r 
 
 / 
 
 ^' 
 
 ./^ 
 
 i^'^;
 
 I'lBI.ISIIKD BV AUTIIORIIV OF 
 
 HON. CI.IFFOKn SIFTUX 
 
 MiNisTKn OK nil: i.\ii:i;ioR 
 
 O T T A W A
 
 
 c^. 
 
 HE distinctive physical |.|,vsif 
 feature of Canada is the i i vm 
 St. Lawrence River and 
 the chain of great hikes, 
 the surplus waters of 
 whicli are carried by the 
 mighty current to tiie 
 Atlantic. The St. Law- 
 rence drains a territory 
 of 500,000 square miles, 
 an area four times as 
 great as the entire sur- 
 face of the United King- 
 dom of Great Britain 
 and Ireland. Within this area, according to Darbv, the 
 emment geographer, is contained one-half the fresh water 
 of the globe. It pours into the sea a greater tribute than 
 the Mississippi and the Hudson Rivers combined. Alon-^ 
 Its whole course the traveller is reminded that here 
 Nature has been working on a gigantic scale. It begins 
 >n the heart of the continent with the greatest single body 
 
 \ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 Long S.iull K.ipiJs. Si. I..i\vrtiuv Rive
 
 of fresh water in the world, Lake Superior, having;' an area 
 of 24,000 square miles, and proceeds throu<jh a series of 
 sea-like lakes until it reaches the ocean 2,000 miles away. 
 Itselt a physical feature unique in its scope and mag^ni- 
 tude, it is secondarily the occasion of other phenomena of 
 world-wide note. On its mit^hty march to the sea it leaps 
 Niagara and passes the Thousand Islands. A[id wonderful 
 
 
 — •_- "I 
 
 S'S 
 
 L.ichinc l^iipids, St. l,a\\riiKc R 
 
 though this group of islets in the St. Lawrence is, it is 
 much exceeded by a still more remarkable maze of 
 land and water — the 30,000 Islands of the Georgian Bay. 
 These are only less noted than their St. Lawience River 
 sisters because they are not so directly in the path of 
 travel and civilization. Lovers of nature find that a 
 dreamy summer's day spent on a steamer threading the 
 bewildering passages among this milky way of 
 islands is an experience that never fades from 
 the mind. 
 
 From the Thousand Islantls to the cicean 
 »nlthe noble stream Hows onward with mighty 
 
 Cornwall
 
 and compulsive current, k-avinjj behind the hist series ot 
 rapids before it sweeps by Montreal. The banks are bold 
 and picturesque, the water clear as crystal. On the banks 
 of the stream that Jacques Cartier first traversed, his 
 descendants constructed their homes and their iioly 
 places. They duns,'- to it as the I'-gyptian to the 
 Nile, with the result that the navigator drop- 
 ping- down with the current is scarcely ever 
 out of sight of the graceful and glittering 
 spires and the white-washed walls of the 
 villages that line the shore on either side. 
 When Quebec and the Island of Orleans are 1 
 left in the wake the banks recede and the salty 
 wave reminds him that he is hurrying to the 
 great ocean itself. It is still far away, however, 
 and before it is reached the ample flood pouring 
 the tribute of half 
 a continent into the 
 Atlantic is rolling 
 through a channel 
 a hundred miles i . — . 
 wide. I le who ha-> 
 had the good for- 
 tune to make this 
 journey is irresis- 
 tibly reminded of 
 the c o n c 1 u d i n g 
 verses of Matthew- 
 Arnold's poem, 
 "The Future : " 
 
 Moiilr-.-.-il Harbor 
 
 \'ulori.'i UndK, M."itr,' ,1
 
 f./' 
 
 y/^ 
 
 America. 
 
 " And the width of the waters, the hush 
 Of the grey expanse where he floats, 
 Freshening its current and spotted with foam 
 As it draws to the Ocean, may stril<e 
 Peace to the soul o{ the man ou its breast 
 As llie pale waste widens aroiyid him 
 As the banks fade dimmer away. 
 As the stars come out, and the nig;hl-w!nd 
 Brin^^s up the stream ^f 
 
 Murmurs and scents of I he infinite sea. " 
 
 \o conclude this reference to what is 
 
 iiiiJoubtedly the principal fe?/cure of the 
 
 physical aspect of Canada, /if Hudson's 
 
 Bay be left out of account, it may be .said 
 
 that the great lakes are the common 
 
 property of the two nations that share 
 
 between them the i^reater part of North 
 
 The boundary line rims as nearly as may 
 
 be equidistant from either shore. The St. Lawrence 
 
 River, however, is throui^hout almost its entire leng-th 
 
 within the boundaries of Canada — both banks are British 
 
 soil. If the river and its connecting lakes were merely 
 
 the scenic and nattiral wonders that have been alluded to, 
 
 Maisonn.iivt' Monuiiic-ut 
 Montreal 
 
 Mo^ntaI■|l Drive. iM. 
 
 <y-
 
 .^. -; . > w ■■ r •'•- . y vc- ^^^, ^^ 
 
 Cn V t1K MONTKKAL
 
 the fact mitrht h;ive little .significance. But there is 
 a materialistic aspect that should not be overlooked. 
 If anyone will glance at the map of North: America 
 he will find that these waters extend from ilie ocean 
 into the very heart of the continent. It is true that 
 originally there were some obstructions to navigation, 
 but they have all been overcome, so that to-day a 
 vessel may load with grain at Fort William Or Port *f. 
 Arthur in the heart of North America and dis- ~ 
 charge at the quays of Manchester in the heart 
 of England. The influence of this waterway on the 
 progress of an enormous tributary region is incal- 
 culable. But for it a considerable proportion of 
 western lands, both in the United States and Can- 
 ada, would have been economically valueless. The 
 
 tonnage p a s s i ng 
 through the Detroit 
 Ri\er is greater by 
 fifty per cent, than the 
 worl d's5'^commer_£je- 
 which jjasses through 
 the Suez Cans.!. It is 
 true that a great pro- 
 
 Hijjh Falls 
 
 THE 
 THE 
 
 HEART OF 
 CONTINEX 
 
 \)^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 KapiJs .-i1h»vi: the I'"alls 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 Shawtni^an Falls 
 
 % 
 
 s
 
 Timber Coves 
 
 V. 
 
 m^?^-: 
 
 >**:; 
 
 portion of this com- 
 merce does not con- 
 tinue on to the St. 
 Lawrence Rixcr. 
 Lack of capacity in 
 the canals in tlie 
 past has been ac- 
 countable for this. 
 The straightening 
 of the ways and the 
 deepening of the 
 channels have been 
 an enormous task 
 for a strug'gling 
 pioneer community 
 which had so much 
 else to do in developing the enormous territories to which 
 it had fallen heir. The initial difficulties have been con- 
 quered, however. In igoi it was possible to say that a 
 vessel of fourteen feet draft could proceed from the western 
 end of Lake Superior to the ocean, and, except for an 
 infinitesimal part of the journey, could do so with ail 
 the sea-roiim ani.1 freedom that are characteristic of the 
 ocean itself. 
 
 Canada has borne the burden of the whole of this task. 
 From end to end she can thread this continental water- 
 way without being once outside her own territories. But 
 
 the task is reallv 
 
 ! I 
 
 :l. I 
 
 
 not yet completed. 
 People now alive 
 will see the mini- 
 mum depth made 
 t wenty-one feet, 
 and when that day 
 arrives Montreal
 
 and Quebec, Halifax and St. John, and 
 perhaps some quiet harbor that is as yet 
 only dreamed of, will be the busiest ports 
 of the North American Continent. Of 
 this great highway Canada holds the 
 door. It is a great national asset, and 
 more than anything else gives Canada 
 a dominating position on this continent. 
 This will be more manifest in the future 
 than it has been in the past. New York 
 State is about to spend a hundred million 
 dollars in the deepening of the Krie Canal 
 to twelve feet. Even then it will be two 
 feet shallower th.m the waterway it is 
 intended to rival, and while in the one a vessel will 
 be almost continuously in straitened waters, in the other, 
 with the exception of a few localities, she will have ample 
 room for full steam ahead. And as we have said Cana- 
 dians are looking forward to the twenty-one foot channel 
 of the future. 
 
 The "River of Canada," as Robinson Crusoe with 
 unconscious prophecy called the St. Lawrence, has been 
 dwelt on to this extent not only because of its prominence 
 from the physiographical standpoint, but also from its 
 relation to national and commercial problems. On its 
 
 Lumber Shanlv 
 
 .\ Lob J.' 
 
 ».'li.'|.|<iii|f
 
 nK\i-:i 
 
 NEW 
 
 -Ol'MliNT Ol 
 IKKKirOKV 
 
 I 
 
 banks the suL-d-yrain of Canadian nalionality was planted, 
 and from its banks and those of its tributary lakes popu- 
 lation has, as yet, never wandered very far away. Even 
 when the era of railway buildiny arrived, the iron roads 
 followed the general course of the waterways. It was 
 not till the plains of the west began to exercise their 
 allurements on the imagination of the pioneers that settle- 
 ment at last got fairly a\.yay from the watershed of ^hS St. 
 Lawrence, and now a new, and perhaps a greater, Canada 
 is arising in regions whose waters run to Hudson's Bav, 
 by the Mackenzie River to the Northern Qeean, or by the 
 Columbia and Frasertothe Pacific. That thrs'develonment 
 in turn is leading to^^ai'correspoudnig development in older 
 Canada, is found in the fact that at the moment of 
 writing preparations are being^made for the opening up 
 
 'Ijy. railway of a region 
 of absolutely new terri- 
 tory, 3,600 miles long, 
 fromthe Atlantic to the 
 Pacific, Besides the 
 development aspect of 
 this project there is a 
 strictly national phase. 
 The geographical 
 weakness of the Do- 
 minion h.is hitherto 
 
 '"■ U 
 
 I-umhcr Yards 
 
 "1/ 1 
 
 •^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Hutlfnjj 'I'imhiT
 
 been this adherence of the popu- 
 lation to a iongf thin line of settle- 
 ment whose only connecting link 
 at one spot, namely along the 
 north shore of Lake Superior, is 
 the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 The northward trend of popula- 
 tion in the west has emboldened 
 us to create a fresh nerve of col- 
 onization and civilization in the 
 east, and to take full advantage 
 
 of the fact that the shortest and speediest route between 
 Great Britain and the Far East lies across Canada. 
 
 The magnitude of the fluvial and lacustrine features of 
 the country have after all only been touched upon in dealing 
 with the St. Lawrence system. It is a curious fact that 
 almost all the great lakes of the globe are in the northern 
 zone, and that of this distribution Canada has received an 
 extraordinary share. In addition to Superior, Huron, 
 Erie, and Ontario, there are such enormous bodies of 
 
 water as Great Slave 
 Lake, Great Bear Lake, 
 Lake Athabasca, Lake 
 Winnipeg and Lake Mis- jfr 
 tassini. The smallest of 
 these is but little less 
 than Lake Ladoga, the 
 largest V.u- 
 riipean 
 
 DufftTMi Terrace, 
 Quebec 
 
 di.'tnipl.'iin Mi>iiiintcnt 
 
 1\ 
 
 i I I II III I I I 11 
 
 <r 
 
 M.iiUin»»r».'ncv FalU 
 
 Parliament BuilJin^s, Qui'Ik'c
 
 micAL SI 
 
 Harbor, Quc-bc. 
 
 ^*\Jjl 
 
 ^'■f'V^ 
 
 MMi:i; fresh water lake. Lake Baikal, the lart,'-est fresh water 
 
 body ill Asia, would not he more than in the fourth or 
 fifth rank as compared \\ith Canada's 
 fresli water seas. 
 
 But apart from these world-known 
 bodies of water there are literally 
 scores of smaller lakes scattered 
 throug-hout the country, but chiefly in 
 Northern Ontario and Quebec. This 
 maze of 
 waters 
 in the 
 
 two provinces makes them 
 
 ideal summer resorts, anil 
 
 during June, July, Aujjust 
 
 and September thousands 
 
 of tourists from all parts 
 
 of the American continent 
 
 are reinvig"orated for the 
 
 strenuous life of the west- 
 ern hemisphere by a brac- 
 ing holida}' among the 
 
 numerous waters that 
 
 stretch from the Albany 
 
 River to the city of Quebec. 
 
