A.;/^^- 
 po dan ydii-yyog dan nyin-yyog servant, ser- 
 vant's servant, and the servant again of 
 these Pth. ; mii yyog byed-pa to be in a per- 
 son's service, to obey a person; dpon-yyog 
 master (mistress) and domestics, master and 
 attendants, frq.; nad-yyog, a nurse, one that 
 tends sick persons Dzl. ; yyog- K'6r attendants, 
 e.g. yyog- K6r bcu-drug attendants and re- 
 tinue of 16 persons, Kor dan yyog id. 
 
 yyog-nan-zdn a house-servant 
 
 p f - and im P- yy9 s > rarel y 
 
 yog-pa 1. to cover, bu gos-kyisyyog- 
 pa to cover a child with a garment Zte/., 
 mgo-la rdzd-ma yyog-pa to cover one's head 
 with a pot Glr.; also: rdzd-mai mgo-la drd- 
 bas yyog-pa to cover the opening of a pot 
 with a wire grate Glr. ; pyii pdgs-pa yyogs 
 the external cutaneous covering appears (in 
 the embryo) S.g.; ri-mgo Ica-bas yyogs the 
 hill-tops were covered with snow Mil.; to 
 pour over or upon, to cover in pouring, Krdg- 
 gis with blood Dzl. ; to overlay, with gold 
 Dzl.; to sprinkle over, besprinkle, *sig-pa-la 
 fdg* W. the wall with blood ; to strew over, 
 *Kd-la gog-fdl* W. ashes over the snow. 
 2. to pour away, to throw away; so W.; the 
 people in W. understand the words Dzl. , 
 6: *ma yogs-pai Ihdg-ma* the rest which 
 has not been thrown away, whereas others, 
 e.g. the people of Sikkim explain it: the 
 rest that has not been taken possession or 
 care of. 
 
 yyoys 1. cover, covering, mgo-yyogs 
 Lex. covering for the head, cap; 
 also fig. and po. for self-delusion, self-de-
 
 520 
 
 yyod 
 
 ra-sddn 
 
 ception (prop.: a veiling of the head) Mil.; 
 sten-yy6gs,stod-yyogs upper-garment, mantle, 
 toga, smad-yyoys trowsers, breeches Tar. 
 - 2. cover, envelope, yyoys-can having a 
 cover. 
 
 yyod C. the large intestine, colon. 
 
 yi/6n - can Pth ; Cs. = yyo - can 
 crafty; perh. also fornicator, as 
 
 yyon-ma, ace. to Lex. and Sch. : harlot. 
 
 yyon-pa left, yyon-ma the left hand, 
 yyon-na on the left, to the left, 
 
 yyon-du towards the left, yyon-nas from the 
 
 Jeft; yyon-logs the left side or hand, fyon- 
 
 Idg-byed-pa Pth. left-handed, jryon-ru Sch. 
 
 the left wing, of an army. 
 
 cnu^j-q. yyob^pa, pf. yyobs to move about, to 
 swing, brandish, ysog-pa the wings; 
 
 rkah-ldg yyob-pa to kick, to strike, with the 
 
 arms and legs. 
 
 M<"- m ! sai ', )'yor-y6l id Cs., 
 yyor-siii sail-yard Cs., also mast, 
 in a rather obscure description of a ship 
 in Zam., where the sail is called dar, cloth. 
 2. wave, billow, rgyd-mfsoi Glr. 
 
 Note. Tibetan writers knowing of ships 
 and navigation about as much as a blind 
 man of colours, the obscurity of passages 
 relating to such matters may easily be ac- 
 counted for. 
 
 . v.yyur-ba. 2. \.yydr- 
 ba. 3. v. yor. 
 
 * yyol-ba v. yol-ba. 
 
 yy s - p rov - or yy^ n yy s -*or 
 
 circumambulation from left to right 
 (so that the right side is towards the person 
 or object that is reverentially to be saluted) 
 Wdn. 2. v. yyo-ba. 
 
 3^ ra 1. the consonant r, always pronoun- 
 ced with the tongue. 2. num. fig. : 25. 
 <^ ra stands for: 1 rd-ba, 2. rd-ma, 3. rd- 
 
 mda, 4. rd-ro. 
 ^ rwa (cf. ru) 1. horn W. *rd-co* id. - 
 
 ^ 2. sting e.g. of the scorpion. 3. Sch. : 
 'the inward side, the horn-side, of a bow'. 
 
 rwa-can horned. rwa-snyih the pith 
 of a horn Cs. rwa-myug 'the first germ 
 of seed that appears after sowing' Cs.; rwd- 
 rtsa 'the root or bottom of a horn' Cs., rwd- 
 rtse 'the top or point of a horn 1 Cs., rwd- 
 fsa %.(?). 
 
 ^'m** ru-gan, in comp. rag, brass, rd-gan- 
 
 gyi bum-pa^ rag-bum brass cup, can, 
 
 vessel, rag-dim a brass trumpet; ray-sky d 
 
 Sch.: white-copper, packfong, German silver. 
 
 ^"1^ rd-syo hoof, cl.aw C, W. 
 
 * rd-nye, provinc. for zd-nye lead. 
 
 rd-mnye an officinal root Med., Sch. : 
 
 carrot. 
 
 ^c 1 ra ~ti ^ s - ' ' a snaa ^ weight, a drachm 
 ' (60 grains)'; but x/f^ (not to be found 
 in Will.) is prob. the Hindi word for ^f^fcRT, 
 the seed or grain of Abrus precatorius, as 
 a weight about = 2 grains. 
 
 rd-mda help, assistance (Cs. also: 
 companion, assistant), rd-mda Jb6d- 
 pa to cry out for help Glr., rd-mdar sbrdn- 
 pa Cs. to call (upon a person) for assistance, 
 ra O degs-pa W. *ram tag-ce* (cf. zabs O degs- 
 pa) to help, to assist Sch.., ra O dren-pa id. 
 Mil. nt. ; rd-mda-pa helper, assistant Glr. ; rd- 
 mdai dpun-fsoy auxiliary forces or army < >. 
 
 ^rSfc" ra-sddn Sch. weeping willow.
 
 521 
 
 ra-snd n. of a medicinal herb Wdn. 
 
 166, = sgron-sin fir-tree. 
 ^q. ra-ia 1. enclosure, fence, wall, frq., esp. 
 
 in W., also the space inclosed by a 
 fence, wall etc., yard, court-yard, pen, fold etc. ; 
 rd-bas sk&r-ba to inclose with a fence Stg., 
 rd-can(?), ra-lddn having an enclosure, 
 fence, wall etc. 6s.; smyug-mai rd-ba bam- 
 boo-hedge, bamboo-fence, fser-mai rd-ba 
 thorn - hedge , thorn - fence, sin - gi rd - ba 
 wooden fence, fence of boards, pickets or 
 rails 6".; rd-mo id., ra-mo-ce a large pen or 
 fold Mil. and 6'.; kun-dga-rd-ba, kitn-ra, 
 v. kun; Krims-ra place of execution; Icdn- 
 ra garden with willow-trees; nydg-ra(?) 
 wall of stones put loosely together Ld.; rtd- 
 ra stable or pen for horses ; rdo-ra 1 . stone- 
 wall. 2. circle of dancers; pdg-ra v. rags. 
 
 bd-ra cow-house, pen for cows ; rtsig-ra 
 Sch.: wall round a court-yard; brtson-ra v. 
 brtson; lug-ra sheepcot, sheepfold; sin-ra 
 v. above. ra-sul the remnants or traces 
 of an old pen. 2. the first of the three 
 (or two) months of a season, zla ra-ba. 
 
 rd-ma (rarely ra Glr.) goat, she-goat, 
 frq. ra-kydl bag made of a goat's 
 skin. ra-skycs Tar.; Sch.: a gelded he- 
 goat. rd-gu, col. ri-gu, young goat, kid. 
 
 ra-rgod wild goat, = ra-po-ce Cunningh. 
 Ld. p. 199. ra-fug S.g. and pd-ra he- 
 goat. ra-fon \ . a he-goat of two years 
 C. 2. a gelded he-goat W. ra-dd(?) thread 
 made of goat's hair W. ra-lpdgs goat's 
 skin. ra-p'6 a gelded he-goat. ra-lug 
 goats and sheep; ra-ma-lug id., when a 
 particular stress is laid on the impropriety 
 of both species of animals being mixed to- 
 gether; also fig. of improper intermixtures. 
 
 ra-sd goat's flesh. ra-slog a coat made 
 of goat's skins. 
 
 * ra-med infallible, certain, sure Sch. 
 
 ra-ril treddles, dung of goats. 
 
 ra-mo-ce n. of a plain near Lhasa 
 where the Chinese wife of Sron- 
 6fcarcs{/aTOjpo ordered a large Buddhist temple 
 to be built Glr. ; as a com noun v. sub rd-ba. 
 X'Jc ra-ri Sch. : ra-ri-med-pa neither high 
 nor low. 
 
 = res-mos, *skyid dug ra-res 
 yon dug* Ld. good fortune and mis- 
 fortune come by turns. 
 x:^ rd-ro 1. intoxication, drunkenness. - 
 2. intoxicated B. and col. ; Sch. : rd-ro 
 ddh-po bag-med-pa, v. sub bag I. rd-ro 
 ynyis-pa glah-po-ce smyon-pa dan O dra 
 drunkenness while continued resembles a 
 furious elephant, rd-ro j-sum-pa si-ro O dra 
 the end (of it) resembles a corpse; ra zi 
 or sans, also ydam (?) W. the drunken fit 
 is over; rd-ro-ba B., C., rd-ro(-cari) W. in- 
 toxicated, drunk, rd-ro-bar byed-pato make 
 drunk Dzl., rd-ro-ba-las sdns-te having come 
 to one's self again after a drunken fit, being 
 sober again Dzl. 
 
 ra-sa- Q prul-sndn n.of aBud- 
 dhist temple erected in Lhasa 
 by the Nepalese wife of Sronbtsansgampo 
 Glr. 
 
 ^'^- rd-si Hind, rope, in Lh. hempen rope, 
 and as such distinguished from fag- 
 pa, rope made of goat's hair, which is the 
 one most in use in Tibet. 
 
 ra ~ sid ( Pers - ^*~j)? receipt, *ra-sid 
 ti-ked* money-stamp. 
 
 and WflJ' - hu and r a-hu-la v. 
 
 Q, >o sgra-fcdn. 
 
 rakta Ssk. blood, saffron, minium, cin- 
 nabarMY. 
 
 ^CTI' ra 9 1- s ^ st - v - ra-gdn. 2. adj. (Ssk.: 
 ' adhina) subject, subservient, depen- 
 dent, rag Ids-pa or lus-pa B., C., W., *rag- 
 Idom-pa* W., with la, to depend on, de /cyod- 
 kyi nvs-pa-la rag-lus that depends on your 
 strength Mil. ; dbugs rnub-pa sems-la rag- 
 Ids -pa yin breathing depends on the soul 
 Stg.\ O tso-ba yzdn-la rag -Ids-sin as they 
 depend on others for their lives Tar.;Bhar.22 
 k'yod rgyal-srid byed-la rag-go Schf. : 'regno 
 opei'am nava !' 3. W. for reg, (frags, dregs, 
 sbrag, v. rag-pa] rag-can W. for dregs-pa- 
 ean proud, haughty ; for grdgs-can famous ; 
 glorious, splendid; angry (?). 
 
 rag-pa 1. vb. W. hrreg-pa to touch. 
 feel, and in a more generalized sense 
 33*
 
 522 
 
 rdg-ma 
 
 = O fsdr-ba to perceive, to scent, taste, hear, 
 see, e.g. *ddn-mo rag* I feel cold, *ddn-mo 
 rag -go? do you feel cold? (but * dan -mo 
 dug* it is cold) ; * 'go-la zug rag* (C. *rig*) 
 my head aches; *tog-ri rag* I feel hungry, 
 *tog-ri rdg-ga* are you hungry? *naimin 
 zod-da rag* I hear my name called; *go 
 Jcdd-da rag* I perceive the door sticks; 
 *'i lun-po Kyer-ra rag* I see, the wind will 
 carry that away ; *go pe-te mi rag* the door 
 seems to be locked. 2. adj. dark-russet. 
 brownish, of rocks, horses W. 
 
 ra 9- ma ! "ft 7 - adj. to the gerund *rdg- 
 te* (sbrdg-ste) : *be-rdg yu-ddn* (lit. 
 ydan) *rdg-te* a fillet together with a strip 
 set with turkoises. 2. prop. n. of a village 
 Mil 
 
 rdg-tse stone in fruits W. 
 
 ra y-s a a bead of a rosary, ace. to 
 Lis. from ^rf |^ Elaeocarpus Jani- 
 
 trus, the berries of which are used for such 
 
 beads. 
 
 ^HV/T rag-si n. of a country. 
 
 rags 1. dam, mole, dike, embankment, 
 also cu-rdgs, ctt-lon 2. any con- 
 struction of a similar shape : pdg-rags (also 
 pdg-ra) intrenchment, breast-work; pub-i'ags 
 stack, rick ; sin-rags stack of wood. 
 
 rags-pa coarse, thick, gross, lus-kyi 
 mam-pa pra-rdgs-rnams Wdn. the 
 more delicate and the coarser component 
 parts of the body; rags-pai dbdn-du byds-na 
 Wdn., reckoning one with another, on an 
 average; rough, as in: rdgs-rtsis-su by a 
 rough estimate Tar.] rdgs-pai mi-rtdg-pa 
 dan prd-bai mi-rtdg-pa the perishableness 
 of the whole mass and of the single parts 
 Thgy. ; ydn-lag rags-pa prob. : strong, firm 
 limbs Pth.] of Buddhas is said that they 
 appear rdgs-pai fsul-gyis i.e. bodily, or sub- 
 stantially; rags-ns byed-pa Sch.: to work, 
 mould, form, sketch etc. roughly. 
 %r" ran 1. self B. and col. (nyid, with few 
 exceptions, is, in W, at least, collo- 
 quially not in use) na-rdn tfyod-rdn I myself, 
 thou thyself etc., in col. language also = I, 
 
 thou etc. ; sometimes the person is only in- 
 dicated by the context, the pronoun I etc. 
 being omitted; ran-cag, ran -mams plur.; 
 rdh-gi my, thy etc. ; cun-ma de rdn-gi lus- 
 la cdgs-pas this wife fond of herself, in love 
 with herself Dzl. (yet cf. de-rdfi, below); 
 des rdn-gi ma yin-par rig-nas he perceiving 
 that it was his own mother Pth.; ran -la 
 ra bcdd-de shaving one's own head 
 
 Dzl.\ also in a gen. sense: rdh-bas nan-pa 
 an inferior person than one's self Thyy.., in 
 like manner: rdn-las ce-ba Thgr.\ rdn-la 
 bu med-na if a man has no son of his own 
 Mil. ; rdn-gi srun-ba to keep, to guard one's 
 own property Thgy. ; *ran mi- dod-pe kyen 
 fsdn-ma* C. all the disagreeable things that 
 fall to one's lot; in compounds: raii-sems 
 one's own soul (opp. to yzan-lus) Mil. ; v. 
 also O dre-ba extr. ; ran-rig rah-ysal ran-bde 
 ysum self-created knowledge, clearness, and 
 happiness (the three fruits of the spirit) 
 Mil. ; ran-srog rdn-gis ycod you will take 
 your own life Glr. 2. spontaneously, of 
 One's Own accord, zal-zds rah-^on-ho Dzl.', 
 rdn-byon-pa, rdn-byun-ba originated of it- 
 self, v. below ; ran O grol-ba 1 . to get loose, 
 come loose of itself. 2. to become clear or 
 intelligible spontaneously, by intuition. 3. to 
 save one's self; rdn-sar-ba = rdn- grol-ba 2. 
 
 3. just, exactly, precisely, the very, de rd/l 
 the very same; de ran yin so it is! exactly 
 so! just so! *dhd-ta ran* C., *dd-ci rait, 
 ddg-sa ran* W. just-now, *di-rin ran just 
 to-day W.- already, snd-mo ran already 
 early in the morning Mil. ; barely, merely, 
 the mere, the very, na dan prdd-pa rdn-gis 
 by the mere meeting with me Mil.] ml ran 
 a person travelling all alone, i.e. without 
 baggage, horse or companion Kun. ; mo-rdii 
 v. mo. really, indeed, actually, truly (the 
 verb being repeated) : mi-la-rds-pa de yin 
 ran yin - nam? art thou really that same 
 Milaraspa? *yonranyon-gyuyin* C. he will 
 truly -or certainly come; even, sddn-po rait 
 byas now they even hated him Mil- 
 
 Comp. rah-skal a person's own share. 
 
 ran skyu(?) fub-pa Sch.: to act after 
 one's own mind. ran-skyur vinegar Cs.(?)
 
 523 
 
 rdn-ba 
 
 ran-tfa Sch. rdn-bu? ran-Kons = 
 Tan-Hid territory, district C. (?) ran- Kos 
 one's own worth, affairs, necessities Sch. 
 ran-grub not made or produced by men, 
 self-produced. rdn-dga-ba free, indepen- 
 dent, rdii-dga-pa an unmarried man Sch. 
 raii-rqijdl 1 . Stg. : = ran-sans-rgyds. 2. ran- 
 rgydl-gyis O gro-ba Sch. : to live after one's 
 own option or pleasure (?) ran-rgyu Sch.: 
 'die eigene Ursache, Selbstfolge' (?!) ran- 
 no one's own nature, ses-pa to know Mil. 
 ran-nyid himself, herself etc., one's self Ml, 
 ran-nyid O grol-ba to deliver one's self Thgy., 
 bdud ran-nyid the devil himself in his own 
 person Tar. ran- fdg mill, water-mill. 
 ran-mfon pride, self-complacency, self-suffi- 
 ciency Mil. , Glr. ran - don one's own 
 affairs, one's own profit, Tan-don byed-pa to 
 look to one's own advantage Do., ran- dod 
 selfishness, v. ran-rtsis. ran-sndn v. sub 
 sndn-ba', Sch. also: self-born. ran-po Cs. 
 = po-ran an unmarried man. ran-bdbs 
 v. bobs. rdn-bu 1. 6s. single, alone, Tan- 
 bur adv. singly, alone, without a consort. 
 2. 6s. : a single life (?). 3. Schr. : one's own 
 child. ran-byun, ran-byon self-born, hav- 
 ing originated of itself, = ran - grub frq. 
 ran-dban independence, liberty, ran-dbdn 
 fob-pa to become free Glr.', ynds-la ran- 
 dban-med they are not master of the place 
 i.e. they are not free to choose the place 
 Thgy., in the same sense, gar skye ran-dban- 
 med Mil. ; *ran-wdn jug-pa* to set free C. ; 
 ran-dbdn-can free W. ran-Jbar Cs. : 'mus- 
 ket' 7 in W. it is only used for pistol; *ran- 
 bdr (lug -rag* W. a revolver. rdh-mo Cs. 
 = mo-rdti an unmarried w r oman. ran-rtsis 
 the opinion which one has of one's self, ran- 
 rtsis dan ran- dod ma ce lig think little of 
 your own self! Mil. ran-bzin, ^afre, 
 natural disposition, state or constitution, na- 
 ture, temper, ran-bzin-las fzdn-du O gyur-ba 
 to change one's natural constitution Wdit , 
 O bab de-ltar ce-bai ran-bzin-gyis as a natural 
 consequence of so heavy a snow-fall Mil. ; 
 ran-bzin-gyis of itself, by itself, from its very 
 nature, naturally, spontaneously Dzl, in col. 
 language, ran-bzin-nas id., also for self in 
 
 the sense: I, he etc. without the aid and 
 independently of others; Q byun-ba Inai ran- 
 bzin-can-gyi lus O di this body participating 
 of the nature of the five elements Wdn.; 
 dran-poi raii-bzin-can-gyi p'yir for ran-bzin- 
 can yin-pai pyir Sbh. *ran-zin jff-pa* 
 C. needless words, where it is a matter of 
 course; also: talk without any serious in- 
 tent; *de da ran-zin-la zer-ce zig yod* W. 
 that is nothing but talk. ran-bzo. 1. Lex. : 
 the right, proper form (of a word)? 2. self- 
 determination, opp. to a punctilious adher- 
 ing to tradition Mil. ran -ran each . . . 
 himself, each . . . his, her, its etc. (not reci- 
 procally, as Sch. has it), ran-rdn-gi Krii 
 jg-tu sbas he buried each (idol) under its 
 own seat Glr., ran-rdn-gi leur ysal each 
 (subject) will be explained in its own chap- 
 terZ/. ran-ran-lao each (final consonant) 
 has itself (joined), i.e. is doubled Gram. 
 ran-re 1. = Tan-ran: ran-rei sna-fdg ran- 
 res zun each may lead himself, may be his 
 own guide. 2. we, ran-rei sgo druh-na at 
 our own door Mil., ran-re-rnams we (the 
 Lamas, opp. to the laymen) Mil. 3. polite 
 way of addressing, for our you or the Ger- 
 man 'Sie' ThgrJ ran-sugs-la of itself, 
 spontaneously W. rdn-sa, rdn-so one's 
 own place, rdn-sa O dzin-pa to maintain one's 
 place, one's station Mil., prob. like rdn-mgo 
 O fon-pa; rdn-sar, rdn-sor 1. bzdg-pa to put 
 (a thing) in its place, fig. for: to leave un- 
 decided, to let the matter alone, ni f. Mil 
 2. of itself, e.g. rdn-sor Zi (a storm) abates 
 of itself. ran-sans-rgyas Pratyekabuddha, 
 i.e. a Buddha who has obtained his Bud- 
 dhaship alone by his own exercises of pen- 
 ance, but who does not promote the welfare 
 of other beings. 
 
 -ba Cs. coarseness, meanness. 
 
 rdn-ba, pf. rans, to rejoice, snns mi- 
 rd/'tx-pai' discontented, yid-rdii-ba or 
 yi-rdn-ba\di., frq.; *dhe-la ga-rdii-dhdg-te* 
 highly pleased with it C. ; yid ma rditx-xiit 
 mi mgu-bar gyur-te being very much dissatis- 
 fied Sfg.; ma-rdn-bzin-du unwillingly, re- 
 luctantly.
 
 524 
 
 ran-ron-can 
 
 rabs 
 
 ran-ron-can 6s. rough, craggy, 
 uneven. 
 rans-pa 1. v. ran-ba. 2. T&J/W- 
 
 '. ^ .<< '-7-7' 
 
 Tans- par tor to-rans-kifi at/s-su 
 early in the morning Tar. 11], 17. 3. in 
 W. for Tens-pa. 
 
 rif rdns-poSch. rough, rude, unpolished. 
 
 *J" Tad-pa W. for bgrdd-pa. 
 
 'A* Tad-rod v. rod-po. 
 ' raw-da (Pm. |jo j5 ju,) a plane La 7 . 
 
 Tan-pa 1. vb. and adj. to keep, or 
 keeping, the proper mean, to be pro- 
 portionate, just right, adv. raw-par moderately, 
 
 rdn-par sro warm yourself moderately (tol- 
 erably) Lt., zas-fsod rdn-par zd-ba to eat 
 moderately S.g.; Q di-tsam ni Tan-no this is 
 about the proper measure DzL; with the 
 root of the vb.: zin rnd-Tan-nas as it was 
 (the proper) time for harvest Dzl., ^ro-ran 
 it is time to go Pth., si ma rdn-par si-ba 
 to die an untimely death ; bag -mar yta/i- 
 rdn-pa dan when it was time to give her 
 in marriage DzL; not so often with a sbst.: 
 rtsds-ma rdn-tsa-na when harvest-time had 
 come Mil. 2. rfsa rdn-pa C. shave-grass, 
 Equisetum arvense. 3. col. for O dren-pa 
 to lead (water) ; for bran-pa v. fags. 
 j^q- Tab I. superior, excellent; the eldest, of 
 three sons, opp. to brin-po and fa-cun, 
 frq.; gan-zdg dban-po-rdb-rnams very able 
 or clever persons (opp. to Jbrin-po or fa- 
 ma having moderate or very little capacity) 
 Mil., Thgr., inst. of which Tab O brin ysum 
 is often used Tkgy.; febs-na Tab if rightly 
 understood, that will be the best Thgr., frq. 
 for: so it is right, that will do; much, plenti- 
 ful, rab-skrdi ^og-nas also with a full head 
 of hair (you may be a holy man) Mil.; rdb- 
 tu adv. very, with adjectives and verbs, rdb- 
 tu sdoms lock (the door) well DzL; rdb-tu 
 Kros-par gyuT-te Tar.; it occurs also in the 
 following phrases: rdb-tu O byin-pa to re- 
 ceive or admit into a religious order, rdb- 
 tu Jbyun-ba to enter into a religious com- 
 munity, to take orders, slob-dpon cos- batis- 
 
 las being with, or being ordained by the 
 teacher Chosbangs; rgydl-poi rigs-las (to 
 take orders) as a descendant of the royal 
 family, of the caste of noblemen Tar.; rdb- 
 (tu) byiin(-ba) he that has taken orders, a 
 novice, or in gen.: a clerical person; rab- 
 byun is also the name of the first year of 
 the cycle of sixty years ; rab-(tu) ynds(-par) 
 byed-pa, mdzdd-pa c. ace. or Za, prop, 'to 
 make firm or permanent', to consecrate, to 
 hallow, a new house, esp. a temple, an idol; 
 by this ac t a house is secured against ac- 
 cidents, and an idol is supposed to acquire 
 life and to become the abode of the respect- 
 ive deity, which occasionally manifests it- 
 self by sundry miracles Glr. ; rdb-tu Jbyed- 
 pa (also erron. byed-pa) Cs. to analyze, but 
 Tar. 96 it is equivalent to Tfcjp^TSf treatise, 
 dissertation. rab- bydms-pa v. O bydms-pa\ 
 rab-^g the second in rank, next in value, 
 excellence etc., thus DzL 9%L, 5 (as a better 
 reading for Jbrin-mo); rab-ydns very wide, 
 very extensive Sch.; rab-ysdl 1 . very clear, 
 quite evident. 2. sbst. a small balcony or 
 gallery, frequently seen in Tibetan houses. 
 3. Sch. history (?). 
 
 II. also rabs, ford, rab-med without a 
 ford, Tab-so = robs Sch. 
 
 . Tab-rib, col. also hrab-hrib, mist, 
 dimness, e. g. before the eyes, in 
 consequence of impaired vision; *!co xrab- 
 srib mdn-na mi fon* he sees only a mist be- 
 fore his eyes, W. ; skdr-ma Tab-Tib the faint 
 glimmering of a star. 
 
 rabs 1. lineage, succession of families, 
 race, family, rgyal-rdbs royal family 
 or lineage , nobility ; succession of kings ; 
 mi-Tabs human race; Tabs -cad a person 
 whose lineage is broken off, i.e. childless, 
 issueless, rabs-cdd bza-mi ynyis a married 
 couple without children Mil.; yd-rabs the 
 higher class of people, noblemen; md-rabs 
 the lower class, also : one belonging to the 
 higher or lower class; collectively: rgdn- 
 rabs old men, aged people, yzon-rabs youth, 
 young persons; sndn-rabs the ancients (ye- 
 teres\ pyi-rabs men of modern times, de- 
 scendants, posterity Glr., snon-rabs-syrutl
 
 525 
 
 ram-pa 
 
 an old legend, ancient history Zam., snon- 
 yyi robs bco-bryyad the 18 Puranas Tar. 4, 
 11. 2. generation Dzl., resp. ydun-rdbs 
 Glr.,nd-nas fdun~rdbs Ind-pa-na in the fifth 
 generation after me; with respect to indi- 
 viduals, period of life, viz. one of the many 
 periods, which every person is supposed to 
 pass through, or sometimes pleon. denoting 
 a person as being the representative of his 
 generation: sans-rgyds robs Idun the seven 
 Buddhas. 3. in gen.; succession, series, 
 development , e. g. the propagation of the 
 Buddhist doctrine Tar. 205, 21 ; bskal-rdbs 
 successions of Kalpas, bskal-rdbs-nas bskal- 
 rdbs-su. 
 
 ram - J P a 1. W. quick-(quitch-)grass. 
 
 2. = rdn-pa? Lt., Glr. 
 - rdm-bu 1. prob. only in: rdm-bu 
 
 O degs-pa to join in singing, to take 
 part in a song, to fall in with, Dzl. ty, 13 
 (not: to set up a dismal cry Sch.), v. also 
 O col-ba. 2. = na-rdm Polygonum vivi- 
 parum. 
 
 ^J$T rams *' m( li9 B"> c l- 2. Cs.: 'de- 
 gree of doctorship, snags- or go- or 
 drun-rdms-pa one having such a degree'. 
 
 ^q- ral 1. goafs hair. 2. rent, cleft, pu 
 
 ralynyis a sloping valley dividing into 
 two parts at its upper end; ral-ysum n. of 
 Lahoul on account of its consisting of three 
 valleys ; cf. rdl-ba. 3. v. rdl-pa. 
 
 rdl-ka v. rdl-gu. 
 
 rdl-Ka v. rdl-gri. 
 
 rdl-ga Sch. = ydl-ga. 
 
 rdl-gu 1. Sch .: cleft, chink, fissure. 
 
 2. dar-dkdr-gyi rdl-gu and rdl- 
 ka Pth.? 
 
 xprrn' ral-gri, col. *ral-gyi, ra-gyi* sword, 
 7 also for rapier and other thrust- 
 blades Dzl.', ral-gni O ddb-ma or Ice blade, 
 so edge, subs scabbard of a sword Cs. ; rdl- 
 gri-pa Cs. a sword-man; a fighting man; 
 rdl-Ua rdl so ; rdl-fca sprod-pa 'to bring 
 the blades together', to fight hand to hand, 
 (ral-Jca sbrad^a Sch. is prob. a misprint). 
 
 - rdl-pa long hair, lock, curl ; mane (of 
 the lion, not of the horse etc.); rdl- 
 pa-can having or wearing long hair, n. of 
 a Tibetan king that distinguished himself 
 by his bigotry and by his servility to the 
 priests; ral -lean a willow planted at the 
 birth of a child, under which a lock of the 
 child's hair is buried, when it is seven years 
 old Ld. 
 
 irn* >'dl-ba = drdl-ba and hrdl-ba, pf. of 
 O drdl-ba, torn, of clothes etc., mtsdn- 
 gyis lacerated, slashed, cut to pieces by the 
 sword Dzl. ; zig-rdl-ba id. ; zig-rdl breach, 
 destruction, Kdh-pa-la zig-rdl byun-na when 
 the house gives way Glr. ; Ka-i'dl, rna-rdl, 
 sna-rdl a lip, ear or nose, that has been 
 lacerated by wearing rings etc. 
 
 ras 1. sbst. cotton cloth, cottons, also 
 a piece of cotton cloth, handkerchief 
 etc., ras sbom-pa thick, strong cotton cloth; 
 Idg-ras, pyis-ras Cs. handkerchief, napkin ; 
 fod-ras turban Cs. ; prd-ras a fine sort of 
 cotton stuff, = kd-si-kai ras. 
 
 Comp. ras-rkydA cotton cloth. ras- 
 skud Cs. cotton thread. ras- Hug a small 
 bag made of cotton. ras-Kra calico, chintz 
 Cs. ras-gos cotton dress, gown. re- gd a 
 strong cotton fabric brought from Sik., C. 
 ras bcos-bu Cs. calico, chintz. ras- fag 
 fillet, bandage. rds-pa a person wearing 
 cotton clothes Mil., frq. ras-bdl raw cot- 
 ton. ras - bubs a whole piece of cotton 
 cloth. rds-ma a small piece, a rag Lex. 
 *re-zen* C. a long, loose cotton garment, 
 shawl. ras-yug = ras-bubs. ras-ru v. 
 re-ru. ras-sldg a furred garment covered 
 with cotton cloth W. 2. adj. Ka-rds (*re*, 
 for rens?) hard snow that will bear a man. 
 r rds-pa 1. vb., Ld. *ras-cf to get or 
 grow hoarse, *skad ras son* the voice 
 has grown hoarse, *skad ras-sa rag* I feel 
 a hoarseness in my throat. 2. sbst. v. 
 sub ras. 
 
 ^. n, a\aorMoB.,*ri-ga*W. 1. mountain, 
 hill, ri po-ta-la the mountain (called) 
 Potala Lw.; ri-bo dpal- bdr Mil., rgyal- 
 (iyi-Kri ri Mil. the mountain Pal-bdr, Gyal- 
 r on the mountain Mil., ri-la id.
 
 526 
 
 riy-pa 
 
 frq. ; ri-fan-mfsams-su at the foot of the 
 mountains or hills Med.\ rir-gdn-pa one 
 living in close vicinity to a mountain, W.\ 
 gdns-ri an ice-mountain, snowy mountain, 
 glacier, ndgs-ri or sin-ri a hill covered with 
 wood, brdg-ri a rocky mountain, yyd-ri a 
 mountain or hill consisting of slate -stone 
 or schist; span-ri a hill covered with grass. 
 2. brim of a hat or cap; side-leather, side- 
 piece of a shoe. 3. symb. num. : 7. 4. 
 num. figure : 55. 5. v. ri-mo. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. ri-sked v. rked-pa. 
 ri-skyegs Stg., v. skyegs. ri-Krod chain of 
 mountains, assemblage of bills or mountains, 
 esp. as abode of hermits who, on that ac- 
 count, are called ri-Urod-pa', also directly 
 = dgon-pa hermitage. ri-mgo mountain 
 top. ri-rgydl, rii rgydl-po a very high 
 mountain, e.g. Tise Mil., Gandhara Sbh., 
 esp. = ri-rdb, q.v. ri-rgyud chain of 
 mountains, ridge of hills. ri-can moun- 
 tainous, hilly. ri-cen, ri-bo-ce a great 
 mountain. ri-nyin the sunny side, the 
 southern slope of a mountain. n-rnyil 
 fall of a mountain, land-slip Sch. ri-ston 
 v. stoh-pa. ri-deu (or rdeu) cim Sch., *ri- 
 bdg, ri-de-bog* W., a mountain spur abound- 
 ing in stones. *ri-ddd* W. (perh. to be 
 spelled ri-Krod) a hermit (living) in the 
 mountains. ri-snd mountain spur. ri- 
 pa an inhabitant of the mountains, moun- 
 taineer, from a Tibetan point of view equi- 
 valent to the Latin payanus and agrestis as 
 opp. to urbamis, therefore = peasant, poor 
 uncivilized person. ri-prdn a little hill 
 or mountain. ri-bo = ri, v. above. ri- 
 bor-pa Tar., Cs.: ri-^or-pa; = ri-Krod-pa, 
 ri-bor-gyi groh mountain village Tar. ri- 
 brdg, brdg-ri rocky mountain. ri-Jbog 
 spur. ri-sbug mountain cavern. ri-rtsd 
 foot, ri-rtse top of a mountain, nyi-ma ri- 
 rtse-la pog-na when the rising sun illumines 
 the mountain tops. ri-rtse-kan Cs. n. of 
 a mischievous spirit. ri-rdzon mountain 
 fortress, fort. ri-rdb the centre of the 
 world and king of the mountains, the fa- 
 bulous Sumeru or Meru, also ri-rab-lhun- 
 po, ri-rgydl, ri-bo-nicog-rdb Mil. ri-lun 
 
 mountain and valley. ri-y&eb Sch. = ri- 
 Krod. ri-sribs the side not exposed to the 
 sun, shady side, north-side of the mountains. 
 
 ri-gu young goat, kid W. 
 " ri-ryyd Sch.: foxes or fox-skins (?). 
 
 ri-dways animals of chase, 
 
 ri-ba W. *ri-ce* to be worth, gen. as 
 adj. worth, *lug di nul ciy ri-ce yin* 
 this sheep is worth one rupee W.\ ditul bryya 
 ri-bai rta a horse worth one hundred rupees 
 Cs.. cf. rin and rib; ri-bai rin-fdn the full 
 price Sch. 
 
 x*Sr' '^-^^hare, ri-bdn-mo Cs. female hare; 
 it lives in Ld., but not in the smaller 
 valleys, e.g. not in Lahoul; ri-bon-gi rtca 
 the horn of a hare, a nonentity, a thing not 
 existing, cf. mo-sdm-gyi bu. 
 ^.-^ ri-mo I. figure, picture, painting, draw- 
 ing, lha-Kdh-gi G7/v, ri-mo-mKan 
 painter; ri-mo-can, ri-mo-ldan marked with 
 figures ^ri-morbycd-pa to represent by means 
 of figures and colours, to paint Do.; mark- 
 ings (streaks, speckles etc.) sai markings of 
 a (tiger's) skin Tar.; ri-Krd having stripes 
 of various colours, spotted, speckled ; ri-mo 
 also draught, plan, design, and fig. pattern, 
 rule of conduct, law written into the heart. 
 2. = rim-gro reverence, veneration, ri- 
 mor byed-pa to honour, to venerate Stg. 
 
 ri-lu col., but also Tar. 63, for ril-bu. 
 
 drah-sron q. v. 
 
 ri-so n. of a medicinal herb Med. 
 
 xrn* r> ^9 m Ld. col. and provinc. for zig: 
 ' *mah-na rig* or*nyun-nu rig toil* give 
 much! give little! 
 
 rig-pa I. vb., 1. to know, to under- 
 stand, = ses-pa with the termin. of 
 a sbst. : to know (a person etc.) as, with 
 the termin. of the inf.: to know that, to per- 
 ceive, observe, tfros-par rig-nas perceiving 
 that he became angry DzL; pa-la rig-par 
 gyis let your father know it, inform your 
 father of it Tar.; zlog-tu rig-par bijed (it
 
 5-27 
 
 i-ty-pa 
 
 ngs 
 
 or he) teaches how to avert, prevent etc. 
 2. v. sgrig-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. knowing, knowledge; prudence, 
 talents, natural gifts Glr. ; rig-pa dan Iddn- 
 pa talented, rich in knowledge, learned Dzl; 
 rif/-paysar-bane\v informations, disclosures, 
 knowledge; news, log-gi rig-pa bsgres-na* if 
 one compares the absurd news Tar. 174, 
 Schf.; ma-rig-pa 1. sbst. ^rf^3n ignorance, 
 mostly used in the specific Buddhist sense, 
 viz. for the innate principal and fundamental 
 error of considering perishable things as per- 
 manent and of looking upon the external 
 world as one really existing, with Bud- 
 dhists in a certain manner the original sin, 
 from which every evil is proceeding, v. 
 Kopp. 1, 163 (but cf. yti-mug}. 2. adj. void of 
 reason, unreasonable, irrational, dud- O gro ma- 
 rly-pa Mil 2. science, learning, literature, 
 ndn-gi rig-pa the orthodox or sacred litera- 
 ture, pyii rig-pa the heterodox or profane 
 literature Cs., fun-mon-gi rig-pa literature 
 or science common to both religions (Bud- 
 dhists and Brahmans) Cs.; rig-pai ynas and 
 rig-pa any single science (philosophy, me- 
 dicine etc.) v. rig-ynds\ rig-pai rol-fso or 
 rig-pai ynas fams-cdd Cs. circle of science, 
 encyclopedia. 3. soul (prob. only in later 
 literature), rig-pa lus dan brdl-ba the soul 
 separated from the body, rten dan brdl-ba 
 the soul separated from her hold or from 
 her abode Thgr.', often opp. to bem Mil. 
 
 Comp. rig-mKan, rig(-pd)-po Cs., Sch. 
 a knowing person, a learned man. rig- 
 rgyud character Mil rig -mags a spell, 
 charm, magic formula, rig-snags-mKan a per- 
 son skilled in charms. rig-ynds a science, 
 one of the sciences ; rig-ynds ce-ba Ina the 
 five great sciences or classes of science, frq.; 
 these are : sgrd-rig-pa science of language, 
 ytan-t'sigs-rig-pa dialectics, yso-ba-rig-pa 
 medicine, bzo-rig-pa science of mechanical 
 arts, nan-don-rig-pa religious philosophy; 
 of less consequence are: rig-ynds cun-ba 
 Ina the five minor sciences; and the rig- 
 ynds or rig-pa bco-brgy ad (also ; tsug-lag?/J), 
 which need not be particularly enumerated, 
 though they are often mention 
 
 they are named by Cs. and Sch. rig(-pa)- 
 po v. rig-mKan. rig-byed 1. conveying 
 knowledge, instructive, prob. also learned, 
 na rig-byed glu-mKan ma yin-te I am no 
 schooled, accomplished, singer Mil. 2. in- 
 struction, a book conveying knowledge, a 
 scientific work, bzoi rig-byed a technological 
 work Glr. 3. %^ "Veda, the (four) sacred 
 writings of ancient Brahmanism, hence 4. 
 as symb. num.: 4. rig -ma, %^FTTf^, 
 Veda-mother, Gciyatri, a certain metre, verse 
 and hymn of the Rigveda, personified as 
 a deity Mil. rig- Q dzin, from rig-pa O dzin- 
 pa to comprehend a science with ease, to 
 be of quick parts DzL, as partic.: a man 
 of parts, a clever fellow; but usually rig- dzin 
 (like rig- can, of rarer occurrence), Ssk. 
 f^fTVTi denotes a kind of spirits to whom 
 a high degree of wisdom is attributed, like 
 the Dakinis. rig-ses the faculty of reason 
 Tar. 90, 2, Schf. 
 
 g-9> mi 9 rig-rig by ed-pa or d&g- 
 pa to look about, esp. in an anxious 
 manner, shyly Tar., Mil. 
 
 . r igs 1. family, lineage, extraction, birth, 
 descent, rigs-rus lineage and family 
 Glr., mai rigs-su nye-ba or ytogs-pa a re- 
 lation by the mother's side Dzl.', emph, : 
 noble birth or extraction: rigs-kyi bu or bu- 
 mo noble or honoured sir! honoured madam! 
 a respectful address, which is also more ge- 
 nerally applied; thus in Thgr. it is the reg- 
 ular way of addressing the soul of a de- 
 ceased person; mi-rigs \. the human race, 
 mankind Cs. 2. nation, tribe Glr. ; sde-rigs 
 tribe Cs. 3. rarely = sex, mo-rigs female sex 
 Wdn. 2. in a special sense : caste, class 
 in society, rank. In Tibet five ranks are 
 usually distinguished, viz.: rgydl-rigs royal 
 state, royalty, brdm-ze-rigs caste of priests 
 (Brahman caste), rje-rigs nobility, aristo- 
 cracy, dmdhs-rigs the citizens, ydol-pai rigs 
 the common people. When speaking of India, 
 the appellations of these classes are applied 
 to the castes of Brahmanism, although they 
 do not correspond to each other in every 
 respect. 3. kind, sort, species, groi rigs 
 ysumyod there are three sorts of wheat, skdd-
 
 528 
 
 rigs 
 
 rigs gos-rigs mi- drd-ba different languages 
 and costumes; ci-rigs of every sort, ci-rigs- 
 su in every possible manner, e g. cos ston- 
 pa to teach religion; nyin-moi rigs-kyis or 
 rigs-la by the day, by days, daily Glr.; rigs 
 is also used for some, certain, ndd-rigs-la 
 mi O dzem-na if one is not on his guard against 
 certain diseases; sometimes pleon. : ydn-lag 
 rigs bzi the four limbs, viz. hands and feet 
 Glr.; rgyal-cen rigs bzi the four great spirit- 
 kings Thgy., rigs ysum mgon-po the three 
 tutelar saints (spyan-ras-yzigs, pyag-rdor, 
 O jam-dbydns) Glr.; sans-rgyds rigs liiai zih- 
 Kams Thgr. rigs-pa vb. to have the way, 
 manner, custom, quality of, mgo pyir Jbyuh- 
 bai rigs-so the upper end (of a stick, part 
 of which is in the water) has the way of 
 sticking out, i.e. sticks out ; often to be trans- 
 lated: must necessarily (according to the 
 laws of nature or to circumstances) ; as partic. 
 or adj.: necessary, also proper, suitable, right, 
 suited to its purpose, in the earlier literature 
 gen. with the genit. of the infin., sometimes 
 with the termin. of the infin., in later times 
 with the root of the verb; thus : fos-nas Iddh- 
 bai rigs-so you must get up as soon as you 
 hear . . . DzL; da ri zig sndn-bai rigs now 
 a mountain must appear DzL; bzdg-pai rigs- 
 sam would it not be expedient to appoint. . .? 
 DzL', rigs-kyi dus-la bdb-bo it is just the 
 right time DzL ; mi smrd-bai mi rigs-so it 
 is not right to be silent DzL ; smdd-par mi 
 rigs-so it is not right to abuse Glr.', ^.on-rigs 
 O dug-pas because (he) might possibly come 
 Mil. nt. ; drdn-pa mi zin rigs-la if he should 
 perhaps not retain the recollection of, if there 
 should be any danger of his not remem- 
 bering Thgr.- nan-s6n-du O gro-bai rigs-la as 
 there is a possibility of going to hell Thgr. ; 
 ydul-bai rigs -pa those fit for conversion 
 DzL; lhar skye-ba ni rigs-pa ma lags his 
 being re -born as a deity is not befitting, 
 or also : not possible, not probable DzL ; mi- 
 rigs-pa wrong, not right, unbecoming, im- 
 proper etc., mostly as adv. : mi-rigs-par by ed- 
 pa to act wrong, to do badly, frq. rigs- 
 kyi rjes-Jbrdn Was. (274) v. sub lun. 
 
 Comp. rigs-brgyiid race, lineage, extrac- 
 
 tion, family Cs., rigs-brgyud- dzin male issue, 
 rigs-brgyud O pcl-bar O gyur-ba the rising of 
 a numerous progeny Dom. rigs-nan 1. 
 low birth or extraction, *Eyod mi rig-hdn- 
 pa dan nydm-po de-ce man* you must not 
 mingle with people of low extraction, with 
 common people W. ; rigs-nan dpon-du sko- 
 ba to raise a child of low extraction to the 
 royal dignity Glr. 2. hangman DzL (cf. ydol- 
 pa). rigs-can, rigs-lddn of noble birth. 
 
 rigs - mnydm -pa , mfun - pa , O drd - ba 
 of the same rank etc., of the same species. 
 
 rigs-nydms degenerated, rigs-nydms dge- 
 sldf't a monk disgracing his profession Pth. 
 
 rigs-med = rigs-ndn no. 1 . 
 
 Xcn^T^r rigs-pa 1 . v. rigs. 2. often erron. 
 for rig-pa. 3. adj. of rigs : rgydl- 
 rigs-pa belonging to the reigning family or 
 caste; ci-rigs-pai sgo-nas in every possible 
 manner Mil. ; ci-rigs-par snydn-pai fsig-gis 
 with ever so many kind words DzL', also: 
 in any way, any how, to a certain degree 
 or extent, in part, partly Tar. 4, 3 etc. 
 4. sbst., translation of szrnsj logic, dialectics 
 Trigl. 15; an infallible, not deceptive idea 
 Was. (297). 
 
 rin-ne-ba continual (?), daily (?) ka- 
 tsd rin-he-ba Mil. nt. every day 
 warm meals. 
 
 wn-ba I. adj , also riii-po 6'., Z?., *rin- 
 mo* W. 1. long, high, tall, relating to 
 space; rin-mo*Kur* W. carry it lengthwise; 
 it also implies distance, in which case fag- 
 rin (q. v.) is the more precise form; da-dun 
 yiil-las rin-ste as he is still at a great dis- 
 tance from the place DzL ; more frq. with 
 dan: ynas O di groh-ttyer dan rin-bas because 
 this place is far from the town DzL ; mi rin- 
 ba-na at no great distance. 2. long, with 
 respect to time, fse rin-ba sbst. a long life, 
 adj. long-lived, rgydl-ba dan fse rin-barsog 
 cig may he be victorious and live long! DzL ; 
 yun rin-po (or mo) a long time; yunrin- 
 po-nas from a long time, a long time since, 
 rin-por ma Ion-par, less accurately: rin-po 
 malon-par soon afterwards,relating to things 
 past, rin-por mi fogs-par id. with respect to 
 the future, = after a little while, in a short
 
 529 
 
 -nti-tigs 
 
 rib 
 
 time, frq.; mi-tin-bar id. Tar.; de-nas mi 
 rin-bar not long after that Tar.; nw 2^7 a 
 long time, tin zig Ion-pa dan after a long 
 time Dzl.; rwi 2%-fa^adv. long, a long while, 
 for a long time, tin zig-tti ma ^ons-pas as 
 he did not come for a long time DzL; tin 
 zig-na after or during a long time Glr.' tin- 
 la, resp. sku-rin-la c. genit. during, at, nyin- 
 gyi riii-la in the day-time, during the day 
 Pth., Q dir bzugs tin (provinc. for tint} O fso- 
 cas or rgyags provisions for the time of his 
 stayM7.; esp. of kings etc.: under a king; 
 during the reign or life of a king, frq. ; de- 
 rin B., C., *di-tih* (more correct form, but 
 only in W.} to-day. 3. old, tin zig-na Sch. 
 long ago, long since, v. also tin-lugs. 
 
 II. length, distance etc., more definite 
 form, but of rare occurrence: rin-ba-nyid, 
 de-nas mi-riit-ba-nyid-na a very short time 
 afterwards Tar. 
 
 Comp. rin-Kydd length. *tin-tdb* W. 
 length, copiousness (of account). tin-fun 
 1. long and short. 2. length, relatively. 
 tin-gag, also stod-gdg jacket or waistcoat 
 of a Lama, without sleeves. 
 
 tin-lugs Cs.: 'the sect or follow- 
 ers of a person', Sch. : 'old cus- 
 toms'; Glr. 92, 2(?). 
 
 tin-bsrel ('things which are to be 
 preserved for a long time'), \JT7f, 
 relics of a Buddha or a saint, viz. small, hard 
 particles, ace. to Burnouf the remnants of 
 burnt bones. 
 
 tins sometimes for tin. 
 
 s-pa swift, speedy, tins-par rgyug- 
 pa to run fast, to hasten, hurry; tins- 
 par yod I am in a hurry Mil. ; *tin-pa ton* 
 W. be quick! make haste! tins run though 
 you be in a hurry Mil.; rins-pai bsod-snyoms 
 alms, gifts of charity (requiring haste), ur- 
 gently requested, and out of the common 
 course, Burn. I, 269. 628 *za-tins, O fun- 
 rins*, waiting impatiently for one's meal, 
 * grul-rins* for setting out W. ; rins-stdbs-su 
 most speedily Mil. 
 
 rid-pa 1- meager, emaciated ZteZ. and 
 elsewh. 2. Sch. also : rare. 
 
 " rid-pdn the Neosa pine-tree Kun. 
 
 xV tin 1. price, value, tin ycod-pa to fix, to 
 ' determine the price Cs. (cf. fait), tin 
 rtog-pa to ascertain the price, to estimate 
 the value Cs.; tin Jbebs-pa to abate, to lessen 
 the price Cs.', tin O bdb-pa, tin O bri-ba to go 
 down, to sink or fall in value Cs.; *tin tsam* 
 W., *tin gha-fsff* C. how dear (is it) ? what 
 does it cost? tin-la mi cog Sch. to sell under 
 cost-price; tin -can dear, costly; tin-med 
 worthless, also: for nothing, gratis; tin-gdii, 
 tin- fan, tin-fsad Tar. ??%, 17 = tin; tin- 
 cen-po, tin-po-ce v. the next article. 2. 
 for tin, v. tin-ba I, 2. 
 %<&3T(f) rin -cen(-po'}, also tin-po-ce, 
 \ . very dear, precious, valuable ; 
 usually: 2. sbst, -^ a precious thing, trea- 
 sure, jewel, precious stone, precious metal; 
 metal in general; Glr. 1, five jewels of the 
 gods are enumerated, sapphire, indragopa 
 and other three, prob. fabulous, stones, and 
 five jewels as the property of man: gold, 
 silver, pearls, corals, lapis lazuli ; in other 
 books other jewels are specified as such. In 
 the Buddha-legends frq. mention is made 
 of the tin-po-ce sna bdun, i.e. the extra- 
 ordinary treasures of a Tshakravartin king, 
 viz. the precious wheel (v. Kor-lo), the pre- 
 cious elephant, the precious horse, the pre- 
 cious jewel, the precious wife, the precious 
 minister and the precious general (or inst. 
 of him, the precious citizen) v. Gyatch. chap. 
 III. Sometimes rin-po-cei may be under- 
 stood literally: consisting of jewels, of pre- 
 cious stones, at other times it is merely equi- 
 valent to: valuable, precious; rin-po-cei 
 glin Glr. seems frq. to signify a holy, happy 
 land inhabited by gods 3. a title, used 
 not only in rgya-mfso tin-po-ce and pan- 
 cen tin-po-ce (the honorary titles of the 
 high-priests of Lhasa and of Tashilunpo), 
 but also a tide of every Lama of a higher 
 class. 
 ^ <&.. rin-di W. (tin-dti Bun.} 1 . lead. 
 
 ' ' 2. musket-ball. 
 
 j^q. rib = ti-ba Sch. (Dzl. 99V, 8. 15, and 
 in Sch.'s dictionary): worth, costing, 
 34
 
 530 
 
 rib-ma 
 
 standing at; to the Tibetans asked by us the 
 
 word seemed to be unknown, and the MS. 
 
 of Kyelang has ri-ba in the above cited pas- 
 
 sage. 
 
 * rib-ma* W., *dib-ma* C., fence, 
 hedge, enclosure to protect the fields 
 
 from cold winds, intruders etc. 
 
 m ~9 T ^ res P- f r *lt6gs-ri* hunger W, 
 
 or rim- gro, resp. sku- 
 rim honour, homage, shown more 
 esp. to gods, saints, and priests, offerings and 
 other ceremonies (v. sub sku), rim-gros far- 
 bar O gyur he will yet be cured by religious 
 ceremonies (if medical advise should prove 
 insufficient) S.g. ; dei rim-gro-la as a cere- 
 mony for him (the sick person) Mil. ; zan- 
 zin-gi rim-gros by offerings in goods, cattle 
 etc.) Mil.; rim- gro cen-po by as he arrang- 
 ed a great sacrificial festival Pth. ; rim-gro- 
 pa servant, waiting-man, valet de chambre. 
 
 r/im ~P a -> ^- WT' 1- ser% i es > succes- 
 
 sion, rim-(pa) bzin(-du) DzL, rim- 
 par Glr., in a row or line, in rows, by turns, 
 successively, one after another, also = by 
 degrees, gradually; rim-gyis, rim-pas DzL 
 id. ; rim-pas ddn-po mcog yin pyi-ma dman 
 v. sub dmdn-pa', byd-ba fob-rim bzin byed- 
 pa to do a business by turns, each taking 
 a certain share of the work Glr. 2. the 
 place in a row or file, constituent part or 
 member of a series, dei mi-brgyud rim-pa ' 
 Inas rgydl-sa bzun five members of his lin- 
 eage occupied the throne Glr., and in a still 
 more general sense : sgo rim - pa bdun a 
 sevenfold door DzL; rim-lddbs Sch. and 
 nyis-rim S.g. double; rim-ycig = lan-ycig 
 one time, once. 3. order, method, O cdd-par 
 Q gyur-bai rim-pa O dis by this method which 
 will be explained immediately, Sbh.; rim- 
 bral disorderly, irregular Cs. rim ynyis 
 v. skyed-rim. 
 
 rwt*(-fMMQ contagious disease, 
 epidemy, plague, nan- rims id. 
 Glr.' rims yton-ba to send, to cause a plague, 
 as demons do DzL dus ydon ynyis-kyis ma 
 skyedrims mi Jbyun plagues, epidemics, are 
 caused by nothing but the season or by 
 
 demons; *t\i-nm* W. dysentery, diarrhoea, 
 bloody flux; rims-so the 'tooth' of an epi- 
 demy, i.e. its contagium, virulency. 
 
 " ril-tin Ld. sa-rdg. 
 
 . ril-ba I. more frq. ril-po, ril-mo /?., 
 C.; *ril-ril* W. 1. round, globular, in 
 C. also cylindrical; srdn-ma ril-mo peas are 
 round Wdii.; *ril-ril* W. also sbst.: a round, 
 globular object, such as a cabbage-head, a 
 round lump of butter etc. ; ril-bai spyi-blugs 
 Glr., Sch.: 'a bottle, narrow in the middle, 
 a gourd-bottle'. 2. whole, entire; wholly, 
 quite *Kon-ril* quite crippled, lamed C.;*nay- 
 ril-ril* W. very black, quite black; rtdg-pa 
 dan ril-por O dzin-pa to consider a thing 
 lasting and entire (not compounded) Thgi/.; 
 ril-por ha dbdn-na if it belongs to me en- 
 tirely Mil. ; ril-po the whole, the entire thing 
 (opp. to a part), also in arithmetic Wdk.; 
 ril-poi Ihdg-ma the remainder of the whole 
 Wdk. ; bubs-ril lus the whole body S.g. ; ril- 
 gyis yyogs-pa entirely, completely, envelop- 
 ed, or wrapped up Sch. ; ril-mid-pa Sch. : 
 'to swallow a thing entire'; de-day da/I ril- 
 gyis mci-am pyed dan mci-ba bka-stsol cig 
 tell me whether I am to come with all, or 
 only with one half (of them) DzL ?vS?, 5 
 (ace. to the manuscript of Kyelang); ril-bu, 
 col. *ril-lu*, small ball, globule, pill, Hl-bur 
 bsf/ril-ba srdn-ma tsam formed into a pill of 
 the size of a pea Lf.; ril-ma globular dung 
 of some animals, byi-bai ril mouse -dung 
 Mng. (where Piper longuin is compared 
 with it), gld-bai ril dung of the musk-deer; 
 liig-ril tirdles, sheep-pellets, sa-ril 1 . dung 
 of the argali Ld. 2. small meat-balls C. 
 II. I.W.: *ril-ce* (for gril-bd) to fall. - 2. 
 Bal. *ril-cas* (for sgril-bd) to wrap up. 
 j^r ris 1. cognate to ri-mo and perh. to 
 
 O bri-ba : figure, form, design, pddma-ris 
 the figure of a lotus-flower Glr., mig-man- 
 ris-su bris-pa Glr. painted like a chess- 
 board ; skya-ris the blank parts of a picture, 
 fson-ris the painted parts of a picture Cs. 
 2. Cs.: part, region, quarter, hence mfo-ris 
 heaven, v. wfo; dban-ris share of power or 
 of territory; mna-ris id and n. of a part of
 
 531 
 
 ruh-ba 
 
 Tibet; pyogs-ris party; Cs. has also: rdn-ris 
 one's own party, fzdn-ris another's party, 
 ris-can partial, prejudiced, ris-mcd impartial, 
 indifferent, hence also hermit, because he 
 ought to feel indifferent to every thing. 
 3. Sch. : i ris-su difference, ris-su cad -pa 
 equality'(??). 4. ris-yza symb. num. : 7, 
 derived from the number of the great pla- 
 nets together with sun and moon. 
 x- ru 1. horn, = n0a; rd-ru goat's horn, 
 
 lug-ru ram's horn. 2. parts of vessels 
 etc. resembling a horn, e.g. the handle of 
 a stew-pan Mil. nt. ; '''yo-ru* C. door-post. 
 3. part, division, dmdg-gi of an army Stg., 
 wing 6s.; of a country, dbu-ytsdh-ru-bzi 
 Mil.', yyds-ru the right side or wing, yyon- 
 ru the left side or wing, yzuii-ru the middle 
 part or centre 6s. 4. as num. figure: 85. 
 
 Comp. ru-ddr Wdk , Mil., ru-mfson Sch. 
 military ensign, banner, colours, Q pydr-ba to 
 display, to hoist (a flag). ru-snd division 
 of an army Sch^ ru-pa 'troops, advan- 
 ced posts of the enemy' Sch. ru-dpon 
 commander of a regiment, colonel. 
 _.. ru-nd hatred, grudge, malice, (of rare 
 occurrence); ru-na-can spiteful, mali- 
 cious. 
 x'jt- ru-rtd Cs.: 'a kind of spicy root'; in 
 
 ' Lh. Inula Helenium. 
 5'cpy or |fqr ru-fog or ru-rdog Cs. n. of a 
 ' ' district in Tibet contiguous 
 to Ladak; an extensive plain, east of lake 
 Pa/ikon. 
 
 ru-pa v. ru. 
 
 * ru-po ram W. 
 
 x -q* or ^-cna;* -ba or re-yur a tent-co- 
 NJ vering made of yak's hair; 
 ru-ba-pa a person living in such a tent; 
 ru-bai fsogs a number of such tents, a tent- 
 village. 
 
 ^*5|* ru ~ ma curdled milk, used as a ferment 
 6"., ^6-mar ru-ma blug- dra as when 
 sweet and curdled milk are put together 
 S.g.; as to its effect, it may also stand for 
 leaven. 
 
 ru-fsdr fringes Ld. = fca-fsdr. 
 
 5*^1 ' ru-raka Med. ; 6s. : a sort of berry. 
 
 p. 
 x-x^ ru^ru Stg.; Sch.: a kind of deer; a 
 
 ^ species of fruit-trees. 
 5*OJ|' m-Mb 'flat-horn', ace. to Sch. the 
 
 reindeer (sd-ba ru-leb the domesti- 
 cated, and J>r6g-gi ru-leb the wild r.), more 
 prob. the elk, v. Ka-sa. 
 x^cn-CT' rug-gt appearing (?), zin mum rug- 
 
 ge the field had a luxuriant appear- 
 ance Mil. nt. 
 
 rug -pa 1. 6*s. a kind of potato. - 
 
 2. W. to collect, gather, pluck, v. 
 sgrug-pa. 
 
 'c;' run-Kan Cs.: bake-house, kitchen. 
 
 run -ba 1. vb. to be fit, calculated, 
 suitable, right, and adj.: fit etc., gen. 
 with termin., rarely with the root of the 
 verb, fsig O di ^jigs-su run this word is cal- 
 culated to terrify, is terrible Dzl; btsoh-du 
 run it is salable, vendible Dzl. ; slob-dpon- 
 du mi run he is not fit to be a teacher Dzl. ; 
 yzdn-du mi run he is good for nothing else, 
 but also in the sense: he is too good for 
 anything else, nothing inferior can be offer- 
 ed to him Glr. ; grub ru/i-du yod-pa one that 
 is able to perform it Tar. ; mi myed mi run 
 it must be procured by all means Dzl., mi 
 byar mi run it must be done Dzl.; nydl-du 
 mi run it would not do to sleep Dzl.; med 
 kyaii run I (you etc.) can also do without 
 (him) Glr.; dei tse ytdn-du ruit-nam mi run 
 would it not be as well to let him go once 
 more? Dzl.; ci-ltar yid-ces-su run how can 
 one believe you? Dzl.; *kon-cog zun zer mi 
 run* W. God cannot tell a lie; O di yah run 
 this, too, is correct, will do Gram. ; fsab run 
 tsam it may perhaps be used instead Wdn.; 
 nd-la mos-pa ma byas kyan run-ste that they 
 do not show me any honour is not so great 
 a loss; but . . . Mil. ; O dis run-nam is that the 
 right thing? will that do? de-ltar run (W. 
 *cog*) well, let it be so! for aught I care! 
 2. several other phrases with run : a. lus 
 O di ci run why should we care so much for 
 this our body? Dzl.; esp. cimaruit, pre- 
 ceded by na or (rarely) by yah : why should
 
 532 
 
 rus-pa 
 
 not...? i.e. that! would that! O dibddg-gi 
 yin-na ci ma run would that this were mine ! 
 Thgy. ; nai bu-mo min-na ci ma run I only 
 wish, she were not my daughter! would it 
 were not my daughter! Pth. b. run = yan 
 after a verbal root : de tsam zig bsdad run 
 though I have been sitting so long Mil.; 
 mi dgos run though it is not necessary Mil.; 
 ses run mi ses-pa Itar byed-pa to plead ig- 
 norance although one knows the thing Mil. ; 
 ci-la fug run whatever may happen to me, 
 = at all events, at any rate; ciyin run what- 
 ever it may be Mil., log yin run min run 
 whether it be an erroneous (opinion) or not 
 Mil.\ si run yson run whether I live or die, 
 living or dead Pth. ; gan yah run, ci yan 
 run whosoever he may be, whatsoever it 
 may be, frq.; sa cu gan yan run-ba-la on 
 earth, water or whatever it be Do. c. mi- 
 run-ba illicit, improper, unfit, v. above; mi- 
 run-bai yzi bcu ten illicit actions, differently 
 specified Tar. 33, 9, Kopp. I, 147, partly 
 moral offences, partly only infractions of 
 discipline; but ma-riin-ba, ma -runs-pa \. 
 pernicious, dangerous, atrocious, as enemies, 
 beasts of prey, malignant gods and spirits, 
 reckless destroyers etc. 2. spoiled, destroy- 
 ed, ruined, ma-run-bar byed-pa to destroy 
 etc., ma-run-bar ^gyur-ba to be destroyed 
 etc. Dzl 
 
 r r- rud a falling or fallen mass, as : Ka-rud 
 ' snow-slip, avalanche, ca-rud deluge, 
 inundation, flood (by the rupture of an em- 
 bankment and the like), sa-rud land-slide, 
 descent of a great mass of earth; rud-zam 
 a snow-bridge, formed by avalanches. 
 
 ru b - cu prop, n., a district in the 
 south of Ld. 
 
 -- rub-pa to rush in upon, to attack, as- 
 sault, pyag zabs kun-nas rub -rub 
 J)us-te rushing in upon him from every side 
 in order to touch his hands and feet Mil. ; 
 bzdn-la rub -pa to pounce on the prey, to 
 fall upon the food Glr. ; *do-rub tdn-te sdd- 
 ce* W. to kill with stones, to stone; *cog- 
 cig-la rub-pa* W. to press or crowd together 
 towards one side; Ka-rub byed-pa to out- 
 cry, to bear down by a louder crying Mil.; 
 
 * go-rub-rub O dug* C. } * go-rub tan dug'' W. 
 they put their heads together ; *srod rub son, 
 or mun-cu rub son* W. darkness draws on, 
 night is setting in, for which in C. *sa rub 
 son* is said to be used, so that it might also 
 be translated by to darken, to obscure. 
 
 rub-so currant W. 
 
 xrj- rum 1. womb, uterus, = mnal, but less 
 frq.: rum mi bde-ba sensations of pain 
 during pregnancy Dzl., rum-du O jug-pa to 
 enter into the womb. 2. darkness, ob- 
 scurity, mun-pai rum Glr. , gen. smug-rum. 
 - 3. prop, n., Turkey, the Ottoman empire, 
 the site of which is but vaguely known to 
 the Tibetans, though some commodities from 
 thence find their way to Lhasa; rum-pa a 
 man from Turkey, a Turk; rum-sam ([L) 
 Syria 6s. 
 
 rul-ba to rot, to get rotten, to become 
 putrid, to turn rancid etc., rul-bar 
 ^gyur-ba B., *rul cd-ce* W. id. ; ^o-ma rul 
 son the milk is spoiled, Ka rul the snow 
 does no longer bear, *be rul* W. drift-sand, 
 quicksand; rul-skyur 'sour by putrefaction' 
 Sch ; rul-dri a putrid smell; rul-po for 
 hrul-po Cs. Of. O drul-ba. 
 xxj- rus 1., W. rus-pa, lineage, family, min 
 dan rus ni O di-ltar-ro their name and 
 lineage are such and such Glr.; *ha-ran-ghi 
 (or na-ran dhan) ru-cig-pa or -dd-wa*C. B., 
 *rus-pa cig-cig* W. we are of the same fa- 
 mily; rus-ycig-pa y sod -pa a murderer of 
 persons related to him by blood Lex. ; fu- 
 mi rus Lex.: Thu-mi, a family-name; rus 
 mfo-ba high extraction, rus dmd-ba low 
 extraction Cs. 2. v. the next article. 
 
 rus-pa (resp. yduii) 1. bone, rus-cdg 
 fracture of a bone Med.; rus-pai 
 dum-bu prob. small bones of which the Ti- 
 betan anatomy enumerates 360. mi-rus 
 human bone; rkdn-rus bone of the foot; 
 mgo-rus bone of the skull; rus-pai rgyan 
 Mil. a decoration of terrifying deities and 
 magicians, consisting of human bones sus- 
 pended from the girdle; rus-pai rgyan drug 
 Pth., the like ornament, but fastened to six 
 different parts of the body, the top of the
 
 533 
 
 re-gron 
 
 head, the ears, the neck, the upper arm, 
 the wrists, and the feet; rus Jbol-ba men- 
 tioned as a morbid symptom Lt? 2. the 
 stone of apricots and other stone-fruits 6'., 
 W.; grape-stone Wdn. 3. energy, snyin- 
 gi Mil., gen. snyin-rus q.v. 4. v. rus 
 
 Comp. rus-krdn skeleton, *rw-tdn fsog- 
 se* W. he is nothing but skin and bones. 
 riis-Ku Lt. bone-broth(P). rus-grog Sch.: a 
 dry bone ('?). rus-bcud Lt.? rus-ndd 
 W. caries. riis-bu 1. small bone. 2. bones 
 in general Dzl. rus-fsdd, rus-fsod Med.f 
 rus -sin 1. Sch. firmness, perseverance, 
 repentance. 2. n. of a part of the body (?) 
 Lt. 
 re 1. indefinite num. or pron., single, a 
 
 single one, some (persons), something; 
 one to each, one at a time, re-re or re every, 
 every one, every body, each, rdn-la bu re 
 med-na yid- pam-pa re yon-gi O dug, des-na 
 Kyed-la-ait. bu re dgos despair comes from 
 having no son, therefore you, too, should 
 have a son Mil.] yud re for a moment, = 
 yud tsam Thgr.; Ian re Ian ynyis once or 
 twice Mil.; mi brgya re tsam zon cog-pa (a 
 horse) sufficiently (large) for being mounted 
 by about a hundred men Glr. ; lo re tsam 
 ma -y fogs with the exception of one year 
 about Glr.; ras-gos-rkydil re a single cotton 
 garment Mil. ; cos-Jbrel re a small amount 
 of spiritual instruction Mil. ; W.: *bal re* 
 some wool, *su-gu re* some paper (= zig), 
 *ku-su re : some apples; bcii-la pur-pa re 
 ytdd-nas handing to each of the ten a, pur-pa 
 Pth.', Idg-na don-tse re-re yod in each of 
 his hands there was a gold-coin Dzl. ; nyin 
 re-la sems-can Kri re bsad Glr. he slaugh- 
 tered every day 10000 living beings, ra 
 Ina Ina bsad five goats (every day); mi res 
 lug re bsad each man killed one sheep Glr. ; 
 in a somewhat different sense: *lo re-ne lo 
 re cun-se yod' W. they grow smaller from 
 year to year ; nyun re little at a time Glr. ; 
 re-re ynyis-ynyis one and all, one with an- 
 other, indiscriminately Mil., re-re-bzin-gyi 
 mgo every single person's head Tar.] re zig 
 somebody, something; some (persons), a little; 
 (with or without dun) a little while, re zig 
 
 sdod wait a little ! Dzl. ; re zig cig-na after 
 a little while, Rhar. 37 ; once, one day, one 
 time, at a future time, also dus re zig-gi fse 
 Pth 2. mutual, reciprocal (in this sense 
 it is perh. to be spelled res, though it is cer- 
 tainly cognate to re), dpon slob re JJan Jbyun 
 Mil. there arises mutual discord between 
 teachers and disciples Mil ; different, differ- 
 ing? re-Ua-bu 'of a different kind or na- 
 ture' Sch. 3. sbst. a. the wooden parts 
 of a door, re bzi the four parts of a door- 
 frame, yd-re the head-piece, the lintel, ma- 
 re the sill or threshold (= yd-fem and md- 
 fem\ * yd-re md-re dal ton* W. pull it down 
 entirely! logs-re the side posts (6 1 . sgo-ru), 
 b. v. re-mos and reu. 4. In such forms 
 as mor-ra-re, mcis-sa-re, gyur-ta-re {Dzl. 
 VL, 1 . ?, 9. ??, 2) it may be rendered 
 by an adverb, as: certainly, undoubtedly. 
 5. vb., v. red-pa and re-ba. 6. par- 
 ticle, mostly put between two closely con- 
 nected words: nyams-re-dgd, blo-re-bdeGlr., 
 ^o-re brgydlj skyug-re-log , ze-re-^igs, yi- 
 re-miig, don-re-cun, snyin-re-rje (this last 
 very frq.), without essentially modifying 
 the signification, yet only used in emphatic 
 speech. 7. num. for drug-cu in the ab- 
 breviated forms of the numbers 61 to 69. 
 8. num. figure : 115. 
 
 ^"3<3T re ~ s k an ( e ty m lgy?)? acc - to the 
 ^ ' passages which came to my know- 
 ledge a strong negative (like nl |U?j), by no 
 means, never, yon re - skan Mil. frq., that 
 can never happen, that is absolutely im- 
 possible (parallel to yon mi srid) ; fsim-par 
 O gyur re-skdn they never can be satisfied 
 with it Tar. 
 
 e-skdn n. of a bitter medicinal herb. 
 
 re-Kd Sch. a picture, painting. 
 re-Jkdn v. re-ba. 
 re- Kdn Sch. : re- Jcdn Q byun-ba to 
 
 be not too much (?). 
 s'^TI^" re-gur v. re-ba sbst. 
 
 x'TO" re-gron addition, increase.
 
 534 
 
 re-lcdgs-pa 
 
 or 
 
 reu-cs-pa, 
 
 Med., a mezereon with white blossoms in the 
 South-Himalaya, of which paper is made. 
 
 re-to pumpkin Kun. 
 
 re-dogs v. re-ba. vb. 
 re-lde v. re-ba sbst < 
 
 re-sndm v. re-ba sbst. 
 
 re ~ P c '9 s P r P- n -> Triloknath, a 
 much frequented place of pil- 
 grimage in Chamba, with a famous image 
 and sanctuary of Avalokitesvara. 
 x~'!3' re-ba Cs. sbst., also re-bo, ace. to some 
 sbre-bo, W. *re-snam*, Cs. sack-cloth, 
 a kind of cloth of yak's-hair, a tent-cloth 
 (also re-lde and re-yol Cs.}; re-gur a tent 
 of such cloth. 
 
 re-ba I. vb., 1. to hope, fams-cddmfon- 
 du reo all hoped to see Dzl. ; de-la 
 pdn-du re-nas hoping it might be good for 
 it Mil.; su-la re in whom should they place 
 their hope, in whom should they trust? Ion 
 yod-du re-la whilst you are hoping still to 
 have time (enough) Mil.; re-zin ltds-pa to 
 look up full of hope Glr. 2. to wish, v. 
 II. 3. to beg, to ask alms, to go a beg- 
 ging, for victuals, *fco re-a-la yon" W. he 
 comes to beg. 
 
 II. ^TOTT sbst. hope; wish, frq., re-ba 
 skoh-ba, re-ba sgrub-pa to fulfil a hope; 
 myed-pa, fob-pa to get it fulfilled, to obtain 
 what one has hoped for, re-ba Itar O gyur 
 it goes to one's wish, as well as one could 
 wish; re-ba dan Iddn-pa hoping, full of 
 hope, re-ba med-pa hopeless, despairing. 
 
 Comp. re-fdg v. fdg-pa. re-dogs hope 
 and fear, re-dogs med being without hope 
 and without fear (the principal aim and 
 prerogative of ascetics) Mil. re-(bai) 
 ynas Cs.: room for hope; prob. also = re- 
 sa the person or thing whereon one's hopes 
 are placed 6'., W. 
 
 R*3fcr, wfcr - mos > res -v ws turn se - 
 
 ries, or more accurately : 
 the order or change of the series 7 la 
 
 rey-pa 
 
 sdug-pai re-mos bab then misfortune came 
 to be our turn Mil.; re-mos-su Pth., * re-mos 
 cos - la* Ld. by turns, alternately, e.g. to 
 strike one's breast with the hands; *re-mos 
 re-mos* W. by degrees, gradually; re-mons 
 id. Ma. 
 
 v. re 1. 
 
 re-rdl n. of a medicine Med. 
 
 a loom. 
 
 re ~ ^ ras ~ ru ?) W- & & 
 spread- or warp -beam of 
 
 re-sa v. re-ba. 
 
 re d 1- Sch.: reg-yzig-pa 'notes taken 
 down, and extracts made, during a 
 course of study'. 2. v.the following article. 
 r fy~P a I- vb., 1. ( W. *rdg-ce = nyug- 
 ce*, the latter being more in use) 
 to touch, to come in contact with, lag -pa 
 sd-la gar reg-par where his hands touched 
 tlie ground Dzl.; rlun ydl-ga-la reg-na when 
 the wind touches the branches Dzl.; fcd- 
 reg-pa c.dat. : to eat, to taste, to take, dug- 
 la-Kd-reg re-ba yod in taking poison there 
 is hope, (viz. so bad are the times) Ma. ; 
 *fsd-big zal rag dzod orzdl-la rag* W. please, 
 taste a little of it! sd-la fcru gan tsam-gyis 
 ma reg-par Jbyon-pa to walk not touching 
 the ground by an ell, i.e. to move in the 
 air, about a cubit distant from the ground 
 Pth.; reg-pa-med-pa intangible, unapproach- 
 able, out of reach, Glr. 2. to feel, to 
 perceive 6s.? II. sbst. reg (prob. only 
 abbreviation of rey-bya) feeling, touch, sense 
 of feeling S.g. 10,5? 
 
 Comp. reg-diig ('poison that has entered 
 the body by contact 1 ) S.g. 29, is said to 
 signify now in C. venereal disease, syphilis. 
 reg-bya 1. what is felt or may be felt, 
 anything palpable or tangible, reg-bya mi 
 fsor what may be felt is felt no longer ]Vd/t. 
 '2. feeling, sense of feeling, pdgs-pa-reg-bya 
 the feeling of the skin, lus-po pyii reg-bya 
 graii-la whilst the outside of the body ap- 
 pears cold to the touch, reg-bya-rtsiib rough 
 to the touch Med. reg -ma Cs. n. of a 
 goddess.
 
 ren-ba 
 
 535 
 
 r&n-ba, pf- rens to be stiff, hard, rigid, 
 
 rmai ren sbyans to remove the hard 
 parts, of a wound (to clear, to cleanse) 
 Wdri.] *rans son* W. (the blood) has coag- 
 ulated, congealed, also of a dead body : it 
 has grown stiff; *rdns-te dad dug' W. he 
 makes himself stiff, he struggles against; 
 nh'/s-pa solid (opp. to liquid), coagulated, 
 stiff, hard; rens-par byed-pa to make hard 
 or stiff; fig. : stiffnecked, obstinate, unwilling, 
 Do. 
 j^-q- ren-bu 1. pastil for fumigating Lt., v. 
 
 spos. 2. Sch. : separate, not be- 
 longing to anything else. 
 
 rc " s sometimes for raws, v. nyin-retis, 
 
 fo-rens. 
 
 rens-po Sch. alone, single. 
 
 red-pa I . to be, = yin-pa, in Sp. and C., 
 rarely in J5.; also re-pa (re-bo) is met 
 with; %ed pyugs-rdzi ma red rdo-rje-sems- 
 dpar snan you are not a herdsman, no, you 
 are Vajrasattva (viz. a deity)! Pth.; *caii 
 yo-pa re* me' -pa re'*? is there any beer 
 here or not? C. 2. Cs. : to be ready, red 
 mda a ready arrow Cs.; red dan ma red 
 rma a healed wound and one not yet heal- 
 ed (?) Sch. 3. to be withered Ts. 
 
 ^q-^q-q- reb-reb-pa Sch. : to be in a great 
 haste or hurry, to be very zealous, 
 
 W.: *reb log co-ce* to do something wicked 
 again and again. 
 
 ...j. rem-pa vb. and adj. (to be) strong, 
 vigorous, durable, sound, hearty, 
 of men and animals, *rem-pa son* W. now 
 I feel strong again; *gyog-pa (jtd-ce-la 
 rem-pa i-o!* W. exert yourself to walk fast! 
 cos spyod rem show your ability, in per- 
 forming ceremonies or incantations Mil.; 
 rem-cig rem-cig O dre-fsogs-rnams be strong, 
 ye hobgoblins, show your power; do your 
 best! (ironically) Mil. 
 
 ^n- reu Mil. prob. panel or square, of a 
 No wainscoted wall, of a chessboard etc. ; 
 re(u)-mig id. 
 
 ]r^- rer termin. of re, to each individually; 
 ... a piece. 
 
 5*r res 1. inst. of re. 2. change, turn, 
 time, times, da tied byed-pai res-la bab- 
 ste it being now our turn of acting Dzl. ; 
 *di-rih cu-re fcoiyod* W. to-day it is his turn 
 to irrigate (the field); res byed-pavtith verbal 
 root, to do a thing by turns with another 
 person, can-la O fun-res byed-pa, resp. : skems- 
 la ysol-res mdzdd-pa to vie with one another 
 in drinking beer Glr. ; skyes Jbul-res byed- 
 pa to send mutual presents to one another 
 Glr.; res ^jog-pa to change Sch.; res-kyis 
 relieving one another (in service), doing (a 
 thing) alternately or by turns, e g. nydl-la 
 mel-fse byed-pa to sleep and to keep watch 
 Dzl. ; res is also used as an adv. : 1 . res ce 
 res cun now great, now small, or partly 
 great, partly small; res yod res med at one 
 time it is there, at another not Cs. 2. at 
 a time, every time, distributively: res pye 
 fur-mgo re tsam O gams I always take the 
 tip of a spoon full of meal at a time Mil.; 
 res ycig once, once upon a time Tar., res 
 O ga sometimes, res ... res now now, at 
 one time at another, frq.; *lu-re* W. a 
 change of singing, an alternative song; res- 
 mos v, re-mos; res-yzd a changing (wander- 
 ing) star, a planet Cs.; res- grogs-zla-sMr 
 the stars with which the moon is successively 
 in conjunction Sch. 
 
 ^J'f res-po old, v. bgre-ba. 
 
 ,;* ro I. sbst. taste, flavour, savour, Ka-ro id. ; 
 ro-myon-ba to taste; six different kinds 
 of taste are distinguished: mndr-ba sweet, 
 skyiir-ba sour, lan-fswa-ba salt, Kd-ba bitter, 
 fsd-ba acrid, bskd-ba astringent, and the me- 
 dicines accordingly are also divided into six 
 classes ; ro bryya dan Idan-pa of a hundred- 
 fold taste, i.e. of the most exquisite and 
 manifold flavour, frq. II. sbst. 1. also r6- 
 ma? resp.: spur, dead body, corpse, carcass, 
 mi-ro a dead man, rtd-ro dead horse, srin- 
 bui ro dead insects Dzl ; ro sreg-pa to burn 
 a corpse. 2. body, v. comp. 3. residue, 
 remains, sediment, t'sdg-ro (or O f&dg-rd) that 
 which remains in a sieve or filter, impuri- 
 ties, .husks etc., )d-ro tea-leaves in a tea- 
 t-o the remains of bacon after having
 
 536 
 
 ro-nye 
 
 been fried, greaves; gdl-ro, rdo->'o, sd-ro 
 rubbish; skud-ro the ends of threads in a 
 seam ; v. also ro-to. 
 
 Com p. ro-Kdn, col. *rom-Uah* place for 
 burning or burying the dead, a favourite 
 spot for conjurations and sorceries. ro- 
 grib defilement by contact with dead bodies. 
 ro rgt/db back, back part Lt. ro-sgdm 
 coffin. ro-to Ld. (= roll, 3) residue; *rah- 
 sii ro-to* wax; *sig-pe ro-to* ruins of walls. 
 ro-stod the upper part of the human body, 
 chest and back Stg. ; esp. back Mil. ro- 
 dom fees given to the Lamas for performing 
 the burial or cremation ceremonies Mil. 
 ro-bug Sch. grave, tomb. ro-mydgs v. 
 myags ro-smdd the lower part of the 
 body Med., ro-smdd sbrul-du Kyil-ba the 
 lower part of the body like a winding serpent 
 Wdk. ro-rds cloth of cotton for wrapping 
 up a dead body before cremation; upon it 
 incantations are frequently written against 
 demons and malignant spirits Pth. ro- 
 lans = "ejcMHT (evil) spirit, or goblin that oc- 
 cupies a dead body ( Will.) Tar. 158. ro- 
 sin wood for burning a dead body. 
 
 * ro-nye Stg. ra-mye, za-nye lead. 
 
 r - m <*> 1 sometimes for ro 6s., Schr. 
 2. v. rtsa I. 
 
 ro - tsa , ro - ytsa sexual in- 
 stinct, carnal desire, lustre?., 
 ro-tsa skyed-pa to excite, to increase the 
 carnal appetite by medicine 6s. ; also : to feel 
 it; ro-tsa-ba 1. voluptuous, sensual, lustful 
 Mil. 2. exciting or animating the sexual in- 
 stinct Wdn. 
 
 rog-po 1. C. black, cf. bya- and/w- 
 rfy _ 2. W.=rdg-pa reddish, yellow- 
 ish-brown, of rocks. rog-ge-ba shining 
 dimly; zal O dzum-ndg rog-ge-ba with a face 
 glowing gloomily as it were Mil. nt. rog- 
 rog l.C. jet-black. 2. 'dark-grey' $cA., prob. 
 = rog-po 2. 3. rogue, villain 6's. (a man 
 of dark deeds?). 
 
 fogs, vulgar pronunciation of grogs, 
 friend, companion, associate, assistant 
 v. grogs', rogs-med ycig-pa quite alone Pth.\ 
 *rog-rdmco-ce* W. ra-mda byed-pa ; *rogs- 
 
 po* Ld. adulterer, *rog-po i-6-ce* (of a hus- 
 band) and *rog-mo co-ce* (of a wife) to 
 commit adultery. 
 
 2^-- rori narrow passage, defile, cleft in a hill, 
 also valley; brag-ro/i dell or chasm be- 
 tween rocks, ravine, ron-rtsub a rough country 
 full of ravines, so Tibet is called Glr. ; ron- 
 yul id.; rdri-mi, roiwta, roh-lcah a man 
 coming from, a horse bred in, a willow grow- 
 ing in such a country. 
 
 ^* rod pride, haughtiness Ts. 
 
 rod-pa, rod-po stiff, unable 
 to help one's self, rod-lci- 
 
 ba Sch. id. ; Ld. : *rod-da-rod-de* of decrepit 
 
 or sick people. 
 
 rom-Kaii W. for ro-Kan. 
 
 3^jf rom-po W. (for sbom-po C., B.) thick, 
 big, stout, of men, trees, sticks; mas- 
 sive, massy, plump; deep, of sounds, opp. to 
 prd-mo. rom-yig type, types, letters used 
 in printing, opp. to pra-yig, v. yi-ge- 
 s(nr rol 1. side, only in the comp. : ndn-rol 
 
 inside, pyi-i-ol outside, pd-rol, fsii-rol 
 etc. ; mdl-gyi pyi-rol the outside of the bed 
 (e.g. has been soiled) Glr. ; mostly as post- 
 position : ydns-pa-can-gyi ndn-i'ol-na within 
 the town of Yah-pa-can\ ndh-rol-nas Jbiil- 
 ba to reach, to hand from within Dzl. ; cui 
 p'd-rol-na, fsu-^rol-na (or fsu-rol-tu) on the 
 other side or on this side of the water; yyds- 
 rol, j-yon-rol the right side, the left side; 
 also in a looser sense: jyyi-rol-tu bzun-ba 
 to look upon a thing as externally or really 
 existing Mil.; often pleon. : snon-rol-nas be- 
 fore, previously Thgy.\ ^og-rol-tu for ^g-tu 
 after Pth., Tar.; O di-nas nyi-ma-niib-kyi 
 pyogs-rol-na to the west from here. 2. Sch.: 
 rol(-tu~) bsdd-pato destroy completely, to kill 
 on the spot('?). 3. (6s. also rol-mo} furrow; 
 rol rmod-pa to make furrows, to plough. 
 
 - rdl-rta Sch. : the near horse in a team, 
 the right-hand horse. 
 
 rol-pa = sprul-pa, v. rol-ba 3. 
 
 r ol-ba 1. to amuse or divert one's self 
 
 (synon. withrfe^'-6a), thus one of the 
 twelve actions of a Buddha is btsun-moi ^ K'or-
 
 537 
 
 rol-ma 
 
 du rol-ba diverting himself with his wives; 
 bdag-yod dan rol-ba to divert one's self with 
 a married woman (sensu obsc.) Schr.; in 
 rgya-cer-rol-pa (v. sub rgya), and in rol-pa 
 bkod-pa (the n. of a certain kind of con- 
 templation Gyatch.}, it is used for wffwfrf. 
 playing. 2. to take, taste, eat, drink, srm- 
 mo Krdg-la rol-ba witches or ogresses revel- 
 ingin blood Mil. ; rol-pai stdbs-su bZugs there 
 he sits with greedy mien. 3. = sprul-ba 
 to practicesorcery,tocausetoappearby magic 
 power, rndm-par rol-pa = rndm-par sprul- 
 pa; ye-ses rol-pai Kyeu Ina Pth. for: ye-ses- 
 kyi sprul-pa incarnations of the divine Wis- 
 dom; rol-pai mfso prob. enchanted lake, oc- 
 curs in the description of the Sumeru, but 
 no Lama seemed to know its exact meaning. 
 4. vulg. : to thrash, to cudgel. 
 
 ro l- ma 1- v - r l 3- 2. col. for 
 
 sgrol-ma. 
 
 r6l-mo (cf. rol-ba 1). 1. music, rol- 
 
 mobyed-pa, W. *co-ce*., to make music, 
 rol-mo spydd-pa Sch. id. '2. musical in- 
 strument, = rol-moi ca-bydd Dzl., rol-ca Cs., 
 in W. esp. cymbal. 
 
 ^* 
 
 and 
 
 andglags. 
 ldg-pa v. rlog-pa. 
 
 rldns-pa vapour, steam, Ka-rldns 
 breath, exhalation, *Ka-ldn tdn-ce* 
 to breathe, to exhale W.; *gan-ldn le ' cloud- 
 like snow-drifts on high hills, cu-rldns steam, 
 watery vapour; rldns-cu O don-pa Schr. to 
 distil. 
 
 x^r- dan 1. moisture, humidity, rlan spdn-ba 
 ^ ^ to avoid the wet Med., rlan sten nydl- 
 ba to sleep in the wet Lt. 2. a liquid, 
 rlon-rUn\&., rlan-rlon can the liquid (called) 
 bee)' Lex. ; rldn-can moist, wet, humid, e.g. 
 a country, rlan-med dry. Cf. rlon-pa, Man. 
 j^ .-jy^.. rldb(s)-pa Sch. : to remove, to 
 
 clear away'. 
 
 x^w- rlabs wave, billow, flood, rgyd-mfsoi 
 rlabsMed.; cu-rldbs and dba-rldbs or 
 rba-rldbs = rlabs', dus-rlabs ebb and flood, 
 tides Stg. ; rlabs yyo-ba or fcrug-pa the tumult 
 of the waves Cs. ; rlabs-po-ce or rlabs-cen, 
 
 Lex. : ^f^nf, a large wave or billow , a 
 rolling swell of the sea, surf, surge; also 
 fig. : a high degree, e.g. of diligence Thgy. 
 rxrrr rldm-pa v. rlom-pa; rlam-Kyer Sch. 
 ^ pride (?). 
 
 rlig-pa, resp./saw-v%, testicle, stone, 
 Jbyin-pa, O pyid-pa, W.*ton-ce* to 
 castrate, emasculate (a man), to cut or geld 
 (an animal), rlig-pyun, rlig-med castrated, 
 emasculated, rlig-can having testicles, rlig- 
 ycig-pa having only one testicle; rlig-bu, rlig- 
 subs scrotum; rlig-skrdns swollen testicles; 
 rlig-rlugsLt., rlig-blugsS.g., id. (ace. to 6s.). 
 
 ^C^J" rlins Sch. good, quick, cf. brlin-ba. 
 
 ^^* rlid Sch. a closed leather- bag. 
 
 5^_._. rlid-buSch.: 'a whole, a lump or mass'; 
 * ' ^ but this seems not applicable in the 
 phrase dud- groi rlid-bu Lex. , and other- 
 wise it is not known to me. 
 
 rlug(s)-pa l.Cs.i 'to purge, mnal 
 rlugs-par byed-pa to cause an 
 abortion, rlugs-byedpvirgmg, procuring abor- 
 tion; rlugs-ma Sch.: 'the casting out, effu- 
 sion' ; ace. tooneZ/&. excretion of indigested 
 food. 2. Ts. : to overthrow, to pull down, 
 v. lug-pa. 
 
 xr- rtun ^TJ ! ^ rlun-po breeze, wind, 
 Ns rlun 16-ma-la reg the wind touches the 
 leaves Dzl., rlun-gisskyod(a,thing) is moved 
 by the wind DzL, blown away by the wind 
 Glr.\ *lun Ian* C., *lun-po pu dug* W., the 
 wind blows, also for: there is a draught 
 (here) ; *lun-rag mdn-po yon dug* W. one 
 feels the wind (here) very much; rlun cen- 
 po Mil, drdg-po a high wind, a gale; sdr- 
 rlun east-wind etc., car-rlun rain and wind; 
 skdm-rlun a dry wind Cs.; *luii-po yob-ce* 
 W. to fan; jg-luh wind (from the stomach), 
 flatulence Lt.\ fig.: Ids-kyi rlun-gis ded-de 
 impelled or pushed on by the wind of ac- 
 tions, i.e. involved in the consequences of 
 one's actions; and in a similar manner in 
 other instances, frq. 2. air, atmospheric 
 air, rlun-gyi dkyil-Jtor atmosphere; rlun-gi 
 Q prul-Kor air-pump Cs., rlun-gi gru air- 
 balloon Cs. 3. in physiology: one of the 
 34*
 
 538 
 
 ' rlun 
 
 ' brla 
 
 three humours of the body (v. nyes-pa) sup- 
 posed to exist in nearly all the parts and 
 organs of the body, circulating in veins of 
 its own, producing the arbitrary and the in- 
 voluntary motions, and causing variousother 
 physiological phenomena. When deranged, 
 it is the cause of many diseases, esp. of 
 such complaints the origin and seat of which 
 is not known, as rheumatism, nervous affec- 
 tions etc. This rlun or humour is divided 
 into five species, viz.: srog- Q dzin cause of 
 breathing, gyen-rgyu faculty of speaking, 
 Kyab-byed cause of muscular motion, me- 
 mnydm of digestion and assimilation, fur- 
 sel of excretion; rlun-las gyur-pa yin (the 
 disease) arises from rlun Glr. ; rluh-gis bzuh- 
 ste=rlun-ndd-kyis btdb-ste. These notions 
 concerning rlun are one of the weakest points 
 of Tibetan physiology and pathology. 
 4. in mysticism rlun O dzin-pa seems to be = 
 dbugs bsgydn-ba, and to denote the drawing 
 in and holding one's breath during the pro- 
 cedure called ytum-mo (q.v.), which is as 
 much as to prepare one's self for contem- 
 plation, or enter into a state of ecstasy Mil. ; 
 rlun sems-la dbaii fob-pa Mil, frq., is said 
 to imply that high degree of mystical ecstasy, 
 when rlun. and sems have been joined into 
 one; he who has attained to the mgyogs- 
 rlun is able to perform extraordinary things, 
 e.g. with a heavy burden on his back he 
 is able to run with the greatest speed, and 
 the like. - 
 
 Comp. rlun-rta the airy horse, n. of little 
 flags, frequently to be seen waving in the 
 wind on Tibetan houses, on heaps of stones, 
 bridges etc. The figure of a horse which to- 
 gether with various prayers is printed on 
 these flags signifies (ace. to SchL 253) the 
 deity rta-mcog. Hue also mentions super- 
 stitious practices that may be called rlun- 
 rta. rlun-mdd Sch. air-gun. rlun-ndd 
 disease caused by rlun, v. above. rlun- 
 dmdr, rlun ndy-po prop, dust-storm, a storm 
 whirling up clouds of dust; further: storm. 
 tempest in general, also a gale at sea Glr. 
 and elsewh. rlun-t'sub whirlwind, snow- 
 storm Mil. rhui-sems v. above, rlun 4. 
 
 rluit-ser, rlun-bser-bu, rlun bsir-ba, a violent 
 
 wind Cs. 
 
 rtubs 1 .in C. : corner, hole, place for 
 hiding a thing; Lex.: Run-but rlubs. 
 
 2. Sch. : ditch, pit, pool, abyss, met rlubs 
 fire-pool. 
 
 VjWrj- rloa-pa, pf. brlags, fut. brlag, imp. 
 rlog(s), brlag, vb. a. to ldog-pa, 1. 
 to overthrow, to destroy; fdl-bar or rddl-du 
 rlog-pa to reduce to powder, to destroy 
 entirely Thgy. and elsewh.; rtsa-ba-nas, or 
 mam-par, to annihilate, e.g. all the infidels 
 Pth., to break, to smash e.g. a vessel 6'.; 
 to lose C., *'d-ma lag-son* I have lost my 
 mother 6'., *luy cig lag son* one sheep has 
 perished C. 2. fig. to pervert, to infatuate, 
 nyes-pai dri-mas yons-su brldgs-te quite cor- 
 rupted by the filth of sin Dzl. ; cun-mar 
 O dzin-pai bsdm-rlags-fso those infatuated by 
 thoughts of marriage Glr.; brldg-po foolish, 
 Stupid, of a little child Thgy. 
 
 KCT rlo/t sometimes erron. for klon or Ion. 
 
 s^y-^j- rlon-pa I. 1. adj. (Cs. 'moist') W. wet, 
 
 fsan-rlon quite wet, wet through; 
 hence of meat, vegetables and the like, fresh, 
 green, raw B. and col. 2. vb., pf. and fut. 
 brlan, to make wet, to moisten, cus, car-pas 
 Dzl 
 
 II. Sch.: to answer, with Ian, also glon-pa, 
 ldon-pa, bldn-pa, zldn-pa. 
 
 rlob-pa, pf. brlabs, fut. brlab, imp. 
 
 rlobs, v. byin. 
 Xji-jFi- rlom-pa I. vb., pf. brlams, fut. brlam 
 
 1. to be proud of. to glory in, to boast 
 Of, with terrain., bder rlom-pa to boast of 
 one's good fortune, ycig-par or ycig-tu rlom- 
 pa to be proud of the identity with . . . Tar. 
 
 2. to love, to adhere to. to be attached to 
 W., to strive after, fzdn-gyi nor-la. 3. to 
 be possessed, of demons, ydon-gyis brldms- 
 pa Lt. II. sbst. pride, bsags kyaii rlom- 
 pas Jlyer if perhaps (any merit) has been 
 gathered, it is taken away again by pride 
 Mil. Deriv. rlom-po a boaster, an arro- 
 gant person Cs. ; rlom-sems pride, arrogance. 
 
 ? ) tola (-bo?} the thigh, brla nd- 
 ba a pain in the thigh Do., brlayyas
 
 539 
 
 la 
 
 the right thigh Glr., brla-rkdn femoral bone 
 (Sch.: hip-bone?). *brla-Kuh* groin W. 
 Ma-bar Sch. : junction of the legs, genitals ; 
 brla-riis femoral bone; brla-sd muscular 
 part of the thigh; brla-sulCs.: 'side of the 
 thigh'. 
 
 Mag-pa v. rlog-pa. 
 
 Man - po Lex. and Sch. abusive 
 word, invective, abusive language 
 
 (Sch. also: 'rude fellow, brute'?), rtsub- 
 brldn-ba ma yin-pa refraining from abusive 
 language Thgy.; brldn-po-rnams byed-pa 
 to make use of such language Stg. ; Man- 
 spy 6d byed-pa to be coarse, churlish Sch. 
 
 brldn-pa v. rlon-pa. 
 
 v. rlob-pa. 
 
 brldm-pa v. rlom-pa. 
 
 brlin-ba C. firm, secure, safe (Sch.: 
 quick?), brlin-po id., both of men 
 
 and things, *lin-ghyi j/te-la Kur* C. carry it 
 
 safely, carefully! brim-log Sch.: confused, 
 
 disorderly, not to be trusted. 
 
 brlug-pa Sch. : = mdzd-bo friend, 
 assistant, helper; one Lex. explains 
 
 blo-brlug by grogs. 
 
 v. rlubs. 
 
