V I R G I I IN ENGLISH RHYTHM. WITH ILLUSTRATION'S FROM THE BRITISH POETS, FROM CHAUCER TO COWPER. BY THE 4/',/"^' REV. ROBERT CORBET SINGLETON, M.A., FIRST WARDEN OF ST. PETHR'S COLLEGE, RADLEY. A MANUAL FOR MASTER AND SCHOLAR. " Hie ilia ducis Meliboei Parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro." — ^En. III., 401, 2. " Sweet Poetiry's A flow'r, where men, like bees and spiders, may Bear poison, or else sweets and wax, away : Be venom-drawing spiders they that will, I'll be the bee, and suck the honey still." Beaumont and Fletcher, Four Plays in One. SECOND EDITION, RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED. LONDON: BELL AND DALDY, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1 87 1. 1 LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAJIFOKD STKEKI AND CHARING CROSS. 5^3^i-Sl PREFATORY REMARKS. It would scarcely seem to need any proof that, when the work of a Poet is to be translated from one language into another, the poetic character should still be observed ; nor is it less obvious that, if the object of the undertaking is the benefit of the youthful scholar, the strictest regard should be had to accuracy in the process. Further, it would appear to be quite indispensable that, whatever may be the design of the operation, easy numbers in the original should be represented by harmonious arrangement in the version. How far any free Translation can be of real service in the case of the more advanced student, is a question with which the Author of the following attempt has no present concern, as he designs his book for the advantage of those to whom such freedom would, in his opinion, be a positive injury ; for his object has been to afford assistance to the classical Teacher in the instruction of his young disciples, and to these latter all such laxness would surely be a serious evil. It is for this reason that, in producing Virgil in a new English dress for their benefit, he has endeavored to combine the three great requisites already alluded to — rigid exactness, poetic diction, and rhythmical flow. In carrying out this design, the Author has thought it necessary to submit to certain restrictions, from which had he relieved him- self, his work would have lost in usefulness, though he would have gained by increased facility in the execution of it. For instance, among other reasons, with a view to facilitate the process of con- struing, the Latin words have been rendered according to the oixier in which they appear in the original, so far at least as seemed oon- r^ '> 9 1 f^ I i V PREFA TOR V REMARKS. sistent with a necessary regard to the English idiom, and the reasonable requirements of the rhythm. Then, again, no single word in the Latin has ever been consciously passed over without the supply of its English equivalent. Further, it has often happened that a passage might have been rendered much more effective by the employment of words different from those which have been used ; yet, notwithstanding the temptation to introduce them, they have been rejected, simply because fidelity to the Latin demanded others. Were it not, indeed, for such ties as these, the present work, instead of being a close Translation for the schoolboy, might with much less of trouble have been turned into a Poem for the general reader. Still, though it is not intended for the latter class, it is only fair to observe that any one who desires to see in English what Virgil says in his own tongue, will probably find him presented here in as agreeable a form as that of any prose version, which should aim at equal faithfulness, and be fettered by the same restrictions. The Translation is accompanied by copious extracts from the British Poets from an early date down to the beginning of the present century. This has been done, not only to meet the tastes of those for whom parallelisms have a great attraction, but also to impart to the young student a love for English poetry itself, by in- troducing him to its greatest masters, whose remains are conspicuous for their genius, beauty, and power. York, June 1. 1871. THE ECLOGUES. Eclogue I. TITYRUS. MELIBCEUS. TITYRUS. Melibceus. Thou, Tityrus, reclining under- neath A canopy of widely-spreading beech, Thy woodland song upon the slender pipe Dost practise ; we our patrimony's bourns, And charming fields, are leaving ; native land We fly : thou, Tit'rus, easy in the shade, Do^t teach the woods with Amaryll the fair To ring. Tityrus. O, Meliboeus, 'tis a god These restful hours for us hath gained. For he Shall ever be a god to me : his altar oft lo A tender lambkin from our folds shall steep. He hath allowed my kine to rove at large — As thou perceivest — and myself to play What [airs] I list upon my rural reed. Mel. In sooth I envy not ; I marvel more : Line 3-5. The complaint of Meliboeus somewhat resembles that of Colin in Spenser's SJuftua rcTs^ Calender, June 13-16 : ~~~ " Thy lovely lay es here maist thou freely boste ; But I, unhappie man ! whom cruell Fate And angrie gods pursue from coste to coste, Can no where finde to shroude my luckless pate." Elsewhere Colin follows the example of Tityrus, but surpasses his prototype ; Colin Clout, 636 : *' The speaking woods, and murmuring waters fall. Her name I'll teach in knowen termes to frame ; And eke my lambs, when for their dams they call, I'll teach to call for Cynthia by name." Shakespeare, with great beauty : " Holla your name to the reverberate hills, And make the babbling gossip of the air Cry out, ' Olivia !' " Twelfth Ni^kt . i. 5. Elsewhere, somewhat differently : " Bondage is hoarse, and may not speak aloud ; Else would I tear the cave where Echo lies. And make her airy tongue more hoarse than mine, With repetition of my Romeo's name." Ro meo and Jul iet, ii. 2. 7. J. Fletcher has " Amaryll" for "Amaryllis," where the metre required it ; c. g., The Faithful Sfupherdess, v. 3. Through the whole country roimd to such extent Confusion reigns. Lo ! I [these] female goats Myself am driving onward, sick at heart ; This, too, with effort, Tityrus, I lead. For here, among the clustered hazel-shrubs. Twins having yeaned but now, my hope of flock, 21 Alas ! she left them on the naked flint. Oft this mischance to us — had not my wit Been stupid — I remember that the oaks, Blasted from heav'n, foretold j [this] oft foretold The luckless crow from out the hollow holnu But ne'ertheless, that deity of thine Who may he be, impart, O Tityrus, Tons. Tit. The city which they title " Rome," O Meliboeus, I, a simpleton, 30 Deemed like to this of ours, whither oft We shepherds are accustomed down to drive The ewes' soft offspring. So I knew that whelps Were like to dogs, so kidlings to their dams ; So with the petty to compare the great Was I accustomed. But as high hath this 'Mong other cities lifted up her head, 24. " As when Heaven's fire Hath scath'd the forest oaks, or mountain pines ; With singM top their stately growth, though bare, Stands on the blasted heath." Milton, P ^^ i^ "My piteous plight in yonder naked tree, Which bears the thunder-scar, too plain I see ; Quite destitute it stands of shelter kind. The mark of storms, and sport of every wind." A. PhUiBgu5«<iiL„ 26. " For did you ever hear the dusky raven Chide blackness T" Tol^ ft \Vet)?i | tP»'. Vittoria Corombona, v. x. 36. " Look down, Drusilla. on these lofty towers, These spacious streets, where every private house Appears a palace to receive a king : The site, the wealth, the beauty of the place. Will soon inform thee 'tis imperious Rome : Rome, the great mistrc:»s of the conquered world." J. Fl etcher^ The Pnf httess, iL 3. V. 26 — 36. ECLOGUE L V. 37—55. As cypresses are wcnc among the lithe Wayfaring bushes. ^ , Mel: Pray,' What provecf to thee So gra/fc a reason for thy seeing Rome ? 40 Tit. 'Twas Freedom, which, [though] late, yet cast a look Upon an idle man, when once his beard More silv'ry to the shaver 'gan to fall. Yet did she look, and after length of time She came, since us doth Amaryllis own, [Us] Galatee hath left. For — seeing I Will it avow — so long as Galatee Enthralled us, there was neither hope Of freedom, nor for perquisite concern. Though many a victim issued from my folds. And for the thankless city oily cheese 51 Was pressed, ne'er laden with a coin for me. Did [this] my right hand to my home return. 43. Tendeftti, the "barber," should the reader prefer it : but it may be supposed that a slave would shave his own beard when cash was scarce. A barber would find some difficulty in giving such a spendthrift as Tityrus any credit 45. Tityrus seems to have been somewhat in the condition of Cowley, if we may judge from his ballad of infinite playfulness, the Chronicle ; e. g. : " Mary then, and gentle Anne, Both to reign at once began : Alternately they sway'd ; And sometimes Mary was the fair. And sometimes Anne the crown did wear. And sometimes both I obeyed." 46. Perhaps it was his own fault, like Thenot's in Fletcher's Faithful Sheplierdess, iv. 5 : " Oh, hapless love, which, being answered, ends ! And, as a little infant cries and bends His tender brows, when, rolling of his eye. He hath espied something that glisters nigh. Which he would have ; yet, give it him, away He throws it straight, and cries afresh to play With something else : such my affection, set On that which I should loathe if I could get." Perhaps it was Galatea's : ' ' Go, false one ! now I see the cheat : Your love was all a counterfeit. And I was galled to think that you. Or any she, could long be true.' How could you once so kind appear, To kiss, to sigh, to shed a tear, To cherish and caress me so, And now not let, but bid, me go ?" Charles Coiion'Sonnet. 48. " For such a foole I doe him firmly hold. That loves his fetters, though they were of gold." Spenser, i'". Q., iii. 9, 8. 51. Tityrus would probably have been dissatisfied with Cicero : ** Should Rome, for whom you've done the happY service. Turn most ingrate, yet were your virtue paid In conscience of the fact: so much good deeds Reward themselves !" Bea JonsQB, Catiline, iii. 2. 52. The cause of Tityrus coming home with empty purse was the same that enriched Autolycus, at the Clown's expense, in Shakegfigare's Winier's Tale, iv. 3; Mel. I used to marvel, Amaryllis, why. In sorrow, on the gods thou wouldest call ; For whom thou would'st allow the fruits to hang Upon their native tree : 'twas Tityrus Was absent hence. The very pines on thee, Tityrus, on thee the very springs, These very copses called. Tit. What could I do ? 60 1 neither from my bondage could escape. Nor elsewhere come to know such kindly gods. Here I that youth, O Meliboeus, saw, T' whom yearly twice six days our altars smoke ; 'Twas here to me, his suppliant, he first Vouchsafed the answer, " Feed, as hitherto, Your oxen, O my swains, break in your bulls." Mel. O blest old man, then thine thy fields shall bide ! Yea, large enough for thee, though naked stone May [cover] all, and fen with oozy rush 70 The pastures overlay. No wontless food Shall harm the breeding females great with young. Nor scathful contact with a neighbor flock Shall damage them. O blest old man, thou here. Amid familiar streams and hallowed springs, Shalt snatch the shady cool. On hither side. The hedge, which at th' adjoining boundary Hath aye its willow-blossom made a feast By bees of Hybla, oft shall thee entice " If I were not in love with Mopsa, thou shouldst take no money of me ; but being enthralled as I am, it will also be the bondage of certain ribands and gloves." 67. " You virgins, that did late despair To keep your wealth from cruel men. Tie up in silk your careless hair. Soft peace is come again. Now lovers' eyes may gently shoot A flame that will not kill ; The drum was angry, but the lute Shall whisper what you will. Sing lo, lo ! for his sake, Who hath restored your drooping heads ; With choice of sweetest flowers, make A garden where he treads : Whilst we whole groves of laurel bring, A petty triumph to his brow, Who is the master of our spring, And all the bloom we owe." Shirley, The Imposture, i. 2. 76. Or — " Shalt shady cool enjoy." See Eel. ii. /. 12. 79. " There flowery hill Hymettus, with the sound Of bees' industrious murmur, oft invites To studious musing." Milton, P. R. b. iv. V. 56 — 66. ECLOGUE I. V. 66—80. By gentle murmuring to drop to sleep. 80 On th' other side, beneath the lofty rock, The pruner shall be warbling to the gales ; Nor yet, meanwhile, hoarse culvers, thy delight, Nor turtle, cease from tow'ring elm to coo. u it. Then sooner nimble harts shall feed in air. And seas leave fishes bar^ upon the strand ; Sooner, — both countries' frontiers traversed o'er, — Or Parthian exile shall the Arar drink, Or Germany the Tigris, than /its looks Can from my bosom fade away. Mel. But we, 90 Some hence shall pass to Afric's thirsty sons; At Scythia others of us shall arrive, 84. " Making that murm'ring noise that cooing doves Use in the soft expression of their loves." Dryden, The Indian Qiteen, iii. i. " No more shall meads be decked with flowers. Nor sweetness dwell in rosy bowers ; Nor greenest buds on branches spring. Nor warbling birds delight to sing ; Nor April violets paint the grove, Ere I forget my Celia's love." CareuvZyi^ Protestation. Shakespeare uses the powerful aid of impossi- bilities for a different purpose ; Merchant 0/ Venice, iv. 1 : " You may as well go stand upon the beach. And bid the main flood bate his usual height ; You may as well use question with the wolf. Why he hath made the ewe bleat for the lamb ; You may as well forbid the mountain pines To wag their high tops, and to make no noise, When they are fretted with the gusts of heaven. As seek to soften that, his Jewish heart." And again, in Coriolanus, v. 3 : " Then let the pebbles on the hungry beach Fillip the stars ; then let the mutinous winds Strike the proud cedars 'gainst the fiery sun. Murdering impossibility, to make What cannot be, slight work." 91. " But poorer now than poverty itself;" " Now, like a sea-tost navy in a storm. Must we be severed unto divers shores?" Webster, The IVeakest goeth to the Wall, ii, 3. " Thou hast forced My heart to sigh, my hands to beat my breast. My feet to travel, and my eyes to weep." iii. 1. Qol^igiaith feelingly alludes to the miseries of exile : ~ *' Have we not seen, at pleasure's lordly call. The smiling, long-frequented village fall ? Beheld the duteous son, the sire decay'd. The modest matron, and the blushing maid. Forced from their homes, a melancholy train. To traverse climes beyond the western main ; k Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around, \ And Niagara stuns with thundering sound ?" Traveller, Again in the Deserted Village : " Ah, no ! To distant climes, a dreary scene. Where half the convex world intrudes between. Through torrid tracts with fainting steps they go. Where wild Altaina murmurs to their woe." And Crete's swift Axus; at the Britons, too, Cut off completely by the whole of earth. Ix> ! shall I ever, [though] a long time hence. My native bourns, and huml)le cabin's roof, Uppiled with turf, some beards of com — my realm — Hereafter viewing, be in wonder held ? Shall these fresh-broken lands, so finely tilled, A godless soldier hold ? a foreigner 100 These crops of corn ? Behold ! to what a pass Disunion us poor citizens hath brought ! Behold ! for whom we've sown the fields 1 Graft now Thy pear-trees, Meliboeus, range arow Thy vines. Away! my goats, once happy flock. Away! You nevermore shall I, [while] stretched Within the verdant grot, see hanging far Adown the braky cliff; no carols I Shall sing; with me to feed you, O my goats, No [more] upon the cytisus in bloom, no And bitter sprays of willow, shall you browse. Til. Yet here this night hadst thou along with me " Far different these from every former scene, — The cooling brook, the grassy-vested green. The breezy covert of the warbling grove. That only shelter'd thefts of harmless love." 94. So Ambrose Philips, with a pleasing variety ; Past. 2 : " Sweet are thy banks ! Oh, when shall I once more With ravish'd eyes review thine amell'd shore i When in the crystal of thy waters scan Each feature faded, and my colour wan ? When shall I see my hut, the small abode Myself did raise, and cover o'er with sod ? Small though it be, a mean and humble cell, Yet is there room for peace and me to dwell." 100. " His stubborn hands my net hath broken quite ; My fish, the ^erdon of my toil and pain, He causeless seized, and, with ungrateful spite. Bestowed upon a less deserving swain : The cost and labour mine, his all the gain." P. Fletcher, £cl. ii. 7. " So many new-bom flies his light gave life to. Buzz in his beams, flesh-flies and butterflies. Hornets, and humming scarabs, that not one honey-bee. That's loaden with true labour, and brings home Increase and credit, can 'scape rifling; And what she sucks for sweet, they turn to bit- terness." J. Fletcher, 'The Loyal Suiject, ii. 5. 112. So Spenseif's She//uurds CaleruUr, Sep- tember, 254: " But if to my cotage thou wilt resort. So as I can I will thee comfort : There mayst thou ligge in a vetchy bed. Till fairer Fortune shew forth his head." V. 81—83. ECLOGUE IT. V. 84. Been able on the leaf of green to rest. With us are mellow apples, chestnuts soft, And store of curded milk ; and now afar The roof-tops of the rural houses smoke, 113. The young student may be referred to Ec. ix. 50, where he will see that poma is used of pears. 116. Milton treats the idea in the closing line dlflerently : " And now the sun had stretched out all the hills." Lycidas. And longer fall from lofty mounts the shades. Collins, with a further variety ; Ec. iii. : ** While evening dews enrich the glittering glade. And the tall forests cast a longer shade." Dryden applies the idea figuratively to the de- clining age of David, king of Israel : " Behold him setting in the western skies, The shadows lengthening as the vapours rise." Absalom and Achitophel, 268, 9. Eclogue II. ALEXIS. The shepherd Corydon with fervor loved The fair Alexis, darling of his lord ; Nor had he aught to hope : only among Tlie clustered beeches, shade-abounding crests, He used unceasingly to come : he there Would these unstudied [verses], all alone. To mounts and forests fling with idle zeal. O barbarous Alexis, reckest thou Naught of my lays? no pity hast for me? Thou in the end wilt goad me on to die. 10 Now e'en the cattle snatch the shades and cool ; Now e'en the thorny brakes green lizards shroud ; And Thestylis for reapers, faint with raging heat. Together bruises garlic and wild thyme, Herbs strong of odor : but along with me, Lhte 6, 7. " Give sorrow words : the grief, that does not speak, Whispers the o'er fraught heart, and bids it break." Macbeth, iv. 3. " Unkindness, do thy office ! poor heart, break ! Those are the killing griefs, which dare not speak." Webster, Vittoria Coroinbona, ii. i. g. " Mercy hangs upon your brow, like a precious jewel, O let not then. Most lovely maid, best to be loved of men. Marble lie upon your heart, that will make you cruel ! Pity, pity, pity ! Pity, pity, pity ! That word begins that ends a true-love ditty." T. Middleton, Blurt, iii. i. 13. Milton makes ^zV Thestylis assist the reapers in a different way, assigning the culinary depart- ment to Phillis : " Hard by, a cottage-chimney smokes. From betwixt two aged oaks, Where Corydon and Thyrsis met. Are at their savoury dinner set Of herbs and other country messes, Which the neat-handed Phyllis dresses ; And then in haste her bower she leaves. With Thestylis to bind the sheaves." U Allegro. Thy footsteps while I trace, ring out the trees With hoarse cicadas 'neath a blazing sun. Was it not better brook the rueful wrath Of Amaryllis, and her haughty scorn ? Not [better brook] Menalcas? e'en though he 20 Were swarthy, e'en though thou wert fair. lovely boy, trust not too much thy hue : White privets drop, dark martagons are culled. By thee am I disdained; nor who I am Dost thou, Alexis, ask ; how rich in flock, How full to overflow in snowy milk. A thousand lambs of mine upon the mounts Of Sic'ly wander ; new milk fails me not In summer-tide, nor in the [wintry] cold. 1 chant [the lays] which used — if e'er his droves 30 He called — Amphion, of Dircaean [birth], On Attic Aracynth. Nor am I so Uncomely. Late I viewed me on the shore, 21. " Why, sir? black (For 'tis the colour that offends your eyesight,) Is not within my reading, any blemish : Sables are no disgrace in heraldry." Shirley, Lady of Pleasure, ii. i. 27. " Two thousand sheep have I as white as milk. Though not so sweet as is thy lovely face ; The pasture rich, the wool as soft as silk : All this I give, let me possess thy grace." Sir Philip Sidney, The Lady of May. "An hundred udders for the pail I have, That give me milk and curds, that make me cheese To cloy the markets ; twenty swarm of bees, Whilk all the summer hum about the hive. And bring me wax and honey in *bilive." B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, ii. i. 33. This may call to mind the language of Eve : " And laid me down .... to look into the clear Smooth lake, that to me seemed another sky. As I bent down to look, just opposite A shape within the watery gleam appeared. Bending to look on me : I started back, It started back ; but pleased, I soon returned." Milton, P. L., iv. * " Bilive," with life, quickly. ▼. a 6 — 4a. ECLOGUE 11. ^. 43-59. When quiet through the breezes stood the sea : I should not Daphnis fear, thyself the judge, Since never doth reflection's form beguile. Oh ! could it but thy pleasure be with me The paltry farms, and unobtrusive cots. To haunt, and pierce the harts, and drive in group The flock of kidlings to the mallow green ! With me together in the forests thou 41 Shalt copy Pan in singing. Pan first taught To brace together divers reeds with wax ; Pan guards the sheep and keepers of the sheep. Nor let it irk thee with a reed to chafe Thy tiny lip : that he these very [strains] Might master, what did not Amyntas do ? I have, with seven unequal hemlock-reeds Close set, a pipe, which for a gift to me Damoetas whilom gave, and, dying, said, 50 "Thee now doth this its second master own." Damoetas spoke ; the fool Amyntas grudged. Morep'er, two roes, discovered by myself In no safe glen, their coats e'en still be- sprent With white, a ewe's twain udders daily drain : Which I for thee reserve. This long time past, 33. Carew gives another turn to the idea : " Stand still, you floods ! do not deface That image which you bear : So votaries, from every place, To you shall altars rear. No winds but lovers' sighs blow here, To trouble these glad streams, On which no star from any sphere Did ever dart such beams. To crystal, then, in haste congeal, Lest you should lose your bliss ; And to my cruel fair reveal How cold, how hard she is." Sight of a Gentlewoman's /ace in the Water. " And fair my flock, nor yet uncomely I, If liquid fountains flatter not : — and why Should liquid fountains flatter us, yet show The bordering flowers less beauteous than they grow?" A. Philips, /'^w/. I. 38. See C. Cotton's " Invitation to Phillis:' Also Note on /En. vi. /. 248. " I must have you To my country villa : rise before the sun. Then make a breakfast of the morning dew. Served up by Nature on some grassy hill : You'll find it nectar." Philip Massinger, The Guardian, i. i. 44. " Sing his praises, that doth keep Our flocks from harm. Pan, the father of our sheep ; And arm in arm Tread we softly in a round, Whilst the hollow neighbouring ground Fills the music with her sound." J. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess^ i. a. That she might carry them away from me, Hath Thestylis been craving, and her end will gain. Since paltry are my presents in thine eyes. Come hither, O thou beauteous boy ! For thee 60 Their lilies, lo ! in baskets full, the Nymphs Are carrying ; for thee a Naiad fair, Her sallow gillyflowers and the heads Of poppies gath'ring, doth narcissus add, And blossom of the sweetly-smelling dill : Then, interlacing them with widow-waile, And other fragrant plants, soft martagons Betrims with yellowing caltha. I myself Will cull thee quinces hoar with velvet down, And chestnuts, which my Amaryllis loved. I waxy plums will add : to this fruit, too, Shall dignity be [deigned] : and you, O bays, 72 ril cull, and thee, O myrtle-plant, the next, Since ye, so placed, your musky perfumes blend. A boor thou art, O Corydon, nor recks Alexis of thy gifts ; nor, if in gifts Should'st thou vie with him, would lollas yield. Alas ! alas ! what is it I have willed For my unhappy self ? Upon my flowers The southern blast, and on my crystal springs 80 I. " And she will do so," is very tame. 61. So " Sensuality " in Nabbes' j1/ttrr<v<7jw//j, iv. " Gather all the flowers Tempc is painted with, and strew his way. Translate my bower to Turia's rosy banks ; There, with a chorus of sweet nightingales. Make it perpetual spring." Similarly Venus engages to Paris : " The laurel and the myrtle shall compose Thy arbours, interwoven with the rose. And honey-dropping woodbine ; on the ground The flowers ambitiously shall crowd themselves Into love-knots and coronets, to entangle Thy feet, that they may kiss them as they tread. And keep them prisoners in their amorous stalks." Shirley, Triumph oj Beauty. 69. "I pr'ythee let me bring thee where crabs grow ; And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts ; Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how To snare the nimble marmoset : I'll bring thee To clustering filberds, and sometimes I'll get thee Young scamels from the rock : wilt thou go with meir" Shakespeare, Tempest, il 2. 75 Spenser imitates Virgil here : Shepheanfs Calender, January, 55 : " It is not Hobbinol wherefore I plaine, Albee my love hee seekc with dayly suit ; His clownish gifts and curtsies I disdaine. His kids, his crackncllcs, and his early fruit." 80. " I am no prophet, nor do wish to sec Upon your spring another wind, than what 59—68. ECLOGUE IIL V. 69—75. Wild boars have I, [to reason] lost, let in. Whom art thou flying, ah ! thou witless one ? Even the gods have tenanted the woods, And Dardan Paris. Pallas by herself Let haunt the fortresses, which she hath built ; Us above all things let the woods delight. The grisly lioness pursues the wolf ; The wolf himself the goat ; the cytisus In blossom doth the wanton goat pursue ; Thee, O Alexis, Corydon : draws each 90 His proper fancy. See, the ploughs up- raised The bullocks by the yoke are bearing hom-e j The sun, too, doubles, as he draws away, The lengthening shades : me, ne'ertheless, is love Consuming ; for what bound can there be set The wings of pregnant western gales do enrich The air withal, which, gliding as you walk. May kiss the teeming flowers, and with soft breath Open the buds, to welcome their preserver." Shirley, The Imposture, iii. 3. 90. " And every humour hath its adjunct pleasure. Wherein it finds a joy above the rest." Shakespeare, Sonnet 91. The force of ipse, in verse 63 of the original, would be best brought out by "in turn." To love ? Ah ! Corydon, [ah !] Corydon, What frenzy thee hath seized ! Half- pruned for thee Thy vine is [lying] on the leafy elm. Why rather dost thou not some [share], at least. Of what thy service needs, prepare thee to weave off 100, Of withes and pliant rush? If this doth thee Disdain, another Alexis thou shalt find. 100. How clearly the poet saw that useful em- ployment was a cure for irregular desires ! ** Wherefore if thou, I say, Dost covet to avoid That Bedlam Boy's deceitful bow. That others hath annoyed : Eschew the idle life ! Flee ! flee from doing naught : For never was there idle bram But bred an idle thought." Turberville,' The Lover to Cupid. Philosophy, religious solitude And labour wait on temperance. In these Desire is bounded ; they instruct the mind's And body's actions. 'Tis lascivious ease. That gives the first beginning to all ills. The thoughts being busied on good objects, sin Can never find a way to enter in." Nabbes, MicrocosmnSt'w, Eclogue IIL PAL^MON. MENALCAS. DAMCETAS. PAL^MON. Menalcas. Inform me, O Damoetas ! whose the flock ? Is't that of Meliboeus ? Davicetas. It is not. But .Agon's ; ^gon lately it consigned To me. Men. O sheep, ye ever luckless flock ! While he himself Nesera fonds, and dreads Lest she should me prefer to him, his ewes This caitiff keeper milketh twice an hour. And from the flock the sap is filched away. And from the lambs the milk. Danu Still bear in mind Line 7. It is very doubtfu} that alienus means "hireling;" for Damoetas -maf have been in too comfortable a position to accept of formal pay. He paid himself, however, unless Menalcas was un- truthful, — which he may very well have been, and his companion with him. The character of each depends on the testimony of the other ; and all that is certain is, that they had both very abusive tongues. The probability is, that Damoetas was a thief, at all events ; and so he ficed not have sought a remuneration for his trouble in honest cash. Vide V. 16 of the Latin text. That these [misdoings] should with more reserve 10 Be charged on those who 're men. We know both who 'Twas . . . thee, — the he-goats eyeing it askance, — And in what holy grot ; — but laughed the easy Nymphs. Men. 'Twas then, I fancy, when they me espied With scathful bill-hook hacking Mycon's grove. And infant vines. Dam. Or here by th' aged beech. When you the bow and shafts of Daphnis broke ; Which when, O curst Menalcas, you be- held Bestowed upon the lad, you were not only vexed, 15. MaU may either be referred to fake, as in the translation ; or to Damoetas, when it should be rendered " spiteful.** V. 15—31. ECLOGUE III. V. 33—39. But, if you had not somehow done him harm, 20 You would have died. Men. What can flock-owners do, When venture knaves the like? Did I not see You, villain, Damon's he-goat catch by craft, Lycisca in full bark? And when I cried, •'Now whither doth yon fellow hie him off? O Tityrus, collect thy flock," — you skulked Behind the rush-plats. Dafn. Should he not, when beat In playing, give the he-goat up to me. Which my reed-pipe had by its warblings won? Should you not know it, that he-goat was mine ; 30 And Damon did himself acknowledge it To me, but said he could not give it up. Men. In Y>^Q.y'\ngyou beat him ? Or hath a pipe. With wax cemented, e'er belonged io you ? Were you not in the crossways, dunder- head. Customed to murder some unhappy tune Upon your squeaking straw? Dam. Do you, then, wish We should between us try what each can do By turns ? I this young cow (lest you per- chance Decline, twice comes she to the pail, twin calves 40 She suckles at her udder;) stake: do you 20. Anthon, in referring nocuisses to the bow and arrows, seems to be singular. 81. " You are a rascal ! he that dares be false To a master, though unjust, will ne'er be true To any other." P. Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, v. i. 85, " Soft ! Whither away so fast? A true man, or a thief, that gallops so ?" Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, iv. 3. 86. " Contemned of all ! and kicked too ! Now I find it : My valour's fled, too, with mine honesty ; For since I would be knave I must be coward." Beaumont and Fletcher, The False One, iiu 2. 36. " Gracculo. Our most humble suit b. We may not twice be executed. Timoleon. Twice ! How meanest thou ? Grac. At the gallows first, and after in a ballad Sung to some villainous tune." Massinger, Bondman, v. 3. " You shall scrape, and I will sing A scurvy ditty to a scurvy tune. Duke 0/ Milan, ii. i. See Milton's Lycidat : " And when tliey list, their lean and flashy songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw." Say with what bet you will with me com- pete. Men. Aught from the herd I could not dare to stake W^ith you : for I a father have at home, A harsh step-dame I have: and twice a day They reckon over, dol/i of them the flock, And one the kids. But that which you, e'en you, Yourself, by far more costly will admit — Seeing it is your fancy to be mad — My beechen cups I'll pledge, the graven- work 50 Of heav'n-inspired Alcimedon, whereon, Embossed upon them with an easy tool, A limber vine attires the berry tufts, Profusely scattered by the ivy wan. 44. Spenser has imitated this passage ; SA. Cai., March, 40 : " For, alas ! at home I have a syre, A stepdarae eke, as bote as fyre, That dewly adayes counts mme." So the unfortunate Imogen complains of " A father cruel, and a stepdame false." Shakespeare, Cymbeline, i. 7. "A father? No! In kinde a father, not in kindlinesse." Thomas Sackviile, Ferrex and Porrex, i. i. 46. " His com and cattle served the neighbour towns With plentiful provision, yet his thrift Could miss one beast among the herd." J. Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, ii. i. 52. On a comparison of v. 38 of the Latin with Ec. V. 42, it seems doubtful that Salmasius and La Cerda are right in taking torno to mean a " lathe," anA superaddita, "superadded." This latter word there plainly means " inscribed ;" and so here it appears to have the force of " embossed over." 53. So Spenser, in his 8th i'Eglogue, which is amoebaean, m imitation of his predecessors, Theo- critus and Virgil : " And over them spred a goodly wilde vine, Entrailed with a wanton yvy twine." Sh. Cal., Aug. 29. And again, he ornaments the porch of the Castle of Temperance with the ivy and vine ; Farru Queene, ii. 9, 24 : " Of hewen stone the porch was fayrely wrought. Stone more of valew, and more smooth and fine. Then iett or marble far from Ireland brought : Over the which was cast a wandring vine, Enchaced with a wanton yvie twine." The same image of trailing ivy is reproduced in an exquisite passage in the description of a fountain in the " Bower of Bliss ;" F. Q., li. 12, 61 : " And over all of purest gold was spred A traylc of yvie in his native hew ; For the rich metall was so coloured. That wight, who did not well avis'd it vew. Would surely deeme it to bee yvie trcw : Low his lascivious armes adown did crecpe. That themselves dipping in the silver dew Their fleecy flowrcs they fearfully did steepe. Which drops of christall seemd (at wantones to weep." V. 40—49- ECLOGUE III. V. 50 — 70. [Stand] in the midst two figures — Conon, and — Who was the other one, that with his wand Mapped out for earth the universal sphere; The seasons which the sickleman, those which The stooping ploughman should observe ? My lips I have not hitherto to them approached, 60 But keep them up in store. Dam. For us as well The same Alcimedon two cups hath made, And with the soft acanthus wreathed around Their handles, and an Orpheus in the midst Hath set, and forests following him. My lips I have not hitherto to them approached. But keep them up in store. If you give heed To my young cow, there is no ground for you To praise your cups. Men. You never shall escape This day ; I'll come where'er you've called. Let but— 56. As Virgil did not want to make Menalcas too learned, so Spenser makes Thomalin {Sh. Cal., July, 161), after mentioning Moses, forget Aaron's name; " This had a brother (his name I knew)," &c. Gay is more true to pastoral life than any of his predecessors : his swains have not even heard of philosophers. See the SJtephercVs Week, Monday, 20-30. 64. Shakespeare's song in Henry the Eighth will readily occur to the reader ; iii. i : " Orpheus with his lute made trees, And the mountain-tops that freeze. Bend themselves when he did sing : To his music plants and flowers Ever sprung ; as sun and showers, There had been a lasting spring. " Every thing that heard him play. Even the billows of the sea, Hung their heads, and then lay by : In sweet music is such art — Killing care and grief of heart Fall asleep, or, hearing, die." Dryden puts the immortal Purcell before Orpheus ; •' We beg not hell our Orpheus to restore ; Had he been there. Their sovereign's fear Had sent him back before. The power of harmony too well they knew : He long ere this had tuned their jarring sphere. And left no hell below. " Elegy on the Death of Mr. Purcell. " Music has charms to soothe a savage breast. To soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak. I've read that things inanimate have moved. And, as with living souls, have been informed By magic numbers and persuasive sound." Congreve, The Mourning Bride, I. i. 1-5. Hear these, or let Palaemon, who, behold, Is coming. I shall manage that henceforth You do not challenge any man at song. Dam. Come, then, if aught thou hast; in rne delay There shall be none, nor any man I fly; Only, Palaemon neighbor, these store up Within thy deepest thoughts — the matter is No trifle. Falcetnon. Sing ye on, since we our seats Have ta'en together on the velvet turf; 79 And now teems every field, now every tree, Now leaf the woods, now fairest is the year. Begin, Damoetas; thou shalt follow then, Menalcas: in alternate strains ye'll sing : Camenian [maidens] love alternate strains. Da/ji. From Jove, ye muses, is my spring [of song] ; Of Jove are all things full; he tends the lands; For him my lays an interest possess. Meji. And me doth Phoebus love; his rightful gifts For Phoebus are for ever [found] with me — His bays, and sweetly-blushing martagon. 90 Da??t. Me with an apple Galataea pelts — The wanton maid — and towards the willow trees She hies, and longs that she may first be seen. Men. Aye, but to me presents himself unasked My flame Amyntas, so that Delia is No longer more familiar to our dogs. Dam. For my own Venus presents are procured; For I myself marked out the spot, whereon The airy culvers have amassed [their nest]. Men. That which I could, ten golden apples culled, 100 72. " I loathe to brawl with such a blast as thou. Who art nought but a valiant voice ; but if Thou shalt provoke me further, men shall say, ' Thou wert,' and not lament it." Beaumont and Fletcher, Philasier, i. 2. 73. Lacessas (v. 51) would seem to mean "chal- lenge," and not "provoke," for the reasons which are given by Dr. Trapp. 78. Palsemon might have replied : " Why, look you, sir ! I can be as calm as silence All the while music plays. Strike on, sweet friend. As mild and merry as the heart of innocence." T. Middleton, The Mayor of Queenborough, iii. x. 93. " He kissed her, and breathed life into her lips. Wherewith, as one displeased, away she trips ; Yet, as she went, full often looked behind." C. Marlowe, Hero and Leander, Sestiad iii. 3-6. " A brisk Arabian girl came tripping by ; Passing she cast at him a side-long glance. And looked behind in hopes to be pursued." J. Dryden, Do?i Sebastian, iv. x. V. 71—86. ECLOGUE TIL T. 87—103. IVom off a wild-wood tree, I to my boy Have sent; to-morrow other [ten] I'll send. Dam. Oh ! times how many, and what [honied words], To us hath Galataea said ! Some part, O breezes, waft ye to the ears of gods. Men. What boots it that, Amyntas, thou dost not Disdain me in thy very soul, if whilst The boars thou huntest, I watch o'er the nets ? Dam. Send Phyllis to me ; 'tis my natal-day, loUas : when I for the crops shall make An ofTring with a heifer, come thyself. Men. I Phyllis love 'fore other maids ; for she 1 12 At my departure wept, and long she cried, "Handsome lollas, fare thee well, fare- well." Dam. The wolf is ruefulness to folds. To ripened fruit are showers, to the trees Are storms, to us is Amaryllis' wrath. lien. To seeded crops is moisture a delight, -. To weaned kids the arbute, willow lithe To teeming flock, Amyntas is alone to me. Dam. Our Muse doth Pollio affect, although 121 It is agrestic : O Pierian dames, Do ye a heifer for your reader feed. Men. Yea, Pollio doth e'en himself com- pose loi. " Here be grapes, whose lusty blood *s the learned poet's good ; Sweeter yet did never crown The head of Bacchus ; nuts more brown Than the squirrel's teeth that crack them : Deign, O fairest fair, to take them. Tor these black-eyed Dryope Hath oftentimes commanded me Vith my clasped knee to climb." J. Fletcher, Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1. A Jhilips gracefully expands the idea : Past, i : " Hav would I wander every day to find Th« choice of wildings, blushing through the rhd ! Foi glossy plums how lightsome climb the tree ! Hov risk the vengeance of the thrifty bee !" 103. * His lip is softer, sweeter than the rose ; His mouth, and tongue, with dropping honey fliws." Ben Johnson, Sad Shepherd, ii. 2. * ' Oh Charm me with the music of thy tongue ! I'm ne'er so blest, as when I hear thy vows. And listen to the language of thy heart." Otway, The Orphan, ii. end. 108. "We prune the orchards, and you cranch the fruit." Massinger, The Emperor of the East, iv. 2. 113. "When I was absent then her ga'lW eyes VVodd have shed April showers, and outwept The clouds in that same o'er- passionate moode, Wh«i they drowned all the world." Marston, Insatiate Countesse, ii. a. Rare poems : feed a bull that with his horn Now butts, and tosses with his hoof the sand. Dam. Who loves thee, Pollio, may he come where'er He joys that thou art too ! May honies stream For him, and prickly brier spikenard yield ! Men. Who Bavius hateth not — that he may love 130 Thy verses, Maevius ! and may he, the same. Put foxes in the yoke, and milk he-goats ! Dam. Ye, who cull flow'rs, and straw- berries, that grow Along the ground, O swains, escape ye hence ; A chilly snake is lurking in the grass. Men. O sheep, forbear ye to advance too far ; There's no safe tnisting to the bank ; the ram Himself his fleece is drying even still. Dam. O Tit'rus, from the river force thou back Thy browsing she-goats ; when there shall be time, 140 Myself will in spring-water wash them all. Men. Drive on the sheep, ye striplings : if the heat Shall have forestalled the milk, as lately, we In vain shall squeeze their udders in our hands. Dam. Alas ! alas ! how meagre is my bull Amid the fatt'ning vetch I The selfsame love Is bane to flock and master of the flock. Men. In these, sure, love is not at all the cause : Scarce hold they by the bones together : I Know not what eye doth witch my tender lambs. 150 126. " Roscommon writes: to that auspicious hand. Muse, feed the bull that spurns the yellow sand." Dryden, Ep. to Lord Roscommon, 66, 7. 137. This form of expression is used by Shake- speare : " For 'tis no trusting to yon foolish lowt." Tiuo Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 150. Or, perhaps, viewiog nescio quis as an idiom : They scarcely hold together by the bones : Some eye or other witches my soft lambs. " Yet pity me, Lencothoe. cure the wound Thine eyes have made ; pity a begging king; Uncharm the charms of thy bewitching face, Or thou wilt leave mc de.-id." T. May, Tk* Heir. iv. V. I04 — log. ECLOGUE III. Dam. Inform me in what lands — and thou shalt be My great Apollo — may the range of heaven Expand itself no further than three ells. Alen. Inform me in what lands may flowers grow, O'erwritten with the names of kings, and thou Possess my Phillis to thyself alone. Pal. It is not in my power to adjust Disputes between you of such high con- cern : Both you are worthy of the cow, and he ; And whosoe'er may either dread the sweets, " My venom eyes Strike innocency dead at such a distance." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Coxcomb, v. 2. " His eyes shoot poison at me ; ha ! he has Bewitched me, sure." Shirley, The Brothers, iv. i. " You leer upon me, do you ? There's an eye Wounds like a leaden sword." Shakespeare, Love's Labotir's Lost, v. 2. 155. To this Milton seems to allude in Lycidas, where he speaks of Cam "footing slow," with " his bonnet-sedge. Inwrought with iigures dim, and on the edge Like to that sanguine flower, inscribed with woe." And Young more directly. Night iii. 271, 2 : " As poets feign'd from Ajax' streaming blood Arose, with grief inscribed, a mournful flower." 160, 161. Or, if this be considered too free a version, the passage may be more literally rendered thus: And whosoe'er may either dread sweet loves. Or may the bitter prove. But what these lines have to do with the matter in dispute nobody apparently can tell. According to the received text, they seem to furnish simple nonsense, from which no unauthorised supply of imaginary ellipses appears to relieve them. Heyne would cut the matter very short by evicting them at once, though all the manuscripts agree in conferring a legal title on these very troublesome tenants. Anthon alters the text without improving the sense. The emendation proposed by Wagner is ex- tremely slight, and hardly unwarrantable. He prefixes an "H". before the first "aut;" and so the passage assumes this form : " Et quisquis amores Haut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros ;" which, paraphrased, yields the following meaning : And (this appears from the experience of you both, that) whosoever is not afraid of love, (and therefore admits it into his heart,) willfind it (one or other of two very opposite things, either) sweet or (else) bitter. (He clearly runs a great risk, and therefore perhaps he had better have nothing to do with it.) Yet does not this come in very awkwardly, as part of a solemn judgment upon the relative merits Or prove the gall, of love up The rills, my swains drunk enough. Now shut ye 161 the meads have of two aspirants for poetic fame, who, however coarse, or worse than coarse, either or both may have been, were plainly very accomplished com- posers ? But even if it were not awkward, surely it is commonplace and weak. After such a trial of extreme skill, it was unsatisfactory enough to be told that the issue of it was a drawn battle ; but to receive the further announcement, that love was either honey or gall, must have seemed to them very like trifling with their disappointment. Perhaps the explanation of Rujeus is as good as any : " Whoever is able to express, in the masterly way that you have done, the various effects of love." Spenser makes Sir Scudamore agree with Palae- mon's premises, though not in the implied advice which the above interpretation attributes to him : Faerie Queene, iv. 10, i : " True he it sayd, whatever man it sayd, That love with gall and hony doth abound ; ' But if the one be with the other wayd. For every dram of hony, therein found, A pound of gall doth over it redound : That I too true by triall have approved ; For since the day that first with deadly wound My heart was launcht, and learned to have loved, I never ioyed howre, but still with care was moved." Shakespeare, too, introduces Venus predicting this heavy curse upon Love for the death of her lover : " Since thou art dead, lo ! here I prophesy. Sorrow on love hereafter shall attend : It shall be waited on by jealousy. Find sweet beginning, but unsavoury end Ne'er settled equally, but high and low ; That all love's pleasure shall not match her A^oe." Venus and Adcnis. " Love is sweet : Wherein sweet ? In fading pleasures that do pain ; Beauty sweet : Is that sweet. That yieldeth sorrow for a gain ? If Love's sweet. Herein sweet That minutes' joys are monthly woes : 'Tis not sweet. That is sweet Nowhere but where repentance grows.* Robert Greene, Menaphon's Song. " Love is my bliss, and love is now my bale.' R. Greene, Friar Bccon. " An undigested heap of mixed extremes. Whose pangs are wakings, and whose pltasures dreams." Beaumont and Fletcher, Triumph of La)e, i. " Such is the posie Love composes ; ^ A stinging nettle, mixt with roses." Browne, Brit. Past. b. i. soig 3. V. I— 15. ECLOGUE IV. T. 16—36. II Eclogue IV. POLLIO. Sicilian muses, somewhat grander strains Sing we ! Not all do vineyards charm And lowly tam'risks : if we sing the woods, May woods deserving of a Consul prove ! The latest era of Cumsean song Ilath now arrived ; afresh the mighty round Of ages is begun. And now returns the Virgin, Returns the dynasty of Saturn. Now A new succession is from heav'n on high Let fall. Do thou but at his birth the boy, 'Neath whom the [race] of iron first shall cease, 1 1 And rise throughout the world the race of gold, Lucina chaste, befriend : now thine Apollo reigns. And thou, too, Pollio, the consul thou — This glorious age shall enter [on its course] And mighty months begin to roll. With thee Our chief, if any traces of our guilt Continue, cancelled they shall free the lands From endless terror. He shall share the life Of gods, and heroes with divinities 20 Lines 6, 7- Derrick tells us that a new star was said to have been seen in the open day about the time of Charles the Second's birth. To this Dryden thus alludes : " Or one, that bright companion of the sun, Whose glorious aspect seal'd our new-born king ; And now, a round of greater years begun, New influence ixowx his walks of light did bring." Annus Alirabilis, st. xviii. 8. " That was the righteous Virgin, which of old Liv'd here on earth, and plenty made abound ; But after Wrong was lov'd, and Justice solde. She left th' unrighteous world, and was to heaven extold." Spenser, F. Q. vii. 7, 37. 12. " And with iron sceptre rule Us here, as with his golden those in heaven." Milton, F. L. ii. 13. So Pericles: Shakespeare, Pericles, iii. i : " Lucina, O Divinest patroness and midwife, gentle To those that cry by night, convey thy deity Aboard our dancing boat : make swift the pangs Of my queen's travails 1" 15. Strictly, " this pride of time ;" for to make the expression refer to /«^r makes verse 12 come in very awkwardly. 16. " Henceforth a series of new time began. The mighty years in long procession ran." Dryden, Abs. and Achit. 1028, 29. See intermingled, and himself be seen of them; And with ancestral virtues shall he rule A world at peace. But unto thee, O boy, Her earliest tiny gifts with tillage none, Her gadding ivies at each step, with bac- caris. Shall earth unbosom, and Egyptian beans. With the acacia smiling interspersed. The she-goats of themselves shall carry home Their udders swoln with milk ; nor shall the herds Huge lions fear. The cradle's self for thee Shall pour forth charming flowers, ^^and the snake 31 Shall die, and guileful plant of bane shall die ; At large Assyrian spikenard grow. But soon As th' heroes' praises, and a father's deeds. 26. Spenser makes the earth equally obsequious to Dame Nature : " But th' Earth herself of her owne motion. Out of her fruitful bosom made to growe Most dainty trees, that, shooting up anon. Did seem to bow their bloss'ming heads full lowe For homage unto her, and like a throne did shew. And all the Earth far underneath her feete Was dight with flowers, that voluntary grew Out of the ground, and sent forth odours sweet ; Tenne thousand more of sundry sent and hew. That might delight the smell, or please the view. The which the nymphes from all the brooks thereby Had gathered, they at her footstoole threw ; That richer seem'd than any tapestry That princes bowres adorne with painted imagery." Faerie Queene, vii. 7, 8, 10. 28. Such a primeval state as Milton finely de- scribes : F. L. IV. : " About them frisking play'd All beasts of the earth, since wild, and of all chase In wood or wilderness, forest or den. Sporting the lion ramp'd, and in his paw Dandled the kid ; bears, tigers, ounces, pards, GamboU'd before them ; the unwieldy elephant. To make them mirth, used all his might, and wreathed His lithe proboscis ; close the serpent sly. Insinuating, wove with Gordian twine His braided train, and of his fatal guile Gave proof unheeded." 34. Now is he apt for knowledge : therefore know It is a more direct and even way. To train to virtue those of princely blood By examples than by precepts : if by examples whom should he rather strive to imitate Than his own father?" Webster, Vittoria Corombona, ii. 12 V. 2 7—44- ECLOGUE IV. V. 45—63. Thou shalt be able now to read, and learn What be their worth, the plain shall by- degrees With downy ear wax yellow, and the bunch Shall dangle blushing from untutored thorns, And chuiiish oaks their dewy hoiiies siill. Yet some few footsteps of the ancient crime 40 Shall steal behind, to bid [men] Thetis tempt In ships, and girdle round with walls the towns, And cleave-in furrows into earth. Another Tiphys then Shall be, another Argo, too, to waft Choice heroes ; there shall e'en be other wars ; Aye, and again to Troy a great Achilles Shall be despatched. Thereafter, when shall now Established age have fashioned thee a man. Yea, of himself shall from the main with- draw The voyager, nor naval pine its wares 50 Shall barter : every produce every land Shall yield. The ground shall not the harrows brook, Nor shall the vine the pruning-knife. Now, too. The stalwart ploughman shall from off his bulls Their yokes unloosen. Neither shall the wool Learn motley hues to feign ; but of himself The ram shall in the meadows change his fleece With now sweet-blushing purple dye, with now The weed of saffron ; of its own accord, 37. Or : " waving ear." 39. Query ? " the dews of honey." " The earth unploughed shall yield her crop, Pure honey from the oak shall drop, The fountain shall run milk ; The thistle shall the lily bear, And every bramble roses wear, And every worm make silk." Ben Jonson, The Golden Age Restored. 56. Or perhaps meniiri might be rendered " to forge," as Spenser says of Duessa : "So could she forge all colours save the trew." Vermilion, as they graze, shall drape the lambs. 60 " Through ages such as these, career ye on !" The Destinies have to their spindles said, In union with the steadfast will of Fates. Advance on thy grand dignities — the time Will presently arrive, — O darling child Of gods, the mighty foster-son of Jove ! Behold with spherick mass a nodding world. E'en lands, and ocean-paths, and sky- sublime ! Behold how at the age, decreed to come. All things rejoice ! Oh ! that to me might last 70 The latest stage of such a lengthful life, And inspiration, far as it shall prove Sufficient thy achievements to proclaim ! No, nor shall Thracian Orpheus me surpass In songs, nor Linus ; though a mother that — And this a father aid — Calliope Orpheus, the fair Apollo Linus. E'en if Pan, Arcadia umpire, should with me compete, E'en Pan, Arcadia umpire, would avow Himself surpassed. Begin, O infant boy, 80 To recognise thy mother with a smile ;. Ten months have brought thy mother long- some qualms. Begin, O infant boy : [that babe,] on whom His parents have not smiled, nor god of board. Nor goddess hath deemed worthy of her bed. 60. Or: "Shall scarlet, as they feed, array the lambs." 63. Spenser finely describes the offices of the Parcae : Faerie Qtieene, iv. 2, 48 : " There she them found all sitting round about The direfuU Distaffe standing in the mid, And with unwearied lingers drawing out The lines of life, from living knowledge hid. Sad Clotho held the rocke, the whiles the thrid By griesly Lachesis was spun with paine, That cruel Atropos eftsoones undid, With cursed knife cutting the twist in twain : Most wretched men, whose dayes depend on thrids so vaine !" 70. So Eve dreams that Adam says to her : " Heaven wakes with all his eyes, Whom to behold but thee, Nature's desire ? In whose sight all things joy." Milton, P. L. v. V. I- ECLOGUE V. V. 30. n Eclogue V. DAPHNIS. MENALCAS. MOPSUS. ATcnalcas. Why not, O Mopsus, seeing we have met, Both skilful, — thou in breathing into slender reeds. In singing verses I, — here seat us down Among the elms, with hazels interspersed ? AIopsus. The elder thou : to thee 'tis fair that I Give way, Menalcas, whether underneath The fitful shades — the zephyrs fanning them — Or rather 'neath the grot we go. Behold, How hath the wild-wood vine the grot o'erspread With scattered bunches^! Men. In our mounts with thee lo Amyntas only vies. Mop. What if the same Should strive in singing Phoebus to surpass ? Line 3. It is evident from this whole Eclogue, and especially fromcomparing vv. 51, 55 of Eel. 111., that dicere versus means to sing songs, not to re- hearse or indite them. See also Eel. IX., and compare v. 35 with v. 36. 7. " My lovely Aaron, wherefore look'st thou sad, When every thing doth make a gleeful boast? The birds chaunt melody on every bush ; The snake lies rolled in the cheerful sun : The green leaves quiver with the cooling wind, And make a chequer'd shadow on the ground : Under their sweet shade, Aaron, let us sit." Shakespeare, Tit. And. ii. 3. " How sweet these solitary places are ! how wantonly The wind blows through the leaves, and courts and plays with 'cm ! Will you sit down and sleep ? The heat invites you. Hark, how yond purling stream dances and murmurs ! The birds sing softly too : pray, take some rest, sir." J. Fletcher, The Pilgrim, v. 4." Q. "So fashioned a porch with rare device, Archt over head with an embracing vine. Whose bounches hanging downe seemd to entice All passers by lo taste their lushious wine." Spenser, F. Q. ii. 12, 54. Another side, umbrageous grots and caves Of cool recess, o'er which the mantling vine Lays forth her purple grape, and gently creeps Luxuriant." Milton, P. L. iv. ' Deep in the gloomy glade a grotto bends. Wide through the craggy rock an arch extends ; The rugged stone is clothed with mantling vines, And round the cave the creeping woodbine twines." Gay, The Fan, i. 99-102. 12. Certat seems to have better authority than certet, and is certainly a more graphic reading. Men. Do thou begin, O Mopsus, first, if thou Or any flames of Phyllis, or the lauds Of Alcon hast, or Codrus' brawls : begin ; The kids, while feeding, Tityrus will watch. Mop. Nay rather I those verses, which of late Upon a beech's verdant bark I scored, And sang and marked them down by turns, will try : Do thou bid then Amyntas to compete. 20 Men. As much as doth the supple willow yield To olive wan, as much as lowly nard To beds of crimson roses, in our mind So much Amyntas yieldeth unto thee. Mop. But cease thou more, O swain ; we've reached the grot. Quenched by fell death, the Nymphs did Daphnis weep. IS, 16. So Spenser, Sh. Cal. May, 172 : " Now, Piers, of fellowship, tell us that saying ; For the lad can keep both our flockes from straying." A. Philips varies the idea : Past. 4 : " And since our ewes have grazed, what harm if they Lie round and listen, while the lambkins play ?" 20. " Shall the queen of the inhabitants of the air. The eagle, that bears thunder on her wings. In her angry mood destroy her hopeful young. For suffering a wren to perch too near them ? Such is our disproportion." P, Massinger, The Great Duke of Florence, iv. 2. 26. See Milton's Zj/cty^j; " But oh ! the heavy change, now thou art gone. Now thou art gone, and never must return ! Thee, .shepherd, thee the woods and desert caves. With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown. And all their echoes mourn : The willows and the hazel-copses green Shall now no more be seen Fanning their joyous leaves to thy soft lays." The same miseries Spenser makes the conse- quence of Colin Clout's absence. Hobbinol tcUs him : Colin Clout, xxii. : " Whilst thou wast hence, all dead in dole did lie: The woods were heard to wailc full many a sythe, And all their birds with silence to complaine : The fields with faded flowers did seem to moume. And all their flocks from feeding to rcfraine : The running waters wept for thy returne. And all their fish with languour did lament." 26-29. So Alexander on the death of Clytus : " Here I will lie Close to his bleeding side, thus kissing him ; 14 V. 21 — 40- ECLOGUE V. 41—46. Ye [stood] the witnesses, O hazel-shrubs And rivers, for the Nymphs, when, clasping round The pitiable body of her son. The mother cruel calls both gods and stars. None in those days their pastured oxen drove, ' 31 O Daphnis, to the chilly streams ; no quad- ruped Or sipped the brook, or touched a blade of grass. O Daphnis, that e'en Afric lions wailed Thy death, both mountains wild and forests tell. Yea, Daphnis to the chariot taught to yoke Armenian tigresses ; 'twas Daphnis [taught] Processionals of Bacchus t'introduce. And wreathe with velvet leaves the limber spears. As is the vine the grace to trees, as grapes To vines, as bulls to herds, as standing corn 41 To teemful fields — all grace art thou to thine. When once the Weirds reft thee away, the fields E'en Pales, and Apollo e'en, forsook. Upon the furrows, whereunto we oft Plump grains of barley have consigned, there grow The fruitless darnel and the barren oats ; For violet soft, for purple daffodil, Thistle, and paliure with pointed thorns Spring up. Bestrew the ground with leaves, draw shades 50 These pale dead lips that have so oft advised me ; Thus bathing o'er his reverend face with tears : Thus clasping his cold body in my arms, Till Death, like him, has made me stiff and horrid." Lee, Rival Queens, iv. end. A. PhiHps happily imitates this passage: " The pious mother comes, with grief oppress'd ; Ye trees and conscious fountains can attest With what sad accents, and what piercing cries. She fiU'd the grove, and importuned the skies. And every star upbraided with his death, When, in her widow'd arms, devoid of breath. She clasp'd her son." Past. 3. 33. So Spenser says of Dido's death: Sh. Cal. Nov. 133 : " The feeble flockes in field refuse their former foode. And hang their heades as they would learne to weepe." 39. Velvet, or, "waving," "pliant." 50. That is, plant flowers to grace the ground, and trees to shade the founts. " This rosemary is withered ; pray get fresh ! I would have these herbs grow up in his grave. When I am dead and rotten. Reach the bays ; I'll tie a garland here about his head : 'Twill keep my boy from lightning." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. i. Upon the springs, O shepherds : such be- hests Daphnis enjoins to be for him observed. Do ye both form a tomb, and on the tomb The lay inscribe: "I, Daphnis, in the woods. Hence even to the constellations famed. Of a fair flock the guard, more fair myself." Men. Thy song is such to us, O heav'nly bard. As slumber to the weary on the grass ; 54. Instead of an inscription on Albino's tomb. Philips introduces Angelot praying : " Oh ! peaceful may thy gentle spirit rest ! The flowery turf be light upon thy breast ; Nor shrieking owl nor bat thy tomb fly round. Nor midnight goblins revel o'er the ground." Past. 3. " But since that I shal die her slauve. Her slauve, and eke her thrall : Write you, my frendes, upon my grauve This chaunce that is befall : ' Here lleth unhappy Harpaius, By cruell louve now slaine ;, Whom Phylida vnjustly thus Hath murdred with disdaine.' " These are the concluding verses of a beautiful composition, probably the earliest Pastoral poem in the language. It will be found among " Poems of Vncertaine Auctors " in Chalmers' "English Poets," vol. ii. It is impossible here to withhold Ben Jonson's masterly Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke : " Underneath this sable herse Lies the subject of all verse, Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother : Death ! ere thou hast slain another. Learned, and fair, and good as she. Time shall throw a dart at thee." Underwoods, xv. "As soon as I am dead. Come all and watch about my hearse ; Bring each a mournful story and a tear, To offer at it when I go to earth : With fluttering ivy 'clasp my coffin round ; Write on my brow my fortune ; let my bier Be borne by virgins, that shall sing by course The truth of maids and perjuries of men." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, ii. i. 57. " For, while I sit with thee, I seem in Heaven And sweeter thy discourse is to my ear Than fruits of palm-tree, pleasantest to thirst And hunger both, from labour at the hour Of sweet repast : they satiate, and soon fill. Though pleasant ; but thy words, with grace divine Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety." Milton, P.L. viii. 58. Sopor strictly means "deep sleep," but the Latin poets use it for " sleep " in general. In the same lax way, "slumber" is used by English poets to represent "sleep," though strictly it means "light sleep." Still, though there is so marked a difference between sopor and "slumber," yet as the poet does not seem to use the word here in the accurate signification attached to it in yE7t. iii. 173, " slumber " may well be admitted, being far more harmonious in this passage than " sleep." The same liberty is taken in rendering y£"«. iv. 522. V. 45-47 are amplified by Spenser in his exquisite V. 47—63. ECLOGUE V. T. 64— 8 a. 15 As in the summer-tide to slake the thirst By some delicious water's skipping rill. 60 Nor is't alone on reeds, but in thy voice, Thou rivallest thy master : happy swain I Thou now shalt be the second after him. Still we will these of ours, howe'er [we may], To thee in turn recite, and Daphnis thine Raise to the stars ; we Daphnis to the stars Will bear away : us, too, did Daphnis love. Mop. Can aught to us of higher value be Than such a favor ? Both the swain him- self Was worthy to be sung, and those thy lays Now long since Stimicon hath praised to us. Men. Bright Daphnis marvels at th' un- wonted gate 72 Of th' Empyrean, and beneath his feet Beholds the clouds and stars. Hence lively joy Absorbs the woods, and other rural scenes, And Pan, and shepherds, and the Dryad maids. Nor doth the wolf an ambush for the flock. Nor any toils their craft for harts, devise : Benignant Daphnis loves repose. The mounts Themselves, unshorn, in gladness to the stars 80 Fling forth their voices ; now the very cliffs, description of the " Bower of Bliss :" Faerie Queene, ii- 5.30: " And fast beside there trickled softly downe A gentle streaine, whose murmuring wave did play Emongst the pumy stones, and made a sowne. To lull him soft asleepe that by it lay : , The wearie traveller, wandring that way. Therein did often quench his thristy heat, And then by it his wearie limbes display, (Whiles creeping slomber made him to forget His former payne,) and wypt away his toilsom sweat." 72. So Spenser of Dido, in Sh. Cat. Nov. 175 ; see also 195, &c. : " She raignes a goddess now emong the saintes, That whilome was the saynt of shepheards light. And is enstalled nowe in heavens night." *' Now, free from earth, thy disencumber'd soul Mounts up, and leaves behind the clouds and starry pole." Dryden, Abs. and Achit. 850, 1. More directly imitated in Amyntas, 66-73. " Damon, behold yon breaking purple cloud ; Hear'st thou not hymns and songs divinely loud ? There mounts Amyntas ; the young cherubs play About their godlike mate, and sing him on his way. He cleaves the liquid air, behold, he flies. And every moment gains upon the skies. The new-come guest admires the etherial state, The sapphire portal, and the golden gate." 74. Or : " lively," or " active." The very trees, ring out the lays : " A god, A god is he, Menalcas !" O be kind And gracious to thine own ! Lo ! altars four I Behold, O Daphnis, twain of them for thee ; Twain altars high for Phoebus. Drinking- cups, A couple frothing with new milk, each year, And craters twain of unctuous oil, I'll set For thee ; and specially with copious wine Enlivening the feast — before the hearth, 90 If it shall winter be ; if harvest [tide], Within the shade — the Ariusian wines, A novel nectar, from the tankards I Will pour. To me shall [both] Damaetas sing. And Lyctian ./Egon ; frisking Satyrs ape Alphesibceus. These shall aye be thine. Alike what time our yearly off'rings we Shall pay the Nymphs, and when we shall perform The circuit of the fields. While mountain- brows The boar [shall love], while fish shall love the floods, 100 And while upon the thyme the bees shall feed, While cicads on the dew, [thy] glory aye, And thy renown, and praises shall endure. As unto Bacchus and to Ceres, so to thee Their vows each year shall husbandmen perform : Thou also shalt oblige them to their vows. Mop. What [boons] to thee, what boons can I return For such a song ? For neither me delight 82. " If, like a statue. Cold and unglorified by art, you call Our sense to wonder, where shall we find eyes To stand the brightness, when you're turned a shrine, Embellished with the burning light of diamonds. And other gifts, that dwell, like stars about you V* Shirley, The Imposture, ii. 3. 84. Ara and altare are used of the same altar in yC«. ii. 5x4, S15. 'fii- 171. 174. 107. Milton similarly in Par. Lost, viii. 5 : " What thanks sufficient, or what recompense E(j[ual, have I to render to thee, divine Historian ?" 108. " Colin, to heare thy rymes and roundelaycs. Which thou were wont on wastefuU hilles to sing, I more delight then larke in sommer dayes. Whose echo made the neighbour groves to ring." Spenser, Sh. Cat. June, 49. " O happy fair ! Your eyes are lodestars, and your tongue sweet air, More tuneable than lark to shepherd's car. When wheat is green, and hawthorn buds appear." Shakespeare, Midsummer Nigkfs Drtam, i. i. A. Philips happily imitates venes 45-47, 81-84 : Pott. 4 : i6 V, 82—84. ECLOGUE VI. V, 85 — 90. So much the rising Auster's whisp'ring sound, Nor shores by billow buffeted, nor brooks, Which rill adown among the rocky glens. " Oh, Colinet ! how sweet thy grief to hear ! How does thy verse subdue the listening ear ! Soft falling as the still, refreshing dew. To slake the drought, and herbage to renew ; Not half so sweet the midnight winds, which move In drowsy murmurs o'er the waving grove Nor valley brook, that, hid by alders, O'er pebbles warbling, and through whispering reeds ; Nor dropping waters, which from rocks distil, And welly grots with tinkling echoes fill." III. " For first she springs out of two marble rocks. On which a grove of oakes high-mounted growes. That as a girlond seemes to deck the locks Of some faire bride, brought forth with pompous showes Men. We'll first present thee with this brittle reed. 112 This taught us, " Corydon with fervor loved The fair Alexis ;" this the same, " Whose flock? Is't that of Meliboeus ?" Mop. But do thou Accept this crook, which, though he begged me oft, Antigenes hath never borne away — He, too, was worthy then of being loved — With even knobs and bronze, Menalcas, fair. Out of her bowre, that many flowers strowes : So through the flowry dales she tumbling downe Through many woods and shady coverts flowes. That on each side her silver channell crowne." Spenser, Canto vi. of Mutabilitie. 118. Or: "Though he." Eclogue VI. SILENUS. The first that in the Syracusan strain Deigned to disport, nor blushed to haunt the woods, W^as our Thalia. When I would of kings And battles sing, the Cynthian twitched mine ear, And warned : "A shepherd, Tit'rus, it becomes To feed fat sheep, recite a flimsy lay." Now I — for thou shalt have full many [a bard] Who may thy praises. Varus, yearn to tell, And thy grim wars record — will practise o'er The rural song upon my slender reed. 10 Unbidden [strains] I do not sing. Yet still, If any one, if any one e'en these, Line 6. Does any classical British author apply the Hteral meaning of dedtictu7n, " thin-spun," to compositions of any kind ? Milton uses it of life, but evidently with reference to the trite idea of life's thread. If the metaphor must be abandoned in the translation, many words offer themselves for accept- ance, of which perhaps " homely " is as good as any. Addison, in speaking of Spenser, whom he had not enough of poetic taste to admire, says : " The long-spun allegories fulsome grow." Pope employs the word which is used in the version : " Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines." Prologue to Satires. " His breeding. It was not spun the finest ; but his wealth. Able to gild deformity, and make Even want of wit a virtue." Shirley, The Constant Maid, i. i. By fancy charmed, shall read, O Varus, thee Our tam'risks, thee shall all the woodland sing; Nor any page to Phoebus sweeter is Than that which hath the name of Varus traced Upon its front. Proceed, Pierian maids. The striplings Chromis and Mnasylos spied Silenus lying in a cave asleep. With yestern Bacchus swollen through his veins, 20 As ever. Garlands just outside him lay, But merely fallen off his head, and hung His heavy beaker by its handle worn. Assailing him — for oft the aged man Had, with the expectation of a song. Played false with both of them — they fetters throw Upon him, from the very garlands [forged]. As their companion, ^gle joins herself. And sudden comes upon them in their fear, .^gle, the fairest of the water Nymphs. 30 And now, as up he looks, with mulberries Blood-red his forehead and his brows she stains. He, laughing at the trick, — ** Why fetters tie ?" Exclaims : " Release me, lads ; it is enough That it is seen that you have had the power. 20. " Help, Virtue ! these are sponges and not men ! V- Eottles! m.ere vessels !" * Ben Jonson, Pleasure reconciled to Virtue. V. 35—44. ECLOGUE Vr. V. 45—67. >7 The songs, which wish ye, hear : the songs for you ; For her shall be another kind of fee." At once begins he of his own accord. Then, sooth, both Fauns and savage beasts to rhythm You might see frolic, then stiff oaks to wave Their crests. Nor doth so much in Phoebus joy 41 Parnassus' crag, nor Rhodope and Ismarus So much at Orpheus marvel. For he sang How through the vasty void had been com- bined The seeds alike of lands, and air, and sea. And at the same time those of flowing fire ; How all beginnings from these rudiments, And e'en the yielding ball of th' atmosphere Together grew ; then how the ground began To harden, and within the deep apart 50 To shut the ocean up, and by degrees Tot;akethe shapes of things ; and [how] anon The lands at glimm'ring of a new-born sun Are in amaze, and from a greater height From clouds uplifted do the showers fall ; When forests first begin to spring, and when Are straying through the mounts, that know them not. The scattered forms of life. He next relates The stones by Pyrrha cast, the Saturn reign. And birds of Caucase, and Prometheus' rape. 60 To these he adds, how, quitted at the spring. The seamen had on Hylas called aloud. That all the strand with " Hylas ! Hylas!" rang. 39. So Piers says of Cuddie : Spenser, Sh. CaL Oct. 25 : " Soone as thou gynst to sette thy notes in frame, O how the rural routes to thee do cleave !" " For we will have the wanton Fauns, That frisking skip about the lawns, The Panisks, and the Sylvans rude, Satyrs, and all that multitude, To dance their wilder rounds about And cleave the air with many a shout As they would hunt poor Echo out." Ben Jonson, The Penates. A different effect of the voice is seen in Shirley : " The tongue that's able to rock heaven asleep, And make the music of the spheres stand still, To listen to the happier airs it makes, And mend their tunes by it." Love Tricks, iv. 2. So in Shakespeare, quoted by Gifford : " And when Love speaks the voice of all the gods Makes heaven drowsy with the harmony." 46. But whether liquidus means here " flowing," or •' transparent," or " unmingled," it is not easy to .-oe. 63. " Or that same daintie lad, which was so dearc To great Alcides, that, whcnas he dyde, He wailed womanlike with many a teare, And every wood and every valley wyde He filld with Hylas name ; the nymphes eke Hylas crj'dc." Spenser, Fabric Queene, iii. la, 7. And, blessed if there never had been herds, Pasiphae he comforts in her love For the young snowy bull. *• Ahl hapless dame ! What frenzy thee hath seized ! The Proetides With their fantastic lowings filled the fields ; But, ne'ertheless, not one of them pursued So scandalous embracements of the beasts. Though for her neck she'd feared the plough, and oft 71 Upon her glossy forehead sought for horns. Ah 1 hapless dame ! You now on moun- tains rove ; He, cushioned on his side of snowy white With downy martagon, beneath a dun Holm-oak, on yellowing grasses chews the cud. Or courts some female in the mighty herd." "Shut, nymphs, Dictaean nymplS, now shut The forest-passes, if by any chance The truant footsteps of the bull may come Across mine eyes. Him, haply, either charmed 81 By grass of green, or following the droves, Some cows may lure away to Gortyn's stalls." He next the damsel chants, who in amaze Beheld the apples of th' Hesperides. He next the sister-train of Phaeton Encircles with the moss of bitter bark, And rears them tow'ring alders from the ground. Then sings he how, while straying by the streams Of the Permessus, to Aonian mounts 90 One of the sisters Gallus led ; and how The choir of Phoebus to the hero all In homage rose ; how Linus these to him — The shepherd of a heav'nly lay, with flowers 75. It may as well be remarked here that in this work there is no pretension of determining what is meant by the terms which stand for plants. " Hya- cinthm" is usually rendered "martagon," only because the learned and careful Martyn is so posi- tive that this is the flower intended : and to call it "hyacinth" would be simply to mislead. What- ever hyacinthns meant, it is certain that it did not mean " hyacinth." But, it must be confessed, that the "imperial mart.-igon " would not form exactly the sort of bed that a sensible bull would be likely to choose. In autumn, at least, he might nearly as well select a couch of sticks. 86. Spenser thus finely alludes to the story of Phaeton : " As when the firic-mouthed steedes, which drew The Sunne's bright waync to Phaeton's decay, .Soone as they did the monstrous Scorpion vcw. With ugly craplcs crawling in their way. The dreadful sight did them so sore affray, That their well-knowcn courses they forwent ; And, le.-iding th' ever burning lamnc astray, This lower world nigh all to ashes orent. And left their scorched path yet in the firmament." /■'. Q. V. S. 40. C i8 V. 68—74. ECLOGUE VII. V. 75—86. And bitter parsley on his tresses crowned — Pronounced : ' ' These reeds to thee the Muses grant — Lo, take them ! — which to Ascra's aged [bard They granted] erst ; wherewith in playing he Was wont to trail stifif ashes from the mounts. Thereon by thee the birth of Grynium's glade 100 Be chanted, lest there should be any grove, "Wherein Apollo more may boast himself." Why should I tell how [he] of Scylla [sang, Daughter] of Nisus, whom hath rumor traced : 95. So Gray makes Nature address Shakespeare : " What time, where lucid Avon stray'd To him the mighty mother did unveil Her awful face : the dauntless child Stretch'd forth his little arms and smil'd : 'This pencil take,' she said, 'whose colours clear Richly paint the vernal year. Thine, too, these golden keys, immortal Boy ! This can unlock the gates of Joy ; Of Horror that, and thrilling Fears, Or ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.' " Progress of Poesy. 104. Catrou's and Doering's reading of aut before giiam would relieve this passage of much of its difficulty : but there is so little manuscript authority That she, beneath her snowy waist begirt With baying monsters, plagued Dulichia's ships. And in the deepsome gulf, ah ! piecemeal rent The frighted mariners with her sea-dogs ? Or how he told of Tereus' limbs trans- shaped ; What cates for him, what presents Philomel Prepared ; with what career the wastes she sought, 1 1 1 And with what pinions first, unhappy [bird] ! She o'er her own abode flew to and fro. [The lays], all which, as Phoebus played them erst. The blest Eurotas heard, and bade his bays By aid of memory to learn, he sings : The stricken vales return them to the stars ; Until to gather in the cotes the sheep. And count their tale, did Vesper give com- mand. And issue forth upon unwilling heaven. 1 20 for it, that, with Heyne, Forbiger, Wagner, and Weise, it is better to leave the difficulty as it is, than to tamper with the text. 118. " By this the moystie Night approaching fast. Her deawy humour 'gan on th' earth to shed, That warn'd the shepheards to their home to hast Their tender flocks, now being fully fed." Spenser, Faerie Queene, vi. 9, 13. Eclogue VII. MELIBGEUS. MELIBCEUS. CORYDON. THYRSIS. Melibceiis. By hazard underneath a whisp'r- ing holm Had Daphnis sat him down, and Corydon And Thyrsis had together driv'n their flocks Into one spot — sheep Thyrsis, Corydon His she-goats swollen out with milk : Both blooming in their age, Arcadians both, And matched in song, and ready at reply. Hither from me, while I bescreen from cold The tender myrtle-shrubs, the goat himself. The husband of my flock, had strayed away ; lO And Daphnis I espy. When he sees me On th' other hand, he cries: "Quick, hither come, O Meliboeus ; safe for thee thy goat And kids : and if thou canst delay awhile. Beneath the shade repose thee ! hither of themselves The steers will come along the leas to drink. Here lines his em'rald banks with tender reed The Mincius, and from out the holy oak The swarms are hummmg. What was I to do ? I nor Alcippe, nor a Phyllis had, 20 The lambkins, banished from the milk, to pen At home ; a match, there was, too — Cory- don With Thyrsis ; — ['twas] a mighty [match]. Still I Postponed my grave pursuits to their disport. They, therefore, in alternate verses both Began to strive : the Muses willed that they Alternate [verses] should recite. These Corydon, Those Thyrsis, [each] repeated in his turn. Cor. Libethran Nymphs, our charm, or deign to me V. 32—43. ECLOGUE VII. ▼• 44—59. '9 A sonnet, such as ye to Codrus mine ; — 30 To lays of Phoebus he the nearest makes ; — Or, if we have not all the pow'r, my pipe Here tuneful from the holy pine shall hang. 77/ V. Arcadian shepherds, with the ivy deck Your rising poet, that may Codrus' sides Be burst with envy ; or, if he have praised Beyond his will, with baccar bind my brow. Lest tongue of mischief harm your future bard. Cor. This bristly boar's head, Delia, [gives] to thee The little Mycon, and the branching horns Of long-lived hart. If lasting this should prove, 41 Of polished marble thou full-length shalt I stand, ; With scarlet buskin booted on thy legs. Thy. A bowl of milk, Priapus, and these cakes. Each year for thee to look for is enough : Thou 'rt keeper of a wretched garden. Now Of marble, suited to our present means, "We've made thee ; but do thou, if teemful- ness Our flock shall have recruited, be of gold. I Cor. O Nerean Galatee, to me more i sweet 50 Than Hybla's thyme, more bright than swans, more fair Than blanching ivy — soon as shall the bulls, Full-fed, reseek their cribs, if any care For thy own Corydon possess thee, come. Thy. Nay, may I seem more bitter unto thee Than Sard on herbs, more rough than butcher's-broom. Than stranded sea- weed baser, if this light Is not already longer unto me Line 35. Strictly, yV^^w/^w should be rendered by "his brow," not "my brow," referring to poeta; but the confusion between Codrus and Thyrsis would thus become inextricable. " Ceesar. Cato, you will undo him with your praise. Cato. Caesar will hurt himself with his own envy. People. The voice of Cato is the voice of Rome. Cato. The voice of Rome is the consent of heaven." Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. i. 49. " What is't ? but effect it. And thou shalt be my i'Esculapius : Thy image shall be set up in pure gold. To which I will fall down, and worship it." Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Iheodoret, ii. I. 58. Much the same were the feelings of Britomart at the absence of Artegal : Spenser, F. Q. v. 6, 5 : " And then, her griefe with errour to beguyle. She fayn'd to count the time againe anew, As if before she had not counted trew : Than a whole year. Go home, full-fed ; if [you Have] any modesty, begone, ye steers. 60 Cor. Ve mossy springs, and grass more soft than sleep, And verdant arbute, which is screening you With scattered shade, the solstice from the flock Ward off ; now comes the scorching sum- mer, now. Upon the merry vine-spray swell the buds. Thy. Here hearth and oily pines, here plenteous fire Aye be, and lintels black with ceaseless soot : Here we as much for chills of Boreas care As either for the number [of the sheep] The wolf, or boiling rivers for their banks. Cor. Both junipers and prickly chestnut trees 7 i Stand bristling; strewed in every quarter lie Its fruits beneath each tree ; now all things smile : But if the fair Alexis from these mounts Depart, you e'en would see the rivers dry. Thy. The field is parched ; through tainture of the air The dying herbage thirsts ; his vin;r shades. Hath Liber grudged the hills: at the approach Of our own Phyllis all the grove will bloom, For dayes, but houres ; for moneths that passed were, She told but weeks, to make them seeme more few : Yet, when she reckned them still drawing neare. Each hour did seem a raoneth, and every moncth a yeare." " The art of numbers cannot count the hours Thou hast been absent." Middleton, The Family of Love, v. a. " Marian. Could you so long be absent? Robin. What, a week ! Was that so long ? Marian. How long are lovers' weeks, Do you think, Robin, when they are asunder? Are they not prisoners' years ?" B. Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. a. " Still, when we expect Our bliss, time creeps ; but when the happier things Call to enjoy, each saucy hour hath wings." Shirley, The Traitor, i. a. 74. " But neither breath of Mom, when she ascends With charm of earliest birds ; nor rising sun On this delightful land ; nor herb, fruit, flower. Glistening with dew ; nor fragrance after showers : Nor grateful evening mild ; nor silent Night, With this her solemn bird ; nor walk by moon. Or glittering star-light, without thee is sweet." Milton, P. L. iv. 79. Cowley gives a diflferent turn to the idea : speaking of spring, he says : C 2 V. 60—64. ECLOGUE VIII. V. 65—70. And Jove drop plenteous down in joyful rain, 80 Cor. T' Alcides poplar dearest is, the vine To Bacchus, to the lovely Venus plant Of myrtle, unto Phoebus his own bay ; Loves Phyllis hazel-shrubs : so long as these Shall Phyllis love, nor myrtle-plant, nor bay Of Phoebus, shall the hazel-shrubs surpass. " How could it be so fair, and you away ? How could the trees be beauteous, flowers so gay ? Could they remember but last year, How you did them, they you delight. The sprouting leaves which saw you here, And call'd their fellows to the sight. Would, looking round for the same sight in vain, Creep back into their silent barks again." Tfie Mistress : Spring. Thy. The ash-tree in the woods is loveliest, The pine in gardens, poplar by the floods, The silver-fir upon the lofty mounts : But if thou oft'ner would'st revisit me, 90 Fair Lycidas, the ash-tree in the woods, The pine in gardens should make way for thee. Mel. I these remember, and that all in vain Competed conquered Thyrsis. From that time Is Corydon the Corydon for us. 93. Is it quite certain that " Corydon for ever," (which is, after all that has been written about it, the meaning of the last line in the Latin,) is exactly a judicious cheer? Eclogue VIII. PHARMACEUTRIA. DAMON. ALPHESIBCEUS. The shepherds Damon and Alphesiboeus' song, Whom, mindless of her browse, the heifer viewed In wonder, while contending ; at whose lay The pards were with amazement struck, and, changed In their careerings, rivers came to rest : — We Damon's and Alphesiboeus' song will chant. Whether thou dost for me now overpass The rocks of great Timavus, or dost cruise Along the margin of Illyria's sea ; Lo ! will that day be ever [here], when 1 10 May be allowed to celebrate thy deeds ? Lo ! will it [come], that I may be allowed To bear throughout the universe thy lays, Alone for Sophoclean buskin meet ? My spring [of song] from thee on thee shall end : Line 5. The active use of requiesco seems to rest on slender foundation. The passage from Ciris proves nothing ; and that from Propertius, ii. 22, 25, little more. However, there is one from the latter author much more to the point: ii. 34, 75: " Quam- vis ille suam lassus requievit avenam." Able authors take both views of the matter ; and this is certain, that no one can say that the word is not used actively here, though such a use is extremely rare. The skill of Damon and Alphesiboeus is attributed to Thyrsis by Milton in his Comus : " Thyrsis ? whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal." 15. " Then ever, beauteous Contemplation, hail ! From thee began, auspicious maid, my song ; With thee shall end." Warton, Pleasures of Melancholy. Receive the lays, commenced at thy com- mands, And suffer thou this ivy round thy brows To creep along among thy conqu'ring bays. The chilly shadow of the night had scarce Departed from the sky, what time the dew Upon the tender herbage to the flock 21 Is welcomest ; — upon his rounded crook Of olive leaning, Damon thus began : Damon. Arise, and usher in the bounte- ous day, Forestalling it, O Lucifer ; while I, By Nisa my betrothed's unworthy love Beguiled, am plaining, and the deities, (Though by their being witnesses [thereto] No vantage have I gained, yet) as I die. Am I addressing at my latest hour. 30 Begin with me, my pipe, Masnalian strains. Maenalus both a tuneful wood, and pines That speak, hath ever ; ever doth he hear The shepherds' loves, and Pan, who was the first, Who suffered not that reeds should idle [rest]. Begin with me, my pipe, Masnalian strains. 18. " Laurel is a victor's due ! I give it you, I give it you ; Thy name wifh praise. Thy brow with bays We circle round : All men rejoice With cheerful voice. To see thee like a conqueror crowned. Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, i. 3, V. 26 — 40* ECLOGUE VJIL ▼. 41—55. 31 To Mopsus is my Nisa given : what May not we lovers look for ? Griffins now With horses shall be yoked, and in the age Ensuing shall the fearful fallow-deer 40 With stag-hounds to the drinking-troughs repair. Fresh torches, Mopsus, cut : for thee a bride Is being escorted [home] : O bridegroom, strew The nuts ; for thee doth Hesper GEta quit. Begin with me, my pipe, Majnalian strains. O mated to a worthy spouse ! Whilst thou Look'st down on every man, and while my pipe Is thy abhorrence, while my she-goats, too. And shaggy eye-brow, and my dangling beard ; Nor deem'st thou any god minds human things. 50 Begin with me, my pipe, Msenalian strains. In our enclosures thee, a tiny [maid] — Your guide was I — I with thy mother saw The dewy apples culling : then the year. Next from th' eleventh, just had me em- braced ; I just was able from the ground to reach The brittle branches. When I looked, how I was lost ! 37. " If his possessing her your rage does move, 'Tis jealousy, the avarice of love." Dryden, The Maiden Queen, iii. i. " Then, when our eager wishes soared the highest, Ready to stoop and grasp the lovely game, A haggard owl, a worthless kite of prey, With his foul wings, sailed in, and spoiled my quarry." Otway, Venice Preserved, i. i. 39. Such anomalies are graphically paralleled by Pope in the 3rd Book of the Duticiad : " Thence a new world, to Nature's laws unknown, Breaks out refulgent, with a heaven its own : Another Cynthia her new journey runs. And other planets circle other suns. The forests dance, the rivers upward rise, Whales sport in woods, and dolphins in the skies." 57. " Why, Philocles, what lost already, man ! Struck dead with one poor glance !" May, T/tf Heir, ii. " I tell you what she is. What she expects, and what she will effect, Unless you be the miracle of men. That come with a purpose to behold. And go away yourself," Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy, ii. i. " How art thou lost ! How on a sudden lost !" Milton, F.L.h. ix. Similarly Marcus, of the sight of Lucia, in Addison's Catc, iii. i : " And yet, when I behold the charming maid, I'm ten times more undone." And Cowley : " I came, I saw, and was undone," Mistress: T/ie Thraldom, How fell distraction hurried me away I Begin with me, my pipe, Manalian strains. Now know I what is Love : to him among 60 The rugged rocks doth either Tomarus, Or Rhodope, or utmost Garamants, An imp nor of our breed, nor blood, give birth. Begin with me, my pipe, Mcenalian strains. Fell Love hath taught a mother to distain Her hands all over with her children's blood : O mother, also barbarous wert thou ! More barbarous the mother, or that boy More impious ? More barbarous that boy ; O mother, also barbarous wert thou ! 70 Begin with me, my pipe, Maenalian strains. Now even let the wolf unbidden fly The sheep ; let churlish oaks gold apples bear ; With daflfodilly let the alder bloom ; Let tam'risks drop rich ambers from their rinds ; E'en owlets vie with swans ; let Tityrus 63. " For such a warped slip of wilderness Ne'er issued from his blood." Shakespeare, Measure /or Measure, iii, 4, 65. The unprejudiced reader, who is not absurdly wedded to VirgiJ, as Dr. Trapp and others, can hardly help going along with Heyne in his caustic remarks on verses 49, 50. However, he seems too hasty in expunging them from the text. Why may not Virgil have written bad lines as well as any other poet? Milton, who was vastly his superior in genius, has written scores of them. In the 49th verse, instead of the awkward supply of ntagis before im/>robtis, may not puer improhus ille be one phrase ? Vide Geo. iii. 431, Hie im- probus; /En. v. 397, Improbns iste. So that the meaning would be : Fell Love taught, &c. You, mother, were barbarous as well as he (Love). Was the mother the more barbarous, or that wicked boy '. That wicked boy was (more barbarous) ; you, mother, were barbarous too (though he more so). 66. " Oh, mother, do not lose your name! forget not The touch of nature in you, tenderness ! 'Tis all the soul of woman, all the sweetness ! Forget not, I beseech you, what are children. Nor how you have groaned for them ; to 'what love They are bom inheritors, with what care kept ; And, as they rise to ripeness, still remember How they imp out your age ! and when tiff.e calls you. That as an autumn flower you fall, forget not How round about your hearse they nang like pennons." Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, V. 2. 67. " This is the very top, The height, the crest, or crest unto the crest Of murder's arms : this is the bloodiest shame. The wildest savagery, the vilest stroke. That ever wall-eyed wrath, or staring rage. Presented to the tears of soft remorse." Shakespeare, King John, iv. 3. V. 56—68. ECLOGUE VIII . V. 69- Become an Orpheus, Orpheus in the woods, Among the dolphins an Arion [be]. Begin with me, my pipe, Moenalian strains. Let all things even to mid sea be turned. Ye forests, fare ye well. Headforemost I Shall from a skyey mountain's watching- post 82 Upon the waves be borne adown : this gift, The latest of a dying man, retain. Cease thou, now cease, my pipe, Maenalian strains. These Damon [sang] : do ye, Pierian maids. What [strains] Alphesiboeus in reply Returned declare : we cannot all do all. Alphesibceus. Bring water forth, and with a downy wreath Festoon these altars, and rich vervains burn, 90 And the male frankincense : that I may try My paramour's sound senses to derange With sorc'rous rites : naught here, but spells, there lacks. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. 82. " Still fate is in my reach : from mountains high, Deep in whose shadow craggy ruins lie, Can I not headlong iiing this weight of woe, And dash out life against the flints below ? Are there not streams, and lakes, and rivers wide, Where my last breath may bubble on the tide ?" Gay, Dione, v. 2. 90. " Black spirits and white, red spirits and gray, Mingle, mingle, mingle, you that mingle may ! Titty, Tiffin, keep it stiff in ! Firedrake, Puckey, make it lucky ! Liard, Robin, you must bob in ! Round, around, around, about, about ! All ill come running in, all good keep out ! Middleton, The Witch, v. 2. 93. The power of magic is described with infinite beauty by Shakespeare in his Tempest, v. i : " Ye elves of hills, brooks, standing lakes, and groves ; ■ And ye, that on the sands with printless foot, Do chase the ebbing Neptune, and do fly him, When he comes back ; you demy-puppets, that F>y moonshine do the green-sour ringlets make. Whereof the ewe not bites; and you, whose pastime Is to make midnight mushrooms : that rejoice To hear the solemn curfew ; by whose aid (Weak masters though ye be) I have bedimm'd The noontide sun, call'd forth the mutinous winds, And 'twixt the green sea and the azur'd vault Set roaring war ; to the dread rattling thunder Have I given fire, and rifted Jove's stout oak With his own bolt ; the strong-bas'd promontory Have I made shake, and by the spurs pluck'd up The pine and cedar ; graves, at my command. Have wak'd their sleepers ; oped, and let them forth By my so potent art." 94. Or : "my Daphnis bring." Spells even can from heav'n unsphere the moon ; By spells did Circe change Ulysses' mates ; Cold in the meads through charming bursts the snake. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. I first around thee twine these triple threads, With threefold color chequered, and three times 100 This image round the altars do I lead : In number odd the deity delights. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. Twine thou, O Amaryllis, in three knots Three colors ; twine them, Amaryllis, now, And say : ' ' The chains of Venus do I twine." Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. As doth this clay grow hard, and as this wax Grows fluid at the one and selfsame fire — 95. " Can you doubt me, then, daughter. That can make mountains tremble, miles of woods walk, Whole earth's foundation bellow, and the spirits Of the entombed to burst out from their marbles ; Nay, draw yond moon to my involved designs?", Middleton, The Witch, v. 2. 99. There is a marked allusion to these magical rites in Spenser's account of Glance's efforts in behalf of Britomart, though her object was the exact reverse of Virgil's witch: — "to undoe her daughter's love :" " Then, taking thrise three heares from off her head, Them trebly breaded in a threefold lace. And round about the pots mouth bound the thread ; And, after having whispered a space Certein sad words with hollow voice and bace, Shee to the virgin sayd, thrise sayd she itt : ' Come, daughter, come ; come, spit upon my face ; Spitt thrise upon me, thrise upon me spitt : Th' uneven nomber for this business is most fitt.' " F. Q. iii. 2, 50. 100. So Dame Partlett to Chanticleer : Dryden, Cock and Fox, 187, 8: " Take just three worms, nor under nor above. Because the gods unequal numbers love." 109. " His picture made in wax, and gently molten By a blue fire, kindled with dead men's eyes, Will waste him by degrees." Middleton, The Witch, y. 2. " As thus I stab his picture, and stare on it, Methinks the duke should feel me now: is not His soul acquainted? Can he less than tremble, When I lift up my arm to wound his counterfeit? Witches can persecute the lives of whom They hate, when they torment their senseless figures. And stick the waxen model full of pins. " Shirley, Ihe Traitor, v. 2. V. 82—99' ECLOGUE IX. V. 100 — 109. 23 So Daphnis by our love. Strew salted meal, i lO And with bitumen light the crackling bays. Me felon Daphnis burns, in Daphnis I this bay. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. May such a passion Daphnis [seize], as when, Worn out in seeking for the youthful bull Througli lawns and lofty groves, a heifer sinks Down by a water-rill on verdant sedge, Distracted, nor remembers to withdraw From night's late [hour.] Him such a passion seize. Nor let his curing be a care to me ! 120 Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. This cast-apparel erst th' arch-traitor left For me, dear pledges of himself, which now I at the very entrance, earth, consign To you ; these pledges Daphnis owe [to me]. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. These herbs and poisons these, in Pontus culled, Mceris himself gave me : full many grow In Pontus. Oft with these I've Moeris seen Become a wolf, and hide him in the woods ; 130 Oft spirits summon from their lowest graves. And seeded crops transport to other ground. III. The bay was probably put inside the image, being hollow. 132. " Or dost thou envy The fat prosperity of any neighbour ? I'll call forth Hoppo, and her incantation Can straight destroy the young of all his cattle ; Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. The ashes, Amaryllis, bear abroad, And throw them in a running brook, and o'er * . Thy head ; nor should'st thou cast a look behind. With these I Daphnis will assail : naught he Of deities, naught recks he of my spells. Bring home from town, my spells, bring Daphnis [home]. Behold ! while I delay to bear them forth, 140 The very ashes of their own accord Have on the altars seized with bick'ring flames. Auspicious may it prove ! I know not what, [But something] 'tis for certain ; Hylax, too. Is barking in the sill. Do we believe [The omen] ? Or do they, who are in love, Themselves to their own selves imagine dreams ? Spare, spells, now spare him ! Daphnis comes from town. Blast vineyards, orchards, meadows ; or in one night Transport his dung, hay, corn, by reeks, whole stacks, Into thine own ground." Middleton, The Witch, i. 2. 144. This expression is used by Milton in Comus: " For certain Either some like us night-foundered here." And by Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, v. I : " For here I read for certain that my ships Are safely come to road." 147. " Am I awake, or dream I ? Is it true. Or does my flattering fancy but suggest What I most covet?" May, The Heir, \\, Eclogue IX. MCERIS. LYCIDAS Lycidas. Whither, O Moeris, do thy feet [bear] thee ? Is't to the city, whither leads the way? Maoris. O Lycidas, we've reached [the day] alive. When a strange owner of our little farm, (Which ne'er we feared,) should tell us, "These are mine ; Old tenants, move away." Now overborne. Line 6. " Greedy of gain, either by fraud or stealth ; And whilst one toils, another gets the wealth." Middleton, More Dissemblers besides IVome't, iii; 3. MCERIS. In woe, since chance is shifting all, do we These kids to him — no luck go with them ! — send. Ly. I sooth had surely heard, that where 'the hills Begin to slope them off, and sink their ridge. With gentle dip, as far as to the stream, 1 1 And antiquated beech, now shivered tops. All by his lays had your Menalcas saved. Mil'. Hear it thou didst ; a rumor e'en it was ; But lays of ours as much, O Lycidas, Avail 'mid warlike weapons, as they say Do Chaon pigeons when the eagle swoops. 24 V. 14 — 29- ECLOGUE IX. V. 30—50. But save a crow upon the left, from out A hollow ilex, had forewarned me By any means whatever to cut short 20 The fresh disputes, nor would thy Moeris here, Nor would Menalcas even, be alive. Ly. Alas ! occurs to any guilt so deep ? Alas ! were consolations thine from us, Well nigh along with thee, Menalcas, reft? Who could the Nymphets sing ? Who strew the ground With blooming plants, or mantle o'er the springs With emerald shade ? Or [who could sing] the lays Which I caught up by stealth from thee of late. When thou to Amaryllis, our delight, 30 Would'st take thee :— " Tityrus, till I re- turn — The journey is but short — feed thou my goats, And drive them on to drink when they are fed, O Tityrus ; and, in thy driving them, Of going in the way of my he-goat — That fellow butteth with his horn — be- ware !" Ma\ Nay, rather those, — nor they yet finished off, — Which he to Varus sang: "Varus, thy name, Let only Mantua for us survive — Ah ! Mantua, a neighbor, too, too near 40 The evil-starred Cremona — as they chant. The swans on' high shall carry to the stars." 26. " Strew, strew the glad and smiling ground, With every flower, yet not confound The primrose drop, the spring's own spouse, Bright day's-eyes, and the lips of cows, The garden-star, the queen of May, The rose, to crown the holyday." Ben Jonson, Patt's Atiniversary, " Whose name shall now make ring The echoes V Of whom shall the nymphets sing ?" " Blush no more, rose, nor lily pale remain. Dead is that beauty which yours late did stain." Drummond, Sonnets, P. ii, 13, 10. 41. Shakespeare thus alludes to the warbling of the swan : '* Let nuisic sound while he doth make his choice ; Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end, Fading in music." Merchant of Venice, iii. 2, And again, in King John, v. 7 : " 'Tis strange that death should sing. I am the cygnet to this pale faint swan. Who chaunts a doleful hymn to his own death. And from the organ-pipe of frailty sings His soul and body to their lasting rest." " Thus on Mseander's flowery margin lies Tlie expiring swan, and as he sings he dies." Pope, RaJ/e 0/ the Lock, canto v. Ly. So may tlay swarms escape Cyrnean yews ! So may, upon the cytisus full-fed. Thy kine swell out their teats ! Begin, if aught Thou hast. Me also have a poet made Pieria's ladies ; I have verses too ; Me likewise do the shepherds call a bard : But not in them a weak believer I. For [lays] I seem to warble, neither yet 50 Of Varus nor of Cinna worthy, but a goose To cackle in the midst of tuneful swans. Mce. That sooth am I about, and silently, Lycid, with myself I turn it o'er. If I could recollect it ; nor is mean The sonnet : *' Hither come, O Galatee ; For what is thy diversion in the w aves ? Here spring all bright ; here, round the rills. The earth unbosoms her enamelled flowers ; The silver poplar here o'erhangs the grot, 60 And limber vines pleach bowers. Hither come ; The frantic waves allow to lash the shores." Ly. What those, which I had heard thee when alone Warbling beneath the cloudless night ? The air 1 recollect, if I could catch the words. Mcc. " O Daphnis, wherefore art thou gazing up Upon the constellations' rise of old ? Lo ! hath the Dionsean Caesar's star Advanced ; the star, whereby might fields of corn Delight them in their produce, and whereby The bunch might draw its hue on sunny hills. 71 Engraft the pear-trees, Daphnis ; sons of sons Garth, still more musically : " The tuneful swans on gliding rivers float. And warbling dirges die on every note." Dispensary, canto iv. 51. "At last, whenas our quire wants breath. Our bodies being blest. We'll sing, like swans, to welcome death. And die in love and rest." Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, iv. 2. " Who hath his flock of cackling geese compared With thy tuned. quire of swans?" Carew, To Ben Jonson. 59. " Shepherd, I pray thee stay. Where hast thou been ? Or whither goest thou ? Here be woods as green As any ; air likewise as fresh and sweet As where smooth Zephyrus plays on the fleet Face of the curled streams ; with flowers as many As the young spring gives, and as choice as any ; Here be all new delights, cool streams and wells. Arbours o'ergrown with woodbines, caves, and dells." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3. V. 51—56. ECLOGUE X. ▼. 57—67. «5 Shall cull thy fruits." Age all things sweeps away, The mem'ry too. I recollect that oft, a boy, The ling'ring suns I buried as I sang : So many songs are now by me forgot. Now very voice, too, Moeris flies ; the wolves Have first seen Moeris. But, however, these Full oft to thee Menalcas will recite. Ly. By pleading pretexts our enjoyments thou 80 Deferr'st for long. And now, all lulled for thee, 73. This idea is beautifully expressed by Dryden : " O'er whom Time gently shakes his wings of down, Till with his silent sickle they are mown." Astrcea Redux, 109. " The end crowns all ; And that old common arbitrator. Time, Will one day end it." Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. 75. "How oft in pleasing tasks we wear the day, While summer suns roll unperceived away !" Pope, Ep. to Mr. Jervas. A. Philips, somewhat differently from Virgil : " For many songs and tales of mirth had I To chase the loit'ring sun adowne the sky." /'asi. I. 78. To this notion Dryden alludes ; //ind and Panther, 551, 2: " The surly Wolf, with secret envy burst, Yet could not howl : the Hind had seen him first." The surface [of the lake] is still ; and, look I Hath ev'ry breath of breezy whisper fallen. From this we have exactly half the way ; For 'gins Bianor's burial-place to show. Here, where the farmers strip the clustered leaves, Here, Moeris, sing we ; here do thou the kids Set down : we still shall to the city come. Or, if we fear lest night may gather rain Before, we may — the road will irk the less — Go singing still ; that singing we may go, 9 1 I'll disencumber thee of this thy load. Ma'. Cease more, O swain ; and that which presses now Let us discharge : the songs we then shall sing The better, when he shall have come him- self. 82. So Parnell in his beautiful Night-piece oh Death : " The slumb'ring breeze forgets to breathe ; The lake is smooth and clear beneath." 84. Medius seems not to be used by classical writers strictly in the sense of "half;" but it is hard to make decent English of the sense "middle," without an objectionable paraphrase. " Discourse hath made the way less tedious : We have reached the cell already." Shirley, St. Patrick /or Ireland, v. 3. 90. Or, if ttedit be read with Wagner; "the journey irketh less." Eclogue X. GALLUS, This latest effort, Arethuse, do thou Vouchsafe me : lays a few to Gallus mine, ■ But which Lycoris may herself peruse. Must be recited : who will lays deny To Gallus ? So along with thee, when thou Shalt underneath Sicilian surges glide, May not salt Doris blend her wave ! Begin : Let us the restless loves of Gallus tell. While flat-nosed she-goats nibble tender shrubs. We sing not to the deaf : woods echo all. 10 fWhat lawns, or woodlands what, held I you, O Naiad maids. Line ii. There is a marked resemblance between this Eclogue and Milton's Lycidas ; but how immea- surably the English has distanced the Latin poet, must be obvious to any one who can divest himself of prejudice: *' Where were yc, nymphs, when the remorseless deep Closed o'er the head of your loved Lycidas? For neither were ye playing on the steep, Where your old bards, the famous Druids, lie. Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high," &c. When Gallus with unworthy passion pined ? For neither unto you Parnassus' brows, For neither any [brows] of Pindus caused Delay, nor Aon Aganippe. Him E'en bay-trees, even tamarisks bewept ; Him, lying underneath a lonely cliff. E'en piny Maen'lus and the rocks of cold Lycaeus wept. The sheep, too, stand around ; — 19. So Pope, Past. 2 : " Soft as he mourn'd the streams forgot to flow. The flocks around a dumb compassion show." " There was speech in their dumbness, language in their very gesture." — Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, V. 2. This whole account of Gallus brings to mind the melancholy youth in Gray's Elegy : " There at the foot of yonder nodding beech. That wreathes its old fant.-istic roots so high. His listless length at noontide would he stretch, And pore upon the brook that babbles by. Hard by yon wood, now smiling as in scorn, Mutt'rin^ his wayward fancies, would he rove; Now drooping, woful, wan, like one forlorn. Or craz'd with care, or cross'd in hopeless love." 26 V. 17—35- ECLOGUE X. V. 36—53- They neither are ashamed of us, nor thou 20 Be of the flock ashamed, O heav'nly bard : Yea, sheep by rivers fair Adonis fed ; — And came the shepherd ; plodding swine- herds came ; The drenched Menalcas came from wintry mast. All ask, " Whence [comes] this passion unto thee ?" Apollo came: "Why, Gallus, rave?" he cries ; ' ' Thy care, Lycoris, hath another tracked Alike through snows, and through dread camps." Came, too, Silvanus, with a [crown of] rural grace Upon his head, his blooming fennel plants, And monster lilies tossing to and fro. 31 Pan came, the god of Arcady, whom we Ourselves beheld with berries bloody-red Of danewort, and with cinnabar, aglow. *' Will there be any bound [to this] ?" saith he; ' ' Love recks not of the like. Nor felon Love By tears, nor grasses by the rills, nor bees By cytisus are cloyed, nor by the leaf She-goats." But sad the other saith : " Still ye Shall sing of these, Arcadians, to your mounts ; — 40 In singing ye, Arcadians, skilled alone. Oh ! then how softly might my bones re- pose, Should your reed-pipe hereafter tell my loves ! And would to heav'n that I were one of you, 42. " Farewell for evermore ! If you shall hear that sorrow struck me dead. And after find me loyal, let there be A tear shed from you in my memory. And I shall rest in peace." Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, iii. i. " Lie lightly on my ashes, gentle earth !" J. Fletcher, Bonduca, iv. 3. 44. " Oh, that I had been nourished in these woods With milk of goats and acorns, and not known The right of crowns, nor the dissembling trains Of women's looks ; but digged myself a cave, Where I, my fire, my cattle, and my bed. Might have been shut together in one shed ; And then had taken me some mountain girl. Beaten with winds, chaste as the hardened rocks, Whereon she dwelt, that might have strewed my bed With leaves and reeds, and with the skins of beasts. Our neighbours." Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, iv. 2. " Take again Your ill-timed honours ; take 'em, gods ! And change me to some humble villager, If so at last for toils at scorching noon, In mowing meadows, and in reaping fields, At night she will but crown me with a smile." Lee, Tlieodosius, i. i. And had been either guardian of your flock, Or vintager of your enripened bunch ! Of surety, had or Phyllis been my rage, Or had Amyntas, or whoever else — What then, if swart Amyntas were ? E'en dark Are violets, and martagons are dark — 50 With me among the willows, underneath The limber vine, he might lie down ; her wreaths For me would Phyllis cull, Amyntas, [he] Would sing. Here icy springs, here velvet meads, Lycoris, here the woodland ; here could I Be worn away with thee through very age. Now madding love of callous Mars in arms, Among mid weapons and confronted foes, Detains me : thou far off thy native land, — Ne'er may it be my fortune to believe 60 [A truth] so grievous ! — dost the snows of Alps, Ah ! heartless ! and the chills of Rhine, apart From me, alone behold. Ah ! let the chills Not harm thee ! At ! let rugged ice not gash Thy tender foot-soles ! I will go, and lays, Which in Chalcidian strain by me were framed, On the Sicilian shepherd's reed will play. 'Tis fixed that I within the woods, among The dens of savage beasts would liefer bear, And carve my loves upon the tender trees : — 54. " Fly to the arbours, grots, and flowery meads, And in soft murmurs interchange our souls ; Together drink the crystal of the stream. Or taste the yellow fruit which autumn yields, And when the golden evening calls us home. Wing to our downy nest, and sleep till morn." Lee, Theodosius, ii. i. 56. " My all that Heaven can give ! Death's life with you ; without you. Death to live." Dryden, Aurungzebe, iv. i. 64. " But oh ! that hapless virgin, our lost sister ! Where may she wander now, whither betake her From the chill dew, among rude burs and thistles ! Perhaps some cold bank is her bolster now. Or 'gainst the rugged bark of some broad elm Leans her unpillowed head." Milton, Comus. 70. When Prince Arthure discovers the "gentle squire," he finds that he had followed the example of Gallus, in making the trees the monuments of his affection ; " And eke by that he saw on every tree How he the name of one engraven had Which likely was his liefest love to be." Spenser, F. Q. iv. 7, 46. And so also Colin : Colin Clout, 632 : " Her name in every tree I will endosse, That, as the trees do grow, her name may grow." We find Orlando doing the same in As Vou Like It, iii. 2 : V. 54—63. ECLOGUE X. V. 64—77. Grow they will, ye will grow, my loves. Meanwhile 71 O'er Mjsn'lus will I range with mingled Nymphs, Or hunt the hot wild boars ; no chills shall bar My compassing with hounds Parthenian glades. Meseems that now through rocks and ring- ing groves I'm roaming ; 'tis my joy from Parthian bow To shoot Cydonian arrows ; as if this Were healing for my frenzy, or that god May learn to soften at the ills of men. Now neither Hamadryads any more, 80 Nor songs themselves charm us ; ye very woods, " Hang there, my verse, in witness of my love : And thou, thrice crowned queen of night, survey With thy chaste eye, from thy pale sphere above. Thy huntress' name, that my full life doth sway. O Rosalind ! these trees shall be my books. And in their barks my thoughts I'll character ; That every eye, which in this forest looks, Shall see thy virtue witness'd everywhere. Run, run, Orlando ; carve on every tree The fair, the chaste, and une.\pressive she." Drayton varies the idea in Quest of Cynthia, S. 6: " At length upon a lofty fir It was my chance to find Where that dear name, most due to her, Was carved upon the rind. Which whilst with wonder I beheld. The bees their honey brought. And up the carved letters filled, As they with gold were wrought." Shirley uses tears instead of wood-cuts : " That every tear could fall Into some character, which you might read, That so I might dispense with my sad tongue, And leave my sorrows legible." The Imposture, iv. 5, Cowley makes such carvings fatal to the tree : '* I cut my love into his gentle bark. And in three days, behold ! 'tis dead." " Pardon, ye birds and nymphs, who loved this shade ; And pardon me, thou gentle tree ; I thought her name would thee have happy made. And blessed omens hoped from thee : 'Notes of my love, thrive here,' said I, 'and grow ; And with ye let my love do so.' " The Mistress : The Tree. "Oh ! might I here In solitude live savage : in some glade Obscured, where highest woods, impenetrable To star or sunlight, spread their umbrage broad And brown as evening : cover me, ye pines. Ye cedars ; with innumerable boughs Hide me." Milton, P. L., b. ix. Once more give way. Our woes cannot change him, Nor if we in the midst of frosts were both To drink the Hebrus, and Sithonian snows Of wat'ry winter-tide to undergo ; Nor if, when dying on the lofty elm, The bark is shriv'ling, we should shift the sheep Of -(Ethiopians under Cancer's star. Love conquers all : let us too yield to Love." 'Twill be enough, Pierian maids divine, 90 That these your bard hath chanted, while he sits. And weaves with mallow slim his slender frail. Ye these of deepest interest will make To Gallus : [yea] to Gallus, love of whom As fast is growing on me every hour. As in the infant spring the alder green Uprears her. Let us rise ; the shade is wont To prove calamitous to those who sing Calamitous the shade of juniper ; The shades, too, harm the crops. Go, full- fed, home, — 100 The star of Eve is rising ; — go, she-goats. 82. " Nothing rocks love asleep but death.' J. Fletcher, The PUgrim, v. 4. 8g. " Love is your master, for he masters you : And he that is so yoked by a fool, Methinks, should not be chronicled for wise." Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. i. 94. Cardinal Wolsey speaks similarly of his de- votion to the king : Shakespeare, Hen. VIII. iii. a : " My loyalty. Which ever has, and ever shall be growing. Till death, that winter, kill it." 99. Cowley says the same of the yew : " Beneath a bower for sorrow made, Th' uncomfortable shade Of the black yew's unlucky green. Mixed with the mourning willow's careful grey." The Complaint, 100. " Shepherds all and maidens fair. Fold your flocks up, for the air 'Gins to thicken, and the sun Already his great course hath run. See the dewdrops, how they kiss. Every little flower that is. Hanging on their velvet heads. Like a rope of crystal beads : See the heavy clouds are falling. And bright Hesperus down calling. The dead night from under ground ; At whose rising mists unsound. Damps and vapours fly apace. Hovering o'er the wanton face Of these pastures, where they come. Striking dead both bud and bloom." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, ii. i. THE GEORGICS. BOOK I. What makes gay crops, beneath what star the earth To turn, Maecenas, and to elms to wed The vines, 'tis meet ; what be the care of beeves. What management in keeping of the flock ; How vast the knowledge for the thrifty- bees : — I hence will undertake to sing. O ye, All-brilliant luminaries of the world. Who lead the year, as through the heav'n it glides ; O Liber and boon Ceres, since the earth Hath through your gift Chaonian mast exchanged lo For the rich ear, and Acheloan cups Hath blent with [new] discovered grapes ; and ye, The rustics' fav'ring Pow'rs, O Fauns — advance Your foot in time, both Fauns and Dryad maids : — Line 3. "Two rows of elms ran with proportioned grace. Like Nature's arras, to adorn the sides ; The friendly vines their loved barks embrace, With folding tops the checkered ground-work hides." Shirley, Narcissus, st. 13. *' Or they led the vine To wed her elm : she, spoused, about him twines Her marriageable arms, and with him brings Her dower, the adopted clusters, to adorn His barren leaves." Milton, Par. Lost, b. v. Shakespeare makes Titania say beautifully of the ivy: ' ' Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms : Fairies, begone ; and be all ways away. So doth the woodbine, the sweet honeysuckle. Gently entwist, — the female ivy so Enrings the barky fingers of the elm." Midsummer Night's Dream, iv. i. " Thou art an elm, my husband, I a vine. Whose weakness, married to thy stronger state, Makes me with thy strength to communicate." Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors, ii. 2. " Everlasting hate The vine to ivy bears, nor less abhors The colewort's rankness, but with amorous twine Clasps the tall elm." J. Philips, Cider, b. i. II. Or, " draughts." 14, Or, "at once." Your gifts I sing. And thou, O [thou], for whom The earth, by thy majestic trident struck, Unbosomed first the snorting courser, Neptune ! And patron [thou] of lawns, through whom three hundred steers, Snow-white, are browsing Cea's juicy brakes ; E'en thou, too, quitting thy paternal lawn, And woodlands of LycKus, Pan ! of sheep The guardian, if thy Msenalus to thee 22 Is of concern, be kindly present here, O [god] of Tegea ! Minerva, too. Creatress of the olive ; and thou youth, Discloser of the crooked plough; and [thou,] Silvanus, bearing, from its root [uptorn], A tender cypress ; and ye gods and god- desses. All, whose delight it be to guard the fields, Both ye, who rear from no [implanted] seed 30 The infant fruits, and who on seeded crops Drop down the plenteous show'r from heav'n ; and thou. In chief, whom what assemblies of the gods Hereafter shall enjoy is unresolved : Whether to visit cities, Coesar, and the charge Of countries mayest thou desire, and thee The vasty globe, as parent of its fruits, And of its weather-changes lord, may hail, Environing thy brows with myrtle-plant Of thy own mother ; — or thou mayest come The god of the immeasurable sea, 41 And mariners thy deity alone Adore, the farmost Thule be thy serf, 16. See the fabled dispute between Neptune and Minerva, treated by Spenser in his beautiful poem, Mtdopotmos. " Percussa" is rather " thrilled," or "shocked." 18. Or, "Tenant," "haunter." 25. Inventrix, creatress ; so repertor, creator : yEw. xii. 829, 34. That is, though it might be known in heaven, it is a question on earth. V. 31—51. BOOK I. T. 5 a— 8 a. 39 And Tethys buy thee for her son-in-law With all her waves ;— or whether thou a star, New [-born], annex thee to the lazy months, There where a space between Erigone And the pursuing Claws is opened out : — The fiery Scorpion of himself for thee E'en now draws in his arms, and hath resigned 50 A more than due proportion of the sky : — Whate'er thou'lt be — for let nor Tartarus Expect thee for its monarch, nor on thee Let so accurst a lust of ruling come, Though Greece may her Elysian plains admire, Nor Proserpine recovered feel concern T' attend her mother : — ^grant an easy course, And nod [thy sanction] to my bold em- prize : And pitying with me the rural [swains], Unknowing of the path, advance, and now, Inure thee now to be invoked with vows. 61 In early spring, when rimy moisture thaws On hoary mountains, and the crumbling clod Unbinds itself before the western breeze, Let now at once the bull begin for me Beneath the deeply sunken plough to groan, And, by the furrow worn, the share to flash. That corny seedland answers at the last The greedy tiller's prayers, which twice the sun, Twice frosts hath felt : its harvests passing bound 70 Have burst his gamers. But ere we with steel An unknown surface cleave, be it our task The winds, and changeful habit of the clime, 51. " But this fair gem, sweet in the loss alone, When you fleet hence, can be bequeathed to none ; Or, if it could, down from th' enamelled sky All heaven would come to claim this legacy." Marlowe, Hero and Leander, Sestiad i. " Thou shalt Be drawn with horses, white as Venus' doves, Till heaven itself, in envy of our bliss, Snatch thee from earth, to place thee in his orb, The brightest constellation." Shirley, The Politician, ii. i. 62. " And made the downy Zephyr, as he flew. Still to be followed by the Spring's best hue." B. Jonson, The Vision of Delight. See note on Geo. ii. /. 449. But he introduces a harbinger, still more charm- ing : " I grant the linet, lark, and bullfinch sing. But best the dear good angel of the spring, The Nightingale." The Sad Shepherd, ii. a. To learn before, and both the native tilths And dispositions of the spots, and what Each district may produce, and what may each Refuse. Here cereal crops, there clusters come More happily ; the fruits of trees elsewhere ; And uncommanded wax the grasses green. Dost thou not see how Tmolus saffron scents, 80 Ind iv'ry sendeth, Saba's tender sons The frankincense their own ; but naked Chalybs, Their iron ; Pontus, too, rank castory, Epinis palm-wreaths of Elean mares ? From first these laws and everlasting terms Upon established spots hath Nature laid, What time at first Deucalion tossed the stones Upon an empty globe, whence men were born, A flinty race. Then come, the soil of earth That's rich, let straightway from the year's first months 90 Thy sturdy bulls upturn, and as they lie, Let dusty-mantled summer bake the clods With rip'ning suns. But should the land not prove Prolific, towards Arcturus' very [rise]. Sufficient will it be to hang it up, With a diminished furrow : there — lest weeds May harass the delighted produce ; here — Lest scanty moisture quit the barren sand. In every other year shalt thou, the same, Allow thy fallow-lands, that have been reaped, 100 To idle, and the listless plain to cake With rust ; or there shalt sow the golden spelts Beneath a constellation changed, whence thou Shalt first the merry pulse with rattling pod. Or tiny seeds of vetch, and brittle haulm Of bitter lupin, and its rustling grove. Have carried off. For bumeth up the plain The crop of flax, the oat [-crop] bums it up, Bum it up poppies, soaked in Lethe's sleep. But still in every other year the toil IIO Is easy : only be thou not ashamed To glut the sapless mould with ordure rich. Nor over thy exhausted grounds to toss The ash unclean. Thus, too, by change of crops 114. Ben Jonson has " ash" in the singular : " Put it out rather, all out, to an ash. ^ D.isoH Att, ii. X. 30 V. 83 — 107. THE GEORGICS. V, I08 — 120. The fields repose ; nor meanwhile no re- turn Ariseth from the earth miploughed. Oft, too, It hath bestead to fire the barren fields. And burn light stubble in the crackling flames : Whether thereby the lands secreted powers And juicy food conceive ; or every fault I20 Is melted out of them by fire, and forth The baneful moisture oozes ; or that heat More passages, and darksome breathing- pores Unloosens, where to th' infant blades the sap May come ; or hardens more, and braces close The gaping arteries, lest filmy rains. Or too fierce power of the raging sun, Or piercing cold of Boreas sear them up. Much, too, doth he, who breaks the lazy clods With rakes, and hurdles of the osier trails, Bestead the fields ; nor him in vain regards The golden Ceres from Olympus high : 132 And who the ridges, which upon the plain. When broken up, he rears, once more breaks through With plough transversely turned, and works his ground Incessantly, and lords it o'er his lays. For dropping summers and for winters fair Entreat, O swains : through wintry dust the spelts Are blithest, blithe the field. In tillage none Doth Mysia vaunt herself so much, and e'en 140 At their own harvests marvel Gargar's [heights]. Why sing of him, who, when the seed is cast. In close encounter presses on his fields, And quells the piles of no rich land ? Then brings he o'er His seeded grounds a flood and following rills ; And when the seared ground is withering ^P 115. The construction in verse 83 is imitated by Milton in several places : e. g. Par. Lost, b. i. : " Nor did they not perceive the evil plight In which they were." " Nor doth the moon no nourishment exhale." lb., b. V. 134. Proscindo is technically to "break up," i.e. lay-ground ; for arva here obviously means this. 140. That is, " in such a climate as this." With dying herbage, lo ! adown the brow Of some hill-channel he the brook allures. It, tumbling o'er the glossy shingle, wakes A noisy brawl, and with its bubbling streams 150 Relieves the parching fields. Why [sing of him]. Who, lest the straw should lodge through loaded ears. His crops' rank humor in the tender blade Feeds down, when first the seedlings level make His furrows ; and who through the spongy sand Drains off the gathered moisture of the pool? In chief if in unsettled months a stream, O'erflowing, bursts abroad, and far and near Encases all with crusted slime, whence reek The hollow channels with the moisture warm. 160 Nor still, when these have travails both of men And beeves, in turning up the earth, es- sayed. Naught do the graceless goose, and Stry- mon's cranes. 161. See note on 1. 115, where examples are quoted of Milton's imitation of such constructions as those in verses 118-120. 163. Improbiis has a variety of meanings, whether applied to persons, qualities, or things ; all of which arise from the radical signification of "improper," and hence "immoderate." In the present instance, the great mass of commentators refer the expression more to the physical desires of the goose than to his (poetically) moral turpitude ; that is, the goose was rather a glutton than a rogue. Now the fact is, that he was both, — and a mischievous bird besides ; an exact parallel to his brother in crime, the attgtiis, in the third Book. The following remarks may serve as a help to ascertain its sense in the present case. The word in question is employed sixteen times by Virgil ; and after a careful analysis of its signifi- cation in these different instances, which it would be too long to detail, these conclusions would seem to result : It is applied eleven times to persons, and five times to qualities or things. Of the eleven times used of persons, in seven cases it is used in the strongest sense, implying moral guilt. Twice it is doubtful, leaving the appli- cation to anser and angtds to be determined. Of the five occasions on which it is used in con- nection with qualities or things, thrice it bears a bad, and twice a harmless, sense. Upon the whole, then, considering the immense mischief perpetrated by the wild goose, joined to his extraordinary appetite ; (for he eats hugely, and tramples and scalds what he does not eat:) con- sidering also the plain predominance of the bad sense in Virgil, "graceless" would seem to meet the necessities of the case, or the excellent term employed by Dr. Kennedy, "felon." If the more usual view be taken, " glutton " is V. 131— 1 33* BOOK I. y. 134—150. And succory with bitter roots, obstruct, Or shade molest. The Father hath him- self Decreed that easy should not be the path Of tilth, and he first roused the lands by skill, Whetting with cares the hearts of human kind ; Nor suffered he his realms to lie benumbed In leaden torpor. Ere [the reign of] Jove No"i'v^?rif reduced the fields : not e'en to mark, 171 Or parcel off the champaign by a bourn, Was lawful. For the common stock they sought, And of her own accord the earth her all More freely, at demand of none, produced. He baleful venom to the sable snakes Imparted, and commanded wolves to prowl, And ocean to be roused ; and from the leaves Shook honies down, and he sequestered fire. And, everywhere in rills careering, wines He stayed ; that practice, by the dint of thought, 181 The various crafts might slowly hammer QUt, an effective rendering: which word is surely an adjective, though Johnson and Webster do not recognise it as such. Richardson differs from them, as well he may ; for it is too constantly joined by the poets to nouns substantive to admit of " appo- sition :" e. g. Spenser, Muiopotvios, \-]<), "glutton sense ;" Shakespeare, 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, " glutton bosom ;" and again, " glutton eye ;" Dryden, Rel. Lai. 33. " glutton souls ;" Hind and P. i^TS, " glutton kind ;" &c. 166. " For sloth, the nurse of vices, And rust of action, is a stranger to him." Massinger, T/te Great Duke 0/ Florence, i. i. " The fort, that's yielded at the first assault. Is hardly worth the taking." ii. 3. " The thrifty heavens mingle our sweets with gall. Least, being glutted with excess of good. We should forget the giver." Rawlins, The Rebellion, v. end. 174. " Covered with grass more soft than any silk, The trees dropt honey, and the springs gushed milk ; The flower-fleeced meadow, and the gorgeous grove. Which should smell sweetest in their bravery strove ;" " Whilst to the little birds' melodious strains The trembling rivers tripped along the plains ;" " The battening earth all plenty did afford, And without tilling, of her own accord." Drayton, Noah's Flood. 