 Here are scores of Loch 
 
 Katrines and Killarneys, 
 
 only needing to be invested 
 
 with ruined abbey 
 
 and castle 
 
 Laval L'nfversity 

 
 Cl IV Ol- QlMtlA
 
 and leg-end, or woven into the dreams of poet or 
 romance-uriter, to exercise as grreat a spell on the traveller 
 as the storied waters of the motherland. So far out of 
 the road of travel are some of these hermit lakes that thev 
 are unknown to Canadians them- 
 selves. Lake Temag:ami, with 
 flocks of islands brooding on its 
 bosom, is perhaps the loveliest 
 sheet of water on which the sun 
 shmes. Those who have seen 
 Nipig-on are alone inclined to 
 dispute the palm. 
 
 There is an aspect other than 
 the scenic to this wealth of 
 Canadian waters. This is the at^e 
 of electricity. It is also the ag-e 
 
 when the world is beyinnin- to look anxlouslv at its 
 coal measures. People calculate how long- the 
 
 visible supply will last, and say, with a shrug of ' 
 the shoulder, that it will last their day. X'ery 
 true, but the price will be constantly appreciating-', 
 and that is a fact that touches us all. Nothing 
 could be more unlike coal than that bottle-grcru 
 liquid which pours over the verge of Niagara and 
 breaks into snow and mist on the rocks below. Vet, it 
 can be made to perform the same giant tasks. It can be 
 made to turn the wheel and drive 
 the shaft, and smelt the ada- 
 ^^ mantine rock just as coal 
 ^ lias been doing these many 
 
 .-11 Grand M 
 
 A.id Tower .iiij Pulp Mjll 
 
 P-ilx* Atnehinc 
 
 Pull. W,...,l ..mJ I',,, 
 
 ^-
 
 MAr.AKA IS 
 \ TVl'l 
 
 nepartnifnt HuilJ 
 
 years. And its power to do this is cxliaustless. So loiig 
 as water evaporates, and is anon precipitated in rain, or, 
 in other words, so long as the hiws of nature maintain 
 their accustomed sequence, the water will continue to thun- 
 der over that escarpment and be transmitted into power. 
 It will be as capable of performing its allotted task after 
 every coal mine in the world has become exhausted as 
 it is now. The fact is dwelt on because Niagara is hut 
 one of many great waterfalls and waterpowers scattered 
 through Canada. It is, of course, incomparably the 
 greatest. lUit there are others scarcely inferior 
 when their availability for the pro- 
 duction of power is considered. 
 Within the corporation 
 limits of the city of Ottawa 
 there are two notable 
 waterfalls — the Ch:uidieri!; 
 and the Rideau Falls. 
 Both have been harnessed, 
 but it is asserted that 
 a hundred thousand 
 horse-power slill 
 
 
 eiu Buildii 
 
 
 < 
 
 )^^- 
 
 runs to waste 
 within the civic 
 boundaries of this indus- riepartmcni k.i 
 
 trial and commercial city. At Sault Ste. Marie there is 
 another fall cif but eighteen feet, whose possibilities of 
 development are enormous. Two power canals wliicli 
 have already been built here yield 215,000 horse-power. 
 No attempt has as yet been made to tabulate the possi- 
 bilities of the water-powers of the Dominion, or o( even one 
 
 Ing'
 
 P\Kt.ivMi:M Iliii., Ottawa
 
 fc J 
 
 Experinifntal Farm 
 
 of the provinces. 
 We know that 
 power is beingf de- 
 veloped at Xiai^ara, 
 at Montmorency 
 Falls, at the Soo, 
 at L a c h i n e , at 
 Chambly, at Sturgeon Falls, at Grand Mere, on the 
 Lievre, on the Kaministiquia, and at other places, but 
 the supply is known to be enormous, 
 and as yet but a frini,''e has been 
 touched. Through the northern forests, 
 where as yet not a human ear hears 
 their thunders, dozens of falls and rapids 
 are waiting the day of development. 
 The importance of these can scarcely 
 be exaggerated, when it is considered 
 that they occur in a region giving pro- 
 mise of great mineral development. So 
 far as the Province of Ontario is con- 
 cerned, the Government made provision 
 some five years ago to preserve such 
 powers for the public advantage. The 
 mere ownership of the land does not confer ownership^ 
 of a waterfall thereon. That is reserved for the 
 Crown, so that it cannot be selfishlv withheld by 
 private greed from the uses to which it should 
 be put of furnishing cheap power for the estab- 
 lishment of industries of all kinds. 
 
 Mr. T. C. Keefer, one of the best known 
 of Canadian engineers, in his presidential address 
 to the Royal Society of Canada in iSgg, devoted his 
 attention to the subject of 
 
 water ..^^BH^ powers. 
 
 MENTAL 
 
 ■ I f I ^ V" V. 
 
 ? 
 
 Ottawa River 
 tnmi Rool ot 
 Parliament 
 H.iiUings 
 
 ^- 
 
 Ottawa River Rapids 
 
 KiJcau n.iU
 
 oi'i'Oi; iiNi riKN Nowhere else in tlic world, he thout;"ht, do such opportuni- 
 loi; i\iirsri;i\i . . . , . .,....," „,, 
 
 ties exist tor their utilization in industry. Ihey were oc- 
 casioned, he explained, by the physical formation of the 
 country aided bv nieteoroloi;ical conditions. The meteoro- 
 logical conditions are the plentiful rainfall and the compar- 
 atively small evaporation. This has re- 
 sulted in the plenitude of lakes and con- 
 nectiny rivers in the northern parts of the 
 country. So numerous are these that cinly 
 the more important ones are cartographed. 
 Scores of them are unmapped and virtually 
 unknown. This congeries of waters has its 
 origin niainlv in ;i table-land from 300 to 
 !,ooo feet above sea-level, and the numer- 
 ous water-powers are caused by the rapid 
 descent of these waters to the lower 
 plateaus. A calculation ot the rainfall 
 of the higher region which finds its way to the 
 lower gives a horse-power of startling figures. 
 Niagara alone has been calculated at fourteen 
 million horse-power, but Mr. Keefer is inclined 
 to regard this estimate as an exaggeration. 
 But after every allowance is made the ex- 
 haustless energy stored up in these Canadian 
 falls and rapids makes the coal mines of the 
 world seem insignificant in comparison, 
 if the dictum that "that country is happy which has 
 
 Drivin^^ Lilys on tlie ,, 
 
 ci.itinciu no annals be true, 
 
 Canada can scarcely 
 claim perfect felicity, ^^ 
 
 
 Rnftint,' Timber 
 
 I 
 
 J i'^y 
 
 I'li.uidicrc Falls
 
 city of Kingston 
 
 for her story has been a varied and picturesque 
 one. Wrested from the savage Iroquois by 
 the French, it was in turn wrested from the 
 French by Wolfe and his little army. The full 
 significance of the event which took place on Sep 
 tember iSth, 1759, when the keys of the citadel 
 Quebec were handed over to the victors of the Plains of 
 Abraham, is only now appearing. Wolfe's success in 
 capturing the Gibraltar of the new world makes the sub- 
 sequent loss of the Thirteen Colonies to the Empire less 
 disastrous than it would otherwise be. Speculating on 
 historical might-have-beens is perhaps a fruitless occupa- 
 tion, but it is rather fascinating when it may be applied in 
 a case where the diverging lines are so plain as they appear 
 to be in those middle \ ears of the eighteenth century. 
 Had Montcalm been the victor on 
 that eventful September day the 
 subsequent course of history would 
 have been different for a time at 
 least. Whether Canada could 
 have remained French during the 
 later Napoleonic era with the Brit- 
 ish fleet dominating the seas of the 
 world may well be t)uestioned. 
 
 Queen's L'nivershy 
 
 y 
 
 II 
 
 On till- Kidt-.-iii
 
 TF.RRITORIAL 
 
 I.VTI ' 
 
 The one regrettable fact is that while the French at the time 
 of the fall of Quebec claimed and held the whole watershed 
 of the Mississippi River, their Enjjlish successors allowed 
 that magnificent territory to go by default, until at Icngtl^ 
 
 
 Aniovj^ I'll? 
 
 American pretensions, embodied in the famous " Fifty-four 
 tbrty or fight " cry, proposed to shut Canada out from 
 thg Pacific Coast altogether. Had this audacious claim 
 prevailed Canada would not ha\e built or be building 
 trans- continental railways. 
 
 The Canadian provinces were not much involved in 
 the struggle which led to the independ- 
 ence of the Thirteen Colonies, but thirt\- 
 jix years later, when President Madison 
 \iclded to the "war-hawks," and hostili- 
 
 l-.ul Kiv.i l-.ill- 
 
 I.itt Lock at Peterborough, 
 largest ill the world
 
 Niagara I-'alls
 
 Till-: WAR 
 
 'AortnUii H.irb >r p-::>r ' 
 
 tii.sw-r^ be^-^mi ai(aiii>t lireat Bnlaiii, Canada at one 
 became the theatre of operations. The mother 
 country was at the crisis of the strugg-le against 
 Napoleon. Her statesmen, her warriors and 
 her sailors were bending- all their energies to the 
 task of checking the progress of the Corsican 
 wonder. The forces which could be mustered 
 to defend the Canadian frontiers, therefore, were ot 
 the most slender description. The whole population o( 
 what is now the Province of Ontario, which sustained the 
 brunt of the blows, was but 83,000. That of the other 
 province was 310,000. The population of the United 
 States was 7,700,000. On every field the British were 
 outnumbered. During the three years of war twelve inva- 
 sions of armies superior in force and equipment were rolled 
 back. Col. de Salaberry's feat in driving Gen. Hampton 
 and his 3.500 men from the field of Chateauguay is 
 well worthy of being named with that of Leonidas and 
 his Spartans at Thermopylae. The peculiar signifi- 
 cance of that action was that Col. de Salaberry and his 
 350 heroes were of that race which had joined 
 its fortunes with the conquerors of the Plain 
 
 ffrlfl 
 
 an 'tr'f 
 
 City Hall, Toronto 
 
 P.irli.iinL'nl Buitdiii|r>. 'r,>roiilo
 
 
 Alirahani. Chateauguay did more for tlie unity of the 
 two races ihan a quarter of a century of civil life. 
 Justice requires it to he said that while the Canadians 
 proved indomitable on land, the Americans 
 proved themselves the better sailors. On 
 the whole, however, it may be said that 
 no where in the world's annals can there 
 be fouiid a more inspiring story of un- 
 daunted and successful resistance to over- 
 
 
 L'ppt.T C.Til.nda Collc^^i- 
 
 whelmingf odds tlian that of the strutrtrle in Canada 
 
 in the war of 1812-15. It left a leg-acy of heroic names, 
 above them all standing that o( Sir Isaac Brock. He 
 was killed at the very outset of the war. Like Wolfe he 
 died victorious, and left behind him a memory of talent, 
 courage, enterprise and energy that promised great 
 services for his countr\'. Tlie lofty column on Queenston 
 Heights, seen by the people of holli lands, attests 
 the regrets and admiration of his 
 J. i countrymen. 
 
 The rebellion of 1S37-38 need 
 not be more than alluded to. The 
 loss of the Thirteen Colonies which 
 theTreaty of 1783 recognized h.id 
 
 Osgood.' Hall, roronl.)
 