 04 la 1. the letter 1. 2. numeral: 26. 
 
 f^j- /a I. sbst. mountain pass, road or passage 
 over a mountain, lai gyenthe up-hill road 
 or ascent of a mountain, lai fur the down- 
 hill road or descent Cs. ; la rgdl-ba B., C. 
 ( W.:*gijdb-ce*) to cross a mountain pass; 
 Id-la O gro-ba Cs. id. 
 
 Comp. la-rked Or sked the declivity or 
 slope of a mountain pass. la-fid the high- 
 est point of the pass, la-mgo the head, or 
 top, of a mountain pass. la - sgo, Sch. : 
 'turnpike of a pass 1 . la-ycdn-pa a collec- 
 tor of duties on a ghat or pass Cs. la-cun 
 a small pass Glr. la-mjug = la-rfsa. 
 la-ston v. ston-pa. la-fog la-rtse. la- 
 rtsd (W. *lar-sa*} foot of a mountain pass 
 la-rtse (W. *lar-se*} top of it. la-sdn 
 Sch.: = la-rked. 
 
 II. sbst., also Id-ba, wax-light, wax-candle, 
 taper, from the Chinese Idh wax, C. 
 
 III. In compounds for la-pug and la-ca. 
 
 IV. postpos. c. ace. 1. denoting local 
 relations in quite a general sense, in answer 
 
 to the questions where and whither: sd-la 
 O gre-ba to roll (one's body) on the ground, 
 sd-la O gril-ba to fall down on the ground, 
 ndm-mka-la O pdg-pa to rise to heaven, ndm- 
 mka-la O pur- ba to fly in the air, me-la at, 
 on, in, to, the fire, ri-la on, to, the moun- 
 tain, cu-la in, into, to, on, the water, sdr-la 
 to, towards the east, eastward (e.g. to look), 
 bod-la in, to, Tibet; also where we should 
 say: from, as: yndm-la Kd-ba Jbab snow 
 falls from heaven, rtd-la Jbab he alights 
 from his horse, brag-la mcons he leaps down 
 from the rock DzL lus-la Krag O byin-pa to 
 draw blood from the body by scratching. 
 This latter use of la occurs so frequently, 
 that it cannot always be looked upon as a 
 misspelling for las, though this would be 
 the more exact word. 2. with reference 
 to time: zag ysiim-pa-la on the third day, 
 lo nyi-su-pa-la in the twentieth or during 
 the twentieth year, zld-ba ysum-la (finish it) 
 within three months Glr., pyag ddn-po-la 
 at, during, the first obeisance Glr. 3. in 
 other bearings : de-la rten-nas (prop, relying
 
 540 
 
 Of la 
 
 Id-pug 
 
 on, keeping to) relative to, with respect to, 
 in consequence of; also de-la, without rten- 
 nas id. ; with verbs expressing feelings of 
 the mind : at, off, concerning etc., de-la dgd- 
 sfeglad of, rejoicing at it ; sdig -pa-la O dzem-pa 
 to be afraid of sin ; ma byun-ba O di-laydams- 
 ndg ysol-to he asked advice with respect to this 
 not having been done Mil.; in introducing 
 a new subject: rgydl-sa me-nydg-la soi'-bai 
 lo-rgyus-la now, as to the fact of the suprem- 
 acy having been transferred to Tan-gud, 
 it ... Glr. ; in headings of chapters etc., e.g. 
 glin bzii min-la names of the four parts of 
 the globe Trig. ; ce-cun-gi fsad-la with re- 
 spect to size Glr. ; bre-srdn-la yyo mi byed- 
 pa not to cheat by measure and weight Glr.' 
 for the Latin erga and contra, as: dgra-la 
 rgol-baio struggle against or with an enemy; 
 bu-la snyin-brtse-nas from love to her son; 
 nad-stobs-kyi ce-cun-la dpdg-pa to pro- 
 portion (the medicines) to the degree of 
 the illness Lt. ; shdr-gyi rgyun-la in com- 
 parison with the former time Tar.\ rgydl-poi 
 fiigs-rje-la by, or according to the king's 
 favour; nai lugs-la by my way of proceed- 
 ing, according to my system Mil.; zdbs-j>yi- 
 la (to go with a person) as a companion. 
 
 4. most frq. la is used as sign of the dat. 
 case, col. also of the accus. following a vb. a. 
 
 5. in all the relations mentioned above, 
 la is added to the inf., partic. and root of 
 a vb., wherever the verb will at all admit 
 of it, and besides it is used as gerundial 
 particle in a similar sense as te: a. after the 
 inf. (only in J5.) : lha-rten zig yod-pa-la as 
 there was in that place an idol-shrine Dzl. ; 
 often also to be translated by although, b. 
 added to the root (B. and col.) : mfoh-la ma 
 btags (though) having seen it, yet he did 
 not fasten it Dzl. ; col. esp. when the root is 
 doubled, for while, whilst: * tie sa tub-tub-la 
 kyod sin Kur* fetch thou wood, whilst I am 
 cutting the meat into pieces W. ; in C. and 
 B. = cin, also added to adjectives, lus mi- 
 sdug-ciii fun-la dbyans snydn-pa ugly as to 
 his body (and) of small stature, (but) hav- 
 ing a fine voice Dzl.; in sentences contain- 
 
 ing an imp. it is added to the root of it: 
 
 sog-la Itos sig come and look! 
 
 oj'izr^f la-tiywno W. the mountain-weasel ; 
 
 "* = sre-mon? 
 
 rM-jL- la-rgyd Sch.: government, adminis- 
 tration(?). 
 
 ^ a "^ sea ' m 9' wax > Wdh. ; *la-kyir* W. 
 balls of sealing-wax, with a hole for 
 stringing them, used like our sticks of seal- 
 ing-wax; la-fig drops of sealing-wax; la-fig 
 rgydg-pa to drop melted sealing-wax upon 
 (a person), as a torture. 
 
 la-nyun Glr., either a sort of turnip, 
 or (more prob.) for Id-pug daii nyun- 
 ma radish and turnip. 
 
 qy la-nye Sch,: 'a mark' (?). 
 
 Q!-r- la-td Hind. x^XJ?an imported material 
 ' like flax or a sort of linen-cloth, not 
 in general use; hence in many parts of the 
 country unknown. 
 
 an", nra* arc* la ~ tu > la ~ fU) la ~ dw -> P r P- 
 
 <s ^ NO ^f^~. a sort of pastry of In- 
 dia, composed of suet, coarse meal, sugar 
 and spices; the word may also be used for 
 our gingerbread. 
 arspf la-fig v. la-ca. 
 
 q*^' la-fdd turban Glr. 
 
 la-dwdgsj also mdr-yul, Ladag. La- 
 dak, province in the valley of the 
 Indus between mha-ris and Balti, inhabited 
 by Tibetans and formerly belonging to Ti- 
 bet, afterwards an independent kingdom, 
 but recently conquered by Gulab Singh of 
 Kashmere and hindooized as much as pos- 
 sible by his son and successor; capital Le. 
 ld-pa-sa or Id-pa- sag 
 Cs. a kind of upper gar- 
 ment without a girdle. 
 
 ld-po buttermilk, boiled, but not yet 
 dried into vermicelli (cur-ba). 
 ld-j'ug radish, bod Id-pug the coni- 
 mon black radish, ni f. ; rgya Id-pug 
 a red species, of an acidulous taste. The 
 carrot (Daucus carota) is in C. also col. 
 called la-pug ser-po. la-bddr, gen. *lab-
 
 541 
 
 Id-la 
 
 ddr*, a contrivance for grating radishes, 
 either made of wood, or consisting of a 
 quartz-stone with a crystallized, rough sur- 
 face. 
 
 Id-ba v. la II. 
 
 ldg(-pa} 
 
 d-ba, Iwd-wa, Ssk. 
 #.: 'a woolen blanket or 
 cloth ; a sort of deer'; skrai Iwd-ba Sty. frq. 
 a kind of woolen cloth. The seat of Buddha 
 is often a slab resembling a Iwd-ba Do. 
 
 T la-ma Sch. : a certain herb. 
 
 la-ma-sro raspberry Kun. 
 
 ur Cs. } also la-gar Sch., quick, 
 swift, speedy, fcyod ma O dug ma O dug 
 la-^ur O den Jf7.make haste, go without stop- 
 ping (on the road). 
 
 la -yogs retribution, punishments 
 overtaking a sinner during this 
 life (cf. lan-cags) C., W. ; *la-yog fob yin* 
 that will come home to you! Sch. has la- 
 yogs-pa to return, to come back (?). 
 QJV^' la-re W. a sort of long-legged and 
 swift -moving centiped, frequent in 
 houses. 
 
 la-la C., B. (is said to be pronounced 
 la-Id in Sp., but Thgy. sometimes ac- 
 centuates Id- la, according to the metre) 
 some, a few ; when put twice : partly partly, 
 what what; la-la zig also as a singular: 
 some body, some one Dzl. W, 1 . 
 
 ld-la-pud a medicinal herb ; in Lh. 
 a Bupleurum. 
 
 la-so Sch. list (of cloth), selvage. 
 * la-sogs v. sogs. 
 
 Ojqr lag, also dbon-lag, dgon-lag,Sch.: little, 
 not much. 
 
 %('^ a ) ! resp.py<*9> hand, arm, 
 *ldg-pa tdn-ce*W. to shake liands, 
 also to offer one's hand, as a pledge of faith 
 (for C. v. mdzug-gu}', Idg-pa-nas )u-ba to 
 take, to seize by the hand Dzl.] lag-pai 
 rgyab or bol the back of the hand; Idg-pai 
 mdun the palm of the hand 6s. ; Idg-tu len- 
 pa to take in hand, to exercise, to practise, 
 
 i-pa meditation Mil., fsig-don to study 
 and practise the import of a word, to live 
 accordingly Mil., metaph. : mho-lag arm of 
 the sea, gulf, bay, mfso-lag-Jbrel narrow sea, 
 straits; g lin-ldg, yul-ldg tongue of land, glin- 
 lag- brel isthmus, neck of land C.; fig. for 
 power, authority, mii Idy-tu ^ro-ba to get 
 into a person's power, to be at his mercy 
 Tfyy., Idg-nas O p'rog-pa to snatch out of a 
 person's hand, to deliver from another's 
 power Glr. 2. fore-paw; also paw or foot 
 in gen., e.g. foot of a cock Glr. 3. symb. 
 num.: 2. 
 
 Comp. lag-kod bundle, bunch, armful, 
 sheaf of corn Ld. (?). lag-skdr Ld. : hand- 
 mill. lag-Kug pouch, hand-bag Schr. lag- 
 mgo \.lag-mgo tsam like afistGlr., or ace. to 
 others : both hands put together in the shape 
 of a globe or ball. 2. a glove with only a 
 thumb, a mitten C. lag -gram leaning 
 one's head on the hand W. lag-rgyugs 
 railing. lag-rgyun accustomed manner, 
 use, habit 6s lag-ndr the fore-arm Wdn. 
 Idg-ca utensils, tools, implements; object car- 
 ried in the hands, e.g. royal insignia at a 
 festival procession Glr.', also in a more gen. 
 sense, like cd-lag, Jcor-yyog Idg-ca dan 
 beds-pa ton zig supply servants and things 
 (wanted for the journey)! Glr. lag-cdg 
 a broken hand, a lame hand 6s., Schr. 
 *lag-cad* W. solemn promise by shaking 
 or joining hands. lag-rjes 1. impression, 
 mark, of the hand, of the fingers. 2. a work 
 which immortalizes a person's name, lag- 
 rjes O j6g-pa to leave such a work behind 
 Glr. lag-nyd, one Lex. has: lag-nyds = 
 sfer-mKan-med-par len-pa to take what is 
 not given, hence lag-nya prob. a sbst. : a 
 grasp, a snatch. *lag-nydr* W. for lag- 
 nar. lag -tig (or dig?) travelling-bag, 
 pouch Ld. lag-rtags 1. resp. pyag-rtdgs 
 q.v., sign or mark made with the hand, as 
 a seal of verification, impressed on a legal 
 document, but often only with the finger 
 dipped in ink. 2. any small object, e.g. a 
 needle, which the deliverer of a letter has 
 to hand over together with the letter; pre- 
 sent in general? lag-stabs Sch. = lag-
 
 542 
 
 'CJ' Mgs-pa 
 
 len. lag-mfil the palm of the hand. 
 lag-dam Mil, lag-ddm-po C. close-fisted. 
 stingy, niggardly. lag-dar Lex., prob. 
 the same as lab-ddr ( JF.col.) grater. lag- 
 ydiib bracelet. lag-bde Mil., C., the per- 
 son that pours out the tea at a tea-carousal. 
 
 lag- don Cs. a vassal or subject paying 
 his landlord in money or kind, opp. to rkan- 
 ^gro who performs his services as an er- 
 rand-goer or a porter. lag - rdum Mil 
 having a mutilated or crippled hand. lag- 
 Iddn having a hand or a trunk, hence = 
 elephant, Cs. lag-brdd sign or signal made 
 by the hand, beckoning. lag-na-rdo-rje, 
 lag-rdor v. rdo-i'je. lag-na-yzon-fogs Cs. 
 'holding a basin in his hand', n. of a deity. 
 
 lag-snod = lag-tig. lag-dpon work- 
 master, overseer, esp. builder Dzl, Glr. 
 lag-pyis a piece of cloth for wiping the hands, 
 towel, napkin. lag-bubs v. Jbub-pa. lag- 
 ber walking-staff. lag-mi bail, surety. 
 lag-dmdr C. hangman. lag-btsug shoot, 
 scion. lag-fsigs joint of the hand, wrist; 
 elbow-joint. lag-yzuns, W. *lag-zum*, ba- 
 lustrade, banister, railing. Idg-yyog-pa 
 companion, assistant, associate. lag-ris 
 the lines in the palm of the hand Sch. 
 lag-len, resp. pyag-len, Sch. also lag-stabs, 
 practice, practical knowledge, dexterity, Cs.: 
 cos - kyi lag - len the practice of religion, 
 Krims-kyi of the law, rtsis-kyi of mathe- 
 matics. lag-subs glove. 
 
 lags-pa, resp. and eleg. for yin-pa 
 and O gyui'-ba, to be; Idgs-so like 
 yin, as answer to a question : so it is ! yes 
 to be sure! very well! at your service! When 
 a Lama asks a shepherd : Uyed-kyi min ci 
 yin what is your name? the latter answers: 
 N. N. byd-ba lags my name, if you please, 
 is N.N., and asks on his part : bld-ma ttyed 
 ci skad bi/d-ba lags what may be the name 
 of your Reverence? Mil. de Kyed lags- 
 sam is it you, Sir? Pth.; dge-slon de su lags 
 who is this reverend gentleman? Dzl.', ci 
 Itar lags-pa (for gyur-pd} ysol-pa he re- 
 ported (to Buddha) what had happened, 
 Dzl', bld-ma-la bzugs-grogs med-pa lags- 
 sam Mil. has your Reverence no attendant? 
 
 ltd-ba ma Idgs-kyi that does not mean : to 
 behold, but . . . Dzl; ^on-ba ci lags 'what 
 is it that this comes here?' i.e. how does 
 this happen to come here? Glr. ; rje ci lags 
 what is that, Sir? (when one is surprised 
 at any thing strange or unaccountable, at 
 an unreasonable demand etc., also when we 
 should say : God forbid !) Glr. ; yin lags, 
 yda lags, yod lags there is, it is Glr. ; zal- 
 zds ysol Idgs-nas when we shall have done 
 dining Dzl ; a Lama asks: btsal-le (== btsal- 
 lam] have you looked for it? and the dis- 
 ciple answers: btsal lags yes, I have! Mil.; 
 in addressing a person: bld-ma lags (prop.: 
 you that are a Lama) for the mere voca- 
 tive case, e5 ieQ6v, Mil., frq. In W. lags 
 is not in use now (cf. however le 3), but in 
 C. it is of frq. occurrence, e.g. in Lhasa: *la, 
 Id-so, Id yo\ Id yin* for: yes, Sir! very well, 
 Sir! *ld? Id-am? Id-samf* please? what did 
 you say? 
 
 lags-mo W. clean, for legs-pa. 
 
 lun-ka Ceylon, lan-ka-pu-ri city of 
 the Rakshasa in Ceylon, which island 
 is the abode of these beings, according to 
 the belief of many people in Tibet and 
 northern India even at the present day; 
 lan-kar ysegs-pai mdo the Sutra Lankciva- 
 tdra in the Kangyur. 
 
 Yg') lan(-na}-lon(-H^ weak, 
 v e.g. from hunger, disease 
 Ld. 
 
 laii-fan, Scopolia praealta Don., a 
 common weed with pale yellowish 
 flowers Med.; mLIt. aspecies of Hyoscyamus, 
 of frq. occurrence, seems to be understood 
 by the same name. 
 
 Idn-ba (pro vine, loii-bd), pf. lans, 
 imp. lon(s), = Idan-ba, I. to rise, to 
 get up, da Ions get up now! also with i/ai- 
 (pleon.); lans-te sdod-pa to stand, Lt. and 
 col ; to arise, e.g. of a contest W., C.; to 
 go away, to depart, esp. fig., of the night: 
 nam Idns-te at daybreak ; to come forward, 
 to Step forth, from among the crowd Do. ; 
 pyir Idn-ba to recover, to be restored, to 
 grow well, to come to one's self, after a faint-
 
 543 
 
 Idn-fso 
 
 ing fit Ztei; bstdn-pai me-ro Idns-pa yin the 
 dying embers of religion were blown into 
 a flame again Glr. ; to appear, to break out, 
 of a disease, nad-lans-dus when a disease 
 is in its first beginnings Lt. II. lan-ba 
 and lon-ba, pf. Ions to come up to, to arrive 
 at, to be equal, to reach, O di Ion son with 
 this it is made up, that will do C.; O drcn- 
 gyis ma Ian lit. : the serving up (of many 
 dishes) would not do, i.e. there would be 
 no end of serving up Mil.; grdns-kyis lan- 
 ba to be numerable Mil., cf. also ca (init.) 
 and )jod-pa (extr.). 
 
 ' Idii-fso youth, youthful age, de.i. Idii- 
 fso-la ma cdgs-pas not falling in love 
 with, not being enticed or led away by their 
 youthful appearance Glr., Idn-fso rgyds-pas 
 grown up to adolescence; lan-fsoi dpal the 
 charms of youth Pth.; Idn-fso srin-moiydoii 
 the face of the youthful Srinmo Glr.; lan- 
 fso-can Cs. adolescent, young; lan-fso-ma 
 girl, maiden Sb. 
 
 Idn-tin-ba Sch. to be in a con- 
 fused whirling motion (v. Ion- 
 Ion)', lah-ma-lin Mil. seems to be a word 
 descriptive of the rising of a cloud, of the 
 soaring of a bird of prey, sprin-dkdr laii- 
 ma-lin. 
 
 flJff^Ct' lan-lon v. lan-na-lon-ne. 
 
 ojr^gtt- lan-sor Cs. stubbornness, obstinacy, 
 adj. lan-sor-can; sometimes lan- 
 sor (without can) seems to be also used ad- 
 jectively, e.g.: O dre tfyed-pas lan-sor bdg- 
 cags yin Mil. evil passion is more obstinate 
 (i.e. more difficult to be got rid of) than ye 
 hobgoblins. 
 
 Idd-pa Cs. weak, faint, exhausted, of 
 men and animals; blunt, dull, of 
 knives; Sch. also rotten, decayed. 
 
 l^d-mo imitation, lad-mo byed-pa B , 
 C., *>-&*, gyab-ce* W., to imitate, 
 to mimic, to say after, smon-lam O di-skad 
 bddg-gi lad-mo gyis say after me the follow- 
 ing prayer TJigr.; ned-kyi Idd-mo Kyed-kyis 
 mi ^on Mil. you cannot imitate me. 
 Q^T- Ian (orig. perh. : 'turn', hence) : 1. time, 
 times, lan-ycig 1. once, onetime. 2. also 
 dus-lan-fcig Glr. once, one day, both as to 
 
 Idn-kan 
 
 the past and the future. 3. once for all, de- 
 cidedly Glr. \. for this time, first, first of 
 all, before all, *lan cig le-ka O di eg* this 
 work must be done first of all; da-ldn id.; 
 Ian ynyis twice, lan-bcu ten times etc.; Ian 
 bdun (nam) ysumseven times or three times, 
 frq. in rules about ceremonies; bsgor-ba Ian 
 mdn-du byds-te circumambulating round it 
 many times Mil. ; Ian grans dpag-tu-med- 
 pa innumerable times Thgy.; W.: *zi Ian 
 nyi la tsam pel* how many are 2 times 4? 
 bzi Ian ynyis-la brgyad son 2 times 4 are 8. 
 2. return, retribution, retaliation, Ian byed- 
 pa (W. *co-ce*), Ian )dl-ba to return, re- 
 taliate, repay ; pdn-lan ynod-pas or Ugs-pai 
 Ian nyes-pas ^dl-ba B., *pe'm-pe len-la no'- 
 pa jM-pa* C., *pdn-pe Idn-la nod-pa co- 
 ce* W. to return evil for good; *lan-zo co- 
 ce W. to show gratefulness, to be grateful; 
 punishment, . . . bciig-pas Ian dug that is the 
 punishment for having allowed... Glr.; Ian 
 len-pa, W.: *lan kor-ce, tdii-ce, dug-Ian Idon- 
 ce*,to take vengeance, to revenge one's self; 
 mig-la mig-lan so-la so-lan srog-la srog-lan 
 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life; 
 dei Idn-la in return for that; Ian-gram a 
 number of retributions Thgy.; drin-lan re- 
 compense for benefits received, requital of 
 a good action, bzan-ldn id., dei bzdn-lan- 
 du as an acknowledgment for it Glr. ; hence 
 nan-Ian signifies: taking revenge for an in- 
 jury received, returning evil for evil, not 
 as Cs. gives : bzah-lan gratefulness, nan-Ian 
 ungratefulness (?) 3. answer, reply, Iti/odr 
 kyi ysun-ba dei lan-du as answer to your 
 majesty's question Glr.; Ian O debs-pa frq., 
 also O tebs-pa, klon-pa, Idon-paDzl, W. *z&r- 
 ce* to answer; lanysol-ba, zu-ba id. in an- 
 swering to the questions of a person superior 
 by rank, age or office, lanmdzdd-pa if he, 
 the superior, answers; ytdm-lan glu-yis O jal 
 I answer to the speech by a song Mil. ; (Iris- 
 Ian an answer to a question, prin-lan a 
 reply to a dispatch received, rhod-lan Cs. 
 a defendant's reply (in law), yig-lan answer 
 to a letter. 
 
 lan -k an > Mn-gan railing, 
 fence, enclosure %.; Lr.r.: 
 pu-su.
 
 544 
 
 lan-skydi 
 
 lam 
 
 ^-.^j^. Ian-sky dr W. prob. = Ian, retribu- 
 tion, return, *de lan-kydr yin* that 
 is all he has gained by it! 
 
 lan-yyfy Thgy., prob. = Ian- cogs; 
 or perh. the original form of la- 
 yogs? 
 
 lun-cdgs misfortune, adversity, ca- 
 lamity, as a supposed punishment 
 for what has been done in a former life; 
 every unlucky accident, that happens to a 
 person without his own fault, being looked 
 upon as a retribution for former crimes. 
 Thus lan-cags denotes about what Non-Bud- 
 dhists would call destiny, fate, disaster. 
 
 ldn-bu braid, plait, tress of hair (6s. 
 
 curl, lock of hair ? Sch. pigtail?) ldn- 
 bu sle-ba or Ihe-ba to make plaits, to plait 
 the hair; lan-fsdr ornaments, worn in the 
 hair Mil. 
 
 Idn-fsa, more accurately lanfsa (ace. 
 
 to Hodgson corrupted from X^TT) n - 
 of a style of writing in use among Nepalese 
 Buddhists. It is a kind of ornamental writing, 
 used by caligraphists for inscriptions and 
 titles of books. 
 
 (jtr- jf lan-fswa salt, prob. = fswa, Idn-fsiva 
 ' -4 cu-la tim-pa salt which dissolves in 
 water Thgy.', lan-fswa Ka-zds kun-gyi bro- 
 ba skyed salt gives a relish to every dish 
 S.g. ; Idn-tswai cu salt- water Lea;.; Idn-fsiva- 
 ba saline, briny Med. 
 
 * lab-bddr v. la-bddr in la-pug. 
 
 lab-pa to speak, talk, tell, mi-la ma 
 lab do not tell anybody Mil.; rdzun- 
 yfam lab-pa Bhot. to lie, to utter a false- 
 hood; lab fsol-ba Sch.: 'to speak unseemly, 
 to brawl(?)'. lab tsdm-pa Sch.: to speak 
 while dreaming, to be delirious, lab yton- 
 ba Cs , *lab gydb-ce* W. to talk, to chat; *kd- 
 lab-cen* eloquent, fluent of words 6'., W 7 .; 
 rgya-ldb a great deal of talk, rgya-ldb-can 
 talkative C., W. 
 
 Comp. ldb-ga 6s., *ldb-ca* 6'., W. talk. 
 
 lab-grogs Mil. companion, intimate friend 
 Mil. lab-rddl talking unbecomingly Sch. 
 
 *ldb-ra* (prop. Idb-sgrd} 'noise of tattling', 
 tattle, talk, *ldb-ra tdn-ce* W. to chat, babble. 
 
 * lab-lob or lab-lo*, with *g'jdb-ce* to 
 speak indistinctly, to mumble; to speak in 
 one's sleep; *lab-lob-te dul* he walks speak- 
 ing in his sleep, he is a somnambulist W. 
 Idb-tse a heap of stones in which a 
 pole with little flags is fastened, esp. 
 on mountain passes Schl. 198. 
 (jw- lam 1. way, road, lam-cen, rgyd-lam, 
 stdn-lam Cs. , *md - lam* W. highway, 
 main road, high-road; gyen-lam an up-hill 
 road, an ascent, fur-lam a dowu-hill road, 
 pred-lam, rtsibs-lam a horizontal or a sloping 
 road, that leads alongside a hill, lam-prdn 
 a narrow footpath, lam dog-mo a strait path, 
 lam ydnspa a broad one; *lam de-mo* a 
 good, easy road, *lam sog-po* a difficult, 
 dangerous, road W.; lam far the road is 
 open, may be passed, is not obstructed by 
 snow etc. Glr.', lam byed-pa Sch., *lam co- 
 ce, sdl-ce* W. to clear a path, to construct 
 a road; rgya-gdr-gyi lam or rgya-gar-du 
 O gr6-bai lam the way to India Pth. ; gri-lam 
 the way of the knife, i.e. a cut, slit, slash; *Y- 
 ne dud-pe lam* here is the way for the 
 smoke, here the smoke escapes W. 2. way, 
 space or distance travelled over, journey, 
 Idm-du on the road, on the journey; bal- 
 bod-kyi lam the journey from Nepal to Ti- 
 bet Glr., Idm-du )ug-pa to set out, to travel, 
 also: to continue one's journey, lam-pyed 
 tsdm-du pyin-pa dan as we had done about 
 half the way Dzl., lam-nas ldog-pa to return 
 home from a journey, Krus-la O gro-bai Idm- 
 du when he went to bathe Dzl. 3. rrrf7f, 
 fig. way or manner of acting, in order to 
 obtain a certain end ; fdr^-pai) lam the way 
 of deliverance, viz. for Buddhists: from the 
 cycle of transmigration s, for Christians : from 
 sin and its consequences; hence the way 
 to happiness, to eternal bliss. The six (some- 
 times only five) classes of beings (v. O gro- 
 ba) are sometimes called the six ways of 
 re-birth within the orb of transmigration. 
 In mystical writings lam Ina are spoken of 
 as the ways leading to the sa bcu (q. v.) 
 Thgy.; lam(-gyi} rim(-pa} Cs. : 'a degree of 
 advance; the several steps towards perfec- 
 tion'; also the title of sundry mystical writ-
 
 545 
 
 las 
 
 ings; zc'ib-lam the profound method or way, 
 fobs-lam method of the (proper) means (uif.) 
 Mil.; bla-mcd-rdo-i'jei lam, col. sitdgs-kyi 
 lain denotes the Uma-doctrine or mysticism, 
 v. dbu-ma; skyes-bu ciin-bai, Jbrin-poi, and 
 cen-poi lam three ways : that of a natural 
 (sinful) man, that of the more advanced 
 believer (but not: 'the happy mean' Cs.) and 
 that of the saint, or the walk and conver- 
 sation of the righteous, so also in dran-sron- 
 gi lam the saint's or hermit's course of life; 
 dgc-ba bcui Ids-kyi lam spyod-pa to walk 
 the way of practising the ten virtues Dzl. 
 Comp. and deriv. Idm-ka prob. = lam, 
 Idm-ka-na (another reading ldm-Kar\ by 
 the road-side Dzl. lam-mtfan one well 
 acquainted with the road, a guide Pth., also 
 fig. lam-gol by-way, secret path Sch. 
 
 lam-grogs fellow-traveller, travelling com- 
 panion. lam-rgyiid = lam 3? lam-rgyiid 
 lita Dzl. ?\S3, 18, the five classes of beings, 
 cf. O yro-ba II. lam-rgyiis-pa Idm-mHan. 
 
 lam- cen Schr. = rgya-ldm. lam-rtdys 
 the signs of the way being nearly accom- 
 plished i.e. the acquirements and perfections 
 of a saint Mil. lam-ltar-snan something 
 looking like a road, but a spurious, wrong 
 way Sch. lam-stegs seat, resting-place by 
 the way- side; also fig. Glr. lam-mdo v. 
 mdo. lam- dren-pa, lam-snd-pa guide. 
 ldm-pa \. police-officer stationed on high- 
 roads for seizing thieves or fugitives ; toll- 
 gatherer. 2. traveller, wayfarer Cs. 3. bell- 
 wether W. Idm-po lam, lam-po-ce. \. 
 highway Sb.; also as a place for practising 
 magic, nif. 2. way to heaven, = * 'far-lam* 
 W. (?) Idm-yig v. yi-ge extr. lam-log 
 erroneous Mil. lam-sraii lane, street. 
 pt^ lar 1. but, yet, still, however Mil, Thgy., 
 
 Glr.', lar-ni and Idr-na id.; occurs 
 scarcely any more in col. language. 2*lar* 
 (or * la-re*) me C. none at all(?). 
 q^i. las I. sbst., col. Ids-ka, resp. pyag-lds 
 W. *tin-le*. 1. action, act, deed, work, 
 biji-dor-gyi las the act of sweeping Lex. ; las- 
 bzdn, las-dkdr a good work, virtuous action, 
 las-nan, las -nag a bad, a wicked action, 
 frq.; lus dan nag dan yid-kyi las actions, 
 
 words, thoughts Dzl.; Ids-kyi rnam-smin re- 
 tribution, reward or punishment for human 
 actions, frq. (cf. las-rgyu-Jjras below); Ids- 
 kyi me-loii mirror of fate, mirror foreshad- 
 owing future events Glr.; Ids-kyi bum-pa 
 a certain vessel used in religious ceremonies 
 Schl. 248; las mazdd-pas because themeasure 
 of his deeds was not yet full, his destiny 
 was not yet fulfilled Dzl. ; also destination 
 in a general sense Was. (282); Ids-kyi Ihdg- 
 ma lus-pa des in consequence of the yet 
 remaining rest of (unrequited) works Stg.; 
 siion-las former action; las dban-bcos-su- 
 med-pa Pth. an accident which cannot be 
 prevented; performance, transaction, busi- 
 ness, las fams-cad mis-pa one who can do 
 or perform every thing Do.; also the func- 
 tions of some organ of the body Lt.; work; 
 labour, manual labour, *le-ka fob-pa* to get 
 work; las bijcd-pa B., C., *U'-ka co-ce, tdt'i- 
 ce* W. to do or perform a work, to work, 
 also of things: to operate, to produce effects 
 Wdh ; m/car-las-bt/ed-miworkmenem^\ojed 
 in building Mil.; dur-las byed-pa to attend 
 to the graves, i.e. to perform the sepulchral 
 rites and ceremonies; zan-zin-las byed-pa 
 to carry on business, to trade, to traffic Mil.; 
 Ids-su as a task, according to one's occu- 
 pation, trade, or business, by virtue of one's 
 office, ex Officio (nif.) Mil; Ids-su run-bar 
 duly, rightly, perfectly, comme ilfaut Mil. : 
 Ids-su byd-ba v. below (extr.). 2. some- 
 times: secular business, *le-ke ndh-na* in 
 business-affairs, in practical life. 3. effect 
 of actions, and in a special sense: merit, las 
 zdd-pa the merits being over, having an end 
 Thgy. (cf. 1, above). 4. the doctrine of 
 works and their consequences, of retribu- 
 tion, las mi bden that doctrine is not true 
 Thgy. 
 
 Comp. and deriv. Ids -ka \. col. work, 
 labour, v. above. 2. Sch. and Wts.: dignity, 
 rank, title. las-skdl retributive fate, = 
 las-pro. Ids-mKan workman Cs. las-rgyu- 
 Jbrds either for : las dan rgyu- bras works 
 and their fruits (which in Thgy. are divided 
 into bsod-nams-ma-yin-pai las-rgyu- brds 
 sinful deeds, bsod-nams-kyi las-rgyu-Jbras
 
 546 
 
 las 
 
 virtuous actions, mi-yyo-bai las-rgyu-Jbrds 
 ascetic or mystical works W.), or for Ids- 
 kyi rgyu-Jbrdi'. fruits of works, retribution 
 and the doctrine of it. Ids-sgo trading- 
 place, emporium Glr. Ids-can \ . laborious, 
 industrious Cs. 2. (v. above las 3) having 
 acquired merit, worthy Mil. las-ce in C. 
 used for expressing probability, as in W. 
 Q gro with the gerund is used, v. O gro-ba I, 
 5; mtoti las-ce he will probably have seen 
 it Mil.nt.; nas O di Jb&r las-ce as possibly I 
 may put this yet aside; Kyod mi-la-ni min 
 las-ce you are not Mila, are you? Mil. 
 las fog-pa Scli.: a person employed, an official, 
 a functionary. las-rtdgs Sch. dignity, rank, 
 title incident to the office held. las-ddii- 
 po-pa v. dan-po. las-ddr Sch.: 'parade, 
 ceremonial^?) Ids-pa 1. workman, labourer 
 Cs. 2. Sp.: vice-magistrate of a village. 
 Ids-dpon overseer of workmen. las-spyod 
 works, actions, way of life, byah-cub-kyi 
 las-spyod skyed-pa to lead a holy life Pth. 
 
 Ias- pr6 'continuation, prosecution of 
 works', blessings following meritorious deeds, 
 k'yed dan na yah snon-gyi las- pro-yod-pa 
 yin a bond of connection is formed between 
 you and me by the merits we acquired in 
 former periods of life Pth. ; happiness, 
 prosperity in consequence of good works, 
 good luck, fortunate event, opp. to lan-cags. 
 
 las-Jbrel Glr. prob. id. Ids-mi work- 
 man. las med idle, lazy, inactive. las- 
 fsdn i. office, post, service, las-fsdn-du jug- 
 pa to put into office, to appoint, las-fsdn- 
 nas Q don-pa to put out of office, to dismiss 
 Cs. 2. official, functionary *yul-gyi le-fsen* 
 elders of a village-community C., las-fsdn- 
 paid. *le-lam-Kan* diligent, industrious, *le- 
 mi-ldm-Jcan* idle, lazy W. las-su byd-ba 
 the second case of Tibetan grammar, the 
 dative case. 
 
 II. only in B. and C.: postp. c. accus. 
 mostly corresponding in its application to 
 the English prepos. from, used also for ex- 
 pressing the ablative case (having nearly 
 the same sense as nas}: 1. from, e.g. deliver- 
 ing from, coming from, often = through, e.g. 
 shining into a room through the window 
 
 Dzl.; to hear, get, borrow a thing from a 
 person etc.; to call, to denominate a thing 
 from or after, according to; fsdd-las dpdg- 
 pa to define by or according to measure S.g.\ 
 in quotations: O did-ba-las out of the, from 
 the Dulva, sometimes also for: in theDulva; 
 for denoting the material of which a thing 
 is made: of earth, of clay etc.; partitively: 
 O bras de-las sas fciy a part of this rice, slob- 
 ma-las ycig one of the disciples Dzl.; nai 
 yul-mi-lasbu-moydd-pa-rnamskhe girls that 
 are found among my subjects Dzl., kirn-las 
 O pdgs-pa distinguished amongst all, more ex- 
 cellent than all the others Dzl. ; hence 2. 
 than after the comparative degree : nd-nin- 
 las bzafi more beautiful than last year Mil. ; 
 with a negative: lo bcu- drug -las ma lon- 
 te not older than sixteen years Dzl.; zld- 
 ba liid-las mi sdod I shall not stay longer 
 than five months Glr.^ ras-yug ycig-las mi 
 bddg-ste possessing nothing but one sheet of 
 cotton cloth Dzl.; nd-las med there is none 
 besides myself Glr.; brnyas Jcyer-ba-las mi 
 yon, in the end you will probably do nothing 
 else but despise me Mil; in a brief mode 
 of speaking : ysa-ycig-las rje-btsun ma mfoit 
 we saw nothing but the leopard, your Re- 
 verence we did not see Mil.; mi pdn-zin 
 ynod-pa-las med it is good for nothing, it 
 only does harm Mil. 3. added to the inf. 
 of verbs it signifies not so much from as 
 after, from doing, i.e. after doing, nydl-ba- 
 las Idh-ba to rise from lying, to rise after hav- 
 ing been lying down ; during, frq., the verbal 
 root being repea ted, soti-son-ba-las during my 
 going or travelling on Dzl.; ndn-du O gro- 
 bar bsdm-pa-las when (I) intended to walk 
 in, when (I) was on the point of walking 
 in Dzl 
 
 Ids-pa Cs. for lus-pa', in rdg-las-pa 
 and a few other expressions occur- 
 ring also in B. 
 
 j- U I. bell-metal, li-sku, li-fdl, li-fur, li- 
 snod an idol, a plate, spoon, vessel made 
 of that metal; li-ma in gen.: utensil, instru- 
 ment that is cast of U Glr. 
 
 II. apple, = sli C. 
 
 III. li-yul Glr., ace. to Was. (74) Bud-
 
 li-ka-ra 
 
 dhist countries in northern Tibet, esp. Kho- 
 
 len; ace. to others in northern India or 
 
 Nepal. 
 
 gy _._.-. li-ka-ra or li-Ka-ra Cs. a sort of 
 
 sugar. 
 
 ^-^ 7 ' ^ r - ar> d elsewh., an orange- 
 coloured powder, ace. to Lis. f^P'^'T 
 red lead, minium. 
 
 * li-fdh Cs.: e n. of a province of Tibet 
 near the Chinese frontier', li-fdh-pa 
 inhabitant of that province. 
 gj._. ii.^ squinting, squint-eyed Sch., li-ba 
 tnig squinting eyes Sch. 
 - li-tsa-byi n. of a noble family of an- 
 cient India, often mentioned in the 
 history of Buddha Dzl., Gyatch. 
 
 li-yul v. li III. 
 
 li-lam, Hind. ft^fT*T, ace. to Shak- 
 speare from the Portuguese leilam, 
 auction, public sale. 
 
 c ' oves Med., C. 
 cardamom W. 
 
 *$p|" lig-bu-migSg.,Sch.: -'malachite'. 
 
 tih-ga Ssk. 1. sign, mark. 2. the 
 image of an enemy which is burnt in 
 the sbyin-sreg in order thus to kill him by 
 witchcraft Lt. 3. membruni virile Pth. 
 
 qvr '*"** 1- ^' 
 ' 2. Hind. 
 
 liu-gol-ma a large hornet Sik. 
 
 -- liti-ne dangling, waving, floating, in the 
 wind Mil.; sprin zig lih byuh-bas a 
 floating cloud? Mil; *lm-lm co-ce* W. to 
 dangle, to hang dangling, e.g. on the gallows, 
 *lih- Hit, se-ce* W. to swing, to see-saw ; rkan-Ug 
 pro, lih-ne O duy-pa an infant struggling with 
 hands and feet Pth. 
 
 CC'E^qT lin-tdg or Iin-f6g a film or pellicle 
 ' ' on the eye Med. 
 
 lin-ba C., also lin-po or lih alone, a 
 whole piece, lih fdg of one piece, lih 
 bzi four pieces or parts, = rndm-pa; yser- 
 giji lih-ba Cs. : a piece of unwrought gold ; 
 (lai'-lih Cs. a piece of silk; lih-gis O dril-ba 
 to pack up into a parcel, to roll up into one 
 packet Sch. 
 
 ' lin-fse gratings, lattice Cs. 
 
 547 
 
 Hit- lih v. lih-he. 
 
 lihs a hunting or chase in which a 
 number of people are engaged; dm<i<i- 
 lihs id. (cf. Kyi-ra); byd-lins Cs. falconry, 
 hawking; lihs-la ^gro-ba to go a shooting, 
 a hunting; lihs O debs-pa Sch. to hunt, to ar- 
 range a hunting party; lihs ytoh-ba to get 
 by hunting, to hunt down, lihs btdii-ba what 
 has been got by hunting, game shot or 
 caught; lins-pa hunter, huntsman, lihs-pa- 
 mo huntress Cs.; lihs-Kyi hound, lihs-Kra 
 hunting falcon or hawk. 
 
 ; lihs-skor hand-mill W. (?) 
 
 Y lihs-pa Sch. : quite round or glo- 
 bular; dkdr-por llhs-te Pth. : prob.: 
 being quite white, cf. *ldins-se* Ld. quite. 
 w lib, all, Ld.: *lib du-ce* to sweep all to- 
 gether with the hands; C.: *Kd-we lib 
 kab son* all being covered with snow. 
 oj. lu 1. knag, knot, snag, = O dzer-pa; *lu- 
 ^ big* knot-hole Ts. 2 num. for 86. 
 
 (perh. a misspelling for luys- 
 koh ?) crucible for gold and silver Sch. 
 lu-gu, lug-gu, diminutive of 
 lug, lamb, frq.; lu-gu-rgyud 
 \ . rope to which the lambs are fastened, or 
 strung; hence 2. small chain, e.g. watch- 
 chain, chain or row of stitches on knitting- 
 needles; lace-trimming and the like. 
 prq. lu-ba 1. vb. to cough, to throw up 
 ^ phlegm, to clear the throat. 2. sbst. 
 the cough Cs. 
 
 lu-ma Sb. pool containing a spring, 
 ground full of springs, lu-ma-can rich 
 in springs. 
 
 lu-lu the fruit of some thorny shrubs, 
 sib-si-lu-lu hip, fruit of the wild rose- 
 tree, fscr-stdr-lu-lu berry of Ilippophae. 
 lug sheep, *(/6-lug, si-lug, bsdd-lug* W. 
 sheep for slaughter. lug-Kyu flock 
 of sheep. lug-gu v. lu-gu. lucj-sgdl 
 sheep's load lug-hdl-ba and hig-chh-ba 
 names of medicinal herbs Cs., Wdh. lug- 
 snyid Sch. wether. lug -fug ram B. 9 C.\ 
 lug- fug -gi rwa dbyibs like a ram's horn 
 Wdh.; rgya-ru-lug-fug a Saiga ram S.g. 
 35* 
 
 W'TIC*
 
 548 
 
 lug-pa 
 
 lug -ton Sck. wether. lug -pa 1. sbst. 
 shepherd, keeper of sheep Ma. 2. to stick 
 the heads together like timid sheep, to be 
 sheepish in behaviour Ma. lug-mig n. of 
 a flower Med. lug-mur and lug-rtsi me- 
 dicinal herbs. lug-tsdgs a sheep-skin with 
 little wool on it Ld. lug-rd sheep-fold, 
 pen, sheep-cot. lug-ru ram's horn; n. of 
 several species of Pedicularis. *lug-log* 
 sheep-skin Ld. 
 
 II. vb., to give way, to fall down, 
 cf. rlug-pa Ts. 
 
 lugs 1 . the casting, founding, of metal, 
 lugs-su blug-pa Glr., *lug-la lug-pa* 
 col. 6'., to found, to cast; lugs-ma a cast, 
 rgya-gdr lugs- ma an image (statue, idol) 
 cast in India Glr. 2. way, manner, fashion, 
 mode, method, bod-kyi lugs su gyis siy Glr. 
 make it according to the fashion of Tibet; 
 nai lugs-kyis bon byed dgos you must live 
 according to our, i.e. the Bon-fashion Mil.; 
 bsam-ftdn-la yod-pai lugs-su by as he feigned 
 meditation Glr. ; di yin-pai lugs-su byed they 
 speak, act, make it appear, as if it really 
 were so Tar. 184, 21 ; na-rdh-gi lugs-kyi 
 mKdr-las my way of building, what I call 
 my style of building Mil.; opinion, view, 
 judgment, way of proceeding, Kyed-rdh-gili<gs- 
 la according to you, if we followed your 
 advice Mil.; cos-lugs religion, i e. a certain 
 system of faith and worship, pyi nanynyis 
 cos-lugs gan bzah which of the two religions, 
 the Brahman or the Buddhist be the better 
 one di,-. : established manner, custom, usage, 
 rite, cd-lugs mode of dress, fashion, cos-lugs 
 religious rites, rgyd-lugs Chinese(or Indian) 
 manners, bod- lugs Tibetan manners etc.; 
 rdn-rlugs one's own way, yzdn-lugs other 
 people's way or manners; rdn-lugs-la ynds- 
 pa (= ran-sa Q dzin-pa) Glr.; seems to be 
 only another expression for that Buddhist 
 virtue of absolute indifference to all objects 
 of the outer world; lugs is also used con- 
 cretely, meaning the adherents of a custom 
 or religion, hence = sect, school, religious 
 party, denomination, mdo-lugs follower of the 
 Sutras, the Sutra sect, snags-lugs a follower 
 
 !*]* lun 
 
 of the Tantras, the Tantra sect; in a spe- 
 cial sense: lugsynyis the two principal clas- 
 ses with regard to religious life, Q )ig-rfen- 
 gyi lugs the laical or profane class, laymen, 
 cos-kyi lugs the clerical or sacred class, 
 priests 6s.; lugs-kyi that which relates to 
 manners or morals, ethical 6s. (v. As. Res. 
 XX, 583). 3. in conjunction with a verbal 
 root or with the genit. of the inf. it often 
 corresponds to the English termination ing 
 as: Iddh-lugs the rising, getting up, c gro- 
 lugs the going, sdod-lugs the sitting Mil., 
 ^o-rgydl yon -lugs sogs sol - O debs - kyi zu- 
 ba the (possibility of) getting into difficul- 
 ties and other reasons for inducing him to 
 postpone (his setting out) Mil.; bsam-yds 
 bzens-lugs bris he described the building of 
 Sam -ye Glr.; med-lugs the (circumstance 
 of) not having Mil.; yin-lugs the condition, 
 state Mil.; dd-lta nd-lugs ci-ltar na as to 
 your present illness, in what does it con- 
 sist? Mil. ; fsogs-nas skyon-bai li/gs-su yod- 
 pa they joined in educating them, they edu- 
 cated them together Mil.; it is also added 
 to adjectives: ce-lugs greatness Mil. 
 
 q^Tj^J'SJ" lugs-ma v. lugs 1. 
 
 f^jr* I UH I- 1- a strap, slung over the shoulder 
 ^ or round the waist, for carrying things; 
 handle, ear (curved), of vessels, baskets etc , 
 different from yu-ba a straight handle, hilt. 
 2. 'foot-stalk of fruits' Cs.; lun-fag Cs.: 
 a rosary, string of beads, suspended by the 
 girdle. 
 
 II. Ssk. ^STTTpT, = bka, used of words 
 spoken by secular persons commanding re- 
 spect: pas yndn-bai lun fob-nas obtaining 
 (his) father's word of permission Dzl , lun 
 Jbyuii an order is issued (by the king) Glr., 
 tu-ru-ska-la lun len dgos-pa being obliged 
 to accept orders from the Turuskas Tar.; 
 morefrq.: spiritual exhortation, admonition, 
 instruction, lun yndh-ba to give it (some- 
 times only: to pronounce forms of prayer 
 etc. before devotees); lun ytoh-ba id., *luii 
 tan-Ken* instructor, teacher, admonisher 6'.; 
 lun ston-pa, also lun-du ston-pa to instruct, 
 to give spiritual precepts, also with regard
 
 lun-fdg 
 
 to supernatural voices etc. Mil.; esp. to pro- 
 phesy, predict, to reveal secrets, with terrain. : 
 dd-na-sl-la yin-par lun bstan it is prophe- 
 sied that it is Danasila, the prediction re- 
 lates to D., sans-rgyds-su lun-bstan-to he 
 has received a prediction concerning (his 
 obtaining) the Buddhaship DzL; mdan mkd- 
 O pros lun -bstan -pai skyes-bu de the man 
 foreshown yesterday by the Dakini Mil, 
 hence lim-ma-bstan-pa unheard of, unpre- 
 cedented Mil. nt. (Cs. also: to demonstrate, 
 lun-du brtdn-du yod-pa demonstrable?); 
 lun ^od-pa Cs. to make, to establish, pre- 
 cepts; lun Q dren-pa Cs. to cite, to quote, 
 an authority Tar. 210, 2; lun-gi rjes-Jbrdn 
 Was. (274) those who stick to the letter 
 (opp. to rigs-Kyi rjes-brdn to the real quality, 
 viz. the spirit); lun-bstdn exhortation, pre- 
 cept, commandment, lhai lun-bstdn bsdd-pa 
 to communicate the precept of the god Tar., 
 . . . zes byd-bai lun-bstdn byun there came a 
 divine order or prophecy of this purport, 
 to this effect; hence lun-ston-pa prophet 
 Chr. Prot, 
 
 ft]C^pr lun-fdg v. above lun I. 
 
 lun-pa 1. valley, ri-lun mountain and 
 valley; lun-cen a large valley, lun- 
 cun or luii-prdn a little valley ; luii-Kog Sch. : 
 'the cavity of the valley'; lun-ston a desolate, 
 a solitary valley, as a fit abode for hermits, 
 frq. 2. furrow, hollow, groove, e.g. on the 
 surface of a stick Mil., of the liver Med. 
 QTJ-. lud manure, dung, lug-lud sheep's dung; 
 ^ ' lud ^rem-pa to spread manure (on 
 fields) 6s., lud O dren-pa to carry manure 
 (to the fields) 6s., *gydb-ce, tdb-ce, tdn-ce* 
 W. to manure the ground; lud-Ku dung- 
 water; lud-don dung-hole; lud-pun dung- 
 hill; lud-Jbu grubs etc. in a dung-hill. 
 
 lud-pa 1. sbst. phlegm, mucus, rnag- 
 Krdg - gi lud -pas bkan-ste full of 
 phlegm, matter and blood Glr. ; esp. in the 
 organs of respiration : lud-pa cig bskyur-bas 
 throwing up some phlegm Glr.; lud-pa lu- 
 ba to throw up by coughing DzL, sbrid-pa 
 by sneezing S.g.; lud-por spittoon, spitting- 
 box 6. 2. vb., to boil over cu lud- pas 
 
 549 
 
 the water boiling over DzL; mfso lud-pa 
 the running over of lakes, inundation Ma.', 
 cu lud-nas lud-nas bkdit-ba yin it filled, by 
 the water rising higher and higher. 
 
 lums a bath used as a medical cure; 
 fomentation. 
 
 te-M> lum-bi-ni, n. of a 
 queen , and of a grove 
 called after her, situated in the north of 
 India, where Buddha is said to have been 
 born. 
 
 lus, also lus-po, body, lus sd-la brddb- 
 pa to prostrate one's self, frq., lus 
 ston-pa to show one's self, to appear, to 
 make one's self visible, as gods DzL, and 
 in a similar manner lus is often used for ex- 
 pressing our reflective verbs, when relat- 
 ing to physical processes, cf. sems; lus-kyi 
 dbdn-po the sense of feeling, in as far as it 
 resides in the skin and the whole body of 
 man Med.] rgydl-poiydun-brgyud (or rgyal- 
 bu) lus -la yod I bear a prince under my 
 bosom Glr. ; lus smdd-pa to violate, to rav- 
 ish Pth.', lus O grub-pai fog -ma the begin- 
 ning of the development of a body as em- 
 bryo Wdn.; grub-pa lus v. grub-pa; lus-la 
 cdgs - sin from love of life DzL ; lus dan 
 srdg-la sdo-ba to risk or stake one's life 
 DzL', mi-lus fob-pa or bldn-ba to be born 
 as a human being, lus-ndn (to be born) as 
 an animal, or also as a woman Mil.; 
 often for the whole person of a man : brdn- 
 gyi lus kyan dpon-du <gyur even a servant 
 may become a master S.g.; lus-kyis mi 
 bzod-par nya-ndn-'gyis yduhs-te is used 
 (DzL ?&?, 3) of an exclusively mental suf- 
 fering or infirmity. In mysticism and 
 speculative science several expressions are 
 employed which, however, do not differ much 
 in their import: sgyu-lus, Jjd-lus, bde-^ro 
 mfo-ris-kyi lus; rig-pa O dzin-pai lus (Tar. 
 56, 20), yid-kyi lus (frq.), f^r^r^T, the 
 immaterial body which is enclosed in the 
 grosser material frame, accompanying the 
 soul in all its transmigrations and not de- 
 stroyed by death (Kopp. I., 66), yid-kyi lus 
 might be rendered by 'spiritual body'; an- 
 other explanation given by Lamas is: the
 
 550 
 
 body which exists only in our imagination 
 ; in that case it would be identical with 
 
 Comp. lus-ryydys a fat body 6s., lus-iid 
 a mean, thin, lean body, lus- shorn a thick 
 stout figure, lus-nii a long tall body, lus- 
 fuii a short body C's. lus-can having a 
 body, hence as sbst. = sems-can creature, 
 being, lus-can kun-yyiyid-du^oii a favourite 
 of every creature Sty. lus - stod upper 
 part of the body, lus-smdd lower part of the 
 body. lus-boiis the bulk of a body. 
 lus-bydd form of the body. lus-med hav- 
 ing no body, incorporeal, ghostlike, ghostly, 
 lus-med-pai skad a ghostly voice Mil. 
 lus-smdd v. lus-stod. lus-zuns v. sub yzuns. 
 ry lus-pa, C. also Ids -pa, to remain 
 behind or at home, bod-du zld-ba 
 ynyis to remain in Tibet for two months 
 Glr. ; to be remaining or left Dzl ; to be for- 
 gotten, omitted, left behind ; yyen-du lus-pa 
 to remain uppermost, floating to remain 
 standing, sitting, lying, e.g. *Ka lus-sa mi 
 dug* W. the snow does not remain, will soon 
 melt away; lus -par byed-pa Pth., lus-su 
 O juy-pa, *lus cuy-ce* Ld. to leave behind, 
 to leave a remainder ; ma-lus-par entirely, 
 wholly, without remainder, without excep- 
 tion, O yro-ba ma -lus or mi -lus Mng., all 
 creatures without exception; md- lus -par 
 prob. also: surely, undoubtedly, at any rate, 
 in any case, ni f. lus-ma, r)es-lus, pyir- 
 lus, Ihdy-lus Cs. remainder, balance, residue. 
 (-M- le 1. a small not cultivated river-island 
 C., = yliii-ka and zal. 2. v. leu. 
 3. W. a word expressive of civility and re- 
 spect, and added to other words or sen- 
 tences, like Sir! and Madam! in English, 
 *zu-le* good day, Sir! it is also added to the 
 word sa-heb gentleman, and then sa-heb-le 
 is about equivalent to: honoured Sir, dear 
 Sir. 4. num.: 16. 
 
 le-brgan,lcb-rgdn \.Med. 
 
 frq., Lea. = <n; saffron, 
 whereas Cs. has: 'poppy, le-brgan-rtsi the 
 juice of poppies, opium, le-brydn-yhi me- 
 toy the poppy flower, le-bryan-yhi O brds-bu 
 poppy-seed', and Sch. adds : le-bryan-iinli'xj 
 
 poppy-coloured, light-red, and he translates 
 also lc-brydn Dzl. \SV V , 1, by 'poppy-colour- 
 ed', although it is mentioned there amongst 
 various species of Lotus. But in W. poppy 
 and opium are usually called by the Hindi 
 name ^r, pirn; neither in W. nor in Sik. 
 did I meet with any body, who knew the 
 significations given by Cs. and Sch , but 
 only: 2. diapered design of woven fabrics; 
 thus also Mil.: le-brydn dm'ir-poi ydan a 
 flowered carpet, le-brgdn jol-ber Pth. a 
 flowered dress with a train. 
 
 ^~ na ^ ne s ft downy wool of goats 
 (esp. those of Jangthang) below the 
 long hair, the shawl wool ; fine woolen-cloth. 
 le-ma v. leu. 
 
 le-ldy appendix, supplement, addition 
 
 Cs. 
 
 te-Mn Cs.: consequence; Sch.: re- 
 
 buke, reprimand, reproof, and le- 
 Idn-pa, le-ldn bdd-ba to blame, rebuke, re- 
 prove; le-ldn-can Cs. consequential, im- 
 portant (?). 
 
 \.Ias-ldm-mKan. 
 
 le-lo, U-lo-nyid indolence, laziness, 
 tardiness, le-lo ma byed ciy don't be 
 lazy! Glr.; ycig le-lo byds-nas as one (of 
 them) had been lazy Dzl.; le-los Jlyer he 
 is overcome by laziness Mil.; le-loi rjts-su 
 O gro-ba to be given to laziness Ld.-Glr.; 
 U-lo-caii lazy, indolent, slothful. *le-so* 
 W. = le-lo. 
 
 tegs-pa B-, legs-po and -mo C. (cf. 
 
 also no. 3) 1. good, serving the 
 purpose, with regard to things; adv. legs- 
 par well, duly, properly, leys-par O fsol-ba 
 to search, to investigate accurately G!r.\ 
 bsii-ba legs-po yyis do care for a proper re- 
 ception! G/r.', legs-par gyur ciy (Schr. adds 
 Kyed-la) may you prosper! Sch., legs -par 
 ^dns-so you are welcome Sch.; happy, com- 
 fortable, bdag legs-na when I am well off 
 (opp. to nyes-na) Do.; leys nycs ston-pai 
 me-lotl mirror of fate, of the future Glr.; 
 /o(-%) leys(-pa) B., *lo lay-mo* W., a rich, 
 healthy, happy year; ci Itar byds-na legs 
 which is the best way of doing it? Glr.,
 
 ten-pa 
 
 Sf 
 
 551 
 
 Tar. ; sems-can mis byds-na legs-pa gah yin 
 whicli of the actions of human beings are 
 good (in this connection it is nearly the same 
 as bzdn-po, morally good); legs is also used 
 in politely hinting or requesting, like the 
 English 'you had better': Kyod pyin - pa 
 legs(-so) G/r., and still more polite : ysegs- 
 par legs your Highness had perhaps better 
 go etc. PtJi ; nus-na sin-tu legs -so if you 
 can do it, very well! Dzl. ; also legs-so alone, 
 very well! well done! legs -so legs -so ex- 
 cellent ! capital ! 2. neat, elegant, grace- 
 ful, beautiful C. 3. *ldg-mo* W. good, due, 
 and adv. well, duly, properly, like legs-par 
 (v. above), e.g. *me lag-mo Jbar O dug* the 
 fire burns well, *le-ka lag-mo cos* you have 
 worked well; but most frq.: clean, pure, 
 dear, *cu fag-mo* pure or clear water (opp. 
 to rtsog -pa); fine, of powder, <= zib-mo; 
 * lag -mo co-ce* to clean, clear, wash, wipe, 
 sweep etc.; to reduce to fine powder, to 
 pulverize. 
 
 Comp. legs-can Sch., legs-lddn Cs. vir- 
 tuous (?). legs-byds, resp. legs-mdzdd good 
 deed, good work Cs. legs-sbydr, ^r^frf, 
 well constructed, skilfully arranged, high- 
 wrought, hence: the Sanskrit language. 
 legs-smon patron, protector, well-wisher, con- 
 gratulator Cs. legs - bsad a remarkable 
 say ing, a sententious rein ark .MY., two works, 
 called after their authors gon-dkdr and sa- 
 skya-legs-bsdd, are recommended to students 
 of the language. legs-ysol resp. thanks, 
 acknowledgment, gratitude C. 
 (My-- Un-pa (rarely loh-ba, Ion -pa), pf. 
 blons (rarely Ions), fut. blan, imp. Ion 
 Cs., hn(s) Dzl, Mil., blans Cs., W.: *len-ce, 
 nen-ce, bldn-ce* to take, i. e. 1 . to receive, 
 get, obtain, ynas-ndn an inferior place viz. 
 for being re-born Thgy. 2. to accept, what 
 is offered or given, opp. to O dor-ba; also to 
 bear, to suffer patiently, to put up with. 3. 
 to seize, catch, lay hold of, grasp, e.g. one 
 that is about to leap into the water Dzl. ; 
 to catch up; to catch, to take prisoner, a cul- 
 prit Dzl. ; to carry off , e. g. the arms of 
 killed enemies; ma byin-par to take what 
 is not given, to steal, to rob'; len-pa- Q dra it 
 
 is as if it had been stolen from me Glr.; 
 cuii-ma Un-pa to get or take a wife, frq., 
 also to procure one for another person ; srog 
 Un-pa O pr6g-pa to deprive of life, to kill 
 Mitg.; to fetch, len-du(W. *len-na-Ia*) son go 
 and fetch it! to take possession of, to oc- 
 cupy (by force of arms) Glr. 
 qq*f leb-mo (^s. also Ub -po) flat, mon- 
 srdn Ub-mo Indian pease are flat, 
 lenticular; Ub-can, leb-leb id. col., *lcb-leb- 
 la for* lay it down flat! leb-ma, leb-fdgs 
 lace, bandage, ribbon Cs., dar-skud-kyi leb- 
 fdgs lace of silk thread ; bhag-leb a flat loaf 
 of bread C.; sin-leb, leb-sin board, plank, 
 rdo-leb a slab, cf. gleb-pa. 
 ojq^ leu division, section of a speech, of a 
 ^ treatise, of a book, chapter, of very 
 different length; leu-can Cs., leur byds-pa 
 Zam. having sections or chapters, being di- 
 vided into chapters; abbreviated le, bsags- 
 le dan ser-le cad-pa yin the chapters (treat- 
 ing) of the confession of sins and of wis- 
 dom are wanting Tar.; le-ma Cs., le-fsdn 
 Sch. id. 
 
 fir lo 1. year (resp. dguh-lo, v. dgun), lo 
 Ina-bcu-pa Ma. usually lo Ina-bcu Ion- 
 pa (W. *lon-fcan*) fifty years old, of fifty 
 years; bu-mo lo-ynyis-ma a girl two years 
 old Ma.; lo dans lo, lo-re (-re) -bzin, 16-ltar 
 (Sch. also bstdr!) annually, yearly; 16-nas 16- 
 ru from year to year; snd-lo, Q dds-lo last 
 year; O di-lo, usually *dd-lo*, this year; pyi- 
 lo, C. sdn-lo next year; lo Jcor-te after one 
 year had passed, srds-kyis lo Kor-te when 
 the prince was one year oldGfr. ; the names 
 of the twelve years of the small cycle (v. 
 below) are those of the following twelve 
 animals : byi mouse, glan ox, stag tiger, yos 
 hare, O brug dragon, sbrul serpent, rta horse, 
 lug sheep, spre ape, bya hen, kyi dog, pag 
 hog; thus the first year is called byi-lo the 
 mouse-year, and byi-lo-pa is a person born 
 in that year etc. 2. for lo - tog, v. the 
 compounds; for Id-ma leaf, for U-tsa-ba. 
 3. prob. : talk, report, rumour, saying, added 
 (like skad) to the word or sentence to which 
 it belongs, ce-ge-mo si lo zcr-ba fos tsd-na 
 when a rumour is heard, that N.N. has died
 
 552 
 
 Sf lo 
 
 Ug-pa 
 
 Tlifjy.\W.:*da Jam far /o*they say the road 
 is open now; also with a definitive subject: 
 *' a-ce'ku-lig ton lo* the mistress asks for the 
 key ; *Ko kom-se rag Jo* he says he is thirsty 
 (yet also in these cases a speaking on hear- 
 say may be meant: somebody tells me that 
 Mrs. N.N. asks for etc.); *fsor-Jo* report, 
 rumour W., also *f6n-lo* and *lob (?)-fo* are 
 said to have a similar signification; *se-to* 
 and *rig-lo* W. are expressions of which I 
 cannot give a satisfactory explanation; bsdd- 
 lo byas kyah krdm-payin 3M.,prob.: though 
 he may get a name (in the world) by his 
 learned discussions, he is after all a liar. 
 lo 3 prob. occurs only in col. language and 
 more recent pop. literature; DzL ?yv, 17 lo 
 is a corrupt reading for ysol. 4. num.: 146. 
 Comp. lo-skor (Cs. also lo-lfor*) cycle of 
 years, a period of twelve years; it is the 
 usual manner of determining the exact time 
 of an event, which also tolerably well suf- 
 fices for the short space of a man's life. If 
 for instance a person in a dog-year (e. g. 
 1874) says that he is a byi-lo-pa, it may be 
 guessed by his appearance, whether he is 
 10 or 22, 34, 46 etc. years old, and thus 
 also in other cases accidental circumstances 
 must help to determine the precise date of 
 an event. Occasionally, however, the cycles 
 are counted, e.g. lo-skor brgyad 96 years 
 Glr. Besides this cycle of 12 years there 
 exists another of 60 years which is formed 
 (in imitation of Chinese chronology) by 
 combining those 12 names of animals with 
 the names of the (so called) five elements, 
 sin wood, me fire, sa earth, Icags iron, cu 
 water. Each of these elements is named 
 twice, followed, the first time by po, and 
 the second by mo; which signs of gender 
 may also be omitted without altering any 
 thing in the matter. Thus sin^-po^-Kyi-lo, 
 sin (-mo)-pag- lo , me (-pcty-byi-lo , me (-TWO)- 
 glan-lo are our years 1834, 35, 36, 37, and 
 1894, 95, 96, 97 etc. lo-H-rims (v. lo-fog- 
 gi Jcrims) ceremonies, at the beginning of 
 harvest. lo-grdiis prop, date (of tn"e year), 
 Sch. also: lo-grdiis fsdfi-ma being of (full) 
 age. lo-mgo Cs. the beginning of a year, 
 
 new-year's day. lo-rgyiis v. rgyus. lo- 
 ndn a bad year, a poor harvest. lo-cdg 
 Cs. 'every second year'. lo-ciifi or nyun 
 C. young, lo-nyun-nyun very young. lo- 
 nyes = lo-ndn. lo-snyih Sch. 'year, pe- 
 riod or stage of life' (?). lo-tog or -fog 
 the produce of the year, harvest, crop, lo- 
 tog rhd-ba to reap it, to gather it in. lo- 
 fo almanac. lo- dod Mil. earthly-minded, 
 sinner? lo-dpyd annual tribute. *lo- 
 pa* = srus-pud, C. lo-pydg (Ld. *lob- 
 cay*) embassy sent every year to the king 
 to renew the oath of allegiance. lo-pyed 
 half a year. lo-fsdn annual produce, har- 
 vest, lo-fsan ce-ba a rich, abundant harvest 
 Glr. lo-legs v. legs-pa. lo-bsdd = lo- 
 fo Cs. lo - yseb Sch. a stack, a heap of 
 corn (?). 
 
 16-ka Ssk. world, lo-ke-sica-ra = ^j^- 
 
 " lo-fog, or lo-tog, v. 70, compounds. 
 
 lo- ddb v. 16-ma. 
 
 16-ma, W. *lob-ma*, leaf, 16-ma Ihun, 
 brul B., C., *lob-ma dil or t/ul soti* W. 
 the leaves have fallen; *lob-ma id-mo* an 
 acerose or pine-leaf; lo- ddb 16-ma. 
 
 lo-tsa, lo-tsd (v. Ssk. qfj-c^ to 
 speak ?) the (art of) translating, 
 sgra dan 16-tsa slob-pa to learn the lan- 
 guage and the (art of) translating Glr.; also 
 16-tsa sgyiir-ba to translate Pth.; lo-ta-ba 
 translator (of Buddhist works) lo-cen great 
 translator, seems to be a certain title; lo- 
 pdn for lo-tsa-ba dan pdndi-ta. 
 
 . U-li-ma Ld. (Urd. J^S) prostitute, 
 harlot. 
 
 * I6g-ge-ba seems to be nearly the 
 same as log-pa adj , fe-fsom log- 
 ge-bai nan-la prob. : entertaining irrational 
 doubts or scruples; ban -rim I6g-ge-ba an 
 inverted ban-rim q. v. ; I6g-ge-ba-la Kyer he 
 took it back again Mil. 
 
 log-pa I. vb., pf. and secondary form 
 of Id6g-pa, q.v., 1. to return, to go 
 back, yid-du Glr.; *nam Ug-tc ca duff U'., 
 *nam log-ne (16-gyu yin* C. when will you
 
 logs 
 
 553 
 
 return ? %-pa O fad Glr., log-la O d6d-do Glr. 
 let us turn back, jo^/r Ug-pai lam the way 
 back. 2. to come back, to. come again. 
 3. to turn round, to be turned upside down, to 
 tumble down W., e.g. of a pile of wood etc.; 
 no log-pa or ldog-pa to turn away one's 
 face, always used fig. for to turn one's back 
 on, to apostatize Jtor-bai yul no-ldoq-na if 
 you mean to turn your back to the land of 
 the cycle of existences, more frq. : log -pa 
 byed-pa to revolt, to rebel, Ug-pa rtsom-pa 
 to plot, to stir up, an insurrection Glr., Idg- 
 pa-mKan a rebel Glr.] * log-pa-can* rebel- 
 lious, seditious W. 
 
 II. adj. reversed, inverted; irrational, wrong, 
 log-pai lam, lam Ug-pa Mil. a wrong way; 
 log-pa-la zugs-pa ('to rush into error, to turn 
 to what is wrong?'), also euphemism for to 
 fornicate Stg.; lta-(ba)- log(-pa) v. ltd-ba; 
 cos-log a wrong faith, false doctrine, heresy; 
 ffrwa-ldg, jo-log col. an apostate monk or 
 nun; log -par and (col.) log adv. wrong, 
 amiss, erroneously, log-par sem-pa to think 
 evil, to have suspicions (about a thing), often 
 = Ita-log skyed-pa to sin; frq.: *log O dren- 
 pa* to mislead, seduce /?.; *log yon-ce* W. 
 to come back, to return, * si-log yon-ce* to 
 recover life, to revive (after having been 
 nearly lifeless), to rise from the dead, prob. 
 also: to appear as a ghost W.', *nad log- 
 gydb tan* W. the disease has become worse 
 again, there has been a relapse; *la-log (bla- 
 log) po-ce* W. to turn, e.g. the roast; *cud 
 log tan-ce* v. ycud. 
 
 Comp. log-cos Ma. = cos-log. log-rings 
 wrong judgment, false knowledge. log- 
 Ita = Ita-log, v. ltd-ba log-spyod, Lt. : log- 
 spyod nan-pa perverse conduct, a sinful life. 
 I6g- fso with sgrub-pa to live in a sinful 
 manner, as much as : to live by crime, by 
 vice Mil. 
 
 logs 1 . side, rtsig-logs the side of a 
 wall, mdun-logs fore-side, front-side, 
 rgydb-logs back, back part of a thing; logs- 
 re 1. side-post of a door (opp. to yd- and 
 md-re). 2. each side (v. re 3); logs-bzdn the 
 right or upper side, logs-nan the left or lower 
 side (of a cloth) 6s. ; surface, sai of the earth ; 
 
 side, direction, region, rkdn-pai-logs-nas from 
 the part of the feet, up from the feet (e.g. 
 a pain in the body proceeding up from the 
 feet) Sch,; yyas-logs the right side, y yon- 
 logs the left side, frq.; fsu^-Iogs this side, 
 on this side, pd(i*}-logs the other side, on 
 the other side ; logs-su, logs-la aside, apart, 
 *zdg-pa* C. to lay by, to put aside, to put 
 out of the way, to clear away, logs-su dgdr- 
 ba, bkdr-ba means about the same; logs-sit 
 bkdl-ba to hang aside, to hang up in another 
 place; logs-na yod-pa to be distinct, separate, 
 to live by one's self, solitarily Schf., Tar. 
 45, 18; logs-pa other, additional, by-, co-, 
 spare-, rgyags logs-pa spare-provision, so 
 also logs ycig: fdg-pai sne-mo logs ycig the 
 other end of a rope. 2. wall, *log-zdl* W. 
 id.; logs-bris mural or fresco painting Tar. 
 0^-' Ion 1 . leisure, spare-time, vacant time, 
 time, Ion, yod-du re-la ndm-zla O das 
 whilst you are always hoping to have (still) 
 time (enough), you allowthe favourable mo- 
 ment to pass away Mil.; similarly: Ion yod 
 snyam-la mi-fse zad Mil.', sdod-pai Ion med- 
 par without delay, immediately, directly 
 Glr.; *na yon-Ion med* C., W. I have not 
 time to come; *peb-lonyod-na* if your honour 
 have time to come 6', W.\ rdeg-lon yoit-bas 
 as there will be yet plenty of time to beat 
 (me, you had better hear me now) Mil. ; 
 lon-ytam Scli. : 'cheerful talk, animated con- 
 versation'. 2. imp. of lan-ba and len-pa. 
 ajtm' Sfc'pT ^r'^'lon-ka, hn-lca, loii- 
 I ga Med. intestines, 
 
 entrails, guts; strictly taken itis said to denote 
 only the blind gut(?); ydr-'oit, mdr-lon < '*.: 
 the upper gut, the lower gut or thin guts, 
 thick guts; lon-ndd a disease of the guts. 
 gfrn' ion-ba 1 . pf . and secondary form of 
 
 Idon-ba, as vb.: to be blind, and fig.: 
 to be infatuated; as adj.: blind, blinded etc., 
 as sbst. : blind man Dzl. lon-Brid(oT Krid- 
 pa) the guide of a blind man Lex. ; lo/t-po, 
 (6n-ba-po a blind man 6s.; *nye-loii* W. an 
 empty ear of corn, a tare. 2. also Ions- 
 pa, Itn-pa Glr. or lan-ba 1 , 2 Glr. 
 
 ldn-bu Stg , Ion-mo Mil. ankle-bone,
 
 554 
 
 * Ion-Ion 
 
 la 
 
 T" Ion-Ion being in pieces, in frag- 
 ments 6'., cf. bun-Ion. 
 fa'' 8 , 1- pf- an d i m P- f lo/i-ba. 
 2. in conjunction with spijod-pa: to 
 use, to make use of, to have the use or benefit 
 of, to enjoy, e.g. bde-ba dan skyid-pa-la 
 happiness and prosperity; lon-spyod-par 
 byd-bai rgyu the object of enjoyment, the 
 thing enjoyed Stg.; lons-spyod (Ssk. ^fl) 
 
 1. enjoyment, fruition, use, esp. with regard 
 to eating and drinking, lons-spyod sd-Ja bijed 
 they fed on meat, lons-spyod sin de-las byed 
 they lived on (the fruits of) this tree Pth. 
 
 2. plenty, abundance, bza-bfiih-gi lons-spyod 
 dpag-tu-med-pa bsag G-lr. they produced or 
 procured an enormous quantity of food and 
 drink ; esp. : riches, lons-spyod ce-ba great 
 riches; wealth, property, Uiis-spyod-kyibddg- 
 por gyur he became owner of the property 
 DzL; m cod-pa byd-bai /6/ts-spyod med he 
 was not rich enough to bring an offering 
 (to Buddha) DzL 
 
 0^'T 5 0^*f Idd-pa, Ud-po, v. lhod-pa. 
 
 Md-po Sch.'. 'half through, through 
 the middle, one half (?)'. 
 8jgr fon notice, tidings, message, Jon-bzdii 
 
 good news, sprih-ba to give notice, send 
 word, send a message ; Ion kyur or Ion zer 
 has also the special sense: send in my 
 name! 6'.; Ion zig Kyer-la sog let me know, 
 send me w r ord Pth. 
 
 ur'n* n-pa = Un-pa 1 . to take, to receive 
 etc. Glr., Pth., cu lon-nam have you 
 fetched the water? i. e. are you bringing 
 the water? Pth.; nor-bu mi Ion I shall not 
 receive the jewel! Pth. 2. more frq. the 
 word is used with reference to time: to elapse, 
 to pass, a. in a general sense, lo mdn-po zig 
 Ion-pa dan after many years had elapsed 
 Dz/.j rin-zig lon-te after a long time, rin- 
 por ma Ion-par after a short time. b. with 
 regard to the age of a person: lo ci tsam 
 Ion how old are you? bcu-drug-lon I am six- 
 teen Mil. 
 
 grrj- lob W. sometimes for lo year, and lob- 
 ma for 16-ma leaf. 
 
 lob-pa, pf., imp. lobs, to learn, rarely 
 for slob -pa] lobs-pa the act of learning 
 DzL 
 
 /os, in truth, indeed, mgon-skyabs ran 
 los yin he is indeed the helper (from 
 a hymn in praise of Buddha). 
 
 n 1. the letter sa, the English sh, but pa- 
 ' latal ; in C. it is distinguished from (^ (za~) 
 only by the following vowel being sounded 
 in the high tone. 2. num. : 27. 
 
 n- sa I. 1. flesh, meat, yydg-sa yak's flesh, 
 ' lug-sa mutton; sa O fsod-pa ( W. *tso-ce*) 
 to boil meat; sa rhod-pa (W. *no-ce, srdg- 
 ce* or */dm-ce*) to roast meat ; ( pyi-sa out- 
 ward flesh, ndh-sa or ndn-ca inward flesh, 
 or the entrails' 6s.(?) ; sd-nas cdd-pai bu G/r. 
 the child of rny own flesh and blood; sa 
 
 J, : rig-pa sexual instinct; *'d-pe$a, 'd-me sa* 
 in W. a vulgar form of attestation ; surface 
 Of the body, iiai ri-mo spots, stripes etc. on 
 the skin (of an animal) Tar. 2. muscle, 
 nu-sa thoracic muscle Mhg. 2. for sa-K6g 
 v. compounds. 
 
 II. v. sd-ba and sa-mo. 
 
 Comp. sa-bkra n. of a cutaneous disease 
 Med. sa-skdm meat dried in the sun. 
 sa-Kdn larder; butcher's stall. sa-fcu broth. 
 sa-K6g the body of a slaughtered animal,
 
 555 
 
 sa-na 
 
 witliout the skin, head, and entrails, ce-sa 
 of a large cun-sa of a small animal. 
 sa-Krdg flesh and blood, metou. 1. for body, 
 sa-Krdg fsdl-ba a sound body Mil. 2. for: 
 children born of the same parents Cs. - 
 sa-rgydgs fat meat. *sa-cug* (sa bcurf) 
 meat cut into strips and hung up to dry 
 in the sun W., C. (Hook. II, 183). sa-rjen 
 raw meat. sa-n>jdgSch. : 'soup with greens 
 in it'. sa-rnyifi old meat. sa-mdog colour 
 of the skin, complexion Dzl. and elsewh. 
 sa-mdog-log-pa Cs.: erysipelas, St. Anthony's 
 fire ? sa-ndg the lean of meat 6s. sa- 
 ndd a certain disease/^. *sd-na* (\it.-sna) 
 W. ardour, zeal? sd-spu feathers, downs. 
 
 - *sa-spin* meat boiled down to jelly W. 
 
 sa- prdg Mil.? *sd-bhag -leb* a sort 
 of pie baked in oil C. sa-bo sheep, cattle 
 or other animals destined for slaughter Mil. 
 nt. sd- bu a maggot. **a-bur* W. boil, 
 abscess, ulcer; Sch.: mark leftby alash, weal. 
 
 - *sa-cU* rice boiled with small pieces of 
 meat 6'. sa-sbrdit flesh-fly, blue-bottle-fly. 
 
 sa-rmcn fleshy excrescence, a little lump 
 in the muscular flesh. sa - btsos boiled 
 meat. sa-fsd 1. hot meat. 2. friend Pth., 
 S.g., sa-fsa-can amicable, attached W. 
 sa-fsdn dmdr-po Sch.: 'a tumour resembling 
 a weal or a wart'. sa-tsil the fat of flesh. 
 
 sd-fsoii-pa butcher, dealer in meat. 
 sa- Q dzin i. a hook for taking meat out of 
 a kettle 6'., W. 2. the fork of Europeans. 
 sa-^dzer wart. sa-zd, sa-zdn 1. prop.: 
 flesh-eater, carnivorous animal. 2. gen.: a 
 class of demons, described as fierce and 
 malign an t,/S's. finr 1 ^- sa-zug, sa-yzug 
 = zug 2. - sa-rdg dried apricots, with little 
 pulp, and almost as hard as stone. sa- 
 rid lean flesh. so-ril 1. little meat-pies. 
 2. v. xa-ba. sa-rug sauce, gravy C. a- 
 rul putrid meat. sa-ro a disease Wdn., 
 is said to be an induration of the skin, callus, 
 or perh. scirrhus'. sa-rlon fresh meat, raw 
 meat, m-ysdr flesh of an animal that has 
 just been killed. 
 
 n' swa 1. Dzl. ?y v , 1. Sch.: high water, 
 * flood, inundation. 2. Lt. : a certain 
 hereditary disease or infirmity? 
 
 na-Jfa some kind of game (?) Wdn. 
 
 jj'rn'tt' sa-ka-ma, Ka-ce sa-ka-ma saffron 
 C. 
 
 sa-kar Cs. a kind of sugar. 
 
 resentment, hatred. 
 n-m' sd-kya Ssk., pod-pa Tib., the mighty, 
 o| ^ the powerful, the bold, n. of the family 
 of Buddha, the founder of the Buddhist 
 religion, and hence often n. of Buddha him- 
 self, also sa-kya-fub-pa (Mil. rather boldly 
 abbreviates it into suk-fub\ sa-kija-mu-ni, 
 sd-kya-seii-ge. 
 
 .' sa-dkdr \. ysa-dkar. 
 
 *' a ~ s ^ a '^ ^ ie Cawing or croaking of 
 ravens W. 
 
 rr%r sa-skyo Mtig.f perh. dough mixed with 
 " meat. 
 
 sa- 
 
 ka-ma and sa-ka-ra. 
 sa-Kug Sch. a small bag or purse. 
 
 -Kyi Sch. a shaggy dog, a poodle. 
 
 sa-Jlon v. sa-kon. 
 ' sa-gos, col. for sam-gos. 
 
 sa-nydm(s) Lex., as explanation 
 
 oidbalf 
 
 m-sta, = klu Wdn. 
 
 * sd-stag 1. also sa-dag mere, merely, 
 only, fyeu sd-dag btsds-te only sons 
 being born Dzl.; mi dbul- pons-pa sd-stag- 
 ste as they are all of them poor people Dzl.; 
 bden-pa-mfoit-ba sd-stag-tu gyiir-to they all 
 come to the knowledge of the truth Tar. 
 2. Ld. for (rtai)Mm(-la')-bta(/s(-pa) a 
 pack, a bundle, fastened to the saddle be- 
 hind the rider, *sd-stag-la Kol or rd fo/'e* 
 tie it up, fasten it behind! 
 
 sd-di Ld., Pur. ape, monkey. 
 
 sa-na 1. Sd: ^JTJT hemp, ('&.: flax, M- 
 
 n-j- 
 ' 
 
 nai ras Stg., Sch. : 'fine linen', sd-nai
 
 556 
 
 f/os a garment made of fine linen. 2. v. 
 sd-sna, sub sa. 
 
 sd-pos a thick blanket Ld. 
 
 - *,/rn* sd-ba, swa-ba Cs. W., G'., 1?. a 
 < hart, a stag, col. usually *sa- 
 wa-ra-cu or m-cw*; sa-j90 the male animal, 
 sd-mo the hind, roe, sa-prug a young deer, 
 fawn; cf. Jca-sica. 
 
 sa-ma 1. after-birth, placenta. 2. 
 an ordinary coat made of cloth which 
 has not been napped W. 
 
 sa-mi-lig parsley Ld 
 
 sd-mo C., B. (W. *moa-sa*) mush- 
 room ; the various species of fungus 
 receive their appellations from their colour 
 (dkar-sd, nay-sa, smug-sa, ser-sa) or from 
 the place where they grow (klut'ts-sa, cu- 
 sa, lud-sa, sin-say, the damp climate of 
 Sikkim produces moreover *so-ke, Kd-wa 
 and de-mo (sgre-mo) -sa-^io*, etc. Cs. has 
 also sa-man, a thick kind of mushroom. 
 
 T*:3f ^' sa-ra so-re (cf yser-pa) W. moist. 
 
 sd-vi-ka Ssk. n of a bird, Gracula 
 religiosa; a species of jay. 
 - sd-ni-bu, i|jf< i| ^, n. of one of the 
 two principal disciples of Buddha. 
 sd-i*u 1. hartshorn Mcd. 2. n. of a 
 vein Med. 
 
 /T^-m- 
 o| ' 
 
 m-l6g warped, oblique, aslant W. 
 
 ^nrmr' sdk-ti Ssk.: spear, lance, pike, sword, 
 
 ' Cs. also trident; Dzl. 
 rrm' *'</, in sag-ter-gds it broke, it burst 
 
 ' asunder Sch. 
 
 nrn-^r sdg-ma 1 . C. small stones or peb- 
 bles, gravel, sdg-ma-can gravelly, 
 sag-fan a plain abounding with gravel. 
 2. W. pebble, sag-rdd rocky ground, covered 
 with a thin layer of mould which only by 
 dint of much irrigation will yield a scanty 
 produce; sag-rug gravel, sdg-sa earth mixed 
 up with pebbles, stony, sterile ground. 
 
 sags 1. joke, jest, fun, sags ce-ba byed- 
 pa to rally maliciously, to turn into 
 ridicule with sarcasms Glr.; nan-sags Mil. 
 a bad joke; Ka-sdgs v. Ka. 2. cause of a 
 
 i-Yia 
 
 contention, object of a dispute or a quarrel, 
 matter in dispute Mil.; quarrel, dispute, con- 
 tention, in gen., *sag gydg-pa* C. to fight, 
 to quarrel, to dispute. 
 
 sail v. san. 
 
 k&l-ce*, san- 
 rig v. ycan-po; *san-ldg* a kind of fur, perh. 
 for sbyafi-sldg fur-coat of wolfs skin Lh. 
 san-ldn sabre, sword Pth. 
 
 sari-saii a fabulous creature with 
 wings and bird's feet, but other- 
 wise like a human being; sait-san-feu Cs : 
 pheasant or partridge (gftcrsifa). 
 
 sa>?s, resp. for sna, the nose, sans- 
 rgyud Pth., sans -sna id.; sans-kith 
 nostril, sans-rtse tip of the nose. 
 ^qr w sad 1. the mark of punctuation : |, also 
 rkyan-sdd or cig-sdd; it is a diacritical 
 sign of about the value of our comma or 
 semicolon; nyis-sdd the double shad, ||, 
 dividing sentences, or, in metrical compo- 
 sitions, verses; bzi-sdd the fourfold shad, 
 ||||, at the end of sections and chapters; 
 fseg-sdd the dotted shad (|), an ornamental 
 form of the ordinary shad, always made use 
 of, when a shad is to be put after the first 
 syllable of a line; sad byed-pa Lex., O f en-pa 
 Sch., to make a shad. 2. v. the following 
 article. 
 
 pa,ysod-pa Cs. 
 \ . to comb, to curry, (a horse), also sad rgydg- 
 pa. 2. to brush, to stroke, to rub gently 
 with the hand W.-, sdd-ma Sch. curry-comb, 
 horse-comb; *sin-se* a wooden rake, *cdg- 
 se'* an iron rake 6'. 
 
 ng san 1 . iron hoop of a barrel Cs. 2. 
 ' small boat, *shn-pa* ferry-man C. 
 3. snow-leopard W. (cf. ysd). 4. difference, 
 distinction, san O byed-pa to distinguish, de- 
 cide, determine Mil. and elsewh , yzan-yyis 
 san mi byed-pas as nobody else is able to 
 decide it Glr. ; skad-ynyis-san-sbyor is said 
 to be the title of a certain dictionary. 
 
 sdn-Ua 1. Oblique W., *sdn-K-a-la(le- 
 ce* to cut off obliquely ; san-fer id.,
 
 557 
 
 sn-pa 
 
 *lam san-fer-la ca dug* the road has an 
 oblique direction. 2. C. : place of passing 
 over a river. 
 
 sdn-pa 1. also bsan-pa, slaughterer, 
 butcher Glr., sometimes also hang- 
 man; sdn-Kan slaughter-house, butcher's 
 shop, sdn-gri butcher's knife, san-grib pol- 
 lution by the sin of slaughtering an animal. 
 2. master or rower of a boat, boatman. 
 n*v nry sab-sub 1. W. whispering, *sab-sub 
 NJ tdn-cc, zer-ce* to whisper. 2. 
 also sab-sob lie, falsehood, sab-sob byed-pa 
 to lie, to cheat; sab-siib-can deceitful, frau- 
 dulent, crafty. 
 
 j. sain, ysam the lower part of 
 a thing, e.g. of a country, 
 sdm-pa a lowlander (opp. to yzuii-pa and 
 stod-pa); ysdm-du adv. and postp. below, 
 at foot, rdn-leui sdm-du O cad they will be 
 treated of in their respective chapters Lt.; 
 del sdm-du under it, underneath (eg. to 
 write); sam-gos, sam-fdbs, resp. sku-sdm a 
 garment like a petticoat, worn by Tibetan 
 priests and mouks. 
 
 ^J'^' sdm-bu ffounces, fringes, trimmings. 
 
 ^ngTCJ'Cy* s am -bha-laSsk.. in pure Tibetan 
 ^ bde- byuit,\\. of a fabulous country 
 in the north west of Tibet, fancied to be a 
 kind of paradise; sdm-bha-lai Idm-yig (not 
 passport, but:) 'guide for the journey to 
 Shambhala'. 
 
 n^- sar (from sdr-ba") 1. east, sar-pyogs id.; 
 sdr-pa inhabitant of an eastern country; 
 sar-lho south-east. 2. termin. of sa, into 
 the flesh. 
 
 ^nz^'n* sdr-pa 1 . young men, grown-up youth 
 (collective noun) W.; perh. also: a 
 young man. 2. v. the preceding article. 
 
 sdr-po 1. W. adulterer, *sdr-po co-ce 
 or fiui'-ce* to commit adultery, (on 
 the part of the husband.) 2. = sar-pa 1. 
 sdr-po a young man, sdr-po yzon-nu 
 ysum three young men Mil. 
 sdr-ba pf. and secondary form of 
 Jfdr-ba. 
 
 si-ba 
 
 *nx:*n 
 n 
 
 ^nx-jT' sdr-ma 1. /Sc'/i.: a strip &/</. $> 
 
 rgydb-pa to sew in long stitches, to 
 
 baste (Sch.: zuns ydctb-pa). 2. W., C. 
 
 grown-up girls (collective noun); a female (?) 
 
 sdr-mo adulteress, cf. sdr-po. 
 
 : sar-Mr straightway, directly, sar-sdr 
 
 O gr6-ba Cs. 
 
 nz' sar-surLd. furrowed, having small 
 >J elevations and hollows. 
 
 sal, in rna-sdl ear-lap, tip of the ear. 
 
 Ml-ba 1. Sch. stone-pavement. 2. 
 
 a \\a.rrOW,sdl-sal-baSch.,*S(il-la dud- 
 ce* Ld. to harrow. 
 
 sdl-ma Cs.: a flint, sharp-edged stone; 
 
 W. : stony ground; mountain side 
 consisting of detritus; sal- ma- can full of 
 sharp stones Cs. 
 
 sdl-ma-li Ssk. the seven-leaved 
 silk-cotton tree, Bombax hepta- 
 phyllum Stg. 
 
 rrxt" sas 1. part, ca-sas id.; O bras de-las sas 
 ycig part of this rice Dzl. ; sas-sds-su 
 bgo-ba to distribute, . ..la among Dzl. ; sas- 
 ce-ba a good deal, much, the greater part 
 of, zla-mfsdn sas-ce-bai Ku-lcrdg generative 
 fluid in which uterine blood predominates 
 (cf. Ku-Krdg in Ku-ba) Wdt'i. ; yti-mug sas- 
 ce-bar O gyiir-ba excess of dullness or stu- 
 pidity Thgr.; sas-cer, sas-ces, sas-cen in an 
 eminent degree, in an exceeding measure. 
 2. some, a few, zag-sds some days Mil; 
 O ga-sas some, a few Mil. 3. instr. of sa. 
 
 A" si num.: 57. 
 
 se'-ia pf. and secondary form of O ci-ba. 
 
 I. vb. to die, to expire, to go out (as 
 light, tire); si-bar gyur -pa-las when she 
 was in a dying state Pth., si-zin-pai ^og-tu 
 after her death; *si-te I6y(-yo/i)-ce* W. to 
 rise again from the dead, *ldii-ce* (lit. slan- 
 ces) to raise from the dead. 2. sbst. the 
 state of dying, expiring, si-ba-las sos awa- 
 kened from a dying state frq. ; cf. also comp. 
 3. partic. and adj. si-ba sos -par byed- 
 par gyur one already dying still recovers 
 Do. ; si-bai lus the body of the deceased Do.
 
 558 
 
 Comp. sj-ki-ma, ci-Ka-ma 1. sbst. dying, 
 death, si-ki-ma-ru in dying. 2. adj. dying, 
 si-ki-ma yod (or O ci-tfa-ma yod) he is at the 
 point of death, he is at death's door. *si- 
 /can* col. the deceased, the dead. si-sno 
 Sch. : 'blessing for one deceased'. si-cos 
 religious ceremonies for the dead Sch. 
 si-sa flesh of animals that have died of them- 
 selves, the only flesh -which a strict Bud- 
 dhist is allowed to eat, and which accord- 
 ingly in Buddhist countries is frequently 
 consumed. 
 
 si-rig W. clinking, jingling. 
 
 si-rog W. a sort of early barley. 
 
 ~l a Ssk- for Krims } fsul-tfrims custom, 
 
 manner, moral law. 
 .ncn* sig 1. for big (q.v.) after a final s. 
 
 2. louse, mi-sig common louse, Lug-sig 
 sheep-louse, tick, Kyi-sig flea, (lha)- dre-sig 
 bug; ''(lag (lit. brag)-sig-pa* W. mite, wood- 
 louse, tick ; sig O fu-ba B., *ltd-ce, rug-ce* W. 
 to look for lice, to louse, sig bsdl-ba to 
 clean from lice; sig-can Sch. also sig-po or 
 sig-sig-po infested with lice, lousy; sig-ndd 
 pedicular disease; sig-sro lice and nits S.g. 
 M 9 -9^-ba, sig - sig 
 1. standing or lying 
 close together, close-banded Mil. nt., C. cf. 
 ysig-pa, ysib-pa. 2. trembling, tottering, 
 wavering; with mig: looking this way and 
 that, looking about, perh. also : rolling (the 
 eyes). 
 
 % s (- se >% s Cocking, as 
 trees moved by the wind 
 Mil.; sigs-sigs yom-yom waving, moving to 
 and fro, shaken etc., also fig. Pth. 
 ^jr-' sin I. gerundial particle for citi after 
 
 a final s. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. tree, bzd-sih fruit-tree, rtsi- 
 siii v. rtsij Ijon-sin a beautiful green leafy 
 tree, skdm-sin a dry withered tree. 2. 
 wood, sin zig some wood; Kan-sin timber, 
 timber-wood, bud-sin firewood, fuel, skdm- 
 sin dry wood; ydm-siii Cs.: 'a small quan- 
 tity of wood thrown into the fire for sacri- 
 fice'. 3. a piece of wood, log, billet, *sin 
 
 nyi sum fob* W. put two or three pieces (to 
 the fire); stump, stub of a tree Gb\; *tii- 
 pag-gi sin* W. gun-stock; srog-siu axle, 
 axle-tree. 
 
 Comp. si/t-kir-ti a carrying-frame Lh. 
 siii-kyu a wooden hook. siii-rkan Schr. 
 a wooden leg, a crutch. siii-rkcd the upper 
 part of the trunk of a tree. sin-Kan 1. 
 a wooden house, log-house. 2. shed or out- 
 house for wood. sin-Ku sap, juice of trees. 
 siit-Kur a load of wood. sin-firi wooden 
 chair. sm-mfcan worker in wood, car- 
 penter, joiner. sin-rgdn Sch. wood pecker, 
 sin-rgon lira- bo the spotted woodpecker, 
 sin-rgon mgo-ndg black woodpecker. 
 sin-rgydl a tree of extraordinary height or 
 circumference, a giant -tree. sin-in/'tdr 
 licorice Sch., Wts.; a sort of cinnamon W. 
 
 sin-cos 1. wooden utensils, implements. 
 2. tools for working wood Sch. siti-tog, 
 siii-fog fruits of trees, fruit. sin-rta v. that 
 article. sih-stan chopping-block Ld. - 
 sin-fags wooden enclosure. sin-fun wood- 
 picker, gatherer of wind -fallen wood. 
 sin-dum log, billet, block. sin-dra wooden 
 lattice- work; wooden paling G 1 ., W. sl/l- 
 drun-pa one sitting under a tree, i. e. an 
 ascetic, Burn. I, 309. sin-ydugs the leafy 
 crown of a tree Sch. sin-sdon trunk, stem 
 of a tree; a tree; block. sit-prun a small 
 tree, a shrub, bush Sch. sin-bdl cotton 
 from the cotton-tree Cs., cf. sal-ma-li-iit. 
 
 Mn-bu a small piece of wood, sin-bu sor- 
 bzi-pa a piece of wood four inches broad or 
 long Tar. sih-Jbrds fruit. sin-smdn 
 medicine prepared from wood Sch. siii- 
 rtsd root of a tree. sin-rtsi resin Cs. 
 sin-rise top of a tree. sin-fsa cinnamon 
 (having a 'saltish' taste, as is expressly 
 stated %.); *sin-fsc lob-ma* W. bay-leaf, 
 laurel-leaf. siti^fsdl chip, shaving, splinter. 
 *sin-fsogs* W. forest. sin-yzon a wooden 
 basin, trough, tub. *Un-z6g* (lit. bzogs) 
 chip, splint W.; shavings brought off by the 
 plane C. sin-zdn wood-rasp Sch. *s//i- 
 zel* a small chip, a very small and thin piece 
 of wood, a splinter, *sin-zel zug son* W. I 
 have run a splinter into (my hand or foot).
 
 559 
 
 in-kun 
 
 sin-zog W.a. rasp. siit-yzer a peg. sin- 
 Icb board, plank. sin- sun the bark of 
 trees. sin-sal a rasp. 
 ^..__. sin - lain asa foetida, used as me- 
 
 ' >j ' dicine, and (like garlic) as a spice; 
 also n. of a mountain pass between Lahoul 
 and Zankar. 
 