176. Or, perhaps : " He wicked venom to the baleful snakes." 182. How poor are they, that have not patience!" Shakespeare, Otlullo, iii. 3. And in the furrows seek the blade of corn ; That from the veins of flint it forth might strike The hidden fire. Then first thejrivers felt The hollowed alders ; then the rnariner Numbers and names invented for the stars, The Pleiads, Hyads, and Lycaon's sheeny Bear. In nooses then wild creatures to entrap, And dupe them with the lime, it was de- vised, 190 And mighty glades to girdle round with dogs. And one now lashes with his casting-net The spacious river, searching for its depths ; And through the main another trails along His dripping lines. Then stiffness of the steel. And blade of grating saw ; for primal men With wedges used to cleave the splitting wood. Then divers crafts came in : unsparing Toil Prov'd conq'ror over all, and Indigence, That spurs [men] on in their distressed estate. 200 'Twas Ceres first instructed mortal kind With iron to upturn the earth, when now The mast and arbutes of the holy wood Were failing, and Dodone refusing food. Soon, too, was travail to the corn annexed, 183. Or, "through," "by." 185. "These earthly godfathers of heaven's lights That give a name to every fixed star." Shakespeare, Love's Labour's Lost, L x. 186. Or: " Then the sailor coined Numbers and names for stars, the Pleiad-train, The Hyads," &c. 192. With the great weight of commentators, it is better to make alta refer to amnem. Notwith- standing Forbiger's steadiness, and Wagner's change of mind, does there seem to be sufficient warrant for the awkwardness which their view involves ? Does it not impose an unfair duty upon the conjunction que^. 198. " Impossible ! Nothing's impossible ! We know our strength only by being tried. If you object the mountains, rivers, woods Impassable, that lie before our march : — Woods we can set on fire : we swim by nature : What can oppose us then but we may tame ? All things submit to virtuous indu.stry : That we can carry with us ; that is ours." Southern, Oroonoko, iii. 4. 205. This primitive condition of the earth, prior to culture, is realised by the loss of Pe.-ice : which miserable state of things is feelingly described by the Duke of Burgundy in King Henry V.y.i'. " Alas! she hath from France too lone been chas'd. And all her husbandry doth He on neaps. Corrupting in its own fertility. Her vine, the merry checrcr of the heart, Unpruned dies ; her hedges even-plcichcd. Like prisoners wildly overgrown with hair. 32 V. 151— 174- THE GEORGICS. V. 175 — 192. That scathful blight should prey upon the stalks, And in his laziness might bristle up The thistle in the fields. Crops go to wrack ; Succeeds a prickly forest, even burrs And caltrops ; and amid the shiny tilths 2lo Curst darnel and the barren oats bear rule. Wherefore, unless with unremitting rakes Thou both shalt worry weed, and with a din Alarm the birds, and with thy pruning- hook TTie shadow of the darkling country check, And in thy prayers shalt have invoked the shower ; — Alas ! upon another's massy pile Thou bootlessly shalt gaze, and in the woods Thy hunger comfort through the shaken oak. Sung, too, must be what are the imple- ments 220 Of hardy rustics, without which their crops Nor could be sown, nor spring. The share in chief, ■ And heavy timber of the bended plough, And waggons of the Eleusinian Dame, That lazy troll ; the sledges, too, and drags. And harrows of unrighteous weight ; more- o'er, The furniture of Celeus, wrought of twig, And cheap, and hurdles of the arbutus. And mystic fan of Bacchus : all the which, Long previously foreseen, in thoughtful mood, 230 Shalt thou lay by in store, if thee awaits The honor, to the heav'n-born country due. First, in the forests bowed with mighty force. Into a plough-tail is an elm reduced. And [this] the figure of a crooked plough Receives. Thereto from out the base a pole, Stretched forward to eight feet, twain moulding-boards. Share-beams M'ith double back, are fitted on. Felled, too, thei-e is beforehand for the yoke A lightsome linden, and a lofty beech 240 For staff, which from the rear may wheel around Put forth disorder'd twigs ; her fallow leas The darnel, hemlock, and rank fumitory ' Doth root upon ; while that the coulter rusts. That should deracinate such savagery ; The even mead, that erst brought sweetly forth The freckled cowslip, burnet, and green clover. Wanting the scythe, all uncorrected, rank. Conceives by idleness ; and nothing teems. But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs, Losing both beauty and utility." The bottom of the carriage ; and the smoke Searches the timber hung above the hearths. Pow'r have I many a rule of them of yore To cite to thee, unless thou dost recoil, And slender interests it irks to learn. The floor, among the chief, with roller huge Must levelled be, and kneaded with the hand. And rendered firm with binding Cretan earth, Lest weeds work up, or, overcome by dust, It gape, and divers plagues at thee should mock. 251 Oft hath the tiny mouse beneath thy lands Both placed her homestead, and her garners built ; Or, cheated of their eyes, the moles have delved Their chambers ; and, in hollows found, the toad : And vermin, which, full many, breed thy grounds ; Both weevil wastes a vasty pile of corn, And ant, in terror at a helpless eld. Mark also, when the almond in the woods Shall throw her into rich array of bloom, 260 And arch her scented boughs, if embryoes Abound, in equal sort will corn ensue, And mighty threshing come with mighty heat : But if through rampancy of leafage shade exceeds. Stalks, rank in chaff, thy floor will vainly bruise. 242. Every editor seems to read cumts instead of cursus, which is substituted by Wagner and For- biger, though, as it would seem, with' small manu- script authority. The difficulty in the common text to them was this : ist, that currus implies wheels, and that no Roman plough had such an appendage ; and 2nd, that it must be capable of carrying somebody, which the plough was not. To the tirst objection the reply is, that their authority, Schulz, was mistaken in saying that no Roman plough had wheels, as an antique has been dis- covered which represents one with them. To the second, that a machine drawn by brutes, and guided by a human being, may, in poetic language, fairly claim the name : a consideration which is strength- ened by a remark of Holds worth, that the stiva was actually a foot-board, on which the ploughman stood. 243. Focis is not rendered by " flues " or " chim- neys," as it is a disputed point whether the Romans had any special aperture for the escape of smoke. 254. " As the blind mole, the properest son of earth. Who, in the casting his ambitious hills up, Is often taken and destroyed i' the midst Of his advanced work." Middleton, A Game at Chess, iv. 4. 265. "The careful ploughman doubting stands. Lest on the threshing-floor his hopeless sheaves Prove chaff." Milton, P. L. iv. V. 193 — 2o6. BOOK I. V. 206 — 237. 33 Their seeds have I, in sooth, seen many drug When sowing, and in natron steep them first, And murky olive-lees, that there might prove A fuller produce in the guileful pods. And though they, quickened o'er a scanty fire, 270 Were moistened, have I seen them, — gathered long, And tested with a world of travail, — yet Deteriorate, unless the energy of man Year after year each largest with the hand Should cull. So all things by the Destinies Are hasting to decay, and, sinking down, Are backward borne : not otherwise than he Who up the breasting river scarce his skiff With oarage forces on, if he his arms Hath haply slacked, and down the swift descent 280 The channel sweeps him with its giddy tide.j Moreo'er, as much are to be watched by us Arcturus' constellation, and the days Of Kids, and sheeny Dragon, as by those By whom, when wafted towards their native land 271. It is hard to acquiesce in the view which puts a period after maderent , instead oi esset. This arrangement displaces guamvis from its natural relation to tamen, in order to set it in a weak con- nection with exiguo ; it assigns to tnaderent a meaning which it is doubtful that it ever bore ; and gives an abruptness to the commencement of a new sentence, which is thus made to begin at vidi. The objections to the opposite view are not fatal, and do not seem to be strong. However, if the more modern interpretation be preferred, the translation will run thus : that there might prove A fuller produce in the guileful pods. And they might o'er a fire, however small, Be softened quick. I've seen those gathered long, &c. 276. So several translators ; but, if deemed a little too free, it is easy to substitute : " Are hurrying to worse." So thought Thenot in Spenser's iTA. Cnl. Feb. 12: " Must not the worlde wende in his common course From good to bad, and from bad to worse. From worst unto that is worst of all, And then returne to his former fall t" "These our actors, As I foretold you, were all spirits, and Are melted into air, into thin air : And like the baseless fabric of this vision, The cloud-capped towers, the gorgeous palaces. The solemn temples, the great globe itself. Yea, all which it inherit, shall dissolve. And, like this insubstantial pageant faded. Leave not a rack behind." Shakespeare, TemJ>est, iv. i. 280. >4/7«^ certainly does sometimes mean "im- mediately," but not in classical times. A good sense can be obtained by the ordinary use, and therefore it is to be preferred. Across the gusty waters, are essayed PontuS and oyster-full Abydos* straits. When Libra even shall have made the hours Of day and sleep, and midway now disparts The globe to light and shades, my masters, work 290 Your bulls, sow barleys in the plains, e'en close To th' eve of latest show'r of brumal-tide, Impracticable. Yea, a flax-crop, too, And Cereal poppy is it time in earth To hide, and now at once to bend to ploughs; While, dry the ground, we may, while hang the clouds. In spring time is for beans the sowing ; then Thee likewise, O thou Median [plant], re- ceive The crumbling furrows, and for millet comes The yearly care, when, bright with gilded horns, 300 The Bull unlocks the year, and, slinking off Before the star his foeman, sets the DoG. But if for wheaten crop, and hardy spelts, Thou'lt work thy ground, and press for ears alone. First let th' Atlantic maidens at the Dawn To thee be hidden, and the Gnosiai^star Of blazing Diadem withdraw, ere thou Consign to furrows seeds their due, and ere Thou haste to trust the promise of the year To earth unwilling. Many have commenced Before the set of Maia ; butthose [swains] 311 The hoped-for crop with empty ears hath duped. But if both vetch and paltry kidney-bean Thou'lt sow, nor the Pelusian lentil's care Shalt spurn away, no darkling signs to thee Bootes, as he sinks, will send : begin. And stretch thy sowing to mid [-winter] frosts. For this, in settled portions meted out. The golden Sun directs the sphere along The constellations of the world in twelves. Five zones embrace the heav'n ; whereof is one 321 For ever crimsoned with the flashing Sun, And scorched for ever by its fire; round which The outermost upon the right and left Are drawn, with azure ice and murky showers Congealed. 'Tween these and that in centre, twain To sickly mortals by the boon of gods 309. " With conscious certainty the swain Gives to the ground his trusted gntn. With eager hope the reddening h«r>'est e>'et And claims the ripe autumnal gold. The raced of toil, of industry' ihc prize." T. Warton, Od* xvi. D 34 V. 238—262. THE GEORGICS. V. 262 — 284. Are granted ; and a path is scored thro' both, Whereon aslant the cycle of the signs Might wheel itself. The world, as e'en aloft To Scythia and Rhipsean heights it towers. Is sunk aslope to Lybia's southern gales. 332 This pole to us is ever reared on high ; But that beneath our feet the pitchy Styx Beholdeth, and the Manes deep adown. The monster Dragon here with coiling fold Glides off around and midst of the two Bears, After the fashion of a flood, — the Bears, In ocean's surface fearing to be dipped. There, as they tell, or hushes dead of night. And ever by a pall of night the dark 341 Is thickened ; or returns from us the Dawn, And takes them back the day ; and when on us The Sun at rising earliest hath breathed With puffing coursers, purpling Eve lights up Tier backward fires. From this can we forelearn The weather in the changeful sky ; from this Both harvest day and sowing tide, and when The traitor face of sea with oars to force Is fitting ; when to launch the furnished fleets, 350 Or pine in season in the woods to fell. Nor is it to no purpose that we watch The settings and the risings of the signs. And, even with its seasons four distinct. The year. If e'er a chilly show'r confines The farmer, many a labor, which would needs Be hurried over at a future hour Beneath a sky unclouded, — to advance Is giv'n. The ploughman forges to a point His blunted ploughshare's churlish fang ; he scoops 360 340. Te7nj>esth'us means " timeful," "timely," "timous:" that is, "in the proper time," with a tendency to the signification of " earlier than need be." So intem-pestivits, intempestus, means " un- timeful," " untimely," " timeless," with a tendency to the signification of " earlier than ought to be." Now it is plain, that intempesta here must have an import different from those borne by the last three terms. It would seem, then, that it takes its force from the primitive meaning of " unbroken into periods." The night is practically unbroken into periods, when people cease to work, and retire to rest : thus, intempesta 7tox comes to signify "dead of night." Further, if they lie awake, or have to keep watch during the hours of darkness, these seem so long, that it is as zy there were no periods, no end: hence the idea of "dreary." Either of these terms would appear to satisfy the expression. 344. " But look ! the morn, in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew of yond' high eastern hill." Shakespeare, Hajnlet, i. i. " The blushing childhood of the cheerful morn Is almost grown a youth, and over-climbs Yonder gilt eastern hills." Brewer, Lingua, i. 5. Troughs from the tree ; or on his flock the brand Hath he enstamped, or tallies on his heaps. Stakesothers point, orforks of double prong, And ties Amerian for the limber vine Prepare, Let now the pliant frail be plight Of bramble twig ; now roast upon the fire Thy grains, now bray them in the quern. Nay e'en On days of jubilee some tasks to ply The law divine and human laws allow. The rills to drain no scruple hath forbid ; 370 Before the corn to stretch a fence ; for birds To plan an ambush ; thorns to fire ; and plunge The flock of bleaters in the wholesome flood. Ofttimes the plodding ass's ribs with oil. Or with cheap apples, doth its driver lade. And, trudging back, a dented stone, or lump Of jetty pitch, he brings him home from town. The Moon herself hath granted various days In various rank, auspicious to your toils. The fifth do thou avoid : [upon that day] 3S0 Were ghastly Orcus and the Furies born ; Then Terra in an execrable birth Both Cseus and lapetus brings forth, And fell Typhoeus, and the brotherhood, Banded by oath to tear the heavens down. They thrice attempted Ossa to implant On Pelion ; aye, on Ossa, too, to roll Leaf-fraught Olympus ; thrice the up-piled mounts The Father laid in ruins with his bolt. The seventh, [coming] next upon the tenth, 362. Or, perhaps : "sacks." 367. If "quern" be thought a little too free a version of saxo, a dull substitute is easily found, without damage to the rhythm. 380. " A wicked day, and not a holy day : . . . Nay, rather, turn this day out of the week ; This day of shame, oppression, perjury: Or, if it must stand still, let wives with child Pray that their burdens may not fall this day, Lest that their hopes prodigiously be cross'd : But on this day let seamen fear no wreck ; No bargains break that are not this day made : This day, all things begun come to ill end ; Yea, faith itself to hollow falsehood change." Shakespeare, King Joh?i, iii. i. 381. To quote Milton on the .subject of the evil angels would be trite, as his sublime descriptions are familiar to every one ; but his great predecessor says finely : " Th' Almighty, seeing their so bold assay. Kindled the flame of His consuming yre. And with His onely breath them blew away From heavens bight, to which they did aspyre, To deepest hell and lake of damned fyre. Where they in darkness and dread horror dwell, Hating the happi« light from which they fell." Spenser, Hytnne of Heavctly Love, 85. V. s84 — 308. BOOK L y. 308 — 329. 35 Auspicious is, as well to plant the vine, 391 As captured beeves to tame, and to attach The leashes to the warp; the ninth for flight More favorable, enemy to thefts. Sooth many [tasks] have 'neath the chilly night Presented them more fitly, or what time, — The Sun new [-ris'n],— the lands is Lucifer Bedewing. In the night the stubbles light More fitly, in the night dry meads are mown; The ropy moisture faileth not the nights, 400 E'en one there is, who by the lasting fires Of winter light keeps up his watch, and points His torches with the sharpened steel. Mean- while, Her tedious travail cheering with a song. With shrilly reed his partner threads the warp ; Or through [the aid of] Vulcan simmers down The liquor of the nectared must, and skims With leaves the palpitating cauldron's wave. But ruddy Ceres in the midst of heat Is cut, and in the midst of heat the floor 410 The [sun-] dried harvest bruises. Robeless plough, Sow robeless. Winter to the husbandman Is idle [time]. In frosts the farmers chief Their store enjoy, and, blithe among them- selves. Reciprocal carousals make their care : Lures jolly winter, and unbinds their woes. As when the heavy-freighted vessels now Have touched the haven, and upon the sterns The happy sailors ranged their wreaths. But still Both oaken mast 'tis then the time to strip. And berries of the bay, and olive, too, 421 And blood-red myrtle-fruits ; then gins for cranes, And toils for harts to set, and long-eared hares 394. " He works by glow-worm light ; the moon's too open."j Ben Jonson, Ti/ne Vindicated. 409. ". Have we been tilling, sowing, labouring, With pain and charge, a long and tedious winter. And when we see the corn above the ground. Youthful as is the morn, and the full ear, That promises to stuff our spacious garners. Shall we then let it rot, and never reap it ?" J. Fletcher, The Noble Gentleman, ii. i. 423. " Yet if for silvan sports thy bosom glow. Let thy fleet greyhound urge his flying foe. . . . He snaps deceitful air with empty jaws. The subtle hare darts swift beneath his paws : She flies, he stretches : now with nimble bound Eager he presses on, but overshoots the ground : She turns, he winds, and soon regains the way, Then tears with gory mouth the screaming prey." Gay, Rural Sports, iu 289. See also Somervillc, The Chase, b. ii. To course ; 'tis then [for him] the fallow- deer To pierce, who whirls around the hempen thongs Of Balearic sling, when deep the snow Is lying, when the floods drive down the ice^ Why should I sing of Autumn's storms and stars ? Aye, and, when now both shorter is the day. And gentler is the heat, what watchful arts Must be employed by men ; or when down falls 431 Spring rife in rain, now when hath on the plains The bearded harvest bristled up, and when The milky grains upon their stalk of green Are swelling? PVequently have I, what time Upon his golden fields the husbandman Would introduce the sickler, and would now Reap off his barleys with their bitter haulm, The battles of the winds all clashing seen. Which far and near the burdened standing corn 440 Would, from their deepest roots shot forth aloft, Upwrench : — so in some pitchy hurricane Would winter carry off both airy straw And stubbles on the wing. Oft, too, there swoops A boundless host of waters from the sky. And, mustered from the height [of heav'n], the clouds A grim tornado coil with sable showers ; The lofty firmament comes sluicing down, And with stupendous rain the merry crops And travails of the oxen washes off ; 450 The dykes are brimmed, and hollow rivers swell With roaring, and with panting waters seethes The ocean-plain. The Sire himself, amidst A night of clouds, with gleaming right haml hurls His levin-fires, at which commotion qiiakes 435. There is a fine description of a storm by Milton, P. R.'w.: " And either tropic now 'Gan thunder, and both ends of neaven : the cloudy From many a horrid rift, abortive pour'd. Fierce rain with lightning mix'd, water with fire In txi'in reconciled : nor slept the winds Within their stony caves, but nish'd abroad From the four hinges of the world, and fell On the vex'd wilderness, whose tallest pines. Though rooted deep as high, and sturdiest oaks Bow'd their stiff necks, loadcn with stonny blasts. Or torn up sheer." Thomson also {Autumn, 311-543) finely imitates this and other of Virgil's descripuo^s of storms. He has many other successful passages on the like sub- ject: sec Summer, tioyii6^ ' D 2 36 V. 330—356. THE GEORGICS. V. 357—368. The vasty earth ; wild beasts have fled away, And through the nations crouching dread dismayed The hearts of men. He with his blazing bolt Or felleth Athos down, or Rhodope, Or the Ceraunian heights ; the southern blasts 460 Redouble and the thickest rain ; now woods. Now shores, beneath the mighty tempest wail. In dread of this, the months and stars of heaven Watch thou : whereto may Saturn's chilly star Withdraw him ; to what circuits through the sky The fire Cyllenian strays. In special wise Adore the gods, and yearly rites repeat To mighty Ceres, on the merry turf Performing, just at latest winter's fall, Now in the cloudless spring. Then fat are lambs, 470 And then most mellow wines ; then slum- bers sweet. And thick upon the mounts the shades. For thee Let worship Ceres all the rural youth, For whom do thou thy honeycombs with milk And Bacchus mild dilute ; and thrice around The infant produce let the victim pass Auspicious, which let all thy choir and mates Escort in glee, and Ceres with a shout Woo to their homesteads. Nor let any first The sickle lay beneath his ripened ears, 480 Before to Ceres, with the twisted oak Encircled on his temples, he presents Ungainly gambols, and his carols sings. And these that we may have it in our power By symptoms sure to learn, the Sire himself Hath fixed what warning should the monthly Moon Afford ; with what foretoken should subside The southern blasts ; what viewing many a time. The husbandmen the nearer to the sheds Their cattle might confine. Forthwith, when winds 490 Are rising, either ocean's friths begin 457. Some say that -^?<wz7/j/rt:z/<7r implies a feel- ing of cowardice ; if so, it should be rendered by "base alarm." But would not this weaken the poet's meaning ? If the fear were unwarrantable, it would detract from the greatness of the display. 484. See this fine passage finely imitated by Thomson, Winter^ 11 8- 147. 491. " A boding stillness reigns Dread through the dun expanse, save the dull sound "That from the mountain, previous to the storm Betossed to swell, and on the lofty mounts Diy crashing to be heard ; or, booming far. The shores to be in turmoil, and the growl Of >yoods to freshen. Even then the surge Can ill refrain itself from bending keels, When from mid ocean fleet wing home their way The divers, and a screaming waft to shore, And when sea-coots upon diy land disport, And fens well known the heron quits, and soars 500 Above the lofty cloud. Oft, too, the stars, When wind is hanging over, thou wilt. see Glide headlong from the sky, and through the shade Of night long trains of blazes in the rear Gleam white : oft airy chaff and fallen leaves A-flutt'ring, or upon the water's face Rolls o'er the muttering earth, disturbs the flood. And shakes the forest-leaf without a breath." Slimmer, 1116. Does Virgil anywhere, in his descriptions of a gale of wind, introduce this sublime element of stillness ? Dryden is a little too bold : *' Thus when black clouds draw down the labouring skies. Ere yet abroad the winged thunder flies, An horrid stillness first invades the ear, And in that silence we the tempest fear." Astrcea Redux, 5-8. *' We often see, against some storm, A silence in the heavens, the rack stand still. The bold winds speechless, and the orb below As hush as death, anon the dreadful thunder Doth rend the region." Shakespeare, Hamlet, ii. 2. It is doubtful whether freta here means more than "waters:" which secondary meaning, if it be insisted on, may be adopted by substituting " floods" for "friths" in the translation. However, as a general rule, it is safer, where there is no strong reason to the contrary, to take a word in its primary rather than in a derived signification. See v. 386. The poet probably alludes here to what is techni- cally called the " swell" of the sea, which, it is well known, often reaches a lee-shore in advance of the wind which has raised it. This phenomenon Shakespeare seems to have had in view in R ichard III., ii. 3 : " By a divine instinct men's minds mistrust Ensuing danger ; as, by proof, we see The water swell before a boist'rous storm." 498. One cannot pretend always to render cor- rectly the terms which stand for birds, any more than those which mean plants or colours. All the translators here render inergi by " cormorants ;" but it is uncertain that this is the import of the word, though it doubtless means " divers " of some sort or other. Ruaeus, who is particular in such matters, says that it means the bird so called. However, if the common rendering is insisted on, there seems to be no means of proving it wrong ; and so the line may be read : The cormorants, and waft their scream to shore. 506. The poet does not mean to imply by impru- ▼. 369—388. BOOK I. y. 389 — 401. 37 The swimming feathers in a frolic join. Hut from the quarter of the grisly North What time it lightens, and what time the dome Alike of East and West is thund'ring, all With brimming dykes the rural regions swim, S'^^ And every seaman on the ocean furls His dripping canvas. Never storm of rain To inadvertent [swains] hath proved of harm : Or, at its rising, in the valley-depths Therefrom the skyish cranes have fled away ; Or heifer, as she gazes up to heaven. With widely-spreading nostrils snuffed the gales ; Or twitt'ring swallow flitted round the meres, And frogs in ooze croaked forth their old complaint. 520 The oftener, too, from out her inner cells. Fretting a narrow path, the ant her eggs Hath carried : and the giant bow hath drunk ; And, from their feed withdrawing in a train Immense, the host of rooks with serried wings Hath whizzed. Now divers ocean-birds, and those. Which rummage round the Asian meads, among Sweet plashes of Cayster, may you see In rivalry upon their shoulders shed The plenteous dews, now run upon the waves, And joy with zeal of washing all in vain. 531 Then with full voice the saucy crow invokes dentibus that rain cannot damage those who do not foresee it ; for they are just the persons to be damaged ; — but, that the signs of it are so plain, that, popularly speaking, no one can be said to be "inadvertent," who thus, popularly, having no existence, cannot be damaged. 526. Weise, and most other editors, if not all but Wagner and Forbiger, have varias, a much better reading than varUe. 532. " Saucy," either from the impudence of her demeanour, or the impertinence of her act ; for what business has she to call for rain, when her betters- would rather be without it ? If this word of multifarious meaning, imfirobus, (sec note on 1. 163,) be considered, with Ruseus, to have the force of importtinus here, the line will run thus: Then with full voice the crow invokes the rain, Importunate, and lonely by herself. In the first edition of this work the passage appeared thus : Then doth the saucy crow with husky voice, The rain invoke, and on the thirsty sand [AllJ solitary saunter by herself. This noisiness before wet is attributed by Shake- speare to a different bird. Rosalind, in bantering The rain, and solitary, by herself. She struts along upon the thirsty sand. Nor even, as they card their nightly tasks, Have maidens been unconscious of a storm, When they within their blazing lamp of earth Should see the oil its sparkles sputter off. And mould'ring mushroom-forms in clusten rise. Nor less, ensuing on a gush of rain, 540 Suns and clear open weather to foresee, And learn by settled marks, shaltthou have power. For neither then their margin in the stars Looks blunt, nor, debted to a brother's beams. The moon to rise, nor filmy flakes of wool Throughout the welkin to be borne along. Outspread not to the soft-warm sun their wings Upon the beach the halcyons, beloved Of Thetis ; frowzy swine bethink ihem not To toss about the bundles from their mouth, Unloosened ; but the vapors rather seek 551 Orlando, says that she will be "more clamorous than a parrot against rain." As You Like It, iv. x. The different effect that can be produced by an alliteration of the letter " S " may be seen in Col- lins' Ode to Evening : " Now air is hush'd, save where the weak-eyed bat. With short shrill shriek, flits by on leathern wing." But a softer combination appears immediately after : " May not unseemly with its stillness suit." A more pointed effect than that in the Latin text is produced by Pope, IVindsor Forest : " She said, and melting as in tears she lay. In a soft silver strain dissolved away." Alliterations, when sparingly used, are at times very effective. For instance, in Dryden's line, Coci and the Fox, 411 : " I fear not death, nor dangers, nor disgrace," the sense would be just the same if "perils" were substituted for " dangers ;" but few would say that the change entailed no detriment. The same is true of a preceding line, 406. Speaking of doctors. Chanticleer says : " Their tribe, trade, trinkets, I defy them all." Shakespeare also: Two Gentlemen of Verona, i. 3-: " Sweet love, sweet lines, sweet life ! Here is her hand, the agent of her heart." Churchill, in his Propliecy of Famine, says : " Who often, but without success, have pra>>cd For apt alliteration's artful aid." 534. Or, " stalks." 544. " How she conveyed him softlv in a sleep. His tcr.iples bound with poppy, to the steep Head of old Latmus, where she stoops each night, Gilding the mounuin with her brother's light, To kiss her sweetest." {.The aUnsioH is to the Moon and Endymion.'\ J. Fletcher, Tht Faithful She^furdess, L 3. 40I — 422. THE GEORGICS. V. 422-439. The lowest [grounds], and brood upon the plain ; And, sunset watching from a gable-top To idle purpose plies the bird of night Late hootings. Nisus looms in view, aloft In limpid air, and for the purple lock The forfeit Scylla pays. What way soe'er She flying cleaves light ether with her wings, Lo ! hostile, murderous, with mighty whirr. Along the breezes Nisus hunts her close ; Where Nisus to the breezes wafts him on. She flying cleaves light ether with her wings 5^2 In hurried snatches. Then their brilliant notes The rooks, with straitened throat, three times or four. Redouble ; oft, too, in their roosts on high, I know not with what charm, past custom, blithe. Among themselves they rustle in the leaves. It joys them, when the show'rs are chased away, Their tiny offspring, and their darling nests, Again to visit : not, I sooth believe, 570 Because a god-born intellect is theirs, Or deeper insight into things by fate ; But when the storm, and shifting damp of heaven, Have changed their paths, and Jove, with Austers dank. Condenses what but now was rarefied, And what was dense relaxes, altered be The pictures of their spirits, and their breasts Now different emotions — different, So long as wind was driving on the clouds — Conceive : hence [springs] that symphony of birds 5^*^ 554. In his magnificent description of the Cave of Despair, Spenser finely introduces the owl : " On top whereof ay dwelt the ghastly owle, Shrieking his balefull note." Faerie Qneene, i. 9, 33. " And when the bleating lamb doth bid good night Unto the closing day, then tears begin To keep quick time unto the owl, whose voice Shrieks like the belman in the lover's ears." Middleton, Blurt, iii. i. " It was the owl that shrieked, the fatal belman. Which gives the stern'st good night." Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. 571. Dry den appli swallow : the idea to the emigrating ^ From hence she has been held of heavenly line, Endued with particles of soul divine." Hind attd Panther, ijz-j,?,. 580. " Therein the mery birdes of every sorte Chaunted alowd their chearefull harmonee. And made emongst themselves a sweete consort. Spenser, F. Q. ii. 5, 31. Throughout the fields, and cattle in delight, And ravens croaking triumph from their throats. But if to the swift-speeding Sun, and moons. That follow in their cycle, thou shalt look. Ne'er thee to-morrow's hour shall lead astray. Nor by the crafts of cloudless night shalt thou Be tricked. What time the Moon first gathers in Returning fires, if she shall have embraced The sable ether with a darkling horn. Immense for tillers, and the deep, will rain Be brewing. But if she a maiden red 591 Have o'er hea: visage poured, there will be wind : At wind doth ever golden Phoebe flush. But if at her fourth rise — for that [will prove] The most unerring counsellor — undimmed, Nor with blunt horns, through heav'n shall she career, Both all that day, and those which shall arise Therefrom, to the completion of the month, From rain and tempests will be free ; and vows The i-escued mariners upon the shore 600 Shall pay to Glaucus, and to Panope, And Melicerta [of] Inoan [birth]. The Sun, too, both as he is rising forth, And when he hides him in the waves, will sicjns " Here is melody, A charm of birds." G. Peele, The Arraignment of Paris, i. i. " With charm of earliest birds." Milton, P. L. iv. 641. " The warblers lively tunes essay. The lark on wing, the linnet on the 'spray ; While music trembles in their songful throats. The bullfinch whistles soft his flute-like notes. The bolder blackbird swells sonorous lays ; The varying thrush commands a tuneful maze ; Each a wild length of melody pursues ; While the soft-murmuring, amorous wood-dove cooes ; And when in spring these melting mixtures flow. The cuckoo sends her unison of woe." Savage, Watiderer, c. 5. 582. Corvus seems properly to mean the " raven;" but in V. 382 it most certainly stands for the " rook," which probably is its signification in v. 410. Here it may represent the same bird ; in which case the line should run : And rooks a triumph cawing from their throat. 604. Gay thus beautifully describes the sun set- ting in the sea : " Engag'd in thought, to Neptune's bounds I stray. To take my farewell of the parting day. Far in the deep the sun his glory hides, A streak of gold the sea and sky divides ; V. 439—459. BOOK I. V. 460— 471. 39 By showers, and with bright'ning Aquilo Thou shah behold the forests waved. In fine, What evening late may bring, wherefrom the wind May chase the calmy clouds, what Auster dank May hatch, the Sun to thee will signs afford. The Sun to call a traitor who may dare ? He e'en that dark convulsions are at hand Oft gives us warning, and that treachery And shrouded wars begin to swell. He e'en 642 [When] Caesar ['s light was] quenched com- passioned Rome, What time his lustrous head he curtained o'er With rusted iron's darkling hue, and feared Ungodly ages everlasting night. Though at that hour e'en earth, and ocean- plains. And dogs ill-omened, and ill-boding birds, Afforded presages. How oft we saw, 643. Shakespeare thus finely describes the death of Caesar, J. C. iii. 2 : " For when the noble Caesar saw him stab. Ingratitude, more strong than traitor's arms. Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty heart ; And, in his mantle muffling up hLs face. Even at the base of Pompey's statue. Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell. Oh ! what a fall was there, my countrymen !" " But sneaking Brutus, Whom none but cowards and white-livered knaves. Would dare commend, lagging behind his fellows. His dagger in his bosom, stabbed his father." Dryden, The Duke 0/ Guise, ii. i. 645. " So, when the sun in bed, Curtain'd with cloudy red. Pillows his chin upon an orient wave." Milton, Ode on Nativity, 26. " 'Twas such a night involv'd thy towers, O Runje, The dire presage of mighty Ca;sar's doom. When the sun veil'd in rust his mourning head. And frightful prodigies the skies o'erspread." Gay, Trivia, iii. 377. 648. Is attention to gender to be insisted on, in spite of the claims of refinement ? 64Q. Like those that Shakespeare makes presage the death of Duncan : " The night has been unruly. Where we lay Our chimneys were blown down, and, as they say, Lamentings heard i' the air : strange screan«s of death ; And prophesying, with accents terrible, Of dire combustion, and confus'd events New hatch'd to the woeful time. The obscure bird Clamour'd the livelong night ; some say the earth Was feverous and did shake." MachetA, ii. 3 And more directly of Czsar's death itself, Casra says, y. C. i. 3 : " O Cicero, I have seen tempests, when the scolding winds Have riv'd the knotty oaks ; and I have seen Afford : the sun the surest signs attend, Both those which in the morning he re- stores. And those which at the rising of the stars. When he with blotches shall have chequered o'er His infant dawning, buried in a cloud, And from his central disk shall have re- recoiled, 610 Be show'rs mistrusted by thee ; for there swoops From [heav'n] on high a southern blast, alike To trees, and crops, and cattle, fraught with woe. Or when towards dawn among the huddled clouds His scatt'ring beams shall shoot them forth, or when Aurora wan shall rise, the saffron couch Of Tithon leaving — welavvay ! — ill then The vine-leaf shall bescreen the mellow grapes. In such profusion, patt'ring on the roofs. Leaps bristling hail. This, too, what time he now 620 Departs from spanned Olympus, 'twill be- stead The more to bear in mind. For oft we see Upon his visage straying fitful hues : The dun speaks rain, the fiery, eastern gales. But if the blotches with a crimson glare Shall 'gin to be commixed, all [nature] then Alike with storm and torrents thou shalt view In ferment. Let not any in that night Encourage me to voyage through the deep. Nor wrest away my cable from the land. But if when he shall both restore the day, And bury it restored, all-bright his disk 632 Shall prove, thou needlessly wilt be ap- palled The purple clouds their amber linings show, And edg'd with flames rolls every wave below ; Here pensive I behold the fading light, And o'er the distant billow lose my sight." Rural sports, i. 99-106. 612. So Shakespeare, Venus and Adonis : " Like a red moon, that ever yet betokcn'd Wreck to the seaman, tempest to the field. Sorrow to shepherds, woe unto the birds. Gusts and foul flaws to herdsmen and to herds." 616. " Oh, lend me all thy red. Thou shame-faced Morning, when from Tithon's bed Thou risest ever-maiden !" J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 3. " Is not yon gleame, the shuddering morne that flakes, With silver tinctur, the east vierge of heaven V Marston, Antonio and MeUida, ist P., iiL 40 V. 471—487. THE GEORGICS. V. 487—495. Forth surging from her bursten furnaces, ! ^tna boil over on the Cyclops' fields, 651 | And roll her balls of flames and molten I rocks ! j The din of weapons through the breadth of | heaven • j Germania heard ; Alps thrilled with wont- ! less quakes. ! A voice was also heard by all the world j Throughout the stilly groves — a mighty 1 [voice] — And spectres wan in wond'rous shapes were seen j Towards dusk of night ; the brutes, too, uttered speech ; Accursed thought ! the rivers pause, and \ lands Yawn wide ; and iv'ry, struck with grief, Weeps o'er the fanes, and bronzes sweat distil. 661 Whirling them round within his frantic gulf, The monarch of the floods, Eridanus, Washed off the forests, and through all the plains The cattle with their cotes he swept away. Nor, at the selfsame hour, or did the veins In dismal entrails threatful cease to look, Or from the wells the stream of blood to flow. And stately towns to echo through the night With howling wolves. At no time else there fell 670 The ambitious ocean swell, and rage, and foam, To be exalted with the threatening clouds : But never till to-night, never till now, Did I go through a tempest dropping fire. Either there is a civil strife in heaven. Or else the world, too saucy with the gods. Incenses them to send destruction." " In the most high and palm)' state of Rome, A little ere the mightiest Julius fell. The graves stood tenantless, and the sheeted dead Did squeal and gibber in the Roman streets. As, stars with train of fire and dews of blood, Disasters in the sun ; and the moist star. Upon whose influence Neptune's empire stands. Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse." Hamlet, i. i. " Why all this noise because a king must die? Or does heaven fear because he swayed the earth. His ghost will war with the high Thunderer? Curse on the babbling fates, that cannot see A great man tumble, but they must be talking !" Lee, Rival Queens, ii. 1. 660. Illacrhno usually signifies to " weep for, or over " a thing. If this meaning, which is adopted in the translation, be accepted, the import of the passage will be, — that the statues of the gods were alarmed for the safety of the temples and of religion, and so wept at the sad prospect of what might happen : those of ivory weep, those of bronze per- spire, with the agitation of grief. This is the more beautiful view, though not therefore necessarily the right one : yet tncestum seems to render it imperative. More levin-flashes from a cloudless sky, Nor have so oft disastrous comets blazed. Therefore a second time Philippi saw Rome's marshalled lines in mutual fight engage, With balanced arms ; nor was it [deemed] unmeet By gods above that twice with blood ot ours Emathia fat should wax, and spacious plains Of Haemus. Aye, in sooth, the time will come, When in those bourns the husbandman, as he The ground is working with his bended plough, 680 On javelms, gnawed away with rugged rust, 672. " Woe to the hand that shed this costly blood ! Over thy wounds now do I prophesy, — Which, like dumb mouths, do ope their ruby lips, To beg the voice and utterance of my tongue ; — A curse shall light upon the limbs of men ; Domestic fury, and herce civil strife, Shall cumber all the parts of Italy ; Blood and destruction shall be so in use, And dreadful objects so familiar. That mothers shall but smile when they behold Their infants quarter'd with the hands of war ; All pity chok'd with custom of fell deeds : And Csesar's spirit, ranging for revenge. With Ate by his side, cume hot from hell. Shall in these confmes, with a monarch's voice. Cry, " Havock !" and let slip the dogs of war ; That this foul deed shall smell above the earth, With carrion men groaning for burial." Mark A ntony's Soliloquy over Caesar's Corpse : J. C. iii. I. " O thou soft natural death, thou art joint twin To sweetest slumber ! No rough-bearded comet Stares on thy mild departure ; the dull owl Beats not against thy casement ; the hoarse wolf Scents not thy carrion : pity winds thy corse. Whilst horror waits on princes." Webster, Vittoria Corombond, v. 1. 674. " The jars of brothers, two such mighty ones, Are like a small stone thrown into a river. The breach scarce heard; but view the beaten current. And you shall see a thousand angry rings Rise in his face, still swelling and still growing." J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, ii. i. 680. Perhaps it may be necessary to remark on inolitHs, V. 494, that it has been rendered " work- ing," although a past participle. This proceeds upon the assumption that Virgil here has followed the principle, so common with the poets, of using the past participle of deponent verbs in a present sense, though they have a participle present. The reason of the license may be seen in Wagner, Quas. Virg. xxix. 3. In the present instance it is plain that it is during the act of working the earth that the ploughman makes his strange discovery. For- biger, indeed, observes that, strictly speaking, it is after the operation that the wonder appears ; but perhaps it is truer to say that the operation and the wonder are contemporaneous. The past sense would seem to separate the one from the other by too wide an interval. V. 496—505. BOOK II. ▼. 505—514. 4« Shall light, or with his weighty harrows I strike I On helmets empty, and gigantic bones BehoUl with wonder in their graves un- earthed. Gods of my ancestors ! my country's gods I And Romulus, and matron Vesta, who The Tuscan Tiber, and Palatial heights Of Roma dost protect, this youth, at least, P'orbid ye not to help a ruined age ! Enough now long time past by blood of ours O90 Laomedontian Troja's broken oaths We've. expiated. Now this long time past Heav'n's royal court begrudges thee to us, O Caesar, and complains of thy concern For triumphs of [a world] of men, as where Reversed are right and wrong ; so many wars 683. The same wonder is excited, according to Collins, by an opposite cause. Speaking of one of the Hebrides, he says : " To that hoar pile, which still its ruins shows : In whose small vaults a^pigmy folk is found, Whose bones the delver with his spade up- throws, And culls them, wondering, from the hallowed ground." Ode on the Superstitions of the Highlattds. 692. Dryden makes the tears of England equally effective in a graver case : " So tears of joy, for your returning spilt, Work out and expiate our former guilt." Astrcea Redux, 274, 5. 696. " We shall have other liberal sciences Taught us too soon : lying and flattering, Those are the studies now ; and murder shortly I know will be humanity." Beaumont and Fletcher, Cupid's Revenge, iii. 3. Throughout the globe ; so many shapes of crimes ; Not any worthy homage to the plough ; The fields lie waste, the tillers draft^ off, And bending sickles into yieldless sword [s] Are forged. Euphrates here, Germania there, 701 Is rousing war ; the leagues between them burst, The cities that are neighbors bear their arms ; Ungodly Mars fumes all throughout the globe : — As when from forth the barriers four-horse cars Have flung them, on the courses do they spring, And, idly straining thongs, the charioteer Is hurried by his steeds, nor heeds the car the reins. " So our most just decrees, Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead. And liberty plucks justice by the nose ; The baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart Goes all decorum." Shakespeare, Measure /or Measure, i. 4. 699. Pope finely describes the evils of tyranny : 'The fields are ravish'd from the industrious swains, Froni men their cities, and from gods their fanes : The levelled towns with weeds lie covered o'er ; The hollow winds through naked temples roar : Round broken columns clasping ivy twined ; O'er heaps of ruin stalk'd the stately hind ; The fox obscene to gaping tombs retires, And savage bowlings fill the sacred quires." Windsor Forest. BOOK II. Thus far the tilth of fields and stars of heaven : Now thee, O Bacchus, will I chant, and e'en Along with thee the saplings of the wood. And brood of olive, of a lazy growth. Hither, O thou Lenaean father— here Are all things with thy bounties full ; for thee With vine-leafed Autumn laden, blooms the field. Froths up the vintage with its brimming vats ; Hither, O thou Lenaean father, come. And thy uncovered legs, their buskins doffed, 10 In must new [-made] along with me distain. In the first place, in giving birth to trees Diversified is Nature ['s plan]. For some. No sons of men compelling, of themselves. Of their unfettered will, appear, and plains. And winding rivers, far and wide possess ; As downy osier, and elastic brooms, Poplar, and groves of willow, silv'ring o'er With blue-gray leaf. But some from planted seed Arise, as stately chestnuts, and [the tree,] 20 Which leafs for Jove the chiefest of the woods, The i*:sculus; and, counted oracles by Greeks, Litu 21. Or, " Monarch," or " Giant." 22. Dryden takes an ingenious advantage of the i legend in his Papugyrick of Charles J I., 129: ! " Thus, from your royal oak, like Jove's of old, I Arc answers sought, and destinies foretold : Propitious oracles arc bcgg'd with vows, I And crowns that grow upon the sacred boughs." 42 V. 16—34. THE GEORGICS. V. 35—54. The oaks. Sprouts up in others from the root The closest thicket, as in cherry-trees, And elms : aye, even the Parnasian bay, An infant 'neath a mother's vasty shade, Uprears itself. These methods Nature first Vouchsafed ; by these springs verdant every race Of forests, and of shrubs, and holy groves. Others there are, the which along its path 30 Mere practice hath discovered for itself. One, — suckers from the mothers' tender frame Dissund'ring, hath in furrovi^s laid them down ; Another — plunges settings in the field, And four-cleft stakes, and poles with pointed wood; And of the [members of the] forest some The lowered arches of the layer wait. And nurseries alive in soil their own. No root need others, and the topmost shoot The pruner scruples not to earth to trust, 40 Restoring it. Nay e'en, when cut the trunks — A mai-vel to be told ! — there is a root Of olive thrust from out the sapless wood. And many a time the branches of one [tree] Undamaged to another's see we turn ; — And, changed, the pear engrafted apples yield. And stony cornels blush upon the plums. 32. In V. 23 Manso reads teneras instead of tenero, on slender manuscript authority. Virgil perhaps consulted the sound somewhat to the pre- judice of the sense, thinking that the ear would be more offended by the close proximity of such de- finite syllables as as, than the mind would be by the transference of tenderness from the offspring to the mother. Perhaps, too, he thought that the unmerciful tearing of suckers from her frame might reduce her to a condition which, in poetry at least, might warrant the soft epithet. 47. It seems much better to render v. 34 thus, rather than according to the other view, which would compel a change to And stony cornels purple o'er with plums. For, ist. It makes coma the tree instead of the fruit, which ought not to be done except in case of necessity. 2nd. It is far-fetched to call any tree lapidosa, however suitable the term may be to its produce. The objection to the other view is, that no one would think of engrafting an inferior fruit, like the cornelian cherry, on its superior, the plum. But to this it may be answered, that the matter is one of taste. Some people might prefer cornels to plums, especially to bad plums, which the Romans doubtless had as well as ourselves. Cowley has a graceful passage upon the subject itself: " We nowhere Art do so triumphant see. As when it grafts or buds the tree : In other things we count it to excel. If it a docile scholar can appear To Nature, and but imitate her well ; Wherefore arise ! O learn their special tilths, According to their kind, ye husbandmen, And their wild fruits by culture soften down ; 50 Nor let your lands lie idle, 'Tis a joy The heights of Ismarus with Bacchus thick To plant, and with the olive to array The great Taburnus. And be thou at hand, And launch with me upon our task com- menced, [thou] our pride ! O justly of our fame The noblest share, — Maecenas ! and on wing Vouchsafe the canvas to the opening sea. 1 list not every [subject] in my lays To compass, no, not even though I had 60 A hundred tongues, and hundred mouths, a voice Of iron : — be at hand, and coast along The margin of the nearest shore : the lands [Are lying] within grasp. I will not here With fabled verse, and thro' digressive rounds And prefaces protracted thee detain. [The trees,] which lift them of their free accord Up to the climes of light, unfruitful sooth. But blithe and brave, arise ; because there lives. In secret in the soil, conceptive power. 70 Still these, too, if should any graft, or trust, Transferred, to trenches deeply worked, will doff Their savage nature, and by constant tilth, To whatsoe'er expedients you invite, Not slow will follow. Yea moreo'er, the stem, Which barren issues from the lowest roots. Will do the same, if it be ranged apart It overrules, and is her master, here. It imitates her Maker's power divine, And changes her sometimes, and sometimes does refine : It does, like grace, the fallen tree restore To its bless'd state of Paradise before : Who would not joy to see his conquering hand O'er all the vegetable world command ? And the wild giants of the wood receive What law he's pleased to give ? He bids th' ill-natured crab produce The gentler apple's winy juice ; The golden fruit, that worthy is Of Galatea's purple kiss : He does the savage hawthorn teach To bear the medlar and the pear : He bids the rustic plum to rear A noble trunk, and be a peach. Even Daphne's coyness he does mock. And weds the cherry to her stock. Though she refused Apollo's suit ; Even she, that chaste and virgin tree. Now wonders at herself, to see That she's a mother made, and blushes in her fruit." The Gardeii. V. 54—73. BOOK II, V. 73—94. 43 Through fields unplanted: now the lofty leaves And branches of the mother shade it o'er, And rob it, growing, of its fructive powers. And parch it when it bears. Again, the tree, 81 Which rears her up from scattered seeds, slow comes. For late descendants doomed to form a shade ; And fruits degen'rate, in forgetfulness Of former juices ; and the grape sends forth Unseemly clusters, booty for the birds. In sooth on all is travail to be spent. And all into a furrow forced, and tamed At heavy cost. But olives give return From truncheons better, from a layer vines. The Paphian myrtle from the solid wood. 91 From sets both hardy hazels take their rise, And ash gigantic, and the shady tree Of coronal Herculean, and the mast Of the Chaonian sire ; moreover, [thus] Takes stately palm its rise, and silver-fir The haps of ocean doomed to see. Yea, too, Is grafted on the offspring of the nut The bristly arbutus, and barren planes Have borne stout apple-stems ; with chest- nut's [bloom] 100 Hath beech, and mountain-ash hath silvered o'er With snowy blossom of the pear, and swine Have craunched the acorn underneath the elms. Nor single is the way to graft, and eyes 81. Uruntque ferentem: i. e. should the a</<fw/- tio not be so complete as absolutely to deprive it of fetus. Uruntve would make the passage much more intelligible ; but there does not appear to be any authority for the reading ; while nothmg should be more strenuously resisted than amending an author's text in the absence of any evidence that it is corrupt. 92. " Sets " for plantis seems the only term which will apply to all the trees named. It would appear that rooted plants are intended, which are struck or reared in a nursery, and then removed to the grove. If this be not the meaning of this difficult passage, it is hard to say what is. Per- haps Virgil may here be more of a poet than a planter ; or trees may be propagated in a different way now from the modes current in his time. One thing is certain, that what he says in vv. 69-72 is utterly at variance with the experience and phi- losophy of modern days. Botanists affirm, that it not only never was done, but that it is impossible. 104. The translations generally understand by simplex " identical ;" i. e. that the mode of grafting and inoculating were not the same. Is it likely that people would think they were ? Is it not more natural to suppose, with Heyne, that the poet means that there were different methods of con- ducting both these operations, though he gives but one example of each ? Shakespeare thus alludes to them : Insert. For where the buds thrust forth themselves From 'mid the bark, and burst its filmy coats, A slight incision in the knot itself Is made ; therein from out another tree A bud they womb, and with the sappy bark They teach it to incorp'rate. Or again, no Stocks clear of knot are open cut, and deep Into the solid [wood] a path is split With wedges ; then are bearing stems let in : Nor long the time, and vast hath shot to heaven A tree with teemful boughs, and in amaze It views strange leaves, and fruitage not its own. Moreover, single is not [found] the race, Nor in the gallant elms, nor willow-tree And lotus, neither in the cypresses Of Ida ; neither do the olives rich I20 Into one fashion grow, — the Orchades, And Radii, Pausia, too, with berry harsh; And apples, and Alcinous's groves. Nor is the shoot the same in Crustuman, And Syrian, and the weighty Voleme pears ; Hangs not the same the vintage from our trees. That Lesbos gathers from Methymna's spray. There be the vines of Thasos, and there be The Mareotic whites ; — for unctuous lands These fit, for lighter those ; the Psithian, too, 130 More serviceable for a raisin wine ; And thin Lageos, [that is] doomed anon To try the feet, and tie the tongue ; the reds. " You see, sweet maid, we marry A gentler scion to the wildest stock. And make conceive a bark of baser kind By bud of nobler race : this is an art Which does mend nature. " tVinier^s Ta/e, iv, 3. J. Philips also ; Cider, b. i. : " Wouldst thou thy vats with generous juice should froth ? Respect thy orchats : think not that the trees Spontaneous will produce a wholesome draught. Let art correct thy breed ; from parent bough A scion meetly sever ; after, force A way into the crab-stick's close-wrought grain By wedges, and within the living wound Enclose the foster twig ; nor over nice Refuse with thy own hands around to spread The binding clay : ere long their differing veins Unite, and kindly nourishment convey To the new pupil : now he shoots his arms With quickest growth ; now shake the teeming trunk ; Down rain the impurplcd balls, ambrosial fruit !" 133. Thomson, in a graphic but coarse description of a drunken bout, alludes to the effect of excessive liquor on the feet and tongue : Autmmm, 535, 55a : 44 V. 95 — io8' THE GEORGICS. V. 109 — 133. And early-ripe. And with what verse shall I Sing thee, O Rhoetic? Nor for this do thou With bins Falernian vie. Vines, too, there be Of Aminseum, soundest-bodied wines, In whose respect the Tmolian rises up, And Phanae's king himself ; Argitis, too. The less, with whom no other could have vied 140 Or in so full a flow, or lasting on Throughout so many years. I could not thee, O welcomed of the gods and second boards, Thou Rhodian, have passed by ; Bumastus, too, With swollen clusters. But no reckoning is How many be the kinds, nor what their names ; Nor sooth in reckoning to embrace them doth it boot ; Which he who fain would know, the self- same would Fain learn how many sands on Lybia's plain By Zephyr are turmoiled ; or, when on barks i 50 More furious swoops the eastern blast, [fain] know How many Ionian surges reach the shores. " But earnest, brimming bowls Lave every soul, the table floating round, And pavement faithless to the fuddled foot. . . . Their feeble tongues. Unable to take up the cumbrous word. Lie quite dissolved." J. Philips, too, in Cider, b. i. ; which whole poem is a happy imitation of the Georgics : " But, farmer, look where full-ear'd sheaves of rye Grow wavy on the tilth ; that soil select For apples ; thence thy industry shall gain Tenfold reward ; thy garners thence with store Surcharged shall burst; thy press with purest juice Shall flow, which in revolving years may try Thy feeble feet, and bind thy faltering tongue." Yet this is not always the effect : " When we get a cup, sir. We old men prate apace." J. Fletcher, 7"Ae Loyal Subject, iv. 5. 138. To make Tmolius and Phanceus refer im- mediately to wine, would seem too gross a Grsecism even for Virgil. 149. " The which more eath it were for mortall wight To tell the sands, or count the starres on hye." Spenser, F. Q. iv. 11, 53. Addison introduces the Libyan whirlwind in a noble simile, foreshadowing the death of Cato : Cato, end of 2nd Act : " So, where our wide Numidian wastes extend. Sudden, the impetuous hurricanes descend, Wheel through the air, in circling eddies play. Tear up the sands, and sweep whole plains away. The helpless traveller, with wild surprise, Sees the dry desert all around him rise. And smothered in the dusty whirlwind dies." Nor, sooth, can every soil bear every [sort]. By rivers willows, and by miry tarns Grow alders ; barren on the craggy mounts The mountain ashes ; shores in myrtle- groves Are most delighted ; lastly, Bacchus loves The open hills, yews Aquilo and frosts. See, too, the world by farthest tillers tamed, And eastei-n homes of Arabs ; and tattooed Geloni. Unto trees are portioned out 161 Their countries : Ind alone black ebony Brings forth ; to Saba's sons alone belongs The sprig of incense. Why to thee re- hearse Both balsams oozing from the musky wood, And berries of Acanthus aye in leaf ? Why woods of ^Ethiopians, silv'ring o'er With velvet wool, and how the Chinamen Comb down the filmy fleeces from the leaves ? Or groves, which nearer to the ocean, Ind Doth bear, the corner of the farthest globe, Where to out-top the tree's aerial crest 172 Not any arrows have at [one] discharge Had power ; — and that nation is, in sooth, Not slack, when donned their quivers. Media yields The rueful juices and the ling'ring taste Of blessed citron, than the which more prompt — If felon stepdames e'er have tainted draughts, And mingled drugs and not unharmful spells, — No antidote arrives, and from the limbs 180 Expels the sable bane. The tree itself Gigantic is, and likest in its guise The bay ; and were it not it flings far-wide A different perfume, it a bay would be : 166. Milton uses an equivalent for semper fron- detitis : " With myrtle brown, and ivy never-sere." Lyci'das. 171. It is not easy to see the exact meaning of smus here. Voss thinks it signifies the swelling out of the world's extremity ; in which case it should be rendered " bosom." 174. So Dryden of the height of Arcite's pyre : " So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow. With vigour drawn, must send the shaft below." Palatnon and Arcite, 2229, 30. 179. " For the maid servants and the girls of the house, I spiced them lately with a drowsy posset : They will not hear in haste." Middle ton. The Witch, iv. 3. " The surfeited grooms Do mock their charge with snores : 1 have drugged their possets. That death and nature do contend about them. Whether they live or die." Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. V. I33-ISO. BOOK II, ▼. 151 — 164. 45 The leaves not falling off at any winds ; The bloom retentive e'en among the chief : Their breaths and fetid mouths the Medes therewith Foment, and old asthmatic folk they cure. But neither let the country of the Medes, Thrice rich in forest, nor let Ganges fair, 190 Aye even Hermus, muddy with its gold, With eulogies of Italy compete ; Not Bactra, nor the Indians, and entire Panchaia, rich with incense-bearing sands. These spots no bulls, from nostrils breathing fire. Have ploughed for monster dragon's seeded teeth ; Nor hath with helmets, and with serried spears, A springing crop of heroes bristled up ; But teemful corn, and Bacchus' Massic juice, Have filled them, olives tenant them and fruitful herds. . * 200 'Tis hence forth flings him tow'ring on the plain, The warrior horse ; 'tis hence thy snoviy droves, Clitumnus, and that proudest sacrifice, The bull, oft bathed in thy religious flood, Rome's triumphs to the fanes of gods have led. Here spring unceasing, and in stranger months A summer-tide ; twice pregnant are the flocks. Twice serviceable for its fruits the tree. 185. " With laurels evergreen were shaded o'er. Or oak, or other leaves of lasting kind. Tenacious of the stem, and firm against the wind." Dryden, Flower and Leaf, 278-80. 188. " The Britons squeeze the works Of sedulous bees ; and, mixing odorous herbs. Prepare balsamic cups, to weezing lungs Medicinal, and short-breath 'd ancient sires." J. Philips, Cider, b. ii. 189. Thomson has a successful imitation of this fine passage in Liberty, v. 32-82, in which he makes Britain take the place of Italy. 204. Garth is very happy in his description of the Fortunate Islands, where he dilates upon such a scene as this line suggests : " Eternal spring with smiling verdure here Warms the mild air, and crowns the youthful year. From crystal rocks transparent rivulets flow ; The tuberose ever breathes, and violets blow. The vine undress'd her swelling clusters bears. The bbouring hind the mellow olive cheers ; Blossom and fruit at once the citron shows. And as she pays discovers still she owes. The orange to her sun her pride displays. And gilds her fragrant apples with nis rays : No blasts e'er discompose the peaceful sky, The springs bujt murmur, and the winds but sigh. The tuneful swans on gliding rivers float. And warbling dirges die on every note." DispiHsary, c. 4. But ravening tigresses are farjaloof, , And lions' raging brood ; nor aconites 2IO Unhappy [mortals] as they cull betray; Nor shoots unmeasured folds along the ground The scaly snake, nor with so huge a trail Into a coil contracts him. Do thou add So many peerless cities, and their toil Of works ; so many towns, up-piled by hand Upon the craggy cliffs ; the nvers, too. That glide beneath their aged walls. Should I The sea descril:>e, which washes her above, And which below ? Or such her spacious lakes ? 220 Thee, Larius, vastest, and Benacus, thee. With waves and roar of ocean tow'ring high? Should I describe her havens, and the mole, Piled on the Lucrine, and the sea in wrath With thundering hissings, where the Julian wave Booms from afar, as back the deep is poured, And the Tyrrhenian tide is sluiced within 211. " The seas in tumbling mountains did not roar, But like moist crystal whispered on the shore ; No snake did trace her meads, nor, ambushed, lower In azure curls beneath the sweet spring flower; The nightshade, henbane, napel, aconite, Her bowels then not bare, with death to smite Her guiltless brood." Drummond, Flowers of Sion, Fairest Fair. 212. " Here thou shah rest Upon this holy bank : no deadly snake Upon this turf herself in folds doth make; Heie is no poison for the toad to feed ; Here boldly spread thy hands : no venomed weed Dares blister them ; no slimy snail dare creep Over thy face when thou art fast asleep ; Here never durst the babbling cuckoo spit ; No slough of falling star did ever hit Upon this bank." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iii. i. " These, as a line, their long dimensions drew. Streaking the ground with sinuous trace." Milton, P. L., b. 7. 223. Thomson, alluding to the public works of Britain : " And, by the broad imperious mole repell'd. Hark how the baffled storm indignant roars !" Liberty, v. 715. Goldsmith happily describes similar efforts in Holland : " Methinks her patient sons before mfc stand. Where the broad ocean leans against the kind. And, sedulous to stop the coming tide, Lift the tall rampire's artificbl pride. Onward methinks, and diligently slow, The firm, connected bulwark seems to grow: Spreads its long arms amidst the waterv roar. Scoops out an empire, and usurps the snore ; While the pent ocean, ri>:ing o'er the pile, Sees an amphibious world beneath him smile." U'ravcller. 46 V. 164 — 184- THE GEORGICS. V. 184—209. The narrows of Avernus ? She, the same, Her rills of silver, and her mines of bronze. Hath in her veins unveiled to view, and flowed 230 With gold full plenteous. She a mettled race Of heroes, — Marsi, and Sabellian youth, And Ligur, to calamity inured. And Volsci, armed with javelins, hath pro- duced ; The Decii she, the Marii, and the great Camilli, Scipio's offspring, steeled in war ; And thee, O Cassar, mightiest [of all]. Who at this hour in Asia's farthest coasts. E'en now a conqueror, art warding off The craven Indian from the Roman towers. All hail ! great nurse of fruits, Saturnian land, 241 Great [nurse] of heroes ! For thy sake on themes Of ancient praise and skill do I advance. The hallowed springs emboldened to un- lock, And Ascra's lay I sing through towns of Rome. There now is place for innate characters Of soils ; what pow'rs to each, what hue, and what, In yielding produce, be their native force. First, churlish lands and stingy hills, where light The clay, and shingle on the braky fields, [Is found], delight in the Palladian grove 25 1 Of long-lived olive. For a sign there stands Wild-olive, in profusion springing up In the same territory, and the fields Bestrewed with wild-wood berries. But the soil. That greasy is, and in delicious ooze 240. Shakespeare makes John of Gaunt say finely : " This royal throne of kings, this sceptr'd isle, This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, This other Eden, demi-paradise, This fortress, built by nature for herself Against infection and the hand of war ; This happy breed of men, this little world ; This precious stone set in the silver sea. Which serves in it the office of a wall. Or as a moat defensive to a house, Against the envy of less happier lands ; This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England, This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings, Fear'd by their breed, and famous by their birth," King Richard II., \\. i. 249. Perhaps Collins would furnish a better word, as a version of maligni, in his Ode on Poetic Cha- racter : " Where, tangled round the jealous steep. Strange shades o'erbrow the valleys deep." Milton, in P. L,, b. xi. 15, speaks of " envious winds." Is blithesome, and the plain that thick [is stocked] With grass, and is prolific in its breast, — Such as within a mountain's hollow vale Ofttimes to look adown on we are wont ; — Stream hither from the summits of the cliffs The brooks, and trail along enriching slime : — 262 And that which to the southern gale is reared. And feeds the fern abhorred by crooked ploughs : This will to thee one day right hardy vines, And with abundant Bacchus rilling forth, Supply ; this is prolific of the grape ; This — of the liquor, such as we outpour From saucers and from gold, what time his [horn Of] iv'ryhath the bloated Tuscan blown 270 Hard by the altars, and we offer up From bending chargers entrails in a steam. But if thy fancy rather be to tend The herds, and calves, and younglings of the ewes. Or goats that sear the tilths, do thou seek out The gorged Tarentum's glades and distant [leas], And, — such as hapless Mantua hath lost, — A plain, that feeds upon its grassy flood The snowy swans. Thy flocks no crystal springs. No grass shall fail ; and howsoever much 280 Thy cattle in the lengthful days shall browse, The icy dew shall in the scanty night So much replace. Lands, well nigh black, and fat Beneath the sunken ploughshare, and whose mould Is crimp (for we in ploughing copy this). Is best for corn : from no plain wilt thou see More wains departing home with plodding steers ; Or [that] wherefrom the plougher in his wrath Hath carried off a wood, and overturned The groves [that] idle [stood] through many a year, 290 And the time-honored homesteads of the birds 272. Or : The steaming entrails from the bending trays. 291. So Dryden, of the destruction of timber for Arcite's funeral pile : " Nor how the Dryads, or the woodland train. Disherited, ran howling o'er the plain : Nor how the birds to foreign seats repair'd. Or beasts that bolted out, and saw the forest bared ; V. 2IO — J 34" BOOK 11. V. a 34— 263. 47 Hath he uprooted with their deepest stocks ; High [heav'n] have they, their nests for- saken, sought ; But the raw plain hath glistened forth be- neath The ploughshare driven in. For, of a truth, The hungry gravel of the hilly ground Scarce caters lowly casia-plants for bees And rosemary ; and tufa rough, and clay Of Crete, by dun chelydri channelled out. Deny that other soils alike for snakes 3CX) Sweet cates purvey, and winding shrouds afford. That which breathes out thin mist and flitting steam. And drinks the moisture in, and when it lists Itself returns it from itself ; that, too, Which robes it aye in emerald turf its own. Nor iron scathes with scurf and briny rust — That soil will pleach thee elms with jovial vines ; That teemful is in oil ; that thou wilt find In tilling both indulgent to the flock, And tol'rant of the crooked share. Such [land] 310 The wealthy Capua plougheth, and the coasts Bord'ring Vesuvius' ridge, the Clanius, too, Not to the tenantless Acerrse just. Now, by what method each thou may'st have power To know, will I declare. If it be thin, Or past the customary manner close, Should'st thou demand, (since one befriends thy corn. The other, wine, — the close doth rather Ceres, Lyaeus all the loosest, — ) first a spot Shalt thou select by sight, and bid a pit 320 Be deeply sunken in the solid [soil], And all the earth shalt thou replace again. And level with thy feet the surface sands. Shall they be lacking, thin, and for the flock And bounteous vines more fit, its breast will prove. Nor how the ground, now clear'd, with ghastly fright Beheld the sudden sun, a stranger to the light." Palamon and Arcite, 2243-8. 299. In rendering exesa, commentators differ. One takes it in its simple sense of "eating away ;" another in the dependent sense of " making cavities." If "the former required justification, ciburn would furnish more than enough ; while latebras would at least excuse the latter, which is less commonplace, and more pleasing. 305. Wagner and others read viridis, instead of viridi, but it would seem with slender authority from manuscripts. But if they shall deny that they ain pa.s.s Into their proper beds, and when the dykes Are filled, shall earth abound, the field is dense ; For sullen clods and heavy ridges look, And with thy sturdy steers break up the land. 330 But briny ground, and what is '•bitter" called. For grain unblest,— that neither mellow grows By ploughing, nor doth it preserve his race For Bacchus, nor for fruits their rightful names : — Such sample will afford : do thou thy frails Of matted osier, and the colanders Of thy wine-presses from the smoky roofs Pull down. Therein let that malignant soil, And from the springs sweet waters, to the brim Be trampled : all the fluid, sooth, will struggle forth, 34° And drops enormous issue through the twigs ; But clear the flavor will a proof betray. And by a sense of bitterness distort The miserable mouths of those that try. So, too, the land which unctuous is, in fine, By this means learn we : never in the hands When tossed it crumbles, but in guise of pitch In handling to the fingers clings. [The soil,] That moisty is, the nobler grasses feeds, And of itself is ranker than is right. 350 Ah ! be not mine that too prolific ground, Nor show itself too strong with infant ears ! That which is heavy by its very weight Its silent self bewrays, — and what is light. Ready it is beforehand by the eyes To learn the black, and what to each the hue ; But to search out the cursed cold is hard : Pitch-pine trees only, and the harmful yews, Or ivies dun at times disclose its tracks. These things observed, the earth remem- ber thou 360 Long first to throughly melt, and thickly score Great mounts with trenches, first— the clods outstretched Upon their back to Aquilo to shew. Ere thou dig in the vine's rejoicing race. Most excellent the fields with crumbling mould : 358. "Death does delight in yew, and I ha%'e robbed a church-yard for him." Shirley, Cupid and Dtaik, I. tz. V. 263—288. THE GEORGICS. -310. That [task] the winds and icy hoar-frosts make Their care, and stalwart delver stirring up His loosened acres. But if any swains No watchfulness hath 'scaped, first search they out A spot alike, where first may be prepared A nurs'ry for the trees, and [one,] whereto Hereafter, ranged abroad, it may be borne. Lest the young scions should decline to know 372 A mother, on a sudden changed. Yea, too, The quarter of the sky upon the rind They mark, that in what fashion each hath stood. Upon what side the heats of Auster borne. What rear it hath directed to the Pole, They may replace it : 'tis of such avail To mould their habits in their tender [forms.] Whether on hills or plains it better be To set the vine, seek first. Should'st thou lay out 381 Fields of the fertile champaign, plant them close : In a close [rank] not slower in his yield Is Bacchus ; but — if soil upraised in knolls. And hills aslope, be tender to your rows, Nor less let every alley to a nail — The trees in posture — with the avenue, Cut through them, square. As oft in mighty war. What time a lengthful legion has deployed Its squadrons, and upon the open plain 390 The host hath halted, and the lines are ranged, And all the earth is waving far and near With flashing bronze, nor yet the grisly frays Do they commingle, but irresolute Mars wanders in the midst of arms. Let all Be meted out in even ranks of paths ; Not only that the view the vacant mind May feed, but since not otherwise will earth Vouchsafe to all like vigor, nor the boughs Have pow'r to stretch them into empty [space]. 400 Perchance, too, thou may'st ask what be the depths 379. Or, if taken more generally : To form their habits during tender [years]. 396. Similarly Chaucer, Flmuer and Leaf, st. 5 : " In which were okes great, streight as a line, "Under the which the grass, so fresh of hew. Was newly sprong, and an eight foot or nine Every tree well fro his fellow grew, With branches brode, laden with leves new, That sprongen out ayen the sunne-shene. Some very red, and some a glad light grene." For trenches. I would dare to trust my vine E'en to a shallow drill. At greater depth. And far adown in earth the tree is firmed : The tEscuIus among the first, which, high As with its summit to the gales of heaven, So deep it stretches with its roots to hell. Hence this nor storms, nor gusts, nor show'rs uptear ; Unstirred it bides, and many sons of sons. While rolling [o'er it] many an age of men, 410 In lasting it survives. Then far and near As forth it spreads its gallant boughs and arms On this side and on that, it by itself Upholdeth in the midst a mighty shade. Nor let thy vineyards to the setting sun Incline ; nor hazel plant among the vines ; Nor seek the topmost scions, or strip down Thy settings from the summit of the tree ; — So mighty is their love of earth ! nor harm The shoots with blunted iron ; nor do thou Among them sets of wild-wood olive plant. For oft from heedless shepherds fire hath dropped, 422 Which thievishly beneath the oily bark At first concealed, hath on the timbers seized, And, stealing forth upon the leaves aloft, A mighty crackling to the welkin raised. Thence coursing on in conquest through the boughs, And through the lofty crests, it rules, and wraps In blazes all the grove, and gross with gloom Of pitch, shoots forth to heav'n a murky cloud ; _ 430 In chief if some tornado from the height 404. But the season may be wrong for removal.: " Thus in the summer a tall flourishing tree. Transplanted by strong hand, with all her leaves And blooming pride upon her, makes a show Of spring, tempting the eye with wanton blossom ; But not the sun, with all his amorous smiles. The dews of morning, or the tears of night, Can root her fibres in the earth again, Or make her bosom kind to growth and bearing, But the tree withers." Shirley, Chabot, v. 3. 407. " Observe the forest oak, the mountain pine, The towering cedar, and the humble vine. The bending willow that o'ershades the flood, And each spontaneous offspring of the wood. The oak and pine, which high from earth arise, And wave their lofty heads amidst the skies, Their parent earth in like proportion wound. And through crude metals penetrate the ground ; Their strong and ample roots descend so deep. That fix'd and firm they may their station keep And the fierce shocks of furious winds defy, With all the outrage of inclement sky." Sir R. Blackmore, Creation, b. ii. V. 311 — 334- BOOK 11, V. 324—349. 49 Hath tilted on the forests, and the blast Rolls round the burnings as it hunts them on'. When this [occurs], no vigor from the root Have they, nor when cut down have pow'r to rise Anew, and like themselves to spring afresh In verdure from the deep of earth: unblest, Wild olive lords it with his bitter leaves. Nor thee let any counsellor so sage Induce, when Boreas breathes, stiff earth to j stir : 440 Then winter prisons in the fields with ice, I Nor, when the seed is cast, doth it allow The frozen root to grapple to the earth. | For vineyards is the planting best, what | time I In blushing spring the bird of white hath come. Loathed by long snakes : or towards the earliest chills Of autumn, when the speeding Sun not yet Is touching on the winter with his steeds, Now slips the summer by. Yea spring to leaves Of groves, to woods is spring a boon ; in spring 450 The lands are swelling, and their genial seeds 434. Forbiger thinks, and not without reason, that V. 312 should be punctuated as Wakefield recommends: Hoc, nbi non-a stir/>e valent, &c., making v. ^14 the consequence implied by hoc. In this case the translation of v. 312 must be varied thus : " Thus, since they have no vigor from the root. Nor, when cut down, have pow'r to rise anew. And, copies of themselves, to spring afresh," &c. 438. Perhaps some may prefer : " Survives wild olive," &c. 449. Spenser has a beautiful passage on this subject, embodied in an address to Venus, Faerie Qtieene, iv. 10, 45 : " Then doth the daedale earth throw forth to thee Out of her fruitfull lap abundant flowres ; And then all living wights, soone as they see The Spring breake forth out of his lusty bowres, They all doe learne to play the paramours : First doe the merry birds, thy prety pages, Privily pricked with thy lustfull powres, Chirpe loud to thee out of their leavy cages, And thee their mother call to coole their kindly rages." 449. " Wonder must speak or break ! "What is this? grows The wealth of Nature here, or Art? it shows As if Favonius, father of the Spring, Who in the verdant meads doth reign sole king, Had roused him here, and shook his feathers, wet With purple swelling nectar ; and had let The sweet and fruitful dew fall on the ground. To force out all the flowers that might be found ; Or a Minerva with her needle had The enamoured earth with all her riches clad. And made the downy Zephyr, as he flew. Still to be followed with the Spring's best hue." Ben Jonson, I'ision of Velij^ht. Demand. Then Mihtr, the almighty sire, With fertilizing showers droppcth down Upon the lap of his rejoicing bride, And all her embryoes he, mighty, feeds. Blent with her mighty frame. 'ITien echo forth The wayless thickets with the warbling birds, And Venus herds reseek on days decreed ; The bounteous field is in the throes of birth ; And to the Zephyr's breezes softly-warm 460 The fields unlock their breasts. Abounds in all A gentle moisture ; and to stranger suns The buds in safety dare themselves to tnist. Nor fears the viny spray the rising gales Of south, or shower, hunted through the heaven By mighty northern blasts, but pushes forth Its buds, and all its leafage it unfolds. That days none other at the infant birth Of the arising world had o'er it dawned, Or held another course, could I have deemed. 470 That [tide] was spring ; the mighty globe kept spring, ' And eastern gales forebore their wintry gusts. What time primeval flocks drank in the light, And men's earth-gendered race its head upraised From flinty fields, and savage beasts were loosed Upon the woods, and stars upon the sky. Nor would soft things be able to endure This travail, were not such profound re- pose To intervene betwixt both cold and heat, And Heav'n's indulgence to relieve the lands. 480 For what remains, what shoots soever thou Shalt plunge throughout thy fields, with rich manure Bestrew, and mindful hide with plenteous soil ; Or delve in spongy stone, or rugged shells : For 'tween them will the waters trickle through, 452. " Ethereal Jove then glads with genial showers Earth's mighty womb, and strews her lap with flowers ; Hence juices mount, and buds embolden'd try More kindly breezes, and a softer sky. Kind Venus revels. Hark ! on every bough In lulling strains the feather'd warblers woo ; Fell tigers soften in th' infectious flames, And lions, fawning, court their brinded dames." Tickell, Fragment on Humthtg. . V. 349— 370. THE GEORGICS. V. 371 — 400. And subtile breath [of heav'n] will work below, Aye, and their spirits will the plants up- raise. Ere now, too, have been found, who with a stone At top, and with the burden of a sherd Enormous, would depress them : this, a shield 490 'Gainst sluicy showers ; this, what time with drought The Doo[, heat-bringing, splits the yawning fields. When planted be the scions, it remains The soil to crumble oftener at the roots. And ply remorseless drags, or work the ground Beneath the sunken share, and wheel about Among the very vine-rows straining steers. Then glossy canes, and shafts of rod un- barked. And ashen stakes to fit, and sturdy prongs. By strength whereof they may themselves inure 500 To struggle upward, and to scorn the winds. And track the stages through the heights of elms. And while their infant age with new [-born] leaves Is rip'ning, thou must spare the tender [plants] ; And while the tendril shoots it to the gales In joyance, through the cloudless [air] let loose With slackened reins, it must not yet be tried With edge of knife, but with the hands inbent The leaves be nipped, and gathered here and there. Thereafter, when they now with lusty stems Their elms infolding, shall have mounted up. Then strip their locks, then lop their arms : — ere this 512 They dread the iron : — then at last exert A heartless sway, and curb the gadding boughs. 512. " Go thou, and, like an executioner, Cut oft" the heads of too-fast growing sprays." " All superfluous branches We lop away, that bearing boughs may live." Shakespeare, King Richard II., iii. 4. Spenser uses "locks" of trees, as Virgil Cotnce: F. Q., ii. II, 19 : " As withered leaves drop from their dryed stockes, When the wroth western wind does reave their locks." Milton, also, P. L., b. x. : " While the winds Blow moist and keen, shattering the grateful locks Of these fair spreading trees." Pleached, too, must hedges be, and every flock Restrained ; in chief while delicate the leaf, And unaware of toils, to which, beyond The ruffian winters, and the tyrant Sun, Wild bulls unceasingly and pestering roes, Do wanton harm ; [upon it] browse the sheep 520 And greedy heifers. Nor so much the chills. All curdled with the silv'ry rime, or heat, Down bearing scathful on the parching cliffs. Have worked it mischief, as those flocks [have caused] ; The poison, too, of their remorseless fang, And scar imprinted on the nibbled stem. For fault none else to Bacchus is the goat On every altar slain, and olden plays The stages enter, and rewards for wit, Hamlets and crossways round, have Theseus' sons 53*^ Proposed, and 'mid the goblets jovial danced In downy meadows on the smeary skins. Yea, Auson boors, a Troy-sprung race, disport With doggrel ditties and unbridled mirth. And don the ghastly masks of hollowed bark : And upon thee, O Bacchus, do they call In hymns of gladness, and to thee uphang The swinging visors from the lofty pine. Hence eveiy vineyard with a plenteous crop Is rip'ning, and the hollow vales are filled. And deepsome glades, and every spot, whereto 541 The god hath veered about his comely head. To Bacchus, therefore, will we duly chant His rightful honor in our country's songs. And chargers and the holy cakes present ; And, led by horn, the consecrated goat Shall at the altar stand, and we will roast His oily entrails upon hazel-spits. There is, moreo'er, in tending vines, that second toil. Which of exhaustion never hath enough. 550 For all the ground from year to year both thrice And four times must be cloven, and the clod For ever broken by inverted drags ; 525. " So may thy tender blossoms fear no blight, Nor goats with venom'd teeth thy tendrils bite." Dryden, Palavion and A rcite, 669, 70. 531. ** Ful red cheekt Bacchus, let Lyeus flote In burnisht gobblets. Force the plump lipt god Skip light lavoltaes in your full sapt vaines." Marston, Antony and Mellida, P. 2, v. 4. 538. Or, perhaps: "gentle visors." V. 400 — 4*4- The grove must all be lightened of the leaf. Returns in cycle to the husbandmen Past toil, and on itself the year is wheeled Along through its own tracks. And now at length, When its late leafage hath the vineyard dropped, And chilly Aquilo hath shaken down From woods their pride — e'en then the hind, alert, 560 His pains outstretches to the coming year, And with hooked fang of Saturn he pur- sues His vine forsaken, as he clips it close, And by his pruning moulds it into shape. Be first thy ground to dig, be first to burn The brush-wood borne away, and be the first The stakes to carry back beneath thy roof ; Be last to reap. Shade twice assails the vines ; Twice overrun the crop with matted thorns The weeds : sore either toil. Praise spacious farms ; 570 A small one cultivate. Moreover, too, Sharp twigs of butcher-broom throughout the wood. And by the banks the river-reed is cut, And care of willow-grove untilled employs. Now fettered are the vines ; now trees lay down The pruning-blade ; now sings his farthest rows The worn-out vintager : natheless the earth Is to be worried, and the mould stirred up ; And now must Jove be feared for ripened grapes. On th' other hand, no tilth is [requisite] For olives ; nor the fore-crooked knife do they 581 Await, and griping harrows, when they once Have fastened to the earth and borne the gales. To the young plantings of herself the earth, When by the hooked fang she is unlocked. Purveys her moisture, and her weighty fruits. 560. Pope says very beautifully in his 4th Pas- toral, 31 : " Now hung with pearls the dropping trees appear, Their faded honours scatter'd on her bier. See, where on earth the flowery glories lie, — With her they flourish'd, and with her they die." Collins, too, applies " honour " to express leaves ; Eclogue iv. : " Yon citron grove, whence first in fear we came, Droops its fair honours to the conquering flame." 563. Or: " His widowed vine, close cl'pping it." BOOK II. V. 424—446. 51 When by the share. On this account do thou The olive foster, rich, and dear to Peace. The fruit-trees, also, soon as they their stems Have felt in vigor, and their rightful strength 590 Have gained, in snatches struggle to the stars By energy their own, and needing naught Of our assistance. Nor the less, meanwhile. With produce heavy waxes every grove, And flush with berries of a bloody hue The wild resorts of birds. The cytisi Are cropped, the stately forest brands sup- plies. And nightly fires are fed, and pour their rays. And scruple men to plant and pains bestow? Why greater [themes] pursue ? The sallow- shrubs 600 And lowly brooms, — or they to flock the leaf, Or shades to shepherds furnish, and a fence For seeded grounds, and food for honey [-bees]. And 'tis a joy Cytorus to behold. Waving with box, and groves of Naryx' pitch ; It joys the fields to witness, nor to rakes Beholden, nor to any pains of men. The very forests, barren on the crest Of Caucasus, which gusty eastern blasts Unceasingly both break and bear away, 610 Grant each their various produce ; grant they pines, A wood for ships of service, for our houses Both juniper and cypresses. Hence spokes Have farmers turned for wheels, hence drums for wains. And bending keels for barks laid down. In twigs Are willow-trees prolific, elms in leaves ; 588. " Then as the olive Is the meek ensign of fair fruitful peace, So b this kiss of yours." Middleton, The IViich, iv. i. 612. Verses 442-453 will bring to the recollection of the readers of Spenser, Faerie Queene, i. 1, 8, 9 : " Much can they praise the trees so straight and hy : The sayling pine ; the cedar proud and tall ; The vine-propp elme ; the poplar never dry ; The builder oake, sole king of forrcsts all ; The aspine, good for staves ; the cypressc funerall ; The laurell, meed of mightie conquerours And poets sage ; the firre that wcepcth still ; The willow, wome of forlomc paramours ; The eugh, obedient to the benders will ; The birch, for sh.iftes ; the sallow for the mill ; The mirrhe sweete-blecding in the bitter wound ; The warlike beech ; the ash for nothing ill ; The fruitfull olive : and the plarane round : The carver holme ; the maple, seeldom inward sound." • E 2 52 V. 447—460. THE GEORGICS. V. 460—473. But myrtle for stout spears, and, good for war, The cornel ; into Iturean bows The yews are bent. Nor do the glossy limes, Or box that takes a polish in the lathe, 620 No shape receive, or by the sharpened tool Are grooved. Nor less,, too, swims the seething wave The buoyant alder, launched upon the Po ; Nor less, too, do the bees their swarms ensconce As well within the vaulted [hives of] bark, As in the hollow of the cankered holm. What to be named alike have Bacchus' gifts Bestowed? E'en Bacchus hath for crime supplied Occasions. He the Centaurs in their rage With death o'erpowered, — Rhoetus both, and Pholus, 630 Hylseus, too, with mighty wassail-bowl Against the Lapithse denouncing threats. O happy, too, too [happy] if they knew The blessings that are theirs, — the swains, to whom. Of her own self, afar from wrangling arms. Most righteous earth unbosoms from the soil 621. See note on Geo. i. 115. 628. Spenser thus alludes to the fight : " And there the relicks of the drunken fray, The which amongst the Lapithees befell ; And of the bloodie feast, which sent away So many Centaures drunken soules to hell, That under great Alcides furie fell." Faerie Queenc, iv. i, 23. " All now was turned to jollity and game. To luxury and riot, feast and dance ; thence from cups to civil broils." Milton, P. L., b. xi. Milton also makes Samson say : " Nor envied them the grape, Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes." " Nor the Centaurs' tale Be here repeated, how with lust and wine Inflamed they fought, and spill'd their drunken souls At feasting hour." J. Philips, Cider, b. ii. Gay, however, is rather jealous of the reputation of Bacchus : " Drive hence the rude and barbarous dissonance Of savage Thracians and Croatian boors : ■ The loud Centaurian broils with Lapithse Sound harsh and grating to Lensean god." Poe7n on IVine. It may be bad enough, even without hostilities : " He that lives within a mile of this place Had as good sleep in the perpetual Noise of an iron mill. There's a dead sea Of drink i' the cellar, in which goodly vessels Lie wrecked ; and in the middle of this deluge Appear the tops of flaggons and black-jacks. Like churches drowned i' the marshes." Beaumont, The Scornful Lady, ii. 2. 633. Thomson finely imitates this whole passage, verses 458-540, in his Autinnn, 1235-1373 ; but it ij too long to quote. A ready diet ! If no mighty tide Of morning greeters, through its haughty doors, A stately mansion forth from all its halls Disgorges ; neither do they stare agape 640 On gates enamelled with the lovely shell. And garments made the sport of gold, and forms In Ephyr's bronze ; nor is their snowy wool Dyed in Assyria's poison, nor is marred With casia service of the crystal oil : Yet careless rest, and life that knows not guile. Rich in a varied wealth ; yet hours of ease In fields extended, grots, and living meres ; Yet Tempe cool, and lowings of the kine, And balmy slumbers underneath the tree, — • Keep not aloof. There woodlands and the lairs 651 Of savage beasts, and youth enduring toils, And used to scantness ; holy rites of gods, 638. " Hast thou not seen my morning chambers filled With sceptred slaves, who waited to salute me ?" Dryden, All for Love, iii. i. 644. " Shall we seek Virtue in a satin gown, Embroidered Virtue? Faith in a well-curled feather ?" J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iii. 2. " I want the trick of flattery, my lord ; I cannot bow to scarlet and gold lace ; Embroidery is not an idol for my worship." Shirley, The Dttke's Mistress, i. i. 646. *' But carelesse Quiet lyes." Spenser, F. Q., i. i, 41. " There in close covert by some brook. Where no profaner eye may look, Hide me from day's gairish ej'e, While the bee with honied thigh. That at her flowery work doth sing, And the waters murmuring, With such consort as they keep, Entice the dewy-feathered sleep." Milton, 11 Penseroso. See T. Warton's elegant poem, The Hamlet. . 652. Shakespeare makes Henry the vSixth agree with the poet ; the king says, 3 Hen. VI., ii. 5 : "Ah, what a life were this; how sweet! how lovely ! Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade To shepherds, looking on their silly sheep. Than doth a rich embroider'd canopy To kings, that fear their subjects' treachery? O, yes, it doth ; a thousandfold it doth. And to conclude, — the shepherd's homely curds, His cold thin drink out of his leather bottle, His wonted sleep under a fresh tree's shade. All which secure and sweetly he enjoys. Is far beyond a prince's delicates. His viands sparkling in a golden cup. His body couched in a curious bed. When care, mistrust, and treason wait on him." 653. " The use of things is all, and not the store : Surfeit and fullness have killed more than F'aminc." Ben Jonson, 7 he Staple of News, end. " Upon those lips, the sweet fresh buds of youth, The holy dew of prayer lies, like pearl V. 473—493. BOOK IL V. 492—506. 35 And worshipped sires : 'mong them her latest tracks Did Justice, from the earth withdrawing, print. But me the chiefest, may the M\ises, sweet 'Bove all [attractions], whose religious [gifts] I bear, deep smitten with a mighty love, Embrace, and shew the pathways and the stars Of heav'n, the changeful fadings of the sun, And travails of the moon ; whence [comes] the quake 661 To earth ; beneath what pow'r deep seas upheave, When burst their barriers, and again sink back Themselves upon themselves j why speed so fast To dip them in the ocean wintry suns, Or what delay withstands the laggard nights. But if, lest I be able to approach These parts of Nature, chill around my heart My blood have proved a hindrance, may the fields Charm me, and streamlets rilling in the dales ; 670 The floods and forests may I love, unfamed ! Oh! [could I live] where [lie] the plains, Sperchseus too. And, wildly revelled o'er by Spartan maids, The ridges of Tayget. Oh ! [for one] To set me down in Hzemus' icy glens. And curtain me with vasty shade of boughs ! Happy [the man] who hath availed to leani The springs of Nature, and all fears, and fate. Deaf to appeal, hath flung beneath his feet. Dropt from the opening eyelids of the morn Upon the bashful rose." Middleton, A Game ai Chess, 5. i. " The immortal gods Accept the meanest altars, that are raised By pure devotion ; and sometimes prefer An ounce of frankincense, honey or milk. Before whole hecatombs, or Saba:an gums. Offered in ostentation." Massinger, T/ie Bondman, iv. 3. 655, " Or wert thou that just Maid, who once before Forsook the hated earth ?" Milton, Ode on the Death of an Infant. 661. ^ " To dance With Lapland witches, while the labouring moon Eclipses at their charms." Milton, F. L., b. ii. 669. " Nor ask I from you Your learning and deep knowledge ; though I am not A scholar, as you are, I know them diamonds. By your .sole industry, patience, and labour. Forced from steep rocks, and with much toil at- tained." J. Fletcher, The Elder Brother, v. x. And greedy Acheron's roar I Blest, too, is he, 6S0 Who knows the rural deities, both Pan, And old Silvanus, and the sister Nymphs ! Him have no fasces of the populace, Nor monarchs' purple warped ; nor civil feud. The traitor brothers goading, or the Dace, Down swooping from the Danube oath- colleagued ; Not Roman fortunes and expiring realms : Nor has he either, in compassion, mourned The destitute, or envied him that hath. What fruits the boughs, what willing fields themselves, 690 Of free accord, have yielded, he hath culled ; Nor laws of iron and the frantic bar, Nor people's archive-halls, hath he beheld. Some fret with oarage hidden seas, and rush On steel ; they pierce the courts and gates of kings. One with extermination makes assault Upon his city, and Penates sad. That he may from a jewel quaff, and sleep 683. " A wise man never goes the people's way: But as the planets still move contrary To the world's motion, so doth he to opinion." Ben Jonson, Tlie New Inn, iv. 3. 688. That is, in his happy neighborhood there is no poverty to be seen : it does not mean to deny that " The poor man's cry he thought a holy knell : No sooner gan their suits to pierce his ears. But fair-eyed pity in his heart did dwell ; And like a father that affection bears So tendered he the poor with inward tears, And did redress their wrongs when they did call ; But, poor or rich, he still was just to all." Robert Greene, A Maiden's Dream. 692. " To drown the tempest of a pleader's tongue." Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, i. i. 695. The kings were courted because they lacked either the sense or honesty to say : " Wherefore pay you This adoration to a sinful creature ? I'm flesh and blood, as you are, sensible Of heat and cold, as much a slave unto The tyranny of my passions, as the meanest Of my poor subjects. The proud attributes, By oil-tongued flattery imposed upon us. Coined to abuse our frailty, though compounded. And by the breath of sycophants applied, Cure not the least fit of an ague in us. We may give pour men riches, confer honours On undeservers, raise or ruin such As are beneath us, and, with this puffed up. Ambition would persuade us to forget That we are men : but he that sits above us. And to whom, at our utmost rate, we are But pageant properties, derides our weakness." Massinger, The Emperor of the East, v. 2. 698. " Instead of gold And cups of hollowed pearl, in which I used To quaff deep healths of rich pomegranate wine, This scallop shall be now my drinking cup To sip cold water." Webster, The Thracian Wondtr, iii. 2. 54 V. 506—518. THE GEORGICS. V. 519—539. On Sarra's purple ; wealth another hoards, And o'er his deeply-buried gold he broods. One, awe-struck at the Rostra, stands amazed ; 701 Another, staring on with mouth agape. The clapping through the seats, yea doubly pealed. Of commons both and sires hath held en- chained. They joy, bespattered with their brothers' blood. For exile, too, their homes and thresholds dear Do they exchange, and seek a land that lies Beneath another sun. The husbandman The earth hath sundered with his crooked plough : Hence the year's travail ; hence his native land 710 And children's infant children he supports ; Hence droves of oxen and deserving steers. Nor is there rest ; but either with its fruits The year o'ertlows, or in the birth of flocks, Or sheaf of Cereal stalk, and with its yield The furrows lades, and vanquishes the barns. " Their sumptuous gluttonies, and gorgeous feasts On citron tables or Atlantic stone ; . . . . Their wines of Setia, Cales, and Falerne, Chios, and Crete ; and how they quaff in gold. Crystal, and myrrhine cups, emboss'd with gems And studs of pearl." Milton, P. R., b. iv. " I, that forgot I was made of flesh and blood, and thought the silk, Spun by the diligent worms out of their entrails. Too coarse to clothe me, and the softest down Too hard to sleep on." Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 3. 700. " You swear, forswear, and all to compass wealth : Your money is your god, your hoard your heaven." Robert Greene, James the Fourth, v. 4. " No ! I'll not lessen my dear golden heap. Which, every hour increasing, does renew My youth and vigour ; but, if lessened, — then, Then my poor heart-strings crack ! Let me enjoy it, And brood o'er 't, while I live, it being my life. My soul, my all." Massinger, The Ro7nan Actor, ii. i. " But the base miser starves amidst his store, Broods on his gold, and, griping still at more, Sits sadly pining, and believes he's poor." Dryden, IVife of Bath's Tale, 468-70. " As some lone miser, visiting his store, Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er ; Hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill. Yet still he sighs, for hoards are wanting still." Goldsmith, Traveller. 703. " This applause. Confirmed in your allowance, joys me more Than if a thousand full-crammed theatres Should clap their eager hands, to witness that The scene I act did please, and they admire it." Massinger, The Renegade, iv. 3. Winter is come : in olive-mills is brayed The Sicyon berry ; with the acorn blithe, The swine return; their arbutes give the woods. And autumn in variety lays down 720 Its produce, and the mellow vintage high Is ripened on the sunny rocks. Meanwhile His darling boys around his kisses hang ; The taintless house its chastity preserves ; Their udders do the kine drop milky down, And plump upon the merry green the kids Between them struggle with confronted horns. Himself the days of feast observes, and, stretched Along the turf, where in the midst the fire Is burning, and his comrades wreathe the bowl, 730 Thee, pouring, O Lensean, he invokes ; And for the masters of the flock appoints The games of flying javelin on the elm ; And stalwart frames they strip for rural list. This life of yore the olden Sabines led ; This Remus and his brother ; thus in sooth Etruria brave hath waxed, and Rome become The loveliest of things, and for herself Seven heights hath singly girdled with a wall. Ere, too, the sceptre of the Cretan king. And ere a godless nation banqueted 741 On butchered steers, the golden Saturn led This life on earth. Nor had they, too. 723. The cessation of such tendernesses is sadly described by Gray in his Elegy : " No children run to lisp their sire's return. Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share." Thomson has a tender touch of nature, taken, like this of Virgil, from home life. In a very suc- cessful description of a father lost in a snow-storm, he says : " In vain his little children, peeping out Into the mingling storm, demand their sire With tears of artless innocence." Winter, 313-315. 730. " The woods, or some near town That is a neighbour to the bordering down, Hath drawn them thither 'bout some lusty sport, Or spiced wassail-bowl, to which resort All the young men and maids of many a cote. Whilst the trim minstrel strikes his merry note." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, v. i. 743. So Milton describes mankind after the Flood ; /'. L., b. xii. : " With some regard to what is just and right Shall lead their lives, and multiply apace. Labouring the soil, and reaping plenteous crop, Corn, wine, and oil ; and, from the herd or flock. Oft sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid, With large wine-offerings pour'd, and sacred feast, Shall spend their days in joy unblamed." And Thomson, of the reign of Peace ; Britannia, 113, &c. : " Pure is thy reign, when, unaccursed by blood. Nought save the sweetness of indulgent showers V. 539— 540. BOOK III, V. 541— 54a. 55 Yet heard the trumpets blasted, nor as yet, On hardy stithies laid, the falcions clang. Trickling distils into the vcrnant glebe, Instead of mangled carcases, sad -seen, When the blithe sheaves lie scattered o'er the field ; When only shares, the crooked knife, But we have an interminable plain Accomplished in our circuits, and it now Is tirte our coursers' smoking necks to free. And hooks imprint the ve|;etable wound ; When the land blushes with the rose alone, The falling fruitage and the bleeding vine." BOOK III. Thee likewise, mighty Pales, also thee, O worthy of remembrance, will we sing, Thou shepherd from Amphrysus ; you, ye woods. And rivers of Lycrcus. Other [themes], The which might idle spirits have enchained With minstrelsy, all now world-wide are spread. Who either stem Eurystheusdoth not know, Or altars of Busiris, the unpraised ? By whom hath stripling Hylas not been sung, And Lato's Delos, and Hippodame, 10 And Pelops, with an ivory shoulder badged. Keen on his steeds? A path must be essayed. Whereby myself too I may lift from earth, And float triumphant thro' the mouths of men. I, foremost, to my native land with me, (Let only life survive,) as I return From Aon peak will lead the Muses down; I, foremost, Mantua, to thee will bring The palms of Idumea, and a fane Upon the verdant plain will I uprear 20 Of marble, by the water, where, immense With lazy windings, Mincius strays away. And fringes o'er his banks with tender reed. For me shall Ceesar in the centre stand, And hold the fane. For him a conq'ror I, In Tyrian purple, too, observed of all, Line 15. Gray thus finely alludes to the decay of poetry in Greece, and its translation to Rome ; Progress of Foesy : " Where each old poetic mountain Inspiration breath'd around ; Ev'ry shade and hallow'd fountain Murmur'd deep a solemn sound : Till the sad Nine, in Greece's evil hour. Left their Parnassus for the Latian plains." 22. So Milton, in Lycidas : " O fountain Arethuse, and thou honour'd flood, Smooth sliding Mincius, crown'd with vocal reeds." 26. Ophelia, mourning over Hamlet's insanity, speaks of him as " The expectancy and rose of the fair state. The glass of fashion, and the mould of form. The observ'd of all observers." Hamlet, iii. i. A hundred four-yoked chariots will impel Along the floods. The whole of Greece for me, Alpheus leaving and Molorchus' groves. In races and the cestus raw shall strive. 30 Myself, upon my head bedecked with leaves Of shaven olive, will my gifts present. E'en now the grave processions to the shrines It joys to lead, and view the butchered steers ; Or how the scene with shifted fronts with- draws, And how the intertissued Britons raise The purple curtains. On the folding-doors The battle of the Gangarids will I Of gold and massive ivory portray, And conquering Quirinus' arms ; and here, Surging with war, and flushing huge, the Nile, 41 And pillars, tow'ring up with naval bronze. I Asia's humbled cities will subjoin. And chased Niphates, and the Parth, that trusts In flight, and in his rear-directed shafts ; Twain trophies, also, from a severed foe By prowess reft, and, triumphed over twice, Nations from either shore. And there shall stand The stones of Paros, effigies that breathe, 44, " Oh ! let us gain a Parthian victory : The only way to conquer is to fly." Dryden, Lot'e Triumphant, \\. i. 4.0. " I am but dead, stone looking upon stone : What was he that did make it ? See, my lord. Would you not deem it breathed, and that those veins Did verily bear blood ?" Shakespeare, The Winters Tale, v. 3. " Some carve the trunks, and breathing shapes bestow, Giving the trees more life than when they grow." Cowley, Davidiis, b. ii. " The fairest, softest, sweetest frame beneath. Now made to seem, and more than seem, to breathe." Plamell, ffesiad. " And breathing forms from the rude marble start." T. Warton, Sanrnft v. " Heroes in animated marble frown. And legislators seem to think in stone." Pope, Temple of Fame. 56 V. 35—67. THE GEORGICS. V, 68—77. The lineage of Assaracus, and names 50 Of the Jove-issued race, both father Tros, And Troja's Cynthian founder. Envy curst Shall dread the Furies, and the rigid tide Of Cocyt, and Ixion's twisted snakes, And monster wheel, and the unconquerable stone. Meanwhile the Dryads' woods and glades untouched Track we, Maecenas, thy no soft behests : My soul without thee nothing lofty founds. Lo ! come, burst slow delays ! with loud halloo Cithseron calls us, and Tayget's hounds, 60 And Epidaurus, breaker-in of steeds : The cry, too, doubled by the lawns' ap- proof, Comes thund'ring back. Soon ne'ertheless shall I Be girt to celebrate the burning fights Of Cassar, and his name in fame to waft Throughout as many years, as Caesar stands In distance from Tithonus' earliest source. If either any, stricken with amaze At prizes of Olympic palm, feeds steeds ; Or any — bullocks, sturdy for the ploughs ; — Chief let him choose the bodies of the dams. Best is the figure of the grim-eyed cow, 72 In whom uncomely is the head, in whom Abundant is the neck, and from her chin As far as to her legs the dewlap hangs. Then to her lengthM side there is no bound : All is enormous, e'en the foot ; and th' ears Are shaggy underneath the crumpled horns. Nor would distasteful be to me one badged With spots and white, or that declines the yoke, 80 And is at times uncivil with her horn. And in her guise [comes] nearer to a bull, And who all tow'ring [stands], and as she walks Brushes her footsteps with her tip of tail. The age, Lucina and due marriage-rites To suffer, ceases before ten, begins After four years ; the rest is neither meet For breeding, nor robust for ploughs. Meantime, While to thy flocks survives a merry youth. Let loose the males ; to Venus be the first To send thy cattle-droves, and race from race 91 Supply by breeding. Each best day of life From wretched mortals is the first to fly : Steal on diseases, and a crabbed eld, 94. " Who would live long ? Who would be old ? 'tis such a weariness. Such a disease, that hangs like lead upon us. As it increases, so vexations. And toil, and ruthlessness of rigid death Sweeps them away. There aye will be, whose frames Thou wouldest liefer should be changed : then aye Do thou recruit them ; and lest thou again Should seek them lost, forestall, and for thy herd A youthful offspring year by year allot. 100 Nor less, too, is the choice the same for brood Of horses. Do but thou on those, which thou Shalt settle for the nation's hope to raise. Especial pains now straight from tender [years] Bestow. From first the colt of noble strain In statelier fashion paces in the fields. And plants and plants again his supple legs; And in the van to enter on the path, Griefs of the mind, pains of the feeble body. Rheums, coughs, catarrhs : we are but our living coffins." J. Fletcher, A Wife for a Month, ii. 5. "Time is the moth Of Nature, devours all beauty." Shirley, I'he Htiniorous Courtier, i. i. " A flower that does with opening morn arise. And, flourishing the day, at evening dies ; A winged eastern blast, just skimming o'er The ocean's brow, and sinking on the shore ; A fire, whose flames through crackling stubble fly: A meteor, shooting from the summer sky ; A bov/1 adown the bending mountain roU'd ; A bubble breaking, and a fable told ; A noontide shadow, and a midnight dream,— Are emblems which, with semblance apt, proclaim Our earthly course." Prior, Solomon, b. iii. 99. " Scions such as these Must become new stocks, for us to glory In their fruitful issue : so we are made Immortal one by other." Middleton, A Fair Quarrel, iii. 2. 108. On the impatience of the horse Pope is very happy : " The impatient courser pants in every vein, And, pawing, seems to beat the distant plain : Hills, vales, and floods appear already cross'd, And ere he starts a thousand steps are lost." Windsor Forest. 108-125. " Oft in this season too the horse, provoked. While his big sinews full of spirits swell. Trembling with vigour, in the heat of blood. Springs the high fence : and, o'er the field effused. Darts on the gloomy flood, with steadfast eye, And heart estranged to fear : his nervous chest. Luxuriant and erect, the seat of strength. Bears down th' opposing stream : quenchless his thirst ; He takes the river at redoubled draughts. And with wide nostrils snorting, skims the wave." Thomson, Summer, 506-515. " Survey the warlike horse ! Didst thou invest With thunder his robust distended chest ? No sense of fear his dauntless soul allays ; Tis dreadful to behold his nostrils blaze : V. 77—92. BOOK IIL V. 93— "3. 57 And threatful rivers to essay he dares, And venture him upon the unknown bridge; Nor starts at idle noises. High his neck, And finely shaped his head, his barrel short, 112 And plump his back, and rampant swells with thews His mettled chest. [The steeds of] gener- ous [stamp] Are brownish chestnuts, and the iron-greys: The sorriest hue is of the white and dun. Then if a clang from far have any arms Sent forth, he knows not in his place to stand ; He quivers with his ears, and in his joints He quakes, and, snorting, rolls the gathered fire I20 Beneath his nostrils. Thick his mane, and tost On the right shoulder down it sinks to rest. But through the loins a double spine is traced; And earth he scoops, and with its massive horn His hoof deep echoes. Such like, tamed by reins Of Amyclsean Pollux — Cyllarus; And they, whose story Grecian bards have told. Mars' twain -yoked steeds, and great Achilles' car. And such like did Satumus e'en himself Shed forth a mane along a courser's neck. To paw the vale he proudly takes delight. And triumphs in the fulness of his might. High-raised, he snuffs the battle from afar. And bums to plunge amid the raging war ; And mocks at death, and throws his foam around. And in a storm of fury shakes the ground. How does his firm, his rising heart advance Full on the brandish'd sword and shaken lance, While his fix'd eye-balls meet the dazzling shield. Gaze, and return the lightning of the field ! He sinks the sense of pain in generous pride. Nor feels the shaft that trembles in his side ; But neighs to the shrill trumpet's dreadful blast Till death ; and when he groans, he groans his last." Dr. Young, Paraphrase on Job. ii8. Shakespeare gives a different turn to the effect of music on the colt : " For do but note a wild and wanton herd. Or race of youthful and unhandlcd colts. Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud. Which is the hot condition of their blood ; If they but hear perchance a trumpet sound. Or anv air of music touch their ears, You shall perceive them make a mutual stand. Their savage eyes tum'd to a modest gaze. By the sweet power of music." Merchant of Venice, v. x. What this great poet here says is an accurate picture of the fact, as any one who has been much accustomed to the country must have observed. Fleet on his wife's approach, and, as he fled, 131 Filled lofty Pelion with a shrilly neigh. Him likewise, when, or burdened with disease. Or now, too languid from his years, he fails, Conceal at home, nor his unnoble eld Forgive. The older is for Venus chill, And vainly his unwelcome task he drags ; And, if it ever to engagement comes, — As sometimes in the stubbles without strength A mighty fire, — he impotently fumes. 140 Their mettle, therefore, and their age shall thou Mark chiefly; next, their other qualities. And parents' race, and what in each the pain When conquered, what their triumph in the palm. Dost thou not see, when in the headlong strife The cars have seized the plain, and dash away, Forth bursten from the goal ; when hopes of youths Are lifted high, and drains a beating throb Their palpitating hearts? Upon [their steeds] They press with twisted lash, and stooping forward give 150 The reins: the axle hot with fury flies; And crouching now, and now erect, they seem Aloft tlirough empty ether to be swept, And soaring tothe gales. Nor pause,nor rest; But high is raised a cloud of yellow sand ; They're moist with the pursuers' foam and breath : So deep the love of praises, of so deep Concern is conquest. Ericthonius first Adventured cars and coursers four to yoke. And, fleet, in triumph o'er the wheels to stand. 160 Reins gave the Pelethronian Lapithae, And the ring-courses, mounted on their back, And taught the rider under arms to prance Upon the ground, and his disdainful steps To curve. Alike is either toil; alike Seek out the masters both the young, and hot In mettle, and in races keen; though oft In flight the other may his routed foes Have chased, and as his native land allege Kpirus and Mycenae brave, and fetch 170 His lineage drawn from Neptune's very stock. These [rules] obser\'ed, they're zealous towards the time, 58 V. 123 — 148. THE GEORGICS, V. 149 — 176. And all their pains bestow, with solid fat To plump out him, whom they have chosen chief, And have pronounced the husband of the herd; And downy herbs they cut, and streams purvey And spelt; lest he should fail to over- match The charming toil, and puny sons announce Their fathers' leanness. But the herds themselves With meagreness do they, resolved of will. Reduce; and when the now well-known delight 181 First dalliance stimulates, they both with- hold Their browse, and bar them from the springs. Oft, too. They shake them in the race, and tire them out Beneath the sun, when heavily the floor Is groaning with the beaten grains, and when To rising Zephyr empty chaff is tossed. This do they, lest, through pamp'ring in excess. Too blunt the service for the genial field Should prove, and sluggish furrows it might coat 190 With fat; but that [the field] athirst may seize On Venus, and the deeper veil her [form]. Again the care of sires begin to wane. And that of dams to take its place. What time, — The months completed, — pregnant do they stray. Let no one suffer them to draw the yokes With heavy wains, nor with a leap to clear The road, and scour the leas in mettled flight. And swim the ravening floods. In open lawns They feed, and hard by brimming brooks, where moss 200 [Is found], and bank of brightest green with grass ; And grots may shelter them, and rocky shade Extend along. There is around the groves Of Silarus, and, blooming with its holms, Alburnus, an abundant winged thing. For which Asilus is the Latin name ; — The Greeks have turned it Astros in their tongue ; — 176. " Downy ;" or, " full-grown." Fierce, buzzing shrill; whereat all panic- struck Throughout the woods in every quarter fly The herds: storms ether, with their roars convulsed, 210 And dry Tanager's woods and banks. Erst- while "Vyith this monstrosity did Juno wreak Her fearful wrath, what time she planned a plague For the Inachian heifer. This, too, thou (For fiercer it assails in noon-day heats,) Shalt from the pregnant herd ward off, and feed Thy cattle at the newly-risen sun. Or when the stars are ush'ring in the night. After the birth, attention to the calves Is all transferred; and from the first the marks And titles of the breed on them they brand, And [sever] those, which either they prefer To rear for preservation of the herd, 223 Or hallowed for the altars to reserve. Or earth to sunder, and upturn the plain, Bristling with broken clods. The other droves Are fed through emerald herbage. Those which thou For task and service of the field shalt mould, Now spur [when] calves, and enter on a course Of taming, while the spirits of the young Are flexible, while pliant is their age. 231 And first, loose hoops of slender withy bind Below the neck; thereon, what time their necks. Unshackled, they to thraldom shall have used. Tied from the very collars, fellows yoke, And force the steers to move their step in time. And now by them unfreighted wheels be oft Drawn o'er the ground, and on the surface- dust Their traces let them print. Next, strain- ing 'neath A lusty load, let beechen axle creak, 240 And pole of bronze drag on the wedded orbs. Meanwhile, not grasses only for the young, Unbroken, neither willows' slender leaves, And oozy sedge, but seedling corn shalt thou 221. The branding of sheep, Thomson, in dig- ified terms, thus describes ; Suminer, 406 : ' Some mingling stir the melted tar, and some. Deep on the new-shorn vagrants' heaving side To stamp his master's cypher, ready stand." V. 176—198. Crop with thy hand. Nor shall for thee thy kine, That have brought forth, (in fashion of our sires,) Brim up the snowy milk-pails, but dispend Their udders wholly on their darling brood. But if thy fancy rather [lead] to wars And furious brigades, or to scud along 250 Alphean floods of Pisa on thy wheels, And in the wood of Jove the flying cars To drive ; the steed's first task it is to view The mettle and the arms of warriors, and to stand The trumps, and brook the wheel, as with the draught It groans ; and in his stall the jingling curbs To hear ; then more and more to take delight In the caressing praises of his lord, And love the sounding of a patted neck. And these now let him from the first, when weaned 260 From his dam's breast, adventure, and in turn To gentle muzzles lend his mouth, [still] weak, Aye, quaking e'en, e'en artless from his age. But, three completed, when fourth summer- tide Shall have approached, at once let him begin To i-un the ring, and sound with measured steps, And arch th' alternate foldings of his legs. And be like one that toils; then to the race. Then let him dare the winds, and while he flies Throughout the open plains, as one by reins Untrammelled, let him scarce his footmarks plant 271 Upon the surface of the sand. As when From Hyperborean coasts hath Aquilo Full swooped, and Scythia's storms and droughty clouds Disperses : then the lofty fields of corn, 258. " Nearer and nearer now he stands, To feel the praise of patting hands," Gay, F.^ i. 13. " The bounding steed, you pompously bestride, Shares with his lord the pleasure and the pride." Pope, Essay on Alan, Ep. iii. 35, 6. 260. " I am of Pliny's opinion, I think he was begot by the wind ; He runs as if he were ballassed with quicksilver." Webster, 7 he Duchess of Mal/i, i. 2. *' And in that haste, too, madam, I was told The speed of wings was slow ; their fiery horse, Bathing in foam, yet fled, as if they meant To leave the wind and clouds behind them." Shirley, The Doubtful Heir, v. 4. BOOK III, ' V. 198— aa4. 59 And champaigns, waving, with the gentle puffs Wax crisp, and crests of forests raise a roar, And distant billows hurry to the strands : It flies, at once the fields in its career, At once the waters, sweeping. [Such as] this 280 Or at the winning-posts and courses vast Of Elis' plain will reek, and from his mouth Dash forth the gory foam, and better bear The Belgic war-cars on his supple neck. Then at the last with thickened mash allow Their bulky frame to swell, now broken in ; For ere their breaking in, they high will raise Their mettle, and when caught refuse to brook The limber thongs, and galling curbs obey. But no pains-taking braces more their powers 290 Than Venus, and the stings of hidden love, To keep aloof, whether to any [swain]. More pleasing be the use of beeves or steeds. And hence the bulls they banish far away, And into lonely feeding-grounds, behind A barrier mount, and over spacious floods ; Or keep them jailed within at glutted cribs. For step by step the female saps their powers. And burns them by their gazing, nor allows The mem'ry of their lawns or grass. She, sooth, 300 By her enchanting charms e'en oft compels Her haughty paramours to wage a war Between them with their horns. In Sila vast A lovely heifer feeds : they, turn by turn, With giant vigor intermingle frays With wounds repeated ; bathes the jetty gore Their frames ; and, turned against the struggling [foes]. Their horns are tilted with a thund'ring groan. And forests peal again, and distant heaven. 'Tis not the custom for the combatants 310 290. " Bulls and rams will fight To keep their females, stand ng in their sight ; But take 'em from them, and yuu take at once Their spleens away : and they will fall again Unto their pastures, growing fresh and fat ; And taste the waters of the springs as sweet As 'twas before." Beaumont and Fletcher, Fkilaster, iii. \. 300. " Tell her thy brother languishes to death, And fades away, and withers in his bloom : That he forgets his sleep, and loathes his (k>oA' Marcus to Fortius, in Addison's Cato, iii. i. 310. So Octavian addresses Antony : 6o V. 224 — 246. THE GEORGICS. V. 247 — 268. To stall together ; but the vanquished one Retires, and lives an exile far away In bourns unknown ; sore moaning his disgrace, And the haught conqu'ror's blows ; then o'er the loves Which he unvenged hath lost ; and to- wards the stalls Oft casting wistful looks, he hath withdrawn From his ancestral kingdoms. So his pow'rs "With all concern he practises, and lies The livelong night, among the galling stones. On couch unlittered, fed on prickly leaves And pointed rush ; and brings him to the test, 321 And learns his wrath to centre in his horns, Against a tree-bole butting, and the winds Provokes with thrusts, and with the scat- tered sand Plays prelude to the fight. Thereon, what time His strength is mustered, and his pow'rs repaired. He moves his standards, and is headlong borne On his forgetful foeman : as a surge. When it begins to whiten 'mid the sea. Afar and from the deep its bosom draws ; And as, when rolled along to land, all wild 331 It booms among the rocks, nor less than e'en A mount it topples down ; but from its base The water seethes in whirlpools, and aloft The sable sand it tosses from below. Yea, every race on earth, alike of men And savage beasts, and race of ocean, flocks. And birds enamelled, rush to rage and fire : To all is love the same. At no time else. Forgetful of her cubs, the lioness 340 Hath more ferocious ranged about the plains ; Nor shapeless bears have dealt on every side " I must perforce Have shown to thee such a declining day, Or look on thine ; we could not stall together In the whole world." Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, v. i. 339. See among Cowley's Poems that on The Force of Love, which begins : " Throw an apple up an hill, Down the apple tumbles still ; Roll it down, it never stops Till within the vale it drops : So are all things prone to love. All below, and all above." So many deaths and havoc through the woods ; Then the wild boar is truculent, then worst The tigress. Ah ! it then is ill to stray In Libya's lonely fields. Dost thou not see How thrills a quiv'ring all throughout the frames Of steeds, if but the scent hath wafted home The well-known airs. And neither stay them now The reins of men, nor lashes fell, not cliffs And vaulted rocks, and floods a barrier set, And whirling in their wave the mounts engrasped. 352 E'en tilts and whets his tusks the Sabine boar. And with his hoof the earth before him tears. And chafes his ribs against a tree, and this And that side steels his shoulders for the wounds. What [feat performs] the stripling, in whose bones Fell passion circulates its mighty fire ? Forsooth, the friths, by bursten storms turmoiled, Late swims he in the blinded night, o'er whom 360 Is thund'ring heav'n's colossal gate, and dashed Against the cliffs, the seas return a din ; Nor can his wretched parents call him back. Nor [yet] the maiden, doomed thereon to die By felon death. What — Bacchus' spotty pards. And offspring keen of wolves and dogs? Why [tell] What battles wage the dastard harts ? In sooth. Before them all is marked the rage of mares ; And Venus e'en herself the soul inspired That time, wherein his Potnian mares four- yoked _ 370 Devoured the limbs of Glaucus with their jaws. 353. " Or, as two boars, whom love to battle draws. With rising bristles and with frothy jaws. Their adverse breasts with tusks oblique they wound ; With grunts and groans the forest rings around." Dryden, Palavton and Arcite, 814-17. 