 
 K.ipiJs, Niagara Kivir 
 
 tiranj Trunk Bridge. 
 .Niaj^ara Falls 
 
 F 
 
 
 J^'
 
 i,ov.vLr\ 111 
 nil': K.MPiui; 
 
 V 
 
 L 
 
 P 
 
 .ffn5«a 
 
 l-ruil Ian. 
 
 large across it. 
 
 iiol t.iuLjlit the lesson that was wuUlii 
 Instead of conveying the moral that the gift of freedom 
 was the way to strengthen the tie between the colonies 
 and the Mother Country, officialdom cherished the delu- 
 sion that \\ hat had caused the trouble between Great Brit- 
 ain and the American colonies was the belief that the latter 
 possessed too great freedom. This being the principle of 
 Government, both Upper and Lower Canada were driven 
 into rebellion. It was a foolish and ill-calculated uprising, 
 but it drew attention to grievances, and from that time to 
 Confederation in 1S67 the progress in constitutionalism, 
 while resisted by reactionaries, was steady. Every gift of 
 additional powers has seen the love for the Motherland 
 
 increase, and at this moment of 
 highest autonomy the deter- 
 mination to cherish and 
 maintain the connec- 
 tion with the Empire, 
 is more firmly and 
 more fervently felt 
 than L'\er before. I 
 
 rriiit Grower's IKmn; 
 nc.Ti- Ciniiisby
 
 The f^Towth of Canada has heeii a matter of concern 
 to her sons. It mav be frankly admitted that there were 
 times when the deepest misj^iviny^s were felt with reijard 
 to it. The population of Lower and Upper Canada, the 
 present Quebec and Ontario, at the close of the war of 
 1812-15, ^^'<'^ 440,000. The census of igoi showed a 
 population of 5, ■^yi ,315, or an increase during^ the decade 
 o( I 1 . 1 4 per cent. The iticrease for the pre\ious decade 
 
 was 11.76. Both were considered uns.it. staclory. Here 
 was a i;reat, new, empty land which was not progressing 
 as rapidly in population as some ot the older countries of 
 Europe. During the twenty ye.irs a veritable empire had 
 been opened up in the west by the building of a railway to 
 the Pacific Ocean. The progress even there had been dis- 
 appointingly slow. But as we look back now from the 
 point of vantage of present-day progress, when the rate 
 of increase has been enormously and satisfactorily acceler- 
 ated, we can detect some of the coiuiitions which checked 
 our advance. The whole period was one of transition. 
 The state of affairs which stopped the growth o{ the New 
 
 1 l.'iiiiilliin from 
 the .Mount.tin
 
 England States also aft'ected the older Prox inces of Canada. 
 The cultivation of the viiijin soil of the west changed almost 
 the whole basis of farmini;', and drew population from the 
 east to pursue husbandry where it was less laborious 
 and therefore less likely to result in the expatriation of 
 the boys and g-irls of the family. The i^rowth of vast cities 
 
 across the border was exceed- 
 ing-ly hurtful to Canada. The 
 cityward tendency which the 
 United States fiscal policy 
 
 \\ L-llaiid Canal Scenes — .- 
 
 tended to pro- 
 mote affected the 
 rural population ot both coun- 
 tries, but the Canadian who 
 went to an American city disap- 
 peared from our census, while 
 the American census lost nothing;' when an American coun- 
 try lad moved into the adjoinint;' large town. What was 
 called the "excidus" became too prominent a feature ot 
 our sociological conditions. It was imdoubtcdh' a move- 
 ment of the same type that has brought so many Scotch- 
 men to London, but happilv has not robbed the Ignited 
 Kingdom of her sons as (in the case of Canada) imlortun- 
 ately theexodus to the Cnited Slates has done. TlieAineri- 
 
 1^
 
 can census of iXyi showed that there were a million 
 persons of Canadian birth in the United States. The 
 figures set Canadians thinking. There were many 
 circumstances that accounted for this state of 
 things. Large communities, lil<e hiri^e bodies in ij 
 
 nature, share the qualities of the law of gravitation. 
 The I'nited States grew with their own growth. Tiie 
 fact that there were so many people there already not 
 
 only attracted for- 
 eigners who might 
 have come to Can- 
 ada, but actually 
 took away from us 
 manv of our own 
 
 OiUari*> Agricultural College. 
 
 people. The other 
 British colonies 
 suffered from the 
 same cause. The 
 Australian colon- 
 ies held their own 
 for a time because 
 
 
 of the fame of discoveries of gold, and later South Africa 
 profiled from the same cause. The Pacific Coast of the 
 United States was virtually settled on the strength of the 
 gold discoveries in California in 1S49. British Columbia 
 
 1^ 
 
 Ptuughin^ 
 
 Expc-rtinL-ntal Vi 
 
 Unflph 
 
 K 
 
 ii 
 
 Shorthorn Bull
 
 Brant 
 
 Monument, 
 
 Brantford 
 
 was helped to some extent by the rush 
 to Cariboo, hut for the most part / 
 Canada has not enjoyed adventitious f — 
 aid of that idnd. What she had 
 to offer main)}' was her soil, and a .^c^""!;^ 
 giant's labor was necessary to clear ! ^.^t£^ 
 awav the forests before even that S^;i-i«**-' 
 could be made available. Like 
 most things easily won, however, 
 the g'olden sands of Placerville, and 
 of the Australian dig- 
 gin g-s ceased to yield 
 their largess, while the 
 less obvious wealth of 
 the arable lands of On- 
 tario and Quebec 
 still ministers to 
 the needs of man, 
 and will be min- 
 istering to his 
 needs when the 
 
 last attainable ounce of the precious metals has 
 been washed from the grudging earth. The 
 humble and less romantic tillage of the soil has 
 the advantage that it is handed by the father to 
 the son, improved rather tliaii impoverished, by 
 what he has extracted from it. The chemistry of 
 air and moisture and sunshine perpetually renews 
 the never-failing wealth of the brown earth which 
 the ploughshare turns up to 
 the light. 
 
 But gold and precious gems 
 cast a glamour even over the eyes 
 of wise men. If anyone reads 
 the records of Empire of some 
 
 Tunnel, 
 Sarnia to 
 Port Huron 
 
 LonJ^) 
 
 I'ulilii ].il,rrtr.\, UranlforJ
 
 ihirty or forty years ago he will be aston 
 ished at the little attention which was 
 paid to Canada even by those who 
 persuaded themselves that they 
 were deeply concerned about the n 
 over-sea possessions of the British 
 Crown. Sir Chas. Dilke in 1S66-7 
 undertook a tour throuijh the lands 
 
 Port Arthur 
 
 Fori William 
 
 which English- 
 speaking men 
 have settled, and 
 he called the wide 
 domains so colonized 
 ^_^^ Greater Britain. Inthat 
 thick octavo of 595 pages 
 six pages are devoted to 
 the greatest of Britain's 
 colonies, while 216 pages 
 are devoted to the "Greater 
 Britain" comprised in the 
 United States, and corres- 
 ponding space to Australia, 
 New Zealand and India. 
 Of the six pages alloted to Canada the greater portion 
 is accusatory and minatory.* 
 
 • It is butjiiNl 111 s.-iy that Sir Ch.irU-s Dilke h.is made ample amends to Canada 
 in the latest edition (i8t>o) oi his noted hook, in which more th;in a hundred pages .ire 
 devoted to the l)i>minion. .tnd these I.trjjely l.-iiidatory. 
 
 Collingtt-ood
 
 General View of Clergue 
 Industries, Sault Ste. Marie 
 
 LANDS 
 
 Later, namely in 1886, James Anthony 
 Fioude took somewhat the same pil- 
 l NCO.\sii)iiKKl> grimage, and the account of his wander- 
 ings and observations was incorporated 
 in "Oceana, "a title taken from Sir James 
 Harrington's dreams of a perfect com- 
 monwealth. Mr. Froude was at the time 
 one of the most noted of the literary men of 
 the day, and the fact that such a man had become a voice, 
 
 proclaiming the doctrine of 
 
 the need for unity between 
 
 the scattered branches of 
 
 the British family attracted 
 
 keen public attention. Mr. 
 
 Froude went to South Africa, 
 
 to the various colonies of 
 
 Australia, to New Zealand 
 
 and from thence sailed to 
 
 San Francisco. Hejourneyed 
 
 rapidly across the American 
 
 continent and reached Hut- 
 
 falo. I'rom Buffalo he 
 
 saw the shores ot 
 
 Canada~and then 
 
 he went to New 
 
 York. To the 
 
 Canal Lock 
 
 Sliippinj,' ,Tt Sault Stc. Marie
 
 •^5SIC?*» 
 
 illNTINi; SCKNK IN NkW O.MAKti
 
 United States he devoted a chapter. To 
 
 the thoug-lits that arose in his mind at the 
 
 si<,'ht of" the shores of the country which 
 
 was then completing- a railway from 
 
 ocean to ocean, opening up thousands of 
 
 square miles of what is now being called 
 
 the granary of the Empire, he devoted 
 
 half a page. The British newspaper of 
 
 the period reflected the same indifference 
 
 to Canada. The great "Thunderer" 
 
 which publishes news from all over the world, got its 
 
 Canadian news in those days from Philadelphia, and in 
 
 LANDS 
 
 ^Sta. 
 
 its columns there were more references to the smallest 
 of the VV'est India Islands than to the whole of the 
 Dominion. 
 
 These facts are referred to in no complaining spirit. 
 Sunny southern lands have an irresistible charm for 
 those peoples whose skies are on the whole somewhat 
 dun-colored. A land of perpetual sunshine and warmth 
 
 must by contrast seem a 
 sort of paradise to one ac- 
 customed to a region 
 where dull skies and fre- 
 '" ■t; ,'• quent rains and fogs pre- 
 
 dominate. We in Canada 
 
 Old Hudi,on Bay Post 
 
 Pulp Mill at 
 Sault Stc. .Marie 
 
 III
 
 know lliat sucli lands 
 have their serious draw- 
 backs. They have the 
 detects of their qualities. 
 The residents of Ala- 
 bama and Georgia are 
 only too ylad to escape 
 from old Sol's domin- 
 ions for a season 
 and recover their 
 physical tone and 
 buoyanc\- in the 
 north, just as the 
 oflficials of the 
 warm plains oi 
 Hindostan have 
 to fly for dear 
 life to the foot- 
 hills of the Hima- 
 lavas. There are 
 worse meteoro- 
 cal conditions than those prevalent in Canada, where 
 good old-fashioned winter of frost and snow is suc- 
 ,ceeded by a royal summer, when "to be alive is 
 very }oy. " 
 
 Canada, however, has survived early neglect. 
 She has passed safely through the diseases of 
 childhood. To-day, instead of witnessing with 
 chagrin her children fleeing across the border, she 
 seeing thousands of them coming back, bringing 
 th them other thousands whom we are busy con- 
 verting into good Canadians. How 
 rapid has been this change is best 
 illustrated by a few figures. For a 
 few years after the Canadian Pacific 
 
 Koik I.. -ike 
 CiMiCL'iitratiny 
 
 Mill. 
 
 Sult.'in;i Mill.
 
 Railway was opened for traffic, the lands of the west 
 failed to attract the homeseeker as powerfully as it 
 was hoped they would. Hven as late as 1894 or 
 1895 people were asking- themselves if the value of 
 the country justified the building of a transconti- 
 nental railway. But with the introduction of a vig- 
 orous immij,rration policy a very difT-rent state of 
 affairs has arisen, 
 and all doubt as to 
 the speedy settle- 
 ment of the West- 
 ern Provinces has 
 long since g-iven 
 way to an enthusi- 
 
 t^eer in Canoe 
 
 astic belief in the assured 
 prosperity of that part of 
 the Dominion. What has 
 already been achieved is bi.>st 
 realized when we Icani that 
 K-.li-.. Muskoka ei-ht years a-o the arrivals of set- 
 
 tlers in Canada numbered 16,8^:;, while in 
 1903 they were 
 
 '.H.370- In 1S96 
 the homestead 
 entries in the west 
 were 1857; i,, 
 1903, 32,682. In 
 
 ft 
 
 Scene in Muskoka
 
 liKO" ING PAINS 
 
 'Si> 
 
 Atlur II 
 
 rec 1 cnrs 
 
 every other w;iv indications of vigorous and phenomenal 
 growth are afiforded. The revenue of 1904 is double that 
 of ten years ago ; the total trade is also almost double. 
 Between 1894 and 1904, ten years, the foreign 
 trade of the country increased go 
 cent.; between 1868 and 1894, twenty- 
 six years, 83 per cent. If one de- 
 tects an occasional twinge in the' 
 national countenance, then, it 
 may safely be attributed to grow- 
 ing pains. 
 
 A page or 
 two may fit- 
 tingly be de- 
 voted to 
 
 some account of 
 
 ;.i-ttli;rs First Home thc ni a U V a U d 
 
 varied attractions that are held 
 out to the sight-seer and tourist. 
 Beginning with Prince Edward 
 Island, it maybe said that dining 
 the holiday season the shores of 
 Northumberland Straits are the re- 
 sort of large numbers of tourists, chiefly 
 from Ontario. It is said that tourist travel has 
 become Switzerland's main source of revenue. Canada 
 has not acnieved that position and, of course, never will. 
 Her area is too extensive, and her resources too diversi- 
 
 Ko.uim.'iking 
 
 I SnlK U. .N\u O11I.L
 
 fied to make it possible that her tourist traffic will bear halt ska 
 any considerable proportion to lier greater reg^ular indus- 
 tries. It is a fact, nevertheless, that she is the summer 
 play-ground of a great number of British and American 
 tourists, and as wealth and leisure increase, she is bound 
 to become more and more prominent in that respect. 
 From Three Rivers to the mouth oi' the Gulf the St. 
 Lawrence has practically ;ill the elements of the sea — 
 its salt water, its sea weeds, its odours, and, as it widens 
 out into the estuary, even the shoreless ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 majesty and wide horizons of ocean. In 
 all the accessible villages along its banks 
 thousands of people spend the summer 
 months. The shores of Nova Scotia, 
 New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Is- 
 land are similarly peopled, and once a 
 taste is formed for the simplicity and 
 peace of these little villages, they beckon fe 
 to the jaded city dweller throughout the 
 year, inviting him back to the clean sea- 
 wind that blows the spindrift on the 
 shore, to that odoiu' of dulse and tangles 
 that, to the initiated, is more alluring 
 
 ik. 
 