 %-'' si/i-rfa ('wooden horse') waggon, cart, 
 / carriage, also fig. = feg-pa, e.g. sin- 
 rta cen-po frq. in the writings of TsohKapa; 
 sin-rta-Jcor-lo id.; sin-rtai Kan-bzdu the 
 body of a carriage, siii-rtai mcla the pole, 
 beam, shaft of a cart, O pdii-lo the wheel, 
 rjes, lam, sul, srol the track, rut (of a cart) 
 6s.; sin-rta rkan-ycig Sch. wheelbarrow; 
 sin-rta-mlcanCs. maker of carts, cartwright; 
 sin-rta-pa I. carter, driver, coachman. 2. 
 charioteer. 
 _Q_. sid J. Sch. hazel-nut. 2. also ysid- 
 
 ' ' ysid-ma, ysid-ston, ysid-zdn funeral re- 
 past, of which every body may partake ; vid- 
 eos religious funeral ceremony; sid-sa Sch. 
 1. burying ground, cemetery. 2. a fruitful 
 field ysin-sa. Cf. ysin. 
 %gt~ sin-tu very, greatly, esp. before adj. 
 
 ' S& and adv., in B. frq. 
 
 $' sib v. sib. 
 
 .s/y 
 
 $ib-pa v. sub-pa to whisper. 
 
 sib-si-lu-lu or ru-ru Ld. hip, 
 the fruit of the dog-rose. 
 .n^r/rn* sim-sa-pa Cs. a kind of tree or 
 
 wood. 
 
 ^^* .n;s;\n;^* MI'I sir-sir, with O fon-pa Cs. 
 to gush out, to stream forth 
 with a noise. 
 
 * sil-ba W. to drip through. 
 
 a g auze ~li^ e texture W. ; sil- 
 
 sill. id. 2. 6s. : 'a cant word denoting 
 the noise of any thing'. 
 
 3^1* ** s 9^ ' uc ' ( ' ^ or * une ? bliss; de byun-na 
 sis if that happens, it will be an auspi- 
 cious sign, sis-pai miii a name foreboding 
 good Lt., mi sis-pai Itas an omen foreboding 
 ill Wdn.; bstdn-pai sis ace. to Schl. 232 
 denotes the religious plays performed in the 
 
 convents. Cs.: sis(-pa)-po one blessed, sis- 
 pa y/'n-pa to be blessed, sis-par (/yur-ba 
 to become blessed, sis-par bycd-pa to make 
 blessed, to bless; bkra-sis v. bkrd-ba. 
 n' su 1. ace. to Cunningham and other 
 xs English authorities the Tibetan word for 
 stag; yet us none of the many Tibetans, 
 from different parts of the country, that were 
 consulted by us, seemed to know this word, 
 it is not unlikely, that in consequence of 
 indistinct hearing it is but a corruption of 
 sa-ba (q. v.). 2. *su-m jlu?-pa* C. to 
 whistle. - 3. num.: 87. 
 
 su-ddy n. of a plant Med. ; Scfi. : the 
 rush. 
 
 su-ba I. sbst. 1 . an abscess, ulcer, sore 
 s Cs.: su-ba O fon an abscess rises, na 
 gives pain, pan heals; *su- bur* W., and 
 prob. also su-for Med , id ; *su-ndg and bd- 
 su* W. a sore that has become inflamed and 
 rankling. 2. scab, scurf, scald W. 
 
 II. vb., pf. (b*)sus, fut. bsu, imp. (b~)su(s), 
 1. to take off, pull off, dravr off, yzdn-gyi 
 c/os to take off a person's clothes, go-ca 
 armour, mfson-ca arms, weapons Pth. ; to 
 strip, strip off, e.g. leaves, twigs, pdgs-pa 
 the skin, the peel, hence (also withoutpa^rs- 
 pa} to skin, to pare, to peel W., e.g. *'d-lu 
 su-ce* to peel potatoes; gyab-sus coat of 
 wool shorn from a sheep, fleece Ld. 2. 
 to copy, dpe a book, resp. zal-sus byed-pa 
 Cs.; dpe-bsus a copied book C. 
 
 - su-bham Ssk., sometimes at the end 
 
 of books, hail! all hail! 
 
 su-ra-se(-na} n. of a tract of 
 land in the neighbourhood of 
 Mathura, not far from Agra Wdk. 
 ^q-gj-m- su-'i-ka Tar. 63, 8, prob. also su- 
 NJ ' lig Sch., n. of a fabulous country 
 in the north-west. 
 
 fag i. a thrust, push, knock, *sug cem- 
 
 pojhe'-pa* to push off, to give a knock, 
 to elbow, differing from O pul-ba to shove 
 (by a more gentle motion) C. 2. in 
 comp.: Kyo-sug, v. %o; sug-bza wife, con- 
 sort, spouse Schr. 3. W. : old, but still fit 
 for use. 4. sug-sfig-la col. for sub-lnir 
 softly, gently, e.g. Q gr6-ba to walk, to tread etc. 
 
 ~_. 
 '
 
 560 
 
 sug-gu 
 
 siig-gu W. for sog-bu. 
 
 sug-pa 1. the high, cypress -like 
 juniper-tree of the Himalaya moun- 
 tains, the pencil cedar (Juniperus eaeceka). It 
 covers large mountain tracts, is considered 
 sacred, and much used in religious cere- 
 monies; its berries (sug- brds) are burnt as 
 incense. sug-dud the smoke or perfume 
 of juniper. sug-fser Med.ihe young pointed 
 sprouts of this tree. sug-fsod a sort of 
 mistletoe, Viscum Oxycedri, growing on it 
 and gradually killing it. The leaves have 
 a .slightly sour taste and are used for culi- 
 nary purposes W. rgya-sug ace. to Cs. = 
 spd-ma Juniperus squamosa, a low shrub and 
 similar to our Junipeitis communis. But a 
 passage of the Stg. shows that its fruits are 
 eaten like pease or rice, which cannot be 
 imagined of juniper-berries or cypress cones; 
 cf. spd-ma. 2. in sug-pa O pud-pa Sch., 
 v. sub O pud-pa. 
 
 * M </ sl - mneren t strength, power, energy, 
 c. genit. : ddd-pai, bydms-pai, dgd- 
 bai sugs-kyis by the power or ardour of faith, 
 love, joy, e.g. to shed tears, = to weep with 
 joy etc. Glr. and elsewh ; ycin-gyi sugs dgag 
 mi bya the impulse to make water must not 
 be suppressed Med.; O di-dag siion-gyi sbyin- 
 sugs yin this is the power of former alms 
 or presents Glr.; fugs-rjei sugs-kyis by the 
 power of grace Do.; der sleb-pai sugs the 
 power or ability of attaining to that place 
 Thgr. ; without a genit. : sugs-kyis = ran- 
 sugs-kyis spontaneously, of one's own accord, 
 sugs-kyis yon they will, no doubt, come of 
 their own accord Mil.; sugs byed-pa to exert 
 one's self(?); sugs-stobs = sugs; snd-sugs 
 O dren-pa Cs. : 'the accenting the first syllable'. 
 2. col. also subs and sud, mostly in com- 
 pounds: sugs-skad Mil., sugs-sgra, c<j\.*sug- 
 ra* a whistling, a whistle or whiff; sugs-glu 
 1. a whistling. 2. a whistled tune, *sug-da 
 foe 1 -pa* to whistle a tune C. ; sugs-pa a small 
 whistle which, in sounding it, is put quite 
 into the mouth. 
 
 sugs-ndr (W. *%-%*), sugs- 
 rin sigh, groan, sugs nar 
 
 or O bij/n-pa to sigh, to groan, sugs-rin nar 
 ndr O dug he heaves a deep sigh Mil. nt. 
 
 suit-la, pf. wns, 1. to snore. 2. to 
 hum, to buzz, e.g. of a large beetle. 
 
 _._. sud-pa pf. fut, bsud, 1. to rub, e.g. 
 -sj ' one thing against another C. 2. 
 to get scratched, excoriated, galled (cf. sun- 
 pa). 3. sud byed-pa ( W. *co-ce*} to steal 
 silently away, to sneak off unperceived. 
 
 sim-pa bark, rind, peel, skin, mn-kdy, 
 sun-pdgs id., the last expression is 
 also used of the skin of animals Lex. 
 pyi-hm the outer rind or skin, nd/t-sun the 
 inner rind; bar -sun the middle rind, the 
 bast, esp. of willows Sch.: sun-kog Idns-pa 
 the spontaneous chapping or peeling off of 
 the skin; sun-man box-wood. 
 
 sub-pa, also sib-pa, pf. imp. subs, to 
 speak in a low voice, to whisper, sub 
 byed-pa id. ; *Kog-sub-la sil-cc* W. to read 
 in a low voice, to read whispering; sub-bit, 
 a whispering, sub-bus zld-ba to recite in a 
 low voice Lex., sub-bur smrd-ba B., *sub-la 
 zer-ce* W. to speak softly; sub-bus smod-pa 
 to reprehend in a whisper B. 
 nq^' subs case, covering, sheath, paper bag 
 %J etc. frq. ; rka/i-subs, resp. zabs-siibs 
 stocking, sock, gri-siibs knife-case or sheath, 
 m)e-subs v.mje; lag-subs, resp. pyag-subs 
 glove. 
 
 qgM'rj- sum-pa, pf. (fysums, ft. bsum, imp. 
 x3 (fymm(s), 1 . to weep, ma sum mdzod 
 
 do not weep ! nu-sum Mil. weeping, lamen- 
 tation. 2. to tremble (?) gran -sum Lt., 
 Schr. gran-sum byed-pa to tremble or shiver 
 with cold, to shudder. 
 __.,_. sur-ba, pf. fut. bsur, imp. (fysur, 1. 
 >3 to burn slightly, to singe. 2. to 
 cut off. 
 
 .^rc-q- sur-bu 1. girdle, belt Lex.; sur-bu- 
 ^j ^ preu Zam. id. (ace. to Sch.). 2. 
 Cs.: sore, ulcer. 3. Ts.: dumpling of flour, 
 = Ko-lag. 
 
 n^. sul 1. an empty place, a place that has 
 >3 been left, that is no longer occupied, 
 rdii-sul stons-nas your own place becoming
 
 empty, by your quitting it Mil. sul-du lus- 
 pai nor all the things left behind in the 
 camp Glr.; don-tse Idns-pai sul-du instead 
 of the coin which had been taken away 
 (there appeared . . .) Dzl. ; Kyod-kyi sul-du 
 in the place which you occupied during your 
 life Thgr. ; hence in a looser sense : btsun- 
 mo med-pai sul-du on the occasion of the 
 queen's absence Glr.', in the same manner 
 Tar. 103, 16, 19, and also thus: dei sul-du 
 Glr. 51 during her absence. 2. track, rut, 
 of a carriage, furrow, of a plough Dzl, way, 
 road; also in a gen. sense: sul fag-rin a long 
 way Glr.', sul-ldm = ml; ace. to Cs. also 
 manner, method. 3. any thing left behind 
 by a person departed, or by a thing re- 
 moved, as cu-sul, mar-mi, pye-sul that little 
 water, butter or flour which adheres to the 
 vessel emptied, but not washed; me-sul the 
 extinguished cinders left by a fire; property 
 left by a deceased person sul fsdn-ma yog- 
 po-la fob his servant gets all the property 
 left (by his master) W., C., pa-sul paternal 
 inheritance, patrimony; pa-sul- O dzin-pa the 
 heir C.; sul yah mi O dug nothing at all is 
 left; *sul-med-Kan co* W. finish it at once! 
 eat it all up! su-tsan-po one that eats all 
 up, clears his trencher (a good trencher- 
 man) Ts. 
 
 nQi-q- sul-pa, bsul-pa Cs. : backbone, back, 
 NJ "posteriors; sul-sd the flesh, the 
 muscles of the back, sul-rgyus the fibres, 
 the nerves of the back; Sch.: bsul-dri smell 
 of excrements, sul-byi polecat, fitchet. 
 
 2. 
 
 <a to 
 
 sus 1. v. su-ba. 
 whistlft S.g. 
 
 sus-ma any thing copied, a copy Cs. 
 
 se 1. Cs. se-stag, se-dag = sa-stdg mere, 
 only, nothing but. 2. num.: 117. 
 
 se-na v. ce-na. 
 
 > 
 
 v. ses-pa. 
 
 se-bdm Cs. : = fo-yig a kind of con- 
 tract or bargain. 
 .. se-ma (for rje-ma or yces-ma 1 ?} W. 
 noblewoman, lady of rank or quality, 
 
 561 
 
 lady, ' : 'se-ma cuti-im, sem-cun* nobleman's 
 daughter, young lady, Miss. 
 
 se - moit Sch. : ' divine predestina- 
 tion, divine protection ; nature, fate, 
 destiny; power; origin of power or autho- 
 rity ; strength', force, the latter signification 
 also in Wts.(?j. 
 
 ^*,q- $ e -rui Sch.: fetid, putrid. 
 
 seg 1 . imp. of ysegs-pa, resp. for sog. 
 
 2. the Arabian ^yi, chieftain, elder, 
 senior. 3. C. col. for sed I. 
 a-' sed I. strength, force, = stobs, mfu, C. 
 ' ' also seg; dpd-zin sed-ce a mighty hero 
 Thgy.; sed-can strong, vigorous, powerful; 
 sed-mo 1 . sbst. = sed? 2. adj. = sed-can Ts., 
 *se'-mo gydg-pa yin* he is strong and stout, 
 sed-med powerless, weak, sed-med-kyi rtd- 
 bas rkan-fdn mgyogs one travels quicker on 
 foot than on a weak horse; sed-cuh weak, 
 feeble, frail, e.g. lus Lt.; sed O bri strength 
 decreases, begins to fail, ysos is restored, 
 nyams is impaired; sed skyed-pa to grow fat 
 Sch. : 'to protect ; to make haste' ; *mi zig- 
 la sed cug-ce* W. to strengthen a person; 
 *sed dan nye-ce' W. to rub well, forcibly; 
 *sed zdr-te (sbyar-te) con* run and jump ! *sed 
 zdr-te gyob* swing your arm and throw ! W. ; 
 *sed-kyer-ndg-po* by force, with violence, 
 e.g. *tan* he forced it on (me) W. (cf. nan) ; 
 sed-po-ce a strong, powerful man Thgy.; sed- 
 bu Lex. id.;sed-bddg Sch. one having power 
 or authority, a lord, ruler. * sed -wan* 
 W. force, violence, *sed-wdn dan* by force, 
 e.g. to take, *sed-wdn tdn-ce* W. to violate, 
 to force (a girl). 
 
 II. the approximate direction, region, 
 quarter, nyi-mai ^og sed-na below the sun, 
 i.e. between the sun and the horizon Mil; 
 W.: *gan sed-la* in what direction? where- 
 to? *de sed-la* about in that direction; *gan 
 sed ne (lit. ynas) Mg-tu* to some place or 
 other. 
 B^* sen(?) floor of a house or room W. 
 
 ser-pyin abbreviation for ses-rdb- 
 kyi pd-rol-tu pyin-pa, the title of a 
 division of the Kan-gyur.
 
 562 
 
 -ba 
 
 ,n 
 
 ' ser-ba, pf. bser, to compare, to con- 
 front a. 
 
 sel crystal, glass Dzl. and elsewh. ; ace. 
 
 to Stg. the moon also consists of such 
 crystal Cs.: rdn-sel native crystal, bzu-sel 
 artificial crystal, glass; mdn-sel Pth. prob. 
 = sel; spos-sel amber; me-sel burning-glass, 
 cu-sel T|cM<ri a fabulous magic stone sup- 
 posed to have the power of producing water 
 or even rain. 
 
 Comp. sel-kor or -por a tumbler. sel- 
 dkdr=selGlr. sel-Kdn glass-works, glass- 
 manufactory Schr. sel-sgon globe of glass 
 Mil. sel-sgo glass-door. sel-rdo crys- 
 tal. sel-snod, sel-spydd a crystal or glass 
 vessel. sel-pren a string of glass-beads. 
 sel-bum glass-bottle. sel-mig spectacles, 
 spy-glass, telescope. 
 
 **es-pa (synon. rig-pa, resp. mKyen- 
 pa) I. vb., 1. to know, perceive, ap- 
 prehend, bzdn-bar ses-pa to find, to know 
 a thing to be good Glr. ; brtdgs-na mi ses 
 when (the soul) is searched for, it is not to 
 be perceived or apprehended Mil. ; ses-pai 
 bio ingenium sapiens Dzl.', mi -ses -pa-dag 
 those who do not care for knowing (a thing) 
 Dzl. ; su ses B., C., *ci se* W. (like the Hindi 
 WT WT%) w h can tell? may be; cian mi se- 
 lf an a know-no thing, ignoramus, dunce; *k'o- 
 rdn md se-Kan cen-mo zig fsor dug* W. he 
 is said to be an extremely clever (learned 
 etc.) man; mi-ses dgu ses-pa knowing (even) 
 the unknown things, knowing every thing 
 Thgy.; can-ses id.; *na-rdn ton se* W. I 
 know it from having seen it; ses-par gyur 
 1 . he will know. 2. he comes to know, he 
 learns; ses-par gyis sig 1. know! 2. let it 
 be known ! ses-bzin-du knowing, knowingly, 
 with (my) knowledge; no-ses-pa = ses-pa, 
 yet cf. sub no. 2. to understand, = go- 
 ba, don the sense Glr. ; nas rtsis ses I under- 
 stand mathematics; to be able, in a general 
 sense, also physically: *ghan se-pa* C. to 
 one's best ability, to the utmost of one's 
 power (= ji nus-kyis B., *ci fub-Kan* W.); 
 Krdg-gi gon ^gul ses-pa a clot of blood that 
 
 could only quiver (though, in fact, a human 
 being) Glr.; esp. with a negative: smra mi 
 ses-pa not being able to speak, dg-ye dgu mi 
 ses they cannot be bent or curved Med. 
 3. to be convinced, to be of opinion, to think, 
 sii-la yan mdzd-bor ma ses do not think any- 
 body to be your friend! 
 
 Il.sbst. (= rig-pa} 1. the knowing (about 
 a thing), knowledge. 2. science, learning, 
 ses-pa-la zog-tu ltd-ba to look upon science 
 as a (sort of) cheating. 3. intellectual 
 power, intelligence, ses-pa fibs the intellect 
 (of infants) is still very weak Lt., ysal is 
 clear Pth. 4. the SOUl or spirit, separate 
 from the body Thgy., Mil. 
 
 Comp. *se-gyd* talent (?) C., W. *&- 
 gy>y* Character 6'., W., *se-gyti nem-pa* a 
 bad character. ses- dod desire of know- 
 ledge, curiosity of mind Mil. ses-ldan, ses- 
 blo-lddn-pa 1. knowing, rich in wisdom. 2. 
 very learned Sir! ses-po } ses-pa-po one 
 that knows or understands, a knower Cs. 
 ses-bya 1. what may be known or ought 
 to be known, ses-bya kun every thing worth 
 knowing, all the sciences. 2. knowing, con- 
 scious, wilful ? ses-byai sgrib-pa contamina- 
 tion by wilful sins Do.? ses-byed that 
 which knows, the understanding. ses-bzin 
 consciousness (v. above ses-bzin-du\ dran- 
 pa dan ses-bzin-can yin-te Gyatch. 99Y, 14 
 (cf. Burn. II, 806, 5); ses-bzin may,' accord- 
 ingly, be used for 'conscience' in a Christian 
 sense. ses-yon Ts. = ses-rqua. ses-rdb 
 
 tJ 9/tS 
 
 (JTsTT) 1- 'great knowledge', wisdom, in- 
 telligence, understanding, talent, ses-rab ce-ba 
 very talented, gifted (e.g. a boy) Mil. ; ses- 
 rdb danlddn-pa id.; ses - rob - spy an the 
 (mystic) eye of wisdom Schl. p. 210. ses- 
 rab-rtsioa Taraxacum, dandelion, also used 
 as food. ses-rdb-kyi pd-rol-tu pyin-pa, 
 'T<n'' tne nay i n g arrived at the 
 
 other side of wisdom, n. of that section of 
 the Kanqyur which treats of philosophical 
 matters. 
 
 3r so (Cs. : so-mo) I. die, dice, so rgydb-pa 
 
 ' to dice, so rtse-ba to play at dice, so- 
 
 O gyed-pa (Sch. Kye-zig as imp.) id.? so 
 
 rgydl-baorpdm-paio win or lose at playing;
 
 563 
 
 ho-gdm 
 
 so-rgydn Cs. the money or stake deposited 
 at dice-playing ; rtsis-soi rdeu Mil., so-rdel 
 WdL, an attribute of certain deities; so-mig 
 the points of dice, so-mig ysum-par (or -pa- 
 la) Jbdb-na when three points are thrown. 
 Tibetans play with three dice marked with 
 6 and 1, 5 and 4, 3 and 2 on opposite sides, 
 hence from 3 to 18 points may be thrown. 
 
 II. 1. the white willow ofSpiti, Ld. and 
 other Himalayan districts. 2. other plants 
 rgya-so, lug-sot Wdii. 
 
 III. = btsa-ma blast, blight, smut, mildew 
 Cs. 
 
 IV. for so-gam, q. v. 
 V. num.: 147. 
 
 so-gdm custom, duty, tax, so-gdm Ici- 
 ba W. *lan-te* high duty, so-gam 
 len-pa to take toll, to levy a duty; so-gdm 
 bzld-ba Sch. : 'to smuggle, to circumvent or 
 defraud the customs' (?); so-gdm- gyi ynas 
 custom-house; so-gdm-pa receiver of the 
 customs, toll-gatherer; *so-tdl, so-du'* Ts. 
 tax, duty. 
 *n*c5* sd-ca a kind of steel -yard C. 
 
 3^SJ" so-ma, v. ad-mo, mushroom Mil. 
 WT5J' so-mdn a medicinal herb Med. 
 
 &'*! yo-ra saltpetre, nitre, so-ra-can nitrous. 
 
 -.. to-re, adj., damaged, spoiled, by being 
 partially broken, torn etc., sbst. : a de- 
 fect, flaw, notch, gap, also hare-lip; *so-re 
 son* it is damaged, *so-re ton son* a notch, 
 chink, crack has been caused; *Ka-s6r, na- 
 sdr*, with a slit lip, a slit nose. 
 * so-lo-ka v. slo-ka. 
 
 "rjcn* sog I. sog-cig, prop, from ysegs-pa, 
 ' imp.of^'w-^a, 1. come! let him come! 
 Jbrds-bu fsur-sog-gi yid-smon nd-la med I 
 do not wish that fruit should come to me 
 from without Mil. ; Kur sog, Kyer sog bskyal 
 sog bring hither, (with son inst. oisog: take 
 away!) sog zer-ba to invite, ried-la sog kyan 
 mi zer Glr. we are not so much as invited, 
 you know. 2. with the imp. = gyur-cig, 
 bsad-par-sog may (he, I etc.) be killed ! DzL 
 II. v. sos. 
 
 [. sbst., also frq. 
 
 wing, ysog-rkyan-ba to spread the 
 wings, also to spread like wings; *s6g-pa 
 de-ce, cdd-ce, dum-ce* W. to clip the wings ; 
 ysog-pa-can, ysog-lddn provided with wings, 
 winged, a bird. 2. wing-feather, pinion, 
 Q dab-ys6g, ysog-sgro id.; mjug-ysog tail- 
 feather. 3. fin, of fishes. 4. other things 
 resembling a wing or a feather, mig-ysog, 
 resp. spydn-ysog eye-lash; ran-tdg-gi ysog- 
 pa prob. : wing or float-board of a water- 
 mill; of course it might also be used for: 
 wing, sail, of a windmill, though these are 
 not yet known in Tibet. 
 II. vb., v. sub ysog-pa. 
 
 s6g-bu, W. *sug-gu*, 1. sheet of 
 paper, and paper collectively, rgya- 
 sog China paper, bod-sog Tibet paper, dar- 
 sdg silk-paper, ras-sog cotton-paper (also 
 paper of linen-rags), sin-s6g bast-paper, 
 pags-sog leather-paper, skin-paper, parch- 
 ment; mfin-sog, nag-sog dark- blue or black 
 paper, for writing on in gold or silver; mgo- 
 sog, resp. dbu-sog, upper leaf, i. e. cover, 
 covering, wrapper. 2. Bal. : book. 
 
 Comp. sog -Kan paper-maker's form. - 
 sog-gdn a sheet of paper. sog-grdns num- 
 ber of leaves in a book. sog-sgril, sog- 
 dril, W. *sog-ril* paper-roll, codex. sog- 
 Ideb Sch.: 'leaf, sheet'? sog-fsdr scrap 
 of paper. sog-sin Sch. palm-tree ? sog- 
 hril ycig = sog-gdn, Sch. 
 
 -rg 'elevated plain, 
 ridge of a mountain') 1. mountain-ridge Wts. 
 Usual meaning: 2. pit, hole, cavity, exca- 
 vation, valley, cu-sons cavity filled with 
 water Dzl. ; span-sons valley with meadows, 
 low ground overgrown with grass ; snai bya- 
 ysog-gi ysoits the cavities near the wings 
 of the nose Mil.nt.; son-du valley- ward, 
 down hill Dzl. ; sons-can, (j}son-(f)son full 
 of cavities, uneven, Sch. also : rough, rugged, 
 steep; sons-bu furrow, soiis-bu O fen-pa to 
 make furrows, to furrow. 
 jTT'n' ^on-ba I. to go in, to have room in 
 or on, with term., mi son, W. also: 
 *6h-be mi dug* that is not to be got in,
 
 564 
 
 Hod 
 
 ' fsags 
 
 there is no room for it; bre Ina son-bai bum- 
 pa a can holding five quarts Dzl. 
 
 II. pf. bsa/is, fut. bsan, imp. so/j(s), to 
 empty, remove, carry or take away, W. stones, 
 earth etc., but gen. (with or without rkydg- 
 pa) to go. to stool, to ease nature, B. and col. 
 ^rjr- sod 1. the lower, the inferior part of 
 a thing, rtse-sod upper and lower part, 
 top and bottom C.; rgya-sod Wdn. alow 
 tract of land, with a milder climate, where 
 e.g. apricots are thriving, opp. to pu-lhdgs 
 elevated cold region, scarcely fit for the 
 cultivation of corn and barley; sod-du to 
 or towards the bottom, down, downwards, 
 C., *so'-du bdb-pa* to descend, come down, 
 *so'-ne Q dzeg-pa* to ascend C. 2. imp. of 
 cad-pa, bsdd-pa-, yet cf. also: 
 
 sod-pa, pf. bsdd-pa, 1. to say, to de- 
 clare C. 2. to comb Cs. 
 
 ^ ^ ob a fib > falsehood, lie, 
 smrd-ba, W. *gydb-ce*, to tell 
 a lie. 
 
 ^ob-^ob loose, soft, as leaves etc. 
 
 rV. 
 
 som^pa,pL(b)soms,bsams, fut. bsam, 
 imp.(6><m(s), to prepare, make ready, 
 arrange, put in order, fit out, ynas lodgings, 
 ydan a seat, ston-mo a festive entertainment, 
 bzon-pa a carriage, i.e. to have the horses 
 put to Dzl. ; dpun-gi fsogs an army Dzl. 
 som-rq 1. preparation, arrangement, fitting 
 out, som-ra byed-pa = som-pa 6'., so also 6s.; 
 but Sch. : 2. som-ra state, pomp, splendour, 
 with byed-pa to show off, to dress smartly, 
 som-can stately, grand (?). 
 
 sor-ba 1. v. cdr-ba. 2. to measure 
 
 Mil, v. ysdr-ba. 
 
 Ml-ba 1. intercalation, insertion 6s., 
 
 zla-sol intercalary month. 2. 6s : 
 pres. tense of bsol-ba q.v. 
 
 sol-po Sch.: 'a species of willow', v. 
 
 ysdl-po. 
 
 sos 1. almost always in conjunction 
 with fdg, the other, of two, e.g. bud- 
 med ycig-sbs the other woman Dzl. 2. 
 Zam. 7f^, col. sog, a termination indicating 
 
 the comparative or superlative degree: cun- 
 sds, yzon-sds the younger, the youngest, of 
 two or of several, btsun-mo Ina-brgydi cun- 
 sos Pth.; *rin-sog* W. the tallest; yun-rin- 
 sos Thgy. the most long-lived; dnn-ce-sos 
 the principal benefactress, cf. drin; nad ce- 
 sos rgds-nad O fe'bs-pas because one is suffer- 
 ing under the chief disease, viz. old age, 
 Thgy. 
 
 jrj. sri Ssk., = dpal glory, magnificence ; mag- 
 3 nificent, splendid, grand ; sr/-ri Mil., pr. 
 n., a naked mountain in a sandy plain, about 
 a ten day's journey to the west of Tashi- 
 Ihunpo, covered with monasteries, and perh. 
 on that account considered as nyams-mfsdr- 
 ba. srl-Kan(fa v. dpdl-gyi dum-bu. 
 
 r slo-ka Ssk., also so-lo-ka, strophe, 
 stanza, esp. one consisting of four ca- 
 talectic trochaical dimeters. 
 
 ysa I. 1. &\soysd-ma,bsd-ma, worthy, 
 becoming, fitting, suitable, O fse-ba mi 
 ysai as it is unworthy, unbecoming, im- 
 proper, to persecute (others) Dzl. ; *de fcyod- 
 la sa yod* or *sd-ce yod* Ld. that serves you 
 right. 2. righteous, upright, honest, good, 
 = skydn-med-pa, C. ; bio ysd-ma an upright, 
 true heart, Thgy. ; *le sd-ma jh/-pa* C. to 
 perform a work faithfully, in good earnest. 
 II. only, merely; mere, nothing but, (= 
 sd-stag) C. 
 
 W. kar-ya\ yet cf. za-nye. 
 
 ysa-ivn a long skirt or coat-tail 
 
 jn /qn-xr- 
 
 ' ysdg-pa v. ysog-pa. 
 
 - f sa 9 s ri 9 nt ? justice, Lex. and esp. 
 W. ; ysags O byed-pa Lea: to investi- 
 gate the rightfulness (of an action), = *ye 
 dig pe'-ce* W.', *tim-sdg tdn-ce* to admin- 
 ister justice, to sit in judgment *tim - sag- 
 tan -Kan* judge, *sa</ (go-} log tdn-ce* to 
 warp justice, to judge contrary to justice 
 and right; *tim-sdg zu-ce* to go to law, to 
 bring an action, *sdg-pon* superior judge, 
 chief-justice. W. bka-ysdgs v. bka extr.
 
 565 
 
 ysan 
 
 cnnr- ysQH a musical instrument, esp. used 
 by the Bonpo, Glr., ysar'i J?r6l-ba to 
 play on that instrument MIL 
 
 " ysdn-pa Sc/t. = bsdit-ba. 
 
 )'*u--y*6n rough, rugged places 
 or tracts Cs: 
 
 ysdd-pa I. = sod-pa to comb. 
 2. = cdd-paIl.,\Q explain, to relate. 
 ysam 1. the lower part of a thing, 
 fsdm-du a. adv. down. b. postp. under, 
 below, beneath ; also adv. farther down, more 
 towards the end, in the course of; examples 
 v. sub leu; postp. dei ysdm-du under it. 
 2. barren, B. and col., mo-ysdm, rgod-ysdm, 
 ba-ysdm a barren woman, mare, cow. 
 
 * y* ar Sch.: a certain style of writing. 
 ST ysds-ma Sch. = ysd-ma. 
 * ysiy-pa v. ysib-pa. 
 
 ysin-pa 1. also ysin-po good, fine, 
 ziii sin-pa B., C. a fertile field, sa- 
 pyogs ) 'sin-pa a rich country Stg.; y -sin-par 
 rmo-ba to plough well; ysin-sa 1. fertile 
 field or land. 2. v. ysin-po. 2. = ysim-pa. 
 '^ r*m-p one deceased, a dead man, 
 y sin-mo a dead woman, e.g. *sin- 
 mo jor-zom* the deceased, the late Jorzorn; 
 it may have reference to the body, as well 
 as to the soul, or to both together. ysin- 
 rjc the god of the dead, of the lower re- 
 gions, of hades, also regarded as the judge 
 of the dead, Ssk. ^j?f ; fsin-rjei ysed a. id., 
 Yama the destroyer, b. the destroyer of 
 Yama, Siwa; Ssk. '3?n*rTeR. cf. also Schl. 93. 
 *cin-dud' knot, opp. to *tol-dud* a bow, a 
 slip-knot W. ysin- dre the soul as a ghost 
 or spectre Sch. ysin- prds the convulsive 
 motions, the writhings of a dying creature. 
 ysin-zas food presented to the Lamas 
 when a person has died (Cs.: food prepared, 
 or exposed for the dead?), sin-sa \. bury- 
 ing ground, cemetery, 2. fertile field. 
 
 ysig rgydb-pa* C. to induce assembled people 
 by means of a stick to stand or sit closer; 
 cf. zal-bddg. 2. ral-gri ysib-pa Wdn.f 
 mfarCf ysim-pa, y sin-pa Sch.: 
 
 'ground, crushed'. 
 3C*q* y*i'ni&-bzdit-ba Sch. to be ir- 
 resolute, unsettled in opin- 
 ion; to be distrustful, suspicious. 
 cTvq^j* /s^s, often also bsis, 1. nature, temper, 
 natural disposition, ysis -ha col. id., 
 rau-ysis yin it is their nature, their natural 
 disposition Mil. ysis - kyis by the very 
 nature of the case, without secondary causes, 
 naturally, quite of itself Mil; y sis-nan Mil., 
 Do. was also explained by rgyu-med-par, 
 prob. implying merely: not having been 
 one's self the efficient cause. 2. person, 
 body, j-sis fams-cdd-du O byug-go they anoint- 
 ed the whole body Do. 
 m^'H* ysun-ba Cs. to rebuke, reproach; 
 NS the Lexac. explain it by: sub-bur 
 smdd-pa to blame in a whisper, i.e. behind 
 a person's back. 
 
 ysum-pa v. sum-pa. 
 
 yw-ba, pf. fses, to abuse, revile, with 
 la, Dzl. and elsewh. ; yse yan slar 
 mi yse-ba even when reviled, (one should) 
 not revile again (rule for monks) Cs. 
 
 fseq-pa v. ysog-pa. 
 
 bsib(s) - pa, 
 also ysig-pa, 1. Sch. : to range, to compare; 
 Ld. to be ranged, to draw up in files; *gral 
 
 , Dulva in 
 
 Feer Introd. etc. p. 68 ; but sog 
 is prob. the original and older form), Bal. 
 *sags-cas*, resp. to go, to go away, opp. to 
 Jbyon-pa to come Glr. ; in other passages 
 to come Dzl.; j-segs-grdbs mdzad he made 
 preparations for setting out Mil. ; ndm-mKa- 
 la O pur - zin ysegs he ascended to heaven 
 Tar.-, slar fsegs-pa to return, to come back. 
 ysegs-pa is col. seldom used, but often in 
 books, and mostly of Buddha and great 
 saints; bde-bar ys^gs-pa to die, of saints 
 and kings; sku ysegs-pa Glr.; dgun-du or 
 dguii-la ysegs-pa Mil , mKar ysegs-pa Glr., 
 id.; bde (-bar') -ysegs^-pa) as partic. = HJ\<\ 
 Buddha; de-bzin-ysegs-pa ft^HM ace. to the 
 explanation now generally accepted : he that
 
 566 
 
 walks in the same ways (as his predeces- 
 sors), a very frq. epithet of the Buddhas. 
 ysegs-bskyes parting-( beer-) cup, parting- 
 feast or treat Mil. ysegs-zon 6V. a banquet 
 or dinner, after the death of a great person, 
 j^-.^.. ysed-ma, rarely ysed, 1. execu- 
 tioner, hangman Stg. ; fsed-ma sko- 
 ba to engage a hangman, i.e. to pay a mur- 
 derer Glr ; fig. : pan fsun ycig-gi ysed ycig- 
 gis byd-ste Wdn. prob. means : one destroy- 
 ing the other. 2. in a special sense: gods 
 of vengeance, tormenting the condemned 
 in hell, or fighting against evil spirits, drag- 
 ysed Schl. 
 
 ysen-rdb(s) Glr., the founder 
 of the Bon-religion, his full 
 name being bon ysen-rabs-yyuh-drun C. 
 prob. identic with the Chinese philosopher 
 Lao-tse ye-ysen Mil. id. sgrub-ysen 
 the Bon-doctrine (opp. to dam-cos Mil.) 
 yMr(-ba) B., C.: wet, wetness; 
 yser-ba, yser-pa, yser-po adj , 
 yser-bar ^gyur-ba to get thoroughly wet, to 
 be drenched DzL, to get moist, to be moist- 
 ened; ysei'-bar byed-pa C.,B., *ser-pa co- 
 ce* W. to wet, to moisten. In C. and in B. 
 yser-ba seems to be mainly used for wet, in 
 W. for moist. 
 
 y& r ~b a I- sbst.and adj. v. the pre- 
 ceding article. 
 II. vb.. 1. to ask for, beg for, ser-te tub 
 son I got it by asking for it (I did not buy 
 it) W. 2. to ask *ser-len-pa* ( lit. fser- 
 len-pa) to interrogate, to question, to try (ju- 
 dicially); as partic. and sbst.; the examin- 
 ing or criminal judge C. 3. = ysor-ba to 
 measure C. 
 
 yso-ba, pf. ysos, 1. to pour out, to 
 pour away r., prob. the same as bso- 
 ba. 2 (?) *Ka sos-te fcyer* he has alienated 
 him, enticed him to join his own party Ld. 
 crpf f y^-mo lever *so-mo gydb-pa* C., W, 
 *tan-ce* W.. *so-mo kdn-pa* W., 
 *kempa* C. to put a lever to (a thing). 
 
 ^pj^'SJ* y*6g-pa I. sbst. v. sog-pa. 
 
 II. vb., also bsog-pa, ysdg-pa, yseg-pa, 
 O ceys-pa< pf. ysags, bsags, fut. ysag, bsag* 
 
 ysor-ba 
 
 imp. ysoa,Pth.,l. to cleave, to split, sin wood, 
 rndm-par entirely, fsdl-pa bzir into four 
 pieces Glr , dum-bur into pieces ; sgo ysdg- 
 pa to break open a door (with a hatchet) 
 Pth.; to break or pierce through, c%?7through 
 the middle Mil., gam bsoy-pa Mil. to break 
 through the snow, by means of yaks sent 
 in advance to beat a path (v. Huc.\ lam 
 bsog-pa in a gen. sense : to beat a path; lam 
 mi sog or ma sog-par Q dug Glr. the road' is 
 not practicable; sog-les yseg-pa Thg. to saw 
 lengthwise; yseg-pa is also used for: to 
 rend, to tear, to make a rent or slit into a 
 dress etc. C., W. 2. to confess, sdig-pa, 
 nyes-pa, Itiin-ba to confess a sin, and thus 
 to expiate it, which two, according to the 
 views of a Buddhist, are always united, at 
 least as it regards lighter transgressions. 
 Hence sdig-pa bsags frq. means: the sin is 
 atoned for, is blotted out, and fseg-pa is 
 the usual word for 'to forgive', sdig-bsdgs 
 atonement, expiation, sbrul bsdd-pai-sdig- 
 bsdgs-su as an atonement for having killed 
 a serpent Glr ; mfol - bsdgs = sdig - bsdgs, 
 mfol-bsdgs-la sa-K6g O biil-ba to offer a killed 
 animal (a sheep) as an atonement Mil.; 
 sdig-bsags-smon-lam Glr. penitential prayer. 
 
 )* ysoii(s) v. son. 
 ysod-pa to comb Cs. 
 
 >a 6s.: = skyon-pa to put 
 
 on GO- 
 ysob = sob. 
 
 ^J" ysom-pa Thgy. som-pa. 
 
 ysor Sch. a basin or reservoir of water, 
 seems to be not much known; but 
 in Zam. yur-bai ysor is to be found. 
 
 ysor-ba I. vb., C. also yser-ba, pf. 
 
 fut. bsar, bsor , 1. to count, e.g. 
 sheep , by letting them pass one by one 
 through one's hands, the beads of a rosary 
 (through one's fingers), hence cos - brjod- 
 bsar-sbyaii man-po byed to read prayers etc. 
 (cf. sbyan-ba, 3). 2. to measure, bres by 
 the peck Lex.; to weigh; yser-la rd-gan 
 /sdr-ba to weigh out (to exchange) brass
 
 567 
 
 bscii 
 
 for gold. 3. to hunt, to chase, = O c6r-ba, 
 ri-dwags game Lex.; nya-ysor-ba to fish 
 Dzl. 4. Sch. to cut through (?). 
 
 II. adj., also yser-ba, rough, bristly, shag- 
 gy, skra, spu Stg., opp. to O jam-po (Sch. 
 rough, gruff, rude?) 
 
 ysol plough G7/\, fo/i, foVi - ysol id. 
 
 The plough in India and Tibet con- 
 sists only of a crooked beam , ysol - mda, 
 (without wheels) with the share (ysol-lcdgs, 
 ton-lcdgs) at the lower end ; ysol-mdd O dzin- 
 pa to plough, lit. to take hold of the plough- 
 beam. 
 
 ysol-po poplar-tree C. 
 * y 'sos-pa 1. yso-ba and bso-ba. 
 
 - bsa 1. in bgo-bsa portion, share, al- 
 lowance, ration Lea;., evidently a se- 
 condary form of sas. 2. Dzl. ?v, 1 in- 
 undation, flood; swa, the reading of the ma- 
 nuscript of Kyelang, seems to be preferable. 
 bsd-ba, pf. bsas, to slaughter, to kill 
 (animals for food); in a story of 
 Glr. it follows the slaughtering and must 
 be understood to denote the cutting to pie- 
 ces of the killed animal; but our Lama pre- 
 ferred to read bsus-pa to skin. 
 
 bsd-ma v. ysd-ma. 
 bsdg-pa v. ysog-pa. 
 
 bsdn-ba, Sch. also ysan-ba, alvine 
 discharges, bsdn-ba Jbyin-pa to 
 make open bowels, of food, medicines Med.; 
 bsan-dgdg constipation Med.; bsan-yci ex- 
 crements and urine, bsan-ycis sku-ba to 
 dirty therewith Dzl.; bsan-yci bsri-ba to 
 retain stool and urine Sch.; bsan-ldm the 
 anus Med. 
 
 fadns -pa leaky, leaking, full of 
 crevices, *cu-zom nyi-ma-la bor- 
 na san dug* W. the water-pail will become 
 leaky, if it is left standing in the sun. 
 
 -* bsdd-pa (prob. pf. of O cdd-pa q.v.) 
 1. to explain, expound; to declare, 
 pronounce, cos-bsdd-pa to explain religion, 
 to lecture on religious subjects, to preach; 
 JSi-ba dan drar bsad he must be set down 
 
 for dead Wdii.; bit-mo sky e- bar bsad this 
 indicates that a girl will be born Lt; bsdd- 
 kyis mi Idh-ho it is ineffable, unspeakable; 
 to say, Jbdb-par bsad they say it flows down 
 Wdn., fd-mar bsad he is said to be on the 
 lowest stage Thgy., nan-par bsad it is said 
 or declared to be bad, smdn-du bsad it is 
 mentioned as a medicine Wdn.; to tell, to re- 
 late, col. the usual word. 2. to comb, v. 
 sdd-pa. bsad-grwa school-room, lecture- 
 room. *sad-don* W. the subject of a talk. 
 bsad-ydm a public lecture Sch. (?). bsad-16 
 byed-pa to make many words Mil. 
 
 bsdn-pa v sdn-pa. 
 
 * bsai'j supine of bsd-ba. 
 'q* bsdr-ba v ys&r-ba. 
 
 bsdl-ba 1. to wash, to wash out or 
 off, to clean by washing, to rinse, 
 
 plates, dishes, etc. 2. lto-ba bsdl-ba to 
 purge the body, hence in gen. bsdl-ba to 
 suffer from diarrhoea, and W. col. *sal* diar- 
 rhoea, looseness, flux, *sal rag* 1 have d., 
 *sal dug* he suffers from d., *sal yon* d. be- 
 gins; bsal-jdm a mild d., bsal- pyes(?) a 
 violent flux Sch. ; bsal - ndd indisposition 
 from d. ; bsal-byed B., bsal-smdn B. and col. 
 laxative, aperient medicine. 
 
 bsds-pa v. bsd-ba. 
 
 ' bsig-pa v. O dzig-pa I. 
 - bsib-pa v. ysib-pa. 
 bsu-ba v. su-ba. 
 
 bsitg-pa to sell Cs. 
 
 bsud-pa 1. v. sud-pa. 2. Sch.: 
 to purify by fire, bsud-me purify- 
 ing fire (?). 
 
 q .-q.q. bsub-pa to put into the scabbard, 
 t! to sheathe Sch. 
 
 q'q* b'ser-ba v. 
 
 sum-pa etc. 
 
 ' bseu (cf. bsa, swa) inundation, flood 
 Mil
 
 568 
 
 baes-pa 
 
 bses-pa, prop. pf. of ses-pa, to know 
 (a person orthing), to be acquaint- 
 ed, dan with Dzl; ynyen-b&s a relation, rela- 
 tive, ynyen-bses-la pcin-)'togs-parsems-sot\iey 
 are intent on being of use to their relatives 
 Dzl; ynyen and bses may also be separated: 
 Kyod-la ynyen med bses kyan med, Mil.; 
 bses-ynyen on the other hand means : friend, 
 dge-bai bses-, nyen (Ssk. c^| ill fiT?) friend 
 to virtue, spiritual adviser, opp. to mi-dgei 
 bses- nyen seducer, Glr. (cf. sdig-pai grogs- 
 po); dge-bses 1. = dge-bai bses-ynyen. 2. = 
 dqe-bsnuen lay-brother. r>o-bses v. rto-ses. 
 
 *7 J J 
 
 mdza-bses friend. 
 
 n!H*n* bso-ba, pf. bs os, 1. also yso-ba, to 
 pour out Lea;. 2. to lie with, to 
 have sexual intercourse with, = KHg-pa 
 byed-pa, e.g. : de dan bsos-pas bu skyes after 
 having slept with him, she bore him a son 
 Pth.-, to engender, to generate, to beget (v.a.), 
 pdg-rdzis bsos-pai bu the son begotten by 
 the swine-herd Pth., (bso-ba seems not to 
 be considered obscene). 
 
 bsog-pa \. ysog-pa. 
 
 bsod-pa = bsdd-pa, *so'-n* C. ru- 
 mour, report, *so-ri-la dhe-da zer 
 
 dug-te yi' mi ce* though it is rumoured I 
 
 cannot believe it C. 
 
 bsor-ba v. ysor-ba. 
 
 bs&r-po C., VT. liberal, munificent, 
 Schr.: squanderer, spendthrift (?). 
 
 . bsol-ba 1. to put off. postpone, defer, 
 delay, bod-la O gro-ba the going to 
 Tibet Glr. ; absolutely: bsol-ba bzan it is 
 good to wait; to prolong, e g. mi zig-gi 
 O fs6-ba the life of a person (by a reprieve) 
 Dzl, also to grant, to allow viz. a respite, a 
 reprieve, bddg-la zag bdun zig bsol-te grant- 
 ing me a respite of seven days Dzl. ; to stop, 
 detain, e.g. the sun in his course Thgy., a 
 traveller wishing to set out Pth. ; to omit, 
 to neglect doing Mil. (nif.); pyi bsol-ba to 
 put Off, postpone, pyi-bsol byed-pai gdh-zag 
 a person that is always postponing his re- 
 ligious duties Mil. ; cos-la pyi-bsol byar mi 
 i*u>\ Mil there should be no putting off, 
 whenever religion is concerned; bsol O debs- 
 pa and O tebs-pa = bsol-ba frq. ; bsol ma febs 
 he could not be detained, kept back, diverted 
 from his purpose Pth.; relatives are called 
 bdud-kyi bsol- debs a hinderance on the way 
 of the believer, caused by the devil. 
 
 bsos resp. for zan or spags, food, vict- 
 uals, provisions of the table; bsos-la 
 ysegs-pa to go to dine, to go to dinner Dzl ; 
 dge- dun-la bsos ysol-ba to treat the priests 
 to a meal Dzl.:, now almost exclusively ap- 
 plied to food offered to the gods, = Iha-bsos-, 
 bsos-bu Mil. offering -morsels, e.g. small 
 pieces of butter offered to the gods or the 
 ghosts. 
 
 nerated v. bso-ba. 
 
 M sa 1. the letter S, the sharp English s, 
 in C. distinguished from z, (which is 
 sounded there also as sharp s) only by the 
 following vowel being high-toned. 2. 
 num.: 28. 
 
 ^t> sa 1. earth, as elementary substance, sa 
 cu me rlu/i earth, water, fire, air, the 
 
 four elements, sa nyiih-zad cig a small quan- 
 tity of earth, opp. to: sa cen-poisa the mass 
 of the whole earth Dzl ; rdzd-sa clay, ar- 
 gillaceous earth, *be-sa* W. sand and earth, 
 sdg-sa flint and earth; also for ore, metal 
 (like rdo), yser-sa gold-ore, dhul-sa silver- 
 ore Cs. ; h'yim-sa sweepings, offscourings;
 
 569 
 
 the ground, sd-la ( W. also *se, Jcd-na*) O dug- 
 pa to sit on the ground, sd-la Itiih-ba, gyvl- 
 ba to fall to the ground ; sa-^g, sa-sten, sa- 
 bl<>, under, on, above the ground; sa-^og- 
 spyod the Nagas (klii); the earth, the globe 
 which we inhabit, usually more accurately 
 sa cen-po v. above. 2. place, spot, space, 
 = ynas, and col. more in use than this, rwai 
 sa Jbiir-ba Stg. 'swollen in the places of 
 the horns', i.e. men that had been oxen in 
 a former life, and in consequence of it are 
 distinguished by little knobs corresponding 
 to their former horns; *pog-sa ghd-la dug* 
 C. where have you been hit or hurt? O dd- 
 sa and Q bem-sa sharp-shooters' stand and 
 place of the target C.\ yod-sa the place 
 where a person lives, (in the old classical 
 style usually expressed by gan-na-ba)-*cin- 
 tait-sa* vulg. 1. orifice of the urethra. 2. 
 privy, water-closet; nd-la gros- dri-sa cig 
 yod I have a place where to ask advice, 
 I have an oracle Glr. ; in a wider sense : 
 occasion, opportunity, possibility, lus-la reg- 
 sa mcd one cannot get near him Glr., rje 
 Kyod-kyi j>st>gs-sa de-no, med you cannot go 
 to that place, Sir! Mil.] nor-gyis blu-samed 
 you cannot ransom yourself by money Mil. ; 
 also with respect to men : na yzdn-la zer- 
 sa (zu-sa,re-sa)med I cannot address myself 
 to any body else with my words (requests, 
 hopes); place, step, degree, grade, cun-ma 
 ce-sar bzun he took and treated his second 
 wife in the place of the first, i.e. he showed 
 the second the honour due to the first; sa- 
 bcu v. compounds. 3. it is also said to 
 be the name of a quadruped of the size and 
 appearance of a badger, but not identic with 
 ysa Sik. 
 
 Comp. sa-dkdr =dkar-rfsi Cs. sa-skdm 
 Sch. arid soil, dry ground, steppe. sa- 
 skyo/i, sa-skyor Lex. protector of the earth 
 i.e. king. sa-Ku made dirty by earth, 
 dust etc., soiled, turbid. *sa-Kydd* W. (for 
 ynas 13., sd-ca C.) place, *sa-Kydd kdm-po* 
 a dry place, also: the dry land; a piece of 
 ground, *sa-Kydd cig tan* he gave him landed 
 property, *sa-Kydd-di ddg-po* landlord; 
 dwelling-place, place of residence, *Ky6d-di 
 
 sa-ttydd yd-ru yod* where is your home? 
 
 sa-Kydb Cs. = sa-bdag. sa-Kyon Cs.: 
 'the earth's extension or compass'. *sa- 
 ta* (sa-lira) map C. sd-mk'an one who 
 is well acquainted with a particular place 
 or country, a guide Dzl. sa-m/car Glr. a 
 castle the walls of which consist for the most 
 part of earth. sa-gyon Sch. hard ground. 
 
 sa-dgd and sa-dgyes Lex. ku-mu-da. 
 
 sa-dgra Glr. the enemy of a country, 
 i. e. in many cases nothing but a demon. 
 
 *san-gul* W. earthquake. sa-nos sur- 
 face of the earth. sa-stion Cs. blue earth. 
 
 sa-bcu, ^SpjIftT, acc - to one explanation 
 the ten steps or degrees of perfection which 
 must be attained by those striving after 
 the prize of Buddhaship; sa fob-pa to reach 
 one step (viz. the first) Do.; sa cen-po a 
 high degree, e.g. the eighth Tliyy.\ Foucaux 
 enumerates them all Gyatch. Transl. p. 3. 
 According to another supposition sa-bcu 
 signifies the ten worlds or dominions of the 
 Bodhisattvas Was. (124). sa-ca Glr., Mil., 
 C: place, country ( W. *sa-Kydd*}. sa-cen 
 i. v. above sa 1. ; 2. v. sa-bcu\ 3. v. sa-skya. 
 
 sa-sten. v. above sa 1. sa-dug evap- 
 oration, damp, injurious to those sleeping 
 on the bare ground. sa-do (v. do-po) 
 half a load of earth, a sackful of earth, being 
 half the load of a donkey Mil. * sa-do ft* 
 W. pit, hole. sa-bddg 1. landlord, master 
 or lord of the ground, sovereign Stg., sd-yi 
 bddg-po sd-yi rje are words used in address- 
 ing a king Mil. 2. more frq.: god of the 
 ground of the country, supposed to be a 
 jealous and angry being, of terrific appear- 
 ance, to whom, on many occasions sacrifices 
 are brought, and who prob. was worshipped 
 already before the spread of Buddhism cf. 
 Schl. 271. : sa-mda \. mouse-trap, also a 
 large trap for catching leopards and other 
 animals. 2. a fabulous plant (?). sa- 
 rdo a stone of earthy fracture; earth and 
 stones; *sa-do da tsi-wa* to slight, to dis- 
 regard, to neglect C. sa-ynds (= ynds-sd) 
 place, region, country, landscape, nyams-dgd- 
 bai sa-ynds a lovely landscape Glr. sa- 
 sna-lnd soil of five different places. sa- 
 
 36*
 
 570 
 
 pa inhabitant of the earth, of our globe Sch. 
 
 sa-spyod possessing the earth, man Cs. 
 
 sa-pdg Glr., prob. = so-pdg brick, dried 
 in the sun. sa-pug cavern, cave. sa- 
 pyogs place, region, tract, Jigs-pai sa-pyogs 
 an unsafe place or region Thgy. *sd- 
 bi-lig* W. i. mouse, rat 2. Ld. also bar, bolt, 
 door-bar? sa-bld v. above sa 1. sa-dbdn 
 Cs. = sa-bddg, v. above sa no. 1. sa-Jbol 
 Cs. soft earth. sa-ma-rdo or sa-min-rdo- 
 min Sch.: 'neither earth nor stone', i.e. a 
 kind of conglomerate. sa-min Sch.'. 'white 
 sand' (??). sa-mos Sch. = ku-mu-da or 
 ud-pa-la. sa-dmdr red earth; sa-dmar- 
 Jbon n. of a monastery in the neighbourhood 
 of Darjeeling, situated on a mountain-slope, 
 which consists of ared-coloured soil(//0o&.I, 
 171 calls it Simonbong). *sa-tse* W. sand 
 or gravel found in roasted barley etc. 
 sa-rfsig, sa-rtsis, sa-fsig stage, post-station. 
 
 sa-mfsams, W. *san-fsam*, border, fron- 
 tier, boundary Glr.\ sa-mfsdms O gegs-pa to 
 fix the borders or limits, to mark out the 
 boundaries. sa-zag dust floating on water 
 Pth. sa-fzi ground, soil, footing, floor; 
 estate Tar. 99. sa-^g v. above sa 1, 
 sa-^g-spyod the Nagas (klu). sa-ydhs a 
 wide place or space, an extensive tract of 
 land. sa-yiil = sa-cd Glr. sa-yyos, sa 
 yyo-ba earthquake. sa-rigs species of 
 earth. sa-m Pth. ? sa-rul Cs. rotten 
 or decayed earth (?) *sa-ro* W. rubbish, 
 (/Sc-A. fallow-ground, fallow- field ?) sa- 
 Idm Mil.) perh. for sa-bcui lam. sa-sun 
 Sch. crust of the earth (?) sa-bsin fertile 
 land, rich soil. sa-srdn hard ground. 
 sa-srwi Cs. = sa-bdag v. above sa no. 1. 
 sa-sros evening twilight, dusk Cs. 
 
 sa-skyd a large monastery, S.W. of 
 Lhasa, also the Lamas belonging to 
 it, clothed in red, Wife. 132. Schl.73. sa 
 (-skya)-cen(-po) honorary title of the Lama 
 Kun-dga-snyin-po, born in the year 1090 
 after Christ ; sa-skyd pdndi-fa a famous Lam a 
 of this monastery, born 1180. 
 xrqr sd-ga n. of one of the lunar mansions, 
 ' v. rgyu-sftdr no. ?, and hence also n. 
 of a month, part of March and April, ni f. 
 
 sa-ga-ra Skr. the sea. 
 
 sa-gu-tse worm C. 
 
 sa-tra Tar. 184 and 187, Schf.: di- 
 ploma, patent, not to be found in Ssk. 
 dictionaries. 
 
 1 ' sa-fel-ndg-po deity of the7/or- 
 
 ^T'Si w sd-bon 1. seed, sd-bon O debs-pa to 
 ' sow, sd-bon btdb-mKan sower, so- 
 bon-du byed-pa to use as seed-corn Dzl. ; 
 seed-corn, corn, grain, also green corn, sa- 
 bon fsdm-la r/td-ba to mow off as if it were 
 green corn Ma. 2. = Ku-Krdg, v. tfu-ba 
 Med.\ also = Kit-ba, e.g. sd-bon O dzin-pa 
 conception S.g., sa-bon zdg-pa emissio semi- 
 nis Glr.', fig.: propagation, progeny, issue, 
 sd-bon byed mi nus then no propagation can 
 take place ; sa-bon cig zog 'propagate thy- 
 self!' 3. fig. : dge-bai sd-bon the seeds or 
 germs of virtue, sdig-pai sd-bon the germs 
 of vice, da sd-bon ma bskyed-na if I do not 
 now produce seeds viz. of virtue (else more 
 frq.: 'a root of virtue') Dzl. ; byait-cub-kyi 
 sd-bon Tar. 4. W. soap, ace. to the Hind. 
 
 more accurately ^Lo 
 
 sa- fso-ma Gopa, the wife of 
 Buddha. 
 
 sd-ya a million; this number, however, 
 is not much in use with Indians and 
 Tibetans, whereas the lak, Jbum, 100,000, 
 frq. serves to represent a very large sum. 
 sa-ydb (sovereign, 'father to a coun- 
 try') a not unfrequent perversion of 
 the title sa-heb W. 
 
 ^..-.^j^. sa-ra-so-re also sar-sor, coarse- 
 grained and fine-grained (corn, 
 seeds etc.) mixed together W. 
 
 sa-ri n. of a lunar mansion, v. ryyu- 
 skdr 9&. 
 
 -..p.. sd-la Ssk. n. of an Indian tree, Shorea 
 r^ robusta, with which also some super- 
 stitious fables are connected. 
 
 ZTr 
 
 ' 
 
 of violin, 
 
 r sa-lu Ssk. ^~[^\\ Oryza sativa, rice, 
 as a plant; ace. to Sch. also Indian 
 corn (?).
 
 571 
 
 sa-le-sbrdm 
 
 I3T sa-le-sbrdm (cf. sbram-bu) Wdn. 
 fine gold. 
 
 sd-heb, col. sab, sa6, 
 
 sans-rgyds 
 
 formerly in India title of Moslems of high 
 rank, now title of every European, = gentle- 
 man, sir. 
 
 sag, also nya-sag 6s., 1. brawn, callo- 
 sity; Sch, also: hair-side (of a skin); 
 sag-can brawny, sag- fug a thick brawn. 
 2. W. scale, (of a fish) nya-sag-can scaly. 
 
 sa 9~T^ r ^-> *sab-ddr* W., ysag- 
 brddrSch. a rasp,sag-yddr rgyag- 
 pa to rasp. 
 
 sag-pa C. a little bubble, *sag sag 
 zer-wa* to sparkle, to effervesce. 
 
 sag-ram-rtsi sulphuric acid 6s. 
 
 " sa #( s )- n ' shagreen. 
 sag-ldd, Pers. oiil, l.finedoth, 
 
 made of le-na, C. *go-nam* (v. snam-bu). 
 European broadcloth W. 2. rpund or 
 twisted lace, round tape, strips of cloth set 
 with spangles? W. 
 
 ^-- san 1. B., C. to-morrow, san-mjin id. 
 Glr.', sdn-giydugs-la for to-morrow noon 
 Dzl.; san nan-par 6s., san shd-bar Glr. to- 
 morrow morning; also absolutely: on the 
 following day Pth., dei-san id.; san -pod, 
 more frq. san-lo next year; san-p'od da tsdm- 
 du a year hence, this time a year. 2. W. 
 particle denoting the comparative degree, 
 inst. of las or pas of B., *de san i' gyal-la* 
 this is better than that. 3. Ld., Bait. 
 sometimes for yan. 
 xrmcry^r- san-kritai skad the Sanskrit Ian- 
 
 ^ guage Glr. 
 
 ^^qi-m' sdn-yi-ka(?) a greenish stone of 
 ' which knife-handles and similar 
 articles are said to be made W. 
 
 sa n- na > san-ne, san-sun Ld. secretly, 
 privately, whisperingly, by report, = 
 sdm-sum. 
 
 san - s< J'i hiding-place, chink, crevice, 
 Kyim - gyi of the house Sty. , for 
 hiding money and treasures, = sbugs; gos- 
 
 kyi folds of the dress, that are a haunt of 
 vermin. 
 
 sdn-ba, pf. (6)sws, fut. (b)san, 1. to 
 do away with, to remove (dirt etc.), 
 to cleanse, cf. O fsdn-ba, where also examples 
 are given. 2. in a more gen. sense: to 
 take away or off, Ms sdn-ba to uncover; 
 *Ko-la nyi' san son* C. his sleep is gone, he 
 cannot sleep. 3. to spoil, to render unfit 
 or useless, *w6-ma san son* C. the milk is 
 spoiled, *zcm san son* the cask or tub leaks 
 C. Cf. sen. 
 
 sa * s ~ yyy tlie Tibetan eq- 
 
 valent for rf[; as to the etymo- 
 logy of the word v. sub O f sdn-ba. The first 
 historical Buddha is Sans-rgyas sa-kya fub- 
 pa, whose family name is Gau-ta-ma and 
 his personal name Don-grub, fa^ld, which, 
 however, is not much used. In course of 
 time several imaginary predecessors were 
 given to him: ^Od-srun, Gser-fub and Kor- 
 b a - )fy, a s having existed and reigned in 
 former periods of the world. A successor 
 also, Bydms-pa, was assigned to him, of 
 whom it is supposed that he will reign at 
 the period following this present one. Ac- 
 cording to others, however, Sdkyafubpa was 
 already the seventh Buddha that appeared 
 on earth, the four above-named having been 
 preceded by Tams-cad-skydb, GtsiLg -tor-can 
 and Rnam-par-yzigs, this last one being the 
 first of them all. These seven Buddhas then 
 are comprised under the name of Sans- 
 rgyas -rabs-bdun. But the fertile ima- 
 gination of devote Buddhists has further in- 
 creased the number of future Buddhas to 
 not less than one thousand (?), appropriate 
 names for each of them have been invented, 
 and Prof. Schmidt has thought it worth his 
 while, to have these thousand names re- 
 printed in a special pamphlet. Mysticism, 
 however, generally knows only of the five 
 first-named Buddhas (Gautama, his three 
 predecessors and his first successor) and 
 to each of these five 'human' Buddhas a 
 celestial Buddha corresponds, called 'Dhy- 
 ani Buddha' or the Buddha of contempla- 
 tion, whilst to every Dhyani Buddha again
 
 572 
 
 sad 
 
 sin-la 
 
 his Dhyani Bodhisattwa is associated. In 
 later tiroes there is even mentioned a supreme 
 or highest god, Adi-Buddha, fog-mai Sans- 
 rgyds, which doctrine, however, seems not 
 to have been generally accepted. Cf. 
 Kopp. II, 1529. 
 
 OT- sad frost, cold air, cold, coldness, sdd- 
 ' ' kyis J?yer-ba to be destroyed by frost 
 Glr.; often in conjunction withser-ba, hail. 
 sdd-pa I. to examine, see, try, test, 
 fcyod bzod-dam mi bzod sad-par byao 
 I shall see, whether you are patient Dzl. ; 
 yser Itar sdd-nas mnon-par O gyur like gold, 
 it is approved by testing Dzl.; nydms-sad-pa 
 v.nyams; sdd-mi mi bdun 'the seven men of 
 trial', i.e. the seven most distinguished and 
 talented among the young Tibetans sent by 
 king Kri-sron-lde-btsan to 'Kanpo Bodhi- 
 sattwa, for being thoroughly instructed in 
 religion and sciences Glr. 86, also Tar. 162, 
 22 ; las sdd-pai gdn-zag Mil. a tried, a tested 
 man? 
 
 II. frq. in conjunction with ynyid, resp. 
 mnal 1. to cease to sleep, to awake, rmis 
 ma-tag -tu directly from that dream Dzl., 
 fzim-pa-las from sleep Dzl. 2. to rouse, 
 from sleep, to waken, more precisely sad- 
 par byed-pa; also fig.: dge-bai rtsd-ba good, 
 virtuous, emotions Tar. 
 
 san-gin, Pers. .-.xXXw, bayonet W. 
 
 sab, col. for sa-heb. 
 
 - sam-ta Schr., brtsam-grwa Cs.> others : 
 bsdm-Kra,sdb-dra, pocket-book, note- 
 
 book, memorandum -book, tablets C., W. 
 
 (Cs. a small writing-desk?). 
 
 mustaches. 
 
 with 
 
 e.g. *zer-ce*, from politeness etc.; *sam-sum 
 zer* speak in a low voice! W. 
 -.-. sa? 1 1 . termin. of sa, ce-sar O don-pa Cs. 
 to promote to high rank or dignity, 
 sar-ynas-dpd-bo (in a hymn) was explained 
 by: sa bcu-la ynds-pai dpd-bo i.e. Buddha. 
 2.sdr-ycod-pa v. ysar. 3. sbst. wick W. 
 
 sa-rdzi-ka Ssk. soda, in Wdii. it is 
 mentioned as a plant, yielding soda. 
 
 sar-sor v. sa~ra-so-re. 
 
 sal-bdb W., and prob. also sal-sil 
 Mil, gold ornament, gold lace, and 
 the like, ni.f. 
 
 j. sdl -le-ba clear, bright, brilliant 
 Mil., sal-ler sndn-ba lighted up 
 brilliantly, well lighted Pth., mdans sal-sal 
 id. Pth. 
 $!$J" sas instr. of sa. 
 
 Tr si 1. in some parts of Ld. the termina- 
 tion of the instrum. after vowels, like 
 su in Kun. 2. also si -si, the sound of 
 whistling through the teeth, si-skad, si-sgra 
 whistling, whistle ; si-brda whistling, whistle, 
 as a call or sign; si-glu a whistled tune. 
 3. num.: 58. 
 
 p- sl-td n. of one of the four fabulous 
 ^ Q^ streams of the world. 
 
 si-ri 1. pack-thread, twine C., W. 2. 
 
 bar, bolt, door-bar, *si-ricug-ce or gydb- 
 ce* to bolt, to bolt up, *si-ri ton-ce* to un- 
 bolt, unbar W. 
 
 si-ri- bu centiped W. 
 
 si-Til a kind of inkhorn , case for 
 carrying an inkstand in one's pocket 
 Ld. 
 
 si-la 
 Sch. 
 
 back Cs. 
 
 a sort of incense, 
 the breaking up of the ice 
 
 to hitch up, to give a hitch, 
 as porters do with a load on their 
 
 sig-bu Sch., sig-ra Schr., a sort of 
 basket. 
 
 sin v. sin-sin. 
 
 ^jx* sin-sl-yur Sch. curdled milk, sour 
 ^ milk. 
 
 ^' s -i sin-ga-lai gliii 
 Glr., f^r, Ceylon. 
 s i> l -y e 1- fr<l- f r seii-ge. 2. v. 
 rtsih-ge. 
 
 shi-ba 1. vb., *balsin-ce* to pick out, 
 sort out, wool for the third time, by
 
 ^|C'^' sin-bu 
 
 which the finest is obtained. 2. adj. in 
 compounds : ndg-siu-ba jet-black, very black 
 Thf/y.; spro-sin-ba v. spro. 
 ^JCT^T s b l -b u liquor made of mare's milk, 
 ^ Tartar arrack Sch. 
 
 sin-fsdl Ts. tea-pot, tea-kettle. 
 
 in-yol v. sen-rds in sen-po. 
 
 sin-ri 1. n of a mountain Glr. 
 2. = sins-po. 
 Ifc'ffc* s ^- s/ "thin, limpid, of fluids W. (yet 
 cf. sen-po), *sin cug-ce* to clarify, 
 to purify. 
 
 8 s -po 1- adj. thin, clear W. 2. 
 sbst. Cs., also can(-ba)-sins Pth., 
 Lt., - ! U(j'sin* Ld. small-beer, the fourth in- 
 fusion of 'chang', a weak beverage, without 
 any intoxicating qualities, yet not disrel- 
 ished on that account. 
 lfo"T s *d-pa to whistle Sch., sid-sgra = si- 
 ^ ^ sgra. 
 
 sindhu-ra, for f^Ff^ minium, re d 
 lead, = li-Kri Glr. 
 
 ** sib-pa to evaporate, to soak in, to be 
 imbibed, of fluids, sib-sib or sib-kyis, 
 also sib-kyis fim-pa to evaporate quickly. 
 - sib-bu Lt.; Cs.: a sort of small-pox; 
 ScJir.: the measles. 
 sim-pa Lex. = bde'-ba, "q^, sbst. 
 good health, prosperity, vb. to be well, 
 to be well off. 
 
 ) 8im-bid(-la) adv. sliding, glid- 
 ; ing, slipping, with *cd-ce* to 
 move along in this way Ld. 
 
 Dq-q- cnfjq'q* sil " bu -> V sil ' bu a littlc 
 ^ piece, a fragment, ro sil- 
 
 bur O for the corpse falls to pieces Mil; sil- 
 sil col. id.; *sil cd~ce* to reduce to small 
 pieces, by breaking, crumbling, plucking 
 etc. W. 
 
 s tt- sn yd n (also sil and sil-stt Lex.) 
 cymbal, Icdys-kyi sil Q Krol-ba Lex., 
 sil snydn rol-mo Jcrol-ba Glr., Dzl. to strike 
 the cymbals; sil-snydn-ma a female cymbal- 
 player Tar. 
 
 s M~ ma ! the tinkling sound of a 
 cymbal, rdza-cdb sil-mas snydn-pa 
 
 673 
 
 brjod tunefully flows the brook over its clay- 
 slate bed Mil. ; sil-cdb gurgling water, rip- 
 pling brook Mil. 2 .also sil-dnul the rupee 
 of Ladak, 4)au, $ of an Indian rupee, 
 *sil-iiulyyad-di nas* a patch of barley worth 
 8 Silma Ld. 
 
 ^|- su I. pron., also suzig, 1. interrog. pron. 
 ^ who? O di-na su yod who is here? Kyod 
 su yin who are you? su ci-skad byd-ba yod 
 who is it and what is his name? Ml.; which? 
 = gait, rgydl-poi bu su zig which son of the 
 king? Tar., su-rnams, su-dag, col. *su-su* 
 plural form; in certain popular phrases: *su- 
 gyog* race, running-match W., *su fob gyAb- 
 pa* to pounce upon, to snatch away, to 
 plunder 6'., W. 2. correlative and indefinite 
 pron. : su mi di y sod-pa de-la . . . sbym-no 
 to him that kills this man, I shall give . . . 
 Stg.; Kyod snar su-la yan ysol-ba ma btdb- 
 bam have not you already asked somebody 
 before? jDz2.@, 14(acc. to a better reading); 
 su de cdn-bai gdn-du mcio I shall go to 
 him who has it Do ; su fod-fod whom it 
 concerns Sch.(?)', su yan(run) whosoever, 
 whoever, any body who, also absolutely: 
 every, every one, all, su-bas kyait fyis later 
 than all (the others) Dzl., when followed by 
 a negative: nobody, frq,; su byuii Mil. = su 
 yan; su med kyan though nobody be pre- 
 sent Pth.', su, su zig, su gah is also used 
 for somebody, some one, a certain (but not 
 frq. and more in col. or vulg. language): 
 su gah mdzd-bo zig a certain friend ; su ser- 
 sna-can zig a (certain) miser; also in the 
 following manner: *s>t cad dug su tsem dug* 
 one cuts out, the other sews W.; *bo/t-bu su 
 lo-cu-nyi-pa, su lo-cu-pa yin* some of the 
 donkeys are twelve, others ten years old. 
 II. termination: 1. of the term, after a 
 final s, cf. tu, du, ru. 2. of the instr. in 
 Kun.: *' i d-pa-su* from or by the father, 
 inst. of the pas of B. (cf. jj in the Brfij- 
 dialect of the Hindi). 3. expletive after 
 nas Mil. and elsewh. HI. num.: 88. 
 
 su-gi vulgar corruption of dzo-ki q.v. 
 
 SM " WW a medicinal root serving as an 
 antidote 6s.
 
 574 
 
 " su-ru-pan-fsd 
 
 rfn Guinea pepper, 
 Capsicum annuum C.. W. 
 *rpr su-lu? su-lui fsul-du bziigs-pa denotes 
 ^ "^ perh. the usual sitting posture of Mi- 
 laraspa who, while reciting his songs, used 
 to stretch out his left leg, drawing up the 
 other, and supporting his right arm on it, 
 on which his head was leaning. 
 XTTT- su-su 1. v. su. 2. su-su zer-wa 
 ^ ^ denotes the drawing in the breath in 
 blowing up a fire, the lips being nearly clos- 
 ed, to prevent ashes or smoke from enter- 
 ing the mouth. 
 
 suy reward, recompense, sug-riidn id., 
 sug-rjed mark of honour as a reward 
 Cs. ; pay-suy a bribe, frq. 
 
 sug-pa I. sbst. 1 . the hand Med. sug- 
 bris handwriting Sch. 2. the lower 
 part of the leg of animals, rtai sug-bzi', 
 *mq-qu* W. id. 3. a medicinal herb Wdn. 
 
 <7 7 
 
 II. vb. to push, jog, nudge a person, in 
 order to waken him, or to make him atten- 
 tive; to push open, a door with a stick Mil. ; 
 sug-pa zig byed-pa Mil., *sug gydb-pa* C. 
 to push, to shove, to displace, *sug ca yin* 
 it will get out of its place W. 
 
 sug-rmel Cs.: 'a kind of spice, 
 betel, betel-nut' (?); sug-smel Lt. 
 and C. cardamom. 
 
 |r-q- sud-pa to cough, to breathe with diffi- 
 culty Cs., sud-de si-ba to be choked 
 or suffocated Sch. 
 
 sun -p a vb. and adj . 1 . to be tired of, 
 weary of, sick of; tired, weary, out of 
 humour rnd-ba mi siin-te not tired of hearing 
 Mil. ; yid sun-par ^gyur-ba to become tired, 
 to get weary of; the more precise form of 
 the adj. is sun-po: *zdg-dan de zd-na sun- 
 po rag or sun-na rag* W. if one eats rice 
 every day, one gets tired of it; *sems sun- 
 po* id.; *'dm-cog sun son* C. one gets tired 
 of hearing C. ; *sd-heb nyen sun run* though 
 it may be disagreeable to you, Sir, to hear 
 it C. ; fugs-sun dgons-pa yin-pa O dug I sup- 
 pose your Reverence will be tired of it Mil.; 
 *sun* (C. *sun*) *cug-ce* to make (a person) 
 
 sum(-cu)-tig 
 
 tired of (a thing), to vex, annoy, to stun or 
 drown with noise, to deafen. 2. s&n-par 
 byed-pa Dzl., and more frq. sun-par byin- 
 pa \ . to drown with, to overpower by noise, 
 to silence (thus prob. Mil. ch. 34 init.) ; hence 
 2. to refute, confute, disprove Tar. 3. c. ace. 
 to insult, defame, disgrace, dishonour Schr., 
 Dzl 999, 1, 3, ^V, 2; Bhar. 67, Schf.; so 
 perh. also sun-pa in the following passage 
 of Mil. : fugs-rje drdg-po sun ma by in we 
 will not put to shame the great favour (of 
 the Lama). 4. to renounce, to resign, sun 
 Jbyin-pai stobs strength to renounce (the 
 world). 
 
 ^q-rr- sub-pa, pf. (b)subs, fut. bsub, 1. to 
 stop up, plug up, close, cork; to keep 
 Shut, closed, locked up, to stop, ka sna lag- 
 pas to stop one's mouth and nose with one's 
 handL^.; dbugs sub-pa to strangle, suffocate, 
 choke (a person); to fill up, choke up (with 
 earth, rubbish etc.) a lake Glr. ; sna-sub a 
 disease of the nose? Lt. 2. to cover, close, 
 shut up Sch., more frq., fig. rkan-rjes sub- 
 pa to cover the trace or track, to efface 
 every vestige; *ti-pi fur-la sub-ce* to turn 
 down the brim of the hat; to blot out, erase, 
 ri-mo a drawing, bu-lon-pai mih the name 
 of a debtor; to hush up, conceal, cover, e.g. 
 other people's offences; to suppress, to avoid, 
 e.g. obscene words; to allow to settle, the 
 mash, in brewing; in all these instances in 
 W. also *sub-te bor-ce* is used. 
 
 sum, for ysum, three, in compounds be- 
 fore consonants : sum-cu 30, sum-brgya 
 300, sum-sto/i 3000; sum-ca, Sch. also sum- 
 yar, a third, the third part, dzam-bu-gUn 
 sum-ca ynyis (or only sum-ynyis) two thirds 
 of Dzambuling (i.e. of the world) Dz., bod 
 sum ynyis two thirds of (all) the Tibetans 
 Ma. ; sum-sky d Sch. a cord of three twisted 
 threads; sum-eu-rtsa-ysum the 33 ancient 
 gods (of the Yedas) ; sum-cu-pa the thirty, 
 i.e. 30 letters, the Tibetan alphabet, sum- 
 cu -pa dan rtags- yug Zam. the alphabet 
 and the punctuation, abbreviated: sum-rtdgs 
 Lexx. 
 
 sum (.-'' u )-tiy a medicinal herb 
 
 Mecl
 
 sum-pa 
 
 575 
 
 putrid, rancid, rotten. 
 II. vb., pf. bsums? fut. bsum, Sch. to 
 bind or tie together, to draw together; to 
 condense. 
 
 sur-na, Pers. i/J, hautboy, larger 
 
 than the gliii-bu and sounding sharper; for 
 profane use. 
 
 sur-pdn v. su-m-pan-fsd, 
 
 colocynth. 
 sur-sur coarse-grained, e.g. grits W. 
 
 SM an artificial plait or gather made 
 
 in a dress W. ; furrow, channel, groove, 
 trench, ditch (6k); ri-sul lateral valley, 
 ravine, hollow, ri-sid-gyi gron-Kyer ravine 
 as a haunt of evil spirits; brag-sul narrow 
 ravine between rocks ; ka-sul the fluting in 
 a column; sul-can furrowed, having plaits 
 or folds; sul-ma an angular, not round, 
 vessel; sul-mdl the third stomach of ru- 
 minating animals, the psalterium or book- 
 tripe Sch., sul-mdns Lt. 
 
 s us 1- instr. of su. 2. Kyeu-sus 
 
 Grijatcli. 9V, 13, also %.? 
 ^V se 1. Ld. inst. of te after s, e.g. *zos-se* 
 - 2. num.: 118. 
 
 $j'3pf *0-#0J 1- snapping one's fingers. - 
 2. the time it takes to do this, i.e. 
 a very short time, a moment, a twinkling 6s., 
 se-gol-gyi sgra the sound produced by snap- 
 ping the fingers, sc-gol-gyi brda a signal 
 given by it 6s.; se-gol ytog-pa Mil., byed- 
 pa Mil., brddb-pa Glr. to snap one's fin- 
 gers as a sign of contempt or indignation. 
 se -t ran yellow beads of a rosary, 
 coming from the central part of Ti- 
 bet, accounted more valuable than *rdg- 
 sa* W. 
 
 se-diig v. se-si/l. 
 
 se-drij bsc-dri the disagree- 
 able smell of the sweat of the 
 
 arm-pits Lt., se-dri bsndm-pa having that 
 
 smell Pth. 
 
 se-nam vulgar for bsod-xnyniitx, alms. 
 sc-spur Sch. dung-beetle. 
 
 **-*><*> 7^-ba, bsc-ba 
 1. rose-bush, rose- 
 tree ; rose ; yser-mdog-se-ba-me (for me-tog} 
 Lt., prob. the yellow rose; wild roses with 
 beautiful and rich blossoms frequently adorn 
 the slopes of the lower hills in the Hima- 
 laya mountains; whether the se-rgod M/. 
 and the 'wild rose' of 6s. are identical, seems 
 to be questionable; *se-d-um* C. hip, haw. 
 sin-se-ba is mentioned as the food of the 
 silk-worm Glr., hence = ^6-se-sin. 3. 
 thorn? 
 
 sc-bo gray, skra se-bo gray hair; mgo 
 se-bo (resp. dbu sc-bo) a gray-headed 
 person. In col. language many things 
 which we call gray, are styled white. 
 
 se- bru, seu (C. *sen-du if , W. 
 *sem-ru*) pomegranate. 
 se-mo-do or se-mo-to Mil. a kind of 
 ornament, e.g. made of pearls. 
 se-moyC.i\\e venereal disease ; se-iind 
 syphilitic ulcers Sch. 
 
 - se-ydb, bse-ydb fig Med. 
 
 se-ra, n. of a large monastery near 
 Lhasa. 
 
 Pf se-raff-dur-smdn carrot W. 
 
 se-rel half open, *se-rel citg-cc* to 
 
 open half (doors, lids, covers etc.) W. 
 
 _^i. ^-. se-sin, bse-sitl 6s.: 'atree or 
 shrub, good for hedges , 
 se-dug i. poison contained in that shrub. 
 2. = se-mog 6s. 
 
 ^jen- ^cn'^cn' sef J> se 9- s W obliquely, awry, 
 1 sideways, si-y-y cod-pa Cs., 
 *seg-dhK-la dhd-wa* C., *8eg-t]<:-la dij-ce* W' 
 to cut off obliquely (opp. to *ft?-kan-la* 
 straight 6".). 
 
 scg-ma small stones, gravel W. 
 
 ' sen v. yseii. 
 
 qj- scn-gc, W. *sih-ge*, lion, sch-ge-nw 
 ' lioness, ^'n-i/cl rdl-pa the niaue ot
 
 ' sen-lddn 
 
 576 
 
 a lion; sen-get Kri fff^mf a throne ('said 
 to be so called from its being supported by 
 golden lions' Will.); sen-mgo lion's head Glr.\ 
 sen-ydon-ma Sch., = si-ha-mu-ka lion's face, 
 a goddess, Glr.; sen-pri<g a lion's whelp, 
 scn-fsdn a lion's den. 
 
 sen-lddn S.g , sen-fserWdn., a tree 
 growing on the southern, lower 
 ranges of the Himalayas, having red wood, 
 and a bark which by poor people is used 
 for tea (sdon-ja); its sap serves as an offi- 
 cinal drug, Lt.; ace. to Sclif. <|^ Acacia 
 Catechu. 
 
 ^-F>> ^eh-po 1. clean, 
 white, cf. sky a - sen. 2. 
 Sch.: thin, airy, transparent, not dense or 
 tight, sen-sen id. (Sch.: open, free, roomy, 
 spacious); skye-bo seh-seh-por yyur they be- 
 came very thin, lean, pale people, *sin-sin- 
 po, sings-po* W. id.; sen-rds Sch., *sin-yol* 
 W. a thin curtain, thin cotton cloth. 
 
 seti-ba, pf. bsans, fut. bsah, bsen, to 
 lift up, to raise what was hanging 
 down or drooping W. *san co-ce or tan-ce* 
 to lift up (the eyes, the hands, the dress 
 etc.) ; sku-kdms bseh-ba-la O byon (his Reve- 
 rence) goes to take some recreation Mil.; 
 Kam-s dub-pa sen-ba to refresh the wearied 
 body Mil.; /cams rmugs-pa bsen-bai rlun- 
 ndd bracing air; skyo-bsdn-ba to unbend 
 the mind, to divert one's self; skyo-se'n-la 
 ^gro-ba (resp. Jbyon-pa) to take a walk, 
 sen-la mdzdd-pa to drive out, to take the 
 air in a carriage Pth.; mya-ndn bsdiis-te 
 consolatory, giving comfort Pth. 
 
 sen -* in > sen-sdn v. yseg- 
 sdn. 
 
 " sed a file, ^cag-sP* id., *siti-se'* a rasp. 
 
 sen-fdbs Mil? 
 
 sen-mo, resp. p e yag-sen or zabs-sen, 
 nail of a fingeror toe; sen-fog a gripe, 
 pinch, nip, twitch; a pinch (of snuff) sen- 
 mo O de'bs-pa, W. *tdb-ce or gydb-ce* to pinch, 
 squeeze, *scn-cus gydb-ce* to bore with the 
 knuckles Wl; sen-tsdm Sch. as much as may 
 be put on a finger-nail, a small quantity; 
 
 sen-zo a white spot, such as will sometimes 
 appear on the nails of the fingers. 
 
 seb v. yseb. 
 
 sem > usuallv sems i Sstc - *P?T> res p- 
 
 soul; esp. as power of 
 perception and volition, 
 mind, cf. yid and bio; sems na the mind is 
 disturbed, disordered Mug.; scm Jcruys-pa 
 a mind agitated and troubled by sorrow, 
 affliction, vexation etc., sem R6h-du (or Icotis- 
 su} cud-pa one very much grieved, deeply 
 concerned ; sem cuii-ba a timid mind, *sem 
 fser-can* W. a compassionate disposition, 
 *sem nye-mo* W. a friendly disposition ; sem 
 yso-baB. } *sem so tdn-ce or cug-ce* W. to 
 console, comfort, appease; the mind as ima- 
 ginative faculty, intellectual power, sem stor- 
 ba to lose one's senses Do. ; spirit, kun-'/zii 
 sem the (eternal) spirit (opp. to O byiin-ba 
 bzii lus the material, perishable body) Mil. ; 
 sem-kyi spyod-pa intellectual power, mental 
 faculties W<Z.; dhos-po fains- odd rdn-gi 
 semsyin-te i SiS things with me are only mind', 
 i.e. as they exist only in my mind, in my 
 imagination T/igr., cf. Was. (136); sem -la 
 ma son 'it did not enter his mind', he had 
 no mind, did not like W. ; sems <gyur (his) 
 mind is changed, sems sgyur-ba to change 
 one's mind, /nsvavotlv; bzod-paisems patient 
 indurance, fortitude, constancy; ynod-sems 
 malice; ses-rdb dan Iddn-pai sems wisdom, 
 knowledge; sems skyed-pa, c.genit, to suffer 
 thoughts or inclinations to rise in one's mind, 
 as e.g. O dod-cdgs-kyi libidinous (thoughts), 
 frq.; also: to nourish, indulge (desires, pas- 
 sions), to give way to them ; often used for 
 our reflective verbs: sems smdd-pa to humble 
 one's self (mi zig-la before a person) ; also : 
 bddg-gi sems-la smad he blamed, scolded, 
 himself Dzl. ?^S, 3, cf. lus. 
 
 Comp. sems-mKan intelligent, sensible, 
 sems-mlcan mi ycig kyah ma byun not one 
 sensible person was present Glr.scms-Jh'dl 
 a mind afflicted, painfully agitated Sch. 
 sems-can animated being, man, animal, very 
 frq. ; sems-can dan Iddn-pa being with child, 
 pregnant; sems-can-dmydl-ba = dmydl-ba"
 
 sem(s)-pa 
 
 577 
 
 sel-ba 
 
 sems-nyid Glr., Thgy., 'the very soul', 
 but this is often nearly the same as 'spirit', 
 and in the language of the N. T. it may 
 fitly be used for nvV(.ia, and fugs-nyid for 
 jivsT'iia ayinv, Holy Spirit. sems - rten 
 keepsake, token Pth. and col. sems-don 
 an intellectual or spiritual good, gift, or pos- 
 session Mil. sems-bde cheerful, merry Mil. 
 - sems-ndd heart-grief, affliction, sems-kyi 
 ndd-du ce he has much heart-grief Glr. 
 sems-dpd a brave mind; byan-cub-sems-dpd 
 v. by an- cub', sems-dpa-cen-po, TT^TOTcr, a 
 frq. apposition to it. sems-tsam a mere 
 thought, idea Was. (134), sems-tsam-ya^Cs.: 
 ^tTRT^l) a mystic Kopp. II, 25. sems- 
 fser fatigue, weariness, disgust Sch. 
 
 sem(s)-pa, pf. sems, bsams, fat. 
 
 bsam, imp. som, W. *sdm-ce*, to 
 think, Q di snydm-du sems-so or bsdms-so he 
 thought as follows, he had the following 
 thoughts; log-par sem-pa to think ill (of a 
 person) DzL; to meditate, muse, ponder, 
 sem-bzin-du absorbed in meditation, lost in 
 thought DzL, mi-dgd-bar sem-sin, immersed 
 in melancholy thoughts DzL; in C. *sem- 
 zin-du* signifies at the present time : know- 
 ingly, wilfully, purposely, = ses bzin-du', 
 sin-tu soms sig think over it seriously ! DzL ; 
 to think of, c. accus., grdh-bai ynas (to think) 
 of a cool place, i.e. to long for coolness 
 DzL, and c. dat.: rdn-gi yul-la ma bsdm- 
 par forgetful of home, forgetting one's native 
 soil Glr., yi-ge O di-la ma bsdm-par disre- 
 garding this contract Glr. ; also with terrain. : 
 )-zdn-du ma sems sig do not think of any- 
 body else; to intend, purpose, have in view, 
 e.g. ynod-par byd-bar to do harmZ)^.; 
 construed in the same manner, it also sig- 
 nifies: to fancy, imagine Do.; with dan O drd- 
 bar and similar expressions: to hold, think, 
 consider, to take for, to look upon as; da O k'6r- 
 bai nyes-dmigs bsdm-ses-na (for bsdm-zin) 
 now that you know with full consciousness 
 the punishment of (going through) the cycle 
 (of animal existences) Mil. (yet cf. bsdm- 
 ses in bsdm-pd). Sometimes it denotes only 
 an actof memory, a remembering : Ihd-cos fos- 
 i-byed-pa-rnams those who have heard 
 
 and kept in their memory the religion of Bud- 
 dha, (who remember the words even without 
 understanding them) Mil. Cf. bsdm-pa. 
 ^jq- seu 1. a little tooth Lt. 2. pome- 
 ^ granate. 
 
 ser ) ser-ru corruption, putre- 
 faction? *mdr-la ser-ru gyab* 
 C. the butter turns yellow and rancid, ser- 
 can rancid S.g. 
 
 ser-ka, ser-Ka, ser-ga 1. a cleft, slit, 
 fissure, crevice, gap, brag-ser chasm 
 or cleft in a rock; rgya-ser a large gap, 
 cleft, chasm; ser-ka sub-pa to close, stop up 
 a hole Pth. 2. v. ser-po. 
 ^W ser-skyd Lamas and laymen, *ser-kyd 
 " kun O dum-majhe'-pa* a promiscuous 
 convention, parish council C. 2. v. skyd-bo. 
 ser-kyim-pa a sect of Lamas = 
 dbon-po. 
 l' ser-ga-maSch. turmeric, Curcuma. 
 
 ser-ce Lt. a yellow aquatic flower; 
 
 *ser-cen* W. Saxifraga flagcllaris. 
 
 ser-sna avarice, frq. ; ser-sna byed-pa 
 
 to be avaricious DzL 
 
 ser-po yellow; ser- pren clerical pro- 
 
 cession, parade Mil.nt. 
 
 ser-ba hail; ser-Krdl a kind of in- 
 
 surance against damage done by hail, 
 i.e. money paid to the Lama for his pre- 
 ventive ceremonies. 
 
 ser-bu v. bser-bu. 
 
 ser-mo 1. C. col. finger. 2. W. 
 six-rowed barley, late barley. ser- 
 mo-ba the Lamas Sch. 
 
 sel 1. discord, dissension, nan-sel do- 
 mestic dispute. 2. a kind of incan- 
 tation, like brtad, sel ^jug-pa to exorcise, 
 to make use of conjurations or incantations 
 Mil. 
 
 s el-ba, pf., fut. bsal, imp. sol, to 
 remove, esp. impurities, hence to 
 cleanse; to pick, pick off; to blot out, cross 
 out, bu-lon a debt; to clear, *lam sdl-ce* W. 
 to make a path or road ; very frq. fig. : to 
 remove, to remedy (an evil), to cure (a 
 disease), to repair (a damage), to redress 
 grievances), to dispel (darkness) etc. 
 37
 
 578 
 
 so-so 
 
 f so, I. sbst. 1. resp. fsms, tooth, sten-so, 
 yd-so upper tooth ; ^og-so, md-so lower 
 tooth; mdun-so Sch. ycdd-so, Sty. so-dn't/t 
 fore-tooth, front-tooth; sbubs-so, grdm-so, 
 rdh-fag-so Sch. Iddn-so cheek-tooth, molar- 
 tooth, grinder, mce-so Cs , *cod-ten-so* W. 
 eye-tooth, corner-tooth, canine -tooth. 
 2. tooth of a saw, wheel, comb. 3. edge 
 of a knife. 
 
 II. sbst. for sa, in conjunction with certain 
 words, e.g. nan-sor skye-ba to be born in 
 an inferior place Mil. ; v. also raw-so, so'r- 
 bzag-pa, Q Krul-so. 
 
 III. sbst. joy (?), so Isod-pa id. Cs. and 
 Lex.; cf. no-so. 
 
 IV. sbst., also Z>so, look-out, guard, spying, 
 so byed-pa to spy, to look out; so-Kun peep- 
 hole; so'-pa keeper, guard, watchman, spy, 
 emissary, zas nor bdud-kyi so-pa yin money 
 and dainties are the devil's emissaries Mil.; 
 me-bso a guard or watch kept by several 
 persons round afire; so-sgra 1. watchword, 
 = sgar-min. 2. v. comp. 
 
 "V. grammatical termination: * ten -so* 
 pro vine, for rten-no C., also G/r. 
 
 VI. num. for sum-cu in the abbreviated 
 numbers 31 -39. 
 
 VII. num.: 148. 
 
 Comp. so-gri a saw. so-sc/ra the whist- 
 ling through the teeth, in the magic per- 
 formances of the Bonpo, so-sgra O debs-pa 
 Glr. so-cdg a broken tooth. so-dreg 
 tartar? Med. so-bud a tooth that has come 
 out. so-mdn comb. so-0o' a small white 
 spot on a tooth, cf. sen-zo. so-zed tooth- 
 brush. so-sih toothpick. so-srub gap in 
 the teeth Sch. 
 
 so-ga = sos-ka. 
 
 " so'-ca n. of an emetic Mcd. 
 
 so-ndm(s) agriculture, husbandry, 
 
 so-ndmsbyed-pa to till the ground, 
 to practise agriculture, farming, sgrub-pa, 
 O bdd-pa id., so-ndm-pa Cs. husbandman, 
 farmer. 
 
 ^f J" so-pa v. so IV. 
 
 so-pa-ri Cs. a kind of berry, bene- 
 ficial to the teeth. 
 
 s -pdy brick, tile; also collective 
 noun, brickwork, tiling. 
 
 so-ba coarse, thick-shelled barley, used 
 
 for fodder. 
 
 so ~% a an aquatic bird S.g. 
 so-ma 1. sbst. SsL (prop, a climbing 
 plant the juice of which was offered 
 in libations to the gods and was also wor- 
 shipped itself, on account of its intoxicating 
 qualities, hence) : hemp, also ytso-ma, btso- 
 ma; so-ma-rd-dza id., so-ma-rd-dzai ras 
 hemp-linen Schr., so-ma-rd-dzai fdg-pa 
 hempen rope Pth. 2. adj. new, fresh, esp. 
 W. *so-me ndn-na zer gos* this ought to 
 have been mentioned directly (when it was 
 still fresh in every body's memory). 
 
 so ' fsis > s - fs ^ s house - 
 
 keeping, management of 
 domestic concerns, husbandry, cf. so - nam 
 agriculture. 
 
 so-lug lees of liquors, yeast of beer 
 
 Sch. 
 
 so-% high-road, causeway W. 
 
 so-so' distinct, separate, singly, indi- 
 vidually, zas so-soi Idg-tu ^ons-so the 
 victuals came into the hands of the indi- 
 vidual persons DzL; so-so-nas adv. frq.: so- 
 so'- was snod bzed-de 'singulatim', each for 
 himself, holding forth his vessel DzL ; va- 
 rious e.g. *na so-so* W. for sna-fsogs of B.; 
 diverse, different sdm-pa so-so different opi- 
 nions, a dissension; separate, distinct, so- 
 so' byed-pa, W. *so-so co-ce* to separate, 
 disjoin, divide, so-soV bzdg-pa, T^ r .*so-sd bor- 
 ce* to set, put, lay apart. so-so* skye-bo, 
 TraT5fT, prop, one separated (from the 
 saints), one outside the pale, a man of the 
 lower classes, of low caste; with Buddhists: 
 a layman, and as to his spiritual condition: 
 a man in his natural state, one not yet en- 
 lightened (like tyv%ixog I Cor. 2, 14, though 
 on account of its derivation, the above term 
 cannot well be used for the Greek word); 
 also the lower classes of clerical persons, 
 monks. so-sd(s)- far-pa, so-far,
 
 579 
 
 son-pa 
 
 liberation, deliverance, so-so-far-pai mdo 
 the book of deliverance, code of the moral 
 law, containing about 250 precepts for the 
 priesthood, the monastic rules of the Bud- 
 dhists. 
 
 so-so-cd a medicinal herb, an emetic 
 
 sog 1. v. sob. 2. for *srog* U. 
 
 - sog-pa I. sbst , also sogs-pa, shoul- 
 der-blade, scapula, sog-pai me-lon 
 the flat part of it, soy-yu the narrow extre- 
 mity of it ; sog-mo O debs-pa (v. mo III.) to 
 divine from the shoulder-blade; sog-lhu 
 shoulder as a piece of meat for boiling (I 
 Sam. 9, 24). 2. vb. (also : ysog-pa, bsog- 
 pa, sogs-pa) pf. (b)ags, fut. bsag, imp. sogs, 
 bsag, W. *sdg-ce*, to gather, heap up, hoard 
 up, pral sog- )og-med-pa without having 
 collected and deposited the daily requisites, 
 the things wanted every day Mil., bsod- 
 nams sog-pa Mil., fsogs sog-pa frq. to col- 
 lect, to hoard up merits of virtue, las-nan 
 sog-pa to heap up sins; ysog-lddn morbid 
 matter consisting in too great an accumu- 
 lation of humours, ni f., Med.; dmdg-gi 
 dpun sog-pa to collect an army DzL; to 
 assemble, children Glr. ; hence *sag(s)* W. 
 all (of them), *lug sag tsam* how many 
 sheep are there in all? 
 
 s g-p a Mongol Glr., sog-mo a Mon- 
 gol woman, sog-prug Mongol child, 
 Mongol boj,sog-cds Mongol dress or fashion 
 of dress, sog-rta Mongol horse. 
 
 sog-ma blade, stalk; straw; sog-Jbru 
 Sch. green corn that begins to sprout ; 
 sog-fsigs a knot on a stalk Cs.; sog-sbur a 
 small blade of straw, chaff Ptli.; sog-mai Jbu- 
 la a shoe of straw; sog-ru, sog -rum, sog- 
 Idum stubbles. 
 
 fc-fo B ; C., *cad-sdg, gya-sog* W. 
 a saw, sog-les ycod-pa B. to saw to 
 pieces, *gya-sog srul-ce* W. to saw; sog-le- 
 Ka the toothed edge of a saw, also botanical 
 term. : serrate, serrated (of leaves) Wdn. 
 sogs and so forth, and the like, mostly 
 preceded by la : mi-la sogs-pai srog- 
 cdgs homo et cetera animantia, prop, the be- 
 
 ings in addition to man; ba-ddn-la sdgs- 
 pas brgydn-te decorated with little flags 
 and the like; less frq.: la sogs-te, inst. of 
 which always la-sogs-pa or pai may be used; 
 often sogs alone, also in prose; after (la) 
 sogs(-pa) usually a comma is to be supplied, 
 and the words following are to be consider- 
 ed as an apposition : yi-ge rtsis-la sogs-pa 
 rig-pai ynas Ina writing, arithmetic and so 
 on, the five sciences ; hence often applicable, 
 when a comprehensive noun appellative 
 does not exist: ysersogs gold and the other, 
 viz. metals, Glr.; tsa sogs ysum the three 
 fea-sounds, tsa, fsa and dza Gram. 
 