364. " Speake, fate-crosse lord ! Iflife retaine his seat within you, speake ! Else like that Sestian dame, that saw her love Cast by the frowning billowes on the sands. And leane death, swolne big with the Hellespont, In bleake Leander's body, — like his love. Come I to thee : one grave shall serve us both." Marston, htsatiate Countesse, iii. 3. V. 269—290. 600K III. V. 391—319. 61 These passion lures across Gargarean heights, And cross Ascanius booming ; mountains they O'erpass, and over rivers swim. And straight, When 'neath their eager marrows is applied The flame — in spring the rather, since in spring The ardor to their bones returns — they all, With face turned toward the Zephyr, take their stand On lofty crags, and snuff the subtile gales ; And oft, without embracements any, by the wind Impregnate — wondrous to be told — thro' rocks, 381 And cliffs, and sunken dales, they scattered fly; Not, Eui-us, to thy risings, nor the sun's, — Towards Boreas and Caurus, or [the clime], Whence Auster is in deepest sable bom. And glooms the welkin with his rainy chill. Hereon at length, what by a truthful name "Hippomanes" the shepherds call, drips down A clammy poison from the groin — hippo- manes — Which many a time have felon step-dames culled, And mingled drugs, and not unharmful spells. 390 But flies meanwhile, flies past recovery, time. While round each [theme], by love [there- of] entranced, We sail along. Be this enough for herds : Remains the second portion of our task — To treat of woolly flocks and shaggy goats. Be this your toil ; hence hope ye for renown. Brave swains. Nor am I doubtful in my mind. How vast it is to master these with words. And add this dignity to petty [themes]. 400 385. " While through the damp air scowls the lour- ing South, Blackening the landscape's face, that grove and hill In formless vapours undistinguished swim." T. War ton, Pleasures of Melancholy. Armstrong, speaking of the climate of England (//d-rt/M, b. i.),says: " Steep'd in continual rain*;, or with raw fogs Bedew'd, our seasons droop : incumbent still A ponderous heaven o'erwnelms the sinking soul. Labouring with storms, in heapy mountains rise Th' embattled clouds, as if the Stygian shades Had left the dungeon of eternal night, Till black with thunder all the South descends." 391. " When we have chid the hasty-footed time." Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. a. But me along Parnassus' lonely heights Sweet love transports : it joys to pace its peaks, Where not a path of former [bards] is turned Adown to Castalie with gentle slope. Now, Pales worshipful, I now must sound With lofty lip. Commencing, I decree That sheep in downy cotes their grass should crop, Till leafy summer is anon restored ; And that the flinty ground with plenteous straw. And bundles of the ferns, ye strew beneath, Lest ice in chillness harm the tender flock. And bring upon them mange, and foot-rot foul. 412 Then, deviating hence, T you enjoin To cater leafy arbutes for the goats. And runnels fresh supply, and post their sheds Aloof from winds, afront the winter's sun. Turned towards meridian day, what time at length Now chill Aquarius sets, and drops his dew At the year's close. These also must by us Be tended with no lighter pains ; nor less Will prove their service ; tho' Milesian wools 42 1 Are bartered at a heavy cost, when grained With Tyrian crimsons. Hence [in] closer [rank] Their offspring, hence a store of plenteous milk. The more, — when drained the udder, — shall have frothed The milk-pail, merry rills the more shall stream From their squeezed paps. Nor less, mean- while, the beards, And chins befrosted, and the flaunting shag Of the Cinyphian he-goat do they shear For service of the camps, and covertures For miserable seamen. But they feed 431 Upon the forests and Lycoeus' crests, And bristly brambles and height-loving brakes ; And of themselves they mindful to the sheds Return, and lead along their [kids], and scarce With weighty udder overpass the sill. So with all zeal the frost and squalls of snow, (The less they have the need of human care,) 430. " Beasts have more courtesy : they live about me. Offering their warm wool to the shearer's hand To clothe me with." . . . . " Birds bow to me. Striking their downy sails to do me service. Their sweet airs ever echoing to mine honour. And to my rest their plumy softs they send me." F. Beaumont, Tkt Triuntfk 0/ Time, I. 62 V. 320—347. THE GEORGICS. V. 347—361. Shalt thou ward off, and gladly bring their food, And provender of twig ; nor shalt thou shut Thy hay-lofts all throughout the winter- tide. 441 But still, at Zephyr's call, when gladsome warmth To glades and feeding-grounds shall either flock Despatch, with earliest star of Lucifer The chilly paddocks let us tread, while morn Is fresh, while silv'ry are the blades, and dew Upon the tender herbage to the flock Is sweetest. Then, when hour the fourth the drought Of heav'n hath gathered up, and with their chirp The plaintful cicads shall the vine-trees rend, 45° At wells, or deepsome pools, bid thou thy flocks To drink the water, as it scampers on In oaken conduits. But in noon-day heats Seek out a shady dell, if anywhere , The mighty oak of Jove with aged wood Spread giant branches, or if anywhere. In gloom with clust'ring holms, a grove lies near With holy shade : then [bid] to give again The subtile waters, and again to feed At setting of the sun, when chilly eve 460 Cools down the air, and now the dewy moon The glades recruits, and shores are echoing back The halcyon, the thistle-finch the brakes. "Why Libya's shepherds, why their feed- ing-grounds. Should I to thee in song describe at large. Their kraals, too, peopled, with their scat- tered roofs ? Oft day and night, and for a month entire In order, feeds the herd, and wends its way To distant deserts with no hostry-homes ; So vast a stretch of plain there lies. His all The Afric herdsman with him drives, — both tent, 471 And Lar, and arms, and Amyclaean hound. And Cretan c^uiver ; no wise else than doth The mettled Roman in his father's arms, When under his unrighteous burden he 463. Dryden, elegantly translating Chaucer, says of the goldfinch : " A goldfinch there I saw with gaudy pride Of painted plumes, that hopped from side to side. Still pecking as she passed, and still she drew The sweets from every flower, and sucked the dew ; Sufficed at length, she warbled in her throat, And tuned her voice to many a merry note." Flower and Leaf , 106-111. Pursues the route, and in the foeman's face, Ere he is looked for, while the camp is pitched, Stands in battalion. But not so, where [lie] The hordes of Scythia, and Moeotis' wave. And muddy Ister, whirling round its sands Of amber, and where Rhodope returns, 481 Outstretched beneath the centre of the pole. There, prisoned in the stalls they keep the herds ; Nor any grass or on the field appears, Or leaves upon the tree ; but shapeless lies In snow-drifts, and in ice profound, the earth Far- wide,, and towers up to seven ells : Aye winter, aye the Cauri blasting chills. Then ne'er the Sun disperses blanching shades, Nor when, upon his coursers borne, he mounts 490 The lofty firmament, nor when he bathes His headlong car in Ocean's ruddy plain. Its [icy] casings curdle in a trice Upon the running stream, and now the wave Upon its chine upholds the ironed wheels. 489. This is, of course, not true. Dryden beau- tifully describes the joy felt by the natives of the.se northerly regions at the approach of their summer, such as it is : " In those cold regions where no summers cheer. Where brooding darkness covers half the year. To hollow caves the shivering natives go ; Bears range abroad, and hunt in tracks of snow : But when the tedious twilight wears away, And stars grow paler at the approach of day, The longing crowds to frozen mountains run ; Happy who first can see the glimmering sun." Prologue to his Royal Highness. 495. " When hoary Thames, with frosted osiers crown'd, Was three long years in icy fetters bound, The waterman, forlorn along the shore. Pensive reclines upon his useless oar. Sees harness'd steeds desert the stony town, And wander roads unstable, not their own ; Wheels o'er the harden'd waters smoothly glide, And rase with whiten'd tracks the slippery tide." Gay, Trivia, ii. 359-66. Thomson has a fine description of Frost in his Winter, 713, &c. : "What art thou. Frost? And whence are thy keen stores Derived, thou secret, all-invading power, Whom even th' illusive fluid cannot fly ? Is not thy potent energ}^, unseen. Myriads of little salt.s,or hook'd, or shaped Like double wedges, and diffused immense Through water, earth, and ether ? Hence at eve Steam'd eager from the red horizon round. With the fierce rage of Winter deep-suffused An icy gale, oft shifting, o'er the pool Breathes a blue film, and in its mid career Arrests the bickering stream. The Ioosen"d ice. Let down the flood and half dissolved by day, Rustics no more ; but to the sedgy bank V- 36a— 379. BOOK III. V. 380 — 398. 63 That [wave] to vessels erst^ to spreading wains NiTio hostess ; and the bronzes through the land Asunder start, and stiffen garbs when donned, And with their hatchets hew they fluid wines. And throughly into massive ice the pools Have turned, and ice-drop on their beards untrimmed 501 Hath grisly caked. Meanwhile throughout the air No otherwise it snows ; die cattle ; stand Enveloped in the rime the bulky frames Of oxen, and in huddled troop the harts Are palsied in the new [ly fallen] mass. And scarce with antler tips above it rise. These not with hounds slipped on, nor any toils. Or frighted by the cord of crimson plume, They chase ; but while to purpose none they push 510 The mountain, set a barrier, with their chest. In conflict close they stab them with the steel, And kill them as they deeply bray, and blithe With lusty shouting bring them home. Themselves In low-delved caverns fleet away their hours Of leisure underneath the depth of earth. And piles of oak, and elms entire, have rolled Upon their hearths, and giv'n them to the flame. Here night they'spend in frolic, and in glee Fast grows, or gathers round the pointed stone, A crystal pavement, by the breath of heaven Cemented firm ; till, seized from shore to shore. The whole imprison'd river growls below." &c. 502. Does not Virgil seem to be describing the usual state of things in these northern regions ? And if so, can Heyne's rendering of novd by inso- lente be sustained? It seems far better, with the learned critic quoted by Wagner, to refer it to a sudden, heavy fall of snow, — perhaps the first in the season. 517. " 'Tis late and cold ; stir up the fire ; Sit close and draw the table nigher ; Be merry, and drink wine that's old, A hearty medicine 'gainst a cold ; Your beds of wanton down the best, Where you shall tumble to your rest." J. Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, iii. 5. 519. Ducunt, they spend ; or, eke. The whole passage is imitated happily, yet not without ideas of his own, by Thomson, Winter, 809, &c. : " Yet there life glows ; Yet cherish'd there, beneath the shining waste. The furry nations harbour : tipp'd with jet. Fair ermines, spotless as the snows they press ; The viny goblets with fermented wort, 520 And service-berries tart, they copy. Such A reinless race of mortals, laid Inineath The Hyperborean Wain, is buffeted By the Rhipaian eastern blast, and wrapt With tawny shag of cattle o'er their frames. If wool should be of interest to thee, First let the prickly thicket, and the burs, And caltrops be away ; shun pastures rank ; And from the very first do thou cull out The flocks, with wools of velvet white. But him, 530 Though he may be a ram e'en lustrous-fair, Beneath whose palate moist a sable tongue But lurks, refuse, lest he with dingy spots Should dusk the fleeces of the [newly] bom ; And in the circuit of the teemful plain Look out another. Thus, with snowy boon Of wool (if it be worthy of belief) Did Pan, the god of Arcady, beguile Thee, duped, O Luna ; to the deepsome groves Thee wooing ; nor didst thou the wooer scorn. 540 But let [the swain] whose passion is for milk. The cytisus, and plenteous melilot. And salted herbs, himself, with his own hand. Bear to the cribs. Hence both they love the more The rivers, and the more their udders stretch. And in the milk the covert taste of salt Repeat they. Many [farmers] keep aloof Sables, of glossy black ; and, dark-erabrown'd. Or beauteous freak'd with many a mingled hue. Thousands besides, the costly pride of courts. There, warm together press'd, the trooping deer' ^ Sleep on the new-falf'n snows ; and, scarce his head Raised o'er the heapy wreath, the branching elk Lies slumbering sullen in the deep abyss. The ruthless hunter wants nor dogs nor toils. Nor with the dread of sounding bows he drives The fearful flying race ; with ponderous clubs. As weak against the mountain-heaps they push Their beating breast in vain, and piteous bray. He lays them quivering on th' ensanguined snows. And with loud shouts rejoicing bears them home." Their wintry life he describes differently ; Libfrty, iii. 523-32 : " But, cold-compress'd, when the whole loaded heaven Descends in snow, lost in one white abrupt. Lies undistinguish'd earth ; and, seized bv frost. Lakes, headlong streams, and floods, and oceans sleep. Yet there life glows : the furry millions there Deep dig their dens beneath the sheltering snows ; And there a race of men prolific swarms, To various pain, to little pleasure, u^cd ; ^ On whom, keen-parching, beat Rhipaean winds ; Hard like their soil, and like their climate fierce.' 64 V. 398—423. THE GEORGICS. V. 423—443. The kidlings, from their mothers now di- vorced, And fasten in the front their infant moiiths With muzzles spiked with steel. What they have milked 550 At rising day, and in the daily hom-s, At night they press ; what now at shades [of eve], And as the sun is setting, towards the dawn They carry forth in baskets, — to the towns The shepherd trudges, — or with scanty salt They season, and for winter store it up. Nor should with thee the care of dogs be last, But with [the others] Sparta's nimble pups, And mettled [mastiff] of Molossus, feed On fatt'ning whey. Ne'er, — these thy sentinels, — 560 Shalt thou the nightly robber for thy stalls, And inroads of the wolves, or from the rear Unquieted Iberians, dread. Oft, too. The shy wild asses thou in chase shalt drive, And hunt with hounds the hare, with hounds the deer. Oft, routed from their forest wallowing- haunts, Wild boars, pursuing with their bay, shalt thou Discomfit, and thro' lofty mountains force The giant hart with shouting to the toils. Learn also scented cedar in the stalls 570 To burn, and with galbanean fume to chase The fell chelydri. Many a time beneath The cribs unstirred, or, baleful to be touched. Hath adder skulked, and fled alarmed from heaven ; Or snake, beneath the shelter and the shade Inured to creep, — the bitter plague of kine, — And on the cattle to bespirt his bane. Hath hugged the ground. Take stones in hand, take clubs, O shepherd, and as he uplifts his crests. And hissing necks is swelling, strike him down. 580 And now in flight his craven head he deep Hath buried, when his central folds, and train 582. " On his rear, Circular base of rising folds, that tower'd Fold above fold, a surging maze ! His head Crested aloft, and carbuncle his eyes ; With burnish'd neck of verdant gold, erect Amid his circling spires, that on the grass Floated redundant." Milton, Par. Lost, b. ix. And J. Philips, in imitation of Milton : " And as a snake, when first the rosy hours Shed vernal sweets o'er every vale and mead, Rolls tardy from his cell obscure and dank ; Of his remotest tail are paralysed, And trails its flagging coils the farthest ring. There is, moreover, in Calabrian lawns That baleful serpent, rolling up his chine, Scale-clad, with chest uplifted, and with spots Enormous speckled o'er his lengthful paunch ; Who, while are gushing any streams from founts, And while the lands are dank with moisty spring 590 And rainy Austers, haunts the standing pools ; And, chamb'ring by the banks, here gluts the felon His jetty maw with fish and croaking frogs. When once dried up the fen, and with the heat The lands are yawning wide, he sallies forth Upon dry ground, and, rolling eyes ablaze, He rages through the fields, both fierce from thirst. And frenzied by the heat. May it not prove My pleasure then beneath the cope of heaven To snatch soft slumbers, nor upon a ridge Of woodland to have lain along the grass, When fresh from casted slough, and bright with youth, 602 He rolls, forsaking either young or eggs Within his shroud, uplifted to the sun. And quivers in his mouth with trifid tongue. Of their diseases, also, I will thee The springs and symptoms teach. Offensive mange Assails the sheep, what time the chilly shower Hath settled to the quick too deeply down, And winter, crispy with its silver ice ; 610 But when by genial rays of summer sun Purged of his slough, he nimbler thrids the brake. Whetting his sting, his crested head he rears Terrific, from each eye retort he shoots Ensanguined rays, the distant swains admire His various neck and spires bedropp'd with gold." Cerealia. 585. See a grand paraphrase on the description of Leviathan by Dr. Young, whij:h is too long to quote. 602. "Casted;" or, if Shakespeare's grammar is at fault : "When fresh from his cast slough." So Spenser, Faerie Qiteene, iv. 3, 23 : " Some new-borne wight ye would him surely weene ; So fresh he seemed and so fierce in sight ; Like as a snake, whom wearie winters teene Hath worne to nought, now feeling sommers might Casts off his ragged skin, and freshly doth him dight." V. 443—475. BOOK III. w. 476— 49«. Or when, on being sheared, unwashed hath clun<^ The sweat, and prickly briers gashed their frames. In the sweet rivers, therefore, all the flock The masters drench, and with a reeking fleece The ram is in the eddy plunged, and, launched Upon the fav'ring current, down he floats ; Or, [when 'tis] shorn, with bitter olive-lees They smear the frame, and scum of silver blend, And living sulphurs, and Idaean pitch. And bees-wax rich in oiliness, and squill, And noisome hellebore, and black asphalt. No happy turn, however, to their woes 622 Comes more immediate than if any [swain] With steel could open lay the ulcer-head. The plague is fostered, and by being veiled It thrives, the while the shepherd to the wounds His healing hands refuses to apply, Or sits him down, demanding of the gods More favorable omens. Further, too, When, stealing to the bleaters' inmost bones, 630 Tlie anguish rages, and upon their limbs The parching fever preys, it hath bestead The kindled inflammations to expel, And 'tween the lowest [surfaces] of hoof To stab the vein that pulses with the blood : In fashion wherewithal Bisalts are wont. And mettlesome Gelonian, when he hies To Rhodope and to the Getae's wastes. And curded milk with horse's blood he swills. [The ewe,] which far thou may est have remarked, 640 Or ofter 'neath the mellow shade to creep. Or nibbling tips of grass more listlessly. And last to follow, or amid the plain To lay her down when grazing, and alone Yielding to night advanced, at once with knife The plague arrest, ere dread contagion steal Among the wareless crowd. Not, bringing storm, So frequent swoops the whirlwind from the main. As many be the maladies of flocks. Nor single subjects do diseases clutch ; 650 But summer-pastures, wholly, in a trice. Both hope and herd at once, ay, all the race From its beginning. [This,] then, might he know, If any one the welkin-mounting Alps, And Norian fortresses upon the hills, And lapydian Timavus' fields. I Now e'en thereafter in so long a time Should witness, and the shepherds realms forlorn. And lawns unpeopled in their length ami breadth. Here erst from [some] distemper of the air 660 A piteous season rose, and with full heat Of autumn glo*ved, and all the race of flocks To death delivered over, all [the race] Of savage beasts ; and lakes it putrified ; The feeding-grounds with pestilence it baned. Nor single was the path of death ; but when The fiery thirst, thro' all the arteries forced, Had shrivelled up their wretched limbs, again O'erflowed a liquid gleet, and all the bones, Little by little sinking thro' the plague 670 In ruins, to its substance it reduced. Ofttimes, amid the worship of the gods, The victim, standing at the altar, whilst The woollen fillet with the snowy band Is twined, among the falt'ring ministers Sank dying down. Or if the priest had first Slain any with the steel, thence neither blaze The altars with the entrails laid thereon, Nor answers can the questioned seer return; And scarce the knives, beneath [the gullet] plunged, 6S0 660. " Thirst, giddiness, faintness, and putrid heats, And pining pains, and shivering sweats, On all the cattle, all the beasts did fall ; With deform'd death the country's cover'd all. The labouring ox drops down before the plough ; The crowned victims, to the altar led, Sink, and prevent the lit'ted blow ; The generous horse from the full manger turns his head. Does his loved floods and pastures scorn, Hates the shrill trumpet and the horn ; . . . The starving sheep refuse to feed, They bleat the r innocent souls out into air ; The faithful dogs l;e gasping by them there ; The astonished shepherd weeps, and breaks his tuneful reed." Cowley, Plagues of EgyJ>t. 663. " The plague, that in some folded cloud remains, The bright sun soon dispcrseth ; but observe, When black infection in some dungh 11 lies, There's work for bells and graves, if it do rise." Webster, Appius and Virginia, iii. 2. 676. Though under very different circumstances, Spenser finely describes the fall of the victim ; P aerie Queene, iii. 4, 17 : " Like as the sacred oxe that carclesse stands With gilden homes, and tlowry girlonds cruwnd, Prmd of his dying honor and dcarc bandes, Whiles th' altars fume with frankincense arownd All suddcinly with mortall stroke astownd Doth grovchng fall, and with his streaming gore Distaincs the pillours and the holy grownd, And the faire rtowrcs that decked hun afore." F 66 V. 492 — 521. THE GEORGICS. V. 521 — 530. Are dyed with blood, and with a meagre gore The surface-sand bedarkened. Hence the calves In every quarter die 'mid fertile grass, And cherished lives at brimful cribs resign. Hence on caressing dogs a madness comes, And shatters sickly swine a wheezing cough. And suffocates them with their quinzied jaws. Down falls, no harvest reaping of his tasks, And mindless of his browse, the conq'ring steed. And at the springs recoils, and with his hoof Stamps earth in frequent blows ; his ears are sunk ; 691 There, too, an intermittent sweat, and that. In sooth, to those in death's embrace dead- cold ; The skin is parched, and at the touch [the palm] That handles callous it withstands. These marks In the first days ere death do they present. But if, while in its progress, the disease Begins to rankle, then in sooth the eyes Are in a blaze, and from a depth is heaved The breath, at times encumbered by a groan ; 700 And stretch with long [-drawn] sob their lowest flanks. And presses leaguered jaws a furry tongue. Through horn inserted 'twas of some avail To pour Lensean drenches in : that seemed The only safety for the dying [steeds]. Anon this very [act] their ruin proved, And, reinforced, with madness did they burn. And e'en themselves, now just in throes of death, (The gods vouchsafe the holy better [fates]. And to their foes that frenzy !) piecemeal rent 710 Their mangled members with their naked teeth. But lo ! while smoking 'neath the galling share, Down sinks the bull, and gore commixed with froth Spews from his mouth, and heaves his latest groans. Sad goes the ploughman, loosing from the yoke The bullock mourning at a brother's death, And in the middle of his toil deep-firmed He leaves the ploughs. No shades of stately groves. No velvet meads, are able to arouse His soul ; not stream, which, tumbled o'er the rocks, 720 More crystalline than amber seeks the plain; But flaggy have become his deepest flanks. And dulness whelms his listless eyes, and droops To earth with downward load his neck. What boot His travail or his deeds of kindness ? What With share to have upturned the heavy lands ? And yet to them not Bacchus' Massic gifts, Nor banquets in removes have proved of harm. On leaves and diet of the simple grass They feed ; their draughts are crystal springs, and rills 730 Chafed in their flow ; nor doth unrest break off 720. "The bubbling spring which trips upon the stones.'* Drayton, Rosavioiid to Henry. 731. The idea in exercita ciirsu is beautifully handled by Addison in his Cato, end of ist Act : " So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains Of rushing torrents and descending rains, Works itself clear, and as it runs, refines ; Till, by degrees, the floating mirror shines. Reflects each flower that on the border grows, And a new heaven in its fair bosom shows." Dryden applies it figuratively, to illustrate the purification of the heart : " And that so little, that the river ran More clear than the corrupted fount began. Nothing remain'd of the first muddy clay ; The length of course had wash'd it in its way ; So deep, and yet so clear, we might behold The gravel bottom, and that gravel gold." Elegy on the Death of a very young Gentleman. Poctda snnt fo7ites liquidi ; so Milton makes the chorus say of Samson : " Whose drink was only from the liquid brook." Sir R. Blackmore says the same of the shepherd ; Creation, b. iv. : " Behold the shepherd, see th' industrious swain. Who ploughs the field, or reaps the ripen'd grain. How mean, and yet how tasteful is their fare ! How sweet their sleep ! their souls how free from care! They drink the streaming crystal, and escape Th' inflaming juices of the purple grape." Shakespeare represents Brutus saying to his servant : " Boy ! Lucius ! Fast asleep? It is no matter ; Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber : Thou hast no figures, nor no fantasies. Which busy care draws in the brains of men : Therefore thou sleep'st so sound." Jnlitis Cccsar, ii. i. And more at large in 2 Henry IV., iii. i, where the King says : " How many thousands of my poorest subjects Are at this hour asleep ! — Sleep, gentle sleep ! Nature's soft nurse ! how have I frighted thee. That thou no more wilt weigh my eye-lids down, And steep my senses in forgetfulness ? Why rather, sleep, liest thou in smoky cribs, Upon uneasy pallets stretching thee, ▼. 5S0— 537. BOOK III. ▼. 537—562. Their healthful slumbers. At no other time They tell that in those districts kine were sought For Juno's holy rites, and by wild beeves, Ill-fellowed, to her stately treasure-domes The chariots were conveyed. Yox this it is With much ado with hoes they chink the earth. And with their very nails dig in the corn, And thro' the lofty mounts with strainM neck The creaking waggons drag. No wolf seeks out 740 And hush'd with buzzing night-flies to thy slumber; Than in the pcrfum'd chambers of the great. Under the canopies of costly state, And luU'd with sounds of sweetest melody ? O thou dull god, why liest thou with the vile In loathsome beds ; and leav'st the kingly couch, A watch-case, or a common 'larum-bell if Wilt thou upon the high and giddy mast Seal up the ship-boy's eyes, and rock his brains In cradle of the rude imperious surge. And in the visitation of the winds. Who take the ruffian billows by the top. Curling their monstrous heads, and hanging them Witli deafning clamours in the slippery clouds. That, with the hurly, death itself awakes — Can'st thou, O partial sleep ! give thy repose To the wet sea-boy in an hour so rude ; And, in the calmest and most stillest night, With all appliances and means to boot, Deny it to a king ? Then, happy low, lie down ! Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown." Yet he does sleep ; and as the Prince watches by him, the latter exclaims : " Why doth the crown lie there upon his pillow. Being so troublesome a bedfellow ? O polished perturbation ! golden care ! That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide To many a watchful night ! — sleep with it now ! Yet not so sound, and half so deeply sweet. As he, whose brow, with homely biggin bound. Snores out the watch of night." Act iv. 4. Sir Richard Blackmore, too ; Creation, b. iv. : " Familiar horrors haunt the monarch's head. And thoughts, ill-boding, from the downy bed Chase gentle sleep ; black cares the soul infest, And broider'd stars adorn a troubled breast," " Morpheus ! the humble god that dwells In cottages and smoky cells. Hates gilded roofs and beds of down. And, though he fears no prince's frown, Flies from the circle of a crown." Sir John Denham, Song. Young's lines are well known : " Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy Sleep ! He like the world, his ready visit pays Where Fortune smiles ; the wretched he for- ^kes; Swift on his downy pinion flies from woe, And lights on lids unsullied with a tear." ^ The Complaint, Night i. 1-5. " No frowning care yon bless'd apartment sees, There sleep retires, and finds a couch of ease. Kind dreams, that fly remorse, and pamper'd wealth. There shed the smiles of innocence and health." Savage, Wanderer, c. i. 67 i A place of ambushment around the folds, I Nor does he prowl al)out the herds by night : j A fiercer pang sulxlues him. Craven deer And flying harts now both among the hounds. And round the homesteads wander. Now ! the brood I Of the illimitable sea, and all the tribe I Of swimming [creatures] on the farthest j strand, Like shipwrecked corses, washes up the wave ; Against their wont to rivers fly the seals ; And dies, within his winding-shroud en- sconced 750 In vain, the adder, and with scales erect The thunder-stricken hydri. E'en to birds Unrighteous is the air, and, headlong fallen, Beneath the lofty cloud their life they leave. Moreo'er, nor now avails it that their food Is changed, and sought prescriptions harm : the chiefs Have yielded, — Chiron son of Phillyra, Melampus, too, of Amythaon sprung. Storms wan Tisiphone, and, into light Let loose from Stygian murk, before her drives 760 Diseases and Affright ; and, day by day Uprising higher, she her rav'nous head Advances. With the bleating of the flocks. And frequent bellowings, streams, and withered banks. And sloping hills, resound. And now by troops She havoc deals, and in the very stalls Piles corses, melted with the loathsome bane ; Till in the earth to hide them, and in pits To hearse, they learn. For neither in the hides Was service, nor the flesh can any [swain] Or cleanse in waters, or with flame o'er- come. 771 Nor e'en to shear the fleeces, cankered through With pestilence and foulness, nor to touch 75^. J. Philips uses similar expressions in de- scribmg the death of birds from a different cause : " Sulphureous death Checks their mid flight, and heedless while they strain Their tuneful throats, the towering heavy lead O'ertakes their speed : they leave their httle lives Above the clouds, precipitant to earth." OdtTf b. ii. 771. "With flame o'ercome," /. e., cook them. For, upon the whole, the view presented in the version .seems to be the most consistent. They burned the carcases entire ; as there was no worth in their hides, their flesh, or their fleece. K ; 68 V. 562—565. THE GEORGICS. V. 565—566. The mould'ring woof, have they the pow'r. '■ Thereafter long, when, as he pauses still, Nay e'en I His tainted joints the sacred fire would eat. If any had the loathsome garbs essayed, Inflammatory blains and filthy sweat _ | ^^g. « As he pauses ;" i. e., to throw off the in- His letid limbs pursued ; nor was the time : fected dress. BOOK IV. Next the ethereal honey's heav'nly boons Will I pursue : this portion, too, do thou Regard, Maecenas. Shows of pigmy things, That claim thy wonder, — both the high- souled chiefs. And habits, and pursuits, and clans, and wars, Of a whole nation will I duly sing. Upon a petty [theme] the travail, yet Not petty the renown, if adverse gods Permit one, and invoked Apollo hears. In the first place, a resting-spot and post Must for thy bees be sought, whereto may lie II Nor inlet for the winds, (for winds prevent Their bringing home their forage,) nor may sheep And butting kidlings trample on the flowers, Nor heifer, as she wanders thro' the plain, Shake down the dew, and bruise the spring- ing blades. And, speckled o'er their scale-encrusted backs. Be lizards far aloof from thy rich cotes. And Meropes, and other birds, and Procne, Upon her bosom scored with hands of blood. 20 Line 1. " But when He does describe the commonwealth of bees, Their industry, and knowledge of the herbs From which they gather honey, with their care To place it with decorum in the hive, Their government among themselves, their order In going forth and coming loaden home, Their obedience to their king, and his rewards To such as labour, with his punishments, Only inflicted on the slothful drone ; — I'm ravished with it." J. Fletcher, The Elder Brother, 1. 2. 3. Or, perhaps : " The drama of a pigmy commonwealth." 7. Verses 6 and 7 are imitated by Pope in the opening of his inimitable mock heroic, the RaJ>e of the Lock : " What dire offence from amorous causes springs, What mighty contests rise from trivial things, I sing. — This verse to Caryl, Muse ! is due : This, even Belinda, may vouchsafe to view : , Slight is the subject, but not so the praise, Jf she inspire, and he approve my lays." For all they widely waste, and e'en [the bees], While flying, in their mouth they bear away, Delicious diet for their ruthless nests. But crystal springs, and plashes green with moss, Be nigh at hand, and, scamp'ring thro' the grass, A shallow rivulet ; and let the palm, ( h- oleaster huge, the outer court O'ershade, that, when the new [ly-issued] kings Shall lead the earliest swarms in spring their own. And, sallied from the combs, the youth disport, 30 A neighb'ring bank may woo them to give way Before the heat, and in their path a tree Harbor them 'neath its hostelries of leaf. Into the middle, whether still shall stand The water, or it shall career along. Fling willows slant and bulky stones, that they On frequent bridges may have pow'r to light. And spread their pinions to the summer sun. If haply headlong Eurus shall have sprent The loiterers, or plunged them in the flood. Round these let em'rald casias, and wild thymes, 41 Their perfume shedding far and near, and store Of savory, [its scent] strong breathing, bloom. And beds of violet drink the wat'ring spring. , But let the hives themselves, should they for thee Or of the hollow bark be stitched, or plight Of limber twig, have narrow avenues ; For winter candies honey with its cold, 22. So Thomson, Spring, 675 : " Away they fly. Affectionate, and undesiring bear The most delicious morsel to their young." 33. More literally : " leafy hostelries." V. 36—58. BOOK IV. V. 58—67. 69 Andheatdissolves the same, to fluid turned : Each force for bees alike is to be feared. 50 Nor in their homes in vain with rivalry The narrow vents with wax do they be- smear, And close the rims with fucus and with flowers, And, gathered for these very services, A cement keep, more glutinous than e'en The birdlime and the Phrygian Ida's pitch. Yea oftentimes in excavated shrouds, (If true is rumor,) underneath the earth Their household have they hugged, and deep Been found both in the vaulted pumice- rocks, 60 And grot of [some] heart-eaten tree. Do thou. However, both with glossy mud anoint Their chinky chambers, warming them around. And throw across them thin [supplies of] leaves. Nor overnear their homes the yew allow. Nor bum thy coral crabs upon the hearth, Nor place reliance on the fen profound. Or where the smell of mire is rank, or where The vaulted rocks with verberation ring. And echo of the voice impinged rebounds. For what remains, what time the golden Sun 71 Hath chased the routed winter from the lands. And heav'n uncurtained with his summer- light, They straight the lawns and forests range; and reap Gay flow'rs, and sip the surface of the brooks. Light [-poised]. Hence, with what charm I know not blithe. Their offspring and their nests they cherish; hence With skill fresh wax elaborate, and mould Their gluey honeys. Hence when now dis- charged 53. "Fucus;" I.e., "propolis." 79. Milton has a very beautiful simile of bees issumg from the hive on a fine day ; P. L., b. i. : " As bees In spring-time, when the Sun with Taurus rides. Pour forth their populous youth about the hive In clusters : they among fresh dews and flowers Fly to and fro, or on the smoothed plank, The suburb of their straw-built citadel, New rubb'd with balm, expatiate and confer Their state affairs." Thomson is also highly successful ; S/rin^-, 508 : From out their caverns to the start of heaven, 80 A swarm above thee thou shalt have espied, Floating throughout the crystal summer* air, And shalt in wonderment a darkling cloud See warping on the wind, — obser\'e them close ; Sweet streams and leafy bow'rs they ever seek. Hither do thou the scents commanded strew, Bruised balm, and honeywort's unnoble herb ; And tingling sounds awake, and rattle round The cymbals of the Mother. Of themselves They on the seats bedrugged will settle down ; 90 They of themselves within their inmost cots Will bury them, in fashion [all] their own. But if they shall have issued to the fight. " Here their delicious task the fervent bees. In swarming millions, tend : around, athwart. Through the soft air, the busy nations fly, Cling to the bud, and, with inserted tube. Suck its pure essence, its ethereal soul ; And oft, with bolder wing, they soaring dare The purple heath, or where the wild thyme grows. And yellow load them with the luscious spoil." " Yet hark, how through the peopled air The busy murmur glows ! The insect youth are on the wing. Eager to taste the honied spring. And float amid the liquid noon : Some lightly o'er the current skim. Some show their gayly-gilded trim. Quick-glancing to the sun." Gray, Ode to Spring, " Thick as the bees, that with the spring renew Their flowery toils, and sip the fragrant dew. When the wmg'd colonies first tempt the sky. O'er dusky fields and shaded waters fly, Or, settling, seize the sweets the blossoms yield, And a low murmur runs along the field." Pope, TtHtpU of Fame. This and other passages in Virgil call to mind Pope's beautiful description of the Sylphs in the Rape of the Lock, c. ii. : " Some to the sun their insect wings unfold. Waft on the breeze, or sink in clouds of gold ; Transparent forms, too fine for mortal sight, Their fluid bodies half dissolved in light. Loose to the wind their airy garments flew, Thin glittering textures of the filmy dew. Dipt in the richest tincture of the skies. Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes ; While every beam new transient colours flings, ^ Colours that change whene'er they wave lhe:r wings." 92. " So swarming bees that, on a summer's day In airy rings and wild meanders play, Charm'd with the brazen sound, their wanderings end, ,j And, gently circling, on a bough descend.' Dr. Young, The Last Day, b. n. 03. Among the different modes of puncttiating this fine, but irregularly constructed, passage, V. 67-85. THE GEORGICS. V. 85 — Hi. (For many a time on monarchs twain a feud Hath stalked with mighty hubbub, and forthwith The spirits of the commons and their hearts Throbbing for war, we may afar foreknow ; For those that loiter does the warlike bray Of grating bronze upbraid, and there is heard A sound, that apes the trumpet's broken blasts :) * 100 Then in commotion they together flock, And sparkle with their pinions, and their stings Point sharp upon their beaks, and fit their thews, And round the king, and at the very tent Of their commander, muster they in crowds. And challenge with their lusty cries the foe. So, when they have secured a cloudless spring, And open plains, they sally from the gates ; In heav'n on high 'tis battle ; booms a din ; Huddled they cluster in a mighty ball no And headlong drop : — no thicker in the air The hail, nor from the shaken holm pours down So thick [a show'r] of mast. [The kings] themselves Throughout the central ranks, with noted wings. Wield giant spirits in a puny breast ; E'en for so long determined not to yield, Until the overwhelming conqueror Or these, or those, hath forced to show their backs, none seems satisfactory, and therefore a different view of the part which is to be considered elliptical, is here taken. According to this, the embarass- ment attending que in conti'iiioque appears to be removed ; while the objection, fairly raised by Wagner against the views of Heyne and Voss, is in a great measure avoided. 115. " But, boy, fear not; I will outstretch them all: My mind's a giant, though my bulk be small." Anonymous, The first part of Jeronimo. 115. So Milton, P. L., vii., of the ant: " In a small room large heart enclosed." And Shakespeare, K. II. V., ii. Chorus: " O England ! — model to thy inward greatness, Like little body with a mighty heart." And again : "I never saw Such noble fury in so poor a thing." Cymbeline, v. 5. Milton in the same way, in Samson Agonistes : " Go, baffled coward ! lest I run upon thee, Though in these chains, bulk without spirit vast." Dryden, in speaking of the dismay of the Dutch fleet, inverts the idea : " Faint sweats all down their mighty members run ; Vast bulks which little souls but ill supply." Annus Mirabilis, 70. Reversed in flight. These tumults of their souls. And these encounters so severe, when checked 120 By tossing of a little dust, subside. But when both gen'rals from the battle thou Shalt have recalled, the one, who meaner seems, (Lest in his waste he mischief thee,) consign To death ; allow the nobler in the court. Untenanted, to reign. The one will prove With gold-encrusted spangles in a blaze. For twain the species be : this nobler [king] Both in his guise distinguished, brilliant, too. With ruddy scales ; that other, grim with sloth, 130 And trailing, base, a breadth of paunch. As twain The monarchs' figures, so the commons' frames. For some in hideousness are rough ; as when From dust aloft the thirsty traveller comes, And sputters from his droughty mouth the earth. Others shine forth, and with a glitter flash. Ablaze upon their bodies, dashed with gold And even drops. This proves the worthier breed : Therefrom in heav'n's appointed season thou Shalt squeeze thy luscious honeys ; — neither [yet] 140 So luscious, as both crystal-bright, and taste Austere of Bacchus ready to subdue. But when the swarms unsettled fly abroad, And in the welkin sport, and scorn the combs, And quit their chilly homesteads, thou shalt bar Their restless spirits from their idle play. Nor is to bar them a gigantic toil. Do thou from off the kings their pinions pluck : Not any [bee], while they delay, will dare To wend his route aloft, or from the camp To tear the standards up. Let gardens woo, 151 That breathe [a perfume] from their saffron flowers. And, sentry 'gainst the robbers and the birds, Be their protection with his willow scythe, The Hellespontiac Priapus' guard. Let him to whom such [tasks] of int'rest be, V. II a— 134* BOOK IV. 7. 134—153. 71 From lofty mountains bringing thyme and pines, Plant them himself far-wide around their homes ; Himself let chafe his hand with galling toil; Himself set fruiting saplings in the ground, And loving waters o'er them draw in rills. And truly, towards my travail's farthest bound 162 j Were I not now my canvas drawing in, And hasting on to veer my prow to land, I peradventure, too, might sing what pains Of cultivation gardens rich would deck. And doubly-blooming Paestum's beds of rose; j And how the endive-plants in runnels j quaffed ' Might take delight, and banks with parsley [ green ; ! And, writhing through the grass, the cu- cumber 170 Swell out into a paunch. Nor daffodil, I>ate-flow'ring, or the lithe acanthus' stalk. Could I have passed unsung, and ivies wan. And myrtle-shrubs enamored of the shores. For I recall to mind, that I beneath The stately towers of CEbalia, where The dark Galesus dews the golden tilths, An aged swain of Corycus had seen, To whom few acres of abandoned ground Belonged ; nor fruitful was that [soilj thro' steers, 180 Nor fit for cattle, nor for Bacchus meet. Yet even here his potherbs, thin [in row], Among the brakes and snowy lilies round. And vervains, planting, fine-grained poppy, too, The wealth of monarchs in his mind he matched ; And, late at night returning to his home, His boards he cumbered with unpurchased cates. The first was he in spring to cull the rose, 161. Or, if irriget be taken in its secondary, and inibres in its primary sense : " And sprinkle over them the loving showers." 185. " My mind's a kingdom." Ben Jonson. " For 'tis the mind that makes the body rich." Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, iv. 3. " I want not, for my mind affordeth wealth." Robert Greene, The Hermit's I'erses. " No, Lucio, he's a king, A true right king, that dares doe aught, save wrong, Feares nothing mortall but to be unjust. Who is not blowne up with the flattering puffes Of spungy sycophants, who stands unmoved, Despite the justling of opinion." " This, Lucio, is a king, And of this empire every man's possest, That's worth his soule." Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. i, iv. 4. And in the autumn fruits } and when e'en still Drear winter with its cold would brast the rocks, 190 And with its ice the race of waters rein, He tresses of the downy martagon E'en now was clipping, chiding summer late, And lagging Zephyrs. Therefore he, the same. With pregnant bees, and many a swarm, was first To overflow; and from squeezed combs to force The frothing honeys. He had limes and pine Of fullest yield ; and with as many fruits In infant blossom as the teemful tree Had robed itself, so many it retained 200 In autumn ripe. He also into rows Transplanted far-grown elms, and flinty pear, And black-thorn stocks, already bearing plums, And plane, to topers now affording shade. But these, in sooth, do I, shut out by bounds Too strict, pass over, and to other [bardsj To be recorded after me I leave. Now come, what instincts Jove himself to bees Assigned, will I unfold ; for what reward The Curets' tuneful sounds and clanking bronze 210 They, tracing, fed the monarch of the sky Beneath the grot of Dicte. They alone Have sons in common, city-mansions shared 192. See note on Geo. u. v. 368. 201. " The teeming autumn, big with rich increase. Bearing the wanton burden of the prime." Shakespeare, Sonnet 97. 213, &c. " For so work the honey bees ; Creatures that, by a rule of nature, teach The act of order to a p>eopIe's kingdom. They have a king and officers of sorts : Where some, like magistrates, correct at home ; Others, like merchants, venture trade abroad : Others, like soldiers, armed in their stings. Make boot upon the summer's velvet buds ; Which pillage they with merry march bring home To the tent royal of their emperor : Who, busied in his majesty, sur\cys The singing masons building roofs of gold : The civil citizens kneading up the honey ; The poor mechanic porters crouding in Their heavy burdens at his narrow gate ; The sad-ey'd justice, with his surly hum. Delivering o'er to executors pale The lazy yawning drone." ^ Shakespeare, A*. H. V., i. 2. The careful insect midst his works I view. Now from the flowers exhaust the fraerant dew ; With golden treasures load his little thighs. 72 V. 154 — T/O- THE GEORGICS. V. 171 — 197. In partnership, and under noble laws They pass existence, and a native land, And settled household-gods alone they know ; And mindful of the coming winter, toil In summer ply, and for the common stock .Store up their gains. For some watch o'er the food, And by fixed pact are in the fields em- ployed. 220 A part within th' inclosures of their homes Narcissus' tear, and, clammy, [tapped] from bark, A gum, the first foundations for the combs. Lay down ; then hang they up the gluey wax. Others, the nation's hope, the full-gi'own young, Lead forth ; thrice limpid honeys others pack. And with the crystal nectar puff the cells. There are, to whom hath fallen out by lot. The sentry at the gates, and in their turn They scan the waters and the clouds of heaven ; 230 Or bm-dens of the [workers] coming in Receive, or, in battalion formed, the drones, A lazy cattle, banish from the cribs : Work glows, and scented honeys smell of thyme. And as when Cyclops haste the thunder- bolts And steer his distant journey through the skies ; Some against hostile drones the hive defend, (Jthers with sweets the waxen cells distend ; Each in his toil his destin'd office bears, And in the little bulk a mighty soul appears." Gay, Rural Sports, i. 83-90. 222. This use of lacrima, v. 160, is imitated by Sir Richard Blackmore in one of his beautiful passages in Creation, b. ii. : " The fragrant trees, which grow by Indian floods. And in Arabia's aromatic woods. Owe all their spices to the summer's heat. Their gummy tears, and odoriferous sweat." 235. The same operation is described as going on in Mammon's cave, by Spenser, Faerie Queene, ii. 7, 36: " One with great bellowes gathered filling ayre. And with forst wind the fewell did inflame ; Another did the dying bronds repayre With yron tongs, and sprinckled ofte the same With liquid waves, fiers Vulcans rage to tame. Who, maystring them, renewd his former heat : Some sciimd the drosse that from the metall came ; Some stird the molten owre with ladles great :" &c. Milton similarly : "In other part stood one who, at the forge Labouring, two massy clods of iron and brass Had melted ; (whether found where casual fire Had wasted woods on mountain or in vale, Down to the veins of earth ; thence gliding hot To some cave's mouth ; or whether wash'd by stream j From ductile blocks, in bull's-hide bellows I some Admit the breezes, and discharge them back ; Some dip the screeching bronzes in the pool : With stithies planted on him /Etna groans. They 'tween them with colossal force their arms 240 Upheave to measure, and with griping tongs The iron turn and turn. Not otherwise, (If we may tiny things compare with vast,) An inbred passion of possessing spurs Cecropian bees — in his own office each. The towns are to the old a charge, and combs To wall, and fashion their Daedalian roofs. But, jaded, late at night betake them home The younger, loaded on their legs with thyme ; And on the arbute-berries all around 250 They feed, and blue-grey willows, casia too, And blushing crocus, and the gummy lime, And rust-hued martagons. With all is one The rest from work, with all is one the toil. At morning from the gates they sally forth ;— Not anywhere delay : — again, when Eve These same, from feed [recalled], at length hath warned Forth from the champaign to withdraw, their homes Then seek they, then their bodies they refresh ; A hum arises, and they buzz around 260 Their borders and their thresholds. Then, when now Within their couching-chambers they them- selves Have ordered, all is stillness for the night. And their own slumber holds their wearied limbs. Nor sooth, — rain overhanging, — from the hives Retire they over far, or trust the sky When eastern gales are drawing on, but round They safely water 'neath the city walls, And rambles short essay, and pebbles oft, As skiffs unsteady in the tossing wave. Their ballast raise : therewith themselves they poise 271 Thro' unsubstantial clouds. Thou'lt marvel chief From underground ;) the liquid ore he drain'd Into fit moulds prepared ; from which he form'd First his own tools ; then, what might else be wrought Fusil or graven in metal." P. L., xi. V, 197—82 3. BOOK IV, V. 223—243. 7J That this observance should have pleased the bees — That neither do they riot in embrace, Nor slothfully on Venus waste their frames, Or bear their young with throes ; but by themselves They cull their children in their mouth from leaves, And honied herlaage ; by themselves their king And tiny Quirites they supply, and mould Anew their palaces and waxy realms. 280 Oft, too, in roving thro' the flinty rocks Their pinions they have chafed — yea, e'en their life Beneath their load resigned j — so great the love Of flow'rs, and pride of gend'ring honey. Hence Though these a span of narrow life befall, (For no more than a seventh summer-tide Is lengthened,) yet imperishable lasts The lineage, and stands firm through many a year The fortune of the house, and ancestors Of ancestors are counted. Further, too, Not thus their king do Egypt, and great Lydia, 291 And tribes of Parthians, and the Median [flood], Hydaspes, venerate. The king un- harmed — There dwells one spirit in them all ; when lost— They've broken fealty, and the honeys heaped Themselves have plundered, and to atoms rent The fretwork of the combs. The guard of toils Is he ; at him in wonder do they gaze, And all, with humming full, around him stand. And throng him close, and ofttimes lift him up 300 Upon their shoulders, and their frames to war Expose, and seek through wounds a splendid death. Some, from these marks, and following out These instances, have said that in the bees There dwells a portion of the heav'nly mind. And draughts ethereal. For that deity Pervades alike all lands, and tracts of sea. And sky sublime ; that hence the flocks, the herds, 283. Or: " and freely life." Mankind, of savage creatures every tribe — Each [being] for itself at birth derives 310 A subtile life. Moreover, to this source All [living things] thereafter are reduced, And at their dissolution are restored ; That neither is there room for death, but quick They wing their journey to the rank of star, And mount them to the firmament on high. If ever thou their narrow home, and, stored In treasure-cells, their honeys would'st un- seal, First, sprinkled with a draught of waters, rinse Thy mouth, and in thy hand before thee stretch 320 The piercing smoke. Their heavy produce twice They gather ; twain the harvest-times ; as soon As hath Taygete, the Pleiad maid. Her comely visage to the lands revealed. And with her foot hath spumed the Ocean- tides, Disdained ; or when the self-same, as she flies The constellation of the wat'ry Fish, More melancholy from the sky sinks down Within the winter-waves. In them dwells wrath Past bound, and when annoyed their bane they breathe 330 Into their stingings, and their viewless bolts They leave behind them, to the arteries Firm fixed, and in the wound their lives lay down. But if, in dread of rig'rous winter-tide, Thou'lt both be sparing for the time to come. And look with mercy on their shattered souls. And broken fortunes ; — yet to fumigate With thyme, and cut away the empty wax, Who would demur? For often, unre- marked. The lizard hath begnawed the combs, and cells, 340 316. The German critic quoted by Jahn observes, that the latter clause of verse 227 of the text comes in languidly after the former ; to which Voss replies, that it is only an amplification of the preceding idea. But surely this is a weak answer ; for it is at least as easy for an amplificaiion to be languid as not. According to the view of some translators, the passage would be rendered thus : " And take their station in the height of heaven :" which would give a stronger sense : but it w by no means certain that succedere will bear the inter- pretation thus put upon it. 340. That is : beetles by cellfuls. 74 V. 243 —265. THE GEORGICS. V. 266 — 293. Uppiled with beetles, runaways from light, And, at another's viands sitting down, The [task-] exempted drone ; or hornet fierce Hath mixed among them with unbalanced arms ; Or moths — cursed crew ; or, of Minerva loathed. The spider in the door-way hath hung up Her flowing toils. The more have they been drained. So the more keenly all will strain to mend A fallen people's wreck, and full will brim The combs, and weave their magazines from flowers. 350 But if, (since our mischances, too, on bees Hath life entailed,) their bodies shall be faint With dismal sickness, which at once shalt thou Be able by no doubtful marks to learn : — Straight in the ailing is a diff'rent hue ; A grisly meagreiiess the visage mars ; Then from the dwellings carry they abroad The carcases of those that lack the light. And lead their doleful obsequies ; or they With legs entangled at the threshold hang. Or lag indoors within their cloistered homes, 361 All both with hunger spiritless, and dull With rivelled chillness : then a deeper tone Is heard, and drawlingly they hum : as cold At times on forests Auster growls ; as booms Chafed ocean with recoiling waves ; as storms In prisoned furnaces the rav'ning fire : — Here will I counsel thee at once to burn Galbanean scents, and honeys introduce In water-pipes of reed, yea, cheering on, 345. See Spenser's beautiful description of Aragnoll's spinning his web to catch Clarion, in Miiiopotfnos, 357 : " And weaving straight a net with manie a fold About the cave, in which he lurking dwelt, With fine small cords about it stretched wide, So finely sponne, that scarce they could be spide :" &c. The process of capture is gracefully described by Dryden : " So the false spider, when her nets are spread, Deep ambush'd in her silent den does lie ; And feels far off the trembling of her thread, Whose filmy cord should bind the struggling fly- Then if at last she find him fast beset, She issues forth, and runs along her loom : She joys to touch the captive in her net, And drag the little wretch in triumph home." An7i. Mir., 180, i. And wooing them [in their] exhausted [state] 371 To their familiar food. And 'twill bestead To blend bruised taste of gall, and roses dried. Or sodden must enriched thro' plenteous fire, Or [sun-] dried clusters from the Psithian vine, And thyme of Attica, and centaur-plants, Rank smelling. In the meads, too, is a flower. For which the name Amellus swains have coined ; — To those who seek an easy plant [to find] : For lifts it from a single matted sod 380 A giant bush ; [of] golden [hue] itself. But in the petals, which, full many a one. Are shed around, faint twinkles purple tint Of dusky violet. Oft with platted wreaths Thereof the altars of the gods are trimmed ; Harsh in the mouth its flavor ; this in dells That have been pastured, do the shepherds cull. And fast by Mella's serpentizing streams. Stew roots of this in spicy wine, and serve In baskets full the viands at their gates. But if upon a sudden all his stock 391 Shall any [swain] have failed, nor, whence a race Of new [-ly fostered] breed may be recalled, Shall he possess [the means], it e'en is time Th' Arcadian master's memorable plans To ope, and how ere this from slaughtered steers The tainted gore hath often yielded bees. High tracing it from its primeval source, The legend all will I unfold. For where The Pella-named Canopus' blessed race Inhabits near the Nile, that stagnant lies Through overflowing flood, and round their fields 402 Are carried in their painted skiffs ; and where The quivered Persis' frontier presses close ; And into seven separated mouths Asunder runs, while flushing on, the stream, E'en from the colored Indians borne adown, And blooming Egypt, with its sable slime 400. " What wonder, in the sultry climes, that spread Where Nile redundant o'er his summer bed From his broad bosom life and verdure flings, And broods o'er Egypt with his wat'ry wings, If with advent'rous oar and ready sail The dusky people drive before the gale ; Or on frail floats to neighb'ring cities ride, That rise and glitter o'er the ambient tide." Gray, Alliance of Education and Govermneni. 401. It is by no means certain that stagnantem is not active. V. 293 — Ji6. BOOK IV, ^. 317— 3 3«. n It fertilises : — all that country grounds Infallible deliv'rance on this craft. 410 In the first place, a scanty spot is chosen, And for these very services confined. This, both with tiling of a narrow roof, And with contracted walls, do they inclose, And add four loopholes, with the light aslant From the four winds. A calf then, arching now His horns upon a brow of two years' age, is sought. In him the nostrils twain, and breath of mouth, While many a struggle he opposes, tight Are blocked, and, slain by blows, his bat- tered flesh 420 Through the unbroken hide is crushed to pulp. Thus laid, they leave him in his cloistered hold, And 'neath his ribs lay scraps of branches, thyme. And fresh [-culled] casias. This is carried on When Zephyrs first are chasing on the waves, Before with earliest hues the meadows flush, Before the prating swallow hangs her nest Beneath the beams. Meanwhile acquiring heat. Within the softened bones the juice fer- ments. And, in surprising fashions to be seen, 430 Live creatures, destitute of feet at first. And soon with pinions whizzing, swarm around. And traverse more and more the subtile air : Till, like a rainy-torrent, gushing forth From clouds of summer, they have burst away ; Or like the arrows from the driving chord, If e'er light Parths commence the op'ning fights. What deity, O Muses, what— struck out This craft for our behoof? Whence took its rise This new experience [on the part] of men ? The shepherd Aristaeus, taking flight From Peneus' Tempe, when his bees were lost 442 (As [goes] the legend,) by disease alike And hunger, melancholy took his stand Hard by the holy [well-] head of the stream, At its far bound, outpouring many a plaint ; And in this strain his parent he addressed : *' Mother, Cyrene mother, who dost haunt The lowest [regions] of this bubbling fount, Why me from the all-glorious line of gods, (If only, whom thou sayest, is my sire — Thymbra's Apollo,) loathed of fates, hast borne ? 452 Or whither banished is thy love of us ? Why would'st thou bid me hope for heav'n ? Lo ! e'en This very credit of my mortal life. Which scarce the skilful ward of fruits and flocks Had wrought me out, essaying every [art], With thee for mother, do 1 quit. Nay come. And with thy hand thyself my fruiting groves Uproot ; bring hostile fire upon my stalls, And kill my harvests ; burn my seeded crops, 461 And wield the lusty axe against my vines, If such sore weariness of my renown Hath seized thee." Now his mother heard the cry Beneath the chamber of the deepsome flood. Around her their Milesian wools her Nymphs Were carding, with full hue of glassy-green Ingrained :— e'en Drymo, Xantho, too, alike Ligoea, and Phyllodoce — their locks Out-streamed in lustre o'er their snowy necks ; 470 Nessee, Spio too, Thalia too, 427. Hirundo is a general name for several kinds of swallows. Perhaps Virgil alludes to the martin, as Shakespeare does in the following passage from Macbeth, 1. 6 : " This guest of summer, The temple-haunting martlet, does approve, By his lov'd mansionry, that the heaven's breath Smells wooingly here : no jutty, frieze, buttress. Nor coigne of vantage, but this bird hath made His pendent bed, and procreant cradle." 459. What Aristaeus, with something of petulance, hypothetically called upon his mother to do. Sir Guyon absolutely effected for the " Bower of Bliss;" Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 83: *' But all those pleasaunt bowres, and pallace brave, Guyon broke downe with rigour pitilesse ; Ne ought their goodly workmanship might save Them from the tempest of his wrathfuinesse. But that their blisse he tum'd to balefulncssc ; Their groves he feld ; their gardins did deface ; Their arbers spoyle ; their cabinets suppresse ; Their banket-houses burne : their buildmgs race ; And, of the fayrest late, now made the fowlcst place." " O boundlcsse woe. If there be any black yet unknown griefe. If there be any horror yet unfelt, Unthought-of mischief in thy fiend-lQce power. Dash it upon my miserable head : Make me more wretch, more cursed if thou canit." Marston, Antonio and Mtllida, P. 2, i. 5. 76 V. 338—364. THE GEORGICS. V. 364—388. Cymodoce as well, Cydippe too, And auburn [-tressed] Lycorias— one a maid, The other having then Lucine's first pangs Experienced ; Clio too, and Beroe Her sister, daughters of the Ocean both. With gold both girdled, both with dappled skins ; And Ephyre, and Opis, and the Asian [maid] Deiope, and nimble Arethuse, Her arrows laid aside at last. 'Mong whom 480 Was Clymene relating th' idle pains Of Vulcan, and th' intrigues and blissful thefts Of Mars, and down from Chaos reck'ning o'er The crowded loves of gods. By which her song Enchanted, while around their spindles they Their downy tasks spin off, his mother's ears Once more the wail of Aristseus struck. And on their crystal thrones were all amazed. But ere the other sisters Arethuse, Forth-gazing, lifted up her auburn head Above the billow-crest ; and from afar : *' O scared not idly by so deep a groan, Cyrene sister, he himself for thee, 493 Thy chief affection, Aristseus sad By father Peneus' billow stands in tears, And calls thee heartless by thy name." To her His mother, shocked in soul with strange alarm. Cries, " Lead, haste, lead him to us ; 'tis allowed For him to touch the thresholds of the gods. " At once does she enjoin the deepsome floods 500 Far-wide to part asunder, where the youth Might introduce his steps. But him around. In mountain-fashion arched, the billow stood. And welcomed him within its bosom vast. And sent him on beneath the stream. And now. In wonder gazing on his mother's court. And wat'ry realms, and lakes in caves en- jailed, 482. Goldsmith speaks of a more moral descrip- tion oi furta in the Deserted Village : " The breezy covert of the warbling grove, That only sheltered thefts of harmless love." 507. " Come now, ye Naiads, to the fountains lead ; Now let me wander through your gelid reign. And rumbling groves, he went his way, and stunned At the vast coil of waters, all the floods. Careering 'neath the mighty earth, he viewed, 510 Dispread in various regions, — Phasis e'en, And Lycus, and the [fountain-] head, wherefrom The deep Enipeus disembogues him first ; Whence father Tiber, and whence Anio's tides. And, rife in rock, the booming Hypanis ; Caicus, too, of Mysia, and, engilt Upon his double horns on bull-like face, Eridanus ; than which no other stream Along the teeming tilths, with fiercer force On flushes to the purple main. As soon As he arrived within the chamber's roof. With pumice hanging, and Cyrene learnt Her offspring's causeless weepings, for his hands 523 The sisters duly crystal springs present. And bring him towels with a shaven nap. Some load the boards with cates, and serve and serve The brimming goblets ; with Panchsean fires Blaze up the altars : and his mother cries : *' Do thou take beakers of Mseonian wine ; To Ocean pour we." She herself at once Entreats both Ocean, sire of [all] things, and the Nymphs, 531 The sister-train — the hundred who the woods. The hundred who the rivers, haunt. Three times With crystal nectar Vesta in a glow She sprent ; three times the blaze, shot up aloft To the dome-crest, flashed back : with which presage Pier spirit bracing, thus herself begins : "In the Carpathian gulf • of Neptune dwells A seer, the azure Proteus, he who spans I burn to view th' enthusiastic wilds By mortal else untrod. I hear the din Of waters thundering o'er the ruin'd cliffs. With holy reverence I approach the rocks, Whence glide the streams renown'd in ancient song. Here from the desert down the rumbling steep First springs the Nile ; here bursts the sounding Po In angry waves ; Euphrates hence devolves A mighty flood to water half the east ; And there, in gothic solitude reclin'd, The cheerless Tanais pours his hoary urn." Armstrong, Health, b. ii. 539. " Proteus is shepheard of the seas of yore, And hath the charge of Neptune's mighty heard ; An aged sire with head all frowy hore, And sprinckled frost upon his deawy beard : T. 388 — 406. BOOK IK t: 406—437. 77 The vasty ocean with his fish, and car With double-footed coursers yoked. He now 54^ Emathia's havens and his native land, Pallene, is revisiting. To him Both we the Nymphs look up with awe, and e'en The aged Nercus : for the prophet knows All things which are, which were, which yet to come Are trailing on ; since so to Neptune good it seemed, Whose monster-cattle and unsightly seals, He pastures underneath the wat'ry-whirl. By thee must he, my son, in fetters first Be caught, that all the source of the disease He may discover, and the issues bless. 552 For without force no counsels will he grant, Nor him by praying may'st thou bend ; brute force And manacles, when captured, on him strain : Round these at last will unavailing wiles Be shattered. I myself will thee, what time Shall Sol have kindled up meridian heats, What time the herbage is athirst, and now More welcome to the cattle is the shade, Lead to the aged [seer's] sequestered haunts, $61 Where, wearied, he betakes him from the waves ; That readily, in slumber as he lies. Thou may'st assail him. But when with thy hands And fetters thou shalt hold him tightly grasped. Then divers shapes, and forms of savage beasts, Who, when those pittiful outcries he heard Through all the seas so ruefully resownd. His charett swift in hast he thether steard. Which with a teeme of scaly Phocas bownd Was drawne upon the waves, that fomed him arownd." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 8, 30. 566. So Spenser says of Archimago ; F.Q., i. 2, 10 : " He then devisde himself how to disguise ; For by his mighty science he could take As many formes and shapes in seeming wise, As ever Proteus to himselfe could make : Sometime a fowle, sometime a fish in lake, Now like a foxe, now like a dragon fell ; That of himselfe he ofte for feare would quake. And oft would flie away." The attentive reader will no doubt remark the graphic turn with which this imitation concludes. ^ 1 he passage also calls to mind the lines in Milton's Comus : " Boldly assault the necromancer's hall ; Where if he be, with dauntless hardihood. And brandish'd blade rush on him ; break his glass, Will baffle thee. For in a trice will he Become a bristly boar, and tigress swart, And scale-clad dragon, and a lioness With tawny neck ; or piercing roar of flame Will he discharge, and thus from out his bonds 571 Will drop, or, melted into waters thin, Escape away. But how the more shall he Transmute him into every guise, so much, My son, the more do thou the griping chains Strain tight, till such shall he become, with frame Transformed, as thou beheldest him, when he With sleep commenced was muffling up his eyes." These speaks she, and ambrosia's flowing scent Distils around, wherewith she overspread Her son's whole body, and o'er him there breathed 58 1 From tresses trimly laid a musky air, And o'er his limbs a lively vigor came. There is a vasty cavern in the side Of a heart-eaten mountain, whereinto Full many a billow by the blast is forced, And into curves receding splits itself ; At times for [storm-] caught seamen anchor- age Right safe : within doth Proteus screen himself By the obstruction of a monster rock, 590 In ambush here the Nymph the stripling posts Turned from the light away ; takes she herself Her station at a distance, gloomed in mists. Now rav'ning Sirius, scorching thirsty Inds, Was blazing, and in heav'n had fiery Sol Accomplished his meridian round ; the herbs And shed the luscious HqUor on the ground. But seize liis wand : though he and his cursed crew Fierce sign of battle make, and menace high. Or like the sons of Vulcan vomit smoke. Yet will they soon retire, if he but shrink." 584. " His bowre is in the bottom of the maine. Under a mightie rocke, gainst which doe rave The roring billowes in their proud disdainc. That with the angry working of the wave Therein is eaten out a hollow cave, That seemes rough masons hand with engines keenc Had long while laboured it to engrave : There was his wonne." Faerie Queene, iii. 8, 37. 587. Or : " Splits itself upon sequestered coves ;'* but this rendering is hardly consistent with /w/m- , sima. Sec Hcync on yEn. i. x6x. 78 V. 42 7—447. THE GEORGICS. V". 448—467. Were with'ring, and in droughty channels ! warmed, ' His beams were seething hollow streams to slime ; I When Proteus, seeking his accustomed : caves, \ Was coming from the billows. Him around 600 \ The wat'ry nation of the mighty deep | Disporting, scattered wide the bitter spray, j For slumber stretch themselves the seals, ! apart I Upon the strand ; himself (as doth at j times I The guardian of a fold upon the mounts, | When evening from their grazing to the j sheds Brings home the calves, and by their bleatings heard The lambkins whet the wolves), sits central down Upon a cliff, and reckons o'er their tale. O'er whom since now the vantage offered is To Aristaeus, having scarce allowed 6ii The senior to lay down his jaded limbs. With lusty shout he rushes on, and him Surprises with the handcuffs as he lies. He, not unmindful, on the other hand. Of his own craft, transfigureth himself Into all marvels of [created] things — Both fire, and fearful beast, and flowing flood. But when no guile discovers an escape. Into himself, defeated, he returns, 620 And with the mouth of man at last he spake : ' ' Pray who, thou most presumptuous of youths, Bade thee our habitations to approach ? Or what," he cries, " hence seekest thou?" But he : " Thou knowest, Proteus, knowest of thy- self, Nor is one able thee to dupe in aught ; 601. '* But is not yonder Proteus' cave. Below that steep. Which rising billows brave ? It is : and in it lies the god asleep ; And, snorting by, We may descry The Monsters of the deep." Dryden, Albion and Albatiiiis, iii. 617. "To dreadful! shapes he did himselfe trans- forme : Now like a gyaunt ; now like to a feend ; Then like a centaure ; then like to a storme. Raging within the waves." F. Q., iii. 8, 42. " Sudden the god a lion stands ; He shakes his mane, he spurns the sands ; Now a fierce lynx with fiery glare, A wolf, an ass, a fox, a bear." Gay, F., i. 33. But cease thy wishing [to make dupes of us]. The gods' injunctions following have we come, In fallen circumstances hence to seek Oracular replies." So much he spake. To these the seer at length with effort vast His eyeballs, flashing with a blue-green glare, 632 Rolled on him, and deep gnashing [with his teeth], He thus with destinies his lips unlocked : " 'Tis not the wrath of less than is divine That vexeth thee : thou expiatest grievous crimes. For thee doth Orpheus, in a piteous case In nowise owing to his own desert. These punishments, save fates withstand, awake. And fiercely rages for his ravished bride. She sooth, while headlong she was flying thee 641 Along the streams — a maiden doomed to die — A monstrous water-snake before her feet, Haunting the m argents in the lofty grass, Perceived not. But the Dryads' sister-choir The highest regions of the mountains filled With shrieking ; wept the Rhodopean towers, Pangaean heights alike, and Rhesus' land Mavortian, and the Getse, Hebrus too. And Attic Orithyia. He himself 650 Soothing on hollow shell his heart-sick love. Thee, darling spouse, thee on the lonely shore All by himself, thee at the dawning day, Thee as it sank adown, was wont to chant. Yea, jaws of Tsen'rus, gates of Dis profound, 635. See note on Geo. i. 115. 655. Pope's splendid allusion to this legend is well known ; but it must be quoted : " But when, through all the infernal bounds Which flaming Phlegethon surrounds. Love, strong as death, the poet led To the pale nations of the dead, What sounds were heard, What scenes appear'd. O'er all the dreary coasts ! Dreadful gleams. Horrid screams. Fires that glow. Shrieks of woe. Sullen moans. Hollow groans, And cries of tortured ghosts ! But hark ! he strikes the golden lyre ; And see ! the tortured ghosts respire. See, shady forms advance ! Thy stone, O Sisyphus, stands still, Ixion rests upon his wheel, And the pale spectres dance ; V. 468 — 4R3» BOOK IV. V. 483— 50a. 79 And, glooming with a murky dread, the grove He entered, and the Manes he approached, And their terrific monarch, and the hearts Unknowing how to melt at mortal prayers. But by his strain aroused from lowest seats Of Erebus, advanced the subtile shades. And phantom-forms of those that lack the light ; 662 As numerous [as] thousands of the birds [That] bury them among the leaves, what time Doth eve, or wintry shower drive them down From mountains : mothers, husbands too, and frames Of high-souled heroes that have done with life ; Boys, and unwedded maids, and striplings laid On fun'ral-piles before their parents' eyes : Whom round the sable ooze, and hideous reed 670 Of Cocyt, and with lazy wave the fen Unlovely binds, and Styx, nine times out- poured Between, confines them. Yea, astonied stood The very homes and deepest hell of Death, And, twisted through their locks with azure snakes, The Furies ; and restrained his triple mouth The Furies sink upon their iron beds, And snakes uncurl'd hang listening round their heads. " But soon, too soon, the lover turns his eyes : Again she falls, again she dies, she dies ! How wilt thou now the fatal sisters move ? No crime was thine, if 'tis no crime to love. Now under hanging mountains, Beside the falls of fountains, Or where Hebrus wanders, Rolling in maeanders. All alone. Unheard, unknown, He makes his moan ; And calls her ghost, For ever, ever, ever lost ! Now with furies surrounded. Despairing, confounded. He trembles, he glows. Amidst Rhodope's snows : See, wild as the winds, o'er the desert he flies ; Hark ! Haemus resounds with the Bacchanals' cries — Ah see, he dies ! Yet even in death Eurydice he sung, Eurydice still trembled on his tongue, Eurydice the woods, Eurydice the floods, ' Eurydice the rocks, and hollow mountains rung." Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, st. 4, 6. 67a. " Where rocks and rueful deserts are descried. And sullen Styx rolls down his lazy tide." Garth, Dispensary, c. vi. The gaping Cerberus, and in the breeze The circuit of Ixion's wheel stood still. And now, his steps retracing, all mishap* He had avoided, and Eurytfice, 680 Restored, was coming to the upper air. Behind him following, (for Proserpine This law had giv'n,) when sudden madness seized The heedless lover, — pardonable sure. If Manes knew to pardon ; — short he stopped, And back upon Eurydice, his own. Now even 'neath the very verge of light, Mindless, alas ! and whelmed in soul, he looked. There all his toil was squandered, and the league Of the remorseless tyrant burst, and thrice A crash was heard within Avemian pools. * What,' cries she, ' both unhappy me and thee 692 Hath ruined, Orpheus, — frenzy what so wild? Lo ! call me back once more the ruthless Weirds, And sleep is sealing up my swimming eyes. And now farewell ! I'm borne away, en- wrapt In deep of night around, and stretching forth To thee, — alas ! not thine, — my weakly hands.' She said, and on a sudden from his eyes, As smoke commingled into subtile air, She fled another way, nor him, in vain Grasping at shades, and longing many a word 700 To utter, did she any further see ; Nor did Hell's ferryman allow him more 678. Sotheby has : " And fixed in air Ixion's wheel reposed." 691. See Milton quoted yEn. i. v. 167. 693. " My eyes are going to bed, and leaden sleep Doth draw the curtains o'er them." Shirley, Love Tricks, iv. 2. " Peace rest on you ! One sad tear every day, For poor Alinda's sake, 'tis fit you pay. A thousand, noble youth ! And when I sleep Even in my silver slumbers still I'll weep." J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, v. 2. 695. " So fare you well at once ; for Brutus' tongue Hath almost ended his life's history : Night hangs upon mine eyes." Shakespeare, yulius Casar, v. 5. 700. " Was ever known A man so miserably blest as I ? I have no sooner found the greatest good, Man in this pilgrimage of life can meet. But I must make the womb, where 'twas conceived, The tomb to burj' it, and the first hour it lives The last it must breathe." Webster, A Cure, i. 3. 8o V. 503—523. THE GEORGICS. y- 523—537. To cross the barrier fen. What should he do? Whither should he betake himself, his spouse Twice ravished from him ? With what weeping move The Manes, with what voice the gods ? She sooth Now cold was floating in the Stygian bark. They tell that he for sev'n whole months in course. Beneath a heav'n-high rock, beside the wave Of lonely Strymon, wept, and vented these [his woes] 710 'Neath icy grottoes, soothing tigresses. And drawing Avith his minstrelsy the oaks : As, mourning underneath a poplar shade, The nightingale bemoans her missing brood, Which [some] unfeeling ploughman, on the watch, Hath ravished callow from the nest ; but she Weeps thro' the night, and, sitting on a bough. Her piteous strain renews, and far and near Fills every spot with melancholy plaints. No Love, no joys of Hymen bent his soul ; Alone the Polar ice, and snowy Don, 721 And fields ne'er widowed of Rhipsean frosts, He ranged, bewailing lost Eurydice, And bootless grants of Dis : thro' which his task The matrons of the Cicons scorned, amid The holy rites of gods, and revel-feasts Of nightly Bacchus, into atoms rent, The stripling scattered o'er the spacious fields. Then too the head, wrung off a marble neck, 714. Milton briefly alludes to the nightingale ; P. L., b. vii. iv. : " Nor then the solemn nightingale Ceased warbling, but all night tuned her soft lays." " All but the wakeful nightingale ; She all night long her amorous descant sung." " Where the love-lorn nightingale Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth well." Comjts. Thomson, more at length ; Spring, 717, &c. : " Oft when, returning with her loaded bill, Th' astonish'd mother finds a vacant nest. By the hard hand of unrelenting clowns Robb'd, to the ground the vain provision falls ; Her pinions rutlle, and low-drooping scarce Can bear the mourner to the poplar shade ; Where, all abandon'd to despair, she sings Her sorrows through the night; and, on the bough Sole-sitting, still at every dying fall Takes up again her lamentable strain Of winding woe ; till, v/ide around, the woods Sigh to her song, and with her wail resound." The next stanza is quoted in note on /En. ii. V. 727. When, bearing it upon his central tide, 730 CEagrian Hebrus rolled,— ' Eurydice ' the very voice And death-cold tongue, * Ah ! poor Eu- rydice !' As flies the spirit, called ; ' Eurydice ' The banks re-echoed all throughout the stream." These Proteus : and he plunged him with a bound Within the dsepsome sea, and where he plunged The yesting wave he wreathed below his neck. But not Gyrene ; for unasked she spoke The trembler : " Son, 'tis lawful from thy mind To lay aside thy melancholy cares. 740 This is the whole occasion of the plague ; 'Tis hence the Nymphs, with whom she used to hold The dances in the lofty groves, have sent The piteous desolation on thy bees. Do thou thy gifts in lowly fashion spread. Entreating reconcilement, and adore Th' easy Napceans ; for they will vouchsafe Their pardon to thy vows, and bate their wrath. But what should be the manner of thy suit 730-6. So Milton alludes to Orpheus in Lycidas : " When, by the rout that made the hideous roar, His goary visage down the stream was sent, Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore." " So when the Thracian furies Orpheus tore. And left his bleeding trunk deform'd with gore. His sever'd head floats down the silver tide. His yet warm tongue for his lost consort cried ; Eurydice with quivering voice he mourn'd. And Heber's banks Eurydice returned." Gay, Trivia, ii. 293. " ' Olympia ! my Olympia's lost !' I cry. * Olympia's lost !' the hollow vaults reply. Louder I make my lamentable moan ; The swelling echoes learn like me to groan ; The ghosts to scream, as through lone a sles they sweep ! The shrines to shudder, and the saints to weep !" Savage, \Va71derer, c. ii. " Cold is Cadwallo's tongue. That hush'd the stormy main : Brave Urien sleeps upon his craggy bed ; Mountains, ye mourn in vain Modred, whose magic song Made huge Plinlimmon bow his cloud-topt head. On dreary Arvon's shore they lie, Smear'd with gore, and ghastly pale : Far, far aloof th' affrighted ravens sail ; The famish'd eagle screams, and passes by." Gray, Bard, i. 3. 735. Thus Thomson, seizing the idea in v. 529, makes the genius of the Thames disappear in his own waters : " He said ; and plunged to his crystal dome. While o'er his head the circling waters foam." Poems on several Occasions. V. 538—555. BOOK IV. ▼• 556—566. 8f I first will duly tell thee. Four choice bulls 750 Of passing form, who now for thee feed down The green Lycaeus' peaks, do thou choose out. And with a neck untouched as many kine. Four altars at the goddesses' high shrines ]"'or these construct, and from their throats discharge The holy blood, and in a leafy grove The oxen's carcases themselves forsake. Then, when the ninth Aurore shall have displayed Her dawn, to Orpheus his funereal dues, Lethean poppies, shalt thou pay, and thou A sable ewe shalt butcher, and the grove Visit again ; Eurydice, appeased 762 By slaughtered heifer - calf, shalt thou adore." No dallying : at once he puts in force His mother's mandates. To the shrines he comes ; Tlie indicated altars he uprears ; Four chosen bulls of passing form he leads, And, with a neck untouched, as many kine. Then, when the ninth Aurore had ushered in Her dawn, to Orpheus his funereal dues He pays, the grove, too, visits he again. But here an unexpected prodigy, 772 And wondrous to be named, do they be- hold :— Throughout the molten inwards of the beeves. 767. Milton in the same way repeats the execu- tion of orders in the words of the orders themselves ; /'. L., b. X. end. Bees buzzing, from within the womb entire. And bubbling forth from out their riven sides ; And, warping on, huge clouds ; and stream- ing now Together on the tree-crest, and adown A cluster dropping from the buxom boughs. These verses on the management of fields 780 And cattle I was chanting, and on trees ; While mighty Coesar at Euphrates deep Thunders in war, and conqueror gives laws Thro' acquiescing tribes, and aims to tread A path to reach Olympus. At that hour Me, Virgil, sweet Parthenope did nurse, While rioting in tasks of fameless ease ; I, who have madrigals of shepherds played, And, bold in youth, thee, Tityrus, have sung Beneath a canopy of spreading beech. 790 777. We are indebted to the genius of Milton for this exquisite metaphor, which he applies to the motion of locusts, in illustrating that of the wicked angels, when flocking to the summons of Satan : " As when the potent rod Of Amram's son, in Egypt's evil day Waved round the coast, up call'd a pitchy cloud Of locusts, warping on the eastern wind. That o'er the realm of impious Pharaoh hung. Like night, and darken'd all the land of Nile. ' Paradise Lost, b. i. If it be thought too great a liberty to render traki by a neuter verb, this beautiful word must be abandoned, and the passage altered thus : " And boundless clouds trailed on," &c. In this case, too, line 84 must share a like fate, and be thus lowered : " See trailed upon the wind," &c. 788. Carmina lust: so in Eel. 1. v. 10; Ludcre quee vellem. THE ^NEID. BOOK I. That [bard'\ am I, 7uho erst attuned his lay Up07i the slender reed, and from the woods Withdrawing, have compelled the neighboring fields The tiller to obey, though greedy [he] : — A welcome task to swains: but now Mars' dread Arms and the man I sing, who erst from coasts Of Troy to Italy and Lavinian shores, By destiny a rover, came. Much he Was tossed ahkc on lands and sea, through might Those writers seem to have been hasty in their criticisms upon these first four lines, who pronounce them unworthy of the author of the ^neid. Able scholars are found to think them thoroughly Virgilian ; and Forbiger thinks he sees plain evidence of genuineness in the word at. Had the writers in question, instead of saying that the passage was not Virgil's, said that it was a weak introduction to an epic poem, they would have been quite right ; and doubtless no one would have been happier to agree with them than Virgil himself. It seems highly probable that he sent the lines in dispute, along with the work itself, to some friend, who showed them to others, and in this way they obtained currency as the unquestioned production of his pen. Thus from their genuineness, coupled with their great ingenuity, they crept into the text, from which they were most likely ejected by Tucca and Varius, though some manuscripts retained them still. One thing is pretty certain, — that Virgil, whose discretion and taste must be admitted, even by those who think meanly of his creative powers, would never, with his great original before him, have begun the ALneid with an Hie ego. At all events, Persius did not believe in the puerility, if he ever heard of it. This opening reminds one of the introduction to the Faerie Qtieene : " Lo ! I, the man whose Muse whylomedid maske. As time her taught, in lowly shepheards weeds, Am now enforst, a farre unfitter taske, P'or trumpets sterne to chaunge mine oaten reeds. And sing of Knights and Ladies gentle deeds:" &c. See also Shepheards Calender, October, 55. 4. Cowley compares the sufferings of Charles the Second to those of iEneas, philosophising, more stio : Of heav'nly Powers, for the rankling wrath Of ruthless Juno ; yea, and much he bore Thro' war, till he a city built, and brought His gods to Latium, whence the Latin race, And Alban sires, and walls of lofty Rome. O Muse, to me the reasons do thou tell, What Pow'r aggrieved, or wherefore in a chafe, 1 1 The queen of gods should have enforced a man. Marked for his piety, to undergo Mishaps so many, meet so many toils. Can wrath so grievous [dwell] in heav'nly minds ? There was an ancient city, — colonists Of Tyre possessed it, — Carthage, right afront Of Italy and Tiber's mouths afar, Rich in resources, and in war's pursuits Most truculent ; the which is Juno said 20 Above all regions singly to have nursed, — Samos postponed. Her arms [stood] here, here stood " But, in the cold of want, and storms of adverse chance, They harden his young virtue by degrees : The beauteous drop first into ice does freeze. And into solid crystal next advance. His murder'd friends and kindred he does see, And from his flaming country flee : Much is he tost at sea, and much at land ; Does long the force of angry gods withstand : He does long troubles and long wars sustain, Ere he his fatal birthright gain. With no less time and labour can Destiny build up such a man. Who's with sufficient virtue filled ~ His ruin'd country to rebuild." Ode on Restoration. " I am pursued ; all the ports are stopt too ; Not any hope to escape ; behind, before me, On either side I am beset ; — cursed fortune ; My enemy on the sea, and on the land too, Redeemed from one affliction to another." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country, ii. 4. 15. So Milton, Par. Lost, b. vi : " In heavenly Spirits could such perversencss dwell ?" V. 17—37. BOOK I. y. 38—59. 83 Her car. That this might to the nations prove The seat of rule, — should Fates in anywise Allow, — the goddess even then both aims, And cherishes [her aim]. But she, in sooth. Had heard that from the Trojan blood a strain Would be descended, which her Tyrian towers One day would overthrow ; that hence a race, Wide bearing empire, and in battle haught. Would come for Libya's death-blow ; that the Weirds 31 Ordained it thus. Saturnia, dreading this, And mindful of the lasting war, which she Had whilom waged at Troja, in behalf Of her beloved Argos : nor e'en yet The reasons for her wrath, and cruel pangs Had vanished from her mind ; bides trea- sured up Within her deep of spirit the award Of Paris, and her slighted beauty's wrong. The hated lineage, too, and dignities 40 Of ravished Ganymede : o'er these inflamed. Throughout the whole of ocean's surface tossed, The Trojans, remnants from the Danai And merciless Achilles, did she drive Afar from Latium ; and thro' many a year They wandered, hunted by the Destinies, All seas around : of such colossal weight [The labor] was to build the Roman race. Scarce out of sight of the Sicilian land. Their canvas for the deep were they, in glee, Vouchsafing [to the breezes], and the foam Of briny ocean dashing with their bronze ; When Juno, harboring beneath her breast Her deathless wound, these [vented] with hex-self : 54 '* That I, discomfited, from my emprise 25. " Daring men command and make their fates." Massinger, The Bondman, ii. 3, " Consider of your sex's general aim, That domination is a woman's heaven." Middleton, A Fair Quarrel, ii. 2. 35. Argis may perhaps be an adjective here, though in an unusual form. 39. " Juno. But he shall rue and ban the dismal day, Wherein his Venus bare the ball away ; And heaven and earth just witnesses shall be, I will revenge it on his progeny. Pallas. Well, Juno, whether we be lief or loth, Venus hath got the apple from us both." Peele, 'I7ie Arraignment of Paris, ii. end. " But if in heav'n a hell we find, 'Tis all from thee, O jealousy, Thou tyrant of the mind." Dryden, Love Triumpliant, iii, i. Should cease, nor have the pow'r from Italy The monarch of the Teucri to debar ! Forsooth I am prohibited by fates ! Was Pallas able to burn up the fleet Of Argives, and themselves below the deep To whelm, for one man's fault, the madness e'en 61 Of the Oilean Ajax ? She herself, Jove's speeding leven launching from the clouds, Alike their vessels scattered, and upturned The seas with storms ; him, blazes blasting forth From his pierced bosom, in a whirl of wind She clutched, and on a pointed rock im- paled. But I, who pace the empress of the go<ls. Yea both the sister and the spouse of Jove, Thro' years so many with a single clan 70 Am waging warfare. And may [mortal] wight The pow'r of Juno worship furthermore, Or humbly on her altars lay a gift ?" Such [thoughts] the goddess in a heart incensed Inly revolving, to the native land Of rain-storms, spots with madding Austers big,— ^Eolia, — comes. 'Tis here King itolus. Within a monster vault, the struggling winds And blust'ring storms with sovereign sway controls. And reins them in with fetters and a jail. They in their anger with prodigious growl, [Growl] of the mountain, thunder round their bars. 82 Sits .^olus in his citadel on high. His sceptre wielding, and their passions soothes. And cools their wrath ; [which] did he not, the seas. And lands, and sky sublime, they would in sooth, Careering swiftly, with them bear away, 58. '• That which the Fates appoint must happen so, Though heavenly Jove and all the gods say. No !" R. Greene, Alphonsus, i.i. end. 67. " Caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurl'd Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey Of wracking whirlwinds." Milton, /'. L., b.'ii. 80. _ " Like as a boystrous winde. Which in th' earthes hollow caves hath long been hid, And shut up fast within her prisons blind, Makes the nuge element, against her kinde, To move and tremble as it were aghast, Untill that it an issew forth may hndc ; Then forth it brcakes, and with his furious blast Confounds both land and seas, and skyes doth overw cast." Spenser, Faerie QHtene. iii. q, 15. G 2 84 V. 59—81. THE ^NEID. V. 8 1 — 99. I And sweep along the air. But, dreading this, The sire ahnighty has in pitchy caves Concealed them, and a pile and lofty mounts 90 Above them laid, and giv'n a monarch, who By pact decreed should know, at his com- mand, Alike to check and give tlie slackened reins : To whom then Juno prayerful used these words : *'0 ^olus, (for 'tis to thee the sire Of gods, and king of men, alike hath giv'n To soothe the waves, and heave them by the wind,) A nation, foe to me, the Tyrrhene main Is sailing. Ilium into Italy Conveying, and their conquered household- gods : 100 Strike fury in thy winds, and whelm their ships. Deep sunken, or, dissundered, hunt tliem down. And strew abroad their corses on the deep. With me are twice sev'n Nymphs of passmg form ; Of whom [the maid], who fairest is in shape, Deiope, in steadfast marriage-bond Will I unite, and consecrate thine own ; That all her years, in company with thee, For such deservings she may while away. And make thee father with a lovely race." These ^olus [returned her] in reply : *' Be thine, O queen, the task to search whate'er 1 12 May be thy wish ; to me, to undertake Thy mandates is a law. 'Tis thou for me, (Whatever this of realm [partakes],) 'tis thou Dost sceptre win and Jove ; 'tis thou dost give That I recline at banquets of the gods. And makest me the lord of rains and storms." When these were said, with spear-head, towards it veered. io5. See note on yfcw. iv. v. 126. 112. " Ask noble things of me, and you shall find I'll be a noble giver." Webster, The Duchess of Malji, v. i. 119. " As when Dan ^olus, in great displeasure For losse of his deare Love by Neptune hent. Sends forth the winds out of his hidden threasure Upon the sea to wreake his full intent ; They, breaking forth with rude unruliment From all foure partes of heaven, doe rage full sore, And tosse the deepes, and teare the firmament, And all the world confound with wide uprore ; As if instead thereof they Chaos would restore." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 9, 23. The vaulted mountain on its flank he smote, And straight the winds, as in battalion formed, 121 Where outlet is vouchsafed them, dash amain. And in tornado blow throughout the lands. They swooped upon the sea, and all at once Both East, and South, and South-west, rife in storms. Uproot it wholly from its deepest seats. And volley mountain surges to the shores. Ensues both cry of men and creak of ropes. The clouds upon a sudden tear away Both heav'n and day-light from the Trojans' eyes ; 130 Upon the deep broods collied night ; the poles Thundered, and aether gleams with serried fires ; And all threat instant death upon the crews. Forthwith zEneas' limbs are with a chill Unnerved ; he groans, and stretching both his hands Forth to the stars, such accents with his voice He utters : ** Q both thrice and four times blest. To whom, before the presence of your sires, 'Neath Troja's stately walls, it fell by lot To meet your doom ! O bravest of the race Of Danai, O Tydeus' son, that I 141 On Ilian plains should not have fall'n, and poured This spirit forth 'neath thy right hand, where fierce Beneath the weapon of ^acides 121. " Straight" is plainly implied in ac, v. 82. See Wagner. 125. See note on Geo. i. v. 318 : " Nor slept the winds," &c. 130. " How like the day, that flattered iis With cheerful light, are my desires fled hence, And left me here a prodigy of darkness, A walking herse, hung round about with night. Whose wings must one day cover all I" Shirley, The Doubtful Heir, iv. 2. 137. Shakespeare makes Pericles, under similar circumstances, address a prayer to the Deity ; Pericles, iii. i : " Thou God of this great vast, rebuke these surges. Which wash both heaven and hell ; and Thou that hast Upon the winds command, bind them in brass, Having call'd them from the deep ! O still thy deafning, Thy dreadful thunders ; gently quench thy nimble. Sulphureous flashes." 142. " Could not the fretting sea Have rowled me up in wrinkles of his browe T Is death growen coy? or grim confusion nice? That it will not accompany a wretch ?" Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. i, i. i. V. loo — 115. BOOK I. ▼. 116—136. S5 Is Hector lying, where Sarpedon huge, Where, clutched together underneath his waves. The Simois so many heroes' shields, And helms, and gallant corses rolls along !" While he such [plaints] is venting, from the North A roaring tempest strikes his sail ahead, And lifts the billows to the stars. Their oars 1 5 1 Are shivered ; then swings off the prow, and shows The broadside to the waves ; thereon pur- sues A rugged mount of water in a pile. These on the billow-summit hang ; to those The yawning surge amid the waves unveils The ground ; the tide is raving with the sands. Three, swept away, upon the lurking rocks • Doth Notus whirl ; the rocks Italians call ** The Altars," which amid the billows lie, A monster reef on surface of the main. Three Eurus shoulders from the deep on shelves 162 And quicksands — pitiable to be seen — And grides upon the shoals, and with a mound Of sand encircles them. The one, which bare The men of Lycia and Orontes staunch, Before his very eyes a mountain sea Strikes, [swooping] from above, upon the stem : The pilot is dislodged, and, forward fallen, 149, " But let the ruffian Boreas once enrage The gentle Thetis, and, anon, behold The strong-ribb'd bark through liquid mountains cut, Bounding between the two moist elements, Like Perseus' horse : where's then the saucy boat. Whose weak untimber'd sides but even now Co-rivall'd greatness ? — Either to harbour fled. Or made a toast for Neptune." Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressitia, i. 3. Thomson has a fine passage, describing a scene not very dissimilar ; ^Vinter, 153 : " Then issues forth the storm with sudden burst. And hurls the whole precipitated air Down in a torrent. On the passive main Descends th' ethereal force, and with strong gust Turns from its bottom the discoloiir'd deep. Through the black night that sits immense around, Lash'd into foam, the fierce conflicting brine Seems o'er a thousand raging waves to burn. Meantime the mountain-billows, to the clouds In dreadful tumult swell'd, .surge above surge. Burst into Chaos with tremendous roar." 155. " The proud waves took pleasure To toss my little boat up like a bubble : Then like a meteor in the air he hung ; Then catched, and hugged him in the depth of darkness." J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, iii. 3. Is rolled along upon his head. But her Three times the billow, in the selfsame spot, 171 Whirls, chasing her around, and in the flood The rav'ning eddy gorges her. Appear Men scattered, swimming in the mighty gulf, The weaponry of heroes, planks alike, And Troja's royal treasure thro' the waves. Now the stout galley of Ilioneus, Now that of brave Achates, [that] alike, Wherein was Abas wafted, and wherein The aged Aletes, mastered has the storm. In the loose joinings of their ribs they all Admit the hostile flood, and yawn with leaks. 182 Meanwhile felt Neptune that with mighty coil Turmoiled was ocean, and a storm launched forth, And from their lowest beds were tided back The restful waters. Violently roused. And, looking from the deep abroad, he raised His peaceful head above the topmost wave. Dispersed throughout the ocean he beholds i^neas' fleet, the Trojans overwhelmed 190 By billows, and the downfall of the sky : Nor did the wiles of Juno and her spleen Escape her brother. To his presence he Calls Eurus and the Zephyr ; such thereon He speaks : *' Hath such proud confidence of birth Possessed you ? What now ! Heav'n and earth, ye Winds, Without my sanction, dare ye to embroil, And such colossal piles to raise ? Whom I— But meeter 'tis to quell the troubled waves. Henceforth to me with no like punishment 174. •" We might descry a horred spectacle ; The issue of black fury strowed the sea With tattered carcases of splittmg ships, Halfe sinking, burning, floating, topsie turvie." Marston, Antonio and Mcllida, P. i, i. i. 186. Stagnas^f^ms, to refer to the still waters at the bottom of the deep sea, which are not affected by the wind on the surface. The storm was so furious, that even these were involved in commo- tion and carried aloft. 188. So Milton, P. L., b. xii. : " And looking down to see the hubbub stra ige. And hear the din." ** Down, ye angry waters all ! Ye loud-whistling whirlwinds, fall ! Down, ye proud waves ! ye storms, cease ! I command ye, be at peace ! Fright not with your churlish notes, Nor bruise the keel of bark that floats." J. Fletcher, 1 h* FUgrimt iii. 7. 86 V. 136 — 151. THE yENEID. V. 152 — 163. Shall ye for your malpractices atone. 201 Speed flight, and to that king of yours say these : ' That not to him the lordship of the main, And grisly trident are by lot assigned. But e'en to me. He holds the monster rocks, Thy homes, O Eurus : in that court [of his] Let vaunt him yEolus, and hold his sway Within the bolted prison of the winds.' " So spake he ; and more speedily than said The swollen seas he stills, and puts to flight The mustered clouds, and brings again the sun, 211 Cymothoe and Triton [both] at once. Against them straining, from the pointed rock Push off the galleys ; with his trident he Heaves them himself, and opes the vasty Syrts, And calms the ocean ; and on nimble wheels He skims along the surface of the waves. And as what time among a mighty mob An insurrection oft hath started up, And fumes the vulgar rabble in their souls ; And now are flying brands and stones ; — their rage 221 Supplies them weapons ; — then if by a chance Some sage, of weight through sanctity and worth. 202. " Begone, and tell your king, for his pre- sumption. We'll lash him from our land with iron rods. And drag him at our stirrup through the streets." Webster, The Thracian IVander, iii. i. 210. The calm is thus described by Thomson ; Wititer, 197-201 : " All Nature reels, till Nature's King, who oft Amid tempestuous darkness dwells alone. And on the wings of the careering wind Walks dreadfully serene, commands a calm : — Then straight air, earth, and sea are hush'd at once." Milton elegantly makes the Mom equally potent ; P.R.,h.\v.: " Thus pass'd the night so foul, till Morning fair Came forth, with pilgrim steps, in amice grey ; AVho with her radiant finger still'd the roar Of thunder, chased the clouds, and laid the winds." 214. So Dryden, of the escape of the British fleet: " It seem'd as there the British Neptune stood. With all his hosts of waters at command. Beneath them to submit th' officious flood. And with his trident shoved themoff the sand." Anntis Mirabilisy 184. 223. As vir., V. 151, on some occasions means hero, /. e., a great man, what reason is there They have descried, they hush [to peace], and stand Beside him with their ears erect : he sways Their spirits by his words, and soothes their breasts. Thus wholly did the crash of ocean fall, When once the sire, forth gazing on the seas. And wafted on beneath a cloudless sky. Controls his coursers, and upon the wing Resigns the reins to his pursuing car. 231 The comrades of .^neas, wearied out, What shores are nearest to them in their course Strive earnestly to fetch, and to the coasts Of Lybia turn themselves. There lies a spot Within a far retreat : an isle a haven forms By the projection of its sides, whereon Is shattered every billow from the deep. And. into curves receding splits its form. On this side and on that colossal rocks. And twin [-like] cliffs rise tow'ring to the heaven ; 241 Beneath whose brow the waters far and near that on others it may not mean a sage, i.e., a wise man ? " When the fire was raised Of fierce sedition, and the cheek was swollen To sound the fatal trumpet, then the sight Of this your worthy captain did disperse All those unfruitful humours, and even then Convert you from fierce tigers to staid men." Webster, Apphts and Virginia, ii. 2. Such a reverend character may call to mind the Village Preacher in Goldsmith's Deserted Village : " Unskilful he to fawn, or seek for power By doctrines fashion'd to the varying hour ; Far other aims his heart had learn'd to prize, More bent to raise the wretched than to rise." " Truth from his lips prevail'd with double sway. And fools, who came to scoff, remained to pray." " As some tall cliff, that lifts its awful form. Swells from the vale, and midway leaves the storm. Though round its breast the rolling clouds are spread. Eternal sunshine settles on its head." The idea in this last fine image he may have borrowed from Dryden, who says of Lord Chan- cellor Hyde : " Your brow, which does no fear of thunder know. Sees rolling tempests vainly beat below." Milton says of Beelzebub : " With grave Aspect he rose, and in his rising seemed A pillar of state ; deep on his front engraven Deliberation sat, and public care ; And princely counsel in his face yet shone Majestic, though in pain." F. L., b. ii. 231. Or: " careering car." 235. VertJintur is here supposed to carry a middle sense. 239. See note on Geo. iv. v. 420. V. i64~-i83* BOOK L 7. X 84— 303. 87 Lie hush in safety. Then a scene with woods That quiver from above, and, dark with shade Terrific, doth a grove o'erhang. Beneath The brow, that faced [the view] with beetling cliffs, A grot : sweet waters are within, and seats Of living stone, a homestead of the Nymphs. Here [weather-] weary barks no fetters hold ; No anchor moors them with its hooked bite. Hither /Eneas with his seven ships, 251 F'rom all the number mustered, enters in. And, with an earnest yearning for the land Debarked, the men of Troy the wished-for beach Enjoy, and, dripping with the brine, their limbs Upon the shore repose. And first from flint Achates struck a sparkle, and the fire Caught up in leaves, and round it he pur- veyed Dry provender, and in the fuel seized The flame. Then Ceres, tainted by the waves, 260 And implements of Ceres, fetch they forth. All-wearied in condition, and their grain, Recovered, they prepare alike to parch With blazes, and to crush it in the quern. Meanwhile ^neas scrambles up a cliff, x\nd far and near a universal view Throughout the deep he aims to take, if he May any Antheus, tossed by storm, descry. And Phrygian ships with oars in double tier. Or Capys, or upon his lofty stem 270 Caicus' arms. No bark within his ken. 243. Scena properly means "background;" but background is a very unrythmical, unpoetical word. " Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side, Woods over woods in gay theatric pride." Goldsmith, Traveller. 252. " Betwixt the hollow hanging of a hill, And crooked bending of a craggy rock, The sails wrapt up, the mast and tacklings down, She lies so close that none can find her out." Marlowe, Tambiirlaine the Great, P. 2, i.* a. 258. " And serewood from the rotten hedges took, And seeds of latent fire from flints provoke." Dryden, Floxver and Leaf, 413, 4. 264. Frangere saxo, v. 179. Sec note on Geo. i. V. 267, 265. This may call to mind a passage in Milton's P. /?., b, ii. : " Up to a hill anon his steps he rear'd, From whose high top to ken the prospect round, If cottage were in view, sheepcote, or herd ; But cottage, herd, or sheepcote, none he saw ; Only in a bottom saw a pleasant grove : " &c. Three harts espies he roving on the strand ; These all their droves are following in the rear, And thro' the dales there feeds a lengthened host. He halted here, and in his hand his bow And nimble shafts he seized, the weaponry, Which staunch Achates used to bear. And first The very leaders, porting high their, heads With branching horns, he prostrates ; then the rank and file ; And, driving' with his missives all the throng, 280 Disperses them among the leafy woods ; Nor ceases, ere that he, their conqueror, Sev'n giant corses levels to the earth. And brings the number with the ships to match. He next the haven seeks, and shares them out To all his comrades. Thereupon the wines. Which good Acestes in the casks had stowed On Sic'ly's strand, and as they went their way The hero had vouchsafed them, deals he out. And soothes their mourning bosoms with the words : 290 ** O comrades, (for we are not unaware Of your misfortunes in the past ;) O ye, Who weightier have endured, to these the god Will also grant an end. Ye e'en the rage Of Scylla, and her cliffs that deep within Are booming, have approached ; ye e'en have proved The rocks of Cyclops : rally ye your souls. And rueful fear dismiss ; perchance e'en these 294. " Let not thy eyes. Although thy grief become them, be in love With tears. I prophesy a joy shall weigh Down all our sufferings. I see comfort break Like day, whose forehead cheers the world." Shirley, The Brothers, iii. 5. " Leave this vain sorrow ! Things being at the worst begin to mend. The bee. When he hath shot his sting into your hand. May then play with your eyelid." Webster, T/ie Duchess 0/ Malji,\\. i. " He does bear his loss With such a noble strength of patience, that. Had Fortune eyes to see him, she would weep For having hurt him, and, pretending that She did it but for trial of his worth. Hereafter ever love him." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Hotusi Afau's Fortune, i. 2. 298, " Wake, wake, and let not patience keep thee poor ! Rouse up thy spirit from this falling slumber ! V. 203 — 217. THE ^NEID. V. 218 — 234. Hereafter to remember it will joy. Through changeful hazards, through so many risks 300 Of our condition, we to Latium steer, Where homes of peace the Destinies reveal. 'Tis there permitted that the _ realms of Troy May rise again. Endure, and keep your- selves For prosp'rous issues." Such like with his voice He speaks, and, sick at soul with huge concerns. He hope upon his visage counterfeits, A deep dejection smothers in his heart. They gird them to the spoil and coming feast : The hides they tear asunder from the ribs, And bare the flesh. Some cut it into joints. And while they quiver spear them on the spits ; 312 Upon the strand bronze vessels others place. And flames supply. They then with food recruit Their pow'rs, and, stretched upon the turf, are filled With ancient Bacchus, and with fatted game. Soon as was hunger by the feast removed. And boards were cleared away, in long discourse After their lost companions they inquire, Make thy distress seem but a weeping dream. And this the opening morning of thy comforts." Middleton, No Wit Like a Woman's, i. 2. 304. " Stoop thou to th' world, 'twill on thy bosom tread ; It stoops to thee, if thou advance thy head." Middleton, Your Five Gallants, iii. 2. 306. " There's nothing of so infinite vexation As man's own thoughts." Webster, Vittoria Corontbona, v. 2. 308. " Though in your heart there rage a thousand tempests. All calmness in your looks." J. Fletcher, The Queen of Corinth, i. i. " O thou for whom I drinke So deep of griefe, that he must only thinke. Not dare to speake, that would express my woe ; Small rivers murmur ; deep gulfes silent flow." Marston, Sophonisba, end. " While I am compassed round With mirth, my soul lies hid in shades of grief. Whence, like the bird of night with half-shut eyes. She peeps, and sickens at the sight of day." Dryden, The Rival Ladies, iii. i. " But 'tis the wretch's comfort still to have Some small reserve of near and inward woe. Some unsuspected hoard of darling grief. Which they unseen may wail, and weep, and mourn. And, glutton-like, devour." Congreve, Mourning Bride, i. i. In doubt alike between their hope and fear, Whether to hold that they are [still] alive, Or undergo the final [pangs of death], 322 Or now, when called on, from a distance hear. In chief the good ^neas now the fall Of keen Orontes, now of Amycus, And ruthless fates of Lycus, inly mourns ; And [mourns] brave Gyas, and Cloanthus brave. And now there was an end, when Jupiter, From cope of th' Empyrean gazing down Upon the sail-winged ocean, and the lands That lie [below], and shores, and spreading tribes, 331 So stood he still upon the crest of heaven, And firmly fixed his eyes on Libya's realms. And him, within his bosom such concerns While casting, more [than usually] sad. And o'er her glistening eyes bedewed with tears, Venus accosts: "O thou, who dost th' affairs Alike of men and deities control With endless sovereignty, and with thy bolt Dost overawe them, what such heinous [crime] 340 'Gainst thee could my ^neas perpetrate ? The Trojans what ? To whom, while they have borne So many deaths, the whole wide round of earth Upon the score of Italy is barred ? Sure, that the Romans hence in time to come 321. " Chewing the food of sweet and bitter fancy." Shakespeare, As You Like It, iv. 3. 326. " I've oft took him Weeping alone, poor boy, at the remembrance Of his lost friends, which, as he says, the sea Swallowed, with all their substance." Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, i. 2. " I have wept for ye, boys. And constantly, before the Sun awaked. When the cold dew-drops fell upon the ground. As if the Moon were discontented too. My naked feet o'er many a rugged stone Have walked, to drop my tears into the seas For your sad memories." Shirley, St. Patrick for Ireland, v. 2. .iEneas might have comforted himself by the thought that " We must all die. All leave ourselves ; it matters not where, when, . Nor how, so we die well ; and can that man that does so Need lamentation for him ?" J. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 330. " Fix here, and rest awhile your sail-stretched wings, That have outstript the winds." J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, ii. 3. V. 334 — 262' BOOK L V. 262—391. «9 When years wheel by — that hence should chieftains rise, From Teucer's blood recovered, who the What counsel, O my Sooth herewith the 350 Who lands, should hold with universal sway, — Thou hast engaged. sire. Hath changed thee ? set of Troy, And her disastrous wreck I used to suage. While balancing conflicting fates with fates. The selfsame fortune at this hour pursues My heroes, hunted by so many risks. What end assign'st thou of their toils, great king? Antenor, from the midst of Greeks escaped, Could pierce in safety the Illyrian gulfs, And inmost realms of Liburns, and o'erpass Timavus' spring, where through its outlets nine, With thund'ring mountain-din, it flushes forth 360 A bursten sea, and with a roaring flood O'erwhelms the fields. Here ne'ertheless did he The city of Petavium found, and homes Of Teucri, and a title to the race Assigned, and fastened up the Trojan arms : Now sepulchred in tranquil rest he sleeps. We, thine own offspring, in whose favor thou Dost nod [bestowal of] the height of heaven, Our vessels — O unutterable ! — lost, Are, owing to the spleen of one, betrayed. And severed far from Italy's coasts. Is this 371 The compliment to piety ? Is't thus That thou restorest us to sceptral sway ?" Smiling on her, the sire of men and gods. With mien, wherewith the welkin and the storms He clears, the liplets of his daughter sipped ; Thereon such like he speaks : " Refrain from fear, O Cytherea ; stirless rest for thee Thy people's destinies. Thou shalt behold Lavinium's city and its promised walls. And waft aloft to stars of heav'n high- souled 381 y^neas ; neither me hath counsel changed. He shall for thee — for I will it announce. Since this concern is preying on thy mind, And, farther [in the future] wheeling round 348. Is not omni ditioHt like omnem prosp«ctutH t V. 180. 384. Or, of course more literally: "upon thee." The secrets of the Destinies, will I| Awake them — carry on a mighty war In Italy, and furious clans shall crush, And laws and cities for the people found ; Until third summer shall have him beheld In Latium reigning, and three winter [-tides] 391 Have passed away for Rutuli subdued. Moreo'er, the boy Ascanius, [he,] to whom The surname of lulus now is joined, (Ilus it was, so long as Ilion's state In empire stood), shall in his sway com- plete Thrice ten great cycles with revolving months. And from Lavinium's seat the kingly power Translate, and rampart with a world of strength Long Alba. Here now monarchy shall last For full three hundred years 'neath Hector's line, 401 Till Ilia, priestess of a royal strain. With child by Mars, shall at a birth present A double progeny. Then Romulus, In tawny cov'ring of a female wolf. His nurse, rejoiced, [the sceptre otj the race Shall undertake, and build Mavortian walls, And Romans call them after his own name. To these I set nor bounds nor times of power : Dominion without end have I vouchsafed. Nay, Juno fierce, who now the sea, and lands, • 411 And sky, is vexing with alarm, shall change Her counsels for the better, and with me The Romans foster, of the universe The masters, and a toga-mantled race. 'Tis thus decreed. As lustra glide away An age shall come, what time Assarac's house Shall Pthia and renowned Mycenae grind In bondage, and o'er conquere<l Argos rule. Of glorious pedigree there shall be bom A Trojan, Caesar, who his sovereign sway Shall bound by ocean, by the stars his fame ; 422 Julius, a title from lulus great Derived. Him thou hereafter in the sky, When laden with the booties of the East, Shalt welcome, free from care : he, too, with vows Shall be invoked. Uncultured ages then Shall grow to softness, battles laid aside. 405. " Some powerful spirit instruct the kites and ravens To be thy nurses ! Wolves and bears, they say. Casting their savageness aside, have done Like offices of pity." Shakespeare, Wirtttr'* TaU, uL s. 41a. Or : "in alarm." 90 V. 292 — 307. THE yENEID. V. 307 — 328. Hoar Faith and Vesta, with his brother Remus Quirinus, laws shall issue ; dread with steel And straitened links, War's portals shall be shut ; 431 Within, the godless Furor, sitting down Upon his felon armor, and enchained With hundred knots of bronze behind his back. Shall thunder grisly with a mouth of blood." These [words] he speaks ; and him of Maia born Despatches downward from the lofty [hea- ven], In order that the lands, and that the towers Of Carthage, new [ly raised], might open lie For hostry to the Trojans ; lest, of fate Unknowing, Dido drive them from her bounds. 441 He wings his way along the vast of air Upon the oarage of his wings, and quick On Libya's coasts alighted. And he now Discharges his injunctions ; and their hearts Of fierceness do the Tyrians lay aside. At pleasure of the god. Among the first The queen doth towards the Trojans enter- tain A peaceful spirit and a kindly mind. But good ^neas, turning o'er thro' night Full many [a thought], as soon as boun- teous dawn 451 Was deigned, resolved to sally forth, and search 435. Spenser's description of Sir Guyon's binding Furor is very fine. The hint is evidently taken from this passage : " Then him to ground he cast, and rudely hayld, And both his hands fast bound behind his backe, And both his feet in fetters to an yron racke. With hundred yron chaines he did him bind. And hundred knots, that did him sore constraine : Yet his great yron teeth he still did grind And grimly gnash, threatning revenge in vaine : His burning eyen, whom bloody strakes did staine. Stared full wide, and threw forth sparkes of fyre : And, more for ranck despight than for great paine, Shakt his long locks colourd like copper wyre, And bitt his tawny beard to show his raging yre." F. Q., ii. 4, 14, 15. In the address to Peace in Windsor Forest, Pope alludes to similar consequences of her reign : " Exiled by thee from earth to deepest hell. In brazen bonds shall barbarous discord dwell ; Gigantic pride, pale terror, gloomy care. And mad ambition, shall attend her there ; There purple vengeance, bathed in gore, retires. Her weapons blunted, and extinct her fires ; There hated envy her own snakes shall feel. And persecution mourn her broken wheel ; There faction roar, rebellion bite her chain. And gasping furies thirst for blood in vain." 452. Constitint, v. 309, must be anticipated here, in order to make the meaning intelligible in English. The novel spots ; what regions by the wind He may have reached ; to seek who tenant them ; (For wastes does he perceive) — or be they men, Or savage creatures, — and to carry back The facts discovered to his mates. The fleet Within an amphitheatre of groves, Beneath a vaulted cliff, encloistered round With trees and fearful shades, he hides : himself, 460 Attended by Achates only, paces on, A pair of javelins waving in his hand, With breadth of steel. 'Fore whom amid the wood His mother threw herself across his path, Wearing the guise and garment of a maid. And maiden's arms — one Sparta-born, or like Harpalyce of Thrace, [who] tires her steeds, And wingy Hebrus in her flight outstrips. For on her shoulders, in the wonted mode, A handy bow, as huntress, had she hung. And giv'n the gales her locks to scatter round, 471 Bare at the knee, and with her flowing folds Gathered in knot. And first is she to cry : " Ho ! youths, inform me if you've haply seen One of my sisters straying here, begirt With quiver, and the skin of dappled lynx. Or with a shout the foaming boar's career Hotly pursuing ?" Venus thus ; and thus The son of Venus in reply began : ' ' Of sisters thine not one has been by me, [Or] heard, or seen. Oh ! whom shall I thee name, 481 Thou maid ? For neither mortal is thy mien. Nor doth thy voice a human being speak. 474. Or: "reveal her." 482. Spenser must have had this passage in view in the beautiful description of Belphoebe, which he gives at great length : Faerie Q^ieene, ii. 3, 21-31. Trompart replies to her like /Eneas, stanza 33 ; " O goddesse, (for such I thee take to bee,) For nether doth thy face terrestriall shew. Nor voyce sound mortall ; I avow to thee Such wounded beast, as that, I did not see, Sith earst into this forrest wild I came. But mote thy goodlyhed forgive it mee. To weete which of the gods I shall thee name. That unto thee dew worship I may rightly frame." " By that heavenly form of thine. Brightest fair, thou art divine. Sprung from great immortal race Of the gods, for in thy face Shines more awful majesty Than dull weak mortality Dare with misty eyes behold. And live." J. Jb'letcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. i. V. 338—349. BOOK L ▼. 350—375. 91 Oh sure a goddess ! Art thou Phoebus* sister ? Of the Nymphs' race art one ? Propitious be, And, whosoe'er [thou art], our travail ease ; And underneath what clime at last, within \Vhat regions of the globe, we xnay be thrown. Do thou instruct us. Ignorant alike Of men and places, do we wander, driven By tempest hither, and by mountain waves. For thee shall many a sacrificial beast 492 Before thy altars fall by our right hand." Then Venus : '* Verily, I do not deem Myself deserving of such deep respect. With Tyrian maids the custom is to bear A quiver, and with purple buskin high To swathe the legs. Thou Punic realms dost see. The sons of Tyrus, and Agenor's town ; But Libyan are the lands, a race in war Ungovernable. Dido bears the sway 501 Imperial, from the Tyrian city passed, Her brother flying. Tedious is her wrong, Its mazes tedious ; but I will pursue The points most prominent of her affairs. Her consort was Sych?eus, in his land The richest of Phoenicians, and beloved With deep affection of his hapless [spouse] ; To whom her father had [the damsel] given Unsullied, and with virgin omens yoked. But Tyrus' sovereignty her brother held-^— Pygmalion — in his guilt before all else 512 A greater monster ; between whom arose Mad anger in the midst. That godless [wretch] — [E'en] at the altar's front, and blind with love Of gold, — Sychaeus, off his guard, ^c " A certain touch, or air. That sparkles a divinity beyond An earthly beauty." Ben Jonson, The Alclumist, iv. i. ' Thereat she blushing said : ' Ah ! gentle iquire, Nor goddesse I, nor angell ; but the mayd And daughter of a woody nymphe.' " Faerie Queene, iii, 5, 36. 499. Notwithstanding Wagner's view of genus, V. 339, the popular opinion seems to be right. The effort to relieve the word of an awkwardness in apposition gives a strained and disjointed app)ear- ance to the construction, an evil which would appear to be worse than the other. 507. There docs not seem to have been in his case any " Strife Of pity and fury ; but the gold Made pity faint, and fury bold." Middlcton, The Mayor of Queenborough, ii. 1. 510. " The miserable have No other medicine, but only hope." Shakespeare, Measure /or Measure, iii. i. In secret overpowers with the sword, Regardless of his sister's loves. And long He masked the deed, and he, the miscreant. Pretending many [a counterfeit], beguiled The heart-sick lover with a hollow hope. But in her slumbers rose the very ghost Of her unburied husliand. Lifting up 523 His features, in a wondrous fashion wan, He bared the bloody altars, and a breast Pierced thro' and thro' with steel, and of her home Unravelled all the hidden guilt. Then flight To speed, and from her country to with- draw, I He counsels ; and, as aidance for the route, Old treasures he unbosoms from the earth, An unknown weight of silver and of gold. By these [disclosures] roused, her flight and mates 532 Dido prepared. Assemble they, in whom Or ruthless hatred of the despot dwelt, Or terror keen. [Some] ships, which were by chance Equipped, they seize and freight with gold : the wealth Of miserly Pygmalion o'er the main J^ borne : — a woman leader of the feat. nThey reached the spots, where thou dost now perceive The giant walls, and rising citadel 540 Of infant Carthage ; and they purchased ground, — ([Called] Byrsa from the title of the act,) What they could girdle round with [one] bull's-hide. J But, pray you, Who are ye, or from what coasts Have ye arrived, or whither hold your route ?" To her, in such inquiring, sighing he, And from his deep of bosom heaving voice : **0 goddess, if from their primeval source Retracing them, I should proceed, and thou Wert free to hear the records of our toils, Eve first in cloistered heav'n would lull the day. 551 Us from time-honored Troy (if thro' your ears 519. " Their best conscience Is, not to leave 't undone, but keep 't unknown." Shakespeare, Othello, iii. 3. 522. " Darkness itself Will change night's sable brow into a sunbeam For a discovery." Middleton, The Spanish Gipty, ii. a. " Other sins only speak : murder shrieks out." Webster, The Duchess 0/ Malji, iv. a. 539. Nunc cemes is rather a startling lection to the reader of Virgil. There is good authority for cernis, which is far preferable. 92 V. 376—395. THE AlNEID. V. 395—412. The name of Troy hath peradventure passed), Borne over severed seas, by chance its own, A storm hath drifted on the Libyan coasts. I am the good /Eneas, who my gods. Reft from the foeman, carry in my fleet With me, by fame beyond the sky re- nowned. I Italy seek, my country, and a race From highest Jove [derived]. With twice ten ships 560 Upon the sea of Phrygia I embarked. My goddess-mother pointing out my path, Pursuing oracles vouchsafed : scarce seven, Rent by the waves and eastern blast, sur- vive. Myself unknown, in want, thro' Libya's wilds Roam on, from Europe and from Asia driven." Nor brooking his outpouring further plaints. Thus Venus interposed amid his grief : *' Whoe'er thou art, not hated, [as] I deem. Of heav'nly pow'rs, thou draw'st the breath of life— 570 [Thou], who at Tyrus' city hast arrived. Do thou but go thy way, and from this spot Betake thee to the portals of the queen. For I to thee announce thy mates returned. And fleet restored, e'en wafted to [a port] Of safety by the shifted northern gales ; — Unless to bootless end the augur's art Have my mistaken parents taught. Be- hold [Those] twice six swans, exulting in a troop ; Whom, swooping from the empyrean clime, Jove's iDird was troubling in the open sky : 579. In this troublesome comparison, which has given rise to various conjectures, it would seem pretty certain that capere terras refers to portum tenet, and despectare capias to subit ostia. The views generally taken seem either to be strained, or to fail in parallelism. May not despectare refer to the vessels in the rear, who were contemplating those ahead of them already in port?' Some of the swans had alighted, while the others were looking down on them in their stations on the ground. This is the view attempted to be expressed in the version. Marston employs a similar im.age for another, and more natural purpose : " Then looke as when a faulcon towres aloft Whole shoales of foule, and flockes of lesser birds Crouch fearefully, and dive, some among sedge, Some creepe in brakes ; so Massinissa's sword, Brandisht aloft, tost 'bout his shining caske, Made stoop whole squadrons." Sophonisba, ii. 2. 