 Kakabt'ka Falls 
 
 Wal^r l\nM.r on \V*abi),:itOh 
 
 "^
 
 than all the essences of Arabia. The Bras d'Or l.ake^, in 
 Cape Breton, exercise a peculiar enchantment over those 
 who have once yieldeti 
 to the charm that these 
 inland arms of the sea 
 exercise. Their spell is 
 
 Saw Mill 
 
 /in the deep 
 
 sea and the 
 
 shady woods. 
 
 In Ontario 
 
 and Quebec the 
 
 -' attraction is still the 
 
 water,- but it is the charm of river 
 
 and lake. One of the oldest sum- 
 
 meriny places, of course, is the 
 
 Thousand Islands, and their popu- 
 
 laritv does not seem to lessen not- 
 
 withstanding- the discovery of scores 
 
 of Other rivals. They have, it is true, become the resort 
 largely of the rich. On many of the islands not summer 
 
 cottages but siunmer 
 castles have been 
 built. Oit tlie pure 
 iireen waters luxur- 
 
 I.uinlicrin^
 
 
 RiN.viNo TiiK K.M-ni
 
 _^_J M /ohn. N.B. 
 
 ious vachts flit about like swans. The islands were 
 rapidly taken up by botli Canadians and Americans, and 
 it once looked as if the time ivould soon come when this 
 wonder of nature would become 
 a millionaire's preserve, the only 
 privileg-e left to the public being- to 
 gfaze and wonder as thev passed up 
 and down on the lunncrous steam- 
 ers that thread the mazy channel. 
 The Canadian Government has, 
 however, taken steps to ensure 
 that the public will not be whollv 
 debarred out from inspecting- at 
 close quarters the islanils them- 
 selves, for it has set aside a large 
 nmnber of them for a public park. 
 
 This policy of preser\ing- bits of nature, untouched KcversiWc Falls 
 and unmarred, is being adopted both by the Dominion 
 and Provincial (io\ernments. The best illustration of 
 this, of course, is the Hand" National Park in the Rockv 
 Mountains. It is almost 300 square miles in extent, and 
 it is difficult to im- 
 agine how a gfreater 
 variety of natural 
 wonders could be 
 
 Oil the I.C.R. near Caoipbcllton
 
 
 packed into 1 li e 
 same space. Here 
 in this valley, sen- 
 tinelled by the 
 eternal hills, naUire 
 seems to have formed a 
 
 museum on the cosmic scale |, 
 
 Not alone are most of the elements represented, but they 
 are represented in all their moods. Even the How River 
 within a few hundred vards takes delit;ht in exhibiting- 
 
 c BiiiKlings, 
 ricton. N B. 
 
 On tlu- Ri-slii,'oiu-he 
 
 the various phases of which a river is capable. In one 
 reach we have it still and broodini,' and tlark; aiuni 
 chattering- and flecked into fleecy spray; still further, 
 noisy and passionate as it leaps into the abyss. Cascade 
 Mountain, along whose feet the track of the raiK\a\' runs, 
 derives its name from the silver ribbon oi water that falls 
 everlastingly adown ils breast from its summit in the 
 clouds. On every hani.1 are hinls oi the X'.i^t hitlden 
 processes that are going oi^ beneath one's \ery teet. 
 Boiling and sulplunous waters gush bom the earth, and 
 one of these "shapes hot lii.im lartanis" has for its 
 e.irthlv shrine soniL-thing" that one does not naturaliv associ- 
 
 I'.iili.inH'Hl nuiWinys. 
 .Niu liniilsuuk
 
 ate with Tartarus, 
 
 namely a stalactite 
 
 cave, which mi}»^ht 
 
 be the retiring-place 
 
 of Titania herself. 
 
 The navvies who 
 
 discovered this cave deprived it of .some of its beauties. 
 
 Rude hands hammered off in a moment crystals which 
 
 nature had been fashioning for a thousand years. The 
 
 grotto is now guarded with jealous care from the hand of 
 
 the touring Vandal. The hot sulphur waters which are 
 
 collected in a great pool supply one of the most pleasurable 
 
 dailv incidents in the life of the health seekers or mere elobe- 
 
 Hahfax. N.S. 
 
 I'ublk- U.irJins. H:ii;i:, 
 
 I.ookinp South 
 (rom Ctt.'iJcl 
 
 trotters who crowd the C.inadian Pacific Railway liolel and 
 the houses of the village. Not far off are Lake Louise, Mir- 
 ror Lake and L.ike .Agnes, the famous lakes in the clouds 
 — mountain tarns which are now visited 
 yearly by hundreds of travellers, but 
 which previous to the building of the 
 railway, back to the birthday of the J '^ 
 world, were seen b\ the nivri.id
 
 eves of hea\en alone. The white men who first climbed 
 
 into the heart of the iiills, pushing their way through the 
 
 clouds and standing' on the margins of these cloistered 
 
 lakes, must have felt themselves in the presence of original 
 
 purit\-, chalices of virgin waters distilled from the very 
 
 heavens themselves. The Yoho Valley, which has been 
 
 added to the jiark within the past year or so, has been 
 
 described as "one of the sublimest mountain valleys in the 
 
 world." Another wonder near at hand is the Takakkaw 
 
 I'"alls, where a mountain stream l\:i.\ by 
 
 glaciers falls a sheer 1,400 feet, and then 
 
 •^ rages away in a tail-race of 500 feet. 
 
 Those who have experienced a slight 
 
 ^^. disappointment on a first glimpse 
 
 ^^ o( Niagara because the height of 
 
 the drop is inferior to what pre- 
 conceptions had pictured, will 
 not be similarly disappointed in 
 presence of Takakkaw. 
 ' British Columbia has frequently 
 
 been called the Switzerland of 
 .America. In one sense at least the 
 comparison is unfair to British Colum- 
 bia Switzerland, with its 16,000 miles of 
 
 n.ilhoiisie Collet'c, i • i , ■ i . • , • i , - i i ■ • . i 
 
 H;iiitax. N.s. area, could be hidden m liritish Columbia with 
 
 its area of 37J,();,o square miles. Thc)se who have 
 learned to lo\'e the Jungh'au, Mount Pilatus, the Mat- 
 terhorn, and the many glories of the little Swiss Republic, 
 will object tc"i comp.irisons made on the score of mere 
 geograpliical extent. I he Alpine peaks are higher, and it 
 will be said that this constitutes in mountains their true 
 sublimity. To him, houe\er, who would spend a holiday 
 along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from the 
 point where it enters the mountains at Kananaskis until it 
 emerges on the Pacific Ocean 600 miles away, mav be
 
 IP^ 
 
 Ulan I Kirnachs
 
 Sydney. Caiic Hritu 
 
 promised such a feast of mountain scenery as can be 
 enjoyed nowhere else in the world in the same 
 period of time. The scheme of color at 
 any time of the year, except in the 
 depth oi' winter, and even that 
 has its subtle charms, is remark- 
 able, but it is at its height in 
 September, when the dazzling- 
 foliage of the Canadian autumn 
 comes as a touch of beauty on the 
 adamantine sternness of the eterna 
 hills. 
 
 The whole journev which the traveller makTT 
 
 presents a variety which should be capable of appealing n.„.^,.„ cc.,, o. .w. 
 
 to all tastes. The thought which is constantly present in 
 
 his sub-consciousness is the tremendous scale on which 
 
 everything is drawn. iMom the Ottawa River to Rat 
 
 Portage there are a thousand 
 
 miles of territory that varies 
 
 from rich farm l.mds to the 
 
 Laurentian chaos that marks 
 
 the shores of the greatest body 
 of fresh water in the world — 
 a sea in the midst o{ a conti- 
 nent, and connected with the 
 ocean 1,500 miles away bv 
 channels navigable b\- the 
 
 greatest ships. From Rat 
 
 Manoiii Si.KuMi
 
 Porlag-e to Cal- 4 
 gary there is a 
 wholly differ- 
 ent scene. l'\ir ^11 
 a t h o u s a n d "■' 
 miles there is a 
 placid fertile plain, 
 spreadinsj its ben 
 iicent bosom under twenty _ 
 
 meridians of sky. From Calg-ary i.i,.iriotuto«Ti. P.E.i. 
 
 westward ensues that boo miles of mountains whose 
 gfigantic walls and ramparts reveal the power of llie 
 Almitrhtv Builder. There are g;reater peaks in the woild 
 than Mount Sir Donald and Mount Stephen, but where 
 will one fmd 600 miles of mountains traversed by a rail- 
 wav which bears one across their feet, o\'er their dizzy 
 g"orges, or by daring; passages across their cloudy breasts. 
 Each region presents a different aspect. The lake country 
 partly hiding its grimness in the verdure of the temperate 
 
 zone, where the miner, the 
 prospector, the lumberman 
 and the locomoti\e are the 
 only disturbers of the primal 
 quiet ; the prairie, with its fre- 
 quent stacks of grain and in- 
 numerable rows of stooks, 
 converging on the horizon, 
 .j [1 tall elevators and comlort- 
 able farm houses, its herds 
 of cattle, its bands of horses, 
 growing communities and 
 general promise of fatness, usefulness and population ; 
 and last, the iiills where nature seems to sit surrounded 
 by her sublimest trappings. And here again we come 
 upon the prospecttu', the minor. ;]nd the kmiberman ; antl 
 
 »«v
 
 even the husbandman has spied out 
 fair valleys hidden beyond the peaks, 
 and built his cabin, put his plouyh- 
 marks on the land, and planted his 
 apple trees and his plum trees and 
 his vineyard. And in this mountain 
 land there are even yet areas larger th:: 
 Switzerland in which no white man has 
 ever built his camp-fire. 
 
 The Province of Ontario has also set aside lar^je areas 
 for provincial parks. The region between old Ontario and 
 the new North is occupied to a considerable extent by a 
 Lauren tian outcrop, the chosen home of that growth ot 
 white pine which has yielded hundreds of milliiMis ot 
 dollars to the wealth of the country, and many millions of 
 dollars to the public revenues of the Eastern Pro\inces. 
 Its chief physical feature is the tangle of innumerable 
 lakes that spread across the country. Three areas in this 
 region liaxe been set aside by the Ontario (iovernmenl as 
 provincial parks or forest reserves, Algonquin Park and 
 Missisaga and Temagami forest reserves. The latter in- 
 cludes the myriad of islands that dot the bosom of Lake 
 Temagami. Hut there is a much mtire famous pleasure- 
 ground nearer the haunts of men. The Muskoka Lakes 
 are within four hours' journey of Toronto. These have 
 been called the play-ground of the continent and, indeed, 
 the continent will be found fully represented there. The 
 waters which first attracted the attention o( holiday-seekers 
 were those of Lake Rousseau and Lake Joseph. Every 
 available island and point of vantage on their shores has 
 long" since been occupied by hotel or chalet, and the over- 
 
 Salnioii Il.-iiihcrv
 
 MVKrAi) i.AM:s 
 
 \'i<.torIa IIarb<'>r 
 Hiitlsli Columbia 
 
 f 
 
 ««9?' 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 flow Is rapidly spreading- to the adjoinint^ lakes that spray 
 out from the main bodies all through the region. Steam 
 yachts and launches whisk briskly through the waters, 
 \, and supply boats ply from island to island and cottage to 
 '~r cottage. Fishing, boating' and bathing- are the standard 
 amusements, but the Anglo-Saxon takes his games with 
 him ever\ where, and the long ideal summer days are 
 devoted to golf, tennis and bowls. 
 