 Note. In course of time the original 
 grammatical sense seems to have been for- 
 gotten, in as much as la is now read to- 
 gether with soys-pa, and often also the dot 
 separating the syllables is omitted. 
 ^-. sou perf. and imp. of O gro-ba to go, 1. 
 I went, I have (thou hast etc.) gone, v. 
 ^gro-ba 1 and 2, e.g. der son yod-pas when 
 he had gone thither Pth., son - son -ba- las 
 going on continually, DzL, continuing to 
 do a thing Dzl. ; son-ba yin it is gone, it is 
 no longer extant Mil. ; dbdn-du son (he or 
 it) came into the power of. . . S.g. ; da sdig- 
 pa-la son-na Ttyy. if we now go on to (the 
 topic of sins) W. : *da-run na ma son* it is 
 not yet past five o'clock; *'i-ne sdn-pa 'a 
 tsuy-pa* from, here (adverbially, like bzuns- 
 te} to that place Ld.', imp.: *di-ru ma dug! 
 son!* do not stand here! walk on! 2. be- 
 came, turned etc. Kyi-mo zig-tu son she be- 
 came a bitch, was changed into a bitch Mil., 
 dkdr-por son it turned white Glr., *don ndg- 
 po son* W. his face grew dark; *bi-gdn 
 son* W. a hole has been made, it got a hole; 
 *gydl-se Ka-cud sdn-ne* as she got a taste 
 for the town W.; *nod cu gan son* the vessel 
 was already full of water (when I came) 
 W. *soti-fo* W. account of expenses. 
 sod-pa 1. C. to wake, rouse. 2. 
 sometimes for ysod-pa. 
 son rarely for son ; frq. only in ndr-son- 
 pa, v. na. 
 
 j. son-pa 1. v. son. 2. v. ys6n-pa, 
 yson-po. 
 
 37*
 
 580 
 
 sob 
 
 srdn-ma 
 
 soo 1. also sog, ysob, ysog, null, void, 
 vain, empty, bad in its quality, not dur- 
 able. 2. also ysob something stuffed (as a 
 chair), nan-sob, Jcon-sob, K6g-sob Wdn. prob. 
 id. ; sob-stdn cushion, bolster, mattress, pags- 
 sob the stuffed skin of an animal, seii^-gei) 
 sob the stuffed skin of a lion Pth. 
 jrrr som 1. also ysom, som-sin fir-tree, pine- 
 tree. 2. also soras, imp. of sem-pa. 
 ^TX- sor 1. also /sor, gimlet, rus-pa Jbugs- 
 pai sor S.g. prob. a sort of trephine. 
 2. v. sor-mo. 3. v. sar, sor bzag-pa to put 
 in its place {Sch. also: 'quite the same'?); 
 rdn-sor v. ran compounds. 4. (cognate 
 to so -ma?) sor cud-pa (Sch. O jud-pd) to 
 restore, renew, e.g. exhausted strength DzL, 
 the doctrine of Buddha Pth. 5. term, of so. 
 sor-mo, resp. pyag-sor Mil., zabs- 
 sor, 1. finger, toe; sor-ydub finger- 
 ring, sor-fsigs the joint of a finger. 2. 
 inch, sor-bzi-pa four-inched. 
 ^fOfCV & ol-ba coal, esp. charcoal, = sol-nag-, 
 sol-bai me coal-fire Lt. ; *sol-me* W. 
 live coal, burning coal. 
 
 S 1-P res P- Wendly, kind, affable C., 
 W. 
 
 sos 1. inst. of so, sos btdb-pa to bite, 
 Sch. also to backbite, to calumniate. 
 2. v. yso-ba and O fso-ba. 
 
 so ' s ~^ so '"^ a ' L in Tibet: 
 
 spring, = dpyid, Mil 2. 
 in India: the hot season, from about the 
 middle of April till the middle of June. 
 
 * sos-ddl or sos-bsdal Sch. : slow. 
 
 sos-zin disease of the membrum 
 virile, in five forms (prob. differ- 
 ent stages of gonorrhea) Mng. 
 xj-n* sr d-ba 1. adj., also srd-bo and srd-mo 
 ^ Cs., col. *srdn-te* (cf. srdn-pa), hard, 
 solid, compact, firm, and abstract noun : SO- 
 lidity, hardness, compactness, of wood, meat 
 etc., and often fig. : yzu-srdn a bow diffi- 
 cult to be \)eniS.g.,rgas-srd hearty vigorous 
 old age S.g.; mfson Jcar sra proof against 
 cut and thrust, also: proof against malicious 
 words Mil. sra-brkyan, 
 
 coarse blanket of a monk. sa-rtsi varnish. 
 2. vb. W., to empty. 
 _. . sran I. (cf. sroh-ba) 1. pair of scales, 
 ^ balance B., srdn-la O degs-pa Cs., fzdl- 
 ba, fsdd-pa Sch., srdn-ba Sp. to weigh, to 
 balance. 2. steel-yard, *sran tdg-ce* to 
 hold the steel-yard, in weighing. 3. weight, 
 in a general sense, bre-srdn weight and 
 measure, rgya-srdn Chinese weights Cs. 
 4. an ounce, sran gdn one ounce , sran do 
 two ounces, sman srdn %%, two pounds of 
 medicine, the daily quantity taken by Bud- 
 dha when he had caught cold Dzl. L3,3. 
 srdn-ca Sch. balance and what belongs to 
 it. sran-mdd scale-beam or lever of a 
 pair of scales Sch. sran-por scale. 
 sran-fsdd Cs. weight. srdn-ba vb. v. above. 
 II. street, lam-srdn id. ; sran-ydr Sch. : 
 tortuous path, labyrinth (?). rgya-srdh 
 street, lane Glr. ; rgyu-srdh the road which 
 a person habitually walks. 
 
 srdn-bu thread, yarn, dZ-6a, sgril-ba. 
 
 "SJ* srdd-ma v. srdn-ma. 
 
 sran ~P a (cf'Srd-bd) Cs.: pf.fut.osraw, 
 imp. sron,W. *srdn-ce* to suffer, bear 
 (with patience), endure, to be hardened W. 
 frq., *srdn-fub-fcan or srdn-feg-Kan* one that 
 can endure much; *Kyod sran gos* Ld. you 
 must hold out, you must stand it; in B. 
 sran O dzugs-pa is used in the same sense; 
 *Kydg-sran-can* hardened, accustomed to 
 frost, *dug-sran-can* inured to hardships 
 W. *srdn-te* col. frq. adj.: 1. srd-ba 
 (opp. to Ihod-po and O bol-mo) hard, firm, 
 durable, rigid, strict. 2. fig. hard, severe, bitter. 
 sdug-srdn hardiness Mil. ; sran-ce-ba = 
 srdn-fub-mfcan. Cs.: srdn-pa sbst. hard- 
 ship, severe distress or toil, srdn-par toil- 
 somely, rigorously, srdn-pa-po one that 
 hardens himself (?). 
 
 _... ^Tr-r srdn-ma, srdd-ma I. pease, 
 H \ > HI beans, lentils, Cs. mentions 
 also srad-dkdr,srad-ndg and srad-s/ton, also 
 mKal-srdn, in W., however, we only met 
 with the common field pea and some dry 
 imported Indian sorts of it (mon-srdn); 
 rgya-srdn (Cs. mon-srdn) was the name the
 
 srab 
 
 srid 
 
 natives were inclined to give to our Euro- 
 pean bean. sran-pun a heap of pease, 
 sran-pub pease-straw, sran-pye flour of 
 pease, sran-me blossom of pease. 2. grain, 
 like rdog-po, e.g. of Indian corn; even Icdgs- 
 kyi sran-cun Wdn. grains of shot(?). 
 ^jq- srab bridle, rtai\ srab sga stan fsdn-po 
 "^ a complete riding-gear; *srab cug-ce* 
 W. to bridle, to bit (a horse), *srab gyur-ce* 
 to govern, to rein (a horse) srab-skyogs Cs. 
 the reins, srab-lcags Cs. the bit srab- 
 mfur Sch. the halter. srab-mdd Stg., Ld.: 
 *sram-dd* reins. 
 
 srdb-paB., *srdb-mo*W. thin, tender, 
 fine, e.g. skin Dzl, cloth, leather, 
 paper, clouds; shallow, loose, nnt close; srab- 
 mftl Sch. inner sole, welt ; srab-mfug thick- 
 ness, dimension. 
 
 ^P'lpT srab-srib Cs. dark, obscure. 
 
 ^tj- sram, ^r 1. otter, the flesh of which 
 is considered very nourishing, the liver 
 is used as a remedy for strangury S </., but 
 encountering this animal is regarded as an 
 evil omen S.y.; cu-sram id.? (Cs. beaver?) 
 nyd-sram Mil., either the same, or: fishes 
 and otters; brag-srdm rock-otter? sable? 
 *ka-lon-sram* W. prob. sable; it is nearly 
 black and stated to live near Yarkand, in 
 the mountains as well as in the flat country. 
 The ear- coverings worn by the ladies of 
 Ladak are made of the fur of this animal. 
 2. otter-skin, sable-skin. 
 
 5^' srar adv. Sch. : severely, rigorously. 
 
 ^ sros(-po) resp. for bu, son, child, 
 dpon-srds, rgyal-srds son of the 
 sovereign, a prince ; rgyal-srds also : son of 
 Buddha, a Buddha; lka(i) sros(-po) 1. son 
 of a god ZteZ. 2. a prince; fugs-srds spiritual 
 son or daughter Mil. ; in this sense sras may 
 be applied to females: sans-rgyds-kyi sras 
 ddg-pao she has become a spotless child of 
 Buddha Dzl. srds-bu = sras. srds-mo 
 daughter, young lady, princess. sras-fsdb 
 Cs. adopted child. 
 
 sri 1. a species of devil or demon, de- 
 vouring esp. children, a vampire, also 
 
 sri-ndn Schl, cun-sriGlr.,pun-sri Mil. a devil 
 bringing misfortune; they are supposed to 
 live in underground places, and are there- 
 fore also called mds-kyi sri', sri Ian a devil 
 rises from below ; sri non-pa B., *ndn-ce* 
 W. to lay, suppress a devil. 
 |w.q. sri-ba I. pf. bsris, fut. bsri, 1. to retain, 
 e.g. bsdn-ba, ycin constipation, stran- 
 gury. 2. to be parsimonious, niggardly, esp. 
 with nor; sba-sri-med-par fndn-ba Mil. to 
 give unsparingly, to bestow very liberally; 
 *sri-ses-Icari* W. parsimonious. 
 
 II. W. to wind, to wrap round, for dkri-ba. 
 |ftsr sri-zu, less frq. srid-zu, respect, rever- 
 ^ 4 ence, deference, sri-zu-pa, sri-zu-mKan 
 one paying his regards, his respects, show- 
 ing deference. 
 
 |V--q. srin-ba pf. bsrins, fus. bsrih 1. (cog- 
 nate to rin-ba} to extend, stretch, 
 stretch out, the arm, to hand, reach, *de dul 
 son, nd-la srin ton* it has fallen down, hand 
 it to me W.; to fling far away C. 2. to 
 postpone, put off, O ci-bai fse Glr. the term of 
 death; to prolong, fse life S.g.; to wait, to 
 tarry, *'d-fsig srin* Lh. wait a little, *dag- 
 sa yoh-na fsa-big srin-te yon?* shall (I, you, 
 he etc.) come directly or after a while? Ld.; 
 *nam dir Irin-ce ca dug?* how long shall 
 you stay here? W. 3. to send (slcur-ba 
 Lex.} prin, yo-bydd Sch. 4. skyed-sriii-ba 
 to bring up, train up, to rear Glr. 
 
 sri'*- sis * er (f a ma l e person, cf. 
 miii-po) bu-srin, min-srln, resp. team- 
 srin brother and sister, cousins. 
 |^-. srid 1. length, extension, pug srid-du 
 ' Kru-bco-brgydd-pa a cavern 18 cubits 
 long Tar.', more frq. with regard to time: 
 O di or de-srid^-kyi bar^-du (for) so long (a 
 time), ci-srid-du, also ci-srid-de, how long 
 (a time)? also: as long as; when followed 
 by yan: be it ever so long (in this case )i 
 would be more correct); also srid-par, or 
 srid alone, for srid-du. 2. dominion, gov- 
 ernment, srid-la ma O cdm-pas falling out 
 with one another about the government Glr., 
 esp. rgyal-srid, dban-snd id. ; srid byed-pa 
 to reign, to govern, arid Q fs6-ba id. Dzl.; 
 O di ynyis-kyi srid gah ydd-mams prog he
 
 582 
 
 srun-ba 
 
 seized upon their territorial shares Glr.; bla- 
 srid Cs. a Lama's dominion. sde-srid 
 province; cos-srid clerical government, ec- 
 clesiastical dominion. 3. ruler, commander, 
 regent, reigning prince; so also in the com- 
 pounds just mentioned. 
 4fc*T srid-pa I. vb., l.to be, to exist (?). 
 2. to be possible, often preceded by 
 yan; skye-ba dan^ig-pa kun-la srid-na since 
 springing up and passing away is the lot of 
 all men DzL; pan -pa zig srid healing is 
 possible Pth.; O di-las sla yan srid it might 
 be easier (for me) then than now DzL:, de- 
 bzin-du bden srid snydm-nas thinking this 
 might possibly be true; the verb is usually 
 put in the infinitive mood terminating in 
 pa: de yin-pa-ah srid after all it might be 
 this man, it might be he Mil.; O dir ^6h-ba 
 mi srid -do, bod-du bros-pa srid he will 
 scarcely come back, he will have escaped to 
 Tibet Glr.; sometimes with the root of the 
 verb : yon mi srid Mil. ; bday far kyan srid- 
 kyis as it is a possible case, that we might 
 be released DzL ; ma srid big about the same 
 as: God forbid! by no means! In W. nearly 
 = to be obliged: *Kyer-wa-la srid* now it 
 will be my lot, now I shall be obliged, to 
 carry (twice as much), *sdd-ce-la srid* (B.: 
 bab or fug) he deserves death, he must die. 
 II. sbst. ^j^t 1. existence, state of being, 
 life, srid-pa yzan nydms-su myoh-ba to ex- 
 perience, to pass through, other periods of 
 existence Wdh., sridptji-ma Sch.: the future 
 period of life, of existence. 2. things 
 existing, the world, srid(-pa) ysum the three 
 worlds, srid-pai Jcor-lo Cs.: the revolving 
 system (the world's cycle); srid-pai mfso 
 the ocean of existence, srid-pai cu-klun cen- 
 po the stream of existence Mil.; also a single 
 being, commonly however srid-pa-pa; bdr- 
 doi srid-pa, bdr-srid-pa Thyy., bdr-ma-doi 
 srid-pa-pa Sty. the beings in the Bardo, v. 
 bar-do. The meaning of srid in srid-pai 
 bar-do, and income other expressions, have 
 yet to be determined. 3. symb. num. : 14. 
 
 . : a sort of flint-stone. 
 
 srin -gl an LtJ W. *srin-gldn-can* 
 having the staggers (of horses); 
 being mad. 
 
 srin-po, Ssk. <|^q, fern, srin-mo, 
 
 demons, figuring in Indian and Ti- 
 betan mythology. They are supposed to be, 
 for the most part, of an enormous size, ge- 
 nerally hostile to mankind, going about at 
 night, to ensnare and even to devour human 
 beings. Their chief abode was Ceylon, and 
 also Tibet was originally inhabited by them. 
 The Tibetans are even said to be the de- 
 scendants of an ape (sent by, or emanated 
 from, Avalokiteshvara) and of a Tibetan 
 Srinmo. brdy-srin rock-Srinpo or Srinmo; 
 O dre-srin goblins and Srinpos; cu-srin v. 
 the following article. 
 
 srin-bu, = O bu, insect, worm, vermin ; 
 
 srin-bu pdd-ma (srin-pa Sik.) leech, 
 srin-bu me-Jcyer glow-worm ; rgyu-srin, fcon- 
 srin intestinal worm; pyi-srin vermin living 
 on the skin Lt.\ ddr-srin silk-worm; srin- 
 bdl ace. to Wdn. = rds-bdl cotton, Sch., 
 Schr.: flock-silk; raw silk; srin-byd nocturnal 
 bird, owl etc. Lt.; srin-for small ulcer or 
 tumour; srin-sin Med. } Sch. : mulberry-tree; 
 cu-srin a monster living in the water. 
 
 srin-ldy the ring-finger. 
 
 srib(s) 1. darkness, gloom, night. 
 2. shady side, north side of a moun- 
 tain. srib-pa vb., to grow dark or dusky, 
 6'. : *sa srib son* night has begun. 
 
 sriu-ndy mulberry-tree. 
 
 5[GJ" sril Sch. silk-worm. 
 
 fsru Glr., sru-mo Lex. and C. mother's 
 sister, aunt. 
 
 ^P1"J" sru 9~P a > W. for sprug-pa, srub-pa 
 ^2, ' and dkrug-pa: L to shake, to shake 
 out. 2. to stir, stir up, twirl. 3. to shake, 
 to make to totter. 
 
 srun-ba I. vb., pf. (b)sruns, fut. bsruh, 
 imp. (b}srun(s), Ssk. ^, 1. to watch, 
 to keep guard intrs.; but gen. trans., i.e. to 
 watch, to keep, to guard, to keep in custody, 
 the house DzL; to save from, to pro-
 
 srun-pa 
 
 583 
 
 sre-ba 
 
 tect, to shelter, e.g. lus, the body, but also : 
 to keep unpolluted, pure, chaste; bdag srun- 
 ba to guard one's self, in a special sense: 
 to live as a bdag-sriih, as a hermit DzL; 
 to preserve, bdag ynod-pa fams-cdd-las srutls 
 sig may I be preserved from every harm ! 
 Do.', with la: bddg-la srun-du ysol I pray to 
 preserve, to protect me Do. 2. to beware 
 of, to guard against, lus dan ndg-gi nyes-pa 
 DzL, lus dan nag srun-ba (v. above no. 1) 
 DzL 3. to keep, to observe faithfully, a 
 promise, laws; bkd - srun - mKan obedient, 
 faithful, trustworthy. - 4. to hinder, forbid, 
 prohibit, rigs-kyis, bddg-pos, cos-kyis srun 
 it is forbidden, it is prohibited, by the degree 
 of kindred, by the husband, by religion in 
 general Thgy.-, to prevent, to be a preser- 
 vative or preventive 84. 5. to wait, = srin- 
 ba, e.g. *zag nyi* for two days W. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. the keeping, guarding, the heed, 
 guard. 2. the person or the thing keeping, 
 guarding, esp. amulet, preventive, preser- 
 vative, btdgs-pa to suspend (an amulet, to 
 the neck or other part of the body). 
 
 Comp. and deriv. srun - skud, - K6r or 
 -mdud an amulet consisting of threads. 
 srun-mKan keeper, guardian, watchman, *fsdn- 
 la srun - Kan* W. (night-) watchman; srun- 
 pa B. = srun-mEan, bzd-sin-ra-ba srun-pa 
 keeper of a fruit-garden DzL; srun-po Cs. 
 = srun-mKan ; srun-ma B. id., dmyal-bai 
 srun-ma guardian of the infernal regions 
 frq. DzL ; cos-sky on-bai srun-ma fams-cdd 
 all the tutelar gods of religion Mil. ; collect- 
 ively: body of watchmen, Ihd-rnams-kyi 
 srun-ma ddn-po the first corps of watchmen 
 of the gods, the Naga; rgydl-poi srufi-mai 
 mi the men of the king's body-guard Stg. 
 srun-sems the taking heed, being cautious. 
 
 srun -P a > bsrun-pa, calm, 
 soft , mi | d? aD d : mildness, 
 gentleness, meekness; srun-po adj. = srun- 
 pa, esp. of horses: quiet, tame; sin-tu mi- 
 bsrun-zin very malicious, malignant, of de- 
 mons Mil. 
 
 srub v. srus. 
 
 . 
 
 srub-pa, pf. imp. (6)srw6s, fut. bsrub, 
 1. to stir, stir up, stir about, zo srub- 
 pa to churn, to make butter. 2. to rum- 
 mage, to rake up, to stir, to turn over. - 
 3. to rub, two pieces of wood against each 
 other Wdn. *srub-ih* C. 1. twirling- 
 stick. 2. mischiefmaker, disturber of the 
 peace. 
 
 *rub* 1. a cleft, slit, gap, fissure, brag- 
 srubs chasm or cleft in a rock, smaller 
 than ser-ka Mil; intermediate space, interval, 
 interstice; rent in a dress; disunion, sepa- 
 ration ; wound Lt. ; srubs Jbye Lt., srubs O for 
 Sch. a severing, a wound has been made; 
 srubs ytor-ba to rend asunder, to tear Sch. 
 *fsem-srub dol-ce* W. to rip, to cut open a 
 seam. 2. seam? 3. W. col. for srus. 
 srum resp. for meat, flesh of animals 
 used as food, srum-K6g an animal 
 slaughtered and cut up, for a person of 
 quality. 
 
 srul-po 1. evil demon, malignant spirit 
 Mil. ; lus-srul-po Lex. sorcerer. 2. 
 putrid, rotten Cs. 
 
 srul-ba, pf. and fut. bsrul, I. to be 
 corrupted, decomposed, of the hu- 
 mours of the body Wdn. 
 
 II. W. *srul-ce, =si-ug-ce* 1. to stir, * fug- 
 pa* the soup, to mix and stir, *cu-la pe* 
 flour with water. 2. to shove, to move, to 
 and fro, *pdg-te srul-ce* to plane, *cad-sog 
 srul-ce* to saw. 3. *fa si-ul-ce* to put a 
 horse to a gallop ? 
 
 srus, W. also *srub*, unripe ears of 
 wheat etc. *srub nye-ce* W. to rub 
 them between the hands; the grains, thus 
 being shelled, are considered a rural dainty; 
 o brds-kyi srus a shelled grain of rice. 
 _._.... srus-pa Sch. to thicken, to become 
 more consistent, by evaporation, by 
 boiling. 
 
 j.j-. sre-da Wdn., sred %., a species of 
 ^ corn(?). 
 
 sre-ndg Lex. soot; W. *sre-mda*. 
 
 sre-ba I. sbst. a certain shrub 6s.
 
 584 
 
 sre-mog 
 
 srog 
 
 II. vb., pf. bsres, fut. bsre, imp. (b^sres, 
 trans, to O dre-ba 1. to mix with, to mingle, 
 to admix, mdr-la sre-ba to mix with butter 
 Lt., can cu sre-ba to mix beer with water 
 Med.; dreu sre-ba to breed mules; bsres-pa 
 mixed up, confused, of a narration Tar.; 
 fig. fca or lus sre-ba to communicate with 
 another, i.e. to live, to eat, drink, smoke 
 with a person Do.; skyid sdug sre-ba to 
 share pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow 
 Glr.; W., like *ze-ce*, to exchange for: *zan 
 dan srog* to risk one's life for a subsistence. 
 2. to add; to add up, cast up, sum up 
 Wdk., *nyl dan nyl sre zi* 2 and 2 make 
 4 W. 
 
 sre-mog v. sre-ndg. 
 
 sre-mon weasel, prob. = *la-Kyi-mo* 
 W.; sre-mo Lex. 
 
 sre-lon 1. Sch. : the sinew above the 
 heel. 2 n. of a medicine? 
 ^rcjr^r sreg-pa I. sbst. (W. *srag-pa*} par- 
 tridge. 
 
 II. vb., pf. (b~)sregs, fut. bsreg, imp. 
 (b~)sreg(s), W. * srdg-ce* to burn, i.e. 1. to 
 consume, to destroy by or with fire (mes, me- 
 ld} e.g. a corpse, ddg-mo, or W. *ndn-tan*, 
 altogether, entirely, dgra an enemy (sc. in 
 effigy); sbyin-sreg burnt-offering; to make red- 
 hot, Icags-bsregs red-hot iron Thgy. 2. to 
 roast, fry, bake, on a spit C., or in a pan, 
 *mdr-la* in butter W.; *td-gir srdg-ce* to 
 bake bread W.; to tan, to make swarthy, 
 nyi-mas (to be tanned) by the sun Dzl.; 
 bsre'g-fcan Sch. shed for storing up fire-wood. 
 xjr* sren, mi-sren C. = mi-rkydn, v. rkyan- 
 
 pa. 
 $fc sred v. sre-da. 
 
 sred-rgyal-ma a deity of the 
 Bonpo Mil. 
 
 sred-pa 1. vb., sbst., adj. to desire, 
 the (lesire, desirous, zds-la of food 
 Lt., Ka-fsai ro-la of acid or hot substances 
 Med.) rol-mo-la (liking) music Stg.; yul- 
 sred-pa cun-ba not much attached to his 
 native country; )ig-rten(-la') sred-pa ava- 
 rice, covetousness Mil., O dod-sred-can cove- 
 tous, greedy Pth., cdgs-sred-can lecherous, 
 
 libidinous Pth. ; sred-pa-las yons-su grol-ba 
 quite free of any desire, (so is Buddha); 
 sred-po Cs. lover, sred-ma Cs. sweet-heart. 
 2. symb. num. : 8. 
 
 f sren (?) floor W. 
 
 srel-ba, pf. and fut. bsrel 6s., W. 
 
 *srdl ce* to bring up, to rear, to nurse 
 up, to train, infants, young animals, *srdl- 
 Kan* nourisher, fosterer, nurse etc. 
 
 5J$T ares Ts. = zi-gil q.v. 
 
 ^r sro, resp. fugs-sro. W., heat, ardour, pas- 
 s sion, wrath, anger, *sro yon* anger rises 
 (in a person), he (etc.) grows angry, *sro 
 bob, sro bud* the anger abates; *sro-rin- 
 mo* slow to wrath, *sro-can* furious, raging, 
 *sro-fun* hot, ardent, passionate. 
 
 sro - ba, pf. (6)sros, fut. bsro, imp. 
 
 (6)sro(s), to warm, to make warm or 
 hot at the fire, or in the sun Glr., Lf. ; Jdm- 
 pai drod-kyis bu bsro (a mother) foments 
 her child with a gentle warmth Thgy. 
 ^rt- sro-ma 1. egg of a louse, a nit 6'., W., 
 
 sig-sro O du nits are increasing fast S.g. 
 2. small bubble W., *cdn-la sro-ma Kol* 
 the beer foams, froths in fermentation. 
 3. sro-ma ndg-po, sro-ma sen-ge n. of a me- 
 dicinal herb Med. 
 
 ^T(^' sro-lo Med., Sedum and similar plants. 
 
 -n- srog life, srog ) 'cod- pa to kill, frq. ; 
 ' srog ten-pa, O prog-pa id., esp. when 
 done by demons; srog dan O prdl-ba id., esp. 
 to execute, to put to death Glr., srog dati 
 O brdl-ba to die; srog O bul-ba Dzl. 3V-?, 12 
 Sch. : to sacrifice, to yield up one's life, but 
 the manuscript of Kyelang has : srog dati 
 O brdl-lo, and sd-bai srog Kyed-la O bid-lo 
 (Mil.) means: I make you a present of the 
 stag's life, i.e. I spare its life for your sake; 
 srog O dor-ba to sacrifice, one's life, prop, to 
 cast it away Dzl. ; srog-la mi ltd-ba to make 
 light of one's life frq. ; srog dan bsdo-ba to 
 risk, to hazard one's life, frq.; srog skyob- 
 pa to save life Dzl., srog Jbyin-pa, O don-pa 
 id., Thgy. : to save, to preserve (a child's) 
 life (by well caring for it); srog O fso-ba id. 
 Dzl., S.g. (Sch. also: to recover, to grow
 
 sr6h-ba 
 
 585 
 
 dad 
 
 well again) ; sr6g-gi kd-ba n. of a vein ; srog- 
 gi snyin-po Mil. ? 
 
 Comp. *sr6g-sky6b* W. deliverer, redeemer, 
 saviour. srog-Kun Mil. the deep cut or 
 stab, by which Tibetan butchers kill animals 
 (Hue I, 443), srog-Kun Jbyed-pa to stab in 
 this manner. srog-can, srog-lddn having 
 life, living, alive. srog-cdgs animated 
 being, mi-la sogs-pai srog-cdgs fams-cdd 
 all men and other living beings Dzl., srog- 
 fdg = dpyan-fdg. srog-bddg cen-po = 
 pe-dkdr Glr. srog-med lifeless, inanimate. 
 srog-rtsd 'root of life, vein of life', aorta 
 S.g., chiefly used rhetor, and fig. srog- 
 Un deadly, fatal Lt. srog-sin axle, axle- 
 tree; mcod-rten- gyi srog-sin the pole in a 
 Chodten ; fig. prop, sems-kyi srog-sin Mil. 
 ^T*n w sron-ba, pf. bsrans, fut. bsran, imp. 
 sron(s), bsran, W. *srdn-ce !f , to make 
 straight, to straighten, yon-po what is awry, 
 crooked Lex., yzet* sron-ba to beat out nails; 
 to equal Sch.; sku drdh-por bsrans -te (he 
 sat) straight and erect, cf. also sran and 
 bsrdn-po. W.: *srdn-te ca dug-ga 'i-ru 
 dad* will he pass straight through or does 
 he stay here? 
 
 tsan - s 9 dm 'po Srong- 
 tsangampo, n. of the most 
 famous king of Tibet, a contemporary of 
 Mohammed; he introduced the Tibetan 
 letters, and was the chief promoter of Bud- 
 dhism and its literature. 
 
 %fc ^ft'olcr srod > srod -J in dusk of the 
 evening, twilight, *srodrub* 
 W. the dusk of evening draws near, it is 
 getting dusky, sroddan fo-ransinihe evening 
 and morning Lt. ; srod byin son night has 
 set in; srod yol son id., viz. the time about 
 11 o'clock at night C.; srod-la in the dusk 
 of evening Mil. srod-Jlor-pag Cs. (?) the 
 Ryim of evening-twilight, v. nyin-'zag. 
 srod-lon dayblind, nyctalops, seeing better 
 in a mild than in a bright light. 
 
 *r<>! usage, custom, common use, habitual 
 practice, habit, der yi-gei srol med-pas 
 as the art of writing is not yet in use there 
 Glr.] sitdr-srol bzdn-po-la dyons sig keep 
 in mind the good old customs Glr. ; srol cdgs- 
 
 pa, srol-du O gyur-ba Cs., srol-du O fsiid-pa to 
 grow into a habit, to become the custom 
 (of a person, a country); srol O dzugs-pa to 
 introduce a practice Glr.', srol y tod-pa Lex. 
 prob. the same; bka-srdl = srol, but at the 
 same time expressive of reverence for the 
 originator of the custom Zarn.; pyag-srol 
 Mil. is said to be a respectful expression for 
 lag-len-gyi srol(?)', legs-pai dpe-srol btsug- 
 ste Glr. having introduced good customs for 
 imitation; fob-9r6l claim, title, right, founded 
 on old custom. 
 
 sros 1. v. sro-ba. 2. Cs. sbst. = srod 
 twilight, dusk of evening, mun-sros- 
 pa dusky, dark; Glr.: sa sros-nas when it 
 grew dark. 
 
 sla(n)-nd a large iron pan for 
 parching grain, dan-dregs soot ad- 
 hering to a pan. 
 
 sld-ba I. adj., also sld-mo 1. thin, of 
 fluids (opp. to skd-ba, fug-po, rens- 
 pa) W. *lan-te*. 2. easy, opp. to dkd-bo 
 difficult, ses-pa sld-ba ma yin knowledge 
 is not easily obtained Dzl. ; usually with the 
 supine : rig-par slao it may easily be found 
 out Dzl., or with the root of the verb: go- 
 sld easy to be comprehended. 
 II. vb., v. sle-ba. 
 
 Wq- slag -pa, slog -pa fur-coat, 
 sgo-sldg Mil., more corr. 
 7, hunting-coat, made of the skin of 
 an antelope; spyan-sldg, W. *san-lag* fur- 
 coat of a wolf s skin; fsar-sldg coat of lamb's 
 skins; ras-sldg prob.: a fur-coat covered 
 with calico Glr. 
 
 ^C" dan 1. v. sub sla-na. 2. v. slon-ba. 
 sldn-Ka shelf, shelves, stand. 
 
 sldn-ba v. sldn-ba. 
 
 - slad, eleg. = pyi I, II, IV, 1. slad-rdl 
 ^ ' hind part, back part Lex., ddd-bzin-du 
 or sldd-bzin-par behind, e.g. O brdn-ba to 
 walk behind one, sldd-sa = pyi-sa (*TO) 
 dung Bhar. 2. after, sldd-na c. genit. == 
 ^g-tu Dzl. ; sldd-nas adv. afterwards, here- 
 after, subsequently Lex. and; sldd-kyi 
 subsequent, later, posterior; sldd-ma Cs.;
 
 586 
 
 the hind part, that whic]j comes after, the 
 later or latter part; sldd-mar, sldd-kyis after- 
 wards, hereafter, sldd-mar yah also for the 
 future. 3. sldd-du on account of, for the 
 sake of. 
 
 sldd-pa, pf. bslad, (cf. Ihdd-pd) to 
 mix, esp. with something of an in- 
 ferior quality, hence to adulterate, vitiate, to 
 spoil, to corrupt, skyon-gyis or Ihdd-kyis ma 
 sldd-pa not marred by any defects Lex., 
 pyin-ci-Ug-gis yons-su sldd-de quite unfitted 
 by perversity DzL', gdr't-gis kyan ma sldd- 
 pa without any thing detrimental operating, 
 not subject to any noxious influence Wdn.; 
 de myos-sm sldd-par byds-te making him 
 drunk and thus disabling him Dzl. 
 5^r- dan 1. (?) *na-sldn* W. the furred ear- 
 ^ ' coverings of Tibetan ladies. 2. = 
 slad; slan-cdd = p'yin-cdd. 
 sldn-te v. sld-ba. 
 
 - dan-pa 1. to mend, patch Sch. 2. 
 v.bslan. 
 
 s ldm-pa, 1. to roast slightly, to parch, 
 to make brown by exposing to heat, 
 e.g. meal C, W. 2. to roast, to fry, * mar- 
 la* W. 
 
 M- star, eleg. = pyir, 1. again, over again, 
 ^ once more. 2. afterwards, hereafter, 
 sldr-nas id. C. alar yan O jug-pa to be 
 affixed or added again (of letters, to the 
 end of a word) Gram.; slar ^dn-ba to come 
 back, to return DzL; slar-ysegs he went 
 away again DzL; slar stobs skyed he regains 
 strength S.g. ; sldr-bsdu-ba the final o of a 
 verb, indicating the end of a sentence Gram. 
 slas l.v. lhas. 2. retinue, train, atten- 
 dants, wives and servants, po-brdii-gi 
 slas a king's or prince's retinue, the court, 
 people at court DzL 
 
 ^t- sliC. ace. to some authorities: ayellowish 
 ^ red apple, or Indian apple (opp. to ku-su 
 Tibetan apple); ace. to Cs. cherry; cherries, 
 however, arc scarcely known in Tibet. 
 sli-tsi small, wild -growing, cherry -like 
 dwarf-apples, Pyrus baccata; *bi-li-tsi* W. 
 gooseberry; *wdm-pu-li-tsi* the whiteberries 
 of a species of mountain-ash, Pyrus ursina 
 (^wamp'u* in the Bunan language: 'bear'). 
 
 slog-pa 
 
 . slu-ba, pf. bslus, fut. bslu, imp. (&)S/M(S), 
 to entice, allure, ensnare, beguile, se- 
 duce, e.g. to be ensnared by wordly sorrows; 
 lessfrq. in a direct sense: to impose on, to 
 deceive, rdzun byds-te by a falsehood DzL', 
 slu-Jcrid enticement, seduction, means of se- 
 duction, bait; bzdh-poi slu-Jcrid enticement 
 to a good purpose; bslu-ba-mttan deceiver, 
 deluder, impostor Glr. ; mi-slu(-ba) infallible, 
 sure Mil. 
 
 r sle 1. a coarse blanket Ts., = cd-ra, cd- 
 ^ ri. 2. n. of the capital of Ladak. 
 
 sle - tres Med. n. of a creeper or 
 
 climbing plant. 
 
 gj'f sle-po U, sle-ba, sle-bo Cs. a flat basket. 
 
 3^rn * sle-ba 1. vb., bsle-ba, Ihe-ba. pf. lhas 
 B., *ld-ce* W. to twist, plait, braid, the 
 hair, (to make) a basket etc. ; to knit. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. v. no. I. 2. distortion, dis- 
 location (of a limb) Cs.; sle-bo one that has 
 a distorted limb Cs. ; sle - mig a distorted 
 eye Cs. 
 
 sle-yon craft, deceit, trickery, sle-yun 
 byed-pa to cheat, deceive, impose 
 upon Cs. 
 
 gfc* sled knitting-need le(?) Ld. 
 
 sleb-pa, pf. (b)slebs, fut. bsleb, resp. 
 
 O byon-pa, peb-pa (cf. ^dn-ba), 1. to 
 arrive, with termin. ; bslebs-zin I have arrived, 
 he has arrived ; in Ld. however the future 
 *slebs yin' is also pronounced *leb ziri*. 
 2. to reach, to extend, to a certain place or 
 point Pth. and col. 3. to come in (of 
 interest, rent, duties), hence sleb income, re- 
 venue, public revenue, receipt of customs 
 etc. ; sleb-fo account of receipts. 
 
 IH'^r slo-dron warm fresh dung Sch. 
 
 |jjpn"]' slog-pa I. sbst. v. slag-pa. 
 
 II. vb., pf. bslogs, fut. bslog, Cs. (trs. to 
 Idog-pa) to turn, to turn round or about, 
 to turn upside down, inside out, rkydl-pa 
 pyi-ndn slog-pa to turn out the inside of a 
 bag; mig slog-pa to roll one's eyes; *boh- 
 bu ma-lag slog O dug* the donkey is rolling 
 on his back; sa slog-pa to plough up, turn
 
 slon-ba 
 
 587 
 
 up, to dig the soil; in arithmetic: *sum nyi 
 log-pa dug* W. two times three are six. 
 
 slon-ba, sldh-ba, pf. (b)slans, 
 fat. (b}slan, imp. slon(s), W. 
 *ldn-ce*, I. causat. and transit, form to Man- 
 ia. 1. to cause to rise, to help to rise, one 
 lying on the ground; dgrd-ru slon-ba to 
 cause a person to rise as an enemy (cf. dgrar 
 Iddn-ba), i.e. to make a person one's enemy 
 S.g.; bsdd-pai mi-ro slon-ba to resuscitate 
 the slain ; to excite, cause, inspire, compassion, 
 fear, terror etc.; prag-dog-gis, skyo-sas-kyis 
 kun-nas bslans-te Glr., Mil. quite excited 
 by envy and hatred, ni f.; esp. in pathology 
 of the procatarctic or exciting causes of 
 diseases: to kindle (a disease) into action, 
 hence sloii-rkyen the exciting cause (of a 
 disease) ; to raise, to erect, a pile, post, 
 wall Mil. ; sldn-sih a pile, stay, prop, erected 
 or set up. kun-slon Lex. , Mil.: nyon- 
 mons-kyi slon-kun-slon excitement (??). 
 
 II. (perh. originally quite a different 
 word), 1. to ask, require, ccdp. klu zig nd- 
 la dpe sloii a Lu asks me for the book Dzl.; 
 bit -mo cun-mar slon-ba to ask a man's 
 daughter in marriage Dzl.', esp. to beg, to 
 try to get by begging: cun-zad bsldn-no we 
 beg for a little of it! Dzl, pd-la sld/ts-nas 
 %^'heobtained it from hi slather by begging 
 Mil. ; bsod-snyoms slon-ba to collect alms by 
 begging (slon-ba partic. and sbst. beggar, 
 mendicant Dzl , slon-mKan, slon-ba-po id.); 
 hence. 2. to collect, to gather, nor Cs. 
 riches. 3. to examine, to probe (a wound), 
 rrna-ysar mdzub-mos a fresh wound with 
 the finger Thgy.; also: to search a man's 
 house. 4. to give, Ha-lhdg cig sdus-la slon 
 cig gather some of the remnants of the meal, 
 and give them to me! Mil., so in Sp. and 
 C. frq. 
 
 s lh- mo alms, don-mo slon-ba Lex., 
 byed-paCs. to ask alms, to beg; slon- 
 mos O fso-ba to live on alms; slon -mo -pa 
 beggar Pth. 
 
 ^Tr-rr slon-pa 1. Sch. to patch, to mend. 
 2. Sch. : dpdn-po pyir slon-par byed- 
 pa to dissemble, to feign (?) 3. Cs.: to 
 thrust out. 
 
 $Tq. slob the act of learning, study, slob 
 ma myotl-ba to have had no instruc- 
 tion or education; slob />rid-pa to teach. 
 
 slob-pa, I. vb., pf. bslabs, fut. bslab, 
 
 imp. slob(s), W. *ldb-ce*, to learn, to 
 teach, i\a or rid-la slob I learn, was slob I 
 teach, de-la mfcan slob ynyis-kyis lo-isfsa 
 bslabs both the abbot and the instructor 
 taught him the art of translating Pth. ; na 
 rtsis sig slob O dod-pas slobs as I should like 
 to learn something of mathematics, teach 
 me! Pth.', bslabs -pas ses-te when he had 
 learned it Pth.; bsldb-cin lobs-pa yan dka as 
 learning is difficult, even if one is taught 
 Dzl. ; slob-tu ^jug-pa to let one take lessons, 
 to have or get one instructed Dzl.; *iu-gu-la 
 gom-fcm Idb-ce* to teach a little child to 
 walk W.; mi-la yi-ge bslabs schools were 
 established Glr.; yon-tan slob-pa to teach 
 (to learn) good, useful, things Pth. and frq. 
 II. sbst. 1 . the act of learning Dzl. - 
 2. teacher, instructor, brdm-ze slob-pa a Brah- 
 man as instructor Dzl.; O pdgs-pa slob-pa- 
 rnams the venerable preceptors (more than 
 dge-slon, less than dgrd - bcom-pa) Tar. 
 5, 1. 31, 9. 
 
 Comp. *lob-Kydd* W. use, practice, ex- 
 ercise. slob-grwd school, school -room, 
 school-house; *lob-da-fcdn* W. id. sfoi- 
 grogs school-fellow, co-disciple. slob-ynyer 
 student, scholar, slob-ynyer gdh-du byyis 
 where have you studied ? at what college 
 have you been a student? Mil. slob-dpon 
 teacher, instructor, master, frq.; also a college- 
 title like our bachelor etc. ; 'the teacher' by 
 way of eminence, is either Buddha or Pad- 
 ma-byun-ynds. slob- bd>ts scholar, pupil, 
 disciple, - bu-slob Mil. slob-ma id., frq. 
 *lob-M* report, rumour, fame W. Cf. bslabs. 
 
 slobs exercise, practice, experience; 
 
 miy- slobs nan -pa skye Mil. a bad 
 custom of seeing begins to prevail (vi/. that 
 of looking downward, and minding only 
 earthly things). 
 
 y sa ' bsa MiL > c - ( w - ** an *) 
 
 the snow -leopard, nearly 
 white, with small clusters of black spots; 
 living on the higher mountains.
 
 588 
 
 ysdg-pa 
 
 Sch. to sew together. 
 
 i s secret, hidden, ysan sor the 
 secret comes out, is made known DzL 
 j-^.-.. ysdn-ba I. vb. to do a thing se- 
 cretly, to conceal, na-la ysan-du mi 
 run it is not right of you to be so close 
 to me Mil.; ysdn-ste brkus-nas stealing se- 
 cretly, ysdn-ste bskydl-nas sending under- 
 hand, furtively Dzl.; to hide one's self, to be 
 concealed dben-pai j-nas sig-tu ysdn-ste be- 
 taking one's self secretly to a solitary place 
 Dzl, yid-mfun-par ysdn-ste keeping it secret 
 with one consent Dzl.', *san-ne dad-ce* W. 
 to sit concealed. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. secret things, a secret; ysan- 
 bai bdag-po = ysan-dban v. below. 2. 
 secret parts Med., also ysan-ynds Med., ysdn- 
 bai pdd-ma Med., sometimes the anus in- 
 cluded; ysdh-bai nad diseases of the sexual 
 organs Med. 
 
 III. adj. 1. secret, hidden, concealed, ysdn- 
 bai cos esoteric doctrine Dzl. ; pyi-nan-ysdfi 
 v. pyi HI. 2. Kyi-mo nyan-gyi rna ysan- 
 ba a female dog of very sharp hearing (v. 
 yseh-ba). 
 
 Comp. ysdn-kan a secret room 6s. 
 ysdn-sgo a secret door Pth. ysan-sgro 
 S.g. ? ysan-sndgs secret charms, mysterious 
 incantations, frq.; even in medical works 
 they are praised as the 'best medicine'. 
 ysan-mje v. mje. ysan-ynds 1. a secret 
 place. 2. mystery, nif.: ysdn-bai ynas du-ma 
 ysuns he taught many mysteries, many secret 
 doctrines. 3. privities, pudenda. ysah-spyod 
 privy, necessary, water-closet. ysan-dbdn, 
 ysan-rdor Mil., ysan-bai-bddg-po Do. = rdo- 
 r)e- can, v. rdo-rje, comp. 
 
 ysdn-pa resp. to hear, to listen Dzl; 
 Kyodysan dan listen (to me)! Mil.; 
 bdag-gi fsig-la yson id. Glr.; with las or la: 
 to hear a person teaching, expounding etc. 
 Tar. Cf. ysdn-pa. 
 
 ysdb-pa v. ysob-pa. 
 
 ysdr-ba, ysdr-pa, usually ysdr-po 
 new, fresh, lug-sa ysdr-ba fresh 
 mutton Lt. ; rma ysdr -pa & raw wound 
 
 ysdl-ba 
 
 Thgy.; bdg-ma ysdr-pa the young, (recently 
 married) wife Dzl.; *bhu-mo sdr-pa* a girl 
 that is still a virgin C.; ysdr-du adv., ysdr- 
 du bsdd-pai sa flesh of animals that have 
 just been slaughtered, lit.: fresh-slaughtered 
 flesh Dzl.', Ka-ysdr a new edge; kan-ysdr 
 new house, also a name of villages, castles 
 etc. ; gos-ysdr, mar-ysdr Lt. ; rta-ysdr Schr. 
 a horse not yet broken in. ysar O grogs- 
 pa Sch.: 'to tell each other news; to make 
 a new acquaintance'. *sar-zug co-ce* W. to 
 plant (a piece of land) for the first time, 
 to cultivate, to people, to stock with in- 
 habitants. fsar-rin old and new, stale 
 and fresh; age, duration, existence. j-sar 
 y cod -pa frq., also fsar y cod -pa Pth., to 
 search, inquire into, investigate thoroughly, to 
 examine, to study, skad a language. ysdr- 
 bu new beginner, tyro, novice Mil. 
 cn^jq-q- ysdl-ba vb., to be clear, distinct, 
 bright, dor sdr-zin ysdl-na when 
 (the sun) shines bright again; mdr-me Q ci- 
 fcar ysdl-ba bzin flaming up once more, like 
 an extinguishing lamp Glr. ; lhan-ne Iham- 
 mer ysdl-te appearing bright, clear and dis- 
 tinct DzL; ysdl-lo it is clear, it is evident; 
 it stands written, it may be read, O dul-ba- 
 na ysdl-lo it may be read in the Dulva Glr.. 
 Tar.-, ysdl-po (irarrer) visible to a great 
 distance, conspicuous, distinct, obvious, in- 
 telligible; kun-ysdl id.; *mig sdl-po ton mi 
 tub, nag sdl-po zer mi se* W. his eye, 
 his speech, is not clear, he is not able to 
 see, to speak distinctly; ysal - dag - snyan- 
 ysum B. = the popular sgra-dag-ysal-ysum, 
 v. sgra', yi-ge ysdl-po a plain, legible hand- 
 writing; clear, bright, ysdl-bai me -Ion a 
 bright mirror (a frq. title of books); bright, 
 light, pure, of colours, dkar-ysdl pure white 
 Glr. ; pure, free from faults and deficiencies, 
 * sdl-po gydb-ce* W. to correct; sa-pyogs kyaii 
 ysdl-bar gyur-ro also his whole neighbour- 
 hood will be freed from defects, will be- 
 come happy Do.; ysdl-le-ba = ysal-ba; ysdl- 
 Ka Tar. prob. = ysdl-ca, Mil. : ysdl-ca zig 
 yndn-ba zu I request (you) to give me a 
 detailed account, inst. of which also only sal 
 cig may be said.
 
 ysdl-sin 
 
 589 
 
 ysus-pa 
 
 ysdl-sin (like OTavQog in its ori- 
 ginal meaning) a pointed stake, 
 for empaling malefactors, ysdl-sin-du or 
 ysdl-sih-gi fse-la skyon-pa to empale. Cf. 
 rky aii-sin. 
 
 y sas - mo Lexx. ; in Lt. prob. : 
 mother's milk. 
 
 y s fy~P a Cs., a ls bsig-pa, to throw 
 up in a backward direction; in 
 Thgr. is said of a lion : rdl-pa ysig he shakes 
 his mane; dpun-bsig Cs.: 'the shaking of 
 one's shoulder' (prob. for: shrugging); to 
 winnow, to fan, to sift Stg.; W. 
 
 y s in- ma 1- pasture-ground, meadow 
 Dzl. 2. moor, fen ScJiJ 
 qpj^r^'n* ysir-ba Sch., bsir-ba Cs. 1. to whirl 
 about or round, to twirl, pan a 
 spindle, mda ysir-ba Cs.: 'to whirl an arrow'. 
 - 2. W. to move by a repeated pushing, 
 pdg-ste a plane; to smooth, to even, with a 
 plane, a knife etc. ; to slide, glide, slip, down 
 a slope. 
 
 y sil ~ ba * to cutto P ieces > to divide, 
 split, Ihu-ru Mil., dum-bur Lea;., 
 ysor-gyis ysil-ba to saw to pieces, to saw 
 up. 2. to toll, sound, ring, dril-bu ysil-ba 
 to ring a bell Cs., hence mKar-ysil v. mKar- 
 ba. 3. *sil-ce >! ' W. to read. ysil-bu and 
 ysil-ma v. sil-bu. 
 
 ysun, resp. for skad and ytam, 1 . voice, 
 ysun byun a voice sounded, was heard 
 Glr., ysun dag-pa a clear voice, like that 
 of Buddha Dzl. 2. the act of speaking, 
 talking, ysun glen-ba to converse, discourse, 
 ysun O dre-ba, ysun- dre mdzdd-pa id. ; that 
 which is spoken, the words uttered, the 
 speech, Kyed-kyi ysun del Idn-du in answer 
 to your words Glr.; ysun klog-pa to read 
 the sayings, the apothegms (of Buddha) 
 Ma. 
 
 ysun-ba I. vb., pf. ysuns, resp. for 
 smrd-ba B. and C. (in W. *mol-ce* 
 is used inst. of it) to speak, talk, say, the 
 latter also with the terrain, of the infin., inst. 
 of direct speech, but rarely; de-skad ma 
 ysun your Reverence should not say so! Mil.; 
 ysun ma ynan it did not please him to speak 
 Mil.; rdzun ysun-ba to tell a falsehood, to 
 
 lie; to explain, don Mil.; to ask; mi O dod 
 mi ysun bzes-par zu Mil. please accept it 
 without ceremonies (without a refusal); zal- 
 yddms ysun-ba to give advice etc. Glr.; cos 
 ysun-ba to preach Glr.; mgur-ma ysun-ba 
 to recite or to sing a song (but also: mgur- 
 ma smrd-ba, zer-ba is said). 
 
 Comp. ysun-bgros report, statement, opi- 
 nion. ysun-mcog principal word, main 
 dogma e.g. the Ommanipadmehum Glr. 
 fsun-snydn a harmonious voice, an agree- 
 able, pleasant speech; Mil. uses it also of 
 the singing of birds (and the screaming of 
 peacocks!) ysuh-spros, ysun- prd con- 
 versation between persons of rank, or be- 
 tween such and inferior people, ysun^i'db 
 =ysun-mcog, also sacred writing, Holy Scrip- 
 ture Chr. Pr. ysun-sog = bka-sog. 
 STKKZT qSKXT y^-P' bsud-pa 1 . Sch. 
 to be lost, to be dispersed. 
 2. W. to fill with food beyond satiety, 
 to stuff, to cram. Bhar. 124 smdn-pa ysud 
 stands for Ssk. f^wfaeRT ( Will.: spasmodic 
 cholera), which elsewh. is rendered zas ma 
 zu-ba; the meaning is prob. to overeat one's 
 self. 
 
 cn^T&T T sum t nree (cf.swm), ysum-Ka, ysum- 
 y? ga the three, all the three ; ysum-pa 
 the third; containing three; ysum-po the 
 three; ysum also elliptically for dkon-mcog- 
 ysum: ysum-la skydbs-su O don-ba to seek the 
 protection of the Three Precious Do. ; bskdl- 
 pa grdns-med(-pa} ysum three times in- 
 numerable Kalpas (appeared) Dzl, Glr.; 
 rgdn-mo ma smad ysum-po O di the old 
 (woman) with her (two) sons, the three Dzl.; 
 rgydl-po yab yum ysum the king and his (two) 
 queens, the three Glr. ; rob Jbriii ysum the 
 big, the middle (and the little one), the three. 
 ysum-sprul emanation of the third degree, 
 == nyin-sprul. 
 
 ysur-ma a thing slightly burnt, 
 .singed 6s., ysur-dn the smell of it. 
 ysus-pa belly, stomach, ysus-pa sbos 
 the belly is swollen or distended 
 Lex.; ysus-ndd dropsy of the belly; ysus- 
 rked the middle part of the body, the waist 
 Sch.; ysus- pyan-po a deity.
 
 590 
 
 ; yse-ba 
 
 'q' ysdn-ba 
 
 yse-ba 1. v. se-ba. 2. v. ysed-pa. 
 
 ^ yseg -brddr Sch. a file (instru- 
 1 ment), v. sag-ydar. 
 j-seg-ma small stones; yscg-seb-can 
 full of small stones. 
 
 '' yseg-ysdn = mKar-ysil Lex. 
 
 Sfc y ? eft * Seil L Cleft ' Chlnk ' crevice > 
 fissure, leak, v. Kon-seh sub Kon 
 
 extr.; sgo-ysen chink of a door Tar.; yse/t 
 bsrub-pa Sch. to stop up, plug up, crevices 
 etc.; ysens-pa leaky, cracked, full of fissures 
 Sch. 2. harmonious, well-sounding. 3. 
 rnd-ba ysen Sch.: a sharp, acute, quick ear, 
 cf . ysdii-ba II, 2. 
 
 " rsgc? several larger species of Lonicera. 
 ysed-pa, also bsed-pa (pf. yses?} to 
 pick, sort, assort, hair, wool; to pull 
 or pluck in pieces. 
 
 ^^W y*eb I. stallion, a male horse or camel. 
 
 II. also seb, 1. the narrow interstices be- 
 tween persons or things thronged together, 
 hence with na, tu and &z, between, among, 
 with nas from between, Kyi mii yseb-la mcon 
 the dog leaps into the midst of the people, 
 lo-maiyseb-tu^jog-pa to put between leaves, 
 sprin-gyi yseb-nas lus pyed O fon half of his 
 body protrudes from between the clouds, 
 Arises above etc.; gron-yseb-tu bzugs-pa 
 to sit among the villagers; Kyed-cag-gi yse'b- 
 na Meu-dgdl byd-bai bud-med yod-dam? is 
 there a woman among you named Meu- 
 dgal? yseb-lam a secret path, by-way, be- 
 tween rocks or underwood. 2. multitude, 
 crowd, dmdg-yseb army, ndgs-yseb forest, 
 en^ yser (Pera.j$ gold ; yser-gyi of gold, 
 golden, yser-gyi me- tog n. of a me- 
 dicinal herb. 
 
 Comp. yser-skiid S.g. n. of an officinal 
 herb. yser-skyems v. skyerm. yser-Ka 
 a gold mine. yser-mMdr an imperial castle 
 Wts. fser-glift Malacca Cs. yser- gyur- 
 rtsi prob. much the same as: 'philosopher's 
 stone' Pth. yser-fub n. of the second Bud- 
 dha, Kanakamuni. yser-mdog gold-colour, 
 yser-mdog-can n. of a monastery. yser-pa 
 
 gold -searcher, gold -washer Gram.-, j'ser- 
 pudn. of a medicinal herb, an emetic Med, 
 yser- preii a gold chain. yser-bye gold- 
 sand. yser-me = yser-gyi-me-tog Med. 
 yser-ytso-ma, yser-btso-ma refined gold Glr.^ 
 Pth. *ser-zan* W. gilt copper. yser- 
 bzo-pa, yser-mgdr Cs. goldsmith. yser- 
 yig-pa 'bearer of a gold-letter', ambassador, 
 envoy Glr. yser-sog leaf-gold, gold-foil, 
 foliated gold Sch. yser-srah one ounce of 
 gold; a coin = 16 rupees, gold-mohur. 
 
 yses? ran-yses reciprocal, mutual Wdh. 
 
 )'so-ba pf. ysos, (b)sos (= O fso-ba) 
 1. to feed, nourish I)zl; to bring up, 
 nurse up, rear, train, bu a child, dud- gro 
 an animal; also ys6-skyon-ba,yso-skyd)i byed- 
 pa. 2. to cure, nad,rma; to stop, remove, 
 to put an end to, nal fatigue, i.e. to recruit 
 one's self, to rest; to mend, to repair, Kyim 
 a house Cs.; to restore, rebuild, re-establish, 
 what had been destroyed, to kindle again, 
 stir up again, a fire; zig- or sig-yso-ba id.; 
 to refresh, recreate, sems, resp. fugs, the soul, 
 i.e. to comfort, console. 
 
 Comp. yso-mJcan restorer Glr. yso-fdbs 
 way of curing, manner of healing Mcd. 
 yso-ba-po physician Med. yso-bya the thing 
 to be cured, the disease Med. ; yso-byed the 
 healing substance, the remedy; the healing 
 person, the physician. yso-sbyon-ba v. the 
 following article. yso-fsul = yso-fdbs. 
 yso-rig pharmacology. 
 
 yso-sbyoii-ba, for nyes-pa yso-ba 
 dan sdig-pa sbyon-ba to get quit 
 of sin, by making confession to a priest and 
 thus restoring the former state of virtuous- 
 ness, to confess; also yso-sbyon len-pa, yso- 
 sbyoti-la ynas-pa; such confession does not 
 entail any penalties, but only a renewal of 
 obligations, cf. Fouc. Gyatch. II, 16. 
 
 s Lex.; Sch.: rag, tatter. 
 
 f-pa 1. v. sog-pa II. 2. v.sob. 
 
 yso/t-po sincere, ysoii-por smrd-ba 
 to speak the truth. 
 
 A. and Leo:.; usually ysdn-ba.
 
 ysod-pa 
 
 591 
 
 fadd-pa, pf. bsad, fut. (Lex. ysad, 
 usually:) bsad, imp. sod, W. *sdd- 
 i-e*, 1. to kill, slay, murder, slaughter, j-sdd- 
 pa-la dgd-ba to delight in killing Dzl. ; bsad 
 ma-fdg-pai sa, ysdr-du bsdd-pai sa v. ysdr- 
 ba; ryydl-pos ysod-pa to be executed by the 
 authority Dzl. ; (fse) bsdd-pa-la fug -nas 
 when he was just on the point of being 
 executed Dzl.; *pag jdb-te sdd-tan-ce* W. 
 to assassinate ; bsdd-do\ bc6m-mo!l am lost! 
 it is all over with me! Wdn. 2. to put 
 out, extinguish frq. 3. fcijdd- ysod-pa to 
 despise, v. Kyad extr. 
 
 Comp. ysod-ycod the act of murdering, 
 murder, slaughter, ysod-fcod-kyi ^jigs-pa fear 
 of murder Mil.; ysod-ycod mdh-po byed he 
 is murdering, slaughtering, a great deal. 
 ysod-byed killer, murderer, ysod-byed rhdn- 
 pa the murderous huntsman Lex.; ysod-bycd- 
 kyi ynas slaughter-house Stg. fsod-sa 
 place of execution Thgy. ysod-lugs way 
 of killing, snar ma byas a new (way of 
 killing) Tar. 
 
 y son -p a I. A. vb., 1. intrs. to live, 
 to be alive, yson-no he (she etc.) 
 is alive, *de med-na mi son-be mi fub* with- 
 out that a man cannot live W.; to remain 
 alive, to save or preserve one's own \\te,rdzun- 
 du smrds-na yson kyati though I could save 
 my life by (telling) a falsehood Dzl. ; ysdn- 
 par mi dod I do not wish to live (any longer) 
 Dzl.-., of the fire: to burn, *da son-na* W. 
 does it burn now? 2. trs. to wake, to 
 rouse from sleep by shaking, to urge on, to 
 hurry on (lazy people), by force, whereas 
 skiil-ba is only done by words. B. sbst. 
 life, yson-pai fse-na QY yson-pai dits-su during 
 (my, your etc.) life, in lifetime, frq.; hence: 
 yson-pa-nyid for tw^ John 1, 4 etc. Chr. P. 
 C. adj. living, alive, frq. yson-po,co\. *yson- 
 te*, kye-ma bu yson-po mfoh-no ah, there 
 I see my son again alive! Stg.; yson-por 
 />>/<'-< l-pa to call into life, to animate, yson- 
 por dur-du Jjug-pa to bury alive Dzl., 
 yson-pai rgyu-ma O drcn-pa to tear out the 
 bowels of a living man; *son-te* W. also: 
 healthy, whole, restored to health again, *kaii- 
 pa, mig, me son-te co-ce* to cure a foot, 
 
 an eye, to blow a fire into flame again; 
 entire, whole, undivided, *son-tc Kyofi-na* 
 am I to bring it entire (or cut into pieces 
 etc.)? of the moon: full. yson-ma rarely 
 for }-s6n-po, pug-ron yson-ma a live pigeon 
 Pth.; fson-ysin both the living and the dead 
 6s.; yson bsregs a creature burnt alive, mi 
 zig(-la) yson-bsregs byed-pa to burn a person 
 alive Pth. 
 
 II. vb., pf. bsan, fai.ysan, imp. yson Cs., 
 prob. the original form of ysdn-pa to hear. 
 
 III. cud-yson-pa v. cud. 
 
 y s b~P a , P^ bsab, fut. ysab, 1. to 
 
 fill out or up, to supply, complete, 
 make up, Iwr-Kons a gap (?) Sch., to cure, 
 wounds W., *sob-mdn* balm, ointment for 
 wounds. 2. to pay, repay, return, skyin-pa 
 a loan Sch., drin ysob-pa to return a kind- 
 ness Glr. 
 
 - ysor 1. v. sor I. 2. supine of yso- 
 ba. 
 j. ysorba to brandish, flourish, a staff 
 
 6s. 
 
 ysol-ba I. vb., 1. = zu-ba 1, q.v.; 
 
 rgydl-po-la srog-gi skyabs ysdl-to 
 he besought the king to save his life Dzl. ; 
 ston-pa-la smon-lam btdb-par ysol cig ask 
 the teacher to say the prayers Dzl.', bstdn- 
 du ysol I beg to explain, frq. ; lha ysol-ba 
 to worship a god, by offerings, libations etc. 
 Glr. and elsewh. Tibetans w r hen arriving 
 on the top of a mountain -pass generally 
 mutter the words : ysol-lo ysol-lo, prob. to 
 express their thankfulness for having been 
 preserved from harm so far, and to implore 
 further protection. 2. resp. for gon-pa 
 and skon-pa to put on : (sku-la) nd-bza, cos- 
 gos, dbii-la fod, zdbs-la cag (to put on) a 
 garment, clerical robes, cap, shoes Dzl., 
 Glr.; slob-dpon-la ber-cen sku-la ysol-te 
 putting the cloak on the teacher Ma. ; tor 
 zd-ba, O fun-ba, also for O dren-pa, to eat, to 
 drink, to offer a meal Dzl.-, rai/dl-po J>/-<i*- 
 cdn ysol-nas as the king had drunk rice- 
 wine Glr. to take, to give, administer (me- 
 dicine) Dzl. ; to place (food etc.) before, to
 
 592 
 
 ysos-pa 
 
 serve up for (clerical persons) DzL, ysol-lo 
 mcod-cig I place it before you, help your- 
 self! moreover: rgydl-pos cab-la sku-Krus 
 ysol the king took a bath Glr. ; srds-la sku- 
 Krus ysol-lo they administered a bath to the 
 prince Glr. ; mfsan ysol-ba to assume, to 
 receive, a name Glr., to give a name Glr.; 
 even thus: dei fugs-la ydon ysol a demon 
 enters his (the king's) body (clothes him- 
 self with it) Glr. 
 
 Comp. *sol-kdr" f W., resp. for kar-yol 
 earthen ware, crockery. ysol-skrum meat 
 prepared for the table of a man of rank. 
 ysol-Kd 1. request, prayer Sch. 2. meat and 
 drink Sch. *sol-fcan* resp. for *yo-Jcan* 
 C., *fab-fsdn* W. kitchen. ysoZ-wempoisoned 
 food Glr. ysol-lcog table. ysol-mcod 
 prayer and offerings. ysol-jd tea. ysol- 
 nyd fish destined or dressed for the table 
 of a respected person, rgydl-poi Pth. 
 ysol-tdg, ysol-stegs table. ysol-tib tea-pot. 
 ysol-fdb fire-place, kitchen. ysol-ldon 
 gur-giir. ysol-dpon prop, head-cook, 
 master-cook, gen. cup-bearer, butler, waiter. 
 - ysol-pogs salary Sch. *ysol-Jbin* C. = 
 ysol-tib. ysol- mar butter. ysol-fsigs 
 dinner. ysol-zib fine parched barley-flour. 
 ysol-yyog under-waiter, under-butler. ysol- 
 rds distribution of victuals, by a person of 
 rank to common people, hence Chr. P. for 
 Lord's supper, holy communion; donation, 
 gift, present in gen. 
 
 II. sbst. 1. request, demand, entreaty, ysol- 
 ba O debs-pa to make a request, to entreat 
 frq. 2. food *sol-wa ze-pa* to eat, dine, 
 sup C. 
 
 * 7 & os-pa v. yso ba, ysos byed-pa to 
 cure Sch. ; bu mi ysos-pa not keep- 
 ing, retaining a child alive Do.; ysos - bu 
 foster-son, adoptive son; ysos-ma cure? me- 
 dicine? j sos-ma O de'bs-pa Thgy. 
 
 * bsa v. ysa. 
 
 * bsdg-pa v. ysog-pa. 
 
 bsdn-bu resp. for zan food, fare 
 Glr. ; *bsdh-ma* id. W. ; bsati- brds 
 resp. a dish of rice. 
 
 *q* bsdd-pa v. ysod-pa. 
 
 bsdb-pa v. ysob-pa. 
 
 , thought, thinking, bsdm-gyis mi 
 Eydb-pa beyond the reach of human 
 intellect, incomprehensible etc. frq.; cosbzdn- 
 las bsam bzan Ihdg-pa yin a good way of 
 thinking is worth more than good (external) 
 religion Mil. ; W. : *sam-nan-can* malicious, 
 wicked. 
 
 bsdm-pa I. fut. tense and secondary 
 form of sem-pa. 
 
 II. sbst. ^T^-'qir 1. thought, imagination, 
 fancy, bsdm-pa nan-pa sem-pa to foster bad 
 thoughts Do. ; bsdm-pa tsdm-gyis quick as 
 thought; rtdg-tu Q di snydm-du bsdm-pa skyes 
 he was constantly haunted by these thoughts 
 Dzl. 2. will, mi zig-gi bsdm-pa Itar (or 
 bzm-du) sgrub-pa to execute, to carry out 
 a person's will frq.; bsdm-pa Itar magyiir- 
 pas as it did not go according to their wish; 
 bsam-pa O di-las ma zlog cig do not try to divert 
 me from my purpose Dzl. ; bsdm-pa bzdn- 
 po good intention or design Mil. ; desire, mind, 
 inclination, liking, ynod-paior ydug-pai thirst 
 for blood, murderous disposition Glr. 3. 
 SOUl, heart (of rare occurrence), bsdm-pai 
 don mi ogrub then (by doing so) you injure 
 your own soul Mil. 
 
 Comp. bsam-yfdn, -nT- * state of com- 
 plete abstraction, ace. to Burn, 'contemplation 
 (cf. tin-ne- dzin, q^rfef, ^^TRffT, Burn. 
 c meditatiori\bsam-ytdnbyed-pa to transpose 
 one's self into the state of contemplation 
 or meditation (the difference between the 
 two is not easily defined), v. Kopp. I, 586. 
 With this extraordinary state of mind a 
 strange conception is associated, viz. 2. of 
 certain regions, where besides gods and other 
 beings also such men have their abode, that 
 are growing more and more perfect and are 
 stripping off every personal quality, whether 
 good or bad, v. Kopp. I, 255. bsam-mno 
 or -bio, also blo-bsdm thinking, wishing etc., 
 bsam-mno byed-pa or yton-ba, resp. fugs- 
 bsam yton-ba Pth., to think, to meditate, con- 
 sider, think upon frq.; bzdh-byed-kyi bsam-
 
 bsam-bseu 
 
 593 
 
 bio a mind, directed towards what is good, 
 honesty, probity Glr. bsam-sbydr design, 
 device, project Mil., bzdn-po, ndn-pa; bsam- 
 byor byed-pa to plan, to scheme, to project 
 a plan C. bsam-Sfo consciousness, *sam- 
 se item-pa* C. bad conscience (?). 
 
 bsam-bseu 1. seminal vesicle. 
 2. ovary? 
 
 bsdl-ba v. sel-ba. 
 
 J^Fn'T bsig-pa v. ysig-pa. 
 
 bsid-pa to mend, repair, put in order 
 
 Sch. 
 
 bsir-ba 1. ysir-ba. 2. W. to 
 sip, *slr-te fun* he drinks sipping. 
 6s#-6a I. adj. and sbst. cool, the 
 COOl (of the day), coolness, Kan- 
 pa bsil-ba zig a cool house Dzl., bsil-ba pan 
 coolness is wholesome Lt., fsd-ba bsil-bar 
 O gyur the heat changes to coolness Dzl. ; bsil 
 id., *sil-la dod* sit down in the shade W., 
 Ican-bsil 'willow-shade', shady place under 
 willow-trees; bsil-zin grdn-ba cold Dzl., 
 Glr.', bsil-mo id., *sil-mo pi-la* W. for the 
 sake of coolness. 
 
 II. vb., to cool, resp. for /crud-pa to 
 wash, zal mouth and face, zabs the feet, zdbs- 
 bsil water for washing the feet Cs. ; even : 
 cu dron-mos sku bsil-bar mdzdd-pa to wash 
 the body with warm water 6s.; to shed,sp?/aw- 
 cdb mdn-po many tears Mil. 
 
 Comp. bsil-Kan a cool room, a summer- 
 house, summer-residence Stg. bsil-grib 
 cool shade 6s. bsil- fun a cooling drink or 
 beverage Sch. bsil-ydugs parasol Do. 
 bsil-bu coolness (?); bsH-buirlun a cool breeze 
 6s. bsil-smdn a cooling medicine. bsil- 
 zds cooling food. bsil-:ydb a fan. 
 qjsfq* bsu-ba, pf. and imp. bsus, to go to 
 meet, ma bubsur^o/i the mother goes 
 to meet her son Dzl. (usually with accus. 
 as in the preceding case, col. also with dat.); 
 bsus sig let him come to meet me Thgr. ; to 
 join, of two armies, generals, kings Dzl. ; 
 to make advances, to interest one's self for; 
 most frq. : to go to meet (solemnly), to wel- 
 come a respected person, po-brdn-gi ndn- 
 
 du into the castle Dzl.; pdmli-ta O by6n-pa- 
 la bsu-ba byed-do I will go to meet the ar- 
 riving Pandit Glr.; bsu-ba rgya-cen-po very 
 great festivities of reception Pth.; bag-mar 
 bsu-ba yin we will lead her home as your 
 bride Mil.\ ydon- bsu-ba = bsu-ba Mi/.: 
 *dan su-ce* W. for ; dan- or spy an- O dr en-pa 
 of B. *su-kyel or kyal* W. reception and 
 conduct of honour. 
 
 bsu-smdn Sch clyster, W. *sur- 
 
 esp. sweet scent Dzl.; dri- 
 bsun id ; dri-bsun zim-pa broo it is 
 sweet, scented, fragrant Dzl.: bsun-ndd Sch. 
 fragrance; ro bsun-ba filled with a cadaver- 
 ous smell Dzl.; *mar su/i son dog* W. the 
 butter smells (rancid). 
 
 bsun-bskyur Sch.: irregularity 
 of life, dissoluteness; bsun-par 
 byed-pa Sch.: to be dissolute; to be dirty; 
 bsun-tsam disgusting, obscene Sch. 
 
 bsum-pa 1. = O dzum-pa. 2. = 
 sum-pa Cs. 
 bsur-smyig W. clyster, cf. bsu- 
 
 bse 1. v. se, se-ba, se-dri, se-sin. 2. 
 
 also : bse-ko, tanned leather, bse-fcrdb Lex. 
 a coat of mail made of leather; bse-sgdm, 
 bsei sgrom-bu Pth. leather-box, or a box 
 covered with leather; bse-sgo leather-door, 
 or a door-like target made of hides Pth. 
 3. bse or bse-ru (Lea.igjf 'a certain animal') 
 unicorn, Hook. II., 157 'tchiru', an antelope, 
 prob. = ytsod; rhinoceros Tar. 185, 20. 
 
 bsegs-pa Sch. to come from one 
 side, to come across one's way. 
 
 I* bsed-pa v. ysed-pa. 
 
 bsed - dpydd Sch. the bow for 
 setting a drill in motion. 
 
 bsen-mo Sch : a female devil. 
 
 bser, ser, yser-bu 1. 
 a fresh, cold breeze, 
 
 bser-gyis pog he is exposed to a cold wind 
 Sch. 2. of persons, resp. the feeling cold, 
 catching cold, bwr-du i/oii you will feel cold 
 Mil ; also bser-mo adj. or sbst.: *s<'r->o
 
 594 
 
 bslu-ba 
 
 *ser-mo mdn-po ma kyod-da* IF. did you 
 not feel very cold on your way? bser-mai 
 nod resp. a catarrh, a cold Dzl. 
 
 j-^ bsel(-ba), gen. lam-bsel convoy, 
 safe-conduct, escort; Lex.: Jag- 
 6b-kyi kyel-ma (escort) against robbers; 
 bsel-pa safeguard, guide, (lam-} bsel byed- 
 pa to accompany and protect on the way, 
 to escort. 
 
 J" bsog-pa v. sag-pa. 
 
 bsod-snyoms, fins^T, alms, gifts 
 presented to clerical persons, 
 bsod-snyoms-gyis O fso-ba to live on alms, on 
 charity, bsod-snyoms byed-pa, sog-pa, ju</- 
 pa Cs., bsod-snyoms-la rgyu-ba, resp. ; segs- 
 pa to beg, ask, collect alms; bsod-snyoms 
 sbyor-ba to prepare an entertainment for 
 the priesthood. 
 
 bsdd-pa 1. vb., to be pleased with, 
 to take a delight in, to like, W.-.*de- 
 la kon-cog sod-ce man* God is not pleased 
 with that. 2. adj., pleasing, agreeable. 
 *nyih sod fsor dug* W. I feel well, I a in 
 quite happy; bsod-pa dan nan-pa good and 
 bad; bsod-pai zas is explained by one Lex.: 
 zas bzdn-poi min good food, good provi- 
 sions, by another : = UTjffa prepared, dress- 
 ed, boiled. bsod-bde, bsod-nams, resp. sku- 
 bsdd [ . good fortune, happiness, felicity, bsod- 
 bde-can happy, bsod-bde-med unhappy Cs. 
 2. destiny, fate, = dban-fdn, ' f fam-cdd sod- 
 de-ne juii* every thing happens according 
 to a decree of fate W.; prob. also sku-bsod 
 sin-tu ce Ld.-Glr. 11, b. Schl.,]iis destiny is 
 a very high one ; kyod-kyi bsod-bde-la brdun- 
 ba yod-pa yin it belongs to your destiny 
 that you get a drubbing. 3. merit, virtue, 
 good action, byed-pa to perform (a good 
 action) Dzl., bsod-bde sog-pa to gather me- 
 rit, bsod-nams ma yin-pai las sinful deed 
 Tkgy. 
 
 bsos indemnification, damages paid for 
 
 bodily injury. 
 
 bsos-pa v. ysos-pa. 
 ,,... bsrdn-ba v. sron-ba; bsrdn-po 
 straight, upright, *ydr-po dug srdn- 
 po-la zog* C. it stands aslant, put it straight! 
 
 *q* bsrdd-pa v. bsrod-pa. 
 
 bsrdn-pa v. srdn-pa. 
 
 bsi'db-pa, v. srab, to bridle, keep 
 under, restrain, check, curb, refrain, 
 
 bag-cdgs the passions, mun-pa or sgrib-pa 
 bsrdb-pa Cs. to dispel darkness (prob. only 
 in a spiritual sense). 
 
 srdl-ba v. srel-ba. 
 
 bsri-ba etc. v. sri-ba etc. 
 " bsrun Cs. a tutelar genius. 
 
 pa , bsrul - ba, 
 
 bsre-ba, bsreg-pa, bsrel-ba, bsro-ba v. sn'm- 
 pa } srub-pa etc. 
 
 q^K'fl' q^I^'q' bsrod -p a ^ ^srdd-pa, - 
 sr6-ba, to dry, by ex- 
 posing to the rays of the sun Sch. 
 
 etc - Md - ba i 
 
 bsldn-ba, bsldd-pa etc. v. sld-ba, sldn-ba etc. 
 ' ddb-pa 1. vb., v. slob-pa. 2. 
 sbst, doctrine,* bsldb-pa ysum Glr., 
 ace. to an explanation in the Triglot: Ihdg- 
 pai fsul-Krims, Ihdg-pai sems, Ihdg-pai ses- 
 rdb (expressions which I am not able to 
 interpret satisfactorily); our Lama explain- 
 ed bsldb-pa ysum-gyi sdom-pa Mil. by. so- 
 far, byan-sems and ysan-sndgs-kyi sdom-pa; 
 bsldb-pai ynas dogma, tenet Tar. *lab- 
 Kan* W. teacher. *lab-(s)tdn tdn-ce* W. 
 to teach, to keep school. bslab-bya what is 
 to be learned, doctrine, precept, admonition, 
 ojig-rten mi -cos -la dgos-pai bsldb-bya 
 mdzdd-do he imparted to her some practical 
 doctrines or rules of life and social inter- 
 course Glr., bsldb-bya stdn-pa B ., *tdn-ce* 
 W. to give admonitions, to exhort, repri- 
 mand. 
 
 Na 
 
 ba, bsle-ba, bsleb-pa, bslog-pa v. slu-ba, sle- 
 ba etc.
 
 . ha 
 
 595 
 
 ^ ha 1. the letter 7i. 2. numeral: 29. 
 
 K. Aa 1. W 7 : a yawn, *ha yon dug* I cannot 
 1 help yawning. 2. breath, Aa Q debs-pa 
 to breathe. 3. the sound of laughter, *hab- 
 god co - ce* W. to laugh out or aloud , cf. 
 ha-ha. 
 
 = hwa 1. gos-kyi hwa collar of a coat. 
 <! 2. shin, shin-bone /ScT*. 3. *hd, Ao* PT. 
 very well! 4. col. nearly = pa II., yonder, 
 farther off, *hd-la gyug* C. get you gone! 
 be off! begone!; *hd-cog = pd-rol*the other 
 side, yonder side, *hd-gi* that (man) there, 
 *hd-gi-ru* there, there above, up there, 
 there behind, thither, that way C., W. 
 
 hd-go-ba W. to understand, *ha mi 
 c/o-a* don't you understand it'? 
 hd-can very, sometimes too much, too, 
 mya-ndn-las O da-ba hd-can yan 
 myur-ces-so his removal (prop, disappear- 
 ing) from misery happens really too soon! 
 DzL; hd-can-nas id., *kd-can-ne f<'e-pa* C. 
 very learned, possessed of extensive in- 
 formation. 
 
 hu-na-ho-ne, han-hon 
 very angry, much enraged 
 Id. 
 
 hd-ni all of them, all together, in a body 
 Sch. 
 
 hd-ba-hd-ba to breathe out steam 
 or vapour. 
 hd-bo n. of a medicinal herb Lt. 
 
 ha-yeys woe (to you etc.)! W. 
 
 with *gydb-i-e*, W. to play at 
 dice. 
 
 J ha-ra-hu-reW. impetuous, violent, 
 rude, impudent. 
 
 with *c6-ce* W. to deny, dis- 
 own. disavow. 
 
 hd-ri Sxk. parrot. 
 
 ha-ri-ta-ka Ssk. vegetables, greens, 
 
 pot-herbs Wdn. 
 
 ha-ri-dra Ssk. the turmeric plant, 
 Curcuma S.g. 
 
 ha-ri-tsan-dan Ssk. sandal-wood. 
 
 ha-ri-tsam Pur. centipede. 
 
 1' ha-rib Ld. music (?). 
 
 Ssk. a medicine Med. 
 
 5 ka-la-ka-la Wdn., a 
 certain poison, also poison 
 in general, /Ss&. 
 K'flt'K'pi* ha-la-ha-la Cs. : a name of spyan- 
 
 ras-yzigs, v. spyan. 
 ' ha ' lam about ' near ^ nearly, pretty, 
 tolerably, rather, ofe c?a;i hd-lam drd- 
 ba about or nearly like that Wdn. 
 
 r - 5 *ha-ldl cd-ce*, Urd. 
 , to kill (an animal) in the 
 manner prescribed by the Mahometan law W. 
 
 Spj^j* ^-Js col., astonished, frightened, 
 *ha-la-h* or*A-/a-6^*id., *ha-U cd- 
 ce* W., ha-lds-pa B. to be astonished, fright- 
 ened Mil, Pth. 
 
 s-gjS 7ta-fo' flower, esp. a large beautiful 
 ' ganden-flower Gl-., lm-16 rkydn-pa a 
 simple flower, ha-lo ston- Q ddb a double flow- 
 er; *ha-lo-ka* mallow W. (?) 
 
 ' ha-sdh 1. 6s.: (Chinese word) a 
 Buddhist priest, doctor, scholar '//,-. 
 - 2. id., represented by a mask in religious 
 plays, ha-prug an old doctor with boys, his 
 pupils. 
 K-^ncrr ^ a ~^9 a mineral medicine, used as 
 
 ' a remedy for the stone; ace. to W<lit. 
 = fdd-le-kor, alabaster. 
 R'K" K'R* ha-hd, ha-ha the natural sound 
 
 o,,^ of laughter Mil., ha-hd rgod- 
 pa to laugh out, to set up a loud laugh;
 
 596 
 
 hat 
 
 V hu 
 
 to Sch. also an interjection expressive of 
 pam(?). 
 
 ^Q^" hai a Chinese word, shoe C. 
 
 hau-spa-ba n. of a medicinal herb 
 Med. 
 MKJ- hag* Le.c. sugar, treacle Cs., hdgs-kyi 
 
 ' Id-tu. 
 
 ^r- han? han- dzom-pa to squander, to dis- 
 sipate Sch., han-ca-byed a squanderer 
 Sch, 
 
 hdn-ba, W. *hdn-ce' : ' to pant, to gasp. 
 
 hdd-kyis suddenly Sch. had-po? 
 
 Mil. 
 
 had-hdd or hur-hur, with *co-ce* to 
 
 exert one's self, to strive W. 
 ' han-lddri W. 1. dumb, mute, */mw- 
 
 ddn-ni (s}pe ra* a stammering, also : 
 a confused, unmeaning speech. 2. im- 
 becile, weak of mind. 
 
 han-hon v. ha-na-ho-ne. 
 
 ^rj. hab 1. a mouthful, hdb-za byed-pa, hab- 
 hdb zd-ba to devour greedily, e.g. of 
 dogs, pigs etc., hob-bead a needy wretch, 
 a starveling, famishing person. 2. a stitch, 
 in sewing, also *hdb-ka* C. *hdb-so* W., 
 hab- fsem-pa to make here a stitch and there 
 a stitch, as in quilting Mil. nt. 3. hob- 
 god v. ha 3. 4. v. the following article. 
 hdb-sa a dispute, a quarrel, hdb-sa 
 byed-pa Mil, Thgr , to dispute, to 
 quarrel; hab-fob byed-pa to scramble for, 
 to strive or contend for Pth. 
 r^.q. hdm -pa 1. avarice, covetousness, 
 greediness; W. also vb.: to covet, 
 *zdn-ni nor-la* after a person's wealth: to 
 long for, to yearn after, *Koi 'd-ne hdm-te 
 dad dug* his wife sits yearning (after him) ; 
 ham-pa byed-pa Sch. : to be covetous. 
 2. strength Cs. ; courage, bravery W., of men 
 and animals. 3. white film on liquids etc., 
 mould C., *hdm-di or -n* a musty, fusty 
 smell 6'., W. ; *hdm-por cdg-/, : an* W mouldy, 
 musty, *ham-ce* W. to get mouldy. 4. lie, 
 falsehood, C. hdm-pa-can 1. covetous, 
 avaricious; greedy, voracious. 2. courageous: 
 
 one Lex. explains rlam-K'yei' by hdm -pas 
 %0V-6a(?); *hdm-pa cun-se* W. cowardly. 
 
 5)51'^^" ham-bur W. rime, hoar-frost? 
 
 ^^ har suddenly, har ldit-ba to rise sud- 
 denly Mil.', *har si jhe'-pa* to rouse 
 suddenly from sleep C. ; har-gyis (Sch. had- 
 more precise form of the adv. Tar. 
 
 'V liar-re empty, open, Tar. 1 15,16 Schf. 
 
 hdl-pa a porridge, made of milk, 
 butter and honey. 
 hdl-ba to pant, to wheeze, to snort. 
 hal-kyi a panting dog Sch. ; *hal- 
 med* W. weak. 
 
 Aff.s exaggeration, hyperbole, has-cer 
 smrd-ba Cs , *Ae yyab-ce" W. to exag- 
 gerate, to talk big. to brag. 
 ^SJ"J*^' hds-po-'ri n. of a mountain in C., 
 
 Glr. 
 ^* hi numeral: 59. 
 
 hi-dig, or hig-dig, W. *zer-ct ff to blow 
 
 one's nose. 
 
 hi-ma-la-ya Ssk.,-= gans-can the 
 snowy mountains, Him laya. 
 
 ^'^ hi-ra Ssk. diamond. 
 
 ^.^. hi-ri corn-Stack, */'-/? yt/db-ce* W. to 
 
 pile up a stack of corn. 
 a-qr- hi-lin noise *hi-lin tan-Kan* W.. bully, 
 
 brawler. 
 
 s C\ 
 
 hi-hi = ha-ha. 
 \T\ hii ka Sch. breast-bone. 
 
 OTI* SV3FTT hig, hig-ka the act of sobbing. 
 ' *hig tdn-te dugorgydb-te dug** 
 he is sobbing W.; *hig jdh (lit. sbyaii} dug* 
 is said to be an expression used of a Lama, 
 when he is watching the gradual depart- 
 ing of the soul of a dying man. 
 
 ^C" hi/i, f%lf, = si/i-kun, Asa foetida. 
 
 KT-J-'^-X' hin-du-std-ni, C.: *hin-du-td-ni 
 Fi-3 "> ke'*, Hindoostanee, the language 
 of the Hindoos. 
 
 ^^ r his Pur.: *hiz yon* he is panting. 
 
 K' hu ] . W. breath, *hu gydb-ce* to breathe. 
 22. num.: 89.
 
 hu-ka 
 
 ^T horn-pa 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 hu-ka, Ar. wii- the hookah, with an 
 inflexible tube. 
 
 SV^^T Itu-kum H 7 "., JL> Urdu, order, com- 
 
 ^NS r^ 
 
 mand. 
 
 *<VR* hu-Kyu the sound of sighing P/t. 
 
 '^ ^C 
 
 hu-na Cs : Ssk. (hit-no) n. of an an- 
 cient people, the Huns (?). 
 
 u-^n-dhi^} Sch.: title of the 
 ^ Chinese emperor. 
 
 _.j^. /ni-re, mig hu-re O duy he stares, he 
 \2 goggles, with wonder, horror, confu- 
 sion Mil., Glr.', mig-hur Mng. 
 K^rr hu-sar (from the Hind, hosydr?) 
 ^ ^ (grown) well again, being again live- 
 ly, active; diligent, sedulous W. 
 K'<-{ hu-hu 1. interj. expressive of pain 
 ^NT from cold Cs. 2. 'the sound of one's 
 mouth in eating' Cs. 3. *hu-hu tdh-ce* 
 W. to whistle. 
 /nlm, zTT^,^^, mystical interjection, e.g. 
 
 ^ in the prayer of six syllables, v. ^|* 
 
 Q, 
 
 M- hun W. (== ca, Ion, prin) news, tidings, 
 N^ intelligence, information, *hun tan-ce* 
 to give account or notice, to inform, acquaint, 
 let know, *fsar-na hun ton* tell me (let me 
 know) as soon as it is finished ! *hun fsor- 
 ce"' to get intelligence, to receive news; *hun 
 ma yon or mi duo* we have no news yet; 
 disclosure, explanation, opinion, idea, v/ y6d- 
 pe hun Kyod-la jun yin* you shall get an 
 idea of what kind of ... are to be found, 
 *st>m-i-an fun-can zig yin-pe hun nd-la)u/l* 
 I have got the notion that this is a very 
 quiet animal; *re-rei hun cil-tar se* whence 
 have you such accurate information of every 
 one of them? *ser-dub dil-te hun ma jun* 
 he did not perceive it when the ring fell off; 
 *hun-med-la* unexpectedly, unawares. 
 aq- hub as in-uch as is swallowed at once, 
 >fe a gulp, a draught, tog-mar hub re O fu/i 
 zig at first take only one mouthful, one 
 draught at a time Glr. ; hub ycig one mouth- 
 ful, 1mb do two mouthfuls 6s.; hub-kyis by 
 draughts Sch.; hub-hub byed-pa to drink 
 in large draughts, to gulp. 
 
 hur 1 . v. hu-i-e. 2. hur-hur v. had- 
 had. 
 
 hiii'-ba dexterity, cleverness, skilful- 
 ness 6'., hur-fdg id., also zeal, dili- 
 gence Sch.- In'ir-po i. quick, alert, dexterous, 
 clever. 2. hot, hasty, passionate Ld. ; rta 
 hur-po a fleet, spirited, fine horse t . s . 
 
 ^W hus Cs. moisture, humidity, /n'ts-can wet. 
 
 \b 
 
 ^- he 1. num.: 119. 2. iuterj.: o! holla! 
 ' Cs.; he-he 1. id. Cs. 2. = ha-ha, he-he 
 zer bgdd-pas she laughed: he, he! Glr. 
 
 5Vy he-tu SsL cause, reason, argument, logic. 
 
 he-bag provocation, taunts, sarcasms. 
 
 T Ssk. he-icajra, [T*> ;* Tibet, kye-rdo- 
 rje Cs.: n. of a god ; n. of a series of treatises. 
 K-X -m* M-ru-ka terrifying deities, also Krag- 
 ' O futt, Thar, frq., he-ru-kai rgyud 
 legends of wrathful deities. 
 
 Mg-po having become putrid, rancid. 
 hel-ge Sch.: soft leather, wash-leather. 
 
 hel-po, hel-can, *hel-W* W. wide, 
 extended; of garments: wide, easy; 
 hel-ba id. and sbst. : width Sch. 
 
 o" ho num.: 149. 
 
 ho - ma Ssk. prop. : burnt - offering of 
 butter; = sbyin-sreg v. Was. (194); 
 Sc/d. 251 ; ho-ma byed-pa to sacrifice; hom- 
 Kun a small pit or a triangular box used 
 as an altar for such an offering. 
 
 "^~^f ho-ho interj. of admiration Cs. 
 
 "fii^- hoii-len a medicinal herb, Picror- 
 rhiza, frequently to be found on the 
 mountains, Hook. I., 272. 
 
 T hon-hon stupid, foolish Cs. 
 
 hob-pa, W. : *hob-te dug* it has got 
 bent in or battered, of tin war.-. 
 
 horn (Mongol word?) a pad, placed 
 
 under a camel's load. 
 liom-pa W. to fall away, to lose flesh, 
 e.g. of hollow cheeks, to shrink, to 
 shrivel, of withered fruit.
 
 598 
 
 s" hor 
 
 lha 
 
 i. hor 1. formerly: a Mongol ,hor jin-gin- 
 ' Han the Mongol Djingiskhan; hor-ser 
 Shara Sharaighol n. of a Mongol tribe Glr. ; 
 hor-yul Mongolia. 2. at present: in C. the 
 people living near the Tengri-nor (jnarn- 
 mfso); in W. the Turks; hor-zla a Turkish 
 month. 
 
 Note. Cs. has only the second of these 
 significations, Sch. only the first (the latter 
 using 6Vs examples and changing all the 
 Turks into Mongols !) The suppositions of 
 Latham seem still less consistent with the 
 real state of the case. 
 
 hor-Jcoris Sch.: deficiencies, gaps; 
 
 separation' ('?). 
 
 hor- dra Sch.: 'confiscation, Mr- 
 O dra bdbs-pa to confiscate' (?). 
 $yr*rr hor-pa wood-grouse or cock of the 
 wood Sch., hor-pa dkdr-po a species 
 of hawk Sch. (?). 
 
 ^'3)OJ" hol-Ml W. soft, loose, light, as the 
 soil in spring, *hol tdn-ce, hol-U 
 bor-ce* to break up, to loosen (the soil). 
 hrdg-pa 1. vb., to require more and 
 more, to covet incessantly Ma., W. 
 2. sbst., adj. hardness, hard Cs. 
 
 hrdn-ba 1 . alone, cf. ran, **ran-xrd/'t- 
 la yoh son* I came alone C., po-hrdn, 
 mo-hrdn single man and woman, = po-rdn 
 etc. C. 2. with dmar preceding, naked C. 
 hrdd-pa 1. to thrust, to push violently, 
 to stem firmly, *kdn-pa sig-pa-la* W. 
 to stem the foot against the wall 2. to 
 scratch, sgo-la pyag-hrdd-pa O ga mdzdd-pa 
 (his Reverence) made several scratchings 
 with his hand, scratched several times, at 
 the door Mil. 3. to exert one's self, to 
 make every effort W., *trdd-cdn zum-ce or 
 tdn-ce* id. W. 
 
 hrab-hrib C. *$rab-ba-srib-be* Ld., 
 v. rab-rib. 
 
 hrdl-ba to rend, tear up, tear to pieces 
 e.g. of a beast of prey: to tear up a 
 person's body; *sral son* he has torn it to 
 pieces C., W, hral-hrdl Lex. 
 S' hri Cs. : ( Ssk. essence, substance ; a mys- 
 tical word'. 
 
 sm* hrig W. *srig-la tdn-ce, $rig-ga tdn-ce* 
 "^' to hang (a thief), **rig-la si-ce* to hang 
 one's self. 
 
 Sm-rj- hrig - pa Cs., mig (or resp. spyan) 
 hrig -hrig byed-pa or O dug -pa, ( 
 rig-rig}, to look this way and that, hither 
 and thither Mil.nt.; hrig-ge-ba looking in 
 that manner Thgr. 
 
 ^^- hrid; S.g.\ rnd-ba hrid Jbyar is ex- 
 "^ plained by Wdn.: rnd-ba Ihdg-pa 
 pyogs-su byar the ear leans feebly on the 
 neck, as a sign of death. 
 
 ^ r ^~P 1- rounu > globular, hril-hril 
 byed-pa to writhe with pain, hril- 
 hril kar-kdr byed-pa to be writhing, and 
 then again stretching one's self or starting 
 up ft/i.. 2. whole, fse hril-por for the 
 whole life Glr., mgo hril - yyis ytum - nas 
 wrapping up his \vhole head Glr. 3. close, 
 dense, hril O dus-te Q dug-pa to sit or stand 
 close together in rows Mil,, 6'., W. Cf. 
 ril-ba. 
 
 ^, r ., hrud-pa adj. and abstract noun, 
 ^> rough, rugged; severe, austere ; rough- 
 ness etc.; hrud-po adj. id. Cs. 
 
 h rum-pa to break, to smash Sch. 
 
 Jirul-ba adj. and abstr. sbst. 
 
 tattered; raggedness, hrul-bai dug- 
 po a ragged coat Mil. ; hrul-po id., gos It rid - 
 po Dzl. and elsewh. frq. 2. sbst. : rags, 
 tatters, gos-su hrul-po gyon-pa to put on 
 rags for a garment Pth.; hrul-Kau a ruin, ' 
 ruins Sch. 
 Mi-rj hrem-pa swollen Sch., lirem-me id. 
 
 Mng. . 
 
 nj. lha, Ssk. ^^. 1. the first class of beings 
 ^ subjectto metempsychosis, the gods.both 
 those of Brahminical mythology, and the 
 various national and local gods, with whom 
 Buddhism came in contact. These local gods 
 were incorporated into the system of Bud- 
 dhism, when they were found to be too 
 numerous and too much endeared to the 
 people, to be entirely discarded and given 
 up; so, most of them are worshipped even 
 nowadays and presented with various offer- 
 ings. They are also supposed to enjoy a
 
 599 
 
 lha 
 
 blissful existence (hence : de-riti Ihd-yi nyi- 
 ma sar 'this day was a day of happiness 
 to me' Glr., and similar expressions are of 
 frq. occurrence; v. also Iha-yuV) and to be 
 possessed of qualities and capacities superior 
 to those of ordinary human beings. Never- 
 theless, when compared with any Buddhist 
 saint, they are considered to be of inferior 
 rank and power; and a local ( lha' can never 
 attain to Buddhaship, without having pre- 
 viously assumed the nature of man; \.Kopp. 
 I, 122. 248. II, 296. lhai bu or sras, bu-mo 
 or srds-mo descendant from the gods, son 
 or daughter of the gods Dzl. and elsewh.; 
 lha mi fob-pa to obtain the birth as a god 
 or as man Thyy.; lhai yi-ge the Lantsa- 
 letters, v. lan-tsa; lha Jbdb-pa the (mystical) 
 entering of a deity into a huoian being, in- 
 spiration, so that the person inspired pro- 
 nounces the oracles of the god, lha zuy's-pa 
 id. pop. ; also : the person thus inspired ; lha 
 ni Kyab- jiig-la mos as for gods, they wor- 
 shipped Vishnu Pth., lha md-mo-la byed they 
 worshipped the Manio as a 'lha' Pth.; lhai 
 dbdii-po, lha-bddy, = bryya-byin Indra; in 
 another sense : lhai ryydl-po byed-pa to make 
 the gods subject to one's self, (said to be 
 the blessed consequence of a certain charm) 
 Do.\ the following gods are occasionally 
 mentioned : ndm - mkai lha the deity of 
 heaven Tar.; that of the sea, Dzl. ; the gods 
 of trees, of houses etc.; dgrd-lha and po-lha 
 are two personal gods of every human in- 
 dividual, the one being the god of the right 
 side, the other of the left side of his body 
 Glr., Mil. ; yi-dam-lha v. yi-dam. 2. the 
 image of a god, in as much as it is really 
 thought to be inhabited by a deity, after 
 having been duly inaugurated (rdb-tuynds- 
 pa) Glr.; the local 'Aa' are not always 
 represented by figures resembling human 
 beings, but even by sticks, stones and simi- 
 lar fetishes; gods also of non-Buddhist na- 
 tions are called 'lha' and are acknowledged 
 as such. 3. fig. : mii lha a king Mil, and 
 hence 'lha' is often used in addressing a 
 king, like the French Sire! Iha-ryyal-yab- 
 yutn the royal father and mother Pt/i.; Lhd- 
 
 >/t Ilia the lord of lords, the supreme being, 
 Buddha Cs. 
 