581. So Milton, P. L., b. xi. : " The bird of Jove, stoop'd from his aery tour. Two birds of gayest plume before him drove." Now in a lengthful rank they either seem To take their grounds, or gaze adown on those 583 Already taken. As, on their return. They are disporting with their whirring wings. And in a bevy have begirt the heavens. And uttered forth their songs : not other- wise Thy ships alike, and flower of thy [friends], Or hold the haven, or with canvas full Its mouth are ent'ring. Only go thy way, And where the path conducts thee steer thy step." 591 She spake ; and, turning off, she flashed [a sheen] Back from her carmine neck, and from her head Ambrosial tresses heav'nly perfume breathed ; Her garment to her foot-soles wimpled down, And in her gait the goddess stood confessed. When he his mother knew, with such ad- dress Did he pursue her, as she takes her flight : ' ' For what dost thou, thou heartless too, so oft With phantom spectres make thy son a sport ? 600 Why not vouchsafed to link right hand to right, And real words to hear and speak in turn ?" In such he chides, and towards the walls his step Directs. But Venus, as they pace along, Bescreened them in an atmosphere of gloom, And with a thick investiture of mist 592. Parnell finely describes the companion of the Hermit turning into an angel : *' But scarce his speech began. When the strange partner seem'd no longer man ; His youthful face grew more serenely sweet ; His robe turn'd white, and flow'd upon his feet ; Fair rounds of radiant points invest his hair ; Celestial odours breathe through purpled air ; And wings, whose colours glitter'd on the day. Wide at his back their gradual plumes display. The form ethereal bursts upon his sight, And moves in all the majesty of light." The Hermit. The passage may call to mind Milton's descrip- tion of Eve : " Grace was in all her steps, Heav'n in her eye. In every gesture dignity and love." P. L., b. 8. Was Chaucer in Milton's mind ? — " Lo, truely they written, that her seien. That Paradis stood formed in her eien And with her riche beauty evermore Strove love in her, aie which of hem was more." Troilus and Cress eide, st. 117. V. 412—444. BOOK I, V. 444—466. 9J The goddess compassed them, lest any might Avail to see them, or to touch, or plan Delay, or reasons of their coming ask. Herself to Paphos borne aloft departs, 610 And blithesome visits her own seats again ; Where to her [honor stands] a fane, and glow A hundred altars with Sabaean cense. And [fragrance] breathe from girlonds fresh [ly culled]. Meanwhile they seized the way where points the path. And now they scaled the hill, which beetles huge The city o'er, and at the facing towers Peers from above. yl£neas marvels at the pile, Erst Punic cabins ; marvels at the gates. And at the din, and pavements of the streets. 620 The Tyrians hotly ply. Some stretch the walls, And rear the citadel, and with their hands Uproll the stones ; some fix upon a site For homestead, and with furrow shut it in. They statutes [pass], and magistrates elect. And senate held in rev'rence ; others here The harbors excavate ; here others lay The deep foundations of a theatre, And giant pillars from the rocks hew out, The lofty garniture for coming scenes. 630 Such toil, as 'neath the sun employs the bees. In early summer in the bloomy fields. When they the full-grown offspring of the race Lead forth, or when they fluid honeys pack. And with the luscious nectar puff the cells ; Or burdens of [the workers] coming in Receive, or, in battalion formed, the drones, A lazy cattle, banish from the cribs : Work glows, and scented honeys smell of thyme. •' O happy ye, whose walls already rise !" Exclaims yEneas, and he gazes up 641 Upon the city-heights. He moves him on, Fenced in with cloud (a marvel to be told). Among the midst, and mingles with the men. Nor is perceptible to any [eye]. A grove in centre of the city stood. In shadow full luxuriant, in which spot At first, by surges and tornado tossed. The Carthaginians dug an omen forth, Which had the queenly Juno pointed out — A sprightly courser's head ; — for in this way 65 1 [Was it foretokened] that the race would prove Matchless in war and fruitful in resource, Throughout [all] ages. Here a vasty fane To Juno the Sidonian Dido reared. In gifts and godhead of the goddess rich ; Upon the steps whereof bronze thresholds rose. And, linked with bronze, the timbers ; creaked the hinge With folding-doors of bronze. 'Twas in this grove • A novel feature soothed their first alarm ; Here first ^neas safety dared to hope, 661 And better trust in his distressed estate. For while he pores o'er every single [sight] 'Neath the vast temple, waiting for the queen ; While, what [kind] fortune on the city rests. And at the works of artists each with each And toil of tasks, he marvels — he beholds The fights of Ilium in their course [por- trayed]. And wars, already all throughout the globe Bruited abroad by rumor ; Atreus' sons. And Priam, and Achilles, fell to both. 67 1 He paused, and weeping: "Now what spot," he cries, " Achates, what the country on the earth. That is not of our suff'ring full? Lo, Priam I E'en here for merit are its own rewards ; Tears are there for misfortunes, and the soul [The woes] of mortals touch. Dismiss thy fears ; To thee will this renown bring some relief." In such wise speaks he, and his fancy feeds With th' empty portrait, heaving many a groan, 680 And with a plenteous flow bedews his face. For he beheld how Pergamus around 631. Sec notes on Geo. iv. 79, and 313, &c. 653. Few expressions in all Virgil's works have given more trouble to the commentators than facilem victu. Trapp very innocently wishes that he never had written it, and seems to be a little ashamed of his idolised author for having done so. His own interpretation supplies an excellent and consistent sense ; but few scholars will be found to endure his giving an active signirtcatiou to a passive supine. It is better to regard the word as a sub- stantive, being thus used in connection ■<M\%^/acilem by Virgil himself in Geo. ii. v. 460. Sec y£«., iii. 540- 658. The " timbers;" i.e., the "door-posts." 668. " Your brave gilt house, my lord, your honour's hangings. Where all your ancestors, and all their battles. Their silk and golden battles, are deciphered." J, Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, ii. i. 94 V. 467—^ THE jENEID. V. 489 — 516. The battling Greeks were flying here; Troy's youth Were hot pursuing ; there the Phrygians [fled], On pressed the plumed Achilles in his car. Nor hence afar, with canvas white as snow, The tents of Rhoetus does he recognise, A-weeping, which in maiden sleep betrayed, The bloody son of Tydeus made a waste With butchery immense, and drove aloof His fiery coursers to the camp, ere they Had tasted .of the provender of Troy, 692 And drank the Xanthus. In another part The flying Troilus, with loss of arms — Ill-fated youth ! and notamatch when joined In duel with Achilles ! — by his steeds Is borne, and to the empty chariot cleaves Upon his back, the reins engrasping still ; And neck and locks are trailed along the earth, And with inverted spear the dust is scored. Meanwhile were pacing onward to the fane Of Pallas — not their friend — the Trojan dames 702 With streaming tresses, and her Robe they bare Inprayerfulfashionsad,and with their breasts Struck by their hands : the goddess, turned aloof. Her eyes kept riveted upon the ground. Thrice had Achilles round the Ilian walls Dragged Hector, and his breathless corse for gold Was selling. Then he sooth a heavy groan Draws from his bosom's depth, when spoils, when cars, 710 And when the very body of his friend. And Priam, stretching forth unweaponed hands, He viewed. Himself he also recognized, Mingled among the chieftains of the Greeks ; 683. " There is a thousand Hectors in the field : iSTow here he fights on Galathehis horse. And there lacks work ; anon, he's there afoot. And there they fly, or die, like scaled sculls Before the belching whale ; then is he yonder. And there the strawy Greeks, ripe for his edge. Fall down before him, like the mower's swath,- Here, there, and every where, he leaves, an^i takes ; Dexterity so obeying appetite. That what be will, he does ; and does so much, That proof is call'd impossibility." :, '. " Shakespeare, Trdihis and Cressida, v. 5. 687. Shakespeare alludes to this event in 3 Henry VI., iv. 2 : " Our scouts have found the adventure very easy : That as Ulysses, and stout Diomede, With slight and manhood stole to Rhoesus' tents, And brought from thence theThracian fatal steeds ; So we, well cover'd with the night's black mantle. At unawares may beat down Edward's guard." And th' Eastern lines, and swarthy Mem- non's arms. Leads files of Amazons with moony shields Penthesilea frantic, and amidst Her thousand [squadrons] is she all ablaze, Her golden sashes clasping on beneath A pap projecting, — [she,] the warrioress ! And dares, a maiden, to engage with men. While these by Dardan-sprung ^neas, — [scenes], 722 To claim his wonder, — are beheld ; while he Is senseless-struck, and, rooted [to the spot], In one fixed gaze is clinging, to the fane Queen Dido, in her beauty passing fair, I Advanced, a mighty retinue of youths j Close-thronging. Such as on Eurotas' ! banks, j Or through the brows of Cynthus, Dian plies I The dances, whom, a thousand mountain- I nymphs 730 ' Attending, this and that side circle round. I Her quiver she upon her shoulder bears. And, pacing, all the goddesses outtops ; Delights thrill thro' Latona's silent breast. Such Dido was ; such, blithe, she moved her on Among the midst, intent upon her task. And future realm. Then at the goddess' gates. Amid the temple's vault, she, fenced with arms, And on a throne high cushioned, took her seat. _ . . 739 She was dispensing to her subjects rights And laws, and dealing evenly their toil Of tasks in portions fair, or these by lot Was drawing, when /Eneas suddenly Sees Antheiis, and Sergestus, and the brave Cloanthus, drawing nigh with throng im- mense, And others of the Teucri, whom o'er sea The inky hurricane had wide dispersed, And carried far away to other coasts. At once he was amazed himself, at once Achates both with joy and fear was thrilled. In eagerness they burned to link right hands; 751 But their uncertain state disturbs their minds. They keep disguised, and by the hollow cloud 717. _ The spirit of a man I'll take to me borrow his boldness. "he spirit of a man, borrow his boldness, .nd force my woman's fears into a madness." J. Fletcher, The Islatid P^'incess, iii. 3. 726. " A miracle ! I mean of goodness ; for, in beauty, madam. You make all wonders cease." JJryden, All for Loz<c, ili. i. V. 516—54'. BOOK L T. 54'— 56a. 95 Our setting foot upon the foremost shore. If ye the race of man, and mortal arms Disdain, yet look for gods that mind [the deeds] Of right and wrong. >Eneas was our king, Than whom none else more upright [livedj, Nor greater was in piety, or war And arms; which hero if the Weirds preserve. If he is feeding on the breath of heaven. Nor yet reposes with the grisly ghosts, No fear there is, lest it should thee repent That thou had'st been the foremost to compete 800 In courtesy. [We] likewise cities have Within the bourns of Sic'ly, aye and fields. And famed Acestes from the blood of Troy. Be it allowed our tempest-shattered fleet To draw ashore, and timbers in the woods To fit, and oars to dress ; if it is deigned For Italy, with mates and king restored. To steer ; that Italy and Latium we In joy may seek. But if our safety all Is reft away, and thee, most worthy sire Of Teucri, doth the sea of Libya hold, 811 Nor hope of our lulus now remains, — Still to the straits of Sicily at least, And to our settlements prepared, where- from We have been carried hither, and to king Acestes, [grant] we may repair." In such Ilioneus : together all at once The Dardans muttered with their voice y^ [assent]. "''^ Then briefly Dido, downcast in her look. Speaks forth : *' Alarm dismiss ye from your heart, 820 Enveloped, watch what chance [befalls] the men ; Upon what shore the fleet they leave ; why come : For deputies from all the galleys went. Entreating favor, and amid a shout The temple sought. As soon as entered in, And in the presence of [the queen] was deigned The liberty of speech, with gentle breast Ilioneus their chieftain thus began : 761 ** O queen, to whom hath Jove vouch- safed to build A city new, and haughty hordes to curb In equity, we wretched sons of Troy, By tempests carried over every sea. Beseech thee, — from our vessels bid avaunt Their cursed blazes, spare a holy race, And take a nearer view of our estate. We come not, either with the sword to waste 769 The household-gods of Libya, or to turn The booties rifled from you to the shores : [Dwells] no such violence within our soul. Nor such high insolence in conquered men. There is a spot, — ' Hesperia ' do the Greeks By name entitle it, — an ancient land, Puissant in arms and richness of its soil : CEnotrian swains inhabited it [erst] ; Now rumor [tells] that modems ' Italy ' Have called the nation from their leader's name. 779 Our course was hitherward, when in a trice Uprising from the billow, rife in storm, Orion flung us upon viewless shoals. And far with wanton Austers e'en thro' waves, — Salt ocean mast' ring,— and through wayless rocks, Dispersed us. Hither to your coasts we few Havd floated on. What race of men is this ? Or what so wild a country tolerates This usage ? From a hostelry of sand Are we debarred ; wars wake they, and forbid 789 782. " When with fierce winds Orion arm'd Hath vex'd the Red Sea coast." Milton, P. L., b. i. " The roughening deep expects the storm, as sure As red Orion mounts the shrouded heaven." Armstrong, Health, b. iii. 789. " The air's as free for a fly as an eagle." Ben Jonson, The New Inn, ii. 2, • A handful of poor naked men we are, Thrown on your coast, whose arms are only prayer, That you would not be more unmerciful Than the rough seas, since they have let us live To find your charity." Shirley, St. Patrick far Ireland, i. i. 792. " The eagle frowned, and shook his royal wings. And charged the fly From hence to hie : Afraid, in haste the little creature flings, Yet seeks again. Fearful, to perk him by the eagle's side : With moody vein, The speedy post of Ganymede replied : ' VasMd, avaunt ! or with my wings you die : Is't fit an eagle seat him with a fly ?' " R. Greene, Alenaplion's Rcnindelay. See note on line 820. Ben Jonson thus winds up his tragedy oiSejanus : " Let this example move the insolent man, Not to grow proud and careless of the gods. It is an odious wisdom to blaspheme, Much more to slightcn, or deny their powers: For whom the morning saw so great and high. Thus low and litde 'fore the even doth lie." 816. Liceat, v. 551, is still understood. still the eagle frowned : Jhe silly fljf. Ready to die, Disgraced, displaced, fell gruvclling to the ground : 820. " The fly craved pity Ify fl 96 V. 562—579. THE JENEID. V. 579 — 600. O Teucer's sons, solicitudes shut out. My painful state, and infancy of realm, Such measures force me to devise, and wide My frontiers with a sentry to defend. Who knows not th' kneads' race ? Troy's city who ? Their gallantry alike and gallant men. Or conflagrations of so great a war ? Not breasts so blunted do we Tyrians bear. Nor yokes the Sun his coursers, turned aloof So far from Tyrus' city. Whether ye 830 The great Hesperia and Saturnian fields, Or Eryx' bourns and king Acestes, choose, Safe through my succor I will you dismiss. And aid you with my means. And do ye list On equal terms with me to settle down In these my realms ? — The city which I build is yours ; Draw up your ships ; the child of Troy and Tyre With no distinction shall by me be used. And would to heav'n your king himself were here, — i^neas, driven by the selfsame blast ! 840 Assuredly throughout the shores true men Will I despatch, and Libya's utmost bounds Bid them examine, if a castaway In any of its woods or towns he roams." By these her words excited in their soul, The eagle saw, And with a royal mind said to the fly : ' Be not in awe ; I scorn by me the meanest creature die ; Then seat thee here.' The joyful fly up flings, And sat safe-shadowed with the eagle's wings." R. Greene, Menaphon's Roundelay. See note on line 792. 834. If the hypothetical idea contained in sen and sive is to be continued in vultis et, of which con- struction there are many examples, the translation must be altered thus : " And if you list On equal terms with me to settle down In these my realms, the city which 1 build Is yours." " Come in, then, take possession of your own : My lands, my house, my goods, and all is your's." Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, iv. 2. The Trojans might safely have said : " Do your pleasure. Sir : Beggars must not be choosers." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Honest Man's Far- tune, V. 3. 840. Notus here must mean a strong wind in general, as the south wind would drive xhtxafroJit and not to Africa. 842. " A century send forth ; Search every acre in the high-grown field. And bring him to our eye." Shakespeare, King Lear, iv. 4. Alike the brave Achates, and the sire ^Eneas, now were burning long ere this To burst away the cloud. Achates first /Eneas [thus] accosts : " O goddess-born, What thought is now arising in thy mind ? All safe thou see'st, thy fleet and mates restored. 851 One absent is, whom we ourselves saw whelmed Amid the billow : to thy mother's words All else replies." He scarce had spoken these. When suddenly the mantling cloud itself Asunder splits, and melts to open air. Still stood ^neas, and in crystal sheen Gleamed forth, in face and shoulders like a god. For on her son his mother had herself Becoming locks, and blooming light of youth, 860 And in his eyes her sprightly graces, breathed : Such beauty as to iv'ry hands impart ; Or when is silver, or the Parian stone. In yellow gold encased around, uhen thus The queen does he accost, and, unforeseen By all, upon a sudden he exclaims : " I, whom ye seek, am in your presence here, Trojan ^neas, snatched from Libyan waves. O [lady], who alone hast pity felt For Troy's unutterable woes ; who us, A remnant from the Greeks, now wearied out 870 By all the hazards both of land and sea. In want of all things, in thy city, home, Thy partners makest ! throughly thee to pa y 857. " Not great ^neas stood in plainer day. When, the dark mantling mist dissolved a\yay. He to the Tyrians show'd his sudden face. Shining with all his goddess mother's grace : For she herself had made his countenance bright, Breathed honour on his eyes, and her own purple light." Dryden, Britannia Rediviva, 128-133. 858. " Not Lollia Paullina, nor those blazing stars. Which make the world the apes of Italy, Shall match thyself in sun-bright splendency." Machin, The Dui7ib Knight, i. i. 869. " Dearest lady. Great in your fortune, greater in your goodness. Make a superlative in excellence. In being greatest in your saving mercy." Massinger, The Duke of Milan, lii. 3. " Her goodness does disdain comparison. And, but herself, admits no parallel." lb., iv. 3. 873. " 'Tis I am poor. For I have not a stock in all the world Of so much dust, as would contrive one narrow Cabin to shroud a worm." Shirley, The Brothers, iv. 5. V. 6oi— 6i8. BOOK I. V. 618^644. 97 Meet thanks is not, O Dido, in our power. Nor that of Dardan race, — where er 'tis found In any spot, — which scattered is thro'out The mighty globe. O may the gods on thee (If any pow'rs of heav'n regard the good, If righteous dealing anywhere be aught, A soul, too, that is conscious to itself 881 Of right,) the guerdons, thy desert, confer ! "What so propitious ages gave thee birth ? What such high parents gendered such [a child] ? While rivers to the seas shall run, while shades Shall sweep the mountains' jutting sides, while heaven Shall feed the stars, [thy] glory and thy name, 887 And praises aye shall last, whatever lands Call me." Thus having said, he clasps His friend llioneus with his right hand, And with his left Serestus ; then the rest ; Brave Gyas also, and Cloanthus brave. Sidonian Dido was in wonder lost, First at the presence of the hero, next At his so striking fortune, and she thus Spake from her lip : " What fortune, goddess- born, Pursues thee onward through such grievous risks ? What power drives thee to our savage coasts ? Art thou that [world-renowned] ^neas, whom To Dardan-sprung Anchises Venus boon 875. " Would thou hadst less deserved, 1 hat the proportion both of thanks and payment Might have been more ! Only I have left to say More is thy due than more than all can pay." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 4. 878. " But to those powers above, that can requite, That from their wasteless treasures heap rewards. More out of grace than merits, on us mortals. To those I'll ever pray, that they would give you More blessings than 1 have skill to ask." May, The Heir, iv. " Angels reward the goodness of this woman !" Massinger, The Duke of Milan, i. 3. 881. " As high and hearty as youth's time of inno- cence. That never knew a sin to shape a sorrow by : I feel no tempest, nor a leaf wind-stirring To shake a fault ; my conscience is becalmed." Middleton, A Game at Chess, iv. 1. " Every good deed sends back its own reward Into the bosom of the enterpriser." lb., iii. i. 884. " Happy the parents of so fair a child !" Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, iv. 5. 894. " There is a minute. When a man's presence speaks in his own cause. More than the tongues of twenty advocates." Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, i. i. Bare at the wave of Phrygian Simois ? 901 Yea sooth I call to mind that Teucer came To Sidon, banished from his country's bourns, New kingdoms seeking by the aid of Bel : Then Bel, my sire, was wasting Cyprus rich. And conq'ror holding it beneath his sway. From that time forward has to me been known The Trojan city's fortune, and thy name. And kings Pelasgic. He, thy foe, himself Was used with praise distinguished to extol The Teucri, and would have it he was sprung 91 1 From th' ancient stock of Teucrians. Then come, , O youths, advance ye underneath our roofs. Like fortune me, too, tossed through many a toil. Hath willed at last to settle on this land. Not unacquainted with misfortune, I The wretched learn to aid." Thus speaks she forth : At once /Eneas to the royal roofs She leads ; at once within the fanes of gods A sacrifice enjoins. Nor less meanwhile She sends his mates on shore a sco re ol ^ - bulls, 921 A hundred bristly backs of burly swine, A hundred fatted lambkins with their dams, The gifts and merry-making of the god. But gorgeously with royal pomp the dome Within is furnished, and amid the halls The banquets they provide : — cloths wrought with skill. And haughty scarlet ; massy silver plate Upon the tables, and, embossed in gold. The brave achievements of her sires, a chain Of great occurrences, exceeding long, 931 Extended thro' so many [gallant] men. From the commencement of her ancient race. .<Eneas (for a father's love his mind To be at rest allowed not), to the ships 916. " One, too, acquainted with calamities. And from that apt to pity. Charity ever Finds in the act reward, and needs no trumpet In the receiver." J. Fletcher, Tht Sea Woyage, ii. a. " I hate to leave my friend in his extremities." J. Fletcher, Tht lyoman Hater, ii. i. Gray, happily, of Virtue when schooled by Adversity : " Stem, rugged nurse ! thy rigid lore With patience many a year she bore : What sorrow was, thou b.-id"st her know. And from her own she leam'd to melt at others' woe." Hymn to Adversity. U 98 V. 644—673. THE yENEID. V. 674 — 700. Despatches fleet Achates in advance, These [tidings] to Ascanius to report, And to the town to lead [the youth] him- self: .*^tands [centred] in Ascanius every thought (^f his fond parent. Presents, furthermore. Rescued from Ilium's wreck, he bids him bring ; — 941 A kirtle stiff with figures and with gold, And, woven round with saffron-hued acanth, A veil, the Argive Helen's brave attire, Which from Mycense she, when Pergamus She sought, and nuptials disallowed, had brought Away, her mother Leda's wondrous gift. Moreo'er, a sceptre, which Ilione, Of Priam's daughters eldest, erst had borne ; And for the neck a necklace strung with beads, 950 And, double with its jewels and with gold, A diadem. Despatching these [behests]. His journey to the ships Achates bent. But Cytherea machinations new. New schemes, is turning over in her breast ; That Cupid, changed in figure and in looks, Should in the place of sweet Ascanius come, And with the presents set the raging queen Afire, and in her bones inweave his flame ; Since sooth a house equivocal she fears, And Tyrians double-tongued : fell Juno stings, 961 And towards the night unrest returns again. She therefore in these words winged Love accosts : " O son, my strength, my mighty pow'r alone, O son, who bolts Typhsean of the highest sire Disdainest, I to thee for refuge fly, And humbly thy divinity entreat. How brother thine, yEneas, round all shores Is tossed upon the ocean, through the hate Of Juno the unjust, is known to thee, 970 And in my grief thou oftentimes hast I. grieved. Him the Phoenician Dido entertains. And stays with luring accents ; and I dread What turn Junonian hospitage may take : In such a grave conjuncture of affairs She will not be at rest. On which account To trap the queen beforehand with my wiles. And with the flame to vest her, I design. 961. " They shall find, That to a woman of her hopes beguiled, A viper trod on, or an aspic's mild." J. Fletcher, 7'/i£ Spanish Curate, iv. Lest she through any influence of heaven May change her [feelings], but in potent love 980 For my ^neas may with me be chained. Now understand my notion [of the means], Whereby thou may'st be able to effect This [end]. The royal boy, my chief con- cern, At summons of his darling sire prepares To go to Sidon's city, bearing gifts, The remnants from the deep and flames of Troy. Him I, when drowsed in sleep, upon the high Cythera, or upon Idalia's [mount]. Within my hallowed seat will hide away ; Lest he in any wise avail to learn 991 My plots, or thwart them in the midst. Do thou His mien, for not beyond a single night, With cunning counterfeit, and, boy [thy- self], The well-known features of the boy assume ; That when shall Dido, in the height of bliss. Thee welcome to her bosom, in the midst Of royal banquets and Lysean juice ; When she shall grant embraces, and im- print Her luscious kisses, thou thy hidden fire May'st inly breathe, and dupe her with thy bane." looi The words of his dear mother Love obeys, And doffs his wings, and in lulus' gait Rejoicing trips along. But Venus o'er Ascanius' limbs a stilly rest bedews. And, nestled in her breast, the goddess lifts [The sleeper] to Idalia's lofty groves. Where downy marjoram, exhaling [scent], Imbosoms him in flow'rs and balmy shade. And now, her word obeying, Cupid paced, loio And to the Tyrians bore the royal gifts, Blithe, with Achates for a guide. When he Arrives, beneath a prideful canopy, ;Mie queen has just reposed her on a couch Of gold, and throned her in the midst. Now sire yEneas, now too Troja's youth collect. And on the outspread purple all recline. 1006. " Sleep, sleep, young angel ! My care shall wake about thee." Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, iii. 3. " When Venus would her dear Ascanius keep A prisoner in the downy bands of sleep. She odorous herbs and flowers beneath him spread, As the most soft and sweetest bed ; Not her own lap would more have charmed his head." Cowley, The Garden. y. 701—737. BOOK L ▼. 7*7—74*. 99 The serving-men give waters for their hands, And Ceres from the baskets fetch they forth, And towels bring with shaven nap. "Within Handmaidens fifty, with whom rests the charge 102 1 In long array the viands to dispose. And magnify the household-gods with fires; A hundred others, and as many youths Of service, matches in their age, with cates The boards to burden, and to set the cups. Yea, too, the Tyrians thro' the merry halls Together flocked in numbers, [e'en] en- joined Upon the broidered sofas to recline. They gaze in wonder at /Eneas' gifts ; In wonder at lulus do they gaze, 103 1 And at the glowing features of the god. And his feigned accents ; at the kirtle too, And veil, embroidered with the saffron- hued Acanthus. Chief of all, the hapless one, Abandoned to the coming plague, her soul Cannot have sated, and by gazing grows The hotter, — [she,] Phoenicia's dame, — and is alike Excited by the boy and by his gifts. When he upon ^Eneas's embrace 1040 And neck has hung, and cloyed the mighty love Of his pretended sire, he seeks the queen. She with her eyes, with all her soul she hangs On him, and fonds him to her breast at times ; — [She,] Dido, — wareless what a potent god Was rooting down within her wretched self But mindful of his Acidalian mother he By slow degrees Sychaeus to efface Begins, and by a living passion aims To prepossess affections, now long since At quiet, and a heart unused [to love]. As soon as in the banquet was a pause, And boards were cleared, huge wassail- bowls they set, 1053 And crown the wine. A din throughout the courts Arises, and along the spacious halls Their voice they roll. Down burning cressets hang From gilded ceilings, and the night with flames 1039. Or, perhaps : " deluded." 1056. " From the arched roof. Pendent by subtle magic, many a row Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With Naphtha and Asphaltus, yielded light As from a sky." Milton, V. L., b. i. Wax-torches overpower. Here the qu^^ A bowl, with jewels weighty and with gold, Required, and brimmed it up with taintless wine, — 1060 Which Bel, and all from Bel were wont [to brim]. Then silence was observed throughout the courts. ** O Jove (for that thou grantest rights to guests They tell), that this a happy day alike To Tyrians, and the voyagers from Troy, May prove, be it thy pleasure, and that this May our descendants in remembrance holcL Be present Bacchus, giver of delight, And Juno kind ; and Tyrians, O do ye The union solemnize in friendly mood." She said, and of the liquors spilled a gift Upon the board, and first, when spilled, [the rest] 1072 She reached as far as to her tip of lip ; Then, rallying him, she it to Bitias gave. He, nothing slack, drained off the foaming bowl. And swilled him from the brimming gold. Next [drank] The other nobles. On his gilded lute The tressed lopas warbles o'er [the lay], Which highest Atlas taught him. Chants this [bard] The rambling Moon and travails of the Sun ; Whence race of men, and flocks ; whence rain, and fires ; 108 1 Arcturus, and the rainy Hyades, And twain Triones ; wherefore speed so fast To dip them in the ocean wintry Suns, Or what delay withstands the laggard nights. " As heaven with stars, the roof with jewels glows. And ever living lamps depend in rows." Pope, Temple 0/ Fame. " Her room Outbraved the stars with several kinds of light*:." Webster, yittoria Corombona, iii. 2. 1075. " Did I not find thee gaping, like an oyster For a new tide ? Thy very thoughts lie bare. Like a low ebb ; thy soul, that rid in sack. Lies moored for want of liquor." Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, i. 7. 1078. Bards in ancient times wore their hair vcr>* long. The reader may, perhaps, readily call to mind this element in the grand description of one of their number, in Gray's noble Ode: " Robed in the sable garb of woe. With haggard eyes the poet stcjod ; (Loose his beard, and hoary hair Stream'd, like a meteor, to the troubled air.) And with a master's hand, and prophet'^ fire. Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre." H 2 100 V. 747—749. THE ^NEID. V. 749—756. Redouble with acclaim the men of Tyre, And Trojans second them. Yea too, the night With diverse talk unhappy Dido eked, 1086. The enthusiasm of his auditors, in so warmly clapping lopas, shows that they would not have come under the lash of Lorenzo ; Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, v. i : " Therefore the poet Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods ; Since nought so stockish, hard, and full of rage. But music for the time doth change his nature : The man that hath no music in himself, Nor is not mov'd with concord of sweet sounds. Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils ; The motions of his spirit are dull as night. And his affections dark as Erebus : Let no such man be trusted." And deep[ly] drank [of] passion, as she asks Much about Priam, about Hector much ; Now, in what arms Aurora's son had come ; Now what were Diomedes' coursers ; now, How puissant was Achilles. " Nay then come, 1093 And from the first commencement tell us, guest. The stratagems of Danai," — she cries, — "And hazards of thy [friends], and wan- d'rings thine ; For now the seventh summer wafts thee on, A roamer over every land and wave." 389. " My ears, my greedy eyes, my thirsty soul. Drank gorging in the dear delicious poison. Till I was lost, quite lost." Sm\ih, P/uedra and Hippolytus, i. i. BOOK II. All dropped to silence, and their faces kept [Firm fixed], on him attent. Then thus /" began y^he sire yFneas from his lofty throne : " Unspeakable, O queen, the grief thou bid'st Renew ; how Troja's wealth and piteous realm The Greeks uprooted, and those saddest [scenes]. Which I myself have witnessed, and wherein A leading part I bore. Such [miseries] In telling, who of Myrmidons, or Dolopes, Or [who,] the soldier of Ulysses stern, 10 Could keep from tears ? And now the moistful night Posts downward from the sky, and setting stars Are urging slumbers. But if [thee enthrals] Line 2. " And Expectation, like the Roman eagle. Took stand, and called all eyes." J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, iii. i. II. " Then, sighing soft awhile, at last she thus : O lamentable fall of famous towne. Which raignd so many yeares victorious. And of all Asia bore the soveraigne crovvne, In one sad night consumd and throwen downe ! What stony hart, that heares thy haplesse fate. Is not empierst with deepe compassiowne. And makes ensample of mans wretched state. That floures so fresh at morne, and fades at evening late !" Spenser, F. Q., iii. 9, 39. " My tears, like nifHing winds, locked up in caves, Do bustle for a vent." Ford, 'Phe Lover's Melancholy, v. i. 13. " For now the streaky light began to peep. And setting stars admonish'd both to sleep." Dryden, close of Hind and Panther. So strong a passion our mishaps to learn, And briefly hear of Troja's latest pang. Although my soul at recollection quails, And hath in woe recoiled, I will begin. " Worn out by war, and baffled by the fates, The chiefs of Danai, — so many years Now gliding past, — a horse of mountain- size 20 By heav'nly handicraft of Pallas build, And overlay its ribs with plank of fir : An off 'ring they pretend for their return. That rumor spreads. Herein the chosen frames Of heroes, culling them by lot, in stealth Do they imprison in its darksome side, And throughly its colossal vaultages. And womb, with weaponed soldiery they •* Within the view lies Tenedos, an isle Full widely known by rumor, rich in wealth. 30 While Priam's realm endured, now but a bay. And post of lame dependance for the ships. Transported hither, on the lonely beach They masked themselves. We deemed that they had gone, And with the breeze had for My cense made. All Teucria therefore from her lengthened woe Herself releases ; opened are the gates ', It joys to go and view the Doric camp, 16. " Remembrance wakes with all her busy train. Swells at my breast, and turns the past to pain." Goldsmith, Deserted Village. V. a 8 — 48. BOOK m r» 48-'^$. -^01 And spots forsaken, and a quitted shore. Here the Dolopians' hosts, here pitched [his tent] 40 The fell Achilles ; for their galleys here The station ; here in battailous array To combat were they wont. Some stand amazed At unespoused Minerva's deathful gift, And marvel at the hugeness of the horse. And first Thymoetes moves that it be brought Inside the walls, and in the castle lodged ; Whether in guile, or now the fates of Troy Decreed it so. But Capys and [the rest], Within whose mind a sounder judgment [dwelt], 50 Or in the sea the ambush of the Greeks, And their mistrusted off 'rings, bid to fling, And burn them up with blazes underlaid ; Or of the womb the vaulted lurking-holes To bore and probe. The commons, un- resolved, Into conflicting sentiments is split. '* There first ahead of all, with throng immense Attending him, Laocoon, afire, Down from the summit of the castle runs ; And from afar : ' O wretched citizens, 60 What such wild frenzy [this] ? Do ye believe Our foes withdrawn ? Or think ye any gifts Of Grecians are devoid of craft ? Is thus Ulysses known? Or, prisoned in this wood, Achaeans are concealed, or this is framed An engine 'gainst our walls, to overpeer Our homes, and on the city from on high To pounce ; or lurking lies some trick. The horse 44. It is very stiff to make Minerva, v. 31, the dative case ; nor is it at all according to the usage of Virgil, who continually uses the genitive under such circumstances; e.g., Templum conjugis an- tiqui, yEn. iv. 457. See also yEn. xi. 4, yota Deum. 53. It is not meant that the same individuals re- commended destruction both by water and fire ; but that, of those who advocated the total de- struction of the horse, some proposed the one and some the other ; or, if this should not be consented to, at least terebrare et tentare, &c. This explains the use oi que, for which xive be read, an awkward uncertainty results from the use of the following aut. 66. "The prince's espials have informed me. How the English, in the suburbs close intrench'd. Wont, through a secret grate of iron bars In yonder tower, to overpeer the city ; And thence discover, how, with most advantage. They may vex us with shot, or with assault." Shakespeare, i Henry VI., i. 4. 68. " There is a devilish cunning Expressed in this black forgery." Webster, Appius and Virginia, iii. a. Trust not, O Trojans ! whatsoe'er that be, I dread the Grecians, even bringing gifts.' Thus having spoken, his prodigious spear With lusty pow'rs upon the monster's side, And on its paunch, with joinings arched, he hurled. 73 It quiv'ring stood, and from the womb convulsed The vaults rang hollow, and gave forth a groan. And if the gods* decrees, if reason not obtuse, Had been [our blessed lot], he had enforced The marring of th' Argolic shrouds with steel ; And, Troy, thou would'st be standing now, and thou, O Priam's stately castle, would'st remain.^ "Behold, meanwhile, a stripling, witn his hands 81 Pinioned behind his back, with lusty shout Were Dardan shepherds haling to the king; Who had, a stranger, of his free accord Himself presented to them as they came. That he this very [plot] might carry out, And open Troja to Achaia's sons ; — Self-confident in spirit, and prepared For either issue, — or to work his wiles, Or fall before indubitable death. 90 From every quarter, in the zeal to see. Poured round, the youth of Troja tides amain. And vie in making of the prisoner sport. Now hear the stratagems of Danai, And from a single outrage learn them all. For when amid our gaze, confused, un- armed. He stood, and with his eyes the Phrygian hosts Beheld around : ' Ah ! now what land,* he cries, * What seas can welcome me ? Or what doth now For hapless me at last remain, for whom With Greeks no further is there any place ; Yea, too, the very Dardans in their rage Vengeance with blood demand ?' By which his moan 103 Our minds were wholly changed, and all assault 100. " Your melancholy mole is happy now ; He fears no officers, but walks invisible. Would I were chamber-fellow to a worm ! The rooks have princely lives that dwell upon The tops of trees ; the owls and bats arc gentlemen. They fiy, and fear no warrants ; every hare Outruns the constable ; only poor man, By nature slow and full of phlegm, must sUy, And stand the cursed law.' Shirley, Tht Imposture, v. 4. ■V. 74— 9 V THE jENEID. V. 94—115. Was stifled. We encourage him to speak : From what blood sprung, or what he brings, to say, Where his reliance as a pris'ner rests. He these, — alarm at last discarded, — speaks : ** ' Yea all to thee, O king, whate'er result, Will I,' saith he, 'acknowledge in their truth; no Nor that I am of Argive race disown. This first : nor if hath Fortune Sinon shaped A wretch, shall she, unscrupulous, beside Shape him a hollow and a lying [knave]. If haply in discourse hath reached thine ears Such name as that of Palamede, from Bel Descended, and his rumor-noised renown. Whom the Pelasgi, 'neath a baseless charge. Unguilty under evidence accursed. Since he discountenanced their wars, sent down 120 To death : — they mourn him now when reft of light :— Me as his comrade, e'en by link of blood Allied, a needy father, hither sent To warfare from its earliest date. W^hile he Stood firmly in his puissance unimpaired. And flourished in the cabinets of kings. We, too, both some repute and dignity Have borne. As soon as through the jea- lous hate 130 Of cozening Ulysses, — [matters] not un- known I speak, — from upper regions he withdrew, Heart-broken, I my life in gloom and grief Dragged out, and inly with resentment viewed The downfall of my unoffending friend ; 107. Or : " We encourage him to tell From what blood sprung, or [message] what he brings, To say what meant his confidence when caught." 113. " I am unfortunate, but not ashamed Of being so : No ! let the guilty blush." Southern, Oroonoko, i. 2. " What ! because we are poor Shall we be vicious ?" Webster, Vittoria Coro7nbona, i. 2. " To seem to be, and not be what I seem, Are things my honest nature understands not." Dryden, Cleomenes, iii. i. 130. Or : "jealousy." 131. " I could so roll my pills in sugared syllables. And strew such kindly mirth o'er all my mischief. They took their bane in way of recreation." Middleton, A Game at Chess, i. 1. " Of all wild beasts preserve me from a tyrant. And of all tame a flatterer." Ben Jonson, Sej'anns, i. 2. Nor held my peace, — a madman ! — yea I vowed That I, if any chance allowed, if e'er To my paternal Argos I returned A conqueror, would his avenger prove ; And by my words a bitter hate aroused. Hence [fell] on me misfortune's earliest blight ; Hence ever used Ulysses to alarm 140 With fresh impeachments ; hence he used to strew Equivocal expressions through the mob. And seek in complot means of [harm] ; nor, sooth. He rested till, with Calchas for a tool, — But yet why these distasteful truths do I In vain unfold ? Or wherefore you detain ? If all Achaeans in one rank ye hold. And this it is enough to hear, at once Take vengeance : this the Ithacan would wish. And Atreus' sons at heavy cost would buy.' ' ' But then we burn to question, and to seek 151 The reasons, unaware of villainies So deep, and craft Pelasgic. Quaking he Proceeds, and from a traitor-bosom speaks : " ' Oft longed the Danai their flight to plan, Troy left behind, and with the lengthened war Outwearied, to retire ; — and would to heaven That they had done so ! Often shut them in A felon storm of ocean ; Auster, too, Alarmed them on their setting out. In chief, 160 When now this horse stood framed with maple beams, All thro' the welkin thundered squalls of rain. We, poised in doubt, Eurypylus despatch, Who Phoebus' oracles consults, and he 136. " Wrath covered carries fate : Revenge is lost if I profess my hate." Ben Jonson, Sejanus, i. end. 142. " Your faith freighted With lies, malicious lies ; your merchant Mischief; He that ne'er knew more trade than tales, and tumbling Suspicions into honest hearts." J. Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, i. i. So Satan in Milton's Paradise Lost, b. v. : " And casts between Ambiguous words and jealousies, to sound Or taint integrity." 149, " Truth laughs at death. And terrifies the killer more than killed ; Integrity thus armless seeks her foes." J. Fletcher, The Queefi of Corinth, iv. 3. 159. Milton so appUes "felon" to the winds in Paradise Lost, b. i., and Lycidas, V. 115 — 138. BOOK IT. V. 138—155. 10$ These drear announcements from the shrines brings back : ** By blood and by a butchered maid ye stilled The winds, when first, O Greeks, to Ilium's shores Ye came ; by blood must your return be sought, And by an Argive life atonement made." Which sentence, when it reached the com- mons' ears, 170 Their souls were mazed, and through their inmost bones An icy shudder ran, — for whom the Fates Decree it, whom Apollo may demand. Hereon the Ithacan, with vast ado. Drags forth the prophet Calchas to the midst : — What mean those intimations of the gods He importunes. And many now to me The knave's unfeeling villainy presaged, And silently the coming [issues] saw. He twice five days is dumb, and, cloistered up, 180 Refuses to surrender any man By word of his, and subject him to death. He scarce at last, enforced by lusty calls From th' Ithacan, by concert gives to voice A vent, and for the altar me appoints. All acquiesced ; and [woes], which for himself Each held in dread, when shifted from [themselves] For ruin of a single wretch, they bore. And now the cursed day drew nigh ; for me Were holy rites prepared, and salted grains. And fillets [to entwine] around my brows. Myself I rescued, I avow, from death, 192 And burst ray bonds ; and in an oozy pool Through night-time hidden in the sedge I lurked. Till they should grant their canvas [to the gale]. If haply they would grant it. Nor with me [Rests] any hope of seeing furthermore My ancient country, nor my darling boys, 172. " I have a faint cold fear thrills through my veins. That almost freezes up the heat of life." Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet, iv. 3. 174, " Art thou a statesman. And canst not be a hypocrite ? Impossible !" Dryden, Don Sebiistian, iL x . x86. " What man, when condemned, Did ever find a friend ? Or who dares lend An eye of pity to that star-crossed subject, On whom his sovereign frowns t" Massinger, 'J he Emperor 0/ the East, v. i. 192, " To cheat the cheater, was no cheat, but justice." Bco Joason, The Stable of News, v. x. And parent sore-desired ; whom they per- chance E'en forfeits will exact for my escape, 200 And this my fault by death of hapless ones Atone. Then thee by gods above and Powers, Who know my truth, by — (if there any be, Which anywhere to mortals may abide), — Unsullied faith, I pray compassionate Such grievous woes, compassionate a soul That undergoes [distresses] not deserved.' ** To these his tears do we vouchsafe him life. And freely pity him. E'en first himself From oiT the man his handcuffs, and the bonds 210 Tight-straitened, Priam orders to be loosed. And thus in words of kindliness he speaks : * Whoe'er thou art, the Grecians, lost, hence- forth Do thou forget ; thou shalt be ours ; and these At my inquiry in their truth explain t With what intent this pile of monster-horse Have they erected ? Who the architect ? Or what seek they? What is the holy end ? Or what the enginery of war ?' He said. The other, versed in wiles and Grecian craft, 220 Uplifted to the stars his bond-stript hands : ' Ye, deathless fires, and your divinity. That may not be profaned, do I,' he cries, 205. " Do pity me ! Pity's akin to love." Southern, Oroonoko, ii. a. Laocoon might have said : " Pray heaven it be no fault ! For there's as much disease, though not to th' eye. In too much pity as in tyranny." Middleton, The Phamix, i. x. 206. " The auality of mercy Is not strained : It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath ; it is twice blessed : It blesseth him that gives and him that takes ; 'Tis mightiest in the mightiest ; it becomes The throned monarch better than his crown." Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, iv. i. 207. " If powers divine behold our human actions, — as they do, — I doubt not, then, but innocence shall make False accusation blush, and tyranny Tremble at patience." Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, iii. a. ao8. "A free confession of a fault wins pardon ; But, being seconded by desert, commands it," Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 4. 22a. So lago attests the stars; Shakespeare. Othello, iii, 3 : " Witness, you ever-burning lights above ! You elements that clip us round about !" " Then hear me, heaven, to whom I call for right. And you, fair twinkling stars, that crown the night." J. Fletcher, TIu Faithful Skt/kerdess, iv. 4. 104 V. 155—179. THE ^NEID. V. 179 — 202. ' Attest ; ye, altars and accursed swords, Which I escaped, and fillets of the gods, Which I a victim bare ; 'tis free to me The hallowed obligations of the Greeks To cancel ; it is free to me to loathe the men, And all [their plans] to bring beneath the light. If any they disguise ; nor am I tied 230 By any laws of country. Do but thou By thy engagements stand, and when thou'rt saved Save thou thy credit, Troy, if I true [facts] Adduce, if large [returns] I thee repay. "'The Grecians' every hope and con- fidence Upon the war commenced, for ever stood By Pallas' aid. But truly from the [hour,] That Tydeus' godless son, Ulysses, too. Crime-planner, the Palladium, big with fate. Essaying from her hallowed fane to wrest, — The sentries of the highest tower slain, — Engrasped the holy image, and with hands Of blood the goddess' maiden wreaths presumed 243 To taint, thenceforth began to ebb away. And, slowly sinking, to be carried back, The hope of Grecians ; shattered were their powers ; Estranged the goddess' mind. Nor tokens these With doubtful omens did Tritonia deign. The image scarce was planted in the camp : — Flared bick'ring fires from its erected eyes. And briny sweat coursed o'er its limbs ; and thrice 251 She, — wondrous to be told, — from earth sprang up. Both buckler wielding and a quiv'ring lance. Straight Calchas chanteth that the seas in flight Should be attempted ; nor that Pergamus Could be uprooted by Argolic arms. Unless the omens they should seek anew At Argos, and the deity res'tore. Which o'er the main, and in their bending barks, 232. " For great men, Till they have gained their ends, are giants in Their promises, but, those obtained, weak pigmies In their performance." Massinger, 'Hie Great Duke of Florence, ii. end. 233. "Oh heaven! oh earth! bear witness to this sound. And crown what I profess with kind event, If I speak true ; if hollowly, invert What best is boded me to mischief !" Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. i. They with them have conveyed away. And now, 260 Seeing that with the breeze they have sought out Their home Mycenae, arms and comrade- gods Are they preparing, and upon the main, Repassed, will unexpectedly be here : So Calchas methodises the portents. This figure for Palladium's sake, for sake Of the offended godship, they, when warned, Erected, to atone their rueful guilt. Howbeit Calchas ordered to upraise [Of] monster [bulk] this pile, with car- pentry 270 Of sturdy woods, and stretch it out to heaven. That through the gates it might not be received. Or brought within the city ; nor the race Beneath the ancient veneration guard. For, if your hand profaned Minerva's gifts, Then vast destruction (which presage may gods The rather turn against himself!) to sway Of Priam, and to Phrygians, would ensue. But if by your own hands it mounted up * Upon the city, Asia uncompelled 280 With mighty war to Pelops' walls would come. And these decrees our children's children wait.' *' By such a stratagem, and artifice Of perjured Sinon is the tale believed ; And they are caught by craft and forced tears, Whom neither did the son of Tydeus, Nor did Achilles, of Larissa ['s land]. No, not ten years reduced, no, not a thou- sand keels. " Here to us wretches is another [scene] Presented, graver, and more terrible by far, 290 And it dismays our unforeseeing breasts. Laocoon, for Neptune fixed by lot The priest, was butchering a giant bull 265. Though digerit, v. 182, seems scarcely to bear it, yet the context almost requires the line to be rendered thus : " 'Tis thus that Calchas construes the portents." 276. "That, O ye Heavens, defend! and turne away From her unto the miscreant himselfe !" Spenser, Faerie Queetie, v. 8, 19. 280. Or, according to Wagner and Forbiger : " from afar." 283. " Be murderous still ; But, when thou strik'st, with unseen weapons kill." Webster, Appius and Virginia, ii. 3. "Treason has done his worst." Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 2. V. ao3 — 333. BOOK IT. T. jja — 355. 105 Hard by the reverend altars. But, behold ! From Tenedos, along the calmy deeps, (I shudder as I tell [the tale],) two snakes With coils enormous lean upon the main, And towards the shores at even pace ad- vance Whose breasts, among the billows rearetL 'They strain. The fateful engine mounts aloft And crests blood-tinted, overtop the waves ; Their other part sweeps ocean in the rear. And arches in a fold their boundless chines : A roar arises, with the briny flood 303 In foam. And now the lands they reached, and, stained O'er eyes of flame with blood and fire, they licked Their hissing mouths with bick'ring tongues. We fly In all directions, bloodless at the sight. They seek Laocoon in steady march ; And first the tiny frames of his two sons Each serpent, clipping them, infolds, and preys 310 Upon their wretched members with his fang. Next, him [the father], coming up with aid, And weapons bringing, do they clutch, and swathe With giant rings. And now his midriff twice Embracing, twice entwining round his neck Their scaly backs, o'ertop him with their head And necks on high. He straightway with his hands To tear the knots asunder strains, be- drenched Upon the wreaths with gore and sable bane ; At once dread cries he raises to the stars : Such roarings as, what time a bull hath fled The altar, struck with wounds, and from his neck 322 Hath shaken out the undecisive axe. But to the temple's summit with a glide The dragons twain escape away, and seek The tow'r of fell Tritonis, and beneath The goddess' feet, and 'neath her disc of shield, Are screened. Then sooth throughout their frighted breasts Creeps strange alarm on all ; and for his crime Laocoon they say had duly paid, 330 Who with his spear-head marred the holy wood. And hurled against its back an impious lance. That to its seat the image should be brought, And power of the goddess be implored. They shout at once. We rive the walls, and ope The bulwarks of the city. Gird them all To toil, and lay beneath its feet the roll Of wheels, and hempen fetters on its neck the walls, Teeming with weapons. Round it do the lads, 340 And lasses unespoused, chant holy [hymns], And with their hand delight to touch the rope. It steals along, and tow'ring up it glides Upon the city's heart. O native land ! O Ilium, home of deities, and walls Of Dardan sons renowned in war ! Four times Within the very threshold of the gate It halted, and from out the womb a clank Four times the weapons gave. Yet press we on. Unthinking, and with frenzy blind, and bring 350 The evil-omened monster to a stand Within the hallowed citadel. Then, too. With fates to come Cassandra opes her lips, By mandate of the god not e'er believed By Trojans. We the temples of the gods. Ill-starred, to whom was that our latest day. With festal leafage through the city deck. ** Meanwhile the heav'n is wheeled around, and Night Swoops on from ocean, wrapping deep in gloom Both earth, and sky, and Myrmidons* de- ceits. 360 Thro'out the city spread, to silence dropped The Trojans : sleep infolds their jaded limbs. And now the Argive host in marshalled ships Was moving on from Tenedos, amid ;3. Cassandra might have said : "How you stand, gaping all On your grave oracle, your wooden god there !" But they would have replied : "Then, sir, I'll tell you a secret : Suspicion's but at best a coward's virtue." Otway, Venice Preserved, iii. end. " Ere the bat hath flown cloistered flight ; ere to black Hecate's summons The shard-borne beetle, with his drowsy hums. Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done A deed of dreadful note." Shakespeare, MmcbHh^ iii. t. ?ia- io6 V. 255 — 270. THE jENEID. V. 270 — 294. The kindly stillness of the silent Moon, In quest of the familiar shores, what time Its fires the royal ship had hoisted up ; And, shielded by unfair decrees of gods, The Danai, imprisoned in its womb. The fir-wood bars too, Sinon frees by stealth. 370 These doth the opened horse to air restore. And blithe withdraw them from the hollow wood Thessander, Sthenelus too, foremost [they]. And dread Ulysses, sliding down a rope Let fall, and Achamas, and Thoas, And Peleus' grandson, Neoptolemus, And first Machaon, Menelaus too, And e'en Epeos, framer of the fraud. They storm the city, buried in its sleep And wine ; the sentinels are put to death ; And thro' the open portals all their friends Do they admit, and join their complice bands. 382 ** The hour it was, wherein their maiden rest Begins with heart-sick mortals, and steals on, By gift of gods thrice-welcome. In my sleep, Behold ! before mine eyes in deepest woe 365. " Up ! I beseech thee. Thou lady regent of the air, the Moon, And lead me by thy light to some brave vengeance !' Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, i. 3. " Queen, and huntress, chaste and fair. Now the sun is laid to sleep. Seated in thy silver chair, State in vk^onted manner keep : Hesperus entreats thy light. Goddess, excellently bright. ** Earth, let not thy envious shade Dare itself to interpose ; Cynthia's shining orb was made Heav'n to clear, when day did close : Bless us then with wished sight. Goddess excellently bright." Ben Jonson, Cynthia's Revels, v. 3. 386, &c. So Shakespeare makes Cassandra cry, when she sees Hector going to battle for the last time ; Troilus and Cressida, v. 3 : " O farewell, dear Hector. Look, how thou diest ! Look, how thy eye turns pale ! Look, how thy wounds do bleed at many vents ! Hark, how Troy roars ! How Hecuba cries out ! How poor Andromache shrills her dolours forth ! Behold, destruction, frenzy, and amazement. Like witless antics, one another meet. And all cry — Hector, Hector's dead, O Hector !" " O Hamlet, what a falling off was there." Hamlet, i. 5. " What a mockery hath death made thee ! Thou look'st sad. In what place art thou ? in yon starry gallery ? Or in the cursed dungeon ?" Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. i. Seemed Hector to be near me, and outpour A flood of tears, dragged onward by the car. As erst, and coaly-black with gory dust, And through his swollen feet transpierced with thongs. 390 Ah, woe is me ! in what a plight he was ! How altered from that Hector, who re- turns Garbed in Achilles' spoils, or having hurled Upon the ships of Greeks the Phrygian fires ! — A frowsy beard, and blood-beclotted locks, Those wounds, too, wearing, which, full many a one, Around his native walls did he receive. Weeping myself, I, unaddressed, appeared The hero to accost, and forth to draw The mournful accents : ' O Dardania's light, O Stan chest hope of Trojans, what delays So great have held thee back ? From re- gions what, 402 O Hector sore-desired, dost come ? How thee. After the many deaths of thy own [friends]. After the changeful toils, alike of men. And city, do we, worn to death, behold ! What shameful cause hath marred thy gentle looks ? Or why these wounds do I descry ?' He naught ; Nor heeds me as I bootless [questions] ask : But deeply from the bottom of his breast Groans heaving : * Ah ! escape, O goddess- born, 41 1 And snatch thee from these blazes,' he ex- claims ; * The foe is in possession of the walls ; Down topples Troja from her stately height. Enough for Priam and for country done. Could Pergamus by right hand have been screened. It even had been screened by this. To thee Her holy rites and her Penates Troy Intrusts : these take the comrades of thy fates ; 403. It seems very stiff to connect ut, v. 283, with defessi, 285. Nor does the view seem consistent with the context, which in various ways expresses the desire to see Hector, with surprise and delight at the sight. 410. " Could words express the story I've to tell you. Fathers, these tears were useless, these sad tears. That fall from my old eyes. But there is a cause We all should weep, tear off these purple robes. And wrap ourselves in sackcloth, sitting down On the sad earth, and cry aloud to heaven : Heaven knows, if yet there be an hour to come. Ere Venice be no more." Otway, Venice Preserved, iv. 2. V. 394 — 3 1 6. BOOK II. ▼. 317—338- X07 With these a city seek, [that city] grand, Which, ocean traversed, thou shalt rear at last,' 421 So speaks hej and the fillets with his hands, And Vesta puissant, and her deathless fire. From th' inmost sanctuaries forth he brings. "Meanwhile the city is by wide-spread woe Turmoiled ; and more and more, — although withdrawn. And bowered in trees, the dwelling of my sire Anchises stood retired, — wax bright the sounds, And fear [ful din] of arms assails. From sleep Am I aroused, and by ascent surmount 430 The roof-top's battlements, and stand thereby With ears erected : as what time a blaze On growing corn, with Austers fuming, falls ; Or torrent, rav'ning with a mountain flood. The fields is whelming, whelming merry crops, And .toils of beeves, and woods sweeps headlong off. The wareless shepherd all aghast is struck. While hearing from a lofty crest of rock The din. Then sooth the certainty was clear. And open lie the stratagems of Greeks. 440 Now the vast palace of Deiphobus, Through mastery of Vulcan, gave a crash ; Now next him is Ucalegon ablaze ; Sigeum's friths gleam far and wide with fire. Out bursts both shriek of men, and clang of trumps : Arms mad I seize ; nor sense enough in arms ; But to collect a band for fight, and rush In concert with my comrades to the tower. My very soul is burning. Rage and wrath My mind drive headlong, and [the thought] occurs, 450 That glorious [is the end], to die in arms. * '• But lo ! Pantheus, from darts of Greeks escaped, Pantheus, the son of Othrys, of the tower And Phoebus priest, himself, with his own hand. The holy [vessels], and the conquered gods, His little grandson, too, is dragging on, And wildly presses to my doors with speed. * In what position [stands] our highest weal, Pantheus ? What citadel are we to seize V I scarce had spoken these, when with a groan 460 He such returns : * To Dardanie has come Her final day, and her avoidless hour. We have been Trojans, Ilium has been, And the colossal fame of Teucer's sons. Fierce Jove to Argos has translated all ; Greeks lord it in the burning town. Aloft, Amid the city standing, men in arms The horse outpours, and Sinon, conqueror, Is blending conflagrations, while he scoffs. Others are present at the double-op'ning gates, 470 As many thousands as have ever come From great Mycenae. Others have with arms Blocked up the narrow passes of the streets, Arrayed against us; stands the falcion's edge With flashing point, drawn, ready for the death. Scarce the first warders of the gates essay Encounters, and, with blindfold Mars, op- pose.' By such announcements of Othryades, And the [impulsive] power of the gods, Upon the flames and weapons am I borne. Whither the fell Erinys, whither din 481 Is summoning, and shrink upraised to heaven. by Spenser ; Faerie Queene, ii. 434. This description of the rush of a mountain- torrent is imitated II, 18: " Like a great water-flood, that tombling low From the high mountaines, threates to overflow With suddein fury all the fertile playne, And the sad husbandmans long hope doth throw Adowne the streame, and all his vowes makes vayne ; Nor bounds nor banks his headlong ruine may sustayne." 444. So Dryden, of the Fire of London ; Annus Mirabilis, 231 ; " A key of fire ran all along the shore. And lightcn'd all the river with a blaze." 451. " Death gives eternity a glorious breath : O to die honoured who would fear to die ?" Marston, The Malcontent, v. 3. " When our souls shall leave this dwelling. The glory of one fair and virtuous action Is above all the scutcheons of our tomb. Or silken banners o'er us." Shirley, The Traitor, v. x. 463. " Ay, thus we are ; and all our painted glory A bubble that a boy blows into the air. And there it breaks." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of Malta, iv. 2. " O horror, horror ! Egypt has been ! our latest hour is come ! The queen of nations from her ancient scat Is sunk for ever in the dark abyss ; Time has unrolled her glories to the last. And now closed up the volume." Drj'dcn, All for Loo* ^ ▼• «. io8 V. 339—359- THE ^NEID. V. 359—378. Attach themselves [to me as warrior-] mates Rhipeus, and Epytus, all-great in arms, Presented by the moon, and Hypanis, And Dymas, and they cluster to my side. The young Coroebus also, Mygdon's son. He in those days to Troy by chance had come. With frantic passion for Cassandra fired, And as a son-in-law his succor brought To Priam and the Phrygians ; — hapless [youth] ! 491 Who heeded not the warnings of his bride. In frenzy. Whom when, serried close, I saw To be for battle bold, I furthermore Begin with these : ' O youths, ye breasts, thrice-brave In vain, if [dwells] in you a fixed desire To follow him who dares the last attempts. What stands the fortune of the state ye see ; All have withdrawn, their shrines and altars left,— The deities, by whom this realm had stood ; Ye help a burning city : let us die, 501 And charge upon the centre of the frays. The only safety is for vanquished men No safety to expect. 'Twas thus that madness Was in the young men's souls infused. Thereon, — As wolves, freebooters in a murky mist, Whom hath the felon rage of appetite Unkennelled, blindfold, and their quitted cubs Look out for them with thirsty jaws, — through darts. Thro' foes, on no uncertain death do we 510 495. " Fortune's browe hath frowned. Even to the utmost wrinkle it can bend :" " Fortune my fortunes, not myminde shall shake." Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. i, iii. " Fall what can fall, I dare the worst of fate. Though the foundation of the earth should shrink, The glorious eye of heaven lose his splendour. Supported thus, I'll stand upon the ruins. And seek for new life here." Massinger, The Duke of Milan, i. 3. 499. " When our great monarch into exile went. Wit and religion suffer'd banishment: — Thus once, when Troy was wrapp'd in fire and smoke. The helpless gods their burning shrines forsook ; They with the vanquish'd prince and party go. And leave their temples empty to the foe." Dryden, To the Lord Chancellor Hyde, 17-23. 504. " In our courage And daring lies our safety." Massinger, The Bondman, iii. 3. So Denham of the hunted stag in Cooper's Hill : " Wearied, forsaken, and pursued, at last All safety in despair of safety placed. Courage he thence resumes, resolved to bear All their assaults, since 'tis in vain to fear." Advance, and keep the central city's route : Round hovers ebon Night with vaulted shade. Who that night's havoc, who its deaths in speech Develop may, or with his tears can match Its suff'rings ? Down the aged city falls, That held dominion through so many years j Full many corses motionless are strewn At every step alike throughout the streets, And thro' the houses, and the holy fanes Of gods. Nor is it Teucer's sons alone 520 That pay amercements with their blood: at times. E'en to the hearts of vanquished men re- turns Their prowess, and their Grecian victors fall. Grim woe on every side, on every side Alarm, and many, many a shape of death. " Androgeus first, with mighty throng of Greeks Escorting him, presents himself to us. In ignorance supposing we were troops Allied, and, unaddressed, with friendly words Accosts us : ' Hasten on, ye heroes ! Pray What sloth so late delays you ? Others sack 531 And plunder burning Pergamus, [while] ye Are now first coming from the lofty ships !* He said, and in a trice (for no replies Were granted, worthy of sufficient trust,) Perceived that he was fallen on the midst Of enemies. He stood aghast, and back His foot along with voice he checked, like one, 517. " Behold those slaughters The dry and withered bones of Death would bleed at!" Beaumont and Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 525. " I know death hath ten thousand several doors For men to take their exits." Webster, The Duchess of Malji, iv. 2. " The rugged Charon fainted, And asked a navy, rather than a boat. To ferry over the sad world that came." Ben Jonson, Catiline, i. i. 533. It is a question whether the interrogative form here woiild not be more effective : " Are ye Now first arriving from the lofty ships ?" "Where was your soldiership? Why went not you out. With all your right honourable valour with you ?" J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iv. 5. 536. " You put too much wind to your sail : discretion And hardy valour are the twins of honour, And, nursed together, make a conqueror." Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, i. i. V. 379—406. BOOK II. y, 407—431. 109 \\ho, as he presses on the ground, hath crushed A snake, unlocked for in the thorny brakes, And in his consternation suddenly 541 Hath started from him back, as he his wrath Upraises, and his azure neck distends : Not otherwise Androgens, at the sight Fear-smitten, was retreating. On we charge, And on their serried arms are poured around. And wareless of the place, and panic-seized, In every quarter do we lay them low : Upon the maiden effort Fortune breathes. And here, in transport with success and soul, 550 Exclaims Coroebus : * O my mates, where first The path of safety Fortune shows, and where Herself propitious she displays, let us Pursue ; change shields, and fit upon our- selves The badges of the Grecians : [whether] guile. Or gallantry, who questions in a foe ? Themselves shall give us arms.' Thus having said. Thereon Androgeus' hairy-tufted helm, And comely scutcheon of his shield he dons. And suits an Argive's falchion to his side. This Rhipeus, this [doth] Dymas e'en him- self, 561 And [this] doth all the youth in merry mood ; With fresh [-won] spoils each arms himself. We march. Mixed up with Greeks, — the deity not ours ; — And many a battle through the darksome night. Together hurtling, fight we hand to hand ; Numbers of Greeks we hurry down to hell. Some fly in all directions to the ships. And seek with speed the trusty shores. Some mount Once more in craven fear the giant horse. And are ensconced in its familiar womb. "Alas ! 'tis nothing right that one pre- sume 572 On deities unwilling. Lo ! was dragged With streaming locks the Priamean maid, Cassandra, from Minerva's fane and shrines. Stretching to heav'n her burning eyes in vain : — Her eyes, — for bonds confined her dainty hands. 558. Iftduitur, V. 393, seems to be used in a middle sense. Brooked not this sight in his bemaddened soul Coroebus, and he flung himself, death- doomed. Upon the centre of the squadron. One and all 580 We follow on, and charge with serried arms. Here first from out the temple's stately cope By darts of our own [friends] we're over- whelmed, And a most pitiable massacre Arises from the figure of our arms. And misconception of our Grecian crests. Then do the Danai with groanful sound. And in their wrath at rescue of the maid, Mustered from every quarter, make as- sault, — Thrice-eager Ajax, and th' Atridae twain. And all the army of the Dolopes : 591 As, on the bursting of a hurricane. The hostile winds at times in tourney meet. Both Zephyrus, and Notus, Eurus too. Blithe with his eastern steeds ; the forests howl. And with his trident foamy Nereus storms. And wakes the waters from their lowest bed. They too, — if any in the darkling night By stratagem we routed thro' the gloom. And chased all through the city, — [these] appear. 600 The first are they to recognize our shields. And lying weapons, and to mark our tones, As in their accent diff 'ring from their own. Straight by their number are we whelmed : and first Coroebus, under Peneleus' right hand. At th' altar of the goddess strong in war, Sinks down ; and Rhipeus falls, who stood among The Teucrians the one most righteous man, And carefullest of honor : — to the gods It otherwise seemed good. Die Hypanis Alike, and Dymas, by their mates trans- pierced. 611 Nor did thy deep religion, nor the "WTeath Of Phoebus screen thee, Pantheus, in thy fall. O Ilian ashes, and thou latest fire 579. *"Tis godlike in yoii to protect the weak." Southern, OrooMoko, ii. a. 608. " A goodness set in greatness : — how it sparkles Afar off, like pure diamonds set in gold." Middleton, IVomen beware Women, v. 1. 613. Or: " Neither did thee, O Pantheus, in thy fall. Thy deep religion, or Apollo's fillet, screen." V. 431—454. THE ^NEID. V. 454—482. Of my own [friends] ! I you to witness take, That at your setting neither did I shun The darts, nor any hazards from the Greeks ; And if the fates had [doomed] that I should fall, I earned it by my hand. We thence are forced Asunder : Iphitus and Pelias with myself ; Of whom was Iphitus now weighed with age, 621 And Pelias, lagging from Ulysses' wound : — Straight called to Pi'iam's palace by a shriek. *' But here vast fighting (as if no where else Were other frays, none dying all thro'out The city) ; Mars so unappeased, and Greeks, On dashing to the palace, we descry ; The gates, too, leaguered by a tortoise-roof. Advanced. The ladders grapple to the walls. And at the very door-posts up the steps They struggle, and their bucklers to the darts, 631 By their left hands o'ercanopied, oppose : They grasp the battlements within their right. The Dardans, on the other hand, the towers And covered rooftops of the dome uproot. With these for weapons, when the last they see. Already at the very verge of death. To guard them they prepare, and gilded beams. The lofty beauties of their ancient sires. Roll down. The rest with falchions drawn beset 640 The doors below ; these [same] do they defend In serried host. Our spirits are refreshed. To give assistance to the king's abode. With succor, too, the heroes to relieve. And vigor to the vanquished to impart. *' There was an entrance, and mysterious doors, And passage free thro' Priam's halls, from one 615. So Milton similarly makes Satan say ; Para- dise Lost, b. i. : '* For me be witness all the host of Heaven, If counsels different^ or dangers shunn'd By me, have lost our hopes." 640. It should be particularly observed that verses 449, 450, allude to guards mside the doors ; other- wise they would have been involved in the slaughter described in v. 465. This view makes v. 485 intelligible. To other, and a portal in the rear. Neglected ; where Andromache ill-starred, So long as the imperial sway endured, 650 Time after time, unretinued, was wont To hasten to the parents of her spouse. And to his father's sire to draw the lad Astyanax, I mount the battlements Of th' highest roof, whence Teucer's wretched sons Were hurling from the hand effectless darts. A tower, — standing up in steepy [height]. And from the roof-tops stretched beneath the stars. Whence used all Troy and galleys of the Greeks To be descried, and the Achaian camp, — Assailing it around with iron [there], 661 Where upmost stories offered weak'ning joints, We root from its high bed, and force along. This, toppling on a sudden, with a crash Trails demolition, and upon the troops Of Greeks far- wide falls down : but other [Greeks] Succeed them; neither stones, nor any form Of weapons in the meanwhile cease [to fly], " Before the very entrance-court itself, And at the outmost portal Pyrrhus bounds. In weapons gleaming, and the sheen of bronze : 671 Such Jis when into light of day a snake. On baleful grasses fed, whom, swollen out. Cold winter was concealing 'neath the earth. Now fresh from casted slough, and sleek with youth. Rolls on his slippery chine with lifted chest, Erected to the sun, and in his mouth Is quiv'ring with a triply-cloven tongue. Along with him the giant Periphas, And, of Achilles' coursers charioteer, 680 His squire Automedon ; along with him All Scyros' youth advance beneath the dome. And blazes volley to the roofs. Himself Among the foremost, with his battle-axe Engrasped, is bursting through the stub- born gates, And tearing down the doors from off their hinge, [Though] bound with bronze ; and now, — when hewed away The [cross-] beam, — hath he hollowed out the planks, [Though] stable oak, and with a spacious gap 666. "When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of war." Lee, Rival Qtteens, iv. i. V. 483--496' BOOK IL V. 497— 5ai. Ill A mighty op'ning made. Appears the dome 690 Within, and lengthful courts lie ope ; appear The private halls of Priam and the kings Of olden days ; and [warriors] clad in arms Behold they standing in the foremost gate. •* But th' inner palace is with moanful sound, And hubbub sad turmoiled, and in its depths With women's wails the vaulted chambers shriek : Their howling strikes the golden stars. Then dames In panic thro' the vast apartments stray, And, hugging, grasp the posts, and kisses print. 700 On presses Pyrrhus with his father's might ; Nor him can bolts nor guards themselves sustain. Gives way the gate before the frequent ram, And, wrenched from off the hinge, down sink the doors. By pow'r a path is made : the Greeks, in- poured. An entrance force, and massacre the first, And wide with soldiery each spot they fill. Not so [resistless], when from bursten dams The foamy river hath escaped away, 694. Vident, v. 485 ; i.e., the besiegers see. See note on line 640. 697. ' The tragic voice of women strikes mine ear." Shirley, The Brot/ters, v. i. 698. "As he that strives to stop a suddein flood, And in strong bancks his violence enclose, Forceth it swell above his wonted mood. And largely overflow the fniitfull plaine, That all the countrey seemes to be a maine,^ And the rich furrowes flote, all quite fordonne ; The wofuU husbandman doth lowd complaine To see his whole yeares labor lost so soone." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 7, 34, " So from the hills, whose hollow caves contain The congregated snow and swelling rain, Till the full stores their ancient bounds disdain ; Precipitate the furious torrent flows : In vain would speed avoid, or strength oppose : Towns, forests, herds, and men, promiscuous drown'd. With one great death deform the dreary ground ; The echo'd woes from distant rocks resound." Prior, Solomon, b. ii. "Well did he know How a tame stream does wild and dangerous grow By unjust force : he now with wanton play Kisses the smiling banks, and glides away ; Hut, his known channel stopped, begins to roar. And swell with rage, and buffet the dull shore ; His mutinous waters hurry to the war. And troops of waves come rolling from afar ; Then scorns he such weak stops to his free source. And overruns the neighbouring fields with violent course." Cowley, Davideii, b. i. And mastered in its gulf the barrier- mounds, 710 'Tis carried onward frantic in a pile Upon the fields, and all throughout the plains The cattle with their cotes it sweepeth off. I Neoptolemus beheld myself Insane with butchery, and in the cate Atreus' twain sons ; I Hecuba beheld, And her one hundred daughters ; Priam, too. Among the altars staining with his blood The fires, which he himself had sanctified. Those fifty nuptial chambers, hope so great Of children's children ; doors, with foreign gold 721 And trophies haught, down tumbled to the ground : Possess the Danai, where fails the flame. "Perchance, too, what was Priam's doom thou may'st Demand. What time the captured city's fall, And palace-gates demolished, he beheld, The foeman, too, amid his private halls, His armor, long disused, the^ aged [sire] Around his shoulders, shivering with eld. Throws idly, and in bootless sword is girt, And on the serried foemen is he borne, 731 Death-doomed. Amid the courts, and underneath The naked vault of heav'n, an altar vast There stood, and nigh, a very ancient bay, O'er'th' altar bending, and the household gods Imbosoming in shade. Here Hecuba, Her daughters, too, in vain the altars round. As headlong pigeons in a murky storm. Close nestled, and the figures of the gods Embracing, sat. But Priam, e'en himself. In youthful arms assumed when she be- held ;— 740 * What such dread aim, O most unhappy spouse. Hath driv'n thee to be harnessed in these arms? Or whither rushest ?' cries she : * No such aid. 717. Nurus, v. 501, of course properly means " daughters-in-law ;" of which, however, as Hecuba had only fifty, the word must be taken in a sense to include her fifty daughters as well. It evidently means the same as natce, v. 515. In the same loose •w&y patrcs is used, v. 579. 721. "Or where the gorgeous East with richest hand Showers on her kings barbaric pearl and gold. MUion, F. L., b. ii. 112 V. 521—544- THE JENEID. V. 544—558. Nor guardians such as these, the crisis needs ; No, not if e'en my Hector now were here. Hither, I pray, repair ; this altar all Will shield, or thou shalt die along with us.' Thus having from her lips out-spoken, she Recovered to her [side] the aged [king]. And set him down upon the holy seat. 750 "But lo ! from Pyrrhus' butchery es- caped, Polites, one of Priam's sons, through darts. Through foes, flies o'er the lengthful colon- nades. And, wounded, traverses the empty halls. Him fiery Pyrrhus with a hostile wound Pursues, and now, this moment, in his hand He clutches him, and spears him with his lance. When he at last before his parents' eyes And presence came, he dropped, and life outpoured With floods of blood. Here Priam, though he now 760 Is grappled in the [very] midst of death, Natheless forbore not, nor his voice and wrath He spared : ' Yet may to thee for [this thy] guilt,' He cries, ' for such audacious deeds, the gods (If dwells there any righteousness in heaven, Which may concern itself about the like). Repay meet thanks, and guerdons due return ; Who in my presence forced me to behold The murder of my son, and with his death Hast fouled a father's sight. But ne'er was he, 770 From whom thou falsely sayest thou art sprung, — Achilles, — such to Priam, [though] a foe, But he a suitor's rights and trust revered, And Hector's lifeless body for the grave Restored, and passed me to my kingdom back.' So spake the aged [monarch], and a dart, 744. " This fighting fool wants policy." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, ill. end. " Duke. Dost thou not shake? Bianca. P'or what ? to see a weak. Faint, trembling arm advance a leaden blade ? Alas ! good man, put up, put up ; thine eyes Are likelier much to weep, than arms to strike." Ford, Love's Sacrifice, v. i. 747. "Who would not die with all the world about him ?" Ben Jonson, Catilifie, iii. i. A feeble [dart], without a stroke, he hurled, Which by the grating bronze was straight rebuffed. And on the buckler's boss-tip idly hung. T' whom Pyrrhus : ' Therefore these thou shalt report, 780 And go a messenger to Peleus' son. My sire ; to him my barbarous exploits, And Neoptolemus degenerate. Mind thou to tell. Now die !' He, saying this. Up to the very altars dragged him on, [All] in a quake, and slipping on his son's Abundant blood, and in his left hand he His tresses interlaced, and in his right A flashing sword upraised, and plunged it deep Up to the very handle in his side. 790 This the conclusion was of Priam's fates ; This end through fortune swept him off, while he Beholds his Troy ablaze, and Pergamus In ruins, o'er so many tribes and lands Of Asia erst proud ruler. On the shore His giant trunk is lying, and the head Torn from the shoulders, e'en a nameless corse. 777. " Breathes there a spirit In such a heap of age ?" Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, v. 2. 784. A less cruel man than he might have said : " The rigour and extremity of law Is sometimes too, too bitter, but we carry A chancery of pity in our bosom." Ford, Perkin IVarbeck, ii. 2. 797. The ideas in verses 557, 8, are partly em- bodied by Thomson in Massinissa's address to Sophonisba, act iv. 5 : " Nor a world combined Shall tear thee from me, till outstretch'd I lie, A nameless corse." The same expression occurs in Spenser, F. Q., iv. 8,49: " Therefore Corflambo was he cald aright. Though namelesse there his bodie now doth lie." There was none to cry over the hapless Priam : " Call for the robin-redbreast and the wren. Since o'er shady groves they hover. And with leaves and flowers do cover The friendless bodies of unburied men. Call unto his funeral dole The ant, the field-mouse, and the mole. To rear him hillocks that shall keep him warm. And, when gay tombs are robbed, sustain no harm." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. i. His fate must call to mind Shirley's noble song : " The glories of our blood and state Are shadows, not substantial things ; There is no armour against fate ; Death lays his icy hand on kings : ▼. 559^578. BOOK ii: ▼. 578-593. in •' But then it was that terrible dismay First compassed me around. I stood aghast. 799 Occurred the picture of my darling sire, When I the king, in age his fellow, saw His life outbreathing from a grisly wound ; Occurred the lorn Creusa, and a home Dismantled, and the young lulus' fate. I look abroad, and what about me be the force Examine. All have left me, wearied out. And with a spring their bodies to the earth Have launched, or giv'n them feebled to the fires. "And thus I now the single one survived. When by the gates of Vesta harb'ring close. And noiseless skulking in a lone retreat, I Tyndaris espy. The brilliant fires 812 Gave me their light while wand'ring, and around Thro' every [object] carrying on mine eyes. She at the Teucri, 'gainst herself incensed, Upon account of Pergamus o'erthrown. And at the vengeance of the Greeks, and wrath Of her abandoned spouse, in previous dread, — Of Troja [she], and of her native land The common Fury, — had concealed herself. And by the altars, loathed, was sitting down. Fires kindled up within my soul ; succeeds A rage my sinking country to avenge, 823 And penalties inflict, by guilt deserved. * Forsooth shall she her Sparta, free from harm, Mycenae of her fathers, too, behold. Scepter and crown Must tumble down, And in the dust be equal made With the poor crooked scythe and spade. " Some men with swords may reap the field, And plant fresh laurels where they kill ; But their strong nerves at last must yield ; They tame but one another still : Early or late, They stoop to fate, And must give up their murmuring breath, When they, pale captives, creep to death. " The garlands wither on your brow. Then boast no more your mighty deeds ! Upon Death's purple altar now, See, where tne victor-victim bleeds : Your heads must come To the cold tomb ; Only the actions of the just Smell sweet, and blossom in their dust." The Contention of Ajax and Ulysses. 820. " Sith women's wits work men's unceasing woes." Peele, The Arrai^^nment 0/ Paris, iv. 1. 821. Surely there has been enough said of secrecy already. Secreta, latentem, and abdiderunt may fairly relieve invisa from a weakness. And with a triumph won proceed a queen ? Alike a nuptial union, and a home, Her parents and her children shall she see, Escorted by a bevy of the dames 830 Of Ilium, and by Phrygian serving-men ? Shall Priam 'neath the falcion ^ve suc- cumbed ? Shall Troy have burnt with fire? The Dardan strand So many times have reeked with blood ? Not so ! For though there's no renown, for mention meet. In chastisement of woman, nor enjoys The conquest [any] honor, ne'ertheless, For having quenched a guilty soul, and ta'en The vengeance it deserves, shall I be praised ; And it will be a pleasure to have cloyed A passion for retributory fire, 84 1 And satisfied the ashes of my friends.' I such was casting, and in rage of soul Was hurried onward, when my mother boon. Never before so brilliant in mine eyes. Herself presented visibly to me. And 'mid the gloom in crystal sheen she beamed ; Displaying all the goddess, and in guise And stature such as she is wont t' appear To denizens of heav'n ; and me, engrasped By my right hand, did she restrain, and these 851 Moreover added fr om her rubie d lip ; 835. " 'Twas a manly blow : The next thou giv'st, murder some sucking infant, And then thou wilt be famous." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, v. 2. " 'Tis a woman : A subject not for swords, but pity." Beaumont and Fletcher, Valentinian, v. 8. 839. " Fie ! Your sword upon a woman ?" Shakespeare, Othello, v. 2. " And none so much as blame the murderer, But rather praise him for that brave attempt. And in the chronicle enrol his name. For purging of the realm of such a plague." Marlowe, Edward the Second. Yet most people would have applied to him what we are told by Q. Curtius (8, i. 52) that Clytus said to Alexander : " Philip fought men, but Alexander women." Lee, Rival Queens, iv. a. 840. Expleo in Virgil, and it would seem in all other authors, always takes an accusative. In the very next line, v. 587, satiasse commands the same case. To resort, then, to a Graecism is worse than needless. However, it must be confessed^ that animurn JJamnue is a very awkward expression. 848. Literally, of course: "Owning herself a goddess." 853. Rosea ore, v. 593, would so be rendered by Milton. See Contus : " Thrice upon thy finger's tip, Thrice upon thy rubied lip." I 114 V. 594 — 6 1 8. THE ^NEW. V. 619—645. * My son, what such deep anguish rouseth up Thy uncontrolled resentments ? Why dost rage ? Or whither hath thy love of us withdrawn ? Wilt thou not first consider where thy sire Anchises, worn with age, thou may'st have left ? Whether thy spouse Creusa be alive, Ascanius, too, thy boy? round all of whom The Grecian troops from every quarter rove ; 860 And, did not my solicitude withstand, Already would the flames haye swept them off, And hostile sword have drained them. Not for thee Doth Spartan Tyndaris' detested face, Or Paris, the rebuked ; — the ruthlessness Of gods, of gods, — this realm doth over- throw. And razes Troja from its crest. Behold ! — For all . the mist, which now o'er thee dispread. While gazing, dims thy mortal ken, and dank Around bedarks thee, will I clear away ; 870 Do thou no mandates of thy parent fear. Nor her injunctions to obey refuse : — Here, where disscattered heaps, and stones fi-om stones Asunder wrenched, thou viewest, and the smoke, Upsurging with commingled dust, the walls And their foundations, torn away, With his colossal ti-ident Neptune shakes, And the whole city from its bed uproots. Here Juno, trebly-furious, in the van Maintains [possession of] the Sc^an gates, And, frantic, from the ships her fed'rate force, 881 With falcion girt, is calling. Now, observe, Tritonian Pallas on the castle heights Has ta'en her post, in storm-cloud gleam- ing forth And Gorgon grim. . The Sire himself to Greeks Courage and prosp'ring arms supplies ; himself The gods awakes against the Dardan arms. £64. " Was this the face that launched a thousand ships, And burnt the topless towers of Ilium ?" Marlowe, Doctor Faiistus. " Why did Nature Empty her treasure In thy face, and leave thee A black, prodigious soul ?" Shirley, The Wedding, ii. 3. 865. Or: " Paris the condemned." Snatch flight, my son, and put an end to toil : On no occasion shall I stand aloof. And safe will set thee in thy father's gate.' She said, and in the clustered shades of night 891 Herself she buried. Spectres dread appear. And, foes to Troy, the mighty pow'rs of gods. * ' Then, sooth, all Ilium seemed to me to sink Upon the fires, and from its base Nep- tunian Troy To be o'erturned : as e'en on mountain heights An ag^d ash, when hewed around by steel And many an axe, in rivalry the swains Press on to overthrow ; it ever threats, And, forced to quiver, on its shaken crest Its locks it nods, until, by slow degrees 901 Thro' wounds subdued, it deep hath groaned its last, And, wrested from the brows, hath trailed a wreck. I downward pass, and — deity my guide — Amid the fire and foes am I l:)rought clear : Give place the weapons, and the flames retreat, * ' And when I now am at the door ar- rived Of my paternal seat, and ancient home, My father, whom in chief I yearned to bear Off to the lofty mounts, and chief I sought, His life, — Troy razed, — refuses to prolong, And banishment to brook. 'O ye, with whom 912 Your blood in age is unimpaired,' he cries, ' And firmly stand your pow'rs in native might. Plan ye escape. If heav'n's inhabitants Had willed that I should lengthen out my Hfe, This residence for me they would have saved. Enough, and more !— one wreck have we beheld ; A captured city, too, survived. Oh ! thus, My corpse, thus laid, addressing, ye depart. I by [some] hand myself a death will find : 893. " Then let me stay ; and, father, do you fly : Your loss is great, so your regard should be ; My worth unknown, no loss is known in me. Upon my death the French can little boast ; In your's they will, in you all hopes are lost. Flight cannot stain the honour you have won, But mine it will, that no exploit have done. You fled for vantage every one will swear, But if I bow, they'll say it was for fear. There is no hope that ever I will stay, If the first hour I shrink and run away. Here on my knee, I beg mortality, Rather than life preserved with infamy." Shakespeare, K, Henry V., iv. 5. V. 646—674' BOOK II. V. 674— 70 T. "5 The foe will pity me, and seek the spoils. Easy the loss of grave. This long time past I, loathed by gods and worthless, stay the years, 924 Since me the sire of gods and king of men Hath blasted with his levin-storms, and scathed With fire.' In saying such he stiffly stood. And fixed continued. On the other hand, Dissolved in tears are we, — alike my spouse Creusa, and Ascanius, even all 930 The household, lest my sire should be content Our all to ruin with himself, and press Upon the doom that hastens. He declines. And to his aim, and in the selfsame seat, He clings. Once more I'm hurried on to arms. And deeply wretched do I long for death. For what device, or what the chance was now Vouchsafed ? * That I could stir a foot, O sire. When thou wert left behind, could'st thou expect ? And hath so dark a guilt a father's lips 940 Escaped ? If pleaseth it the gods above. That out of so immense a city naught Be left, and this [resolve] within thy mind Is seated, and to Troja, doomed to die. It joys to link alike thyself, and thine, — The gate lies open to a death [like] that, And Pyrrhus will anon be present here From Priam's plenteous blood, [the mis- creant,] Who slays a son before a father's eyes, The father at his altars. Was't for this, 950 O mother boon, that me through darts, through fires. Thou sav'st, that [I] amid our private halls [Should look upon] a foeman ; yea, that I Ascanius, and my father, and Creusa near, One butchered in the other's blood, should see? Anns, heroes, bring my arms : their latest light The conquered calls. Restore me to the Greeks ; I^et me again go see the fights renewed : We ne'er shall all this day die imavenged.' "Thereon with steel am I begirt once more ; 960 And I was introducing my left hand Within my shield, adjusting it [thereto]. And bearing me outside the halls : but lo ! My feet embracing, in the threshold clung My spouse, and young lulus to his sire 936. " Tis time to die when 'tis a shame to live." Middlcton, TAe C/iangelin^, v. 3. Held out. * If thou dost go to meet thy doom. Snatch us too with thyself to every [risk] : But if, from trial, any hope in arms Assumed thou restest, first this home de- fend. To whom is young lulus, t' whom thy sire, [To whom] am I too left, once called thy wife 971 "Such venting loud, with moaning all the house She filled, when rises up a prodigy, A sudden one, and marv'Uous to be told. P'or 'mid his mourning parents' hands and lips, Lo ! from the summit of lulus* head A filmy tuft is seen to shed a light, And, harmless at the touch, a flame to lick His silky locks, and round his brows to feed. We, flurried, quake with terror, and shake out 980 The blazing hair, and quench the holy fires From water-springs. , But sire Anchises His eyes uplifted to tne stars, in glee, and forth He stretched his hands to heaven with his voice : * Almighty Jove, if thou by any prayers Art swayed, regard us, — [I entreat] but this ; — And if by goodness we deserve it, deign Thy aid, then, sire, and stablish these portents.' ** Scarce these the ag6d [man] had said : forthwith With sudden crash it thundered on the left, And, from the welkin shooting through the gloom, 991 A meteor, trailing on a link [of light], With plenteous sheen careered. This, gliding on Above the highest roof-tops of the dome. In Ida's forest do we see enshroud Its brilliant form, and marking out the paths. Then in long track its furrow sheds a gleam. And wide the spots around with sulphur smoke. Here sooth my sire, o'erpowered, to the air Uplifts himself, and he accosts the gods, loco And venerates the holy star : ' Now, now 98:^. " Can men's prayers, .Shot up to Heaven with such a zeal as mine are. Fall back like lary mists, and never prosper T" J. Fletcher, Beggar's Bush, iii. 4. 989. " Forthwith " is the true force of ^w^, v. 6)2. 996. More literally : " Its brilliant self." 1 2 i6 V. 701 — 728. THE ^NEID. V. 729—741- Is no demur ; I follow you, and where Ye lead am present. O my father's gods, Save ye my family, my grandson save ! Yours this presage, and in your heav'nly will Troy rests. I sooth submit, nor, son, do I In company with thee decline to go.' •' He said. And through the city now the fire Is heard in greater plainness ; closer, too. The conflagrations roll along the heat. loio • Then come, dear father, place thee on my neck : Myself will on my shoulders thee support ; Nor shall that travail weigh me down, Howe'er events Shall fall, a single and a common risk, A single safety, shall there be for both. Let young lulus my companion be, And from afar my consort watch our steps. Do ye, ye servants, in your minds give heed To what I say. When from the city passed There stands for you a knoll, and aged fane Of Ceres lorn, and, nigh, a cypress-tree. Time-honored, by the reverence of our sires Preserved through many a year. To this one spot 1023 From different [directions] will we come. Do thou, my father, take within thy hand The holy [emblems] and our country's gods : For me, departed from so sore a war. And slaughter fresh, to touch them were a crime. Till I have washed me in a living stream.' These having spoken, on my shoulders broad, 1030 And neck submissive, with a robe and hide Of tawny lion am I overlaid. And undertake my load. In my right hand The young lulus twined himself, and he His father follows with no even steps : Behind creeps on my consort. We are borne Through spots of shade ; and me, whom heretofore No weapons, showered on me, would affect. Nor clustered Grecians from a hostile band. Now every breath alarms ; starts every sound 1040 I002. " Oh ! a cherubim Thou wast, that did preserve me. Thou didst smile. Infused with a fortitude from heaven." Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 1026. Sacra, v. 717, evidently refers to the image of Vesta, the fillets and the fire, mentioned in verses 296, 7. 1040. Dryden borrows the idea in these lines, when speaking of the anxiety of Prince Rupert at One poised [in doubt], and equally in dread Alike for his companion and his load. And now was I approaching to the gates. And all the way appeared t' have over- When suddenly a frequent din of feet Seemed to be present at my [very] ears ; My father, too, forth peering through the gloom. Cries out, ' Son, fly, my son ! they're draw- ing nigh ! Their blazing shields and gleaming bronze I see !' 'Twas here that, flurried [as I was], from me 1050 Some Power, ill my friend, (I know not what,) Robbed my bewildered mind. For in my course While I the by-ways track, and pass aside Without the public quarter of the streets, Ah ! whether reft away from me, ill-starred, By destiny, my spouse Creusa paused ; Or wandered from the path ; or, faint, sat down ; — Is unresolved : thenceforward ne'er was she To eyes of ours restored ; nor e'er did I Upon the lost one cast a look behind, 1060 hearing the noise of battle, before his junction with the Duke of Albemarle : " With such kind passion hastes the prince to fight. And spreads his flying canvas to the sound ; Him whom no danger, were he there, could fright. Now, absent, every little noise can wound." Aftn7es Mirabilis, log. So Denham of the hunted stag in Cooper's Hill: " Now every leaf, and every moving breath. Presents a foe, and every foe a death." 1044. Weise, with other editors, reads vicein instead of viam ; an emendation which yields a better sense, though it has been attacked as bad Latin. In answer to this objection it may be observed, in the first place, that Heyne, Brunck, Markland, and Weise ought to know good Latin from bad ; and, in the second, that even if they did not, it does not at all follow that, because Virgil has used evitasse in connection with vices else- where, he should be confined to such a conjunction for ever. He himself seems to apply evado to an exactly similar expression in book x., v. 316 : " Casus evadere ferri Quod licuit parvo." However, the reading viam is adhered to, not because vicem. would be bad Latin, or because there is any indifference to its yielding a far better sense, but because it seems to have no authority whatever from manuscripts. I see the blaze of torches from afar. And hear the trampling of thick-beating feet : This way they move." Dryden, Don Sebastian, iv. i. 1060. It is quite true that he would not have seen her if he had ; but he speaks of her according to his subsequent experience ; as if he had said : 1049. V. 742—767. BOOK II. V. 768—790. 117 Or turn a thought, until we are arrived At ancient Ceres' hill and hallowed seat. All being mustered here at last, 'twas she Alone was missing, and her mates, and son. And consort, failed. Whom both of men and gods In frenzy did I not upbraid ? Or what More bitter in the city razed did I Behold ? Ascanius, and my sire Anchises, And Teucrian Penates to my mates Do I entrust, and in a winding glen 1070 Secrete them : I myself the city seek Once more, and am begirt in gleaming arms. Resolved am I all hazards to renew, And all through Troja to return, and fling Once more my head in face of risks. At first The walls and darkling thresholds of the gate. Whence I had issued forth, I seek again. And backward trace my steps, marked through the gloom. And scan them with my eye. The dread [of night] all round. At once the very stillness fright my soul. Thence home, if haply she her foot, if she Had haply [thither] moved, do I myself 1082 Betake, The Danai had rushed within, And all the dwelling occupied. Forthwith The glutton fire is vollied by the wind To the roof-crests ; up mount the flames ; the tide Is raving to the breezes, I advance, And Priam's dome revisit and the tower. And now within the empty colonnades, In Juno's sanctuary, sentries choice, 1090 Phoenix and cursed Ulysses, were the spoil Close-guarding. Hither, [drawn] from every side, Troy's treasure, rifled from the burning shrines. E'en boards of gods, and massy bowls of gold. And plundered gear, are heaped together. Boys, And quaking dames, in long array stand round. " I did not turn my eyes back to see if Creusa were behind, who was really missing, though I did not know it at the time." The translators, gene- rally, fall into what appears to be a weakness, by their taking respicio in its tropical meaning. Freund, however, adopts what seems to be the right view. The poet means iEneas to say: "I never turned a look, nor a thought, behind upon my missing wife." X080. " No ! all is hushed, and still as death : 'tis dreadful !" Congreve, Mourning Bride, ii. i. Yea, daring e'en to fling my words thro'out The. darkness, with a cry I filled the streets, And in my grief redoubling all in vain, Creusa o'er and o'er again I called, iioo While searching, and in endless rage among The city buildings, fraught with woe [to me]. The spectre and the phantom of herself, Creusa, loomed upon me 'fore my eyes, And larger than the [life-] known [form] her ghost. Aghast was I, and stood my hair on end, And clave articulation to my jaws. She then on this wise me accosts, And takes away my troubles by these words : • Why joys it thee to give such ready way To madding sorrow, O delightsome spouse ? These happen not without the will of gods ; Nor is it granted thee to carry off" 1 1 13 Creusa as thy comrade, nor doth he. The lord of high Olympus [this] allow. For thee protracted wand'rings [are in store]. And ocean's spacious surface must be ploughed ; And thou shalt at Hesperia's land arrive, Where Lydian Tiber thro' the wealthy fields Of heroes with a gentle current runs, 1 120 There glad estate, and realm, and queenly bride. Are purchased for thee : drive away thy tears For thy beloved Creusa, Ne'er shall I The Myrmidons', or Dolopes' proud seats Behold, or shall I go to be a thrall To Grecian matrons, — [I,] a Dardan dame, And spouse to th' son of Venus the divine ; But me the sovereign mother of the gods Holds back within these coasts. And now farewell. And guard affection for our common son.' These words when she delivered, me in tears. 1 106. " All which when he unto the end had heard. Like to a weake faint-hearted man he fared Through great astonishment of that strange sight ; And, with lung locks upstanding stiffly, stared Like one adawed with some dreadfull spright." Spenser, /'. Q. , v. 7, 20. 1 1 35. Cleopatra felt as Creusa : " Know, sir, that I Will not wait pinion'd at your master's court ; Nor once be chastised with the sober eye Of dull Octavia. Shall they hoist me up. And show me to the shouting varlctry Of censuring Rome ? Rather a ditch in Egypt Be gentle grave to me ! Rather on Nilus' mud Lay me stark naked, and let the water-flies Blow me into abhorring ! Rather make My country's high pyramides my gibbet. And hang me up in chains !" Shakespeare, Ani. and CUo/. v, a. V. 790— 795- THE ^NEID. V. 795—804. And longing many a [thought] to speak, she left, 1 132 And back retreated into filmy air. Three times I there essayed to throw my arms Around her neck ; three times in vain en- grasped. The phantom-form escaped my hands, a match For wanton winds, and likest wingy sleep. " Thus I at length my mates, — the night far spent, — 1135. So Savage, in the Wanderer, canto ii. The Hermit, on the sight of the shadow of his wife Olympia, says : " Still thus I urge (for still the shadowy bliss Shuns the warm grasp, nor yields the tender kiss) Oh, fly not ! fade not ! Listen to Love's call ; She lives ! — no more I'm man ! — I'm spirit all ! Then let me snatch thee ! — press thee ! — take me whole ! Oh, close ! — yet closer ! closer to my soul ! Twice round her waist my eager arms entwined. And, twice deceived, my frenzy clasp'd the wind !" Revisit. And I here in wonder find A mighty number of companions strange Had tided in, both dames and men, — a throng 1 141 Mustered for banishment, a piteous horde. From every side they flocked, in mind and means Prepared [to voyage] to whatever lands I pleased to lead them off across the main. And now upon the brows of Ida's cope The star of morn was rising, and the day Was ush'ring in ; the Greeks, too, held the gates' Beleaguered thresholds ; nor was any hope Of succor granted [to us] : I gave way. And with my sire upraised the mountains sought." 1151 1 151. "This is the chance of fickle Fortune's wheel : A prince at morn, a pilgrim ere't be night." Robert Greene, Alphonsus, iv. BOOK III. "After it seemed to heav'nly Powers meet To raze the realm of Asia, and the race Of Priam that deserved it not, and fell Proud Ilium, and is smoking from the ground All Neptune's Troja, — climes of banish- ment Wide-severed, and unpeopled lands, are we Enforced to seek by omens of the gods ; And underneath Antandros' self, and mounts Of Phrygian Ida, we a navy build. In doubt where fates may bear us, where 'tis deigned 10 To settle down : and muster we our men. The dawning summer scarcely had begun, — Straight sire Anchises to resign the sails To fates commanded ; when the shores and ports Of my paternal land in tears I leave. The plains, too, where [once] Troja stood. I'm borne A banished man upon the deep with mates. And son, Penates, and the mighty gods. Line 4. " Troy, that art now nought but an idle name, ' And in thine ashes buried low dost lie. Though whilome far much greater then thy fame. Before that angry gods and cruell skie Upon thee heapt a direful destinie." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 9, 33, '*A martial land afar with spacious plains Is peopled ; (Thracians till it ;) whilom ruled 20 By fierce Lycurgus, hostelry of yore To Troy, and their Penates leagued [with ours]. While Fortune stood. I'm hither borne, and found Upon the winding shore my earliest walls, With fates unfriendly ent'ring, and the name, * i^neadae,' from my own name I coin. *' I was performing their religious rites In honor of my Dionaean mother, And gods, the patrons of my tasks com- menced ; And to the lofty monarch of the powers 30 That haunt the heav'ns, was slaying on the shore A glQssy bull. By chance a mound was nigh. 32. This whole legend of Polydorus is finely imitated by Spenser, F. Q., i. 2, 30, 31 : " And thinking of those braunches greene to frame A girlond for her dainty forehead fit. He pluckt a bough ; out of whose rifte there came Smal drops of gory bloud, that trickled down the same. " Therewith a piteous yelling voice was heard Crying, ' spare with guilty hands to teare V. 22 — 4>* BOOK III. V. 42—57. 119 On top whereof were cornel shrubs, and bush Of myrtle, bristling with the serried shafts Of lances. I approached j and from the ground As I an effort make to wrench away A verdant thicket, that I might imbower The altars with its branches rife in leaves, A fearful prodigy do I behold. And marvellous for story. For the tree. Which first from out the ground with bursten roots 41 Is torn, — from this flow drops of jetty blood, And with the gore the earth distain. My limbs Chill terror shakes, and, icy-cold, my blood Curdles with fear. Again do I press on E'en of another [bush] a limber twig To wrench away, and throughly to explore The lurking reasons : — of [this] other, too. The jetty blood comes coursing from the bark. I, waking many [a thought] within my mind, 50 The rural Nymphs adored, and father Mars, Who o'er the Getic fields presides, that they Might duly to the visions grant success. And lighten the portent. But when the third Lance-shafts with greater effort I assail, And strain with knees against opposing sand ; — Shall I speak out, or shall I hold my peace ? — From the mound's base a tearful groan is heard. And voice, sent forth, is wafted to my ears : * Why, O /Eneas, mangiest thou a wretch ? Forbear thee from [a corse] now tombed ; forbear 61 My tender sides in this rough rynd embard ; But fly, ah ! fly far hence away, for feare Least to you hap, that happened to me heare. And to this wretched Lady, my dear love ; O too deare love, love bought with death too deare !' Astond he stood, and up his heare did hove ; And with that suddein horror could no member move." 40. Or : "wondrous to be mentioned." 61. "Forbear! What art thou that dost rudely press Into the confines of forsaken graves ? Hath death no privilege ?" Ford, Love's Sncrijtce, v. 4. " What call unknown, what charms presume To break the quiet of the tomb ? Who thus afilicts my troubled sprite, And drags me from the realms of night? Polluting thy religious hands. To thee No stranger, me hath Troja brought to light ; [N]or is this blood-stream dripping from a tree. Ah ! fly fell regions, fly a miser shore. For I am Polydorus. Here transpierced An iron crop of weapons me hath screened, And grown upon me with their pointed darts.' Then sooth, with doubting fear in spirit crushed. Aghast was I, and stood my hair on end. And clave articulation to my jaws. 7 1 ** This Polydore, with mighty weight of gold. Unhappy Priam whilom had by stealth Consigned to Thracia's monarch to be reared. When now mistrusted he Dardania's arms. And saw the city circled by a siege. He, when the Trojans' pow'r was broken up. And Fortune ebbed away, the interests Of Agamemnon, and his conqu'ring arms. Pursuing, thro' all obligation bursts, 80 Slays Polydore, and gains the gold by force. To what dost thou not drive the hearts of men. Cursed greed of gold ! When shudd'ring left my bones. Long on these mould'ring bones have beat The winter's snow, the summer's heat. The drenching dews, and driving rain ! Let me, let me sleep again. Who is he, with voice unblest, That calls me from the bed of rest ?'* Gray, Descent of Odin. 64. " Forbear, if thou hast pity. Ah ! forbear ! These groans proceed not from a senseless plant. No spouts of blood run welling from a tree." Dryden, King Arthur, iv. i. 77. " Our hopes all come to this ! our mighty hopes, Huge as a mountain, shrunk into a wart." Shirley, Honoria and Matnmon, iii. 4. 83. " That cart arrest, and raise a common cry. For sacred hunger of my gold I die." Dryden, Cock and Fox, 253, 4. Both here and in his translation of the ^neid, Dryden renders sacer by " sacred :" sorely this is to mislead. Chaucer merely says : " My gold caused my mordre, soth to saine." The Nonnes Frees tes Tale. " But when the bowels of the earth were sought. Whose golden entrails mortals did espy. Into the world all mischief then was brought. This framed the mint, that coined our misery." Drayton, I'astorals, iv. aa. Timon of Athens was of a different stamp from Polymestor : "What is here? Gold 7 Yellow, glittering, precious gold ! No, gods. V. 58—72. THE ^NEID. V. 72—93- To chosen leaders of the populace, And to my sire the first, the gods' portents do I Report, and what may be their judgment ask. With all the same decision : — to withdraw From land by guilt profaned ; that hos- pitage Defiled should be abandoned ; and that we Should grant the southern breezes to the ships. 90 So Polydorus' fun'ral we perform, And on the mound a heap of earth is piled. The altars to the Manes mourning stand With dun festoons, and cypress swart ; and, round. The Trojan women with dishevelled hair, According to the custom. We present Boats frothing with warm milk, and bowls of holy blood ; The spirit, too, we bury in the grave. And with loud voice the last [of calls] arouse. " Then, when dependance first upon the main 100 Is [placed], and winds vouchsafe us seas appeased. And woos soft chiding Auster to the deep, My comrades launch the ships, and fill the shores : Away from port we're swept, and lands and towns I am no idle votarist. Roots, you clear Heavens ! Thus much of this will make black white ; foul, fair ; Wrong, right ; base, noble ; old, young ; coward, valiant. Ha ! you gods ! why this? What this, you gods? Why this Will lug your priests and servants from your sides, Pluck stout men's pillows from below their heads : This yellow slave Will knit and break religions ; bless th' accurs'd ; Make the hoar leprosy ador'd ; place thieves. And give them title, knee, and approbation. With senators on the bench." Shakespeare, Timon of Athens, iv. 3. " Though I must grant. Riches, well got, to be a useful servant. But a bad master." Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, iv. 1. " Conscience, my friends. And wealth, are not always neighbours." The City Madam, v. 2. 94. Or : " sombre wreaths." 97. So Dryden, of the funeral rites of Arcite : " Full bowls of wine, of honey, milk, and blood, Were pour'd upon the pile of burning wood. And hissing flames receive, and hungry lick the food. Then thrice the mounted squadrons ride around The fire, and Arcite's name they thrice resound, ' Hail and farewell ! they shouted thrice amain. Thrice facing to the left, and thrice they turn'd Palamon and Arcite, -zzis-ji. Retreat. A holy region 'mid the sea Is peopled, full delightsome to the mother Of Nereids, and yEgean Neptune, which, While straying erst around the coasts and shores. The Bowman with the lofty Gyaros And Myconus enchained, and, unremoved, Gave to be peopled, and to scorn the winds. I'm wafted hither : this thrice-peaceful [land] 112 The wearied safely welcomes in its port. Debarked, Apollo's city we adore. King Anius, he, the same, the king of men. And Phoebus' priest, with wreaths and holy bay Brow-bound, comes up ; Anchises, his old friend, He recognizes. We unite right hands In hospitage, and pass beneath his roof. " The temple of the god, of aged stone Upreared, I prayed : ' A home, our own, vouchsafe, 12 1 Thymbraean ! walls vouchsafe to weary [souls], A lineage, too, and city that will last. Guard thou the second Pergamus of Troy, A remnant from the Gi-eeks and fell Achilles. Whom follow we? Or whither biddest thou To wend our way ? Where settlements to plant ? Vouchsafe, O sire, thine oracle, and steal Within our souls.' I scarce had spoken these : Upon a sudden all appeared to quake, 130 Alike the fane and bay-tree of the god. And the whole mount to be convulsed around. The tripod, too, to rumble in the shrines. Unveiled. We reverently fall to earth, And voice is wafted onward to our ears : 108. Spenser seems to have drawn the idea of his Wandering Islands from this legend about Delos : " For those same Islands, seeming now and than. Are not firme land, nor any certein wonne. But stragling plots, which to and fro doe ronne In the wide waters ; therefore are they hight The Wandering Islands." F. Q., ii. 12, 11. Milton alludes to it in illustration of a grand idea: " The aggregated soil Death, with his mace petrific, cold and dry. As with a trident smote, and fix'd as firm As Delos, floating once." P. L., b. x. 124. Or: " Guard thou her second Pergamus for Troy." 134. " But of all, the burst And the ear-deafening voice o' th' oracle. Kin to Jove's thunder, so surpriz'd my sense. That I was nothing." Shakespeare, Winter's Tale, iii. i. ▼. 94— »I9. BOOK III. V. 119 — 146. 121 • Ye hardy sons of Dardanus, what land First bare you from your parents' stock, the same \Vithin its fruitful lap shall welcome you, Returned. Seek out your ancient mother. Here Eneas' house shall rule o'er every coast, And his sons' sons, and they who shall from them 141 Be born.' These Phoebus : and with mingled stir Vast rose the joy, and all the body ask What be that city, whither Phoebus calls The rovers, and enjoins them to return ? My sire then, turning o'er the record-tales Of men of old, cries : ' Listen, O ye chiefs. And learn your hopes. Crete, isle of mighty Jove, Amid the ocean lies, where [stands] the mount Of Ida, and the cradle of our race. 150 A hundred mighty cities do they haunt. Thrice-fruitful kingdoms, whence our eldest sire, — If I aright remember [legends] heard, — Teucer, to coasts Rhoetean first was borne, And for his kingdom chose the site. Nor yet Had Ilium and the tow'rs of Pergamus Stood forth : they harbored in the lowest glens. Hence [sprang] the mother, [she,] the denizen Of Cybela, the bronzes, too, of Corybants, And grove of Ida ; hence in holy [rites] A trusty secresy ; and lions, yoked, 16 1 The chariot of their mistress underwent. Then come, and where the mandates of the gods Are leading follow we : let us appease The Winds, and for the realms of Gnosus make. Nor are they distant by a lengthful route : Only let Jove be with us, — [day's] third dawn Shall land our navy on the Cretan coasts.' Thus having spoken, for the altars he The dueful sacrifices slew, — a bull 170 136. " But what have been thy answers, what but dark, Ambiguous, and with double sense deluding, Which they who ask'd have seldom understood, ; And not well understood as good not known ?" Slilton, P. R., b. i. X46. Or : " chronicles." 157. Or : " valley-depths." 170. So Dryden, on the Restoration of King Charles the Second : " A bull to thee, Portunus, shall be slain, A lamb to you, ye tempests of the main : For those loud storms, that did against him roar. Have cast his shipwreck'd vessel on the shore." Astrea Redujc, 121-4. To Neptune, unto thee a bull, Apollo fair, A sable victim to [the god of] Storm, To favorable Western gales a white. " A rumor flies, that, from his father's realms Expelled, Idomeneus the chief was gone, And that abandoned were the shores of Crete, Its homes from foeman free, and that its seats Were standing for us all forlorn. We quit Ortygia's havens, and across the deep We fly, and, revelled over on its brows, Naxos, and green Donusa, Olearos, 181 And snow-white Paros, and the Cyclad- isles, Sprent o'er the main, and friths, with clus- tered lands Thick-sown, we coast. Up springs the sailor-shout In changeful rivalry ; the crews they cheer ; — * To Crete and our progenitors let us Repair !' A breeze, uprising from astern Attends us as we go, and we at last Glide gently to the Curets' ancient coasts. So, eagerly, the wished-for city's walls I plan, and * Pergamean ' title it ; 19 1 The nation, too, rejoicing in the name, I urge to love their hearths, and rear aloft The castle with its roofs. And now the stems Were just up-hauled upon the thirsty beach ; In marriage-rites, and new [ly granted] fields The youth were tasked ; their rights and homes was I Dispensing ; — when upon a sudden swooped From [some] attainted region of the sky On limbs a wasting, and alike on trees, And seeded crops a pitiable plague, 201 And season rife with death. Their precious lives They left, or healthless bodies trailed along. Then Sinus 'gan to scorch the barren fields ; Grass withered, and its food the sickly com Denied. Once more t' Ortygia's oracle And Phoebus, — ocean meted back, — my sire Advises to resort, and grace to crave ; What close to our distressed estate he brings ; Whence he enjoins our trying [to obtain] Relief from suff"'rings ; whither veer our course. X91. Or : " call it after Pergamus." V. 147 — 172. THE jENElD. V. 173 — 198. ** 'Twas night, and things of life thro'out the lands 212 Sleep held. The holy figures of the gods, And Phrygian tutelars, which I with me From Troy, and from amid the city-fires, Had brought away, appeared before mine eyes To stand hard by, in slumbers as I lay. Plain in a flood of light, where full the moon Through the inserted casements poured her [rays] ; On this wise then t' accost me, and to take Solicitudes away by these their words : ' Whate'er to thee, what time t' Ortygia borne 222 Apollo is prepared to utter, here He chants, and sends us to thy dwelling- place, Lo! unentreated. We, — Dardania burnt, — Thee and thine arms who've followed ; under thee Who have the heaving ocean in thy ships O'er-traversed ; [we], the same, thy sons of sons. That are to issue, to the stars will raise, And to thy city sovereignty vouchsafe. 230 Do thou for giant [heroes] giant walls Prepare, and quit not flight's protracted toil. Thy homesteads must be changed : 'tis not these shores Delian Apollo hath advised for thee. Or hath he bid thee settle down in Crete. There is a spot, (' Hesperia ' do the Greeks Entitle it by name ;) an ancient land. Puissant in arms and richness of its soil : ^notrian swains inhabited it [erst] ; Now rumor [tells], that moderns ' Italy' Have called the nation from the leader's name. 241 These are the rightful settlements for us ; Hence Dardanus was sprung, (sire Jasius, too ;) From the which chieftain [came] our race. Come ! rise ! And blithely to thy aged sire these words, Not to be called in doubt, report : ' Let him Deep-search for Coryth and Ausonian lands : The fields of Dicte Jove denies to thee.' Thunderstruck by such sights and voice of gods,— 249 212. " Night, clad in black, mourns for the loss of day, And hides the silver spangles of the air, That not a spark is lett to light the world ; Whilst quiet sleep, the nourisher of life, Takes full possession of mortality : All creatures take their rest in soft repose." Machin, The Dumb Knight, ii. i. 228. Or : " O'er-measured." Nor lethargy was that ; but in my sight To recognize their looks, and banded hair, And features present to me, did I seem : Then trickled icy sweat from all my frame ; — I snatch my body from the couch, and spread To heav'n my hands uplifted with my voice, And ofif'rings pour untainted on the hearths. The homage to completion brought, in joy I certify Anchises, and the tale Develop in its order. Pie avowed The pedigree of doubt, and double sires. Himself, too, by a modern misconceit 261 Of ancient spots misled ; then saith : ' O son. Experienced in the destinies of Troy, Alone to me such fates Cassandra sang. Now do I recollect that she foretold That these were to our nation due, and oft Hesperia, oft Italian realms, she named. But who could fancy that the Teucer-race Were to Hesperia's shores to come ? Or whom Could then the prophetess Cassandra move ? To Phoebus let us yield, and, warned [by him], 271 His better [counsels] follow,' Thus he speaks. And we, exulting, in a throng obey His word. This home, too, we forsake, and, — few Behind us left, — give sail, and scud across The waste of water in our hollow bark. ' ' Soon as the galleys occupied the deep, Nor further now do any lands appear ; Sky all around, and all around the main ; — Then o'er my head a dingy rain-cloud came To a near stand, night bringing on and storm, And 'gan the wave to crisp beneath the gloom. 282 Forthwith the winds roll on the sea, and rise The mountain waters. Scattered here and there, Thro'out the mighty ocean are we tossed. Storm-clouds' enwrapped the day, and dark- ness dank 250. See note on Eel. v. 58. 253. " How he shook the king. Made his soul melt within him, and his blood Run into whey ! It stood upon his brow Like a cold winter-dew." Beaumont and Fletcher, Philaster, i. i. 263. " O be of comfort ! Make patience a noble fortitude. And think not how unkindly we are used : Man, like to cassia, is proved best being bruised." Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, iii. 5. V. 199 — 328. BOOK IIL V. 228—350. "3 Reft heav'n away, and from the rifted clouds The fires redouble. From our course are we Thrown out, and wander in the blindfold waves. E'en Palinure himself denies that he 290 Can day from night discriminate in heaven, Nor recollect his path amid the surge. Three suns, thus doubtful from the dark- some murk, We wander on the deep, as many nights Without a star. Upon the day, the fourth. Land first was seen to lift it (s form] at last. To ope afar the mounts, and wreathe the smoke. Sails lower ; to the oars we rise ; no stay ; The crews in straining whirl the foam, and sweep The azure [waters]. Rescued from the waves, 300 The shores of Strophads welcome me the first. Tlae Strophads stand (by Grecian title called,) Isles in the great Ionian, which the dread Celoeno, and the other Hatpies haunt, Since Phineus' palace was against them barred. And former boards in terror they forsook. No more distressful monster-form than these. Nor any feller plague and scourge of gods Hath reared it [s form] above the Stygian waves. Maiden the faces of the winged [fiends], All-foul their belly's flux, and pounced their hands, 311 Their features, too, with craving ever wan. When, hither wafted, enter we the port. Behold ! in every spot blithe droves of beeves We see along the champaigns, and a flock Of goats, with keeper none, throughout the grass. We charge them with the falcion, and the gods. And Jove himself, invite to share and prey. Then on the bending beach we both upraise Our seats, and banquet on the rich repast. But on a sudden with a fearful swoop 321 Down from the mountains stand the Har- pies by, And with prodigious whizzings do they flap Their wings, and rifle the repast, and all Befoul with touch uncleanly : then [is heard] ca?l 308. More literally : " wrath of gods." 10. Spenser, in the Faerie Queens, ii. 12, 36, Is them : The hellish harpyes, prophets of sad destiny." 314. Or: "fat droves." An awful screaming 'mid a noisome smell. Once more, within a far retreat, beneath A vaulted rock, incloistered round with trees And dreadful shadows, lay we out the boards, And on the altars place anew the fire : 330 Once more from forth a diff"'rent side of heaven. And darksome shrouds, the whirring crew flits round The prey with hooky claws ; with lips defile The banquet. Then the order to my mates I issue forth, that they should take their arms. And with the cursed nation war be waged. Nor otherwise than as enjoined do they. And range their falcions, screened among the grass. And hide away their bucklers out of sight. So when, in swooping down, a din they raised 340 Along the winding shores, Misenus gives A signal from his lofty post of watch Upon his hollow bronze. My comrades charge. And strange encounters they essay, to mar The filthy birds of ocean with the sword. But neither on their feathers any dint. Nor wounds upon their backs do they re- ceive ; And, gliding 'neath the stars in sweepy flight. The prey half-eaten, and their foot-tracks foul, They leave. Alone upon a cliff all-high 350 Celoeno perched, ill-boding prophetess. And from her bosom vents she forth this strain : * War, too, for slaughter of our beeves, and steers Laid low, descendants of Laomedon, Is 't war to bring upon us ye prepare, And th' unoffending Harpies to expel From their ancestral realm ? Receive ye, then, 346. Shakespeare makes Ariel and his company equally invulnerable ; Tempest, iii. 3 : " You fools, I and my fellows Are ministers of fate : the elements. Of whom your swords are temper'd, may as well Wound the loud winds, or with bcmock'a-at stabs Kill the still-closing waters, as diminish One dowle that's in my plume: my fcUow- ministers Are like invulnerable." 351. Spenser torments Guyon with the same fiend: " Whiles sad Celeno, sitting on a clifte, A song of bale and bitter sorrow sings. That hart of flint asondcr could have rifle." F. Q., u. 7, 33. 124 V. 250 — 277. THE ^NEID. V. 278 — 310. Within your souls, and these my words imprint : What [fates] to Phoebus the almighty sire, Phoebus Apollo hath to me foretold ; 360 To you do I, of Furies eldest, [these] Disclose. Italia in, your course ye seek, And, — winds invoked, — Italia shall ye reach, And it will be allowed to enter port ; But ne'er shall ye the granted city gird With walls, till fearful hunger, and the wrong Of our blood-shedding force you with your jaws Your tables to demolish, gnawed around.' She said. And to the forest, on her wings Upborne, flew back. But in my mates, ice-cold 370 With sudden horror, did the blood congeal : Their spirits fell ; nor further now with arms. But vows and orisons, they beg me sue For peace ; or whether goddesses they be, Or fate-announcing and ill-boding birds. My sire Anchises, too, with hands out- stretched From shore, the great divinities invokes, And sacrifices due appoints : ' Ye gods, Their threat'nings bid avaunt ! gods, turn aside The like disaster, and, propitious, save 380 The holy.' Then the cable from the shore To wrench away, and sheets uncoiled to slack. He orders. Southern gales the canvas swell : We scud along upon the yesting waves. Where wind alike and pilot wooed a course. Now looms amid the billow, rife in woods, Zacynthus, and Dulichium, Same too. And Neritos, sublime with crags. We shun The rocks of Ithaca, Laertes' realms. And ban the fell Ulysses' foster-land. 390 Soon, too, the Mount Leucata's stormy crests. And, feared by mariners, is opened out Apollo. Him we weary seek, and reach The humble town. The anchor from the bow Is cast ; the sterns are resting on the shore. 