 As has been said the whole mid-northern regions 
 of Ontario and Quebec are sprinkled with lakes, any 
 of them fitted for the spending ot a holida\', but, of 
 course, accessibility is a prime consideration with tnose 
 who have but a brief vacation. The man with more time, 
 who loves the play of the rod and line, seeks remoter 
 waters where the fighting bass are plentiful enough to 
 g;ive at once a piscatorial and a gustatory feast. As the 
 continent becomes more crowded and as wealth ^xul] leisure 
 increase, tlie importance of this vast play-ground will 
 become more apparent. During the summer months the 
 cities cif the Southern States will be found overwhelmingly 
 represented at all these resorts. The more than tropical 
 heat of Florida, Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama is 
 
 «k • •• 
 
 I'arli.Tincnl BiiilJiiigs. British Colunibi.i
 
 particular!)' tryint,'- to the wliite man and his offspring. 
 The rough worlc of these States must be done b)' the 
 negro, with the white man as director and overseer, 
 and the overseer, in the cities at least, finds it necessary 
 to seek a less enervating climate for a considerable portion 
 of the year. It is not to him merely a luxury; it is a 
 necessity. 
 
 In time the available near-at-hand sites would have 
 been pre-empted, and the ordinary modest citizen 
 would have been a stranger in his 
 own holiday-grounds. Antici- 
 pating this process the Govern- 
 ment of Ontario has set apart 
 the three ample areas of lake 
 and river and forest before 
 mentioned, which preserve 
 forever to the 
 people not of 
 Ontario alone, 
 but of the world, 
 the forest prim- 
 eval of Eastern 
 C a n a d a . The 
 neighborhood ot 
 Niagara Falls 
 has been pre- 
 served from desecration, and the revenue derived from 
 the power privileges is employed in increasing the beauty 
 of the park and the riverside all the wav to Fort Erie. 
 
 Coming to speak of the component parts of the 
 Dominion it is usual to regard the .Maritime Provinces 
 as geographically and industrially united, although they 
 are three separate provinces. There is really, however, 
 distinct points of difference. While all have a sea-faring 
 and fishing population, Nova Scotia is becoming more 
 
 \'.incouvcr, B.C.
 
 li 
 
 66i 
 
 Salmon 
 Cannery 
 
 and more ;i mining- and manufMCturins;; province. Prince 
 Edward Island is the most densely populated portion of the 
 Dominion, the rich red earth of the province affording' 
 sustenance for a large farming popula- 
 tion. The coal mines of Nova Scotia 
 and Cape Breton not onlv form an impor- 
 tant industry in themselves, but thev are 
 the bases of other promising industries. 
 Iron and steel manufacturing bids fair to 
 
 '*"""'" ~~ he the chief of these. The main source 
 
 of ore supply is 
 Hell Island, an 
 islet on the coast 
 ci f N e w f o u n d- 
 jand which has 
 been occupied 
 b}' fi s h e r m e n 
 o t g-enerations, 
 quite unsuspici- 
 ous of the fact 
 
 thai the heav\- dark 
 stones with which thev 
 b.illasted their bo;its 
 were composed of one 
 of the most eagerly 
 sought substan- 
 ces of the 
 earth. It 
 
 / 
 
 
 W% 
 
 is a fact well worth notinj^--, that Canada 
 
 has extensive coal beds at tide-water on 
 
 both oceans, namelv, at S\-dnev in Cape 
 
 W-ssels 
 l.ciadiiig^ 
 Caiim-d 
 Salmon 
 
 IniilJiii^i Uriil^ic oviT
 
 L'ultin({ iiiy TrctJN
 
 Ctke Oven 
 
 «^ 
 
 Hreton and at Naiiainio in, 
 \'ancoii\er Island. To ai 
 ocean empire such a fact, 
 seems literally providen- ,. 
 tial. Another lamous 
 Nova Scotian product is 
 
 the unrival- 
 led apple 
 ot llie Anna- 
 polis X'alley. 
 Gold mining- 
 isalsostead- 
 i Iv carried 
 on. 
 ^^..^j^he early history- of Nova Scotia is 
 picturesque to a det,'ree. The con- 
 ^_l|i test between French and Enj^lish 
 partook of the highly dramatic, the 
 expulsion of the Acadians which 
 Long-fellow celebrated in verse, being- 
 among; the chief e\ents. The wiles ami 
 machinations of Le Loutre, the clerical pro- 
 tagonist c"if 1-Vench interests, have formed the warp and 
 woof of other romances, 
 although not so cele- 
 brated as the familiar 
 hexameters of the Ameri- 
 can poet. 
 
 New Brunswick's 
 greatest interests are 
 her forests and fisheries. 
 There is still, however, 
 
 KoisUind, R.C.
 
 TREES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 
 
 TIIK SMALLEST OF THK FOrR TRKKS IN FRONT IS 9 l-KET HLVMfTER
 
 larg-c areas of land suited tor farming- tliat will one dav 
 be opened up. Afjriculture in New Brunswick has 
 been hindered, as in the Eastern States of America, -«^^ 
 by the superior allurements of prairie land. The 
 time is coming-, however, when its advantajjes 
 of proximity to markets will fill its vacant spaces ^f 
 witli farmers 
 who will con- 
 fine ihemseh-es 
 to the species 
 of tilla!,'-e best 
 suited to its soil 
 and climate. 
 This c h a n g- e 
 will be hasten- 
 ed throug-h the 
 
 opening- up of new sections by the con- 
 struction of the trans-continental rail- 
 way. 
 
 The same may be said of Quebec. 
 Settlement has clung with great 
 I persistenc}- to the hanks ol the 
 St. Lawrence and its tributar- 
 ies. This was all the niore 
 enforced, because, as settle- 
 ment crept northward, it soon 
 
 Fishinf^ Boats 
 
 Salmon Trap 
 
 Salmon Catch
 
 ''rovince of 
 
 encountered the forbidding Laurentian outcrop. It was 
 
 not till our own i^eneration that Father l.abelle taui;ht his 
 
 people that there were "hills be_vond Pentland and streams 
 
 beyond Forth." He convinced them that in the 
 
 valley of Lake St. John there were as fertile 
 
 lands as in any other part of th( 
 
 Quebec. That there are fertile 
 
 areas still undeveloped is not a 
 
 matter of mere conjecture, and 
 
 it is hoped that the building 
 
 of the new railway will see 
 
 a revival of the hopeful, .:^ 
 
 O.itfiL-ld, Vul<on 
 
 V0.' 
 
 Daws,., I C. 
 ol 1-. 
 
 l\ , iluring Visil 
 .ril Minto 
 
 i. 
 
 adventurous spirit which 
 the Frenchmen of the seven- 
 teenth and eig-hteenth cen- 
 turies exhibited in such an 
 eminent degree. No better 
 material for pioneering can 
 be found than the industri- 
 ous, frugal, cheerful, easily- 
 satisfied French-Canadian, 
 with his tid\' housewife and her iinariably numerous brood 
 about the fireside. The chief industry is farming, and of 
 late years the increasing importance of dairying, for w hich 
 the rich succulent grasses 
 oi the province are admirably 
 suited, has greatly improved 
 the prospects for the hus- 
 bandman. Lumbering is still 
 impoitant commercially, and 
 
 Wliitc llorso. ViiUon
 
 as a great part of the province remains covered with 
 forest, its contribution to the wealth and employment of 
 the people is not likely to diminish. The use of wood 
 fibre in the manufacture of 
 paper has added immensely 
 to the value of the spruce 
 forests which cover great 
 areas, and which renew 
 themselves in less than a 
 generation. This, joined 
 to the fact that the pro- 
 vince is rich in water- 
 powers, has led to a 
 ^great develop- 
 m e n t of 
 
 Main Sircrt 
 Winnipeg 
 
 paper-making within its borders. 
 The French-Canadian people 
 take very aptly to factory work, 
 and at various points in the 
 province, therefore, sugar rcfm- 
 eries and manufactures of wool- 
 lens, cottons, and boots and shoes, 
 are \n successful operation. .Although 
 Quebec contains no true coal, there is an 
 extensive production cf miner.ils, the list including iron, 
 
 Cil> II. ill. Winnipeg
 
 oiJ Fori <;. 
 
 M > copper, yrapliite, mica, pho-sphates, 
 etc. The Eiiylish-speaking- people 
 of the province are few. The 
 French-Canadians are a prohlic 
 people, and have over-spread 
 not onlv their native province, but 
 considerable paits of the adjoining' 
 pnninces and the neii^hboriny New 
 I'^ngland -States. Thev ha\e climg' willi 
 
 stead\' dcNotion not onlv to 
 
 their language but .also to their ol.d 
 
 Breton \va\s, so that ihc British 
 
 traveller, in nian\' pai'ts of Quebec, 
 
 finds himself in a l.md quite 
 
 as strange and quaint as 
 
 if he had crossed the 
 
 channel into Brittany. 
 
 The Pro\'ince of 
 
 Ontario, although 
 
 ; much more recently 
 
 settled than those 
 already mentioned, 
 is nevertheless gen- 
 erally spoken oi a.s the 
 premier province of the Domi- 
 nion. How long it may retain this ]iosition remains to be 
 seen, altliough its extent and the variety of its resources 
 make it quite improbable that it \\ ill be deposed in 
 our time. Recent exploration has brought hcniie the 
 conviction tliat there are still large portions of it wliich 
 
 loha College 
 
 Kailwa>" Tr.icks, WinnipcR
 
 remain to be broiij^ht into cultivation and civilization. 
 The new railway will open up a virgin territory which 
 should increase i^reatly the population and commerce of 
 the province. To show lunv rash it is to make any 
 dog'malic statement rej^ardiny the 
 industrial outlook of a de- 
 veloping country, it may 
 be said that the text- 
 books of a few years / , 
 
 asfo said that min- /.^^— _■!_ ^ ^ ^i, .'',\"" 
 
 ingwas not an in- i^E^im^Mm^^MUm 
 dustry of Ontario. 
 In the brief time that 
 has elapsed since that 
 was written, the greatest 
 
 Maryland Bridpe over the 
 Assinibiiinc Kiver 
 
 The Assiiiiboint" Ki\'L'r 
 
 nickel deposits in the world have been discovered in 
 Northern Ontario, and towns have sprung into being as 
 a result of their operation. It h.is also been ascertained 
 that the greatest known deposits of corundum exist in
 
 I I 
 
 Flour Mills. 
 
 VVinnipeg, 
 
 visited by H.R.H. 
 
 Princess of Wales, 
 in 1901. 
 
 =^ 
 
 X entral Ontario, and there, too, communities have been 
 loLinded as a consequence. Exteiisi\e mining' operations 
 are carried on at various points from Michipicoten to the 
 borders of Manitoba, 600 miles away. It is not at all 
 likely that there is true coal within the borders of Ontario, 
 but it is established that lig;nite of economic value occurs 
 in several localities towards the shores of James Bay. 
 
 Where so much territory 
 remains luitraversed, it is 
 impossible to say w'hat still 
 remains to be revealed. 
 
 Agriculture is still the 
 prime industry in Ontario. 
 L'ntil \'ery recently it held 
 the lead even in wheat, but 
 in 1901 the yield in Manitoba 
 leaped suddenly to double 
 that in Ontario, and the lead 
 has been prettv well nianU.iined since. The value of farm 
 lands and farm property in Ontario is over one thousand 
 million dollars. 
 
 Although usuallv regarded as eminently an inland 
 province, it is the fact, nevertheless, by reason of the 
 intrusion of Hudson's Bay from the north, that Ontario 
 has one foot on the salt ocean. So far, the fishing 
 industry of that Canadian Mediterranean has added 
 nothing to the commerce of the province, but before long 
 
 Farnu-i- i.ikmt; c.i.un I,, .M.iiKa
 
 \illatjc of C.ti-Ih 
 
 tlie locomotive will be 
 wakinjf the echoes of 
 James Hay, and the sea 
 products of the north 
 will be brought by rail 
 to the marts of the con- 
 tinent. The fisheries 
 of Ontario are, never- 
 theless, by no means 
 inconsiderable. 
 The annual yield 
 of fresh water 
 fish caught in 
 the great lakes 
 amounts to half a million doll;irs more than the vield of 
 Prince Edward Islaiul, altliough the inshore fisheries of 
 that island are well known for their \alue and per- 
 manence. 
 
 Ontario is the greatest manufacturing pro\ince of the 
 Dominion, and being, like Quebec, largely dowered with 
 water powers, it is not unlikely that she will maintain her 
 own in the electrical era that is dawning. 
 