 Comp. 1/ia-lMn an idol-shrine. llm-yii<i 
 1. dear Sir! dear Lord and King! l*th. '2. 
 princess Glr. Iha-lcdm a princess I'fh. 
 lha-cen a great and. mighty deity. Ihd- 
 cos v. cos no. 2. Ihd-rje physician Wdii. 
 - lha-rten image or temple of a god or of 
 the gods. lha-fo (prob. for lhai fo-yor) 
 heaps of stones, erected on mountain passes 
 or on the tops of mountains. lha- dre 
 gods and goblins, lha klu O dre srin ydug- 
 pa man Glr. 2. goblin, hobgoblin; *lhd- c dre- 
 bet'-ka* mullein (Verbascum) Lh.; *ldn-(je 
 non son* W. I have had the night-mare. 
 Ihd-sde, mi-sde the class of the gods, the 
 class of men. lha-ndd Sch.: hysterics; 
 madness. lha-pydy honours shown to the 
 'lha', worship paid to them, pyoys bzir Iha- 
 pydg mdn-po btsdl-te bowing towards the 
 tour points of the compass in token of re- 
 verence to the 'lha' Pf/t., often only: com- 
 pliments, kind regards, offered to respected 
 persons, in letters. lha-pyi n. of a moun- 
 tain in the south of Tibet Mil. lha-prug 
 a descendant from the gods, child of the 
 gods; as a mask Schl. 235. lha-prdn 
 inferior deities. Iha-bru-mHan or -pa a 
 painter of gods. lha-Jbdns Tar.', Sc/tf.: 
 slaves (doing service) in temples. lha-ma- 
 yin, lha~min, ^f^^, one of the six classes 
 of beings, living on the slopes of the Sumeru 
 below the 'lha' against whom, like Titans, 
 they are continually fighting; also Iha-ma- 
 yin-mo are mentioned. lha-ma-srin gods, 
 Asuras and Rukshasas, or perh. also : Iha- 
 ma-srin sde brgyad the eight classes of the 
 gods, Asuras, Kakshasas etc., i.e. the whole 
 world of spirits. Ihd-mo goddess. Iha- 
 ma-rtd Sch.: a certain insect. Ihd-bzo 
 
 1. the art of making images of gods Pth. 
 
 2. also lha-bzo-bo a fran/er of gods Glr. 
 Ihd-yul [. the region of the world where 
 the gods reside, the heaven, seat or abode 
 of the gods. 2. fig. : a blessed country, a 
 |i;n;ulise. Ihd-sa (in early times lha-lddn) 
 Sch.,Kopp. 11,332, n. of the capital of Tibet, 
 lha-srin gods and Rakshasas; */,- f/m-
 
 600 
 
 lha-nd 
 
 lhan 
 
 srin, ^og klu-ynydn, bar yZi-bddg, are often 
 mentioned in connexion. lha-srun tutelar 
 god, bod-kyi Glr. 
 
 oj-r- lha-nd knee-pan, pits-mo yyds-pai lha- 
 nd sd-la O dzug-pa to kneel down on 
 the right knee frq. ; Iha-Kun the bend of 
 the knee W. 
 
 oj-rj- lhd-ba Med. and Pth., ace. to Wdn. 
 also klad-rgyds,Sch.: 'the bloody mar- 
 row in the bones; whilst he translates rmai 
 lhd-ba by : 'the growing worse of a wound'. 
 arc- lha-ru Med.-, Sch. cartilage (cf. Iha- 
 *) gor sub lkog-md). 
 
 ojcrr lhag 1. more, beyond, *dd-wa cig lay 
 son* more than a month has passed W., 
 *nyi-ma-pyed lag son* W. it is already past 
 noon, rgyd-mfso-bas kyati Ihdg-ste as this 
 alone would be more than the whole sea 
 Dzl.; nyi-sus lhag more by twenty S.g. 
 2. = Ihdg-ma. Ihdg-pa 1. adj. surpassing, 
 excelling, superior, O di-las Ihdg-pai yzan cos 
 med DzL ; nyam-fdg-pa nd-las Ihdg-pa yod- 
 dam is there any one that is thinner than 
 I? Dzl. ; d-rnams-kyi ndn-nas Ihdg-pa the 
 best amongst these Glr.; rgya hor ynyis- 
 las Ihdg-pa ned bod yin we Tibetans surpass 
 the Chinese and Mongols (in sagacity) Glr. 
 2. rarely = lhag -ma', de-las Ihdg-pa the 
 others, the remaining S.g. 6, 1. de-lhag be- 
 sides, moreover. Ihdg-par adv. more 
 (magis) frq.., mostly with adj., but also with 
 verbs, sin-tu Ihdg-par far more; very, ex- 
 ceedingly, uncommonly, Ihdg-par Ugs-pa un- 
 commonly beautiful DzL; ces Ihdg-par ex- 
 tremely, excessively Stg.; further, further- 
 more , moreover. Ihdg-ge-ba = lhag -pa, 
 Ihdg-ge mdzdd-nas making it project. 
 lhag -ma 1. remains, scrapings, snar bsad- 
 pai Ihdg-ma (the letters) which at the last 
 discussion remained, were left, (unexplain- 
 ed) Gram.', lha lhag -ma-mams the other, 
 the remaining gods Stg. ; the remainder, in 
 subtracting Wdk. 2. razor -stone, razor- 
 strap Sch. 3. being above, being at the 
 upper part of, gron the place lying higher 
 up (the valley), opp. to ^6g-ma Dzl. 
 
 Comp. lhag-bcas 1 . having more than so 
 and so much, bhd-ra-ta slo-ka Jbum lhag- 
 
 bcas the Bharata of more than 100,000 verses 
 Tar. 2. the gerund in te (ste etc.) Gram. 
 
 lhag -mf on 'seeing more' (than other mor- 
 tals), in certain states of contemplation v. 
 zi-ynas sub zi. 
 
 ajOT'CTXT* Ihdg-gis = Ihan-her, lhag-gis O car 
 Thgr.,Jbyun Mil. he shines bright, 
 Ihdg-ge-ba = lhan-ne-ba Mil. 
 
 Ihdg-pa I. sbst., also yza Ihdg-pa 
 1. Mercury. 2. Wednesday. - II. adj. 
 more excellent, v. lhag. 
 
 ' lhag(s)-pa I. sbst. cold wind, lag- 
 papog the cold wind has wither- 
 ed them (the flowers) W.; lo-ysdr Ihdgs-pa 
 the cold new year's wind Mil. II. vb., 
 to come together, to meet, to assemble, with 
 other persons; perh. also: to join, to be ad- 
 jacent or contiguous, of houses, beams etc. 
 ^ T C"C" ^ iail ~' ie i lhan-ne, lham-me, also Ihag- 
 ^ ge, lam-me, lham-pa clear, distinct, 
 to the sight as well as to the ear; lhan-iie 
 lham-mer ysal-te (Buddha) appearingclearly 
 and distinctlyi>2Z.,in a similar sense : Iham- 
 me lhan-ne lhan-ner bzugs-so Ptli.', clear, 
 sonorous; h'yi-skad lhan-lhan-pa Mil. the 
 clear (loud) barking of dogs; fcyod lhan-lhan 
 glu-len-pa Mil thou clear-voiced songster; 
 lhan-lhan brjod-la speaking with a clear, 
 sonorous voice. Cs. has: majestic, glorious, 
 sublime, august. 
 
 rayr- lhad a baser substance mixed with a 
 finer one, an alloy, lhad O jug-pa or sre- 
 ba with la, Uidd-kyis sldd-pa with accus. 
 M/.,to alloy, adulterate, Ihdd-can adulterated, 
 e.g. milk 6'., lhad-med unadulterated, pure, 
 genuine, real; *foig hie' sor* C. or *zug son* 
 W. spurious words are admixed, falsehoods 
 have been artfully introduced; pyis Ihdd- 
 du bciig-pai fsig Tar. a later interpolation. 
 
 2. BaL, *ylad*, fatigued, exhausted. 
 
 r^f' lhan together, Ihdn-gyis (when referring 
 *9 i to the subject of the action), Ihdn-nas 
 (as ablative case), Ihdn-du (the most frq. 
 form) with one another, together, lhan-fcig 
 (-tu~), and often Ihan-cig^-tu} id.: bdag dan 
 Ihan-ycig zan mi zd-na if you will not eat 
 together with me DzL, rta bcus Ihdn-du 
 rgyugs-pa ltd-bui sgra a noise as if ten
 
 lhdn-pa 
 
 lhuy-pa 
 
 601 
 
 horses were trotting together Glr.\ rtd-pa 
 brgija dan Ihdn-du accompanied by a hund- 
 red men on horseback Glr. ; llian(-cig)- 
 skycs(-pa} born together with, e.g. the '//*' 
 or ^dre' born together with every human 
 being Mil.; llian-skyes nad, rma a heredi- 
 tary disease or defect Med. lhan-rgyds 1. 
 'partner of the seal', i.e. a colleague using 
 the same seal in official business (Ihan- 
 rgyds-kyi fe-tse, or spyi-ddm}. 2. = Ihan- 
 ycly, *hlen-gy<j-la fsoy or zug* they have 
 come together. 
 
 lhdn-pa I. vb., to join, to unite, *Ka 
 Un-ce*W. to kiss, *'u Idn-ce* id. resp. 
 II. sbst. 1. a patch, Ihdn-pas kldn-pa 13., 
 *hlem-pa gydg-pa* C., *gydb-ce* W. } O debs- 
 pa, rddb-pa Mil. to patch, mend. 2. spot, 
 speck, blot, place differently coloured, ^od- 
 zer sdr-cin Ihdn-pa bzin-du a sunbeam form- 
 ing by reflection a bright spot Dzl; Ihan- 
 fdbs appendix, supplement, title of a medical 
 book. 
 
 ojCT'ojjn'n' lhab-lhdb-pa, lhabs-se lhabs Sch. : 
 'to flutter to and fro, to glimmer, 
 glisten' (?). 
 
 lhab-lhub wide, flowing, dar-ber 
 lhab-lhub a wide silk cloak; prob. 
 also sbst.: the moving to andfro, waving, me- 
 tog-gi of flowers Do., *hlab-hlub-tu sol* C. 
 loosen your dress! make yourself comfort- 
 able! 
 
 lhatn boot, also shoe; mcil-lham id.; 
 rgyd-lham a Chinese boot, sog-lham a 
 Mongol boot. 
 
 Comp. lham-skud twine, used by shoe- 
 makers Schr. lham-Kan-cen (prob. a Chi- 
 nese word) strong Chinese boots C. llidm- 
 mtfan shoemaker Schr. Iham-sgrog shoe- 
 strap, latchet; string for lacing felt-leggings. 
 lham-mfil boot-sole. lham-yu leg of 
 a boot 6's., lliam yu-rin boots with long legs 
 Sch. Sch.: lham-krdd or -skrdd pieces 
 of leather, used for the patching of soles; 
 lham-yog worn-out boots; lham- grdm the 
 upper-leather, the vamp; lham sgro-yu-can 
 buskins; lham yu-cdd a sort of slippers to 
 which cotton leggings are sewed (?); rti'/t- 
 Iham quarter-piece (of a shoe). 
 
 * at Once 5 a ^ 5 every 
 thing Sch. CLlhem, 
 
 ^ ms (' 7?u O ! P en > fold, inclosure 
 for sheep C., W.; also *hlt-ra*. 
 2. also lhes(-ma) braid; wicker-work; texture; 
 also of pastry, twisted cake or bun, cracknel 
 ( W. *zim-zag*\ also lhas-dog. 
 
 lh as -bstdn n. of the birth-place 
 of the mother of Buddha, Ssk. 
 
 " Ihds-pa v. under sle-ba. 
 
 lhas-byin, ^^TT, n. of a cousin 
 of Buddha who, as the legends 
 have it, was continually annoying Buddha 
 by malicious artifices, whereby, however, 
 the blameless character of the latter showed 
 itself but the more conspicuously; hence 
 proverbially used for any malicious character 
 
 a. 
 
 J/Att, cf. lins-pa\ Ihiu - skrdn Sch. : a 
 tumor filled with matter, an abscess, 
 Ihin-rtsa a full vein; Ihin cdd-pa Lt. } ace. 
 to Sch. : completely separated. 
 04- llm part, portion of the body of an animal, 
 >j =%zug, Ihu-fsigs bcu - ynyis Sch. : the 
 12 chief parts (of an animal) resulting from 
 this way of dividing it, but elsewhere 
 18 such parts are mentioned; Ihii-ru ysil-ba 
 to divide, to parcel out Mil.; share in plough- 
 land, v. sub spyod-pa I, 2. 
 
 SWT Ihug v. Idug-pa to pour Cs. 
 Q 
 
 a y_.^.. lhug-pa, Cs. : ( lhug-pa and Ihug -ma 
 5 ' prose ;lhuy-po wide, diffuse, luxurious, 
 yos Ihug-lhug-po a very ample robe; Ihiuj- 
 par amply, copiously, plentifully; lhi{(/-/>ar 
 smra-ba to speak diffusely, copiously, to 
 speak in prose'. Sch. adds: l lhuys successive, 
 continuous; Ihugs-fsig and lhug-pa conti- 
 nuous prose'. The principal meaning, how- 
 ever, seems to be: uninterrupted, having no 
 gaps; unreserved; ///i/f/-j><ir />x<'l-]i ^- .s-/^/s- 
 ysdh-med-par bsdd-pa to explain completely, 
 without omitting any thing, *lug tdn-ce* Ld. 
 to give unreservedly, without limitation; 
 hence also: liberally, plentifully; tnci-ma 
 38*
 
 602 
 
 lhun-ba 
 
 Ihug-par sor or byun Mil., tears were flow- 
 ing abundantly. In some other passages 
 the meaning of Ihug-pa is not quite clear. 
 ojr*n* Ihiin-ba, pf. of Itun-ba; limn Ihun 
 >j> snydn - pai sgra sgrog - cih Jbdb - bo 
 sweetly murmuring (the gentle stream) de- 
 scends Mil. 
 
 ojr'njgr- Ihuit-bzcd, Ssk. fTn^nn"% the alms- 
 ' bowl of Buddha and of the mendi- 
 cant friars. 
 
 oj*. Ihun mass, bulk, Ihun-can massy, bulky; 
 ' well-fed, *lun-fug-po* W., lhun-ce-ba 
 very large; Ihun-fawu) yrub(-pd) ace. to 
 Cs. : 'formed in mass, or all at once', self- 
 created, not contrived by human labour; bgo- 
 ba dan bzd-ba Ihun-gyis grub-pas clothes and 
 "food coming forth of themselves Dzl.; also 
 used of palaces, sacred buildings, images, 
 though in such instances often only by way 
 of compliment; Ihun-grub is also noun per- 
 sonal. Ihun-po, ri-rab-lhun-po the moun- 
 tain of the universe, Meru, Sumeru. frq. Ihun- 
 stugSch., lliun-fug Thgy. very great, in refer- 
 ence to the mental darkness produced by sin; 
 prob. also: considerable, sublime, grand. 
 
 tq*r Ihub-pa 1. sbst. width, Ihub-pa-can 
 Cs., yan(s)-hlub, hlub-hlub W., C. 
 wide, of clothes. 2. vb. : to bind, tie, fasten, 
 e.g. ornaments to the ear Ts., = klub-pa. 
 ojj^f Ihums, resp. for mhal the womb frq., 
 >2> lhums-su ziigs-pai dus-mcod sacrifi- 
 cial festival of the conception (of Buddha) 
 Sch. 
 
 ojx* Ihur, with len-pa or byed-pa c. ace. 
 ^> to apply one's self to, bestow pains upon, 
 don-ynyer byed-pa Dzl. and elsewh. 
 
 $!pT Ihe-ba v. sle'-ba. 
 
 a$r' llien Cs. 'filth or dross in the bowels, 
 ' causing obstruction'; ace. to others: 
 internal excrescences, v. skran', Sch.: llien 
 or Ihen-snd pit of the heart. 
 ojrr Iheb, dbugs llieb-llicb-tu O dug-pa Pth. 
 ^ *'ug leb leb jhed - de* C. gasping for 
 breath. 
 
 rSjjr Ihem now, at present, directly, instantly 
 C. ; all (of them) cf. lhams. 
 
 ' S^'^T lhon-pa 
 
 Ihes-ma Ihds-ma 2; also: the act 
 of twisting, plaiting, *hle-ma fjydb- 
 2)a* C. to twist, to plait. 
 
 rilio south, Iho-nub south-west, sar-lho 
 south-east; Ihor, Iho -pynys-su to the 
 south, towards the south; Iho-tfa prob. = ZAo; 
 lho-Ka mon-nas ^ons Mil. they came from the 
 Mon in the south; lho-pa, lho- brug-pa an 
 inhabitant of Bhotan ; Iho-yul ace. to Cunn. 
 the original form of the name of that pro- 
 vince which is now called Llihul or La hoi 
 by the Hindoos, and Lahoul by the English; 
 Iho-bur Sch. (also Iho-^u-ma), = Kuy-rna. 
 
 SraiTr lhdy-p a -> yl9~P a ^ s - ^ large ulcer or 
 sore, Sch.: carbuncle, anthrax, sbydn- 
 ba to cure it; in Med. also nya-lhog and 
 gag-lhog are mentioned. According to the 
 description, however, which Tibetan phy- 
 sicians gave us of the lhog-pa, it seems to 
 denote a cancerous ulcer, against which they 
 employ the Aconitum ferox of Nepal, or in 
 default of it some other species of aconite. 
 
 o^r- Ihon Sch. vexation, anger, wrath (?); 
 ^ but: 'Ihon sor he has lost the Ihon, is 
 said of one who was not equal to the exer- 
 tions of incessant meditation, and who in 
 consequence has lost his senses, v. sub 
 smyon-pa. 
 
 ojr'r lhod-pa, glod-pa, lod-pa or -po, Ihod, 
 *> ' lhod-po 1. loose, relaxed, unstrung, 
 Slackened, yan-ldg of the limbs, e.g. when 
 death approaches S.g., *zug-po Ud-po cd- 
 na* W. when one gets tired (one cannot 
 help yawning), lhod-pa sgrim-pa to tighten 
 what is loose, Ihod Ihod ytoh-ba to slacken ; 
 fig. *'6-ma Ud-po* W. the milk begins to 
 fail, milk is scarce. 2. of the mind: easy, 
 careless, unconcerned, lhod-de nyol cig sleep 
 well! sleep soundly! Glr.; bio Ihod gyis-la 
 sod relate the matter calmly, coolly J\hL; 
 ses-pa Ihod-ciii in good spirits, of a cheer- 
 ful temper Pth.; fobs sig yod-kyi rgyal-po 
 fugs Ihod mdzod there is yet a help ; there- 
 fore, o king, be of good cheer! Pth. 
 
 lhon-pa, glon-pa to return, to give or 
 
 pay back Cs.
 
 603 
 
 w j 1- the consonant which is formed in 
 the lowest and hindmost part of the or- 
 gans of speech, being produced by the 
 opening of the glottis, like the Greek spiritus 
 lenis, the Hebrew Aleph and the Arabian 
 Elif. (In our modern languages the opening 
 of the glottis is not regarded as a consonant, 
 nor expressed by a particular letter or sign.) 
 Combined with the Tibetan vowel -signs, 
 t% ift tfj, t& {}, it is pronounced 'a, \ 
 
 N3 
 
 'u, V, 'o (cf. aj. It is also called skye-ba- 
 mcd-pai yi-ge, probably because all speak- 
 ing depends on and is rendered possible 
 only by a previous opening of the glottis; 
 hence this letter is a symbol of the deity, 
 of the cos-sku that was before every thing 
 else. Spyan-ras-zig, therefore, addresses a 
 celestial Buddha with 'a: 'a skye-med rnam- 
 ddy cos-kyi dbyihs. 2. num. : 30. 
 
 ' a ( a ^) 1- * a Ld" anc * Kli. the col. 
 
 demonstr. pron , for de that (q.v.); 
 *'a-w*from thence, there,' d-ru there, thither, 
 that way. 2. ZA, pronounced very short 
 and sharp, well? what is the matter? yes! 
 here! 
 
 w- g 'a 6s.: 'Ssk. : ^f, a mystical exclama- 
 tion'. 
 
 acc - 
 160='-> Kh. 
 
 " 'd-ka-ru Cs., v. 'd-ga-ru. 
 'a-ka-la Lt, Ssk. : untimely. 
 
 rr^r* 'a-kro/t an alpine plant, in Lh. 
 """"'" Roy lea. 
 
 clamation expressive of 
 contempt and detestation, opp. to 'd-la-la; 
 ace. to 6s. 'a-Hag is also adj. = mi-sdug-pa. 
 yy*ro* >a -Ku, W. also 'a-ku, col. for Kit-bo 
 C 1. father's brother, uncle Mil, C., W. 
 2. husband, consort W. 
 
 aloe-wood, agal- 
 lochum, calambac. 
 'a-yy 1 ' 8 caressing word used by 
 mothers soothingtheir babies, prob. 
 without any particular signification Thgy. 
 
 ankle-bone Lt. 
 
 -^ M -^" inter J- cx - 
 pressive of pain from cold, 
 hence 'a-^u-zer-ba n. of one of the cold 
 hells. 
 
 13T<5B* ' a ~^> ' a -ty Bal- 'a-se, col. for ce-ze 
 1. an elder sister of a female per- 
 
 son. 2. W. wife, mistress, madam, used 
 
 as address and otherwise. v 
 
 'a-)6 C., W., joyo C. (v.)o-bo') 1. an 
 elder brother of a male person. 
 
 2. Sir, Mr., gentleman, lord, used in addressing 
 
 and otherwise; also like our: friend! ho there! 
 
 hollo! I say! 'a-yho lag C. the old Squire, = 
 
 ga-gd Ld. 
 
 ' a -ti-sa Ssk. , pul-du-byii/i-ba Tib., 
 n. of a celebrated Pandit of Bengal, 
 
 who lived for many years in Tibet, and died 
 
 there in the eleventh century of our era. 
 
 'arti-ba beautiful, good Sch (?). 
 PtU 
 
 dogs Sch. table (?) 
 
 TTT-^' 'a-don Sch.: 'without sexual distinc- 
 
 ' ' tion; sense of the letter 'a'. 
 j^r-j-r' 'a-dniit C. horse-boy, one tending 
 
 %i horses. 
 
 .,5... _.,-.. 'd-na(-na) an interjection ex- 
 ' ' pressive of grief Sc/t. 
 
 ' a - na ~ ma ~ na Sch- ' having a strik- 
 ing likeness (?). 
 
 'd-nu Hindi man's name, also used in 
 Tibet Glr. 
 
 w.?. 'd-ne 1. = ne-nc-mo father's sister, 
 ' aunt; grand-aunt Glr. 2. a.: nun.
 
 G04 
 
 d-pa 
 
 'd-ra 
 
 3. W. wife, partner, spouse, *'d-ne kur-ce* 
 to take a wife, to marry, *(s)kyd-wo 'd-ne 
 kur cog* a layman is at liberty to marry; 
 *'d-ne-la co-ce* to treat, to use as a wife, 
 sensu obsc. = to sleep with. 4. a woman, 
 a female. 5. Sch. an old woman (?). 
 J" 'd-pa 'd-pa. 
 
 'a-po U: building (= *Uar-lto? W.}, 
 *'d-po gydb-pa* to construct a house, 
 to build. 
 
 'd-praSch. zizel, earless marmot, 
 souslik (Spermophilus citillus). 
 'd-pa, 'd-pa col. iorp'a, in B. of rare 
 occurrence ; * 'd-pa cen-po* the elder, 
 *cun-nu* the younger, of the husbands of 
 a person's mother, hence occasionally = 
 uncle; *'d-pe sa* W. a vulgar oath; also 
 (like pa) uncastrated male animal, cf. pa. 
 'a-po-nd C. col. : I, cf. Ko-bo-nd. 
 
 'a-pyi Mil., *'a-p? } 'a-pi*, ior pyi-mo 
 grandmother. 
 
 T 'a-pyim old woman, goody, dame Sch. 
 
 'a-prc'ig Sch. : the bosom, of a gar- 
 ment, 'a-prdg-tu sdu-ba to put into 
 the bosom, = 'am-bdg. 
 
 t^T^'^'y 'a-wa-dhu-ti v. dhu-ti. 
 
 3 
 
 .-.._. 'a-bau, for ban-po, the husband of 
 the father's or the mother's sister Cs. 
 'a-bi-sa Ssk.: 'anti venomous', n. of 
 a medicinal herb Wdn. 
 'a-bo 1. Sch. = 'a-jo. 2. a medi- 
 cine S.g. 
 
 'a-bo-tseSch.: 'good, tolerable, mid- 
 dling', cf. Bun.: eb-bo good. 
 ._.._-. 'a-byag and 'a- bras names of me- 
 ? ' dicines Med. 
 
 'd-ma col. and sometimes in B. = 
 ma mother; *'d-me sa* a vulgar oath; 
 'd-ma drin-cen soaking addresses a wonder- 
 working nun Pth. 
 
 'a-ma-gyis Cs. inter)., prob. simi- 
 lar to a-gyis. 
 
 'a-mi-de-ba the usual Tibetan 
 corruption of ^fJTrTW) v - <^~ 
 dpag-med. 
 
 .^. .... 
 ' 
 
 'd-mra Ssk. the mango tree and -fruit 
 Dzl. 
 
 ^^c- 'a-mri-ta (SsL ^TTfiambrosia; also 
 ^ ' various fruits etc.)* in the Lt. perh. 
 the guava fruit, which in Hindoostani is now 
 called amriit. 
 
 ' a ~t sa (.- ma } inter), expressive of 
 pain by touching hot objects Sch . ; 
 also used in various other instances, when 
 disagreeably surprised, startled etc. bdag 
 ma grol-ba Q di 'd-tsa-ma alas! I am not yet 
 released! T/tgr.; ' d-tsa-ma yi-dways snyiii 
 re-rje alas! ye poor Yidags folk! Mil. 
 
 'a-tsa-ra Mil. a species of hob- 
 goblins, or spectres; in C. a Ben- 
 galee, ace. to Lew. The observations of Hue 
 (II, 271) concerning this word seem to be 
 mixed with some errors. 
 
 'a-tsarya, Ssk. ^TRT*T> spiritual 
 guide or father, instructor, professor, 
 doctor. 
 
 ' a "^ a (~^ sa ) an inter), expressing 
 discomfort occasioned by heat. 
 'a-mfsar Sch.: oh dear, what a 
 wonder! 
 
 'd-dza-na Wdn., 'd-dzi-na Sty., 
 ^rf^f Will: the hairy skin of a 
 black antelope, which serves the religious 
 student for a couch, seat, covering etc.; 
 Tibetan writers use it for the animal itself: 
 n-dwags 'd-dzi-nai pdgs-pa Stg. 
 
 " ' a ~zdn 1. col. for zdn-po mother's 
 brother, *' a-zan-fsd-wo* nephew. 
 'an address' (?). 
 
 'd-wa a medicinal herb S.g.? 
 
 * 'fcwofto, 'd-barta(-na} Ssk. (' whirl, 
 whirlpool, eddy') a disease of the 
 rlun, q.v.; perh. dizziness? Med. 
 ywQ^"* 'au-tsi 1. Sch.: it is of no conse- 
 ^ quence, it does not matter. 2. 
 n. of a plant = bya-po-tsi-tsi. 
 
 ' a -y a - Zwa - f od dead-nettle 
 Med. 
 
 ' a 'y u V- (= tiu-yu) hornless, of cattle. 
 'd-ra beard Ts. 
 
 2. Cs.
 
 'd-rd 
 
 ' 'd-rd Hind, a saw. 
 
 a ~ ra ~P a ~^ sa - na a mystical and 
 symbolical word, IFas. (183) 
 w-xcn' 'a-rdg, resp. bscs-rdg C., O don-rdg 
 ' W., arrack, brandy, the usual bar- 
 ley-brandy, which is distilled in the con- 
 vents and in nearly every manor-house. 
 - 'd-ru 1. prob. Ssk. a medicinal plant, 
 Med. 2. v. '. 
 
 'a-m-m myrobalan, an astringent 
 medicinal fruit Med. frq. 
 'a-rum a species of garlic, with a 
 pale-red blossom, Allium strictum. 
 '-/ an interj. the meaning of which 
 is stated differently, Mil.] 'a-re pans 
 well then! throw it away! 
 
 'a-rdg Sch.: = rogs-po, grogs, com- 
 panion. mate, fellow, comrade. friend; 
 'a-rog-Kya or gya Sch.: 'a complimentary 
 phrase or form of salutation'. 
 
 '"~^ a (~^ a ) Mil., also '-/ id. 
 interj. expressive of joyful sur- 
 prise: aye, ah, that is capital! des-na } d- 
 la-la well, that is excellent or splendid in- 
 deed! Mil.', also adjectively : *de san di 'd- 
 la-la* W. this is much better than that! 
 '^'"^' the Tibetan vowels, 'd-li-kd-li 
 the series of the vowels together with 
 the consonants; 'a-pren id. 
 
 'a-li a little C. 
 
 'a-U-tiug-ta a swallow Cs. 
 ' 'a-MA Sch. buckle, clasp (?). 
 " VW/t a ring. 
 
 *M apricot. 
 
 'a-so-^an. of a tree and of a king. 
 
 'a-sdm Sch.: a thick sauce or broth, 
 soup; 'a-sbydr a thin broth. 
 
 a-sru for sru-mo aunt Sch. 
 
 'a-ysdl-la adv. openly, manifest- 
 ly, publicly, = mnon-st'tm-du. 
 
 605 
 
 'a-ha-hd interj. expressing joy, 
 pleasure, satisfaction. 
 'a-ho-ye yea, nay even (?). 
 
 bad C. 
 
 , the'neem' 
 
 of Anglo-Indians, an important re- 
 medy for cutaneous diseases. 
 
 ' a 9~^ m Gb'-i 'off-fsdm Sch., resp 
 zal-fsom Pth., beard of the chin, 
 chin-tuft. 
 
 {! 'an 1. sbst. = O doms? 'ah-rta, 'dn-ras 
 loin-cloth C 1 ., W.; 'ari-fu/i under-gar- 
 ment, jarwv, (hence also to be used for shirt 
 and shift); 'an-rdg trowsers, breeches l*th. 
 2. interj.: well then! now then! well! in 
 French: eh lien! at the beginning of a 
 speech also 'dn-ge, 'd/i-ke, 'dn-ki, Mil., with- 
 out any regard to rank. 
 ^"f '"''"#*' or 'a/t-kif SsL ^r^-, figure, 
 ' number, cipher, also 'an-grans, 'ah- 
 yig Cs. ; the last word, ace. to others, means 
 secret characters, cryptography. 
 'an-gu-li Ssk. finger Do. 
 
 'an-rgar-Jig ace. to Lew. 
 
 English, Hd. angrt>:i. 
 'an-ma-tsi Sch. flies, winged in- 
 sects. 
 'an W. white chalk. 
 
 Sch. : cervical ver- 
 tebra. 
 
 'an-fdos C.: stocks, *'an-do-la 
 Jug-pa* to put (a person) into 
 the stocks. 
 
 Bra-QJK' 'an- Q ddrC. I. board, plank, deal. 
 ' ' 2. Icags-kyi 'an- ddr ('*. an 
 iron instrument of torture; ace. to Thgy. 
 a kind of press. 
 
 'andra-rnyi-la Lex., corrupted 
 form for 'indra-nt-la. 
 
 col. C. for ilia-incog, 
 
 snam-brag ear; bosom. 
 
 ' am ~^ an a Chinese resident, Clii- 
 nese superior civil officer, in the 
 
 chief cities and provincial towns of the tri- 
 
 butary countries of China.
 
 606 
 
 ''dr-ga, '/'-&, \'r-ka 1. Cs. 
 marble. 2. plaster-floor made of 
 pulverized marble and oil, also *'a-zdl.*' 
 
 ywXTnV ' ar " # ow an offspring of parents 
 ' not having the same rank, nor the 
 same religion, and not belonging to the 
 same nation Ld. 
 
 l$3'&, 'o,-rgam Sck. : 'the offering of sacri- 
 ' fices' ; Will. : ^| respectful offering 
 to a god or Brahman. 
 
 'ar-dza-ka SsL, Sc/t.: cotton, 'r- 
 dza-kai dog-pa Glr. cotton-capsule. 
 (This signification is not to be found in our 
 &>&.-dictionaries.) 
 
 'dr-la y tad-pa Sch.: 'to be 
 reduced to extremities, to 
 extreme misery' (?). 
 
 'al-ycig Sch. : 'the one half of a 
 pair, e.g. one eye', = ya-ycig. 
 *'dl-ta* (for da-lta)Bal. 1. now, at 
 present 2. to-day. 
 " ' a ^"j *al- tin-la kur-ce* W. to 
 carry something bulky tied up in 
 the girdle. 
 
 'alrtd, 'al-tse earthen kit- 
 chen-pot Ld. 
 
 * 'al-la v. 'a-la-la. 
 
 'asma - gar - Ma, Tar. : nor - bu 
 asma-gar-bha Schf.: emerald. 
 
 T^T- 'z 1. beer, = carl, C. 2. vulgar pro- 
 nunciation of dbiji, *yi*, the lynx. 3. 
 
 num.: 60. 
 
 '*% V> ^ hiccough, sob, i-l!ug 
 yoh-narag* I have got the hiccough, 
 *'i-fcug gyab dug* he hiccoughs. 
 
 "indrargo-pa, \*%ftn, cochineal; 
 
 yet among the substances devot- 
 
 *N 
 
 ed to a costly Chodten it is mentioned as 
 one of the five divine jewels Glr. 1. 
 
 wdm'nz-la sapphire (Sch.: emer- 
 id ?). 
 
 'u num.: 90. 
 
 'u-cug, with *c6-ce* W. to persuade, 
 e.g. to buy something. 
 
 'u-dum-ba-ra (Ssk. Ficus c/lo- 
 meratd) in Tibetan literature a 
 fabulous lotos of immense size. 
 
 ' u ~ ma S s k-> prob. also spelled dbu- 
 ma, n. of the wife of Siwa (Durga, 
 Kali etc.). 
 
 'u-fsugs Sch. = 'u-f&g. 
 
 \i-rgydn 1. also 'odiyana Cs., (not 
 mentioned in Ssk. dictionaries), often 
 
 written in the abbreviated form &I<3L a fa- 
 
 bulous country in the north-west of India 
 (though Cs. supposes it to be Ujain), fre- 
 quently represented as a kind of paradise. 
 2. now a noun personal of frq. occurrence; 
 'u-rgyan-padma v. padjna-Jbyun-ynds. 
 
 -c6s n. of a remedy Med. 
 
 ^'cr" 'un-gu oil-lamp C. 
 
 'ut-pa-la, 'ud-pa-la 
 a blue lotos which is 
 
 also used for medicinal purposes. Jn Lh. 
 
 this name seems to be transferred to Pole- 
 
 monium caerulcum. 
 
 'un-fug v. ^u-fug. 
 
 'um a kiss, *"um jor-ica or gydg-pa* 
 to kiss C. 
 
 I W 'ur-rgyd a warm meal-porridge ; fer- 
 
 menting dough C. 
 r" 'ur-rdo v. ur-rdo. 
 
 1 
 
 'ur-ba v. dbur-ba. 
 
 l-^dg col. for 
 
 ij*' 'e I. in 6'. and later literature, an in- 
 terrogative, pronounced short, accented, 
 and usually put immediately before the vb. 
 or the pron. which stands in the place of 
 the vb.: * de-mo e yo'*? do you feel well? 
 are you well? are you getting on well? Kyed 
 dan 'e Q prad mi ses I do not know whether 
 I shall see you again Mil. ; '<? nus mi nus 
 whether we shall be able or not Mil. ; rarely 
 for even if, though, although, 'e sus kyaii mi 
 fub-na though nobody is really able to do 
 it. 2. num.: 120.
 
 e-nya-ya 
 
 (507 
 
 dm 
 
 'e-na-ya, Ssk. TJTJJ-, a fa- 
 bulous black antelope with short 
 legs and black eyes. 
 
 'e-ma, 'e-ma^o, 'e-ma-ho inter), ex- 
 pressing joy, surprise, astonishment, 
 hey! hey day! indeed! you don't say so! in 
 asking, beseeching, requesting a person's 
 attention: please, pray, I say; or expressive 
 of lamentation, compassion: alas! oh! would 
 to God! dear! e.g.: 'e-ma sems-can snyiii- 
 re-rje alas, the poor people ! Glr. 
 
 'e-wam, Ssk. ir^r, yes, certainly, to 
 be sure Wdk. and elsewh. 
 'e-ra-ka Cs.: c n. of a country, Irak? 
 Chaldaea?' (In Ssk. it denotes a 
 sort of grass, or a woollen carpet.) 
 
 ' ' e ~l a > Ssk- Tr^TT> 'e-la prd-mo Wdn. 
 small cardamoms, seed of Electeria 
 Cardamomum. 
 
 'en-tsam a little, some, a small bit, 
 
 'en-re quick, fast, speedy Sch. 
 K 'en- ddr v. 'an- dar. 
 
 'ew-a, 'dm-ci (Turkish word) phy- 
 sician W. 
 
 'er-ka C. v. 'dr-ka. 
 
 'o 1. for T^o a kiss, Ptli. 2. num.: 150. 
 ^ 'o-dkdr W. = Ikog-dkor, v. lkog-ma. 
 'o-di-ydn v. 'u-rgydn. 
 
 'dndra, ^ft^ Odra, the northern part 
 of Orissa, Wdk. 
 
 '6-mo-su (Mongol word) stocking 6'. 
 * '-ldoh, 'o-do/i, col. *V-o* Cs., wind- 
 
 pipe; *Vfe* W. throat; *'o-le ddm-te 
 si sou* he is suffocated. 
 O^ffSf '"^ (Mongol word ?) /Sc/i. : the place 
 where two rivers flow together, the 
 confluence of two rivers. 
 
 'o-rgydn = 'u-rgydn Pth. 
 6m, Ssk. ^sfti^, mystical interjection, in 
 
 S| later Hindooism the symbol of the Hindoo 
 triad, in as much as it consists of the three 
 
 sounds, a (Vishnu), u(Shiva), and m (Brah- 
 ma). This interjection frequently occurs in 
 the prayers of the northern Buddhists of 
 Tibet, and especially in the famous 'six- 
 syllable prayer', 
 
 mpad-me hum, the literal version of which 
 is: <0 thou jewel in the lotus, hum? The 
 person addressed in these words is not Bud- 
 dha, but Spyan-ras-yzigs (v. spy an) \ by 
 some he is thought to be the author of them. 
 Concerning the import of this short apo- 
 strophy the best information is to be found 
 Kopp. II, 59-61. The Tibetans them- 
 selves are ignorant of the proper sense of 
 these six syllables, if sense at all there be 
 in them, and it is not unlikely that some 
 shrewd priest invented this form of prayer, 
 in order to furnish the common people with 
 a formula or symbol, easily to be retained 
 by the memory, and the frequent recital of 
 which might satisfy their religious wants. 
 And though there may be no obvious mean- 
 ing in such exclamations or prayers, yet 
 their efficacy is sure to be firmly believed 
 in by a people, whose practical religion 
 chiefly consists in the performance of cer- 
 tain rites and ceremonies, in a devout ve- 
 neration of their Lamas, combined with 
 frequent oblations to them, in abstaining 
 from gross sins (regarding even the killing 
 of live animals as such), and in the Pra- 
 dakshina (v. skor-ba 2). The numerous 
 attempts that have been made to explain 
 the Ommanipadmehum satisfactorily, and to 
 discover a deeper sense or even a hidden 
 wisdom in it, have proved more or less un- 
 successful. The most simple and popular, 
 but also the flattest of these explanations 
 is derived from the purely extrinsic circum- 
 stance, that the Sanskrit words of the prayer 
 consist of six syllables, and accordingly it 
 is suggested, that each of these syllables, 
 when pronounced by a pious Buddhist, con- 
 veys a blessing upon one of the 'six classes 
 of beings 1 . The conjecture with which 
 Kopp. closes his disquisition, is certainly
 
 ^l.' 'o- 'a-hum 
 
 nothing but a smart thought of that learned 
 author. 
 
 , s used e. g. for transforming the mi- 
 ytsdh-la bcu into bdud-rtsi, v. the expla- 
 nation given under nan-mcod. 
 
 .. 'o-fsugs Sch. : propping one's chin 
 on both fists, 'o-fsugs mdzad Mil. 
 
 i" 'og-rgyd beard ; 'og-fsum = 'ag-fsom. 
 
 j. '6g-ma throat, neck, = lkocj-ma; 'og- 
 zo a beautiful white neck, a 'milk- 
 neck' Glr. ; 'og-sko prob. = 'os-sko Med. 
 
 'oh-gu a lamp, 'on-rds the wick of 
 NJ a lamp 6'. 
 
 BfariESr 
 
 'on-le W. resp. for 'a, at your ser- 
 vice! at your commands ! 
 
 ptarmigan Sch. 
 
 'om-mog throat and chest Sch. 
 
 j- 'ol-ma C. throat, windpipe, = 'ol- 
 ldon\ *'ol-ma ddm-te se'-pa* to 
 strangle, throttle; 'ol-rko, 'ol-gon, 'ol-kron 
 id., or ace. to others = 'ol-mdud the fore- 
 part of the larynx. 
 
 ^ 'os-sko, also *6-ku* C. the chin, resp. 
 zal-ko. 
 
 'os-cos Ts. *(t-co* Pcdicularis 
 llookeriana.
 
 ENGLISH-TIBETAN VOCABULARY,
 
 English-Tibetan Vocabulary. 
 
 The figures, here and there attached to Tibetan words, refer to the page where the respective article is tc 
 be found. The accent is marked only when, exceptionally, it rests on the last syllable of a word. 
 
 A, An, article big 140. 
 
 Abandon skyur-ba; spon-ba; Jjor-ba. 
 
 Abate zi-ba. 
 
 Abbot mKan-po. 
 
 Abdomen cat, esp. shu-cdl. 
 
 Ability nus-pa; rtsal. 
 
 Ablative case Jbyun-Kuvs. 
 
 Able mtfas-pa; to be Kyud-pa; Icogs-pa; 
 
 nyan-pa; fub-pa; nus-pa; pod-pa; O fsugs- 
 
 pa; ties-pa. 
 A blution Krus. 
 Abode mcis-bi'dn ; O dug-ynas; O dug-sa ; ynas 
 
 (-fsan) ; yzi-ma. 
 Abolish jig-pa; snub-pa. 
 Abortion skyur-ma ; mn al rlugs-pa. 
 Abounding rgyas-pa 109, mod-po, O dzom- 
 
 po. 
 About tsam-na, tsa-na; round v. pyogs 
 
 352; to be ca-ba 152; cas^pa. 
 Above adv. steri-na', bla\ yan, yan-la 506; 
 
 prep.A?a-wa, Ka-tni, Ka-la, fear M',gon-du; 
 
 Itag-nas, ltag\ fog-tu. 
 Abridge sdud-pa. 
 Abridgment zin-bris. 
 Abroad v. byes; to go byes-su O gro-ba. 
 Abscess cu-bur; pol. 
 Absolutely cis-kyan ; ga-na-med. 
 Abstinence dge-ba ; fsod-ses-pa 452. 
 Abundant tfrigs. 
 Abuse s. (reviling words) skur-pa 23; vb.a. 
 
 (to revile) skur O debs-pa (byed-pa\ smra- 
 
 ba) ; dma O bab-pa ; smad-pa. 
 Abyss btson-don; yyan-sa. 
 Academy ytsug-lag-Kdn. 
 Accept bzed-pa, bzes-pa; len-pa. 
 Acceptable, to be O fad-pa. 
 Access af/ro-sa; v. also yton-ba 208 and 
 
 mjal-ba 173. 
 
 Accident rkyen ; unfortunate - ^gal-rkyen ; 
 
 fatal bar- cad', byur, byus. 
 Accompany skyel-ba; zla-bo byed-pa. 
 Accomplish v. gitib-pa; corn-pa; spyod- 
 
 pa\ rtsom-pa. 
 
 Accomplisned pul-tu byuh-ba 344. 
 Accomplishment rtsal; yon-tan 516. 
 Accord, Accordance O cam-pa. 
 According to *nan-tar^ W. C.\ dan sbyar- 
 
 nas; bzin-du. 
 Account s. rtsis, lo-rgyus 113; ynas-tsul; 
 
 on - of v. rkyen; ced-du; pyir; slad-du. 
 Account vb. a. rtsis byed-pa ( O debs-pa, 
 
 gyab-pd). 
 
 Accountant rtsis-pa. 
 Accumulate spuri-ba. 
 Accurate zib-pa. 
 Accusation, false snyad. 
 Accuse O gel-ba; rgol-ba. 
 Accustomed yoms-pa; O dris-pa; to be - 
 
 O dris-pa. 
 
 Ache vb. n. na-ba. 
 Acid, Acidity skyur-ba. 
 Acknowl edge tfas len-pa; frq. only snifa- 
 
 ba, zer-ba etc. 
 Aconite bon-na. 
 Acquaintance (friend) no-ses. 
 Acquainted, to be - bses-pa. 
 Acquiesce Ko-fag ycod-pa; mi rgol-ba; 
 
 dan-du len-pa. 
 
 Acquitted, to be - rgyal-ba. 
 Across pred, O pred. 
 Act vb. byed-pa; spyod-pa; bgyid-pa; to -- 
 
 the part of oyed-pa. 
 Action spyod-pa; bya-ba; las; former 
 
 actions snon-lds. 
 
 Action (law-suit) 1,'rims, sags W. 51. 
 Activity spyod-pa.
 
 612 
 
 Actual Ancestor 
 
 Actual nes-pa-can; no-rtog; ydn-dag-pa. 
 
 Actually yzi-nas. 
 
 Acute rno-ba. 
 
 Adage Ka-dpe. 
 
 Add snon-pa; sre-ba; rjes-su ^jug-pa; v. 
 
 O god-pa. 
 
 Addict, to one's self sten-pa. 
 Adduce v, mf son-pa and dpe. 
 Adequate ^rig-pa ; mfun-pa. 
 Adhere Jbyor-ba, O byar-ba; ynas-pa. 
 Adherent pyogs-pa; Q dzin-pa. 
 Adieu v. pyi-pyag 347. 
 Adibuddha kun-yzi 4. 
 Adjust sbyor-ba; sgrig-pa; O yod-pa. 
 Admit yton-ba; Fas len-pa. 
 Admonish skul-ba. 
 
 Admonition bskul-ba, bskul-ma; bslab-bya. 
 Adolescent s. Jcyeu. 
 Adore mos-pa. 
 Adorn v. ^god-pa; sgron-pa; brgyan-pa; 
 
 spra-ba. 
 
 Adult s. ce-mi, nar son-pa 298. 
 Adulterate slad-pa. 
 Adulterer sar-po, adulteress sar-mo. 
 Adultery, to commit v. jug-pa 177, byi 
 
 byed-pa; yyem byed-pa. 
 Advantage don ; bogs ; Jfyer-so ; rgyal-Ka, 
 
 Ka-rgydl. 
 
 Adversary pa-rol-po. 
 Advice bka-yddms; Ka-bsgos; Ka-ta, Ka- 
 
 yddms', gros\ ydams-pa; Q dun-ma\ man- 
 nag; to ask bgro-ba. 
 Advise y dam-pa, O dom-pa. 
 Adviser bka-ydams-pa. 
 Affair don, 
 Affect bcos-pa 147. 
 Affection cags-pa; byams-pa, byams-sems; 
 
 brtse-ba. 
 
 Affectionate brtse-ba-can. 
 Affix sbyor-ba. 
 
 Affliction sdug-pa\ mya-ndn; fser-ka W. 
 Afore-said ma-ma. 
 Afraid, to be skrdg-pa, dnaii-ba; ojigs- 
 
 pa; bag fsa-ba; bred-pa. 
 After adv. rgyab-tu; pyi 349; *.og; slad-na. 
 After prep.^es, ^og; slad', rtin\ mfar; nas. 
 After-birth sa-ma. 
 Afterwards rjes-la, rjes-su\ rtin-du; de- 
 
 nas\ pyin-cdd', pyis; pyi-bzin; slad-nas; 
 
 star. 
 Again ced-du', pyir\ slar\ yan; and 
 
 Age na-fsod, na-so; dus. 
 
 Aged r gad-pa; to be rga-ba. 
 
 Agent oyed\-pa)-p6 } byed-mttan', fsab-po, 
 
 resp. sku-fsab. 
 Agressor sna-rgol. 
 Agility byag-pa. 
 Agio non-ka; par; O dza. 
 
 Agitate dki*ug-pa; skyod-pa; skyom-pa; 
 sgul-ba; to be agitated O gul-ba; O fcrug-pa. 
 
 Agitation fcrag - O fcrugs. 
 
 Ago snun-la; long sna-mo-nas. 
 
 Agony ysin- pras; kon- Q Krugs; sems tfoti- 
 du O fsud-pa. 
 
 Agree ^rig-pa; O cam-pa; stun-pa; mfun- 
 pa. 
 
 Agreeable dga-ba ; yid-du ^on-ba. 
 
 Agreement Ka-cdd, resp. zal-cdd; gan- 
 rgyd; cad, cad-so; Q cam-pa; bzan. 
 
 Agriculture so-ndm(s}. 
 
 Ague fsad-pai ndd; fsan-zug W. 
 
 Aims. O gro-sa 102; O ben. 
 
 A i m vb. zir-ba ; \. ytod-pa no. 3. 
 
 Air (atmospheric air) nd-ra; nad; rho't: 
 cold nad. 
 
 Air (tune) mgur, glu, dbyans. 
 
 Air (mien) no, yclon. 
 
 Alabaster Ka-ma-ru\ fod-le-kor. 
 
 Alas kye-ma. 
 
 Alienism Q gron. 
 
 Alight Jbab-pa, resp. ysol-ba. 
 
 Alive yson-po. 
 
 All kun; v. gan; fams-cdd; mfd-dag, fsad; 
 yons; right! fsan-^rig; seeing kun- 
 yzigs; uniting kun- dus; not at - tsam 
 yan mi (ma) ; ye mi (ma). 
 
 Allegory O dra-dpe. 
 
 Allow ynan-ba; to be ed cog-pa, mit-ba. 
 
 Almanac lo-fo. 
 
 Almighty kun-dban. 
 
 Almond ba-ddm. 
 
 Alms Idom-bu; slon-mo; bsod-snyoms. 
 
 Alone ycig, ycig-ycig, ycig-pu, yci,g-po. 
 
 Along with zor-la. 
 
 Alphabet ka-pren, ka-Kd; ka-li 2. 
 
 Alpine pastures neu-ysin; ne-fan C. 
 
 Also yan 505. 
 
 Altar mcod-stegs, mcod-Kri. 
 
 Alter sgyur-ba; spo-ba. 
 
 Alteration ^yur-ba. 
 
 Although yan 505. 
 
 Altogether kun, yons-su. 
 
 Alum k'a-ru-fsa; Ice-myaii-fsd. 
 
 Always rgyun-du; rtag-tu; nam-yan. 
 
 Amalgam gyim-bdg. 
 
 Ambassador po-nya. 
 
 Amber spos-sel. 
 
 Ambitious grogs -pa-la cogs -pa; mfon- 
 dod-can. 
 
 Ambush v. (lkog-} )ab. 
 
 Amendment zu-ddg, zus-ddg. 
 
 Among nan, nan-na 301; las 546- 
 
 Amusement yyen-rtsed. 
 
 Analogy v. dpe. 
 
 Anasarca pags-cu. 
 
 Anatomy lus-kyi ynas-lugs. 
 
 Ancestor pa-mes, mes-po; brgyud.
 
 Ancient Assiduous 
 
 613 
 
 Ancient sria-ba; ly sna-sor; snon-dus. 
 
 And dan 248; v. also tin 140. 
 
 Angel po-nya 345. 
 
 Anger fcro-ba; Kon-l ; ro; Jcon-pa; sro, resp. 
 
 fugs-sro W.; ze-sdan. 
 Angle yrira 75; gru. 
 Angry Kro-ba, Kro-bo, tiro-mo; to be Kro- 
 
 ba; sdan-ba. 
 Angular zul-ma. 
 Animal s. dud- gro; srog-cdgs. 
 Animated being srog-cdgs; sems-can. 
 Animosity Jean. 
 
 Annals lo-rgyus; of the kings rgyal-rdbs. 
 Annihilate med-par byed-pa; to be anni- 
 hilated med-par O gyur-ba. 
 Annotation mcan-bu. 
 Announce Ion sgyur-ba; sbron-pa; prin 
 
 smra-ba; ses-par byed-pa. 
 Annoy Jcan-ba; snog-pa; sun jug-pa. 
 Annually lo-ltar, lo danlo. 
 Anoint skud-pa; bsgo-ba; Jbyug-pa. 
 Another bdag-mtd; yzan-ma. 
 Answer vb. Ian O debs-pa. 
 Ant gre-mog-Jbu; grog-ma. 
 Antagonist O fab-ya; pa-rol-pa (or po). 
 Antelope dgo-ba; the Tibetan ytsod, 
 
 btsod, ytso. 
 
 Antidote ynyen-po. 
 Antipathy zen-log. 
 Antiquity sna-dus, sna-ba', snon-fse, s/.on- 
 
 dus, snon-rabs. 
 
 Anus rkub', yzari, yzan-Ka\ bsan-ldm. 
 Anxiety *tfog-fug*; col. nyams-na. 
 Anxious (sems) Kou-du cud -pa; v. also 
 
 bag-fsa. 
 Any v. gan 65; one gan zig; thing ci 
 
 zig, ci-yan; whatever can. 
 Apathy btan-snyoms; byar-med. 
 Aperture sgo\ bu-ga. 
 Apostle mi-snd. 
 Apothecary's shop sman-Kan. 
 Apparition snan-ba; zal-yzigs. 
 Appear O car-ba\ ston-pa; snan-ba; O byun- 
 
 ba; yod-par Q gyur-ba. 
 Appearance Kyer-so, ca-bydd, ca-luys; 
 
 cas; snan-fsul. 
 Appease zi-bar byed-pa. 
 Appendix fca-skon. 
 Appertain ytogs-pa. 
 Appetite /cam; daii-ga. 
 Apple ku-su; sli; of the eye spyan-Jbras. 
 Application Jbad-pa; brtson-^i^us. 
 Apply bkan-pa; to one's self brtson-pa. 
 Appoint skul-ba; sko-ba; O gcl-ba; O col-ba; 
 
 Jug-pa. 
 
 Apprehend ycags-pa\ dogs-pa. 
 Apprentice mcan-bu. 
 Ap proach vb. lead-pa; nye-ba; bsnyen-pa. 
 Approach s. O gro-sa. 
 Approve bed*pQ- 
 
 Appurtenance ryyu-cd: s skor. 
 Apricot Kam-bu] cu-li, co-li; dried cii- 
 
 li C., pa-tin W.; mna-ris Kam-bu C. 
 Apron dun-Kebs, pan-Kcbs. 
 Aqueduct yur-ba. 
 Arch yzu, yzu^mo. 
 Archer O p'on-mfcan; y O pon. 
 Architect rtsig-dpon. 
 Archives yig-fsdn. 
 
 A rea \.dkyil-Jfar; tfyon,raya-Icy6n; cu-zen. 
 Argali ynyan. 
 Argue bgro-ba, rtsod-pa. 
 Argument mnon-rtdgs; rtags. 
 Arise skye-ba; /cor-ba; Krun-ba; cags-pa; 
 
 Idan-ba. 
 
 Arm lag(-pa), resp. pyag. 
 Armful lag-kod; v. also pan. 
 Armour go-tfrdb; go-ca. 
 Armpit mcan-Kun. 
 Arms mfson, mfson-ca, O fab-grabs. 
 Army dpun; dmag; dmag-dft ///'/. 
 Aroma nad. 
 Aromatic nod-can. 
 Arrange sgng-pa; Jog-pa; y tan-la O bebs- 
 
 2>a205. 
 
 Arrangement grabs; rgyu; ynas-lugs. 
 Arrive sleb-pa; O byon-pa; Jbyor-ba. 
 Arrogance ria-'t'gyal; po-so. 
 Arrow mda. 
 Arsenal go-Udn. 
 Arsenic ba-bla. 
 Art sgyu-^rtsdl; bzo. 
 Artery rtsa-dkdr; rlu/'t-rts<i. 
 Artifice sgyu. 
 Artificial bcos-pa. 
 Artist bzo-pa. 
 As (like) Itar; bzin-du; (when) v. tin 140; 
 
 na 299; pas 323; as as tsam 430; far 
 
 tsam-du, bar-du, fug, fsuy-pa; much 
 
 ga-tsdm; soon ma-Kdd,ma-fag-tu. 
 Ascend O dzeg-pa. 
 
 Ascending node sgra-ycdn. 
 
 Ascetic s.sgom-pOjSgom-mlcan; sdom-erun, 
 
 Ashamed, to teel skyeii-ba; Krel-ba; 
 
 O dzem-pa. 
 
 Ash-coloured gro-mo. 
 Ashes gog-fdl; fal-ba. 
 Aside zur-du; logs-su, logs-la. 
 Ask O dri-ba, ysol-ba, zu-ba ; yser-ba ; slon- 
 
 ba ; 'if one asks so' v. ce-na 142. 
 Asleep, to fall ynyid-du O gro-ba. 
 Aspire snyeg-pa. 
 Ass bon-bu, bon-bo; wild rkya/i. 
 Assailant sna-rgol. 
 Assassinate v. Jab-pa 174. 
 Assemblage Krod-pa; fsogs. 
 Assemble vb. n. O du-ba; O fsogs-pa; Ihags- 
 
 pa; vb. a. sdud-pa; sog-pa. 
 Assert dam O ca-oa; bzed-pu. 
 Assiduous brteon-pa-c<u/.
 
 614 
 
 Assist Bark 
 
 Assist zla-bo or grogs byed-pa. 
 
 Assistance skyabs ; skyobs ; ra-mda. 
 
 Assistant grogs; ya-do W.; ra-mda-pa. 
 
 Associate s. grogs; zla-bo; ya-do W.; rogs. 
 
 Associate vb. Q fsogs-pa; to be d O groys- 
 pa. 
 
 Assume O can-ba. 
 
 Assurance yden; blo-ytdd, blo-yden. 
 
 Asterism skar-ma. 
 
 Asthma dbugs rdzan-ba. 
 
 Astonished, to be ha-las-pa. 
 
 Astonishment no-mfsdr; ya-mfsan. 
 
 Astray, to go Kyar-ba; v. also sub 
 yan-pa 506. 
 
 Astride, to put skyon-pa. 
 
 Astringent bska-ba. 
 
 Astrology skar-dpydd, skar-rtsis. 
 
 Astronomy skar-rtsis 439- 
 
 Asunder so-sw 578; to tear O dral-ba. 
 
 At Kar; mdun-du; na 298; rtsar 437. 
 
 Athlete gyad. 
 
 Atmosphere rlun-gyi dkyil- Kor 11. 
 
 Atom rdul. 
 
 Atonement sdig-bsdgs. 
 
 Attach O dogs-pa; sdom-pa, rtod-pa. 
 
 Attached zug-pa C. 466; to be cags-pa; 
 zen-pa. 
 
 Attachment O fcri-ba; cogs-pa; zen- dzin. 
 
 Attack rub-pa. 
 
 Attain sgrub-pa; fob-pa; myed-pa\ v also 
 pyin-pa. 
 
 Attend vb. n. skyon-ba; vb. a. zla-bo byed- 
 pa; nya-ra byed-pa. 
 
 Attendant Jwr, Icor-m/can; Jtor-yyog, 
 
 Attention ynyer-Jca; zon. 
 
 Attentive ycah-po. 
 
 Attitude starts; spyod-lam; rnam- Q gyur, 
 
 fsul, sdod-fsul. 
 Attribute s.i/^o^-pagramm.; rtags;mfsan, 
 
 mfsan-nyid. 
 Auction ni-lam. 
 Auditory (in a monastery) kun-dga-ra- 
 
 ba 4. 
 Augment vb. n. rgyas-pa; Q pel-ba; vb. a. 
 
 spel-ba. 
 
 Aunt ne-ne-mo; 'a-ne; sru. 
 Auspice ca; rten-Jbri'l. 
 Authentic nes-pa 
 Author byed-mkan; zal-ydams bris-mKan 
 
 473. 
 
 Authority cab; mfu. 
 Authorize dban skur-ba. 
 Autumn ston, ston-ka. 
 Avalanche ka-rud. 
 Avarice ser-sna; ham-pa. 
 Aversion skyo-sas; Jcrel; to feel an - skyo- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Avert zlog-pa; y cod-pa. 
 Avoid y cod-pa; spoil- ba; O dzem-pa. 
 Await sgug-pa. 
 Away par 341; yas 508. 
 Awkward rtsal-med; mi ses-pa. 
 Awn gra-ma. 
 
 Awry k-yom-Kyom; ca-a'(s; yo-ba. 
 Axe sta-re; ste-po. 
 Axiom yzi-ma. 
 Axle-tree srog-sin. 
 Ay 
 
 B 
 
 Babbling s. col-cuii. 
 Baby pru-gu cun-riu. 
 Back s. rgyab; Itag-pa; the small of the 
 
 Back adv. rgyab-tu; pyir. 
 
 Background mfil. 
 
 Bacon sbo-fsil. 
 
 Bad nan-pa ; fu-ba; gyi-na; btsoy-po W. 
 
 Badger grum-pa. 
 
 Bag sgyiu, sgyig-gu; sgye-mo; pad; leather 
 
 rkyal-pa; small rkyal-bu. 
 Bail (person) dge-rgdn; lag -mi. 
 Bakehouse bkad-sa. 
 Baker yyos-mfcan. 
 
 Balance (pair of scales) tu-lu; bat-ti; sran. 
 Balcony rab-ysdl. 
 Bald fer. 
 Ball go-la; bo-lo; musket rdeu 6'., rin-di 
 
 W.; cannon fu-lum. 
 B a 1 1 i s t a sr/yogs . 
 
 Balustrade lag-yzuiis. 
 
 Banana skyes-sdoii . 
 
 Band (gang) Kyu, tfyu-bo. 
 
 Bandage ras-fdg; leb-ma, leb-fdgs. 
 
 Bandeleer ga-sa. 
 
 Bandy-legged rkan-kydy. 
 
 Banish spyug-pa. 
 
 Bank (shore) J^ris; O gram; nogs; diw; - 
 
 of a river cu-Ka, cu-^/raw, cu-ntfa. 
 Banker bun-bddg. 
 Banquet s. mgron. 
 Baptism tfrus 51. 
 Baptize fcrus ysol-ba. 
 Barbarian kla-klo. 
 Barbarous Jcob. 
 Barber Jbreg-mKan. 
 Barberry skyer-pa W. 
 Bare rjen-pa; - footed rka>i-r)<'n. 
 Bark s.pags-pa; sun-pa; of a species of 
 
 willow sgro-ba; - of the birch-tree gro-ga.
 
 Bark Bice 
 
 615 
 
 Bark vb. n. zug-pa. 
 
 Barley nas; so-ba; boiled glum; corn 
 nas. 
 
 Barm pabs; sban-cu. 
 
 Barter vb. rje-ba; sdeb-pa. 
 
 Base s. y:i; rman. 
 
 Bashful no-bab-pa\ dzem-bag-can. 
 
 Bashfulness Krel. 
 
 Basin ka-to-ra; zi-lin-pan-tse. 
 
 Basis O gram-yzi; ma-yzi. 
 
 Basket pe-ra; tse-po; y zed-ma', a small 
 
 of reed bag-tse. 
 Bat (animal) pa-icdn. 
 Bath /cms. 
 
 Bathe O tfru-ba, Jcrud-pa. 
 Battle yyul, O fab-mo. 
 Bawling adj. ca-co-can. 
 Bay (gulf) Kug; cu-kug; mfso-ldg. 
 Bay-coloured smug-po. 
 Bayonet san-gin W, 
 Bazar krom. 
 Be yin-pa, resp. lags-pa; yod-pa; O dug-pa; 
 
 mcis-pa; mna-ba ; ynas-pa; there is, there 
 
 are O dug; mcis. 
 Beadle (in a monastery) dge-bskos; dge- 
 
 yyog. 
 Beam (timber) ydun-ma; of light yzer; 
 
 ^od-yzer. 
 Bear vb. a. (to bring forth) btsa-ba; skyed- 
 
 pa; (to carry) Jcur-ba, Jcyer-ba; teg-pa, 
 
 Jogs-pa; (to suffer) yzod-pa, fub-pa. 
 Bear s , brown - dom; yellow dredv&i; 
 
 the Great Bear smin-bdun. 
 Beard rgya-bo; sma-ra; 'ag-fsom\ of 
 
 corn gra-ma. 
 Beast dud- < ffro\ of burden Kal-ma; - 
 
 of prey ycan-zdn. 
 Beat rgyab-pa\ rdun-ba; rdegs-pa; O pam- 
 
 par byed-pa- to the drum skrog-pa; to 
 
 - the gong, the cymbal v. Jcrol-ba\ to be 
 
 beaten O pam-pa. 
 Beautiful mdzes-pa\ bzan-ba; legs-pa; 
 
 sdug-pa\ dya-ba; bde-ba; appearance 
 
 or colour bkrag; mdans; form mam- 
 
 Because v. kyi 6; pas 323. 
 
 Beckon lag-brdd byed-pa. 
 
 Become skye-ba; O gyur-ba; ca-ba W. 
 
 Becoming (comely), to be ^os-pa. 
 
 Bed mcis-mdl; nyal-Kri. 
 
 Bed (garden) fsas-kan. 
 
 Bedding mal-gos, mal-cd; yzim-cd. 
 
 Bedfellow mal-grogs, resp. yzim-grogs. 
 
 Bedstead mal-tcri; mcis-mdl. 
 
 Bee bun-ba; sbran-ma. 
 
 Beer can\ carousal cai>-sa; house can- 
 
 Kan. 
 
 Beetle sbur-pa. 
 Befool mgo skw-ba. 
 Before adv. sria-ma, sna-gon 135; 
 
 sway, sftun 136; s/kw, stlon-t/// 1:17 : 
 
 (Ji-n/i-du 263; mdun-du 273. 
 Beforehand v. s/to; taan, .s//^// 1 : to be 
 
 sna-ba. 
 
 Beg zu-ba; ysol-ba. 
 Beget bso-ba ; skyed-pa. 
 Beggar spran - po ; Idom -bu-ba; boy 
 
 spran-prug. 
 Begin vb. n. cas-pa; jug-pa; mgo O dzug- 
 
 pa- to to exist skye-ba; vb.a. rtsom-pa; 
 
 O dzugs-pa. 
 
 Beginner las-dan-po-pa. 
 Beginning s. mgo, mgo-ma; ^go-ma; si/o- 
 
 mo; snon-ma; fog-ma; and end (head 
 
 and tail) mgo-mjug. 
 Begotten cad-pa; to be cays-pa. 
 Behalf v. don no. 3, 259. 
 Behave O grul-ba. 
 Behaviour rnam-^yur ; spyod-pa. 
 Behead ske y cod-pa. 
 Behind adv. rtin; pa-rol-na 338; p>/i, }'.'/'<: 
 
 prep, ^gab; v. rgyab 107. 
 Behold interj. kye-ho 7. 
 Being s. O gro-ba; lus-can, sems-can. 
 Belch s. syreg-pa; vb.n. sgreg-pa O don-pa. 
 Believe vb. n. dad-pa 249; vb. a. yid (fugs 
 
 or bden) ces-pa. 
 Bell dril; metal mKar-ba, Kar-ba; - 
 
 wether Kyu-mcog. 
 Bellows sbud-pa. 
 Belly grod-pa; Ito-ba, ysus-pa. 
 Belong ytogs-pa; miia-ba; belonging to- 
 gether fe-m/can W. 
 Beloved y ces-pa; mon-za-can. 
 Below adv. ma 408; man-cdd, man -cod; 
 
 prep, ^og 501. 
 Bench gral. 
 Bend vb.a. kuy-kug byed-pa\ skyil-ba; <t;/u- 
 
 ba; gugs-pa; gum-pa; ^dud-pa; vb.n. mgo 
 
 dgur-ba; dgye-ba. 
 
 Benefit v. skyed 29; don no. 3, 259; pan- 
 pa, pan-yon; for the of pyogs-su; don- 
 
 du 
 
 Benevolence pan-pai sems. 
 Bent (crooked) Rons; K'yog-po; gug-ge-ba; 
 
 dgu-ba. 
 
 Benumbed v. sbnd-pa. 
 Bereave O pral-ba; to be bereft Jbral-ba. 
 Besides Ka-i-u, Kar; sten-du; mm, min-pa. 
 Besiege skor-ba. 
 
 Besprinkle cog- cdg byed-pa or O debs^pa. 
 Best s. mcog 166; don no. 3, 259. 
 Bestow sbyin-pa; ster-ba. 
 Better, to get the of fub-j>\ r,/i/til-ba. 
 Between bar-la, de-bar; yscb-na, yseb-la; 
 
 from - bar-nas. 
 
 Beverage sky ems; btun-ba 244. 
 Beyond pa-rol-na; pan- cad. 
 B ho tan O brug-pa. 
 Bice, blue sno-shyd.
 
 616 
 
 Bid Branch 
 
 Bid sgo-ba; Jug-pa', O dom-pa. 
 
 Bier Kyogs; dgu-Kri. 
 
 Big cen-po; with child sems-can dan 
 
 Idan-pct', with young sbrum-pa. 
 Bigness Ko-ldg. 
 Bile m/cris-pa. 
 
 Billet of wood mgal-pa; sw-dum. 
 Billow cu-ri, cu-rlabs; dba-klon. 
 Bind O ci)i-ba; O dogs-pa; sdom-pa; Kyig-pa. 
 Biped rkan-ynyis-pa. 
 Birch- tree stag-pa. 
 Bird by a', dab-cdgs', little mcil-pa. 
 Birdcage bya-tfdn. 
 Birdsnest bya-fsdh. 
 Birth v. skye-ba28; high skye-bamfo-ba; 
 
 low skye-ba dma-ba. 
 Birthplace skye-ynds. 
 Bishop do-dam-pa 257 . 
 Bison (Indian) glan-to. 
 Bit (small piece) /cam, Kam-fsdd\ cag-dum; 
 
 brul. 
 
 Bit (of a bridle) srab-lcdgs. 
 Bitch tfyi-mo. 
 Bite vb. rmug-pa; O ca-ba. 
 Bitter Ka, Ka-po, Ka-ba 36. 
 Bittern cu-skyar. 
 Bitumen brag-zun. 
 Black adj. nag-po. 
 Black s. (centre of a target) rtags. 
 Blacksmith Icags-mgdr. 
 Bladder (urinary) Igan-pa. 
 Blade (of grass) jag-ma; sog-ma. 
 Blade (of a sword) Ice. 
 Blame vb. a. spyo-ba; smad-pa, smod-pa. 
 Blame s. klan-ka. 
 Blank adj. ston-pa. 
 Blanket grum-tse', tsa-dat", ca-ra 152; sa- 
 
 pos Ld. 
 
 Blasphemy skur-pa. 
 Blast vb. y cog-pa. 
 Blaze s. mdons. 
 B leat Q ba-ba. 
 
 Bleed ytar-ba, rtsa y cod-pa. 
 Bless sno-ba. 
 
 Blessed skal-lddn', bde- gro; )y art-can. 
 Blessing s. byin, byin-rlubs ; bkra-sis ; bsno- 
 
 6a; pan-y6n\ yyan\ rgyan 107- 
 Blind mdons-pa; zar-ba, mig-zdr\ lon-ba. 
 B lister s. (pustule ) cu - sgai> ; cu - bur-, 
 
 (plaster) Jibs-sman. 
 
 Blister vb. )ibs-pa\ jibs-sman Jug-pa. 
 Blood Krag ; - y /crag-can. 
 Blooming bkra-ba. 
 Blossom vb. Jbar-ba. 
 Blot out O pyid-pa', sel-ba. 
 Blow vb. O bud-pa. 
 Blow s. Icag. 
 Blue snon-po, srio-bo; deep siio-nag] pale 
 
 sno-skyd; sno-sans] sky mfin. 
 Bluff s. gad-pa. 
 
 Blunt rtul-po\ vb. also Ka IV. no. 5- 
 
 Blushing (the act of) rio-fsa. 
 
 Board s. span-leb; sin-leb\ giegs; sgo-rndm\ 
 
 of a door sgo-glegs^ of a ship zur. 
 Boast vb. rlom-pa. 
 
 Boasting s. /ca-fso, Ka-po; yus. 
 
 Boat gi'u. 
 
 Boatman gru-pa; ko-mk'an; mnyan-pa. 
 
 Bodily dnos-su', m/ion-sum-du; zal-dnos. 
 
 Body lus; yzugs\ sku; linen gos-ldg. 
 
 Boil s. (ulcer) cu-bur\ sa-bur W. 
 
 Boil vb. a. skol-ba', to down sgor-ba\ vb. 
 
 n. Jtol-ba; to . over lud-pa. 
 Boiling adj. /col-pa, /col-ma. 
 Boldness no-mig\ rtul-pod-pa. 
 Bolster swas; ydan. 
 Bolt s. bur\ v. also yya and si-ri. 
 Bolt vb. a. yya rgyab-pa\ si-ri cug-ce W. 
 Bond O dzin; zin-bris. 
 Bonds bcin-ba, bcins-pa; O cin-ba. 
 Bone yduh\ rus-pa\ s of fish gra-tna. 
 Book dpe\ gleys-bdm', po-ti. 
 Books (literature) cos; book-language cos- 
 
 skad. 
 
 Bookstand dpe-Kn. 
 Boot lham; leather half- boot krad-pa 8. 
 Border s. gru\ mfa-ma; sna; mu\ mfsams. 
 Bore vb. rtol-ba; Jbigs-pa. 
 Born cad-pa\ to be skye-ba', btsa-ba\ 
 
 J?ruh-ba, kruns-pa; ltams-pa. 
 Borough gron-fso. 
 Borrow skyi-ba; bmyan-pa; yyar-ba. 
 Bosom snam-brdg', pan-kebs. 
 Botch vb. glan-pa. 
 Both ynyis. 
 Bottle bum-pa. 
 Bottom ytin\ mfil; zabs. 
 Bough yal-ga. 
 Bound vb. n. O par-ba. 
 Boundary mfsams, sa-mfsams. 
 Bow vb. Jlud-pa\ *skycd kug taii-ce* 16 W. 
 Bow s. (compliment) py<j. 
 Bows, (for shooting) yzu. 
 Bowels rgyu-ma ; nan-Jcrol. 
 Bowl s. ko-re W.; kori-po; pa-tra\ por-pa; 
 
 yzon-pa; beggar's lhun-bzed\ of a 
 
 tobacco-pipe gan-mgo. 
 Box s. (chest) sgam\ sgrom', gau; pa-ri\ 
 
 on the ear O g)'am-lcag. 
 Boy byis-pa\ infant Kyeu. 
 Bracelet ydu-bu ; lag-) dub . 
 Brag sgeg-pa. 
 
 Brahma fsans-pa. 
 Brahmin bram-ze. 
 Braid vb. y cud-pa. 
 Brain klad-pa] glad', mgo-kldd. 
 Bramble fser-ma. 
 Bran fsag-ro. 
 
 Branch (bough) yal-ga', gel-pa; v. also 
 Icug-pa 149.
 
 Brandish By 
 
 617 
 
 Brandish dbyug-pa. 
 
 Brandy 'a-rdg. 
 
 Brass ra-gan; can 
 
 Brave adj. dts-pa; dpa(-ba~); spa-ba. 
 
 Brawls v. klan-ka 8- 
 
 Bread bag-leb C.; ta-gir W. 
 
 Breadth Ica-zen;zen, y:en. 
 
 Break vb. a. ycog-pa; to one's promise 
 ^al-ba; v. O cal-ba; v. ^jig-pa; vb.n. O gas- 
 pa; O cag-pa; to forth rdol-ba; to - out 
 O cor-ba; lan-ba. 
 
 Breakfast s. gro', dro C.; f sal-ma W. 
 
 Breakfast vb. f sal-ma za-ba. 
 
 Breast nu-ma; bran, resp. sku-brdn. 
 
 Breath rnam-pa; dbugs; rlans-pa; to be 
 out of dhan-ba. 
 
 Breathe rnam-pa. 
 
 Breeze rlun. 
 
 Bribe s. pag-sug. 
 
 Brick pag, pag-bu ; so-pag. 
 
 Bricklayer rtsig-bzo-pa 
 
 Bride bag-ma* 's maid bag-grogs-mo. 
 
 Bridegroom bag-po, mag-pa col. 
 
 Bridge zam-pa. 
 
 Bridle s. srab. 
 
 Brier fser-ma. 
 
 Bright bkrag-can; Krol-Krol; yzi-brjid-can; 
 ^od-can; ysal-ba. 
 
 Brightness bkrag; dnom-pa; mdans; 
 O fser-ba; zil" yzi; yzi-br)id\ jd. 
 
 Brilliant zil-can. 
 
 Brim gru. 
 
 Bring skyel-ba', O fcyei'-ba-, Kyog-pa; Jtyoh- 
 ba\ Kyol-ba\ to along with Krid-pa', 
 to on skyed-pa; to round skul-ba\ to 
 together sprod-pa ; to up ysos skyed- 
 pa. 
 
 Brisk kram-pa. 
 
 Bristle s. Kab-spu. 
 
 Bristly rtsub-po. 
 
 Brittle Jcrol-mo. 
 
 Broad pal-can', zen-can. 
 
 Broken dkrum-pa; cog -pa, cag-po\ 
 country lean-Icon. 
 
 Bronze v. Uro 52; m/car-ba, Jcar-ba. 
 
 Brook s. grog-cu\ cu; bab-cu; cu-pran. 
 
 Broom pyag-ma; ^l-mo. 
 
 Broth sa-fcu. 
 
 Brother spun, resp. meed', father's feu- 
 bo; mother's zan-po, 'a-zan W. ; a 
 sister's miii-po; elder jo-bo, col. 'a- 
 }6; resp./cew; younger nu-bo;ycun-po', 
 no W.; religious cos-spun; brother 
 in law skud-po. 
 
 Bruise vb. grug-pa. 
 
 Brush s.pir;zed. 
 
 Brute byol-son. 
 
 Bubble s. cu-bur; Ibu-ba, dbu-ba. 
 
 Bubbling kol-pa. 
 
 Bucket cu-bzom. 
 
 Buckle s. cab-ma. 
 
 Buckler pa-li; pub. 
 
 Buckwheat bra-bo. 
 
 Bud s sbal-mig; leaf - Kyi-gu. 
 
 Bud vb. skye-ba. 
 
 Buddha sans-ryyas; rgyal-ba; rgyal-ba 
 
 gon-ma. 
 
 Buddhist nan-pa. 
 Buffalo ma-he. 
 Bug co-re; (lha) O dre-sig. 
 Build rtsig-pa ; cos-pa ; O god-pa. 
 Building s. bkod-pa. 
 Bulk bon; Ihun. 
 Bull glan-fug-, ba-glan. 
 Bullet go-la; fsi-gu; mould ka-lib. 
 Bullock glan; spo-to C. 
 Bun lhas(-md); Ihas-dog; zim-zag W. 
 Bunch cam-pod; cog-pa; cag-bu, cag-mo; 
 
 cun-po; fsom-pa; yzab-ma. 
 Bundle cun-po; pon-po; lag-kod. 
 Bung Ka- dig. 
 Burden s. Kal; Kur, tfur-po; Kres-po; ^an 
 
 (-po). 
 Burn vb. a. O fsig-pa; sreg-pa; vb.n. O bar- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Burning-glass me-sel. 
 Burst vb. a. ycog-pa; vb.n. ^as-pa; O for- 
 
 ba; rdol-ba. 
 Bury skun-ba. 
 Bushel Hal-bo. 
 Business las; don; Kag; gati-po; spros-pa; 
 
 *del-wa* 382 W. 
 Busy, to be brel-ba. 
 But adv. (only) tsam; v. man 411; conj. v. 
 
 kyi; ^pn-kyan; ^o-nd. 
 Butcher san-pa; sa-fsott-pa. 
 Butler ysol-dpon. 
 Butter mar; fresh skya-mdr. 
 Butterfly pye-ma-leb. 
 Buttermilk da-ra; dar-ba. 
 Buttock rkub ; O poti-fsos. 
 B utton s. sgrog-gu, sgrog-ril; tob-ci, fob-cu. 
 Buy nyo-ba. 
 Buzz vb. Krof/-pa. 
 Buzzing s. ^ur. 
 By kyi; v. sub rkyen; sgo-nas; pas; pyir; 
 
 close druh-du. 
 
 39*
 
 618 
 
 Cabbage Ceremony 
 
 Cabbage kram; Chinese white pe-tse, 
 
 pi-tsi. 
 
 Cairn fo-yor; dur-pun. 
 Calamity bkra-mi-sis; rkyen; ^gal-rkyen. 
 Calamus cu-fdg. 
 
 Calculate rtsi-ba; rtsis byed-pa; bgran-ba. 
 Calculation rtsis. 
 Calendar lo-fo. 
 Calf be-to, be-do; beu; of the leg sgyid- 
 
 pa; byin-pa. 
 Call vb.a. skad-pa; skul-ba; Jlug-pa; Q yugs- 
 
 pa; sgrog-pa; O bod-pa; v. also byed-pa I, 
 
 2 and min O dogs-pa 280;so-called zes byas- 
 
 pa; vb. n. to to a person ke tan-wa C\; 
 
 skad gyab-ce W. ; sgrog-pa ; brgyan-ba. 
 Calm adj. gya-ma-gyu; v. dal-ba. 
 Calm vb. a. zi-bar byed-pa. 
 Calumny pra-ma. 
 Camel rna-bdn; male rna-yseb, female 
 
 rna-mo. 
 Camp sgar. 
 Camphor ga-pur. 
 Can s. rkyan, cab-rkydn 155. 
 Cancer (disease) lhog-pa\ (constellation) 
 
 kar-ka-ta. 
 Candle rkyon-tse. 
 Candy Kan-da. 
 Cane spa, sba\ smyi-gu, smyug-ma; ^od- 
 
 ma. 
 
 Canine tooth mce-ba, mce-so. 
 Cannon gyogs, sgyogs; O dzam-bur; ball 
 
 fu-lum. 
 
 Canopy ydugs. 
 Caoutchouc gyig. 
 Cap fod-Kebs. * 
 Caper vb. n. dkyu-ba. 
 Capital adj. kyad-par-can. 
 Capital s. (stock in trade) v. ma I, 2; fog 
 
 III.; (chief city) mfil; rgyal-sa W. 
 Captain ^o-pa\ brgya-dpon. 
 Captivate O dzin-pa. 
 Captive s. bison. 
 Caravansary tsugs-kan. 
 Caraway 1 .C&rumgo-snyod. 2.Cumin2i-va. 
 Carcass ro, fen-ro; yzugs. 
 Card yi-ge. 
 
 Cardamom sug-rmel] li-si W. 
 Cardinal points pyogs 352. 
 Care s. nya-ra; ynyer-Ka; to take *ka- 
 
 dar co-ce*; to take of skyon-ba; *cag- 
 
 pajhe-pa* C.\ ynyer-ba; to use yzabs- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Careless bag-med. 
 Car ess vb.a. mfun-par byed-pa; yag-po; 
 
 jag-po byed-pa. ^ 
 Carpenter sin-mKan. 
 Carpet stan. 
 
 Carriage (conveyance) bcibs-pa; bzon-pa\ 
 teg-pa. 
 
 Carrion Jorums. 
 
 Carrot gun-dmar-la-pug; lca-ba; se-ray- 
 dur-sman W. 
 
 Carry Kur-ba; Jcyer-ba, O kyog-pa\ O k'yol- 
 ba\ skya-ba\ skyed-pa; to away skyel- 
 ba\ bda-ba; to be able to feg-pa 235. 
 
 Cart sin-rta. 
 
 Carter sin-rta-pa. 
 
 Cartilage cag-krum. 
 
 Carve jog-pa; Jbru-ba, bm-ba. 
 
 Case (incident) rkyen; skabs; in yal-te 
 68; na 299? (sheath) subs; (grammar) 
 mam-dbye 314- 
 
 Cash mags 313. 
 
 Cashmere tfa-cul, fca-ce. 
 
 Cask zem. 
 
 Cast vb. a. skyur-ba; rgyag-pa; O dcbs-pa; 
 O pen-pa; to away O dor-ba; to down 
 O bebs-pa; Jbor-ba; to (metals) Idugs-pa. 
 
 Casting-mould lug-koti. 
 
 Castle mJcar; po-bran\ rdzoiis. 
 
 Castrate rlig-pa Jbyin-pa, 
 
 Cat byi-la; bi-la, bi-li, pi-si W. zim-bu, 
 zum-bu C. 
 
 Catapult sgyogs 119. 
 
 Cataract ri-yzar-cu. 
 
 Catarrh cam-pa; bro- fsdl. 
 
 Catch O dzin-pa. 
 
 Catgut rgyus-skud. 
 
 Ca.t\.\cpyugs; breeding rkan-^grds; horn- 
 less mgo-ril W. 
 
 Caul (anatomy) rgyu-sgrog. 
 
 Cause s. rkyen; rgyu; rgyu-mfsan; origin- 
 al = yzi-ma. 
 
 Cause vb. a. v. gugs-pa; ^tig-pa; yton-ba; 
 
 Causeway so-log. 
 
 Caution s. ynyer-Jca. 
 
 Cautious v. ka-ddr; gya-ma-gyu; to be 
 
 *ka-dar co-ce* ; ^gab-pa. 
 Cave, Cavern pug-pa. 
 Cavity Kun; sbugs. 
 Cease ^gag-pa; O cad-pa; zi-ba. 
 Ceiling fog, ya-fog. 
 Celebrated gzi-brjid-can. 
 Cell gnca; *da-sdg* 75. 
 Cellar sa-fcdn. 
 Cemetery dur-Krod. 
 Censer pog-p&r, spos-por. 
 Censor (of a monastery) dge-bskos 85- 
 Censure s. klan-ka. 
 Centiped la-re W.; si-ri-Jbu W. 
 Centre Ite-ba; mfil; dbus. 
 Cerebellum klad-cun. 
 Ceremony co-ga; sku-rim.
 
 Certain Clasp 
 
 619 
 
 Certain nes-^>a; gor-ma-cdg; no-rtog; a 
 
 one ycig-cig. 
 
 Certainly ydon-mi-za-bar. 
 ( j e r t a i n t y ties-pa ; faff- cod. 
 Ceylon lan-ka. 
 
 Chaff spun-pa, sbun-pa; sbur-ma. 
 Chain s. Ic ays -fdg; nyag-fdy. 
 Chair fcri; rgya-Kri C. 
 Chairman tfri-pa. 
 Chalk fo-le dkar-po. 
 Chamber nan,] Kan-mig. 
 Champion gyad. 
 Chance s. rgyu 110- 
 Change s. ^gyur-ba; res. 
 Change vb. a sgyur-ba; r)e-ba; spo-ba; 
 
 rdzu-ba; to place O po-ba; vb. n. ^gyur- 
 
 ba; O po-ba. 
 Chant vb. dgyer-ba. 
 Chap vb. ^gas-pa. 
 Chapter leu. 
 Character (disposition) rgyud; nan; tio- 
 
 bo-nyid; fsul; rig-rgyud; *se-gy{t* C. 562. 
 Characteristic s. rgyu-mfsdn in. 
 Charge vb. sko-ba; rgol-ba; mtiag-pa; to 
 
 with (to commission) O gel-ba'. 
 Charge s. (commission) Hag. 
 Charity snyin-rje. 
 Charming dga-ba ; yid-du ^.on-ba. 
 Chase vb. O cor-ba. 
 Chase s. Kyi-ra. 
 Chasm s. rgya-ser. 
 Chastisement cad-pa; fuL 
 Chastity Krel-yod ; fsans-par spyod-pa. 
 Chat vb. juur }'ton-ba; lab yton-ba. 
 Chattering s. co-lo. 
 Cheap tfye-mo W.; rin cun-ba. 
 Cheat vb. bio brid-pa; slu-ba; yyo-zol byed- 
 
 pa; mao skor-ba. 
 Cheek ^ram-pa; bone O gram-rus\ - 
 
 tooth O gram-so. 
 Cheer vb. glod-pa\ spro-ba skyed-pa; dga- 
 
 bar byed-pa. 
 Cheerful Kml-po; dga-mo; sems-bde, blo- 
 
 bde. 
 
 Cheese fud; ^o-fud. 
 Chess-board mig-m an ; to play at chess 
 
 mig-man rtse-ba. 
 Chest (box) gau; sgam; sgrom\ (thorax) 
 
 bran, resp. sku-brdn. 
 Chew Idad-pa. 
 Chicken bya-prug. 
 Chief adj. dpon; ytso; justice krims- 
 
 dpon. 
 Chief s. O go-pa; dpon-po; ytso-bo; Kyu- 
 
 mcog. 
 
 Chiefly ytso-bor, ytso-cer. 
 Child pru-gu; byis-pa; bu\ v. tfyeu. 
 Children bu-p/'ug; of the same parents 
 
 (brothers, sisters) 
 Chill s. kyi-bun. 
 
 Chin ko-ko; ma-lc. 
 
 China rgya-ndg; rgya-yul; modern name: 
 ma-ha-ci-na, ma-hd-cin; clay /cam-pa; 
 ware kar-yol; dkar-ydl; resp. zal-kar 
 C.; sol-kar W. 
 
 Chinese s. rgya-nag-pa, rgya-bo; fern. 
 rgya-nag-ma, rgya-mo; rgya-mi; plur. 
 rgya-rnams. 
 
 Chinese adj. rgyai, rgya-nag-gi, lan- 
 guage rgya-skdd; paper rgya-s<'><j. 
 
 Chink sgo-bdr. 
 
 Chip fsal-pa; sin-fsal. 
 
 Chirping s. ca-co. 
 
 Chisel vb . bru-ba. 
 
 Chit-chat s. ^ur. 
 
 Choice adj. mtog-tubkrab; Kyad-par pags- 
 
 aKyad-par-can. 
 e dbugs sub-pa; *skye tsir tah-ce* W. ; 
 
 ske bsdam-ste ysod-pa; to be choked i-nan- 
 
 ba; ske bsdam-ste O ci-ba; O fsub-pa. 
 Cholera Ron-log W.\ nya-log Sik. 
 Choose vb. a. bkrab-pa; O byed-pa; O dzin- 
 
 pa; vb. n. (to like) dgyes-pa. 
 Chop vb. btsab-pa; to - off ycod-pa. 
 Chopping-block sin-Stan. 
 Chopsticks fur-ma. 
 Chord rgyud in. 
 
 Christ skyabs-mgon 26; ma-si-ka 410. 
 Chronic adj. yun rin-bai; - disease ycoti- 
 
 ndd. 
 
 Chronicle lo-rgyus. 
 Churn vb. dkrog-pa; zo dkrog-pa. 
 Churn s. v. gur-gur 70. 
 Chutney (Indian condiment) fsu-u 44!. 
 Chyle dwans-ma 249. 
 Cimeter gri-gug. 
 Cinamon sin-fsa. 
 Cipher s. m/ca; fig-le. 
 Circle s. skor, Kor, Kor-lo\ dkyU-Jtor; 
 
 sgor-mo, sgor-fig. 
 Circular adj. kyir-kyir; gor-mo. 
 Circumference dkyil- Kor; Kor; k'o-ra; 
 
 Kyon; mu-Kyud. 
 Circumstance rkyen; skabs. 
 Citadel mfcar; rdzon. 
 Citizen Kyim-bddg ; yul-pa ; yon-Mag. 
 Citron gam-bu-ra W.; spyod-pad C. 
 City groh-lcyer. 
 Civilize O dul-ba. 
 Claim s. fob-fsir, tob-srol. 
 Clairvoyance mnon-ses 133. 
 Clammy rtsi-ban. 
 Clamour s. ku, ku-sgra, ku-co; skad-log; 
 
 ca-bo. 
 Clandestinely sbas-te W.; v. also Ikog-tu, 
 
 ysan-ba. 
 
 Clap vb., to the hands cag-cdg byecLpa. 
 Clap s. (crash) sgunW.; IdimW.; hiir-*</r<t. 
 Clasp vb. a. Kyud-pa; O k'nl-ba. 
 Clasp s. cab-ma; knife Itab-grl.
 
 620 
 
 Class Communication 
 
 Class s. gral; ca-fsdn; bye-brag; dbye-ba; 
 
 fsan, sde-fsdn. 
 
 Classify rnam-par bzag-pa ; O byed-pa . 
 Claw k'ron; sder(-mo); spar-ba. 
 Clay ^im-pa; rdza', zal-ba; floor skyan- 
 
 nul. 
 Clean adj. dag-pa, ytsan-ba; lay-mo W.; 
 
 food dkar-zds. 
 Clean, Cleanse vb. a. pyi-bdar byed-pa ; 
 
 san-ba; sel-ba; to be cleansed O byon-ba. 
 Clear adj. mnon-pa; tur-re; wa-le; wa-le- 
 
 ba ; lag-mo W. ; sins-po W. ; lhan-ne. 
 Clear vb. a. O dag-pa; sel-ba. 
 Cleave ^es-^pa; O ceg-pa\ to be cleft ^as-pa. 
 Cleft s. rgya-ser; ral; si*ubs. 
 Clerk yig-mUan. 
 Clever ycan-po; sgrin-po; tabs-can ; spy an - 
 
 po; a writer rtsom-par mKas-pa. 
 Clew s. gru-gu. 
 Climb O dzeg-pa; rgal-ba. 
 Cling cags-pa; ca-bzag-pa. 
 Clip ^rum-pa. 
 Cloak s. ber. 
 
 Clock cit-fsod; cu-fsod- Kor-lo. 
 Close vb. a. ^egs-pa; v. also O dzum-pa. 
 Close adj. gya-ma-gyu 73; fisted Kron- 
 
 po; lag-dam-po; adv. ^jam-pa 174; over 
 
 glad-la. 
 
 Clot s. gon-po; of blood fcrag-gon. 
 Cloth sag-lad; pntg ; fer-ma', dar; a piece 
 
 of yug, bubs. 
 Clothes gos, gos-ldg; bgo-ba; to change 
 
 gos bvye-ba; to put on gos gon-pa\ to 
 
 take off gos Jwd-spa; suit of go-lus- 
 
 ca-fsan W. 
 
 Clothes-brush byab-zed. 
 Clothes-stand ydan, rdan. 
 Clothing s. bgo-ba; ca-bydd, ca-lugs. 
 Cloud s. sprtn; of dust bud. 
 Clouded, to be Jcrig-pa. 
 Cloudy, it has become Kor-son. 
 Clove li-si C.\ bzan-drug W.; zer-bu W. 
 Club (mace) ga-da. 
 Clumsy sbom~pa\ zlum-pa. 
 Cluster s. cag-mo. 
 
 Clyster s. Kos; bsur-smyig; pipe ceu. 
 Coachman sin-rta-pa. 
 Coagulate Jcyags-pa. 
 Coal sol-ba. 
 Coarse rtsin-ba', rags-pa; grained rtsub- 
 
 po. 
 
 Coast #m. 
 Coat s. gos; dug-po U; cu-pa Ts.; lap 
 
 Kud; of mail Krab. 
 Coat vb. a. O tum-pa. 
 Cock s. bya-po, bya-po; f, : yim-bya; of a 
 
 gun fo-cun; me-skdm. 
 Cock vb. a. rdze-ba. 
 Coetaneous na-mnydm, na-Ard. 
 Coffee ka-ba 37, III. 
 
 Coffer sgrom. 
 
 Coffin dur-sydm, ro-sgdm. 
 
 Cohabit Jbrel-ba; /crig-pa spyod-pa. 
 
 Cohabitation sbyor-ba. 
 
 Cohere Jbrel-ba. 
 
 Coil vb. (of snakes) Jiri-ba. 
 
 Coin s. don-tse. 
 
 Coition, Coitus Jcrig-pa; cags-spyod; 
 nyal-po. 
 
 Colander f sag-ma. 
 
 Cold adj. gran-ba; air na-i'a; nad; - 
 wind nar-ba; lhags-pa; to feel /cyags- 
 pa; v. kyi-bun; to get, to grow gran- 
 ba, grans-pa. 
 
 Cold s. ftyags~pa; gran-ba; nod; nar-ba; 
 to have a - bro- fsal-ba ; a in the head 
 cam-pa; bro- fsdl; ya-ma. 
 
 Colic glan, glan-tdbs ; ryyu-yzer; fsa- Kru. 
 
 Collar s. goh-ba, gos-kyi gon-ba; to seize 
 by the gon-ba-nas fain-pa. 
 
 Collect vb. a, sg-rug-pa, slon-pa; sdud^pa; 
 sog-pa. 
 
 Colonel ru-dpon. 
 
 Colour s. tta; Ka-dog; mdog; fson; beauti- 
 ful bkrag; prime ma-yzi; to lose 
 dkyug-pa. 
 
 Colt fur-bu; of an ass ku-rug, gu-rng. 
 
 Comb s. so-wan. 
 
 Comb vb. a. sad-pa, ysad-jpa, )'sod-pa. 
 
 Combat s. O fab-mo; O tfrug-pa. 
 
 Combat vb. O fab-mo ^yed-pa, O fab-pa; 
 Jcrab-pa; rgol-ba. 
 
 Come ^on-ba, resp Q byor-ba, O byon~pa ; peb- 
 pa; eleg. mci-ba; come! sog: to again 
 Idoy-pa, log-pa; to back pyir- gro-ba; 
 to forth cags-pa; to out Jbyun-ba, 
 O fon-pa; to to O fcyol-ba; ynas-su ^yur- 
 ba; to together O dzom-pa; to -- up (of 
 seeds) Jcmn-ba, rdol-ba. 
 
 Comfort vb. a. glod-pa; mya-nan san-ba; 
 spro-ba skyed-pa. 
 
 Comforter skyo-grogs. 
 
 Command vb. a. bka ynan-ba, ynan-ba; 
 (an army) Jci*id-pa. 
 
 Command s. zal-yddms. 
 
 Commander dmag- go; dmag-dpon. 
 
 Commandment bka, bka-Krims, bka-bsgos; 
 Krims. 
 
 Commence rtsom-pa; O dzuys-pa. 
 
 Commend shag-pa; O col-ba. 
 
 Comment vb. a. ^rel-ba, O grol-ba. 
 