37 The pith of oracles Is to be then digested, when th' events Expound their truth, not brought as soon to light As uttered : Truth is child of Time." Ford, The Broken Heart, iv. 3. 373. " For the dearth. The gods, not the patricians, make it ; and Your knees to them, not arms, must help." Shakespeare, Coriolanus, i. i. 390. " Ban'd be those cosening arts that wrought our woe. Making us wandering pilgrims to and fro." Anonymous, The Returne/rom Fernassus, ii, i. " Thus having gained at last a land un- hoped. We both perform the cleansing rites to Jove, And light the altars up for vows, and fame The shores of Actium with the sports of Troy. My stript companions with the streaming oil 400 Practise their native wrestlings. Joy it is To have escaped so many Argive towns. And through the midst of foes maintained a flight. Meanwhile around the mighty year the sun Is wheeled, and icy winter frets the waves With northern blasts. A shield of hollow bronze. Great Abas' load, upon the fronting posts I fix, and mark the action with the verse : ' These arms ^neas from the victor Greeks.' 409 I bid them then to quit the port, and take Their seats upon the thwarts. In rivalry The crews lash ocean, and the waters sweep. Straight put we out of sight the skyey peaks Of the Phseaces, and Epirus' shores We coast, and enter the Chaonian port, And the tall city of Buthrotus reach. •' Here, past belief, a rumor of events Lays hold upon our ears : — that Helenus, The son of Priam, rules thro' Grecian towns, He having gained the spouse and sceptral sway 420 Of Pyrrhus, sprung from ^■Eacus's strain ; And that Andromache had now once more Passed to a husband of her native land. I was astounded, and my bosom burned With strange desire the hero to accost, And ascertain events of such concern. From port I sally, quitting ships and shores : When yearly feasts, by chance, and gifts of woe. Before the city in a grove, fast by The billow of pretended Simois, 430 Andromache was pouring to his ash [es] Libations, and was calling on the Shades At Hector's tomb, which of the em'rald turf, — An empty [tomb], — a pair of altars, too, A fountain-head for tears, she'd sanctified. When she descried me coming, and around The Trojan weapons in distraction saw. Scared by the mighty wonders, stiff" she grew Amid the sight ; the heat her bones for- sook ; She falls ; and after a protracted time 440 Scarce speaks at last ; 'Dost thou, a real shape, V. 3IO— 337. BOOK III. V. 337—365. 135 A real messenger, present thyself To me, O goddess-l)orn ? Art thou alive ? Or if from thee boon light hath fled away, Where is my Hector ?' [Thus] she spake, and tears Outpoured, and every spot with shrieking filled. Scarce few [replies] to her, [in] frantic [mood]. Do I throw in, and troubled, with stray words Ope wide [my lips] : * Alive I am indeed. And life thro' all extremities prolong. 450 Doubt not : for thou realities dost see. Alas ! what chance succeeds to thee, de- throned From such a noble spouse ? Or fortune what Again doth visit, meet enough for thee ? Dost thou, Andromache of Hector, guard The wedded bonds of Pyrrhus?' Down she cast Her visage, and with lowered voice she spake : • O singularly blest before all else, The Priamean maid, at foeman's tomb, 'Neath Troja's stately walls decreed to die, AVho bore not any castings of the lot, 461 Nor, pris'ner, touched a conqu'ring mas- ter's bed ! We, — country burnt, — o'er severed waters borne, The arrogance of th' Achillean brood, And [that] disdainful youth, in slavery A mother proving, have endured : who then, Pursuing Leda-sprung Hermione, And Spartan nuptials, me, his handmaid, e'en To Helenus his lacquey handed o'er To be possessed. But him, by mighty love Of his betrothed, reft from him, set afire, And hounded by the Furies of his crimes, Orestes intercepts when off his guard, 473 And butchers at the altars of his sire. At Neoptolemus' decease, a share Of his dominions, ceded to him, fell To Helenus ; who, by their name, the plains "Chaonian," and "Chaonia" all [the land] From Trojan Chaon called ; and Pergamus, And this his Ilian castle on the heights 480 Erected. But to thee what winds, what fates. «^, " Hector is gone ! ho shall tell Priam so, or Hecuba ? Let him, that will a screech-owl aye be call'd, Go into Troy, and say there — Hector's dead : There is a word will Priam turn to stone ; Make wells and Niobes of the maids and wives, Cold statues of the youth ; and in a word, Scare Troy out of itself." Shakespeare, Troilus and Cress iJa, v. ii. Thy course have deigned ? Or pray what god hath driven Thee, wareless, to these coasts of ours? How [fares] The boy Ascanius ? Does he [still] survive, And feed upon the air? Whom hath to thee. Now Troy . Yet in the boy Dwells any feeling for a mother lost ? Say whether to the gallantry of old. And manly courage, do alike his sire .(^neas, and his uncle Hector rouse him up?* Such poured she forth in tears, and weep- ings long 491 In vain awaked : when, [issued] from the walls. The hero-son of Priam, Helenus, With numbers in his train, presents himself. And recognises his own [friends], and blithe Conducts us towards the palace, and his tears Between his every word profusely sheds. I move me forward, and a petty Troy, And, made to ape the great, a Pergamus, And thirsty brook with Xanthus' name, perceive, 500 And clasp the portals of a Scoean gate. And none the less do Teucer's sons with me Enjoy the friendly city. These the king Within the wide piazzas entertained : Amid the hall they tasted Bacchus' cups, — With viands dished on gold, — and platters held. •* And now a day, and second day, passed by, And breezes court the sails, the canvas, too. Is puffed by swelling Auster : — in these words Do I accost the prophet, and prefer 510 The like requests : * O thou, of Troja bom, Interpreter of gods, who dost the will Of Phoebus, who the tripods, Clarius' bays. Who constellations dost perceive, and tongues Of birds, and omens of the flighty wing, Come tell ; (for all my voyage hath to me Religion fav'ring told, and, one and all. The gods have urged me by their will to seek Italia, and essay sequestered lands : A strange portent, and fearful to be told, 509. " We owe this happiness To you, fair princess, for whose safer passage The breath of heaven did gently swell our sails. The waves were proud to bear so rich a lading, And danced to the music of the winds." Shirley, The Voung Admirai, ii. a. 520. " Thus like the sad presaging raven, that tolls The sick man's passport in her hollow beak. And in the shadow of the silent night Doth shake contagion from her sable wines." Marlowe, T/u Jew of Malta, i. 126 V. 365—399. THE JENEID. V. 399— 42T. Harpy Celaeno chants alone, and threats Disastrous anger and a famine foul ;) 522 What the chief dangers I am to avoid ; Or, what pursuing, can I overcome Distresses so intense ?' Here Helenus, — Steers slaughtered first in wonted form, — entreats With earnestness the favor of the gods. And slacks the fillets of his hallowed head, And me, O Phoebus, to thy thresholds he Himself conducted by the hand, o'erawed At thy abundant presence, and these [strains] 531 Then chants the priest from out his heav'nly lips : ** * O goddess-born (for that thou dost proceed With higher auspices throughout the deep. Clear my conviction : thus the king of gods The destinies allots, and rolls along Thy fortunes ; such the cycle that is wheeled:) A few to thee from many a response. That thou may'st safer traverse kindly seas, And be enabled in Ausonia's port 540 To settle down, will I unfold ; for Fates Bar Helenus the knowledge of the rest, Saturnian Juno, too, forbids to speak. First, Italy, which now thou deemest nigh, Its ports, too, as at hand, O unaware, To enter dost prepare, a distant route, Unpathed, divides afar by distant lands. First, e'en upon Sicilia's wave thy oar Must needs be bent, and traversed in thy ships The surface of Ausonia's briny main, 550 And hellish lakes, and ^an Circe's isle, Ere thou canst rest thy city in a land Secure. To thee the tokens will I name ; Do thoa preserve them treasured in thy mind. What time by thee, [all] anxious, at the wave Of a sequestered river, found beneath The holms upon its bank, a monstrous sow, That has produced a brood of thirty young. Shall lie, white, on the ground reclining, white 559 Around her dugs the litter ; — that shall be Thy city's site ; that, rest assured from toils. Nor do thou fear the future meal of boards : The Weirds will find a way, and, when invoked, Apollo will be with you. But these lands, And border this of [yon] Italian shore. Which, next thee, by our ocean's tide is drenched. Avoid thou : one and all, by felon Greeks Tlie towns are peopled. Likewise Here their walls The Locri of Narycium have upreared. And plains of Sallentines with soldiery 570 Lyctian Idomeneus beset. Here [stands] That small Petelia, leaning on the wall Of Philoctetes, Meliboean chief. Yea, too, when wafted on across the seas, Thy barks shall have reposed, and now thy vows. With altars reared, on shore shalt thou discharge. Be kerchiefed o'er thy tresses, muffled up In crimson hood ; lest any adverse sight, 'Mid holy fires in homage to the gods. Meet thee, and trouble the portents. This form 580 Of sacrifices let thy comrades, this Thyself maintain ; in this religious rite Let thy devout posterity abide. But when set forward [on thy course] the wind Shall thee have wafted to Sicilia's coast. And strait Pelorus' narrows shall begin To ope apart, the land upon thy left. And left-side seas by doubling long be sought ; The shore upon the right hand, and its waves, Avoid. These spots, erst shattered by a shock, ' 590 And wreck enormous, — suchamightychange Can long antiquity of age effect, — Asunder sprang do they report, what time Both lands uninterruptedly were one : Into the midst with fury flushed the deep, And rifted with its waves Hesperia's side From Sic'ly's, and between the fields and towns. Dissevered by a shore, with narrow tide It flushes. Scylla doth the side upon the right. The left Charybdis unappeased blockades, And with its pit's profoundest whirl thrice sucks 601 575. More literally : " stood still." 599. Spenser gives a grand description of his parallels to Scylla and Charybdis, the " Gulfe of Greedinesse," and "Rock, of Reproch ;" Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 3-9 : " On th' other syde an hideous Rock is pight Of mightie magnes stone, whose craggie clift Depending from on high, dread full to sight. Over the waves his rugged armes doth lift, And threateneth downe to throw his ragged rift : On whoso Cometh nigh ; yet nigh it drawes All passengers, that none from it can shift : For, whiles they fly that Gulfe's devouring iawes They on the rock are rent, and sunck in helpless wawes. . . . " They, passing by, that grisely mouth did see Sucking the seas into his entralles deepe. That seemd more horrible than hell to bee. Or that darke dreadful] hole of Tartare steepe." V. ^23 — 446. BOO/C ///. r. 446— 47t. "7 The mountain billows into the abyss ; Again, too, in succession shoots them up Beneath the air, and lashes with the surge The constellations. But in darksome shrouds A cave incloses Scylla, stretching out Her jaws, and trailing ships upon the rocks. Above, — her figure, that of human kind, A damsel e'en, with beauteous bosom far As to the groin ; below, — of monster frame A Pistrix, with the tails of dolphins linked To womb of wolves. It meeter is for thee Thro'out Trinacrian Pachynus' bounds 613 To coast, a loiterer, and tedious routes To wheel around, than once to have descried The hideous Scylla in her monstrous cave, And cliffs that thunder with the dingy dogs. Moreo'er, if any skill in Helenus There dwell, if any credit in the seer, If with the true Apollo stores his mind, This single [warning], goddess-born, to thee 621 E'en before all, this single [warning] I Will pre-declare, and re-announcing [this], Again, and o'er again, will thee advise : Great Juno's deity in chief with prayer Adore ; to J uno freely chant thy vows, And overcome with gifts of humble suit The puissant mistress : thus shalt thou at last, In triumph, with Trinacria left astern, • Upon the bourns of Italy be launched. When, hither wafted, thou shalt have attained 630 The Cuman city, and the sacred lakes. And [depths] Avernian, booming with their woods, Tlie madding prophetess shalt thou behold ; Who in her deepest [seat of] rock the fates Chants forth, and trusts to leaves her marks and words. Whatever verses on the leaves the maid Hatii scored, she ranges into rhythmic form, 616. Grander than Virgil is Milton's imitation of him in the description of Sin ; P. L., b. ii. : " Before the gates there sat On either side a formidable shape ; The one seem'd woman to the waist, and fair ; But ended foul in many a scaly fold, Voluminous and vast ; a serpent armed With mortal sting : about her middle round A cry of Hellhounds never ceasing bark'd With wide Cerberian mouths full loud, and rung A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would creep, If aught disturb 'd their noise, mto her womb, And kennel there; yet there still bark'd and howl'd Within, unseen." 633. Poetic fury, and historic storms." Ben Jonson, The F<kc, iv. x. And quits them, cloistered up within the Abide they in their places undisturbed, Nor from their rank depart. But [these] the same, 640 What time, upon the turning of the hinge, A gentle breeze hath driven, and the gate Deranged the tender leaflets, ne'er thence* forth To catch them flutt'ring through the vaulted rock. Nor to recall their postures, or unite The verses, does she care : without advice [Men] pass away, and loathe the Sibyl's seat. Here be not any waste of time to thee Of such concern, — though mates upbraid, and loud The voyage summon to the deep the sails, And their propitious bosoms thou canst fill,— 651 That thou should'st not the prophetess approach. And with thy prayers entreat that she her- self May chant the heav'nly answers, and un- lock Her voice and lips with favor. She to thee Italia's tribes, and battles doomed to come, And by what means thou mayest every toil Or shun, or suffer, will unfold, and grant. When worshipped, a successful course. These [truths] Be they, whereof it is by voice of ours 660 Permitted thee to be advised. Up ! quick ! And, great by thine exploits, raise Troy to heaven.' •* Which when the prophet thus with friendly lip Spake forth, gifts thereupon, of weight with gold And the veneer of iv'ry, to the ships He bids be borne j and packs within their holds A mass of plate, and basins of Dodone, A coat of armor interlinked with rings. And wrought with gold in triplet, and the cone And waving plumes of helm distinguished, arms 670 Of Neoptolemus. There likewise be His presents for my father. Steeds he adds. And adds he guides ; a rower-train sup- plies ; My mates the same time furnishes with ornis. 128 V. 472—493- THE JENEID. V. 493—520. ** Meanwhile the navy to equip with sails Anchises gave command, that no delay- Might be presented to a leading wind. Whom Phoebus' seer with deep respect accosts : * Anchises, honored with the haught em- brace Of Venus ! O solicitude of gods ! 680 Twice rescued from the wrecks of Per- gamus, Behold ! Ausonia's land before thee [lies] : This seize thou by thy sails. And yet past this There's need for thee to glide along the deep. That region of Ausonia is afar, Which opes to thee Apollo. Go,' saith he, * O blest in the devotion of thy son. Why further am I carried on, and stay By talk the rising southern gales ?' Nor less Andromache, at latest parting sad, 690 Brings robes embroidered with a thread of gold, And Phrygian mantle for Ascanius ; Nor of the compliment comes short ; and loads [The youth] with woven gifts, and such she speaks : ' Accept these also, which to thee may stand Memorials of my hands, my boy, and prove The long affection of Andromache, The spouse of Hector. Take thy [friends'] last gifts, O thou, to me the only picture left Of my Astyanax ! Thus eyes, thus hands, Thus he his lips was wont to move ; and now 701 In equal age along with thee would he Be rip'ning into man.' On parting I, with tears Upstarting, these addressed : * Live happy ye, 675. " Lay her before the wind ! Up with her canvas. And let her work ! The wind begins to whistle : Clap all her streamers on, and let her dance, As if she were the minion of the ocean ! Let her bestride the billows till they roar. And curl their wanton heads !" J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, ii. i. 677. It is plain, from verse 481, that the wind was a " leading " one. 693. Or : " Nor of his dignity." 703. Classical heroes seem greatly addicted to tears, forgetting that a watery grief is scarce as deep as a dry : " Think not the worse, my friends, I shed not tears : Great griefs lament within." J. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. Whose fortune is accomplished, now their own : From one fate to another we are called. For you is rest secured : no ocean-plain Must needs be ploughed, nor have Ausonia's fields Retreating ever backward, to be sought. The likeness of the Xanthus, and a Troy Ye see, which your own hands have shaped, beneath 711 More happy auspices, I pray to heaven ! And which may prove less open to the Greeks, If ever Tiber, and the neighb'ring fields Of Tiber, I shall enter, and the walls, That are vouchsafed my nation, I shall view, Our kindred cities in the days to come. And neighbor peoples, — in Epirus [you], [We] in Hesperia, — who have Dardanus The selfsame founder, and the selfsame fates, 720 Both Troys will render in affection one : Let this concern our children's children wait.' "We're wafted forth along the deep, hard by The neighb'ring heights Ceraunian, whence there [lies] The path to Italy, and the shortest route Across the waves. The sun swoops down meanwhile. And darkling mounts are shaded o'er. We're stretched Upon the bosom of a wished-for land. Fast by the billow, having lotted oars. And all around, along the droughty beach, Our frames we tend : sleep dews our jaded limbs. 731 Nor yet upon her central circle Night, Chased onward by the Hours, advanced : — not slow Uprises Palinurus from his couch. And searches all the winds, and in his ears The breeze he catches ; all the stars he marks. As on they glide across the silent heaven, — Arcturus, and the rainy Hyades, '^■ And twin Triones ; and he scans around Orion armed with gold. What time he sees That all lies settled in the calmy sky, 741 He gives a brilliant signal from the stern : We strike th' encampment, and essay our route. 731. " Gallants, the night growes old, and downy sleep Courts us to entertain his company ; Our tyred limbes, brused in the morning fight, Intreat soft rest, and gentle husht repose." Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. i. 2. V. 520--544- BOOK in. y. 544—566. 139 And spread the pinions of the sails. And now Aurore was blushing, with the stars chased off, When far away we see the glooming hills, And lowly Italy. * Italia !' first Achates shouts aloud ; Italia hail My comrades with a blithe hurrah ! Then sire Anchises with a coronal bedecks 75° A mighty wassail-bowl, and brimmed it up With taintless wine, and called upon the gods, While standing on the lofty stem : ' Ye gods, Of sea, and land, and storms the rulers, lend A ready voyage by the wind, and breathe Propitious.' Gin to swell the wished-for gales, And opens out the haven, closer now. And looms Minerva's fane upon the height. The crews furl sails, and veer the prows to shore. The haven by the billow from the East Is bent into an arch ; the jutting cliffs 761 Are foaming with the briny spray. Itself Lies hid ; launch out their arms witli double pier Rocks tower-shaped, and from the strand withdraws the fane. Four horses here upon the grass, the first Portent, perceived I browsing on the plain At large, of snowy whiteness. And my sire Anchises : * War it is, O foreign land. Thou dost forebode ! for war are horses armed ; 769 War threat these beasts. But still at times The selfsame quadrupeds are wont to pass Beneath the chariot, and harmonious reins To suffer in the yoke : hope e'en of peace,' He cries. We then entreat the holy powers Of Pallas, thund'ring in her armor, who 745. " Light, the fair grandchild to the glorious sun. Opening the casements of the rosy morn, Makes the abashed heavens soon to shun The ugly darkness it embraced before. And at his first appearance puts to flight The utmost relics of the hell-born night." Brewer, Lingua, iii. 6. 756. " The waves were proud to entertain our navy; The fish in amorous courtship danced about Qur ship, and no rude gale from any coast Was sent to hang upon our linen wings. To interrupt our wishes ; not a star Mufiled his brightness in a sullen cloud Till we arrived." Shirley, The Voting Admiral, ii. 2. 758. Or: "shews." First welcomed xis rejoiced, and o'er our heads, Before the altars, we with Phrygian hood Are muffled ; and by rules of Helenus, Which he had granted as of chief concern. We duly to the Argive Juno burn 780 The ordered sacrifices. No delay : Straight, — vows completed in due form, — the arms Of the sail-mantled yards we [sea-] ward veer, And quit the homesteads of the sons of Greeks, And their mistrusted fields. Therefrom the bay Of the Herculean — (if repwrt be true), — Tarentum is descried. Uplifts her [form] Lacinium's goddess in the front, and heights Of Caulon, and shipwrecking Scyllace. 789 Then far, [uprisingl from the surge is kenned Trinacrian yEtna, and the thund'ring growl Of ocean, and the stricken rocks we hear Far off, and broken noises at the shores ; And deeps leap up, and with the tide the sands Are mingled. And my sire Anchises : * Sooth This that Charybdis ; Helenus these cliffs. These rocks of terror chanted. Rescue us, O crews ! And rise in even measure to your oars.' No less than as enjoined do tliey : and first His creaking prow did Palinurus veer 800 To the left waves ; the left with oars and winds The squadron in a body sought. To heaven Are we uplifted on the arched gulf. And we the same, — the billow drawn away, — Pass downward to the lowest Shades. Three times The cliffs gave thunder 'mid the hollow rocks. 803-g. " If after every tempest come such calms. May the winds blow till they have wakened death ; And let the labouring bark climb hills of seas, Olympus-high, and duck again as low As hell's from heaven !" Shakespeare, Othello, ii. i. 804. " What sands, what shelves, what rocks do threaten her ; The forces and the natures of all winds, Gusts, storms, and tempests ; when her keel ploughs hell, And deck knocks heaven : — then to manage her. Becomes the name and office of a pilot." Ben Jonson, CatHine, iii. 1. 806. " For do but stand upon the foaming shore, The chiding billow seems to pelt the clouds ; The wind-snak'd surge, with high and monstrous main, K I30 V. 567—590. THE ^NEID. V. 591 — 615. Three times the spray, dashed up, and dewy stars "We saw. Meanwhile the wind hath with the sun The weary left ; and wareless of the path, We towards the shores of Cyclops drift along. 810 *' The port [lies] stirless from approach of winds, And spacious in itself ; but ^tna near With awful wrack is thund'ring, and at times Flings forth a cloud of blackness to the sky, In smoke with pitchy whirl and glowing ash, And shoots up balls of flames, and licks the stars. At times the rocks and rifted bowels of the mount It, belching, spouts aloft, and molten stones Beneath the heav'ns with rumbling rolls around. And from the bottom of its bed seethes up. There is a legend, that, by leven-flash 821 Half-burnt, the body of Enceladus Is whelmed beneath this pile, and, o'er him laid. Huge i^tna blasts out flame from forges burst ; And, often as he shifts his weary side, That all Trinacria with a growling quakes, And overcasts the welkin with the smoke. That night, in forests bowered, fell portents We suffer, nor what cause creates the din Perceive. For neither were there lights of stars, 830 Nor sheeny in the stellar firmament The heav'ns, but fogs thro'out the sullen sky. And dismal night confined the moon in cloud. " And now the following day with infant Dawn Was rising, and Aurore from ,heaven had chased ' Dank shade ; when suddenly from out the woods. Wasted away by meagreness extreme, , Seems to cast water on the burning bear, And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole : I never did hke molestation view On th' unchafed flood." Shakespeare, Othello, ii. i. 812. Spenser briefly but finely alludes to .^tna, /^. ^.,1.11.44: " As burning yEtna from his boyling stew Doth belch out flames, and rockes in peeces broke. And ragged ribs of mountaines molten new, Enwrapt in coleblacke clowds and filthy smoke, That al the land with stench, and heven with horror, choke," The novel figure of an unknown man, And pitiable in its garb, comes forth. And humbly to the shores outspreads its hands. 840 We gaze upon him. Dread his filthiness. His beard, too, wild, his wrapper tacked with thorns : But in the rest a Greek, and ere the while To Troy in native armor sent. And he. What time the Dardan dress, and arms Of Troy, he spied afar, awhile stopped short. Affrighted by the sight, and stayed his step. Anon he flung him headlong to the. shores, With weeping and entreaties : ' By the stars Do I conjure you, by the gods above, 850 And this life-giving light of heav'n, away, O Teucri, take me ; to whatever lands Transport me ; this will be enough. I know That I am one from out the Grecian ships, And own that I the Ilian gods of home In war assaulted : for the which, if be So heinous the demerit of our crime, Fling me in atoms on the waves, and 'neath The mighty ocean plunge me ; if I die, 'Twill be a pleasure to have died by hands Of men.' He said, and folding round our knees, 861 And, writhing, to our ' knees he clinging held. Who he may be we counsel him to tell, From what descent he may have sprang ; thereon. What fortune hunts him onward to avow. My sire himself, Anchises, his right hand. No great delays presenting, gives the youth, And with the ready pledge his mind assures. These speaks he, — terror laid aside at last : ' I am from Ithaca, my native land, 8 70 The comrade of Ulysses evil-starred. My name is Achemenides, to Troy, My father Adaniastus being poor, 838. The account of Achemenides somewhat resembles Spenser's description of " Despair ;" F. Q., X. 9, 35 : " His griesie lockes, long growen and unbound, Disordred hong about his shoulders round, And hid his face ; through which his hollow eyne Lookt deadly dull, and stared as astound ; His raw-bone cheekes, through penurie and pine, Were shronke into his iawes, as he did never dine. His garment, nought but many ragged clouts, With thornes together pind and patched was v" &c. 846. " As children wading from some river's bank. First try the water with their tender feet ; Then, shudd'ring up with cold, step back again, And straight a little further venture on, Till at the last they plunge into the deep. And pass at once what they were doubting long." Dryden, The Maiden Queen, v, i. V. 6i5 — 640. BOOK III. ▼. 641—660. H' (And would my fortune had remained !) set forth. Here me, while they in consternation quit The barb'rous dwelling, my unthoughtful mates ' Abandoned in the Cyclop's monster den. The home it is of gore and bloody feasts ; Inside obscure, stupendous. He himself Of giant height, and smites the lofty stars ; (Gods, such a plague, O bid avaunt from earth!) 881 Nor in his aspect bearable, nor meet To be addressed by any one in speech. Upon the entrails and the sable blood Of hapless [wights] he feeds. I saw myself. When from our number bodies twain, en- grasped Within his monstrous hand, amid the den He, bending backward, smashed against a rock. And, spattered with the blood, the chamber swam. I saw, when, dripping with the jetty gore, Their limbs he craunched, and, warm be- neath his fangs, 891 Their joints they quivered. Neither un- chastised, In sooth ; nor did the like Ulysses brook, [N] or was the Ithacan forgetful of himself In such grave crisis. For the moment he, Gorged with the cates, and buried in his wine, His bended neck laid down, and stretched along The cave, enormous, spewing up the gore. And gobbets intermixed with bloody wine, Throughout his slumber; — we, when we had prayed 900 The mighty Pow'rs, and lotted [each] their parts. At once, on all sides, round are poured, and drill With sharpened tool the eye, the monster [eye]. Which skulked alone beneath a scowling brow, As Argive shield, or Phoebus' cresset huge ; And blithesome at the last our comrades' shades Do we avenge. But fly, O wretched, fly, And from the shore your cable burst away. 881. Or, perhaps more strongly : " Gods, banish such a nuisance from the earth !" 899. If Virgil is somewhat coarse here, Spenser, in his description of Errour, has no difficulty in being still coarser ; Faerie Queene, i. i, 20: * Therwith she spcwd out of her filthie maw A floud of poyson horrible and blacke, Full of great lumps of flesh, and gobbets raw." For what in gui.se, and howsoever vast, Doth Polypheme within his vaulted cave Pen in his fleecy flocks, and squeeze their teats, 911 A hundred other cursed Cyclops dwell In every quarter by these winding shores, And through the lofty mountains rove. Third horns Of Luna fill them now with light, Since life in woods, among the lonely lairs And haunts of savage creatures, do I drag. And on the giant Cyclops from a cliff I look abroad, and shudder at the din Of feet and voice. An unnutritious food, — Berries and stony cornels, — boughs purvey, And grasses feed me with their roots up- torn. 922 Surveying all around, this fleet I first Spied coming to the shores. To this did I Resign myself, whatever it might prove. Enough to have escaped the cursed crew ; Do ye the rather take away this life By any death whate'er.' He scarcely these Had said, when from the mountain-crest himself Perceive we, moving him among his flocks With giant bulk, — the shepherd Poly- pheme, — 931 And seeking the familiar shores : — a mon- ster dread, Misshapen, huge, whose eye is reft away. A branchless pine within his hand controls. And renders sure, his steps. His woolly ewes 920. If the secondary meaning of itt/elicem, verse 649, be preferred, "miserable" can be sub- stituted for "unnutritious," or "wretched suste- nance " for victum infelicein. " Behold, the earth hath roots ; Within this mile break forth a hundred springs: The oaks bear mast, the briers scarlet hips ; The bounteous housewife. Nature, on each bush Lays her full mess before you." Shakespeare, Timon of AtJiens, iv. 3. 931. " Behold the monster, Polypheme ; See what ample strides he takes. The mountain nods, the forest shakes ; The waves run frighten'd to the shores : Hark ! how the thundering giant roars." Gay, Acts and Gala tea. 934. Grander is Milton, P. L., b. i. : " His spear, to equal which the tallest pine Hewn on Norwegian hills, to be the mast Of some great ammiral, were but a wand, He walk'd with." Milton, however, may have borrowed the idea from Cpwley, as Dr. Johnson remarks on the passage in the third book of his DavitUis: " His spear the trunk was of a lofiy tree, Which Nature meant some ship's tall ma&t should be." K 2 132 V. 660—686. THE JENEID. V. 686 — 71J. Attend upon him ; — that the only joy And comfort of his woe. Soon as he touched The deepsome billows, and the waters reached, The dripping gore of his uprooted eye Therefrom he washes, gnashing with his teeth 940 With groan [s] ; and now he stalks through middle sea, Nor yet the surge his tow'ring sides be- dewed. We far therefrom our flight in horror haste, — Our suitor welcomed thus thro' his desert, — And silently the cable cut away ; And, bending forward, sweep with rival oars The waters. He perceived, and towards the sound Of voice his steps he veered. But when no power Is giv'n of reaching us with his right hand, Nor is he able in pursuit to match 950 Ionian waves, a thund'ring yell he lifts, Wherewith the deep and all its billows quaked. And inly startled was Italia's land. And bellowed ^tna through his winding vaults. But from the forests and the lofty mounts The Cyclops' brood, forth summoned, to the ports Come swooping downward, and the strands they fill. Descry we, vainly standing side by side, Withi scowling eye-ball, ^Etna's brother- train. Porting to heav'n their tow'ring heads, — a dire 960 Assembly : as when on some lofty crest Sky-mounting oaks, or cone-rife cypresses. Have stood in group, the stately wood of Jove, Or grove of Dian. Headlong drives us on A keen alarm, for any point whate'er T' uncoil the sheets, and spread the sails to winds Of favor. Warn them, on the other hand. The orders [giv'n] of Helenus that they 'Twixt Scylla and Charybdis, — either route With trifling odds of death, — hold not their course. 970 936. " The day abhors me, and from me doth fly, Night still me follows, yet too long doth stay ;" " But what availeth either night or day? All's one to me, still day, or ever night ; My light is darkness, and my darkness light." Drayton, First Legend. 946. Or : " vying." Decreed it is that backward we direct The canvas. But, behold ! the northern gale. From out Pelorus' narrow mansion sent, Is present with us. I am wafted past Pantagia's outlets in the living rock, And Megaran bays, and Thapsus lying [low]. Such shores roamed over, coasting back again, [To us] did Achemenides reveal. The comrade of Ulysses evil-staiTcd. *' Outstretched before Sicania's bay, there lies 980 An isle against Plemmyrium, rife in waves : Its name the ancients have Ortygia called. There is a legend, that Alpheus, stream Of Elis, hither worked mysterious paths Beneath the sea, who now, O Arethuse, Is mingled with thy spring in Sic'ly's waves. Enjoined, the sovereign powers of the spot We worship ; and I thence sail by, — too rich, — The soil of stagnating Helorus. Hence Pachynus' tow'ring cliffs, and jutting rocks We graze ; and, granted never by the fates To be disturbed, looms Camarine afar, 992 And the Geloan champaigns, Gela, too. Called by the title of its felon flood. Thence stately Acragas far off* displays Colossal walls, of high-souled horses erst The breeder. Thee, too, with accorded gales I leave, palm-rife Seline, and skirt the shoals Of Lilybeum, stern with viewless rocks. Hence me the haven, and the joyless coast Of Drepanum receive. Here, hunted on By storms so many of the deep, alas ! 1002 My father, — [he,] of every care and chance The anodyne, — Anchises do I lose. Here me, best father, wearied, dost thou leave ; Ah ! vainly rescued from such grievous risks. Nor did the prophet Helenus, what time He many a fearful warning gave, foretell 979. It is difficult to believe that Virgil ever wrote verses 690, 691. However, as they are received into the text, hifelicis must be translated as in v. 613 ; that is, in the sense in which Ache- menides used, and not as ^neas would use it. The latter would have employed pellacis, or some other uncomplimentary term, to raise anger rather than pity. 983. So Milton, Arcades : " Of famous Arcady ye are, and sprung Of that renowned flood, so often sung, Divine Alpheus, who by secret sluice Stole under seas, to meet his Arethuse." V. 713—715. BOOK IV. V. 716—718. 133 These woes to me ; no, not Celaeno dread. This was my last distress, this was the goal Of longsome voyages. Departed hence, A god hath borne me onward to your coasts." 1012 Thus sire JEnesiS, — all on him attent, — Alone recounted the decrees of gods, And told his voyages. He hushed at last, And here, — conclusion made, — he came to rest. BOOK IV. But, smitten long erewhile by passion sore. The queen her wound is nursing in her veins, And she is wasted by a viewless fire. The hero's lofty worth, and lofty pride Of his descent, are ofttimes to her mind Returning ; in her breast deep printed cling His features and his words ; nor doth unrest Vouchsafe a peaceful slumber to her limbs. The next Aurore with Phoebus' torch the lands Was scanning, and the moistful shade from heaven 10 Had chased away, when, scarcely in her mind, She thus her sister, one with her in soul. Accosts : ' * O Anna, sister [mine], what dreams Appal me, poised [in doubt]! How strange The guest, [who] has at our abodes arrived ! Of what a noble bearing in his mien ! Of what a gallant heart and arms ! I deem In sooth, (nor idle the belief,) that he The offspring is of gods. Degen'rate souls Line 4. If "multa," v. 3, must be rendered more literally, a dull substitute for " lofty " is easily found. g. " The morrow next, so soon as Phoebus' lamp Bewrayed had the world with early light. And fresh Aurora had the shady damp Out of the goodly heven amoved quight." Spenser, Faerie Queene, iii. 10, 1. See note on line 846. 12. " There's never man nor woman that e'er loved, But chose some bosom friend, whose close converse Sweetened their joys, and eased their burdened minds Of such a working secret." May, The Heir, ii. 19. " And live a coward in thine own esteem. Letting ' I dare not' wait upon ' I would,* Like the poor cat i' the adage." The adage is : " The cat loves fish, but dares not wet her feet." See Payne Collier on Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 7. " A donative he hath of every god : Apollo gave him lockes ; Jove his high front ; The god of eloquence his flowing speech ; The feminine deities strowcd all their bounties Fear proves. Ah ! by what fates has he been tossed ! 20 What battles, carried to their close, he sang ! If rested not within my mind [resolve]. Firm and unshaken, not to wish to yoke Myself to any in the marriage-bcmd. Since my first love betrayed me, duped by death ; Had there been no disgust at bed and torch. To this one weakness I could haply stoop. O Anna, (for I will avow [the truth,] ) Since the decease of my unhappy spouse, Sychaeus, and that household gods with blood, 30 [Spilt] by a brother, were besprent, this man Alone hath warped my feelings, and hath forced A falt'ring soul : I recognise the tracks Of former passion. But I would to heaven, That either deepest earth for me would first Gape open, or that the almighty sire Would hurl me with his leven to the shades. The ghastly shades of Erebus, and night And beautie on his face ; that eye was Juno's ; Those lips were his that wonne the golden ball ; That virgin-blush, Diana's : here they meete. As in a sacred synod." Marston, hisatiate Countesse, i. ' ' Feare is my vassall ; when I frowne he flycs : A hundred times in life a coward dies." lb., iv. 20. " She loved me for the dangers I had passed. And 1 loved her that she did pity them." Shakespeare, Othello, \. 3. 23. " Were she the abstract of her sex for form, The only warehouse of perfection ; Were there no rose nor lily but her cheek. No music but her tongue, virtue but her's. She must not rest near me. My vow is graven Here in my heart, irrevocably breathed ; And when I break it — " Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight 0/ Malta, V. 2. 37. " You greater powers, guard mc from violence. And from a wilful fall I'll keep myself: High Jupiter, the venger of foul sin. With angry thunder strike mc to the deepest. And darkest shades of hell, when 1 consent To soil my unstained faith." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Faithful FriemtU, ii. 2. 154 V. 26—43. THE ^NEID. V. 43—65. Profound, before that thee, O Modesty, I outrage, or thy laws I break. He, who 40 First linked me to himself, hath borne away My loves : let him possess them in his heart, And guard them in the grave." Thus speaking forth, She filled her bosom with her starting tears, Anna replies : " O thou than light of day More precious to thy sister, wilt thou all alone Be wasted mourning in a lasting youth ? Nor darling sons, nor Venus' guerdons know ? That ash or buried Manes reck of this, Dost thou imagine ? Be it, hitherto, 50 While sick at heai"t, no lovers thee have swayed. No, not in Libya, not erenow at Tyre ; — larbas scorned, and other chieftains, whom The Afric land, in triumphs rich, supports : Wilt thou e'en fight against a welcome love? Nor to thy mind occurs it, on whose fields Thou'st settled ? This side, the Gsetulian towns, A horde that cannot be o'ercome in war, Unreined Numidians, too, encircle thee, And the inhospitable Syrt ; on that, 60 A country waste with drought, and far and wide Barcaeans raging. Wherefore name the wars 39. " 'Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus, Another thing to fall." Shakespeare, Measttre for Measure, ii. i. " She that has no temptation set before her. Her virtue has no conquest: then would her constancy Shine in the brightest goodness of her glory. If she would give admittance, see and be seen. And yet resist and conquer : there were argument For angels." Middleton, Mare Dissemblers besides Women, i. 2. " Whiteness of name, thou must be mine." J. Fletcher, Tke Elder Brother, iv. 3. 43. So Gray's Bard passionately expresses his aftection for his murdered comrades : " Dear lost companions of my tuneful art. Dear as the light that visits these sad eyes. Dear as the ruddy drops that warm my heart. Ye died amidst your dying country's cries." Shakespeare varies the image. Brutus says to Portia : " You are my true and honourable wife ; As dear to me as are the ruddy drops That visit my sad heart." yulius C<Bsar, ii. i. 47. " I am but the shadow of myself without thee." Shirley, The Politician, ii. i. " Life without love is load ; and time stands still : What we refuse to him, to death we give ; And then, then only, when we love, we live." Congreve, 7 he Mourning Bride, ii. end. That spring from Tyrus, and a brother's threats ? In sooth I deem that, with the deities Their guardians, Juno in their favor, too. This course have Ilium's galleys by the breeze Held [hither]. What a city, sister, thou Shalt this behold ! what kingdoms to arise From such a union ! With the Trojans' arms [On ours] attending, with what grand ex- ploits 70 Shall Carthaginian glory rear her [head] ! Do thou but crave indulgence from the gods, And, — off'rings of propitiation made, — Free scope to hospitality accord. And pleas for his detention net around. While sorely on the ocean winter storms, And water-rife Orion, and his ships Are shattered ; while not practicable heaven," By these her words she kindled up a soul With passion fired, and to a wav'ring mind Imparted hope, and disengaged reserve, 81 They in the first place to the shrines re- pair. And grace throughout the altars crave ; they slay, According to the custom chosen, ewes Of two years old to law-enacting Ceres, And Phoebus, and to the Lysean sire ; 'Bove all to Juno, whose concern are ties Of marriage. Fairest Dido, e'en herself, A saucer holding in her right hand, pours Full in the centre of a heifer's horns, 90 Gloss-white ; or, 'fore the features of the She paces by the altars rich, and day Renews with gifts, and, poring with her lips apart. Within the opened bosoms of the beasts, Their throbbing entrails she consults, Alas! 63. The strict meaning oi gemtani, v. 44, can scarcely be intended here. 81. "I am lost. Utterly lost ! My faith is gone for ever ! My fame, my praise, my liberty, my peace. Changed for a restless passion ! O hard spite, To lose my seven years' victory at one sight !" Middleton, More Dissemblers besides Women, *■ ^' " O that I Have reason to discern the better way. And yet pursue the worse !" Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, iv. i. It had been better advice for Ahna to have said : " Therefore I charge you. As you have pity, stop those tender ears From his enchanting voice ; close up those eyes. That you may never catch a dart from him. Nor he from you." Beaumont and Fletcher, A King and no King, ii. 1. ▼.''65—76. BOOK IV. V. 76—90. '35 The soothsayers' unknowing minds ! What boot Her vows the raver ? What the shrines ? Meanwhile Upon her marrow preys the gentle flame, And silent lives the wound beneath her breast. Unhappy Dido is consumed, and roams 100 Through the whole city, frantic : like a hind, By arrow pierced, which, heedless, hath afar Among the woods of Crete a shepherd shot, While himting her with weapons, and hath left The wingy steel, unconscious ; she in flight The forests and the lawns of Dicte scours : The deadly shaft is clinging to her flank, ^neas now she brings with her throughout The central buildings, and Sidonian wealth Exhibits, and a city to his hand ; 1 10 Begins to utter, and amid the word loi. Dido was the reverse of Viola's sister, who " Never told her love. But let concealment, like a worm i' th' bud, Feed on her damask cheek ; she pined in thought. And, with a green and yellow melancholy. She sat like patience on a monument. Smiling at grief." Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, ii. 4. " She, sir, That walks here up and down an empty shadow ; One that for some few hours But wanders here, carrying her own sad coffin. Seeking some desert place to lodge her griefs in." J. Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, iv. 2. 102. " Looke as a well-growne stately headed bucke. But lately by the woodman's arrow strucke, Runs gadding o'er the lawnes, or nimbly strayes Among the combrous brakes a thousand wayes ; Now through the high wood scowrs, then by the brooks, On every hill side, and each vale he lookes. If 'mongst their store of simples may be found An hearbe to draw and heale his smarting wound." Browne, Brit. Past., ii. 4. This simile may call to the reader's mind the pathetic description of the wounded stag in As You Like It, ii. i : " To-day, my lord of Amiens, and myself. Did steal behind him, as he lay along Under an oak, whose antique root peeps out Upon the brook that brawls along this wood : To the which place a poor sequestered stag. That from the hunters' aim had ta'en a hurt. Did come to languish ; and, indeed, my lord. The wretched animal heav'd forth such groans. That their discharge did stretch his leathern coat Almost to bursting ; and the big round tears Cours'd one another down his innocent nose In piteous chase ; and thus the hairy fool. Much marked of the melancholy Jaques, Stood on the extreinest verge of the swift brook, Augmenting it with tears." III. " How her heart beats I Much like a partridge in a sparhawk's foot. Stops short. Now looks she for the self- same feasts, As day is sinking, and to Ilium's toils Once more to listen in her wildness craves, And hangs once more upon the speaker's lips. Then, when they have withdrawn, and in her turn The darkling moon extinguishes her light, And, as they sink, the stars are urging sleep, She lonely in her empty palace mourns, And on the couch, [which he hadj left, lies down : 120 Him absent absent she both hears and sees. Or in her lap Ascanius she, bewitched By the resemblance of his father, stays, If she could cheat unutterable love. Uprise not tow'rs commenced ; their arms the youth Ply not, or havens, or defensive works. In war secure, provide ; hang broken off Their labors, and the walls' embattled heights Immense, and enginery made match for heaven. Whom soon as the beloved spouse of Jove 130 That with a panting silence does lament The fate she cannot fly from." Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, v. i. 114, 15. " But all the while that he these speeches spent, Upon his lips hong faire Dame Hellenore With vigilant regard and dew attent. Fashioning worldes of fancies evermore In her fraile witt, that now her quite forlore : The whiles unwares away her wondring eye And greedy eares her weake hart from her bore." Spenser, Faerie Queetie, iii. 9, 51. " Wherein I spoke of most disastrous chances. Of moving accidents, by flood and field ; Of hair-breadth scapes i' th' imminent deadly breach ; Of being taken by the insolent foe. And sold to slavery ; of my redemption thence. And portance in my travels' history ; — Wherein of antres vast, and desarts idle. Rough quarries, rocks, and hills whose head touch'd heaven. These things to hear Would Desdemona seriously incline She'd come again, and with a greedy ear Devour up my discourse." Shakespeare, Othello, i. 3. iiQ. " Her chamber's but a coffin of a larger Volume, wherein she walks so like a ghost, 'Twould make you pale to see her." Shirley, The Cardinal, iv. 2. " Strong is my love to thee ; for every moment I'm from thy sight, the heart within my bosom Mourns, like a tender infant in its cradle. Whose nurse had left it." Otway, yenice Preserved, iii. i. 126. " Alack ! when once our grace we have forgot. Nothing goes right : we would, and we would not.' Shakespeare, Measure /or Measure, iv. 4. 36 V. 91 — Ti6. THE ^NEID. V. ii6 — 135. Perceived to be enchained by such a plague, Nor character to stand in passion's way, Saturnia Venus in such words accosts : *' Distinguished praise, in sooth, and splen- did spoils Ye carry off, both thou and [that] thy boy ! Mighty and notable the pow'r divine. If by the cunning of a pair of gods One woman is subdued ! Nor doth it so Escape my notice, that [these] walls of ours Thou, dreading, hast suspected held the domes 140 Of stately Carthage. But what limit shall there be ? Or to what end now struggles so severe ? Why do we not the rather endless peace And covenanted nuptial rites promote ? Thou hast what thou hast sought with all thy soul : The loving Dido burns, and hath imbibed The frenzy through her bones. Then, let us rule This nation jointly, and with equal sway ; Be it allowed her, to a Phrygian spouse To be a slave, and, as a dowry given, 150 The Tyrians to resign to thy right hand." To her (for she perceived that she had spoken With feigned intent, in order that the realm Of Italy she might to Libyan coasts Divert,) thus Venus in reply began : " Who madly would such [terms as these] decline ? Or liefer would with thee engage in war ? If only fortune may attend the scheme, Which thou announcest. But by fates am I Borne onward, doubtful whether Jove may will 160 That one should be the city for the men Of Tyre, and for the refugees from Troy ; Or would approve the nations being blent. Or leagues cemented. Thou his consort art : Thine is the privilege to sound his mind By prayer. Go forward ; I will follow," Then The royal Juno thus caught up [the word] : "With me shall rest that task. Now by what plan What presseth on us can be brought to pass, 132. " No ! I must downward, downward ! Though repentance Could borrow all the glorious wings of grace, My^ mountainous weight of sins would crack their pinions. And sink them to hell with me." Massinger, The Renegade, iii. 2. 142. Or : " Or whither with a struggle so severe ?" 148. Or: "This a joint nation." Or : " auspices." In few, — attend! — I thee will teach. yEneas, 170 And wdth him, Dido thrice-unblest, prepare To go a hunting to the wood, what time To-morrow's Titan shall have brought to light His infant dawn, and with his beams un- veiled The globe. On these will I a black'ning shower With blended hail, while flutter plumes, and glades They girdle with th' inclosure, from above Outpour, and with my thunder will I wake All heav'n. On every side the retinue Shall fly amain, and in the gloom of night Shall they be mantled. At the self-same grot 181 Shall Dido and the Trojan prince arrive. There I shall be, and, if I have thy sure assent. In lasting marriage will I her unite. And consecrate her his for ever. Here Shall Hymenseus be." Opposing not Her suitress, Cytherea acquiesced. And at the crafts that were devised she smiled. Meanwhile Aurora rising Ocean left. Forth issues from the gates at beam of day, Uprisen, chosen youth ; nets wide of mesh, Toils, hunting lances with a breadth of steel, And Massylaean horsemen sally forth, 193 And keenly-scented force of hounds. The queen. Delaying in her chamber, at the gates The princes of the Tyrians wait, and, badged With purple and with gold, her palfrey stands, 188. " The gods assist just hearts ; and states, that trust Plots before Providence, are lost like dust." Marston, Sophonisba, ii. i. " A woman's tongue, I see, some time or other. Will prove her traitor." Ford, The Fancies, iv. i. 194. Prior seems to have had this passage in his view while describing Abra in Solomon, b. ii. : " Thy King, Jerusalem ! descends to wait Till Abra comes. She comes ; a milk-white steed. Mixture of Persia's and Arabia's breed. Sustains the nymph : her garments flying loose, (As the Sydonian maids or Thracian use) And half her knee and half her breast appear. By art, like negligence, disclosed, and bare : Her left hand guides the hunting courser's flight, A silver bow she carries in her right. And from the golden quiver at her side Rustles the ebon arrow's feather'd pride ; Sapphires and diamonds on her front display An artificial moon's increasing ray. Diana, huntress, mistress of the groves. The favourite Abra speaks, and looks, and moves." V. 135 — i6o. BOOK IV. V. 161—170. isr And fiercely champs the foaming bits. At last Forth comes she, — thronging her a mighty train, — Invested in a Sidon hunting-cloak 200 With purfled edge. Her quiver is of gold ; Her locks in knot are gathered into gold ; A golden brooch her robe of crimson binds Beneath, Moreo'er her Phrygian retinue And gay lulus pace along. Himself, yEneas, passing fair beyond the rest. Moves on their comrade, and the trains unites : Like as, when Lycia in her wintry plight. And Xanthus' rivulets, Apollo quits, And Delos of his mother goes to view, 210 The dances, too, renews j and, mingled round The altars, Cretes alike, and Dryopes, And painted Agathyrsi, shout amain ; [The god] himself on brows of Cynthus walks. And with the velvet leaf his streaming hair He presses, as he shapes it, and with gold He braids ; his weapons on his shoulders clang. No tardier than he ^neas paced : Such striking beauty from his peerless mien Beams forth. As soon as at the lofty mounts 220 And pathless lairs they are arrived, be- hold ! Wild she-goats, from a height of rock dis- lodged, Down scampered from the brows ; on th' other side The stags the open champaigns scour [full] speedj And dusted squadrons huddle in their flight. And leave the mountains. But the boy Ascanius Amid the vallies in his mettled horse Rejoices; and now these in race, now those, Outstrips, and prays be granted to his vows A foaming l)oar among the listless flocks. Or tawny lion to descend the mount. 231 Meanwhile with uproar vast the heav'n begins 217. Or : " upon his shoulders thunder arms." 224. "Alate we ran the deer, and through the lawnds Stripped with our nags the lofty frolic bucks, That scudded 'fore the teasers like the wind." Robert Green, Friar Bacon, opening lines. 227. " Out of brave horsemanship Arise the first sparks of glowing resolution. That raise the mind to noble action." Webster, The Duchess of Malji, i. 2. 232. This passage may call to mind the Red To be turmoiled. Ensues with mingled hail A rain-storm ; and the retinue of Tyre In every quarter, and the youth of Troy, And Venus' Dardan grandson, through the fields Sought diff 'rent shelters in their fear. DoMm swoop The torrents from the mounts. The self- same grot Do Dido and the Trojan leader reach. And Tellus first, and Juno, patroness 240 Of wedlock, give the signal : levens flashed, And witness to the union was the sky. And on the highest summit shrieked the Nymphs. That day first proved the source of death. And first, of her misfortunes. Nor is she By outward form [s] or reputation swayed, Crosse Knight and Una in Spenser's Faerie Queene, b. i. c. i. 6, 7 : " Thus as they past. The day with cloudes was suddeine overcast. And angry love an hideous storme of raine Did poure into his lemans lap so fast. That everie wight to shrowd it did constrain ; And this faire couple eke to shroud themselves were fain. " Enforst to seeke some covert nigh at hand, A shadie grove not farr away they spide. That promist ayde the tempest to withstand ; Whose loftie trees, yclad with sommers pride. Did spred so broad, that heavens light did hide. Not perceable with power of any starr : And all within were pathes and alleies wide. With footing worne, and leading inward farr : Faire harbour that them seems ; so in they entred ar." 240. So Milton, Paradise Lost, b. ix. : " Earth trembled from her entrails, as again In pangs ; and Nature gave a second groan ; Sky lour'd ; and, muttering thunder, some, sad drops • ? Wept at completing of the mortal sin." How different the image of nuptial love before the fall !— " To the nuptial bower I led her blushing like the morn : all Heaven, And happy constellations, on that hour Shed their selectest influence ; the Earth Gave sign of gratulation, and each hill ; Joyous the birds ; fresh gales and gentle airs Whispered it to the woods, and from their wings Flung rose, flung odours from the spicy shrub." Milton, P. L., b. 8. 242. " Well, heaven forgive him, and forgive us all ! Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall." Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. i. 245. " Thick darkness dwells upon this hour ; integrity, Like one of heaven's bright luminaries, now By error's dullest element interposed. Suffers a black eclipse." Middleton, A Game at Chess, ir. 4. "To err but once Is to be undone for ever." Any thing /or a Quiet Life, i. x. 138 v. 171 — 178. THE JENEID. V. 178 — 197. Nor Dido now clandestine love designs : A marriage does she call it ; with this name Before her frailty she a curtain weaves. Straight Rumor runs thro' Libya's mighty towns ; — 250 Rumor, than whom there is none other ill More fleet. By volubility she thrives, And vigor musters to her in her march. A pigmy through alarm at first, anon She rears her [form] to air, and o'er the ground She stalks, and hides her head among the clouds. Her, Earth her dam, embittered at the wrath 249. Or, in the soft parlance of modern laxity : " Before her indiscretion weaves a veil." " Who wooed in haste, and means to wed at leisure." Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew, iii. 2. So Dryden, Hind and Panther, 353, 4 ; " Then by a left-hand marriage weds the dame. Covering adultery with a specious name." " With what cunning This woman argues for her own damnation !" Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of Malta, iii. 4. " How, m a moment. All that was gracious, great, and glorious in her. And won upon all hearts, like seeming shadows Wanting true substance, vanished !" Massinger, The Picture, \v. ■^. 250. Contention is thus described by Thomson ; Liberty, iv. 33 : " Contention led the van : first small of size. But soon dilating to the skies she towers ! Then, wide as air, the livid Fury spread, And, high her head above the stormy clouds. She blazed in omens, swell'd the groaning winds With wild surmises, battlings, sounds of war : From land to land the maddening trumpet blew. And poured her venom through the heart of man." 253. So Parnell says of the ills in Pandora's box : " From point to point, from pole to pole they flew. Spread as they went, and in the progress grew." Hesiod. And Dryden, of the origin of the Fire of London : " Then in some close-pent room it crept along. And mouldering as it went, in silence fed ; Till th' infant monster, with devouring strong, Walk'd boldly upright with exalted head." Antuis Mirabilis, 218. " The flying rumours gather'd as they rolled. Scarce any tale was sooner heard than told ; And all who told it added something new. And all who heard it made enlargements too ! In every ear it spread, on every tongue it grew." And again : " But straight the direful trump of slander sounds ; Through the big dome the doubling thunder bounds ; Loud as the burst of cannon rends the skies, The dire report thro' every region flies. In every ear incessant rumours rung. And gathering scandals grew on every tongue." Pope, Temple of Fame. Of gods, the youngest sister, as they tell, To Coeus and Enceladus, brought forth, Swift on her feet and on her nimble wings : — A monster dread, a giantess, in whom 261 As many be the feathers on her frame. So many wakeful eyes [there lie] beneath, — A marvel to be told, — so many tongues, Mouths just so many babble, up she pricks So many ears. By night she flies 'twixt heaven And earth a-midway, whizzing through the gloom. Nor down to balmy slumber drops her eyne. By day she sits a spy, or on the ridge Of [some] roof-top, or on the lofty towers, And mighty cities with alarm she fills ; 27 1 As firm a grasper of the false and wrong, As herald of the true. She then with maze Of prate the people filled brimful, in glee, And facts and fictions in an equal sort She chanted : ' ' That ^neas had arrived, From blood of Troja sprung, to whom, as spouse, The lovely Dido deigns herself to link ; That now the winter-tide, however long. In mutual dalliance they enjoy, of realms Unmindful, and by shameless passion thralled." 281 These [tales] eachwhere the loathsome goddess spreads Upon the people's tongues. She straight to king larbas wheels aside her course, and fires His mind with tattle, and heaps up his wrath. 260. " For Fame hath many wings to bring ill tidings." Massinger, The Duke of Milan, 1. '3. " Such was her form, as ancient bards have told : Wings raise her arms, and wings her feet infold ; A thousand busy tongues the goddess bears. And thousand open eyes, and thousand listening ears." Pope, Tejnple of Fame. 272. This line was rendered in the first edition : "As much a stickler for the false and wrong." 279. " Sleep shall not seize me. Nor any food befriend me but thy kisses, Ere I forsake this desert. I live honest ! He may as well bid dead men walk. I humbled. Or bent below my power ! let night-dogs tear me, And goblins ride me in my sleep to jelly. Ere I forsake my sphere !" J. Fletcher, Thierry and Theodoret, i. i. 283. " But, great man. Every sin thou committ'st shews like a flame Upon a mountain : 'tis seen far about, And, with a big wind made of popular breath, The sparkles fly through cities ! here one takes. Another catches there, and in short time Waste all to cinders : but remember still, What burnt the valleys first came from the hill." Middleton, Women beware of IV omen, iv. i. y. 198—217. BOOK IV, V. ai7 — 341. 139 He, sprung from Hammon, by a ra- vished Nymph Of Garama, a hundred vasty fanes To Jupiter throughout his spacious realms, A hundred altars, reared ; and wakeful fire Had sanctified, the gods' undying watch ; And with the blood of flocks their floor is rich, 291 And blooming [stand] the gates with damasked wreaths. And he, soul-crazed, and with the bitter tale Afire, is said, at th' altars' front, amid The gods' immediate pow'rs, in many a prayer Jove humbly to have sued with hands up- turned : "Almighty Jove, to whom the Moorish race, Now banqueting on broidered couches, pours Lencean sacrifice, dost these behold ? Or thee, my father, when thou launchest forth 300 Thy levens, do we idly hold in awe ? And is it random flashes in the clouds Appal our minds, and empty thunders blend ? The woman, who, a rover in our bourns, A paltry city for a fee hath built, To whom a sea-board to be ploughed, to whom, too, we The jurisdiction of the spot have deigned, Hath our espousals spumed, and as her lord iEneas hath she welcomed to her realm. And now that Paris, with his half-man train, 310 With Lydian turban underneath his chin. And dripping tresses tied, the spoil enjoys : 386. " Old Cham, Whom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan Jove." Milton, Paradise Lost, b. iv. 301. "Terrify babes, my lord, with painted devils: I am past such needless palsy." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, iii. 2. " Look to 't, for our anger Is making thunder-bolts. Thunder ! in faith. They are but crackers." Ibid., ii. i. 309. " Laying her duty, beauty, wit, and fortunes. On an extravagant and wheedling stranger. Of here and everywhere." Shakespeare, Othello, i. i. 310. "A raw young fellow, One never trained in arms, but rather fashioned To tilt with ladies' lips than crack a lance ; % Ravish a feather from a mistress' fan. And wear it as a favour." Massinger, The Bondman, i. i. We off"'rings to thy fanes forsooth present, And cherish an unprofitable tale." [The suitor,] while in accents such he prays, And holds the altars, the almighty heard, And towards the royal city turned his eyes, And to the lovers, of their better name Forgetful ; then thus Mercury accosts, And such injunctions gives : *' Post quick, my son 1 320 The Zephyrs call, and sail upon thy wings, And the Dardanian prince, who loiters now In Tyrian Carthage, and the cities, deigned By Fates, regardeth not, do thou address, And through the nimble gales bear down my words ; * His fairest mother vouched him not to us The like, and from the arms of Greeks for this Twice claims him ; but that he might prove the man. To govern Italy, with princedoms big, And storming in the battle ; his descent 330 From Teucer's lofty lineage to evince, And the whole world to force beneath his rule. If him no glory of such noble deeds Enkindles, nor for sake of his own fame Himself in toil engages, does the sire T' Ascanius grudge the towered-heights of Rome ? What [end] does he design ? Or with what hope Is he delaying 'mong a hostile clan, Nor casts a thought upon his Auson race. And fields Lavinian ? * Let him sail !' This is The point ; let this the message be from us." He said. Prepared the other to obey His sovereign father's mandate ; and he first Upon his feet ties ancle-gear of gold, 344 Which high upon its pinions, whether o'er The waters, or the lands, at even pace 313. " But that it were profane To argue heaven of ignorance or injustice, I now should tax it." The Emperor of the East, v. x. 328. Or : " frees," " saves." 333. "Othello's occupation's gone." Shakespeare, Othello, iii. 3, 346. " Now I go, now I fly, Malkin my sweet spirit and L O what a dainty pleasure 'tis To nde in the air When the moon shines fair. And sing and dance, and toy and kiss ! Over woods, high rocks, and mountains. Over seas, our mistress' fountains. Over steeples, towers, and turrets We fly by night, 'mongst troops of spirits." Middleton, Th* Witch, iii. end. " But here's a little flaming cherubim. The Mercury of heaven, with silver wings 140 V. 241—257. THE .ENEID. V. 258 — 280. With the fleet blast convey him. Then his wand He takes. Herewith he summons forth from Hell The ghastly spirits, others sends adown Beneath the rueful realms of Tartarus ; 350 Grant slumbers and withdraws them, and the eyes At death unseals. Relying upon this, He hunts the storms, and swims through troublous clouds. And now, on wing, the peak and steepy sides Of painful Atlas he descries, he, who The firmament upon his summit props ; — Atlas, whose piny head is ever ringed With sullen clouds, and beat by wind and rain. Snow, showered down, his shoulders ker- chiefs ; then Floods headlong hurtle from the old man's chin, 360 And stiffened stands in ice his bristly beard. Here first, while leaning on his balanced wings, Cyllenius halted ; hence with his whole frame He flung himself head-foremost to the waves. Like to a bird, which round the shores, around The fishy rocks flies low the surface nigh. Not elsewise flew between the earth and heaven. And Libya's sandy shore and breezes passed. Impt for the flight to overtake his ghost. And bring him back again." Southern, Isabella, end. 358. Like Milton's description of the region be- yond Lethe : " Beyond this flood a frozen continent Lies dark and wild, beat with perpetual storms Of whirlwind and dire hail, which on firm land Thaws not, but gathers heap, and ruin seems Of ancient pile." P. L., b. ii. 360. Spenser gives Winter a beard not unlike to that of Atlas : " Lastly came Winter cloathed all in frize, Chattering his teeth for cold that did him chill ; Whilst on his hoary beard his breath did freese ; And the dull drops that from his purpled bill As from a limbeck did adown distill." F. Q., vii. 7, 31. " For scarce her chariot cut the easie earth, And journeyed on, when Winter with cold breath Crosseth her way, her borrowed haire did shine With glittering isickles all christaline ; Her browes were perewigged with softer snow, Her russet mantle fringed with ice below." Marston, Entertaine7nent, I. 25. 363. " A station like the herald Mercury New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill." Shakespeare, Hamlet, iii. 4. From his maternal grandsire coming down. The Cyllene child. When first with pinioned soles 370 He touched the kraals, ^neas founding towers. And dwellings newly raising, he espies. Ay e'en had he, with yellow jasper starred, A sword, and with the Tyrian purple blazed A mantle, from his shoulders wimpled down; Which presents had the wealthy Dido made, And parted out the warp with filmy gold. He instantly assails him : " Dost thou now Foundations of the stately Carthage lay ? And, wife-besotted, art thou rearing up 380 Her beauteous city ? Ah ! of sovereignty And thine estate forgetful ! He himself. The ruler of the gods, sends me to thee From bright Olympus down, who by his nod Wheels round the heav'n and earth ; him- self commands To bring these orders thro' the nimble gales : ' What [end] dost thou design ? Or with what hope Dost while away thine hours in Libyan lands ? If thee no glory of such noble deeds Affecteth, nor for sake of thine own fame Thou dost thyself engage in toil, regard 391 Ascanius rising, and the prospects of thine heir lulus, [he,] to whom Italia's realm And Roman land are due.' " In such a^ strain Cyllenius having spoken, mortal ken Amid his speech he quitted, and afar He faded into subtile air from view. But sooth yEneas, wildered at the sight, Was dumb-struck, and his hair was raised on end With terror, and his voice within his jaws 369. Milton's description of Raphael's descent from heaven somewhat resembles this of Mercury ; Paradise Lost, b. v. : " Down thither prone in flight He speeds, and through the vast eternal sky Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan Winnows the buxom air. . . . . . . At once on the eastern cliff of Paradise; He lights." 380. " Where is your understanding. The noble vessel that your full soul sailed in. Ribbed round with honours? Where is that? 'Tis ruined ! The tempest of a woman's sighs has sunk it." J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, ii. i. 386. "A thousand leagues I have cut through empty air. Far swifter than the sailing rack that gallops Upon the wings of angry winds, to seek thee." J. Fletcher, Women Pleased, iv. 3. V. 28o — 304. BOOK IV, V. 305 — 322. Ui Stood fixed. He bums to make escape by flight, 401 And leave the blissful regions, thunder- struck At such grave warning and behests of gods. Alas ! what can he do ? With what ad- dress Now venture to approach the raging queen ? "What introductions first should he adopt ? And now to this side, now to that, he shifts His active spirit, and to sundry points He hurries it, and whirls it round thro' all. While wav'ring, this to him the worthier view 410 Appeared : he Mnestheus and Sergestus calls. And brave Cloanthus :— " That the fleet by stealth They should equip, and muster at the shore The crews, their arms get ready, and what ground For this his sweeping change of plan there be. They should disguise ; that he himself meanwhile, (Since Dido, best [of beings,] nothing knew, And she would not expect that loves so warm Could be dissolved,) approaches would essay. And what the softest seasons of address, 420 What course was fitting to the case." With speed His mandate do they all in glee obey. And put in force his orders. But the queen His stratagems — a lover who can dupe ? — Divined, and was the foremost to perceive His coming movements, fearing all [though] safe. The same ungodly Rumor, as she fumes Announced to her that furnished was the fleet. And that a voyage was prepared. She storms. Of reason void, and, fired, in revel-rage 430 Through all the city runs : as [fury-] roused At holy [emblems] moved, a raver-maid, What time triennial orgies goad her on. When heard is Bacchus, and Cithoeron calls By night with shouting. She at last accosts iEneas in these accents, unaddressed : 405. More literally : " Now dare to come about." 429. " Pigmie cares Can shelter under patience' shield, but gyant griefes Will burst all covert." Marston, Antonio and Mellida, P. 2, ii. 3. •• Hast hoped, O traitor, thou could'st e'en disguise Such heinous wickedness, and steal away In silence from my land ? Nor doth my love Hold thee, nor thee a right hand plighted erst, 440 Nor Dido, doomed by felon death to die ? Nay, e'en 'neath winter's star dost thou equip Thy fleet, and haste amid the northern blasts To voyage through the deep, O heartless? What? Were it thou did'st not seek strange lands, and homes Unknown, and ancient Troy remained, would Troy Thro' billowy ocean in thy ships be sought ? Me fliest thou ? I [pray] thee by these tears. And thy right hand, (since to my wretched self Naught else I now have left,) by our em- brace, 450 By bridal [joys] begun, if well at all Of thee I have deserved, or aught of mine Hath proved of charm to thee, compassionate A falling house, and [thee] I pray, if still Be any room for prayers, divest thyself Of such a thought as that. On thy account Loathe me the Libyan clans and Nomads' kings ; The Tyrians are incensed ; on thy account, The selfsame, is my honor blotted out. And former character, whereby alone 460 437. " Thy shallow artifice by its suspicion, And, like a cobweb veil, but thinly shades The face of thy design." " Thou, like the adder, venomous and deaf, Hast stung the traveller, and after hear'st Nqt his pursuing voice ; even when thou think'st To hide, the rustling leaves and bended grass Confess, and point the path which thou hast crept." Congreve, The Mourning Bride, \. i. 455- I am a woman " Spite of my rage and pride, and a lover still." Ibid., iv. i. 460. " I see my leprosy unveiled ; that sin, Which, with my loss of honour, first engaged My misery, is with a sunbeam writ Upon my guilty forehead." Shirley, The Imposture, v. 3. " She was once an innocent. As free from spot as the blue face of heaven, Without a cloud in 't : she is now as sullied As is that canopy, when mists and vapours Divide it from our sight, and threaten pestilence.*" Ford, Tht Fancies, v. 1. " What delight has man Now at this present for his pleasant sin Of yesterday's committing Ir 'Lis, 'tis vanished, And nothing but the sting remains within him I" Middlcton, 'I he Widow, iii. a. I42 V. 322 — 341- THE .ENEID. V. 341—365. Was I approaching towards the stars. To whom Dost thou abandon me in death's embrace, gucbt ? — since this the only name remains From [that of] husband. Why do I delay ? Is't till Pygmalion, [my own] brother, raze [These] walls of mine, or me his pris'ner hale The Gsetulan larbas ? If at least 1 any offspring, sired of thee, had owned Before thy flight, if sported in my hall For me some infantine ^neas, who 470 Might thee, tho' but in face, repeat, I sooth Should not appear quite captived and for- lorn." She said. He at Jove's warnings kept his eyes Unmoved, and with a struggle 'neath his heart Unrest kept down ; at last in [words] a few He answers : "Ne'er will I, queen, disown That [in those favors], which, full many a one, In language thou hast power to recount, Thou [nobly] hast deserved [of me] j nor shall it irk Elissa in my memory to bear, 480 So long as I am mindful of myself. So long as animation sways these limbs. Upon the question will I speak few [words]. I neither hoped to cover this retreat By act of stealth, (form no [such fancy] thou,) Nor e'er affected torches of a spouse, Or entered into contracts [such as] these. If Destinies would let me pass my life 'Neath my own rule, and of my free accord 461. "Fight well, and thou shalt see, after these wars, Thy head wear sunbeams, and thy feet touch stars." Massinger, I'he Virgin Martyr, ii. 3. " No ! you have let me stain my rising virtue. Which else had ended brighter than the sun." Lee, The Rival Queens, iv. 2. 462. Or : " about to die." 485. " Lay not that flattering unction to your soul. That not your trespass, but my madness speaks." Shakespeare, Hamlet, iii. 4. 486. " Let weak statesmen think of conscience ; I am armed against a thousand stings, and laugh at The tales of hell and other worlds : we must Possess our joys in this, and know no other But what our fancy every minute shall Create to please us." Shirley, The Politician, i. i. " But it does not Add to the graces of your royal person. To tread upon a lady thus dejected By her own grief." " Strike out a lion's teeth, and pare his claws. And then a dwarf may pluck hira by the beard : 'Tis a gay victory !" Shirley, Chabot, iii. i. To lull my woes to rest, Troy's city chief, And the dear relics of my [countrymen], Should I be cherishing ; the lofty domes Of Priam would remain, and with my hand 493 I re-arising Pergamus had built For vanquished men. But now great Italy Grynian Apollo, Italy the lots Of Lycia, have commanded me to grasp. This is my passion, this my native land. If thee, a lady of Phoenicia, towers Of Carthage, and a Libyan city's sight 500 Engages, what, I pray thee, means the grudge At Teucri settling down in Auson land ? Our right it is, too, foreign realms to seek. Me does my sire Anchises' troubled ghost. As oft as with dank shades the night enwraps The lands, as oft as fiery stars arise. In slumbers warn and startle ; me my boy, Ascanius, and his precious person's wrong. Whom of Hesperia's realm and destined fields I cheat. Now e'en the courier of the gods, From Jove himself despatched, — the head of both 511 I take to witness, — thro' the nimble gales Hath carried down his orders. I myself The deity in open light beheld Ent'ring the walls, and in these ears his voice Absorbed. Cease thou t' inflame alike myself And thee with thy complainings : Italy, With no free choice of mine, do I pursue." Him, speaking such, long since askance she views, Hither and thither rolling round her eyes, And scans him wholly with her silent looks, And, set ablaze, on this wise speaks she forth : 522 '* Neither a goddess mother was to thee. Nor Dardanus the founder of thy race, 510. "With devotion's visage. And pious action, we do sugar o'er The devil himself.", Shakespeare, Hamlet, iii. i. " Doth she make religion her riding-hood To keep her from the sun and tempest ?" Webster, The Duchess of Malji, ii. 3. " A plea which will but faintly take thee off" " From this leviathan scandal that lies rolling Upon the crystal waters of devotion." Middleton, A Gatne at Chess, ii. i. 516. " Rid me of this my torture, quickly, there ! My madam with the everlasting voice, — The bells in time of pestilence ne'er made Like noise, or were in that perpetual motion !" " A lawyer could not have been heard ! nor scarce Another woman, such a hail of words She has let fall." Ben Jonson, T/ie Fox, iii. 2. V. 366—377. BOOK IV, V. 378—396. 143 Traitor I but bred thee, jagged with flinty cliffs, The Caucasus, and Ilyrcanian tigresses Their dugs approached. P'or why do I pre- tend ? (^r to what deeper [wrongs] reserve myself? At our weeping did he heave a groan ? Bent he his eyes ? O'erpowered, shed he tears ? 530 Or hath he pity for a lover felt ? Before what [insults] what shall I prefer ? Now, now, nor highest Juno, nor the sire Saturnian with impartial eyes views these. Trust nowhere safe! An outcast on the beach, A beggar, have I harbored, and, a fool, Enthroned him in the partnership of realm ; His missing fleet, his mates, from death redeemed. Ah ! fired by furies am I hurried ! Now The seer Apollo, now the Lycian lots, 540 Now, too, the courier of the gods, de- spatched 525. " I have been gulled in a shining carbuncle, A very glowworm, that I thought had fire in't, And 'tis as cold as ice." Beaumont and Fletcher, Wit at Several Weapons, ii. 2. " Honour you've little, honesty you've less ; But conscience you have none." Dryden, The Duke of Guise, iv. i. "Thou seed of rocks, will nothing move thee, then ?" J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, iii. i. " Are you marble ? If Christians have mothers, sure they share in The tigress' fiercenees ; for, if you were owner Of human pity, you could not endure A princess to kneel to you, or look on These falling tears which hardest rocks would soften. And yet remain unmoved." Massinger, The Renegade, iii. 5. " Be sure You credit anything, the li^ht gives light to. Before a man. Rather believe the sea Weeps for the ruined merchant, when he roars ; Rather the wind courts but the pregnant sails. When the strong cordage cracks ; rather, the sun Comes but to kiss the fruit in wealthy autumn. When all falls blasted." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, ii. 2. 526. " Thou almost mak'st me waver in my faith. To hold opinion with Pythagoras, That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men : thy currish spirit Govern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter. Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet. And, whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam, Infus'd itself in thee ; for thy desires Are wolfish, bloody, starv'd, and ravenous." Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, iv. i. " When did the tiger's young ones teach the dam ? Oh ! do not learn her wrath ; she taught it thee : The milk, thou suck'dst from her, did turn to marble : Even at thy teat thou hadst thy tyranny." Tittts Andronicus, ii. 3. From Jove himself, brings dread commands through air. That is, forsooth, a task for Pow'rs above I That care arouses them at their repose I I neither stay thee, nor thy words refute. Begone ! Pursue Italia with the winds ! Seek kingdoms o'er the billows ! Sooth I hope That thou 'mid rocks, if aught the holy Powers Avail, [the cup of] punishment wilt drain. And by her name wilt ' Dido !' often call. Absent I'll dog thee with my sooty flames ; And when cold death shall from the soul my limbs 552 Have sundered, I, a ghost, in every spot Will haunt thee. Retribution shalt thou pay. Thou caitiff ! I shall hear, and this report Shall come to me below the deepest shades." She with these words the parley in the midst Breaks off, and, sick at heart, escapes the air. And turns away, and flings her from his eyes. Leaving him falt'ring grievously" thro' fear. And making ready many [a word] to speak. Her maids upraise her, and her fainting limbs 562 Into her couching-chamber, marble-fraught, Bear off and lay them down upon a couch. But good yEneas, though the suffering [queen] To soothe by comforting does he desire. And by his words to turn away her woes. Upheaving many a sigh, and in his soul Impaired by mighty passion, still fulfils The gods' behests, and seeks again the fleet. 546. "Hence from my sight, thou venom to my eyes ! Would I could look thee dead, or with a frown Dissect thee into atoms, and then hurl them About the world, to cast infection. And blister all they light on !" Marmion, The Antiquary, iv. i. 548. " Do you know who dwells above, sir. And what they have prepared for men turned devils ? Did you never hear their thunder? Start and tremble When their fires visit us ? Death sitting on your blood. Will nothing wring you then, do you think ?" J. Fletcher, The Humourous Lieutenant, iv. 5. 562. " My life, like to a bubble i' th' aire. Dissolved by some uncharitable winde, Denyes my body warmth : your breath Has made me nothing." Rawlins, The RebtUion, i. t. 570. " He walks away. And if he find her dead at his return. His pity is soon done : he breaks a sigh In manv parts, and gives her but a piece on 't." Middleton, Women beware 0/ Womtn, iii. i. 144 V. 397—423- THE ^NEID. V. 423—439. Then sooth the Teucri bend [to toil], and launch 571 The lofty galleys all throughout the strand. Smeared, floats the keel, and leafy oars they bring, And heart of oak, unfashioned, from the woods, In zeal for flight. These flitting might you see. And from out all the city pouring forth : E'en as, what time a monster heap of spelt The emmets waste, of winter-tide in mind, And in their dwelling lay it up in store ; A sable army marches o'er the plains, 580 And bear in loads the booty thro' the grass By straitened track ; some push the moun- tain-grains. Against them straining with their shoulders ; some The squadrons rally, and chastise delays ; "With travail every path is in a glow. What, Dido, was thy feeling then, the like Perceiving ! Or what groanings did'st thou heave. What time the shores in ferment far and wide Thou ' spied'st from thy castle-crest, and saw The ocean all turmoiled before thine eyes With such loud shoutings ! O unfeeling love, 591 To what dost thou not drive the hearts of men ! To have recourse again to tears, again To try him by entreaty, is she forced. And humbly bow her spirit to her love. Lest she should any [course] leave unes- sayed. To bootless purpose [then] about to die. ' ' Anna, thou seest that [all] is hurried on Throughout the shore ; they round from every side Have mustered ; now the canvas courts the gales, 600 And on the sterns the sailors in delight Have set their chaplets. Seeing I this pang. So grievous, have been able to await, I shall be able to support it too, O sister. Still, do thou this one request Perform, O Anna, for my hapless self. For [yon] arch traitor honored thee alone ; His hidden feelings even he to thee Intrusted : thou alone wert wont to know 578. " Black ants in teams come darkening all the road, Some call to march, and some to lift the load ; They strain, they labour with incessant pains, Press'd by the cumbrous weight of single grains." Parnell, The Flics. The soft approaches to the man, and times [Of speech]. Go, sister, and in humble form 611 My haughty foe accost : * I did not swear At Aulis with the Greeks to overthrow The Trojan nation, or did I a fleet To Pergamus despatch ; nor of his sire Anchises th' ashes and the shades have I Uprooted : — why declines he to allow My words to sink within his churlish ears ? [Say] whither is he rushing? This last boon To me, his wretched lover, let him grant : That he should wait alike an easy flight. And leading winds. I am not craving now 622 The former union, which he hath betrayed ; Nor that his beauteous Latium he should lack. And realm forego : an idle hour I seek, Reprieve and room for frenzy, till my fate May teach me, overborne, to bear the smart.' As a last favor this do I entreat ; — Have pity on a sister ! — which [request] When thou shalt have accorded to me, thee, 630 Full recompensed, at death will I requite." In [accents] such she prayed, and weep- ings such Her sister, in most miserable plight. Both carries and recarries back. But he By weepings none is moved, or any words 610. " I'll try each secret passage to his mind. And love's soft bands about his heart-strings wind." Dryden, Co7iquest of Granada, iii. i. " Oh, my sister, — Fate fain would have it so, — persuade, entreat ! A lady's tears are silent orators." J. Fletcher, Lovers Cure, v. 3. 611. "A heavy heart bears but a humble tongue." Shakespeare, Lovers Labour's Lost, v. 2. 627. Or: "how to grieve." 631. That is, — that nothing but the gratitude of a whole life could suiifice to repay the obligation. This is by no means satisfactory ; but the fact is, that it seems impossible to know here what Virgil either meant or wrote. The reading given by Weise is founded, not upon manuscript, but on a conjecture of Heyne's. But, though it were safe to settle an author's text on the base of fancy, is not cumulatd sorte more like prose than poetry ? To pay a favour back with "augmented capital" is even very questionable prose. 635. " But neither bended knees, pure hands held up, Sad sighs, deep groans, nor silver-shedding tears. Could penetrate her uncompassionate sire." Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. i. " My kind sister, Thy tears are of no force to mollify This flinty man." Heywood, A Woman Killed with Kindness. V. 439--4«5. BOOK IV. V. 465—486. 145 In pliancy he heeds : the Weirds withstand, And blocks the j^od the hero's {gentle ears. And as when, sturdy in its aged trunk. An oak do Alpine tempests from the north, With blowings now on this side, now on that, 640 In mutual tourney struggle to uproot ; A din arises, and the lofty leaves Bestrew the earth, on shaking of its bole ; It grapples to the rocks itself, and high As with its summit to the gales of heaven, So low it stretches with its root to hell : Not otherwise, with never ceasing words On this and that side is the hero pealed. And in his noble breast deep feels his pangs : His soul unshaken bides ; vain tears are shed. 650 Then sooth ill-fortuned, startled at her fates. Prays Dido for her death : it irketh her To gaze upon the canopy of heaven. That she more readily may her design Accomplish, and the light forsake, she saw. When on the incense-burning altars she Her off'rings placed, — appalling to be told,— The holy fluids blacken, and the wines, Outpoured, to turn them into loathsome gore. This sight to none, no, not her sister e'en. Did she divulge. Moreover, stood within the dome 661 A shrine of marble to her former spouse, Which she with wonderful respect revered, With snowy wools and festal leafage hung. Hence voices, and the accents of her lord. As calling, seemed distinctly to be heard, W^hat time the darkling night enchained the lands, And, lone upon the gable-heights, the owl With dirge funereal often would complain. And spin her lengthful hootings to a wail. And many a prophecy, besides, of holy seers 671 With awful warning fills her with alarm. " A south wind Shall sooner soften marble, and the rain. That slides down gently from his flaggy wings, O'erflow the Alps, than knees, or tears, or groans. Shall wrest compunction from me." Massinger, The City Madam, v. 3. 648. So Milton, in Paradise Lost, b. ii. : " Nor was his ear less peal'd With noises loud and ruinous." 653. So Cato says, in Addison's Cato, iv. 4 : *' O Lucius ! I am sick of this bad world ; The daylight and the sun grow painful to me." 671. Or, \{ prioruvt, v. 464, be read: "of seers of yore." Himself the fell i^neas in her sleep The raver baits ; and ever to be left [All] lonely to herself she ever seems, Unretinued, a longsome way to wend, And seek the Tyrians in a land forlorn. As troops of Furies madding Penthcus sees, The sun, too, double, and a Thebes twofold Appearing ; or, of Agamemnon [sired], Orestes, chased on stages, as he flies 681 His mother, armed with brands and sooty snakes. And vengeful Dirae in the threshold sit. So, when she took the Furies to her breast, O'erwhelmed with anguish, and resolved to die. The time and manner with herself she weighs, And in [these] words her sister, woe-begone, Accosting, in her visage masks her plan. And plants the calm of hope upon her brow : ** A way, O sister, — give thy sister joy! — Have I discovered, which may him restore To me, or me, his lover, free from him. 692 Near ocean's limit and the setting sun, The utmost region of the i^thiops lies. Where monster Atlas on his shoulder wheels The Empyrean, gemmed with blazing stars. Therefrom to me there hath been pointed out A priestess of the Massylrean clan. The guardian of the Hesp'rids' fane, and who 699 His banquets to the dragon used to serve. And watch the holy branches on the tree, Besprinkling fluid honies [o'er his food], 679. Armstrong uses the same illustration to magnify the horrors of another species of madness, — that which results from intemperance : " But such a dim delirium, such a dream Involves you ; such a dastardly despair Unmans your soul as maddening Penthcus felt, When, baited round Cithaeron's cruel sides, He saw two suns, and double Thebes ascend." Health, b. iv. 682, " Orestes. Now, now I blaze again ! See there ! Look where they come, — A shoal of Furies ! How they swarm about me !' My terror ! Hide me ! Oh, their snakey locks ! Hark how they hiss ! See, see their flaming brands ! Now they drive full at me ! How they grin. And shake their iron whips ! My cars ! What yelling !" Philips, The Distrest Mother, end. 696. Shakespeare beautifully expresses the idea conveyed by s tell is ardent ions aptum, v. 4Sa; Merchant 0/ Venice, v. i : " Sit, Jessica : look how the floor of heaven li thick inlaid with patlncs of bright gold." L 146 V. 486 — 512. THE JENEID. V. 512 — '5 2 9. And drowsy poppy. Pledges she herself That she by spells can free what minds she lists, But loose can launch on others grievous pains ; Arrest the water in the floods, and turn The stars aback ; and she the ghosts by night Evokes : earth roaring underneath thy feet Wilt thou behold, and ashes coming down From mountains. I attest the gods and thee, Dear sister, and thy darling head, that I To sorc'rous arts unwillingly resort. ']\2. Do thou in private a funereal pile In th' inner court beneath the air upraise, And the man's armor, which the godless [wretch] Fixed in the couching chamber left, and all His dress, the bridal bed, too, wherein I Was ruined, lay thereon. To blot away All, all memorials of the cursed man Delights me, and the priestess [this] en- joins." 720 These words she having uttered, held her peace ; At once her features wanness overspreads. Still Anna deems not that her sister cloaks Her death beneath the strange religious rites. Nor such wild frenzies harbors in her mind. Or does she weightier [evils] apprehend Than at Sychseus' death. She therefore makes The ordered preparations. But the queen, — A pyre in th' inner court beneath the air Upraised immense, of pines and plank of oak,— 730 Lays out alike the spot with coronals. And decks it with the deathly leaf. Above , His garments, and the falcion left behind, His image, too, she places on the bed. Not wareless of the future. Stand the altars round ; And with dishevelled locks the priestess thrice Forth thunders from her mouth a hundred gods, Both Erebus, and Chaos, Hecat too, Threefold, the maid Diana's triple forms. And sprinkled she the mimic waters of the spring 740 711. The swearing by the head was a common oath in many countries. Though no longer a custom in these, Spenser puts it into the mouth of one of his characters : " Then I avow, by this most sacred head Of my dear foster-childe." Faerie Queene, iii. 2, 33. 712. More literally : " For sorc'rous arts unwillingly am girt." Avernian ; and, by moonlight mown with hooks Of bronze, are sought the herbs of downy growth. With sap of sable poison ; and is sought, Wrenched from the forehead of a new- foaled colt. And ravished from the dam, the [mole of] love. [The queen] herself with salted meal, and hands Religious, near the altars, with one foot Stript of its [sandal-] bands, in robe ungirt, About to die, to witness calls the gods, The stars, too, of her destiny aware : 75*^ Thereon, — if any Pow'r, impartial e'en And mindful, holds the lovers worth a care, [ Who're tied] by no fair contract, — him she prays. 'Twas night, and jaded bodies peaceful sleep Were snatching to them through the earth, and woods And raging seas had gone to rest, when stars In mid career are rolled, when every field Is hushed. The cattle, and enamelled birds. E'en those which far and wide the crystal meres. And those which lands, with briars brist- ling, haunt, 760 In slumber laid beneath the stilly night. Their sorrows were assuaging, and the hearts, Forgetful of their travails. But not so, 754. The stillness of the world at night is finely described by Dr. Young, Night Thoughts, i. 18-25 '- " Night, sable goddess ! from her ebon throne. In rayless majesty, now stretches forth Her leaden sceptre o'er a slumbering world. Silence, how dead ! and darkness, how profound ! Nor eye, nor listening ear, an object finds ; Creation sleeps. 'Tis as the general pulse Of life stood still, and nature made a pause ; An awful pause ! prophetic of her end." " Sweet sleep charm his sad senses, and gentle thoughts Let fall your flowing numbers here, and round about Hover, celestial angels, with your wings. That none offend his quiet !" Shirley, The Maid's Revenge, v. 3. 758. "All birds that in the stream their pinions dip, Or from the brink the liquid crystal sip, Or show their beauties to the sunny skies. Here waved their plumes that shone with varying dyes ; But chiefly he, that o'er the verdant plain Spreads the gay eyes, which grace his spangled train ; And he who, proudly sailing, loves to show His mantling wings and neck of downy snow." Sir William Jones, Tlie Seven Fountains. V. 529—557. BOOK n. ▼. 558—577. 147 Unblest of spirit, the Phoenician dame ; Nor is she ever melted into sleep, [N] or in her eyne or bosom welcomes night. Redouble her distresses, and once more. Again uprising does her passion storm, And surge with her resentments' mighty tide. Thus then she broods upon [her lot], and thus 770 Within her bosom with herself revolves : ** Lo ! what is it I do ? Shall I once more My former suitors, ridiculed, essay. And nuptials with the Nomads humbly crave, Whom I so often have already scorned As husbands ? Shall I therefore Ilian barks, And worst behests of Teucer's sons attend ? Is it because it joys them that erewhile By my assistance they have been relieved, And duly with the grateful there abides The obligation from a former act ? 781 But grant I willed it, — who'll allow it me ? Or, loathed, admit me to their haughty ships ? Alas ! O lady lost, dost thou not know, Or not as yet perceive the perjuries Of the Laomedontian race ? What then ? Shall I, alone in flight, accompany Their chuckling seamen ? Or, by Tyrians thronged 788 And all my people's host, be wafted on, And, whom from Sidon's city scarce did I Unroot, shall I again lead o'er the deep, And bid them give the canvas to the gales ? Nay, rather perish as thou hast deserved. And with the falcion turn away the pang ! Thou, overpowered by my tears, thou first Dost lade a raver, sister, with these ills. And fling her to the foe. 'Twas not allowed, A life of marriage void, without a fault, To lead, in fashion of a savage beast. Nor such anxieties to touch ! The faith, Pledged to Sychoean ash [es], is not kept!" Such grievous plaints she vented from her breast. 802 yEneas on the lofty stem, now fixed Upon departure, sleep was snatching, now With preparations orderly arranged. To him the figure of the god in dreams Itself presented, in the selfsame guise Returning, and again thus seemed to warn ; 764, " Wrongs done to love Strike the heart deeply : none can truly judge on't But the poor sensible sufferer whom it racks With unbelieved pains." Middleton, The Witch, \. i. 788. Or : "A crew triumphant ?" 801. " Angels themselves must break that promise Beyond the strength and patience of angels." Massinger, Tfu Fatal Dowry, v. 2. In all like Mercury, alike in voice, And hue, and amber locks, and limbs adorned 810 With youth : " O goddess-bom, canst sleep prolong Beneath this crisis? Nor what dangers thence May thee environ; madman! dost perceive? Nor hearest thou propitious Zephyrs breathe ? That [woman] wiles and awful wickedness Is in her breast revolving, bent on death, And surges with resentments' fitful tide. Art thou not posting hence in headlong haste. Whilst thou to post in headlong haste hast power ? Forthwith shalt thou behold the sea tur- moiled 820 With ships, and grisly torches glare ; forth- with The shores with blazes in a glow, if thee, Delaying in these regions, shall the Dawn Have touched. Uprouse thee then ! break off" delays ! A vacillating and capricious thing Is woman ever." He, thus having said, Himself commingled with the sable night. Then sooth ^neas, by the sudden gloom Affrighted, tears away his frame from sleep. And importunes his comrades: "Quick awake ! 830 My men, and take your stations on the thwarts ; Unclew the sails with speed ! A god, de- spatched From th' empyrean high, to hasten flight, And cut away the twisted hawsers, lo ! Once more is urging on. We follow thee, O holy one of gods, whoe'er thou art, 825. " Mutability', All faults that may be nam'd, nay that hell knows. Why hers, in part, or all : but rather all ; Nor e'en to vice They are not constant, but are changing still One vice, but of a minute old, for one i«Iot half so old as that." Shakespeare, Cymbeltne, ii. 5. " And yet, believe me, good as well as ill. Woman's at best a contradiction still." Pope, Moral Essays, Ep. ii. 2^. " A creature fond and changing, fair and vain. The creature, 'Woman,' rises now to reign." Pamell, Htsiod. " Oh ! women have fantastic constitutions. Inconstant in their wishes, always wavering. And never fbced." Otway, VeHtc* P., iii. i. 835. " I feel now That there are Powers above us, and that 'tis not Within the searching policies of man To alter their decrees." Beaumont and Fletcher, Th* Faltt One, v. j. L 2 48 V. 577—584. THE ^NEID. V. 585 — 602. And thy behests once more obey with joy. O be thou present, and benignly aid, And stars in heav'n propitious bring." He spake, And tears his blade of lightning from the sheath, 840 And with drawn steel the hawsers smites. At once The selfsame fervor holds them all. They hale alike, And hurry ; they the shores have left ; the main Lies hid beneath the galleys ; forcing, they Whirl up the foam, and sweep the azure [seas]. And now first sprent the lands with virgin lisht 844. As the enemies of the Castle of Temperance concealed the Earth : " So huge and infinite their numbers were. That all the land they under them did hyde." Spenser, Faerie Queetie, ii. 11, 5. 846. So Spenser, F. Q., i. 2, 7. See also i. 11, 51 : " Now when the rosy-fingred Morning faire. Weary of aged Tithones saffron bed. Had spread her purple robe through deawy aire." Shakespeare has numberless descriptions of day- break of great beauty ; e. g., Romeo and Juliet, ii. 3 : " The grey-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night. Checkering the eastern clouds with streaks of light ; And flecked darkness like a drunkard reels From forth day's pathway, made by Titan's wheels : Now ere the sun advance his burning eye. The day to cheer, and night's dark dew to dry :" &c. And again, in the same Play, iii. 5 : " Look, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east : Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops." " See, the day begins to break, And the light shoots like a streak Of subtle fire ; the wind blows cold. Whilst the morning doth unfold. Now the birds begin to rouse, And the squirrel from the boughs Leaps to get him nuts and fruit ; The early lark, that erst was mute Carols to the rising day Many a note and many a lay." J. Fletcher, The Faithftd Shepherdess, iv. 4. " Mild rides the Morn in orient beauty dress'd. An azure mantle, and a purple vest. Which, blown by gales, her gemmy feet display, Her amber tresses negligently gay : Collected now her rosy hand they fill. And, gently wrung, the pearly dew distil. The songful Zephyrs, and the laughing Hours, Breathe sweet, and strew her opening way with flowers." Savage, Wanderer, c. iv. And shortly after, of Sunrise : " Now, in his tabernacle roused, the Sun Is warn'd the blue ethereal steep to run ; Aurora, leaving Tithon's saffron bed. Soon as the queen from posts of watch beheld The light wax white, and with its balanced sails The navy under way, and shores and ports Unpeopled, without rower, she perceived, Both thrice and four times on her dainty breast 852 Deep struck with hand, and rent in amber locks ; "Alas the day! O Jove, shall this man go?" She cries, " and shall an alien ridicule Our realm ? Will they not fetch their armor forth. And, [poured] from all the city, give him chase. And others drag down galleys from the docks ? Go quick ! bring blazes, set the sails, ply oars ! — What do I say ? Or where am I ? My brain 860 What madness turns? Unhappy Dido! Now Do thy ungodly doings sting thee ? Then 'Twas meet [they should] when thou the sceptral sway Vouchsafedst. — Lo ! right hand and troth [of one]. Who with him, they assert, his country's gods Is bringing ! Who upon his shoulders bare A father spent with age ! — His body seized Could I not have dislimbed, and o'er the waves Have scattered it ? [Could I] not his com- peers, Not, — have annihilated with the steel 870 Ascanius' very self, and served him up To be a banquet on his father's boards ? While on his couch of floating jasper laid. From his bright eye Sleep calls the dewy shade. The crystal dome transparent pillars raise. Whence, beam'd from sapphires, living azure plays ; The liquid floor, inwrought with pearls divine. Where all his labours in mosaic shine : His coronet a cloud of silver-white ; His robe with unconsuming crimson bright. Varied with gems, all heaven's collected store ! While his loose locks descend, a golden shower." 855. " Have I no spleen. Nor anger of a woman ? Shall he build Upon my ruins, and I, unrevenged. Deplore his falsehood V Massinger, The Picture, iii. 6. 868. " No ! let me know the man that wrongs me so. That I may cut his body into motes. And scatter it before the Northern blast." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, ii. i. V. 603—629. BOOK IV. ▼. 629—652, 149 But doubtful th' issue of the fray had proved. — It might have proved so : whom had I to fear, About to perish ? Torches on their camp 1 might have flung, and filled their decks with flames, And son and father with the race have quenched ! Aye even have myself bestowed them ! — Sun ! Who scannest with thy fires all tasks of earth, 879 And thou, agent and witness of these woes, O Juno ! Hecat, too, in crossing paths By night invoked thro' cities with a howl ; And O ye vengeful Furies, and ye gods Of perishing Elissa, hear ye these. And turn your pow'r divine, that is their due. To [these] my wrongs, and listen to our prayers ! If needs must be his cursed person touch The ports, and float to land, and thus the fates Of Jove exact, this issue is decreed : — Yet worried by the warfare and the arms Of [some] bold clan, an exile from his bourns, 891 Wrenched from lulus's embrace, may he Crave aid, and see the ignominious deaths Of his own [people] ! nor when he himself Shall have surrendered, [laid] beneath the terms Of [some] unrighteous peace, may he enjoy His realm or light desired, but let him fall Before his day, and [lie] amid the sand Unsepulchred ! These [boons] I beg ; this word. My latest, with my blood outpour. 900 Then ye, O Tyrians, harass with your hate The brood and all its progeny to come, And to my ash [es] offer up these gifts. Between the nations let there be no love, Nor leagues ! Rise ! some avenger from our bones. The Dardan settlers to pursue with fire And falcion, now, hereafter, at what time Soe'er shall pow'rs imi>art them [unto thee]. The curse of shores antagonist to shores, To billows waves, to armor arms, I pray : 899. " Let him be lost, no eye to weep his end. Nor find no earth that's base enough to bury him !" J. Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, iii. 5. 005. "Arise, black vengeance, from thy hollow cell! Yield up, love, thy crown, and hearted throne. May Ixjth themselves and their descendants war!" 911 These speaks she, and her mind to every side She shifted, seeking, soon as in her power, To break away the [thread of] loathly light. She Barce then, Sychceus' nurse, in brief Accosted ; for her own the sable ash In her time-honored land possessed : ** Dear nurse. My sister Anna hither lead to me ; Tell her to haste her person to bedew With water of the brook, and with her bring 920 The victims and atonements pointed out ; Thus let her come ; and thy own brows do thou Thyself envelop with religious band. The sacrifices to the Stygian Jove, Which, in due form commenced, have I prepared. It is my purpose to complete, and put An end to my distresses, and the pyre Of Dardan bust abandon to the flame." On this wise does she speak. The other sped Her step with ag^d woman's zeal. But scared, 930 And at her monstrous undertakings wild. Dido, her blood-shot eyeball rolling round, And dashed with blotches o'er her quiv'ring cheeks, And wan at coming dissolution, bursts Within the inner portals of the dome. And in her frenzy mounts the lofty pyre ; The Dardan falcion, too, does she un- sheathe, — Not for these services a boon acquired. Here, soon as on the Ilian gear, and bed Well-known, she gazed, awhile in tears and thought 94O Delaying, she both laid her on the couch, And spake her latest words : ** O relics dear, While doom and deity allowed, receive To tyrannous hate ! Swell, bosom, with thy fraught. For 'tis of aspics' tongues." Shakespeare, OtJullo, iii. 3. 914. So Amavia prays, in Spenser's Faerie Queene, ii. I, 36 : " Come, then ; come soon ; come, sweetest Death, And take away this long lent loathed light." gai. Or : "The beasts and the." 928. " Hecate. Is the heart of wax Stuck full of magic needles ? Stadlin. 'Tis done, Hecate. Hec. And is the farmer's picture and his wife't Laid down to th' fire yet T Stad. They're a-roasting both too." Middleton, Th* Witch, i. 2. I50 V. 652 — 672. THE ^NEID. V. 672 — 685. This soul, and free me from these troubles ! I Have lived, and that career, which had my fate Assigned, have run ; and now this shade of mine Majestic 'neath the earth shall wend its way. A passing glorious city have I reared ; My walls have seen ; a husband having venged, I've from a hostile brother penalties 950 Exacted : blest, alas ! too blest, Had but the Dardan keels ne'er touched our shores !" She said; and, — pressed upon the couch her lips, — "Die shall we unavenged ; but let us die !" she cries, " Thus, thus it joys to pass to shades below. This conflagration with his eyes let drink The barbarous Dardanian from the deep, And with him bear the omens of our death." She said ; and in the midst of such [her words] Her train behold her sunk beneath the steel, 960 The sword, too, frothing with the gore, and sprent Her hands. A shrieking mounts the lofty halls ; Wild revels Rumor thro' the city shocked ; With moans, and groan, and women's howl, the roofs Are ringing ; thunders heav'n with mighty wails : No otherwise, than if from foes let loose All Carthage were to fall or aged Tyre, And raging blazes were to be enwreathed Throughout the gables both of men and gods. Her sister breathless heard, and, terrified, 944. " I fall to rise : mount to thy Maker, spirit ! Leave here thy body : Death has her demerit." Marston, Insatiate Countesse, v. 5. 947. "Through darkness diamonds spread their richest light." Webster, Vittoria Corombotta, iii. 2. 959. Or : " below the shades." 966. " So from a spark, that kindled first by chance. With gathering force the quickening flames advance ; Till to the clouds their curling heads aspire. And towers and temples sink in floods of fire." Pope, Tetnple of Fame. The translation of the second /^^ in this idiomatic passage would involve the supply of a weak ellipsis. 970. " Which when that warriour heard, dismount- ing straict From his tall steed, he rusht into the thick. And soone arrived where that sad Pourtraict Of death and dolour lay, halfe dead, halfe quick : In flurried haste, while marring with her nails 971 Her features, and her breasts with clenched hands. Darts through the midmost, and the dying [queen] Loud calls by name: "O sister, was it this? In cunning didst thou seek me? Was it this That pile funereal, was it this the fires And altars had in store for me ? Whereof In chief shall I forlorn complain ? Hast thou Thy sister for a comrade scorned at death ? Would thou had'st called me to the selfsame doom ! 980 One anguish and one hour had with the sword Swept both of us away. With these [my] hands Did I e'en rear it, and our country's gods Call with my voice, that I should thee, thus laid, O heartless one, have failed ? Thyself and me Thou hast, O sister, quenched, thy people too. And the Sidonian sires, and city thine. Give me with waters clean to wash her wounds ; And should there any parting breath above Still wander, I will catch it with my lips." In whose white alabaster brest did stick A cruell knife that made a griesly wownd, From which forth gusht a stream of gore-blood thick, That all her goodly garments staind arownd. And into adeepe sanguine dide the grassy grownd." Spenser, F. Q., ii. i, 39. 974. " What shall she do ? She to her brother runs. His cold and lifeless body does embrace ; She calls to him that cannot hear her moans. And with her kisses warms his clammy face." Cowley, Constantia and Philetus. 981. " First will I sing thy dirge, Then kiss thy pale lips, and then die myself. And fill one coffin and one grave together." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Knight of the Burning Pestle, iv. 5. 989. " She stirs ; here's life ! Return, fair soul, from darkness, and lead mine Out of this sensible hell ! She's warm, she breathes ! Upon thy pale lips I will melt my heart. To store them with fresh colour." Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, iv. 2. 990. " His palled face, impictured with death. She bathed oft with teares and dried oft : And with sweet kisses suckt the wasting breath Out of his lips like lillies pale and soft. And oft she cald to him, who answerd nought. And onely by his lookes did tell his thought." Spenser, Astrophel. V. 685 — ^93. BOOK V. V. 693—705. 151 Thus speaking, she had climbed the lofty steps, 991 And, her half-living sister clasping round, She hugged her in her bosom with a groan. And stanched the jetty blood-streams with her robe. The other, efforts having made to lift Her heavy eyeballs, swoons away again : Deep plunged beneath her breast, the wound Is gurgling. Thrice she, lifting up her [form]. And leaning on her elbow, raised [her- self]; Thrice backward was she rolled upon the bed, 1000 And with her wand'ring eyes through lofty heaven She sought the light, and groaned when it was found. 992. " Eyes, look your last ! Arms, take your last embrace ! and lips. Oh ! you The doors of breath, seal with a righteous kiss A dateless bargain to engrossing death !" ShaJcespeare, Romeo and Juliet, v. 3. I002. " Antoninus. Then with her dies The abstract of all sweetness that's in woman ! Let me down, friend, that, ere the iron hand Of death close up mine eyes, that may at once Take my last leave both of this light and her : For, she being gone, the glorious sun himself To me's Cimmerian darkness. Macrinus. Strange affection ! Cupid once more hath changed his shafts with Death, And kills, instead of giving life." Massinger, T/ie Virgin Martyr, iv. 3. Then Juno, the almighty, in her ruth At her long anguish and laborious death, Sent Iris from the Empyrean down. To disengage the struggling soul, and limbs Enfettered [with it] : for that, seeing she Nor by her destiny, nor death deserved, Was dying, but ill-starred before her day. And by a sudden frenzy-passion fired, loio Not yet had Proserpine the golden lock From off the summit of her head with- drawn, And to the Stygian Orcus doomed the head. So dewy Iris on her saffron wings. Along the sky a thousand motley hues Abstracting from the sun afront, flies down. And near, above the head, she stood : "This lock. Devote to Dis, enjoined I carry off. And thee from that thy body 1 release." Thus speaks she, and the lock with her right hand 1020 She cuts ; and all the heat at once dissolved, And to the breezes sped the life away. 1022. " O she is gone ! the talking soul is mute ! She's hushed, no voice of music now is heard ! The bower of beauty is more still than death ; The roses fade, and the melodious bird. That waked their sweets, has left them now for ever." Lee, T fie Rival Queetis, v. 1. " So, fare thee well ! Now boast thee, Death ! In thy possession lies A lass unparalleled. Downy windows, close ; And golden Phoebus never be beheld Of eyes again so royal !" Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, v. 2. BOOK V. Meanwhile yEneas with the navy now His mid [-sea] voyage straight was holding on. And the dun billows with the northern gale Line 2. Virgil often uses medius to indicate a distance from the extremity, be it greater or less. For instance, in y£«. iii. v. 665, Polyphemus graditur per cequor jam medium ; yet, necdutn jJuctus latera ardua tinxit. So here, the word is employed loosely, to express ^Eneas being well out at sea. However, it would seem better not to attempt too strict a version of the word, especially as " mid-sea " may well carry with it a similar looseness of meaning. 3. There are numberless instances of Virgil's using the names of winds in a lax way, according as the necessities of the metre required. See note on Mn. i. 1. 841. Yet, perhaps, Aquilo may here be employed deliberately in its accurate signifi- cation. In /'En. iv. v. 310, to take Aguilonihus in the sense of wind generally would plainly be to Was cleaving, looking back upon the walls, which now Are glaring with unblest Elissa's flames. What reason may have lighted up a fire, So great, lies hidden j but the grievous pangs weaken the force of Dido's sarcasm ; and so, in the present case, the same word is probably repeated with design. The Trojans were m such a hurry to be gone, that they went even with a foul wind. However, Aquilo would not be so much a-head as Boreas. 4. " They, looking back, all th' eastern side beheld Of Paradise, so late their happy seat, Waved over by that dreadful brand ! the gale With dreadful faces throng'd, and fiery arms. Some natural tears they dropp'd, but wip'd them soon: The world was all before them, where to choose Their place of rest, and Providence their guide." Milton, /'. L., end. 152 V. 6 — 15. THE JENEID. V. 15—32. From outrage offered to a mighty love, And knowledge what can frantic woman do, Through sad foreboding lead the Trojans' minds. lO Soon as their galleys occupied the deep. Nor any land now further meets [the view] ; — Seas all around, and all around the sky ; — Above his head a dingy rain-cloud came To a near stand; Night bringing on and storm ; And 'gan the wave to crisp beneath the gloom. E'en Palinure, the pilot, from the stern On high : * ' Ah ! why have storm-clouds so immense Wrapt heav'n ? Or what, sire Neptune, dost prepare 19 Thus having said, thereon he gives command 8. " Lopez. Methinks a woman dares not — Roderigo. Thou speak'st poorly ; What dares not woman when she is provok'd ? Or what seems dangerous to love or fury?" Fletcher, The Pilgrim, iii. i, ' " The effects of violent love are desperate." Massinger, A Very Woman, v. 4. 10. " I cannot change, as others do. Though you unjustly scorn ; Since that poor swain that sighs for you. For you alone was born. " No, Phillis, no, your heart to move A surer way I'll try ; And, to revenge my slighted love. Will still love on, will still love on, and die. " When, killed with grief, Amyntas lies. And you to mind shall call The sighs that now unpity'd rise. The tears that vainly fall, *' That welcome hour, that ends this smart. Will then begin your pain ; For such a faithful tender heart Can never break, can never break in vain." Earl of Rochester, Constancy. 18. One of the oldest descriptions of a storm in the English language (before Chaucer's Canterbury Tales) is to be found in Gower's Confessio Amatitis, b. viii. : " Whan thei were in the sea amid. Out of the north thei see a cloude. The storme arose, the wyndes loude Thei blewen many a dredefull blaste. The welken was all ouercaste : The derke night the sonne hath vnder. There was a great tempest of thunder. The moone, and eke the sterres bothe In blacke cloudes thei hem clothe, Whereof their bright loke thei hide." " If by your art, my dearest father, you have Put the wild waters in this roar, allay them : The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch, P>ut that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek. Dashes the fire out." Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. " Hie therefore, Robin, overcast the night ; The starry welkin cover thou anon With drooping fog, as black as Acheron." Midsummer Nighfs Dream, iii. 2. To reef the sails, and ply with lusty oars, And veers diagonally to the wind The folds [of canvas], and suchlike he speaks : **High-souled^neas, not, tho' Jove to me Should pledge himself as surety, could I hope That 'neath this sky Italia we could fetch. Athwart us shifted, bluster, and uprise In concert from the inky West, the winds, And into cloud the ether is condensed : 29 We neither have the pow'r to struggle on Against them, nor the effort e'en to make. Since Fortime lords it, follow we [her lead], And whither she is calling bend our course. Nor deem I far, trustworthy, brotherly, The coasts of Eryx, and Sicilia's ports, If only in a duly mindful mood, The stars observed I calculate again." Then good iEneas: "Sooth I long have seen That thus the winds exact, and that in vain Against them thou dost strive : Shape course by sails ! 40 Can any land to me more welcome prove, Or where the" rather I would fain put in My shattered ships, than that which guards for me The Dardan-sprung Acestes, and the bones Of sire Anchises bosoms in its lap ?" When these were spoken, they the havens seek. 21. "As when the seaman sees the Hyades Gather an army of Cimmerian clouds, (Auster and Aquilon with winged steeds. All sweating, tilt about the watery heavens. With shivering spears enforcing thunder-claps. And from their shields strike flames of lightning,) All-fearful folds his sails, and sounds the main. Lifting his prayers to the Heavens for aid Against the terror of the winds and waves." Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, iii. 2. 27. " From every several quarter of the sky The thunder roars, and the fierce lightnings fly One at another, and together dash Volley on volley, flash comes after flash. Heaven's light looks sad, as they would melt away. The night is come i' th' morning of the day : The card'nal winds He makes at once to blow. Whose blasts to buffets with such fury go :" &c. Drayton, Noah's Flood. " The flattering wind, that late with promis'd aid From Candia's bay th' unwilling ship betray'd. No longer fawns beneath the fair disguise. But like a ruffian on his quarry flies : Tost on the tide she feels the tempest blow. And dreads the vengeance of so fell a foe." Falconer, Shipnvreck, ii. 3. 29. "At first a dusky wreath they seem to rise Scarce staining ether ; but by swift degrees. In heaps on heaps, the doubling vapour sails Along the loaded sky, and mingled deep Sits on th' horizon round a settled gloom." Thomson, Spring. V. 33 — 5o» BOOK V. y- 51—59. 153 And fav'ring Zephyrs swell the sails. The Heet Is quickly wafted through the gulf, and they at last Are borne delighted to the well-known strand. But from a lofty mountain-crest afar 50 Amazed at their approach, and barks allied, Acestes meets them, bristling in his darts, And in an Afric she-bear's skin ; whom bore A Trojan mother, gendered by the flood Crimisus. Of his ancient fathers he, Not mindless, gives them joy on their return. And entertains them, glad, with rural wealth, And cheers the weary with his kindly means. What time next gairish day with infant dawn The stars had chased aloof, from all the shore 60 His mates ^Eneas to assembly calls. And from a hillock -pile [these words] he speaks : "Great Dardans, issue from the lofty blood Of gods, the yearly cycle is fulfilled, With months completed, from the time that we My god-like sire's remains and bones in- hearsed In earth, and mournful altars sanctified. And now the day, unless I am deceived, Is nigh, which ever bitter, ever blest, — Thus ye, O gods, have willed it ! — I shall hold. 70 69. " 'Tis not a cypresse-bough, a count'nance sad, A mourning garment, wailing elegie, A standing herse in sable vesture clad, A toombe built to his name's eternitie. Although the shepheards all should strive By yearly obsequies, And vow to keepe thy fame alive In spite of destinies, That can suppresse my griefe : All these and more may be. Yet all in vaine to recompence My greatest losse of thee. " Cypresse may fade, the countenance be changed, A garment rot, an elegie forgotten, A herse 'mongst irreligious ntes be ranged, A toombe pluckt down, or else through age be rotten : All things th' impartial hand of fate Can rase out with a thought : These have a sev'ral fixed date, Which, ended, tume to nought. Yet shall my truest cause Of sorrow firmcly stay, When these effects the wings of time Shall fanne and sweepe away." Browne, SAe/Afar<fs Pi/e, Ed. iv. This were I in Gsetulian Syrts to A banished man, or on the Argive sea, And in Mycenae's city overta'en, Still yearly vows, and anniversary Processions, in due course wotild I dis- charge. And pile the altars with their rightful gifts. Now further ; at the ashes and the bones E'en of my sire himself, — not sooth, I deem, Without the mind, without the will, of gods, — Are we arrived, and wafted down [the deep], 80 The ports of friendship enter. Therefore come ! And let us all this jovial feast observe ; Kntreat the Winds ; and that it be his will That I should every year these holy rites 71. It seems very unnatural to make Aunc, v. 51, to depend upon an elliptical verb, which it is merely gratuitous to understand. Neither is it easy to see what the reference to y£n. vii. v. 611 has to do with the matter. The devotion of iEneas to the memory of his father is like that of Lord Surrey to his mistress : " Let me whereas the sunne doth parche the grenc. Or where his beanies do not dissolue the yse : In temperate heate where he is felt and sene : In presence prest of people madde or wise ; Let me in hye, or yet in low degree ; In longest night, or in the shortest daye : In clearest skie, or where cloudes thickest be ; In lusty youth, or when my heeres are graye : Let me in heaven, in earth, or els in hell. In hyll or dale, or in the foming flood. Thrall, or at large, aliue whereso I dwell, Sicke or in health, in euill fame or good : Hers will I be." Som^xH. The same idea is similarly handled by Turberville riy nan in A Vow to Serve Faith, 74. " 'Tis true, fair daughter ; and this blessed day Ever in France shall be kept festival : To solemnise this day, the glorious sun Stays in his course, and plays the alchymist : Turning with splendour of his precious eye The meagre cloddy earth to glittering gold : The yearly course, that brings this day about. Shall never see it but a holyday." Shakespeare, King John, iii. i. 82. " Duke. What brow looks sad, when we com- mand delight ? We shall account that man a traitor to us That wears one sullen cloud upon his face ! I'll read his soul in't, and, by our bright mistress. Than which the world contains no richer beauty. Punish his daring sin. Leontio. He will deserve it. Great sir, that shall offend with the least sadness ! Or, were it so possess'd, yet your command, That stretches to the soul, would make it smile. And force a bravery. Severe old age Shall lay aside his sullen gravity. And revel like a youth ; the forward matrons. For this day, shall repent their years and coldness Of blood, and wish again their tempting beauties. To dance like wanton lovers." Shirley, Tk* Duk^s Mistrtss, i. x. 154 V. 60—85. THE JENEID. V. 85 — 104. Present, what time my city is iipreared, In temples consecrated to himself. Twain head of beeves to you the Troja- born Acestes grants, by reckoning for each ship : Invite ye household gods, and country- gods, To banquet, and [the gods] which doth our host 90 Acestes worship. Further, if to men Shall ninth Aurora have a kindly day Brought forth, and with her beams unveiled the globe. The op'ning contests of the speeding ship I to the sons of Teucer will propose ; And he who in the foot-race is of might, And he who, venturesome in pow'rs, or stalks Superior in the dart and nimble shafts. Or trusts him the encounter to commence With gauntlet raw ; — let one and all be here, 1 00 And wait the guerdons of a well-earned palm. All guard your lips, and ring your brows with sprigs," Thus having said, his temples he bedecks With myrtle of his mother. Helymus Doth this, doth this Acestes ripe of age. Doth this the boy Ascanius ; follows whom The other youth. He from th' assembly passed With many a thousand to the tomb, [him- self] The centre, in a vast attending throng. Here duly in libation pouring out no Twain drinking-vessels with unmingled wine. He spills them on the ground, with new milk twain. Twain with religious blood ; and strews bright flowers. And speaks the like : " Hail, sainted sire, once more ! Hail, O ye ashes, to no end regained. And spirit of my father, and his shade ! 'Twas not allowed to me Italia's bourns. And destined fields, nor Auson Tiber ['s stream], Whate'er it be, with thee to seek." He these Had spoken, when from out the deepest shrine 120 A slipp'ry serpent, huge, sev'n rings, sev'n folds •121, See notes on Geo. iii. 570. ' Lo ! the green serpent, from his dark abode, Which ev'n imagination fears to tread, At noon forth issuing, gathers up his traia Trailed onward, gently bosoming the tomb. And through the altars gliding on ; whose chine Did spots of azure, and, bedropped with gold, [Each] scale a levin-flash set all afire : As, with the sun afront, the rainbow flings Upon the clouds a thousand motley hues, ^neas was astounded at the sight. It, as with lengthful train at last it glides Among the saucers and the burnished cups, Both tasted of the banquet, and again, Unharmful, 'neath the basement of the tomb 132 Retreated, and the altars, feasted on. Forsook. So much the more does he renew The sacrifices to his sire commenced, Uncertain whether he should deem it were The Genius of the place, or of his sire Th' attendant. Slaughters he twain two- year ewes. In customed fashion, and as many swine, And just so many bullocks, swart of back ; The wines, too, from the saucers he out- poured, 141 And called upon the great Anchises' soul, And Manes, from the Acheron released. Yea too, his comrades, as to each belonged Th' ability, in joy their off"'rings bring. The altars burden, and the bullocks slay. In order bronzen [vessels] others set. And, scattered all along the turf, they place Live coals beneath the spits, and roast the flesh. The looked-for day arrived, and Phaeton's steeds 150 In orbs immense, then, darting out anew. Seeks the refreshing fount ; by which diffus'd. He throws his folds." Thomson, Summer. 150, 151. Drummond, charmingly of the day when he was to meet his mistress : " Phoebus, arise. And paint the sable skies With azure, white, and red ; Rouse Memnon's mother from her Tython's bed. That she may thy career with roses spread. The nightingales thy coming eachwhere sing. Make an eternal spring. " This is that happy morn. That day, long-wished day, Of all my life so dark, (If cruel stars have not my ruin sworn, And fates my hopes betray,) Which {purely white) deserves An everlasting diamond should it mark, " The winds all silent are ; And Phoebus in his chair Ensafifroning sea and air. Makes banish every star, Night like a drunkard reels Beyond the hills, to shun his flaming wheels. The fields with flow'rs are deck'd in every hue. The clouds with orient gold spangle their blue." Sonnets, &^c., i, 36. V. 105 — ii4« BOOK V, V. 114— 141. 155 Now bare the ninth Aurore in cloudless light ; And rumor, and renowned Acestes' name, The neighborhood had roused. In merry throng They full had filled the shores, the JEne&d sons To view, part even to compete prepared. The prizes first are placed before their eyes, And in the centre of the cirque are set, — Religious tripods, chaplets too of green, And palms, as guerdon for the conquerors, And arms, and robes with purple throughly dyed, 160 A talent ['s weight] of silver and of gold ; And from the centre of the knoll the trump Sounds forth the games begun. [Well] matched, commence " How often have I bless'd the coming day. When toil remitting lent its turn to play. And all the village train, from labour free. Led up their sports beneath the spreading tree : While many a pastime circled in the shade, The young contending as the old survey'd ; And many a gambol frolick'd o'er the ground. And slights of art and feats of strength went round. And still, as each repeated pleasure tir'd. Succeeding sports the mirthful band inspir'd." Goldsmith, Deserted Village, ^l-'2.