 Tlie conditions of pioneering were the same in all the 
 afforested provinces, but in the peninsula of Ontario, 
 n.iinely, that portion wedgetl in between the great lakes, 
 the task of those who made it what it is to-day was 
 perhaps even more gigantic than it was anywhere else. 
 If the traveller journeys from Toronto to tlie r")etroit 
 Ri\er by the Grand Trunk Railwav he 
 
 will pass through 
 
 4tfft^ 
 
 .-nul Elevators 
 
 Wlu.it W.i^ons :it Indian Iload
 
 Farm Buildings 
 Glcnboro, Man. 
 
 . t\peof fine farm biiilJintis 
 in the Canadian West 
 
 Rovnl H 
 
 what the native kiiully believes to be the most 
 fertile section of the North-American con- 
 tinent. Fertile it is, but its very fer- 
 tility made it, before the advent 
 of the settler with his axe, a 
 tangled brake of forest. Giant 
 maples, beeches, oaks, walnuts, 
 hickories, butter-nuts, elms, 
 ashes and basswoods yrew as 
 thick as they could stand, and 
 the undertjTOwth, while not so 
 formidable-lookini;', was more 
 tedious to be yot rid of. When 
 the Prince and Princess of 
 Wales visited the Dominion 
 in 190 1 a writer for the press 
 concei\ed the notion that while their 
 hnesses passed throuijh these fair shires the 
 
 ^Vcitcrrl I'';irin liiiusi
 
 ^^4» 
 
 kit 
 
 ^\r 
 
 ^i" 
 
 historian of the pioneers 
 should have discoursed to 
 them, and the supposititious dis- 
 course summarizes fairly well the 
 epic of early settlement, and may 
 not inappropriately be repeated here. 
 
 "Not much more than two g'enerations 
 ai^'o, your Royal Hig'hnesses, this culti- 
 V'ated, fenced, town-besprinkletl embowered 
 land scarcely knew the white man at all. It 
 was one i^^lorious forest of oaks and maples and 
 beeches, and almost every other tree that grows in North 
 America. Those who undertook to subdue it were stout- 
 hearted men. it was not easy to carry provisions into the 
 almost roadless wilds, and despite the fairness and fertility 
 which you now see, the men and women who plunged 
 almost penniless into the bush in the first quarter of the last 
 
 H.-ir\c!*l Scenes 
 
 Harvest Scene
 
 MOTHERS 
 OF I. ANA HA 
 
 century and clown to niucli later times, were in the first 
 year of their struggle trequentl)' face to face with want. 
 Flour is, after air and water, the most indispensable need 
 of the white man. But often these men and women and 
 their broods of little ones did not see Hour for weeks at a 
 time. Some of these women of pioneer days can tell \ou 
 how thev have run down to the clearing which the 
 liusband's axe was making in the forest to treat him to 
 
 « i 
 
 t^. 
 
 the first loaf hot from tlie oven. He had well earned the 
 rare daint\', for he liad carried the bag of wheat (tne lirst 
 wheat that land had e\er produced) twenty miles on his 
 shoulders through the forest paths to the mill, and the 
 resultant Hour twenty miles back. \\"omen all over this 
 land have sat beside their sleeping infants through lonely 
 nights while the protector was away on weary journeys 
 afoot, and heard nothing but the wolf's long howl or the 
 hear brushing again^t the frail cabin's sides and grunting
 
 his ponderous displeasure. This hind was added to \XK AND IIOE 
 
 civilization and your father's glorious crown, your Royal 
 
 Hiyhness, with toil and perhaps some tears, (ireater 
 
 courage was displayed here, and vaster fields won for the 
 
 Empire than at Badajos or Waterloo. These called for 
 
 but the blind blood-ras^e of a few fearful hours. The 
 
 courage of the settler and of the settler's help-meet had 
 
 daily drafts made on it for years, until at last these 
 
 emerald farms basking in the sun, v.-ith the forest tamed 
 
 and subdued and made a familiar servant, were bequeathed 
 
 to all subsequent generations. The greatest battles of 
 
 the Empire have been fought on 
 these fields, where the arms of the 
 comb;itants were the axe ami the hoe." 
 
 There is unmistakable truth in this account of the 
 pioneer's fight against luxuriant nature, her virtues being 
 now turned to the production of more manageable members 
 of the vegetable king'dom than the towering elm or 
 spreading m.iple. 
 
 That section of Ont.irio hinir between the older settled 
 
 A Typical Western F.irin llou 
 
 %\
 
 portion of the province and the borders of Manitoba need 
 not be more than referred to here. The Canadian I'acilic 
 Railway traverses it for nearly a llmusand miles, and as a 
 great portion of the line has been constructed tlironj.;ii 
 the Laurentian rock it was taken for granted that this was 
 
 typical of the whole region. As 
 
 a matter of fact, however, 
 
 be\ond the height of land 
 
 there is an extensive 
 
 g ■ region, a larg-e part of 
 
 ._i — ' which is reported by the 
 
 tioxernnient explorers to 
 be lit for settlement. As 
 ilie new railway will be con- 
 structed through this level clay 
 land there will be every chance to 
 see an early and rapid development 
 tlieie. But it is the prairie lands of 
 ; Town-Hamiot.-i. M.in. ilie west to wliicli tile attention of Canadians 
 
 is chiefly attracted. From the Albanv River to the 
 foot of the Rocky Mountains, south of latitude 53, extends 
 a regicTn which contains more land lit for the uses of man 
 than any reg'ion of similar extent in the woild. If the Mis- 
 sissippi valley be put forward in contradiction of this state- 
 ment it may be amended by sa\ing that it contains more 
 land suited for the production of high-class wheat than any 
 similar extent of country in the world. The most satisfac- 
 
 t^: 
 
 
 ..Jfvt- 
 
 - ^ -...fV' 
 
 ?/■. ■' 
 
 1. >.u,il,i S,1,.M,1.,„,I I .iMiili.M.si.l .,n,uli,,i, \\ . ~1
 
 tory way, however, is lo enter into details. Prof William 
 Saunders, director of the Government Experimental 
 I'arms throughout the Dominion, had an interesting 
 article in a recent number of the Canadian Magazine in 
 which this question of the possible wheat production of 
 the Canadian prairies was gone into minutely. No one 
 lias devoted greater attention to the subject than Prof. 
 Saunders, and his well-known moderation of statement 
 
 .11- AT 
 
 "V- 
 
 lends particular w 
 
 value lo the [^^^Q-" 
 
 figures he has 
 
 published. The Province ot 
 
 Manitoba contains 41,200,000 acres. T'-;Old.-,„d ,he \e>v Homeof a 
 
 Of this 37,000,000 acres are reckoned well-fitted for culti- ^-f-- , 
 
 vation. Of the 57,000,000 acres in Assiniboia, 50,000,000 ^J' - ^ 
 
 are estimated as lit for cultivation. Of the 67,000,000 in 
 baskatchewan, 52,000,000 are considered fit, and of the 
 65,000,000 in Alberta, 4-%ooo,ooo are so considered 
 making a total area of 171,000,000 acres of land of such 
 a degree ot fertility as to admit of highlv profitable 
 farming. Prof. Saunders then goes into Uie question of 
 ra e of production per acre, showing that it is consider- 
 ably higher in Canada than in the Cniled States The 
 
 ?iT*
 
 « 
 
 IJrcakirig ihu rrairic 
 
 averai^e for the 
 latter coiiritrv in 
 1902 was 14.5 
 I bushels per 
 acre ; in M ani- 
 toba in that 
 year it was 26 
 busiiels per acre 
 and in the North 
 West Territor- 
 ies 25. A ten 
 years averay;e for Manitoba gives 19 
 bushels of sprint^ wheat per acre. Dnrinj^ 
 the same period South Dakota yives 10 04, 
 and North Dakota 12.07, ^'""^l these two 
 states are the chief rivals of the Cana- 
 dian West in the matter of yield. 
 The United States produces lari^e 
 quantities of wheat, suffici- 
 ent to meet the demands 
 of the home m;uket 
 for the feedinij 
 of a population 
 of nearly 
 80,000,000, 
 
 Steam Ploiit'lii 
 
 
 i'loiiyliiiij^ in Wistcrn Caii.ula
 
 ant! leaving- a surplus, including flour 
 for foreign export, equal to about ,; 
 225,000,000 bushels of wheat. /' 
 The total area under wheat ]^ 
 in the United States in • 
 IQ02, including winter and 
 spring varieties, was 4b,- 
 202,424 acres, which 
 gave a crop of a 
 little over 670,- 
 000.000 bushels. 
 
 Prof. Saunders 
 quite recognizes 
 th.it all the land 
 which he has cal- 
 culated as fit for 
 cultivation cannot 
 or will not be con- 
 stantly emploved 
 in raising wheat. 
 There is some of it 
 on which, for one 
 reason or another, 
 wheat could not be 
 grown success- 
 fully. The practice 
 of summer-fallow- 
 
 
 -A 
 
 '■^\ 
 
 nn nearMoiKit 
 
 Jaw, As 
 
 Western C'liiaJ,! 
 
 ExiH-riimnlal I'loI^ oi" Max. Iiuli.iii Head
 
 DKiTisii m:i:i' 
 
 ing also will largely reduce the area available for produc- 
 tion each year. Making every allowance, however, 
 he ventures on what he calls the following ''reasonable 
 prophecy " : 
 
 "The total imports of wheat antl Hour into Great 
 Britain in 1902 were equivalent in all to about 200,000,- 
 000 bushels of wheat. Were one-fourth of the land said 
 to be ^^_____^_____ suitable for cultivation 
 
 anitoba 
 
 iiul the 
 three ""'^"'"'""'''''''"'^ Proxisional Terri- 
 
 tories under crop with wheat annually, and the average 
 ■prsaduction equal to that of Manitoba for the past ten 
 •jears, the total crop would be o\er <S 12,000,000 bushels, 
 v ''This would he ample to supply the home demand for 
 
 30,000,000 inhabitants (supposing tlie population of 
 Canada should by that time reach that figure) and meet 
 the present requirements of Great Britain three times 
 /\ J\ over. This estimate 
 
 deals only with a 
 portion of the west, 
 and it leaves the 
 -J l—t^\^ large eastern pro- 
 
 vinces out of consid- 
 
 y 
 
 ^39 
 
 eration altotrether. 
 
 WNcalfieUl in \\'.-.lcni Cmad:? 
 
 i;-.'
 
 From this it would seem to be qiiitf 
 possible tliat Canada may be in 
 a position within a compar- 
 atively few years, after supply- 
 in gf all home demands, to 
 furnish Great Britain with all 
 the wheat and flour she requires 
 and leave a surplus for export 
 to other countries. With a rural 
 population on the western plains 
 in 1902 of about 400,000, o\-er 67,- I'n/.- si 
 
 000,000 bushels of wheat were produced. .Add lo this 
 the wheat s,n-own in Ontario and the other eastern pro- 
 vinces and we alreadv 
 have a total of 93,- 
 000,000 bushels 
 These fig^ures are full 
 of promise for the 
 future of Canada as a '' 
 grreat wheat-exportiny 
 
 country." 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 Il.Misr .,,ul H.'irnv .u-..r Mortli-n. Mr 
 
 I'ri/f StiHk
 
 IlIE I'OSSIHIl.lllKS 
 
 -^'' 
 
 For coincnionco ot reierenco iho areas dealt with in 
 the above calculations niav be tabulated as follows : 
 
 Total arL-:i 
 
 Kxi'kisi\e 
 
 of Water. 
 
 Altl-s. 
 
 Estlniatcil 
 Proportiiiii 
 Suitalile for 
 Culti\ati<ui. 
 
 Manitoba 41,200,000 two-thirds . . . . 
 
 Assiniboia 57,000,000 scven-eiofhths , 
 
 Saskatchewan . 67,000,000 three-fourths . . 
 
 Alberta 65,000,000 two-thirds . . . 
 
 Total. 
 
 \ 
 
 Acres. 
 
 LX|ua] lo 27,000,000 
 
 " 50,000,000 
 
 " 52,000,000 
 
 ■' 42,000,000 
 
 171,000,000 
 
 m 
 
 ■^ 
 
 Y f^ 
 
 i 
 
 of which there is now under crop 5,000,000 acres. 
 Present production ol' wheat and other grains, 125,000,- 
 000 bushels ; possible wheat production (one fourth under 
 •rop annually), 800,000,000 bushels. 
 