 Commerce fsorl. 
 
 Commissary sku-fsdb. 
 
 Commission vb.a. sko-ba; ^el-ba; mnag- 
 pa. 
 
 Commit skur-ba; O col-ba; (sin etc.) byed- 
 pa. 
 
 Common dkyus-ma; fun; pal -pa; pral; 
 the people pal 341. 
 
 Communication bka-ryya ; O brel, Jbrel-ba.
 
 Communion Consume 
 
 621 
 
 Communion O brel-ba] O grogs-lugs\ holy 
 
 ysol-rds 592. 
 
 Compact adj mtfrair, O cag-can. 
 Companion grogs ; rogs\ skyo-grogs; zla- 
 
 bo ; ya-do W. 
 
 Company kyu; in fun-moh-du; O grogs-te. 
 Comparative degree v. )e 172; las II, 
 
 pas, san. 
 
 Compare sdur-ba ; sgrun-pa ; sgre-ba. 
 Comparison dpe 327. 
 Compass (circumference) mu-ftyud ; points 
 
 of the mfsams 455. 
 Compasses, pair of, skor-tig. 
 Compassion snyin-rje; snyin-brtse-ba. 
 Compel v. nan-gyis 302; sed-kyer-nag-pos 
 
 W. ; to be compelled dgos-pa. 
 Competitor ? gran-zla. 
 Compile sgrig-pa. 
 Complaint zug, yzug 488, nad. 
 Complete adj. grub-pa; rgyas- 
 
 pa; pun-fsogs; rdzogs-pa; fsan- 
 
 fsan-ba. 
 Complete vb. a. syrub-pa\ fog ^gel-ba; to 
 
 be completed Jcor-ba ; O fsar-ba. 
 Completely ytan-du; ye-nas. 
 Complex of fields kluns. 
 Complicate adj. Krag-Kritg. 
 Compliment s.^/a<7;compliments v. stod- 
 
 fam- 
 to be 
 
 Compose O god-pa; rtsom-pa; to verses 
 
 sdeb-pa; sbyor-ba. 
 Comprehend go-ba; O dzin-pa\ yid-la 
 
 byed-pa. 
 
 Comprehension go-ba. 
 Comprehensive Kyab-ce-ba. 
 Comprise Kyab-pa; sdud-pa. 
 Compulsion gal 68; nan 302. 
 Computation rtsis. 
 Compute rtsi-ba. 
 Comrade grogs. 
 Concave kon. 
 Conceal sbed-pa; ysan-ba; sgon-ba; O cab- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Concealment pag. 
 Conceited mcor-po. 
 Conception dmigs-pa. 
 Concerning (as regards) rfen-nas; dban- 
 
 du byas-na 387. 
 Concession ynan-ba. 
 Concord mfun-pa. 
 Condemn zal-ce ycod-pa; krims ycod-pa 
 
 or yton-ba. 
 Condescending ce-fabs-med-pa; tobe 
 
 mfun-pa byed-pa. 
 Condiment skyu-rum; sdor. 
 Condition (state) ynas-skabs; ynas-fsul 
 
 311; yin-lugs 548. 
 Conduct vb. a. skyel-ba; O lcrid-pa; O dren- 
 
 pa. 
 Conduct s. spyod-pa. 
 
 Cone fsa-fsa. 
 
 Confess O ceg-pa; mfol-ba', ysog-pa', yso- 
 
 sbyon-ba 590. 
 
 Confession (creed) cos-ryyud 164. 
 Confide (yid) rton-pa 215; v. blo-yden 385. 
 Confidence blo-ytdd, blo-yden. 
 Confidential speaking snyin-ytam. 
 Confine vb. dgar-ba. 
 Conform vb. sbyor-ba. 
 Confound dkrug-pa\ O dzol-ba. 
 Confused, to be rtab-pa. 
 C o n f u s i o n Jcral-Jci'ul. 
 Congeal Kyags-pa. 
 Conglomerate s. gad-pa. 
 Congratulate bkra-sis mna ysol-ba. 
 Conjuncture bsgan; dus. 
 Conjure (implore) nan-gyis zu-ba. 
 Conjure up ^gugs-pa. 
 Conjurer O ba-po. 
 
 Connect sbyor-ba ; sbrel-ba; zun sdebs-pa. 
 Connected with bcas-pa\ to be Jbrel- 
 
 ba. 
 Connection Jbrel-pa, zun- brel; v. also 
 
 rgyu-rky&n HO. 
 
 Conquer bcom-pa\ ^oms-pa; rgyal-ba', 
 O pam-par byed-pa 356; to be conquered 
 O pam-pa. 
 
 Conqueror rgyal-ba. 
 Conscience gal-mfun ses-pa ; ses-bzin ; v. 
 
 also byas-cos and ynon-ba. 
 Conscientious krel-ban. 
 Consciousness ses-pa; dran-pa; of 
 
 guilt ynon-ba. 
 Consecrate skur-ba; rab(-fu) ynas(-par) 
 
 byed-pa 524. 
 Consequence mjug\ O bras-bu\ in of 
 
 dban-gis. 
 Consider vb. a. gran-ba\ O dzin-pa; bsam- 
 
 mno byed-pa; vb. n. sgom-pa; mno-ba. 
 Consideration dran-pa 262. 
 Consign skur-ba. 
 Consist O dus-pa, bsdus-pa. 
 Consistence ska-sldd. 
 Consistency srab- fug. 
 Console sems yso-ba; mya-nan-bsan-ba. 
 Consort s. cun-ma; royal tiam-mo; 
 
 btsun-mo. 
 
 Conspicuous mnon-pa; ysal-po. 
 Constable dge-yydg 86. 
 Constellation skar-ma; yza-skdr. 
 Constipation bsan-dgda. 
 Constitute gel-ba; skoJ>a; jug^pa II, 2. 
 Constraint gal. 
 Construct bco-ba ; v. O ca-ba ; jtos-pa ; yton- 
 
 ba; O god-pa; rtsig-pa. 
 Construction (grammatical) (sig sgrig- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Consult bka-bgro-ba. 
 Consultation gros-gUh; O dun-ma. 
 Consume cud yzon-pa\ zin jug-pa', to be
 
 622 
 
 Consumption Cream 
 
 consumed ca-ba; cad-pa ; O fsar-ba ; Q dzad- 
 
 pa; zin-pa. 
 Consumption ycon. 
 Contain v. son-ba; to be contained ^gro- 
 
 ba; v. O dug-pa no. 2. 
 Contamination grib. 
 Contemplate sgom-pa. 
 Contemplation sgom; fin-ne- dzin. 
 Contempt rnan-cen; bmyas-pa; smad-pa. 
 Contend (fight) Jcrug-pa; rtsod-pa; (to 
 
 strive) O gran-pa. 
 Content adj. cog ses-pa; fsim-pa; to be 
 
 mgu-ba; to heart's yid bzin-du. 
 Contention O gran-sems; O dzin-mo. 
 Contentment snyin-fsim . 
 Contest s. fob-sd. 
 Continent glin. 
 Continually rgyun-du; car, ca-re; ytan- 
 
 du. 
 
 Continuation O pro. 
 Continue O pro-ba. 
 
 Contract vb. a. skum-pa; vb. n. Jcor~ba. 
 Contract s. gan-rgyd; cad-yig; O dzin,yig- 
 
 O dzin. 
 
 Contradiction, to be in - O gal-ba. 
 Contrary s. bzlog, go-bzlog ; go-ldog, go-log. 
 Contrivance grabs. 
 Convent s. cos-sde; sde; dgon-pa. 
 Convention Ka-cdd. 
 Conversation glen-brjod. 
 Converse vb. glen-ba\ glen-mo byed-pa', 
 
 gros-byed bgro-ba. 
 Convert vb. cos-su ^jug-pa. 
 Convey skya-ba; skyed-pa\ skyd-ba\ J>ur- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Convoy s. skyel-ma. 
 Cook vb. O fsod-pa. 
 Cook s. gyos-mKan-, head - ysol-dpon, 
 
 ma-cen. 
 
 Cool gran-ba', bsil-ba. 
 Cooly (carrier) /cur-pa; (workinan)^/a-pa. 
 Coot skyegs. 
 Copious rgy as-pa. 
 Copper zans. 
 
 Copulation O k fig-pa ; cogs -spyod. 
 Copy vb. su-ba. 
 
 Copy s. (transcript) bkod-pa\ bu-dpe- (pat- 
 tern) ma, ma-dpe. 
 Coral byi-ru. 
 
 Cord s. rgyud', sgrogs; fa-gu', O pi'en-ba. 
 Cordial s. bcud. 
 Core Kog-sin. 
 Coriander seed ^su. 
 Cork ka-ycod, Ka- Q dig. 
 Corn (grain) J>ru', boiled can; slightly 
 
 roasted yos', stack of rags, pub-rags; 
 
 hi-^ri; corn on a toe rkan-mdzub-dzer-pa. 
 Corner Kug; gru; grwa', zur. 
 Corporal bcu-dpon. 
 Corpse ro, resp. spur. 
 
 Correct adj. skyon-med; nw-med\ to be 
 
 O gng-pa. 
 
 Correct vb. sgyur-ba; zu-dag byed-pa. 
 Correction zu-ddg, zus-ddy. 
 Correspond (to be adequate) ^rig-pa. 
 Correspondent (in business) t 'son-grogs. 
 Corrupt vb. a. slad-pa. 
 Corruptness kun-dkris . 
 Costly gus-po, rin-can. 
 Cottage fcan-bu; Ku-tu. 
 Cotton ras-bal, srin-bal, sin-bal; cloth 
 
 (ka-si-kai) ras. 
 Couch s. fcri; nyal-Jcri; mat. 
 Cough s. glo: Kogs\ bro- Q fsdl\ vb. Kogs-pa. 
 Council gros, gros-glen; O dun-ma. 
 Counsel s. gros\ bka-yddms; O dun-ma. 
 Counselor bka-ysags. 
 Count vb. bgran-ba\ O dren-pa: rtsi-ba; 
 
 ys&r-ba; si kor-ce W. 
 Countenance ydon; bzin; /lo: skye-sgo: 
 
 sgo-lo. 
 
 Counteract ^gal-ba. 
 Counterfeit adj. rdzus-ma. 
 Counterparty pa-rol 
 Counting s. rtsis. 
 Country yul, yul- K6r, yul-gru; sa-cd; 
 
 rgyal-Mg; love of yul-sred; yul-hi 
 
 ^dod-pa. 
 
 Couple s. zun\ married bza-mi. 
 Courage snyih-stobs, snyin-rus\ spobs-pa. 
 Courageous ham-pa-can; dpa-ba, dpa- 
 
 can. 
 
 Courier rta-zam-pa. 
 Course s. fsir. 
 Court s. (residence of a prince) Kab; - of 
 
 justice bka-ysags\ Krims-Kan. 
 Courtyard Kyams; fsoms, fsoms-skor. 
 Cove Kug. 
 Covenant s. Ka-cdd. 
 Cover \b. tfeb-pa; ^ebs-pa; klub-pa; O fum- 
 
 pa. 
 Cover, Covering s. Ka-Kebs, Ka-gab, //a- 
 
 ycod, Ka-leb: Kebs, tfyebs, fcebs-ma; go-sog; 
 
 turns; yyogs; subs; covering for the head 
 
 mgo-yyogs. 
 Cowry ^gron-bu. 
 Crab sdig-srin. 
 
 Crack vb. a. ycog-pa; vb. n. O gas-pa. 
 Crack s. sguh. 
 Craft (cunning) dku-lto. 
 Crafty yo-ba. 
 Cram sgrim-pa. 
 Crane (bird) Krun-K-run. 
 Crash s. sgun. 
 Crave rnab-pa. 
 Craw Ikog-sog. 
 Crawfish sdig-srin. 
 Crawl gog-pa ; O pye-ba . 
 Cream spri-ma, spris-ma, sris-wa: ji-*/'/: 
 
 zo-sri.
 
 Create Darken 
 
 623 
 
 Create ^god-pa. 
 
 Creator ^god-pa-po; mdzad-po. 
 
 Creature bkod-pa', ^gro-ba, lus-can. 
 
 Credible ^os-pa. 
 
 Creditor bun-bddg. 
 
 Creed cos-rgyud, cos-lugs. 
 
 Creek Kug } Hugs. 
 
 Creep O pye-ba, gog-pa. 
 
 Crescent s. zla-fses Ita-bui ri-mo or dbyibs. 
 
 Crest (of fowl) cod-pan. 
 
 Crevice yseti, sen. 
 
 Cricket (insect) cog-cog-pa W. 
 
 Crime nyes-pa; nons-pa. 
 
 Cripple za-bo. 
 
 Crippled Rons-Ran W.- Koii-ril C.; grum- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Criticise Jbigs-pa. 
 Crocodile kum-bi-ra . 
 Crooked kug; kum-pa, kon; kyog-po; kons; 
 
 /yog-po; dgur; to be - dgye-ba. 
 Crop vb. ytog-pa. 
 Crop s. lo-tog. 
 
 Cross s. brkyah-sin; sku-ru~ka. 
 Cross vb. y cod-pa; rgal-ba. 
 Crouch cum-pa. 
 Croup, he has the Koi Ikog-ma skraiis 
 
 son (his throat is swollen). 
 Crow s. fca-ta; po-rog. 
 Crow-bar gal-ta; Icags-ber. 
 Crowd s. tirod-pa; Krom; yseb. 
 Crowd vb. a. bcar-ba C 1 ., bcer-ba W. 
 Crown s. cod-pan', of the head spyi-bo; 
 
 Crown vb. a. cod-pan-gyis brgyan-pa; v. 
 
 also fog ^gel-ba. 
 
 Crucible kon-po W. ; zu-skyogs C. 
 Cruel ynyan-pa\ drag-ml-can. 
 Crumb cag-dum; brul\ bir-bir W. 
 Crumble vb. a. gi*ug-pa\ vb. n. gog-pa. 
 Crupper sgal-pa', rmed. 
 Crush glem-pa\ rdzi-ba. 
 Cry vb. n. ^rags-pa, ^grogs-pa. 
 Cry s. na-ro; skad, skad-nan; ca-cd', for 
 
 help ^o-dod. 
 
 Crystal man-set, sel 
 
 Cubit Kiii 51. 
 
 Cuckoo Ku-byug\ kug-se W. 
 
 Cucumber ka-'ka-rd/t Kun. 
 
 Cultivate 6oc?-pa; cultivated land khiiis. 
 
 Cunning s. dku-lto. 
 
 Cup ko-re, kor; koii-po', tin\ p'or-pa; 
 
 bearer ysol-dpon. 
 Cupboard J-a. 
 
 Cupning-glass me-biim, me-piiit. 
 Curd 20, resp. ysol-zo. 
 Cure vb. ycod-p^a', bcos-pa; O fso-ba; yso-ba. 
 Curious (inquisitive) snob-zog-can. 
 Curl s. (of hair) ral-pa. 
 Curled tsa-ru W. 
 Currant nyan-ka Sp.\ 'mb-soW.; (raisins) 
 
 ba-so Ld., ba-so-ka C. 
 Current s. rgyun; cu-rgyim. 
 Current adj., to be - (of coins) O f>>-ul-ba, 
 
 rgyug-pa. 
 
 Curse s. nan; dmod-pa. 
 Curse vb.a. nan O debs-pa ; dmod-pa O bor-ba. 
 Curtain yol-ba. 
 Curve s. gye-gu. 
 Curve vb. a. kug-kug byed-wa; ^urn-pa', 
 
 curved Hyog-po\ kyag-kyog\V.\ to be curv- 
 ing dgye-b'a. 
 Cushion snas; stan; O bol, snye- Q bol; sob- 
 
 stdn. 
 Custom (use) Krims; cos; sro/; (toll) so- 
 
 gdm. 
 Cut vb. a. ycod-pa', jog-pa\ dra-ba', (to 
 
 mow) rna-ba\ to into pieces sgral-ba; 
 
 Q fub-pa; v. O cad-pa; to off grum-pa- 
 
 O breg-pa, O dreg-pa\ v. cod-pa; v. cad-pa; 
 
 to open O ges-pa; to out v. ycar-ba 
 
 143; to up ytubs-pa; dmyal-ba. 
 Cut s. Kram-ka; (blow) Icag; a short 
 
 *gyog-ldm*. 
 Cylinder Kor-lo 58; praying - cos-kyi 
 
 Jior-lo. 
 
 Cylindrical ril-ba; to be O gril-ba. 
 Cymbal sbug-zdl; sbum-zol W.; sil-snydn. 
 Cypress spa-ma Sik. 
 
 Daily adv. nyin-re-bzin{-du); zag-dahzag. 
 
 Dalai Lama ta-lai bla-ma. 
 
 Dam s. cu-rays] cu-lon. 
 
 Dam up vb. skyil-ba. 
 
 Damage s. sky on; gud, gun; god; nyes-pa; 
 
 ynod-pa; vb. a. ynod-pa. 
 Damp adj. rlan-can. 
 Dance vb. O cam-pa; bro-brdun-ba or Krab- 
 
 pa; s. gar; bro. 
 Dancer gar-mKan. 
 
 Dandelion Kur-ma, k : ur-fsod. 
 Dandy O pyor-dga. 
 Danger nyen. 
 Dangerous ma-nui-l 
 
 pa-can; btsog-pa W. 
 Daring adj. I'tul- pod-pa; spobs-pa-can; 
 
 dpa-can, dpa-bo. 
 Dark ^.sgnb-pa; mun-pa;smag; to grow 
 
 O tibs-pa; O grib-pa. 
 Darken vb. a. sgnb-pa; vb. n. Q gnb-pa.
 
 624 
 
 Darkness Depository 
 
 Darkness mun-pa; smag-rum. 
 Darling, my! naiyid^on; cf.also 
 
 pa. 
 
 Darn tur-ba; snol-ba. 
 Dart s. mda; vb. n. Jcyug-pa 60. 
 Date s. (time) zag-grdns; (fruit) Ka-zur. 
 Daub vb. skud-pa. 
 Daughter bu-mo, bo-mo; sras-mo; in- 
 
 law mna-ma. 
 Dawn s. skya-6d, skya-rens; fo-rdns; vb. it 
 
 dawns skya-rens sar. 
 Day nyi-ma; nyin-mo; zag; and night 
 
 nyin-mfsdn; by - zag dan zag; all the 
 
 long nyin-fse-re; every zag-dan W. ; 
 from - to zag-nas zag-tu; one ,some 
 
 deu-re; the other de-zag 471 W.; this 
 
 five days dgus. 
 
 Day-break nam-lans; at nam-lans-te 
 
 or nas. 
 
 Dazzle vb. n. fom-par O gyur-ba. 
 Dazzling /crol-po; Icam-me-ba. 
 Dead adj. v. si-ba; a man ysin-po; ro. 
 Deaf ^on-pa. 
 Deal with vb. spyod-pa. 
 Deal s., a good ga-cen. 
 Dear ycig; yces-pa; dkon-pa; gus-po; rin- 
 
 fan-can, rin-can- to hold yce-ba. 
 Dearth zas-dkon C. 
 Death O ci-ba\ forebodings of O ci-ltas; 
 
 hour of O da-ga\ to seek Iceb-pa. 
 Debate s. rtsod-pa; vb. bgro glen byed-pa. 
 Debt bu-lon\ the is cleared bu-lon Kor. 
 Debtor bu-lon-pa. 
 Decapitate ske ycod-pa. 
 Decay s. ^ig-pa. 
 Decay vb. nyil-ba; O for-ba\ nvb-pa. 
 Decayed Kogs-pa. 
 Deceased ysin-po. 
 Deceit mgo-skdr; no-lkog\ rdzub; zog, zol- 
 
 zog. 
 
 Deceitful Ice-ynyis-pa. 
 Deceive mgo skor-ba\ mod-pa- bio Jbrid- 
 
 pa, J>rid-pa\ slu-ba. 
 Deceived Krul-pa. 
 Decency Krel-yod. 
 Decent ^gab-pa. 
 Deception sgyu-zog. 
 Decide y cod-pa; fag-y cod-pa. 
 Decided zad\ \. dzad-pa; to be cad-pa. 
 Declare bsad-pa. 
 Declination (of the sun) v. bgrod-pa; 
 
 north byan-bgrod, south Iho-bgrod. 
 Decline (decay) vb. n. rgud-pa. 
 Declivity gud\ n yzar-po, brag yzar-po. 
 Decoction fan-gi sman. 
 Decorate sgron-pa; brgyan-pa; spra-ba. 
 Decoration rgyan. 
 
 Decrease vb. ^gyur-ba\ O grih-pa\ O bri-ba. 
 Decree s. bka-$og, bka-Krims*, fcra-ma. 
 Decrepit Jcogs-pa. 
 
 Dedicate sno-ba. 
 Deed las; bya-ba. 
 Deep adj. ytin-rin-ba; zab-pa; (of 
 
 sounds) rom-po W. 
 Deer ka-sa Sik 
 Deface dma Jbebs-pa. 
 Defeat vb. O pam-par byed-pa. 
 Defect s. skyon. 
 Defective skyon-can. 
 Defence skyabs. 
 Defend skyon-ba; skyob-pa. 
 Defender (of religion) cos-skydn. 
 Defer v. O gyan-ba. 
 Deficient sgob-sgdb. 
 Defile s. ron. 
 Defile vb. bsgo-ba; O bag-pa. 
 Defilement grib. 
 Deform vb. mi sdug-par byed-pa. 
 Degenerate adj. brgyud-med; rigs-nydms. 
 Degree (rank) f em-pa, f em-rim; sa no. 2; 
 
 go, go-pan; a high v. rlabs; by degrees 
 
 tfad-kyis; mfar-gyis; rim-gyis, rim -pa 
 
 bzin du 
 Dejected zum-pa; mi dga-ba, v. dga-ba 
 
 III; dman-pa. 
 Delay s. bsol-ba. 
 
 Delay vb., to be delayed O gyan-ba. 
 Delegate vb. a. mnag-pa. 
 Delegate s. fsab-po, resp. sku-fsdb. 
 Deliberate vb. bka-bgro-ba, bgro-ba. 
 Deliberation grabs, O dun-ma, O dun-gros. 
 Delight s. dga-ba; dga-spro, dga-fsor, dga- 
 
 rdns, dga-mgu; to take in dga-ba, resp. 
 
 dgyes-pa or mnyes-pa ; spro-ba. 
 Delighted dga-mo, dga-ba, dga-rans; to 
 
 be dga-ba. 
 
 Delightful dga-mo, dga-fsor ce-ba. 
 Delineation bkod-pa; ris, ri-mo. 
 Deliver (rescue) sgrol-ba; (transfer)sp/-od- 
 
 pa; ytod-pa; skur-ba. 
 Deliverance (liberation) grol-ba. 
 Deliverer skyabs-mgon; srog-skyob W. 
 Dell grog-po. 
 Delude mgo skor-ba. 
 Deluge s. cu-rud. 
 Delusion snan-Jcrul. 
 Delusive kun-rdzdb; O fcrul-snan-can. 
 Demand vb. O dod-pa. 
 Demeanour spyod-lam. 
 Demon bgegs; ^gon-po. 
 Den fsan. 
 
 Denomination cos-lugs. 
 Dense stugs-po; O fttg-po. 
 Density ska-sldd. 
 Depart cos-pa; bzud-pa; (deviate) <gyur- 
 
 ba. 
 Depend upon rten-pa; bio skyel-ba W., 
 
 fcel-ba C. 
 
 Deportment spyod-pa. 
 Depository mdzod.
 
 Depression Disfigured 
 
 625 
 
 Depression (incision) Itoti-ga. 
 Deprive O prog-pa; O pnd-ba; to be depriv- 
 ed Jbral-ba. 
 
 Depth zab-Kyad ; ytiu ; zab-pa ; zabs. 
 Deranged /erul-ba no. 3. 
 Derangement skyon. 
 Descend Jbab-pa. 
 Descendants brgyud. 
 Describe ston-pa ; Jbri-ba. 
 Description bsad-pa; bstan-pa; ynas-fsul, 
 
 ynas-lugs; rnam-far; byed-fsul, yod-fsul. 
 Desert s. dgon-pa; Jbrog(-stO'n). 
 Deserted ston-pa. 
 Deserve v. ^os-pa. 
 Design vb.a. (delineate) Jbri-ba', O god-pa; 
 
 (intend for) sno-ba 
 Design s. ri-mo. 
 Desirable mko-ba. 
 Desire s. fob-bio; O dod-pa. 
 Desire vb. O dod-pa : smon-pa ; zen-pa ; sred- 
 
 pa; riiam-pa; ritab-pa; rkam-pa. 
 Desolate adj. no bab-pa; zum-pa. 
 Despair s. yi(d) ycod-pa; yi(d) mug-pa. 
 Despair vb. lio-tag ycod-pa; yi(d}-mug-pa. 
 Despise brnyas-pa; rnan-cen byed-pa; 
 
 Kyad-du ysod-pa; O gyin-ba; smad-pa. 
 Despond spa-sgon-ba. 
 Despondency zum-pa; yi(d) mug. 
 Destine sko-ba; sfio-ba. 
 Destiny skal-ba; sko-ba; bsod-bde; dban- fan . 
 Destitute kun-gyis btan-ba; mgon-med; 
 
 rten-med. 
 Destroy O gem-pa; rnam-pa; )ig-pa; )oms- 
 
 pa; fsar-ycod-pa 458; ma-run-bar byed- 
 
 pa; med-par bye J -pa. 
 Destruction zig-ral, v. ral-ba. 
 Detail s., in rgyas-par 109. 
 Detain skyil-ba; bsol-ba. 
 Detect rnyed-pa; fob-pa. 
 Determine vb. a. (induce) skul-ba; vb. n. 
 
 (resolve) fag ycod-pa. 
 Detest spon-ba. 
 Develop vb. n. rgyas-pa 109. 
 Deviate Jcyar-ba; O gol-ba. 
 Devil baud; bgegs. 
 Devise dmigs-pa-nas (or sems-kyis) yzo- 
 
 ba\ dgons-pa. 
 Devote vb. sno-ba. 
 Devotion gus-pa, dan-ba. 
 Devour cur mid-pa; hab-hdb za-ba. 
 Devout skal-ddn; gus-pa; cos- can; dan-ba. 
 Dew s. zil-pa. 
 Dexterity sgyu-rtsdl. 
 Dexterous sky en-pa; rtsal-can. 
 Diadem cod-pan. 
 Diagram dkyil-Jcor. 
 
 T\ * 1 i *i -. . 
 
 Dialect 
 
 Diamond rdo-rje, dor-ye-pa-ldm. 
 Diaphragm mcin-ri. 
 Diarrhoea Jlru-ba; sal W. 567. 
 
 Dictionary mih -gi mdzod. 
 
 Die, dice s. co-lo, col; so; to play at - so 
 
 rtse-ba; so gycd-pa. 
 Die vb. n. O ci-ba, si-ba; resp. dgoii$-pa, and 
 
 O gron-ba; eleg. ^urn-pa; v. O da-ba; to 
 
 out O cad-pa. 
 
 Diet spyod-lam; lenten dkar-zds. 
 Difference ttyad, Icy ad-par; bye-brag; to 
 
 find a ymjis-su O dzin-pa. 
 Different mi-ycig; fa-dad-pa; so-so: mi- 
 
 ? dra-ba; not yciy-pa. 
 Difficult dka-ba, dka-bo; Kag-po, Kab-le. 
 D i f f u s e vb. O gyed-pa. 
 Dig rko-ba; bru-ba. 
 Digest Q ju-ba; zu-ba. 
 Digestion ^u-ba. 
 Dignitary fsan-po. 
 Dignity go-grdl, go-pan ; go-sd; gras; dbu- 
 
 O pdn. 
 
 Dike cu-rags, cu-lon; rags. 
 Dilapidated gog-po. 
 Diligence brtson-^rm; snt/in-rus; to use 
 
 rtsol-ba skyed-pa. 
 Diligent brtson-pa-can. 
 Diligently rtsol-bar. 
 Dim adj. dkrigs-pa; bkrag-cor; man-mun 
 
 Ld. ; to grow O grib-pa. 
 Diminish vb.a. O pri-ba; vb. n. jjrih-jHi. 
 Dimness rab-rib, hrab-hrib. 
 Din O du- dzi. 
 Dip vb. spag-pa. 
 Diploma bka-rgya,bka-sog; of nobility 
 
 dpal-gyi ynan-sog. 
 Direct vb. a. ytod-pa; to be ed ston-pa, 
 
 Ita-ba. 
 Direction no, nos; pyogs; man-nag; zal- 
 
 ta; sed. 
 
 Directly de-ma-fag-tu. 
 Director * go-pon* C. 
 Dirt dri-ma; dreg-pa; rkyag-pa;lcags-tlri^. 
 Dirty adj. dri-ma-can; btsog-pa; gos-pa; 
 
 mi-ytsan-ba; fsi-du W. 
 Dirty vb. a. O go-ba. 
 Disadvantage skyon. 
 Disagreeable mi-sdug-pa ; yid-du-mi f on- 
 
 ba. 
 Disappear mi-snan-bar ^gyur-ba; yal-ba; 
 
 med-par ^gyur-ba; jig-pa; bud-/>". 
 Disapprove O dor-ba; mi ynan-ba. 
 Disciple grwa-pa; nye-ynas; slob-Jni/ts. 
 Discontented skyo-mo ; mi dga-ba. 
 Discontinue ycod-pa. 
 Discord dby en-pa; sel. 
 Discouraged no Jbab-pa. 
 Discourse s. gfak-brfwlj glen-mo; Ida-git. 
 Discuss bgro-ba. 
 Disdain s. rnan-cen. 
 Disease s. nad; na-ba; snyun; chronic 
 
 ycn/'f.; fatal - O ci-ndd. 
 Disfigured gya-ba. 
 
 40
 
 626 
 
 sgrace 
 
 Drink 
 
 Disgrace s. rkan- dren, zabs- dren. 
 Disgrace vb. a. dma- bebs-pa. 
 Disguise s. O bag; rdzu-ba. 
 Disguise vb. a. ^ebs-pa; v. cas 156- 
 Disgust s. skyo-sds; Krel; rnam-rtog. 
 Dish ka-to-ra; sder-ma; spags; skyu-rum 
 
 W. 
 
 Disheartened skyo-mo. 
 Dishonour vb. smad-pa; dma Jbebs-pa. 
 Disk kyir-kyir; dkyil-Jlor; Q Kor-lo; sgor- 
 
 mo. 
 
 Dislocated, to be J>rul-ba. 
 Dismay s. zum-pa. 
 Dismiss bka Q grol-ba; ^gyed-pa; yton-ba; 
 
 O don-pa. 
 
 Disorder s. Krug-pa; skyon; J,'ral- /crul. 
 Dispatch vb. rdzon-ba; zlog-pa; yton-ba, 
 
 mnag-pa. 
 Dispel zlog-pa. 
 
 Dispense vb. (deal out) O brim-pa. 
 Disperse vb - a. O gye-ba, O gyed-pa ; ycor-ba ; 
 
 vb. n. O byer-ba; yan ca-ce W. 
 Display vb. O grems-pa; ycal-ba. 
 Disposition s. (character) rgyud; nan', 
 
 nan-rgyud; ran-bzin; ysis. 
 Disputation rtsod-pa. 
 Dispute vb. n. rgol-ba; rtsod-pa. 
 Dispute s. Ka-mcu, rtsod-pa, O dzin-mo. 
 Dissatisfaction mi-dga-bai sems. 
 Dissatisfied mi-dga-ba; also Jcon-pa. 
 Dissect Jbyed-pa. 
 
 Dissension Jcon-po; nafi-sel, sel; dbyen-pa. 
 Dissertation rgyud, mdo. 
 Dissimilarity /cyad-par; mi- dra-ba. 
 Dissolute O col-pa; to be mi fsans-par 
 
 spyod-pa. 
 Dissolve vb. a. ojiff-pa', to be dissolved 
 
 fim-pa. 
 
 Dissuade sgyur-ba-, zlog-pa. 
 Distance rgyan-ma; nye-rin; fag\ pa- 
 
 fsad, pa-zdd 
 Distant fag-i*in(-mo). 
 Distend rkyon-ba. 
 
 Distinct lcrol-po; cod-po; wa-le, wal-le-ba. 
 Distinction Kyad; dbye-ba. 
 Distinguish rnam(-par) bzag(-pa). 
 Distinguished O pags-pa] Ky ad-par-can, 
 Distorted ca-cus; to be Jirul-ba. 
 Distress s. sdug-bsnal, mya-nan, dka-las. 
 Distribute bgod-pa\ O brim-pa; v. O gyed- 
 
 pa. 
 District yul-Kdg\ yul-ljom; yul-sde; Kul\ 
 
 sde. 
 Disturb dkrug-pa; yyeiis-par byed-pa; 
 
 bar-du y cod-pa; to be disturbed Jcrug-pa. 
 Disturber bstan-sig. 
 Ditch cu-^obs; ^obs. 
 Diverse sna-fsogs; sna-so-so. 
 Diversity bye-ba: mi O dra-ba. 
 Divert sgyur-ba; rtse-ba\ zlog-pa. 
 
 Divide bgod-pa: rj gyed-pa; J)yed-pa\ O ges- 
 
 pa; to be divided O yye-ba. 
 Dividend bgo-byd. 
 Divine s. cos-pa. 
 Division dbye-ba; bye-brag ; Kyad, fcyad- 
 
 par\ cu-fsdni mam-pa; fcag. 
 Divisor bgod-byed. 
 Dizzy, I am mgo Jcor. 
 Do byed-pa; spyod-pa', eleg. bgyid-pa: resp. 
 
 mdzad-pa\ that will *dig-pa yin* C.\ 
 
 des cog. 
 
 Doctrine cos; bstan-pa. 
 Dog Kyi, male Kyi-po, fern. Kyi-mo \ mad 
 
 Icyi smyon-pa; kennel /V//-/Y//;. ////- 
 pul. 
 
 Doll mm. 
 
 Domain /cams: Kul\ dban-ris. 
 
 Domicile mcis-brdn. 
 
 Dominion /cams 39; v. rgyal- kams ios: 
 nan', mna; cab-^dg; dbait-ris: sri<l. 
 
 Door sgo\ cab-sgo; large sgo-mo: little 
 sgev.; principal - rgyal-sgo; bar y1 cm- 
 pa; frame $go- drig; ~ hinge .s</o-/ : "/'. 
 go-pin W. ; keeper sgo-pa. res]), cabs- 
 sgo-pa, sgo-sruii. 
 
 Dose s. fun. 
 
 Dosser tse-po, tsel-po. 
 
 Dot s. fseg. 
 
 Double adj. ynyis-lddb; tongued Ice- 
 ynyis-pa; barreled gun nyi-ragW.\ (v. 
 sbrag-pa); fsan-yd. 
 
 Double vb. a. skum-pa. 
 
 Doubt s. fe-tsom; fsom-pa; fsom-fsom: ///'/- 
 ynyis. 
 
 Doubtful ytol-med. 
 
 Dough skyo-ma; bag-zan. 
 
 Down adv. fur; fen-la C.; ysam-du; to go 
 
 nub-pa, Jbab^pa. 
 
 Downward mar, mas; ^og-tu, sod-du. 
 Dowry rdzons. 
 
 Doze vb. nyid fom-pa. 
 
 Drag vb. O drud-pa. 
 
 Dragon O brug. 
 
 Dram s. (weight) zo 478- 
 
 Draught s. (drawing) bkod-pa; ri-ntu: 
 
 (drink) hub. 
 Draw (pull) O fen-pa; O dren-pa; to in 
 
 rnub-pa; skum-pa; to out O fen-pa; 
 
 O byin-pa; to up (to compose) O god-pa. 
 Dreadful )iys-pa. 
 Dream s. rmi-lam, resp. mnal-lam; vb. 
 
 rmi-ba. 
 
 Dress s. gos, cas; resp. na-bza. 
 Dress vb. a. (to clothe) skon-pa; (to cook) 
 
 O f sod-pa, O fsed-pa; to wounds sdom-pa. 
 Dressed up zab-mo. 
 Dried skam-po; up kum-pa. 
 Drink vb. s fun-ba. 
 Drink s. skyems; zal-skom; meat and 
 
 bza-btun.
 
 Drinkable water Elsewhere 
 
 627 
 
 Drinkable water skems-cu. 
 Drinking-cup skyogs; cai/-can, p&r-pa, 
 
 ko-re W. 
 
 Drip vh. Q dzag-pa. 
 Drive vb. O ded-pa; to back O gogs-pa; 
 
 zlog-pa; to -- out skrod-pa; bda-ba. 
 Driver O ded-mi. 
 Drop s. figs-pa. 
 Drop vb. a. Icrul ytoit-ba; vb. n. O dzag-pa; 
 
 O cor-ba. 
 
 Dropsy pags-cu; snyin-cu; dmu-cu. 
 Dross Icags-dregs. 
 
 Drowned, to be O f sub-pa; cus Kyer-ba. 
 Drum s. riia; skin r/m-lpags; stick 
 
 rha-lcdg. 
 
 Drummer r/ta-pa. 
 Drunk ra-ro-ba; bzi-canW.; to get bzi- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Drunkard can -dad-can W. 
 Drunkenness ra-ro. 
 Dry adj. skam-pa, skam-po; skem-pa; - 
 
 weather, drought fan-pa. 
 Dry vb. a. skem-pa. 
 D r y n e s s skam-pa. 
 Duck s. (water-fowl) nur-ba. 
 
 Due adj. dgos-pa. 
 
 Duel s. Krug-pa. 
 
 Dulcimer yan-ljiu 7s. 
 
 Dull adj. Uugs-pa; glen-pa; rtul-po; blun- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Dullness rmu-ba. 
 Dumb Ikugs-pa; smra-mi-nus-pa. 
 Dumpling cu-ta-gir W. 
 Dung s. lea Ld.; Ici-ba W.; brun. 
 Dungeon Kri-mun; btson-don. 
 Dupe vb. a. mgo skor byed-pa 25- 
 During prep. Kons-su; na 298; -nit-la. 
 Dusky man-mun. 
 Dust s. Kyim-sa; fal-ba\ rdul\ pye-ma', 
 
 cloud of bud. 
 Duty feat/; It-rims; sdom-pa; moral fsul- 
 
 Krims] (tax) dpya\ so-gdm. 
 Dwarf miu. 
 Dwell ynas-pa, O dug-pa; sdod-pa\ resp. 
 
 bzugs-pa\ Jeod-pa. 
 Dwelling s. ynas-tfan, ynas-fsan; eleg. 
 
 mcis-bra/t-j temporary O bran-sa. 
 Dwindle yal-ba. 
 Dye s. fsos; vb. a. fsos rgyag-pa. 
 Dynasty rgyal-brgyud; ryyal-rdbs. 
 
 Each kun; re, re-re 
 
 Eager O dod-can, O dod-ldan; to be O dod- 
 
 pa\ sred-pa. 
 Eagle go-bo; glag. 
 Ear rna-ba; resp. snyan; ache rna-ba 
 
 na-ba; hole ma- Run; shot rgyan- 
 
 grdgs; wax klog-pa; rna-Kydg; of 
 
 corn snye-ma. 
 Early adj. and adv. v. s/'/a 135; earlier s/'ia- 
 
 ma, siia-mo; earlier or later sna-rtin-du. 
 Earn Kug-pa. 
 
 Earnest s., in good don-ddm. 
 Earnestly snyin-nas\ v. also yan-day-pa, 
 
 sub. dag-pa 248. 
 Earth sa: sa cen-po; quake sa-ryos; san- 
 
 gulW. 
 East sar. 
 
 Easy sla-ba; Ihod-pa. 
 Eat za-ba, bza-ba; resp. ysol-ba; mcod-pa; 
 
 v. also O fun-ba; to up ma-lus-par za-ba. 
 Echo s. brag-ca; sgra-brnydn. 
 Eclipse of the moon zla- dzin, of the sun 
 
 nyi- dzin. 
 Edge Ka; ca-ga; mfa; zur; of a knife 
 
 dno. 
 
 Edict bka-sog, ysuii-sog; bk-ar-btags-pa. 
 Edifice bkod-pa 96. 
 
 Educate O fso-ba; yso-ba, yso-skyon byed- 
 pa. 
 Effect vb. a. byed-pa. 
 
 Effect s. Jbras-bu; effects (goods) ca-lag 
 W., lag-ca, ijo-byad. 
 
 Effervesce M-ba. 
 
 Efficacy nus-pa. 
 
 Egg sgo-fid, tul W. 
 
 Egotism bday- dzin 268. 
 
 Egypt mi-ser yul. 
 
 Eight num. brgyad; eighth brgyad-pa; 
 eighteen cu-b>'gyad\ eighteenth cu-bryy ad- 
 pa; eighty brgyad-cu; eightieth brgyad- 
 cu-pa. 
 
 Either or yah-na yan-na. 
 
 Eject skrod-pa; O dor-ba. 
 
 Elapse O da-oa. 
 
 Elbow gru-mo, gri'-mo ; dre-bo. 
 
 Elder adj. ce-ba, cen-po ; brother jo-bo; 
 fu-bo. 
 
 Elder s. rgad-po. 
 
 Election ydam-ka. 
 
 Electuary Ide-gu. 
 
 Element Jbywirba; ham*. 
 
 Elephant ylan, glah~po-ce, glah-c&n. 
 
 Elevate sgro- dogs-p<r. jl<'i/*-i><r. xj>nr-/>ti; 
 seit-ba. 
 
 Eleven bcu-ycig; eleventh bcu-ycig-pa. 
 
 Elk Ka-sdsa-ba. 
 
 Eloquence Ka-sbyaii. 
 
 Eloquent nag-dbdir, Icu-sbyait-po; Ka- 
 sugs-can W. 
 
 Elsewhere )zan-du.
 
 628 
 
 Emanate Exact 
 
 Emanate O pro-ba. 
 
 Emanation sprul-ba 336- 
 
 Emboss pur-ba. 
 
 Embrace vb. Jcyud-pa; Kril-ba; O dzin- 
 
 pa; Kyab-pa. 
 Emerald ma-rgdd, 
 Emerge Jbyun-ba. 
 Emetic skyua-smdn. 
 Eminent kyad-par-can; pun-sum-fsogs- 
 
 pa; rgyal-ba; pul-tu byiin-ba. 
 Emit O byin-pa. 
 
 Emmet gre-mog-bu W. ; grog-ma. 
 Empale y sal-sin- la skyon-pa. 
 Emperor rgyal-po cen-po. 
 Empire /Jaws; yul-Kdms; rgyal-Tfdg. 
 Employ skyel-ba; spyod-pa; to be ed or 
 
 busy brel-ba. 
 
 Empty ston-pa; to make stons-pa. 
 Emulate O gran-pa. 
 Emulation ^ran-sems. 
 Enabled, to be Kom-pa 44. 
 Encampment sgar; dmag-sgdr. 
 Enchanter ^on-po; enchantress ^gon-ba- 
 
 mo. 
 
 Encircle shor-ba. 
 Enclose skor-ba. 
 Enclosure skor-ba' ra-ba. 
 Encompass J?yigs-pa; Jcyud-pa; skor-ba. 
 End s. mjug; mfa, mfa-ma; pug; }'zug; 
 
 towards or at the mfa-ru, mfar; to be 
 
 at an rdzogs-pa, zin-pa. 
 Endeavour \\>.rtsol-ba; Ihur len-pa; don- 
 
 du ynyer-ba; s. O yrus-pa. 
 Endless mfa-yds; mfa-med. 
 Enemy dyra, dgra-bo; pa-rol-po; O fse-ba. 
 Energy sugs. 
 Engagement (promise) cad ; sdom-pa ; v . 
 
 also las, brel-ba. 
 Engrave rko-ba. 
 Enjoin skul-ba. 
 
 Enjoy Ions spyod-pa; one's self rtse-ba. 
 Enjoyment lons-spyod; nyams-myon. 
 Enlarge rgyas-pa\ O pel-ba; dar-ba; 
 
 upon spro-ba. 
 Enough fsad; cog-pa; to be Kyed-pa; 
 
 O grig-pa. 
 
 Ensnare dkri-ba. 
 Enter vb. a. jug-pa; O fsugs-pa; O fsud-pa; 
 
 vb. n. cud-pa. 
 
 Entertainment mgron; v. also rticod-ston. 
 Entire tsan-ma; ril-ba; son-te W. 
 Entity no-bo-nyid 129 ; cos-nyid 164. 
 Entrails rgyu-ma, nan-Urol. 
 Entrance (vestibule) sgo-Kdn. 
 Entrust O col-ba: y tod-pa, ynyer-lca f tad- 
 pa. 
 
 Enumerate sgran-ba, bsgran-ba; O dren-pa. 
 Enumeration mam-grdtis. 
 Envelope yi-gei subs. 
 Envious prag-dog-can; v. also ce-r6. 
 
 Envoy po-nya. 
 
 Envy s. p'rag-dog; mig-ser. 
 
 Envy vb. prag-pa. 
 
 Epidemy nms(-nad); nan- rim*. 
 
 Epilepsy Kyab-jug; yza-ndd;yza-pog-pa. 
 
 Epistle yi-ge. 
 
 Epitaph dur-byan. 
 
 Equal mnyam-pa; snyoms-po 201; Q dra-ba; 
 
 mfsuns-pa. 
 
 Equality mnyam-pa-nyid; O dra-mi- dra. 
 Equanimity snyonis-pa ; btan-snyoms. 
 Equivalent s. dod; fsab. 
 Eradicate rtsad-nas ycod-pa. 
 Erect adj. kye-re; Kron-ne. 
 Erect vb. a. sgreii-ba; Q dzugs-pa; bzeii-ba. 
 Err K'yar-ba; O fcnil-ba; ^gol-ba; nor-ba. 
 Error O gal-sa; Jcrul-so, Jcrul-yzi. 
 Eructation skyug-lddd; sgreg-pa. 
 Escape vb. O cor-ba; O bud-pa. 
 Escort s. sky el-ma; bsel(-ba), lam-bsel. 
 Escort vb. rdzon O debs-pa. 
 Especially tcyad-par-du. 
 Essence no-bo-nyid 129; bt-ud (quintes- 
 sence) 147. 
 Establish ^god-pa. 
 Estafet rta-zam-pa. 
 Esteem s. pu-dud; rtsis; ya-sa. 
 Esteem vb. a. bkur-ba; yces-par byi><l-i><i 
 
 or O dzin~pa. 
 
 Estimation rtsis; fsod 453. 
 Eternal rtag-pa: skye- ci-med-pa. 
 Eternity rtag-tu-ba (?). 
 Ether mica. 
 Etymology fa-snydd. 
 Eunuch nyug-rum. 
 Euphony sgra-dbyahs. 
 Europe rgya-pi-lin ; pyi-glin, vulgo pi-lift . 
 European s. pa-ran, pe-rdn ; pi-lin-pa. 
 Evade jur-ba, O dzur-ba; jol-ba; O cor-ba. 
 Evangelist prin-bzan sgrog-pa (-po). 
 Evaporate fim-pa. 
 Even adj. mnyam-pa. 
 Even vb. a (to level) snyom-pa. 
 Even adv. fa-na; yah; not v. yafi ,">(>,"). 
 Evening nub ; nub-mo ; dgons. 
 Evenness nyam-pa-nyid. 
 Event rkyen; dnos-po; at all events <Vx 
 
 kyan* gan yin kyan 65; ga-na-med IT.. 
 
 gar-med W. 
 
 Ever rtag-tu; ytan-du; dus-rgyun-du. 
 Every kun; re, re-re; v. gan 60; day 
 
 dkyus-ma; zag dan zag 248; thing can; 
 
 ci; kun. 
 
 Everywhere kun-tu; v. cir 141. 
 Evidence rgyu-mfsan 111. 
 Evident mnon-pa. 
 Evidently v. nes-pa 128. 
 Evil s. nan; nyes-pa. 
 
 Evil adj. nan-pa; fu-ba; spirit O gou-po. 
 Exact adj. zib-pa.
 
 Exactly Family 
 
 Exactly Ko-na; ran-, that de-de 256. 
 
 Exaggerate syro- doys-pa. 
 
 Exalt syro- doys-pa. 
 
 Exalted O pays-pa. 
 
 Examination brtags-dpyacL 
 
 Examine rtoy-pa ; dpyod-pa ; yziy-pa ; sad- 
 
 [-] \ a in |) 1 c <lj>t' : dpe-brjdd. 
 Excavate ycoit-ba ; sbuy-pa. 
 Excavation sbugs; soil. 
 Excellence dn os-yrub ; ce-ba . 
 Excellent rgyal ba; Kyad-par-can; yces- 
 
 pa; pun-fsoys; O f jays-pa. 
 Except prep, ma y toys-par; min, min-par. 
 Exchange s. (agio) par. 
 Excite sloh-ba, dkroy-pa. 
 Exclaim Jbod-pa. 
 Exclusively /co-na. 
 Excrement rki/ag-pa; rtuy-pa; dri-nia. 
 Excrescence Iba-ba; mdzer-pa; O dzer-pa. 
 Execrate nan O debs-pa; mnan-pa; dmod- 
 
 pa Jbor-ba. 
 Exercise s. (bodily) spyod-lam 335; of 
 
 religion cos-spyod. 
 
 Exercise vb. a. sbyoh-ba ; lay-tu len-pa. 
 Exert one's self O bad~pa. 
 Exertion Jbad-pa; brtson-pa; don-ynyer; 
 
 dka-ba. 
 
 Exhausted nyams-fay-pa; to be (con- 
 sumed) Q dzad-pa\ zin-pa; (tired) O cad- 
 
 pa', 'iial- cad-pa, fafi- cad-pa. 
 Exhort skul-ba', skul-cay byed-pa; bslab- 
 
 bya byed-pa, or ston-pa, or btan-ba. 
 Exhortation bskul-ba, bskul-ma\ snyin- 
 
 ytam\ luh, lun-bstdn] bslab-bya, farewell 
 
 Ka-cems. 
 
 Exile vb. a. ynas-nas dyar-ba. 
 Exist cf. O duy-pa\ yod-pa\ skye-ba. 
 Existence skye-ba ; srii I -pa . 
 Exorcise dam-la O doys-pa. 
 
 Expanse Uon\ tfa-ztn. 
 
 Expect syuy-pa. 
 
 Expedient adj. pan- doys-pa, pan-f<></*- 
 
 can\ rigs-pa 528; don-byed-nus-pa 
 Expel skrod-pa; ^il-ba: O don-pa; spyug- 
 
 pa\ Jbud-pa-, zlog-pa. 
 Expend sky ay-pa. 
 Expenditure, Expense jjro-sgo ; sfci/<t - 
 
 pa, skyag-sgo. 
 Expensive yus-po. 
 Experience vb. a. myon-ba, nyams-su 
 
 myon-ba', v. also sbyo/i-lm 
 Experience s. slobs'. 
 Experienced (skilled) mKas-pa. 
 Expiation sdiy-b.vn/s. 
 Expire O da-ba. 
 Explain Q grel-ba, ^rol-ba, -no sprod-pa\ 
 
 O cad-pa\ bsad-pa. 
 Explanation brda-sp /(></. 
 Exploit Icyo ga. 
 Expressly ced-du. 
 Exquisite mcoy-tu bkrab\ kyad-par y"/>- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Extend rkyoh-ba', bsnar-ba. 
 Extension %<w; gu. 
 Extensive rgyas-pa; yans-pa. 
 Extent Jcijon; rgya, ryya-k'yon, r</i/<i-b<r. 
 
 cu-zen 158. 
 
 Exterior s. mam-pa; ca-byad 152. 
 External pyii, v. pyi III 349; appear- 
 ance ca-byad., pyi-rol. 
 Extinct, to becoQie O cad-pa\ si-lm. 
 Extinguish ysod-pa. 
 Extra O feb. 
 
 Extract vb. a. bku-ba; Jbyin-pa; do)i-/><>. 
 Extraction (descent) rigs. 
 Extremity (end) mfa-ma, zur. 
 Eye s. mig, resp. spyan; brow m' 
 
 lash rdzi-ma; miy-ysoy, rt-s|> 
 
 ysoy; --lid miy-pdy C. W. 
 
 Fable s. syruiis. 
 
 Fabricate vb. a. O cos-pa; bco-ba; byed-pa; 
 
 bzo-ba; to be fabricated gmb-pa. 
 Face s. ydo/'i; no; Ka\ skye-syo; syo-lo; bzin; 
 
 in the of IM-I'U, Kar. 
 Face vb. (to be directed towards) ston-pa. 
 Fail vb. (to miss) mi Kes-pa C.; mi- febs- 
 
 pa W.; (to err) O gol-ba; (to dwindle) yol- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Faint adj. nyams-cun; to get ycon-ba. 
 Faint vb. n. b)-yyal-ba; O kam-pa. 
 Fair adj. mdzes-pa; mfsar-ba; bzan-ba. 
 Faith dad-pa. 
 Faithful dad-pa; ydeiis-pa; slu-med; yyo- 
 
 s<jyn-med. 
 
 Falchion yri-yuy. 
 
 Falcon fcra. 
 
 Fall vb. c yril-ba; ^yel-ba; Ituii-ba; O bab- 
 pa; to - in drops Jiy-pa; to otf O bi/i- 
 ba; to to pieces ojiy-pu ; ;/ril-ba W. ; 
 to upon O buns-pa. 
 
 Fall s. Itun-ba. 
 
 Fallow yan-pa. 
 
 False mi bJi'ii-jm: rdzus-ma\ yyo-c\ 
 charge Ka-yoy; snii<i<l; conception I ><>$- 
 pa; sentiment lta-l<'><j. l<><j-ltu. 
 
 Falsehood dkyux; /, : <i-x<>/>: rd:iui. 
 
 Fame gr ays-pa. 
 
 Family bryyud; yduii\ />u-xinti<l; /}/.s- mad; 
 rabs; riys-bryyud; rus.
 
 630 
 
 Famine Firm 
 
 Famine mu-ge. 
 
 Famous grays-can. 
 
 Fan s. rna-ydb. 
 
 Fan vb. a. Krab-pa\ v. yob-mo. 
 
 Fancy vb. a. sgom-pa; dmigs-pa; sems-pa; 
 
 vb. n. mno-ba. 
 
 Fancy s. dmigs-pa; sems-kyi snan-ba. 
 Fang k'ron; mce-ba, mce-so. 
 Far rgyan-rin-^po, rgyans 107; (fag-]nn-ba; 
 
 mi nye-ba; as as bar-du, K'ad-du; 
 
 famed syra-ce; from Ita ci smos 215- 
 Farewell \.ya-leA; to say \.pyi-pyay, 
 
 sub pyag. ' 
 
 Farm s gro/i-bzis; steward ynyer-pa 194. 
 Farmer Kyim-pa-pa ; ziit-pa 475. 
 Farsightedness miy-ryydii 414. 
 Farther par. 
 Fashion s. cos; lugs. 
 Fast adj. mgyogs-pa; myur-ba. 
 Fast vb. n. smyuit-ba; dge-ba srun-ba. 
 Fasten sdom-pa; c grogs-pa; dogs-pa; sgril- 
 
 ba ; sbyor-ba ; sbrel-ba. 
 Fasting s. bsnyen-ynas, smyurt-ynas. 
 Fat adj. rgyas-pa; fso-ba; fson-po. 
 Fat s. fsil; melted fsil-liu; zag. 
 Fatal byur-gyi] nyen-can; ma-run-ba; 
 
 sroy-len, srog- prog. 
 Fate skal-ba, las-bskos v. sko-ba 24; bsod- 
 
 pa; dban-fdti; cf. also lan-cags and las- 
 
 O pro. 
 Father pa, resp yab; - in law gyos-po; 
 
 Fathom s. O doms-pa. 
 
 Fatigue s. hal, resp. ^o-bryyr'd. 
 
 Fatigue vb. a. t'/al Jug-pa; to be fatigued 
 nal-ba, resp. sku-nal-ba, fugs iial-ba. 
 
 Fault sky on; nons-pa; Q fsa/'t. 
 
 Faulty skyon-can. 
 
 Favour s. bl;a-drin; v. ynan-ba II 309. 
 
 Favourable mfun-pa; circumstance 
 mfun-rkyen. 
 
 Favourite s. snyin-sdug; sdug-pa. 
 
 Fear s. Jigs-pa, Jigs-sfcrag, Jigs-ri; bay- 
 fsa (-ba). 
 
 Fear vb. Jigs-pa; dt'ian-ba; dogs pa. 
 
 Fearless Jigs-med; bag-med. 
 
 Feast s. dga-ston; mgron; ston-mo. 
 
 Feather spu; quill sgro. 
 
 Fee s. gla; ri/an-pa; bag-sis. 
 
 Feeble kyar-kyor; kyor; nya-ra-nyo-ri'. 
 
 Feed stob-pa; snyod-pa; ^or-baW.; O fso-ba, 
 yso-ba. 
 
 Feel rey-pa, fsor-ba; to cold O kyags-pa. 
 
 Feeling s. rey-bya. 
 
 Feign vb. n. bcos-pa 148; v. lugs byed-pa 
 (lugs no. 2, 548); fsul-du byed-pa (fsul no. 
 1, 450). 
 
 Fellow grogs; ya-do W.; labourer las- 
 grogs; lodger O dug-grogs, bran-grogs, 
 resp. bzugs-grogs; traveller lam-grdns. 
 
 Felt s. pyin-pa. 
 
 Female mo. 
 
 Fen O dam; gram-pa. 
 
 Fence s. Ko-ra; skyor-ba; ta-ber W.; pu- 
 
 su; ra-ba. 
 
 Ferment \\). Kol-ba; s.zo-riW.^S'.ru-ma. 
 Fern skyes-ma. 
 Ferocious tiar-po. 
 Ferry s. g>'u; rdziits, yzins. 
 Ferry- man gru-pa; cu-} y ay-pa ; mnyan- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Festival dus-cen. 
 
 Fetter vb. a. sbrel-ba; Jtyiy-pa; O cih-ba. 
 Fetters s. syroys; Icays, Icags-sgrog; bci/is- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Fever fsad-pai ndd C.; fsan-zug W. 
 Few nyun-itu; a few ^ga, O ya tsam; nyuu- 
 
 nu zig; cig 140; la-Id C. 
 Fib s. sob, ysob. 
 Fibre rgyus-pa. 
 Fickle yyi-na; ya-ma-brla; O gyur-ldoy; 
 
 skad yciy kyaii mi fsugs-pa. 
 Fickleness O gyur-ldog, ldog- gyur. 
 Fictitious bcos-pa; dmigs-pa-nas bzos-pa. 
 Fidget vb. O par-ba. 
 Field ziit; kluns; - terrace da/t-tse W. 
 Fife glih-bu. 
 Fifth liia-pa; fifteen bco-lna; fifteenth bco- 
 
 l//a-pa; fifty Ina-bcu; fiftieth liia-bcu-pa. 
 Fight s. O fab-mo. 
 Fight \\).&..gyed-pa; ryol-ba; O fab-pa; O fab- 
 
 mo byed-pa; vb. n. Hruy-pa; O gra?i-pa; 
 
 ryol-ba; rtsod-pa; O dzin-ba. 
 Figure s. dhjil-Kor; skye-yzuys; b/>od-jxi; 
 
 rnam-^yyur; dbyibs; yzugs; bzo, ~<>: //'- 
 
 mo; ris. 
 
 Figured (variegated) ci-tra W. 
 File s. (tool) Icags-bdar; sed. 
 File vb. (to string) ryyud-pa; star-ba. 
 Fill vb. Kyab-pa; ^yeiis-pa. 
 Filter s. f say-ma; vb. a O fsag-pa. 
 Filth dri-ma; mi-ytsan-ba 433; yrib. 
 Find fob-pa; rnyed-pa; Hug-pa. 
 Fine adj. (beautiful) mdzes-pa; sdug-pa; 
 
 mfsar-ba; (not coarse) zib-pa; lag-mo W.; 
 
 (thin) srab-pa. 
 
 Fine s. (penalty) rgyal, ston. 
 Finger ser-mo, sor-mo, resp. -}>yag-x '>/; 
 
 mdzub-mo, mdzuy-gu; ring ser-ydub, 
 
 sor-ydub. 
 Finish vb. sgrub-pa; to be finished c </rul>- 
 
 pa; fsar-ba; rdzogs-pa; O dzad-pa; zin-pa. 
 Fir fau-siit; som, ysom, som-xiit. 
 Fire s. me; brand gal-me; fly ^.od-jn-o- 
 
 O bu W.; place fab, me -fab; tongs 
 
 me-len. 
 Firm (solid) mfcran; mfcregs-pa; sra-ba; 
 
 (trodden) cay -can 167; (tigbt) fatl-po, 
 
 dam-po; (sure)btsan; ties-pa; (steady) v.
 
 Firmness Fort 
 
 631 
 
 Firmness (of mind) snyih-rus. 
 
 First daii-po; ma-ma; mgo-ma; - born 
 
 mgo-bu; s/lon-skt/es; part stod 223; adv 
 
 (at first) mgo-ma W.; sna-sor, sna-gon; 
 
 snar; ycig-tu; fog-mar. 
 Firstfruits pud. 
 Firstly dan-por. 
 Fish s. nya; bone nya-grd. 
 Fish vb. nya rnon-pa; nya.ysor-ba. 
 Fishing-hook mcil-pa. 
 Fishing-net nya-rgya, nya- dol. 
 Fissure rgya-ser; ser-ka. 
 Fi st Ku-fsur. 
 Fit vb. a. v. sgrig-pa 120; to out som-pa ; 
 
 to be O f ad-pa', run-ba. 
 Five Ina. 
 Fix vb. a. ^god-pa; sbyor-ba; a time dus 
 
 byed-pa. 
 Flabby kyom. 
 
 Flag s. da'i", staff dar-po-ce. . 
 Flageolet glin-bu 
 Flame s. Ice, me-lce. 
 Flannel fei'-ma. 
 Flap s. gos sgdb. 
 Flash vb. Jlyug-pa. 
 Flat adj. leb-mo; mnyam-pa. 
 Flatten vb. a. gleb-pa. 
 Flatter stod-pa; mol-lce btan-ba W. 
 Flatterer no stod-fcan. 
 Flattery ycam-bu. 
 Flatulence pyen; ^og-rlun. 
 Flavour s. bro-ba', ro. 
 Flaw s. so-re W. 
 Flea Kyi-sig; ^ji-ba. 
 Flee Jbros-pa. 
 Fleece s. bal-rgydb. 
 Flesh sa; - fly sa-sbrdn. 
 Flexible kyom; mny en-pa. 
 Fling vb. rgyab-pa; rgyag-pa C.; dbyug- 
 
 pa G'.; O pen-pa\ skyiw-ba\ O bor-ba. 
 Flint Icag-rdo; Icags-mag. 
 Float vb. n. Idin-ba. 
 Flock s. /cyu, Kyu-bo. 
 Flog Icag-gis yzu-ba, v. also skar-ba. 
 Flood s. cu-log. 
 Floor s. yzi-ma\ (bottom) mfil 240; sen W.\ 
 
 'an- Q dar 6'.; ground ^og-Kah. 
 Flour s. pye ; zib. 
 Flourish vb. bde-ba\ O fsen-ba. 
 Flourish s. (in writing) ri-mo kyag-kyog. 
 Flow vb. Jbab-pa\ s. rgyun 112. 
 Flower s. me-tog; bed rka', garden 
 
 sdum-ra. 
 Fluid s. h'u-ba. 
 Flute pred-glin. 
 Flutter s. k s rag-Krug 49. 
 Fly vb. Q pur-ba\ to up O par-ba .",;")(;. 
 Fly s. sbran-ma. 
 Foal rteu\ of an ass gu-i'ug. 
 Foam s. Ibu-ba, dbu-ba. 
 
 and j>o. 
 
 Fodder s. cag. 
 Foe dgra, dgra-bn; /i<t 
 Fog kug-rnai na-ln'nr, 
 Fold s. (plait) ltab-ma; (pen) lhas-ma. 
 Fold vb. a. (to plait) ltab-pa; (to pen) 
 dgar-ba. 
 
 Follow Q braii-ba, rjes-su ^ro-ba: ycod-pa. 
 1^11 i ft * 
 
 r o 1 1 o w e r ostan - O dzin. 
 
 Following pyi(s)-> pyir I, 2: <///. 
 Fond, to be of ... la cags-pa, zen-pa. 
 P^ondness Kri- ba ; zen-Kris, zen-cags-pa. 
 Fontanel klad-sgo; mfsogs-ma; O fsaits-pai 
 
 bri-ga. 
 Food zas, resp. zal-zds, bzes-pa, 6ms: /v/- 
 
 zds\ za-ba, za-ma', lto\ of animals l>zan. 
 Fool s. glen-pa', blun-pa, blun-po. 
 Foolish glen-pa\ blun-pa; blo-med. 
 Foot rkan pa, resp. zabs; bridge dem- 
 
 tsi Lh ; - path rkan -lam; O pran, lam- 
 
 O pran\ race ban; ring rkan-ydub; 
 
 - soldier rkan- fan-pa; stool rkuii- 
 
 stegs; of a hill rtsa-ba; on foot rkatl- 
 
 fan-du or la. 
 
 Footprint, Footstep rkait-rji'x. 
 For don-du; v. pyogs 352; forty days 
 
 zag bzi-bcui bar-du, zag bzi-bcii fug W. 
 Forbear vb. a. ^gyod-mi rmo-ba 98. 
 Forbid O gegs-pa ; mi ynan-ba. 
 Force s. mfu; dban; nar-ba; cd-dbdit W. 
 Force vb. dban-med-du O col-ba; v. also 
 
 nan-gyis; sed-Kyer-nag-pos W. 
 Ford vb rgal-ba. 
 Fore, arm lag-ndr; finger mdzub-mo ; 
 
 part, side nar, Ka, mdun nos. 
 Foregoing snon-gro; sna-ma. 
 Forehead fod-pa; dpral-ba. 
 Foreign yan-pa ; yzan-ma ; pyii ; country 
 
 byes. 
 
 Forenoon sna-fog; sna-dro. 
 Foreskin sgo - pur ; mdun - Ipags , Q dom- 
 
 Ipags. 
 Forest nags(-ma\ nags-yseb; nags-fsal, 
 
 nags-Krod; fsal. 
 Forget rjed-pa ; yi-ycod-pa, resp. fu<i* /'.'/<'/- 
 
 ba W. 
 Forgive vb. a. (not resenting) bzod-pa4W, 
 
 (to leave unpunished) O gyod-mi rmo-lxi : 
 
 (to efface) sel-ba; (to wash away) dag-pa. 
 Fork Ka-brag; sa- dzin. 
 F o r in s. (mould) par; (figure) dbyibs\yzugs; 
 
 cas; grammatical fsig. 
 Form vb a. skyed-pa. 
 Former adj. goti, (/o/'t-ma; siion-^ro; dan- 
 
 po; part stod; time snon-rol. 
 Formerly sna-cdd, sha-goii, wio-fiw; 
 
 snar; snon. 
 
 Fornicate O cal-ba; \.yyem-pa. 
 Fornicator O cdl-pa. 
 Forsake skyur-ba ; Q bor-ba ; yton-ba. 
 Fort mfcar.
 
 632 
 
 Forte Gentian 
 
 Forte (in music) rtsub-po. 
 
 Forth sogs; par; yas. 
 
 Fortress rdzoh(s). 
 
 Fortune (lot) pya; (wealth) ffa-rje C. ; 
 good- bkra-sis; teller pya-mKan ; nan- 
 shags-mKan. 
 
 Forward vb. Kal-ba. 
 
 Found vb. Q god-pa; rgyag-pa; O debs-pa; 
 O dzugs-pa. 
 
 Foundation rman ; of a house mfil ; Kan - 
 rtsd. 
 
 Fountain cu-mig. 
 
 Four bzi; fourth bzi-pa; fourteen cu-bzi; 
 fourteenth cu-bzi-pa; forty bzi-bcu; for- 
 tieth bzi-bcu-pa. 
 
 Four footed rkah-bzi-pa. 
 
 Fowl by a; domestic Kyivn-bija. 
 
 Fowler bya-pa, 
 
 Fox wa; coloured Ham-pa. 
 
 Fragile Krol-mo W. 
 
 Fragment cag-Krum, cag-dum; (y^sil-bu. 
 
 Fragrance -had. 
 
 Frail, to get rgud-pa. 
 
 Frame s. llri; vb. a. ^god-pa 95. 
 
 Frankincense bdug-pa, gu-gul. 
 
 Fraud no-Ucog; zog, zol-zog. 
 
 Free adj. yan-pa; far-pa\ to become 
 O grol-ba ; far-ba ; to set far-du ^jug-pa ; 
 Jbud-pa. 
 
 Freeze Jcyags-pa; pyid-pa. 
 
 Freight s. Kal. 
 
 Frenzy Jcrul-pa. 
 
 Fresh ysar-ba, ysar-po', so-maW.; but- 
 ter skya-mdr W. 
 
 Friday yza-pa (j-wa)-sans. 
 
 Friend grogs, rog\ no-ses, mdza-bses, bses- 
 
 ynyen\ mdza-bo\ zla-bo. 
 Friendly snyin-nye\ resp. sol-po. 
 Fright s. jigs-pa. 
 Frighten skrag-pa. 
 Frightened skrag-pa; to be rtab-pa. 
 Fringes fca-fsar. 
 Frog sbal-pa. 
 From nas 304; man -cad, 411; las 546; - 
 
 within Jcon-nas 43. 
 Frontier sa-mfsdm?. 
 Front-side fca- nar. 
 Frost tfyags-pa; sad. 
 Froth Ibu-ba, dbu-ba. 
 Frozen Kyags-pa. 
 Fruit sin- tog; O bras-bu; tree bza-sin; 
 
 rtsi-sin. 
 
 Fry vb. sreg-pa, slam-pa, r hod-pa. 
 Fuel bud-sin. 
 
 Fulfil skoh-ba; sgrub-pa\ O getis-pa. 
 Full gan-ba; Item -pa; mfon-po; to be - 
 
 Itams-pa; Kens-pa; to make Kyab-pa. 
 Fully rgyas-par. 
 Fumigate bdug-pa. 
 Fun pra-cdl; sags. 
 Functionary blon-po 
 Fundament rtsa-ba; rkub. 
 Fur -coat slag-pa, slog-pa; fui-pa. 
 E'urious ytum-pa. 
 Furnish (supply) sgrub-pa. 
 Furniture yo-bydd. 
 Furrow s. rka. 
 Further yzan-yah, yah. 
 Furtherance mt'un-rkyen. 
 Futurity ma ^ons-pai dus; pugs. 
 
 Gain vb. a rgyal-ba, rnyed-pa, sgrub-pa. 
 Gain s. skyed\ fee, tiye; Ka-rgydl, rgydl-tia; 
 
 rnyed-pa\ spogs, bogs. 
 Gait bgrod. 
 Galaxy dgu-fsigs. 
 Gale rlun-dmdr, rlun nag-po. 
 Gall s. mfcris-pa. 
 Gallop vb. n. rta rgyug-pa. 
 Gallows car-sin. 
 
 Game s. (animals of chase) ri-dwags. 
 Gander nan-pa. 
 Ganges gan-gd. 
 Gap rgya-ser; ser-ka, ser-ga. 
 Gape vb. sgyih-ba,; ydah-ba. 
 Garden fsal; fsas W.; Idum-ra; sdum-ra; 
 
 flower ha-16. 
 Garlic sgog-pa. 
 Garment gos; cas, resp. na-bza; under 
 
 ^ah-fun; upper bla-gdb, bla-gos, yzan- 
 
 gos. 
 
 Garret steh-Kah. 
 Gate rgyal-sgo; sgo-mo. 
 Gather vb. a. sgrug-pa; O fu-ba; sog-pa; 
 
 vb. n. O fcor-ba; O gugs-pa; Jibs-pa. 
 Gatherer fun, O fun. 
 Gear s. go-ca. 
 Gelding s. po-rtd. 
 General adj. spyi 333; fun-mon. 
 General s. dmag-dpon. 
 Generate skyed-pa. 
 Generation rgyal - brgyud; yduh - rabs, 
 
 robs. 
 
 Genesis cags-rdbs. 
 Genitals mfsan(-ma). 
 Genitive case O brel-pa. 
 Gentian tig-ta; kyi-lce.
 
 Gentle Great 
 
 633 
 
 Gentle ^am-po, Jbol-po; mfun-can; sgye- 
 
 mo. 
 Gentleman ytso-bo; sa-heb; old , old 
 
 squire, ga-gd Ld., 'a-jo-lag C. 
 Gently nan-yis; ga-le C., gu-le W. 
 Gentry drag-rigs. 
 Genuine dnos; no-rtog; Ihad-med. 
 Geography ynas-bsdd, yul-bsdd. 
 Germinate vb. n. skye-ba; to cause to 
 
 skyed-pa. 
 
 Gesture s. brda; rnam-gyttr; v. also fsul. 
 Get vb. a. Kug-pa; rnyed-pa; fob-pa', O dzin- 
 
 pa; yod-par O gyur-ba ; vb. n. O gro-ba; ca- 
 
 ba W.; to into cud-pa ; Jbab-pa ; to - 
 
 through far-ba, bgrod-pa; to up Idan- 
 
 ba, lan-ba, resp. bzens-pa. 
 Ghost mi-ma-yin^-pd) ; sems-nyid. 
 Ghostlike yzugs-med 494 ; lus-med. 
 Gift s. /cyos-pa; ynan-ba; bya-dgd; Jbul- 
 
 ba ; sbyin-pa ; yon, 
 
 Gild cm yton-ba, yser-cus O byug-pa. 
 Gills nya-skyogs. 
 Gimlet sor. 
 
 Ginger sga, sgeu; Ica-sga. 
 Girdle s. ska-rags. 
 Girl bu-ino', yzon-nu-ma\ na-cu/i. 
 Give skur-ba; ster-ba; ynan-ba; Jbul-ba 
 
 394; O bogs-pa; sbyin-pa; stsol-ba\ to an 
 
 eutertainuient O gyed-pa; to up sgyur- 
 
 ba; ycod-pa; spon-ba; bios yton-ba\ to be 
 
 given to skyon-ba; rten-pa. 
 Glacier gans, yam-can. 
 Glad adj. dga-ba; tidings ytam-snydn; 
 
 to be dga-ba\ mgu-ba\ to make *sem 
 
 fad cug-ce* W. 
 Glass sel, man-sel; beads ga-sel; 
 
 bottle sel-bum. 
 Gleaner snye-fun. 
 Glide O dred-pa\ O byid-pa. 
 Glistening Krom-me, Krol--po\ cam. 
 Glitter vb. O fser-ba. 
 Globe ril W. 
 Globular zlum-pa, ril-ba; a stone rdo- 
 
 ril. 
 
 Glorious g rags-can; O pags-pa. 
 Glory s. grags-pa; dpal, dpal-byor. 
 Glory vb. rlom-pa, po-fsod O cad-pa; v.po-so. 
 Gloss bkrag; ^d-ysdl. 
 Glossy bkra-ba. 
 Glove lag-subs. 
 Glue s. spyin. 
 Gnash so Krig-Krig byed-pa, so bdar-ba; so 
 
 sdom-pa. 
 
 Gnaw yzan-pa; O ca-ba, mur-ba. 
 G o O gro-ba ; O don-ba ; ca-ba W. ; rgyu-ba ; 
 
 bgrod-pa; pyin-pa, eleg. mci-ba } res^).peb- 
 pa; to about Q grim-pa; to abroad 
 
 O gron-du O gro-ba, byes-su O gro-ba; to 
 
 astray Q Kyar-ba; to away O gye-ba, resp. 
 
 bzud-pa, ysegs-pa; to in or into cud- 
 
 P a -> <J li 9-p a 'i to out O fon-pa; spro-ba; 
 to round Jcor-ba, skor-ba. 
 Goal fsad. 
 Goat ra-ma; wild ra-rgod, ra-po-ce; 
 
 skyin. 
 
 Goat's hair ral. 
 Goblet skyogs. 
 Goblin O dre, lha- dre. 
 God dkon-mcog; a god lha, a goddess Iha- 
 mo; a tutelar god yi-dam-lhd, Iha-sruii; 
 mgon-po. 
 
 Going s. (the act of) gros. 
 Goitre Iba-ba. 
 Gold yser. 
 Gong Jear-rhd. 
 
 Good adj. bzah-ba; legs-pa; dga-bde C.; 
 rgyal-baW.; co\.yag-po; to be (of coins) 
 O grul-ba. 
 
 Good s. (advantage) don. 
 Good-bye da ca yin W. 152 ; *ta-si-sig* W. ; 
 
 v. ga-le C. 64. 
 
 Goods dfios-po ; ka-ca ; Ka-rje C. ; spus ; zon. 
 Goose nan-pa } nan-ma. , 
 Gorge s. (ravine) ron. 
 Gossip s. (idle talk) Ka-bsdd; rgya-ldb. 
 Gourd ka-bed, ku-ba, gon W. } cun C. 
 Gout dran-ndd W. ; grum-bu , gmm-ndd, 
 drag-grum ; dreg-nad, fsigs-nad, fsigs-ziig. 
 Govern sgyur -ba; rgyal - srid sky on - ba ; 
 
 dbaii sgyur-ba. 
 
 Government rgyal-po, rgyal-srid. 
 Governor sde-pa; bka-blon. 
 Grace s. bka-drin, fugs-rje. 
 Gracious fugs-rj e-can. 
 Gradually nan-gis; gu-le gu-le W. 
 Graft s. pe-bdn. 
 Grain s. cag-tse, rdog-po, Jbru. 
 Grammar byd-ka-ra-na 372- 
 Grandchild fsa-bo; daughter tsa-mo; 
 father mes-po; mother ma-mo, pyi- 
 mo; son fsa-bo, resip. dbon-po. 
 Grant vb. (bka) ynaii-ba; ^rub-pa; stsol- 
 
 ba; yzigs-pa. 
 
 Granulous cag-tse-can W. 
 Grape rgun, rgun- brum; cag-mo. 
 Grasp vb. Ju-ba, O dzin-pa; cf. ycags-pa. 
 Grass rtswa. 
 
 Grasshopper cog-cog-pa, ca-ga- bu. 
 Grate s. dra-pa, Icags-dra. 
 Grateful drin-yzo-can; to be drin yzo- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Grater lag-ddr, lab-ddr. 
 Gratitude drin dran-pa. 
 Grave s. dur-Kun. 
 Gravel s. gyo-mo; sag-ma. 
 Gravy spags; sa-rug, resp. skyu-ri/i//. 
 Gray se-bo; light skya-bo. 
 Grease s. snum-pa ; vb. snum-gyis skud^pa. 
 Greasy snum-can; fso-ba. 
 Great ce-ba, cen-po, rgyas-pa. 
 40*
 
 634 
 
 Greatness Have 
 
 Greatness ce-ba, ce-Kydd. 
 
 Greedy Q dod-sred-can; blo- dod; ham-pa- 
 can. 
 
 Green sno-ba, siion-po; Ijan-Ku. 
 
 Greens s. stio-fsod, Idum, fsod-ma. 
 
 Greensward na-Jca; ne-fdn. 
 
 Grieve vb. n. skyo-ba, ^yod-pa. 
 
 Grind O fag-pa; bdar-ba; to the teeth so 
 bdar-ba, 
 
 Gripes glan, glan-fabs. 
 
 Gristle cag-kruin. 
 
 Grit (gravel) yyo-mo. 
 
 Groan s. Jcog-sugs W., sugs-ndr, sugs-rin. 
 
 Groan vb. Jiun-pa. 
 
 Groom rta-vdzi. 
 
 Grope snom-pa. 
 
 Grotto gyam, pug-pa. 
 
 Ground s. zin; yzi(-ma) 480; sa-yzi 570. 
 
 Grouse ri-skyegs; goti-mo. 
 
 Grove skyed-mos-fsal. 
 
 Grow vb. n. cer skye-ba ; O fcruii-ba; O gyur- 
 ba; rgyas-pa; ca-ba; to dark O fibs-pa\ 
 
 to old bgre-ba ; to cause to grow skyed- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Growth skyed, skye. 
 Grudge s. k'on-pa; to bear a O kon-pa. 
 Grumbling s. *fo-fd* W. 
 Grunt vb. nug-pa, nur-ba, Kun-pa. 
 Guard vb. skyon-ba, skyob-pa, snt/i-ba. 
 Guardian pa-fsdb] of the world jiy- 
 
 rten-skyon. 
 
 Guess s. v. fsod 453. 
 Guide s.lani-wi/can, lam- Q drcn-pa, lam-yig. 
 Guitar sgra-snyan', ko-pons W. 
 Gulf Kuy, cu-Kug; (abyss) bison-doit. 
 Gullet Ikog-ma. 
 Gulp s. hub; skyu-gdn, cor-gdn. 
 Gum s. fan-cu. 
 
 Gun sg yogs', tu-pag W.; me-mda C. 
 Gunpowder tu~pag-man W.; me-rdzds C. 
 Gunstock O gu-mdd] sgum-da. 
 Gut, great or colon 'ynye-ma. 
 Gutter n-a. 
 Guttural s. Ice-rtsa-can 150. 
 
 H 
 
 Habitation groh', ynas-fsan, ynas-tfaii, 
 
 yzi-ma. 
 Haft yu-ba. 
 Hail s. (frozen rain) ser-ba; (salutation) v. 
 
 rgyal-ba I 108. 
 
 Hair skra; spu, a little ba-spu. 
 Hairy ba-spu-can; skra-can. 
 Half (one half) s. ca 151. 
 Half adj. pyed', boot krad-pa. 
 Hall bkad-sa', ~ of judgment fsugs-Kan. 
 Halo Kyim. 
 
 Halter fur-myo; srab-mfur. 
 Halting-place sti-bai ' ynas; (night quar- 
 ters) O b)'an-sa } resp. yzim-brdn. 
 Hammer s. fo-cun', large - fo-ba. 
 Hand s. lag(-pa), resp. pymj. 
 Hand vb. a. srin-ba; to over skur-ba. 
 Handicraft bzo. 
 Handful Kyd-le\ %or; O cans-pa:, spar-ba] 
 
 pul 
 Handkerchief sna-pyis-, - of salutation 
 
 Ka-btdgs 37. 
 
 Handle s. kab-za, Icibs, yu-ba. 
 Handsome mcor-po, mdzes^pa. 
 Handspike gal-ta. 
 
 Hang vb. a. (a man) * car-la tan-ce* W.\ to 
 - up skar-ba, dgar-ba, ^el-ba; O pyar-ba; 
 
 vb. n. to down Jjol-ba, O pyan-ba. 
 Hangman ysed-ma. 
 Hank gt'u-gu. 
 
 Happen ^yur-ba, Q byun-ba, ^on-ba. 
 Happiness dge-ba, skyid-pa, yya n : bkra- 
 
 sis. 
 
 Happy bkra-sis-pa; skal-lddn, skyid-po; 
 
 legs-pa; to be bde-ba, sky id- pa \ may 
 
 you be bkra-sis-sig W. 
 Hard kyoit, mKrah, mfcregs-pa; sra-ba; - 
 
 to bear Icag-po; - water cu kyon-po. 
 Hardened sran-can. 
 Hardness nar-ba. 
 Hardship dka-ba, nyon-moits-pa 191. 
 Hardware Icags-cas. 
 Hare ri-bdn. 
 Harm s. sky on; to do fsugs-pa. ynod-pa 
 
 byed-pa or skyel-ba; vb. to snad-pa. 
 Harmony (musical concord) sgra-dbyaiis; 
 
 (agreement) mfun-pa; concord amongst 
 
 kinsmen ynyen- dun. 
 Harness s. cibs-cas. 
 Harrow s. sal-ba; vb. to sal-ba O drud- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Harsh gyon-po; rtsub-po. 
 Hartshorn sa-i*u. 
 Harvest s. btsas-ma; lo-tog 552. 
 Haste s. fsa-drag; to make rgyug-pa; 
 
 make haste! *fsa-rag ton* W.; *rin-pa 
 
 ton* W. 
 
 Hasten vb.n. snyegs-pa; rins-pa. 
 Hasty spro fun-ba; yid fun-ba. 
 Hate vb. Jcon-pa, O gras-pa, sdan-ba. 
 Hatred sdan-sems, ze-sddn. 
 Haughtiness ce-fdbs, po-so. 
 Haughty Ka-drdg, Kens -pa; cc-fabs-i'ot. 
 
 po-xo-can 
 
 Hautboy dge-glin; sur-na. 
 Have (possess) bdog-pa; having \.can 138,
 
 Hawk Home 
 
 635 
 
 v. bcas-pa 146; I have na-la yod 515: I 
 
 have to v. rgyu no. 3, no. 
 Hawk s. lira. 
 
 Hay rtsa-skdm; fork sbrag-ma. 
 Haze Kug-rnd. 
 
 He Up, lion, de 255; who gait no. 2 65. 
 Head s. mgo, resp. dbu; (chief) Hyu-mcog 
 
 47; ytso-bo 434; (of an argument) yan-lag', 
 
 master ^go-dpon. 
 
 Head vb. a. Jtrid-pa, sna O dren-pa. 
 
 Headache mgo-ndd; klad-yzer. 
 
 Headman O go-pa, rgad-po. 
 
 Heal vb. a. O fso-ba 460, yso-ba; bcos-pa. 
 
 Health Kams; nad-med-pa. 
 
 Healthy nad-med. 
 
 Heap s. pun-po. 
 
 Heap vb. a sgril-ba, bcer-ba, spun-ba', to 
 
 up sog-pa. 
 
 Heaped byur-po, byur-byur 377; gau-ba 
 
 W. 66. 
 Hear vb. a-, fos-pa, fsor-ba W., nyan-pa', 
 
 hear! ka-ye. 
 
 Hearer nyan-pa or -po. 
 Heart snyin, resp. fugs; nan', rgyud 112; 
 
 ze 477; to know by Ka-ton-du ses-pa 35. 
 Heart-grief sems-ndd. 
 Hearth me -fab] sgyid-bu 118; stone 
 
 sgyed-po. 
 
 Heartily snyin fag-pa-nas. 
 Hearty ze-fag-pa; a request ze-fag-pai 
 
 zu-ba. 
 
 Heat fsa-ba, tsad-pa; fan-pa. 
 Heated dros-pa 264. 
 Heaven mKa, nam-mKa ; ynam, mfo-ris 242. 
 Heavens mKa, dbyiiis 390. 
 Heavy Ici-ba. 
 
 Hedgehog rqan, ^an-yzer-ma. 
 Heed s., to give - bya-ra byed-pa. 
 Heedless zon-med. 
 Heel s. rtin-pa. 
 Heifer zal-mo. 
 Height mfo-Kyad; Kyon] rnams; dpans', 
 
 O pan 355. 
 
 Heir s. nor-bdag; joint - go-Kan W. 
 Hellebore spru-ma. 
 Helm s. fca-lo. 
 Helmet rmog. 
 
 Help s. skyabs, skyobs, ra-mda. 
 Help vb. a. skyabs byed-pa, grogs byed-pa. 
 Helper skyabs-mgon, skyabs-ynas; ynyen- 
 
 po, dpun-ynyen, dpun-grogs. 
 Hem s. sne-mo, ca-ga. 
 Hemorrhoids yzan-ndd, yzan-brum. 
 Hemp so-ma, ytso-ma, btso-ma', bhan-geW. 
 Hen bya-mo; kyim-bya. 
 Henceforth da-ste, dapyis241, da pyin- 
 
 cdd 350. 
 
 Herb sno, siio-fsod, rtswa. 
 Herd Kyu, llyu-bo. 
 Herdsman rdzi-bo, pyugs-rdzi. 
 
 Here O di-nt 275. 
 
 Hereafter pugs-na, da-afe, dd-pyis, da 
 
 ]>}jin-cad. 
 Heresy cos-log. 
 Heritage nor-skal. 
 Hermit dgon-pa-pa; bdag-bsrun. 
 Hermitage dgon-pa, ynas. 
 Hero Kyo-ga. 
 Heron kan-ka\ skyar-mo. 
 Hesitation fsam-fsum. 
 H CW O yy-p a ) o^ so 9~P a: > v - a ' so cleave. 
 Hiccough s. skyig-bu\ 'i-Jcug, 'ig W.] vb. 
 
 to skyig-pa. 
 
 Hide s. ko-ba, ko-lpags, pags-pa or -po. 
 Hide vb. a. skun-ba, sbed-pa; to one's 
 
 self cgab-pa, yib-pa, ysan-ba. 
 Hiding-place bskuns-sa. 
 High mfo-ba, mfon-po" and low drag- 
 
 zdn 261; road, way rgya-ldm; ma- 
 lam W. 
 
 Hill ri\ v. sgah. 
 Hilt kab-za, Icibs, yu-ba. 
 Hinder vb. a. O gegs-pa, ^Kegs-pa ; to be - ed 
 
 togs-pa. 
 
 .Hind -foot rkan-pa. 
 Hind-part mjug. 
 Hindrance gegs, bgegs, bar- cod. 
 Hinge s. sgo- K6r. 
 Hip s. (joint) sta-zur, dpyi', (fruit) sib-si- 
 
 lu-lu Ld. 
 
 Hire s. rnan-pa, vb. to yyar-ba. 
 History lo-rgyus, byuti-fsul. 
 Hit vb. a. tfes-pa, rgyab-pa, fug-pa, O pog- 
 
 pa, O febs-pa W. 
 Hit s. Icag 148. 
 Hither fsur\ to sna-cad. 
 Hive s. fsan. 
 Hoangho rma-cu. 
 Hoarfrost ba-mo. 
 Hoarse nar-nar-po, O dzer-po; to be 
 
 O dzer-ba ; ras-pa Ld. 
 Hoarseness skad-gdgs. 
 Hoe vb.^a. rko-ba. 
 Hog s. pay. 
 Hoist vb. a. O pyar-ba. 
 Hold vb. a. can-ba, snom-pa, O dzin-pa; to 
 
 forth O dzed-pa ; to - out (suffice) Jfyed- 
 
 pa; vb. n. rten-pa 213. 
 Hold s. rten', to take - of Ju-ba. [413. 
 Hole s. Kun, bi-gdn, bi-ydnW., bn-<i<t; ////;/ 
 Hollo inter), ka-ye; kye, kye-ho; W. n-<i ! 
 Hollow adj. Kon-stoit. 
 Hollow s. Kun, sbug(s); the - of the hand 
 
 skyor. 
 
 Holly sgom-Jbrog. 
 Holy skal-lddn, dam-pa, a man, saim. 
 
 skycs-bu dam-pa. 
 Homage s. bkur-ba, bkur-sti; 'riin-<ir. 
 
 resp. sku-rim. 
 Home s. Kyim; to be at /;/////>-</// ^/>-></-/KI.
 
 636 
 
 Homeless Impaired 
 
 Homeless nes-med. 
 
 Hone s. O dzen. 
 
 Honest dran-po, cos dran-po. 
 
 Honey sbran-rtsi, Tan-si W. 
 
 Honour s. bkur-ba, bkur-sti; sti-stan; ya- 
 
 sa; rim-gro, resp. sku-rim; gragspa,pu- 
 
 dud. 
 
 Honour vb. a. bkur-ba, mcod-pa, rje-ba. 
 Honourable btsun-pa. 
 Hood s. fod-Hebs. 
 Hoof rmig-pa. 
 Hook s. kug. 
 
 Hookah (Turkish pipe) ci-lim; resp. ze- 
 Hoop s. san. \JiorC. 
 
 Hoopoe pu-sud. 
 Hope s. re-ba; blo-yden, blo-ytdd; vb. to 
 
 re-ba, 
 
 Horizon mfon-Jcvr. 
 Horn rwa, ru. 
 Hornet lin-gol-ma. 
 Hornless Ku-yu. 
 Horse s. rta, resp. cibs; black ^ol-ba; 
 
 dung rta-sbans ; tail rta-rna ; whip 
 
 rta-lcag. 
 
 Horseman rta-pa. 
 Horseshoe rmig-lcdgs. 
 Hospital nad-kan, fsugs-Jcan. 
 Host (number of men) dpun, pal-po-ce; 
 
 (army) dmag. 
 Hot fsa-ba, fsan; to be - fsa-ba; the 
 
 time of the day dro 264. 
 Hour cu-fsod 158; doable Kyim 47. 
 House s. Kan-pa; Kyim', gron\ mtfar' sdum- 
 
 pa C., nan] owner tcyim-bdag, Kyim- 
 
 pa-pa; rent Kan-gld. 
 Household yzis-mad\ bza-mi 497. 
 Housekeeping so-tsis, so-tsigs. 
 
 Housewife Kyim-fab-mo , Kyitn-bdag-mo. 
 How ci 139, ci-lfar, ci-tsug, ga-zug, ci-ne 
 
 Bal. ; much ga-fsod; (ci-}tsam. 
 However ^on-kyari. 
 Howl vb. nu-ba; (of animals) nur-ba. 
 Howling s. (of a tempest) ^ur-sgra 500. 
 Hug vb. a. Kyud-pa. 
 Hum s. di-ri-ri 252; ^ur-sgra 500. 
 Hum vb. Ji'rog-pa. 
 Human mii; being skye-bo. 
 Humble adj. gus-pa. 
 Humbleness ycam-bu. 
 Humidity bad. 
 
 Humours (of the body) v. nyes-pa 191. 
 Humming (noise) jur-jnr; of bees di- 
 
 ri-ri, zi-ri-ri. 
 
 Hump, Hunch s. rnog ; gye-gu. 
 Hundred brgya. 
 Hunger s. ltogs-pa; bkres-pa. 
 Hungry Itogs-pa, bkr en-pa, bkres-pa. 
 Hunt, Hunting s. kyi-ra. ' 
 Hunt vb. a. rnon-pa, O cor-ba, ysor-ba. 
 Hunter rnon-pa, kyi-ra-ba, lins-pa. 
 Hurricane rlun-fsub. 
 Hurry vb. grim-pa; rgyug-pa. 
 Hurry s. tsab-tsub. 
 Hurt vb. a. ynod-pa skyel-ba, ynod-pa, 
 
 Kan-ba, fsugs-pa, O fse-ba. 
 Husband s. Kyo, Kyim-fabs, Kyim-bdag:, 
 
 skyes-pa; dga-grogs; bdag-po\ and wife 
 
 (couple) Kyo-sug. 
 Husbandry so-fs/s, so-fsigs. 
 Husk s. Igan-bu, spun-pa, sbur-ma. 
 Hut s. Ku-tu, pu-lu, spyil-po. 
 Hydrophobia Kyi-smyon. 
 Hypocrisy Ka-cos; sgyu-zog', fsul- cos. 
 Hypocrite !>'a-ze mi mt 'suns-pa. 
 
 I pron. na, ned, ned-ran 128, nos 130, bdag- 
 nyid 268; I myself na-ran, ned-ran. 
 
 Ice dar, cab-brom, gans, Kyags-pa. 
 
 Icicle tfyags-sdon. 
 
 I dea O du-ses; dmigs-pa. 
 
 Identic mi-ynyis-pa 192. 
 
 Idiocrasy nan 125. 
 
 Idle adj. le-lo-can; kyan-kyoii W. 
 
 If na 299, gal-te 68; but if ci-ste 140. 
 
 Ignoble skye-ba dma-ba. 
 
 Ignorance yti-mug, ma-rig-pa. 
 
 Ill adj. and adv. (sick) nad-pa\ fed dnos- 
 ndn\ bza-med', humoured skyo-ba; 
 looking spus-med', luck rkyen; to be 
 na-ba, 
 
 Illness nad, na-ba, zug W. 
 
 Illusion Jtrul-sndti, sgyu-ma. 
 
 Illustrate O grel-ba; to - by parables dpes 
 
 mfson-pa. 
 
 Image sku; molten blugs-sku- 
 Imagine vb. a. go-ba, sgom-pa, dmigs-pa, 
 
 sems-pa; vb. n. snyam-pa. 
 Imbecile glen-pa, han-lddn W. 
 Imbibe )ibs-pa; to be imbibed t'im-pa. 
 Imitate lad-mo byed-pa. 
 Imitation lad-mo; Jbag. 
 Immaterial (not existing) dnos-med, 
 
 yzugs-med. 
 
 Immeasurable fsad- med, yzal-du-med-pa. 
 Immediate O pral, pral. 
 Immediately mod-la, de ma-fag-tu 227. 
 Immoderate f sod med. 
 Immoral O col-pa, mi tsans-pa 445. 
 Impaired nyams-pa.
 
 Impart Instant 
 
 637 
 
 Impart Q bogs-pa. 
 
 Impartial pyoys-med. 
 
 Im partiality mnya-in-pa-nynl. 
 
 Impeded, to be Kad-pb. 
 
 Impediment yegs, O gal-rkyen, bar-cod. 
 
 Imperative mood jdams-nag O doms-pai 
 
 fsiy 265. 
 
 Imperishable mi-^iy-pa, rtay-pa. 
 Impetuous nar-ma. 
 Impious skal-med; sdiy-byed. 
 Implements ca-byad, ca-lay, f/o-ca, yo- 
 
 bydd. 
 
 Impolite yyon-po; very Ka-yyoii-ct'. 
 Imponderable yzal-du-med-pa. 
 Importance Kay, /i r os, gal, do-gdl, ytsiys. 
 Important Ici-ba, Kay -can, Jcos-can. 
 Impose vb. a, (lay on) O yel-ba, skul-ba; (to 
 
 deceive) O brid-pa, myo skor-ba. 
 Imposture mgo-skor ; sgyu, no Ikoy ; rdzub. 
 Imprecation nan ; by ad, byad-stems. 
 Impress vb. (on the mind) Kon-du cud-pa; 
 
 ycags-pa. 
 
 Improper mi-ru/'t-ba. 
 Improve vb. n. O pd-ba, fsen-ba. 
 Improvement skyed. 
 Impure skyuy-bro, ma-day -pa. 
 In prep, na, nan-na. 
 Inattention yyen-ba, y yens-pa. 
 Inattentive mi O fsugs-pa. 
 Incantation snags, ysan-siiays, yzuns. 
 Incense s. kun-du-m, yu-yul, bduy-pa. 
 Incessantly Jlor-yuy-tu. ryyun-cad-med- 
 
 par, ryyun-du. 
 IncJi sor-mo. 
 
 Inclination yzuu-ba, bay- cags . 
 Incline vb. n. (to lean) Jlra-ba. 
 Inclined, to be (disposed) O dod-pa. 
 Income sleb. 
 Incongruous ya-ma-zun. 
 Inconsiderate yzu-lum-can, blo-yros-wied. 
 Inconstant col, mi O fsuys-pa, ^yur-ldog. 
 Incorporeal Im-med. 
 Incorrect skyon-can. 
 Increase vb. a. sgro- dogs-pa, snon-pa, 
 
 spel-ba ; vb. n. rgyas-pa, Q pel-ba. 
 Increase s. skyed, non-ka. 
 Incredible misrid-pa, ^os^med W.; yid- 
 Indecorous no-fsa. [ces-su mi run-ba. 
 Indeed de-ka yod 255, mod-pa. 
 I n d e f a t i g a b 1 y skyo- mi-ses-par. 
 Indented con-con. 
 Independence ran-dbdit . 
 Index dkar-cay, ylen-yzi: fo. 
 India ryya-ydr, British fyyn-j //-////. 
 Indian s. rgya-gar-pa. 
 India rubber gyig. 
 Indicate ston-pa. 
 Indication mfsan-nyid. 
 Indifferent ston-pa; to be - to ... la mi 
 
 Ita-ba. 
 
 Indigence yyon, dbu /-////. ? fons-pa. 
 
 Indigent dbul-po, dbul - O j 
 
 Indigestion zas ma zu-lm. 
 
 Indigo rams ; colour m tin . 
 
 Indirectly zur-du, zur-na W. 
 
 Indivisible mi-pyed-pa. 
 
 Indolent ky<i/i-lc;/<'ii, W., rgod-bag-can. 
 
 Indubitable yor-ma-cag-pa, yJ<>/i-ini-:<i- 
 
 In duce skul-lm. 
 