\. " Were you to encounter Those ravishing pleasures, which the slow-paced hours (To me they are such) bar me from, you would. With your continued wishes, strive to imp New feathers to the broken wings of Time, And chide the amorous sun for too long dalliance In Thetis' watery bosom." Massinger, TJie Renegade, v. 8. Gifford here quotes a fine passage from Tomkis' Albumazar : " How slow the day slides on ! When we desire Time's haste, he seems to lose a match with lobsters ; And when we wish him stay, he imps his wings With feathers plumed with thought." •' Oh, why so long should I my joys delay ? Time, imp thy wings, let not thy minutes stay. But to a moment change the tedious day. The day ! 'twill be an age before to-morrow ; An age, a death, a vast eternity." Lee, Theodosius, iii. 2. " With what a leaden and retarding weight Does expectation load the wings of Time !" Mason, Elfrida. 151. Ben Jonson gives a grand description of a day, the exact reverse of this. Lentulus says to Cethegus : " It is, methinks, a morning full of fate ! It riseth slowly, as her sullen car Had all the weights of sleep and death hung at it ! She is not rosy-finger'd, but swoU'n black ; Her face is like a water tum'd to blood. And her sick head is bound about with clouds. As if she threaten'd night ere noon of day !" Catiline, i. i. The op'ning contests with their weighty oars P'our galleys, chosen out of all the fleet. The wingy Pristis Mnestheus drives with crew Of mettle, — Mnestheus, an Italian soon, From which his name the line of Memmius [springs] ; And Gyas huge Chimajra, of huge bulk, A structure like a city, which with tier 17c Threefold the Dardan youth force on ; the oars In triple rank arise ; Sergestus, too. From wliom the Sergian house preserves it» name. Is in the mighty Centaur borne along ; In sea-green Scylla, too, Cloanthus, whence Thy pedigree, Cluentius son of Rome. There lies afar within the main a rock, Afront the foamy shores, which, under-sunk At times, is by the swelling billows lashed. When wintry north-west winds eclipse the stars. 180 When calm 'tis hushed, and from th' un- ruffled wave A level is uplifted, e'en a rest. Thrice-welcome to the divers loving sun. Here sire .^neas reared a goal of green, [Formed] out of leafy ilex, to the crews A mark, whence they might know to turn them back. And when to veer around their longsome course. Their stations then by lot do they select ; The captains, too, themselves upon the stems With gold and purple graced, gleam forth afar. 190 The other youth in poplar leaf are dressed. And, o'er their naked shoulders smeared with oil. Begin to shine. Down sit they on the thwarts. And arms are strained to oars. Upon the stretch They wait the sign, and drains their bound- ing hearts A throbbing tremor, and ambitious lust Of praises. Then, what time the shrilly trump Gave forth its clang, from their own sta- tions all, — There's no delay, — sprang forward : strikes the sky The sailor-shout ; by indrawn arms con- vulsed, 200 X70. Or : " The labor of a dty ;" for no one seems to know which meaning was in the poet's mind when he penned the ambiguous phrase, Urbis oJ>us. 156 V. 141 — 169. THE yENEID. V. 170 — 195. The waters foam ; in measure plough they in The furrows, and throughout asunder yawns, Uptorn by oars and trident beaks, the sea. In no such hurry in the two-horse race Have chariots seized the field, and dash amain When started from the goal ; nor charioteers O'er yokes, thus darting, shook the waving reins, And, bending forwards, o'er the lashes hang. Then with the clapping and hurrah of men, And zeal of cheerers, every grove rings out In concert, and the voice th' imprisoned shores 211 Volley along ; the stricken hills with shout Rebound. Shoots forth ahead before the rest, And glides away upon the foremost waves. Amid the hurly and the din, Gyas ; whom next Cloanth pursues, superior in his oars ; But ties him by its weight his plodding pine. Astern of these, at even interval, Pristis and Centaur struggle to secure The leading place. And [this] now Pristis holds ; 220 Now, worsted, giant Centaur by her slips ; Now both abreast and with linked stems are borne. And plough with lengthful keel the briny seas. And they were now approaching to the rock, And gaining goal, when Gyas in the van. And in mid sea the winner, with his voice Accosts Menoetes, helmsman of his ship : ♦' Pray whither on the right dost swerve so far? Steer hitherward a passage ! Hug the shore. And let thy blade the crags upon the left Graze close ; the deep let others keep !" He said: 231 But, dreading hidden rocks, Menoetes veers His bow aside to billows of the main. ** Whither art thou departing wide away? Make for the rocks, Menoetes !" with a shout Gyas once more recalled him : and, behold ! He views Cloanthus bearing down astern. And holding closer. Th' other, e'en be- tween The ship of Gyas and the booming rocks, 228. Mihi, V. 162, is of course the dativus ethicus, but so thoroughly idiomatical, that a literal trans- lation of it would involve an intolerable, and scarce intelligible, weakness. Under the circumstances in which it appears, some such term as " pray " would probably be used in English, and it is therefore introduced ; but it is not offered as a correct translation. Shaves, further in, a course upon the left. And in a trice the leader passes by, 241 And gains safe seas, — the goal behind him left. Then sooth up kindled in the stripling's bones Tow'ring vexation, neither did his cheeks Lack tears ; and he the slow Menoetes, Forgetful of his dignity alike. And of his comrades' safety, on the sea Down tumbles headlong from the lofty stem. Himself the steersman'to the helm succeeds, Himself the captain ; and he cheers the crew, 250 And turns the rudder-handle to the shores. But when, encumbered, from the lowest bed [Of ocean] he is scarce at last restored. Now old, and dripping in his reeking gear, Menoetes seeks the summit of the rock, And on an arid crag sat down. At him, Both |as he falls and swims, the Teucri laughed. And laugh as he disgorges from his chest The briny waters. Here a joyous hope Was lighted up within the hindmost pair, Sergestus [e'en] and Mnestheus, to pass by 261 The lagging Gyas. Seizes first the space Sergestus, and the rock approaches : still Nor by a whole preceding keel was he The foremost, — foremost by a part ; — a part His rival Pristis presses with her beak. But, midship pacing down among his men Themselves, does Mnestheus cheer them on: ' ' Now ! now ! Uprise ye to your oars, Hectorean mates, Whom I in Troy's last destiny chose out My comrades ; now those energies put forth, Now spirits [those], which in Gaetulia's Syrts _ 272 Ye exercised, and in Ionia's sea, And Malea's coursing waves. I, Mnestheus, now The leading [prizes] do not seek, nor aim To win ! yet oh ! — but those let gain the day, 244. " But 'tis a grief of fury, not despair ! And if a manly drop or two fall down. It scalds along my cheeks, like the green wood. That sputt'ring in the flame works outward into tears." Dryden, Cleomenes, i. i. 256. " I feel a hand of mercy lift me up Out of a world of waters, and now sets me Upon a mountain, where the sun plays most, To cheer my heart, even as it dries my limbs." Middleton, No Wit like a Woitiati's, ii. 3. Where he probably might have thought with Colax, in Randolph's Muses' Looking-Glass, iii. 3 : " He's a good friend will pardon his friend's errors. But he's a better takes no notice of them." V. 195—321. BOOK V, T. 221—242. 157 To whom, O Neptune, thou hast this vouch- safed : Shame be it to have come in last ! This win, My countrymen, and bid the crime avaunt !" They in the height of struggle forward bend: With giant strokes the bronze-bound galley thrills, 281 And, underneath, the surface is withdrawn. Then quick-repeated panting shakes their joints, And droughty lips ; sweat flows in runnels down On every side. Mere chance the heroes brought The wished-for fame. For, frenzied in his soul. While towards the rocks Sergestus further in Close drives his stem, and threads th' un- righteous space, Ill-starred, he stuck upon the jutting rocks. Shocked were the cliffs, and on a pointed crag 290 The struggling oars asunder snapped aloud, And, dashed against it, hung the bow. Up spring The crew together, and with thund'ring shout They force aback ; and stakes with iron shod, And poles with sharpened end, do they produce, And gather in the gulf the broken oars. But Mnestheus blithe, and through success itself The more alert, with fleet advance of oars, And winds invoked, the easy waters seeks, And runs along upon the open sea. 300 As, in a cavern on a sudden roused, A dove, whose home and charming nestlings [lie] Within a shroud-abounding pumice rock, Is AVafted to the fields upon the wing. And, startled, with her pinions in the vault A mighty flapping does she raise ; anon, Gliding athwart the calmy air, she skims A limpid course, nor stirs her nimble wings : Thus Mnestheus, thus the Pristis' self, in flight Cuts through the utmost seas ; thus, as she scuds, 310 Her very moment carries her along. And first Sergestus does he leave behind, As he is struggling on the lofty rock 288. That is : " scanty." 298. Or : agfttine celeri, " rapid line." 313. A/fo, V. 220, seems scarcely a well-chosen term, as the rock appears to have been of no height ; in fact, nu more than barely emergent. And scanty shoals, and vainly calling aid. And learning to career with broken oars. Thence Gyas, and Chimaera's self, of bulk Colossal, overtakes he : she gives way. Since of her pilot she has been bereft. And now alone, upon the very goal, Cloanthus is ahead : whom he pursues 320 And presses, struggling with his might and main. Then sooth redoubles shout, and one and all Spur on the chaser with their zealous cheers, And rings again the welkin with their peals. These deem it a disgrace, should they not keep Their rightful honor and the glory gained. And life are willing to exchange for praise. Those their success supports : they have the power, Since pow'r they seem to have. And haply they With even beaks the prizes would have ta'en, 330 Had not, both hands outstretching to the deep, Cloanth alike his prayers outpoured, an/ called The deities to [share] his vows : * ' Ye gods To whom belongs the lordship of the main, Across whose seas I run, for you with joy I on this strand a snowy bull will set Before your altars, debtor to my vow. And entrails on the briny waves cast forth. And spill the fluid wines." He said ; and him Beneath the deepest waves heard all the choir 340 Of Nereids, and of Phorcus, and the maid Panope ; and the sire Portunus' self With giant hand impelled him as he speeds. She, quicker than south blast and wingy shaft. 328. Possunt quia posse videntur, v. 231. This does not appear to be a very felicitous remark in this place ; ior the hos were beaten. Taken strictly, it is false; taken loosely, it does not apply, it might, to be sure, be true to say, that, in their own estimation, " They can, because they seem as if they could:" but this turns what is generally considered to be a wise and terse saying into a very dull observation. Compare Beaumont and Fletcher, Fhilaster, ii. i : " Think so, and 'tis so." Also Dryden, Cleomenes, i. i : " Peace, peace, good grandmother, he lives already. And conquers, too, in saying he will try." And Rowe, Ambitious Stepmother, i. : " The wise and active conquer difficulties By daring to attempt 'em : sloth and folly Shiver and shrink at sight of toil and hazard. And make th' impo:jsibility they fcai." 158 V. 243 — 266. THE ^NEID. V. 267 — 289. Flies to the land, and in the haven deep Herself she harbored. Then Anchises' son, — The throng all summoned in accustomed form, — The winner, by a herald's lusty voice, Cloanth pronounces, and with verdant bay Betrims his brows ; and presents for the ships, 350 Three bullocks each, and wines he grants to choose, And carry off a silver-talent vast. Special distinctions on the captains' selves Confers he : on the winner, wrought in gold, A cloak, round which in double waving line Full much of Meliboean purple ran ; And, interwove therein, the royal boy On leafy Ida tires the nimble stags With dart and chase, alert, like one that pants, Whom Jove's fleet armor-bearer, wafted high 360 From Ida, kidnapped in his hooky claws : Aged guards their hands stretch idly to the stars. And storms the bay of hounds upon the gales. But who next held in prowess second rank, — To him a coat of mail, with burnished rings Enlinked, and triply laced with gold, which he Himself had from Demoleos reft away, In conquest by the ravening Simois, 'Neath stately Ilium, on the hero he Bestows to wear, an honor and safeguard In arms. This scarcely bore, of many a fold, Phegeus and Sagaris, the serving men, 372 Sore straining with their shoulders ; but [therein] Bedight, Demoleos erst would rout in chase The straggling Trojans. Gifts the third he makes Twain basins [wrought] of bronze, and drinking-boats, 359. " One like Actaeon, peeping through the grove. Shall by the angry goddess be transform'd, And, running in the likeness of an hart, By yelping hounds puU'd down, shall seem to die." Marlowe, Edward II. 362. " Twice was he scene in soaring eagles shape. And with wide winges to beat the buxome ayre : Once, when he with Asterie did scape ; Againe, when as the Trojane boy so fayre He snatcht from Ida hill, and with him bare : Wo ndrous delight it was there to behould How the rude shepheards after him did stare, Trembling through feare least down he fallen should, , ,j ,, And often calling to him to take surer hoald. Spenser, Faerie Queene, iii. 11, 34. In silver finished, and with figures crisp. And thus now guerdoned all, and in their wealth Elate, brow-wreathed with purple bands, they paced : When from the felon rock with ample skill Scarce wrenched,— oars missing, and dis- abled in one tier, — 381 His flouted ship, without repute, Sergest Was working on. As oft a snake, sur- prised Upon the elevation of a road. O'er whom athwart the bronze-shod wheel hath passed. Or, heavy with his blow, [some] passenger Hath left half-dead, and mangled with a stone, — All vainly flying, with his body forms Extended wreaths ; in [one] part truculent, And blazing with his eyes, and rearing high His hissing neck ; part, crippled by the wound, 391 Firm holds him back, while resting on his knots. And coiling up his form on his own limbs. With such like oarage was the plodding bark Advancing : still her sails she sets. And enters in full sail the [harbor's] mouth. yEneas with the promised gift presents Sergestus, blithe at rescue of his ship. And mates returned. To him a female slave Is giv'n, not wareless of Minerva's works, Pholoe, a Crete by race, twin sons, too, at her breast. 401 This contest closed, the good ^Eneas moves On to a grassy level, which the woods Upon the winding hills on every side Imbowered, and in centre of the dale The cirque [as] of a theatre there lay ; 387. " We have scotched the snake, not killed it." Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 2. 391. " Behind the general mends his weary pace. And sullenly to his revenge he sails : So glides some trodden serpent on the grass, And long behind his wounded volume trails." _ Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, cxxiii. Falconer uses the image to illustrate a very dif- ferent fact ; Shipwreck, iii. 2 : " Awhile the mast, in ruins dragg'd behind, _ Balanc'd th' impression of the helm and wind : The wounded serpent, agoniz'd with pain,_ Thus trails his mangled volume on the plain." 406. " In a pleasant glade With mountaines rownd about environed And mightie woodes, which did the valley shade, And like a stately theatre it made,_ Spreading itself into a spatious plaine." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 5, 39. V. a 89 — 309. BOOK V, V. 309—334. 159 Whither, along with many a thousand men, Kcpaired the hero, in th' assemblage [he] I he midmost, and upon a seat upraised lie sat him down. With prizes here he woos 410 The spirits, who may haply list to strive In nimble foot-race, and the guerdons sets. P'rom all sides flock the Teucrians and mixed Sicilians : Nisus and Euryalus The foremost [candidates] ; Euryalus, Marked for his beauty and a blooming youth ; Nisus, for chaste affection for the boy. Whom next there followed, royal [ly de- rived] From Priam's peerless stock, Diores : him Salius, and with him Patron, of whom one An Acarnanian was, the other [born] 421 From Arcad blood of Tegeoean strain. Then two Sicilian striplings, Helymus And Panopes, inured to woods, the aged Acestes' comrades : many a one beside, W^hom fame hath in her mystery concealed. Amidst of whom then thus yEneas spake : * ' These welcome in your minds, and turn thereto Your glad attention. Of this throng shall none Withdraw, by me unguerdoned. I will give 430 Twain Gnosian missiles, bright with burn- ished steel, And, silver-chased, a battle-axe to bear : This one distinction shall there be for all. The foremost triad prizes shall receive, " And overhead Insuperable highth of loftiest shade, Cedar, and pine, and fir, and branching palm, A silvan scene ; and, as the ranks ascend Shade above shade, a woody theatre Of stateliest view." Milton, P. L., iii. " 'Twas an horrid pile Of hills, with many a shaggy forest mix'd, With many a sable cliff and glittering stream. Aloft, recumbent o'er the hanging ridge. The brown woods wav'd ; while ever-trickling springs Wash'd from the naked roots of oak and pine The crumbling soil ; and still at every fall Down the steep windings of the channel'd rock Remurmuring rush'd the congregated floods With hoarser inundation ; till at last They reach'd a grassy plain, which from the skirts Of that high desert spread her verdant lap, And drank the gushing moisture, where, confin'd In one smooth current, o'er the lilied vale Clearer than glass it flow'd. Autumnal spoils. Luxuriant spreading to the rays of morn, Blush'd o'er the cliffs, whose half-encircling mound As in a sylvan theatre enclos'd That flowery level." AkcnsXA^, Pleasures 0/ the ImagtMatioH, u. 274- 292. And with the yellow olive round their head Be bound. The leading winner let possess A courser, badged with trappings j let the next An Amazonian quiver, aye and full Of Thracian arrows, which with breadth of gold A belt embraces, and a buckle clasps 440 IJeneath with rounded jewel ; let the third With this Argolic helm retire content." When these were said their station take they up, And in a moment, on a signal heard, Seize on the stages, and the barrier quit, Forth flushing like a show'r : the furthest [bounds] At once they mark. Ahead starts off, and far 'Fore all the rest shoots Nisus forth, more fleet Than e'en the winds and levin-wings. Next him, But with a lengthened interval the next, 450 On presses Salius ; with a distance left, Then after him Euryalus the third ; And Helymus Euryalus pursues ; Close on whose very person next, lo I flies. And heel now chafes with heel, Diores, pressing Upon his shoulder ; and, if there remained More stages he might pass him, stealing off The leader, and [the issue] leave in doubt. And now well-nigh the limit of the stage. And, wearied, hard upon the very bound Were they arriving ; when on slippery blood 461 Slides ill-starred Nisus, where from butchered steers It, spilled by chance, the ground and em'rald grass Had wetted from above. 'Twas here the youth. Now conqueror triumphant, failed to keep His steps, that staggered on the trampled ground ; But headlong, both upon the filthy soil. And hallowed gore itself, he toppled down. He still, not mindless of Euryalus, 448. "Every body" is not quite so dignified in English as omnia corpora in Latin. ;. 457. The poet himself is as ambiguous here as he hypothetically intended the issue to be. 469. " The trees grow up, and mix together freely. The oak not envious of tne sailing cedar. The lusty vine not iealous of the ivy Because she clips the elm ; the flowers shoot up. And wantonly kiss one another hourly, This blossom glorying in the other's beauty. And yet they smell as sweet, and look as lo\-ely." Fletcher, Lover's Progrtst, x. x. i6o V. 334—358. THE ^NEID. '^^ 358—386. Nor of their loves : for planted he himself In face of S alius, rising through the slime : But lay the other, whirled on clotted sand. On shoots Euryalus, and, conqueror 473 By service of his friend, first place he holds, And flies with clap and favoring acclaim. Next Helymus comes up, and now third palm, Diores. Here the whole assembled throng Of the vast hollow, and the sires' front view. With lusty cries does Salius fill, and claims That his distinction, filched away by craft. Should be restored him. Guards Euryalus His popularity and graceful tears ; 482 More winning, too, the merit, when it comes In a fair form. His help affords, and loud Shouts forth with thund'ring voice Diores, who Has to a palm succeeded; and in vain Has reached the final prizes, if the first Distinctions upon Salius are bestowed. Then sire iEneas saith : **Your gifts to you Secure abide, O youths, and from its rank None stirs a palm : to me be it allowed To pity my unfaulty friend's mishap." 492 Thus having said, an Afric lion's hide. Immense, to Salius gives he, burdensome With shag and gilded claws. Here Nisus cries : ** If for the worsted be such fine rewards. And thou dost feel compassion for the fallen. What worthy gifts wilt thou to Nisus grant, Who have by merit earned the leading crown. Had not the [same] unfriendly fortune me. The which hath Salius, swept [therefrom] away?" 501 And at the same time with these words he showed His face and limbs, befouled with soaking soil. 482. " Graceful ;" or " decent." Macbeth says of himself : " I have bought Golden opinions from all sorts of people." Act i. 7. " Hear, ye fair daughters of this happy land. Whose radiant eyes the vanquish'd world com- mand, Virtue is beauty : but when charms of mind With elegance of outward form are join'd, When youth makes such bright objects still more bright. And fortune sets them in the strongest light ; 'Tis all of Heaven that we below may view, And all, but adoration, is your due." Young, Force of Religion, i. 9-16. >92. 'Tis something to be pitied of a king." Marlowe, Edward the Second. The sire thrice-worthy smiled at him, and bade A buckler forth be brought, the art on art Of Didymaon, from the holy gate Of Neptune by the Greeks plucked down : with this Choice boon the peerless youth does he present. Thereon, when were the races closed, and he Went through [the distribution of] the gifts : " Now if there valor be in any wight, 511 And ready resolution in his breast, Let him appear and raise aloft his arms, With [cestus-] banded hands." He thus- wise speaks. And of the fight the double prize lays down ; — A bullock for the conqu'ror decked in gold And wreaths ; a falcion and distinguished helm. As comforts for the conquered. No delay ! Straight Dares rears his front with giant powers. And lifts him with the vast applause of men : 520 He who alone was customed to maintain The conflict against Paris ; and the same Fast by the tomb, where greatest Hector lies, The conqu'ror Butes of colossal frame. Who in descent from the Bebiycian race Of Amycus did vaunt him, felled to earth, And stretched him dying on the tawny sand. Such Dares for the op'ning combat lifts His stately head, and shows his shoulders broad, And, arms outstretching, tosses them by turns, 530 And with his buffets cuffs the gales. For him There is another sought : nor is there one Out of a host so great makes bold to meet The man, and draw the gauntlets on his hands. Therefore alert, and deeming one and all Held from the palm aloof, he stood before . yEneas' feet ; nor making more demur, Then with the left hand seizes by his horn The bull, and speaks on this wise : " Goddess-born, If no one dares to trust him to the fray, 540 What period to my standing [here] ? How long Is it becoming I should be delayed ? Bid me lead off" my guerdon." One and all At once with voice the Dardans cheered, and begged That to the hero should be given up V. 386 — 40<5- BOOK V. V. 406—434. z6i [The prizes] that were pledged. Severely here Acestes chides Entellus with his speech, As next upon the emerald couch of turf Along with him he sat : '* Entellus, erst Of champions gallantest without avail, 550 Such noble gifts, in so submissive mood, With naught of struggle, to be carried off Wilt thou allow? "Where now that god of our's, Thy master, Eryx, chronicled in vain ? Where thy renown throughout all Sicily, And those thy trophies hanging from thy roofs ?" He quick to these : ** Not love of praise, nor fame. Hath yielded, banished by alarm ; but sooth, Ice-cold through sluggish eld, my blood is dull, And pow'rs worn-out are freezing in my frame. 560 If I, — what I had whilom, and wherein That caitiff yonder trusting brags, — if now I had that youth, not sooth by prize Allured, and by a lovely bull, would I Have come : nor do I of the guerdons reck." Thus having said, thereon he in the midst A pair of gauntlets of stupendous weight Flung down, wherein fierce Eryx for the frays Was used to wield his hand, and strain his arms Within the stubborn hide. Their souls were in amaze : 570 Of such huge oxen sev'n prodigious hides Were stiff with lead and iron stitched within. 'Fore all is Dares wonder-struck himself. 559. " Vilarezo Was once, as you are, sprightly, and though I say it, Maintain'd my father's reputation, And honour of our house, with actions Worthy our name and family ; but now. Time hath let fall cold snow upon my hairs, Plough'd on my brows the furrows of his anger, Disfumish'd me of active blood, and wrapt me Half in my sear-cloth." Shirley, Maid's Revenge, i. 2. 561. " Age has not yet So shrunk my sinews, or so chill'd my veins. But conscious virtue in my breast remains. But had I now That strength, with which my boiling youth was fraught ; When in the vale of Balasor I fought. And from Bengale their captive monarch brought ; When elephant 'gainst elephant did rear His trunk, and castles justl'd in the air ; My sword the way to victory had shown. And ow'd the conquest to itself alone." Dryden, Aurungsebe, act, ii. And far aloof declines ; and, great of soul, The offspring of Anchises both the weight. And very folds enormous of the hides. To this side, and to that, turns o'er ami o'er. Thereon the ag^d [hero] such like words Fetched from his bosom : *' What if one had seen The gloves and arms of Hercules himself, And the sad combat on this very strand? These arms thy brother Eryx whilom wore ; (With blood thou seest and spattered brains yet dyed ;) 583 In these against the great Alcides stood ; To these was I inured, while better blood Imparted strength, nor yet did jealous eld, On both my temples sprent, wax grey. But if The Trojan Dares these our arms declines, And this with good vEneas is resolved. My counsellor Acestes sanctions [this], 590 The combats let us even make. The hides Of Eryx I for thee forego, — dismiss Thy fears, — and thou 3iy Trojan gauntlets doff." These having said, he flung a double robe From off his shoulders ; and his limbs huge joints, His monstrous bones and shoulders, laid he bare. And stood a giant on the central sand. Then did the father, from Anchises sprung, Bring forward even gauntlets, and entwined The hands of both with weapons of a size. Straight each erect on tiptoe stood, and reared 601 His arms undaunted to the gales above. Far backward from the blow their lofty heads Withdrew they, and commingle hands with hands, And goad the fray : in nimbleness of feet Superior one, and trusting in his youth ; The other, powerful in limbs and bulk, But 'neath the trembler totter sluggish knees ; Asthmatic panting shakes his giant joints. The champions 'tween them bandy many a stroke 610 All vainly, many on their hollow side Redouble they, and from their chest give forth 587, He might truly have said with Amydas in Ford's Broken Heart, i. 2 : " See lords, Amyclas your king is cnt'ring Into his youth again. I shall shake off This silver badge of age, and change this snow For hairs as gay as are Apollo's locks ; Our heart leaps in new vigour." M I62 V. 435—452. THE 'AlNEID. V. 453—472. Prodigious crashes, and around their ears And temples wanders the repeated hand ; Their cheeks are crackling 'neath the iron blow. Stands in his weight Entellus, and, un- stirred In the same posture, merely with his frame. And eyes upon the watch, the strokes escapes. The other, as who storms a stately town With enginery, or round the mountain towers ' 620 Sits under arms, now these, now inlets those. And all the ground, with skilfulness ex- plores, And with diverse assaults in vain persists. Entellus, rising up, his right hand showed. And lifted it aloft : the other quick Foresaw the buffet swooping from above, And, with his nimble body slipped aside, withdrew. His strength Entellus squandered on the wind, And, self-moved, heavy he, and heavily, Himself to earth with vasty weight falls down ; 630 As sometimes in its hollowness down falls Either on Erymanth or Ida vast, From roots upwrenched, a fir. Together rise In zeal the Trojans and Sicilia's youth : Ascends their outcry to the heav'n ; and first Acestes hurries up, and from the ground Uplifts in pity his coeval friend. 626. Spenser makes even the wind created by a giant's blow of terrific energy : " The geaunt strooke so maynly mercilesse. That could have overthrowne a stony towre ; \ And, were not hevenly grace that did him blesse, He had been pouldred all, as thin as flowre ; But he was wary of that deadly stowre, And lightly lept from underneath the blow ; Yet so exceeding was the villein's powre, That with the winde it did him overthrow, And all his sences stoond, that still he lay full low." F. Q., i. 7, 12. 628, Marlowe has a different image : " And make your strokes to wound the senseless light." Tamburlaine the Great, iii. 3. 631. Spenser illustrates such a fall in no common- place way : " As when a vulture greedie of his pray. Through hunger long that hart to him doth lend, Strikes at an heron with all his bodies sway, That from his force seemes nought may it defend ; The warie fowl, that spies him toward bend His dreadfull souse, avoydes it, shunning light. And maketh him his wing in vaine to spend ; That with the weight of his own weeldlesse might He falleth nigh to ground, and scarse recovereth flight." F. Q., iv. 3. But not foreslowed, nor daunted by his fall, The hero fiercer to the fight returns, And wrath wakes strength. Then kindles might his shame, 640 And conscious prowess, and he hotly hunts The headlong Dares all throughout the plain. Now with the right hand blows redoubling, now E'en with the left. Nor stay, nor rest : as storms With plenteous hail on housetops rattle, — so With crowding blows the hero with each hand Oft smites and chases Dares. Then the sire ^neas, wrath to go to further lengths, Entellus, too, to fume with soul of gall, Permitted not, but put an end to fight, 650 And fainting Dares rescued, soothing him With words, and speaks the like : " Un- happy man ! What such wild frenzy seized thy soul ? Dost thou Not feel his strength is foreign, and the powers Of heav'n are changed ? Submit thee to a god !" He said : And straight broke off their combats with the speech. But him his trusty peers, as weakly knees He drags, and flings to either side his head, And from his mouth discharges clotted gore, And teeth in blood commingled, to the ships 660 Conduct ; and, summoned, helm and sword receive ; 643. Ille, V. 457, does not admit of a close translation. " So they Doubly redoubled strokes upon the foe." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 2. 645. " Yet nought thereof was Triamond adredde, Ne desperate of glorious victorie ; But sharpely him assayld, and sore bestedde With heapes of strokes, which he at him let flie As thicke as hayle forth poured from the skie : He stroke, he soust, he foynd, he hewd, he lasht. And did his yron brond so fast applie. That from the same the fierie sparkles flasht. As fast as water-sprinkles gainst a rocke are dasht." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 3, 25. 654. This argument was used by Duessa to San- sioy, but without effect : " ' Yea but,' quoth she, ' he beares a charmed shield. And eke enchaunted armes, that none can perce ; Ne none can wound the man, that does them wield.' * Charmd or enchaunted,' answered he then ferce, ' I no whitt reck ; ne you the like need to reherce.' " F. Q., i. 4, 50. 656. Such seems to be the force of qite, et. Y. 473—497. BOOK K. V. 498—537. i6s The palm and bull resign t' Entellus. Here The conqueror, triumphant in his soul, And with the bull elate, cries : ** Goddess- bom, And ye, O Teucer's sons, learn these, — alike What were my powers in a youthful frame. And from what death recalled ye Dares save. " He said, and took his stand against the face Of the confronted bull, which stood hard by The guerdon of the fight, and, with right hand 670 Drawn backward, full in centre of his horns He poised the felon gauntlets, lifted high. And dashed them on the bones, — the brain burst ope. Is felled, and lifeless, quiv'ring, sinks to earth the ox. He o'er him from his breast such words outpours : " This nobler life, O Eryx, I to thee In lieu of Dares' death, repay ; a conqu'ror here. My gauntlets and my craft I lay aside." Forthwith i^neas in the nimble shaft Woos those to strive, who peradventure list, And lays down prizes ; and with giant hand A mast from out Serestus' ship uprears, 682 And on a cord, passed through, a winged dove. Whereto their weapons they may aim, he hangs From the tall mast. Together flocked the men, And th' in-cast lot a helm of bronze received. And first, with fav'ring cheer, before them all Leaps forth the station of Hippocoon, The son of Hyrtacus : whom Mnestheus, late The winner in the naval strife, pur- sues, — 690 Mnestheus, with verdant olive bound. Eurytion third. Thy brother, O thrice-glorious Pandar, who, Commanded erst to violate the league, First hurled thy weapon in the midst of Greeks. 666. " Old as I am, and quenched with scars and sorrows. Yet would I make this withered arm do wonders. And open in an enemy such wounds Mercy would weep to look on." jf. Fletcher, Valentinian, iv. 4. 674. In the short space of nine lines, from v. 473- 481, Virgil uses taurus, juvencus, and bos of the same beast : yet they all differ. 688. In this strong sense exit is used, Geo. \. v. 116. Consequitur,s. 494, therefore, must not be rendered tamely. The last, and at the bottom of the helm, Acestes settled down, e'en venturing "he With hand of his to try the toil of youths. Then arch with lusty strength their buxom bows The heroes, each according to his might, And from their quivers draw their weapons forth. 700 And, foremost through the heav'n, with twanging cord. The shaft of young Hyrtacides disparts The wingy gales, swoops straightway, and is fixed Within the timber of the fronting mast. The mast it quivered, and the startled bird Betrayed her apprehension by her wings. And every [spot] with mighty clapping rang. Next, active Mnestheus with his in-drawn bow Took up his stand, aloft directing aim, And eyes and arrow levelled both at once. But, pitiable, he the bird herself 711 Had not the power with the steel to strike : The knots and flaxen ligatures he burst, Wherewith she, foot-enfettered, from the mast On high was hanging. She to southern gales. And clouds of blackness, fled on wing away. Then quickly, long erewhile upon his bow, In readiness, his weapons keeping stretched, Eurytion called his brother to his vows. As now he watched her blithe in empty heaven ; 720 And, clapping with her wings, he pierced the dove Beneath a sable cloud. She breathless falls, And leaves her life among th' empyreal stars. And as she falls brings home the fastened shaft. Palm missed, alone remained Acestes, who Still shot his weapon to the airy gales, The sire exhibiting alike his skill. And ringing bow. Here offered is to view A sudden prodigy, and doomed to prove Of grave presage. The mighty issue [this I Explained thereafter, and their late por- tents 731 Alarming prophets sang. For, as it flies Among the wat'ry clouds, the shaft took fire, And scored a pathway with the flames, and spent, To subtile winds withdrew : as oft, from heaven M 2 164 V. 527—556. THE yENEID. V. 556—587. Unsphered, athwart it shoot the flying stars, And tresses trail. With thunder-stricken souls Stood fixed, and supphcated heav'nly powers, The heroes of Trinacria and Troy, Nor does thrice-great ^neas the portent Decline ; but clasping glad Acestes, he Loads him with handsome gifts, and speaks the like : 742 "Sire, take them: for Olympus' mighty king Hath willed that thou, by such presage- ments placed Above the lot, the honors bear away. This present of the aged Anchises' self Shalt thou possess, — a bowl with figures graved, Which Thracian Cisseus whilom to my sire Anchises for a noble gift had giv'n to bear. Of his affection standing-proof and pledge." Thus having spoken, he enrings his brows With verdant bay, and at the head of all The foremost conqueror Acestes names. Nor does the good Eurytion grudge the prize, 754 Bome off before him, though 'twas he alone That from the lofty heav'n struck down the bird. Next stalks in guerdons he who burst the bands ; The last, who pierced with wingy bolt the mast. But sire ^neas, — not yet closed the strife, — To him the guardian and companion [squire] 760 Of young lulus calls,— the son of Epytus ; And thus bespeaks his confidential ear ; "Go haste thee, and Ascanius (if he now His boyish squadrons with him hath pre- pared. And the manoeuvres of their steeds ar- ranged, ) In honor of his grandsire, tell," saith he, ' ' To bring his troops, and show himself in arms." Himself bids all the scattered throng with- draw From th' ample cirque, and open stand the plains. On march the boys, and 'fore their parents' view 770 Shine uniformly on their bridled steeds : Whom all the youth of Sicily and Troy, As they advance, in admiration cheer. The hair of all in customed form was pressed With shaven chaplet. Carry they a pair Of cornel spear-shafts, tipped with steel ; a part Upon the shoulder burnished quivers ; runs From summit of the chest, about the neck, A pliant collar of entwisted gold. Of riders companies in number three, 780 And commandants by threes pace to and fro ; The youths, each following in twelves, with band Divided gleam, with masters, too, alike. One was aline of youths, which, triumphing. The little Priam led, his grandsire's name Recalling, thy illustrious descent, Polites, doomed Italians to advance ; Whom bears a Thracian horse of piebald hue, With blots of white, his forefoot fetlocks white, A brow, too, white displaying, tow'ring high. 790 The second, Atys, whence the Atii Of Rome their pedigree have carried down ; — The little Atys, e'en a boy beloved By boy lulus. Last, and past them all In figure lovely, is lulus borne Upon a Sidon palfrey, which to him The beauteous Dido had vouchsafed, to be Of her affection standing-proof and pledge. The other youths are on Sicilian steeds Of aged Acestes carried. Welcome with applause 800 The fearful lads, and as they gaze rejoice The sons of Dardanus, and recognise The features of their ancient sires. As soon As all th' assemblage, and their [parents'] eyes, . Delighted they survey upon their steeds, A signal to them by a shout, as they Stood ready, gave the son of Epytus From far, and sounded with his whip. Apart They shot [in] even [ranks], and troops by threes Broke up in sundered squadrons, and again, When summoned, they their marches wheeled about, 811 And hostile weapons tilted. Thereupon Fresh charges they commence, and fresh retreats, Confronted on the grounds, and rings in rings Alternate they entangle, and awake The mimicry of battle under arms. And now their backs do they expose in flight. Now in hostility reverse their darts ; V. 587 — 6 10. BOOK V. V, 610—615. 165 Peace made, in company now ride. As erst, 'Tis said, the Labyrinth in lofty Crete 820 A passage had, inweaved with blinding walls, And, puzzling by a thousand ways, a cheat. Where might annul the tokens of advance Unmarked and irretrievable mistake. In course none else the Teucri's sons their steps Involve, and weave their flights and frays in sport ; Like dolphins, which, in swimming through dank seas. Cut the Carpathian and the Libyan [main]. And gambol through the waves. This style of tilt, And tourneys these, Ascanius first, what time 830 Pie Alba Longa girt with walls, renewed. And taught the ancient Latins to observe In form wherein the boy himself, wherein Troy's youth with him [observed it]. Th' Albans taught Their [sons] ; hence highest Rome in after days Received it, and the homage to their sires Maintained ; and now it is entitled "Troy," The boys " The Trojan Band." Thus far the games Were kept in honor of the sainted sire. Here Fortune, shifted, altered first her faith. 840 The while with diff 'rent pastimes by the tomb Are they observing annivers'ry [rites], Saturnian Juno Iris sent from heaven To Ilium's fleet, and as she hies she breathes The winds upon her, stirring many [a thought]. Not yet englutted with her old revenge. The other, hasting on her passage o'er The bow with thousand hues, by none be- held,— 820. Fletcher compares the world to a labyrinth : " The world's a labyrinth, where unguided men Walk up and down to find their weariness : No sooner have we measur'd with much toil The crooked path, with hope to gain our freedom. But it betrays us to a new affliction." The Ni^^ht- IValk^, iv. 6. See Akenside, Pleasures of the Imagination, iii, 1-5- 840. " Daughter, thou seest how Fortune turns her wheel. We that but late were mounted up aloft, LuH'd in the skirt of that inconstant Dame, Are now thrown headlong by her ruthless hand. To kiss that earth whereon our feet should stand." Hey wood, Foure Frentises of London, i. i. 848. Spenser makes Clarion still gayer than Iris : With nimble flight down posts the maid. She views The mighty throng, and scans the shores, and sees 850 The ports abandoned, and the navy left But, far secluded on the lonely beach, The Trojan women wept Anchises lost, And on the deep, deep sea all gazed in tears. " La.stly his shinie wings as silver bright. Painted with thousand colours passmg farre AH painters skill, he did about nim dight : Not half so manie sundr ie colours arre In Iris bowe ; ne Heaven doth shine so bright, Distinguished with manie a twinckling starre ; Nor Junoes bird, in her ey-spotted traine, So manie goodly colours doth containe." Muiopotmos, 12. Milton grandly describes the descent of Raphael : " Down thither prone in flight He speeds, and through the vast eternal sky Sails between worlds and worlds, with steady wing Now on the polar winds, then with quick fan Winnows the buxom air ; till, within soar Of towering eagles, to all the fowls he seems A phoenix, gazed by all as that sole bird. When, to enshrine his reliques in the sun's Bright temple, to Egyptian Thebes he flies. At once on th' eastern cliff of Paradise He lights, and to his proper shape returns A seraph wing'd : six wings he wore to shade His lineaments divine ; the pair that clad Each shoulder broad came mantling o'er his breast With regal ornament ; the middle pair Girt like a starry zone his waist, and round Skirted his loins and thighs with downy gold And colours dipp'd in Heaven ; the third his feet Shadow'd from either heel with feather'd mail, Sky-tinctured grain." F. L., b. v. " Meantime refracted from yon eastern cloud, Bestriding earth, the grand ethereal bow Shoots up immense ; and every hue unfolds. In fair proportion running from the red, To where the violet fades into the sky." Thomson, Spring. Akenside thus beautifully paints Fiction : " Let Fiction come, upon her vagrant wings Wafting ten thousand colours through the air. Which, by the glances of her magic eye. She blends and shifts at will, through countless forms. Her wild creation." Pleasures of tJu Imagination, i. 14-18. 854. Even Colin at first sight of the sea was not more alarmed than these timid ladies : " ' So to the sea we came ; the sea, that is A world of waters heaped up on hie. Rolling like mountaines in wide wildemesse. Horrible, hideous, roaring with hoarse trie.* ' And is the sea,' quoth Coridon, ' so fearfull f ' Fearful, much more,' quoth he, ' then hart can fear : Thousand wyld beasts with deep mouthes gnping direfull Therin stil wait poore passengers to teare. Who life doth loath, and longs death to behold, Before he die, alreadie dead with fcare, And yet would live with heart half stonie cold. Let him to sea, and he shall see it there. i66 V. 615 — 638. THE yENEID. V. 638-662. " Alas ! that should to weary [hearts] re- main So many shoals, and such expanse of sea !" — One cry with all. A city they entreat ; It irks the toil of ocean to endure. She therefore flung herself among the midst, In harming not unversed, and mien alike And garment of the goddess lays aside. She Beroe becomes, the aged wife 862 Of Tmaros-born Doryclus, [one] to whom Had birth, and erst a name, and sons be- longed ; And thus amid the Dardans' mothers she Intrudes herself: " O wretched, whom no hand, " She cries, *' of Grecia in the war had haled To doom beneath your native city's walls ! O hapless nation, for destruction what Does Fortune hold thee back ? Since Troja's wreck 870 The seventh summer now is wheeled, while seas, While every land, so many rocks, devoid Of hospitage, and stars, we having spanned Are wafted on ; while we through ocean vast Italia flying chase, and by the waves Are rolled along. Here Eryx' brother- bourns, Our host Acestes, too : what hinders us From founding walls, and giving citizens Their city ? O my country ! and, in vain Delivered from the foe, ye household gods ! Shall none e'ermore be called the walls of Troy ? 881 Nowhere shall I behold Hectorean streams. The Xanthus and the Simois ? Nay come. And burn ye up with me the cursed ships. For through my sleep to me Cassandra's ghost. The prophetess, seemed blazing brands to give. Here seek ye Troy ; here lies the home," she cries. And yet as ghastly dreadfull, as it seemes. Bold men, presuming life for gain to sell, Dare tempt that gulf, and in those wandrir.g stremes Seek waies unknowne, waies leading down to hell.' " Spenser, Colin Clouts Come Home Again. See note on ^n. 8, v. 109, where the quotation is continued. 875. " But me, not destined such delights to share, My prime of life in wand'ring spent and care ; Impell'd with steps unceasing to pursue Some fleeting good, that mocks me with the view ; That like the circle bounding earth and skies. Allures from far, yet, as I follow, flies ; My fortune leads to traverse realms alone. And find no spot of all the world my own." Goldsmith, T7-aveller. * ' For you ; now is the moment for the deed To be accomplished : be there no demur With such grave presages. Lo ! altars four 890 To Neptune : e'en the god himself the brands And heart supplies." These saying, she, the first, Engrasps with vehemence the felon fire, And with right hand uplifted from afar She it with effort brandishes and flings. Roused were the minds, and paralyzed the hearts Of th' Ilian women. Here from many, one. Who was by birth the eldest, Pyrgo, [she] Of Priam's sons so many royal nurse : ' ' No Beroe [is this] for you ; this, dames, Is no Rhoetean wife of Doryclus. 901 Mark ye the tokens of a heav'nly grace. And glowing eyes j what air is hers, what looks. And tone of voice, nay gait as she pro- ceeds ! I e'en myself erewhile left Beroe, At parting, sick, impatient that alone From such a service she should lacking be. Nor rightful off'rings to Anchises bring." These [words] she uttered : but the dames, at first In vacillation and with evil eyes, 910 Began to view the ships ; in doubt between A wretched passion for the present land. And realms that summon by the fates : what time Along the sky the goddess raised her [form] On pinions of a poise, and in her flight A bow colossal scored beneath the clouds. Then, sooth, astounded by the prodigies. And frenzy-driv'n, in chorus do they yell. And pillage from the inmost hearths their fire. Some rob the altars ; leaf, and sprigs, and brands, 920 They fling together. Vulcan fumes with 921. Glover thus graphically describes the burn- ing of the Persian camp : " The word is giv'n. They seize The burning fuel. Sparkling in the wind. Destructive fire is brandish'd. Now devastation, unconfined, involves The Malian fields. Among barbarian tents From diff rent stations fly consuming flames. The Greeks afford no respite ; and the storm Exasperates the blaze. To ev'ry part The conflagration like a sea expands. One waving surface of unbounded fire, I In ruddy volumes mount the curling flames V. 663 — 677. BOOK V. V. 677 — 69a. 167 Let loose through banks, and oars, and painted sterns Of fir. A courier to Anchises' tomb, And [to] the benches of the theatre, Eumelus, brings the tidings that the ships Were in a blaze ; and they themselves behind See sooty ashes flutt'ring in a cloud. And first Ascanius, as he gaily led His cavalry manoeuvres, in such guise, Keen on his charger, sought the troubled camp ; 930 Nor can the breathless masters hold him back. *• What this strange frenzy ? At what [object] now. At what is it you aim ?" cries he. '* Alas ! My wretched countrywomen ! It is not The foeman, and the hostile camp of Greeks, — 'Tis your own hopes ye bum. Lo ! here am I, Your own Ascanius !" He before their feet His empty helmet flung, wherewith bedight In sport the mimicry of war he waked. At once ^Eneas hastes, at once the hosts Of Teucer's sons. But they in fear thro'out The severed shores, in all directions fly 942 To heav'n's dark vault, and paint the midnight clouds. So, when the north emits his purpled lights. The undulated radiance, streaming wide. As with a burning canopy invests Th' ethereal concave. CEta now disclos'd His forehead, glittering in eternal frost : While down his rocks the foamy torrents shone. Far o'er the main the pointed rays were thrown ; Night snatch'd her mantle from the Ocean's breast ; The billows glimmer'd from the distant shores." Leonidas, b. xii. Ariel tells Prospero of the scene of magic fire which he conjured up : " I boarded the king's ship ; now on the beak. Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, I flam'd amazement : sometimes, I'd divide. And burn in many places ; on the topmast. The yards and bowsprit, would I flame distinctly. Then meet, and join. Jove's lightnings, the precursors O the dreadful thunder-claps, more momentary And sight-out-running were not : the fire and cracks Of sulphurous roaring the most mighty Neptune Seem to besiege, and make his bold waves tremble. Yea, his dread trident shake." Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. 941. " Fear soon is settled in a woman's breast." Drayton, Edward to Alice. 042. " For if the least imagin'd overture But of conceiv'd revolt men once espy, Straight shrink the weak ; the great will not endure ; Th' impatient nm ; the discontented fly : The friend his friend's example doth procure. And all together haste them presently, Apart, and woods, and, be they anywhere, The vaulted rocks clandestinely they seek. They're sick of their emprise and of the light, And their own [friends] repentant recog- nize, And Juno from their bosom is dislodged. Howbeit did not upon this account The flames and burnings their ungovemed might Lay by : beneath the smoking timber lives The oakum, spewing lazy smoke, and slow Upon the galleys preys the smould'ring heat, 952 And all throughout their hull descends the plague : Nor heroes' strength nor in-poured floods avail. Then good /Eneas from his shoulders tears His garment off, and calls the gods to aid. And stretches out his hands : " Almighty Jove, If not as yet the Trojans to a man Thou dost abhor, if thy good will of old At all regards the travails of mankind ; Grant now my fleet, O sire, to 'scape the flame, 961 And save the Trojans' slender state from doom ; Or do thou, — what remains, — by hostile flash To death, if I deserve it, send me down. Some to their home, some hide ; others that stay To reconcile themselves, the rest betray." Lord Salisbury's Sp)eech to King Richard. Daniell, Civil War, ii. 34, 945. Polydore is smart on Monimia : " Intolerable vanity ! your sex Was never in the right ; ye are always false Or silly ; even your dresses are not more Fantastic than your appetites ; you think Of nothing twice ; opinion you have none ; To-day ye are nice, to-morrow none so free ; Now smile, then frown ; now sorrowful, then glad ; Now pleased, now not ; and all you know not why ! Virtue you affect ; inconstancy's your practice." Otway, Orpltan, i. 2. 952. Dryden of the Fire of London : " In this deep quiet, from what source unknown. Those seeds of fire their fatal birth disclose And first few scattering sparks about were blown. Big with the flames that to our ruin rose. " Then in some close-pent room it crept along. And, smouldering as it went, in silence fed ; Till th" infant monster, with devouring strong, Walk'd boldly upright with exalted head." Annus Mirabilis, 217, 18. 964. See Charles's address to Heaven ; Ann. Mir. 262 : Or if my heedless youth has step'd astray. Too soon forgetful of Thy gracious hand. On me alone Thy just displeasure lay. But take Thy judgments from this moumiog land." i68 V. 692 — 703. THE AlNEID. V. 704—713. And with thy right hand whehn me here." He scarce These [words] had uttered, when with sluicy rains A pitchy storm beyond example raves, And thrill with thunder steeps and plains of earth. From the whole welkin dashes down a shower, Confused with water, and in deepest black With huddled southern gales ; and from above 971 The ships are brimmed ; the half-charred timbers reek ; Till every fire is quenched, and all the keels. With loss of four, are rescued from the plague. But sire ^neas, by the sore mischance Deep-shocked, was now to this side, now to that. Within his bosom shifting weighty cares, Debating whether he should settle down On Sic'ly's fields, forgetful of the fates, Or aim at reaching the Italian coasts. 980 " Meanwhile the South wind rose, and, with black wings Wide-hovering, all the clouds together drove From under Heaven ; the hills to their supply Vapour, and exhalation dusk and moist. Sent up amain ; and now the thicken'd sky Like a dark ceiling stood ; down rush'd the rain Impetuous." Milton, P. L., xi. *' He, when deep-rolling clouds blot out the day. And thunderous storms and solemn gloom display, Pours down a watery deluge from on high. And opens all the sluices of the sky : High o'er the shores the rushing surge prevails. Bursts o'er the plain, and roars along the vales ; Dashing abruptly, dreadful down it comes, Tumbling through rocks, and tosses, whirls, and foams : Meantime, from every region of the sky. Red burning bolts in forky vengeance fly ; Dreadfully bright o'er seas and earth they glare, And bursts of thunder rend th' encumbered air." Broome, Paraphrase oti Ecclus., 43. 974. Dryden calls the ships, destroyed by fire in the Dutch war, "martyrs" : " Restless he pass'd the remnant of the night. Till the fresh air proclaim'd the morning nigh : And burning snips, the martyrs of the fight. With paler fires beheld the eastern sky." Annus Mirab., st. 102. 976. " Then comes my fit again : I had else been perfect : Whole as the marble, founded as the rock ; As broad and general as the casing air : Jiut now I am cabin'd, cribb'd, confin'd, bound in To saucy doubts and fears." Shakespeare, Macbeth, iii. 4. Shakespeare makes Reignier bear calamity with a brave heart : " I am a soldier, and unapt to weep, Or ta exclaim on fortune's fickleness." I Henry VI., v. 3. Then aged Nautes, whom in special wise Tritonian Pallas taught, and famous made With plenteous science, offered these re- plies, — Or what the gods' high anger might presage. Or what the scheme of destinies demand ; — And he, ^neas cheering with these words. Begins : " O goddess-born, where'er the Fates May draw us and withdraw us follow we ; Whatever shall befortune, every hap Is by endurance to be overcome. 990 Thou hast a Dardan of a heav'nly line, Acestes : him take thou, and knit with thee Frank partner in thy plans. To him con- sign Who, from the galleys lost, are in excess, 986. " Cure her of that : Canst thou not minister to a mind diseas'd ; Pluck from the memory a rooted sorrow ; Raze out the written troubles of the brain ; And with some sweet oblivious antidote Cleanse the stuff 'd bosom of that perilous grief Which weighs upon the heart ?" Shakespeare, Macbeth, v. 3. 988. Churchill inculcates similar obedience to Honour: " If Honour calls, where'er she points the way. The sons of Honour follow and obey." The Farewell. 990. " In struggling with misfortunes Lies the true proof of virtue. On smooth seas How many bauble boats dare set their sails. And make an equal way with firmer vessels ! But let the tempest once enrage that sea, And then behold the strong-ribb'd argosie. Bounding between the ocean and the air, Like Perseus mounted on his Pegasus. Then where are those weak rivals of the main ? Or to avoid the tem.pest fled to port, Or made a prey to Neptune : even thus Do empty show and true-priz'd worth divide In storms of fortune." Dryden, Troilus and Cressida, i. i. Rowe makes Jane Shore give utterance to the following pathetic soliloquy : " Yet, yet endure, nor murmur, oh ! my soul : For are not thy transgressions great and num- berless ? Do they not cover thee like rising floods. And press thee like a weight of waters down ? Does not the hand of righteousness afflict thee ? And who shall plead against it ? Who shall say To Power Almighty, Thou hast done enough? Or bid his dreadful rod of vengeance stay ? Wait then with patience, till the circling hours Shall bring the time of thy appointed rest. And lay thee down in death. The hireling thus With labour drudges out the painful day, And often looks with long-expecting eyes To see the shadows rise, and be dismissed." Jane Shore, act v. " Remember patience is the Christian's courage. Stoics have bled, and demigods have died : A Christian's task is harder : — 'tis to suffer." Walpole, Mysterious MotJi^r, iv. 4. V. 713—734- BOOK V, V. 734—748. 169 And who are weary of our grand iemprise And thine estate, aUke the aged, advanced In years, and sea-worn matrons ; and what- e'er Is weakly with thee, and afraid of risk, Cull out, and let them have, — the weary [souls], — Their ramparts in these lands ; their city they 1000 Shall call ' Acesta' by a licensed name." By such expressions of his aged friend Afire, then sooth is he o'er all his cares Distracted in his soul. And ebon Night Upon her two-horse chariot borne, the heavens Enchained ; thereon appeared from out the sky Down gliding, th' apparition of his sire Anchises, on a sudden pouring forth Such words : *' O son, to me than life erewhile, While life remained, more dear ; O son. Experienced in the destinies of Troy, loi i At Jove's commandment am I hither come. He who the fire hath banished from thy ships, And pitied thee at last from heav'n on high. Th' advice obey, which now [in] fairest [shape] The aged Nautes gives ; do thou choice youths. The bravest hearts, to Italy transport. A race of steel, and savage in their guise, By thee in Latium is to be subdued. Yet first the nether homes of Dis approach, And through the depths Avernian seek, my son, 1021 Converse with me. For have no hold of me The godless Tartarus, or rueful shades ; 1004. " 'Twas when bright Cynthia with her silver car, Soft stealing from Endymion's bed. Had call'd forth ev'ry glitt'ring star. And up th' ascent of heav'n her brilliant host had led. Night with all her negro train Took possession of the plain ; On an herse she rode reclin'd Drawn by screech-owls slow and blind. Close to her with printless feet, Crept Stillness in a winding sheet. Next to her deaf Silence was seen. Treading on tip-toes over the green ; Softly, lightly, gently she trips. Still holding her fingers seal'd to her lips." Smart, Ode xiv. i. 1016. " For know, an honest statesman to a prince Is like a cedar planted by a spring : The spring bathes the tree's root, the gratefull tree Rewards it with its shadow." Webster, Dutchesse of Mal/y, iii. a. But sweet assemblies of religious [souls], Elysium, too, do I frequent. Thee hither- ward The taintless Sybil with abundant blood Of sable flocks shall lead. Then all thy race, And what the walls be giv'n thee, thou shalt learn. And now farewell : dank Night is wheeling round Her central orbit, and the ruthless Dawn Hath breathed upon me with his panting steeds." 1031 He spake, and sped like smoke to subtile air. iEneas cries : ** Hence whither dost thou rush ? Whither dost fling away? Whom fliest thou? Or who from our embraces thee debars ?" Pronouncing these, the embers he awakes And slumb'ring fires ; and Pergamean Lar, And hoary Vesta's shrine, with sacred meal And brimful censer humbly he adores. Forthwith his comrades, and Acestes first. He summons, and of Jupiter's command. And his dear sire's injunctions, throughly he Apprises them, and what decision now 1043 1027-9. Perhaps the reader may here be reminded of Miranda, who says to Prosper© : " You have often Begun to tell me what I am ; but stopp'd. And left me to a bootless inquisition ; Concluding, Stay, not yet." Shakespeare, Tempest, \. a. 1029. Spenser finely describes Night in her airy progress : " Where griesly Night, with visage deadly sad. That Phoebus chearefull face durst never vew. And in a foule blacke pitchy mantle clad She findes forth comming from her darksome mew; Where she all day did hide her hated hew. Before the door her yron charet stood. Already harnessed for iourney new. And cole-black steedes yborne of hellish brood. And on their rusty bits did champ, as they were wood." P. Q., i. 6, 20. " For Night's swift dragons cut the clouds full fast. And yonder shines Aurora's harbinger, At whose approach ghosts, wand'ring here and there. Troop home to church-yards : damned spirits all. That in cross-ways and floods have burial, Already to their wormy beds are gone ; For fear lest day should look their shames upon. They wilfully themselves exile from light. And must for aye consort with black-brow'd Night." Shakespeare, Midsummer Nighfs Dream, iii. a. 1030. " But, soft ! methinks I scent the morning air. Fare thee well at once ! The glow-worm shows the matin to be near. And 'gins to pale his ineffectual fire : Adieu, adieu, adieu ! Remember me." Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. 70 V. 748— 77r. THE JENEID. V. 771—793. Stands settled in his mind. To his designs No stay ; nor does Acestes disallow His orders. For the city they enrol The dames, and willing commons set aside, Souls craving naught of high renown. Themselves The thwarts renew, and in the ships replace The timbers, gnawed by flames around ; they fit Both oars and cordage ; in their number scant, 105 1 But all alive their gallantry for war. Meanwhile ^Eneas with a plough scores out The city, and by lot assigns their homes ; This bids be "■ Ilium," and these spots be "Troy." Trojan Acestes in the kingship joys. And institutes a Forum, and grants rights To summoned sires. Then, neighb'ring on the stars. On Eryx' crest there founded is a seat T' Idalian Venus ; and t' Anchises' tomb A priest and grove, wide-holy, is attached. And now nine days the nation all observed The feast, and on the altars sacrifice 1063 Was offered ; gentle breezes laid the seas. And freshening Auster, breathing on them, woos Once more upon the deep. There rises up A mighty weeping through the winding shores ; In mutual embrace both day and night Do they retard. Now e'en the very dames. The very men, to whom erst grim appeared The aspect of the sea, and insupportable The will of heav'n, desirous are to go, 1072 And all the travail of a flight endure : Whom good ^neas cheers with kindly words. And to Acestes, linked by blood, in tears 1051. " Joy, joy, I see confest from every eye ; Your limbs tread vigorous, and your breasts beat high. Thin tho' our ranks, tho' scanty be our bands, Bold are our hearts, and nervous are our hands. With us, truth, justice^ fame, and freedom close. Each singly equal to a host of foes." Brooke, Gustavtis Vasa, iii. end. 1067. Of these tiresome dames it might have been said : " Had women navigable rivers in their eyes, They would dispend them all. I'll tell thee, These are but moonish shades of griefs or fears : There's nothing sooner dry than women's tears." Webster, Vittoria Corombotia, v. 1072. " Philosophers their pains may spare, , Perpetual motion where to find ; If such a thing be anywhere, *Tis, woman, in thy fickle mind." Charles Cotton, The False Ofte. See note on ySw. iv. v. 569. Entrusts. Three calves to Eryx, and to Storms A ewe-lamb, he to slaughter then enjoins, And hawser [s] in succession to be loosed. Himself, enwreathed upon his head with leaves Of olive trimmed, far standing on the bow, 1080 A paten holds, and flings the entrails forth Upon the briny waves, and fluid wines Outpours. The wind, uprising from astern, Attends the voyagers. In rivalry The crews lash ocean, and the waters sweep. But Venus meanwhile, worried by her cares, Neptune accosts, and from her breast out- pours Such plainings : "Juno's weighty wrath, her gall. Not to be glutted, me, O Neptune, force To stoop to every prayer: — [she] whom nor length 1090 Of time, nor any piety doth melt ; Nor is she, by the sovereignty of Jove And by the Fates [though] beaten down, at rest. 'Tis not enough that she in cursed hate Hath from the bosom of the Phrygians' race Their city eaten out, nor dragged them on Through every punishment : — of ruined Troy The remnant, ashes, and the bones she hunts. The grounds of such outrageous frenzy she May know. Thou wert my witness late In Libyan surges what a pile she raised Upon a sudden ; seas all blent with heaven, 1102 In vain relying on ^olian storms : In thy own realm adventuring this. Lo ! e'en By Trojan matrons, forced all through the Juno was as hard as Shylock, with whom, in favour of Antonio, was no " Glancing an eye of pity on his losses, That have of late been huddled on his back ; Enough to press a royal merchant down. And pluck commiseration of his state From brassy bosoms, and rough hearts of flint, From stubborn Turks and Tartars, never train'd To ofiices of tender courtesy." Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, iv. i. 1090. Venus could not have said with the Duchess of York : " A beggar begs that never begged before." Shakespeare, K. Richard II., v. 3. 1091. See note on Eel. i. /. 85. V. 794— 8oS. BOOK V, T. 808—831. >7l ^he hath in shAmeful wise burnt up their ships, And, through the loss of fleet, constrained [their lord] To leave his comrades to an unknown land. For what remains, I crave it be allowed For thee to grant safe canvas through the waves ; 1 1 lO Laurentine Tiber it may be allowed To reach ; if I admissible [requests] Am urging, if the Weirds those walls vouchsafe." Then the deep sea's Saturnian tamer these Delivered : " It is altogether right That thou, O Cytherea, shouldest trust Upon my realms, whence drawest thou thy birth. I've earned it, too : I oft the frenzies quelled And such wild madness both of sky and sea. Nor is it less upon the lands (the Xanthus And Simois to witness do I call,) II2I Hath thine viineas been a care to me. What time, in chase of Troja's breathless hosts, Achilles hurtled them against the walls, Gave many a thousand to their doom, and groaned Choked rivers, nor could Xanthus find a path. And disembogue him in the main : — then I ^neas, while with Peleus' gallant son 1 126. Drayton, of the overthrow in the Red Sea : Death is discern'd triumphantly in arms On the rough seas his slaughtery to keep. And his cold self in breath of mortals warms, Upon the dimpled bosom of the deep. There might you see a chequer'd ensign swim About the body of the envy'd dead. Serve for a hearse or coverture to him, Erewhile did waft it proudly 'bout his head : The warlike chariot turn'd upon the back. With the dead horses in their traces ty'd. Drags their fat carcass through the foamy brack. That drew it late undauntedly in pride. There floats the barb'd steed with his rider drown'd. Whose foot in his caparison is cast. Who late with sharp spurs did his courser wound. Himself now ridden with his strangled beast." Moses his Birth and Miracles, iii. 41-56. Glover, fmely of the destruction of the Persians : " Down the Thalian steep Prone are they hurry'd to th' expanded arms Of Horrour, rising from the oozy deep. And grasping all their members, as they fall. The dire confusion like a storm invades The chafing surge. Whole troops Bellona rolls In one vast ruin from the craggy ridge. O'er all their arms, their ensigns, dcephengulf'd ; With hideous roar the waves for ever close." Leonidas, viii. end. Engaged, — no matches or his gods, or powers, — Seized in a hollow cloud ; although I yearned 1130 To overthow from its foundation, reared By hands of mine, the walls of Troy fore- sworn. Now, too, my mind abides with me the same : Dispel thy fear ; in safety shall he reach Avemus' havens, which thou dost desire. One only shall there be, whom, missing, he Shall in the eddy seek ; a single life For many shall be giv'n." By these his words When he to gladness calmed the goddess* breast. His coursers does the father yoke in gold, And foaming curbs upon the beasts he sets, And from his hands threw all the reins away. 1 142 In sea-green chariot airily he flies Along the surface-seas : down sink the waves. And 'neath his thund'ring axle ocean's plain Is in its swell upon the waters laid ; 1140. " He said no more, but bade two Tritons sound Their crooked shells, to spread the summons round. Through the wide caves the blast is heard afar ; With speed two more provide his azure car, A concave shell ; two the thinn'd coursers join : All wait officious round, and own th' accustom'd sign. The god ascends ; his better hand sustains The three-forked spear, his left directs the reins. Through breaking waves the chariot mounts him high ; Before its thundering course the frothy waters fly. He gains the surface ; on his either side The bright attendants, rang'd with comely pride. Advance in just array, and grace the pompous tide." Hughes, Court of Neptune, end. 1 146. " So when th' assuming god, whom storms obey, To all the warring winds at once give way. The frantic brethren ravage all around. And rocks, and woods, and shores, their rage resound ; Incumbent o'er the main, at length they sweep The liquid plains, and raise the peaceful deep. But when superior Neptune leaves his bed. His trident shakes, and shows his awful head ; The madding winds are hush'd, the tempest cease, And every rolling surge resides in peace." Congreve, Birth 0/ tht Muse. W. Thompson ascribes the same power to May in his beautiful Hymn, st. 22 : " At thy approach the wild waves' loud uproar, And foamy surges of the madd'ning mam Forget to heave their mountains to ll»c shore. Disused into the level of the plain. 172 V. 821—827. THE AlNEID. V. 827 — 841. Flee off the storm-clouds from the waste of sky. Then [loom] the motley figures of his train, Immense sea-monsters, and the elder choir Of Glaucus and Palsemon Ino-born, 1 150 And nimble Tritons, and all Phorcus' host. Keeps Thetis on the left, and Melite, And Panope the maid, Nesaee, Spio, too, Thalia also, and Cymodoce. Here through the sire Eneas' anxious mind For thee the halcyon builds her summer's nest ; For thee the ocean smooths her troubled breast. Gay from thy placid smiles, in thy own purple drest." 1155. This whole account of the Trojans leaving Sicily will be involved in great confusion, unless the reference of hie, v. 827, be rightly understood. As it stands, it would seem to be connected with the preceding history of Neptune and Venus : but this view seems quite inadmissible. The state of the case appears to be this : While ^neas was making arrangements for the colony, which he was to leave behind him, composed of the infirm of both sexes, silly women and cowards, Venus solicits the friendly aid of Neptune, which is freely accorded. The sea had been rough, the winds unruly, and the sky threatening ; but these were all reduced to moderation (v. 820, i,) by the interference of the god. This change of weather took place just after the completion of the funeral feast in honor of Anchises (v. 763, 4) ; so that .^neas sets sail with as fair a wind as could be, — Auster; Cumse being nearly due north of Eryx. The breeze, which had been freshening, was still too light to admit of much progress by sailing, so that they had hitherto trusted to their oars ; but now, at a certain point of their voyage (probably soon after they had set out) — hie, — they set the sails. But how came they to tack ? — for sailors never tack with a fair wind ; and yet^A uster was fair ; and, moreover, we are \.o\A, Jerunt suajlmnitia classem. There seems to be but one way out of this serious difficulty, a difficulty which does not seem to have been noticed by the commentators. Though the wind was fair for going from the west of Sicily to Campania, yet it might have been foul for getting out of Eryx, and clear of the land to the open sea. So far they tacked, and then — but not till then — the Jlamina could be said to be sua. If this explanation of the matter be considered too refined, it is not easy to see how Virgil is to be screened from the charge of ignorance or carelessness. One need be neither sailor nor yachtsman to com- prehend the dilemma in which a poet of unques- tionable learning, and of no little caution, must otherwise be involved. There seems to be no difficulty about the general meaning of the passage from Attolli to detorguettt- qice ; but it is not sure iha.t /ecere pedein is trans- lated aright. It is very objectionable to employ technical terms in a poem further than is absolutely necessary ; yet this last expression, strictly perhaps, should have been rendered, " they belayed the sheet," or, "they made a tack." This, at least, is certain, that they did something or other with the sheet, with a view to tacking: and what, if not belaying it? In nautical language the whole pro- ceeding, it is probable, would be thus expressed : They stepped the masts, bent the sails on the yards, tacked about while in stays, let fly, now the port. Thrill soothing joys in turn. He bids with speed That all the masts be hoisted up, yards stretched To sails. They fastened all at once the sheet. And equally their canvas-folds upon the left. Now on the right, unloose ; they all at once The lofty yard-arms veer and veer aback : Waft their own gales the fleet. The first 'fore all, 11 62 The serried squadron Palinurus led : Towards him the rest were bid to aim their course. And now well-nigh the zenith-goal of heaven Dank Night had gained ; in calm repose their limbs The sailors had unbent, stretched 'neath the oars Alongthepainful seats; when Somnus, light, Down gliding from the empyrean stars. Sundered the sullen air, and forced apart The shades, thee seeking, Palinure, to thee, Unfaulty, bearing rueful dreams ; 11 72 now the starboard, sheets, and braced the yards sharp up on either hand. The tutor should impress upon the uninitiated student, that the " sheet" of a sail is not its spread of canvas, but the rope which is attached to one or both of its lower corners, in order to extend it and maintain its position. 1 157. " High on the slipp'ry masts the yards ascend, And far abroad the canvas wings extend." Falconer, Shipwreck, i. 1165. Rowe thus alludes to this ominous hour : " The setting sun descends Swift to the western waves ; and guilty Night, Hasty to spread her horrors o'er the world. Rides on the dusky air. — And now it comes. The fatal moment comes, e'en that dread time. When witches meet to gather herbs on graves. When discontented ghosts forsake their tombs. And ghastly roam about, and doleful groan." Ulysses, iii. 1168. Rawlins introduces Evadne praying for Giovanno a more merciful exercise of the god's power than he exhibited towards the unhappy pilot : " Thou silent god, that with the leaden mace Arresteth all (save those prodigious birdes) That are Fate's heraulds to proclaime all ill ; Deafe Giovanno, let no fancied noyse Of ominous screech-owles, or night ravens voice, Affi-ight his quiet sences : let his sleepe Be free from horrour, or unruly dreames. That may beget a tempest in the sireames . Of his calm reason : let 'em run as smooth, And with as great a silence, as those doe That never tooke an injurie ; where no wind Had yet acquaintance : but like a smooth cristall, Dissolv'd into a water that never frown'd. Or knew a voyce but musicke." The Rebellion, act iv. i. V. 841—858. BOOK V, V. 858—869. 173 And on the lofty stem the god sat down, To Phorbas like, and from his lips out- pours These accents : " Palinure, lasus' son, The waters of themselves waft on the fleet; Staid breathe the gales ; the hour is giv'n to rest : Lay down thy head, and steal thy flagging 1 eyes j From toil. E'en I myself a little while "Will in thy stead thy duties undertake." To whom, with effort heaving up his eyes, Saith Palinurus ; ** Is it me the face 11 82 And restful surges of the calmy sea Thou bidd'st not know? Is't me this marvel trust ? Why sooth am I i^neas to confide To guileful southern gales, aye, duped so oft By the delusion of a cloudless sky ?" Such words he uttered, and attached [thereto], And clinging, no where let the tiller go. And kept his eyes [turned] towards the stars. Behold ! 1190 The god a branch, in dew of Lethe soaked. And drowsed with efficacy from the Styx, Above both temples waves, and, as he stays. Unstrings his swimming eyeballs. Scarcely first Had unanticipated rest unbent His joints, when, leaning o'er him from above, 1 191. T. Warton has a different image : " On this my pensive pillow, gentle Sleep, Descend, in all thy downy plumage drest : Wipe with thy wing those eyes that wake to weep. And place thy crown of poppies on my breast." Ode, i. I. Fletcher a different magic. In his beautiful pastoral poem. The Faithful Shepherdess, he in- troduces the " Sullen Shepherd," with Amaryllis in his arms, and saying : " From thy forehead thus I take These herbs, and charge thee not awake, Till in yonder holy well Thrice, with powerful magic spell Fill'd with many a baleful word, Thou hast been dipp'd. Thus, with my cord Of blasted hemp, by moonlight twin'd, 1 do thy sleepy Dody bind. I turn thy head unto the east. And thy feet unto the west. Thy left arm to the south put forth, And thy right unto the north. I take thy body from the ground. In this deep and deadly swound. And into this holy spring I let thcc slide down by my string " Act iii. I, 1-16. With a wrenched piece of stem, and with the helm. He flung him forward on the crystal waves. Head-foremost, and upon his mates in vain Oft calling. He himself, winged, on the wing, 1200 Upraised his [form] to subtile air. Not less Careers its voyage safe upon the main The fleet, and through sire Neptune's words of pledge Is wafted unalarmed. And now it e'en, Borne on, was drawing nigh the Sirens* rocks. Erst stern, and with the bones of many bleached ; — Then hoarse afar with th' ever- chafing sea The rocks were booming ; — when the father felt That, through her pilot lost, his reeling ship Warped off, — himself e'en steered her in the nighted waves, 12 10 Upheaving many a groan, and in his soul 1205. The Nymph of the Derwent seems to have been hardly less dangerous in Damon's view : " Within our Darwin, in her rockie cell, A nymph there lives, which thousand boyes hath harm'd ; All as she gliding rides in boats of shell. Darting her eyes, (where spite and beauty dwell : Ay me, that spite with beautie should be arm'd !) Her witching eye the boy and boat hath charm'd. No sooner drinks he down that pois'nous eye. But mourns and pines : (ah piteous crueltie !) With her he longs to live ; for her he longs to die." P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, v. 5. 1210. The gallant soldier seems to have become an able seaman, so as not to have needed the warn- ing of Chromis : " Ah, foolish lads, that think with waves to play. And rule rough seas, which never knew com- mand ! First in some river thy new skill essay. Till time and practice teach thy weakly hand. A thin, thin plank keeps in thy vital breath: Death ready waits. Fond boyes, to play with death !" P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, iv. 16. " Inur'd to peril, with unconquer'd soul. The chief beheld temp)estuous oceans roll O'er the wild surge, when dismal shades preside. His equal skill the lonely bark could guide; His genius, ever for th' event prepared. Rose with the storm, and all its dangers shared." Falconer, Shipwreck, i. a. 121 1. " He must not float upon his watery bier Unwept, and welter to the parching wind. Without the mead of some melodious tear." The idea in this beautiful passage of Milton's 174 V. 869—870. THE jENEID. V. 870 — 871. Shocked at the misadventure of his friend : ** O thou, who to a sky and ocean bright {Lycidas) is borrowed from Ben Jonson's Cynthia! s Revels, i. i : ** Vouchsafe me, I may do him these last rites, But kiss his flower, and sing some mourning strain Over his ivafry hearse." See Gifford's note. No excuse is needed for transcribing the charming dirge a little farther on : " Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears : Yet slower yet ; O faintly, gentle springs : List to the heavy part the music bears. Woe weeps out her division, when she sings. Droop herbs and flowers. Fall grief in showers. Our beauties are not ours ; O, I could still. Like melting snow upon some craggy hill. Drop, drop, drop, drop, Since nature's pride is now a wither'd daftbdil." This lament of iEneas over Palinurus may remind O'ermuch hast trusted, naked shalt thou lie, O Palinurus, on an unknown strand !" Shakespeare's readers of the exquisite address of Pericles to his dead queen, when committing her to a watery grave : " No light, no fire : th' unfriendly elements Forgot thee utterly ; nor have I time To give thee hallow'd to thy grave, but straight Must cast thee, scarcely coffin'd, in the ooze ; Where for a monument upon thy bones And aye-remaining lamps, the belching whale And humming water must o'erwhelm thy corpse. Lying with simple shells." Why ^neas should make no remark about the loss of the rudder and piece of stern seems hard to explain ; his steering his ship without a rudder is still more unintelligible. Even in modern daj's, with all the advantages of nautical and mechanical skill, the loss of a rudder occasions no small con- cern to a ship's company. The language of the story seems to be much better than the construction of it. Surely there was no " dignus vindice nodus" in the case. BOOK VI. So speaks he weeping, and upon the fleet Let loose the reins, and softly gains at last Cumse's Euboean coasts. They veer around The prows towards ocean ; then with grip- ing fang The anchor firmed the ships, and fringe the shores Their arching sterns. A band of youths springs forth In fervor on Hesperia's strand. Some seek The seeds of fire concealed in veins of flint; Some scour wild creatures' matted shrouds. The forests j and discovered floods re- veal. 10 But good .^neas to the tow'rs, whereon LineZ. Milton alludes to other artificial modes of striking a light : " While the winds Blow moist and keen, shattering the grateful locks Of these fair spreading trees ; which bids us seek Some better shroud, some better warmth to cherish Our limbs benumb'd, ere this diurnal star Leave cold the night, how we his gather'd beams Reflected may with matter sere foment ; Or by collision of two bodies, grind The air attrite to fire." /'. L., x. end. Apollo guardian sits aloft, and far To th' awful Sibyl's cloisters, — cavern huge, — Repairs ; in whom a giant intellect And spirit does the Delian seer inbreathe, And opes [events] to come. They enter now The groves of Trivia, and his gilded domes. Daedalus, as goes the legend, as he flies The realms of Minos on his sweepy wings. Adventuring to trust him to the sky, 20 Along a wontless region floated off" To th' icy Bears, and on the Chalcian height Alighted airily at last. Restored To these lands first, O Phoebus, unto thee He sanctified the oarage of his wings. And reared a monster fane. Upon the doors Androgens' death ; then, penalties to pay Ceropians doomed, — O piteous plight ! — by sevens Each year the bodies of their progeny ; Stands, — drawn the lots, — the urn. On th' other side, 30 12. " Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side, Woods over woods in gay theatric pride ; While oft some temple's mould'ring tops between With memorable grandeur mark the scene." Goldsmith, Traveller. V. 3 3—43. BOOK VI. V. 43—64. 175 Upraised from Ocean, answers Gnosus* land. Here the inhuman passion for a bull, And, prostituted through an artifice, Pasiphae ; and her confounded birth. And twain-shaped imp, the Minotaur, } stands there, i Memorials of her execrable lust ; Here is that toilful work of his abode. And its inextricable maze. But sooth, The mighty passion of the royal maid Commiserating, Daedalus himself 40 The cheats and windings of the dome un- clewed, Directing random footsteps by a thread. Thou, too, a leading share in such a noble work. Might grief allow, O Icarus, would'st hold. He twice essayed upon the gold to grave Thy fall ; twice dropped thy father's hands. Yea, all They in succession with their eyes would scan, Had not Achates, in advance despatched. Been present now, and, in his company, Priestess of Phoebus and the Trivian [maid], Deiophobe of Glaucus [daughter], who 51 Such like pronounces to the king : "This hour Exacteth not these, gazings for itself; Now to be slaying from the herd untouched Sev'n steers were meeter, just as many ewes Of two years' old, in customed fashion culled." Having addressed ^neas in such words (Nor do the men the holy rites enjoined Delay), the Teucri to the lofty fane The priestess calls. Th' Eubcean clifTs huge side 60 Is scooped into a cavern, whither lead 38. "A stately palace he forthwith did build ; Whose intricate innumerable ways, With such confused errours, so beguil'd Th' unguided entrers with uncertain strays, And doubtful turnings kept them in delays ; With bootless labour leading them about. Able to find no way, nor in, nor out." Daniel, Complaint 0/ Rosafnond. " Well knew'st thou what a monster I would be. When thou didst build this labyrinth for me. Whose strange meanders, turning ev'ry way. Be like the course wherein my youth did stray : Only a clue doth guide me out and in. But yet still walk I circular in sin." Drayton, Rosamond to King Henry. 45. " Tis strange my master should be yet so young A puppy, that he cannot see his fall. And got so near the sun." J. Fletcher, 'J'fu Noble Gentleman, i. i. 61. Yalden, in his fine Hymn to Darkness ^ xiii. : Wide avenues a hundred, hundred gates, Whence just as many voices sally forth, The Sibyl's answers. To the threshold they Were come, when cries the maid : *' To claim the fates 'Tis time : the god ! behold the god 1" With whom. While [words] the like she speaks before the doors, Upon a sudden neither mien, nor hue Are uniform, nor trim remained her locks ; But heaving stands her breast, and, frenzy- wild, 70 Her heart is swelling up : and she appears P^nlarged [in figure], neither utt'ring [tone] Of mortals, seeing she is breathed upon By now a closer power of the god. *' Dost thou betake thee idly to thy vows And prayers, Troy-born ^neas?" she exclaims ; "Dost thou betake thee idly? for ere- then Shall not yawn open the enormous jaws Of the astounded mansion." And the like She having spoken held her peace. Ice- cold 80 Throughout the hardy bones of Teucer's sons A shudder ran, and prayers the monarch pours From out his bosom's depth : ** O Phcebus, who Hast ever pitied Troja's weighty woes, Who Paris' Dardan shafts and hands didst aim Against the body of ^Eacides ; So many seas, vast lands encircling, I Have entered, — thou my giiide, — and, far withdrawn, The clans of the Massylians, and the fields, Dispread in front by Syrtes ; now at last 90 The flying coasts of Italy we grasp. May Troja's fate have followed us thus far ! O ye, too, it is lawful now to spare The Pergamean race, — e'en all ye gods And goddesses, to whom hath stood op- posed " In caves of night, the oracles of old Did all their mysteries unfold : Darkness did first Religion grace, Gave terrours to the god, and reverence to the place." 72. " The Pj'thian goddess Is dumb and sullen, till with fury fill'd She spreads, she rises, growing to the sight. She stares, she foams, she raves ; the awful secrctu Burst from her trembling lips, and case the tortur'd maid." Smith, I'hudra and Hip^olytuSt i. 1. 176 V. 64—87. THE JENEID. V. 87 — 108. Our Ilium and Dardania's high renown. Do thou too, O most holy prophetess, Foresightful of futurity, vouchsafe, — Realms not undue to my own fates I claim, — That Teucri may in Latium settle down, And wand'ring gods and hunted Pow'rs of Troy. loi I then to Phoebus, and the Trivian [maid], A fane of solid marble will appoint, And days of festival from Phoebus' name. Thee also there awaits within my realm A stately sanctuary ; for I here Thy oracles and mystical replies, Pronounced to my own nation, will lay up. And chosen men, boon [maiden], sanctify. Only to leaves thy verses do not trust, no Lest, troubled, they may flit abroad, the sport Of sweepy winds : pray chant them thou thyself." An end he made of speaking with his lips. But not as yet of Phoebus tolerant, Wild raves the prophetess within the cave. If she the mighty god from out her breast Can shake : so much the more he tires her mouth Of fury, taming down her hagard heart. And by his pressure moulds her [to his will]. And now the dome's one hundred vasty gates 120 Flew open of their own accord, and waft The prophetess' replies through air: "O thou, "Who art at last discharged from mighty risks Of sea, yet heavier of the land remain. Into Lavinium's realms the Dardan sons Shall come ; — chase this disquiet from thy breast ;— But that they'd come they shall not also wish. Wars, dreadful wars, and with a flood of blood 98. " Thou fathom'st the deep gulf of ages past. And canst pluck up with ease The years when thou dost please : Like shipwreck'd treasures, by rude tempests cast Long since into the sea, Brought up again to light and public use by thee. Nor dost thou only dive so low, but fly With an unwearied wing the other way on high, Where fates among the stars do grow ; And there, with piercing eye. Through the firm shell and the thick white dost spy Years to come a-forming lie. Close in their sacred secundine asleep, Till hatch'd by the sun's vital heat. Which o'er them yet does brooding set. They life and motion get. And, ripe at last, with vigorous might Break through the shell, and take their everlasting flight." Cowley, Pindaric Odes, The Muse. 127. "But e'en shall wish that they had never come." The Tiber in a foam do I perceive. To thee shall not a Simois, nor Xanthus, Nor camp of Dorians [there] be lacking found ; 131 A new Achilles there is now secured In Latium, aye himself a goddess' son. Neither shall Jimo, to the Teucri linked. In any quarter be aloof ; whilst thou In humble fashion, in thy state of want, — What nations of the Itali, or what The cities [thou] shalt not have craved ! The cause 138 Of such a grievous woe once more a bride, The hostess of the Teucri, and once more Foreign espousals. Yield thou not to woes ; But, in their face, the bolder go, as thee Thy fortune shall allow. The foremost path Of safety, which thou dost imagine least. Shall from a Grecian city be disclosed." In such like accents from her shrine chants forth The Cuman Sibyl dreadful mysteries. And through the cave rebellows, with the dark The true enwrapping. O'er the frenzied [maid] These curbs Apollo shakes, and plies his goads 150 Beneath her breast. As soon as paused her rage, And madding lips reposed, hero ^Eneas Begins: "No phase of toils, O maid, to me Arises strange or unexpected : all Have I forestalled, and in my mind ere now Gone o'er them with myself. One thing I crave : Since here the portal of the hellish king Is said [to lie], and, fraught with murk, the fen, From Acheron o'erflowed, that it may prove - My lot to wend my journey to the gaze 139. Hermia says to Helena : " You, mistress, all this coil is long of you." Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, iii. 2. 142. The Bastard to King John : Be great in act, as you have been in thought ; Let not the world see fear, and sad distrust. Govern the motion of a kingly eye : Be stirring as the time : be fire with fire : Threaten the threat'ner ; and outface the brow Of bragging horror ; so shall inferior eyes. That borrow their behaviours from the great, Grow great by 3'our example, and put on The dauntless spirit of resolution." Shakespeare, King John, v. i. Whate'er it be, be thou still like thyself, And sit thee by our side : yield not thy neck To fortune's yoke, but let thy dauntless mind Still ride in triumph over all mischance." 3 K. Henry VI,, iii. 3. V. io8 — 139. BOOK VL V, 129 — 143. 177 And presence of my darling sire ; that thou Would'st teach the route, and ope the holy gates. 162 Him I through flames and thousand chasing darts Saved on these shoulders, and from *mid the foe Recovered ; he attended on my path ; All seas along with me, and all the threats Alike of ocean and of sky, he bore ; — Infirm, beyond the strength and lot of eld. Yea that in lowly guise 1 thee should seek. And thresholds thine approach, imploring me, 170 The selfsame charges gave. Both son and sire. Kind [maid], compassionate, I entreat ; (For thou canst all things, nor hath Hecat thee In vain appointed o'er Avemian groves ;) If Orpheus could his consort's ghost evoke. Resting on Thracian lute and tuneful strings ; If Pollux ransomed by alternate death A brother ; goes, too, and returns the way so oft ; — Why mighty Theseus, why Alcides, name ? My birth, too, is from Jupiter supreme." In accents such he sued, and th' altars held, 181 When thus the prophetess began to speak ; *' O sprung from blood of gods, thou child of Troy, Son of Anchises, easy the descent T' Avemus ; night and day lies ope the gate Of ghastly Dis : but to recall the step, And to effect escape to upper air, — This is the difficulty, this the toil. 176. Julio attributes a similar power to his fair one's voice : " And when she speaks, oh, angels, then music (Such as old Orpheus made, that gave a soul To aged mountains, and made rugged beasts Lay by their rages ; and tall trees, that knew No sound but tempests, to bow down their branches. And hear and wonder ; and the sea, whose surges Shook their white heads in heaven, to be as midnight Still and attentive) steals into our souls So suddenly and strangely, that we are From that time no more ours, but what she pleases !" Fletcher, The Captain, ii. i. 184. " But easy is the way and passage plaine To Pleasure's pallace ; it may soone be spide, And day and night her dores to all stand open wide." Spenser, F. Q., li. 3, 41. " But many shapes Of Death, and many are the ways that lead To his grim cave, all dismal." Milton, P. L., xi. 188. " Long is the way And hard, that out of Hell leads up to light ; The few, whom Jove hath in his kindness loved, Or glowing merit lifted to the sky, 190 The children of the gods, have had the power. All intervening^ [regions] forests hold. And Cocyt, gliding with his black embrace, Environs them. But if such deep desire. If yearning so intense possess thy mind. Twice o'er the Stygian pools to float, twice view The murky Tartarus, and thee it joys To yield thy spirit to the wild emprise, Receive what needs must be accomplished first. There lurks within a shady tree a bough Of gold, alike in leaves and lither spray, . To Juno of the nether world pronounced Devote : this all the grove imbow'rs, and shades 203 With darkling glens, inclose. But 'tis not deigned Beneath the hidden [spots] of earth to pass. Before one shall have cropped away the sprigs With golden tresses from the tree. This gift. Her own, to be presented to herself Hath beauteous Proserpine ordained. The first Our prison strong ; this huge convex of fire Outrageous to devour, immures us round Ninefold ; and gates of burning adamant, Barr'd ove» us, prohibit all egress. These pass'd, if any pass, the void profound Of unessential night receives him next. Wide gaping, and with utter loss of being Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf. If thence he scape into whatever world. Or iinkno%vn region, what remains him less Than unknown dangers, and as hard escape V* Par. Lost, ii. 190. " How just our pride, when we behold those heights ! Not those ambition paints in air, but those Reason points out, and ardent virtue gains. And angels emulate ; our pride how just ! When mount we ? when these shackles cast ? when quit This cell of the creation ? this small nest, Stuck in a corner of the universe. Wrapt up in fleecy cloud and fine-spun air ? Fine-spun to sense ; but gross and feculent To souls celestial ; souls ordain'd to breathe Ambrosial gales, and drink a purer sky : Greatly triumphant on Time's further shore. Where virtue reigns, enrich'd with full arrears ; While pomp imperial begs an alms of peace." Young, The Complaint, N. 6. " To chase each partial purpose from his breast ; And through the mists of passion and of sense. And through the tossing tide of chance and pain, To hold his course unfaltering, while tnc voice Of Truth and Virtue, np the steep ascent Of nature, calls him to his high rewaro. The applauding smile of Heaven." Akcnside, Pleasures of Intagination, i. 160-6. N 178 V. 143 — 167. THE jENEID. V. 168 — 191. Plucked off, fails not a second [bough] of gold, 210 And with like metal does the shoot begin To leaf. Aloft then seaixh it with thine eyes. And duly cull it with thy hand when found. For freely it will follow of itself, And readily, if thee the Weirds invite : Thou else wilt not have pow'r by any strength To master it, nor wrench it off with stub- born steel. Moreo'er, lies dead the body of thy friend, — Alas ! thou know'st it not, — and thy whole fleet It taints with death, while my advices thou Art seeking, and delaying in my door. In his own resting-place consign him first. And hearse him in the grave. Bring sable flocks : 223 Be these the first atonements; Thus at last The groves of Styx, and realms impassable To living [beings], thou shalt view." She said. And with a tightened lip she dumb became, ^neas, downcast in his eyes, with mournful look, Fares on, the cavern leaving, and in mind Revolves the hidden issues with himself ; To whom the stanch Achates comrade goes, 231 And firms his footsteps, [filled] with like concerns. Much they between them in diverse dis- course Conferred, — what lifeless mate the pro- phetess Could mean, what body was to be ingraved. And they Misenus on the droughty beach. When came they, see by death unworthy killed ;— Misenus, son of ^olus, than whom None else more eminent with bronze to rouse The crews, and Mars to kindle with the strain. 240 Of mighty Hector he had been the mate ; Round Hector, e'en with clarion and with spear Distinguished, was he wont to meet the frays. 221. Or: "and dost on my threshold hang." But it is not easy to preserve the metaphor in pendes, without conveying the notion of a different kind of dependence from that which the poet had in view. 236. Atquc (v. 162) has almost the force of " stra'ghtway." See Wagner, Qucest. Firg: xxxv. As soon as him the conquering Achilles Berobbed of life, t' ^Eneas Dardan-bom Had the thrice-gallant hero joined himself As comrade, following no meaner [fates]. But then, while haply he on hollow shell With music fills the seas, and in his strain To contests madly challenges the gods, 250 The jealous Triton, — if 'tis worth belief, — Had plunged the hero, 'mongst the rocks surprised, Upon the foamy billow. Therefore all With lusty outcry shouted round ; in chief The good -^neas. Then the Sibyl's orders, — There's no delay, — in tears do they des- patch. And th' altar of the sepulchre to pile With trees, and stretch it forth to heav'n, they strive. The route is taken to an ancient wood. Wild creatures' lofty lairs. Down fall pitch-pines ; 260 W^ith axes stricken does the ilex ring ; And ashen timbers, and the splitting oak Is cleft with wedges ; towards it roll they on Huge mountain-ashes from the mounts. Yea too, .^neas, 'mid such toils the foremost, cheers His mates, and with like weapons is equipped. And these himself within his own sad heart Revolves, while gazing on the boundless wood. And thus with voice he prays : "Would heav'n that now To us that golden branch upon the tree 270 Would show itself within a grove so vast ! Since all with truth, — alas ! with too much [truth],— Of thee the prophetess, Misenus, spake." These [words] he scarce had uttered, when by chance Two doves, before the hero's very face. Swooped from the firmament upon the wing, 248. Misenus was not so modest, and perhaps not so skilful, as P. Fletcher represents Thelgon in one of his charming Eclogues : " I have a pipe, which once thou loved'st well, (Was never pipe that gave a better sound,) Which oft to heare, fair Thetis from her cell, Thetis, the queen of seas, attended round With hundred nymphs, and many powers that dwell In th' ocean's rocky walls, came up to heare, And gave me gifts, which still for thee lye hoarded here." Piscatory Eclogues, i. 19. 269. Notwithstanding all that Wagner says, y<7r/^ (v. 186) seems to make nonsense of the passage. Nor does the objection to voce, — for which there is very good authority, — seem to be worth very much. V. 192 — 209. BOOK VL V. 209—231. 179 And lighted down upon the sward of green. Then does the highest hero recognize His mother's birds, and blithe he prays : " Be ye, O [be] my guides, if any path there lies, And steer through air your passage to the groves, 281 Where shades the precious bough the fruitful soil. And thou, O goddess-mother, fail me not In my uncertain state." Thus having said, He checked his footsteps, watching what the signs They furnish, whither they proceed to pass. In feeding they so far advance on wing, As could the eyes of those pursuing keep Witliin their view. Thereon, what time they came Up to Avernus' noisome-smelling jaws, 290 They mount them fleet, and through the crystal air Gliding away, upon the perch desired. Atop the double tree, they settle, whence A chequered sheen of gold throughout the boughs Gleamed back. As mistletoe is wont in woods In cold of winter to be green with leaf New [-born], (which soweth not its native tree,) And with its saffron offspring to enring The rounded branches : suchlike was the guise Of the gold leafing on the shady holm ; 300 287. Spenser makes use of the same agency to bring the heart-broken Squire to Belphcebe : " The same he tooke, and with a riband new. In which his ladies colours were, did bind About the turtle's necke, that with the vew Did greatly solace his engrieved mind. All unawares the bird, when she did find Herselfe so deckt, her nimble wings displaid. And flew away as lightly as the wind : Which sodaine accident him much dismaid ; And, looking after long, did mark which way she straid, But whenas long he looked had in vaine, Yet saw her forward still to make her flight. His weary eie return'd to him againe. Full of discomfort and disquiet plight. That both his iuell he had lost so light. And eke his deare companion of his care. But that sweet bird departing flew forthright. Through the wide region of the wastfuU aire, Untiil she came where wonned his Beiphebe fair." , F. Q., iv. 8, 7, 8. 993. Gemtnd, rather than ^emitue, has the au- thority of the best manuscripts. Geminte looks very awkward and intrusive, while it is doubtful that Virgil ever uses the word at all with an ellipsis of the noun. There seems to be as little doubt about the mean- ing as about the lection. It would be an abrupt weakness, quite below the poet, to introduce the The foil thus tinkled in the balmy breeze. yEneas in a moment seizes it, And, eager, breaks away the coying [bough], And bears it to the Sibyl -seer's abode. Nor less meanwhile Misenuson the shore The Teucri wept, and paid the latest [dues] To thankless ashes. First, with pitch-pines rich And oak cut up, a mighty pyre they reared ; Whose sides they interlace with sombre leaves, And deathly cypresses in front erect, 310 And grace it o'er with gleaming arms. A part Warm waters, and bronze vessels, surging up Through flames, prepare, and wash and oint the corpse Of him death-cold. Up springs a groan. They then The limbs, be wept, upon a couch lay down, And o'er them fling his purple wardrobe, wraps Well known. Some underwent the mighty bier, — Sad service, — and in fashion of their sires A torch, laid underneath, averted held. Together huddled are consumed their gifts Of incense, viands, jars with oil outpoured. Soon as the ashes had fall'n in, and slept The flame, with wine they moistened the remains 323 And spongy embers ; and the gathered bones In bronzen casket Corinzeus umed. The same thrice circled with the crystal wave His comrades, sprinkling them with filmy dew, And branch of blessed olive, and the men He purified, and spake the latest words. element of a fork in the tree in this way ; indeed to mention it at all would be trifling. He is all along dwelling upon the double character of the tree, in consequence of the presence of an extraneous branch. 317. " Most worthy soldiers. Let me entreat your knowledge to inform me What noble body that is, which you bear With such a sad and ceremonious grief. As if ye meant to woo the world and nature To be in love with death." Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, v. i. 329. P. Fletcher beautifully makes Love, or Charity, perform such offices : Purple Island, ix. 46: " And when the dead, by cruel tyrants* spite, Lie out to rav'nous birds and beasts expos'd. His yearnful heart pitying that wretched sight. In seemly graves their weary flesh enclos'd, And strew'd with dainty flow'rs the lowiy hearse ; Then all alone the last words did rehearse. Bidding them softly sleep in his sad sighing verse." N 2 :8o V. 232 — 242. THE jENEID, 242 — 266. But g-ood i^neas rears of massy bulk 330 The barrow, and the hero's arms, his own, Both oar and trump, beneath a skyey mount ; That which "Misenus" now from him is called, And holds through ages his undying name. These [rites] discharged, in haste he car- ries out The Sibyl's orders. Stood a cavern deep, And huge with chasm enormous, rife in crags. Fenced by a pitchy mere and gloom of woods ; O'er which no flying creatures could, un- scathed, A voyage steer upon their wings : such steam, 340 Forth flushing from its murky jaws, would waft Its form to th* arch of heav'n ; wherefrom the spot 336. " An hydeous hole al vaste, withouten shape Of endless depth, orewhelmde with rugged stone, Wyth ougly mouth, and grisly jawes doth gape. And to our sight confounds it selfe in one. Here entred we, and geding forth, anone An horrible lothly lake we might discerne As black as pitche that cleped is Averne. A deadly gulfe where nought but rubbish grows. With fowle black swelth in thickned lumpes lies, Which up in the ayer such stinking vapors throwes, That over there may fly no fowle but dyes, Choakt with the pestilent savours that aryse." This extract is made from a very early imitation of Virgil by Sackville, called "Induction to A Mirrour for Magistrates." Spenser makes Night, at Duessa's request, carry Sansfoy to hell to be healed by ^sculapius, in which account he finely imitates Virgil, but with some grand original touches : " Thence turning backe in silence softe they stole, And brought the heavie corse with easie face To yawning gulfe of deepe Avernus hole : By that same hole an entrance dark and bace. With smoake and sulphur hiding all the place. Descends to Hell : there creature never past. That backe retourned without heavenly grace ; But dreadful furies, which their chaines have brast. And damned sprights sent forth to make ill men aghast. " By that same way the direfull dames do drive Their mournefull charett, fild with rusty blood, And downe to Plutoe's house are come bilive : Which passing through, on every side them stood The trembling ghosts with sad amazed mood, Chattring their iron teeth, and staring wide With stonifi eies ; and all the hellish brood Of fiends infernal! flockt on every side, To gaze on erthly wight, that with the Night durst ride." F. Q., i. 5, 31, 2. 339. "All that were made for man's use fly this desert ; No airy fowl dares make his flight over it. It is so ominous. Serpents and ugly things, the shames of nature. Roots of ijialignant tastes, foul standing waters." J. Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, i. 3. The Grecians have entitled by the name " Aornos." Here four bullocks, swart of back. First sets the priestess, and upon their brow The wines pours over, and the topmost hairs Cropping amid the centre of their horns, She places them upon the holy fires, — The first libations, — calling with her voice On Hecat, puissant both in heaven and hell. Knives others plant beneath [their throats], and catch 351 The milk-warm blood in bowls. .^Eneas, e'en Himself, a female lamb of sable fleece, Unto the mother of the Fury-train, And her high sister, with the falcion stabs ; A barren cow, too, Proserpine, to thee. Then to the Monarch of the Styx he founds His nightly altars, and the flesh entire Of bulls he lays upon the flames, rich oil O'er burning entrails pouring down. But lo ! Just at the rays and dawn of th' infant sun, The ground is rumbling underneath their feet, 362 And 'gan the heights of forests to be stirred, And dogs were seen to yell throughout the gloom, — The goddess drawing nigh. "Far, oh! far hence Avaunt, profane !" loud cries the pro- phetess, "And from the grove entire withdraw; and thou Start forward on thy way, and from its sheath Tear forth the falcion. Now for courage need, ^neas, now for steady heart." Thus much She having uttered, frantic plunged her- self _ ^ 371 Within the open cave. His guide, as she Proceeds, he matches with undaunted steps. Ye gods, whose sway is o'er the ghosts, and ye. Still Shadows ; Chaos, too, and Phlege- thon ; Spots silent far and wide in night ; — to me Be it allowed what has been heard to speak ; 362. " But loe, while thus amid the desert darke, We passed on with steppes and pace unmette : A rumbling roar confusde with howle and bark Of dogs, shoke all the ground under our feete, And stroke the din within our ears so dcepe As halfe distraught unto the ground I fell. Besought retourne, and not to visite hell." Sackville, Induction, 28. 364. Or, if gender must be observed : " And through the gloom were bitches seen to howl." See note on Geo. i. /. 648. V. a66 — 373. BOO/C VI. y, 273— a74« 181 Be it allowed with your assent to ope The things, in deep of earth and darkness sunk. They fared in gloom beneath the lonely night, 380 Through shade, and through the tenantless abodes And empty realms of Dis. As by the fitful moon, Beneath her sullen light, a route is [ta'en] In woods, when Jove hath buried heav'n in shade. And inky Night from Nature stripped her hue. Before the court itself, and hell's first jaws, 380. " The bottom of a well At midnight, with but two stars on the top. Were broad day to this darkness." Shirley, TAe Lady of Pleasure, iv. i. 383. " O thievish Night, Why shouldst thou, but for some felonious end. In thy dark lantern thus close up the stars, That Nature hung in heaven, and fiU'd their lamps With everlasting oil, to give due light To the misled and lonely traveller?" " I did not err ; there does a silver cloud Turn forth her silver lining on the night, And casts a gleam over this tufted grove." Milton, Comus. " Now black, and deep, the night begins to fall, A shade immense. Sunk in the quenching gloom. Magnificent and vast, are Heaven and Earth. Order confounded lies ; all beauty void: Distinction lost ; and gay variety One universal blot : such the fair power Of light, to kindle and create the whole. Drear is the state of that benighted wretch. Who then, bewiider'd, wanders through the dark. Full of pale fancies, and chimeras huge ; Nor visited by one directive ray. From cottage streaming, or from airy hall." Thomson, Autumn. 385. Or, more literally : " from objects reft their hue." Savage has the same idea and its reverse. Speak- ing of the sun : *' What gay, creative power his presence brings I Hills, lawns, lakes, villages ! — the face of things. All night beneath successive shadows miss'd. Instant begin in colours to exist." The Wanderer, c, iv. 386-395. Spenser has different occupants of the gates of hell : " At length they came into a larger space. That stretcht itself into an ample playne ; \ Through which a beaten broad highway did trace. That streight did lead to Plutoes griesly rayne : By that wayes side there sate infernall Payne, And fast beside him sat tumultuous Strife ; The one in hand an yron whip did strayne. The other brandished a bloody knife ; And both did gnash their teeth, and both did threaten life. " On th' other side in one consort there sate Cruell Revenge, and rancorous Despijjht, Disloyall Treason, and hart-burning Hate ; But gnawing Gealousy, out of their sight Have Woe and vengeful Cares their pallets laid ; 387 Sitting alone, his bitter lips did bight : And trembling Fear still to and fro did fly. And found no place where safe he shroud him might : Lamenting Sorrow did in darkness lye ; And Shame his ugly face did hide from living eye. ** And over them sad Horror with grim hew Did alwaies sore, beating his yron wings : And after him owles and night-ravens tlew. The hateful messengers of heavy things." F. Q., ii. 7, 20-2. 387. " Vengeful Cares." " And first within the portche and jawes of hell Sate diepe Remorse of Conscience, al besprent With teares : and to her selfe oft would she tell Her wretchednes, and cursing never stent To sob and sigh : but ever thus lament With thoughtful care, as she that all in vayne Would weare and waste continually in payne. " Her iyes unsteadfast rolling here and there, Whurld on eche place, as place that vengeauns brought. So was her minde continually in feare. Tossed and tormented with the tedious thought Of those detested crymes which she had wrought ; With dreadful cheare and lookes thrown to the skye, Wj'shyng for death, and yet she could not dye." Sackville, Induction, 33, 3. " O conscience ! into what abyss of fears And horrors hast thou driven me ; out of which I find no way, from deep to deeper plunged." Adam's Soliloquy, Milton, P. L., ix. " Thoughts, my tormentors, arra'd with deadly stings. Mangle my apprehensive tenderest parts. Exasperate, exulcerate, and raise Dire inflammation, which no cooling herb Of med'cinal liquor can assuage. Nor breath of vernal air from snowy Alp. Sleep hath forsook and given me o'er To death's benumbing opium as my only cure : These faintings, swoonings of despair. And sense of Heaven's desertion." Samson Agonistes, " No — 'tis the tale which angry conscience tells, When she with more than tragic horrour swelU Each circumstance of guilt; when stern, but true. She brings bad actions forth into review : And, like the dread hand-writing on the wall. Bids late Remorse awake at Reason's call ; Arm'd at all points bids scorpion Vengeance pass, And to the mind holds up Reflection's glass ; The mind which, starting, heaves the heartfelt groan. And hates that form she knows to be her own." Churchill, The Conference. " O ! it is monstrous ! monstrous ! Mcthought the billows spoke, and told me of it ; The winds did sing it to me ; and the thunder. That deep and dreadful organ-pipe, pronounc'd The name of Prosper ; it did bass my trespass." Sh;ikespcare, Tempest, iii. 3. " coward conscience, how dost thou afflict mc ! The lights burn blue. It is now dead midnight. Cold fearful drops stand on my trembling flesh. What do I fear If myself? there's none else by. I82 V. 275—279. THE ^NEID. V. 279 — 294. And wan Diseases haunt, and rueful Eld, And Fear, and Hunger, counselling to crime. And grisly Want, — shapes awful to be seen, — 390 And Death, and Toil ; then Death's own kinsman, Sleep, And guilty Joys of soul, and doomful War Richard loves Richard ; that is, I am I. Is there a murderer here ? No : — yes ; I am : Then fly !— What ? from myself? Great reason : why? Lest I revenge. What? myself on myself? Alack ! I love myself. Wherefore ? for any good, That I myself have done unto myself? Oh, no : alas ! I rather hate myself For hateful deeds committed by myself. I am a villain : yet I lie, I am not. Fool, of thyself speak well: — Fool, do not flatter. My conscience hath a thousand several tongues, And every tongue brings in a several tale. And every tale condemns me for a villain. Perjury, foul perjury, in the high'st degree, Murder, stern murder, in the dir'st degree. All several sins, all used in each degree. Throng to the bar, crying all, — Guilty ! guilty !" K. Richard III., v. 3. 388. " Wan Diseases." " Immediately a place Before his eyes appear'd, sad, noisome, dark ; A lazar-house Jt seemed ; wherein were laid Numbers of all diseased ; all maladies Of ghastly spasm, or racking torture, qualms Of heartsick agony, all feverous kinds, Convulsions, epilepsies, fierce catarrhs. Intestine stone and ulcer, colic-pangs. Demoniac frenzy, moping melancholy. And moonstruck madness, pining atrophy, Marasmas, and wide-wasting pestilence. Dropsies, and asthmas, and joint-racking rheums. Dire was the tossing, deep the groans. Despair Tended the sick busiest from couch to couch ; And over them triumphant Death his dart Shook, but delay'd to strike, though oft invok'd With vow.s, as their chief good and final hope." Milton, P. L., b. xi. 391. " At last this odious oftspring whom thou seest, Thine own begotten, breaking violent way. Tore through my entrails, that, with fear and pain Distorted, all my nether shape thus grew Transform'd, But he my inbred enemy Forth issued, brandishing his fatal dart. Made to destroy. I fled, and cried out Death I Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sigh'd From all her caves, and back resounded Death!" Ibid., b. ii. 392. "Hateful confounders both of blood and laws, Vile orators of shame, that plead delight ; Ungracious agents in a wicked cause. Factors for darkness, messengers of night. Serpents of guile, devils that do unite The wanton taste of that forbidden tree. Whose fruit once pluck'd, will show how foul we be." Daniel, Complaint of Rosamond. " Have mercy. Heaven ! how have I been wan- dering, Wandering the way of lust, and left my Maker ! Upon the fronting sill, and iron cells Of Furies, and Disunion wild, enwreathed Upon her snaky hair with gory bands. , Amidst it spreads its boughs and aged arms An elm umbrageous, huge ; which haunt, they tell Fantastic Dreams in clusters occupy, And grapple to it under every leaf. And many a portentous form beside 400 Of divers brutes are stalling in the doors, — Centaurs, and Scyllae of a double guise. And hundred-handed Briareus, and beast Of Lema, hissing dread, and, armed with flames, Chimsera ; Gorgons, Harpies, too, and shape Of the three-bodied Ghost. Here grasps his sword ^neas, scared with sudden fear, and its drawn edge Against them he presents as they advance ; And had not his companion in her lore Reminded him that they were subtile sprites, 410 Without a body, hovering around Beneath the hollow phantom of a form, He would have hurtled on them, and in vain Have cut asunder spectres with a sword. How have I slept like cork upon a water. And had no feeling of the storm that toss'd me ! Trod the blind paths of death ! forsook assurance. Eternity of blessedness, for a woman !" Fletcher, The Island Friticess, iv. 5. 398. Dryden gives a lively description of dreams in a passage which he introduces into his transla- tion of Chaucer's Nones Freestes. Tale : " Dreams are but interludes, which Fancy makes ; When monarch Reason sleeps, this mimic wakes : Compounds a medley of disjointed things, A mob of robbers, and a court of kings. Light fumes are merry, grosser fumes are sad : Both are the reasonable soul run mad. And many wondrous forms in sleep we see. That neither were, nor are, nor e'er can be. Sometimes forgotten things long cast behind Rush forward to the brain, and come to mind. The nurse's legends are for truth receiv'd. And the man dreams but what the boy believ'd." The Cock and the Fox, 325. " I talk of dreams ; Which are the children of an idle brain. Begot of nothing but vain fantasy ; Which is as thin of substance as the air. And more inconstant than the wind, who wooes Even now the frozen bosom of the north. And, being anger'd, puffs away from thence, Turning his face to the dew-dropping South." Shakespeare, Ro?)teo aftd Juliet, i. 4. 41Q. " Alas ! good venturous youth, I love thy courage yet, and bold emprise ; But here thy sword can do thee little stead." Milton, Comtis. 414. Ariel, seeing Alonzo and his company draw their swords, cries : V. 295 — 3o8. BOOK VI. V. 309 — 326. 183 Hence lies the path that leadeth to the waves Of the Tartarean Acheron. Troubled here With mire and gorge prodigious, seethes a gulf, And into Cocyt belches all its sand. These waters and the floods a ferryman. Terrific, guards, of fearful filthiness, — 420 Charon ; upon whose chin full much of hoary hair Neglected lies ; stand [stiff ] his eyes inflame; Down from his shoulders hangs his frowsy garb In knot. Himself his shallop with a pole Shoves on, and tends the sails, and carries o'er The bodies in his boat of rusty hue. Now old ; but flush and green the god's old age. Hither the throng, all tiding to the banks. Kept rushing, — dames, and husbands, and the forms Of high-souled heroes, that have done with life ; 430 Boys, and unwedded maids, and striplings, laid On piles before the presence of their sires : " You fools ! I and my fellows Are ministers of fate ; the elements Of whom your swords are temper'd, may as well Wound the loud winds, orwith bemock'd-at stabs Kill the still closing waters, as diminish One dowle that's in my plume." Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. 3. 416. " Four infernal rivers, that disgorge .Into the burning lake their baleful streams : Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ; Sad Acheron, of sorrow black and deep ; Cocytus, named of lamentation loud, Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage : Far off" from these, a slow and silent stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls Her watery labyrinth ; whereof who drinks Forthwith his former state and being forgets, Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pain." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 427. " Age had not shed That dust of silver o'er his sable locks, Which spoke his strength mature beyond its prime, Yet vigorous still ; for from his healthy cheek Time had not cropt a rose, or on his brow One wrinkling furrow plough'd ; his eagle eye Had all its youthful lightning." Mason, English Garden, b. ii. 428. " Gape, earth, and let the fiends infernal view A hell as hopeless, and as full of fear, As are the blasted banks of Erebus, Where shaking ghosts, with ever howling groans. Hover about the ugly ferryman, To get a passage to Elysium." Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, v. a. 432. " First, Moloch, horrid king, besmear'd with blood Of human sacrifice, and parents' tears ; As numerous as in the earliest cold Of Autumn, in the forests gliding, fall The leaves ; or numerous as birds to land Together flock them from the gulf pro- found. When the chill year is chasing them across The deep, and driving them to sunny climes. They stood, beseeching they might be the first To make the passage over, and out- stretched 440 Their hands with yearning for the farther bank. Yet, takes the surly boatman in now these, Now those ; but others, banished far aloof. Debars he from the strand. VEneas, sooth, In wonderment, and by the bustle moved, Saith : "Tell me, O thou maiden, what imports The flocking to the river ? Or what seek The ghosts ? Or by what diff 'rence these the banks Forsake, those sweep with oars the leady shoals ?" To him thus shortly th' aged priestess spake : 450 ** Sired of Anchises, most undoubted child Of gods, Cocytus' pools profound thou seest. And fen of Styx, by whose divinity Are gods afraid to swear, and swear un- truth. All this which thou descriest is a throng, Unholpen and ungraved ; yon ferryman Is Charon ; these, whom wafts the wave, the tombed. "though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud, Their children's cries unheard, that passed through fire To his grim idol." Milton. P. L., b. i. 438. " Part loosely wing the region, part more wise In common, ranged in figure, wedge their way. Intelligent of .seasons, and set forth Their airy caravan, high over seas Flying,, and over lands, with mutual wing Easing their flight ; so steers the prudent crane Her annual voyage, borne on winds ; the air Floats as they pass, fann'd with unnumber'd plumes." Ibid., b. vii. " When Autumn scatters his departing gleams, Warn'd of approaching Winter, gather'd, play The swallow people ; and toss'd wide around, O'er the calm sky, in convolution swift, The feather'd eddy floats : rejoicing once, Ere to their wintry slumbers they retire ; In clusters hung, beneath the mouldering band. And where, unpierced by frost, the cavern sweats ; , Or rather into warmer climes convc^^d. With other kindred birds of se.-»son. ' Thomson, Autumn. i84 V. 327—351. THE A^NEID. V. 351—361. Nor is it giv'n to carry them across The banks of terror, and the brawling floods, Before their bones have in their homes re- posed. 460 A hundred years they stray and hover round These shores : thereon admitted, they at last The pools sore wished-for come to view again." Anchises' offspring paused, and checked his steps. Revolving many a thought, and from his soul Compassionated their unrighteous lot. There spies he sad, and lacking rite of death, Leucaspis, and the Lycian navy's chief, Orontes ; whom, together borne from Troy O'er gusty waters, Auster overwhelmed. Ingulfing in the tide both ship and men. Lo ! pilot Palinurus moved him on : 472 Who in the Libyan voyage late, while he Remarks the stars, had fallen off the stern. Flung forth amid the waves. Him, sorrow- struck. When he with difficulty recognized In depth of gloom, he thus accosts him first : •* Who, Palinure, of gods reft thee from us, And whelmed thee 'neath the middle of the sea ? Come say. For, not ere then found false, my soul 480 By this one answer hath Apollo duped ; Who chanted that thou shouldest on the deep Be safe, and at Ausonia's bourns arrive. Behold ! is this his plighted faith ?" But he: * ' Nor thee hath Phoebus' oracle misled, O prince, Anchises' son, nor did a god In ocean plunge me : for the helm, by chance Through my excessive energy wrenched off. Whereto I grappled, its appointed guard. And steered our courses, in my headlong fall 490 474. " Orion's shoulders and the Pointers serve To be our loadstars in the lingering night ; The beauties of Arcturus we behold : And though the sailor is no bookman held, He knows more art than ever bookmen read." Robert Greene, A Looking-Glass for London. 4QO. " I saw your brother. Most provident in peril, bind himself (Courage and hope both teaching him the practice) To a strong mast, that lived upon the sea ; Where, like Arion on the dolphin's back, 1 saw him hold acquaintance with the waves." Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, i. 2. I Math me dragged away. By felon seas I swear, that 1 no such intense alarm On my behalf conceived, as lest thy ship. Of tackle robbed, of pilot dispossessed. Should fail thee in such heaving mountain- waves. Three wintry nights throughout the bound- less seas Did Notus bear me forceful o'er the tide : On dawn the fourth scarce Italy I kenned. High from the billow-top. By slow degrees I swam to land ; was now securing spots Of safety, if a ruthless crew, as I 501 With reeking gear was cumbered, and with hands Inbent was clutching jaggy crests of rock, Had not with steel assailed me, and in ignorance 495. " Fail thee," or " founder." Wolsey similarly protests his fidelity to his king : " I do profess, That for your highness' good I ever labour'd More than mine own : that aim I have, and will. Though all the world should crack their duty to you. And throw it from their soul ; though perils did Abound, as thick as thought could make them, and Appear in forms more horrid ; yet my duty. As doth a rock against the chiding flood. Should the approach of this wild river break. And stand unshaken yours." Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., iii. 2. 500. " Francisco. Sir, he may live : I saw him beat the surges under him. And ride upon their backs ; he trod the water,, Whose enmity he flung aside, and breasted ,, The surge most swoln that met him ; his bold head 'Bove the contentious waves he kept, and oar'd Himself with his good arms in lusty stroke To the shore, that o'er his wave-worn basis bow'd. As stooping to relieve him : 1 not doubt He came alive to land. Alonzo. No, no, he's gone." Shakespeare, Tempest, ii. i. 501. " I know among you some have oft beheld A blood-hound train, by Rapine's lust impell'd. On England's cruel coast impatient stand, To rob the wanderers wreck'd upon their strand. These, while their savage office the}' pursue. Oft wound to death the helpless plunder'd crew. Who, 'scap'd from ev'ry horror of the main, Implor'd their mercy, but implor'd in vain." _ Falconer, Shipwreck, c. ii. " Then we're dellver'd twice : first from the sea. And then from men, who, more remorseless, prey On shipwreck'd wretches, and who spoil and murder Those whom fell tempests and devouring waves In all their fury spared." Lillo, Fatal Cttriosity, i. 3. 