 Outside of these areas there are enormous districts 
 which Prof. Saunders excludes i'\\in\ his dehnitc calcula- 
 , _^ ..tions, but of them he says : 
 VR [/ "The writer has received samples IVom Dunvcgan, on
 
 the Peace River, in Athabasca, 414 miles by latitude north '^ ^'"^ 
 of VVinnipej;', of Ladogfa wheat plump and well matured, 
 weighing 64 pounds per bushel ; oats weighing 40 to 42 
 pounds per bushel ; six-rowed barley, 52 pounds per 
 bushel ; and spring rye weighing 56 pounds per bushel. 
 
 "At Fort Vermilion, further down the Peace River, 
 also in Athabasca, 
 591 miles north of 
 Winnipeg, Ladoga 
 wheat has been 
 raised weighing 60 
 pounds per bushel ; 
 oats, 41^ pounds; 
 six-rowed barley, 
 515^ pounds ; and spring rye 57}^ pounds per bushel. .\ two-year^ild Farm 
 
 " From Fort Providence to Mackenzie 710 miles north 
 of Winnipeg I have some good samples of oats and 
 spring rye. 
 
 " From Fort Simpson 818 miles north of Winnipeg 
 by latitude, Ladoga wheat has been obtained which 
 weighed 62!/^ pounds per bushel. In this instance a 
 small percentage of the grain was injured bv frost. Thi.s 
 is the furthest point north from which samples of cereals 
 have been received. The time between sowing and 
 harvesting in these far northern districts is in some 
 
 $IIIk.^lbSH# 
 
 lli-mc- of Successful l-nrmiT in \\cMi:rii C;inaJa
 
 SINNY IVWS 
 
 instances less than 
 it is at the Experi- 
 mental Farm 
 at Ottawa. At 
 Dunvegan 
 the grain 
 was sown 
 May 7th and 
 harvested August 
 
 Ihc Stook 
 
 J* 
 
 _^, --^*"1|f¥: 
 
 2 I St, givmg 
 a growing 
 period of loi 
 days. The 
 same sorts ot 
 grain grown 
 at Ottawa, 
 taking t h e 
 average of 
 -^ three years, 
 reqnire 106 
 days. At Fort \ erniilion the time 
 between sowing and harvest- 
 ing was also loi days. At 
 Fort Providence 108 days 
 were required to bring 
 grain to maturity, from 
 June 1st to September 17th, 
 and at Fort Simpson the 
 wheat was sown June 7th and 
 har\ested September 22nd, giving 
 
 Avt-mic of .Statks, C;i
 
 Fiirni Scene 
 
 a growings period 
 
 of 107 clays. 
 
 " The long- ^ 
 
 days are an im- 'I 
 
 portant factor in 
 
 b r i n g- i n g a b out 
 
 this result ; the in- ^, 
 
 fluence of increased ^,. 
 
 periods of light hastens 
 
 tlie ripening of cereals very much." 
 
 Ihe history of this great region is instructive, 
 is being realized now was asserted of it a quarter 
 century ago by the scientific explorers who examined .. 
 on behalf of the Government. Its marvellous fertility, 
 the depth o^ the prairie mould, the suitability of the 
 climate for wheat-raising, the great blocks of unbroken 
 fertile land, all were embodied in reports by Dr. Dawson, 
 Mr. James RIacoun, Dr. Bell, and the other officers of the 
 Department of the Interior who traversed the land east 
 and west, north and south in the later seventies and early 
 eighties. Mr. Macoun especially gave the subject a great 
 deal of painstaking attention, and it is singular that soni^- 
 
 ■■^ 
 
 .srisrs 
 iFiicn 
 
 ^ 
 
 \
 
 SLOW STAR 1 
 
 of the lands over 
 whicli he was then 
 enthusiastic are only 
 now being filled up 
 with settlers One 
 thing- may be said 
 generally, that every 
 land has its own 
 peculiarities that 
 have to be learned 
 by actual experi 
 ence. The 
 
 ltd .Si«td£t 
 
 e, Barn ami Field 
 
 Corn Bintlcr at \V\irk 
 
 Harvesting 
 
 ! 
 
 anadian 
 est was no 
 exception to this 
 rule, and the Domin- 
 ion owes a great deal 
 to the indomitable 
 pioneers who stuck 
 to their task until 
 they had achieved 
 success. Where one 
 man surmounted all 
 obstacles the argu- 
 ment was irresistible 
 that another man 
 similarly determined 
 could do likewise.
 
 C o m p a rati \ c 1 \- 
 s p e a k i n i; t li e 
 trials of t li e 
 prairie pioneers 
 were not foniiid- 
 able. To tiie man 
 who had a viri^nn 
 forest of hard- 
 wood trees to 
 
 clear away before he could get a look at his land, the task -^ ^"''""' ^=""' 
 of the man who has but to drive his plough-share into the i, \,tv setti ers 
 soil in the sprni- and reap a crop the following fall seems 
 an easy one. The pioneer of the first half of the icjth 
 century had not a railway williln a f^-w miles of his door 
 to carry away his products and to bring in some of the 
 comforts of civilization. The settlement of the West was 
 more than a mere immigration problem- -it was a national 
 problem of the first magnitude. The Dominion had 
 placed a tremendous stake on the estimates that had been 
 n'ade of it as a region suited for the occupancy of man. 
 The issue, strange to say, remained in doubt, but it has 
 now been triumphantly answered. It is not too nuuh to 
 say th.at the greater half of Canada is comprised in those 
 vast steppes of inexhaustible fer- 
 tility that stretch from the 
 shores of Lake Supe- 
 rior to the Ivocky 
 M o u II t a i 11 s . 
 Great cities are 
 rising there, 
 and it ma\- be 
 said that no- 
 where in the 
 world are the 
 conditions for the
 
 I.IMKAI. 
 
 Ill V I { \ M 1 1; 
 
 liushandman so promising. He is ihc proiliiCL'T' of a staple 
 the demand lor wliich seems to yrow witli the production, 
 
 r 
 
 ¥.9 .jfe^ It ^-wf rtsS?^ 
 
 ^' 
 
 Stock K.iisini; 
 
 and lie is able to grow it in a perfection that is attained 
 nowhere else. The No. i hard wheat of the Canadian 
 West is the world's highest standard. 
 
 While wheat-growing will undonbtedK' be the staple 
 branch of husbandry in tlie west, tlie raising of cattle and 
 horses is a well established industry also, especially in 
 Alberta. When one considers the colossal proportions 
 
 M;ires and Colts. iK-;ir C-ilj^.iry
 
 !k*% 
 
 Cax^omx Govkuvmkvt I.x,.K„n,KX„. F.KM. I.,.,.v „K,n. X U-.T.
 
 II-IKKi ATION 
 
 Irrigation in 
 Southern Albertn 
 Two years apo an 
 unpeopled Prairie 
 
 which llie bed Uaclc has attained in the United States, he 
 would be rash who would set a hiiiit to it in Canada. 
 There is no part of the Canadian West wliicli could fairly 
 be described as arid, but the south-western portion, so far 
 as our present experience goes, suffers from cycles of dry 
 \ears. ForlunatcK- the facilities for irrigation are i^ood. 
 Many miles of canals have already been constructed, 
 and the Canadian Pacific Railway has betjun operations 
 on a project which is intended to affect three million acres 
 of land east of Calgary. 
 
 Something has already been said of the physical feat- 
 ures of British Columbia, and all that remains is to add 
 a word concerning its economic and industrial aspects. 
 When one speaks of industry in British Columbia, 
 the mineral outlook almost wholly lills the mind, 
 
 although the salmon and 
 other fisheries are by no 
 means to be despised, and 
 their permanence as a 
 source of wealth must 
 ahvaN's constitute a factor in 
 any sur\ey ot^ the resources 
 
 A pr(>speroi.:, home, after two 
 
 Years" labor on n-rigated land 
 
 in SuullKrn Alliert.i 
 
 f 

 
 A Boiintiriil 
 Harvest 
 
 of the Pacific Province. The forests of British Cokmibia, 
 too, must for many years, and increasingly as the country 
 is de\eloped, become an important item of wealth. The 
 largest of the eastern trees are pigmies compared to the 
 Douglas fir. Indeed, the size of the firs and cedars on 
 (he Pacific Coast has been an actual obstacle to a more 
 rapid development. The handling of these giants in a 
 
 The Second 
 Years Crop 
 
 hill\- country will tax the ingenuity of the lumberman. 
 While farming will not soon be of first importance, British 
 Columbians who have looked into the subject believe that 
 the d.iy may come when it will be the most permanent 
 calling-. There are 200,000 acres in the Fraser vallev 
 alone, the soil and climate of which are exceedingly well 
 suited for fruit culture, and there are numerous other 
 
 > 
 
 The Cruwii ol the SeaM»n > \\'.»rk
 
 valleys only awaiting' the establishment of proper economic 
 and iiidustrial conditions to blossom like the rose. But 
 the main point is that there is ample reward for those who 
 succeed. .Ml that is needed is to ascertain the conditions 
 of success. Fruit g^rowing' rather than general farming 
 seems to be the direction which agriculture will take. 
 
 From the international boundary line to Dawson City, 
 far beyond the limits of British Columbia, the precious 
 metals have been discovered at so many points as to 
 justify the statement that there is among those hills and 
 valleys the greatest area of mineralized rock and sand to 
 be found anywhere in the world. While making that 
 
 Calgary, from 
 llie Bow Ri\er 
 
 "tj" 
 
 ]f 
 
 assertion it must be admitted that the practical results 
 have not, so far, been commensurate with these extraor- 
 dinary indications of mineral promise. The remarkable 
 thing is the way production has waxed and waned. Gold 
 was the first metal that brought fortune-hunters to British 
 ' Columbia. In the early fifties the banks of the Fraser 
 and its tributaries were alive with prospectors sho\'eIling 
 and washing" the river sands. Millions of dollars were 
 won in this way and then the golden stream failed. Lack 
 of communication and the dilliculties of transportatioEi in
 
 so mountainous a reg-ion discouraged any attempts at 
 quartz mining. Tlie construction of the main line of the 
 Canadian Pacific Railway did very little to open up the 
 mining regions, and it was not till branches were built to 
 these rather singular, long and narrow lakes, which dis- 
 tinguish the hydrography of British Columbia, that the 
 province began to reassert itself as a mining country of 
 importance. In the Kootenays and Slocan the deposits 
 of copper-gold and silver-lead ores are unquestionably 
 extensive, and mines are being operated out of which 
 millions of dollars have been taken. There have been the 
 disappointments, of course, that are common to all mining 
 camps. Difficulties of marketing the products have been 
 exceptionally great, but one by one they are being sur- 
 mounted, and it is not too much to predict that the 
 day is not far distant when the mineral production of 
 British Columbia and the tLrritory to the north will go a 
 great way towards keeping Canada high up in the list of 
 mineral-producing countries. Although the production of 
 
 C.-ittIc K;im-h. nc.-ir C.Tly.iry. .Mlvrt.^
 
 the precious metals has not increased as some people 
 anticipated, nevertheless it steadily g'rows, and we believe 
 that everything- points to a progress in the I'uture that 
 will be satisfactory even to the most exacting. Railway 
 development is the greatest need of the country. Unfor- 
 tunately in so rugged a country it is a need not easily 
 supplied. Within a comparatively short time, ho\vc\er, 
 another railway will traverse territory that has given 
 indications of being- highlv mineralized, and it is not rash 
 to expect much from its development. 
 
 Det-ichment of p 
 ■>' ■ntfj Police I 
 
 When we speak of mineral development the mind 
 naturallv dwells on the precious metals, but so far the 
 productio!! of prosaic coal has meant almost as much to 
 British Columbia as the attempt to wring gold and silver 
 from the rocks. Coal-mining has been prosecuted in the 
 Xanaimo district, on \'ancouver Island, since 1858, and 
 great fortunes have been made in the enterprise. Soon 
 after the opening of the Canadian Pacific Railway other 
 coal properties were worketl at .\nthracite and Canmore, 
 and on a branch at Lethbridge and Blairmore. Still later 
 enormous deposits were operated in the Crow's Nest 
 Pass. So extensive were these that the Canai.lla[i Pacilic
 
 The- Okl M 
 
 Railway continued 
 its branch through 
 Eastern and West- 
 ern Kootenay as far 
 as what is known as 
 the Boundary coun- 
 try, and alon;^' the 
 line other niininij 
 operations are being- 
 extensively carried 
 on. Towns have 
 sprung up at several 
 points where a few 
 years ago the soli- 
 tude of the creation still reig^ned. Rossland, Nelson, 
 Greenwood, Fernie, Frank, Sandon, Kaslo, Grand Forks, 
 Cascade and Midway, are some of the towns called into 
 being by the genius of gold, silver or coal. Kxtensive 
 deposits of iron ore have also been discovered at various 
 places. One deposit on Texada Island has been worked 
 for a number cif years. The proximitv of iron and coal 
 in the province, with the Orient and the United States 
 Pacific Coast as markets, must lead to the establishment 
 of a great industry some day. It has been said that 
 
 '#;■ 
 
 '1 Mf N'cw Mt.»u;u\h t»t ihf I'Liiiis
 
 MINKKAL CANAi ' altiiDst everv mineral substance is represented in tliese 
 wonderful British Columbia mountains. 
 