 Indulge in vb. n ;>///.<-/'; v. als 
 
 med-pa 363 
 Industrious le-lam-hin W.-Jn-f son-pa-can. 
 Inexplicable yya-nyes; it is totne rgi/u- 
 
 mfsan mi ses or bsad mi nus. 
 I n f a 1 1 i b 1 e mi-nor-ba. 
 Infant cu-ma-lon Ld.; pru-gu cun-ba; 
 
 boy K-yeu. 
 
 Infect affo-ba, bsgo-ba. 
 Inflammation O fsiy-pa; of the eyes 
 
 miy-fsig (c<?) W. 
 Inflate Jbud-pa ; pu O debs-pa. 
 Inflection dyu-ba. 
 Inflict skyel-ba. 
 
 Influence s. dbaii; vb. a. skul-ba. 
 Inform vb. a. sprin-ba, Ion zer-ba (' , hun 
 
 tan-ce W. 
 
 Information man-nag ; hun W. 
 Infringe ^gal-ba. 
 Infuse Q jug-pa. 
 Infusion fan-gi sman. 
 Ingenipus dmigs-can. 
 Inheritance skal-nor, nor-skal. 
 Inject jug-pa. 
 Injure O fse-ba, ynod-pa. 
 Injured nyams-pa. 
 Inj ury ynod-pa. 
 
 Ink snay-fsa; powder snay-pye. 
 Inkstand snag-koh; ' :: nay-bhum* C. 
 Inlet fso-ldg C. 
 Inmate nan-gi mi. 
 Inn ^gron-Kdn. 
 Inner nan-gi 301. 
 
 Innumerable grans-med-pa; tsaii-m<'<l. 
 Inquire O dri-ba; to closely zib-tu </ri- 
 
 ba; to rigorously *skar-tag tan-ce* W. 
 Inquiry brtags-pa. 
 Inquisitive rtogs - O dod-can. 
 Insane smyon-pa\ to be O krul-l><i, nmyn- 
 In sanity smyo-Jbog. \pa. 
 
 Inscription byan-bu, by atl-ma; zal-ln/<i. 
 Insect rkui>-<lrn<i-l<l<tn-pa; O bu. 
 Insensible Kal-tfol : , to get Jcol-b. 
 Inseparable mi-pyed-pa, Jbral-mnl. 
 Insert O dzud-pa. 
 Inside s. kon-pa, na/'t-rol. 
 Inspect Ita-ba, ///>// /'///>/-/<// ( .n . :n/-f<r 
 
 byed-pa 473. 
 Inspection zal-ta, 
 
 Instance dpe; for ^li-lto-xt, . <lj>, r-n<i. 
 Instant s. dor, skad, yud.
 
 638 
 
 Instantly Jointly 
 
 Instantly mod-la. 
 
 Instantaneous dar yciy-yi; O pral-yyi; 
 
 yud-tsam-pa. 
 
 Instantaneously ylo-bur. 
 Instead dod-du; fsab-tu, sul-du. 
 Instigate nar O don-pa. 
 Instinct v. ran-bzin, v. suys\ sexual ro- 
 
 tsa. 
 
 Institute vb. a. Q dzugs-pa. 
 Instruction bka-ydams, bka-nafr, /, : /vV/; 
 
 zal-ta; instructions spy ad-mf sums 456. 
 Instructive find - O debs-su run-ba. 
 Instructor mlcan-po; instructress mUan- 
 
 mo. 
 
 Instrument ca-bydd, ca-lag. 
 Insult vb. /cu-bct] Jcan-ba; fsig rtsub (or 
 
 nan) zer-ba. 
 
 Insurrection sde-ttrugs, /crug-pa. 
 Intellect blo-yros. 
 Intelligence (knowledge) rgyus; (news) 
 
 ca. 
 
 Intelligent sems-mtfan, blo-rno-ba. 
 Intelligible tfrol-po; go-sla-ba. 
 Intemperate fsod-med. 
 Intend dyons-pa, dga-ba, ca-ba W., O dod- 
 
 pa; sems-pa; sno-ba 137. 
 Intent s. don, bsatn-pa. 
 Inter vb. a. skun-ba. 
 Intercalary month zla(-ba)-sol,*da-ful* 
 
 W. 491. 
 
 Intercessor no-cen 129. 
 Intercourse Q brel-ba 402; to have O dre- 
 
 ba, Ka-bsre-ba, sdeb-pa. 
 Interest s. (money) skyed,par, bed; (con- 
 cern) yzun-ba. 
 Interfere Ka ^ug-pa. 
 Interior s. Hog, Kon-pa, nan I 301. 
 Intermediate bar 366. 
 Interpret ^rol-ba. 
 Interpreter skad-pa. 
 Interstice bar, dbray. 
 Interval bar-skabs, bar- fsdms. 
 Intestines ryyu-ma, loh-lca, lon-ga. 
 
 Into nan-du. 
 
 Intolerable mi-bzad-pa. 
 
 Intoxicated can-cem-can 154, ra-ro-ba 
 
 521, zi-can W. 
 Intoxication bzi, ra-ro. 
 Intrenchment rags, pay-rays. 
 Intrigue s. gya-yyu. 
 Introduce O dzugs-pa. 
 Introduction (preface) srion - O yro. 
 Inundate yyen-o~a, lud pa. 
 Inundatjon cu Jtyam-pa, cu-nag, cu-riid. 
 Inured v. sran-pa 580. 
 Invective smad-pai fsig. 
 Inveigh yse-ba, X r a kye-ce W. 
 Invent dmigs-pa-nas bzo-ba\ bsam-blo or 
 
 -mno byas-te ngrub-pa; blo-fabs O fsol-ba. 
 Investigate Ita-ba, Ita-rtog byed-pa . 
 Invincible yzan-gyis mi fub-pa 234. 
 Invisible mi-snan-ba. 
 Invite O dren-pa, ydan- Q dren-pa, spyan- 
 
 O dren-pa\ sog zer-ba. 
 Involuntarily ga-cdd, (ra/J) dbari-med- 
 
 du. 
 
 Inward nan-gi II 301. 
 Iron s. Icags] ore Icags-sa; slag Icags- 
 
 dregs. 
 
 Iron adj. Icags-kyi. 
 Irreligious skal-med, cos-med. 
 Irresistible rgolmi nus-pa. 
 Irritable rtse-reg- ce 440. 
 Irritate * ' gob-non-co-ce* W., fsaii Jbru-ba. 
 Isabel (horse) nan-pa. 
 Ischury cu-gags 157. 
 Isinglass nya-spyin. 
 Island glin-prdn. 
 Issue vb. n. ^ye-ba, O pro-ba. 
 Issue s. bu-rgyud. 
 Isthmus cu-bar, glin-lag-Jbrel 541. 
 It pron. Jto 42, de 255. 
 Itch s. (disease) rkon-pa. 
 Itching s. O bun-pa. 
 Itself pron. v. no 129; dnos-yzi 131. 
 Ivory ba-so. 
 
 J 
 
 Jackal ce-spyan, dur-spyan, wa-spydn. 
 
 Jackdaw r skyun-ka, Icun-ka. 
 
 Jacket keu-rtse, ke-rtse. 
 
 Jagged con-con. 
 
 Jar s. rdza-bum. 
 
 Jaundice mig-ser:, black Ksa-ya nag-po. 
 
 Jawbone mgal, O gram-rus. 
 
 Jealous ce-re, mig-ser-can. 
 
 Jealousy gran-sems , cags-sdan, mig-ser. 
 
 Jehovan ya-ho-wd. 
 
 Jejune Ito-ston. 
 
 Jelly (gelatine) O grig- grig C. 
 
 Jessamine kun-da. 
 
 Jesus ye-su. 
 
 Jest s. ku-re, kyal-ka, Ka-sdf/s, ya-za. 
 
 Jest vb. ku-re byed-pa; rtse-ba. 
 
 J e t of water cu-mda. 
 
 Jewel rdo-r)e; nor-bu; pra, O pra; rm-po-ce. 
 
 Join vb. a. sgrig-pa, O dogs-pa, sdud-pa, 
 
 sbyor-ba, sbrel-ba, zun sdebs-pa; vb. n. 
 
 sdeb-pa; to (in singing) ram-bu O deys- 
 Joined sbyor-la, zor-la. [/><i. 
 
 Joint s. Jbrel-mfsams 402; fsigs 448. 
 Jointly
 
 Joke Lampblack 
 
 639 
 
 Joke s. ku-re, kyal-ka, tea-sags, qa-za. 
 
 Joke vb. rtse-ba. 
 
 Journey s. lamM4; a day's - dyoris, dgoiis- 
 
 zdg. 
 
 Journeyman las-grogs. 
 Joy s. dga-ba II 83, dga-bde, dga-fsor; iio- 
 
 so, spro-ba II 337, b rod-pa. 
 Joyful, to be mgu-ba. 
 Joyous dga-mo. 
 Judah ya-hu-dd. 
 
 Judge s. Krims-dpon-, district yul-dpon. 
 Judgment-hall bka-ysdgs. 
 Jug cu-snod, ben. 
 Juggler sgyu- ma-mKan . 
 
 - -PB -.7 oi co- i>rul. 
 
 Juice bcud, i-fxi. 
 
 Jump vb. Jcrab-pa. 
 
 J uuiper spa-ma. 
 
 Jupiter (yzd}pur-bu. 
 
 Just adj. dran-po, fsul-can 450. 
 
 Just adv. v. ran no. 3 522; before Ka- 
 
 dratl 35; by O gram-du 98; he, the 
 
 very, fco-na 43; now ma-tag 227; so 
 
 de-Ka-ltav 255. 
 Justice v. Krims 50; ysagsbGi; chief - sag- 
 
 dpon W. 
 Jus tifi cation rnam-dag rtsi-ba 314. 
 
 K 
 
 Kalpa s. v. bskal-pa 33. 
 
 Keep vb. a. O caii-ba, sruii-ba, skyon-ba 31; 
 
 to - back O gegs-pa, ski/il-ba; to in mind 
 
 O cah-ba\ vb. n. rten-pa 213. 
 Keeper rdzi-bo 468 ; smii-mkan 583. 
 Kernel rkan; rtsi-gu, fsi-gu. 
 Kettle zans, zans-bu', drum rfia. 
 Key Ide-mig- (pe-) ku-lig W. 
 Khams v. Kama 39. 
 Khatmandu v. /co-bom 43. 
 Kick s. rdog-pa, O pra-sags. 
 Kick vb. a. O pra-ba, v. also rdog-pa. 
 Kid ra-gu, ri-gu W. 
 Kidney mKal-ma. 
 Kill y sod-pa, srog y cod-pa, resp. O gum-pa, 
 
 O gem-pa. 
 Kind s. Kyad-pw, rigs, sw316; mam-pa 
 
 313; bye-brag', of every sna-fsad. 
 Kind adj. drin-can, byams-pa] to be - 
 
 mfun-po byed-pa. 
 Kindle dugs-pa, sbor-ba. 
 Kindness drin , bka - drift 
 
 brtoe-ba. 
 
 King rgyal-po, rje-bo. 
 Kingdom rgyal-Kams, rgyal- Kdg. 
 
 Kiss s. ^o, ^u. 
 
 Kiss vb. ^o byed-pa, Ka ytugs-pa, */ca lan- 
 ce* W. 
 Kitchen bkad-sa, yyos-tcah; fab-fsan W., 
 
 sol-Kan C.\ garden Idum-ra W. 
 Knag mdzer-pa. 
 
 Knapsack Kab-fa-ka, /com', ci-ka W. 
 Knead rdzi-ba. 
 Knee pus-mo ; - joint sgyid-pa ; - pan Iha- 
 
 iid. 
 
 Knife gri. 
 Knit sle-ba. 
 Knock s. (the sound of knocking) tag-tog; 
 
 there is a tag-tag zer W. 
 Knocker ytun. 
 
 Knot s. mdud-pa 273; mdzer-pa 463. 
 Know ses-pa, no-ses-pa, rig -pa, resp. 
 
 m fey en-pa, nes-pa C.; to by near t Ka- 
 
 ton-du ses-pa. 
 
 Knowledge rgyus, rig-pa, ses-pa. 
 Known adj. rgyus-yod~pa, ca-yod-pa', not 
 
 ytol-med, rgyus-mcd-pa, ca-med-pa. 
 Knuckle s. sor-fsigs ; knuckles used as dice 
 
 bloii-mo. 
 Kunawar v. fcu-nu 40. 
 
 Label s. byah-bu, byan-ma. 
 
 Labour s. las, resp. prin-las, bzo. 
 
 Labour vb. a. las byed-pa. 
 
 Labourer las-pa. 
 
 Laconic Ka-nyun, fsig-nyuii. 
 
 Lad byis-pa. 
 
 Ladder skad, skas-ka. 
 
 Lade (water) O cu-ba. 
 
 Ladle s. fum-bu, yzar-bu, cu-yzar, skyogs. 
 
 Lady jo-mo, btsun-mo; of rank rje-ma, 
 
 col. se-ma', young sem-cuii W. 
 Lahul gar-za G7. 
 
 Lair fsan. 
 
 Lake mfso. 
 
 Lama bla-ma; Grand - ^a(-ma) cen-po. 
 
 Lamb lu-gu, lug-gu. 
 
 Lame adj. za-ba, za-bo, rkan-rdiim. 
 
 Lamed g rum-pa. 
 
 Lament vb. n. smre-ba, mya-nan byed-pa, 
 
 co-ne debs-pa. 
 
 Lamentation co-Ac, ^o-< /<></. 
 Lamp mar-me, sgron-ma, 'on-gu, *ziim- 
 
 mar-pa* C., rkyon-tse W. 
 Lampblack sgron-drcgs.
 
 640 
 
 Lampoon Life 
 
 Lampoon s. sqo-yig. 
 
 L an d s. (cultivated) kluns ; (dry land) skam- 
 
 sa; owner zin-bddg. 
 Landlord (of a house J bran-dpon; (of 
 
 the ground) sa-bddg. 
 La n d s c a p e sa-ynds. 
 Landslip sa-riid. 
 Lane lam-sran. 
 
 Language skad, sgra', master skad-pa. 
 Languid nyams-cun, nyams-fag-pa, ycoii- 
 
 ba C., sed-med W. ; to get rgod-pa. 
 Lantern sgron-ma, paper jgoh-zu. 
 Lap s. (coat-tail) grwa', (bosom) pan, resp. 
 
 sku-pdn. 
 
 Lard s. grod-fsil. 
 Large rgyas-pa, cen-po, rgy a- cen-po, yans- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Lark co-ga, lco-ga', ca-cir Ld. 
 Larynx Ikol-mdud, 'ol-mdud. 
 Last adj. rjes 181, fa-ma 226, pyi-ma, rtin- 
 
 ma W.; night mdair, will Ka-cems, 
 
 bka-cems ; year l?a-nin, sna-lo, na-nin. 
 Last vb. n. O fso-ba. 
 Lasting adj. rtag-po. 
 Lastly mfar 240. 
 Latch s. Ji'or-gydg, Jlor-yya. 
 Late pyi-mo', later (subsequent) pyi-ma', 
 
 to be late O pyi-ba. 
 
 Lately da-ci, *de-zag-la* 275. 
 
 Lath Icam, pyam. 
 
 Lathe skor-spydd. 
 
 Latter pyi-ma. 
 
 Lattice dra-ba. 
 
 Laudable stod-^os. 
 
 Laugh vb. n. dgod-pa, rgod-pa, bzad-pa. 
 
 Laughter gad-mo, rgod. 
 
 Laurel, - leaf *sm-fsc lo-md*W. 
 
 Law krims, bka-Krims', to go to *fim zu- 
 ce* W. 
 
 Lawsuit Urims, Krim-sdgs. 
 
 Lawyer Krims-pa. 
 
 Lax adj. kyom. 
 
 Laxative s. bsal-smdn. 
 
 Lay vb.a. snyol-ba, sgyel-ba, bsnyal-tebzag- 
 pa\ O grems-pa; to - aside skyun-ba, O pud- 
 pa\ to on O gel-ba, stad-pa', to out 
 (to expend) skyag-pa, Q dzugs-pa ; (to plan) 
 O god-pa; (to display) ycal-ba', to over 
 (to spread over) sgron-pa; to up bkri- 
 ba, bdog-pa. 
 
 Layman Kyim-pa, gan-zdg-, mi-nag skye- 
 bo 29. 
 
 Laziness le-lo, le-lo-nyid. 
 
 Lazy le-lo-can, kyan-Kyon W. 
 
 Lead s. za-nye, za-ne, ra-nye; rin-diW.; 
 pencil yya-fig, Q bri-smyug. 
 
 Lead vb. a. Jtrid-pa, fog O dren-pa, sna 
 O dren-pa. 
 
 Leaf lo-ma. 
 
 Leak vb. n. rdol-ba. 
 
 Lean adj. skam-si, skem-po, zag-med. 
 Lean vb. (against) snye-ba. 
 Leap vb. mcon-ba, O par-ba. 
 Learn slob-pa. 
 
 Learned adj. m/cas-pa. 
 T > 
 
 .Learning s. rig-pa, ses-pa. 
 
 Lease s., to take a nyo-ba. 
 
 Leather s. ko-ba, ko-lpags, bse- - shoe ko- 
 
 krdd; sieve ko-fsag. 
 Leave s. ynan-ba\ of absence bka-bkrol, 
 
 dgons-pa', to take v. pyag 347. 
 Leave vb. jog-pa, yton-ba, Jbor-ba. 
 Leaven s zo-riW. ; v. ru-ma 531. 
 Lecture s. glen-brjod, glen-mo. 
 Lecturer sgrog-pa-po', -'s chair cos-Kri. 
 Leech s. Krag- fuii- buW.', srin-bu pad-ma. 
 Leek sgog-pa. 
 Left adj. yyon-pa; hand yyon-ma\ 
 
 handed yyon-lag-byed-pa', gyog-po. 
 Leg rkan-pa. 
 Legalize bkar- dogs-pa. 
 Legend sgruiis. 
 Legendary tales rnam-fdr. 
 Leisure Ion, cog-ka', to have cog -pa. 
 Lemon gam-bu-ra, spyod-pdd. 
 Lend yyar-ba. 
 Length dkyus, rin-Kydd, srid. 
 Leopard yzig', snow ysa. 
 Leprosy rtio, mdze. 
 Lessen vb. n. O grib-pa', je-nyuii je-nyuh- 
 
 bar O gyur-ba. 
 
 Lesson s. Ka-ta, resp. zal-ta\ rgyugs W. 
 Lest conj. v. dogs-pa 258. 
 Let vb. (to in, to loose etc.) yton-ba; 
 
 jug-pa II, no. 2 178. 
 Letter (of the alphabet) yi-ge; (epistle) 
 
 yi-ge, resp. bka-sog; case yi-gei subs. 
 Lettuce Idum. 
 Level vb. a. snyoms-pa. 
 Lever yso-mo. 
 Liar /cram-pa, zog-can. 
 Libation m cod-pa, mcod-ston 166. 
 Libel s. sgo-yig. 
 Liberal mig -yd/is. 
 Liberate O grol-ba. 
 Liberty far-pa, ran-dbdn', to be at cog- 
 
 Libidinous cags-sred-can, O col-pa. 
 
 Librarian deb-fer-pa. 
 
 Library kun-dga-ra-ba; yig-Kan. 
 
 Lick vb. Idag-pa. 
 
 Lid fca-fcebs, Ka-gdb, fca-ycod, Ka-leb; cab- 
 ma. 
 
 Lie s. rdzun, sob, sab-sob W. 
 
 Lie vb. (to tell a lie) rdzun smra-ba orbyed- 
 pa. 
 
 Lie vb. (down) nyal-ba; to with *fig-pa 
 co-ce* W., bso-ba. 
 
 Life srog, O fso-ba, yson-pa, fse 450; long 
 nam Jsoi bar-du.
 
 Lift Lynx 
 
 Lift vb. ker-ba, Kyog-pa, O degs-pa, spor-ba, 
 
 O pyar-ba, sen-ba. 
 Light s. ^od, snan-ba. 
 Light adj. (not heavy) yan-po; (not dark) 
 
 skya-bo; blue sno-skya; gray dkar- 
 
 skya; green Ijan-skya; red dkur- 
 
 dmar; yellow scr-skya. 
 Light vb. a. sgron-pa, sbor-ba. 
 Lightning s. glog, glog-ka, fog. 
 Like adj. (similar) mnyam-pa, mtsuhs-pa, 
 
 (sogs-se W.; adv. (in the same manner) 
 
 Ita, Itar. nan-tar W. C. 
 Like vb. a. ... la dga-ba. 
 Likelihood no. 
 Likeness bzo, zo. 
 Likewise yari. 
 Liuib yan-lag. 
 Lime rdo-zo. 
 Limit s. mfa, mu. 
 Line s. fig; yig-pren. 
 Lineage brgyud, rigs, rigs -brgyud, rus, 
 
 rtts-pa. 
 
 Linger O gor-ba. 
 Lining s. nan-sa. 
 Lion seti-ge; lioness seh-ge-mo. 
 Lip />'a-lpdgs, mcu, Ka-mcu. 
 Liquid s. Ku-ba, rlan-rlon. 
 List s. fo; of goods rjed-bydh. 
 Listen nyan-pa. 
 Literature cos, rig-pa. 
 Litter s. (palanquin) Had, tfyogs, Jcyogs; 
 
 (bier) dgu-Kri C. 
 Little adj. cun-ba, nyun-ba, pra-ba, pran, 
 
 pran-bu, dman-pa. 
 Little s. (a little) cig, cun, cun-zig, fig- 
 
 fsdm, fsa-big, 'a-fsigW., a-liC.; adj. cun- 
 ba. 
 Live vb. n. (to be alive) yson-pa 591; (to 
 
 dwell) ynas-pa 310, 9 dug-pa 277, Jfod-pa 
 
 56; (to behave) O grul-ba 100; to by or 
 
 on za-ba 485, O fso-ba 460. 
 Lively ycan-po, Ilram-pa. 
 Liver mcin-pa 165- 
 Lizard skyin-gor, da-byid, ryag-ciyLd.lQS, 
 
 ma-la-la-tse Ld. 409. 
 Load s. Kal, /cur, rgyab, rgyab-Kal 107, sgal 
 
 114, dos 260. 
 
 Load vb. a. O gel-ba, Jtcl-ba. 
 Loadstone Hab-len. 
 Loaf kor-kor, dog W. 257. 
 Loan s. skyin-pa, resp. kar-skyin. 
 Locality ynas, skye-ynds 28. 
 Lock s. (of hair) ral-pa. 
 Lock s. (of a door) Icags, *go-caa* C., ku- 
 
 ligW. 
 Lock vb. a. y cod -pa; to up O gegs-pa; 
 
 gar-te orgyan-du bor-ce W., v. ayyon-ba 119. 
 Locust fsa-ga- Q bu, ca-ga-Jbu. 
 Lodgings ynas-fsan, O bran-sa. 
 Log dog W. 
 
 Logic (sad-ma, rigs-pa. 
 
 641 
 
 Loiter Q gor-b<t. 
 
 Lonely dben-pa. 
 
 Long adj. riii-ba, ^//;////s- ////: a.s as v. bar 
 
 366. 
 Long vb. n. rkam-pa, skam-pa, yduii-ba, 
 
 zen-pa. 
 Look vb. (to view) Ita-ba, resp. yzi<i*-i>a; 
 
 (to appear) snan-ba; to at or on Itos- 
 
 pa; to down upon O gyin-ba; to upon 
 
 as sgom-pa. 
 
 Look s. Ita-stans, no; out so, bso. 
 Loose adj. kyom, Ihod-pa. 
 Loose, Loosen vb. a. glod-pa, c grol-ba. 
 Looseness Kru-ba. 
 Lop vb. a. ^rum-pa. 
 Lord s. mgon-po, jo-bo, rje-bo, dpon-po, 
 
 dban-po, ytso-bo; of the manor yzi- 
 
 bddg. 
 Lose rlog - pa , Q bud - pa W.; to colour 
 
 dkyug-pa ; to be lost stor-ba. 
 Loss gud, gun, god, god-pa, god-^ma. 
 Lot s. (fortune) skal-ba, resp. sku-skdl; las- 
 
 bskos (v. sko-ba}; pya; to cast lots mo 
 
 O debs-pa, rgyan rgyab -pa 107, rtags-ril 
 
 btan-ba W. 212. 
 
 Lotus ku-mu-da, pad-ma 322. 
 Loud mfon-po, skad cen-po. 
 Louse s. sig. 
 Love vb. a. cags-pa, *cags-zen co-ce* W., 
 
 ydun-ba, O pren-ba, brtse-ba, mdza-ba 461, 
 
 *zen- dzin co-ce* W., yces-par byed-pa or 
 
 O dzin-pa. 
 Love s. cags-pa, snyin-brtse-ba, resp. fugs- 
 
 brtse-ba, duns-pa, dran-sems, byams-pa, 
 
 byams-sems. 
 Lover O dod-grogs, mdza-grogs, bzaii-grogs; 
 
 O dod-m/can. 
 
 Low dma-mo, dman-pa; snyan-pa. 
 Lower adj., part of a thing smad, sam, 
 
 ysam, sod; -- of the body ro-smdd. 
 jowland smad, man-cad. 
 juck s., good sis, bad rkyen. 
 jucky bkra-sis-pa. 
 .uggage ca-ldg. 
 jukewarm mal-la-mul-le. 
 juminous ^od-can. 
 j u m p goh-po, gon-bu, gog, dog. 
 junar zla-bai; mansions rgyvr+kar m. 
 junch, Luncheon s. dro 264. 
 Lungs glo-ba. 
 Lurk sgug-pa, Jab-ste sdod-pa, Ikog-jab 
 
 byas-te Ita-ba. 
 
 Lurking-place bskuns-sa. 
 Lust s. O dodrpa, O dod-cags, cays-pa, ro-tsa. 
 Lustful cags-sred-can, O col-pa. 
 Lustre bkrag, 
 Lynx dbyi, yyi. 
 
 U
 
 642 
 
 Mace Meagre 
 
 M 
 
 Mace (club) ga-da. 
 
 Machine O pnd-J?or. 
 
 Mad smyon-pa; to be smyo-ba. 
 
 Madam, dear bzin-bzan-ma. 
 
 Madder btsod. 
 
 Madness Jh'id pa, smyo- bog. 
 
 Magazine f son-Jean, mdzod. 
 
 Maggot sa-Jbu. 
 
 Magic s. O pml; adj. O pml-gyi; sentence 
 
 yzuns; tricks co- prul; wheel O prul- 
 
 Jcor. < 
 
 Magician Q ba-po. 
 Magistrate O go-pa, go-yodLd.; village 
 
 yul-dpon. 
 Magnificence rnam-pa, dpal, dpal-byw, 
 
 by in. 
 
 Magnolia tsam-pa-ka. 
 Magpie skya-ga, ka-ta Kra-bo. 
 Maid, Maiden bu-mo; lady's zal-ta- 
 
 ma; servant Kol-mo, yyog-mo. 
 Mail (armour) /crab, ya-ldd. 
 Maim vb.a. pran fcod-pa, sug-pa O dreg-pa. 
 Main adj. incog , v. also yzun; dogma 
 
 ysun-mcog; ~ point don 259, ynad; - 
 
 substance no-bo-nyid. 
 Maintain smra-ba, O dod-pa, resp. bzed-pa; 
 
 smras-pa-la brtan-par ynas-pa. [tsdb 375. 
 Mai trey a byams-pa mgon-po 109; rgyal- 
 Majestic rnom-bag-can, yzi-brjid-can. 
 Majesty riia/m-pa, rnom-brjid. 
 Make vb.a. byed-pa, eleg. bgyid-pa, resp. 
 
 mdzad-pa, sgmb-pa, O ca-ba, bzo-ba, )iLg- 
 
 pa, bco-ba; to be made O y rub-pa. 
 Maker mdzad-po. 
 Malabar ma-la-ya. 
 Male adj. po\ child Kyeu\ bu; person 
 
 skyes-pa. 
 
 Malediction byad, byad-stem(s). 
 Malice ynod-sems. 
 Malicious blo-nyes. 
 Mallow cam-pa ta-lo. 
 Man s. (human being) m, rkan-ynyis-pa; 
 
 lans-gro, skye-bo, skyes-bu, gan-zag'; (male) 
 
 po, skyes-pa; servant Kol-po, bfan-fatt- 
 
 waiting zal-ta-pa. 
 Mane riiog, Itag-spu. 
 Manger Kyi-yz6n\ bres. 
 Manifest adj. mnon-pa. 
 Manifestly rios-su. 
 
 Manifold sna-fsogs, sna-mati-ba; pal-cer. 
 Mankind skye-bo, skye-dgu, skye-rgu-, mi- 
 
 rabs, mi-rigs. 
 
 Manly Kyo-gai; age dar-ma. 
 Manner fsul, lugs, rnam-pa no. 4,313; stabs, 
 
 stans, sgros, cos no. 5, 163. 
 Mansion, lunar rgyu-skar 111. 
 Manufacture s. bzo. 
 
 Manufacture vb.a. ^od-pa^sgrub-pa, bco- 
 ba, bzo-ba. 
 
 Manure s. hid; vb. a. lud ytoh-ba. 
 Many maii-po, du-ma, dgu, a good ga- 
 
 cen: how ? du; so de-snyed. 
 Map s. bkod-pa, ziii-bkod W.; *&a-fa* C. 
 Maple yya-li Sik. 
 March vb.n. ^grod-pa, Q gnd-ba; to -about 
 
 O grim~pa. 
 
 March s. rkait-grds. 
 Mare r god-ma, mo-rta. 
 Margin nos, zur, mfa. 
 Marigold gur-kum. \bkur-sti. 
 
 Mark s. rtags, mfsan(-ma)\ of honour 
 Market fsoti- dus; place fowm. 
 Marmot pyi-ba, Q pyi-ba. 
 Married adj., a man or woman Icyim- 
 
 tab\ a woman bdag-tu byas-pai bud- 
 
 med; to get (both of man and woman) 
 
 Kyo-sug-tu O du-ba 276; (of a woman) mi 
 
 zig-gi cun-mar byed-pa 159. 
 Marrow rkan; no-bo-nyid; spinal klad- 
 
 yzun. 
 Marry vb. a. (to take a wife) cun-ma len- 
 
 pa; (to unite in matrimony) Kyo-sug-tu 
 
 sdud-pa. 
 
 Mars mig-dmcu'. 
 Marsh gram-pa; O dam. 
 Marvelous (no} mfsar-ba 456; v. also ya- 
 
 mfsan-po 505. 
 Mask s. Jbag. 
 Mason rtsig-bzo-pa. 
 Masquerade O bag- cam. 
 Mass (lump) yoti-po, (heap) puh-po, (bulk) 
 
 Ihun, (multitude) fcrod-pa. 
 Mast (flag-staff) dar-po-ce. 
 Master mgon-po, mna-bddg,bdag-po, dpon- 
 Mat s. stan. [po. 
 
 Match s. (equal) Ka-ya, do; v. car 156; v. 
 
 ya 504; (lunt) pa-til, pa-til. 
 Matchless O gran-zla-med-pa, O gran-ya- 
 
 mcd, do-med, mfsuns-med. 
 Mate s. (companion) do-zla; ya-do W. 
 Material s. rgyu. 
 Material adj. dnos-can, yzugs-can. 
 Mathematician rtsis-pa. 
 Matter s. (substance) rgyu, dnos-po, rdzas, 
 
 zafi-zin; (in physics) bem-po, yzuc/s ; (pus) 
 
 cu-ser, cu-rnag, mag. 
 Matter vb.n.; it does not can mi str>: 
 
 what does it ? ci sto. 
 Mattock Q ior, tog-tse. 
 Mattress sob-stdn. 
 ]\Iaw Ikog-sog, ze-biig. 
 Maxim bka-rtags. 
 
 Meadow span, span-po, ne-fdn, ne-ma. 
 Meagre skem-pa, rid-pa.
 
 Meal Missive 
 
 643 
 
 Meal (flour) pye. 
 
 Mean adj. </>/l-na. /(n-pa, btsog-pa. 
 
 Mean \b.go-ba, snyam-pa, O durte*-pa\yia*- 
 
 pa 510. 
 
 Meaning s. bsam-pa, resp. dgo/ts-pa; don. 
 Means s. grabs, fabs; by all ties -par, 
 
 f/aii-gis kyan, cis kyan; by no re-skdn; 
 
 by what ? cis; by of sgo-?ias 115 
 Measure s. skar-fsdd, bre, fsad, fsod; to 
 
 take skad-ce, fsod O dzin-pa; measures 
 
 (arrangements) grabs; to take grabs 
 
 byed-pa. 
 Measure vb.a. jal-ba, dpog-pa, fsod dzin- 
 
 pa, nyams-len-pa, ysor-ba. 
 Meat s. sa, resp. skrum', za-ba, resp. bzes- 
 
 pa; dried skam-san; and drink bza- 
 
 btun ; jelly sa-spyin; pie mog-mog W. 
 Mecca ma-lcd. 
 
 Mechanic s. bzo-pa; mechanics' institu- 
 tion bzo-grd. 
 
 Meddle lea ^ug-pa, fc-ba. 
 Mediator bar-mi. 
 M edicine sman. 
 Meditate sems-pa, resp. dgotis-pa, Ita-ba, 
 
 sgom-pa, bsam-mno byed-pa, resp. fugs- 
 
 bsam yton-ba. 
 
 Meditation sgom, sgom-pa, rnal-' byor. 
 Medley cag-ga- cog-ge. 
 Meet vb. a. fug-pa, O prad-pa, mjal-ba', vb. 
 
 n. O dzom-pa; to go to ydan- dren-pa. 
 Meetin g s. O du-ba, O dus-pa; house O dun- 
 
 li'aH, fsogs-fean; place O dus-sa. 
 Melody mgur, dbyans. 
 Melon ga-gon. 
 Melt vb.a. Ju-ba, zu-ba; melted, molten 
 
 zun-pa, zun-mo; melting-spoon zu-kyog. 
 Member yan-lag, fsigs 448. 
 Memorandum-book rjed-fo. 
 Memorial stone rjed-rdo. 
 Memory dran-pa. 
 Menace vb. O gam-pa. 
 Mend vb. a. glan-pa. 
 Mendacious Kram-sems-can. 
 Mendicant adj. spran-po; friar spran- 
 
 bdn. 
 Menses, Menstruation Krag O dzag-pa, 
 
 zla-mfsdn. 
 Mention vb.a. ^od-pa; to be mentioned 
 
 (in a book etc.) Jbyun-ba. 
 Merciful snyin-rje-can, resp. fugs-rje-can. 
 Mercury (planet) lhag-pa', (metal) dnul- 
 
 cu. 
 
 Mercy snyin-rje, fugs-rjc. 
 Mere Jba-zig. 
 Merely sa-stag, sa-dag. 
 Merit s. bsod-pa. 
 Merry Krul-po, sems-spro-ba, spro-sems- 
 
 can ; dga-ba, dga-mo. 
 Mesh O gug(s~) W. 
 
 Mess (dish) skyu-n'tm, spags. 
 
 Message ;///'//. O prin, Ion, resp. bka-j'n-lit. 
 
 Messenger p'o-nya, mi-x/n't. 
 
 Metal ht-ba* Kamt; caste -* l>lu</x-ni<i. 
 
 Metaphor nag-snydn, dra-(/j'<'. 
 
 Meteor ke-tu. 
 
 Method co-ga, tabs, fsul, lugs. 
 
 Metropolis rgyal-sa, mfii. 
 
 Mowing s. (of a cat) m&t^O. 
 
 Mid-day nyin-gm'i, <I<iuii, ;</////>-. 
 
 Middle s. dkyil, rked-pa, foris. <nia, <l</uii. 
 
 dbus, yzun. 
 Middle adj. bar-pa, bar-ma, bri/r, -finger 
 
 kan-nia, gutl-ino. l><ir-ut<I:nl>. 
 Midnight nam-fy&l, /ttfxtm-d/.-i/if. mt'mm- 
 
 gu/l, mfsan-f n/<'< I. </</tn't, v. ijnii C,M. 
 Midriff mcin-dri 
 Midst s. ho its, dbus. 
 Might mna, mna-fdii, dliaii^ ilhafi-fdii. 
 M i g h ty ka -<//<></ , rgyas - pa , dbun - nut. 
 
 btsan-po. 
 Migrate O po-ba. 
 Milch cow bzon-ma. 
 Mild dul-ba, srun-pa, bsrun-/m. 
 Mile dpag-fsdd. 
 Milk s. zo, ^o-ma', sour ; -//' H'. rn-m<t 
 
 C.; pail ^.0-20. 
 Milk vb.a. c jo-ba, f o-ma ^o-ba, ^o-nm 
 
 ^fsir-ba. 
 
 Mi Iky -way dgu-fsigs. 
 Mill s. ran- fag. 
 Millet fere, ci-tse. 
 Million sa-ya; ten bye-ba. 
 Millstone Kod. 
 Milt mcer-pa. 
 
 Mind s. sems,blo,yid,nyams,snyiri,snyam- 
 pa, ze, resp. fugs', to have a dga-ba, 
 O dod-pa; to keep in dran-pa. yzo-ba. 
 Mind vb.a. Ita-ba, ynyfr-Ka byed-pn P.H: 
 
 never ! v. cis kyan 141. 
 Mine s. Kuns, yter-lta. 
 Mine pron. nai 124. 
 Minister s. blon-po; prime bka-blnn. 
 Mint (plant) dag-ci Lh. 
 Minute s. cu-sran* 
 Minute &d}. pra-ba, zih-jxi. 
 Miracle Itas, ya-mfsan. 
 Mirage dri-zai yron, mig-sgyu. 
 Mischief skag, /tan; maker l>stan-x!<i. 
 Miserable gyi-na, nan-pa, fu-/m. sduff- 
 
 bsnal-can. 
 Miserly bkr en-pa. 
 Misery nyon-moiis-pa, zag-pa. 
 Misfortune M/v/-//f/-.s/X //////. .S/V/(*M, nan, 
 
 I > if iu\ byus. 
 Mishap gal-i'hyi'n. 
 Miss s. (young lady) .*///-<*///; M'. 
 Miss vb. fal-ba, mi K8-pd. 
 Missive s. /ika-iyyii, <>-</<'// n;i
 
 644 
 
 Mist Mystic 
 
 Mist na-bun, rmugs-pa. 
 
 Mistake s. O firul-pa, Jcrul-yzi.^gol-sa, nor- 
 ba, O dzol-pa. 
 
 Mistake vb. nor-ba, Jfrul-ba. 
 
 Mistaken adj. Jtrul-ba, Jcrul-pa. 
 
 Mistress (instructress) mtian-mo; (head 
 of a household) jo-mo , dpon-mo; (lady) 
 btsun-mo 435- 
 
 Mix sdeb-pa, spel-ba 331, sre-ba; to be mix- 
 ed with O dre-ba. 
 
 Mixture spel-ma, sbyor-ba II no. 2, 406- 
 
 Mock vb. fo- fsam-pa. 
 
 Mode (manner) skabs, stabs, lugs. 
 
 Model s. dpe 327. 
 
 Moderate adj. Jbrin, f sod-can. 
 
 Moderately Q brin-gis; ran-par. 
 
 Modest Kan-man, k ram-pa, O dzern-bag can. 
 
 Modesty Krel, Krel-yod, /crel- dzcm. 
 
 Mohammedan, Mohammedanism kla- 
 klp. 
 
 Moisture bcud, bad. 
 
 Moment skad, bsgan, yud. 
 
 Monastery dgon-pa, cos-sde, gm-a-sa. 
 
 Monday yza-zla-ba. 
 
 Money dnul, nor; ready rnags; smar- 
 ba, smar-rkydti; changer nor-bdag. 
 
 Mongol sog-po. 
 
 Monk gnca-pa, myo-reg, cos-pa. 
 
 Monkey spra 335, spre, spreu 337- 
 
 Month zla-ba; intercalary da-fidW. 51. 
 
 Moon zla-ba, zla ; full nya-ryyas zla-ba ; 
 half i. e. first und last quarter da-ped 
 W. ; new zla-ndg 491 ; waxing and wan- 
 ing no, nos v. no no. 5, 129. 
 
 Moral adj. fsul-can, fsul dan mfun-pa; 
 mfsul-krims-kyi', dge-bai^ cos-kyi\ also 
 sems-kyi, yid-kyi; doctrine cos no. 2,163. 
 
 More lhag 600. 
 
 Moreover del sten-du 222. 
 
 Morning sna-dro, sna-moW., nan-mo; the 
 next fo-rdns, nan-par; this da-nan; 
 yesterday If a -nan; twilight skya- 
 rens, skya-6d W. 
 
 Morrow, to san, fo-re W. 
 
 Mortal s. mi(i}-bu; adj. (perishable) zin- 
 pai; mi rtag-pa; (deadly) srog-len. 
 
 Mortar (for pounding) mcig; (short can- 
 non) sgyogs ; (cement) )im-pa, ka-lag W. 
 
 Most kun-las lhag or man^po; v. also pal- 
 cer 342. 
 
 Moth mug-pa. 
 
 Mother ma, resp. yum; 'a-ma; in law 
 sgyug-mo; gyos-mo. 
 
 Motherless mas dben-pa. 
 
 Mother-of-pearl nya-pyis. 
 Motion ^ul-ba, yyo-ba*. 
 Motionless adv. ma yyo-bar, ma 
 
 ma y yens-par. 
 Motive rgyu. 
 
 Mould s. (form) par 323 : (fungus) ham-pa. 
 Mould vb. a. Q god-pa, O cos-pa, O day-pa 274. 
 Mouldy ham-por cags-mlcan W. 
 Mound dur-pun 254. 
 Mount vb. zon-pa, resp. O cib-pa. 
 Mountain ri; pass la; pasture O brog. 
 .Mourn my a- ft an byed-pa. 
 Mournful m\ja-han-qyi; ' song skijo-glu. 
 Mouse s. byi-ba, tsi-tsi; sa-bi-Ug W. 
 Mouth Ka, resp. zal. 
 Mouthful s. cor-gdn, cor-ciq. 
 Move vb. a. skyod-pa, sgul-ba, yyo-ba; to 
 
 to and fro yyeii-ba 518; *srul-ce*W. (v. 
 srul-ba 583); vb.n. rgyu-ba, O gul-ba, resp. 
 O cags-pa 167; to a little nur-ba 305: to 
 
 on ^gro-ba; to quickly to and fro 
 O gyu-ba 96; to round skor-ba. 
 
 Mow rtia-ba, r hob-pa. 
 
 Much drags, man-po, rab; as as ga-tsam 
 
 W., team 430; so O di-snyed. de-snytd; 
 
 very man-drags, sin-tu man-po. 
 MucuS snabs, lud-pa. 
 Mud ka-lag, Jim -pa, O dam, iner-ba, nkab. 
 
 O dam-rdzdb; floor skijai<-nt'd. 
 Muddy man-mun. 
 Mulberry ^o-se. 
 Mule dre, dre-po, dre-mo. 
 Multiply vb. a. sgyur-ba, sgnl-ba, sgrc-ba, 
 
 spel-ba, O pel-ba. 
 
 Multitude Jirod-pa. kront. <hna<!. yseb. 
 Murder vb. a. ysod-pa; s. yxo<l-) <(><(. 
 Murderer y sod-by ed. 
 Muscle (anatomy) sa, nya. 
 Muse vb. n. rtog-pa. 
 Mushroom sa-mo, mog-sa W. 
 Music rol-mo. 
 M usk gla-rtsi; bag yla-bai Ite-ba; deer 
 
 gla-ba. 
 
 Musket me-dd C.; ball rdeu, nh 1 . 
 Mustard ske-fse, skye-fse, yuhs 512. 
 Mute adj. Ikugs-pa, han-lddn W. 
 Mutter vb. a. sam(j-ma) sum(-me) zer-ba 
 
 W.; to prayers ma-ni tan-ce W., zla- 
 ba, zlo-ba 491. 
 
 Muzzle s. Ka-mfsul, mfsul-pa. 
 My pron. nai, eleg. bdag-gi, ned-kyi. 
 Myriad ($ig-)Kri. 
 Mystic s. rgyud-pa.
 
 Nail Number 
 
 645 
 
 N 
 
 Nuil s. yzer, zer, pur-pa; a little yzi-ru, 
 
 yzer-bu; of a linger or toe sen-mo, ivsp. 
 
 pyag-sen, zabs-sen. 
 Naked sgrcn-mo, ycer-bu, rjen-pa. 
 Name s. min, resp. mfsan. 
 Name vb. min y togs-pa, skad-pa, O grag-pa, 
 
 zer-ba. 
 
 Namely de-yan, de ^aii; Q di-lta-ste. 
 Nape Itag-pa. 
 
 Napkin Ka-p tji's, lag-pyi&, pan-l>'eb. 
 Narcotic adj. smyo-byed. 
 Narrative s. lo-rgyiis. 
 Narrow adj. pal-med, zen-med, dog-pa. 
 Nasty btsog-pa, (b)rtsog(s)-pa. 
 Nation mi-brgyud 124, sde 295, rigs 527. 
 Native s. yul-pa 
 Native-place yzis-ka. 
 Natural dnos-ma, ma bcos-pa. 
 Naturally raii-bzin-gyis, ysis-kyis 5G5. 
 Nature nan, cos-nyid, no-bo-nyid 129. 
 Naught (cipher) m/ca. 
 Naughty n a-rgyal- can, 
 Nauseasywr-6ro-6a, Kam-log, Kams-rmyd. 
 Navel Ite-ba. 
 Near adj. nye-ba', adv nye-bar, rtsar 437, 
 
 (jram-du\ rgyan fuh-ba; Idan-la, Idan-du 
 
 289; to be nye-ba, rten-pa 214. 
 Neat adj. sdug-pa, sdug-gu. 
 Necessaries s. yo-bydd. 
 Necessary adj. dgos-pa, rigs-pa 528; to be 
 
 dgos-pa. 
 Necessity dgos-pa. 
 Neck ske, mgui\ mgul, mgrin-pa, ^jin-pa; 
 
 ynya-ba- cloth Ka-dkri, Ka-ras. 
 Neckerchief dkri-ma, m,gul-cins. 
 Necklace ske-cd. 
 Need s. gyoit. 
 Needful dgos-pa. 
 Needle Hab, O tsem-Kdb. 
 Negative s. dgag-pa 94, ^ag-pai sgra. 
 Neglect vb. O gyin-ba, ... /a mi Ita-ba. 
 Neigh O fser-ba. 
 
 Neighbour Kyim-mfses, pa-rol-po. 
 Neighbourhood sa-pyogs, yul-pyogs. 
 Nepal bal-po, bal-yid. 
 Nephew fsa-bo, resp. dbon-po, dbon-srds. 
 Nerve cu-rtsd. 
 Nest fsan. 
 
 Net rgya, rgya-mo, dol\ work dra-ba. 
 Nettle zwa. 
 Neutralize O cin-ba. 
 Never v. nam-yan 303. 
 Nevertheless yin-kyan, yin-na yan W. 
 New so-ma, ysar-ba, ysar-po. 
 News ca, skad, p'rin, O prin, Ion, hun W.', 
 
 good lon-bzdh. 
 
 Nice sdug-pa. 
 
 Night nam, mfsan-mo\ quarters Jbrait- 
 
 sa, eleg. Mcix-hrd/i. iv<p. yziiit-liruir, - 
 
 watcli fun. 
 Nimble skyen-pa\ footed rkah-mgyogs- 
 
 pa. 
 Nine num. dgu\ ninth dgu-pa; nineteen 
 
 bcu-dgu; nineteenth bcu-dgu-pa; ninety 
 
 dgu-bcu', ninetieth dgu-bht-pa. 
 Nip vb. a. gnim-pa. 
 Nipple nu-ma 305, pi-pi. 
 Nitre so-ra. 
 No, none v. gan c,r. 
 Nobility dpal no. 4, 326. 
 Noble adj. drag-pa, btsun-pa, skye-mfo. 
 Nobleman rje-bo, mi-drag-pa, no-no 30G. 
 Noblewoman btmn-mo, se-ma W. 
 Nod vb. a. (beckon) lag-brda byed-pa; *go 
 
 kug tan-ce* W. 
 Node, ascending sgra-ycan; descending 
 
 ke-tu. 
 Noise klag-cor, grog-pa, sgra, ^ur, ku, ku- 
 
 sgra; made by thunder etc. cems-cems 
 
 161 : to make a Jlrol-ba. 
 Noisome nam-pa. 
 Nominate sko-ba, O col-ba. 
 Nonsense cab-cob, cal-col; to talk ctd- 
 
 col smra-ba. 
 Nook ttug, Kugs. 
 Noon dgun. 
 North by an. 
 Nose sna, *nam-fsul* W. 
 Nostril sna-Kun. 
 
 Not ma 408, mi 413, med v. mcd-pa 417. 
 Notch s. Kram-Ka, nya-ga, Itofi-ga. 
 Note s. mcan-bu, yi-ge no. 2, 508. 
 Nothing can mi 138, ci mi 140; but sa- 
 
 stag, col. lla-rkyan (v. rkyaii-pa}; O ba-zig 
 
 391- 
 Notice s. rgyus, ca, Ion; to give Ion 
 
 sprifi-ba. 
 Notion du-ses. 
 
 Notwithstanding ^on-kyan 502. 
 Noun substantive dnos-min 131 
 Nourish O fso-ba, yso-ba. 
 Nourishing adj. nyams-brtas bytd-pa. 
 Nourishment zas. 
 Novice dge-bsnyen 85. 
 Now da, da-lta, yzod, ^o-nd 500; and 
 
 then bar-bar-du or la; just - ma-fdg 227; 
 
 not until da-yzod 247. 
 Nowhere v. cir 141. 
 Noxious mi-dgos-pa, nyes-pa, ydit(/-/><i. 
 Null adj. sob, sog, ysob, ysog. 
 Number s. graim. 
 Number vb. a. b<]rit-l>(t, rtxi-lm.
 
 646 
 
 Numberless Oppress 
 
 Numberless bgran-yds. 
 Numerous rgyas-pa. 
 Nun cos-ma, btsun-mo, mo-btsim 435; jo- 
 mo 173. 
 Nurse s. (children's) md-ma. 
 
 Nurse up vb. a. ysos skyed-pa, skyed srin- 
 
 ba 30. 
 
 Nutriment bcud. 
 Nutritious bend-can, Ri-ba. 
 
 O 
 
 Oak ca-ra, be-&i&\ forest be-Krocl. 
 
 Oar sky a, gru-Kyem. 
 
 Oath yi-ddm, resp. fugs-dam, mna, bro. 
 
 Oats ka-rtsam, yug-po. 
 
 Ob e d i e n t bka nyan-pa. 
 
 Ob ey Ka-la (or resp. gal-la) nyan-pa. 
 
 Object s. ynas, rdzas, zan-zin, dnos-po 131 ; 
 
 of perception yul 513 ; mental dmigs- 
 
 ytdd. 
 
 Oblation mcod-pa, sbyin-pa 405. 
 Oblige (compel) v. nan-gyis 303. 
 Obliged, to feel drin-dran-pa. 
 Oblique tfyom-Kyom, yo-ba, san-Ka. 
 Oblong nar-mo, kyon. 
 Obscuration sgrib-pa 120. 
 Obscure adj. mun-pa, go-dka-ba 71. 
 Obscure vb. a. sgrib-pa; obscured dkrigs- 
 
 pa, rmon-ba, rmons-pa. 
 Obscurity mun-pa. 
 
 Observe sruii-ba, . . . la Ita-ba I no. 3, 216. 
 O bstinate kyon-po, go-fag-can W. (\\i.mgo- 
 
 mKregs-can). 
 
 Obstruct O gegs-pa, bcur-ba. 
 Obstruction bgegs, ^gag. 
 Obtain sgrub-pa, rnycd-pa, fob-pa, len-pa. 
 Obviate y cod-pa, zlog-pa. 
 Occasion s. rkyen, glags, skabs; on of 
 
 skabs-su. 
 
 Occupy O dzin-pa no. 3, 465. 
 Occur c gyur-ba, O fon-pa, ^oii-ba. 
 Occurrence rkyen, ditos-po. 
 Ocean rgya-mfso. 
 Odour dri, dri-ma. 
 Oesophagus Ikog-ma. 
 Of prep, kyi 6, nas 304, las 546. 
 Off adv. par 341, yas 508. 
 Offence sdig-pa\ to commit an nyes-pa, 
 
 sdig-pa byed-pa. 
 Offend Kah-ba, Jlu-ba. 
 Offensive sin-tu fu-ba, mizim-pa', yid-du 
 
 mi ^on-ba. 
 Offer sbyin-pa. 
 Offering s. mcod-pa, Q bul-ba, yon; lamp 
 
 mcod-sdon; table mcod-Uri,mcod-stegs; 
 
 house or place of mcod-Kan. 
 Office ^gah-po. 
 Officer O go-pa, blon-po. 
 Official s. bka-blon, bka-ysags. 
 Official adj. blon-poi, bka-blon-gyi; pa- 
 per bka-sog. 
 
 Offspring brgyud, ba-rgyud. 
 
 Oh inter), ka, ka-ye, kye, kye-ma 7; oh very 
 
 well! ,.0 lags-so. 
 Oil mar, mar -nag W.; cake mar-gyi 
 
 fsigs-ma; lamp 'un-gu. 
 Ointment skud; byug-pa. 
 Old road-pa, cen-mo W., rnyiii-pa, bcad- 
 
 po; age rgas-ka; man rgad-po, - 
 
 woman rgad-mo; squire gro-gra 63; to be 
 
 rga-ba; to grow bgre-ba. 
 Oleander ka-ra-bi-ra. 
 
 Olive skyu-ru, ka-skyur-po Sik.; tree 
 
 skyu-ru sin, Ka-skyur-poi siit Si/,-. 
 Omen sna-ltds, Itas, rtags. 
 Omit bsol-ba. 
 Omniscient kun-mkyen. 
 O n prep, tta-ru, fear 34, Ka-fog-la, ka-tod- 
 
 la 35, dgaii-la, dgeii-la, sgen-la 114, fog-tu 
 
 237, na 298. 
 Once (one time) lan-ycig; more ced-du, 
 
 da-run, pyir, yan, slar; at v. car 139; 
 
 (at the same time) pyogs ycig-la 352. 
 One num. ycig, at a time ycig-cig 144; 
 
 eyed mig-zdr; footed rkan-ycig-pa; 
 the one the other ycig . . . j'cig, ycig-po. 
 
 One pron. (French 'on') skyes-bu 31; an- 
 other fcig-gis fcig\43>; by one's self ycig- 
 
 Onion btson. \jty 144. 
 
 Only adj. ycig-ka, ycig-pu 144; zad (v. 
 O dzad-pa 464). 
 
 Only adv. ka-rkyaii, (v. rkyaii-pa 17), sa- 
 stag 555; Ico-na 43, fcig-tu 144 ; O ba-zig 391, 
 man-no, mi 411, tsam 430 ; not ma zad- 
 de 445. 
 
 Open adj. pyes-pa, pyes-te, vulgo pe.-te; 
 bkag-pa ma yin-pa. 
 
 O pen vb. a. Ha O byed-pa, bgrad-pa; vb. n. 
 O bye-ba, Ka O bye-ba. 
 
 Opening s. Ka, bu-ga. 
 
 Openly nos-su 130, mnon-sum-du 133; '- 
 ysal-la W. 605. ' 
 
 Opinion grub-mtd, Ita-ba, snan-ba; in my 
 
 nas bltas-pas 216. 
 Opportunity skabs, glags, rgyu, stabs, 
 
 fobs, sa. 
 Opposite Ka-dran, go-ldog; side par- 
 
 Ka, pa-rol, par-nos. 
 Opposition, to be or act in Q gal-ba c. 
 
 las or dan. 
 Oppress non-pa.
 
 Optical deception Park 
 
 647 
 
 Optical deception mig- krid. 
 
 Or yan-na 506. 
 
 Oracle gros - O dri-sa. 
 
 Orally Ka-nas, col. Ka-na. 
 
 Orange fsa-lum-pa. 
 
 Orb Jcor-lo; of transmigration J,'or-ba 58. 
 
 Orchard bza-sin-ra-ba, Idum-ra. 
 
 Ordain bsnyen -par rdzogs -pa, bsnyen - 
 
 rdzogs mdzad-pa 46'J. 
 Order s. (succession) go-rim 71; to put in 
 
 - som~pa, ytan-la O bebs-pa; (command) 
 
 bka, bka btays-pa, bka-fa/i, bka-ynaii-ba; 
 
 zal-yddms; hu-knmW.; (purpose) in to 
 
 don-du 259, {njir-du 351 
 Order vb. a. (command) bka ynan-ba 13, 
 
 sgo-ba 116. 
 
 Orderly adj. fsul-mfun. 
 Ordinarily rgyun, pal-cer. 
 Organ (of sense) dban-po. 
 Orifice Ka, bu-ga. 
 Origin Kuns, byun-Kuns. O go-ma, fog-ma, 
 
 cags-f&ul, rtsa-ba. 
 
 Originate vb.n. fcrun-ba, cags-pa 
 Ornament s. rgyan, cun-po. 
 Orphan da-ping. 
 Orthography dag-yig , yi-gei sdeb-sbyor, 
 
 brda-sprod. 
 Other yzan^ yzan-pa, yzan-ma, sos, ycig- 
 
 sos. 
 
 Otter sram. 
 Ought v. rgyu 110- 
 
 Ounce sran. 
 
 Our, ours /'mi ]-_>!. /;///-//// 1-27. 
 
 Out adv. pyir :',.')i. /\i/i-rol-tu 349; to be 
 
 (mistaken) /> : ittl - ba\ out of prep, nas, 
 
 koh-nas. 
 
 Outcast s. ydol-pa. 
 Outcry grags-pa. 
 Outlet sgo. 
 Outside s. Ka, piji-n>l. 
 Outside adv. pyi III 349- 
 Outward adj. pyii\ appearance ca-f>yi'nt. 
 Over prep, gon-du, bar-snan or /a; bla\ 
 
 against Ka-drait, fad(-ka); adv. to be 
 
 (past) fal-ba II no. 5, 231. 
 Overcome vb. a. fub-pa, non-pa: vb.n. 
 
 sran-pa. 
 
 Overflow vb. a. yyen-ba\ vb. n. lud-pa. 
 Overhasty ha-cah riiis-pa, ha-can myur- 
 
 ces-pa. 
 Overseer skul-fcan, do-dam-pa, mgo byed- 
 
 pai mi. 
 
 Overshadow Keb-pa. 
 Overtake snyegs-pa, ytug-pa. 
 Overthrow vb. sgyel-ba, rlog-^i. 
 Overturn vb. sgyel-ba, rtib-pa. 
 Owl ^ug-pa. 
 
 Own adj. ran-gi, nyid-kyi. 
 Own vb. (possess) bdog-pa, dbah-ba; own- 
 ing mha-ba. 
 Owner mna-bddg. 
 Ox glan, ba-glait. 
 
 Pace s. gom-pa; O cag-pa, gom- cag-pa. 
 
 Pace vb. gom-pa Jbor-ba. 
 
 Pack vb. a., to on Jiel-ba', to up teg- 
 pa. 
 
 Paddle-wheel sku-ru. 
 
 Padlock doit-pa. 
 
 Page s. (waiting-boy) go-re-lon; sku-drun- 
 pa, sku-mdun-pa-, of a book sog-logs. 
 
 Pail zo-ba. 
 
 Pain s. (bodily) zug, }'zug\ yzer\ (mental) 
 mya-ndn 420, sdug-bsnal 294; to take pains 
 O gru-ba, Jbad-pa\ brtson- f/ms byed-pa. 
 
 Pain vb. a. O fse-ba; to be pained ydun-ba. 
 
 Paint s. fson\ vb. a. skud-pa. 
 
 Painter ) 'i-mo-mfcan . 
 
 Painting s. ri-mo, fan-ka. 
 
 Pair s. zun, dor. 
 
 Pairing s. (copulation) Jcrig-pa. 
 
 Palace po-bratt. 
 
 Palanquin Jcyogs; *Kyog-cdn* W., *peb- 
 tv/'/J* C. (v. dpy'an-ba 328). 
 
 Palate dkan, rkan 
 
 Pale adj. *kya-ko-re, kya-fe-re* 25. 
 
 Palm s. (of the hand) lag-mfil, fal-mo. 
 
 Pan (large) sla(>i)-na; (small) dra-zu; (flat) 
 
 ta-ba. 
 
 Pancake *ful-ta-gir* W. 234. 
 Pan k ah (fan) bsil-ydb. 
 Pannier y zed-ma. 
 Pant vb. n. rnam-pa, dnaii-ba. 
 Pap (porridge) skyo-ma, /co-lag. 
 Paper s. sog-bu 563; a sheet of - gre-ga\ 
 
 official bka-sog. 
 Parable dpe 327, O dra-dpe. 
 Paradigm dpe-br)6d. 
 Paradise mfo-r/x 
 Paragraph rnam-bca(l-/>n. 
 Paralyze O cin-ba\ n 
 Parasol ydugs. 
 Parcel s. (package) fums 234. 
 Parch r nod-pa, slam-pa. 
 Pardon vb. a. (to use forbearance) 
 
 pa 498; (to leave unpunished) </>/'><! 
 
 rmo-ba, cad-pas mi yco</-/'" 
 Pare koa-pa su-ba. 
 Parenthesis yi-gei mcan-bu. 
 Parents pa-m<i. 
 Park skyed-mos-fsdl.
 
 648 
 
 Parrot Petting 
 
 Parrot ne-tso. 
 
 Parsimonious sri-ses-Kan W. 
 
 Parsley yze-ra C., sa-mi-lig W. 
 
 Part s. ca, ca-sds, sas, mam-pa, lea, Hag, 
 
 ga-sas, lhu\ in (partly) ca O dra tsam; 
 
 at equal parts ca-snyoms. 
 Part vb. a. O pral-ba; vb. n. O gye-ba, Jbral- 
 
 ba. 
 Partake ca fob-pa, fob-ca O dzin-pa^ bgo- 
 
 skal fob-pa. 
 
 Partaker * go-Kan* W. 
 Partial (biased) nye-rin. 
 Particle (grammatical) fsiy-prad. 
 Particularly tfyad-par-du, mcog-tu. 
 Partition dbye-ba; wall cod, bar-sky a. 
 Partizan pyogs-pa. 
 Partly ca tsam, ga-sas; v. also la-la 541; 
 
 Ka-cig 34. 
 
 Partner Jca-ya, ya, ya-do W., grogs, zla-bo. 
 Partridge sreg-pa. 
 Party (part) pyogs 352. 
 Pas (in dancing) gom-pa. 
 Pass vb. n. skyod-pa, Q grul-ba, rgyug-pa, 
 
 rgyud-pa, O cor-ba, fal-ba: to away 
 
 Jtor-ba, O da-ba, O bud-pa W.; vb. a. (to 
 
 cross) rgal-ba, zla-ba; to over a certain 
 
 space O da-ba. 
 
 Passage (entrance or exit) sgo, lam. 
 Passion cags-pa, O dod-cdgs, bag-cdgs. 
 Passport bka-sog, lam-yig. 
 Past adj. O das-pa; ages sna-rol] to be 
 
 yol-ba. 
 
 Paste s. skyo-ma; vb. a. sbyor-ba. 
 Pastry Jcur-ba. 
 Pasturage bzan. 
 Pasture s. neu-ysin; land ^.ol-fd/i, Jbrog- 
 
 ynas. 
 
 Pat vb. a. Jbyug-jM. 
 Patch s. lhan-pa; vb.a. lhan-pas O debs-pa^ 
 
 glan-pa. 
 
 Patience bzod-pa. 
 Patient adj. bzod-pa-can. 
 Patron mgo-skyon, mgo- a dren, mgon-po. 
 Pattern dpe, ma, ri-mo. 
 Pauper dbul-pom ; med-po, med- mo. 
 Pavement skyan-nul. 
 Paw s. spar-ba. 
 Pay vb. a. sprod-pa, ^al-ba. 
 Pay s. gla, pogs. 
 Pea, pease sran-ma, srad-ma. 
 Peace zod, dus-bde, zi-bde. 
 Peach ka-fa ra, Kam-bu, bun-cu li. 
 Peacock rma-bya. 
 Peak )*tse(-mo). 
 Pear nyu-ti, nyo-ti. 
 Pearl mu-tig. 
 Peasant groh-pa, gron-mi; kyim-pa-pa, 
 
 zin-pa. 
 
 Pebble rdeu, rde; cu-rdo; say-ma. 
 Pedestrian rkan-fah-pa. 
 
 Peel s. Kog-pa, sun-pa. 
 
 Peel vb. a. Kog-pa su-ba, su-ba. 
 
 Peep-hole so-Kufi 578. 
 
 Peg rtod-pa, ydan-bu, pur-pa. 
 
 Pen s. smyug-gu', knife smyug-firi. 
 
 Pen vb. a. (sheep etc.) skyil-ba, ^gegs-jm. 
 
 Penalty rgyal, ston. 
 
 Penance dka-fub, dka-spyod; brtul-zugs. 
 
 Pencil yya-fig, O bri-smyug\ pir. 
 
 Pencil-cedar sug-pa. 
 
 Penetrate Kyab-pa, O dzugs-pa. 
 
 Penis m)e, sgro-ba C. 
 
 Penitent adj. dka-fub, brtul-ziigs. 
 
 Pent-roof car-sky ibs. 
 
 People s. skyes-bu; common dmatis, 
 
 smad-rigs. 
 Pepper s. po-ba-n\ Guinea yyer-ma C'., 
 
 *nyer-ma* or *fsan-te* or su-ru-pan-fsd W. 
 Peppermint po-lo-liil W. 
 Perambulate O grim-pa. 
 Perceive rtogs-pa, fsor-ba, yid-la byed~paj 
 
 rag-pa W., rig-pa. 
 Perception go-ba, rtogs-pa- object of 
 
 yul 513- 
 Perfect adj. grub-pa, pun-fsogs, pul-byuii, 
 
 tsan-ma, rdzogs-pa. 
 
 Perfection dhos-grub; state of grub-pa. 
 Perfectly fsai>, rdzogs-par. 
 Perform byed-pa, sgrub-pa, bco-ba W., 
 
 spyod-pa. 
 Perfume s. spos. 
 
 Perhaps gal-te-na, graii\ su ses, ci ses W. 
 Peril s. nyen, bar-cod, Jtnd-so. 
 Perimeter mfa-skor. 
 Period dus-fsiys, dus-mfsams-, ynas-skabs; 
 
 former snon-rol. 
 Perish ^jig-pa, med-par ^yur-ba. 
 Permission dyons-pa, bka ynan-ba\ with 
 
 your zu W. 476- 
 
 Permit bka ynan-ba', to be permitted cog- 
 pa, run-ba. 
 
 Pernicious nan-pa', ma-run-ba. 
 Perpendicular gy en-la draii-po W. 
 Perpetual rtag-pa. 
 Perpetually rgyun-du. 
 Persecute snyeg-pa, O ded-pa, ? fse-ba. 
 Perseverance yid yons-su mi skyo-ba or 
 
 mi ^gyur-ba. 
 Persia ta-zig. 
 Person gah-zdg. 
 Personal dnos. 
 
 Personally mnon-sum-du, dnos-su. 
 Perspiration rnul. 
 Pertinacious mgo-mKregs-can. 
 Peruke skra-fsab. 
 Perverse go-klog. 
 Perversity pyin-ci-ldg. 
 Pervert rlog-pa. 
 Pestle ytun, dgog-tiii ' . 
 Petting adj. mnyo-mnyo-canW.
 
 Petroleum Polish 
 
 Petroleum rdo-snum. 
 Petticoat mo-gos, 
 Pewter dkar-yyd. 
 Philology sgra-rig-pa. 
 Philosophy nan-don-rig-pa 527. 
 Phlegm bad-kan, lud-pa. 
 Phlegmatic nan-brgyud nn-ba; dis- 
 position *se-gya-dhal'wa* C. (lit. ses- 
 rgyud dal-bd). 
 Physician sman-pa; 'em-ci, 'am-ci; yso- 
 
 ba-po 590. 
 
 Piccolo- flute pred-glin. 
 Pick vb. a. Jbyed-pa; to up sgimg-pa. 
 Pickle s. skyu-rum. 
 Picture s. bzo, zo, ri-mo', fan-ka, resp.zal- 
 
 fan', of a saint bris-sku, sku-bris. 
 Piebald Kra-bo. 
 
 Piece s. cag-krum, cag-dum, dum, rnam- 
 pa; a single zun 488; a small Jcol-bu; 
 to fall to pieces rdib-pa. 
 Pierce Jbig(s)-pa. 
 Piety /crel; cos-la dga-bai sems. 
 Pig pag. 
 
 Pigeon pu-ron, pug-ron. 
 Pigtail cu-tiW., Ican-lo C. 
 Pilaw pu-la, po-la. 
 Pile vb. a. sgril-ba, bcer-ba, rtseg-pa. 
 Pilfer byi byed-pa. 
 Pilgrimage, to go on a mjal-ba. 
 Pill s. ril-bu. 
 Pillar ka-ba. 
 
 Pillow snas, snye-stdn, snye-Jbol. 
 Pin s. ihit'-pa, O dzin-yya C., zwn-Kdb W. 
 Pincers skam-cun. 
 Pinch vb., the shoe pinches *Kab-sa dam 
 
 dug* W. 297. 
 Pious skal-ldan\ ttrel-can, cos -can, cos- 
 
 sem-can W. ; cos-la dga-ba. 
 Pise gyah, gyen 74. 
 Pistol *me-dd* C'., *ran- bdr* W. 
 Pit s. /%, fcuris, don. 
 Pitcher cu-snod, cu-rdzd, ben, rdza-bum. 
 Pitchfork zar. 
 Pith ynad. 
 Pitiable dman-pa. 
 Pity s. snyin-brtse-ba. 
 Place s. Kag, sa, sa-Kyad, go, yul-gru, yul, 
 ynas, sa-ca, groh\ to take O gyur-ba, 
 O byutl-ba. 
 Place vb a. jog-pa, Jbor-ba, O dzugs-pa\ 
 
 to be placed Rod-pa. 
 Plague s . ynyan, O go-bai nad, O go-bai rims ', 
 
 nan-rims, rims-ndd. 
 Plaid yzan-gos. 
 Plain s. fan\ nos. 
 Plain adj. (without ornament) Jam-san, 
 
 rgyan-med. 
 
 Plaintiff *$m zu-fcan* W. 
 Plait s. lan-bu; vb. a. lan-bu sle-ba; ycud- 
 pa. 
 
 Plan s. bkob-lta, bkod-pa', vb. a. //'" /-/'". 
 Plane s. pag-ste W.; vb. a. *fag-std */v//- 
 
 ce* W. 
 
 Planet yza 492. 
 Plank span, span-Ub. 
 Plant s. sno, rtswa; vb. a. O dzugs-pa. 
 Plantain skyes-sdon; ta-la 
 Plaster s. (in surgery) Q byor-sman. 
 Plaster yb.a. (to pave) skyaii-nul byed-pa. 
 Plastering s. zal-ba 474. 
 Plate s. glegs, gra-ti Ld., ta-bagW.; tin 
 
 fa-li W. ; iron Icags-fdl. 
 Plate vb. a. eus yton-ba 160. 
 Play vb. (to sport) rtse-ba, rtsed-pa' to 
 on an instrument Q Rrol-ba,skrog-pa', to 
 a trick ynod-pa skyel-ba. 
 Play-fellow rtse-grogs, grogs-tfyeu. 
 Play-ground rtse-sa 
 Pleasant sdug-pa, yid-du jn-ba', to be 
 
 O fad-pa. 
 
 Pleasantness Jcyer-so. 
 Please vb. a. dga-bar byed-pa', vb. n. v. 
 mttyen-pa 55; if you please zu 476; to be 
 pleased dgyes-pa, bsod-pa. 
 Pleasing adj. dga-mo, bsod-pa. 
 Pleasure dga-ba, rtsed-mo, yyen-rtsed, 
 rtsed-jo; snyin dga-ba or bde-ba', at 
 ran-dgdr, yid bzin-du. 
 Plebeian ma-rabs, pal-pa. 
 Pledge s. rgyan, yta-ma, yte-pa. 
 Pleiades smin-drug. 
 Plentiful Krigs, rgyas-pa, mod-po; to be 
 
 O dzom-pa. 
 Plenty s. Ions-spy od. 
 Pliable, Pliant mnyen-pa, mnyen-lcug, 
 
 Icug-pa. 
 Plough s. ysol', vb. a. ysol-mda O dzin-pa', 
 
 rnio-ba. 
 
 Pluck s. (of an animal) snyiii-luii. 
 Pluck vb. sgnig-pa. 
 Plummet za-nyei ytih-rdo. 
 Plump Ikob; rom-po W. 
 Plunder vb. O gog-pa, *kog-te Kiier-ce W. 95- 
 Pock s. Jbrum-pa-, marked mdzar-ra- 
 
 mdzer-re Ld. 
 
 Pocket s. can-da, dku-mda, Kud-pa\ - 
 book yi-gei subs', sam-ta, sab-dra', fire 
 me-lcags', handkerchief na-ci C., na- 
 pi W. ' 
 
 Pocket vb. a. Jlur-ba. 
 Pod gan-bu, Igan-bu. 
 Poem nag-snydn', snyan-diiags. 
 Poetry sdeb-sbyor. 
 
 Point s. fseg, nag-fseg\ main don, ma- 
 yzi; to be on the ca-ba; v. also las II 
 extr. 546. 
 Poison dug. 
 Poker yog-po. 
 Polecat sul-f>i/t. 
 Polish vb. bdar-ba. 
 
 41*
 
 (i',0 
 
 Polished Print 
 
 Polished adj. ,od-can. 
 
 Politeness ze-sa. 
 
 Pollute O bag-pa. 
 
 Pollution grib. 
 
 Pomatum sra-skiid. 
 
 Pomegranate se- bru, seu. 
 
 Pond rdziii. 
 
 Ponder sems-pa, resp. dgons-pa', bsam-blo 
 
 yton-ba. 
 
 Pool cu-Kyil, Iten-ka. 
 Poor dbul-ba, pons-pa, nan- pa, gyi-na, 
 
 Kas-dmdn, Kas-zdn; the poor people! 
 
 snyin-re-rje. 
 
 Poplar dbyar-pa; ma-gal W.; ysol-jw, 
 Popular mon-za-can W. 
 Popularity mon-za W. 
 Porcelain kar-yol, dkar-yol; clay Kam- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Porch sgo-Kdn. 
 
 Porcupine rgan, by i- fur, yzig-mo. 
 Pore spui Kun-bu, ba-spui bu-ga. 
 Porridge zan 486- 
 Portal sgo-Kdn. 
 Portion s. skal-ba, ca 150, ca-sds; fsod, Ihu 
 
 601 ; of meat rgya-ri, sder-gdn. 
 Position go 70- 
 Positive adj. dnos. 
 Possess, to be possessed of bdog-pa. 
 Possessing adj. bcas-pa 146- 
 Possession, to hold in O dzin-pa 465. 
 Possibility glags, go-skdbs, rgyu, sa. 
 Possible, to be srid-pa. 
 Post s. (pillar) ka-ba. 
 Posteriors rkub, mjug, pum-pum, sul-pa. 
 Postillion rfa-zam-pa. 
 Postpone bsol-ba, srin-ba. 
 Postscript yan-skydr. 
 Post-service ji-ldg 499. 
 Post-station rta-zdm. 
 Pot s. Kog-ma, rdza-ma, pan-dil W.; 
 
 cloth fsa-lcibs; house can-Kan. 
 Potato skui-ba, *kui-u* C., *dho-ma, qiia- 
 
 dho* C. 78; 'a-lu W. 
 Potency dban. 
 Potsherd gyo-mo, cag-po. 
 Pouch s. rkyal-bu, Kug-ma, Kab-ta-ka Ld. 
 Poultry Kyim-bya. 
 
 Pound vb.a. rdun-ba, Krum-Krum byed-pa. 
 Pour Mugs-pa, O byo-ba, Jbo-ba. 
 Poverty pons-pa, dbul-ba. 
 Powder s. pye-ma. 
 Power mna, mna-tdn, mfu, nus-pa. 
 Powerful rgyags-pa, nar-ma, btsan-po. 
 Powerless dban-med; to render dban- 
 
 med-du Q col-ba. 
 Practice s. lag -tin, resp. pyag-tin; lob- 
 
 Kydd W. 
 
 Practise vb. a. sbyo/l-ba. 
 Praise s. snag-ysol; vb.a. snag-pa, stod-pa. 
 Prattle s. col-cun. 
 
 Pray vb. n. ysol-ba, zu-ba. 
 
 Prayer ysol-ba-, mill cos-fcor, ma-ni-cos- 
 
 Kor. 
 Preach cos sgrog-pa, resp. cos-kyi syroq- 
 
 glen mdzad-pa. 
 Precede snon-du ^yro-ba. 
 Preceding ma-ma, snon- gro. 
 Precept bka-bsgos, bka-rtags, Krims, cos, 
 
 ydams-pa, bslab-bya. 
 Precious dkon-pa, yces-pa, rin-cen, rin- 
 
 po-ce; the most - thing dkon-mcog 10. 
 Precipitous yzar-ba. 
 Precisely ran, Ico-na. 
 Preface s. snon- gro. 
 Prefect yul-dpon, mi-dpon. 
 Preferable bla. 
 Prefix s. snon-jiig, O pul(-yig). 
 Pregnant sbrum-pa; sems-can dan Idan- 
 
 ^a290. 
 
 Preparation grabs, rgyu, sta-gon. 
 Prepare som-pa, sbyor-ba I, no. 2,406; bco- 
 
 ba W., dger-ba C., O ca-ba 168; to vict- 
 uals for the table yyo-ba, yyos-su byed-pa. 
 Prepuce mdun-pags, O dom-pags. 
 Prerogative don. 
 Presage s. sna-ltas. 
 Presence, in oimdun-du, resp. spy an - 
 
 snar. 
 Present s. (gift) skyes, rten, zu-rten, resp. i 
 
 yzigs-rten, Kyos-pa, bya-dgd, sbyin-pa. 
 Preserve vb. skyoti-ba, skyob-pa, srun-ba. \ 
 Press vb. bkan-pa, bcar-ba, glem-pa (.'., 
 
 non-pa, O fsir-ba, to hard (in an inquest) 
 
 tsir tag jhe'-pa C. 
 Pressingly nan-gyis 303. 
 Presume (arrogate) Kas-len-pa 34. 
 Pretty adj. mcor-po, sdug-pa, dga-mo. 
 Prevail on Jjug-pa. 
 Prevent ^gogs-pa, y cod-pa, zlog-pa. 
 Preventive s. srun-ba. 
 Previous adj. stion- gro. 
 Previously sna-na, sna-goii, siian, s/'nn\ 
 
 snon. 
 
 Price gon, fan, rin. 
 Prick vb. a. snun-pa, O dzugs-pa 465. 
 Pricking (pungent) rtsub-po. 
 Pricks fastened to the feet for climbing 
 
 mountains rkan-mdzer. 
 Pride s. na-rgyal, dregs-pa, p'o-so, rlom-]"'. 
 
 rlom-sems. 
 Priest bla-ma. 
 Priestcraft cos-zog. 
 Priesthood dge- dun. 
 Primary adj. v. rtsa-ba. 
 Prime minister bka-blon. 
 Prince rgyal-bu, rgyal-srds.' 
 Principal adj. mcog, ytso-bo; part mgo. 
 Principal s. mgon-po, ^o-dpon. 
 Principally ytso-bor. 
 P ri n t vb. par-du Q debs-pa, par rgyab-pa W.
 
 Printer Pustule 
 
 G51 
 
 Printer par-pa. 
 
 Printing-office par-Kan. 
 
 Prison btson-Kan, fcri-mun. 
 
 Prisoner btson. 
 
 Private, Privately sgos. 
 
 Privilege s. ynan-ba. 
 
 Privities O doms, sba-ba. 
 
 Privy s. cab-ttun, ysan-spyod, 
 
 Prize s. (reward) dgu-mfsdn. 
 
 Probationer dge-bsnyen . 
 
 Proboscis glan-snd. 
 
 Proceed O gye-ba, spro-ba; to let O gyed- 
 
 pa 97. 
 Proclaim bka bkod-pa, bka O doqs-pa, sqrog- 
 
 pa, sgyur-ba W. 
 Proclamation bka bkod-pa, bka btags-pa, 
 
 bka - O dogs-pa. 
 
 Procreate skyed-pa, bso-ba. 
 Prpcure sgfub-pa, ynyer-ba, sbyor-ba, 
 
 O fsol-ba. 
 
 Produce s. fog. 
 Produce vb. skyed-pa\ to be produced 
 
 cags-pa. 
 
 Product s. (sum total) brtsis-zin. 
 Professor mKan-po. 
 Profit s. skyed, Ke, Kye, don, spogs; pan- 
 pa, pan-fogs, bed. 
 Profitable drug, pan- O dogs-pa. 
 Profound zab-pa. 
 Prognostic s. sna-ltas. 
 Progress s. skyed. 
 Prohibit Jiegs-pa, O gegs-pa. 
 Project vb. a. O god-pa; vb. n. fal-ba. 
 Prolong bsol-ba, srin-ba. 
 Prolongation stud-ma. 
 Prominent, to be fal-ba. 
 Promise s. cad; vb. cad-pa, Q ce-ba,Kas- 
 
 len-pa, dam O ca-ba. 
 Promulgate sgrog-pa, rjod-pa. 
 Pronounce ? don-pa, rjod-pa. 
 Pronunciation Icogs, zer-lcogs, zer-fsul 
 
 W., klog-fsul, r)od-dbyans C. 
 Proof s. mnon-rtdf/s, rtags, rgyu-mfsan. 
 Prop s. rgyab-rten', vb. a. skyor-ba. 
 Propagation sa-bon; dar-ba. 
 Propensity bag-cdgs. 
 Proper dtios 131; place go; timebsgan. 
 Property yon-tan, Ions-spy od; left ml 
 
 561. 
 
 Prophesy vb. lun ston-pa. 
 Prophet lun-ston-pa. 
 Prophetic sight mnon-ses, ^od-ysal, resp. 
 
 fugs-mttyen. 
 
 Propitious bkra-sis-pa, dge-ba. 
 Proportion fig-fsdd, by ad. 
 Propound rjod-pa, ston-pa, O cad-pa. 
 Proprietor bdag-po. 
 Prospect (likelihood) no 129, ca 151. 
 Prosperity bkra-sis. 
 Prosperous yyan-can. 
 
 Prostitute s. ^pyon-ma, smatl-f^i/,-//ni. 
 Protect skyob-pa, O gebs-pa, snin-ba, 
 
 byed-pa. 
 Protection .s-/;///.s. 
 Protector ttyabs-mgfa] mgo-skyoii, mgo- 
 
 Q dren, mgon-po; of religion cos-skyoii \\\. 
 Proud Keits-pa, grags-can, rgyags-j>. (//'c'/.s- 
 
 pa; to be snyems-pa. 
 Proverb Ua-dpe. 
 
 Provide sbyor-ba, yod-par byed-pa. 
 Provided with (having, possessing) i-<ni 
 
 138, Idan-pa 290. 
 Province Hag, Kul, sde, s<ir-*r/'<l: i/tt/-</i/i 
 
 kyad-par. 
 
 Provincialism groh-fsig. 
 Provisions rgyags; srog-rdzas, resp. /,*>.*; 
 
 store of ytad-so. 
 
 Provoke nyams Jbm-ba, O fsan O bru-ba. 
 Provost dge-bskos. 
 Prudent mKas-pa, gruii-ba, rgo<l-/><t,xt/i-i/i- 
 
 po. 
 
 Prune vb. ^mm-pa. 
 Ptarmigan goh-mo. 
 Public s. yul-pa-rnams 513. 
 Publication bkar-btags-pa , bka bkod-jxi. 
 
 gram-yig. 
 
 Publicly mnon-sum- du. 
 Publish bkar- dogs-pa, sgyur-ba, sgroq-i <a . 
 Puddle s. cu-Jfyl. 
 Puff s. (ostentation) yus 513. 
 Puff-ball Igo, pa-ba-dgo-dgo. 
 Pull vb. a. O dren-pa, O f en-pa; to along 
 
 O drud-pa\ to down snyil-ba, rfi/>-j><t, 
 
 O dral-ba\ to off su-ba; to out O byin- 
 
 pa, offog-pa. 
 Pulpit cos-Kri. 
 Pumpkin gon, cuit. 
 Pungency ber. 
 
 Pungent ber-can, rtsub-po, fsa-ba, fsan-i<-. 
 Punish ^jun-pa, cad-pas y cod-pa 155. 
 Punishment cad-pa, Krai, ga-sir Ld.,-god, 
 
 dgra, Ian 543. 
 Pupil (scholar) mKan-bu', slob -ma, slob- 
 
 prug, slob-baris, bu-slob. 
 Puppy Kyi-gu. 
 Purchase vb. nyo-ba. 
 Pure dan-ba, yfsan-ba, fsans-pa; lag-mo 
 
 W.; ysal-ba, dga-mo, lhad-m<'<l, 
 Purgative s. bsal-sman. 
 Purge vb. bsal-ba. 
 Purity ytsan-ba. 
 
 Purpose s. dgos-pa, don-, on - brtson-/'(ii-. 
 Purpose vb. dgons-pa, sems-pa. 
 Purposely ced-du. 
 Purr vb. n. nug-pa, v. ma-ni. 
 Purse s. sgyiu, sgyig-gu, syyi'-mn. 
 Pursue rnon-pa, snyegs-pa, O ded-/i . 
 Pus (matter) cu-rna<j. nm<i. CU-90T. 
 Push vb. a. rdegs-pa, O pul-btt, 
 Pustule Jbrum-ii.
 
 652 
 
 Put Realm 
 
 Put vb. a. bkan-pa, O yod-pa, Jug-pa, jog- 
 pa, Jbor-ba W.; to astride (e.g. in em- 
 paling) skyon-pa; to down grems-pa, 
 O grol-ba, syyel-ba, joy-pa; to in or into 
 sgyoti-ba, cud-pa, jug-pa, teg-pa, O dzud- 
 
 pa; to in order sgrig-pa; to off bud- 
 pa , bsol-ba; to on ^ebs-pa, yon -pa, 
 resp. ysol-ba; to together snol-ba. 
 
 Putrid rul-ba. 
 
 Putty s. bay-sbyin 364. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quadrangle dkyil-Jcor gru-bzi-pa. 
 
 Quadrate s. Ka-gd/l; adj. Ua-yan-ba. 
 
 Quadruped rkan-bzi-pa. 
 
 Quail s. biy-bi-lig W. 
 
 Quality cos-nyid; good yon- tan 516- 
 
 Quarrel s. Ica-mcu, O dzin-mo, hab-sa, 
 
 Quarrel vb. Kruy-pa, rgol-ba, O gran-pa; 
 
 quarreling words O gran-fsig. 
 Quarrelsome, temper ^yran-sems. 
 Quarter of the heavens pyogs 352. 
 Quarters ynas, ynas-fsan C., brati-sa W. 
 Quartz cag-dkdr. 
 Queen rgyal-mo; consort btsun-mo 
 
 (i'yyal-poi}. 
 
 Question s. dri-ba, zu-ba. 
 Queue (pigtail) Ican-lo 6'., cu-ti Ld. 
 
 Quick adj. mgyogs-pa, myw-ba, skyen-pa, 
 Jeram-pa; be ! *riii-pa ton* W. 
 
 Quickly my yogs-par \ myur-du. 
 
 Quicksand *be-rul* W. 
 
 Quicksilver dnul-cu. 
 
 Quiet adj. dal-ba, yya-ma-gyu, srun-po] 
 to become zi-ba. 
 
 Quill rkan. 
 
 Quilt s. fsa-yciy-ma C. 
 
 Quintessence no-bo-nyid, bcud, snyiit-po. 
 
 Quit vb. a. Jbor-ba 3%, jog-pa 179, skyur- 
 ba 28 ; ^yye-ba, ytoii-ba. 
 
 Quite ye, ye-nas, yons-su ; Idin-se Ld. 
 
 Quittance O prod- dzin. 
 
 Quiver s. mda-don. 
 
 Quiver vb. n. O dar-lx/. 
 
 Quotient fob-nor. 
 
 R 
 
 Race s. (generation) mi-snd, rabs. 
 
 Race s. (contest in running) ban 364; to 
 
 run a dkyu-ba. 
 Radish la-pug, gun-la-pug. 
 Rafter learn, gral-ma. 
 Rag hrul-ba. 
 Rage vb. n. rnam-pa. 
 Ragged adj. cad-po, hrul-po. 
 Rail s. lag-rayugs 541. 
 Rain s. car, car-pa; cloak car-Kebs; 
 
 water car-cu. 
 
 Rain vb.n. car Jbab-pa, it rains carJbabW. 
 Rainbow ja, ja-fson. 
 Rainy car-can; season car-dus. 
 Raise sgren-ba, O don-pa, ker-ba, O pyar-ba, 
 
 O dzugs-pa, bzeii-ba, sen-ba, slon-ba. 
 Raisin rgun-rgod, rgun- brum. 
 Rake s. (gardening) tca-yze W., rgya-yzeb C. 
 Ram s. lug-fug. 
 
 Ramble vb. Jcyam-pa, Jc&r-baW. 
 Rampart Jcor-yug. 
 Range s. (row) gral, rim-pa; of vision 
 
 mfon-Jcor, mfo?i-mfa. 
 Range vb.n. rgyu-ba, ^rim-pa. 
 Rank s. go, go-pan, go-sd, go-grdl, go-grds, 
 
 rigs. 
 Ransom s. glud, bind, glud-fsab; blud-pa; 
 
 vb. a. blu-ba. 
 
 Rare dkon-pa. 
 
 Rash adj. yid-fun 570. 
 
 Rashness bab-col, yzu-lum . 
 
 Rasp s. sa-bdar, say-yddr C.; siit-zofi W.. 
 sin-sed W. 
 
 Rasp vb. a. bdar-ba, say-ydar ryy ay-pa C. 
 
 Raspberry fser-lum Sik , la-ma-sro Kun. 
 
 Rat s. byi-ba, sa-bi-lig W. 
 
 Rather ca-lam; v. bla 382- 
 
 Ration zas-skdl. 
 
 Raven fca-ta, bya-i'dg, po~rog, bya-ndy. 
 
 Ravine grog-po, ron, sul. 
 
 Raw rjen-pa. 
 
 Ray s. yzer, ^od-yzer. 
 
 Razor spu-yri. 
 
 Reach vb. a. ytuy-pa, fuy-pa, srin-ba; to 
 down smad-pa. 
 
 Reach of hearing ryyan-yrdys. 
 
 Read vb. klog-pa, sgrog-pa, *sil-ce* W. 
 
 Reading-desk cos-Ih'i. 
 
 Ready pral-yrig 359; to be made grub- 
 pa, ^rub-pa; ^pfioney mays, smar-ba, 
 smar-^rkydn. 
 
 Real nes-pa-can,dnos,dnos-can; no-rto<j\V. 
 
 Reality dnos; yan-day-pa-nyid 248; ynas- 
 fsul 449. 
 
 Re ally nes-pa-can-du; (bodily) diws-su 131. 
 
 Realm /cams; rgyal-Icams 108.
 
 Reap rita-ba. 
 Reaper zin-mKan. 
 Reaping-hook zor-bn. i-</ija-z<'>r. 
 Rear vb. (bring up) srel-'ba. y*o-ba. 
 Reason s. (intellect) bio, blo-yros; (cause) 
 
 rgyu. 
 
 Reasonable fsul-mfun 450. 
 Rebel vb . no - log byed -pa 553 , *gyab - log 
 
 jhe-pa* C. 
 
 Rebel s. no-loy-mttan. 
 Re -born, to be skye-ba 28. 
 Rebound vb. n. O par-ba. 
 Rebuke s. bka-bkyon, brgyad-kdg; vb. a. 
 
 brgyad-kay byed-pa. 
 Receipt O prod- dzin, zin-bris. 
 Receive len-pa, resp. bzes-pa; fob-pa; rjes- 
 
 su O dzin-pa. 
 
 Receptacle rtenno.V, 213. 
 Recite skyor-ba, sgrog-pa. 
 Reckon (count) rtsi-ba. 
 Recline bkyed-pa, snye-ba. 
 Recommend snag-pa ; stod-pa. 
 Recommendation, letter of mfun- 
 
 Reap Requisite 653 
 
 Reins (of a bridle) srab-skydys, srab-nvhi. 
 
 Reins (kidneys) mlcal-ma. 
 
 Reject spoit-litt. 
 
 Rejoice vb.n dya-ba, resp.dgyes-pa; 'm<ni- 
 
 ba, rjes-su yi-raii-lxi 182. 
 Relate vb. a. skad-pa, O CU</-JK<. xtti/dd-jHt. 
 Relation (kindred) /n-in/tn/; ////<-< /W. nye- 
 
 brel; (reference) ryyud. 
 Relative s (kinsman) nyen, ynyen, ynyen- 
 
 bses. 
 
 Relax vb. a. ylod-pa. 
 Release vb. a. O yrol-ba; to be released 
 
 Recompense s. rnan-pa, ynan-sbyin, bya- 
 
 dga. 
 
 Recompense vb. a. brnan-pa. 
 Reconcile vb. a. sdum-pa; to one's self 
 
 /co-tag ycod-pa. 
 Record vb. O god-pa no. 5, 95. 
 Records s. deb-fer, yig-ca. 
 Recover vb n. fso-ba, pyir lan-ba. 
 Recreation skyo-sdns\yyens-paW.; to take 
 
 rtse-ba; skyo-sans-la ^ro-ba, resp. 
 
 byon-pa. 
 
 Rector O yo-dp6n C. 
 
 Red dmar-po, dmar-ba; light dkar-dmar. 
 Redeem O yrol-ba, blu-ba. 
 Redeemer skyabs-mgon. 
 Redemption blud-pa. 
 Reduce (the wages) y cod-pa. 
 Reed O dam-bu; pen snyug-yu, smyi-gu, 
 
 *di-nyug* W. 
 
 Reel vb. n. O kyom-pa, Kyor-ba. 
 Reflection (consideration) sgom, rtog-pa. 
 Refuge skyabs-ynas. 
 Refuse s. gal-ro. 
 Refuse vb. O dor-ba, mi ynan-ba. 
 Regard vb. a. yzigs-pa; to as dgons-pa', 
 
 as regards dban-du byas-na, -la 540- 
 Regard s., to have to Ita-ba I, no. 3,216- 
 Regardful ycan-po. 
 Regent rgyal fsdb 109; sde-srid, .s/vW. 
 Region ttams, glin, l)ons, sa-j>y6ys, yul- 
 
 pyoys. 
 
 Register s. dkar-cdy; fo. 
 Regular fsul-can. 
 Reign s. ryyal-srid. 
 Reinforcements dmag-fsogs snon-ma. 
 
 ^y 
 
 Release s. blud-pa, far-clu jug-pa. 
 Relic rin-bsrel 529. 
 Religion cos, cos-lugs. 
 Religious cos-kyi; cos-la dya-b<t; l,'r<'l-i-(in 
 
 Religiously, to live cos by<>(/-/nr. 
 
 Reluctantly nam-suys Sch. 
 
 Rely rten-pa. 
 
 Remain jiug-pa, bzugs-pa, lus-pa. 
 
 Remainder lus-ma, Ihay-tna. 
 
 Remains (dead body) ro. 
 
 Remedy s. ynyen, rdzas, yso-byd. 
 
 Remember dgons-pa, dran-pa, r)es-su 
 dran-pa\ yid-la byed-pa\ nes-pa 128. 
 
 Remind yid skul-ba. 
 
 Remove vb. O yrol-ba, sgrol-ba\ Jbyin-pa, 
 sbyon-ba. 
 
 Rend y cod-pa, O dral-ba, yseg-pa, hral-ba. 
 
 Renounce spon-ba. 
 
 Renown grays-pa, snyan-pa. 
 
 Renowned grags-pa-can, grags-can, sgra- 
 ce. 
 
 Rent adj. cad-po; to be O yas-pa. 
 
 Rent s. (fissure) ral; (house-rent) Kaii-gla. 
 
 Repair vb. a. yso-ba. 
 
 Repay jal-ba, ysob-pa. 
 
 Repeat skyor-ba, sgre-ba, stud-pa, Idab-pa. 
 
 Repent O gyod-pa. 
 
 Repentance ayod-pa. 
 
 Repertory fob-yiy. 
 
 Reply s. "ifa-ldn, Ian; vb. Ian (Ms-y/, 
 
 glon-pa. 
 Report s. (of a gun) s^rww; (rumour) *( 
 
 lo*W. 
 
 Representative s fsab-po. 
 Reprimand s. bka-bkyon. 
 Reproach vb. a. co L </r/-/></. timid 
 
 smad-ra yton-ba. 
 
 Reproach s. bryyad-Kdy; smad-pa. 
 Reproduce skyed-pa. 
 Reproof smad-pa. 
 Repulse vb. zlog-pa. 
 Reputation grays-pa. 
 Request s. zu-ba, ysol-lm ; \l> :n-ba. 
 Require bzed-pa 484 
 Requisite s. cos 15G; requisites 
 
 rdzas 468.
 
 654 
 
 Requital Roll 
 
 Requital Ka-ldn; Jbras-bu. 
 
 Rescue vb. a. sgrol-ba, skyob-pa, skyabs 
 byed-pa, far-bar byed-pa. 
 
 Resentment Icon-pa. 
 
 Reserved adj. gya-ma-gyu 73. 
 
 Reside bzugs-pa. 
 
 Residence /cab, rgyal-sa; yzi-ma. 
 
 Residue ro. 
 
 Residuum fsigs-ma. 
 
 Resign Ko- fag y cod-pa . 
 
 Resin fan-cu. 
 
 Resist rgol-ba. 
 
 Resolute lo-na fun-se W. 
 
 Resolve vb.n. (decide) bgro-ba, fag-ycod- 
 pa. 
 
 Resound Jtrol-ba. 
 
 Respect s. bkur-ba, bkur-sti; sku-rim, gus- 
 pa; pu-dud, sri-zu; to pay one's respects 
 rje-sa or ze-sa byed-pa; best respects! zu 
 W. 476; in every mam-pa kun-tu; with 
 
 to la 540. 
 
 Respect vb. a. rtsis byed-pa. 
 
 Respectable btsun-pa. 
 
 Respectful gus-pa. 
 
 Respiration dbugs. 
 
 Respire dbugs r nub-pa dan Jbyin-pa. 
 
 Responsibility Kag. 
 
 Rest s. (remainder) mfa, lus-ma, Ihag-ma. 
 
 Rest s. (repose) .sti-ba; vb. sti-ba; -nal yso- 
 ba 127. 
 
 Resting-place lam-stegs. 
 
 Restless O dug mi fsugs-pa 459. 
 
 Restore yso-ba. 
 
 Restrain O dul-ba; )un-pa; to be restrain- 
 ed dog-par O gyur-ba. 
 
 Restrict vb. *skar-tdg tan-ce* W. 
 
 Retain skyil-ba, ^egs-pa 94, sayon-ba 119. 
 
 Retaliation rnam(-par) smin(-pd)- Ian 
 543. 
 
 Retinue Jcoi', Jcor-yyog, Jcor- dab\ zabs- 
 pyi, slas. 
 
 Retribution bras-bu4QQ, la-yogs 541; ^aw; 
 doctrine of bgo-sMl 89. 
 
 Return vb. a. Ian byed-pa, Ian ojal-ba; to 
 
 an answer glon-pa', vb.n. O kar-ba, log- 
 pa, fyir ^ro-ba. 
 
 Revenge s. dugs, Ian; to take *dug* or 
 *lan kor-ce* W. 
 
 Revere mos-pa. 
 
 Reverence sku-rim, gus-pa, bsnyen-bkur, 
 bag-yod(-pa), ze-sa. 
 