503. Mons (from emineo,) is strictly any promi- nence. Here (v. 360) it cannot mean "moimtain," as Palinurus could not have reached the top of a mountain, while struggling for life in the water. T. 361 — 378. BOOK VI. V. 379—399. A prize imagined. Holds me now the surge, And bandy me the winds about the shore. Thee therefore by the joysome light and gales Of heaven ; by thy father, I entreat ; By hopes of rising lulus, from these woes Deliver me, unconquered [prince] ; or earth 510 Do thou cast o'er me, — for thou hast the power, — And seek out Velia's havens ; or do thou, If any means exist, if any [means] Thy goddess-mother hath to thee disclosed, (For not, I deem, without the will of gods. O'er floods so mighty, and the Stygian fen. Dost thou prepare to float,) thy right hand lend A wretch, and carry me away with thee Along the waves, that I, at least in seats Of peacefulness in death, may be at rest." The like he'd spoken, when the like began The prophetess : '* Whence this so dread desire, 522 O Palinure, to thee ? Shalt thou, ungraved, The Stygian waters, and the rigid tide Of the Eumenides behold, or bank. Unauthorised, approach ? Cease thou to hope That deities' decrees are warped by prayer. But take in heedful mood [these] words [of mine]. Of thy sore plight the comforts : for thy bones Shall neighbor [nations] far and wide throughout 530 506. " Bandy," or " racket." " Ha ! total night and horrour here preside ; My stunn'd ear tingles to the whizzing tide: It is their funeral knell ! And, gliding near, Methinks the phantoms of the dead appear, But lo ! emerging from the wat'ry grave. Again they float incumbent on the wave ; Again the dismal prospect opens round, The wreck, the shore, the dying, and the drown'd. And see, enfeebled by repeated shocks. Those two, who scramble on th' adjacent rocks, Their faithless hold no longer can retain : They sink o'erwhelm'd, and never rise again." Falconer, Shipwreck, c. iii. 511. There is no small pathos and power in Young's account of his committing Narcissa (Mrs. Temple) to the grave in France ; where her corpse fared as ill as did that of Palinurus : " Denied the charity of dust to spread O'er dust I A charity their dogs enjoy ! What could I do? What succour? What resource? With pious sacrilege a grave I stole ; With impious piety that grave I wronged ; Short in my duty ; coward in my grief! More like her murderer, than friend, I crept, With soft-suspended step, and muffled deep In midnight darkness, whisper'd my last sigh." Complaint, N. iii. 185 Their cities, by portents from heav'n en- forced, Appease, and rear a tomb, and at the tomb Present their yearly ofT'rings, and the place The deathless name of Palinure shall hold." By these her words his cares were chased away. And banished from his dreary heart awhile Its anguish : joys he in a name-sake land. So they complete their route commenced, and near The river ; whom when from that quarter now The boatman from the Stygian wave espied Advancing through the silent grove, and foot Directing to the bank, on this wise he 542 Is foremost to accost them with his speech, And chides them, unassailed : " Whoe'er thou art. Who armor-clad art marching on our streams, Come, say, why com'st thou? — now, — from yonder spot, — And check thy step. The place of Shades is this. Of Sleep and drowsy Night : 'twere felony To waft live bodies in the Stygian bark. Nor sooth have I rejoiced that I took in Alcides passenger upon the pool ; 551 Nor Theseus and Pirithous, though they Were sired of gods, and unsubdued in might. He with his hand the hellish warder sought For fetters, — from our very monarch's throne, — And dragged him quaking : these, to force away Our mistress from the couching-hall of Dis, Addressed themselves." In answer where- unto Spake briefly the Amphrysian prophetess : *' Here no such ambush j cease to be dis- turbed ; 560 535. " When humbly thus The great descend to visit the afflicted. When thus unmindful of their rest they come. To soothe the sorrows of the midnight mourner. Comfort comes with them, like the golden sun, Dispels the sullen shades with her sweet influence. And cheers the melancholy house of care." Rowe, Jane Shore, act ii. " You saw but sorrow in its waning form, A working sea, remaining from a storm ; When the now weary waves roll o'er the deep. And faintly murmur ere they fall asleep." Dryden, Aurungz^, iv. i. " In thy screner shades our ghosts delight. And court the umbrage of the night ; In vaults and gloomy caves they stray. But fly the morning's beams, and sicken at the day." Yalden, Hymn to Darkntss, st. 6. i86 V. 400 — 421. THE ^NEID. 421—434. Nor do our weapons violence import. Let the colossal porter in his den, For ever barking, scare the bloodless shades ; Chaste Proserpine her uncle's palace keep. Trojan ^neas, marked for piety And arms, is passing to his father down To lowest shades of Erebus. If thee No thought of such high piety affects. Yet thou this branch, (Uncovers she the branch That lurked beneath her robe ;) should' st recognise." 570 Then from its spleen down sinks his swell- ing heart : Nor more to these. He looking in amaze At th' awful present of the fateful spray. After long interval beheld, towards these His dingy vessel turns, and nears the bank. Thereon the other spirits, which along The lengthful thwarts were sitting, flings he down, And clears the gangways : at the same time takes "Within the hold the huge ^neas. Groaned The cobbled shallop underneath the weight, And, rife in leaks, took in the fen in floods. 581 At last, across the river, free from harm. Both prophetess and hero he debarks In ooze unsightly, and on sea-green sedge. Huge Cerberus with triple-throated bay Peals through these kingdoms, in his fronting den Couching immense. To whom the pro- phetess, His necks now seeing bristle with their snakes, With honey drowsed and drug-besprinkled grains, A bolus throws. With madding hunger he 580. " The princely York himself, alone a freight, The Swiftsure groans beneath great Gloster's weight." Dryden, Astrcea Redtix, 234. 587. Of course one is reminded here of Satan's address to Death, in Milton : " Whence and what art thou, execrable shape ! That dar'st, though grim and terrible, advance Thy miscreated front athwart my way To yonder gates ? Through them I mean to pass. That be assur'd, without leave ask'd of thee ! Retire, or taste thy folly ; and learn by proof. Hell-born ! not to contend with spirits of Heaven." P. L., b. ii. 590. Spenser makes Night, under similar cir- cumstances, independent of the druggist's aid : " Before the threshold dreadfuU Cerberus His three deformed heads did lay along. Curled with thousand adders venomous ; And lUled forth his bloody flaming tong. Three gullets op'ning, snaps up what was thrown, 591 And his huge chine unbraces, stretched on earth. And, monstrous, all throughout his den is spread, ^neas grasps the entrance, — [deep in sleep] The sentry buried, — and he quick escapes Beyond the rivage of the stream, that knows Of no return. Forthwith are voices heard, And mighty crying, and the ghosts of babes. That weep within th' immediate threshold, whom. Without their sharing in a life of charm. And ravished from the breast, black day hath reft, 601 And plunged in dissolution premature. Next these are they, who on a truthless charge Were doomed to death. Nor, sooth, are these their homes Assigned without a lot, without a judge : Investigator Minos shakes the urn ; He both a council of the voiceless calls. And gains a knowledge of their lives and sins. Then the next regions hold the wailful ones. Who to themselves have death, while free from guilt, 610 At them he gan to reare his bristles strong. And felly gnarre, untill Dayes enemy Did him appease : then downe his taile he hong, And suffered them to passen quietly : For she in Hell and Heaven had power equally." ^.. . „ ^•e.,i.5,34. 0dm IS equally potent : " Uprose the King of men with speed, And saddled straight his coal-back steed ; Down the yawning steep he rode. That leads to Hela's drear abode. Him the Dog of Darkness spied. His shaggy mouth he open'd wide. While from his jaws, with carnage fill'd. Foam and human gore distill'd ; Hoarse he bays with hideous din. Eyes that glow and fangs that grin ; And long pursues, with fruitless yell, The father of the powerful spell." Gray, Descent of Odin, 1-12. 608. " Let guilty men remem.ber, their black deeds Do lean on crutches made of slender reeds." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, end. " A thousand stings are in me ! O, what vile prisons Make we our bodies to our immortal souls ! Brave tenants to bad houses : 'tis a dear rent They pay for naughty lodging !" Middleton, The Spanish Gipsy, iii. i. 610. " Beneath the beech, whose branches bare, Smit with the lightning's livid glare, O'erhang the craggy road. And whistle hollow as they wave ; Within a solitary grave, A slayer of himself holds his accurs'd abode. V. 435—436- BOOK VL ▼. 436—451. 1S7 Procured by their own hand, and, loathing light, Have cast away their lives. How would they wish " Lower'd the grim morn, in murky dies. Damp mists involv'd the scowling skies, And dimm'd the struggling day ; As by the brook that ling'ring laves Yon rush-grown moor with sable waves, Full of the dark resolve he took his sullen way. " I mark'd his desultory pace, His gestures strange, and varying face. With many a mutter'd sound : And ah ! too late aghast 1 view'd The reeking blade, the hand embru'd ; He fell, and groaning grasp'd in agony the ground." T. Warton, Ode, vi. 1-3. " Forbear, forbear ; Think what a sea of deep perdition whelms The wretch's trembling soul, who launches forth Unlicens'd to eternity. Think, think : And let the thought restrain thy impious hand. The race of man is one vast marshall'd army, Summon'd to pass the spacious realms of Time ; Their leader the Almighty. In that march, Ah ! who may quit his post ?" Mason, Elfrida. " Who flies from life confesses He flies from something that appears so dreadful He dares not face it. Is it guilt or virtue That thus shrinks back and trembles at to- morrow ? Yes, this is meanness, and alone regards Its selfish ease ; virtue is never leagued With its base dictates." Mickle, Sze^e of Marseilles, iv. 2. 612. " Ay, but to die, and go we know not where To lie in cold obstruction, and to rot ; This sensible warm motion to become A kneaded clod ; and the delighted spirit To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ; To be imprison'd in the viewless winds, And blown with restless violence round about • The pendent world ; or to be worse than worst Of those, that lawless and incertain thoughts Imagine howling ! — 'tis too horrible ! The weariest and most loathed worldly life. That age, ache, penury, and imprisonment. Can lay on nature, is a paradise To what we fear of death." Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, iii. i. " To be, or not to be, — that is the question : Whether 'tis nobler in the mind, to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune. Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And, by opposing, end them ? To die, — to sleep, — No more ; — and, by a sleep, to say we end The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, — 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die ; — to sleep ; — To sleep ! perchance to dream : — ay, there's the rub ; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come. When we have shufHed off this mortal coil. Must give us pause : there's the respect That makes calamity of so long life. F'or who would bear the whips and scorns of time. The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's con- tumely. The pangs of despis'd love, the law's delay. The msoTcnce of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes. In air aloft now even penury, And sore distresses to endure ! The law [Of hell] withstands them, and th* unlovely fen With melancholy billow binds them fast, And, nine times poured between, Styx hems them in. Nor far from this, on every side dispread, Are shown " The Mourning Fields :" so call they them by name. Here those, whom callous love with ruth- less waste 620 Hath eaten to the core, sequestered paths Bescreen, and myrtle-thicket bowers round : Their woes forsake them not in death it- self. He Phaedra in these regions, Procris too. And moanful Eriphyle, pointing out The wounds from her unfeeling son, de- scries ; Evadne also, and Pasiphae. To these Laodamia comrade goes, And Caenis, erst a youth, a woman now. E'en changed again by fate to shape of yore. 63c Among whom Dido, the Phoenician dame. Fresh from her wound, was wand'ring in a spacious grove. When he himself might his quietus make With a bare bodkin? Who would fardels bear. To grunt and sweat under a weary life ; But that the dread of something after death, — The undiscover'd country, from whose bourn No traveller returns, — puzzles the will. And makes us rather bear those ills we have. Than fly to others that we know not of? Thus conscience does make cowards of us all" Hamlet, iii. x. 620. " Then, hastens onward to the pensive grore. The silent mansion of disastrous love. Here Jealousy with jaundic'd look appears. And broken slumbers, and fantastic fears. The widow'd turtle hangs her moulting wings. And to the woods in mournful murmurs sings. No winds but sighs there are, no floods but tears ; Each conscious tree a tragic signal bears : Their wounded bark records some broken vow. And willow-garlands hang on every bough." Garth, Dispensary, vi. 242-50. 632. " Hence, all you vain delights. As short as are the nights. Wherein you spend your folly ! There's nought in this life sweet. If man were wise to see't. But only melancholy : Oh, sweetest melancholy ! Welcome, folded arms, and fixed eyes, A sigh that piercing, mortifies, A look that's fasten'd on the ground, A tongue chain'd up without a sound ! Fountain-heads, and jjathlcss groves. Places which pale passion loves ! Moonlight walks, when all the fowls Are warmly hous'd, save bats and owls ! 188 V. 451 — 461. THE jENEID. V. 461 — 482. Near whom as soon as Troja's hero stood, And recognized her dim among the shades ; — As who in th' infant month or sees, or thinks Tliat he has seen, among the clouds the moon Arising ; — tears he dropped, and with sweet love Addressed her : ** Hapless Dido, was then true The news which me had reached, that thou wert dead, And through the sword had sought the closing [scene] ? 640 Alas ! was I to thee the cause of death ? By stars I swear, by deities above. And if lies any faith in deep of earth, I loth, O queen, departed from thy shore. But me the ' gods' commands, which force A midnight bell, a parting groan ! These are the sounds we feed upon ; Then stretch our bones in a still gloomy valley ; Nothing's so dainty sweet as lovely melancholy." J. Fletcher, The Nice Vfilour, iii. 3. Any one can see Milton's obligations to this exquisite song for some of the ideas in IlPenseroso. 636. " Or fairy elves. Whose midnight revels, by a forest side. Or fountain, some belated peasant sees, Or dreams he sees, while overhead the moon Sits arbitress,^ and nearer to the earth Wheels her pale course." Milton, P. L., b. i. end. " For what I see, or only think I see. Is like a glimpse of moonshine, streak'd with red : A shuffled, sullen, and uncertain light, That dances through the clouds, and shuts again." Dryden, Cleomenes, iv. i. 638. " Such is the fate unhappy women find, And such the curse entail'd upon our kind. That man, the lawless libertine, may rove Free and unquestion'd through the wilds of love ; While woman, sense and nature's easy fool, If poor weak woman swerve from virtue's rule, If, strongly charm'd, she leave the thorny way And in the softer paths of pleasure stray. Ruin ensues, reproach and endless shame. And one false step entirely damns her fame. In vain with tears the loss she may deplore. In vain look back on what she was before ; She sets, like stars that fall, to rise no more." Rowe, Jane Shore, act. i. end. 645. " So spake the Fiend, and with necessity. The tyrant's plea, excused his devilish deeds." Milton, P. L., b. iv. " A fellow that makes religion his stalking-horse. He breeds a plague : thou shalt poison him." Marston, The Malcontent, iv. 3. " Come, you shall not labour To extenuate your guilt, but quit it clean : Bad men excuse their faults ; good men will leave them: He acts the third crime that defends the first." Ben Jonson, Catiline, iii. 2. To travel through these shades, through regions rife In thorns through fallowness, and night's abyss. Constrained by their behests ; nor could I deem That this such grievous anguish I on thee Could bring by my departure. Stay thy step, 650 And from our gaze withdraw not thou thy- self. Whom fliest thou ? This [time], that I Address thee, is by destiny the last." With suchlike words ^neas tried to soothe The soul afire, and fixing stern regards ; And tears he waked. The other, turned aloof. Her eyes kept riveted upon the ground ; Nor is in visage by his speech commenced More influenced, than if she stood a flint Unyielding, or Marpesian rock. At last She tore herself away, and in her hate 661 Retreated to the shady forest, where Her former consort echoes to her griefs. And her affection does Sychaeus match. Nor less ^neas, by her fate unkind Struck to the heart, pursues her weeping far. And feels compassion for her as she goes. Therefrom he toils along the route as- signed. And now they occupied the utmost fields. Which, set apart, the famed in battle haunt. 670 Here meets him Tydeus, here, renowned in arms, Parthenopseus, and the wan Adrastus' ghost. Here, sorely wept 'mong denizens of air, And fall'n in fight, the sons of Dai-danus : All whom as he perceives in long array, " The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose." Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice, i. 3. " And, oftentimes, excusing of a fault Doth make the fault the worse by the excuse." King Johii, iv. 2. " Gospel is in thy face and outward garb. And treason on thy tongue." Dryden, The Duke of Guise, iv. i. 656. " Small griefs find tongues ; full _casks are ever found To give, if any, yet but little sound ; Deep waters noiseless are ; and this we know That chiding streams betray small depth below." Herrick, Amatory Odes, xlviii. Had she condescended a word, she .might have said : " If impious acts Have left thee blood enough to blush, I'll paint it on thy cheeks." Fletcher, Spanish Curate, iii. 3. 659. Silex is always feminine in Virgil. V. 482— 504* BOOK VL ▼. 505— 5*1. X89 He o'er them groaned ; e'en Glaucus, Medon, too, Also Thersilochus, Antenor's children three, And, consecrate to Ceres, Polypha.ne ; Idoeus, too, still grasping car, still arms. Round stand the spirits right and left in crowds. 680 Nor is't sufficient to have seen him once j It joys to linger to the last, and move Their step with his, and of his coming learn The reasons. But the chieftains of the Greeks, And Agamemnon's phalanxes, when they Beheld the hero and his gleaming arms Among the shadows, quake with deep alarm. Some turn their backs, as erst they sought the ships ; Others a puny exclamation raise : The cry begun deludes them as they gape. And here the son of Priam he beholds, Deiphobus, torn all throughout his form. And mercilessly mangled on his face, — 693 His face, and both his hands, and temples robbed Of ravished ears, and, maimed^with seem- less wound. His nostrils. Him thus scarce he recognized, As quakes he, and the dread infliction hides ; And with familiar tones he speaks him first : *' Deiphobus, of might in arms, thou seed From lofty blood of Teucer, who hath chosen 700 Such bloody vengeance to inflict? To whom Was such great pow'r o'er thee allowed ? Tome Brought rumor [word] on [that] last night that thou. Worn out with mighty slaughter of the Greeks, Down sankest on a jumbled charnel-heap. 681. The smiths in the house of Riches were equally astonished at the sight of Sir Guyon : " Rut when an earthly wight they present saw Glistring in armes and battailous array, From their whot work they did themselves with- draw To wonder at the sight ; for, till that day, They never creature saw that cam that way : Their staring eyes sparckling with fervent fyre, And ugly shapes did nigh the man dismay. That, were it not for shame, he would retyre." Spenser, F. Q., ii, 7, 37. 705. As Rowe makes Slaughter do : " The dreadful business of the war is o'er ; And Slaughter, that from yester morn till ev'n. With giant steps, passed striding o'er the field, Kesmear'd and horrid with the blood of nations. Now weary sits among the mangled heaps, And slumbers o'er her prey." Tamerlane, ii. x-6. Then I myself upon Rhoeteum's shpre A tomb, an empty [tomb], upreared, and thrice With thund'ring voice upon thy Manes called. Thy name and weapons guard the spot j thee, friend, I was unalile to descry, and lay [in earth], At my departure from our native land." Whereto the son of J'riam : *' Naught, my friend, 712 On thy part hath been left [undone] ; all [debts] Hast thou to thy Deiphobus discharged. And to his corse's shades. But me my fates. And [that] Laconian [woman's] deathful guilt, Have plunged in these misfortunes. It is she Hath these memorials left. For, our last night How 'mid unreal joys we passed, thou know'st, And thou must needs remember it too well. 720 What time with boimd the doomful horse o'erleaped High Pergamus, and, pregnant in its womb, Brought infantry in armor* on us ; she, A dance pretending, led the Phrygian dames. Enacting Bacchanalian revels round : Herself, the midmost, held a monster torch. And from the castle summit hailed the Greeks. Then me, forespent with sorrows, and with sleep Weighed down, my luckless couching- chamber held. 718. His And For 728, voice " Here lay Duncan, silver skin lac'd with his golden blood ; his gash'd stabs look'd like a breach in nature Ruin's wasteful entrance." Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 3. 9. He had no one to raise the warning " While you here do snoring lie, Open-ey'd Conspiracy His time doth take : *• If of- life you keep a care. Shake off slumber and beware : Awake ! awake !" Tempest, u. x. " ' Sleep no more ! Macbeth does murder sleep,'— the innocent sleep: Sleep, that knits up the ravcll'd sicave of c^re, The death of each day's life, sore labour s bath. Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course. Chief nourishcr in life's feast." Macbeth^ u. a. 190 V. 521—5 34. THE ^NEID. V. 534—541 And overwhelmed me, as I lay, a rest, 730 Balmy and deep, and likest to the still Of death. Meanwhile my exemplary wife All weapons from the house clears quite away, And from my head had filched my trusty sword. Inside the house she Menelaus calls. And opes the doors: sooth hoping this would prove A signal service to her loving [lord], And that the scandal of her old misdeeds Could thus be blotted out. Why thee delay ? They burst within the hall of sleep ; is joined 740 In company with them bolides, Encourager of crimes. O gods ! the like Requite ye to the Grecians if, with lip Religious, vengeance I demand in turn. But thee, with life endowed, what ac- cidents, — Come, tell me in thy turn, — have hither brought ? Art come, enforced by wand'rings of the deep, Or by a warning from the gods ? Or thee What fortune harasses, that drear abodes. 731. " Shake off this downy sleep, death's coun- terfeit." Macbeth, ii. 3. 732. Helen well deserves Marston's satire : Sooner hard steel will melt with southern winds, A seaman's whistle calm the ocean, A town on fire be extinct with tears. Than women, vowed to blushless impudence. With sweet behaviour and soft minioning, Will turn from that where appetite is fixed." Malcontent, iv. 3. 735. This miserable murderess scarce deserves to be connected with any allusion to Lady Macbeth : " Come, come, you spirits That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full Of direst cruelty ! Make thick my blood ; Stop up th' access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visitings of nature Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between Th' effect and it ! Come to my woman's breasts. And take my milk for gall, you murd'ring ministers. Wherever in your sightless substances You wait on nature's mischief! Come, thick night. And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell. That my keen knife see not the wound it makes. Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark. To cry, Hold I hold l" • Act i. 5. 749. " See'st thou the dreary plain, forlorn and wild. The seat of Desolation, void of light. Save what the glimmering of these livid flames Casts pale and dreadful?" Milton, P. L., b. i. " This is the place, by his commands, to meet in : It has a sad and fatal invitation : A hermit, that forsakes the world for prayer And solitude, would be timorous to live here. Without a sun, spots troublous, thou should'st reach ?" 750 At this, a turning point of their discourse, Aurora in her rosy four-horse car Had now mid heav'n in her empyreal race O'erpassed ; and haply all the granted time Would they have whiled away in such employs ; But him the Sibyl, his companion, warned, And briefly [thus] addressed : " The night swoops on, -^neas ; we in weeping spend the hours. This is the spot, where into branches twain The pathway splits itself. The right [is that], 760 There's not a spray for birds to perch upon ; For every tree that overlooks the vale Carries the mark of lightning, and is blasted. The day, which smiled, as I came forth, and spread Fair beams about, has taken a deep melancholy, That sits more ominous in her face than night : All darkness is less horrid than half light. Never was such a scene for death presented : And there's a ragged mountain peeping over. With many heads, seeming to crowd themselves Spectators of some tragedy." Shirley, The Court Secret, iv. 2. 750. Or : " Sun-lacking, spots of trouble." 752. " Naiis. Behold the rosy dawn Rises in tinsell'd lawn, . And smiling seems to fawn Upon the mountains. Cloe. Awaked from her dreams, Shooting forth golden beams. Dancing upon the streams. Courting the fountains." Drayton, The Muses' Elysium, Nymphal iii. " Is it so much, and yet the morn not up? See yonder, where the shame-fac'd maiden comes ! Into our sight how gently doth she slide, Hiding her chaste cheeks, like a modest bride. With a red veil of blushes !" Fletcher, The W otnan-Hater, i. i. 7S7> 8. *' The clock upbraids me with the waste ot time." Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, iii. i. 760. *_' Eternity, the various sentence past, Assigns the sever'd throng distinct abodes. Sulphureous or ambrosial : what ensues f The deed predominant ! The deed of deeds ! — Which makes a Hell of Hell, a Heaven of Heaven. The goddess, with determin'd aspect, turns Her adamantine key's enormous size Through destiny's inextricable wards, Deep driving every bolt, on both their fates. Then, from the crystal battlement of Heaven, Down, down she hurls it through the dark pro- found. Ten thousand thousand fathom ; there to rust, And ne'er unlock her resolution more. The deep resounds; and Hell, through all her glooms, Returns, in groans, the melancholy roar." Young, Complaint, N. ix. V. 541—558. BOOK VL ▼. 558—574. 19X Which stretches 'neath the walls of mighty Dis; I'.y this the route t' Elysium lies for us ; Hut punishments of wicked [soulsl the left Works out, and sends them to accursed Hell." Deiphobus in answer : ** Storm thou not, Great priestess ; I shall pass away, fill up The tale, and be restored to gloom. Go thou, Our pride ! go, better fates enjoy !" Thus much He said, and at the word his footsteps wheeled. i?i!neas on a sudden looks behind, 77° And 'neath a cliff upon the left he sees A spacious hold, engirt with triple wall, Which, ravening with its scorching flames, the flood, Tartarean Phlegethou, beclips, and whirls The booming rocks. A gate there is in front, Colossal, and of solid adamant Its pillars : that no might of men, not e'en The heav'nly ones themselves, may have the power To root them from their base with steel. There stands [Up-mounting] to the gales an iron keep ; And, sitting down, Tisiphone, with robe Blood-spattered, tucked beneath, the vesti- bule 782 Unsleeping sentinels both night and day. Hence groans are heard, and felon lashes ring; 772. " At last appear Hell bounds, high reaching to the horrid roof, And thrice threefold the gates; threefold were brass, Three iron, three of adamantine rock, Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire, Yet unconsumed." Milton, P. L., b. u. 773. " Horrors beneath, darkness in darkness, Hell Of Hell, where torments behind torments dwell ; A furnace formidable, deep, and wide, O'er-boiling with a mad sulphureous tide. Expands its jaws, most dreadful to survey. And roars outrageous for the destin'd prey. The sons of light scarce unappall'd look down, And nearer press Heaven's everlasting throne." Young, Last Day, b. iii. 774. See note on 1. 416. 780. "Methinks Suspicion and Distrust dwell here, Staring with meagre forms through grated windows ; Death lurks within, and unrelenting punishment ; Without, grim danger, fear, and fiercest pow'r, Sit on the rude old tow'rs and Gothic battle- ments : While horror overlooks the dreadful wall, And frowns on all around." Rowe, Lady Jant Grey, act iii. 784. A touching picture of a prisoner's woe from Chaucer ; Knightcs TaU, Speaking of PaJamon, itBi. X : The clank of iron and the trail of chains. .^^neas paused, and, startled by the din, Stood still. '* What forms of guilt [are these], O maid ? — Speak forth !— or by what vengeance are they plagued ? What such distressful wailing to the air f Then thus the prophetess began to speak : "O famous prince of Teucri, it to none 791 Is lawful in his purity to plant A foot upon the cursed sill ; but me When o'er the groves Avernian Hecat placed, Herself explained the vengeance of the gods, And she escorted me through every [spot]. These does the Gnosian Rhadamanthus hold. Thrice-rigid realms, and punishes and hears Their crafty sins, and forces them to own What crimes, committed in the uppei world, 800 Each [soul], in unavailing secrecy Exulting, hath deferred to death ['s] late [hour]. Forthwith the guilty ones Avengeress Tisiphone, accoutred with a scourge, Torments in mockery, and stretching out In her left hand her grisly snakes, she calls The ruthless squadrons of the sister-crew. At last then, grating on dread-jarring hinge, The cursed gates are oped. Dost see what guise " The pure fetters on his shinnes grete Were of his bitter sake teres wcte." 802. ' ' Cut off even in the blossoms of my sin, Unhousel'd, disappointed, unanel'd ; No reckoning macie, but sent to my account With all my imperfections on my head : O, horrible ! O horrible ! most horrible !" Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. " Yet down his checks the gems of pity fell. To see the helpless wretches that remain'd, There left through delves and deserts dire to yell ; Amaz'd, their looks with pale dismay were stain'd, And, spreading wide their hands, they meek re- pentance feign'd, " But ah ! their scorned day of grace was past. For (horrible to tell !) a desert wild Before them stretch'd, bare, comfortless, and vast. With gibbets, bones, and carcasses defil'd. There nor trim field, nor lively culture smil'd ; Nor waving shade was seen, nor fountain fair ; But sands abrupt on sands lay loosely pil'd, Through which they floundering toil'd with pain- ful care. Whilst Phoebus smote them sore, and fir'd the cloudless air." Thomson, Castle 0/ Indolence, end. 809. " Before the gates there sat On either side a formidable shape : The one seem'd woman to the wauit, and fair. 192 V. 574—590. THE ^NEID. V. 591 — 609. Of sentry in the entrance sits ? What shape The threshold guards ? With fifty pitchy chasms 811 Terrific, Hydra fiercer holds within His seat. Then Tartarus itself opes twice So deep adown the steep, and stretches forth Beneath the darkness, as the upward gaze To th' empyrean firmament of Heaven. Here Terra's ancient progeny, the brood Titanian, dashed by lightning down, are rolled At bottom of the pit. Here, too, I saw Aloeus' twins, huge bodies, who with hands Attempted to demolish mighty heaven, 821 And Jove thrust out from his ancestral realms. I saw, too, paying penalties severe, Salmoneus, while he apes the fires of Jove, And peals of Heav'n. He, drawn by coursers four. And cresset brandishing, through states of Greeks, And through the city of mid Elis, rode In ti-iumph, and the worship of the gods Claimed to himself, — the madman ! — who the storms, And flash inimitable, with his bronze 830 But ended foul in many a scaly fold, Voluminous and vast ; a serpent arm'd With mortal sting. About her middle round A cry of hellhounds never ceasing bark'd With wide Cerberian mouths full loud, and rung A hideous peal ; yet, when they list, would creep, If aught disturb'd their noise, into her womb, And kennel there ; yet there still bark'd and howl'd, Within, unseen." Milton, P. L., b. ii. 818. ^ " For such a numerous host Fled not in silence through the frighted deep. With ruin upon ruin, rout on rout, Confusion worse confounded ; and Heaven-gates Pour'd out by millions her victorious bands Pursuing." Ibid., b. ii. 821. _ ** He it was, whose guile Stirr'd up with envy and revenge, deceived The mother of mankind, what time his pride Had cast him out of Heaven, with all his host Of rebel angels : by whose aid, aspiring To set himself in glory above his peers. He trusted to have equall'd the Most High, If he opposed ; and, with ambitious aim Against the throne and monarchy of God, Raised impious war in Heaven, and battle proud. With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power Hiirl'd headlong flaming from the ethereal sky. With hideous ruin and combustion, down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In adamantine chains and penal fire. Who durst- defy the Omnipotent to arms." Ibid., b. i. 824. " What devil art thou, that counterfeits heaven's thunder ?" Webster, The Duchess of Malfi,\\\. z. 830. Drayton, speaking of David's skill on the lyre, says that the birds strained themselves " To imitate the inimitable touch." David a?id Goliath. And tramp of horn-hoofed steeds would counterfeit. But the almighty sire, 'mid massy clouds His levin-bolt elanced, — not torches he. Nor smoky lights from pitchy pines ; — and him Headforemost in a wild tornado hurled. Moreover, Tityus, too, the foster-child Of Earth all-teeming, was there to behold ; Whose frame through nine whole acres is dispread ; A monstrous vulture, too, with hooky bill The deathless liver pecking, and the flesh That teems for punishments, both roots them up 841 For cates, and nestles 'neath his tow'ring chest : Nor to the inwards, bourgeoning anew, Is any respite granted. Wherefore name The Lapithse, Ixion, and Pirithous ? O'er whom there beetles black a [rock of] flint, Now, now about to topple o'er, and like One falling. Shine 'neath lofty couches boon Their golden props, and banquets are served up With kingly lavishness before their view. The eldest of the Furies near reclines 851 And bars their touching vdth their hands the boards. And rises up, her brand uplifting high. And thunders with her mouth. Here they by whom The brotherhood were loathed, while life endured ; Or parent buffeted, or craft inwove 840. No such very imaginary scene in warm regions : " A surface hideous, delug'd o'er with blood. Beyond my view inimitably stretch'd, One vast expanse of horror. There supine. Of huge dimension, cov'ring half the plain, A giant corse lay mangled, red with wounds Delv'd in th' enormous flesh, which, bubbling, fed 'Ten thousand thousand grisly beaks and jaws. Insatiably devouring." Glover, Leonidas, b. xi. 852. " But on they roll'd in heaps, and, up the trees Climbing, sat thicker than the snaky locks That curi'd Megsera. Greedily they plucked The fruitage fair to sight, like that which grew Near that bituminous lake where Sodom flamed ; This more delusive, not the touch but taste. Deceived. They, fondly thinking to allay Their appetite with gust, instead of fruit, Chew'd bitter ashes, which the offended taste With spattering noise rejected : oft they essay'd. Hunger and thirst constraining : drugg'd as oft. With hatefulest disrelish writhed their jaws. With soot and cinders fiU'd." Milton, P. L., b. x. 856, 7. " How often in contempt of laws. To sound the bottom of a cause, ■ To search out ev'ry rotten part, And worm into its very heart. V. 6o9 — 615. BOOK VI. V. 615—635. 193 Against a client ; or they who, alone, Have brooded o'er the riches they have gained, Nor set aside a portion for their kin ; — Which is the vastest multitude ; — and who For their adultery were put to death ; 861 And who have godless arms pursued, nor feared The right hands of their masters to be- guile :— In durance they their punishment await. Seek not to be informed what punishment ; ( )r what the shape [of pain], or fate, hath whelmed Hath he ta'en briefs on false pretence, And undertaken the defence Of trusting fools, whom in the end He meant to ruin, not defend." Churchill, T/tt! Duellist, b. iii. " I have seen some of his profession Out of a case as plain, as clear as day. Pick out such hard, inextricable doubts. That they have spun a suit ot seven years long. And led their hood-wink clients in a wood, A most irremeable labyrinth. Till they have quite consum'd them." May, TJte Heir, act iv. 858. " A thousand black tormentors shall pursue thee, Until thou leap into eternal flames, Where gold, which thou adorest here on earth. Melted, the fiends shall pour into thy throat." Fletcher and Shirley, The Night Walker, ii. 4. From a noble passage of Ben Jonson's : " Good morning to the day ; and next, my gold ! Open the shrine, that I may see my saint, Hail the world's soul, and mine ! More glad than is The teeming earth to see the long'd-for sun Peep through the horns of the celestial Ram, Am I to view thy splendor darkening his : That lying here, amongst my other hoards, Shcw'st like a flame by night, or like the day Struck out of Chaos, when all darkness fled Unto the centre. O thou son of Sol, Put brighter than thy father, let me kiss With adoration thee, and every relick Of sacred treasure in this blessed room." Tlte Fox, i. I, 1-13, Also see Ford's City Madam, iii. 3. 861. " Groans are too late : sooner the ravisher Whose soul is hurled into eternal frost. Stung with the force of twenty thousand winters. To punish the distempers of his blood. Shall hope to get from thence, than those avoid The certainty of hell where he is." Fletcher and Shirley, TJic Night Walker, iv. 5. 862. " Be virtuous ends pursu'd by virtuous means. Nor think th' intention sanctifies the deed : That maxim, publish'd in an impious age. Would loose the wild enthusiast to destroy. And fix the fierce usurper's bloody title ; Then bigotry might send her slaves to war. And bid success become the test of truth ; Unpitying massacre might waste the world. And persecution boast 5ie call of Heaven." Johnson, Irene, iii. 8. Their subjects. Others roll a monster rock, And hang distended on the spokes of wheels. The ill-starre<l Theseus sits, and sit he will For ever ; Phlegyas, too, in depth of woe. Puts all in mind, and with a thund'ring voice 871 Bears witness through the shades : * Learn righteousness. When warned, and not to slight the gods !' This [wretch] Hath sold away a native land for gold, And over it a tyrant master placed ; Made statutes, and unmade them, for his fee. Another hath assailed a daughter's bed. And barred espousals. All of them have dared Gigantic guilt, and what they dared have gained. [No,] not although I had a hundred tongues, 880 86g. " Prayers there are idle, death is woo'd in vain : In midst of death poor wretches long to die : Night without day or rest, still doubling pain : Woes spending still, yet still their end less nigh ; The soul there restless, helpless, hopeless lies : There's life that never lives, there's death that never dies." P. Fletcher, Purple Island, vL 37. " A dungeon, horrible on all sides round. As one great furnace flamed; yet from those flames No light ; but rather darkness visible Served only to discover sights of woe. Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace And rest can never dwell ; hope never comes. That comes to all ; but torture without end Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed With ever-burning sulphur unconsumed." Milton, P. L., b. i. "Or for ever sunk Under yon boiling ocean, wrapp'd in chains ; There to converse with everlasting groans, Unrespited, unpitied, unreprieved. Ages of hopeless end." Ibid., b. ii. 874. Shirley, of similar guilt : " Does he call treason justice? Such a treason As heathens blush at, nature and religion Tremble to hear : to fight against my country ! 'Tis a less sin to kill my father, there. Or stab my own heart : these are private mischiefs And may in time be wept for ; but the least Wound I can fasten on my country makes A nation bleed." The Young Admiral, iii. x. " But view them closer, craft and fraud appear ; E'en liberty itself is barter'd here. At gold's superior charms all freedom flies ; The needy sell it, and the rich man buys." Goldsmith, TravelUr. " O Fortius, is there not some chosen curse. Some hidden thunder in the stores of heaven. Red with uncommon wrath, to blast the man Who owes his greatness to his countjy's ruin t" Addison, Cato, i. i, 31-34. O 194 V. 625—638. THE .ENEID. V. 639—647. And hundred mouths, and iron voice, could I All shapes of their enormities embrace, All titles of their punishments recount." These words when Phoebus' aged priestess spake : — "But come now, seize the pathway, and complete The undertaken service : let us haste !" She cries. "The walls do I discern, up- reared In forges of the Cyclops, and the gates With their confronting archway, where these gifts Do our injunctions bid us to lay down." 890 She said, and, footing on with even step Along the darkness of the paths, they grasp The intervening space, and near the doors. Upon the entrance does iEneas seize, And dews his person o'er with water fresh, And on the fi-onting threshold pins the branch. At length, these [duties] having been discharged, The service of the goddess done, they reached The gladsome regions and the charming greens. 882. In Ford's First Play the following sublime passage occurs ; ' Tis Pity, iii. 6 : " There is a place, (List, daughter) in a black and hollow vault, Where day is never seen ; there shines no sun. But flaming horror of consuming fires ; A lightless sulphur, chok'd with smoky fogs Of an infected darkness : in this place Dwell many thousand thousand sundry sorts Of never-dying deaths ; there damned souls Roar without pity ; there are gluttons fed With toads and adders ; there is burning oil Pour'd down the drunkard's throat : the usurer Is forc'd to sup whole draughts of molten gold ; There is the murderer for ever stabb'd. Yet can he never die ; there lies the wanton On racks of burning steel, whilst in his soul He feels the torment of his raging lust." 899. " With greater light Heaven's temples opened shine ; Morns smiling rise, evens blushing do decline ; Clouds dappled glister, boisterous winds are calm. Soft zephyrs do the fields with sighs embalm ; In silent calms the sea hath hush'd his roars, And with enamour'd curls doth kiss the shores ; All-bearing Earth, like a new-married queen. Her beauties heightens, in a gown of green Perfumes the air, her meads are wrought with flow'rs. In colours various, figures, smelling, pow'rs ; Trefes wanton in the groves with leavy locks. Here hills enamell'd stand, the vales, the rocks. Ring peals of joy; here floods and prattling brooks, (Stars' liquid mirrors,) with serpenting crooks. And whispering murmurs, sound unto the main. The golden age returned is again." Drummond, Flowers of S ion. KvA blessed mansions of the happy groves. Here does a more expansive atmosphere, Yea with a glitt'ring sheen, the plains enrobe, 902 And their own sun, the stars their own, they know. Some play their limbs upon the turfy lists. In frolic strive, and on the golden sand Engage in wrestle ; others with their feet Strike up the dances, and their sonnets sing. Moreo'er, the Thracian priest with length- ful garb Answers the sev'n varieties of tones In rhythmic strains ; and now the same he strikes 910 With fingers, now with quill of iv'ry. Here ** Their glittering tents he pass'd, and now is come Into the blissful field, through groves of myrrh. And flowering odours, cassia, nard, and balm ; A wilderness of sweets ; for Nature here Wanton'd as in her prime, and play'd at will. Her virgin fancies pouring forth more sweet. Wild above rule or art, enormous bliss." Milton, P. L., b. v. 900. " O sacred innocence that sweetly sleeps On turtles' feathers, whilst a guilty conscience Is a black register, wherein is writ All our good deeds and bad, a perspective That shews us hell !" Webster, TJie Duchess of Malji, iv. 2. 904. Milton makes both Angels and Devils engage in earthly games : even Virgil, in his necessary ignorance, did not venture so far as this. A scene similar to this is described by Sir William Jones in his " Seven Fountains :" " Then in a car, by snow-white coursers drawn. They led him o'er the dew-besprinkled lawn. Through groves of joy and arbours of delight. With all that could allure his ravish'd sight ; Green hillocks, meads, and rosy grots he view'd. And verdurous plains with winding streams bedew'd. On every bank, and under every shade, A thousand youths, a thousand damsels play'd ; Some wantonly were tripping in a ring On the soft border of a gushing spring ; While some, reclining in the shady vales, Told to their smiling loves their amorous tales." " Sometimes with secure delight The upland hamlets will invite. When the merry bells go round. And the jocund rebecks sound To many a youth and many a maid. Dancing in the chequer'd shade ; And young and old come forth to play On a sunshine holy-day." Milton, U Allegro. 907. " O the pleasure of the plains ! Happy nymphs and happy swains (Harmless, merry, free, and gay,) Dance and sport the hours away." Gay, Acis and Galatea, 1-4. 911. How charming is Spenser! " Eftsoones they heard a most melodious sound, Of all that mote delight a daintie eare. Such as attonce might not on living ground. Save in this paradise, be heard elsewhere : ■ V. 648 — 659. BOOK VI. V. 659—674. »95 The ancient strain of Teucer, fairest race, The liigh-souled heroes, bom in better years, E'en Ilus, and Assaracus, and Dardanus, Troy's founder. He from far in wonder views The warriors' armor and their phantom cars. Their spears stand firmly planted in the earth, And all around unyoked throughout the plain Their horses feed. What zest for cars and arms Resided in them living, what concern 920 In feeding glossy coursers, that the same Pursues them when in earth inhearsed. Behold ! Descries he others on the right and left Throughout the herbage feasting, and in choir Glad Pajan hymning 'mid a spicy grove Of bay ; whence from above [in] fullest [tide] The river of Eridanus is rolled Right hard it was for wight which did it heare, To read what manner musicke that mote bee ; For all that pleasing is to living eare Was there consorted in one harmonee ; Birdes, voices, instruments.windes, waters, all agree. " The ioyous birdes, shrouded in chearefull shade. Their notes unto the voice attempred sweet ; Th' angelicall soft trembling voyces made To th' instruments divine respondence meet ; The silver-sounding instruments did meet With the base murmure of the waters fall ; The waters fall with difference discreet Now soft, now loud, unto the wind did call ; The gentle warbling wind low answered to all." F. Q., ii. 12, 70, 1. 922. This idea is beautifully embodied by P. Fletcher : " Thomalin, mourn not for him ; he's sweetly sleeping In Neptune's court, whom here he sought to {»lease ; e humming rivers, by his cabin creeping. Rock soft his slumbering thoughts m quiet ease." Piscatory Eclogues, ii. 17. 926. Chatterton well describes the descent of a river, and its subsequent emergence : " On Tiber's banks, Tiber, whose waters glide In slow meanders down to Gaigra's side ; And, circling all the horrid mountain round. Rushes impetuous to the deep profound ; Rolls o'er the ragged rocks with hideous yell ; Collects its waves beneath the earth's vast shell. There for a while in loud confusion hurl'd. It ci-umbles mountains down, and shakes the world ; Till borne upon the pinions of the air, Through the rent earth the bursting waves appear ; Fiercely propell'd the whiten'd billows rise, Break from the cavern, and ascend the skies." The Death o/Nicou, 1-12. Along the forest. Here the band [of those, Who] in their fighting for their native land Have suffered wounds ; and who were taintless priests, 930 While life endured ; and who were holy bards. And strains, of Phoebus worthy, spoke ; or they. Who by discovered arts have life refined. And who have others mindful of then made By their deserving it : — with all of these Their brows are circled by a snowy wreath. Whom, flocking round, the Sibyl thus ad- dressed ; 'Fore all Musreus : for a num'rous throng Have him their centre, and to him look up, Above them standing by his shoulders high : — 940 *' Say, happy souls, and thou thrice-worthy bard. What tract, what place, contains Anchises ? We On his account have come, and mighty streams Of Erebus sailed over." Straight to her Reply in few the hero thus returned : '* To none there is a fixed abode : we dwell In shady bow'ts ; and couches of the banks, 929. " Welcome, my son ! here lay him down, my friends, Full in my sight, that I may view at leisure The bloody corse, and count those glorious wounds. How beautiful is death, when earned by virtue ! Who would not be that youth ? What pity is it That we can die but once to serve our country ?" Addison, Cato, iv. 931. " From yonder realms of empyrean day Bursts on my ear th' indignant lay : There sit the sainted sage, the bard divine. The few, whom Genius gave to shine Through every unborn age and undiscover'd clime." Gray, Ode for Music, ii. " The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling. Doth glance fiom heaven to earth, from earth to heaven ; And, as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name." Shakespeare, Midsumtner Nighfs Dream, v. \. 947. The British poets abound in descriptions of such scenes as are here only briefly touched upon : the difficulty is in the selection. To quote but a fe\w : " A gardein saw I, full of blosomed bowis. Upon a river, in a grene mede, There as sweetnesse evermore inough is, With flowres white, blewe, yelowe, and rede. And cold welle streaines, nothing dcde. That swommen full of smale fishes light. With finnes rede, and scales silver bright :" &c. Chaucer, Assembly qf FouUs, st. 27. O 2 96 V. 674—686. THE jENEID. V. 686 — 706. And meadows, fresh with runnels, do we haunt. But ye, if thus the fancy in your heart Inchnes you, overpass this brow, and I 950 Forthwith will set you in an easy path," He said, and in the front advanced his step, And from above the glist'ring plains points out : They thereupon the topmost summits leave. But sire Anchises, deep in verdant glen, The souls confined, and fated to advance To upper light, was passing in review, "With earnestness reflecting; and by chance Was counting all the number of his kin, And dear descendants, and the destinies And fortunes of the men, their manners too. And their achievements. And when he beheld, 962 Advancing in his front along the grass, iEneaS, he in eagerness both hands Outstretched, and tears were jetted o'er his cheeks. " Fresh shadowes, fit to shroud from sunny ray : Fair lawnds, to take the sunne in season dew : Sweet springs, in which a thousand nymphs did play; Soft-rombling brookes, that gentle slomberdrew ; High-reared mounts, the lands about to view ; Low-looking dales, disloigned from common gaze, Delightful bowres, to solace lovers trew ; False labyrinthes, fond runners eyes to daze ; All which, by Nature made, did Nature selfe amaze. " And all without were walkes and alleyes dight With divers trees enrang'd in even rankes ; And here and there were pleasant arbors pight. And shadie seates, and sundrie flowring bankes." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 10, 24, 5. " I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows. Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows ; Quite over canopied with lush woodbine. With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine : There sleeps Titania, some time of the night, Lull'd in these flowers with dances and delight : And there the snake throws her enamell'd skin. Weed wide enough to wrap a fairy in." Shakespeare, Midsummer Night's Dream, ii. 2. " Consent to be my mistress, Celestina, And we will have it spring-time all the year : Upon whose invitations, when we walk, The winds shall play soft descant to our feet. And breathe rich odours to re-pure the air : Green bowers on every side shall tempt our stay. And violets stoop to have us tread upon 'em. The red rose shall grow pale, being near thy cheek. And the white, blush, o'ercome with such a forehead. Here laid, and measuring with ourselves some bank, A thousand birds shall from the woods repair. And place themselves so cunningly behind The leaves of every tree, that while they pay Us tribute of their songs, thou shalt imagine The very trees bear music, and sweet voices Do grow in every arbour." Shirley, Tfte Lady of Pleasure, v. i. And from his lips dropped forth the voice : "Hast thou Arrived at last, and hath thy piety. Awaited by a parent, overcome The painful journey ? Is it deigned, my son, To look upon thy features, and to hear 970 Familiar accents, and return them ? Thus In sooth I judged within my mind, and deemed That it would happen, reckoning up the times ; Nor me hath my anxiety misled. Borne [o'er] what lands, and o'er how spacious seas. Do I receive thee ! By how grievous risks Betossed, my son ! What terror have I felt, Lest Libya's realms might do thee aught of harm !" But he : "Me, sire, thy [ghost], thy rueful ghost, Oft, oft appearing, these abodes hath forced To near : my ships are riding in the Tyrr- hene sea. 981 Vouchsafe to link right hand, vouchsafe, O sire ; And steal thee not away from our embrace." In such wise speaking, at the same time he Bewet his features with a flood of tears. Three times he there essayed to throw his arms Around his neck ; three times, in vain engrasped. The phantom-form escaped his hands, a match For wanton winds, and likest wingy sleep. Meanwhile ^neas sees within a vale, 990 That stretched in curve away, a grove re- tired, And shrubs in thickets rustling, and the stream Of Lethe, which along the homes of peace Flows on. Round this uncounted states and tribes 977, 8. Or, more literally : " How have I dreaded, lest In aught the realms of Libya thee might harm !' 985. The ancient Epic poets could scarce have comprehended the Dauphin, when he says to Lord Salisbury : " Let me wipe off this honourable dew. That silverly doth progress on thy cheeks : My heart hath melted at a lady's tears. Being an ordinary inundation ; But this effusion of such manly drops. This shower, blown up by tempest of the soul. Startles mine eyes, and makes me more amaz'd Than had I seen the vanity top of heaven Figur'd quite o'er with burning meteors." Shakespeare, King John, v. 2. V. 7o6 — 728. BOOK VI. V. 738—739. 197 Were flitting j and, — as when among the meads The bees in cloudless summer [-hour] alight On chequered blossoms, and are streamed around White lilies, — hums with music all the plain, i^neas shudders at the sudden sight, And in his ignorance does he demand looo The reasons : — what may be those floods beyond. Or who the persons, in a host so vast Have filled the banks. Then sire Anchises [thus] : ** The souls, to whom are other bodies due By destiny, at Lethe's river-wave Care-chasing draughts and long oblivion drink. Hereof in sooth to give thee an account. And spread them out before thy view, the line Of my [descendants] to recount, long since [Have] I desire[d] ; that thou the more with me loio In Italy discovered may'st rejoice." *' O father, is it then to be conceived That any spirits to the world above Pass hence uplifted, and again return To sluggish bodies? In these wretched [souls] What so portentous passion for the light ?" '* I sooth will tell, nor keep thee poised [in doubt]. My son :" Anchises catches up [the speech]. And duly each particular unfolds. *' Firstly; the sky, and lands, and wat'ry plains, 1020 And sheeny ball of Luna, and the stars Titanian, soul within supports, and mind. Shed through the members, stirs the mass entire. And with the mighty framework blends itself. Thence birth of men and cattle, and the lives 996. Spenser, beautifully of Clarion : " There he arriving, round about doth flie. From bed to bed, from one to other border ; And takes survey, with curious busie eye. Of every flowre and herbe there set in order; Now this, now that, he tasteth tenderly. Yet none of them he rudely doth disorder, Ne with his feete their silken leaves deface ; But pastures on the pleasures of each place." Muiopottnos, st. 22. 1006. See note on line 416. 1008. " The hour's now come ; The very minute bids thee ope thine ear ; Obey, and be attentive." Shakespeare, Tempest, i. 2. See note, jEn. v. 1027-9. Of flying creatures, and the monster forms, Which 'neath its marble surface breeds the deep. A fiery energy and heav'nly source Resides within these principles, so far As harmful bodies clog them not, nor blunt them 1030 Earth-gendered joints and perishable limbs. Hence fear they and desire, they grieve and joy; Nor do they peer abroad upon the heavens, Confined in darkness and a gloomy jail. Yea too, when with its latest ray hath life Left them, yet do not from the woeful ones Their every ill, nor all their body-plagues Depart entirely. And it needs must be That many a fault, long grown up with their growth. In wondrous ways should deep within them root. 1040 Hence are they disciplined by punishments. 1030. The English idiom absolutely demands a negative in the positive clause in v. 732 ; otherwise a meaning the reverse of the poet's will be conveyed. " O ignorant poor man ! What dost thou fear, Lock'd up within the casket of thy breast ? What jewels and what riches hast thou there ? What heav'nly treasure in so weak a chest T " Look in thy soul, and thou shalt beauties find. Like those which drown'd Narcissus in the flood: Honour and pleasure both are in thy mind, And all that in the world is counted good. " Think of her worth, and think that God did mean This worthy mind should worthy things em- brace : Blot not her beauties with thy thoughts unclean. Nor her dishonour with thy passion base. " Kill not her quick'ning pow'r with surfeitings ; Mar not her sense with sensuality ; Cast not her wit on idle things ; Make not her free-will slave to vanity. " And when thou think'st of her eternity. Think not that death against her nature is : Think it a birth : and when thou go'st to die. Sing like a swan, as if thou went'st to bliss." Sir John Davies, Immortality of the Soul. " Yet man, fool man ! /lere buries all his thoughts ; Inters celestial hopes without one sigh. Prisoner of Earth, and pent beneath the Moon, Ncre pinions all his wishes ; wing'd by Heaven To fly at infinite, and reach it there. Where seraphs gather immortality " On life's fair tree, fast by the throne of God." " A soul immortal, spending all her fires. Wasting her strength in strenuous idleness. Thrown into tumult, raptur'd or alarni'd. At aught this scene can threaten or indulge. Resembles ocean into tempest wrought. To waft a feather, or to drown a fly." Young, TAe Complaint, N. i. 1 04 1. " I am thy father's spirit, Doom'd for a cert.ain term to walk the night. And, for the day, confin'd to lasting fires. 198 V. 739—745- THE yENEID. V. 745—756. And penalties of crimes of old pay out. Some gibbeted are spread to empty winds ; From others underneath the monstrous gulf Their wickedness ingrained is washed away, Or is burnt out by fire. We each endure I lis proper Manes ; then we are dismissed Throughout the wide Elysium, and we few The gladsome fields possess : till length of day[s],— Till the foul crimes, done in my days of nature. Are burnt and purg'd away." Shakespeare, Hamlet, i. 5. 1044. Spenser magnificently introduces Pilate in the infernal regions, washing his hands, but in vain : " He lookt a little further, and espyde Another wretch, whose carcas deepe was drent Within the river, which the same did hyde : But both his hands, most filthy feculent. Above the water were on high extent. And faynd to wash themselves incessantly. Yet nothing cleaner were for such intent. But rather fowler seemed to the eye : So lost his labour, vaine and ydle industry. " The knight, him calling, asked who he was? Who, lifting up his head, him answerd thus : ' I Pilate am, the falsest judge, alas ! And most unjust ; that, by unrighteous And wicked doome,' " &c. F. Q., ii. 7, end. Crashaw, on the original act itself : " My hands are wash'd, but, O the water's spilt. That labour'd to have wash'd thy guilt : The flood, if any be that can suffice. Must have its fountain in thine eyes." " What hands are here ? Ha ! they pluck out mine eyes ! Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand ? No ; this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine. Making the green — one red." Shakespeare, Macbeth, ii. 2. 1046. " Nor custom, nor example, nor vast numbers Of such as do oifend, make less the sin. For each particular crime a strict account Will be exacted, and that comfort which The damned pretend, fellows in misery. Takes nothing from their torments : every one Must suffer in himself the measure of His wickedness." Massinger, The Picture, \v. t. 1049. " Deceit and artifice ! the turn's too sudden : flabitual evils seldom change so soon. But many days must pass, and many sorrows. Conscious remorse and anguish must be felt. To curb desire, to break the stubborn will. And work a second nature in the soul." Rowe, Ulysses, act i. In Ford's Play 'Tis Pity, the Friar thus touch- ingly addresses the guilty Giovanni ; act i. 1 : " Hie to thy father's house : there lock thee fast Within thy chamber ; then fall down On both thy knees, and grovel on the ground ; Cry to thy heart ; wash every word thou utter'st In tears (and if t be possible) in blood : Beg Heaven to cleanse the leprosy of lust That rots thy soul ; acknowledge what thou art — A wretch, a worm, a nothing : weep, sigh, pray, Three times a day, and three times every night." The round of time complete, — hath blotted out 1050 Th' incorporated stain, and taintless left The heaven-born intelligence, and fire Of uncompounded spirit. All of these, When they have through a thousand years rolled round The wheel [of Time], to Lethe's flood the god _ Forth summons in a mighty host ; to wit, That, void of memory, the vault above They may again revisit, and begin To wish into their bodies to return." 1059 Anchises said, and on he draws his son, The Sibyl with him too, within the midst Of the assemblies, and the humming crowd ; And fixes on a hillock, whence them all In long array he can in front review, And learn their lineaments as they advance. *' Now come ! what fame upon our Dar- dan race Mason follows up the Christian idea thus beau- tifully : " O flinty Edgar, What ! will this penitence not move thee ? Know There is a rose-lipp'd seraph sits on high. Who ever bends his holy ear to earth, To mark the voice of penitence, to catch Her solemn sighs, to tune them to his harp. And echo them in harmonies divine Up to the throne of Grace." • Elfrida. 1051. " Merlin. But follow thou the whispers of thy soul. That draw thee nearer Heaven ; And, as thy place is nearest to the sky, The rays will reach thee first, and bleach thy soot. Philidel. In hope of .that I spread my azure wings. And wishing still, — for yet I dare not pray, — I bask in daylight, and behold with joy My scum work outward, and my rust wear off." Dryden, King Arthur, ii. i. 1059. " Heavens ! can you then thus waste, in shameful wise, Your few important days of trial here ? Heirs of eternity ! yborn to rise Through endless states of being, still more near To bliss approaching, and perfection clear. Can you renounce a fortune so sublime. Such glorious hopes, your backward steps to steer. And roll, with vilest brutes, thro' mud and slime ! No ! no ! — Your heaven-touch'd heart disdains the sordid crime !" " Not less the life, the vivid joy serene. That lighted up these new-created men. Than that which wings th' exulting spirit clean. When just deliver'd from his fleshly den. It soaring seeks its native skies agen : How light its essence ! how unclogg'd its powers. Beyond the blazon of my mortal pen ! Ev'n so we glad forsook the sinful bowers, Ev'n such enraptur'd life, such energy was ours." Thomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. end. 1062. Sonantem, v. 753, must not be rendered too strongly : see vv. 705-9. V. 756—779- BOOK VI. V, 779—800. 199 Attends hereafter, what posterity From the Italian nation us awaits, — Distinguished spirits, and about to pass Into our name, — I will explain in speech, And in thy destinies will tutor thee. 107 1 •*Yon youth, thou seest, who on his headless spear Is leaning, holds by lot the nearest post To light. He foremost to the stars of heaven. Commingled with Italian blood, shall rise, — Silvius, an Alban title, thy last child ; Whom late to thee, in thy old age, thy spouse Lavinia shall bring forth within the woods, A king, and sire of kings, from whom our line Shall rule in Alba Longa. He the next Is Procas, of the Trojan race the pride, And Capys [too], and Numitor, and he. Who thee shall in his name reflect, Silvius yEneas, equally for piety 1084 Or arms distinguished, if at any time He Alba shall receive to rule. What youths ! Behold what mighty pow'rs do they display ! E'en shaded with the civic oak, they bear Their temples. These Nomentum shall for thee, And Gabii, and Fidenae's city ; these 1090 Shall plant upon the hills Collatia's towers, For praise of chastity renowned ; and add Pometii the haughty, and the Fort Of Inuus, and Bola^ Cora too. These then shall be their names ; the lands are now Without a name. Yea too, in company With his grandsire, Mavortian Romulus Shall join him j whom shall of Assarac's blood 1069. The idea in ituras, v. 758, seems to be that which Sir John Davies combats here ; " Nor in a secret cloister doth he keep These virgin-spirits, till their marriage-day ; Nor locks them up in chambers, where they sleep Till they awake within these beds of clay." Immortality of tJie Soul, section 5. But Thomson avails himself of it in Alfred, ii. 3 : " From those eternal regions bright. Where suns that never set in night Diffuse the golden day. Where Spring unfading pours around, O'er all the dew-impearled ground. Her thousand colours gay ; O ! whether on the fountain's flowery side. Whence living waters glide, Or in the fragrant grove Whose shade embosoms Peace and Love, New pleasures all your hours employ. And ravish every sense with every joy : Great heirs of empire yet unborn Who shall this island late adorn ! A monarch's drooping thought to cheer. Appear! appear! appear!" His mother Ilia bring to light. Dost thou not see How double plumes are standing from his head, i icx) And e'en the father of the gods above Now stamps him with a dignity, his own ? Behold ! beneath his auspices, my son, That glorious Rome her sovereignty shall bring To match with earth, her gallantry with heaven. And singly for herself her seven heights With rampart girdle, happy in a race Of heroes : as the Berecynthian dame Is wafted in her chariot, crowned with towers. Through Phrygia's cities, blithe with birth of gods, 1 1 10 A hundred grandsons folding in her arms, All denizens of heav'n, all tenanting The heights empyreal. Hither both thine eyes Now turn ; this nation view, e'en Romans thine. This Coesar is, and all lulus' strain. Decreed to pass beneath the mighty cope Of heav'n. This is the man, this he, whom thou Dost often, often hear to thee is pledged, — Augustus Coesar, offspring of a god ; He who shall found the age of gold again In Latium, o'er the territories ruled 1121 By Saturn erst ; and past the Garamants And Indians shall his sovereignty extend. Without the constellations lies their land, Without the pathways of the year and sun, Where heav'n-supporting Atlas whirls the pole Upon his shoulder, chased with blazing stars. At his approach e'en now both Caspian realms, And the Maeotian land, are struck aghast 1 125. " In climes beyond the solar road. Where shaggy forms o'er ice-built mountains roam, The Muse has broke the twilight gloom, To cheer the shivering native's dull abode." Gray, The Progress 0/ Poesy. 1127. " Even from the fiery-spangled veil of heaven." Marlowe, Tamburlaine the Great, v. a. Dr. Young has somewhere "blossomed with stars." Milton's " powdered with stars," P. L., b. vii., may have been taken from SackvUlc's lit' duction, St. 9 : " Then looking upward to the heavens beames, With nightes starres thicke powdrcd every where, Which erst so glistened with the golden streamcs. That chcarcfull Phebus spred downe from his sphere." 1' THE jENEID, V. 818—832. At answers of the gods, and troubled be The flurried outlets of the sev'nfold Nile. Nor did in sooth Alcides overpass 1132 So wide [a span] of earth, although he pierced The bronzen-footed hind, or tranquillized The groves of Erymanth, and Lerna forced To shudder through his bow : nor he who sways His team with reins, encircled with the vine, In conquest, — Liber, driving tigers down From Nysa's lofty crest. And do we still Demur to spread our fame by our exploits ? Or is it fear, that bars our settling down Upon Ausonia's land ?" *' But who is he Afar, distinguished by the olive-sprays. Bearing the holy things ?" "I know the locks 1 144 And frosty chin of Roma's monarch, who The city first shall stablish by his laws ; From petty Cures, and a poor estate. Commissioned to majestic sway. To whom Shall Tullus next succeed, he who shall break The quiet of his native land, and rouse 1 1 56 To arms his restful subjects, and the hosts, To triumphs now unused. Whom follows close Too vauntful Ancus, now, e'en now, o'er- much Rejoicing in mob-breath. And dost thou list 1147, 8. " And, as in cloudy days, we see the sun Glide over turrets, temples, richest fields. All those left dark, and slighted in his waj', And on the wretched plight of some poor shed. Pours all the glories of his golden head : So heavenly virtue on this envied lord Points all his graces." Shirley, CJiabot, iv. i. 1 153, 4. " O popular applause ! What heart of man Is proof against thy sweet seducing charms ? The wisest and the best feel urgent need Of all their caution in thy gentlest gales ; But swell'd into a gust, — who then, alas ! With all his canvas set, and inexpert. And therefore heedless, can withstand thy pow'r ?" Cowper, Task, b. ii. " Foe to restraint, unpractis'd in deceit. Too resolute, from nature's active heat, To brook affronts, and tamely pass them by ; Too proud to flatter, too sincere to lie. Too plain to please, too honest to be great. Give me, kind Heav'n, an humbler, happier state ; Far from the place where men with pride deceive. Where rascals promise, and where fools believe ; Far from the walk of folly, vice, and strife. Calm, independent, let me steal through life. Nor one vain wish my steady thoughts beguile To fear his lordship's frown, or court his smile." Churchill, Night. " Wilt thou assign the flatteries, whereon The reeling pillars of a popular breath Have rais'd thy giant-like conceit ?" Beaumont and Fletcher, Tlie Laws of Candy, i. 2. The Tarquin monarchs, and the haughty soul Of vengeful Brutus, and the fascial rods, Recovered, to behold ? The consul's sway And ruthless axes he shall first receive ; And, [though] a father, shall his sons, strange wars Arousing, to their punishment, for sake 1 160 Of beauteous freedom, call. Unhappy man ! Howe'er posterity these deeds shall brook, The love of country, and a boundless lust Of praises, shall prevail. Moreover too. The Decii, and the Drusi far away, And, unrelenting with his axe, behold Torquatus ; and, the standards bringing back, Camillus. But those sprites, whom thou perceiv'st Gleaming in weapons uniform, in heart Knit now, and while in night they're over- whelmed, — 1 1 70 Alas ! how sore the war between them, if The light of life they shall have reached ! How sore The battles and the carnage they shall wake! From Alpine piles, and from Monoecus' tower. The sire-in-law down swooping; son-in-law, 1 159. "Raymond. What 'treason is it to redeem my king. And to reform the state ? Torrismojid. That's a stale cheat : The primitive rebel, Lucifer, first us'd it. And was the first reformer of the skies." Dryden, Spanish Fryar, v. 1 161. " Beauteous freedom." The Tarquins would have said : " Now mince the sin. And mollify damnation with a phrase." Dryden, Spanish Fryar, v. 1162. " Brook," or, perhaps, " tell." The mean- ing of the passage seems to be this. It is as if Anchises had said: "I am aware that this act of Brutus is questionable, and that hereafter it will be freely canvassed, and by some as freely condemned. But, notwithstanding this difference of opinion, I believe that the upholders of Brutus will at last carry the world with them. The love of country, and the desire for the approval of good men, will be pronounced paramount to all considerations of private interest or affection." 1 163, 4. " Though the desire of fame be the last weakness Wise men put off." Massinger, A Very Woman, v. 4. Gifford, in a note on this passage, says that Massinger and Milton (who calls fame, " That last infirmity of a noble mind,") were probably both indebted to Tacitus: " Quando etiam sapientibus cupido glories novissima exuitur." Hist. xi. 6. 1171. " If you can look into the seeds of time. And say, which grain will grow, and which will not." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. V. 832— 847. BOOK VI, y. 847—866. 30Z With troops to meet him, from the East supplied 1 Do not, my sons, do not familiarize Sucligrievousbattlcs to your minds, nor turn Your lusty strength against your country's bowels : And thou the first, do thou forbear, who draw'st 1 1 80 Thy lineage frorn Olympus ; fling away The weapons from thy hand, O my own blood ! That [warrior] to the lofty Capitol, A conqueror, on Corinth triumphed o'er, Shall drive his chariot, marked by slaugh- tered Greeks. This Argos shall uproot, Mycenoe, too, [The seat] of Agamemnon, aye and e'en A child of ^acus, Achilles' seed. The powerful in armor, having venged The ancestors of Troja, and Minei"va's fane, 1190 That was disgraced. Who, mighty Cato, thee, Orthee, OCossus, could unmentioned leave? Who could the race of Gracchus ? Or [those] twain, Two levin-bolts of war, the Scipios, The scourge of Libya? And Fabricius, A master [spirit] in a petty sphere ? Or thee, Serranus, sowing in thy trench ? Whither, O Fabii, hurry wearied me ? Thou art that " Maximus," who dost alone 1179. " See, see, the pining malady of France ! Behold the wounds, the most unnatural wounds, Which thou thyself hast given her woful breast ! O, turn thy edged sword another way ; Strike those that hurt, and hurt not those that help; One drop of blood, drawn from thy country's bosom. Should grieve thee more than streams of foreign gore." Shakespeare, i A'. Hen. VI., iii. 3. " Every wound We give our country is a crimson tear From our own heart. They are a viperous brood Gnaw through the bowels of their parent." Shirley, 1'he Politician, iv. 2. 1197. " Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away am- bition : By that sin fell the angels." Shakespeare, King Henry VIII., iii. 2. " You have worth, Richly enamelled with modesty ; And, though your lofty merit might sit crown'd On Caucasus, or the Pyrenaean mountains. You choose the humbler valley, and had rather Grow a safe shrub below, than dare the winds, And be a cedar." Randolph, The Muses' Looking-Glass , iii. 2. " Trust me, I prize jxjor virtue with a rag Better than vice with both the Indies." Beaumont and Fletcher, 2'lu Faithful Friends, iv. 4. For us by dallying retrieve the state. 1200 Others more tenderly shall model out Their breathing bronzes, truly I believe ; Shall living features from the marble draw ; riead causes better ; and the heav'n's career Map out with wand, and rise of stars de- scribe : Do thou, to rule the nations 'neath thy sway, Remember, Roman ! these shall be thy arts : — E'en to obtrude upon them terms of peace. To spare the prostrate, and to crush the proud." Thus sire Anchises ; and, in their amaze, He these subjoins : *\See how Marcellus, badged ' 1211 With trophies from the gen'ral, stalks along And, conq'ror, all the heroes overtops ! He shall the state of Rome, while tumult vast Is troubling it, support ; he, mounted on his steed. Shall quell the Pceni and revolting Gaul, And the third captured arms shall hang aloft To sire Quirinus." And .^neas here : — For pacing by his side he saw a youth. Peerless in figure and^in gleaming arms. But little blithe his forehead, and his eyne With downcast look : — '* Who, sire, is he, who thus 1222 Accompanies the warrior as he goes ? His son ? Or any of his mighty stock Of grandsons ? What a buzz of retinue 1202. " Breathing :" that is, of course, seemingly alive ; as Spenser represents Minerva working a Butterfly : " Emongst these leaves she made a butterflie, With excellent device and wondrous slight, Fluttring among the olives wantonly. That seem'd to live, so like it was in sight : The velvet nap which on his wings doth lie. The silken downe with which his backe is dight. His broad outstretched homes, his hayrie thies. His glorious colours, and his glistering eies." Muiopotnios, 42. " Such are thy pieces, imitating life So near, they almost conquer in the strife." Dryden, Ep. to Sir G. Kneller. " Still to new scenes my wandering muse retires. And the dumb show of breathing rocks admires ; Where the smooth chisel all its force hxis shown. And soften'd into flesh the rugged stone." Addison, Letter to Lord Halifax, " Beneath yon storied roof, where mimic life Glows to the eye, and at the painter's touch A new creation lives along the walls." Murphy, T/te Orphan of China, act U. 1225, 6. So Gray of Queen Elizabeth : " Girt with njany a baron bold Sublime their starry fronts they rear : And gorgeous dames and statesmen old, In bearded majesty, appear. V. 866—885. THE jENEID. 15—902. Around ! His bearing in himself how grand ! But ebon Night is hov'ring round his head With sullen shade." The sire Anchises then began, With eyedrops starting forth: "O son, seek not The weighty sorrows of thy kin. The Fates 1230 Shall but just hold him to the view of earth. Nor farther let him live. O'ermuch to you Rome's race had puissant seemed, ye gods above, If these your boons had ever-during proved. What grievous groans of warriors will that field, By Mars' majestic city, send abroad ! Aye, too, what obsequies, O Tiberine, Shalt thou behold, when thou shalt glide along By his fresh grave ! Nor shall there any youth Of Ilian race his Latin ancestors 1240 To such a lofty pitch with hope upraise : Nor ever shall the land of Romulus In any nursling vaunt herself so high. Ah piety ! Ah faith of olden days ! And thou, O right hand, unsubdued in war ! Not with impunity would any [knight] Have tilted on to meet him, cased in arms, Or when afoot against the foeman he would march. Or gore with spurs his foaming charger's flanks. Alas ! O youth, for pity meet ! If thou Thy felon destinies in any wise 125 1 Canst burst away, Marcellus thou shalt be. By handfuls give me lilies ; let me strew Their gaudy blossoms, and uppile the shade In the midst a form divine ! Her eye proclaims her of the Briton line : Her lion-fort, her awe-commanding face, , Attemper'd sweet to virgin grace." The Bard, iii. 2. 1231. " He has a victory in 's death : this world Deserved him not. How soon he was translated To glorious eternity ! 'Tis too late To fright the air with words ; my tears embalm him." Shirley, Chabot, end. 1244. " Oh, thou art gone, and gone with thee all goodness, The great example of all equity, (Oh, thou alone a Roman, thou art perished !) Faith, fortitude, and constant nobleness ! Weep, Rome ! weep, Italy ! Weep all that knew him." J. Fletcher, Valetitiiiian, iv. 4. 1254. " Ye valleys low, where the mild whispers rise Of shades, and wanton winds, and gushing brooks. On whose fresh lap the swart-star sparely looks ; Throw hither all your quaint enamell'd eyes. That on the green turf suck the honied showers, And purple all the ground with vernal flowers. Of my descendant with these gifts at least, And an unprofitable duty pay." Thus they at large throughout the region range In spacious plains of air, and all survey. Through each whereof when had Anchises led His son, and fired his spirit with the love Of coming fame, he next the hero tells 1 261 The battles, which thereafter should be waged ; Informs him also of Laurentine clans, And city of Latinus ; and the means. Whereby each toil he may or shun or bear. Two gates there are of Sleep, whereof the one Is said to be of horn, through which is given A ready outlet to the real shades : The other, lustrous, finished off with sheen Of iv'ry ; but [by this] to th' upper world Fantastic visions do the Manes send. 1 27 1 When with these words Anchises then es- corts His offspring, and the Sibyl by his side, And lets them out by th' iv'ry gate, — he treads The pathway to the galleys, and his mates Revisits ; then straight bears him through the shore To Caiet's port. The anchor from the bow Is cast ; the sterns are resting on the strand. Bring the rathe primrose that forsaken dies, The tufted crow-toe, and pale jessamine, The white pink, and the pansy freak'd with jet. The glowing violet. The musk rose, and the well-attired woodbine. With cowslips wan that hang the pensive head. And every flower that sad embroidery wears : Bid Amaranthus all his beauty shed. And daffodillies fill their cups with tears, To strew the laureat hearse where Lycid lies." Milton, Lycidas. " With fairest flowers, While" summer lasts, and I live here, Fidele, I'll sweeten thy sad grave. Thou shalt not lack The flower, that's like thy face, pale primrose ; nor The azur'd harebell, like thy veins ; no, nor The leafy eglantine, whom not to slander, Outsweeten'd not thy breath. The ruddock would. With charitable bill," "bring thee all this ; Yea, and furr'd moss besides, vhen flowers are none, To winter-guard thy corse." Shakespeare, Cyvtheline, iv. 2. 1256. " Hung be the heavens with black, yield day to night ! Comets, importing change of times and states. Brandish your crystal tresses in the sky. And with them scourge the bad revolting star.s, That have consented unto Henry's death ! Henry the Fifth, too famous to live long ! England ne'er lost a king of so much worth." Shakespeare, i King Henry VI., i. i, 1-7. V. I — II. BOOK VIL V. II — 1 6. aoj BOOK VII. Thou, also, to our shores, TEnean nurse, Caieta, at thy death undying fame Hast giv'n ; and now thy glory guards thy home, And in the great Hesperia does thy name Thy bones mark out, if that is any boast. But good /Eneas, — her funereal rites Duly discharged, the barrow of the tomb Upraised, — when once the mountain seas reposed. Pursues his voyage under sail, and quits The haven. Breathe the breezes on the night, Nor does the silver moon their course forbid ; , 1 1 The ocean gleams beneath her dancing ray. The nearest shores to Circe's land aregrazed. Wherein the wealthy daughter of the Sun Line 8. " And weary waves, withdrawing from the fight, Lie luU'd and panting on the silent shore. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, 98. II, 12. " Now through the passing cloud she seems to stoop, Now up the pure cerulean rides sublime. Wide the pale deluge floats, and streaming mild O'er the sky'd mountain to the shadowy vale, While rocks and floods reflect the quivering gleam, The whole air whitens with a boundless tide Of silver radiance, trembling round the world." Thomson, Autumn. " But soft ! the golden glow subsides ; Her chariot mounts on high ; And now in silver'd pomp she rides Pale regent of the sky." Cunningham, 7'/u: Contetnplattst, 7. 12. Or, by less displacement of the Latin words : " Gleams underneath her bickering light the deep." 14. " Within the navel of this hideous wood. Immured in cypress shades a sorcerer dwells. Of Bacchus and of Circe bom, great Comus, Deep skill'd in all his mother's witcheries ; And here to every thirsty wanderer By sly enticement gives his baneful cup. With many murmurs mix'd, whose pleasing poison The visage quite transforms of him that drinks. And the inglorious likeness of a beast Fixes instead, unmoulding reason's mintage, Character'd in the face. This have I learnt. Tending my flocks hard bv i' the hilly crofts. That brow this bottom glade : whence night by night He and his monstrous rout are heard to howl. Like stabled wolves, or tigers at their prey. Doing abhorred rites to Hecate In their obscured haunts of inward bowers. Yet have they many baits, and guileful spells. To inveigle and invite the unwary sense Of them that pass unwceting by the way." Milton, Comus. See Ben Jensen's magnificent Witch scene in The Masque of Queens, enacted before James I., 1609. The groves, that must not be approached, makes ring With ceaseless song, and in her prideful domes Bums musky cedar for her nightly lamps, Traveling the filmy warp with whistling reed. Hence groans are clearly heard, and lions' wrath, _ 19 Rejecting chains, and roaring late at night; 16. " Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould Breathe such divine, enchanting ravishment ? Sure something holy lodges in that breast, And with these raptures moves the vocal air To testify his hidden residence. How sweetly did they float upon the wings Of silence, through the empty-vaulted night. At every fall smoothing the raven down Of darkness, till it smil'd ! I have oft heard My mother Circe with the Syrens three. Amidst the flowery-kirtled Naiades, Culling their potent herbs and baleful drugs ; Who, as they sung, would take the prison'd soul, And lap it in Elysium." Milton, Comus. 19, " Whiles we stood here securing your repose. Even now, we heard a hollow burst of bellowing. Like bulls, or rather lions : did it not wake you ? It struck mine ear most terribly." Shakespeare, Tempest, ii. i. " Silence and solitude are every where. Through all the gloomy ways, and iron doors. That hither lead, nor human face nor voice Is seen or heard. A dreadful din was wont To grate the sense, when entered here, from groans. And howls of slaves condemned ; from clink of chains, And crash of rusty bars and creaking hinges : • And ever and anon the sight was dashed With frightful faces, and the meagre looks Of grim and ghastly executioners." Congreve, The Mourning Bride, v. " He knows her shifts and haunts ; And all her wiles and turns ; the venom'd plants Wherewith she kills; where the sad mandrake grows. Whose groans are deathful : the dead-numbing nightshade. The stupefying hemlock, adder's tongue. And martagan : the shrieks of luckless owls We hear, and croaking night-crows in the air ! Green-bellied snakes, blue fire-drakes in the sky. And giddy flitter-mice with leathern wings ! The scaly beetles, with their habergeons. That make a humming murmur as they fly ! There in the stocks of trees white faies do dwell. And span-long elves that dance about a pool. With each a little changeling in their arms ! The air>' spirits play with falling stars, And mount the sphere of fire to kiss the moon ! While she sits reading by the glow-worm's light. Or rotten wood, o'er which the worm hath crept. The baneful schedule of her nocent charms. And binding characters, through which she wounds Her puppets, the sigilla of her witchcraft." Ben JonsoD, Th* Sad Shepkerd, ii. a. 204 V. 17—33. THE ^NEID. V. 33—48. And bristly boars and bears within their stalls Are raging ; howl, too, shapes of monster wolves ; Which from the guise of men the goddess grim, Circe, had by her pow'rful herbs transshaped To visages and forms of savage beasts. Which such portents that Troja's holy sons Might not endure, when wafted into port, Nor near the shores accursed, Neptune filled Their sails with fav'ring winds, and sped their flight, And carried them beyond the seething shoals. 30 And now 'gan flush with beams [of light] the main. And from the lofty welkin saffron Morn In rosy chariot gleamed ; when fell the gales. And every blast sank suddenly to rest, And on the lazy surface strain the oars. And here a grove immense ^neas spies From forth the ocean. Through the midst thereof [The god] of Tiber in his charming stream, With racing eddies, and of golden hue With plenteous sand, bursts onward to the sea ; 40 And motley birds around and overhead, Used to the banks and channel of the tide. 26, 7. " You spotted snakes, with double tongue, Thorny hedge-hogs, be not seen ; Newts, and bUnd-worms do no wrong : Come not near our fairy queen. Philomel, with melody Sing in our sweet lullaby : Lulla, lulla, lullaby ; lulla, lulla, lullaby ; Never harm, nor spell, nor charm. Come our lovely lady nigh ; So, good night, with lullaby. Weaving spiders, come not here ; Hence, you long-legg'd spinners, hence ; Beetles black, approach not near ; Worm, nor snail, do no offence." Shakespeare, Midsujnmer Night's Dream, ii. 3. " I know thy trains. Though dearly to my cost, thy gins, and toils ; Thy fair enchanted cup, and warbling charms, No more on me have power ; their force is null'd : So much of adder's wisdom have I learn'd. To fence my ear against thy sorceries." Milton, Samson. 28. Similarly Guyon escapes the " Rock of Re- proch :" " So forth they rowed ; and that ferryman With his stiffe oares did brush the sea so strong. That the hoare waters from his frigot ran, And the light bubbles daunced all along. Whiles the salt brine out of the billowes sprong." Spenser, Faerie Queene, ii. 12, 10. The welkin were enchanting with their song. And flutt'ring through the grove. To bend their course, And veer the prows to land, he bids the crews, And enters in delight the shady flood. Come now, O Erato, who were the kings, What crises of affairs, the posture what Of ancient Latium, when a foreign host Their fleet first landed on Ausonian coasts, Will I unfold, and from the first retrace 5 1 The sources of the fray : thou, thou, thy bard, Teach, goddess ! I will sing of dreadful wars. Will sing of battles, and of princes, forced To death by passions, and the Tyrrhene band. And whole Hesperia mustered under arms. A higher train of subjects rises up For me ; a higher task I undertake. The kingLatinus fields and towns, at rest In lengthful peace, in years now stricken, ruled. 60 That he of Faunus and a Laurent Nymph, Marica, was begotten, we receive. To Faunus Picus father was : and he 43. " The briddes singen, it is no nay, The sperhauk and the popingay. That joie it was to here ; The throstel cok made eke his lay. The wode dove upon the spray. He sang ful loude and clere." Chaucer, Rime of Sir Thojias, 10. " The warblers lively tunes essay. The lark on wing, the linnet on the spray, While music trembles in their songful throats ; The bullfinch whistles soft his flute-like notes. The bolder blackbird swells sonorous lays ; The varying thrush commands a tuneful maze : Each a wild length of melody pursues. While the soft- murmuring, amorous wood-dove coos ; And, when in spring these melting mixtures flow. The cuckoo sends her unison of woe." Savage, The Wafiderer, c. v. 53. " So much the rather thou, celestial Light, Shine inward, and the mind through all her powers Irradiate ; there plant eyes, all mist from thence Purge and disperse, that I may see and tell Of things invisible to mortal sight." Milton, P. L., b. iii. 57. " Thee I revisit now with bolder wing, Escap'd the Stygian pool, though long detain'd In that obscure sojourn, while in my flight Through utter and through middle darkness borne. With other notes than to the Orphean lyre, I sung of Chaos and eternal Night ; Taught by the heavenly muse to venture down The dark descent, and up to reascend, Though hard and rare." Ibid. V. 48 — 76. BOOK VII. V. 76 — 96. ao5 Relates that thou, O Saturn, wast his sire ; Thou art remotest founder of the race. ]Jy the decree of gods, a son to him And issue male was none ; e'en as it dawned, 'Twas ravished from him in the prime of youth. I lis palace, and his tenements so vast, An only daughter kept, now ripe for man, Now fit for marriage in completed years. Her, many from great Latium, and through- out 72 Entire Ausonia, courted ; Tumus courts, Before all other [suitors] passing fair, Of pow'r through ancestors on ancestors ; Whom to have linked to her as son-in-law The royal consort sped with wondrous zeal: But signs of gods with manifold alarms Withstand. There was a "Laurel" 'mid the dome. Within its deep recesses, consecrate 80 In locks, and during many a year with awe Enguarded ; which, when lighted on, the sire Latinus, when he reared his maiden towers, Himself was rumored to have sanctified For Phoebus, and therefrom the name, *' Laurentines," on the settlers to have fixed. The topmost crest hereof did clustering bees, — A marvel to be told ! — with mighty hum Across the limpid welkin borne, invest, And, with their feet in one another's linked, A swarm hung sudden from a bough in leaf. Straight cries a seer : "A foreign hero we Behold approaching, and a host in quest 93 Of the same quarters from the selfsame parts. And lording o'er us from the castle height." Moreover, while the altars with religious links The maid Lavinia kindles, as she stands Beside her father, she appeared, — oh, dread ! — With her long tresses to catch up the fire, ■ And through her whole apparel to be burnt In crackling flame, alike in royal locks Ablaze, ablaze in diadem, adorned 102 79. Laurws, however, is the "bay-tree." 80. " For it had been an auncient tree Sacred with many a mysteree, And often crost with the priestes crewe, And often hallowed with holy-water dewe." Sheplteards Calender, Februarie. 102. " 'Tis well ! so great a beauty Must have her ornaments. Nature adorns The peacock's tail with stars ; 'tis she attires The bird of paradise in all her plumes ; She decks the fields with various flowers ; 'tis she Spangled the heavens with all those glorious lights : She spotted the ermine's skin ; and arm'd the fish With jewelry ; then smoky to be wrapt In ruddy light, and all throughout the dome To scatter Vulcan. This in sooth was held [A] dread [portent], and wondrous to be seen : For chanted they that she would brilliant prove In fame and fortunes ; but that it presaged To her own people a momentous war. But, anxious at the prodigies, the king 1 10 The oracles of Faunus, his prophetic sire, Approaches, and consults the groves By deep Albunea, which of woodland [streams] The noblest, from its holy well-head brawls. And, dark, breathes out fell pestilential reek. Herefrom the clans of Italy, and all CEnotria's land in their perplexities Seek answers. Hither when his gifts the priest Hath brought, and underneath the stilly night, On skins of butchered ewes outspread, lain down, 120 And slumbers courted ; many a spectral shape. In wondrous fashions flutt'ring, he beholds. And sundry voices hears ; enjoys he too The converse of the gods, and from Avemus' depths Accosts the Ach'ron. Here then e'en himself The sire Latinus, seeking for replies, A hundred woolly ewes of two years old Slew duly, and upon the skin thereof, And fleeces spread, he cushioned lay. A voice Is sudden from the lofty grove returned : " Seek not in Latin marriage- ties to wed In silver mail. But man she sent forth naked. Not that he should remain so, but that he, Indued with reason, should adorn himself With every one of these. The silk-worm is Only man's spinster ; else we might suspect That she esteem'd the painted butterfly Above her master-piece. You are the image Of that bright goddess, therefore wear the jewels Of all the east ; let the Red Sea be ransack'd To make you glitter." Randolph, The Muse^ Looking-Glass, iv. i. 112. "As those Druids taught, which kept the British rites. And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites." Drayton, Polyolbion, s. i. 34, 5. 124. " Oh : bear me to the vast embowering shades. To twilight groves, and visionary vales ; To weeping grottoes, and prophetic glooms ; Where angel forms athwart the solemn dusk Tremendous sweep, or seem to sweep along ; _ And voices more tnan human, through the void Deep-sounding, seize th' enthusiastic ear !" Thomson, Autumm. 206 V. 96 — 126. THE JENEW. V. 126 — 146. Thy daughter, O my offspring, neither trust The nuptial union that has been arranged. Come foreign sons-in-law, who by their blood 134 Our reputation to the stars may waft, And from whose root our children's chil- dren, all Beneath their feet, where Sol, careering back. Each Ocean views, both rolled and ruled shall see." These father Faunus' answers and his warnings, Vouchsafed him in the still of night, him- self 140 Latinus shuts not up within his lip ; But, flitting round far-wide, had Rumor now Through towns Ausonian wafted them away, When the Laomedontian youth fast moored Their navy to the margent's turfy rise. .^neas, and the leading chiefs, and fair lulus, lay their bodies down beneath The branches of a stately tree, and set In order their repast, and wheaten cakes Along the grass they place beneath the feast ; — 150 'Twas thus that did he, Jupiter, inspire ; — And with wild fruits the corny board enrich. Here th' other [cates] by chance devoured, what time To turn their teeth upon the scanty bread The dearth of diet forced them, and profane With hand and jaws presumptuous the disc Of fateful cake, nor spare its quarters broad : " Ho ! e'en our boards are we devouring !" cries lulus, nor indulging further jests. That speech, when heard, first brought an end of woes ; i6o And from the speaker's lips straight caught it up His sire, and, mazed at th' oracle, he paused. Forthwith, " Hail ! land by fates my due, and ye," He cries, ' ' O trusty household gods of Troy, All hail ! Our home is here, our country this. For sire Anchises suchlike mysteries Of fates, — I now recall it, — hath to me Bequeathed : ' What time shall hunger thee, my son. To shores unknown conveyed, when be thy cates Consumed, compel thy tables to devour, — Then, wearied out, remember to expect 171 145. Latin: "from. 154. "Bitings on. Thy homes, and there to plant with [thy own] hand Thy maiden roofs, and found them with a trench. This was that hunger ; this the crowning [act] Awaited us, to set a bound to woes. Then come, and gladsome with the Sun's first light— What spots, or who the men that hold them, where The city of the nation, — let us trace. And [regions,] branching from the harbor, seek. Now saucers in libation pour ye forth 180 To Jove, and with your orisons invoke My sire Anchises, and the wines replace Upon the boards." Thus having spoken forth, He then his temples with a leafing bough Enwreathes, and .both the Genius of the place. And Tellus, foremost of the gods, and Nymphs, And Floods, unknown as yet, he pi ays ; then Night, And Night's arising signs, and Ida's Jove ; And next the Phrygian Mother he invokes, And both his parents both in heaven and hell. Then the almighty father thrice from heaven Aloft in brightness thundered ; and, afire With rays of sheen and gold, within his hand 193 He, shaking it himself, from heaven dis- played A cloud. Here suddenly a rumor 's spread Through Troja's squadrons, that the day was come, Wherein the walls, their due, they might uprear. In rivalry the banquet they renew, And, at the mighty prodigy rejoiced. 176. As if he had said : " Hence, loathed Melancholy, Of Cerberus and blackest Midnight born, In Stygian cave forlorn, 'Mongst horrid shapes, and shrieks, and sights unholy, Find out some uncouth cell Where brooding Darkness spreads his jealous wings, And the night-raven sings : There under ebon shades and low-brow'd rocks As rugged as thy locks, In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell." Milton, L' Allegro. 193. " Right against the eastern gate. Where the sun begins his state. Robed in flames, and amber light, The clouds in thousand liveries dight." Ibid. V. 147 — I?!. BOOK VII. V. 171 — 185. 207 They set the wassail-bowls, and crown the wines. 200 What time next Day, with earliest torch arisen, Surveyed the lands, the nation's city, and its bourns, And shores, in groups dissevered search they out ; — That these are plashes of Numicius' spring, That this the river Tiber, that here dwell The gallant Latins. Then Anchises' son A hundred envoys, culled from every rank. To the majestic palace of the king Commands to march, all decked with Pallas' sprays, And bear the hero presents, and entreat 210 Peace for the Teucri. No demur : they haste, [As] ordered, and with rapid steps are borne. Himself scores out tlie walls with lowly trench. And builds upon the spot ; and on the shore Their homes, the first, in fashion of a camp. Encompasses with battlements and mound. And now their journey having spanned, the towers Of the Latini, and their lofty roofs, The youths began to see, and near the wall. Before the city, boys, and, in the bloom 220 Of early age, the youth are trained on steeds. And tame their chariot[-courser]s on the dust ; Or strain the restive bows, or limber bolts Launch by [the dint of] arms, and in the race And fight give challenge : when upon his steed Borne in advance, to th'ag^d monarch's ears A courier brings the news, that giant men In strange apparel had arrived. He gives Commandment, that within the palace they Should be invited, and he in the midst 230 Upon his throne ancestral took his seat. A dome, majestical, immense, upraised Aloft upon a hundred pillars, stood 200. The following song is introduced by Beau- mont and Fletcher in a similar scene in Valen- tiniaft, v. 8 : *' God Lyaeus, ever young, Ever honour'd, ever sung, Stain'd with blood of lusty grapes. In a thousand lusty shapes. Dance upon the mazer's brim, In the crimson liquor swim ; From thy plenteous hand divine. Let a river run with wine : God of youth, let this day here Enter neither care nor fear !" 233 From furthest Africa's tormented womb rhe marble brought erects the spacious dome, Upon the city's crest, the royal court Of Laurent Picus, awful from its woods, And rev'rence of the fathers. Here to take Their sceptres, and first fasces to upraise, Was the auspicious usance of the kings ; This sainted building was their senate-hall. These the apartments for their holy feasts ; Here, on the slaughter of a ram, the sires At stretching boards were wont to seat them down. 242 Yea, too, the statues of their ancestors of yore. In line, of cedar old, — both Italus, And sire Sabinus, planter of the vine. Holding a hooky bill below his bust. And Saturn aged, and twain-faced Janus' form. Were standing in the court ; and other kings From the beginning, who the wounds of war In fighting for their country's sake endured. And many arms, moreo'er, on holy posts, Cars cap lived, hang, arched battle-axes too, And plumes of casques, and massy bars of gates, 253 Or forms the pillars' long-extended rows, On which the planted grove, the pensile garden, grows. The workmen here obey the master's call. To gild the turret, and to paint the wall ; To mark the pavement there with various stone. And on the jasper steps to rear the throne. The spreading cedar, that an age had stood. Supreme of trees, and mistress of the wood. Cut down and carv'd, my shining roof adorns. And Lebanon his ruin'd honour mourns." .Prior, Solomon, b. ii. 243. " Oft let me range the gloomy aisles alone. Sad luxury ! to vulgar minds unknown. Along the walls where speaking marbles show What worthies form the hallow'd mould below ; Proud names, who once the reins of empire held ; In arms who triumph'd, or in arts excell'd ; Chiefs, grac'd with scars, and prodigal of blood ; Stern patriots, who for sacred freedom stood ; Just men, by whom impartial laws are given ; And saints, who taught, and led, the way to Heaven." Tickell, On the Death 0/ Addison. " Those are the models of the ancient world. Left like the Roman statues to stir up Our following hopes ; the place itself puts on The brow of majesty, and flings her lustre Like the air newly lighten'd." Fletcher, The Noble GentUman, i. 1. 250. " Patriots have toil'd, and in their country's cause Bled nobly ; and their deeds, as they deserve. Receive proud recompense. We give in charge Their names to the sweet lyre. Th' historic Muse, Proud of the treasure, marches with it down To latest times ; and Sculpture, in her turn. Gives bond in stone and cver-during brass ^^ To guard them, and t' immortalise ner trust. Cowper, Ta^, v. 208 V. 1 86 — 211. THE uENEID. V. 211 237. And darts, and shields, and beaks from vessels wrenched. Himself with his Quirinal augur-staff, And scanty "trabea" short-girded, sat, And in his left hand the " ancile " bare — Pious, steed-tamer : whom, with golden wand When struck, and metamorphosed by her drugs. His wooer Circe, witched by passion, made A bird, and powdered o'er his wings with hues. 261 Within such holy building of the gods, And sitting on th' hereditary throne, Latinus to his presence in the dome The Teucri summoned, and to them these [words]. When entered in, he first from peaceful lip Delivered : *' Say, ye sons of Dardanus ! — For neither are we unaware Or of your city, or your race ; and known By rumor, on the main your course ye steer, — 270 What seek ye, what the reason, or whereof In want, your galleys to the Auson shore Thro'out so many azure seas hath brought ? Whether it be by misconceit of course. Or driv'n by tempests, such as, many a one, In deep of ocean mariners endure. Within the margents of our river ye Have come, and in the harbor lie at rest : Fly not our hospitality, nor yet Be strangers to the Latins, Saturn's race. Not righteous by controlment nor by laws. Themselves restraining of their free accord, And by the usance of their ancient god. 283 And sooth I mind me, — the tradition goes Dim somewhat through [the lapse of j years, —that thus The elders of Auruncans noised it, how. Sprung from these countries, Dardanus pierced through As far as the Idsean towns of Phrygia, And Thracian Samos, which now Samo- thrace Is called. Him, hence set out from Tyrr- hene seat 290 Of Coryth, now upon a throne receives The golden palace of the starry sky. 282. *' The rest, we live Law to ourselves : our reason is our law." Milton, P. L., b. ix. 292. " But see, my Muse, if yet thy ravish'd sight Can bear that blaze, that rushing stream of light. Where the great hero's disencumber'd soul Springs from the Earth to reach her native pole. Boldly she quits th' abandoned cask of clay. Freed from her chains, and towers th' ethereal way ; And of the altars of the gods he swells The number." He had spoken, and his speech Ilioneus thus followed with his voice : * ' O king, of Faunus the distinguished son, Nor, tossed by billows, hath a murky storm Forced us to enter on your lands, nor star. Or shore, misled us from our line of route : We all, of purpose and with willing minds. Are wafted to this city, driv'n from realms. The greatest whilom, which, in his career From farmost heaven, used the Sun to view. From Jove the fountain of our race ; in Jove, 304 Their ancestor, the Dardan youth rejoice. Our king himself, from Jove's sublimest strain, Troy-born ^neas, sent us to thy courts. How fierce a storm, from fell Mycenge burst, O'er Ida's plains hath swept ; forced by what fates, Each sphere of Europe and of Asia clashed ; — 310 E'en he hath heard, if exiles any man The end of earth, in ocean tided back ; And if the zone of the unrighteous Sun, Amid four zones dispread, cuts any off. Borne from that deluge o'er so many seas, Immense, a scanty home for country-gods, And shore secure from harm, we crave, and, free To every being, water e'en and air. We not discreditable to your realm Shall prove ; nor yours be noised a light renown ; 320 Or thankfulness for such a noble deed Die off ; nor shall it irk Ausonia's sons That Troy within their lap they had received. By [our] ^Eneas' destinies I swear. And his right hand of power, whether any man In troth, or war and arms, hath proved it, us Hath many a nation, many ( — scorn us not. That, of our own accord, upon our hands The fillets we advance, and words of prayer,—) Soars o'er th' eternal funds of hail and snow. And leaves Heaven's stormy magazine below. Thence through the vast profound of Heaven she flies. And measures all the concave of the skies." Pitt, On the Death of Earl Stanhope. 329. Ilioneus seems to have been a good, wise, gentle, yet vigorous character (see yEn. i. v. 521 ; ix. 501, 569) ; possessed of a mind like that described by Ben Jonson in a graceful poem entitled " The Picture of the Mind:" " Not swelling like the ocean proud. But stooping gently, as a cloud. As smooth as oil pour'd forth, and calm As showers, and sweet as drops of balm. V. ajS — 263. BOOK VIL V. 363—291. 209 A clan both sought, and with themselves desired 330 To link. But us the oracles of gods, To search out thoroughly these lands of yours, By their behests have forced. Hence Dardanus Arose ; Apollo hither claims us back, And hurries us with his sublime commands To Tyrrhene Tiber, and the saintly streams Of the Numician spring. He gives to thee, Moreo'er, a former Fortune's trifling gifts. Remnants recovered from a blazing Troy. From this gold [cup] his sire Anchises used To pour libations at the altars ; this 341 Was Priam's ornament, when he their rights To summoned commons, in accustomed form Would grant : — both sceptre, and the reve- rend cap. And robes, the travail of the Ilian dames." At such expressions of Ilioneus Latinus keeps his features downward fixed In gaze, and moveless to the ground he cleaves. While rolling round his eyeballs on the stretch. Neither the broidered purple moves the king,' 350 Neither does Priam's sceptre move so much. As o'er his daughter's spousal bonds and bed He muses, and old Faunus' prophecy Revolves within his bosom : — that this [prince]. Who from a foreign seat hath issued forth. That son-in-law is by the fates foreshown, And to the realm with equal auspices Is summoned ; that to him a line will rise, In prowess eminent, and one to grasp The whole of earth by valor. He at last Exclaims in gladness: "Prosper may the gods 36 I Our undertakings, and their ovrci presage ! That shall be granted, Trojan, that you list ; Nor do I scorn the presents. Not to you, — Latinus ruler, — breast of fruitful land. Or wealth of Troja, lacking shall be found. Let but /Eneas, e'en his very self, — " Smooth, soft, and sweet, in all a flood, Where it may run to any good ; And where it stays, it there becomes A nest of odorous spice and gums. " Tn action, winged as the wind ; In rest, like spirits left behind Upon a bank, or field of flowers, Begotten by the wind and showers." Underwoods, iv. is-ij. If such a deep affection for us there exists ; If to be linked in hospitage he speeds, And be entitled our ally, — arrive ; 370 Nor let him shudder at the looks of friends. To me a portion will it be of peace T' have touched the right hand of your prince. Do ye In answer to your king my message now Return. I have a daughter, whom to wed With husband of our race, nor oracles From my paternal shrine, nor prodigies. Full many, from the sky allow : that here Shall sons-in-law appear from foreign coasts. That this remains for Latium, do they chant ; — 380 Who by their blood our reputation to the stars May waft. That this is he [whom] fates demand, I both imagine, and, — if aught of truth My mind presages, — wish." These having said. Coursers from all his stud the father culls : Stood thrice a hundred, sleek in lofty stalls. At once for all the sons of Teucer he Commands in order to be led, caparisoned In purple and embroidered trappings, [steeds] Of wingy foot. Down dangling from their chests 390 Hang golden poitrells ; covered o'er with gold. The yellow gold they champ beneath their teeth. A chariot for ^Eneas absent, and in yoke A pair [of horses] from celestial seed. Fire puffing from their nostrils, of their strain. Which cunning Circe, stealing from her sire, Raised spurious from a substituted dam. The comrades of /Eneas, with such gifts And sayings of Latinus, raised on high Upon their steeds, return, and peace bring home. 400 But lo ! from the Inachian Argos back Returning was the ruthless spouse of Jove, And, wafted onward, occupied the air ; When blithe i^neas and the Dardan fleet From out the welkin in the distance she, Even from Sicily's Pachynus, spied. She sees that buildings they are rearing now, Now trusting to the land ; that they their ships 371. Or: " Nor friendly countenances let him dread. P 2IO V. 291 — 312. THE ^NEID. 312-324. Had quitted. Stung with poignant smart she stood : Then, tossing to and fro her head, these words 410 Outpours she from her breast : " Ah ! loathsome brood, And fates of Phrygians to our fates op- posed ! Could they not on Sigean plains have fallen ? Could they not, captived, have been cap- tive led ? Did not the blazing Troy its heroes bum ? Amidst the fights, and through the midst of fires, A path they have discovered. But, I ween. My deity at last exhausted lies. Or I, with rancor glutted, have reposed. Yea, even from their country shaken forth, Throughout the billows I in spite have dared 421 To chase them, and to set my face against The refugees all through the deep ; on Teucer's sons Are squandered pow'rs alike of sky and sea. What booted me the Syrts or Scylla ? what The vast Charybdis? They are lodged within The Tiber's wished-for channel, uncon- cerned At ocean and at me. The pow'r had Mars To wreck the ruffian brood of Lapithse ; The sire of gods himself delivered up 430 The ancient Calydon to Dian's wrath ; — What curse so direful either Lapitha;, Or Calydon, deserving ? But sooth I, Jove's sovereign spouse, who naught un- tried could leave, 1 11 -fortuned, who myself to every [plan] Have turned, am by ^neas overmatched ! But if my godhead is not great enough, I certes should not scruple to entreat Whatever anywhere there be : if I 418. " First Magician. But we, that can Command armies from hell for our design. And blast him, now stand idle and benumb'd, And shall grow here ridiculous statues ! I'll Muster my fiends. Second Magician. And if T have not lost My power, the spirits shall obey, to drown This straggler, and secure this threaten'd island. A7rhimag7ts. Stay! Which of you can boast more power than I ? For every spirit you command, my spells Can raise a legion. You know I can Untenant hell, dispeople the wide air Where, like innumerable atoms, the black genii Hover, and jostle one another. All That haunt the woods and waters, all i' the dark And solitary chambers of the earth, Kreak through their adamantine chains, and fly Like lightning to my will." Shirley, St. Patrick /or Ireland, i. i. Can't bend the deities above, I'll rouse 440 The Ach'ron. Grant it will not be vouch- safed To bar them from the Latin realms, and by the fates Lavinia rests unchangeably his bride : Yet 'tis allowed to stay it, and to heap Impediments against such high events ; Yet 'tis allowed the subjects of both kings To ruin. At this cost of their own [friends], Let sire-in-law and son-in-law unite. With Trojan and Rutulian blood shalt thou Be dowered, damsel, and Bellona thee 450 Awaits, thy bridesmaid ; nor, with torch impregned. Hath nuptial fires Cisseis teemed alone : Yea shall her birth the same to Venus prove, — Another Paris e'en, and brands of death Once more against the re-arising Troy." These words when she pronounced, she direful sought The earth. Baleful Allecto from the seat 440, I. See note on 1. 418. " By the sulphureous damps, That feed the hungry and incessant darkness, Which curls around the grim Alastor's back. Mutter again, and with one powerful word I'll call an host up from the Stygian lakes. Shall waft thee to the Acherontic fens ; Where, chok'd with mists as black as thy im- postures. Thou shalt live still a-dying." Fletcher, The Fair Maid 0/ the Inn, iii. i. ** I can call spirits from the vasty deep." Shakespeare, i King Henry IV., iii. i. 450. " The greatest curse brave men can labour under Is the strong witchcraft of a woman's eyes." Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, iv. 3. 452. So Henry VI. to Gloster (Richard III.) : " And thus I prophesy, — that many a thousand. Which now mistrust no parcel of my fear ; And many an old man's sigh, and many a widow's, And many an orphan's water-standing eye, — Men for their sons', wives for their husbands' fate. And orphans for their parents' timeless death, — Shall rue the hour that ever thou wast born. The owl shriek'd at thy birth, an evil sign ; The night-crow cried, aboding luckless time ; Dogs howl'd, and hideous tempest shook down trees ; The raven rook'd her on the chimney's top. And chattering pies in dismal discords sung. Thy mother felt more than a mother's pain. And yet brought forth less than a mother's hope." Shakespeare, 3 Ki?ig Henry VI., v. 6. 457. " Forth from this place of dread. Earth to appal Three Furies rushed at the angels' call. One with long tresses doth her visage mask. Her temples clouding in a horrid cask ; Her right hand swings a brandon in the air. While flames and terror hurleth every where ; Pond'rous with darts, her left doth bear a shield. Where Gorgon's head looks grim in sable field. V. 324—337. BOOK VIL V. 337-354- 211 Of the dread goddesses, and murk of hell, She wakes ; whose heart's [delight arc] woeful wars, And wrath, and stratagems, and harmful crimes. 460 E'en doth her very father Pluto hate, Her hellish sisters hate, the fiend : she turns herself Into so many visages, so fell her forms. She burgeons grisly with so many snakes. Whom Juno in these accents instigates, And speaks the like : "To me vouchsafe this toil, Thine own, O maiden sprung from Night, this task, — That our respect or reputation, rent In pieces, from their ground may not retreat ; Nor that the i^neadse should have the power 470 To importune Latinus for the match. Or gain a footing in Italian coasts. Thou brethren, knit in soul, canst arm to frays. And households rack Avith hatred : lashes thou On dwellings, and the brands of death [canst] bring ; Her eyes blaze fire and blood, each hair 'stills blood, Blood thrills from either pap, and where she stood Blood's liquid coral sprang her feet beneath ; Where she doth stretch her arm is blood and death." Drummond, The SJuidow o/i/te Judgment. See note on 1. 418. 458. Wagner's reading dearum (v. 324) seems to have better authority than sorcmttn, which Weise adopts ; but if the latter be preferred, the version must be varied thus : " Of the dread Sisters, and the murk of hell." 461. " Soon as these hellish monsters came in sight. The Sun his eye in jetty vapours drown'd, Scar'd at such hell-hounds' view : Heaven's mazed light Sets in an early evening : Earth astound. Bids dogs with howls give warning: at which sound The fearful air starts, seas break their bound, And frighted fled away ; no sands might them impound." P. Fletcher, Furple Island, xii. 39. " Think of thy sin ; It is the heir-apparent unto hell. And has so many, and so ugly shapes. His father Pluto and the Funes hate To look on their own birth." " Besides 'tis so abhorr'd of all that's good. That when this monster lifts his cursed head Above the earth, and wraps it in the clouds, The sun flies back, as loth to stain his rays With such a foul pollution ; and night. In emulation of so black a deed, Puts on her darkest robe to cover it." Marmion, The Antiquaryt'vX. i. Thou hast a thousand names, a thousand arts Of harming. Ransack thy prolific brea.st ; Dash into atoms their adjusted peace ; Sow crimes [the germs] of warfare ; let the youth Their weapons wish, and beg at once, and seize." 480 Allecto then, with Gorgon poisons baned. At first to Latium and the stately roofs Of the Laurentine king repairs, and down Upon Amata's silent threshold sat ; Whom, o'er th' arrival of the Teucer-host And spousal [rights] of Tumus, as she flames, Alike her woman-cares and spleen in fer.- ment kept. At her the goddess from her dingy locks One serpent launches, and within her breast, To her heart's core, she plunges it beneath ; That, madding with the monster, all the court 49 1 She may embroil. He, gliding 'tween her robes And glossy breast, is rolled with contact none. And 'scapes the raver, as he breathes within An adder soul : becomes the lusty snake Entwisted gold about her neck, becomes A band of stretching fillet, and entwines Her locks, and slimy strays throughout her limbs. And while the first contagion, as it steals 477. " Over their heads a black dLstemper'd sky. And through the air let grinning Furies fly ; Charg'd with commissions of infernal date, To raise fell Discord and intestine Hate ; From their foul heads let them by handfuls tear The ugliest snakes and best-lov'd favourites there ; Then whirl them (spouting venom as they fall) 'Mongst the assembled numbers of the hall ; There into murmuring bosoms let them go. Till their infection to confusion grow ; Till such bold tumults and disorders rise. As when the impious sons of Earth assail'd the threaten'd skies." Otway, Windsor Castle. 483. " Then with expanded wings he steers his flight Aloft, inaimbent on the dusky air That felt unusual weight ; till on dry land He lights, if it were land, that ever bum'd With solid, as the lake with liquid fire." MUton, /'. Z., b. i. 489. Imitated by Cowley, where he makes Envy take possession of Saul : " With th.-it she takes One of her worst, her best-beloved snakes : ' Softly, dear worm ! soft and unseen,' said she, ' Into his bosom steal, and in it be My viceroy.' " Vavideis, b. i. P 2 V. 354—378. THE JLNEID. V. 379—402. With moistful poison, thrills her senses through, 500 And round her bones inweaves the flame ; nor yet Her mind throughout her bosom felt the fire ; In gentler strain, and in the customed mode Of mothers, spake she, shedding many a tear Over her daughter and the Phrygian match : " To Trojan exiles is Lavinia given [In marriage] to be led, O thou her sire ? Nor dost compassionate alike thy child, And thy own self? Nor dost compas- sionate A mother, whom the traitor will forsake With the first northern breeze, a pirate- knave, 5 1 1 Seeking the depths, — the damsel carried off? Sooth not on this wise doth the Phrygian swain Pierce Lacedsemon, and hath borne away Ledaean Helen to the Trojan towns ! Where is thy saintly faith ? where old regard For thy own [friends], and right hand deigned so oft To kinsman Turnus ? If a son-in-law 518 For the Latini from [some] foreign land Is sought, and that is settled, and on thee The mandates of thy father Faunus weigh ; Sooth every land, which independent lies Distinct from sway of ours, a foreign [land] I deem, and that the gods intend it thus. E'en Turnus, if his family's first source Be backv/ard traced, hath Inachus, Acrisius, too, his fathers, and [his town,] Central Mycenae." When by these her words Latinus having vainly tried, she sees That firm he stands opposed, and deep had sunk 530 Into her inwards the adder's rageful bane. And wholly through her spreads ; then sooth unblest, By monster goblins roused, past wont she raves Crazed through the boundless city : as at times, A top that flies beneath the twisted thong. 502. Or : " through her whole breast caught up the fire." 535. Surely this is no elegant comparison, though it cannot be more elegantly expressed. The idea of a queen racing about the town, like a whip-top, is ludicrous, if not mean. Shakespeare draws an illustration frosn school-boy sports, which is more dignified, and far more ingenious : Which striplings in a spacious ring, around Unpeopled halls, in frolic earnest, ply : It, driven by the whip, is borne along In wheeling courses j o'er it stand amazed The inexperienced and unbearded groups. In admiration at the spinning box : 541 The lashes give it life. Than that career No slower, she throughout the midst of towns. And ruffian mobs is driven. Yea moreo'er, Into the forests, — Bacchus' spirit feigned, — Attempting deeper guilt, and deeper rage Commencing, off she flies, and hides away Her daughter in the mountains, rife in leaves. That she may wrest the marriage from the sons Of Teucer, and the [hymeneal] torches stay ; 550 " Evoe Bacchus," screaming, yelling forth, ' ' That thou alone art worthy of the maid ; For that the tender ivy-shafts she takes For thee, that thee she circles in the dance, For thee she fosters her devoted hair." The rumor flies ; and, by the Furies fired Within their bosom, drives the selfsame glow The matrons all at once strange roofs to seek. Their homes have they abandoned ; to the winds They give their necks and locks. But other [dames] 560 With thrilling shrieks the welkin fill, and wield Vine-girdled lances, wrapped about in skins. Herself among the midmost in her heat A blazing pine upbears, and chants the match Of Turnus and her daughter, rolling round A blood-shot eye, and sudden fiercely cries : * ' Ho ! list ye Latin dames, where'er ye be : If in your duteous spirits any love For your unfortunate Amata dwells. If some concernment for a mother's right In my school-days, when I had lost one shaft, I shot his fellow of the selfsame flight The selfsame way, with more advised watch. To find the other forth ; and by advent'ring both, I oft found both : I urge this childhood proof. Because what follows is pure innocence. I owe you much ; and, Lke a wilful youth, That which I owe is lost : but if you please To shoot another arrow that self way Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt, As I will watch the aim, or to find both. Or bring your latter hazard back again, And thankfully rest debtor for the hr,:t." I'he Mercliant of Vejiice, i. i. V. 40a— 426« BOOK VIL T. 426—444. jij Deep preys upon you, loose your tressy bands, 57' Take up the orgy-rites along with me," Suchlike 'mid woods, 'mid wild beasts' lonely [lairs] Allecto baits the queen on every side With goads of Bacchus. When she seemed enough First transports to have whetted, and the plan And all Latinus' court o'erthrown ; straight hence The sullen goddess on her raven wings Is wafted to the bold Rutulian's walls, — Which city Danae is said t' have built 580 For her Acrisian settlers, — onward borne Upon the sweepy southern gale. The spot Was Ardea erst by our forefathers called ; And Ardea still remains a noble name ; But its prosperity is of the past. Here Turnus in his stately palace now In ebon night was snatching mid repose. Allecto doffs grim face and rageful limbs ; Transshapes her into haggish lineaments, And scores her frowsy brow with wrinkles ; dons 590 Hoar tresses with a fillet ; then inweaves A sprig of olive ; Calybe becomes The priestess-crone of Juno and her fane. And to the youth before his eyes herself With accents these presents : " O Turnus, wilt thou bear That toils so many should be spent in vain, And that thy sceptre should be signed away To Dardan emigrants ? The king to thee The match and dowry, purchased by thy blood. Denies, and for his realm a foreign heir Is sought. Go now ! to thankless jeopardy Expose thee, flouted [man] ! the Tyrrhene ranks 602 584. If tenet be read with Wagner and Forbiger, instead of manet (v. 412), the passage must be altered thus : " Preserves a noble name." 585. Or : " hath passed away." 590. " These many ruts and furrows in thy cheek Proves thy old face to be but champion ground Tilled with the plough of age." Randolph, Hey for Honesty, See Dyce's Middleton, ii. 73. Like the crone which Gay describes in Fable 23, Pt. i. : " A wrinkled hag, of wicked fame, Beside a little smoky flame Sat hovering, pinch'd with age and frost : Her shrivell'd hands, with veins emboss'd. Upon her knees her weight sustains, While palsy shook her crazy brains." Lay prostrate ; .shelter Latins by a peace. These e'en to thee, while thou in still of night Shouldst lie, th' all-powerful Satumian [queen] Herself hath bid me openly to speak. Then rouse thee up 1 and that the youth be armed. And from the gates marched out, thou, blithe at arms, Make ready ; and the Phrygian chieftains, who Have ta'en their station in the lovely floo<l. And their bepainte<l barks to ashes bum. The sovereign power of the heav'nly [gods] 612 Commands. Let king Latinus e'en him- self,— Save that to grant the match, and with his word Comply, he gives assurance, — Turnus feel, And at the last make proof of him in arms." The youth, here jeering the divineress. Thus op'ning words from lip in turn replies : ** The news, that ships to Tiber's wave are borne, Hath not, as thou imaginest, escaped 620 Mine ears ; (forge not for me such great alarms ;) Nor royal Juno mindless is of us. But, crushed by dotage, and past bearing truth. Thy eld, O mother, worries thee with cares All idly, and amid the arms of kings Mocks a divineress with phantom dread. Thy province is, the statues of the gods. And temples, to defend; let wars and peace 623. " * Dotard,' said he, ' let be thy deepe advise ; Seemes that through many yeares thy wits thee faile. And that weake eld hath left thee nothing wLse.' " Spenser, F. Q., ii. 3, 16. " But thou, since Nature bids, the world resign ; 'Tis now thy daughter's daughter's time to shine." Parnell, Elegy to an Old Beauty. " I pardon thee th' effects of doting age ; Vain doubts, and idle cares, and over-caution ; The second non-age of a soul more wise ; But now decay'd and sunk into the socket. Peeping by fits, and giving feeble light." Dryden, Don Sebastian, v. 1. 624. " Thy brows and cheeks are smooth as waters be When no breath troubles them : believe me, boy. Care seeks out wrinkled brows and hollow eyes. And builds himself caves to abide in them." Beaumont and Fletcher, Fhilaster, ii. 3. Turnus seems scarce to have remembered that " Who scorns at eld peels off his own young hairs." Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd^ ii. a. 214 V. 444—46] THE ^NEID. V. 461 — 483. Men carry on, by whom should wars be waged." At such his words Allecto into wrath 630 Blazed out. But in the stripling, as he speaks, A sudden shiver seizes on his joints ; Stiff stood his eyeballs : with so many snakes The Fury hisses, and so dread a shape Presents it['s form]. Then, rolling eyes of fire, As falters he, and further [words] he seeks To speak, she thrust him back, and lifted up Twain serpents from her tresses, and her thongs Made ring, and these subjoins with rageful mouth : ' ' Behold ! by dotage I am crushed, whom eld, 640 Past bearing truth, amid the arms of kings Bemocks with phantom dread ! Look thou to these : Here am I from the awful Sisters' seat ; Battles and death I carry in my hand." Thus having spoken, at the youth she launched A brand, and, smoking with a sooty light. Her torches fastened deep within his breast. His sleep huge shudd'ring breaks, and bones and joints Sweat, bursten forth from his whole body, bathes. " Arms !" mad he yells ; for arms through couch and halls 650 He searches. Storms a passion for the sword. 635. " But she thereat was wroth, that fordespight The glauncing sparkles through her bever glared, And from her eies did flash out fiery light, Like coles that through a silver censer sparkle bright." Spenser, F. Q., v. 6, 38. 645. " Some Fury, From burning Acheron, snatch'd a sulphur brand, Thatsmok'd with hate, the parent of red murder, And threw it in her bosom." Massinger, Parliatnent of Love, v. i. 650. "A horse ! a horse ! my kingdom for a horse !" Shakespeare, K. Richard III., v. 6. 651. " O save me from the tumult of the soul. From the wild beasts within ! For circling sands. When the swift whirlwind whelms them o'er the lands ; The roaring deeps that to the clouds arise. While through the storm the darting lightning flies ; The monster brood to which this land gives birth ; The blazing city and the gaping earth ; All deaths, all tortures, in one pang combined. Are gentle to the tempest of the mind." Masinissa, in Thomson's Sophonisba, i. 5. And cursed rage for warfare ; wrath 'bove all: As when with mighty din, a fire of twigs Is laid beneath a surging caldron's sides, And with the heat up leap the waters ; raves The fluid's steamy tide within, and high With foam o'erflows ; nor can the billow now Contain itself; flies sooty rack to air. An expedition therefore to the king Latinus, on the outrage done to peace, 660 Enjoins he on the chieftains of the youths. And orders arms to be prepared to guard Italia, from their bourns to oust the foe : " That he is coming on, a match for both, Both Teucer's sons and Latins." When these words He uttered, and the gods to [share] his vows He called, in rivalry the Rutuli Cheer them to arms. This — rouses match- less pride Of shape and youth ; that — his ancestral kings ; Another — his right hand of brilliant deeds. While Turnus fills the Rutuli with daring soul, 671 Allecto 'gainst the Trojans set herself In nimble motion on her Stygian wings ; With fresh manoeuvre having spied the spot Wherein upon the strand lulus fair With ambush, and in chase, the savage beasts Was hunting. Here a sudden furiousness Upon his hounds the maid of Cocyt darts. And dews their nostrils with familiar scent, That they in mettle might a hart pursue : Which proved the leading cause of woes, and fired 681 The spirits of the peasantry for war. The hart was of surpassing shape, and huge 672. So Drayton of " Mischief:" " She, with a sharp sight and a meagre look. Was always prying where she might do ill, In which the fiend continual pleasure took, (Her starved body plenty could not fill) Searching in every corner, every nook ; With winged feet, too swift to work her will, Furnish'd with deadly instruments she went. Of ev'ry sort, to wound where so she meant. " Having a vial fiU'd with baneful wrath, (Brought from Cocytus by that cursed sprite) Which in her pale hand purposely she hath. And drops the poison upon every wight." The Barons' IVars, ii. 4-6. 