 A few words mav filtin_y"ly be said here concerning; tiie 
 position of the Dominion generally in the minint^ world. 
 It has been stated that there is probably no country in the 
 world with a greater wealth of mineral fuel than the 
 Dominion. The deposits of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick 
 and British Columbia have already been spoken of, but 
 
 it remains to be said that 
 extensive as the coal meas- 
 ures of these provinces are, 
 they are equalled or 
 
 _^-ii. 
 
 ft 
 
 .'nfl 
 
 eclipsed, at ^^^H^^^^^H-^I^^^^^^H 
 
 least, by the great 
 beds in the North 
 West Territories. 
 
 A seam is being worked at Turtle 
 Mountain, being the outcrop of beds 
 which are believed to extend under 
 the Rocky Mountains, outcrops of 
 them being also mined near the Paci- 
 lic Ocean. If this belief be correct 
 
 there can be little doubt that there is here the greatest 
 coal-bed in the western hemisphere. This coal area, how- 
 ever, is only partialU' in llie Territories. Eastward from 
 the Lethbridge mines a coal area extends which the officers 
 of the Geological Survey have calculated to be 15,000 
 square miles in extent. This field is tapped again on the 
 Souris River near the western boundary of Manitoba. 
 Between the Red River and the Rocky Mountains there 
 
 Alberta 
 
 i0iK(^
 
 are, on a conservative estimate, 65,000 square miles of 
 coal, or rather liynite areas, which is an area five times 
 greater than the coal measures of the British Isles. At 
 various points in the Territories the rivers expose the 
 seams, and the settlers get their supply of fuel by digging 
 it out of the banks. The importance of this wide-spread 
 supply of coal in a country where the winter air is shrewd 
 and nipping can be appreciated. It is in every sense 
 providential. 
 
 The agricultural, manufacturing and mercantile inter- 
 ests of Ontario are so predominant that it is sometimes 
 forgotten that she occupies the second position among her 
 
 Flower and W-yt-tabli; Oarden, Calt^ary
 
 
 sister provinces in the value of 
 her mineral output. Nor is she *.» 
 likely to be displaced. Although 
 the iron industry in the pro- 
 vince is yet in its infancy, the 
 indications of iron-bearing' 
 lands give promise of great , 
 future development. Mr. J. 
 S. Jeans, Secretary of the 
 British Iron Trade Associa- 
 tion, in a recent work on 
 " Canada's Resources and 
 Possibilities," states that it is 
 said to be "doubtful whether in 
 any part of America so great an ex- 
 tent exists of rocks favourable for the occurrence of ore 
 deposits as in Ontario." It may be said, moreover, that 
 the iron and steel industry is now well started and on a 
 business basis. The growth of the country makes the out- 
 look for markets continually better, and this applies to 
 many other industries besides the iron industries. 
 
 Ontario has also some metalliferous deposits which 
 place her in a unique position. Her deposits of nickel, 
 corundum, mica and arsenic are perhaps 
 without parallel for richness and extent 
 in the world. How slightly the min- 
 eral parts of the province have been 
 prospected is illustrated by the 
 fact that tlie navvies on a Gov- 
 ernment railway from North 
 Bay to Lake Temiscaming un- 
 covered with their blasting 
 powder rich deposits of nickel 
 and cobalt. 
 
 Not much need be said here 
 
 Prairie Chicken
 
 of the cities ol tiie Uominion. \'i>>itors will see them for '^"'^ ancient 
 themselves, and go into their history and characteristics 
 more fully than the space in this brief sketch will allow. 
 Although not one of the largest cities of the Dominion, 
 Quebec, the picturesque and ancient capital of New 
 France, cannot be spoken of in anv second place. 
 Historically and scenically it is unique. Canadians can 
 be excused for thinking that one of the greatest events 
 in the story of the Empire took place on the Plains of 
 Abraham. To the Empire was added on that memorable 
 day a territory whose inhabitants, 
 within a measurable time, will out- 
 number those of the British Isles. 
 A considerable part of these will 
 be descendants of the men who 
 fought under Montcalm, resist- 
 ing British conquest, but now 
 living contented and prosper- 
 ous lives underthe British flag. 
 This peaceful intermingling of 
 two races formerly arraved 
 against each other in arms is 
 typified bv the monument, un- 
 like any other monument we 
 can recall, which perpetuates in 
 one shaft the fame of opposing 
 commanders, each of whom sealed his 
 devotion to his country with his life-blood on 
 the field of battle. The memories of Wolfe aiul .Montcalm 
 make Quebec a sacred city. 
 
 Quebec was somewh;it dormant until the period when 
 its advantages as a suiumer port drew the attention o( 
 projectors of new steamboat lines and railways. There 
 was a simultaneous awakening of its business men. The 
 census of 190 1 gave it a population of 68,840. The state- 
 
 ^ r, A 
 
 > «
 
 merits of population t^ivcn bL'li>\v arc all those of that 
 census. So rapid is the growth of most of the cities of 
 the Dominion that a census a few years old quite under- 
 states the real population. 
 
 Halifax and St. John are the principal ocean ports of 
 the Dominion. Their harbors are ice-free the year round, 
 and will soon he taxed to their utmost capacity by the 
 commerce of the expandintj west. The population of 
 
 Brandon, from 
 .\ssiniboine River 
 
 Halifax is 40,832; that of St. John 40,711. Charlotte- 
 town, the capital of Prince Edward Island, contains 12,080 
 inhabitants. This beautiful city has a warm place in the 
 memories of the thousands who have spent their summers 
 along; the shores of Nortlumiberland Straits. 
 
 Montreal is the commercial metropolis of the Domin- 
 ion, a position conferred on it largel_y by its position at 
 the head o( St. Lawrence navig'.atlon. Il is a splendid
 
 I-Im'kkimkntai. I'akm in tiik North-West
 
 "'k 
 
 city, with 
 enterprisintf 
 
 and weallliy mer- chants, ihroui,'!] 
 
 whose hands flows a t;reat proportion of the commerce of 
 the country. Its situation on tlie St. Lawrence, w itli tlie 
 great river and St. llelen's Island at its front, and an 
 unrivalled mountain park at its back, g'ains for it a 
 pictiu'esqiieness of which every advantajjfe is beinj^ taken. 
 Being; an ancient city, historic associations aboinid on 
 every hand. It is the orreatest manufacturing' city in the 
 Dominion. The census of lyoi g'ives it a population of 
 
 267, 73^''- 
 
 Ottawa, the nominion capital, witli a population o( 
 59,928, is growing- to be one of the handsomest cities in 
 the country. Its inhabitants liave an ambition to make it 
 wc>rlhy of being the capital city of a great coimtry, and 
 in this ambition they are being encouraged by the Federal 
 authorities. The site of the Parliament buildings is un- 
 equalled, so far as we know, by that of any other legis- 
 lative buildings in the world. Crowning the great bliitT 
 which o\erlooks the Ottawa Ri\cr, thev command a \'aried
 
 view of ;i t;'re;it area of country, which is only excelled in 
 interest by the outlook from the rock of Quebec. 
 
 Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is a bustlini^ coni- 
 i(^ercial and manufacti.u'ini:j city of 208,040 inhabitants, 
 and growing rapidly. It is the seat of Provincial Govern- 
 ment, a great educational centre, and the home of the 
 
 law courts. Niagara is 
 s^ a three hours jour- 
 
 ney by steam- 
 boat, and 
 the bav, 
 
 Whe^iUuiJ. 
 
 ■'i,, island 
 
 a n (.1 lake 
 
 jjjp*" form a great 
 
 part of the siunmer 
 
 eiiiovment of the people. 
 
 The climate is considered particularly mild. 
 
 Winnipeg is a young giant, fast beginning to outstrip 
 many of the older cities, and has an ambition to lead 
 them all if possible. Her sister cities wish her well, for 
 the chief of thejii tee! that while she keeps growing they 
 must grow also. The population oi Winnipeg as g'iven bv 
 the last census was 42,340, but a more recent estimate 
 places it at about 56,000. Regina, the legislative capital 
 of the Territories, is luider the 5,000 mark. Victoria, the 
 capital of Hrilisln C'olumbla, is a ilelighlful cit\', willi an
 
 equable climate where flowers inay he found 
 blooininif in the gardens at Christmas. Its 
 population at the last census was 20,816. 
 \'ancouver may be looked upon in a measure 
 as the mainland capital, a lusty young' town 
 which w'as not even on the census roll in 1881, 
 and in igoi had a piipulation of 25,133. 
 
 The last city to be mentioned is Daw- 
 son City, the "golden city" of the 
 ^'ukon. it is the most northerly capita 
 in the world, and a few years ago was 
 the most inaccessible community of 
 white men on the globe. This has all 
 been changed by the construction of a 
 railway across the mountains and the 
 pushing of the electric telegraph into 
 Dawson City'. The population is 9,142 
 Other, and much larger, thri\ing Canadian 
 cities might be enumerated but for the exigencies 
 of space. •*■■"" 
 
 In regard to climate it may be said there is every 
 variety, ranging'' from Southern Ontario's g^rape and peach 
 producing sunshine to the rigors of the Klondike. In all 
 parts of the country which have been spoken of the 
 climate is fa\ourable to the propagatiiui of a healthv and 
 
 pof 
 an C\>wb*»vs 
 
 . KiJint
 
 iiAUHV RACi hardy race, and to the prudiiL'tion oi the foods and 
 necessities that a healthy and hardy race requires. Maite 
 Brun, speaking' of the Canadian climate has said : — 
 
 lu'crxthiny is in 
 proper keep- 
 ing for 
 
 iJlilj; Cilltlu 
 
 the de- 
 elopnient o( 
 ^J'^i-z w ■ -s.jMOB"'"'*"^' the combined physical 
 
 and mental enerfjies of men. There are to be found at once 
 'he hardihood of character which cont]uers difficulties, 
 I he climate which stimulates exertion, and ihc natural 
 
 advantag'es which reward 
 enterprise. Nature h.is 
 marked out this country for 
 exalted destinies." It is 
 noteworthv how almost iden- 
 lical is the 1 ani4uai,''e of 
 another writer who, some 
 thirl\' \ ears ai;o, i;a\e expres- 
 sion to his opinion o[' the Can- 
 .idian climate and pciiple in 
 
 U.ipiii'.; Cattl.- 
 
 ^
 
 tlie following few words: — "Canatla lies in an altitude 
 where man attains the fjrealest enerj^y of body and mind, 
 and from which have hitherto issued the conquering- 
 races. Canada may thus be looked on as destined to 
 influence the future of tiie world." 
 
 Politically, Canadians believe they have an ideal consti- 
 tution. Some one has said that the British system is the 
 most perfect that the mind of man could conceive. Can- 
 adians possess it, but stripped of the feudalisms that an 
 old land could not well discard. They have a more elastic 
 and a more truly democratic system than their democratic 
 neiifhbors to the south. Education is universal, compul- 
 sory and free. Liberty is only circumscribed by the rights 
 of one's neighbor. .Mlhougii a young- land Canada has 
 a part and a pride in the traditions of the greatest of 
 races and the greatest of countries — the British race and 
 the British Mm|ilre. 
 
 CON-STITLTIO.\.\L 
 PERFECTION
 
 F ■' 
 
 ,.'J 
 
 I 
 
 Caniiiore, B.C. 
 
 nsmma^-^ 
 
 '11 \ 
 
 Junction of l^ow and Sprav Rivers 
 Banff. Alta. 
 
 ^
 
 Mof.vT Sir Donald. Sklkirk Ram^k. B C.
 
 t-athedral Pi;,k. Iron, Kickinf,- Horse Pass 
 
 
 IM 
 
 \ii I 
 
 \ lew of Elk River, showing Mountains