 Reverend (title) rje-btsun, btsun-pa, dbu- 
 rje. 
 
 Reverse s (side opposite) rgyab-Ugs; (con- 
 trary) zlas-pye-ba; bzlog, go-ldog, go-log. 
 
 Revile vb. a. smad-pa, yse-ba. 
 
 Revise vb. a. sgyur-ba, Ita-ba. 
 
 Revision zal-ta 473. 
 
 Revolt vb. gyab-log byed-pa, no-log byed- 
 pa. 
 
 Revolver *ran-bar dug-rag* W. 523. 
 Reward s. n'tan-pa, sug; vb. rnan-pa. 
 Rheumatism grum-bu, grum-ndd; yrum- 
 
 pa W., *zer-ne'* C. 
 Rhododendron ba-lu, da-li. 
 Rhubarb cu-cu, la-cu. 
 Rhyming adj. zun-lddn. 
 Rib rtsib(s)^ma. 
 Ribbon O cih-ba, leb-ma. 
 Rice Jbras; boiled Jbras-cdn; parched 
 
 O bras-yos. ^ 
 Rich adj. pyug-po; in rgyas-pa, O dzom- 
 
 po. 
 
 Riches s. dkor, nor, dbyig(s), O byor-pa. 
 Rick p'ub-rags. 
 Riddle s. (enigma) Idem-po. 
 Ride vb. (on horseback) rta-la zon-te 
 
 ^gro-ba; (in a carriage) sin-ta-la zon-te 
 
 ^gro-ba. 
 
 Riding-beast bzon-pa. 
 Right adj. (right-hand) yyas - pa; (not 
 
 wrong) dran-po, ^os-pa; all right! fsan- 
 
 grig; measure cag-fsad; to be ^rig- 
 pa, ran-pa. 
 Right s. /trims 50. 
 Righteous cos-drai'i-po. 
 Rim fcyud-mo. 
 Rind kog-pa. 
 
 Ring s. 'a-lon; dove ku-hu; worm Ke. 
 Ring vb. a. (a bell etc.) Jtrol-ba. 
 Rinse bsal-ba. 
 Ripe adj. smin-pa. 
 Rise vb.n. (to get up) Idan-ba, laii-ba, kar 
 
 or ker-lan-ba, resp. bzehs-pa; (as the sun) 
 
 Q car-ba; (in the air) O pag-pa; (to come 
 
 forth) O bur-ba } Jbyun-ba. 
 Risk s. nyen, bar- cod. 
 Risk vb.a. skyel-ba, sdo-ba, blos-ytoti-ba38o. 
 Rival s. ^ran-zla. 
 River cu, Jbab-cu, cu-klun, cu-bo, ytsan- 
 
 po 433. 
 
 Rivet s. Jbrel-mfsams. 
 Rivulet cu-pran. 
 Road lam, sul, sul-ldm, ^gro-sa; book 
 
 lam-yig. 
 
 Roam Jcor-ba, O pyo-ba, ^grim-pa, yar-ba. 
 Roar vb. n. Krog-pa, nu-ba, Idir-ba, iia-ro 
 
 sgrog-pa. 
 
 Roar, Roaring s. na-ro, nar-8kad^vr49&- 
 Roast vb. a. r/tod-pa, sreg-pa. 
 Roast- flour rtsam-pa. 
 Rob rku-ba, O prog-pa, *kog-te Kyer-ce* W. 
 Robber mi-ser. 
 Robbery corns, bcom-pa. 
 Rock s. brag; salt rdo-fsica. 
 Rock vb. n. Jcyom-pa, dpyan-ba; vb.a. 
 
 dpyan-la yton-ba 328. 
 Rod Icag, Icug-ma, dbyug-gu. 
 Roll s. aril, Kor-lo; paper soq-sgnl, sog- 
 
 ril W.
 
 Roll Save 
 
 655 
 
 Roll vb. a. sgril-ba, sgre-ba; to one's self 
 Jtri-ba, jfre-ba; vb. n. Idir-ba; the roll- 
 ing of thunder Idi-ri-rl. 
 
 Roof s. fog. 
 
 Room s. (apartment) Kan-pa, tian-bu, fcan- 
 mig, nan-miff C. W.; (space) gu, go; to 
 find v. O gro-ba, son-ba. 
 
 Root s. ba-fag W.\ rtsa-ba, rtsad. 
 
 Root up vb. a. rtsad-nas y cod-pa. 
 
 Rope sgrogs, fag pa. 
 
 Rosary O pren-ba. 
 
 Rose se-ba, yse-ba, bse-ba. 
 
 Rose-coloured dkar-rgyd. 
 
 Rot vb. n. O drul-ba, rul-ba. 
 
 Rouge skeg-fsos. 
 
 Rough gyon-po, rtsub-po, rags-pa, rtsin-ba. 
 
 Roughness iiad 126. 
 
 Round adj. kor-kor; kyir-kyir W.\ gor-mo, 
 sgor-mo; zlum-pa; ril-ba; to make 
 sgon-ba; to be made O gril-ba. 
 
 Round about adv. kun-nas, pyogs bzir. 
 
 Round s., the of transmigration Jcor- 
 ba 58. 
 
 Rouse dkrog-pa; *san skul-ce*W. 23. 
 
 Rove O grim-pa, rgyu-ba. 
 
 Row vb. skya rgyab-pa. 
 
 Row s. (series) gral, rim-pa. 
 
 Row s. (fray) O fab-mo, O dzin-mo. 
 
 Royal rgyal-poi; family rgyal-rigs; 
 residence rgyal-sa. 
 
 Rub vb. bdar-ba, O drud-pa. 
 
 Rubbish gal-ro, rdo-ro, sa-ro W. 
 Ruby pad-ma-ra-ga. 
 Rudder tieya*n$ug. 
 
 Rude Jtob; rf*i/'t-/>(t\ <ti//t-/n/. very li'a- 
 
 Rugged yfx<tii-)'txni',. rlxnl>-po. 
 Ruin vb. a. ^gud-pa,', to be ruined jig-pa. 
 Ruinous goa-po. 
 
 Ruins s., a house in fcat'i-rn/, l, : dii-gog. 
 Rule s. (regulation) /,r/w.s ~>\ ; (special di- 
 rection) spyad-mfsdms 456. 
 Rule vb. a. ^god-pa, dban sgyur-ba or byed- 
 
 pa. 
 Ruler (governor) miia-bdaa: dbah-po ; srid\ 
 
 (instrument) fig-siii. 
 
 Rumination (che wing the cud) skyiig-lddd. 
 Rumour s. qrag-pa, rtam, bsod-pa'*zer- 
 
 ke'* C.; fsvr-lo W. 
 Rump byafi-Kog. 
 Run vb. rgyug-pa, O cor-ba- to about 
 
 Kyam-pa\ to (flow) off rdol-ba; to 
 
 a race dkyu-ba. 
 Rupee dhul; kyir-mo Ld , gir-mo (>8, gor- 
 
 mo W.; Tibetan *co-tdn* C. 145. 
 Rupture cag-cdd. 
 Rush s. (reed) snyug-ma. 
 Rush vb. Krog-pa, rgyug-pa. 
 Russia rgya-ser. 
 Russian s. rgya-ser-pa. 
 Rust s. btsa, yya, Icags-yya. 
 Rut (track) mal, sul. 
 
 Sable s. bka-blon si'am W., brag-sram W. 
 
 Sack s. pad. 
 
 Sacrament dam-bca'%ti. 
 
 Sacred dag-pa. 
 
 Sacrifice vb. a. mcod-pa 166. 
 
 Sacrificial, ceremony sku-rim 22; 
 
 feast mcod-ston. 
 Saddle s. sga, rta-sga\ cloth ka-U, sga- 
 
 Ms; - girth glo W. 
 Saddle vb. a. sgabstad-pa, resp. cibs-sga 
 
 bstad-pa. 
 
 Safe adj. brtan-pa, btsan-po. 
 Saffron gur-kum; tca-ce-skyes 36- 
 Saiga-antelope rgya-ra. 
 Sail s. dar, yyor-mo. 
 Sail vb. gru-la zon-te lam-du O gro-ba; v. 
 
 also rgal-ba 103. 
 Saint grub-tob 78; skyes-bu dam -pa 31; 
 
 rnal- byor-pa 315- 
 Sake, for the ofpyir 351. 
 Sal ammoniac rgya-fsd\ fsa-tse C. 
 Salary pogs. 
 
 Salt s. fsu-a, lan-fswa; vb.a. fswa O debs-pa. 
 Saltpetre ze-fswa, so-ra. 
 
 Salutation pyag. 
 
 Salute vb.a. pyag O fsal-ba, Jwl-ba or 
 
 byed-pa. 
 Same adj. nyid; at the time ycig-car\ of 
 
 the Kind ycig-pa, ycig-ycig W.; one 
 
 and the ycig; the very de-Ko-na, de- 
 
 ka ; de ran, de-ka ran. 
 Sample bkod-pa. 
 Sanctuary m cod-ynas. 
 Sand bye-ma. 
 Sandal- tree tsan-dan. 
 Sanskrit na-ga-ri. 
 Sap s. bcud, tfu-ba. 
 Satiate ^ran-ba. 
 Satisfaction skan-yso. 
 Satisfied fsim-pa. 
 
 Satisfy vb.a. v.gra/i-baW. v. /io///-/al30. 
 Saturday. Saturn yza-spen-pa. 
 Sauce skyu-rum, spags. 
 Sausage sgyu-ma. 
 Save vb.a. (deliver) skyabs byed-pa, sh/oii- 
 
 ba, sgrol-ba, skyob-pa, O pans-pa, *ntti-fxt; 
 
 (lay up) sri-ba 581, pan-ba 340; to be d 
 
 far-ba 230.
 
 656 
 
 Saviour Set 
 
 Saviour skyabs-mgon 26; srog-skyob W. 
 
 Savour s. bro-ba. 
 
 Saw s. sog-leC., cad- or rgya-sogW.; vb. a. 
 
 ''<< i d-sog srul-ce* W. 
 Say sgo-ba, resp. mol-ba W.; smra-ba, zcr- 
 
 ba, bsad-pa, resp. ysuh-ba; bka-rtsol-ba; 
 
 he says, he said na-re 300; to nothing 
 
 of (let alone) Ita ci smos. 
 Scale s. (of a fish) krab; (of a balance) Ku- 
 
 le; (for measuring) skar-fsdd; pair of 
 
 scales sran. 
 
 Scale off vb. n. gog-pa. 
 Scar s. rmai r)es, or sul, or mal 
 Scarce adj. dkon-pa. 
 Scarf ska-rags ; of salutation Ka-btdgs 37. 
 Scatter vb. a. O grems-pa, ytor-ba; to be 
 
 scattered O for-ba. 
 
 Scene gron-Kyer, Itad-mo; v. glen-yzi. 
 Scenery sna/t-fsul. 
 Scent s. (odour) nad, dri-bsun. 
 Scholar (pupil) gnva-pa, slob -ma, slob- 
 
 bans, slob-prug, Krid-prug, mKan-bu, 
 
 rgyud-pa ; (man of letters) mkas-po. 
 School s.grwa, slob-arwd, cos-gra; boy 
 
 gnoa-pruffi house grwa-kan ; master 
 
 grwa-dpon; room bsad-grwd; table 
 
 Science rig^pa; sciences ytsug-ldg. 
 Scientific, work bstan-bcos. 
 Scissors can-pa 155, cem-tse C., gnm-tse 
 
 Sik. 
 
 Sclerotic of the eye gans. 
 Scold vb. bka-bkyon-pa, spyo-ba. 
 Scoop s. skyogs; vb. a. O cu-ba. 
 Scope ^gro-sa, spyod-yul. 
 Scorn vb. fo- fsam-pa. 
 Scrap cag-dum. 
 Scrape vb. Jbr ad-pa, O dr ad-pa. 
 Scratch vb. spar-mos Jbr ad-pa. 
 Scream vb. sgrog-pa. 
 Screaming s. skad-ndn, skad-log. 
 Screw s. ycu-ba. 
 Scripture, Holy scripture, ysun-rdb, ysun- 
 
 Scrotum rlig-bu, rlig-subs. 
 
 Scruple s. rtog-pa, rnam-rtog. 
 
 Scullion ma-y yog, fab-yyog. 
 
 Sculpture brkos-ma. 
 
 Sea rgya-mfso', captain ded-dpon', 
 
 monster cu-srin. 
 Seal s. (stamp) rgya, resp. pyag-rgyd; fe- 
 
 mo, col. fe-tse; dam-Ka, resp. pyag-ddm; 
 
 vb. a. dam-Ka brgyab-pa. 
 Sealing-wax la-ca. 
 Seam s. mfa-ma, sne-mo, fsem^-po). 
 Search vb. O fsol-ba, yzig-pa; to into sar- 
 
 or fsar-y cod-pa. 
 
 Season dus 255, *nam-da, nam-la* 304. 
 Seat s. Icri, rten, yzi-ma 480- 
 Seclusion dben-pa, dben-ynas^&. 
 
 Secrecy Ikog. 
 
 Secret s. and adj. ysaii-ba. 
 
 Secretary yig-mfi'on\ bka-dnin C. 
 
 Sect cos-lugs, lugs. 
 
 Section Icag, skabs, skor, rnam-pa, bo.ni- 
 
 po, dbye-ba; yan-lag. 
 Sedan-chair Jtyogs , Kyogs - dpi/an , peb- 
 
 dpyan C. 
 
 Sediment snyigs-pa, fsigs-ma, ro. 
 Seduce rnod-pa, slu-ba. 
 Seducer mi-dgei bses-nyen. 
 See vb. mfon-ba, resp. yzigs-pa; to be seen 
 
 snan- ba. 
 Seed s. sa-bon. 
 Seek O fsol-ba. 
 Seize ^jug-pa, O fam-pa, O fogs-pa, Q dzin-pa, 
 
 len-pa, resp. bzes-pa. 
 Seizure O dzin. 
 Select vb. O dam-pa, O byed-pa. 
 Self -ho 129, nos, nyid, bdag, ran, I myself 
 
 ned-ran 128, na-rah 522; dependant 
 
 ran-dban. 
 Selfish dnos- dzin can', to be nos O dzin- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Selfishness dnos- dzin, ran- dod. 
 Sell O fson-ba; to be sold Q gyag-pa, O grim- 
 
 paW. 
 Send skur-ba, O tcal-ba, mnag-pa, ytoit-ba, 
 
 rdzon-ba, zlog-pa; to for O gugs-pa; to 
 
 forth Jbyin-pa; to word sprin-ba. 
 Senior (elder) rgad-po. 
 Sense s. (intellectual power) blo-gros 385, 
 
 dban-po 387; (meaning) dgons-pa 87, don 
 
 258. 
 
 Sensible fsul-mfun. 
 Sentence zal-ce; to pass zal-ce ycod- 
 
 pa\ fag-cod-^pa byed-pa. 
 Sentiment bio 384; false Ita-log 217. 
 Sentinel mel-fse, bya-ra. 
 Separate vb. a. dgar-ba; vb. n. O gol-ba, 
 
 O gye-ba, O pral-ba; so-s6 byed-pa; to be 
 
 separated O bral-ba. 
 Separate adj. sgos; so-so. 
 Separation gud 69- 
 Sepulchre ban-so. 
 Series gral, gras, rim-pa. 
 Serpent sbml; demon klu 8. 
 Serrated con-con. 
 Serum cu-ser. 
 Servant yyog-po, yyog-mo; Kol-po, fcol-mo; 
 
 bran-po, bran-mo; bran-K6l; mi-lag; zabs- 
 
 f, mhag-yzug; your servant! da cen zu 
 152. 
 
 Serv e vb. zal-ta byed-pa; to up O dren-pa. 
 Service zabs-fog 472; at your 'o/l-le, 
 
 >aW. 
 
 Sesame til; oil til-mar. 
 Set vb. a. to about rtsom-pa. cos-pa: to 
 at pyo-pyo; to forth rjod-pa; to 
 in order ^god-pa, ytan-la O bebs-pa; vb. n.
 
 Settle Simultaneously 
 
 657 
 
 to (of the sun) nub-pa, skyod-pa W.', 
 
 to out (depart) cas-pa. 
 Settle vb. a., to a business go cod-pa; 
 
 vb. n. O fsugs-pa 459. 
 Settled adj. (decided) zad-pa; (at an end) 
 
 zin-pa, rdzogs-pa. 
 Settlement (colony) babs-sa. 
 Seven num. bdun; seventh bdun-pa ; seven- 
 teen bcu-bdun; seventeenth bcu-bdun-pa] 
 
 seventy bdun-cu; seventieth bdun-cu-pa. 
 Several fca-cig, ^a, mi- dra-ba. 
 Severe ynyan-pa, drag-pa. 
 Severity nad W. 
 Sew O fsem-pa. 
 Sex rten no. 4, 213. 
 Sexual rten-gyi. 
 Shackle s. Icags, Icags-sgrog. 
 Shade s. grib. 
 Shadow s. grib-ma. 
 Shake vb. a. skyod-pa, skyom-pa, sgul-ba, 
 
 sprug-pa', vb. n. c gul-ba, Icogs-pa. 
 Sham, to perform a work bcos-su byed- 
 
 pa. 
 Shame s. Krel, no-fsa, bag-yod(-pa) 364, 
 
 zabs- dren 472 ; it is a - ! Krel-ba yod W. 
 
 (*fel-wa yod*}. 
 Shamefaced no-fsa-can. 
 Shameless Jcrel-med', fio-fsa-med-pa. 
 Shape s. dbyibs, yzugs, cas, bkod-pa. 
 Share vb. bgod-pa; s. bgo-skal, skal-ba', ca, 
 
 ca-sds. 
 
 Sharer go-Kan W. 
 Sharp adj. (not blunt) rno-ba; (to the taste) 
 
 fsa-ba; ber-can. 
 
 Sharpness (of an edge) I'a IV, no. 5, 35- 
 Sharpsightedness mig-sdl W. 
 Shave Jbreg-pa, bzar-ba. 
 Shawl do-sa-ld. 
 She pron. /Jo, fcon 41, de 255. 
 Sheaf lag-kod. 
 Shears v. can-pa 155. 
 Sheath s. subs. 
 
 Shed s. (slight building) bkad-sa 12- 
 Shed vb.a. Idug-pa, blug-pa; (tears) bsil-ba. 
 Sheep lug-, flock of lug-fyu\ fold lug- 
 
 rd. 
 
 Sheet of paper gre-ga C., sog-bu ; sog-gdn W. 
 Shelf slati-Jca. 
 Shell s. (husk) kog-pa, gan-bu, lgan-bu\ 
 
 (mollusk) dun 253, O gron-bu 102; vb. a. 
 
 bgrud-pa. 
 
 Shell-lac rgya-skyegs. 
 Shelter s. skyibs; sky abs-ynds \yyam', car- 
 sky ibs. 
 
 Shepherd lug-pa. 
 Shield s. pa-li, pub. 
 Shift vb. n. O po-ba. 
 Shine vb. n. car-ba, Q fser-ba, snan-ba; s. 
 
 Shining (bright) cem-mc-ba. lcam-me-ba: 
 t Krol-Krol W. 
 
 Ship s. gru, gm-bo, yzins\ master grn- 
 Shirt s. mgo-kdr Ld. [dpon. 
 
 Shiver vb. O gul-ba. 
 Shoe s. lham\ soft ba-bu; of plaited 
 
 straw bu-la; strap Iham-sgroij. 
 Shoot s. lcug-ma', vb. n. Jci~un-ba', vb.a. 
 
 O pen-pa. 
 
 S h o o t i n g - s t a r kc-tu, skar-mdd. 
 Shore ^ram, skam-sa. 
 Short fun~ba\ in sgi'U-bas 120, mdor-na 
 
 273; cf. also zur-tsam 489. 
 Shortsighted mig-rgyait-fuh. 
 Shoulder s. dpun-pa, prag-pa', blade 
 
 Shout vb. ^grogs-pa, sgrog-pa. 
 
 Shovel s. Kyem; coal me-skyogs. 
 
 Show vb. a. ston-pa, nom-pa, sdigs-pa. 
 
 Showman Itad-mo-mkan. 
 
 Shrewd mKas-pa. 
 
 Shrine rten. 
 
 Shrink vb. n. (to be contracted) O kum-pa, 
 
 (to recoil) O dzem-pa, cum-pa. 
 Shriveled, Shrunk, /turns-pa. 
 Shudder vb yya-ba. 
 Shun spon-ba, O dzem-pa. 
 Shut vb.a. (a door) Q gegs-pa; (the eyes) 
 
 O dzum-pa; to off or out Kegs-pa- to 
 
 up skyil-ba, sgyofi-ba. 
 Shuttle don-po. 
 Shy vb. n. (of horses) O drog-pa. 
 Shy adj. O drog-can. 
 Sick nad-pa; v. also yi-ga cus 508. 
 Sickle zoi'-ba, rgya-zor. 
 Sickly nad-bu-can. 
 Side s. logs, no, nos, nogs, O dabs, rol 536, 
 
 Kud-ma; (of the body) dku, yzogs, gloy 
 
 O gram, (direction) pyogs 352. 
 Sieve Icags-fsags. 
 
 Sigh s. Kog-sugs W., sugs-ndr, wuj*-rh'i. 
 Sight If ad-mo, snan-ba, mfon-sndn. 
 Sign s. rgya, resp. pyag-rgya-, mfsan-ma, 
 
 mfsan-nyid, rgyu-mfsan; rtags] brda 297. 
 Signature rgya-rtags. 
 Signification don. 
 Signify v.yin-pablQ. 
 Sikim O bras-l)6ns. 
 Silence cem-me-ba. 
 
 Silent, to be Ka-rog-pa\ can mi sun-a- 
 ba. 
 Silk dar, gos; cloth za-^6g\ thread 
 
 gos-skud; silks gos-cn, col. go-sn. 
 Silk- worm dar-srin. 
 Silver s. dnul', in bars gag. 
 Similar O dra-ba ; * fsogs-se* W. 
 Similitude dpe. 
 Simple rk'yau-pa. 
 Simultaneously ytig-car. 
 
 42
 
 658 
 
 Sin Soldier 
 
 Sin s. sdig-pa, nyes-pa, nyon-mons-pa 
 
 skyon, sgrib-pa; heinous rme-ba 425; 
 
 deadly mfsanis-med-pa 455. 
 Since adv. (ever since) bzuns-te; conj. pas. 
 Sincere dran-po. 
 Sinew cu-ba. 
 Sinful sdig-can, skyon-can. 
 Sing glu len-pa. 
 Singed, Singeing me-yzob. 
 Single adj. (separate) ycig-ka, ycig-pu\^\ 
 
 nyag-ma,rkyah-pa\ (unmarried) /cyo-med; 
 
 cun-ma-med; combat Jerug-pa, dziti-mo. 
 Sink vb. n. rgud-pa, nub-pa. Jbyin-ba. 
 Sinner sdig-po, sgrib-pa. 
 Sir ytso-bo 434; sa-heb, col. sab 571; 'a-^o 
 
 603; dear Sir bzin-bzdu 483- 
 Sister srin-mo, meed, resp. Icam-mo; elder 
 
 'a-ce 603; younger nu-mo 305. 
 Sit sdod-pa, resp. bzugs-pa; O dug-pa, Jtod- 
 
 pa\ sitting cross-legged skyil-krun 27. 
 Site mal. 
 
 Situated, to be towards Ita-ba. 
 Situation ynas-skabs. 
 Six num. drug, sixth drug-pa\ sixteen bcu- 
 
 drug, sixteenth bcu-drug-pa', sixty drug- 
 
 cu, sixtieth drug-cu-pa. 
 Size ce-kyad, ce-cun, fsad, bon, /cyon, rgya. 
 Skeleton ken-rus. 
 
 Sketch s. bkod-pa; zur team bsdu-ba 489- 
 Skilful mKas-pa, sgrin-po, fabs-ses-pa; 
 
 fobs-can W.; skyen-pa, spyan-po. 
 Skill sgyu-rtsdl. 
 Skin s. pags-pa, ko-ba. 
 Skirt s. gos-sgab^ gos-mfa, fu-ba. 
 Skull fod-pa. 
 Sky nam-mtfa, ynam. 
 Slab span, yya-ma. 
 Slacken vb. a. glod-pa. 
 Slackened adj. Ihod-pa, Ihod-po. 
 Slander s. pra-ma, smad-sgra. 
 Slander vb. pra-ma byed-pa, or smra-ba, 
 
 or ojug-pa, resp. ysol-ba, zu-ba. 
 Slanderer pra-ma-mkan, 
 Slanting yo-ba, yon-po. 
 Slate yya-ma. 
 Slaughter s. ysod-ycod; vb.a. ysod-pa, ske 
 
 ycod-pa, resp. ^gom-pa. 
 Slave s. bran, mnag-yzug. 
 Sleep s. ynyid, resp. mnal. 
 Sleep vb. nyal-ba, ynyid-log-pa, resp. 
 
 yzim-pa. 
 
 Sleeping-room yzim-Kan. 
 Sleet s. fca-ma-cdr. 
 Sleeve pu-dun. 
 
 Slender kyan-po-, kyah-kyan rin-mo W. 
 Slide vb.n. O dred-pa. 
 Slight adj. pra-ba. 
 Slight vb. a. O gyin-ba, O gyin-bag byed-pa', 
 
 co - O dri-ba. 
 Sling s. sgu-rdo; stone rdo-yyiig. 
 
 Slip in vb. n. O fcnl-ba, O kyud-pa, O dzul-ba. 
 
 Slope s. gud, nogs. 
 
 Sloping gyin-mo W. 
 
 Slow bul-po, dal-ba; (irresolute) *lo-sna 
 
 man-ba; lo-sna rin-mo* W. 
 Slowly nan-gis, gul-gul; gu-leW.. ga-le C. 
 Slowness dal-ba, dal-bu. 
 Smack vb. lla brdab-pa; dkan-sgra Q debs- 
 
 pa W. 
 
 Small cun-ba, cun-tse W.; pra-ba. 
 Small-pox O brum-nad. 
 Smart adj. (gaily dressed) mam-^gyur- 
 
 can; yzab-mo, yzab-sprod\ mcor-po. 
 Smash y cog-pa, rdun-ba. 
 Smear skud-pa, O byug-pa. 
 Smell s. bsun; vb. a. snom-pa; vb. n. 
 
 mnam-pa. 
 
 Smile s. O dzum, vb. n. O dzum-pa. 
 Smith mc/ar-ba. 
 
 Smoke s. dud-pa; vb.a. (tobacco) O fun-ba. 
 Smooth adj. ^jam-pa. 
 Smooth vb. a. dbur-ba, ^ur-ba, ^ur-ba. 
 Smoothing-iron Icags-bsro. 
 Smuggle pag-fson byed-pa. 
 Smut s. sre-nag\ sre-mog W. 
 Snail skyogs-lto-bu', clover ^ol. 
 Snake sbrul, O bu-riti, lto- gro. 
 Snap s. (with the fingers) skad-eig 19. 
 Snare s. rnyi, snyi. 
 Snatch vb. O gog-pa. 
 Sneak vb. jab-pa. 
 Sneeze vb. sbrid-pa. 
 Snipe skyar-po, cu-skyar; tin-ti-lin Ld. 
 Snivel s. snobs. 
 Snore vb. nug-pa, snur-ba. 
 Snow s. k'a-ba, gahs; ball k'a-gon', 
 
 bridge rud-zam; fall O bab; leopard 
 
 ysa. bsa\ shoe dkyar; slip Ka-riid', 
 
 storm k'a-fsub, rlun-fsub, bu-yug. 
 Snuff s. sna- ddg W. 
 S o ces 142, de-ltar 256, O di-ltar 275, de-bzin- 
 
 du 256, de- dras 282; just de-ka-ltar 
 
 255; so as tsam 430; so that tsam-du\ so 
 
 then yan 505. 
 Soak sbon-ba. 
 
 Soap s. glan-gldd C., sa-bon W. 
 Soar Idin-ba, O pyo-ba. 
 Sobs, nud-mo. 
 So cage jn-lag 499. 
 Society, human fsogs 451. 
 Socket of the eye mig-Kun. 
 Sod skan-sa. 
 Soda bul. 
 
 Soft ^am-pa, mnyen-pa, snyi-ba, O bol-po. 
 Softly ga-le C., gu-le W. 
 Soil s. sa-yzi. 
 Soil vb. bsgo-ba. 
 Solder k'ro-cus sdom-pa; *kar-ya dan zar- 
 
 ce*W. 
 Soldier dmag-mi.
 
 Sole Spring up 
 
 659 
 
 Sole of the foot rkan-mfil. 
 
 Sole adj. ycig, j'cig-pu 144. 
 
 Solely Ko-na, Jba-zig. 
 
 Solid adj. (not hollow) kon-gan, gar-bu, 
 
 pu-ri -ined-Kan W.; (not liquid) rens-pa; 
 
 (firm) m/crari, O cag-can W., sra-ba. 
 Solitary adj. dben-pa; place dgon-pa. 
 Solitude dben-pa, Jbrog, gud. 
 Some Ka-cig, ga-cen, ga-sas, gan-zig, ^ga, 
 
 res- c ga; ci yton W., cig, cun-zig; ca-lam; 
 
 re-zig; la-Id. 
 
 Somebody, some one, ycig, ycig-cig. 
 Somerset ma-ldg. 
 Something ci ziy; ci-yton W. 
 Somnambulism ynyid-rdol. 
 Son bu, bu-po, bu-fsa W., resp. s; f s; in- 
 
 law mag-pa; of man mii bu, mii-sras. 
 Song glu, mgur, dbyans. 
 Sonorous sgra-can, sgra-ldan. 
 Soon sna, mgyogs-pa', myur-du; as as 
 
 ma- Had , ma fag-tu 227, tsam-gyis 431; 
 
 sooner or later sna-pyi. 
 Soot dreg-pa, sre-ndg. 
 Soothe zi-bar byed-pa. 
 Soothsayer ca-mKan, rtsis-pa, mfsan- 
 
 mk'an. 
 
 Sorcerer O gon-po, 5a-po; sorceress O ba-mo. 
 Sorcery rnam-prul, pra-men; to practise 
 
 spi"ul-ba, rol-ba. 
 Sorrel adj. tfam-pa. 
 Sorrow s. Koii-Jli'ugs, col. *Kog-fiig*. 
 Sorrowful mi dga-ba. 
 Sorry kon-du cud-pa, mi dga-ba, bio mi 
 
 bde-ba, sems skyo-mo. 
 Sort s. Ky ad-par, sna, rigs; of what ci 
 
 Ita-bu. 
 Soul nyams, resp. fugs-nydms, dgons-pa; 
 
 rgyud; rnam-ses, sems. 
 Sound s s&ad, Krol; sgra, sgra-skdd. 
 Sound vb.n. Rrol-ba, Q grags-pa; vb.a. sgra 
 Sound adj. rem-pa, bde-ba. \sgrog-pa. 
 Soup fug-pa. 
 Sour adj. skyur-ba, skyur-po C., skyur-mo 
 
 Source cu-mig, cu-mgo; Kuns, O go-ma. 
 
 South Iho. 
 
 Sovereign s. dban-po. 
 
 Sow s. pag-mo\ thistle Kal-pa. 
 
 Sow vb. a. sa-bon O debs-pa. 
 
 Space gu, go. 
 
 Spade lcags-tfyem. 
 
 Span s. mfo. 
 
 Spare vb. pan-ba. 
 
 Spark me-ltdg, me-fsdg. 
 
 Sparkle Jcol-ba W., sag-sag zer-ba C. 
 
 Sparrow bya-po skya-bo W.; hawk Afm, 
 
 mcil-Vra. 
 
 Spasm rtsa-cus OT- dus; O cin-ba C. 
 Spawn s. sgo-rta, sgon. 
 
 Speak smra-ba, resp. bka-stsol-ba; mol-ba 
 
 W.; lab-pa, resp. ysun-ba, zer-ba. 
 Spear s. mJtt/'t. 
 Specimen v. pud^M. 
 Speck rmc-ba, sme-ba. 
 Spectacles sd-mig; snow *mig-dd*. 
 Spectator Itad-mo-pa. 
 Speech skad, nag, ytam, fsig, brjod, resp. 
 
 bka, resp. ysun ; dpe-sgra W. 
 Speed, good -! *fam-pa co* W. 
 Speedily myur-du, nye-bar. 
 Speedy mgyogs-pa, mgyogs-rins W. ; myur- 
 
 ba, rins-pa. 
 
 Spell s. yzuns, yzuns-snags. 
 Spend skyag-pa, cud yzon-pa; to be spout 
 
 ca-ba, O gro-ba, O gyag-pa, O tsar-ba, O dzad- 
 ^pa. 
 Sphere dkyU'-Jfor n; gron 79, nan 126; 
 
 of activity spyod-yul. 
 Spice sdw, spod; fsan-te W. 
 Spider fags-gra- bu, Jbag-rdg. 
 Spin O kal-ba, Kel-ba. 
 Spindle pan. 
 Spirit sems, sems-nyid; kun-yzi 4; evil 
 
 ydon 267, ^on-po 95. 
 Spirited hur-po. 
 
 Spit vb. fu gyab-ce W., fo-le O debs-pa W. 
 Spittle mcil-ma, resp. zal-cab. 
 Spleen (milt) mcer-pa. 
 Splendid ^od-can, grags-can. 
 Splendour rnam-pa, diiom-pa, rnom- 
 
 brjid, br)id, dpal, oyin, zil,yzi, yzi-l>rji<l. 
 Splint (for a broken liuib) cag-sin. 
 Splinter s. fsal-pa, sin-fsal; sin-zel W. 
 Split vb. a. O ges-pa, y cog-pa, ysog-pa, ceg- 
 
 pa; vb. n. ^gas-pa. 
 
 Spoil vb. a. (plunder) ^oms-pa; ycil-ba. 
 Spoiled (corrupted) Icag-po; to be san- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Spoke rtsib-ma. 
 Sponge s. cu-Jcur. 
 Spontaneously ran, ran-bzin-gyis, sugs- 
 
 kyis, rgyu med-du 110. 
 Spoon fur-ma', tip of a fur-mgo. 
 Spoon-bill skyar-Ub. 
 Sport vb.n. (frolic) rtse-ba. 
 Sportsman Kyi- ra-ba. 
 Spot s. (locality) go-, (stain) grib; (mark) 
 
 fig-le. 
 
 Spouse (wife) cun-ma, btsun-mo, Kab. 
 Spout s. iva-mcu. 
 Sprain vb.a. fsigs bud-pa or O bog-pa ; to 
 
 be sprained Ki*ul-ba. 
 Spread vb. a. rkyon-ba, ^gebs-pa, Keb-pa, 
 
 ycal-ba, rdal-ba, spei-ba, O dii'i-ba, Jjre-ba, 
 
 ^grems-pa; vb.n. meed-pa, ^ye-ba, rgyas- 
 
 pa, dar-ba, ldaii-l><i. 
 Sprightly yca?i-po. 
 Spring up vb.n. cogs-pa 153.
 
 660 
 
 Spring Strewing-oblation 
 
 Spring s. (fountain) cu-mig, Uron-pa; 
 
 (season) dpyid. 
 
 Sprinkle O grems-pa, cag-cag byed-pa. 
 Sprout s. sbdl-mig, myu-gu, myug. 
 Sprout vb.n. skye-ba, Jh'un-ba, rdol-ba. 
 Spunk spra-ba; tsa Ld. 
 Spur s. (of horsemen) rtin-lcags; mountain 
 
 sgan. 
 Spy s. lta-nyul-pa, mel-tse; glass dur- 
 
 bin, sel-mig. 
 Spy vb. so -byed-pa; to out (another's 
 
 faults) O fsan bru-ba. 
 Squander yzan-pa. 
 Square s. Ka-gdn; adj. Ka-gan-ba, Ka- 
 
 gan-ma. 
 
 Squash vb. glem-pa. 
 Squat vb. tsog-pur sdod-pa 432. 
 Squeeze vb. glem-pa, bcer-ba. 
 Squire v. ga-gd. 
 Stack s. pub-rags. 
 Staff mttar-ba, Q tfar-ba, ber-ka. 
 Stag sa-ba 556. 
 Stage (of a journey) Jbran-sa. 
 Stain vb. (sully) bsgo-ba; stained nyams- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Staircase f em-pa, rgya-skds ; gya-srds W. 
 Stairs fem-pa; up ya-fog, down ma- 
 
 , % 
 Stake s. (in the ground) rtod-pa; (in a 
 
 wager) rgyal-rgyan. 
 Stalk s. rkan, sdoii-po, ba-fag, rtsa-ba, 
 
 sog-ma. 
 
 Stallion yseb. 
 
 Stammerer Ka-ldig-mKan W. 
 Stamp s. rgya, resp. pyag-rgyd. 
 Stamp vb. /,rab-pa 61- 
 Stanch vb. (the flowing blood) sdom-pa. 
 Stand vb.a, (bear) bzod pa 498; to be able 
 
 to fub-pa, feg-pa\ vb. n gren-ba, lans- 
 
 te sdod-pa.' 
 Stand s. stegs 221. 
 
 Star skar-ma; shooting - skar-mdd. 
 Start vb. (set out) rgyug-pa; (from alarm) 
 
 O drog-pa. 
 
 State s. (condition) ynas-skabs, ynas-fsul. 
 Stately ^od-can. 
 Statue sku, rdo-sku. 
 Stature sgo-po, sgo-bo. 
 Stay vb. n. O dug-pa, sdod-pa, ynas-pa, 
 
 bzugs-pa. 
 
 Steadfast brtan-po. 
 Steady O fsuys-pa . 
 Steal vb. a rku-ba, ma-sbyin-par len-pa; 
 
 vb. n. (slip) O jab-pa, nyul-ba, O dzul-ba. 
 Stealth, by - sbas-te W. 
 Steam rlans-pa. 
 Steel *cag-zdn*, po-ldd. 
 Steelyard rgya-ma, nya-ga; pur, spor, 
 
 spo-re, sran. 
 Steep adj. ytsan-ytson, yzar-ba. 
 
 Steer vb. a. K'a-lo sgyur-ba. 
 
 Stench dri nan-pa, dri na-ba, dri-mnam. 
 
 Step s. gom-pa, rdog-pa; of a ladder 
 
 sral-dan 21; vb.n. bgom-pa, gom-pa Jbor- 
 
 ba, O grul-ba, Q cag-pa. 
 
 Stepfather pa-yydr ; step mother ma-gydr. 
 Stick s. ber-ka, dbyug-pa. 
 Stick vb.n. Kad-pa, O byor-ba; vb. a. sbyor- 
 
 ba, O dzugs-pa. 
 Sticky rtsi-can. 
 Stiff rens-pa; to be ren-ba. 
 Still adj. (quiet) dal-ba, mi yyo-bar; (si- 
 lent) v. Ka rog-pa. 
 Still adv. da-run, yan. 
 Sting s. mduh; vb. a. J)ig(s)-pa, Q dzug-pa 
 
 466- 
 
 Stingy lag-dam-po, fsags- dod-can. 
 Stink vb. mnam-pa. 
 Stir vb.a. dkrug-pa, srub-pa; to up 
 
 rnyog-pa, spmg-pa. 
 Stirrup yob, ^ob. 
 Stitch vb. sbrel-ba. 
 Stocking rkan-siibs, resp. zabs-siibs. 
 Stomach grod-pa, po-ba. 
 Stone s. rdo; of fruits rus-pa; vb. a. 
 
 rdo-i-ub-la btah-ce W. 
 Stool stegs 221. 
 Stoop vb. mgo dgu-ba, mgo dgur-ba or 
 
 
 
 Stop vb.a. sub-pa, O gegs-pa; vb. n. O gag- 
 pa, sdod-pa. 
 
 Stopple, stopper Ka- dig. 
 
 Store s. mdzod', room mdzod-Kan, ban- 
 ba, ban-fcan, f son- lean. 
 
 Storm s. f sub-ma, rluii cen-po, drag-po. 
 
 Story s. (floor) fog; (tale) ynas-fsul, lo- 
 
 ^ rgyus. 
 
 Stout adj.sbom-pa, rom-po; (of cloth) f sags- 
 dam; to grow brta-ba. 
 
 Stove fab, me- fob. 
 
 S t r a i g h t adj . draii-po, grons-po, bsrans-pa. 
 
 Straighten sron-ba. 
 
 Strain vb. a. (filter) O fsag-pa. 
 
 Strainer cu-fsags. 
 
 Straits sa-bdr, mfso-lag - breL 
 
 Stranger pyi-mi, byes-pa. 
 
 Strangle ske bsdam-ste ysod-pa. 
 
 Strangury ycin- gdg. 
 
 Strap s. ko-fdg, sgrog-gu, rog-bu W., lun. 
 
 Stratagem dku-lto. 
 
 Straw sog-ma, pub-ma. 
 
 Strawberry dpal-byor W. 
 
 Stray v. yan-pa 506. 
 
 Street rgya-srdn, lam-srdn. 
 
 Strength nyams-stobs, stobs-po; sed; of 
 spirits etc. ber. 
 
 Strengthen sed cug-ce W. 
 
 Stretch vb. rkyon-ba, srin-ba. 
 
 Strew ytor-ba, O din-ba. 
 
 Strewing-oblation ytor-ma 210.
 
 Strict Syria 
 
 661 
 
 Strict dam-po. 
 
 Stride vb. bgom-pa. 
 
 Strike vb. O pog-pa, rgyab-pa, rdun-ba, 
 
 rdeg-pa. 
 String s. rgyud, syroy, O ci/t-b(t< c }>rcn-ba, 
 
 fa-(/u. 
 
 Strip vb. m-ba, yos O bud-j></. 
 Strive for vb. snycys-})a, ^gran-pa, brtson- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Stroke s. Icay, O pras-pa. 
 Stroke vb. byil-ba, O byuy-pa. 
 Strong gar-ba, drays-po, btsan-po, rem-pa 
 
 535, sed-can. 
 Structure bkod-pa. 
 Stubborn myo-Kreys-pa. 
 Student slib-ynyer. 
 Studious brtson- Q gnis-can. 
 Study s. O bad-pa. 
 Stuff s. (cloth) ras. 
 Stuff vb. a fxaH-bii. 
 Stunned kul-kol. 
 
 Stupid glen-pa, blun-pa, blo-gros-med. 
 Style s. bzo, zo-sta W. 497. 
 Subdue g^oms-pa. 
 Subject s. skor, glen-yzi, mna-zdbs, bran, 
 
 O baiis. 
 
 Subject vb.a. joms-pa, ^og-tu Jug-pa 501. 
 Subsequent pyi-ma. 
 Subside zi-ba. 
 Subsidy O fud-ma. 
 Subsistence O fso-fabs. 
 Substance diios-po, rdzas 468- 
 Substantive dii os-min . 
 Substitute s. fsab. 
 Subtract O dor-ba, sbyon-ba, O bud-pa. 
 Succession fs?r, rabs 525, rim-pa 530. 
 Such di- dra-ba 282, de-lta-bu 256. 
 
 Suck 
 
 jibs-pa, 
 
 Jun-ba. 
 
 Suckling baby zo- funs. 
 
 Suddenly ylo-bur, ylo bur-du : har(-gyis) ; 
 
 yan-med-la W. 
 Suet grod-fsil, Jcon-fsil. 
 Suffer vb.a. myon - ba , bzod - pa ; vb. n. 
 
 mitar-ba, yzir-ba. 
 
 Suffice J<-yed-pa, ldan-ba\ cog-pa. 
 Sugar ka-ra, /, : a-ra" raw - bu-rdm; -- 
 
 cane O dam-bur W. 
 Suit s., a complete - of clothes mgo-lus 
 
 ca tsd/'t. 
 Suitable, to be < on-Z502, ^s-pa, run- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Suitor O dod-mffan. 
 Sully bsf/o-ba. 
 S u 1 p h u r mu-zi. 
 Sum s. brtsis-zin; vb. to - up sgril-ba, 
 
 sdom-pa, sre-ba. 
 Summary s . sdom. 
 Summer dbyar. 
 Summit mgo, spo, rtse(-mo~). 
 Summon vb.a. O gugs-pa. 
 
 Sun nyi-ma\ beam nyi-yzet", dial /////- 
 
 tsod. 
 
 Sunday yza-nyi-ma. 
 Superficies wos, />/, y<l<>/',. 
 Superintend zal-ta l>i/<(l-j>a. 
 Superintendence do-</d//>. 
 Superior adj. Ihjad, yon-ma, rgyal-ba, bla, 
 
 rab ; s. goii-ma, bla-ma. 
 Supernumerary adj. O feb. 
 Supine adj. gan-kydl. 
 Supper dyoiis-zas', Lord's ysol-ras 592. 
 Supple mny en-pa. 
 
 Supplement /'//-*/.;//, >j ( m-l<i<i. Ilian-fdbs. 
 Supply vb. sgrub-pa. 
 Support vb. skyoii-ba, O degs-pa, O d: ''/>-/<>: 
 
 s. rten-pa, ryyab-rten. 
 Supposition vzs\>.bsam-pa,snan-b<i. A;,,/- 
 
 pa, bzed-fsul. 
 
 Suppress non-pa, joms-pa, snub-pa, sub- 
 ^ P a -> o9 e d s -p a v 
 Sure yor-ina-ccig, eleg. gvr-mu-bl'lnn 7:;; 
 
 btsan-po 434; to be sure! *ti<i. ////. df-hn 
 ^ yod* 255. 
 
 Surely ties-par, nan-cays 303. 
 Surety brtan-pa, ydeii-fsad. 
 Surface Afa, nos, logs, Jtod, ydon-pa. 
 Surpass O da-ba. 
 Surround skor-ba. 
 Suspend dpyaii-ba, spyan-ba 328. 
 Swaddling-cloth cu-stdn W. 
 Swallow s. flug-ta. 
 Swallow vb. mid-pa, tyur-m$d-pa. 
 Swamp s. gram-pa. 
 Swan bzad, bzad-pa; nait-pai ryi/al-po. 
 Swear bro O fsal-oa, dmod-mo O bor-ba 423. 
 Sweat s. ritul. 
 Sweep vb. pyay bdar-ba', to together 
 
 sdud-pa. 
 
 Sweepings pyctff-ddr. 
 Sweet ditar-ba; scented zim-po. 
 Sweet-heart O dod-grogs, mig-grogs, iml;u- 
 
 grogs, bzan-grogs. 
 Sweet-meats zi)n-:> , ;////-;//// ( .. :////-:</</ 
 
 W. 
 
 Swell vb. n. skran-ba, bo-/>,>. 
 Swifl adj. skyen-pa, mym--l>n. // >s-pa. 
 Swim rkyal-ba, O pyo-ba. 
 Swine pag. 
 
 Swing vb. a. dbyuy-pa, y yob-pa. 
 Switch s. Icag. 
 Swoon vb. n. brgyal-ba. 
 Sword ral-gri. 
 
 Syllable sgra 119, fseg-bar 450. 
 Symbol rtcn 213. 
 Symmetry dpe-byad, by ad. 
 Symptom mfsan(-ma), rtags. 
 Synonym ikad-dddftfo. 
 Syphilis i><i-r<'n'i, r,<i-dug. 
 Syria mm-iaon. 
 Syringe /////.
 
 662 
 
 Tabernacle Thirst 
 
 Tabernacle yur-mcoy 69. 
 
 T able Icog-tse 150, resp. ysol-lcog 592; ysol- 
 
 stegs; European rgya-lcog. 
 Tablet, bearing an inscription byait-bu, 
 
 byan-ma. 
 
 Taciturn smra-nyun. 
 Tail rna-ma, mjug-ma. 
 Tailor fsem-pa. 
 Take vb. a. len-pa, O fogs-pa, O dzin-pa, resp. 
 
 bzes-pa; *nam-ce* W ; to for O dzin-pa 
 
 465, sems-pa; to off Jbud-pa, su-ba; to 
 
 out O gog-pa, O don-pa, Jbyin-pa\ take 
 
 away! Kur son C., Fur Kyer \V. 
 Tale lo-rgyus, sgmn(s). 
 Talent bio, rig-pa, yon-tan, ses-rab. 
 Talk s. ytam, ^.ur; vb. smra-ba, lab -pa, 
 
 glen-ba, Jbar-ba, JULT yton-ba. 
 Talkative smra- dod, ryya-lab-can. 
 Tall col. sgo-po riii-mo, kyan-kyaii riit-mo, 
 
 Jo/i-^jon. 
 
 Tallow -candle tsil-sdon. 
 Tamarisk ^.om-bu. 
 Tame adj. dul-ba, O dris-pa, yyun-ba; vb.a. 
 
 O dul-ba, ful-ba. 
 Tan vb a. mnyed-pa. 
 Tanner ko-ba mnyed-m/can C. 
 Tardy bul-po. 
 Target O ben. 
 Tarry vb. c gor-ba. 
 Tartar (incrusting the teeth) so-dreg. 
 Task s. Kag; rgyugs W. 
 Taste s. (savour) bro-ba, ro; vb. a. myon- 
 
 ba; vb. n. bro-ba. 
 Tattered cad-po. 
 Tavern can-lean 
 Tax s. Krai, dpya; Jbab Sp ; vb.a. (appraise) 
 
 , resp. ysol-)d; pot tib-ril, resp. 
 
 ysol-tib', party ja-mgron. 
 Teach vb. ston-pa, slob-pa. 
 Teacher ston-pa, slob-pa, slob-dpon; rayud- 
 ^pa. 
 
 Team of bullocks glan-dor. 
 Tear s. mci-ma] to shed tears mci-ma 
 
 blag-pa. 
 Tear vb.a. yseg-pa\ to out O pyid-pa, 
 
 O byin-pa\ to to pieces Q dral-ba, hral-ba. 
 Tease yob-non co-ce W. 
 Tedder vb. btod-pa-, s. btod-fdg. 
 Tell O cad-pa, snyod-pa, smra-ba, zer-ba, 
 
 zlo-ba, zlos-pa. 
 Temperate fsod ses-pa. 
 Temperature grah-dro. 
 Tempest rlun cen-po or drag-po, rlun- 
 
 dmdt\ yul-ndn. 
 Temple mcod-Kan. 
 Temporal fse O dii; life ynas-skabs. 
 
 Tempt nyams sad-pa, fsod ^dzin-pa. 
 Ten num. bi-u, cig bcu; - thousand /r/; 
 
 tenth bcu-pa. 
 
 Tenant Kah-pa yyar-mKan. 
 Tend vb. a. skyon-ba. 
 Tender adj. snyi-ba, jam-pa; byams-pa. 
 Tendon nya-cu. 
 Tenet cos. 
 
 Tent gur, resp. bzugs-gur. 
 Term s. (limited time) cad-so. 
 Terminate vb. n. zin-pa- vb. a. O fsar-bar 
 Termination mfa 239. \byed-pa. 
 
 T e r r a c e stcii-ka, sten-tse. 
 Terrify O jigs-pa, jigs-skrag O don-pa C.\ 
 
 *)ig-ri skul-ce* W.; tobe terrified skrag-pa. 
 Test vb. a. nyams sad-pa; fsod Ita-ba 216. 
 Testament bka-cems, K'a-cems. 
 Testicle rlig-pa, resp. ysan-rlig, euphem. 
 
 O bras-bu. 
 
 Testimony ce-bzi; v. dpait(-po) 326. 
 Texture fags. 
 
 Than las 546, pas, sari. W. 571. 
 Thank vb. ytan-rdg byed-pa or Jbul-ba. 
 Thanks s. ytan-rdg, legs -y sol; many! 
 
 bka-drin-ce, no-mfsar-ce 456; zu W. 
 That pron. de 255; so-ci-ltar 218. 
 The def. art. v. de 255. 
 Theatre Itad-mo Ita-bai sa } Itad-mo-fcan. 
 Theft rkun-ma. 
 Theme sknr. 
 Then de-tsa-na, der 256. 
 Theory Ita-ba II, no. 3, 217- 
 There de-na, de-ru<256, pa-gir 338. 
 Therefore de-bas-na, des-na, des 256. 
 Therein nan-na. 
 They tfo-pa; fco-wa W.; Ico-fso, tfo-cay <'.: 
 
 de-dag, de-rnams. 
 Thick O fug-pa, stugs-po, sbom-pa, rom-po; 
 
 (of fluids) ska-ba, rnyog-pa. 
 Thicket fsan-fsin 444. 
 Thickness srab-Jug 244. 
 Thief rkun-ma. 
 Thimble lcun-mo. mdzub-rten. 
 Thin &dj. jjra-ba, zim-bu, sins-poW.; srab- 
 
 pa, sla-ba, sla-mo. 
 Thing dnos-po, ca, ca-bydd, cos, rdzas; 
 
 things (goods) ca, ca-lag. 
 Think (suppose) snyam-pa; (meditate) 
 
 sem(s}-pa; bsam-mno byed-pa or ytoii-lm. 
 
 resp. dgons-pa\ to of dran-pa 261, 
 
 dgons-pa. 
 Third num. sum -pa; thirteen bcu-sum; 
 
 thirteenth bcu-sum-pa\ thirty sum-cu\ 
 
 thirtieth sum-cu-pa; a third, third part 
 
 sum-ca, sum-yar. 
 Thirst s. skom, skom-pa, skom-ddd; vb. 
 
 skom-pa.
 
 This Transform 
 
 663 
 
 This O cfr 275. 
 
 Thither de-ru, der 256; p'yogs der 352. 
 
 Thong ko-fdg. 
 
 Thorn fser-ma. 
 
 Thoroughly Kyon-nas. 
 
 Thou Kyed, li'yod, resp. nyid. 
 
 Though v. kyi 6. 
 
 Tho ught bsam-pa, resp. dgons-pa, snyarn- 
 
 ^ pa, snan-ba, dmigs-pa, Jcar-sgo, ny'ams. 
 
 Thousand num. stoh; ten tin, Kri-kroi/, 
 
 Kri-fso; hundred O bum, O bum-fso. 
 Thrash vb. yyul-Ka ycog-pa, yyur byed-pa 
 
 skud; snal- 
 
 C.,*Ko-yu skor-ce* 
 Thread s. skud-pa, 
 
 319, nyag-fdg 185. 
 Threaten gam-pa W. 
 Three num. ysum, sum. 
 Threshold t em-pa, sgo-fem. 
 T h ri ft y pan-sems-can. 
 Throat mgul, resp. mgur, Ikog-ma, ske, 
 
 gre-ba, mgrin-pa, 'o-le W. ; sore - mgul- 
 
 nad. 
 
 Throb vb. Q par-ba. 
 Throne s. rgyal-sa, Km, sen-ge-Kri. 
 Through Ita-ti, Iten 217; pyir 351- 
 Throughout fog-fag 237. 
 Throw vb. a. rgyab-pa, rgyag-pa, skyur- 
 
 ba, ytor-ba, j>en-pa, dbyug-pa; Q bor-ba C.\ 
 
 to down O bud-pa, Jbebs-pa; to off 
 
 spon-ba. 
 
 Thumb s. fe-bo, mfe-bo. 
 Thunder s. Jbrug, Jbrug-skdd, Jbrug-sgrd. 
 Thunderbolt fog, Ice, rdo-rje, ynam-lcags. 
 Thursday yza-pur-bu. 
 Thus de-ltar, O di-ltar, de-bzin-du, de- dras 
 
 C., de-tsug W. 
 
 Thwart (frustrate) sgyel-ba. 
 Tiara cod-pan. 
 Tibet bod. 
 Tibetan m. bod-pa, f. bod-mo; language 
 
 bod-skad; printing-characters dbu-can 
 
 388; current handwriting dbu-med. 
 Tick s. lug-sig. 
 
 Tickle vb. *ki-tsi kug-ce* W.; gug-pa W. 
 Tide s. dus-rldbs. 
 Tidings prin ; glad ytam-snydn ; (gospel) 
 
 pnn bzan-po. 
 
 Tie s. O cin-ba, vb. a. O cin-ba, Jcyig-pa. 
 Tiger stag. 
 Tight dam-po, fan-po. 
 Till, until bar-du 366, fug C.; fsug-paW. 
 Till vb. a. O dul-ba. 
 Time s. dus, fse, skabs; (while) yun\ time, 
 
 times lan\ one , once lan-ycig', ten 
 
 lan-bcu; point of , proper for bsgan 
 
 124. 
 Timid jigs-pa, jigs-mK'an, O jigs-pa-ban\ 
 
 sems-cun-ba. 
 Tin s. za-nye dkar-po, za-dkdr, dkar-ya; 
 
 - plate ta-li W. 
 
 Tinder-box Icugs-m ag. 
 
 Tire vb. a. nal Jug^pa. 
 
 Tired dub-pa; to be t/t//>-jxr. xkyo- 
 
 Tithe s. cu-/, : dy W. 
 
 Title s. mfsan; (claim) fob-srol. 
 
 To prep, mdun 273, Jni/t-dti, r<-sp. 
 
 drun-du -_>i;;;. /-/.sv//- I:;T, gan-du 66. 
 Tobacco fa-ma-tfa; pipe gaii-zdg, zal- 
 
 zdg. 
 
 To-day de-rin C., O di-rih W. 
 Toe rkan-sot", sor-mo; the big //<///-/</ 
 
 mfe-bo. 
 Together ycig-tu, lhan-cig-tu; -with 
 
 bcas-pa, mnyam-du. 
 Token mfsan-ma. 
 
 Tola (Indian half ounce) ditul, col. mul. 
 Toll s. so-gam. 
 Tomb dur, bail- so. 
 Tongs rkam-pa. 
 Tongue Ice, resp. Ijags. 
 Too adv. (too much) ha-caii; conj. (also) 
 
 , y aA - v 
 
 Tool cos; tools yo-bydd, lag-ca. 
 
 Tooth so, resp. fsems\ ache so-zug; 
 
 brush so-zed; pick fsems-sit'i, .s-o-.s///. 
 Top s. rtse(-mo). 
 
 Topography ynas-bsdd, yul-bsdd. 
 Torch gal-me, sgron-ma. 
 Torment vb.a. O fsc-ba; sdug-bshal or ynag 
 
 ston-pa W. 
 
 Torn adj. ral-ba, cad-po. 
 Tortoise rus-sbal. 
 Torture vb. a. mi-la ynag ston-pa W. 
 Totter yam-yom byed-pa. 
 Touch vb. nyug-pa, y tug-pa, fug-pa, reg- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Toupet for-cog, for-fsugs. 
 Towards fog-tu 237, fad-du, pyogs-su. 
 Towel lag- pyis. 
 Tower mfcar dgu-fog. 
 Town gron, groh-kyci", yul-gru; rgyalrtaW. 
 Toy s. rtsed-mo. 
 Trace s. rk<tii-i")<'>s, /nal. 
 Track s. rjcs, sul. 
 Trackless rjes-med. 
 Tractable srab-Ka dul-mo. 
 Trade s. fso/i, bzo. 
 Tradesman Ice-pa. 
 Trading-place las-sgo. 
 Traffic s. /*"/>. 
 Train vb. a. sbyoh-ba\ to up skyed-*ri/'i- 
 
 ba. 
 
 Trample vb.a. rdzi-ba, rdog-pas rduit-ba. 
 Tranquil zi-ba. 
 Tranquillity -</. 
 Transaction las. 
 Transfer vb. spo-ba^ O god-pa. 
 Tr a n s f o rm sgyur-ba ; to one's self )>ml- 
 
 ba 336; to be transformed into O gi/"i'-b<t 
 
 96, O gro-ba 101.
 
 664 
 
 Transformation Unchastity 
 
 Transformation rdzu- pi-nl. 
 
 Transgress O gal-ba; O da-ba. 
 
 Transgression ^al-krul. 
 
 Translate sgyur-ba. 
 
 Transmigration, the round of Jcor- 
 ba 58. 
 
 Transplant spo-ba. 
 
 Transport vb. skyel-ba, Jlyer-ba. 
 
 Trap s. rnyi. snyi; Idem -pa W.; door 
 ynam-sgo; mouse bi-ldem W., fox 
 wa-ldem W. 
 
 Travel vb. ^ro-ba, O grod-pa, bgrod-pa- 
 ca-ba W. 
 
 Tread vb. a. rdziba; *cag-cag co-ce* W.; 
 vb. n. O cag-pa, O cags-pa. 
 
 Treadle rkan-sin. 
 
 Treasure s. yter. 
 
 Treasurer dkor-pct, pyag-mdzod. 
 
 Treasury dkor-mdzod. 
 
 Treat s (feast) myron. 
 
 Treat vb. n. (to use) spyod-pa 334; (to re- 
 gale) mgron-du ynyer-ba; to medically 
 bcos-pa; sman-dpyad byed-pa 329; vb. n. 
 to of rjod-pa 182. 
 
 Treatise rgyud, rgyud-sde. 
 
 Treatment, good bzan-lugs W. 
 
 Treaty bzan-sgrig. 
 
 Tree sin, sdon-po, siit-sdoh. 
 
 Tremble O gul-ba, O dar-ba. 
 
 Trespass vb. n. bar-du ycod-pa 3(57. 
 
 T r e v e t Icags-sgyid. 
 
 Trial (before a tribunal) ytam-sdur W. 
 
 rr* ' I 7 ' a 
 
 1 ribe sde. 
 
 Tribunal krims-tfati. 
 
 Tribute dpya 
 
 Trick s. bar-cad; to play tricks fo- fsam- 
 
 pa. 
 
 Trickle vb. n. O dzag-pa. 
 Trifling adj. pra-ba. 
 Tripod sgyid-bu. Icags-sgyid. 
 Troop s. %M. pal-po-ce, fso; troops dpun. 
 Trophy rgyal- mfsdn. 
 Trot vb. O dur-ba\ s. O dur-^gro. 
 Trouble s. nyon-mo/is-pa, dka-sdvg, mya- 
 
 ndn; vb. a. dkrug-pa. 
 Troublesome fsegs. 
 Trowsers rkan-snam , gos - fun , dor - ma, 
 
 byah-rkyan, smad-yyogs. 
 
 True bden-pa, no-rtog. 
 
 Trumpet dun. 
 
 Trunk (of a tree) sdon-po; (of an elephant) 
 
 glan-sna; (box) sgam, sgrom. 
 Truss s.pon-po; vb. to up rdze-ba. 
 Trustee pa-fsdb. 
 Trustworthy ^.os-pa. 
 Truth nes-pa, bden-pa, yin-min 510- 
 Try nyams sad-pa 186, dpyod-pa, col. fsod- 
 
 Ita-ba. 
 
 Tub yzon-pa, bzom. 
 Tube don-po, pu-ri. 
 Tuck up rdze-ba. 
 Tuesday yza-mig-dmdr. 
 Tuft pon\ of wool bal- dab W. 
 Tumble vb. ^yel-ba. 
 
 Tumbler (drinking-glass) sel-kor, sel-por. 
 Tumult Jcrug-pa. 
 Tun zem. 
 Tune s. glu. 
 Turban fod, la-fod. 
 Turbid ska-ba, nyog-pa. 
 Turf span, span-po 
 Turkey rum. 
 Turkois yyu. 
 Turmeric yun-ba. 
 Turn vb. a sgyur-ba\ to o& zlog-pc: to 
 
 out O byin-pa ; to round Jior-ba ; to 
 
 up rdze-ba; to upside down spub-pa, 
 
 slog-pa\ vb. n. pyogs-pa, O yro-ba, ca-ba 
 
 W.\ to away Idog-pa. 
 Turn s. fsir 448, res 535; by turns fsir-la, 
 
 fsir-du, fsir dan, res-la. 
 Turnip nyun-ma. 
 Turret speu, spiu. 
 Tusk mce-ba, mce-so. 
 Tutelar god yi-dam-lha, fugs-darn. 
 Twelve bcu-ynyis; twelfth bcu-ynyis-pa. 
 Twenty nyi-su; twentieth nyi-su-pa. 
 Twice lan-ynyis. 
 Twilight srod, srod-ji/i. 
 Twine s. skud-pa, si-ri W. 
 Twins *f sag-fug*, mfse-ma. 
 Twirling-stick ja-bkr/tg. 
 Twist vb. a. sgrim-pa, ycud-pa, sle-ba. 
 Two ynyis\ \. also do 25G 
 Two-legged rkan-ynyis-pa. 
 Tyrant dpon-po drag-po or drag-sul-can. 
 
 U 
 
 Ugly mi-sdug-pa. 
 
 Ulcer su-ba; ba-su W.; pol, Ihog-pa. 
 
 Ultimately pugs-na. 
 
 Umbrella nyi-rib, ydugs . 
 
 Unable mi ses-pa, can mi ses-pa. 
 
 Unaccustomed mi gom-pa. 
 
 Unadulterated ma- dres-pa, lhad-med. 
 
 Unaware yan-med-la W. 
 Unbearable mi-bzod-pa . 
 Unbecoming 'mi-rigs-pa. 
 Unbelieving ma-dad-pa, dad-med. 
 Unbutton vb. a. c grol-ba. 
 Unchangeable ^gyur-med 
 Unchastity O dod-I6a.
 
 Uncle Verdant 
 
 665 
 
 Uncle Ku-bo; zan(-po'), 'a-zan, 'a-KuW. 
 Unclean mi-ytsan-ba, dri-ma-can; fsi-du 
 
 W., skyug-bro C. 
 Uncommon fun-min, fun-mom ma yin-pa 
 
 234; srol-med, fa-mal-pa ma yin-pa 227- 
 Undefined nes-med. 
 Un der ^.og, ^og-na 501; v. also sam 557. 
 Under-garrnent 'an-fun. 
 Undergo mfon-ba, bzod-pa, snyon-ba. 
 Understand mKy en-pa, go-ba, nos- pi*od- 
 
 pa, rig-pa, ses-pa; ha-go-ba W. 
 Understanding s. bio, blo-gros-, good 
 
 (agreement) mfun 241. 
 Undertaking s. rtsom-pa 441. 
 Undoubtedly ydon-mi-za-bar. 
 Uneasy kon-du cud-pa, mifsim-pa, mi 
 
 dga-ba, mi dga-ste. 
 Unequal mi- dra-ba. 
 Unequalled O gran-ya-med. 
 Uneven rtsub-po. 
 Unexpectedly hun-med-la W., yan-med- 
 
 la W. ; glo-bur-du, har(-gyis) C. 
 Unfasten ^rol-ba. 
 Unfinished fe-rel W. 
 Unfit adj. mi-run-ba. 
 Unfold Jbu-ba, k'a Jbu-ba. 
 Ungracious brtse-med. 
 Unguent byug-sman. 
 Unhappy bkra-mi-sis-pa, sdug-bsnal-can, 
 
 yyan-med-pa. 
 
 Unimpaired ma-nyams-pa. 
 Universally pal-cer. 
 Universe jig-rten. 
 Unjust fsul-med; cos ma yin-pa. 
 Unkind brtse-med. 
 Unmarried (male or female) Kyim-fabs- 
 
 med; (female) Kyo-med. 
 Unobserved adv. ma-fsor-bar. 
 Unoccupied yan-pa. 
 Unquestionable fag-bcad-paVXl. 
 
 Unquestionably ydon m 
 
 Unreasonable mi-rig-pa 528. 
 
 Unripe rj en-pa. 
 
 Unsought rtsol-mdd. 
 
 Unsteady O dug mi fsugs-pa 459. 
 
 Unsubstantial yzugs-med 494. 
 
 Unsymmetrical ya-ma-zin'i. 
 
 Untie O grol-ba. 
 
 Until bar-du, fug C., fsug-pa W.', pan-la 
 340, yan-la 506. 
 
 Untoward mi- dod-pa. 
 
 Untruth sab-sdb. 
 
 Up to prep, gan, druit-du, mdun-ilu, /</<m- 
 du W. 289; rtsar 437; adv. yar, yyi n. 
 
 Upbraid bka-bkyon byed-pa. 
 
 Up-hill gyen-du. 
 
 Upon Ka-m, Kar 35, fog-tu 237, sten-du 222. 
 
 Upper adj. ya-gi', end fog-ma; part 
 stod. 
 
 Upright (erect) kye-re-, kron-kronW.; (hon- 
 est) cos-dran-po. 
 
 Up -stairs ya-fog. 
 
 Urge vb. a. v. nan 302. 
 
 Urgently nye-bar. 
 
 Urinary organs cu-so. 
 
 Urine ycin, cu, dri-cu. 
 
 Usage (custom) srol. 
 
 Use vb. a. spyod-pa. 
 
 Use s. kt'ims; pan-pa', lob-KyddW. 
 
 Useful dgos-pa, pan-fogs-pa-, to be pan- 
 pa. 
 
 Useless mi-dgos-^a, pan-med, don-med; 
 con W. 162. 
 
 Usual fun, tun-mon, pal-pa. 
 
 Usurp O prog-pa. 
 
 Utensils lag-ca. 
 
 Uterus bu-snod, pim-ma. 
 
 Utmost v. bla-ma 382, ji 172. 
 
 Utter rjod-pa, <don-pa. 
 
 XT 1 *7\ V t 
 
 Uvula Ice-cun. 
 
 Vacuity ston-pa-nyid 223. 
 
 Vagina mnal-sgo 132. 
 
 Vagrant adj. yan-pa. 
 
 Vain (fond of dress) mcor-po, rdzob-po, 
 col. zab-mo. 
 
 Valid stobs-can. 
 
 Valley lun-pa; lower part of a mdo, 
 upper part pu. 
 
 Valuable dkon-pa, rin-po-ce. 
 
 Value s. (price) gon, fan, rin; (import- 
 ance) O fcos. 
 
 Vanish yal-ba, mi-snan-bar 
 
 Vapour s. nad, rlans^pa. 
 
 Variegated bkra-ba. 
 
 Various sna-fsogs, sna-so-sd, so-so, ings mi- 
 
 Varnish s. rtsi. [fcig-pa. 
 
 Vegetables sno-fsod, f sod-ma, Idum. 
 
 Vehicle feg-pa, bzon-pa. 
 
 Veil s. ydon-Kebs. 
 
 Vein (of the body) rtsa; (of minerals) yter- 
 
 Ka 208, rdo-fcd 287. 
 Venerable btsun-pa. 
 Vengeance dugs W.', to take *tlu : i /"/- 
 
 He, Ian kor-ce* W. 
 Venture vb. spobs-pa. 
 Venus pa(-wa)-sati$. 
 Verdant, the ground becomes - sa O bo C. 
 
 395; or sno skye 136. 
 
 42*
 
 666 
 
 Vermicelli We 
 
 Vermicelli ycur-pe, cur-ba. 
 
 Vermilion s. mfsal, fsal. 
 
 Vermin srin-bu, Jbu. 
 
 Verse s. rkan-pa 15, fsigs 448. 
 
 Vertex mgo-dkyil, ytsug. 
 
 Vertical gyen-la dran-po W. 
 
 Very rab-tu,sin-tu', ha-canfflb; mdW. 408; 
 
 the very Ko-na 43. 
 Vessel (receptacle) snod; (anatom.) bu-ga ; 
 
 (ship) yzins, gru. 
 Vestibule sgo-Jcan. 
 Vestige mat. 
 Vice s. sdig-pa, mi-dge-ba. 
 Vice-roy rgyal-fsab. 
 Vicissitude O gyur-ba II 97. 
 Victorious, to be rgyal-ba. 
 Victory rgyal. 
 
 Victuals Ka-zds, za-ba, za-ma. 
 Vie with O gran-pa. 
 Vi e w s. snan-ba 317 ; point of (mode of 
 
 viewing things) mfon-sndn 318, yzigs-sndn ; 
 
 vb. a. Ita-ba. 
 Vigorous r em-pa. 
 Vile btsog-pa. 
 Vilify smad-pa, dma- bebs-pa, ma-babkal- 
 
 ba W. 421. 
 Village yul-gru, gron, groh-fso, gron-yul, 
 
 yul-fso. 
 
 Villager .gron-pa. 
 Vine rgun, r gun-sin. 
 
 Vinegar skyur-Ku, skyur-ru Sik., skyur-mo 
 Lh. 
 
 Vineyard rgun-fsds. 
 
 Violate (infringe) y cog-pa, O cal-ba; (de- 
 flower) lus smad-pa. 
 
 Violent drays-po, btsan. 
 
 Virgin bu-mo, bu-mo ysar-ma. 
 
 Virtue dge-ba, bsod-pa; by of stobs-kyis 
 224. 
 
 Virtuous dge-ba, dge-lddn. 
 
 Viscid rtsi-can. 
 
 Vi s h n u tiyab-jug 46. 
 
 Visible mnon-pa, ysal-po, mfon-du run-ba. 
 
 Vision (act of seeing) snan-ba, rnfon-snan; 
 range of mfon-Jfar\ (phantom) zal- 
 yzigs. 
 
 Visit vb. a. zal-lta byed-pa; . . . dan tug- 
 pa-la ^gro-ba, . . . dan mjal-ba orprad-pa. 
 
 Visitation (inspection) zal-ta, zal-lta. 
 
 Voice shad, sgra, sgra-skad, resp. ysun\ 
 loud skad-ce. 
 
 Volcano me-ri. 
 
 Voluptuousness O dod-pa, O dod-cags. 
 
 Vomit vb. skyug-pa; s. skyugs-pa. 
 
 Vortex ftsug. 
 
 Vow s. fugs-dam, dam, dam-fsig, yi-dam; 
 to make a fugs-dam bca-ba. 
 
 Vowel dbyans. 
 
 Vulgar s. dmans 422; adj. fa-mal-pa 227. 
 
 Vulture go-bo, glag, bya-gldg. 
 
 W 
 
 Wag vb, a. sgril-ba. 
 
 Wages, gla, pogs. 
 
 Waggon sin-rta; wheel sin-rtai pan-16. 
 
 Wailing s s. smre-sndgs. 
 
 Waist rked-pa. 
 
 Wait vb. n. sgug-pa, sdod-pa, srin-ba\ to 
 on mjal-ba; to lie in sgug-pa; to 
 keep one waiting sgug-tu Jug-pa. 
 
 Waiting-man sku-mdun-pa, zabs-pyi; 
 drun-Kor. 
 
 Wake vb. a. sod-pa, ynyid sad-pa. 
 
 Walk vb. n. bgrod-pa, O grul-ba, ^gro-ba, 
 O cag-pa; resp. skyod-pa, ysegs-pa, Jbyon- 
 pa\ to take a skyo-sarts-la O gro-ba 458; 
 v. also yyens-pa 518; the act of walking 
 O gros; manner of spyod- gros. 
 
 Wall s. rtsig-pa, Icags-ri, sky a. 
 
 Walnut star-ka, dar-sga. 
 
 Wand s. dbyug-gu, dbyu-gu. 
 
 W T ander Jcyam-pa, rgyu-ba. 
 
 Want vb. a. dgos-pa, O fsal-ba, Ko-ba; I 
 na-la dgos 87 ; I do not want it n /co-ce med 
 TF.66. ^ 
 
 War s. Rrug-pa; mag-fab C., mag-fug W. 
 
 Wardrobe gos-sgdm. 
 
 Warm adj. dro-ba, dron-mo, fsa-ba. 
 
 Warm vb.a. sro-ba; dugs-paW.] to one's 
 self Ide-ba. 
 
 Warmth fsa-graii, drod. 
 
 Warp s. rgyu. 
 
 Warrior dmag-mi. 
 
 Wart mdzer-pa. 
 
 Wash vb. a. O fcmd-pa, resp. bsil-ba. 
 
 Washing s. fcrus; water for Jcrus-Ku. 
 
 Waste adj. gog-po, ston-pa. 
 
 Watch vb. a. srun-ba. 
 
 Watchman srun-mKan. 
 
 Water cu, eleg. cab; carrier cu-pa\ 
 channel wa; closet pyag-ra; ysan- 
 spyod; jar cu-rdzd- snake cu-sbrul; 
 spout O dre-pu-fsub W. ; tub cu-zem. 
 
 Wave s. rlabs, dba-klon. 
 
 Wavering s. fsam-fsum. 
 
 Wax s. spra-fsil C., mum W. 
 
 Way (road) O gro-sa, lam, (manner) rnam- 
 pa, fobs, lugs, fsul; by or in the of sgo- 
 nas 115; to have the of rigs-pa 528; to 
 give Jbyer-ba; to make Jbyol-ba, 
 O dzur-ba. [<>, ^u-cag. 
 
 We pron. na 124, na-cag, ned, ned-ran, nos,
 
 Weak Word 
 
 667 
 
 Weak adj. zan-pa, sed-med, sed-cun, hal- 
 
 med W.; nyams-cun, ^am-po W. 
 Weal (mark) col. nya. 
 Wealth nor, dkor, pyug-Kydd, dbyig(&), 
 
 byor-pa, lons-spyod 554. 
 Weapon mfson. 
 Wear vb. a. gyon-pa, bgo-ba. 
 Weariness nal-ba, ^o-brgydl. 
 Weary adj., to be skyo-ba, sun-pa. 
 Weary vb. a. nal ^ug-pa; to be wearied 
 
 nal-ba. 
 Weather, clear ynam dan-ba, ynam 
 
 dwans, ynam fan; dry fan-pa 229. 
 Weave vb. a. O fag-pa. 
 Weaver fa-ga-pa. 
 Wedge s. ka-ru. 
 Wednesday yza-lhay-ma. 
 Weed s. rtsa-nan. 
 Weeding (the act of) yur-ma. 
 Week bdun-prdg. 
 Weep nu-ba, sum-pa. 
 Weft spun. 
 Weigh vb. a. jal-ba, Q degs-pa, yzal-ba, 
 
 ysor-ba. 
 
 Weight rdo 286, sran 580. 
 Welcome, you are ^ons-pa legs-so 501. 
 Welfare bde-ba, bde- jdgs. 
 Well s. Hron-pa, cu-don, O byun-Kuns, cu- 
 
 miy. 
 
 Wei 1 adj., are you ? de-mo ' yo C. ; adv. 
 < o-wd 500; very de-ltar O fsal-lo ; well, 
 well! yag-po yag-po; sounding snyan- 
 pa; tasted zim-po. 
 Wen Iba-ba. 
 Went, I went son 579. 
 West nub. 
 
 Wet adj. rlon-pa, yser-ba; s. rlan. 
 Wether fon-pa. 
 Wh at interr. ci 139, gan 65, ci-ltar 140, ji 
 
 172. 
 Whatever ci-yan', it may be ciyanrun 
 
 532. 
 
 Wheat gro\ flour bag-pye. 
 Wheel s. Jior-lo; paddle sku^u. 
 When Ka-ru, Kar- cih', interr. nam, dus- 
 
 nam-zig 303. 
 
 Where ga-na, ga-ru, gar; is? ga-re. 
 Whetstone Q dzen. 
 Which interr. gan 65. 
 While s. yun-, a little fen, dar-ftig, re 
 
 ziy (dus}\ a long rin ziy-tu. 
 Whilst la 540, las 546. 
 Whip s. Icay, rta-lcag. 
 Whirl vb. n. O fsub-pa. 
 Whirlpool ytsuy, ytsuy-Jfyil. 
 Whirlwind O dre-pu-fsub W. 
 Whisper s. sab-sub; vb. sub-pa, sib-pa. 
 Whistle vb. sugs-sgra yton-ba; v. also hu- 
 
 hu 597. 
 White adj. dkar-ba; wash dkar-rtsi. 
 
 Whither ga-rii, ga-la 64, gar \\~. 
 Who interr. gan 65, su 573. 
 Whole adj. fams-cdd 230 ; foait-in 
 
 liril-po', s. ril-po. 
 Wholly yoits-su. 
 Why interr. '/, //-/// 1 ID. /// /'////> ;^5l; ga-la 
 
 rten-nas 214; interj. ^o-nd 500. 
 Wick s. snyin-po, sdori-ras C., sar W. 
 Wicked adj. cos-med, sdig-j>n-lii <l<m-ba. 
 Wide zen-can, yans-pa, hel-po, hel-can. 
 Widow yugs(s}-sa-wio. 
 Widower yug(s)-sa-pa, yug-sa\ skues-ndg 
 Width A^on, fzen. [C. 
 
 Wife cun-ma, cun-grogs] 'a-ne W.; Kab 38, 
 Kyo-mo 48; (housewife) /, : t///n- fnf> -mo, 
 Kyim-pa-ma 47. 
 Wild adj. rgod-pa, ynyan-pa. 
 
 Wilderness dgon pa, O brog. 
 
 Will s. bsam-pa, fugs, resp. 'fugs-dyons. 
 
 Willing, to be - O dod-pa. 
 
 Willow ttan-ma. 
 
 Wind s. rdzi, rlun; cold ~ lhag(s)-pa. 
 
 Wind vb.a. dkri-ba, Jh'i-ba, Jcyil-ba, sgril- 
 6a; vb. n. Jcril-ba. 
 
 Window rgyal-dkar C.; hole dhir-kiu'i. 
 
 Windpipe kru-kru W. , Ikog-ma. 
 
 Wine rgun-can, resp. ryun-skycms\ cait. 
 
 Wing s. sog-pa, O dao-ma. 
 
 Wink vb. n. mig Krab-Krdb or fsab-fsdb or 
 O dzum- dzum byed-pa. 
 
 Winter s. dgun, dgun-ka. 
 
 Wipe vb. a. O pyi-ba\ to be wiped off Q byi- 
 ba. 
 
 Wire Icays-skud. 
 
 Wisdom ye-ses, ses-rdb. 
 
 Wise adj. mKas-pa, yrun-ba, mdzaiis-pa. 
 
 Wish s. O dod-pa, yid-smon\ resp. dgons-pa, 
 bzed-don; vb. a. O dod-pa, smon-pa, O fsal- 
 ba, bzed-pa. 
 
 Witchcraft mfu, pra-mcn. 
 
 With dan 248, mnyam-du 195, bcas-su. 
 
 Withdraw vb.a. ycod-pa, mi ster-ba ; vb. 
 n. O gye~ba. 
 
 Wither vb. n.myid-pa. 
 
 Within fsun-cdd. 
 
 Without prep. rned-pa(i'} 418. 
 
 Witness s. dpan(-po). 
 
 Wolf spyan-ki. 
 
 Woman bud-med, mo, 'a-nc W. 
 
 Womb mnal 132, bu-snod^Vd, rum. 
 
 Wonder s. ya-mfsan. 
 
 Wonderful nyams-mfsar-ba, no-mfsar-l>d ; 
 ya-mfsan-po C., ya-mfsan-can W. 
 
 Wont, Wonted adj. goms-pa. 
 
 Wood (forest) nags(-ma) y fsal; (timlii'r) 
 .s///; shavings xin-zcl. 
 
 Woodpecker sin-rgon. 
 
 Woof spun. 
 
 Wool bal 
 
 Word fsif/, min, sgra, nag 125; resp. bka.
 
 668 
 
 Work Zodiac 
 
 Work s. bya-ba, bzo, las, resp. prin-las; 
 
 vb. a. las byed-pa. 
 Workman las-pa, las-mi. 
 Workmanship bzo 497. 
 Wo r km aster lay-dpon. 
 Workshop bzo-k'an. 
 World sjig-i'ten, srid-pa 582. 
 Worldliness ^ig-rten Q di-la cags-pai 
 
 sems" v. bya-ba. 
 Worm O bu, srin-bu, nyal-^ro. 
 Worn out cad-po. 
 Worst, to get the of O pam-pa. 
 Worth s. Jcos, 9n-> ^X fan. 
 Worth adj. ri-ba. 
 Worthless rin-med. 
 
 Worthy ysa, ysa-ma; to be ^os-pa. 
 
 Wound s. rma, rma-Ha W. 
 
 Wrap vb. a. dkri-ba; to round sgril-ba; 
 
 to up Q dril-ba. 
 Wrath Kro-ba, ze-sdan. 
 Wrest vb. a. snol-ba. 
 Wrestle vb. n. snol-ba. 
 Wretched sdug-po', nyal-ba-can W. 
 Wring O fsir-ba. 
 Wrinkle s. ynyer-ma. 
 Wrist lag-fsigs. 
 Write O bri-ba. 
 Wrong adj. mi-rigs-pa, log-pa, mi-^os-pa; 
 
 ^os-med W. 
 Wry adj. O cu-ba, O cus-pa 170. 
 
 Yak yyag; male po-yydg; female - Jbri- 
 
 mo; wild O bron. 
 Yard (court-yard) kyams. 
 Yarn snal-ma, sran-bu. 
 Yawn vb. glal-ba, sgyih-ba 118. 
 Yea ^o-nd 500. 
 Year fo; this da-lo. 
 Yeast pabs, rtsabs. 
 Yellow sw-po. 
 Yes ^o t de yin; 'a W.; yes, yes! de-ka yod 
 
 255; , so it is de-de-bzin-no. 
 
 Yesterday Ka-rtsdn, mdan. 
 
 Yet ^on kyan, yin kyan , yin na yan W.; 
 
 gal-te. 
 
 Yield vb. a. yton-ba\ vb. n. dan-du len-pa. 
 Yoke of oxen glan-dor. 
 Yonder pa-gi. 
 
 You pron. tfyed, Jcyod 48, nyid 188- 
 Young adj. yzon~pa, cun-ba; the youngest 
 
 (son) fa-cun" s. prug. 
 Youth s. (youthful age) lan-fso] (boy or 
 
 young man) Kyeu, yzon-nu. 
 
 Zeal rtsol-ba, brtson-^rus, O bad~pa, bag- 
 
 cags. 
 
 Zealous brtson- gi*us dan ldan-pa; to be 
 , brtson-par byed-pa. 
 
 Zealously rtsol-bar. 
 
 Zero fig-le. 
 
 Zinc ti-fsa. 
 
 Zodiac Kyim-gyi Jcor-lo. 
 
 Final remark. The Tibetan words, given in the Vocabulary, are not in every instance, 
 to be regarded as exact equivalents for whatever word happens to be sought, but rather 
 as hints, how to attain to the wished for expression. It will, therefore, be frequently in- 
 dispensable to refer to the Tib. Engl. Dictionary for further explanation, and to examine 
 the different bearings and relations of the word in question, so far as they may have been 
 traced there. Although this Vocabulary is by no means complete in itself, yet it is to 
 be hoped that it will not prove quite unuseful, but answer the purpose for which it was 
 intended.
 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 A revision of the Dictionary has brought such a number of misprints to light that, on second thoughts, it 
 seems absolutely necessary not to leave them unnoticed, but to register all that are of any consequence. The 
 unfortunate fact, that such corrections should be required, has to be ascribed to two circumstances, in regard 
 to which the reader's indulgence has already been appealed to in the Preface, namely, the author's weak state 
 of health, and the difficulties with which the printing of a book of this character is necessarily attended. 
 
 p. page; a b the respective column, left or right; 1. line; when the lines are counted from foot of page, 
 the numerals are provided with an asterisk. 
 
 p. col. 1. 
 
 2 a 8 
 
 read ka-ma-la-si-la 
 
 2 b 17 
 
 ka-saju 
 
 3 b 3* 
 
 to beckon 
 
 8 a 18 
 
 tad-kyi 
 
 9 b 21 
 
 dka-fub-la 
 
 15 a 9 
 16 a 19* 
 
 ta-h-hlum-po 
 rkan-Jbdm 
 
 16 b 7* 
 17 a 9* 
 
 dig out 
 affix denoting 
 
 17 a 19* 
 20 b 10* 
 
 rkyan-pa 
 frequently 
 
 21 a 6 
 
 skal-nor 
 
 21 b 2 
 
 n te 
 
 26 a 5 
 
 skyan 
 
 27 a 11* 
 
 skyil-ldir 
 
 27 b 13* 
 28 a 6 
 
 skyur-mo 
 yyan-skyur 
 
 28 a 15* 
 
 re-born 
 
 28 b 19 
 
 kyer-men 
 
 31 b 16* 
 
 lag-len 
 
 32 b 16 
 
 dele 2. to paste. 
 
 32 b 5* 
 
 read skra-sen 
 
 33 a 5* 
 
 K 
 
 33 b 7 
 
 dd-ru skrog-pa 
 
 33 b 12 
 
 caste 
 
 34 a 5 
 
 soft mouth 
 
 34 a 15* 
 
 to lie on the face 
 
 35 b 2* 
 
 tia-yddms 
 
 38 a 1 
 
 Ids-ka 
 
 38 a 10 
 
 Ld. 
 
 39 a 6 
 
 zas fcam ycig id. 2. 
 
 41 a 20 
 
 Kug-tu 
 
 41 a 4* 
 
 ma-Kun 
 
 44 a 18 
 
 kog-pa nan-pa 
 
 p. col. 1. 
 
 51 a 14* 
 
 52 b 24 
 54 b 13 
 
 56 b 5 
 
 67 
 
 76 b 
 
 77 b 
 
 78 
 
 79 a 
 81 a 
 
 84 b 
 
 85 b 
 
 15 
 
 20* 
 
 59 a 10* 
 
 59 b 20* 
 
 63 a 6* 
 
 65 a 24* 
 
 66 a 16* 
 66 a 14* 
 66 b 15 
 
 20 
 
 b 17* 
 
 a 18 
 
 a 13* 
 
 a 11 
 
 b 22* 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 86 b 11 
 
 read Knms-Kdn 
 ,. Vd-pa* 
 requisites 
 
 Jco-byed 
 
 Q Kyam-pa 
 
 ^od-Jfyims 
 
 = gan. 3. bald, W. ga- 
 
 pi (v. spyi 333). 
 ^on-ba de-ni 
 gan-zdg- 
 log-lta-can-gyi 
 mdzod-liid 
 
 gun-dum 
 gydd-kyi 
 gyi for kyi 
 gyon-rgmi 
 fab-grabs 
 
 grog-cu 
 mcod-rten 
 -rtsed-mo 
 stoop 
 
 87 
 
 19 
 
 mdo'j d(/e-sl6ri-ma a nun: 
 
 dge-slob-ma etc. 
 bstdn-pa-la
 
 670 
 
 Corrections 
 
 p. co]. 1. 
 
 89 b 2* read ces bgros-nas 
 
 92 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 'u-sog 
 
 
 95 
 
 a 
 
 11* 
 
 55 
 
 nan- 
 
 
 95 
 
 b 
 
 3 
 
 J5 
 
 o?ppr*r 
 
 
 95 
 
 b 
 
 21 
 
 55 
 
 establish 
 
 
 96 
 
 a 
 
 10* 
 
 
 o gor 
 
 
 96 
 
 b 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 O gydg-pa 
 
 
 96 
 
 b 
 
 3 
 
 55 
 
 O gyan-ba 
 
 
 96 
 
 b 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 sel-gyi 
 
 
 98 
 
 a 
 
 14 
 
 
 O gyod-par 
 
 
 111 
 
 b 
 
 22 
 
 55 
 
 *ZTTJ* 
 
 
 112 
 
 a 
 
 20* 
 
 
 ^> 1 
 
 tin~ne- dzin 
 
 
 113 
 
 b 
 
 7 
 
 _ 
 
 na-fsa 
 
 
 121 
 
 a 
 
 20 
 
 
 bsgrub- 
 
 
 122 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 vide 
 
 emendation p. XXII. 
 
 122 
 
 a 
 
 8* 
 
 read 
 
 IPK^O' 
 
 
 122 
 
 b 
 
 24* 
 
 
 sgron-pa 
 
 
 128 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 ned-cag 
 
 
 128 
 
 b 
 
 4 
 
 
 de- dra-ba 
 
 
 128 
 
 b 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 O ci-ba 
 
 
 128 
 
 b 
 
 2* 
 
 
 no dkdr-po 
 
 
 131 
 
 a 
 
 16*seqc 
 
 1 
 
 O dzin 
 
 
 132 
 
 1) 
 
 5* 
 
 
 
 cis 
 
 
 132 
 
 b 
 
 3* 
 
 
 mnon-no 
 
 
 135 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 
 Lex. 
 
 
 139 
 
 b 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 cii of what? 
 
 
 140 
 
 b 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3^" 
 
 
 141 
 
 b 
 
 17 
 
 
 cun 
 
 
 143 
 
 a 
 
 20* 
 
 55 
 
 gallinaceous 
 
 
 146 
 
 b 
 
 10*, 8* 
 
 
 *vcu* 
 
 
 147 
 
 b 
 
 23 
 
 55 
 
 *vcom-ldan - O dti* 
 
 
 158 
 
 a 
 
 17 
 
 55 
 
 cu-bitr 
 
 
 158 
 
 1) 
 
 14* 
 
 
 the water; also = 
 
 = 
 
 161 
 163 
 
 b 
 b 
 
 10* 
 10* 
 
 55 
 55 
 
 dris-pas (instead 
 cos-skad 
 
 of 
 
 164 
 
 a 
 
 3* 
 
 
 irreligious 
 
 
 165 
 
 b 
 
 18* 
 
 55 
 
 mce-ba 
 
 
 166 
 
 b 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 168 
 
 b 
 
 20* 
 
 
 zd-ba 
 
 
 170 
 
 a 
 
 13 
 
 55 
 
 O cu-ba to draw etc. 
 
 170 
 
 a 
 
 22 
 
 55 
 
 vb. n. to jun-pa 
 
 
 170 
 
 b 
 
 2* 
 
 55 
 
 /cro-bo - col-pa 
 
 
 171 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 55 
 
 Lex. 
 
 
 176 
 
 b 
 
 24 
 
 55 
 
 J)ig-tdg 
 
 
 177 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 jin-Kun 
 
 
 184 
 
 b 
 
 10* 
 
 55 
 
 nyd-ra byed-pa 
 
 
 185 
 
 a 
 
 13* 
 
 ^ 
 
 dpon-qyi 
 
 
 186 
 
 b 
 
 4* 
 
 55 
 
 nyal-Kri 
 
 
 195 
 
 a 
 
 21 
 
 55 
 
 *mnye-ce*' 
 
 
 P- 
 
 col. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 
 200 
 
 a 
 
 13* 
 
 read 
 
 t^" 
 
 205 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 
 Cs. 
 
 219 
 
 b 
 
 7 
 
 ,, 
 
 ma byed 
 
 226 
 
 a 
 
 11* 
 
 _ 
 
 178,3. Was. (296): 2. 
 
 231 
 
 b 
 
 7 
 
 
 fig-skud 
 
 232 
 
 a 
 
 3* 
 
 55 
 
 zib-cu 
 
 233 
 
 b 
 
 18 
 
 
 Ld.-Glr., 
 
 233 
 
 b 
 
 23* 
 
 55 
 
 translates it 
 
 233 
 
 b 
 
 19* 
 
 55 
 
 *fun cad* W. 
 
 235 
 
 b 
 
 24 
 
 
 mi-feg Kur-ba 
 
 237 
 
 a 
 
 9* 
 
 55 
 
 rid- fog 
 
 237 
 
 b 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 spyi-fog 
 
 238 
 
 a 
 
 14* 
 
 55 
 
 fod 
 
 256 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 55 
 
 from thence 
 
 256 
 
 b 
 
 12 
 
 J! 
 
 ^'W 
 
 259 
 
 b 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 
 don l. don-dam 
 
 264 
 
 b 
 
 7* 
 
 55 
 
 f^'Sf 
 
 265 
 
 a 
 
 10 
 
 
 like an arctic sea 
 
 267 
 
 a 
 
 14 
 
 dele 
 
 (Pinus abies) 
 
 270 
 
 b 
 
 14 
 
 read 
 
 bdc-mo 
 
 273 
 
 b 
 
 2* 
 
 
 
 ^t*ft 
 
 274 
 
 a 
 
 4* 
 
 dele 
 
 the words: marked or 
 
 275 
 
 a 9seqq. 
 
 read 
 
 O das-pa 
 
 275 
 
 b 
 
 6* 
 
 55 
 
 pyi 
 
 287 
 
 b 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 precious stone 
 
 287 
 
 b 
 
 22 
 
 n 
 
 Pth. having obtained ii 
 
 mortality 
 Jbrug 
 sddn-ba 
 sdig-to-can 
 
 291 a 5 
 
 292 b 23 
 
 293 a 3* 
 
 293 b 1 
 
 301 b 22 lo ton-ni 
 
 303 b 23 zin-to 
 
 304 b 22 prep. 
 
 305 b 21* 
 
 312 a 3* 
 
 316 b 
 
 8 
 
 12* 
 14 
 8* 
 10 
 4 
 
 a 17 
 a 18* 
 a 14* 
 b 2* 
 
 195 b 6 
 195 b 7* 
 
 ynyid 
 
 317 
 
 318 
 
 322 
 
 325 
 
 326 
 
 327 
 
 328 
 
 338 
 
 338 
 
 340 a 21 
 
 340 b 17 
 
 353 b 15 
 
 354 a 9* 
 
 smin-f>a 
 
 apparition 
 
 brightly 
 
 dkdr^-po} 
 
 gru- dzin 
 
 Durga, Uma 
 
 zdg-pe pe 
 
 kon-jo 
 
 the defunct ancestors 
 
 ,. postp. c. gen. 
 
 abstrusely 
 
 Gram. ; 
 
 5, Jug-pa 
 
 O prdl-ba
 
 Corrections 67 
 
 P- 
 
 col 
 
 . 1. 
 
 
 P- 
 
 col 
 
 . 1. 
 
 
 
 357 
 
 b 
 
 12* read 
 
 p6ii-mKan 
 
 466 
 
 b 
 
 11* 
 
 read whetstone 
 
 
 374 
 
 
 12* 
 
 ncnycn 
 
 474 
 
 a 
 
 20* 
 
 soothe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 480 
 
 a 
 
 13 
 
 yzal-med-kan-bzan 
 
 383 
 
 b 
 
 10* 
 
 ^]'Ri$* gla- fso 
 
 493 
 
 b 
 
 18 
 
 Sik. 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' N ' 
 
 496 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 
 yzod 
 
 
 389 
 
 a 
 
 12* 
 
 dbon-mo 
 
 4% 
 
 a 
 
 18 
 
 wasted 
 
 
 407 
 
 a 
 
 17* 
 
 ftrsf 
 
 508 
 
 b 
 
 12 
 
 so yi ycod-pa, yi c 
 
 dd-pa 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 522 
 
 a 
 
 2,3 
 
 r ddn-mo 
 
 
 410 
 
 b 
 
 13* 
 
 circle 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 412 
 
 b 
 
 21*, 19* 
 
 mi-Kyim 
 
 530 
 
 h 
 
 5 
 
 n ^MiN 
 
 
 415 
 
 a 
 
 24* 
 
 to name v. O dogs-pa 2; 
 
 540 
 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 of 
 
 
 427 
 
 a 
 
 12 
 
 sman-wicog 
 
 567 
 
 a 
 
 5* 
 
 7, prop. 
 
 
 431 
 
 a 
 
 1* ,. 
 
 tsdm-gyis 
 
 576 
 
 a 
 
 14* < 
 
 tkyo-seti mdzdd-pa 
 
 
 433 
 439 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 2* 
 19 
 
 yan 
 mii 
 
 578 
 
 b 
 
 3 
 
 M ^f ^jcn* so-pdg 
 
 
 439 
 
 b 
 
 14* 
 
 O gro- (or ca-) rtsis yod 
 
 587 
 
 a 
 
 20,21 
 
 nyon-mons-kyi kun-sldn 
 
 442 
 442 
 
 a 
 b 
 
 7* 
 17 
 
 nydn-ce 
 assiduous 
 
 589 
 
 a 
 
 1 
 
 qppj-^c- 
 
 
 446 
 
 a 
 
 3* 
 
 fsan-zug 
 
 591 
 
 b 
 
 23* 
 
 vb. 1. to beg, to 
 
 pray = 
 
 449 
 
 a 
 
 12* 
 
 travellers 
 
 
 
 
 zu-ba 
 
 
 460 
 
 b 
 
 10 
 
 O fso-ba 
 
 592 
 
 a 
 
 9 
 
 (the king's) soul 
 
 
 In several of the longer articles some confusion in the use of the figures in large and small type has oc- 
 curred. In order to restrict this catalogue within the smallest possible limits, these and other slight inaccuracies 
 have not been entered.
 
 Printed by Unger Brothers (Th. Grimm), Berlin SW.
 
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 Return this material to the library 
 
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 000 020 399 2