682. _ _ " Now Doth dogged war bristle his angry crest, And snarleth in the gentle eyes of peace." Shakespeare, K. John, iv. end. V. 483-499. BOOK VII. V. 499—503. 215 With horns, which, ravished from the mother's pap, The sons of Tyrrheus fostered, Tyrrheus, too, Their sire, to whom the royal herds submit, And far and wide the wardship of the I plain Is trusted. Him, accustomed to their sway, Their sister Silvia, with a world of pains His antlers interlacing with soft wreaths, Was wont to trick them out, and comb the beast, 691 And wash him in the crystal spring. He, tolerant Of hands, and to his master's table used, Would wander in the forests, and again To the familiar thresholds, of himself, Betake him home, however late at night. Him, straying far, lulus' madding hounds. As he is hunting, started up, what time [The stag] by chance adown the fav'ring stream Was floating, and upon the emerald bank His heats assuaging. E'en himself, afire With love of special praise, Ascanius, aimed 702 Shafts from his arching bow : nor was the god Not present to his right hand as it swerves : And, shot with mighty whizzing both along 690. " At early dawn the youth his journey took. And many a mountain pass'd and valley wide. Then reach'd the wild ; where, in a flowery nook, And seated on a mossy stone, he spied An ancient man : his harp lay him beside. L A stag sprung from the pasture at his call, f And, kneeling, lick'd the wither'd hand that tied J A wreath of woodbine round his antlers tall. And hung his lofty neck with many a flow'ret small." Beattie, Minstrel, b. ii. 25. 702. " But now the monarch murderer comes in. Destructive man ! whom Nature would notarme, As when in madness mischief is foreseen, We leave it weaponless for fear of harme. " For she defenceless made him, that he might Less readily offend ; but art armes all. From single strife makes us in numbers fight ; And by such art this royall stagg did fall. " He weeps till grief does even his murd'rers pierce : Grief which so nobly through his anger strove. That it deserv'd the dignity of verse, And had it words, as humanly would move. " Thrice from the ground his vanquish'd head he rear'd, And with last looks his forrest walks did view ; Where sixty summers he had rul'd the heard, And where sharp dittany now vainly grew : " Whose hoary leaves no more his wounds shall heale ; For with a sigh (a blast of all his breath) That viewless thing, call'd life, did from him steale, And with their bugle homes they winde his death." Daveoant, Gondibert, i. 2, 52-6. The belly, and along the flank, careered The arrow. But the wounded beast within His well-known shelter homeward fled, and passed Groaning beneath the cotes, and with his plaint, 709 Bloody and suitor-like, filled all the house. First sister Silvia, smiting with her hands 706. Sackvilie introduces a wounded hart, to illustrate the "gricfe of conscyncc :" " Like to the dere that stryken with the dart Withdrawes himselfe into some secrete place. And feeling green the wound about his hart. Startles with panges tyl he fall on the grasse. And in great feare lyes gasping there a space, Furth braying sighes as though eche pange had brought The present death which he doeth dread so oft." Complaynt of Henrye D. of Buckingham, st. 34. Not very dissimilarly. Pope : " What are the falling rills, the pendent shades. The morning bowers, the evening colonnades. But soft recesses for th' uneasy mind To sigh unheard in to the passing wind ! So the struck deer, in some sequester'd part, Lies down to die (the arrow in his heart) ; There hid in shades, and wasting day by day, Inly he bleeds, and pants his soul away." A Fragment. 711. Silvia was as tender-hearted as the Prioresse in the prologue to the Canterbury Tales : " Of smale houndes hadde she, that she fedde With rosted flesh, and milk, and wastel brede. But sore wept she if on of hem were dede. Or if men smote it with a yerde smert : And all was conscience and tendre herte." Chaucer. Thyrsis, in a Bucolic of Herrick's, is equally miserable from a similar cause : " I have lost my lovely steer. That to me was far more dear Than these kine which I milk here ; Broad of forehead, large of eye, Party-colour'd like a pie. Smooth in each limb as a die ; Clear of hoof, and clear of horn. Sharply pointed like a thorn ; With a neck by yoke unworn. From the which hung down by strings. Balls of cowslips, daisy rings, Interplac'd with ribbonings : Pardon, Lacon, if I weep ; Tears will spring where woes are deep." Hesperides : Pastoral and Descriptive, x. Andrew Marvell has a charming poem on the like subject : " The wanton troopers riding by. Have shot my Fawn, and it will dye. Ungentle men ! they cannot thrive. Who kill'd thee. Thou ne'er didst alive Them any harm : alas ! nor cou'd Thy death yet do them any good." " With sweetest milk and sugar first I it at mine own fingers nurs'd ; And as it grew, so every day It wax'd more white and sweet than they." " It is a wondrous thing, how fleet 'Twas oa these little silver feet ! 2l6 V. 503 — 505 THE ^NEID. V. 508—527. Her arms, aid summons, and together calls The sturdy peasants. They, — for skulked the plague Grim in the stilly forests, — unforeseen Are present ; one with firebrand burnt at end Equipped, one with the knots of weighty club : Whate'er is found by each in narrow search, Their anger makes a weapon. Tyrrheus calls 718 With what a pretty skipping grace. It oft would challenge me the race ; And when 't had left me far away, "Twould stay, and run again, and stay. For it was nimbler much than hinds. And trod as if on the four winds. " I have a garden of my own, But so with roses overgrown. And lillys, that you would it guess To be a little v/ilderness ; And all the spring-time of the year It only loved to be there. Among the beds of lillys I _ Have sought it oft, where it should lye ; Yet could not, till itself would rise. Find it, although before mine eyes. For in the flaxen lillys' shade It like a bank of lillys laid. Upon the roses it would feed. Until its lips ev'n seem'd to bleed ; And then to me 't would boldly trip. And print those roses on my lip. F.ut all its chief delight was still On roses thus itself to fill ; And its pure virgin limbs to fold In whitest sheets of lillys cold." " O help ! O help ! I see it faint And dye as calmly as a saint. See how it weeps ! The tears do come. Sad, slowly, dropping like a gum. So weeps the wounded balsam ; so 'I'he holy frankincense doth flow. The brotherless Heliades Melt in such amber tears as these." The Nymph complaining for the Death of Iter Fawn. 715. " Thus as he spoke, loe ! with outrageous cry A thousand villeins rownd about them swarmd Out of the rockes and caves adioyning nye ; Vile caitive wretches, ragged, rude, deformd. All threatning death, all in straunge manner armd; Some with unweldy clubs, some with long speares. Some rusty knives some staves in fier warmd : Sterne was their looke ; like wild amazed steares. Staring with hollow eies, and stifife upstanding heares." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 9, 13. 718. So Spenser of the " salvage man," who rescued Calepine : ' * Yet armes or weapon had he none to fight, Ne knew the use of warlike instruments, Save such as sudden rage him lent to smite." F. Q., vi. 4, 4. " Infernal discord, hideous to behold. Hangs like its evil genius o'er the city. And sends a snake to every vulgar breast. From several quarters the mad rabble swarm, Arm'd with the instruments of hasty rage. His troops, as he by chance a four-cleft oak Was splitting up with wedges driven home, Breathing ferociously, with axe engrasped. But the fell goddess, from her spying-place The season for her mischief having gained, Seeks the cote's lofty roofs, and from the crest Of its ridge-height the shepherd-signal sings. And on her winding horn her hellish voice She strains : wherewith straight quivered every grove And deep, deep forests rang. E'en heard it far The lake of Trivia, heard it Nar, the stream With sulph'rous water white, and Veline springs ; 730 And anxious mothers folded to their breasts Their children. Then, sooth, posting to the sound. Wherewith the fearful horn its signal gave. With weapons seized from every quarter, troop The dauntless swains : yea too the Trojan youth T' Ascanius aid outpour from open camp. They marshalled have their lines. Not now in rustic fray With sturdy clubs, or stakes with burning tipped, 'Tis fought ; but they with doubtful steel engage, And bristles far and near a darkling crop Of swords unsheathed ; and bronzes, sun- struck, gleam, 741 And in confus'd disorderly array. Most formidable march : their differing clamors. Together join'd, compose one deaf'ning sound ; 'Arm, arm,' they cry." Rowe, Tfie Ambitious Stepmother, act v. 9-17. 727. " My poor heart trembles like a timorous leaf. Which the wind shakes upon his sickly stalk. And frights into a palsy." Shirley, The BrotJters, iv. 5. Allecto's voice produced both effects. 731. Goldsmith uses the idea to illustrate the attachment of the Swiss for their mountain-homes : " And as a child, when scaring sounds molest. Clings close and closer to the mother's breast. So the loud torrent, and the whirlwind's roar. But bind him to his native mountains more." The Traveller. 741. "He spake: and, to confirm his words, out flew Millions of flaming swords, drawn from the thighs Of mighty Cherubim ; the sudden blaze Far round illumined Hell." Milton, P. L., b. i. " The flights of whistling darts make brown the sky. Whose clashing points strike fire, and gild the dusk." Drydcn, Troilus and Cressida, v. 2. V. 537—542. BOOK VII. V. 542-567. 317 And fling their radiance underneath the clouds : As when a billow with the rising gale Begins to whiten, by degrees the sea Uprears itself, and higher lifts its waves ; Then tow'rs to heaven from its deepest bed. A stripling here, before the battle's front, With whizzing arrow, who of Tyrrheus' sons Was eldest, Almo low is laid ; for clave Beneath his throat the bolt, and choked with blood 750 The passage of his moistful voice, and life Of thread. [Falls] many a corse of warriors round, And elderly Galcesus, while himself He offers mediator for a peace ; Who was the one most righteous man [of all], And erst the richest in Ausonia's fields. Five flocks of bleating ones to him, five herds, Came home, and earth with hundred ploughs he turned. Now whilst these [deeds] are going on throughout The plains, — impartial Mars, — the goddess, made 760 Mistress of her engagement, when with blood The warfare she imbrued, and set abroach " The setting sun. With yellow radiance, lightened all the vale ; And, as the warriors moved, each polished helm, Corslet, or spear, glanced back his gilded beams. The hill they climbed, and, halting at its top. Of more than mortal size, towering, they seemed An host angelic, clad in burning arms." Home, Douglas, iv. i. 755. " So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found Among the faithless, faithful only he : Among innumerable false unmoved. Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal ; Nor number, nor example, with him wrought To swerve from truth, or change his constant mind, Though single." Milton, P. L., b. v. end. 759. " Now," — atque, v. 540, — see Wagner, Quaes. Virg. 35, 22. 760. " This battle fares like to the morning's war. When dying clouds contend with growing light : What time the shepherd, blowing of his nails. Can neither call it perfect day nor night. Now sways it this way, like a mighty sea, Forc'd by the tide to combat with the wind ; Now sways it that way, like the selfsame sea Forc'd to retire by fury of the wind : Sometime, the flood prevails; and then, the wind : Now, one the better ; then, another best ; Both tugging to be victors, breast to breast. Yet neither conqueror, nor conquered : So b the equal poise of this fell war." Shakespeare, 3 King Henry VI., ii. 5. The deaths of their first fight, Hesperia quits. And, turned away along the gales of heaven, In triumph Juno speaks with haughty tone: *' Lo 1 stablished for thee by a rueful war, Disunion ! Say, for friendship let them meet, And leagues compact ! Since I with Auson blood Have dewed the Trojans, this I e'en thereto Will add, if I may have thy sure assent : The neighbor cities by reports will I 771 To battles drive, and fire their souls with love Of madding Mars, that they all round for aid May come ; throughout the fields I'll scatter arms." Then Juno in reply : "Of frights and guile There is an overflow. [Firm] stand the grounds For warfare ; with their weapons hand to hand Are they engaged. The arms, which chance first gave. Their maiden blood hath dyed. Such marriages, And such connubial rites, let solemnise 780 The peerless son of Venus, and the king Latinus' self. That thou o'er airs of heaven With further liberty shouldst range, wills not That father, of most high Olympus lord : Off from [these] regions ! I, if any [change Of] fortune in my toils remains, will set it straight Myself." Such words Satumia spoke. But she Uplifts her pinions, hissing with their snakes, And seeks Cocytus' seat, forsaking heights Aloft. There is a spot 'mid Italy, 790 Beneath the lofty mountains, of renown, And blazoned by report in many a coast, — Amsanctus' glens. This, dark with clustered ■ leaves, A forest's side confines on either hand, And, brawling in the midst, a flood gives forth B8. " At last his sail-broad vans He spreads for flight, and in the surging smoke Uplifted spurns the ground ; thence many a league, As in a cloudy chair, ascending rides. Audacious ; but, that seat soon failing, meets A vast vacuity. All unawares, Fluttering his pennons vain, plumb down he drops Ten thousand fathom deep." Milton, P. £., b. ii. v/567 — 580. THE yENEID. V. 580—597. A din from rocks and writhing eddy. Here The fearful cave and vents of grisly Dis Are shown, and from the bursten Acheron A vasty whirlpool opes its plagueful jaws ; Whereinto the Erinys being plunged, — The loathly fiend, — discumbered earth and heaven. 801 Nor less the meanwhile the Saturnian queen Upon the warfare sets a crowning hand. Rush from the battle to the city all The host of shepherds, and the slain bring back, Young Almo, and the marred Galsesus' form ; And sue the gods, Latinus too conjure. Turnus is present, and amid the charge Of murder, and their heat, the horror he Redoubles:— ''That the Teucri to the realm 810 Were summoned ; that the Phrygian brood was blent With them ; that he was banished from the court." Then they, whose mothers, ecstasied by Bacchus, 797. Glover has a fine description of the Cave of the Furies : " Around it slept A stagnant water, overarch'd by yews, Growth immemorial, which forbade the winds E'en to disturb the melancholy pool. To this, the fabled residence abhorr'd Of Hell-sprung beings, Demonax, himself Predominating demon of the place. Conducts the sev'n assassins. There no priest Officiates ; single there, as Charon grim, A boatman wafts them to the cavern's mouth. They enter, fenc'd in armour ; down the black Descent, o'er moist and lubricated stone. They tread unstable. Night's impurest birds With noisome wings each loathing visage beat ; Of each the shudd'ring flesh through plated steel By slimy efts, and clinging snakes, is chill'd ; Cold, creeping toads beset th' infected way." Athenaid, b. xiv. See note on yfi'w. vi. /. 336. 800. " So saying he dismiss'd them : they with speed Their course through thickest constellations held. Spreading their bane. The blasted stars look'd wan. And planets, planet-struck, real eclipse Then suffer'd. Th' other way Satan went down The causey to Hell-gate. On either side Disparted Chaos overbuilt exclaim'd. And with rebounding surge the bars assail'd, That scorn'd his indignation : through the gate. Wide open and unguarded, Satan pass'd And all about found desolate." Milton, P. L., b. x, 813. " Down they rush From Nysa's vine-empurpled cliff, the dames Of Thrace, the Satyrs, and the unruly Fauns, With old Silenus, reeling through the crowd Which gambols round him, in convulsions wild In dances caper in the wayless woods, — For not unweighty was Amata's name, — From every quarter mustered, coalesce, And importune for Mars. Straight all cursed war. In spite of omens, spite of oracles Of gods, heav'n's pleasure set aside, de- mand. In rivalry the palace of the king 820 Latinus they beset. He, as a rock Of sea unstirred, withstands them : like A rock of sea, when comes a thund'ring crash. The which, with many a billow baying round. Maintains itself by its own weight : the cliffs And foamy rocks are roaring i-ound in vain. And, dashed against its side, the ocean-weed Is showered back. But when no pow'r is given Their resolution blind to overrule. And at fell Juno's beck events proceed; The father, earnestly attesting gods 831 And empty gales, cries : *' Welaway ! we're crushed By destinies, and overborne by storm ! Ye shall yourselves with sacrilegious blood Pay these amercements, O unhappy [men]. Thee, Turnus, impious wretch, thee shall abide Sore punishment, and thou with vows too late Tossing their limbs, and" brandishing in air The ivy-mantled thyrsus, or the torch Through black smoke flaming, to the Phrygian pipe's _ Shrill voice, and to the clashing cymbals, mix'd With shrieks and frantic uproar." Akenside, Hymn to ttie Naiads, 283-99. 821. " So have I seen a rock's heroic breast. Against proud Neptune, that his ruin threats. When all his waves he hath to battle prest. And with a thousand swelling billows beats The stubborn stone, and foams, and chaffs, and frets. To heave him from his root, unmoved stand ; And more in heaps the barking surges band. The more in pieces beat, fly weeping to the strand." G. Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death, xxiii, " All your attempts Shall fall on me like brittle shafts on armour. That break themselves ; or waves against a rock. That leave no sign of their ridiculous fury But foam and splinters." Massinger, The Fatal Dowry, v, 2. 826. " A place there is, where proudly rais'd there stands A huge aspiring rock, neighb'ring the skies. Whose surly brow imperiously commands The sea his bounds, that at his proud feet lies ; And spurns the waves, that in rebellious bands Assault his empire, and against him rise." Daniel, Civil War, ii. 48. V. 597—610. BOOK VII, V. 6io — 628. 319 rhe gods shalt worship. For to me my rest 838 Is gained, and wholly in the threshold [lies] The haven ; of a happy death I'm robbed." Nor speaking further, he himself shut up Within the dome, and left the reins of state. There was a custom in Hesperian Latium, The which, from that day ever forth, the towns Of Alba holy have observed, now Rome Observes it, noblest of [created] things, — When Mars arouse they to the opening fights ; Or be it on the Getae they prepare To wage with might a tear-deserving war, Or on Hyrcanians, or the Arab [tribe]s ; 850 Or 'gainst the Inds to march, and track the Dawn, And standards from the Parths to rede- mand. Two gates there are of War, — so call they them By name, — from rev'rence hallowed, and the awe Of Mars ferocious : shut them hundred bolts Of bronze, and iron's deathless strength ; nor stirs 838. " I am a weak old man, so poor and feeble. That my untoward joints can scarcely creep Unto the grave, where I must seek my rest." Ford, The Lover's Melancholy, v. end. *' These eyes, like lamps whose wasting oil is spent. Wax dim, as drawing to their exigent ; Weak shoulders, overborne with burd'ning grief. And pithless arms, like to a wither'd vine. That droops his sapless branches to the gp-ound !— Yet are these feet, whose strengthless stay is numb, Unable to support this lump of clay, Swift-winged with desire to get a grave. As witting I no other comfort have." Shakespeare, i King Henry V/., ii. 5. 840. Thus losing the end of Pomfret's desires : " Then I'd not be with any trouble vex'd. Nor have the evening of my days perplex'd ; But by a silent and a peaceful death, Without a sigh, resign my aged breath." The Choice, end. And Goldsmith's touching hopes : " In all my wand'rings round this world of care, In all my griefs,— and God has giv'n my share,— I still had hopes my latest hour to crown, Amid these humble bow'rs to lay me down ; To husband out life's taper at the close. And keep the flame from wasting by repose." Deserted Village. He was much in the position of Macbeth : " Had I but died an hour before this chance, I had Hv'd a blessed time ; for, from this instant, There's nothing serious in mortality : All is but toys ; renown, and grace is dead ; The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees Is left this vault to brag of." .,,,.. Shakespeare, Macbeth, u. 3. The guardian Janus from the threshold. These,— When with the fathers rests a fixed resolve For fight, himself in Quirine ** trabea," And Gabine cincture, badged, — the grating doors, — 860 Unbars the consul ; he himself proclaims The battles ; follows then the other youth. And bronzen trumpets with a hoarse accord Together blast. Then in this fashion e'en Against the kneads was Latinus pressed War to declare, and open back the gates Of sorrow. From their touch the father shrank, And, turned aloof, the loathsome service fled. And buried him within the darkling gloom. Then, gliding down from heav'n, the queen of gods 870 The lagging portals forced her very self With her own hand, and on their wheeling hinge War's iron-banded gates Saturnia brast. Bums, unaroused and moveless hitherto, Ausonia. Some afoot prepare to march Along the plains ; some, high on stately steeds, Dust-covered storm : all arms demand. Some — furbished shields and sheeny javelins scour With oily lard, and whet upon the hone Their battle-axes, and it joys to bear 880 The standards, and to hear the bray of trumps. 871. " Thus saying, from her side the fatol key. Sad instrument of all our woe, she took ; And, towards the gate rolling her bestial train, Forthwith the huge portcullis high updrew ; Which, but herself, not all the Stygian powers Could once have moved : then in the keyhole turns The intricate wards, and every bolt and bar Of massy iron or solid rock with ease Unfastens. On a sudden open fly With impetuous recoil and jarring sound The infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh thunder, that the lowest bottom shook Of Erebus." Milton, /^. Z., b. ii. 875-81. " Ther mayst thou see devisine of harneis So uncouth and so riche, and wrought so wele Of goldsmithry, of brouding, and of stele ; The sheldes brighte, testeres, and trappures ; Gold-hewen helmes, hauberkes, cote-armitres ; Kni^htes of retenue, and eke squieres. Nailing the speres, and helmes bokeling, Gniding of sheldes, with lainers lacing ; Ther as nede is, they weren nothing idcl : The fomy stedes on the golden bridel Gnawing, and fast the armurers also With file and hammer priking to and fro ; Yemen on foot, and communes many on With shorte staves, thickc as they may gon ; Pipes, trompes, nakercs, clariounes. That in the bataille blowen blody sounes." Chaucer, Knigktes Tmie, 230 V. 629 — 656. THE ^NEID. V. 656—690. E'en five great cities on their anvils reared New forge them arms, — the powerful Atine, And Tiber haughty, Ardea, and the sons Of Crustumeria, and, with turrets crowned, Antemnce. Cov'rings for their heads secure They hollow, and of withes bend wicker- work For bucklers ; others cuirasses of bronze, Or burnished greaves of pliant silver, mould. To this the pride of share and pruning-hook. To this all passion for the plough, gave way : 891 The falchions of their fathers they recast In forges. And the trumpets now ring forth ; The watchword, sign for battle, passes on. His helm one [warrior] seizes from the roofs In anxious haste ; another to their yokes Drives on his neighing steeds, and in a shield. And, triply laced with gold, a habergeon, Is dight, and belted with a trusty sword. Now open Helicon, O goddesses, 900 And quicken ye my lays :— -what kings by war Were roused, what brigads, following each, filled up The champaign ; with what warriors even then Bloomed Italy's boon land, with weapons what It blazed : for ye alike remember, maids Divine, and can recount them : scarce to us The subtle breath of legend steals along. The foremost enters on the battle, fierce Frorn Tyrrhene coasts, despiser of the gods, Mezentius, and his troops he arms. His son Next to him, Lausus, [one] than whom none else Was fairer, save Laurentine Turnus' form : Lausus, steed-tamer, and the vanquisher 913 Of savage beasts, from Agyll'-s- city leads. That vainly followed him, a thousand men ; worthy T' have been more happy in a father's rule, And not Mezentius to have had his sire. Next these, along the herbage, marked by palm. His chariot, and his conq'ring steeds dis- plays. 909. " The immortal powers Protect a prince, though sold to impious acts. And seem to slumber till his roaring crimes Awake their justice ; but then, looking down. And with impartial eyes, on his contempt Of all religion, and moral goodness, They, in their secret judgments, do determine To leave him to his wickedness, which sinks him. When he is most secure." Massinger, The Roman Actor, iii, i. Sprung from fair Hercules, fair Aventine ; And on his scutcheon wears his father's badge, 921 A hundred snakes, and Hydra, adder-girt : Whom in a wood on Aventinus' hill The priestess Rhea, hidden in his birth, Brought into being 'neath the climes of light,— A woman intermingled with a god, — As soon "as, — Geryon slain, — Laurentine fields The conquering Tirynthius reached, and bathed His Spanish heifers in the Tuscan flood. They javelins in their hands and felon pikes For battles bear, and fight with slender blade 931 And lance Sabellian. He himself, afoot, A lion's monstrous cov'ring winding round, In fearful shag unkempt, with snowy tusks Accoutred on his head, thus passed inside The royal palace, bristling, and engirt Around his shoulders with Herculean garb. Then brothers twain the walls of Tiber leave. The nation from their brother Tiber's name Entitled, — e'en Catillus and fierce Coras, — youth 940 Of Argos, and before the battle's van. Amid the thick of arms, are borne along : As when two cloud-engendered Centaurs swoop Down from [some] mount's high summit, Homole And snowy Othrys in their fleet career Forsaking : yields to them as they ad- vance The spacious forest, and the bushy shrubs Retire before them with a thund'ring crash. Nor absent was the founder of the town Praeneste, whom hath every age believed Of Vulcan sired, 'mong rural folks a prince, And on the hearth discovered, — Caeculus. Him does a peasant host from far and near Accompany, e'en heroes, who the tall 954 Praeneste, and who Gabine Juno's fields, And icy Anio, and the Hemic rocks. With runnels dewy, haunt ; whom thou dost feed, O rich Anagnia, whom sire Amasene. For all of these do neither arms, nor shields, Or chariots, clang : the greatest part sling balls 960 Of bluish lead ; some wield a pair of darts In hand, and tawny caps of wolf- skin wear, Screen for the head : their left foot-soles unshod 924. That is, of course : " in clandestine birth." V. 690—717. BOOK VIL V. 717—750. 231 They plant ; a boot untanned the other clothes. Messapus next, steed-tamer, Neptune's son, Whom it was not allowed to mortal man, Either by fire or steel, to overthrow, His clans long while inactive, and his hosts Unused to war, calls suddenly to arms, And lakes in hand again the falchion. These — 970 Fescinnia's bands and low Falisci ; those — Hold Soract's summits and Flavinian fields. And, with its mount, the lake of Ciminus, And groves Capenian. In their number matched They marched, and sang their monarch : as at times ! The snowy swans among the calmy clouds, What time from feeding they betake them home. And through their lengthful necks melo- dious notes Give forth ; the river rings and Asia's mere. Far stricken. Nor would any deem that bands, 980 Bronze-armed, of such a mighty host were blent. But from the deepsome gulf a skyey cloud Of screaming birds was hurried to the shores. Lo ! Clausus, from the Sabines' ancient blood, Leading a mighty host, and he himself Great as a mighty host, from whom is now Both Claudian tribe and family dispread Through Latium, since for share hath Rome been given To Sabines. [Marches forth] along with him A num'rous Amiternan band, and old 990 Quirites, of Eretum all the band. And of the olive-rife Mutusca ; who Nomentum['s] city, who the Roseau fields Of the Velinus, who the rugged cliffs Of Tetrica, and mount Severus, and Casperia haunt, and Foruli, and flood Of the Himella ; they who Tiber drink And Fabaris ; they whom chilly Nursia sent. And Horta's hosts, and Latin clans, and those 964. Instiluere (v. 690) is plainly an aorist. 975. " At which command the Powers militant That stood for Heaven, in mighty quadrate join'd Of union irresistible, moved on In silence their bright legions, to the sound Or instrumental harmony, that breathed Heroic ardour to adventurous deeds Under their godlike leaders." Milton, P. L., b. vi. Whom Allia sev'ring, — luckless title I — flows between : 1000 As many as the surges that are rolled Upon the surface of the Libyan sea. When gruff' Orion in the wintry waves Is hid ; or when at early sun are parched The serried ears, or on the Hermus' plain. Or Lycia's golden fields. Their targes ring, And by the tramp of feet the earth is scared. Next, [of the line] of Agamemnon, foe Of Troja's name, Halesus in his car His coursers yokes, and on to Tumus hastes A thousand gallant tribes: who Massic [fields], loil In Bacchus fruitful, with their harrows turn ; And whom th' Auruncan sires from lofty hills. And near the Sidicinian plains, despatched ; And those who Gales quit, and borderer By Voltum's shoaly river, and alike The rough Saticulan, and Osci's bands. Their weapons slender javelins be ; but these It is their fashion with elastic strap To fit. Their left hands does a target screen ; 1020 In close encounter they have hooked swords. Nor in our lays shalt they unmentioned pass, O QEbalus, whom Telon on the nymph Sebethis to have sired is said, what time He Capreae, the Teleboans' realms. Possessed, now elderly : but e'en the son, Not satisfied with his paternal fields. Held even then far-wide beneath his sway The tribes of the Sarrastes, and the plains Which Samus dews, and they who occupy Rufrse, and Batulum, and Celenna's fields, And whom the apple-rife Abella's walls O'erpeer : in Teuton fashion are they used Their shafts to hurl ; the cov'ring^s for whose heads — 1034 The rind from off" the cork-tree reft ; and gleam Their bronzen bucklers, gleams their sword of bronze. Thee, too, the mount-fraught Nersae to the frays Despatched, O Ufens, famous in renown And happy arms ; whose nation, passing wild, And used to constant hunting of the woods. Was the /Equiculan with stubborn clods. In arms they work the earth, and it de- lights 1042 To bring together booty ever fresh. And live by plunder. And moreo'er there came V. 75° — 76o. THE .ENEID. V. 761 — 782. From the Marruvian clan a priest, with leaf And blessed olive o'er his helmet trimmed, By the commission of his prince Archippus, Thrice-gallant Umbro; who on adder brood. And hydras breathing noisomely, was wont To sprinkle slumbers both with charm and hand, 1050 And lull their wrath, and ease their bites with skill. But not to salve the Dardan spear-point's blow Had he the virtue ; neither booted him Against his wounds enchantments, bringing sleep. And simples, gathered in the Marsian mounts. Anguitia's woodland thee, thee Fucinus With glassy wave, thee crystal meres, be- wept. 1051. Music produces the same effect on man as on beast : at least, so the poets say. Shakespeare and Dryden have been already quoted ; Congreve thus: " Music alone with sudden charms can bind The wandering sense, and calm the troubled mind. Begin the powerful song, ye sacred Nine, Your instruments and voices join ; Harmony, peace, and sweet desire. In every breast inspire. Revive the melancholy drooping heart. And soft repose to restless thoughts impart. Appease the wrathful mind. To dire revenge and death inclin'd : With balmy sounds his boiling blood assuage. And melt to mild remorse his burning rage. 'Tis done ; and now tumultuous passions cease ; And all is hush'd, and all is peace. The weary world with welcome ease is blest. By music luU'd to pleasing rest." Hymn to Harmony. 1056, 7. " Lament, ye nymphs, and mourn, ye wretched swains ; Stray, all ye flocks, and desert be, ye plains ; Sigh, all ye winds, and weep, ye crystal floods ; Fade, all ye flowers, and wither all ye woods. I mourn Pastora dead : let Albion mourn. And sable clouds her chalky cliffs adorn." Congreve, The Mourning Muse of Alexis. " A spring, now she is dead ! of what ? of thorns. Briers and brambles ? thistles, burs, and docks ? Cold hemlock, yew ? the mandrake, or the box ? Did not the whole earth sicken when she died ? As if there since did fall one drop of dew. But what was wept for her ? or any stalk Did bear a flower, or any branch a bloom. After her wreath was made ? In faith, in faith. You do not fair to put these things upon me. Which can in no sort be : Earine, Who had her very being and her name. With the first knots or buddings of the spring. Born with the primrose or the violet. Or earliest roses blown ; when Cupid smiled. And Venus led the Graces out to dance. And all the sweets and flowers in Nature's lap Leap'd out, and made their solemn conjuration. To last but while she lived ! Do not I know Marched, too, the offspring of Hip- polytus. Thrice lovely, to the battle, Virbius, whom, A noble [soul], his mother Aricia sent, Reared in Egeria's groves, the reeking banks 1061 Around, where, unctuous and appeaseable, The altar of Diana [stands]. For they Report in legend that Hippolytus, As soon as by a stepdame's craft he fell, And glutted by his blood his sire's revenge, To atoms torn by his bewildered steeds, To empyrean stars again, and 'neath The upper gales of heaven, came, recalled By sovereign simples and Diana's love. Thereon th' almighty father, in his wrath That any mortal from the shades below Should to the light of life arise, himself The Phcebus-sired inventor of such salve And craft, with levin-bolt to Stygian waves Hurled down. But Trivia, boon, Hip- polytus 1076 Incloisters in sequestered cells, and him To nymph Egeria and her grove consigns. Where solitary in Italian woods Unnoted he might pass his life, and where By change of name he Virbius might be. Whence also from the fane and hallowed groves 1082 Of Trivia horn-hoofed horses are debarred ; For that upon the shore the car and youth They, scared at ocean monsters, overturned. The son upon the surface of the plain Plied not a whit the less his fiery steeds. And in his chariot to the battles rushed. How the vale wither'd the same day ? How Dove, Dean, Eye, and Erwash, Idel, Suite, and Soare, Each broke his urn, and twenty waters more. That swelled proud Trent, shrunk themselves dry? that since No sun or moon, or other cheerful star Look'd out of heaven, but all the cope was dark. As it were hung so for her exequies ! And not a voice or sound to ring her knell ; But of that dismal pair, the screeching owl. And buzzing hornet ! Hark ! hark ! hark ! the foul Bird ! how she flutters with her wicker wings ! Peace ! You shall hear her screech." Ben Jonson, T/te Sad Shepherd, \. 2. 1085. So the Souldan's horses, at sight of the light issuing from Prince Arthure's shield : " Such was the furie of these headstrong steeds Soon as the infants sunlike shield they saw. That all obedience both to words and deeds They quite forgot, and scornd all former law I Through woods, and rockes, and mountainef, they did draw The yron charet, and the wheeles did teare. And tost the Paynim without feare or awe ; From side to side they tost him here and there, Crying to them in vaine that nould his crying heare." Spenser, F. Q., v. 8, 41. V. 783—800. BOOK VIL V. 800 — 808. aa} Himself among the van, of passing shape, Tumus is all in motion, grasping arms, ^ And by a head entire above them stands : 1 On whom, all hairy with a triple crest, A lofty morion a Chim.nera props, 1093 ^tnean blazes puffing from her jaws : The louder she, and wilder with her bale- ful fires. The fiercer wax the frays with gushing blood. Moreo'er an lo, with uplifted horns, His glossy buckler badged with gold, [she] now With hair thick-covered, now a heifer, — brave Device ! — and Argus guardian of the maid. And, pouring from a graven urn his stream, Her father Inachus. There follows on A cloud of footmen, and the scutcheoned hosts 1 103 Are thronged throughout the plains, e'en Argive youth. And the Auruncan bands, the Rutuli, And old Sicanians, and Sacranian files, And with their painted shields Labici ; who Thy glades, O Tiberine, and holy marge Of the Numicius plough, and work with share The hills of Rutuli, and Circe's crest : Over which fields Anxurian Jove pre- sides, 1 1 1 1 And, joying in her holy grove of green. 1092. Smart, describing William the Conqueror : " Like a god. Refulgent stood the conqueror : on his troops He sent his looks enliv'ning as the sun's, But on his foes frown'd agony and death. On his left side in bright emblazonry His falchion burn'd ; forth from his sevenfold shield A basilisk shot adamant ; his brow Wore clouds of fury : on that with plumage crown'd Of various hues sat a tremendous cone : Thus sits high-canopied above the clouds. Terrific beauty of nocturnal skies. Northern Aurora ; she thro' th' azure air Shoots, shoots her trem'lous rays in painted streaks Continual, while waving to the wind O'er Night's dark veil her lucid tresses flow." The Hop-Garden, b. i. HOC. " In vaine he fears that which he cannot shonne : For who wotes not that womans subtiltyes Can guylen Argus, when she list misdonne ? It is not yron bandes, nor hundred eyes. Nor brasen walls, nor many wakeful! spyes. That can withold her wilfull-wandring feet ; But fast goodwill, with gentle courtesyes. And timely service to her pleasure meet. May her perhaps containe that else would algates fleet." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 9, 7. Feronia, where lies Satura's black wash. And icy through the valley-beds a path The Ufens seeks, and in the sea is hid. Besides these, from the Volscian clan arrived Camilla, leading on a troop of horse. And hosts in bloom of bronze, a warrioress. Not to Minerva's distaff or her frails Was she accustomed with her lady hands, But battles sore, a maiden, to endure, 1121 And in career of feet t' outstrip the winds. She, or on topmost stalks of standing com, 1 113. Saturcepalus may possibly mean the " Pon- tine Marshes." " When o'er this world, by equinoctial rains * Flooded immense, looks out the joyless Sun, And draws the copious steam ; from swampy fens. Where putrefaction into life ferments. And breathes destructive myriads : or from woods. Impenetrable shades, recesses foul. In vapours rank and blue corruption wrapt. Whose gloomy horrors yet no desperate foot Has ever dared to pierce ; then, wasteful, forth Walks the dire power of pestilent Disease. A thousand hideous fiencls her course attend. Sick nature blasting, and to heartless woe. And feeble desolation, casting down The towering hopes and all the pride of man." Thomson, Summer. 11 14. •' The fruitful valleys laced with silver rills." Browne, Brit. Fast., b. ii. s. 3. H22. " Softly gliding as I go. With this burthen full of woe. Through still silence of the night Guided by the glow-worm's light. Hither am I come at last. Many a thicket have I past ; Not a twig that durst deny me, Not a bush that durst descry me To the little bird that sleeps On the tender spray ; nor creeps That hardy worm with pointed tail. But if I be under sail. Flying faster than the wind. Leaving all the clouds behind. But doth hide her tender head In some hollow tree, or bed Of seeded nettles ; not a hare Can be started from his fare By my footing ; nor a wish Is more sudden ; nor a fish Can be foynd with greater ease Cut the vast unbounded seas. Leaving neither print nor sound. Than I, when nimbly on the ground I measure many a league an hour." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 2. " How like the nimble winds, which plav upon The tender grass, yet press it not, or fly Over the crystal face of smoothest streams, Leaving no curl behind them ; or how like The yellow-feathcr'd Hymen when he treads Upon the air's soft bosom, doth she pass, Observ'd with admiration ! Why, she makes Motion the god of every excellence." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Faithful Friend*. iv. 3. 2 24 V. 8o8 — 809. THE ^NEID. V. 809 — 817. Untouched, would fly, nor in her race had harmed 1 124. " Here she was wont to go ! and here ! and here ! Just where those daisies, pinks, and violets grow : The world may find the spring by following her ; For other print her airy steps ne'er left. Her treading would not bend a blade of grass. Or shake the downy blow-ball from his stalk ! But like the soft West-wind she shot along. And where she went the flowers took thickest root. As she had sow'd them with her odorous foot." Ben Jonson, Sad Shepherd, i. i. " Love's wings so justly heave The body up, that as our toes shall trip Over the tender and obedient grasse. Scarce any drop of dew is dasht to ground." Marston, SopJionisba, iv. i. " I've seen him run swifter than starting hinds, Nor bent the tender grass beneath his feet : Swifter than shadows fleeting o'er the fields ; Their tender ears ; or through the central main, Poised on the heaving wave, would wend her way, Nor in its surface dip her nimble soles. Her all the youth, from houses and from fields Outpoured, and crowd of dames, in wonder view. And towards her gaze, while marching, open-mouthed, 1130 With thunder-stricken minds ; — how royal pride Of purple drapes her glossy shoulders ; how A pin of gold her hair together binds ; Her Lycian quiver how she bears herself, And shepherd-myrtle, headed with a point. Nay, even the winds, with all their stock of wings, Have puffed behind, as wanting breath to reach him." Lee, Rival Queens, ii. i. BOOK VI 1 1. When Turnus hoisted up the flag of war From the Laurentine castle, and the trumps With grating clangor brayed, and when he roused His mettled steeds, and when he brandished arms ; Forthwith excited are their souls : at once All Latium bands together by an oath In wild unrest, and storms the frantic youth. The leading generals, Messapus [e'en] Line i. " Then straight commands, that at the warlike sound Of trumpets loud and clarions be uprear'd His mighty standard. That proud honour claimed Azazel as his right, a cherub tall ; Who forthwith from the glittering staff unfurl'd The imperial ensign ; which, full high advanced, Shone like a meteor streaming to the wind. With gems and golden lustre rich emblazed. Seraphic arms and trophies ; all the while Sonorous metal blowing martial sounds : At which the universal host up sent A shout, that tore Hell's concave, and beyond Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night. All in a moment through the gloom were seen Ten thousand banners rise into the air With orient colours waving : with them rose A forest huge of spears ; and thronging helms Appear'd, and serried shields in thick array. Of depth immeasurable." Milton, P. L., b. i. 3, " The trumpet, with its Mars-inciting voice The wind's broad breast impetuous sweeping o'er, Fill'd the big note of war." Glover, On Sir Isaac Newton. And Ufens, and, despiser of the gods, Mezentius, muster aid from every side, lO And of the tillers rob the spacious fields. E'en to the city of great Diomede Is Venulus commissioned, to entreat His aid, and, — that in Latium Teucer's sons Were settling down, ^neas in his fleet Arrived, and his defeated household-gods Was bringing in, and giving out that he Was by the destinies the king required, — To give him information, — and that many a state To the Dardanian hero link themselves. And far and wide through Latium that his name 21 Is waxing great. By these beginnings what Designs he, what, if Fortune should attend, The issue of the contest he desires, More clearly to himself than to the king Turnus, or king Latinus, [must] appear. Through Latium such : which as he fully sees. The hero [of] Laomedontian [line] Is wav'ring in a mighty tide of cares. And now to this side, now to that, he shifts His active spirit, and to sundry points 31 31. " Faster than spring-time showers, comes thought on thought ; And not a thought but thinks on dignity." Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry VI., iii. i. V. 21 — 26. BOOK VIII. V. 26 — 32. 825 lie hurries it, and whirls it round through all: As when within the water's bronzen lips The dancing light, rebounded from the sun, Or from reflection of the beaming moon, Through every region flutters far and near ; And now beneath the air is glanced aloft. And strikes the ceiling of the highest roof. *Twas night, and jaded forms of life thro'out 33, " I shook for fear, and yet I danced for joy; I had such motions as the sun-beams make Against a wall, or playing on a water, I Or trembling vapour of a Ixjiling pot, — I That's not so good ; it should have been a crucible With molten metal : she had understood it." Ben Jonson, The Staple of News, ii. i. Pamell has a beautiful image, ^in illustration of an idea not very dissimilar : j *' His hopes no more a certain prospect boast. And all the tenor of his soul is lost : So when a smooth expanse receives imprest Calm Natiu-e's image on its watery breast, Down bend the banks, the trees depending grow, And skies beneath with answering colours glow : But if a stone the gentle sea divide. Swift ruffling circles curl on every side. And glimmering fragments of a broken sun, Banks, trees, and skies, in thick disorder run." The Hermit. See P. Fletcher's Purple Island, c. v. 47. " A spacious lake below expanded lies. And lends a mirror to the quiv'ring skies. Here pendent domes, there dancing forests seem To float and tremble in the waving gleam." Langhorne, Sttidley Park. The water in the text is said to :have " bronzen lips," as the edges of the vessel, which confines it, are of bronze. Sole (v. 23) is the image of the Sun. 39. " The curfew tolls the knell of parting day. The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea, The ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. " Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight. And all the air a solemn stillness holds. Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight. And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds : " Save that, from yonder ivy-mantled tower. The moping owl does to the moon complain Of such as, wandering near her secret bower. Molest her ancient solitary reigpi." Gray, Elegy, 1-3. " 'Tis night, dead night, and weary Nature lies So fast, as if she never were to rise. No breath of wind now whispers through the trees, No noise at land, nor murmur in the seas ; Lean wolves forget to howl at night's pale noon. No wakeful dogs bark at the silent moon, Nor bay the ghosts that glide with horror by, To view the caverns where their bodies lie. The ravens perch, and no presages give. Nor to the windows of the dying cleave ; The owls forget to scream ; no midnight sound Calls drowsy Echo from the hollow ground. In vaults the walking fires extinguish'd lie ; The stars, heav'n's sentries, wink and seem to die : Such universal silence spreads below. Through the vast shades where I am doomed to go." Lee, Theodosius, v. 2, 1-16. All lands, the race of fowls and flocks, deep sleep 40 Enthralled : when sire .(tineas on the bank. And underneath the vault of icy heav'n, In bosom troubled by the rueful war. Lay down, and through his limbs gave late repose. To him the Genius of the place himself, [The god] of Tiber, from his charming stream, In years advanced, among the poplar leaves Come, sleep, O sleep ! the certain knot of peace. The baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe. The poor man's wealth, the prisoner's release, Th' indifferent judge between the high and low." Sir Philip Sidney, A strophel and Stella, xxxix. " The drowsy night grows on the world, and now The busy craftsman and o'erlabour'd hind Forget the travel of the day in sleep : Care only wakes, and moping pensiveness ; With meagre discontented looks they sit, And watch the wasting of the midnight taper. Such vigils must I keep, so wakes my soul. Restless and self-tormented." Rowe, Jane Shore, ii. 3-10. 44. " But gentle Sleepe envyde him any rest ; Instead thereof sad sorow and disdaine Of his hard hap did vexe his noble brest. And thousand fancies bett his ydle braine With their light wings, the sights of semblants vaine." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 4, 54. " Here silken slumbers and refreshing sleepe Were seldom found ; with quiet mindes those keepe. Not with disturbed thoughts ; the beds of kings Are never prest by them : sweet rest inrings The tyred body of the swarty clowne, And oft'ner lies on flocks than softest downe." Browne, Britannia' s Pastorals, ii. song i. " When night bids Sleep, Sweet nurse of nature, o'er the senses creep. When Misery herself no more complains. And slaves, if possible, forget their chains, Though his sense weakens, though his eyes grow dim. The rest, which comes to all, comes not to him. E'en at that hour Care, tyrant Care, forbids The dew of sleep to fall upon his lids. From night to night she watches at his bed ; Now, as one mop'd, sits brooding o'er his head ; Anon she starts, and, borne on raven's wings. Croaks forth aloud, — 'Sleep was not made for kings.* " Churchill, Gotham, b. iii. The friends of /Eneas might here have wished for him what Valentinian's attendants desired for their emperor : " Care-charming Sleep, thou easer of all woes. Brother to Death, sweetly thyself dispose On this aftlicted prince ; fall, like a cloud. In gentle showers ; give nothing that is loud Or painfulto his slumbers ; easy, sweet. Ana as a purling stream, thou son of Night, Pass by his troubled senses ; sing his pain. Like hollow murmuring wind or silver rain : Into this prince gently, oh, gently slide. And kiss nim into slumbers like a bride." J. Fletcher, ValentinioH, v. a. Q 226 V. 32—57. THE ^NEID. V. 57—65. Appeared to lift him up, — with sea-green garb Fine lawn enveloped him, and shady reed His tresses veiled ; — then to accost him thus. And take away his troubles by these words : " O gendered from the race of gods, thou who 52 Dost Troja's city from her foes restore To us, and everlasting Pergamus Dost guard ; O looked-for on Laurentine ground And Latin fields, here [lies] for thee assured Thy home, assured Penates j shrink thou not, Nor be affrighted by the threats of war ; All spleen and wrath of gods have passed away. And now by thee, — lest thou shouldst deem that sleep 60 Shapes these its baseless [visions], — found beneath The holms upon my bank, a monstrous sow. That has produced a brood of thirty young. Shall lie, white, on the ground reclining, white Around her dugs the litter ; this shall prove Thy city's site ; this, rest assured from toils : From which [event] within thrice ten re- turning years Ascanius shall the city Alba build, Of glorious name. No doubtful [truths] I chant. Now by what means what presses on may'st thou 70 In triumph execute, in [words] a few, — Give; heed, — I thee will teach. Arcadia's sons In these our coasts, — a race from Pallas sprung. Who [following] king Evander as his mates. Who following on his banners, have a site Selected, and upon the mountains built A city, Pallanteum, from the name Of Pallas their progenitor, — these war Unceasingly protract with Latium's race : These to thy camp adjoin as thine allies. And leagues compact. I thee will lead myself 81 51. " She bids you Upon the wanton rushes lay you down, And rest your gentle head upon her lap. And she will sing the song that pleaseth you, And on your eyelids crown the god of sleep, Charming your blood with pleasing heaviness ; Making such difference 'twixt wake and sleep. As is the dift'rence betwixt day and night. The hour before the heav'nly-harness'd team tegins his golden progress in the east." Shakespeare, i K. Henry IV., iii. i. Along my banks and runnel straight, that thou The tide opposing mayest with thy oars, Upborne, surmount. Come, i-ouse thee, goddess-born ! And when first stars are setting duly bring Thy prayers to Juno, and her wrath and threats By humble vows o'ercome. A conqueror To me shalt thou pay homage. I am he, Whom thou descriest with a brimming flood Grazing the banks, and sev'ring fruitful tilths, 90 The azure Tiber, to the heav'ns a stream Thrice welcome. Here to me a stately fane, The head of lofty cities, towers forth." 88. This patronage of ^Eneas by father Tiber was plainly not quite a disinterested affair (see lines 92, 3) : his civilities had partly their origin in vanity, as those of the river-god in Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess were due to another selfish cause : " I am this fountain's god : below My waters to a river grow, And 'twixt two banks with osiers set. That only prosper in the wet. Through the meadows do they glide. Wheeling still on every side. Sometimes winding round about. To find the evenest channel out. And if thou wilt go with me. Leaving mortal company, In the cool streams shalt thou lie. Free from harm as well as I. I will give thee for thy food No fish that useth in the mud ; But trout and pike, that love to swim. Where the gravel from the brim Through the pure streams may be seen ; Orient pearl fit for a queen Will I give, thy love to win. And a shell to keep them in : Not a fi.sh in all my brook That shall disobey thy look ; But, when thou wilt, come sliding by. And from thy white hand take a fly : And, to make thee understand How I can my waves command. They shall bubble whilst I sing. Sweeter than the silver string." Act iii. i. 89. " O, could I flow like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme ! Though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not dull ; Strong without rage, without o'erflowing full." This celebrated allusion to the Thames, in Sir John Denham's Cooper's Hill, is imitated by Prior, speaking of the same river : " Serene, yet strong ; majestic, yet sedate ; Swift without violence, without terror great." Carmen Seculare. Even Hamilton must copy it, when writing an Inscription on a Dog : " Calm, though not mean ; courageous without rage; Serious, not dull, and without thinking sage." ▼. 66—87. The River spoke ; then in a pool profound He plunged him, diving to its bed. The night And sleep i'Eneas left : he rises up, And as he gazes on the dawning beams Of th' empyrean sun, in hollow hands The water duly from the flood upbears. And such-like words outpours to heav'n : " O Nymphs, ICXD Laurentine Nymphs, whence streams have birth, and thou, O father Tiber, with thy holy tide, Receive ^neas, and do ye at last From dangers screen him. In whatever spring Thy lake holds thee, who dost compassion feel For our misfortunes ; from whatever ground In fullest beauty thou art gushing forth ; Aye with my homage, ever with my gifts, Shalt thou be honored, O horn-bearing flood, Lord of Hesperian waters. O be thou no 13ut present, and more nigh to me confirm Thy heav'nly intimations !" Thus he speaks. And galleys twain of double bank he culls From out the navy, and with oarage fits : The same time furnishes the crews with arms. But lo ! an unexpected, and to view A wondrous omen : — fair along the wood, Like-hued with her white offspring, down there lay, And on the bank of green is spied, a sow : Which good /Eneas sooth to thee, to thee Slays, sovereign Juno, off ring holy rites. And places at thy altar with her brood. 122 Tiber that night, however long it proves. His swelling river calmed, and, tiding back 124. " Quoth he : ' Slide billows smoothly for her sake, Whose sight can make your aged Nereus young. For her fair passage even alleys make. And as the soft winds waft her sails along, Sleek ev'ry little dimple of the lake. Sweet Sirens, and be ready with your song.'" Drayton, Barons' Wars, iii. 47. •' Here waxt the windes dumbe (shut up in their caves), As still as midnight were the sullen waves. And Neptune's silver ever-shaking brest As smooth as when the halcyon builds her nest. None other wrinckles on his face were seene Than on a fertile meade, or sportive greene. Where never plow-share ript his mother's wombe. To give an aged seed a living tonibc ; Nor blinded mole the fatning earth e'er stirr'd, Nor boyes made pitfals for the hungry bird. The whistling reeds upon the water's side Shot up their sharp heads in a stately pride. BOOK VIII. T. 87—101. a a7 With noiseless billow, so he came to rest, That he, in fashion of a gentle plash And stilly fen, might lay his surface low Upon the waters, so that from the oar Might strain be absent. Therefore they their course, Commenced, speed forward with a cheering shout. 130 Glides through the streams the ointed fir ; and waves Are wond'ring, wonders th' unaccustomed grove At shields of warriors gleaming from afar, And painted galleys swimming on the flood. They with their rowing night alike and day Tire out, and lengthful reaches overpass, And are by sundry trees imbowered, and thread The verdant forests on the surface calm. The sun the central circle of the sky Had scaled, ablaze, what time from far the walls, 140 And castle, and the houses' scattered roofs. Do they behold, which now the Roman power Hath matched with heaven : then the scant domains Evander held. They speedily their prows Veer towards them, and the city they ap- proach. And not a bynding ozyer bow'd his head, But on his roote him bravely carryed : No dandling leafe plaid with the subtill ayre. So smooth the sea was, and the skye so fayre." Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 1. " Calm were the elements, night's silence deep. The waves scarce murmuring, and the winds asleep." Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel . 125. " Either side Was fenc'd by trees high-shadowing. The front Look'd on a crystal pool, by fcathcr'd tribes At ev'ry dawn frequented. From the springs A small redundance fed a shallow brook. O'er smoother pebbles rippling just to wake. Not startle Silence, and the ear of Night Entice to listen undisturb'd." Glover, Leonidas, b. ii. 140. "Mark, how th' all-kindling orb Meridian glory gains ! Round Meru's breathing zone he winds oblique O'er pure cerulean plains : His jealous flames absorb All meaner lights, and unresisted strike The world with rapt'rous joy and dread. Ocean, smit with melting pain. Shrinks, and the fiercest monster of the main Mantles in caves profound his tusky head. With sea-weeds dank and coral .•■pread. Less can mild Earth and her green daughters bear The Moon's wide wasting glare : To rocks the panther creeps ; to woody night The vulture steals his flight ; E'en cold cameleons pant in thickets dun, And o'er the burning grit th' unwinged locusts run." Sir William Jones, HytttH to Surya. Q 2 228 V. 102 — 115. THE ^NEID. V. 115 — 138, By chance that day a yearly sacrifice The Arcad king t' Amphitryon's great son, And to the gods, was ofiPring up before The city in a grove. Along with him Pallas his son, along with him were all The foremost of the youths, and humble senate, 151 Presenting frankincense ; and milk-warm blood Was steaming at the altars. When tall ships They saw, and that amid the shady grove They towards them stole, and leaned on noiseless oars ; They're startled by the sudden sight, and all,— The boards abandoned, — in a body rise. Whom gallant Pallas to break off the rites Forbids, and, with a weapon seized, himself To meet them flies, and from a knoll afar : " O youths, what cause hath forced you to essay 161 Our unknown pathways ? Whither are ye bound?" He cries : ' ' Who [are you by] your race ? Wherefpom, Your home ? Is't peace ye hither bring, or arms ?" Then sire ^neas from the lofty stem 156. So Spenser beautifully describes Colin's as- tonishment at the first sight of a ship (see note JEn. V. /. 854) : " For, as we stood there waiting on the strond, Behold, an huge great vessell to us came, Dauncing upon the waters back to lond, As if it scornd the daunger of the same : Yet was it but a wooden frame and fraile, Glewed together with some subtile matter. Yet had it armes and wings, and head and taile, ■ And life to move itselfe upon the water. Strange thing ! how bold and swift that monster was. That neither car'd for wynd, norhaile, nor raine, Nor swelling waves, but thorough them did passe So proudly, that she made them roare againe." Colin Clouts Come Home Again. T. Warton's swain is as much astonished as Pallas and his companions : " Sudden a burst of brightness smote my sight. From arms and all th' imblazonry of war Reflected far, while steeds, and men, and arms Seem'd floating wide, and stretch'd in vast array O'er the broad bosom of the big-swoln flood That dashing roU'd its beamy waves between. The banks promiscuous swarm'd with thronging troops ; These on the flood embarking, those appear'd Crowding the adverse shore, already past. All was confusion, all tumultuous din. I trembled as I look'd, tho' far above. And in one blaze their arms were blended bright With the broad stream, while all the glist'ring scene The morn illum'd, and in one splendour clad." Eclogue iv. Thus speaks, and from his hand holds out a branch Of peaceful olive : " Sons of Troy, and arms Unfriendly to the Latins, dost thou see ; Whom they by overbearing war have driven To exile. We Evander seek. Bear these, And tell him that Dardania's chosen chiefs Have come, entreating for a league of arms." 172 Amazed was Pallas, at so great a name Deep-struck; ** O disembark, whoe'er thou art," Saith he, ** and face to face my sire address, And pass beneath our dwellings as a guest ;" And by the palm he caught him, and right hand Engrasping, clung thereto. As on they paced. The grove they enter, and the river quit. ^neas then the king with friendly words Accosts : *' O best of Grecia's sons, to whom 181 Hath Fortune willed that I should offer prayer. And stretch before me boughs with fillet trimmed ; In sooth I have no apprehension felt. For that thou [wert] a leader of the Greeks, An Arcad also, and that from thy root With Atreus' double offspring thou wert linked ; But me my merit, and the holy oracles Of gods, and kindred fathers, thy renown Noised through the lands, have knit to thee, and brought 190 By fates, a willing [suitor]. Dardanus, Of Ilium's city the primeval sire And founder, from Electra, (as the Greeks report,) Of Atlas daughter sprung, to Teucer's sons Is wafted ; gave Electra to the light The highest Atlas, who the balls of heaven Upon his shoulder props. You have for sire 193- Atlas. I Jupiter= Electra. Dardanus. Ericthonius. Tros, Assaracus. Capj's. Anchises. JEnca.s. Maia= Jupiter. Mercury. Evander. V. 138—166. BOOK VITL V. 167 — 195. Mercurius, whom, conceived, fair Maia bore ( )n Cyllene's icy crest ; but Maia, if at all Repose we trust in [legends we have] heard, Atlas, the self-same Atlas, sires, he who The constellations of the sky upholds. 202 Thus branches off the pedigree of both From the one blood. Relying upon these, Not [through] ambassadors, nor through address. Have I first proofs of thee devised : myself, Myself, and my own life, have I myself Exposed, and come a suitor to thy courts. The selfsame Daunian clan, that pesters thee With felon war, if us they may expel, 210 Believe that naught is lacking, but that they May all Hesperia wholly bring beneath Their yoke, and hold the sea, which doth above. And that which doth below against it wash. Receive, and grant us, troth. There be with us Breasts bold in war ; there be [brave] souls. And youth in actions tried." i?£neas said. The other on the speaker's face and eyes. And his whole person with his eye long since Kept poring. Then he thus few [words] returns : 220 *' How thee, Ogallantest of Teucer's sons, I welcome, and delighted recognize ! How I thy mighty sire Anchises' words. And voice, and visage, recollect ! For I Remember that in visiting the realms Of Hesione his sister, Priamus, The offspring of Laomedon, in quest Of Salamis, came farther on to see Arcadia's icy bourns. Then dawn of youth My cheeks was mantling over with its bloom ; 230 And I with wonder gazed upon the chiefs Of Teucer's sons ; I gazed with wonder, too, On th' offspring of Laomedon himself : But statelier than all Anchises walked. My spirit burned with youthful love t' accost The hero, and to link right hand to right. I went up to him, and in eagerness 'Neath Pheneus' walls I led him. He to me A noted quiver and its Lycian shafts, 235. " Pardon, dread princess, that I made some scruple To leave a valley of security. To mount up to the hill of majesty. On which, the nearer Jove, the nearer lightning. What knew I, but your grace made trial of me ; Durst I presume to embrace, where but to touch With an unmanner'd hand, was death ? The fox, When he saw first the forest's king, the lion, Was almost dead with fear ; the second view Only a little daunted him ; the third, He durst salute him boldly." Massinger, The Virgin-Martyr, i. i. M9 At his departure gave, a mantle too, 240 With gold inwove, and twain gold bits, which now My Pallas hath. Then both,— that which ye seek, — Right hand by me united is in league ; And soon as ever shall to-morrow's dawn Restore her to the lands, with succor I Will send you blithe away, and with my means Will help. Meanwhile these holy [rites], — since ye Have hither come as friends, — [these] yearly [rites]. Which to delay were crime, do ye observe In kindness with us, and yourselves e'en now 250 Accustom to the boards of your allies." When these were said, the viands and the cups, Which were withdrawn, h^ bids to be re- placed, And he himself upon a turfy seat The men disposes, and distinguished by a cushion And hide of shaggy lion, he receives yEneas, and invites him to a throne Of maple. Then choice youths in rivalry. And th' altar-priest, bear roasted flesh of bulls. And heap in baskets labored Ceres' gifts. And Bacchus they purvey, y^neas feasts. And with him Troja's youth, upon the chine And cleansing inwards of a solid ox. 263 As soon as hunger was removed, and checked Desire of eating, king Evander saith : "Not these our yearly [rites] on us, these feasts In customed form, this altar of a power So mighty, hath a superstition vain. And heedless of the ancient gods, enjoined : From cruel dangers saved, O Trojan guest. Perform we them, and honors earned renew. 271 Now firstly, poised on crags, this rock behold : How are the masses scattered far abroad. And stands forlorn the mansion of the mount. And cliffs have trailed a vasty wreck I Here stood A cave, withdrawn within a huge recess. Which the half-human Cacus' awful shape Would occupy, by sunbeams imapproached : 277. Or, taking semihominis in its physical meaning — a doubtful view — " Which the dread shape of Cacus, half a man.** 230 V. 195 — -23- THE ^NEID. V. 223 — 246. And aye with murder fresh the ground was warm, And, pinned upon the prideful gates, the heads 280 Of men hung ghastly with their rueful gore. This monster's sire was Vulcan : of that [sire] The sooty flames disgorging from his mouth. With giant bulk he moved him on. Time brought To us, too, at the last, as fain we wished. The succor and arrival of a god. For th' arch-avenger with the death and spoils Of triple Geryon proud, Alcides, came. And conqu'ror drove this way his mon- ster bulls : Beeves occupied alike the vale and stream. But Cacus' spirit, through the furies wild, Lest aught there had been or of crime, or craft, 292 Unhazarded or unessayed, four bulls Of peerless figure from the grounds drives off, As many heifers of surpassing shape ; And these, — lest any footmarks lie with hoofs Direct, — dragged towards the cavern by the tail, And, hurried with their tracks upon the paths Reversed, he hid within the gloomy rock. No traces for the searcher cave-ward led. Meanwhile when now his satiated droves Amphitryo's son was shifting from their grounds, 302 And making ready a retreat, the beeves At their departure low, and all the wood Was filled with plaints, and with their cry the hills AVere quitted. Of the kine did one return The sound, and bellowed 'neath the mon- ster den, And balked the hope of Cacus [though] injailed. Here sooth Alcides' choler had blazed out In frenzies from his inky gall. He grasps His weapons in his hand and [club of] oak. Weighted with knots, and at full speed he seeks 312 The skyish mountain heights. Then first our men Saw Cacus quailing, and in eyes dismayed. 311. " But for that damn'd magician, let him be girt With all the grisly legions that troop Under the sooty flag of Acheron ; Harpies and Hydras, or all the monstrous forms 'Twixt Africa and Ind, — I'll find him out, And force him to return his purchase back, ' Or drag him by the curls to a foul death, Curs'd as his life." Milton, Comus. Straight posts he fleeter than the eastern gale. And seeks the cave : Fear lent his feet her wings. Soon as he shut him up, and, when the chains Were brast, he lowered down the monstrous stone Which hung thro' iron and his father's skill, And strengthened with a bar, secured the doors : 320 Lo ! storming in his soul Tirynthius came, And, every inlet scanning, to and fro He flung his glances, gnashing with his teeth. Thrice, hot with anger, scans he the whole mount Of Aventinus ; thrice the rocky gates. Essays in vain ; thrice, weary, in the vale Sat down. There stood a pointed [cliff of] flint,— The rocks cut sheer on every quarter,— o'er The cavern's chine uprising, to be seen Of passing height, for nests of boding birds Meet homestead. This, as beetling with its crest, 331 'Twas leaning towards the river on the left. He on the right, against it straining, shook, And, loosened, wrenched from out its deepest roots ; Then suddenly thereto an impulse gave ; With which his impulse in its length and breadth Peals ^Ether, leap apart the banks, and back The river runs affrighted. But the den, And royal court of Cacus, stript of roof. Appeared enormous, and the shady vaults Lay open deep within : not otherwise 341 Than if by any power deep within Should yawning earth unlock her hellish homes. And ghastly realms reveal, by gods ab- horred. And from above the hideous pit be kenned, And Manes shudder at the light let in. 316. Spenser has the same idea in more places than one : " Thereto fear gave her wings, and need het courage taught." P. Q., iii. 7, 26. " It needlesse was to bid the flood pursue ; Anger gave wings." Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 3. " Mistrust now wing'd his feet, then raging ire, * For speede comes ever lamely to desire.' " Ibid. ii. 4. 346. Dryden plainly borrows the idea, to illus- trate the mischief done to ships by a cannonade ; Annus Mirabilis, 128 : " Their open'd sides received a gloomy light. Dreadful as day let into shades below." V. 247 — 266. BOOK VIII. T. 266—285. 331 Therefore, surprised in unexpected day Upon a sudden, and injailed inside The hollow rock, and raising wontless roars, Alcides whelms him from above with darts, And every weapon summons to [his aid], And him with stocks and monster stones he plies. 352 But he, — for neither is there furthermore Now any flight from danger, — from his jaws Prodigious smoke, — a marvel to be told, Spews forth, and wraps his home in blinding murk, The eyes of view bereaving, and enspheres Within the den a smoky night, — with fire The darkness blent. Alcides brooked it not In passion, and himself e'en through the fire He flung with headlong spring, where thickest smoke 361 Its billow drives, and with a pitchy cloud The vasty cavern waves. He Cacus here In darkness, idle burnings spewing, grasps. Twisting him to a knot, and grappling screws His started eyeballs, and his blood-dry throat. Forthwith is opened, with its doors wrenched off. The grisly dwelling ; and the stolen kine. And plunder oath-denied, are to the heaven Displayed, and by the feet the shapeless corse 370 Is dragged abroad. Their hearts cannot be cloyed By poring o'er the fearful eyes, the face, and breast, Ben Jonson, speaking of Rome : " She builds in gold, and to the stars. As if she threaten'd heav'n with wars ; And seeks for hell in quarries deep, Giving the fiends, that there do keep, A hope of day." Catiline, Chorus, end of act L Gifford traces this to Petronius Arbiter. (See T. Petronii Arb. Satyricon. Amstel. 1669, p. 431.) 351. Ramis (v. 250) as plainly means trunks of trees, as molaribus does not mean miii-stones. 355. P. Fletcher, of the Dragon: " Out of his gorge a hellish smoke he drew That all the field with foggy mist enwraps : As when Tiphacus from his paunch doth spew Black-smothering flames, roU'd in loud thunder- claps ; The pitchy vapours choke the shining ray. And bring dull night upon the smiling day." Purple Island, xii. 23. 370. " Come forth, you seed of sulphur, sons of fire! Your stench it is broke forth ! Abomination Is in the house." Ben Jonson, Alchemist, v. i. 371, 2. " And after, all the raskall many ran. Heaped together in rude rablement. To see the face of that victorious man. Whom all admired as from Heaven sent. "With bristles shaggy, of the demi-brute, And at the blazes quenched within his jaws. Thenceforward is the worship solemnised, And glad posterity have kept the day ; Potitius, too, the leading founder was, And, guardian of the rite to Hercules, Pinarius' house. This altar in the grove He reared, which ever ' Greatest ' shall be called 380 By us, and which shall greatest ever be. Then come, O youths, do ye, in sacrifice For such high merits, with the leaf enring Your tresses, and the cups in your right hands Stretch forth, and call upon our common god. And wines present him freely." He had said, When twain-hued poplar with Herculean shade Both decked his locks, and, laced with leafage, hung ; A holy goblet, too, his right hand filled. At once they all upon the board in joy Pour out libations, and the gods entreat. Meanwhile in th' empyrean sinking down The eve is nigher brought : and now the priests 393 And, at their head, Potitius, marched along. With skins, according to their fashion, clad. And torches carried. They renew the feast, And welcome off'rings of the second board Present, and with their laden dishes pile The altars. Then the Salian [priests] for chants And gaz'd upon with gaping wonderment. But when they came where that dead dragon lay, Stretcht on the ground in monstrous large extent. The sight with ydle feare did them dismay, Ne durst approch him nigh, to touch, or once essay. " Some feard, and fledd ; some feard, and well it fayned : One, that would wiser seeme then all the rest, Warnd him not touch, for yet perhaps remaynd Some lingring life within his hollow brest. Or in his wombe might lurke some hidden nest Of many dragonettes, his fruitfull seede ; Another saide, that in his eyes did rest Yet sparckling fyre, and badd thereof take heed ; Another said, he saw him move his eyes indeed. " One mother, wheras her foolehardy chyld Did come too neare, and with his talants play, Halfe dead through feare, her little babe revyled. And to her gossibs gan in counsel] say : * How can 1 tell, but that his talants may Yet scratch my sonne, or rend his tender hand? So diversly themselves in vaine they fray ; While some more bold to mc-^ure him nigh stand. To prove how many acres he did spred of land." Spenser, F. Q., i. xa, 9-11. 232 V. 285 — 311' THE yENEID. V. 311—339- The blazing altars round, appear en- wreathed 400 Upon their brows with poplar branches : this— A choir of striplings, that — of aged [sires], Who in their hymn the lauds of Hercules, And his achievements, celebrate : how first His step-dame's monster-forms and pair of snakes. Crushing them in his hand, he strangled ; how In war choice cities he, the same, o'erthrew, Both Troja and CEchalia ; how sore toils, A thousand, under king Eurystheus, he Endured through doom of Juno the unjust. " Thou, O unconquerable [hero, slay'st] The children of the cloud, of double limb, Hylaeus e'en, and Pholus, with thy hand : Thou the monstrosities of Crete dost slay, And lion huge beneath Nemea's rock. 415 At thee have quaked the Stygian pools ; at thee Hell's porter, cow'ring o'er half-eaten bones Within his gory cavern ; neither thee Have any shapes, not e'en Typhseus, scared, A giant grasping weapons ; not devoid Of pow'r of thought did thee beset around The snake of Lerna with his host of heads. All hail ! indisputable son of Jove, 423 Thou glory added to the pow'rs divine ! Alike to us, and thine own holy [rites]. Draw near propitious with a fav'ring step." The like [exploits] they celebrate in songs : Above them all do they subjoin the cave Of Cacus, e'en himself too, puffing forth With blazes. All the woodland with the din Rings out in concert, and the hills rebound. Thereon, — the holy services complete, — They all betake them to the city back. 433 On fared the monarch, overwhelmed with age. And in his company ^Eneas, and his son Close kept he to him as he foots along. And eased the way with manifold discourse, iEneas marvels, and his ready eyes Round all he throws, and by the spots is charmed. 411. This transition from the third to the second person is copied by Milton ; as is remarked in Trol- lope's Anthon's Virgil : " Both tum'd, and under open sky adored The God that made both sky, air, earth, and heaven, Which they beheld ; the moon's resplendent globe. And starry pole : Thou also mad'st the night. Maker Omnipotent, and Thou the day." P. L., b. iv. 422. Spenser has a grand description of a Dragon, and the Red Cross Knight's victory over him ; F.Q., i. u, 8-14, &c. And one by one in joy both searches out, And hears, the legends of the men of yore. Then king Evander, founder of the tower Of Rome: "These groves the native Fauns and Nymphs 443 Were used t' inhabit, and a race of men Born from the boles [of trees] and sturdy oak : Who had nor rule, nor elegance [of life] ; Nor bulls to yoke, or gather wealth, they knew, Or spare their gains : but branches and the chase. Rugged in sustenance, purveyed support. First Saturn came from empyrean heaven, Flying Jove's arms, and from his wrested realm 45 1 An exile. He the race untaught, and spread Through lofty mountains, settled, and their laws Vouchsafed, and ' Latium ' chose them to be called. Since latent in these coasts he safe had lain. The golden age, whereof they tell, was 'neath that king : He so in calm of peace the nations ruled ; Till step by step a worse, and tarnished age, And rage for war, and lust of gain ensued. Then came the Auson host, and Sic'ly's clans ; 460 And Saturn's land too often laid aside Her name. Then kings, and Tybris, rough with frame Immense ; from whom have we Italians next The river by the title Tyber called ; Old Albula hath lost its real name. Myself, forth driven from my native land, And following the ocean's utmost [bounds], Almighty Fortune and resistless Fate Have in these regions placed, and me have forced My mother nymph Carmentis' warnings dread, 470 And her inspirer-god Apollo." Scarce These [words] were spoken : then advanc- ing on He shows him both the altar, and the gate, Which Romans by the name " Carmental " call. 459. " But violence can never longer sleep Than human passions please. In ev'ry heart Are sown the sparks that kindle fiery war : Occasion needs but fan them, and they blaze." Cowper, Task, b. v. 468. " Since fate inevitable Subdues us, and omnipotent decree. The victor's will." Milton, P. L., b. ii. V. 339—363. BOOK VIII, T. 363 — 386. 333 The Nymph Carmentis' compliment of old, Presageful prophetess, who chanted first That the /Eneadoe would great become, And Pallanteum famous. Farther on The mighty grove, which mettled Romulus I'^ntitled the "Asylum," and beneath 480 An icy cliff '* Lupercal" points he out. According to Parrhasian fashion called IVom the Lycaean Pan. E'en, too, does he Point out the hallowed Argiletura's wood, And calls the place to witness, and the death Of his guest Argus he explains. Thence leads To the Tarpeian hold and Capitol, Now golden, bristling erst with savage brakes. Already then dread rev'rence for the spot The quaking peasants awed ; already then They shuddered at the forest and the rock. "This grove, this hill," saith he, "with leafy crest, — 492 What god, it is unsure, — a god doth haunt : Th' Arcadians hold that Jove himself they've seen, When oft his darkling ^Egis he would shake In his right hand, and thunder-clouds arouse. Moreover these two towns with scattered walls, Remnants and records of the men of old, Thou see'st. This castle father Janus, — that. Did Saturn build : Janiculum of one, 500 Saturnia of the other, was the name." With such like talk between them up they came To poor Evander's palace, and at large His herds saw lowing both throughout The Roman Forum and the grand Carine. When reached they his abodes ; ' ' These gates," saith he, " Alcides conqu'ror entered : him this court 481. As the Arcadians in Greece called Pan Ly- ccEus from their mountain of that name, which was sacred to him, as being his supposed haunt ; so Evander and his Arcadians in Italy, having conse- crated the cave in the Palatine Mount to Pan, called it Lupercal from lupus ; Lycceus being akin in form to \w#co5, and hence suggesting the word lupus, 488. Nunc and olim (v. 348) might now be inter- changed with too much truth : " Fall'n, fall'n, a silent heap ; her heroes all Sunk in their urns ; behold the pride of pomp. The throne of nations fall'n ; obscur'd in dust ; E'en yet majesiical." " Rent palaces, crush'd columns, rifled moles, Fanes roU'd on fanes, and tombs on buried tombs." Dyer, Ruins of Rome. 16. Received. O guest, dare riches to despise, And mould thee also worthy of the god : And come not churlish to our poor estate." He said, and 'neath his narrow mansion's roof 511 The great iEneas led, and set him down, Cushioned upon a carpeting of leaves, And on the skin of a Libystine bear. Night posts, and folds the earth with ebon wings. But Venus, not in mind without a cause A mother scared, and by Laurentines* threats. And ruffian uproar roused, Vulcan accosts, And from her husband's golden bed she these begins, And o'er her accents breathes a heav'nly love : 520 " While in their warfare the Argolic kings Were laying waste the fated Pergamus, And, doomed to fall by hostile flames, its towers, Not any succor for its wretched [sons]. Not weapons of thy skill and power I asked ; Nor thee, O dearest consort, or thy toils, Have I been willing idly to employ ; Though both to Priam's sons full much I owed. And oft Eneas' sore distress had wept. He now at Jove's behests hath settled down On the Rutulians' coasts : then I the same A suitress come, and of thy deity, revered By me, arms crave, a mother for a son. Thee Nereus' daughter, thee Tithonus' spouse 534 Could bend by tears. Behold, what hordes combine. What towns with bolted gates the falchion whet 508. " Yet once a-day drop down a gentle look On the great molehill, and with nitying eye Survey the busy emmets round the heap. Crowding and bustling in a thousand forms Of strife and toil, to purchase wealth and fame, A bubble or a dust : then call thy thoughts Up to thyself to feed on joys unknown. Rich without gold, and great without renown." Watts, True Monarchy. 509. " Pleasure has charms : but so has Virtue too. One skims the surface, like the swallow's wing. And scuds away unnotic'd. T'other nymph. Like spotless swans in solemn majesty. Breasts the pale surge, and leaves long light behind." Walpole, Mysterious Mother, ii. 4. 515. " For now began Night with her sullen wings to double-shade The desert." Milton, P. R., b. i. end. Glover has a different image : "In sable vesture, spangled o'er with stars. The Night assum'd her throne." Leonidas, ix. x, a. 234 V. 386 — 40I- THE ^NEID. 402 — 427. 'Gainst me, and [for] the overthrow of mine !" She said, and in her snowy arms, this side And that, the goddess, as he hesitates, Infolds him warmly with a soft embrace. He suddenly received the wonted flame. And the known heat his marrow pierced, and coursed 542 Through melting bones. No less than when at times With flashing thunder burst, the chink of fire. In brightness gleaming, races through the clouds. His spouse perceived it, blithesome in her wiles, And of her beauty conscious. Then the sire. Enchained in everlasting passion, speaks : ** Why seekest thou for reasons from the deep? Whither, O goddess, hath thy trust in me Departed ? Had there been the like con- cern, 551 Then also lawful had it been for us To arm the Trojans ; nor th^^almighty sire, Nor destinies forbade that' Troy should stand. And Priam through ten other years survive. And now, if thou to battle dost prepare, And this is thy resolve, engage can I Whate'er there be of travail in my craft, 544. Spenser employs the idea for a similar purpose ! " As the bonilasse passed bye, Hey, ho, the bonilasse ! She rovde at mee with glauncing eye, As cleare as the cristall glasse : . . . . Or as the thonder cleaves the cloudes, Hey, ho, the thonder ! Wherein the lightsome levin shroudes ; So cleaves thy soul asonder." Shepheards Calender, August. Differently in Faerie Queene, iii. 11-25 • " 'Tis listening fear and dumb amazement all : When to the startled eye the sudden glance Appears far south, eruptive through the cloud ; And falling slower, in explosion vast. The thunder raises his tremendous voice. At first, heard solemn o'er the verge of Heaven, The tempest growls ; but, as it nearer comes, And rolls its awful burden on the wind, ■ The lightnings flash a larger curve, and more The noise astounds : till overhead a sheet Of livid flame discloses wide : then shuts. And opens wider ; shuts and opens still Expansive, wrapping ether in a blaze. Follows the loosen'd, aggravated roar, Enlarging, deepening, mingling ; peal on peal Crush'd horrible, convulsing heaven and earth." Thomson, Sunttner, " Her cheeks bewraying As many amorous blushings, which brake out Like forced lightning from a troubled cloud." Shirley, TAe Maid's Revenge, i. 2. In iron what is able to be wrought. Or in the flux electrum, how so far 560 As fires and blasts have force : by suing cease To cast a doubt upon thy pow'rs." These words He having said, the wished embraces gave, And, thrown upon the bosom of his spouse, He courted balmy slumber through his limbs. Then soon as maiden rest, in mid career Of night, now chased away, had banished sleep, When first the dame, on whom to nurture life By distaff and Minerva scant 'tis laid, The embers and the drowsed fires awakes, Night adding to her work, and by the lights Her maids with tedious task she plies, that she 572 Unsullied may be able to maintain Her husband's bed, and tiny children rear : Not otherwise, nor slower in that hour. The lord of fire springs up from downy couch To his artistic works. An isle, hard by Sicania's side and the ^olian Lipare, Is elevated, steep with smoking rocks ; 'Neath which a cave, and, eaten to the heart 580 By Cyclops' forges, its ^tnean dens Thunder, and lusty dints, on stithies heard, Return a groan, and hiss within the vaults The Chalybs' bars, and in the furnaces Fire pants ; — the home of Vulcan, and the land " Vulcania " by its title. Hither then The lord of fire came down from heav'n on high. Iron were working in their monster den The Cyclops, — Brontes e'en, and Steropes, And, stript in limbs, Pyracmon. In their hands, 590 Unfashioned, with a part now burnished off, A levin-bolt there lay ; full many which 569. " Minerva, skilful goddess, train'd the maid To twirle the spindle by the twisting thread ; To fix the loom, instruct the reeds to part, Cross the long weft, and close the web with art." Parnell, Hesiod. 592. " Above our atmosphere's intestine wars Rain's fountain-head, the magazine of hail ; Above the northern nests of feather'd snows. The brew of thunders and the flaming forge That forms the crooked lightning : above the caves. Where infant tempests wait their growing wings. And tune their tender voices to that roar, Which soon, perhaps, shall shake a guilty world ; Above misconstrued omens of the sky, Far-travell'd comets' calculated blaze ; Elance thy thought, and think of more than man." Young, The Complaint, N, ix. V. 427—447. BOOK VIII. V. 447— 45«. »35 From the whole welkin doth the father hurl Adown upon the lands : part incomplete Remained. Three rayons of the writhen shower, Three, had they added, of the wat'ry cloud, Of vermeil fire and winged Auster three. Now flashes horror-fraught, and din and fear, They in their work were blending, anger too. With dogging flames. Elsewhere for Mars They both a chariot and its flying wheels 6oi Were 'speeding, wherewithal he rouses men, Wherewith the cities ; and the -^gis, dread Inspiring, the impassioned Pallas' arms. In rivalry with scales of snakes and gold Were furbishing, and serpents interlinked. And e'en the Gorgon on the goddess' breast, Her eyeballs rolling, with a severed neck. *' Away with all !" he cries, " and put aside The toils that are commenced, ye Cyclops, [brood] Of ^tna, and attention hither turn : 6i i Arms for a gallant hero must be made. There's now employment for your powers, now For lively hands, now for all master-skill : Fling, fling away delays!" Nor more he said; But they all promptly bent [them to the task]. And shared alike the travail. Run in rills Bronze and a mine of gold, and wounding steel In the huge furnace melts. A mighty shield S9S. " He saw them in their forms of battle ranged, How qu\ck they wheel'd, and flying behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers against the face Of their pursuers." Milton, P. R.^ b. iii. " Now the storm begins to lour, (Haste, the loom of hell prepare,) Iron sleet of arrowy shower Hurtles in the darken'd air." Gray, Fatal Sisters, i. " Nay more, my lord, the masks are made so strong. That I myself upon them scaled the heavens. And boldly walked about the middle region ; Where, in the province of the meteors, 1 saw the cloudy shops of hail and rain, Garners of snow, and crystals full of dew ; Rivers of burning arrows, dens of dragons, Huge beams of flames, and spears like fire- brands." Brewer, Lingua, ii. 6. 6i8, " High on the plain, in many cells prepared. That underneath had veins of liquid fire Sluiced from the lake, a second multitude With wondrous art founded the massy ore, Severing each kind, and scumm'd the bullion dross : A third as soon had form'd within the ground A various mould, and from the boiling cells By strange conveyance ftll'd each hollow nook." Milton, P. L., b. i. They bring to shape, a single one, to meet The Latins' every dart ; and sevenfold disks Dovetail in disks. In gusty bellows some Admit the breezes, and discharge them back ; 623 Some dip the screeching bronzes in the pool, With their implanted stithies groans the cave. They 'tween them with gigantic force their arms Upheave to rhythmic measure, and they turn, And turn again, with griping tongs the block. While these in coasts yEolian Lemnos' sire 629 Hastes on, Evander from his lowly home Boon light awakes, and early songs of birds 622. "And eke the breathfule bellowes blew amaine." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 5, 36. See note on Geo. iv. /. 235. 631. Wagner says: " Audivi tanten homines ■ntsticanos ajffirmantes, s«pe se hirundinum garri- entium strepitu e somno excitari." There is no doubt that many others also have been awaked in the same way ; the author certainly has suffered the annoyance himself. Martens and swallows are exceedingly noisy at break of day, especially when engaged in building. The British poets contain many passages of ^eat beauty, descriptive of the early morning music of the feathered creation : " Me mette thus in my bed all naked. And looked forth, for I was waked With smale foules a great hepe That had afraied me out of my slcpe, Through noise and sweetness of hir song ; And as me mette, they sat among Upon my chamber roofe without Upon the tyles over all about." Chaucer, Booke 0/ the Dutchesse. " Wake now, my love, awake ; for it i& time ; The rosy Morne long since left Tithons bed, AUready to her silver coche to clyme ; And Phoebus gins to shew his glorious bed. Hark ! how the cheerefuU birds do chaunt their laies. And carroU of loves praise. The merry larke hir mattins sings aloft ; The thrush replyes ; the mavis descant playes; The ouzell shrills ; the ruddock warbles soft ; So goodly all agree, with sweet consent. To this dayes merriment." Spenser, Epithalamion. " Then from her bumish'd gate the goodly glitt'r- ing east Gilds every lofty top, which late the humorous night Bespangled had with pearl, to please the morn- ing's sight : On which the mirthful quires, with their clear open throats. Unto the joyful morn so strain their warbling notes, That hills and valleys ring, and even the echoing air Seems all compos'd of sounds, about them every where." Drayton, Polyolbion, Song xiii. 236 V. 456—457. THE jENEID. V. 458—480. Beneath the roof. Up springs the aged [king], And with a tunic o'er his limbs is robed, " Now Morn, her rosy steps with eastern clime Advancing, sow'd the earth with orient pearl. When Adam waked, so custom'd ; for his sleep Was aery light, from pure digestion bred, And temperate vapours bland, which the only sound Of leaves and fuming rills, Aurora's fan. Lightly dispersed, and the shrill matin song Of birds on every bough." Milton, P. L., b. v. 1-8. " To hear the lark begin his flight, And singing startle the dull night. From his watch-tower in the skies. Till the dappled dawn doth rise ; Then to come, in spite of sorrow. And at my window bid good morrow, Through the sweet-briar, or the vine. Or the twisted eglantine ; While the cock, with lively din. Scatters the rear of darkness thin, And to the stack, or the barn-door. Stoutly struts his dames before." L' Allegro. " The breezy call of incense-breathing morn. The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed. The cock's shrill clarion, or the echoing horn. No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed." Gray, Elegy, 5. " Lull'd by the drowsy din in sleep I lay. Till from the East pale gleam'd the dubious day ; Till chanticleer his merry notes begun, Thrice clapt his wings, and call'd the lingering Sun. Rous'd by his orisons from sweet repose, I shook off slumbers as the morning rose ; The morning rose, but shed a languid light. And down in ocean sunk the queen of night. Then jackdaws chatter'd on the chimney high ; And cranes pursued their voyage thro' the sky . , Perch'd on a tree that nigh my chamber grew. The kite began her lamentable pew. Whereby the dawning of the day I knew." Fawkes, Translation of Gawin Douglas' Winter. To this and Douglas' other beautiful poem, on May, it is easy to see that Milton owed no^small obliga- tions. " Hark ! hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings. And Phoebus 'gins arise. His steeds to water at those springs On chalic'd flowers that lies ; And winking Mary-buds begin To ope their golden eyes ; With every thing that pretty is : My lady sweet, arise ; Arise, arise." Shakespeare, Cymbeline, ii. 3. " How is't each bough a several music yields ? The lusty throstle, early nightingale, Accord in tune, though vary in their tale ; The chirping swallow call'd forth by the sun. And crested lark doth his division run ? The yellow bees the air with murmur fill. The finches carol, and the turtles bill ?" Ben Jonson, Vision 0/ Delight. " See, the day regins to break. And the lights shoot like a streak Of subtle fire ; the wind blows cold. Whilst the morning doth unfold ; And Tyrrhene laces round his footsoles binds ; He then below his side and shoulders belts His Tegesean falchion, winding back A leopard's skin, down wimpled from the left. Yea, too, twain watch-dogs from his lofty door Precede, and company their master's step. His guest i^neas' cell and private [haunts] The hero sought, in mind of their discourse, And of the service [he had] pledged. No less 642 ^neas early moved him forth : to that — Pallas his son, to this — Achates went As henchman. They on meeting knit right hands. And in the centre of the court sit down, And conversation free enjoy at last. The king first these : " O Trojans' highest chief. Who while unharmed, I sooth will never own That whelmed are Troja's fortunes or her realm ; 650 Scant in proportion to such high renown Be our abilities for aid of war. On this side by the Tuscan stream are we Hemmed in, closes the Rutulan on that, And round our rampart clatters with his arms. But I to thee prodigious tribes, and camps, Rich in dominion, purpose to attach ; Which safety unexpected fortune shows : Thou bring'st thee hither at the Weirds' demand. Not far away from this is peopled, reared Of aged stone, Argylla's city's seat ; 661 Where erst a Lydian race, renowned in war, Upon Etruscan mountains settled down. Now the birds begin to rouse. And the squirrel from the boughs Leaps, to get him nuts and fruit ; The early lark, that erst was mute, Carols to the rising day Many a note and many a lay." J. Fletcher, TAe Faithful Shepherdess, iv, 5. " What bird so sings, yet does so wail ? O, 'tis the ravish'd nightingale. Jug, jug, jug, jug, tereu she cryes. And still her woes at midnight rise. Brave prick-song ! Who is't now we hear? None but the lark so shrill and clear ; Now at heaven's gates she claps her wings, The morn not waking till she sings. Hark, hark, with what a pretty throat Poor robin redbreast times his note ; Hark, how the jolly cuckoes sing Cuckoe, to welcome in the Spring." Lilly, Alexander and Campaspe. See Weber's note on *' Song hy Delight ;" Ford's Sun's Darling, ii. i. V. 481 — 498. BOOK VIII, V. 498—526. 237 This [city], blooming thro'out many a year, The king Mezentius subsequently held With prideful tyranny and felon arms. Why name th' unutterable murders, why The tyrant's furious doings ? May the gods Keep them in store for his own head and race ! Nay e'en dead bodies he to living linked, IJoth yoking hands with hands, and face with face, — 671 A kind of rack, — and, with the gleet and gore While streaming, in calamitous embrace, He thus destroyed them by a ling'ring death. But, wearied out at last, his citizens In his unutterable frenzy, armed Beleaguer both himself and palace round, His partners slay, fire volley to his roofs. He, 'mid the carnage 'scaping, fled for aid To the Rutulians' lands, and by the arms Of his host Tumus is he screened. For this In righteous fury all Etruria rose : 682 Their prince for vengeance with immediate war They redemand. To these their thousands I Will thee, ^neas, as their captain join. For storm throughout the shore their serried ships. And crave t' advance the colors ; holds them back 667. Barbarossa- would have been a match for him: " Come, mighty vengeance ! Stir me, grim cruelty : the rack shall groan With new-born horrors ! I will issue forth. Like midnight pestilence : my breath shall strew The streets with dead ; and havock stalk in gore. Hence pity ! Feed the milky thought of babes ; Mine is of bloodier hue." Brown, Barbarossa, 4, end. 675. Churchill beautifully illustrates the duty of kings : " The hive is up in arms — expert to teach, Nor, proudly, to be taught unwilling, each Seems from her fellow a new zeal to catch : Strength in her limbs, and on her wings despatch. The bee goes forth ; from herb to herb she flies, From flow'r to flow'r, and loads her lab'ring thighs With treasur'd sweets : robbing those flow'rs, which left, P'ind not themselves made poorer by the theft ; Their scents as lively, and their looks as fair. As if the pillager had not been there. Ne'er doth she flit on Pleasure's silken wing, Ne'er doth she, loit'ring, let the bloom of Spring Unrifled pass, and on the downy breast Of some fair flow'r indulge untimely rest. Ne'er doth she, drinking deep of those rich dews. Which chymist Night prepar'd,. that faith abuse Due to the hive, and, selfish in her toils. To her own private use convert the spoils. Love of the stock first call'd her forth to roam. And to the stock she brings her booty home." Gotham, b. iii. An agM soothsayer, the destinies Declaring : ' O Maeonia's chosen youth, P'lower and prowess of the men of yore. Whom righteous anger hurtles on the foe, And with resentment due Mezentius fires ; For no Italian is it right to tame 693 So great a nation : foreign leaders choose.* Then camped th' Etruscan army on this plain, Alarmed by warnings of the pow'rs divine. Tarchon himself his envoys hath to me, And kingdom's diadem with sceptre sent, And the regalia he consigns, that I His camp should enter, and the Tyrrhene rule 700 Assume. But me my age, through chill- ness slow, And by long years outworn, and pow'rs too late For gallant [deeds], the sovereignty be- grudges. I My son would counsel to it, did not he. Through a Sabellian mother blent [in race], Hence draw a portion of his native land. Do thou, to whose both years and birth the Weirds Are kind, whom gods demand, commence [the task], O Trojans and Italians' bravest chief. To thee, moreover, I my Pallas here, 710 Our hope and consolation, will attach. 'Neath thee his master, warfare to endure. And Mars' momentous work, thy feats to view. Let him inure himself, and thee regard In wonder from his earliest years. To him Two hundred A read knights, the youths' choice strength, Will I assign ; as many, too, to thee In his own name will Pallas.' He these [words] Had scarcely said, when down-fixed kept their eyes Anchises' son .^neas, and the stanch 720 Achates ; and were thinking many a pain- ful [thought] With their drear heart ;— had Cytherea not A token given from the open heaven. For on a sudden, quivered from the sky, A levin-flash with pealing comes, and all Appeared to go to ruin in a trice, And a Tyrrhenian trumpet-blast to bray yoi. " Stay, pitying Time . ... Comes manhood's feverish summer, cmlia tuU soon By cold autumnal care, till wintry age Sinks in the frore severity of death." _ Mason, English GardtHt b. u. 238 V. 526—554. THE ^NEID. V. 554—579. Throughout the sky. They upward look. Again, and [yet] again a crashing chides Stupendous. Armory amid a cloud, 730 In a transparent quarter of the heaven, Throughout the clear to glisten they per- ceive. And, clashed, to thunder. In their souls the rest Were mazed ; but Troja's hero knew the sound. And pledges of his goddess-mother. Then He speaks : " Nay do not, host, sooth do not seek What issue may the prodigies import : 'Tis I am by Olympus claimed. This sign My goddess-mother chanted she would send. Should war assail me, and Vulcanian arms Along the gales would for my succor bring, Alas ! how vast the slaughter for ill-starred Laurentines is at hand ! What penalties to me 743 Shalt thou, O Turnus, pay ! How many shields Of warriors shalt thou 'neath thy waves, and helms, And gallant corses, father Tiber, roll ! Battles let them demand, and break the leagues !" These words when he delivered, from his seat On high he lifts himself, and first he wakes The altars, drowsed with Herculean fires ; And yestern Lar, and lowly household gods He glad approaches ; butcher two-year ewes According to the custom culled, alike 753 Evander, Trojan youth alike. Then he Thence paces to the galleys, and his mates Again he visits : from whose number those, Who may his person follow to the wars, In chivalry surpassing, he selects ; The rest are wafted on the forward flood. And lazily float down the fav'ring stream. To come t' Ascanius with the news, alike Of their estate, and of his father. Steeds Are giv'n the Teucri, to the Tyrrhene fields Repairing ; one they lead, without the lot [Selected] for ^neas ; which all o'er 765 A lion's tawny hide caparisons, All brightly gleaming with its claws of gold. A rumor flies, throughout the petty town 730, I. Odd as this expression may appear, it is not more so than Spenser's "luckless luckie maid," which is to be found somewhere in the Faerie Qiieene. 768. Chaucer has an effective simile, to illustrate the spread of Rumor : " For if that thou Threw in a water now a stone. Well wost thou it will make anone Suddenly noised, that cavalry were quick Advancing to the Tyrrhene monarch's shores. 770 Their vows the matrons in alarm repeat, And nearer to the danger draws the fear, And more enlarged now looms the form of Mars. Then sire Evander, clasping the right hand Of one upon departure, [to him] clings, Weeping insatiably, and such he speaks : '* Oh ! that to me past years would Jove restore ! Such as I was, what time the foremost rank Beneath Praeneste's self I prostrate laid, And piles of shields in conquest set afire, And Herilus its king with this right hand 'Neath Tart'rus sent ! To whom at birth three lives 782 His dam Feronia, — dreadful to be told ! — Had granted, triple armor to be swayed ; He thrice was to be overthrown for death : Whom yet this right hand then of all his lives Bereft, and stript him of as many arms. I nowhere now should from thy sweet embrace Be torn away, my son ; nor e'er Mezenfius, On this his neighbor's person heaping scorn, 790 So many ruthless deaths by steel had caused. Had widowed of so many citizens My city. But do ye, O heav'nly powers. And thou, of gods the highest ruler, Jove, I pray, have pity on th' Arcadian king, And hear a father's prayers : If your divinities, If fates reserve my Pallas safe for me. If doomed to see him, and to meet in one I live ; — For life I sue : I will submit to bear Whatever travail ye may list. But if 800 Any accurst disaster. Fortune, thou Dost threaten, — now, oh ! now, would heav'n that I A little roundell as a cercle, Paraventure as broad as a coverell, And right anone thou shalt see wele. That whele cercle will cause another whele. And that the third, and so forth brother. Every cercle causing other. Broader than himselfe was. And thus from roundell to compas, Ech about other going, Causeth of others stering, And multiplying evermo. Till it be so farre go, That it at both brinkes bee. Although thou may it not see." House of Fame, b. ii. ▼. 579— 6o6. BOOK VIII. V. 606—633. 339 A pitiless existence might abridge, Whilst my anxieties are doubtful, whilst The expectation of the future [rests] Unsure ; while thee, beloved boy, my sole And late delight, in my embrace I hold ; Lest heavier tidings wound my ears." These words The father at their latest parting poured : The servants bear him swooning to his courts. 810 And so the cavalry had issued now From opened gates : ^Eneas 'mid the van And stanch Achates ; then Troy's other lords : Pallas himself in centre of his troop, Distinguished in his cloak and painted arms : Like as, when in the wave of ocean bathed, Hath Lucifer, whom Venus loves before The other fires of stars, upraised in heaven His holy visage, and the gloom dispersed. r The matrons quaking stand upon the walls, And follow with their eyes the dusty cloud. And their bronze-gleaming bands. They through the brakes, 822 Where [lies] the nearest bound'ry of their route, March forward under arms. Up springs the shout, And, — squadron marshalled, — with a prancing din The hoof [of horses] shakes the crumbling plain. Huge stands a grove by Caere's icy stream, By rev'rence of the fathers far and near [Deemed] holy : on its every side have [this] The hollow hills incloistered, and the grove With sombre fir surround. The legend goes That for Silvanus, god of fields and flock. The old Pelasgi sanctified alike 833 The thicket and a day, — they who the first The Latin territories erst possessed. Not far hence Tarcho and the Tyrrhenes safe Were keeping their encampment in [these] grounds. And all the legion from the lofty hill Could how be seen, and through the spacious fields It stretched. The sire iEneas, and the youth, 840 819. Or : " His holy face, and broken up the gloom." 821. " Methinks, they through the middle region come ; Their chariots hid in clouds of dust below. And o'er their heads their coursers' scatter'd fome Does seem to cover them like falling snow." Davenant, Gondibert, iii. 3. 825. " The fleet hoof rattles o'er the flinty way." Mason, Elfrida. For battle chosen, hithenvard advance, And, jaded, both their steeds and bodies tend. But Venus, goddess bright, 'mid skyey clouds. Bringing her gifts, was drawing nigh j and when Her son within a vale retired afar, Sequestered by the chilly stream, she saw, She in such words addressed him, and herself Presented to him unbesought ; ** Behold ! Completed by my consort's promised skill. My boons ; that ne'er henceforward, O my son, 850 Either Laurentines haught, or Tumus fierce, May'st thou demur to champion to the frays," She spoke, and the embraces of her son Did Cytherea seek ; the armor she Laid beaming underneath a fronting oak. He with the goddess' presents, and a grace So noble, in delight, cannot be palled. And o'er them one by one his eyes he rolls. And marvels, and between his hands and arms Turns o'er and o'er the helmet, dread with plumes, 860 And flames disgorging j and the doomful sword. The hauberk stiff with bronze, blood-tinted, huge. As when a dingy cloud begins to flame In sunbeams, and from far it flashes back ; Then, of electrum and of gold refined. The burnished greaves, and spear, and buckler's work. That beggared all description. There the tale Of Italy, and triumphs of the Romans, not Unknowing of the seers, and unaware Of time to come, the lord of fire had framed ; 870 There all the lineage of the future stock Down from Ascanius, wars too fought in course. And he had formed a cub-delivered wolf. In Mars's verdant cave lain down j twin boys. Disporting as they hang around her dugs. And licking unalarmed the dam ; her[self], 867. " Yet look, how far The substance of my praise doth wrong this shadow In underprizing it, so far this shadow Doth limp behind the substance." Shakespeare, Merchant of Venict, iii. 2. " Description cannot suit itself in words." K. Htnry F., ir. a. 240 V. 633—658. THE JENEID. With rounded neck bent back caressing them By turns, and shaping with her tongue their forms. Nor far hence Rome, and Sabine maidens, seized Despite of law in session of the Cirque, While grand Circensian [games] are held, had he 881 Subjoined, fresh war too, rising in a trice On the Romulidse, and Tatius aged, And rigid Cures. Next, the selfsame kings, — The strife between them laid aside, — afront Jove's altar, and the saucers holding, stood, And with a butchered sow cemented leagues. Not far therefrom had nimble four-horse cars Dissevered Metus [wrenched] diverging ways ; — But thou, O Alban, wouldest to thy words Have stood ! — and th' entrails of the traitor knave 891 Was Tullus haling through the wood, and, sprent, The brambles were distilling with his blood. Porsenna, too, was bidding them admit The ousted Tarquin, and with mighty siege Beleaguering the city ; th' ^neadse Were rushing to the sword in freedom's cause. Him, like to one that cannot brook [the sight]. And like to one that threatens, you might view ; Since Codes ventured to uproot the bridge. And Cloelia swam the flood, — her fetters burst. 901 At top, the sentry of Tarpeia's tower. Stood Manlius before the fane, and held The lofty Capitolian [heights], and fresh The palace bristled with Romulian straw. And flutt'ring here in gilded colonnades, A goose of silver chanted that the Gauls Were present in the threshold ; Gauls along the brakes Were present, and were seizing on the tower, Screened by the dark and boon of shady night : 910 V. 659—679. 897. " And thou, fair Freedom, taught alike to feel The rabble's rage, and tyrant's angry steel ; Thou transitory flow'r, alike undone By proud contempt, and favour's fost'ring sun ; Still may thy blooms the changeful clime endure ! I only would repress them to secure ; For just experience tells, in ev'ry soil. That those who think must govern those that toil ; And all that freedom's highest aims can reach Is but to lay proportion'd loads on each. Hence, should one order disproportion'd grow. Its double weight must ruin all below." Goldsmith, Traveller. Of gold their tresses, and of gold their gear ; In cloaks of plaid they sparkle ; then with gold Their milk-white necks are hooped ; they each a pair Of Alpine jav'lins brandish in their hand. With lengthened bucklers shielded o'er their forms. Here dancing Salii, and Luperci stript, And woolly caps, and targes dropped from heaven. He'd beaten'out ; chaste led the holy [rites] Throughout the city dames in easy cars. Hence at a distance he moreover adds 920 The homes of Tart'rus, lofty gates of Dis, And crimes' amercements ; thee, too, Cati- line, Dangling upon an overhanging rock, And at the Furies' features in a quake ; Sequestered, too, the holy ones ; to these Cato dispensing laws. Amid these [scenes] A golden model of the swelling main Extended wide ; but with a frosted wave Foamed [seas of] azure ; and in silver round The brilliant dolphins into circle swept The waters with their tails, and cut the tide. 931 Within the centre, vessels beaked with bronze. The frays of Actium, was there to behold ; And all Leucate with embattled Mars You might see glow, and waves beam forth in gold. On this side, leading on the Itali To fights, Augustus Caesar with the sires, _ 922. Ben Jonson has a noble description of the circumstances under which Catiline met his end. Space forbids the insertion of more than a part of the whole passage : " Which Catiline seeing, and that now his troops Cover'd that earth they had fought on with their trunks. Ambitious of great fame to crown his ill. Collected all his fury, and ran in Arm'd with a glory high as his despair. Into our battle like a Libyan lion Upon his hunters, scornful of our weapons. Careless of wounds, plucking down lives about him. Till he had circled in himself with death : Then fell he too, t' embrace it where it lay. And as in that rebellion 'gainst the gods, Minerva holding forth Medusa's head. One of the giant brethren felt himself Grow marble at the killing sight, and now Almost made stone, began to inquire, what flint. What rock it was, that crept through all his limbs. And ere he could think more, was that he feared ; So Catiline, at the sight of Rome in us. Became his tomb : yet did his look retain Some of his fierceness, and his hands still moved. As if he labour'd yet to grasp the state With those rebellious parts." Catiline, end. V. 679—703. BOOK VIII. ▼. 703—722. 341 And people, gods of home, and mighty gods, Standing upon the elevated stern ; Whose brows two flames auspiciously dis- charge, 940 And his paternal star is on his head 1 displayed. Upon another part, with winds And gods propitious, is Agrippa lifted high. His squadron leading on : whose temples shine, — Proud badge of war,— with naval chaplet beaked. That side, with foreign pow'r and motley arms, Antonius, conqu'ror from Aurora's hordes. And shore of crimson, Egypt and the powers Of Orient, and the farthest Bactra, brings Along with him ; and follows, — O dis- grace ! — 950 Th' Egyptian paramour. Together all Are hurtling, and is wholly in a froth, Uptorn with oars drawn back and trident beaks, The surface [of the sea]. The deeps they seek : Thou would'st believe were floating on the main Uprooted Cyclades, or lofty mounts, Justling with mounts : with such stupend- ous weight The crews in towered ships are pressing on. The hempen blaze by hand, and wingy steel Is by their javelins scattered : Neptune's fields 960 With slaughter fresh are waxing red. The queen Amidst them with her country's timbrel calls Her hosts ; nor yet e'en from behind per- ceives Twain snakes : and monster gods of every breed, Barker Anubis, too, 'gainst Neptune [ranged], And Venus, and against Minerva, grasp Their weapons. Storms in centre of the fray Mavors, embossed in steel, and from the sky The rueful Furies ; and in mantle rent In joy stalks Discord, whom with bloody scourge 970 950. " Cleopatra. Your lord, the man who serves me, is a Roman. Octavius. He was a Roman till he lost that name, To be a slave in Egypt." Dryden, All for Love, iii. 1. 957. " Through Bosporus, betwixt the justling rocks." Milton, P. L., b. ii. end. 970. " Discord she wills ; the missile ruin flies ; Sudden, unnatural debates arise. Bellona dogs. The Actian fgod] Apollo these Perceiving, bending was his bow from high : With that affright all Egypt and the Inds, Each Arab, all the Sabans turned their backs. The queen herself was seen, — the winds invoked, — To set the sails, and now, e'en now, to slack The loosened ropes. Her 'mid the havoc wan At coming death, the lord of fire had made To be by billows and lapyx borne ; But on the other side, with giant frame Nile mourning, and his bosom spreading out, 981 And calling, in the fulness of his robe, Into his sea-green lap and shroudy floods The conquered [foes]. But Caesar, borne along In three-fold triumph to the walls of Rome, Was consecrating to Italian gods, — His deathless vow, — three hundred proudest shrines. Through the whole city. Streets with joy, and sports. And acclamation, ring. In all the fanes A choir of matrons, altars in them all ; Before the altars slaughtered bullocks strewed 991 The earth. He, sitting in the snowy gate Of glist'ring Phoebus, th' offerings of the tribes Reviews, and fits them to the prideful doors : March conquered nations in a lengthful train. Doubt, mutual jealousy, and dumb disgust. Dark-hinted mutterings, and avow'd distrust ; To secret ferment is each heart resign'd ; Suspicion hovers in each clouded mind ; They jar, accus'd accuse, revil'd revile. And warmth to warmth oppose, and guile to guile ; Wrangling they part, themselves themselves betray ; Each dire device starts naked into day ; They feel confusion in the van with fear ; They feel the king of terrors in the rear." Savage, Wanderer, c. v. " Scar. Yond' ribald hag of Egypt, Whom leprosy o'ertake ! i' the midst o' the hght, — When vantage like a pair of twins appear'd. Both as the same, or rather ours the elder,— The brize upon her, like a cow in June, Hoists sails and flies. Eno. That I beheld : mine eyes Did sicken at the sight on't, and could not Endure a further view. Scar. She once being loofd, The noble ruin of her magic, Antony, Claps on his sea-wing, and like a doting mallard. Leaving the fight in height, flies after her ; I never saw an action of such shame : Experience, manhood, honour, ne'er before Did violate so itself." Shakespeare, Antony and CUc^aira, uL 8. 242 V. 723 — 727- THE ^NEID. V. 727—731. As dift'rent in their tongues, as in the guise Of garb and arms. Here Mulciber the race Of Nomads, and loose-girdled Africans, Here Leleges, and Carians, Gelons too, With arrows armed, had fashioned. Passed along 1000 Euphrates, now the gentler in his waves ; And, farthest of mankind, the Morini, And Rhine two-horned, and Dahse unsub- dued, Araxes, too, that held a bridge in scorn. The like o'er Vulcan's shield, his parent's gifts. He views in wonderment, and of events Unknowing, in the portraiture delights, As he upon his shoulder raises up Of sons of sons alike the fame and fates. BOOK IX. Now in a quarter severed far while these Are being done, Saturnian Juno down Sent Iris from the sky to Turnus bold. By hazard then in sire Pilumnus' grove Was Turnus sitting in a hallowed dale. To whomThaumantias from her coral mouth Thus spake : "O Turnus, that, which to thy wish Not one of gods could venture to engage. Hath circling time, lo ! brought thee of itself, ^neas, — town, and mates, and navy left, — The Palatine Evander's realm and court 1 1 Is seeking. Nor [is this] sufficient : he To Corythus' remotest towns hath pierced, And arms a band of Lydians, levied boors. Wherefore dost thou demur ? 'Tis now the hour Thy coursers, now thy chariots, to demand : Break all delays, and storm his troubled camp." She said, and into heav'n upraised herself Upon her balanced wings, and in her flight A spacious bow she scored beneath the clouds. 20 Knew her the youth, and lifted to the stars Both hands, and with such accent[s] as she flies Line 6. Warner, beautifully of the color of Rosamond's lips : " With that she dasht her on the lippes, So dyed double red : Hard was the heart that gaue the blow ; Soft were those lips that bled." Albion's England, b. viii. ch. 41. 20. " Have ye not seen, in gentle even-tide. When Jupiter the earth hath richly shower'd. Striding the clouds, a bow dispredden wide As if with light inwove, and gaily flower'd With bright variety of blending dies ? ^Vhite, purple, yellow melt along the skies, Alternate colours sink, alternate colours rise." W. Thompson, Hymn to May, 22. Pursued her: "Iris, pride of heav'n, who thee. Shot from the clouds, to me sent down to earth ? Whence this so brilliant weather in a trice ? Heav'n in the zenith do I see dispart. And straying through the firmament the stars. I follow omens of such high import. Whoe'er thou art that callest me to arms." And, thuswise having spoken, to the wave He forward went, and from the eddy-face Its waters he updrew, in many a prayer 32 Craving the gods, and loaded heav'n with vows. And now the army all thro' open plains 23. " Hail, many-coloured messenger, that ne'er Dost disobey the wife of Jupiter ; Who, with thy saffron wings, upon my flowers Diffusest honey-drops, refreshing showers : And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown My bosky acres, and my unshrubb'd down, Rich scarf to my proud earth ; why hath thy queen Summon'd me hither, to this short-grassed green ?" Shakespeare, 7'empest, iv. i. " O speak again, bright angel ! for thou art As glorious to this night, being o'er my head. As is a winged messenger of heaven Unto the white-upturned wond'ring eyes Of mortals, that fall back to gaze on him, When he bestrides the lazy-pacing clouds, And sails upon the bosom of the air." Romeo and Juliet, ii. 2. 28. P. Fletcher pleasantly introduces one of his fishermen, expressing the like pious obedience : " As late upon the shore I chanc'd to play, I heard a voice, like thunder, loudly say : ' Thirsil, why idle liv'st ? Thirsil, away, away !' Thou God of seas, thy voice I gladly heare ; Thy voice (thy voice I know) I glad obey : Only do thou my wand'ring wherry steer. And when it errs, (as it will eas'ly stray,) Upon the rock with hopeful anchor stay : Then will I swim where's either sea or shore, Where never swain or boat was seen afore." Piscatory Eclogues, ii. 18, 19. 34- _ " And now went forth the morn. Such as in highest heaven array'd in gold V. 26— 36» BOOK IX, V. 36—59. 243 Marched rich in horses, rich in broidered gear And gold. Messapus doth the leading lines, The rear do Tyrrheus' youthful sons, re- strain ; Prince Turnus in the centre of the host Is in continued motion, grasping arms, And by a head entire above them stands. As, rising from his sev'n abated streams. Deep through the still the Ganges ; or when Nile 42 With batt'ning flood is ebbing from the plains. And now hath buried him within his bed. Here, sphered with sable dust, a sudden cloud Do Teucer's sons descry, and gloom to rise Upon the plains. First from the fronting mound Cries out Caicus : *' O ye citizens. I'inpyreal ; from before hervanish'd Night, Shot through with orient beams ; when all the plain, Cover'd with thick embattled squadrons bright, Chariots, and flaming arms, and fiery steeds. Reflecting blaze on blaze, first met liis view." Milton, P. L., vi, 12-18. ' ' He look'd and saw what numbers numberless The city-gates outpour'd, light-armed troops, In coats of mail and military pride ; In mail their horses clad, yet fleet and strong, Prancing their riders bore, the flower and choice Of many provinces from bound to bound. He saw them in their forms of battle ranged, How quick they wheel'd, and flying behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers against the face Of their pursuers, and overcame by flight ; The field all iron cast a gleaming brown : Nor wanted clouds of foot, nor on each horse Cuirassiers all in steel for standing fight. Chariots, or elephants indorsed with towers Of archers ; nor of labouring pioneers A multitude with spades and axes arm'd To lay hills plain, fell woods, or valleys fill. Or where plain was, raise hill, or overlay With bridges rivers proud, as with a yoke." P. R., b. iv. Glover in graphic terms describes the Persian host : " Five thousand horse, Caparison'd in streak'd or spotted skins Of tigers, pards, and panthers, form'd the van ; In quilted vests of cotton azure-dyed; With silver spangles deck'd, the tawny youth Of Indus rode ; white quivers loosely cross'd Their shoulders ; not ungraceful in their hands Were bows of glist'ning cane ; the ostrich lent His snowy plumage to the tissued gold. Which bound their temples. Next a thousand steeds Of sable hue on argent trappings bore A thousand Persians, all select ; in gold, Shap'd as pomegranates, rose their steely points Above the truncheons ; gilded were the shields. Of silver'd scales the corslets ; wrought with gems Of price, high-plum'd tiaras danc'd in light. In equal number, in resembling guise, A squadron foUow'd ; save their mail was gold. And thick with beryls edg'd their silver shields." Atltetiaid,\\ . 11-29. What mass is volumed with a pitchy murk ? Bring quick the sword, give jav'lins, mount the walls ! 50 The foe is here, come on !" With lusty shout The Teucri mask themselves by all the gates. And man the walls. For thus, on taking leave, Thrice great in arms, yEneas had enjoined : •* If any fortune should befall meanwhile, They should not venture to array their line, Nor trust the field ; that they should merely guard The camp and walls in safety through the trench. Therefore, although t* engage the hand do shame And wrath incite, natheless they bar the gates 60 Against them, and his orders prompt perform. And, armed, in hollow towers wait the foe." Turnus, when flying forward he'd out- stripped The plodding host, by twenty chosen knights Escorted, and unlooked for, nears the town J — Whom bears a Thracian steed with spots of white. And screens a golden helm with crimson plume. ' ' Who shall he be, O youths, along with me. That first against the foeman — ? Lo !" he cries ; And, upward whirling it, his jav'lin shoots Into the gales, the prelude of the fight, 71 And stately bears him onward o'er the plain. His mates receive [the movement] with a shout, And follow with a dreadful grating yell. They marvel at the Trojans' sluggish hearts. That they their persons to the righteous Commit not, that the men confronting arms Do not advance, but their encampment hug. On this and that side chafed does he survey Upon his horse their rampires, and approach Throughout the wayless [wilds] he seeks. And like 81 A wolf in ambush by a full sheep-fotd, 82. In a passage, which is marked by one of the blots on his Paradise Lost , Milton represents Satan as vaulting over the boundaries of Paradise. As he uses the like illustration of the marauding wolf, he carries the simile farther than Virgil : " High over-Ieap'd all bound Of hill or highest wall, and sheer within Lights on his feet. Ajs when a prowling wolf R 2 244 V. 6o— 88. THE ^NEID. V. 88— 120. When growls he at the cotes, and winds and rains Enduring, past the middle of the night : Safe 'neath their dams the lambs their bleatings ply : He, fierce and felon in his anger, storms Against the absent ; tortures him the rage Of rav'ning, gathered from a length of time. And jaws, unmoist with blood : — not other- wise In the Rutulian, gazing on the walls 90 And camp, wrath kindles ; in his hardy- bones Vexation blazes up : — by what device He may essay an entrance, and what course Dislodge the cloistered Teucri from their trench, And pour them out upon the plain. The fleet Which, joined to their encampments' side, lay hid. Fenced round with ramparts and the river- waves. He storms, and calls on his exulting mates For burnings, and, in ardor, fills his hand With flaring pine. Then truly [to the toil] They lean them ; Turnus' presence spurs them on ; -loi And all the youth are armed with grisly links. They've sacked the hearths ; the smoky torch throws pitchy light, And Vulcan jumbled ashes to the stars. What deity, O Muses, warded off So felon burnings from the Teucri ? who Such mighty blazes from the ships repelled ? Say ye. Of old the credence in the fact ; But the tradition [runs] from year to year. What time upon the Phrygian Ida first no yFneas built his navy, and prepared To seek the depths of sea, 'tis said, herself. The Berecynthian mother of the gods, Great Jove accosted in these terms : "My son, Cirant to a suitress what thy parent dear, Olympus tamed, from thee doth claim. I own A piny forest, loved through many a year. A grove there stood upon the mountain's crest Whither my holy [rites] they used to bear, W^ith swart pitch-pine and maple timbers dark : 120 These I upon the Dardan youth, when he Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey, Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve, In hurdled cotes amid the fields secure, Leaps o'er the fence with ease into the fold." P. L., b. iv. A navy needed, cheerfully bestowed. Now me, uneasy, troubles troubling fear : Dispel my apprehensions, and herein Allow by prayers a parent to avail : — That neither broken down by any course. Nor hurricane of wind, they be subdued. May it bestead that they upon our mounts W^ere sprung." To her on th' other hand her son, Who wheels the constellations of the world: ' ' O mother, whither callest thou the fates ? Or what dost seek for these ? Shall vessels framed 1 32 By mortal hands enjoy immortal right? And sure through unsure risks ^neas run ? To what divinity is privilege So great conceded ? Still, when done with [risks]. The goal and ports i^usonian they shall gain Hereafter, whichsoever shall have 'scaped The billows, and the Dardan chief have borne To fields Laurentine I, their mortal shape Will take away, and of the mighty main 141 Bid them be goddesses ; as Nereus-bom Doto and Galatea cleave apart The foaming ocean with their breast." He spoke ; And that this is established, by the floods. His Stygian brother's, by the banks, that boil With pitch and with a sooty gulf, he nods, And by his nod made all Olympus quake. Accordingly the day engaged was come. And the due seasons had the Destinies 150 Fulfilled ; when th' outrage [done] by Tur- nus warned The Mother, from her holy barques to drive The brands aloof. Here first against their eyes Strange light there glared, and from the Dawn appeared To scud across the sky a mighty cloud, And Ida's choirs ; thereon a fearful voice Drops forth along the gales, and fills the hosts Of Trojans and Rutulians : " Be not ye In anxious haste, O Teucer's sons, to guard My vessels, neither arm your hands : the seas It sooner will to Turnus be vouchsafed To burn to ashes than my holy pines. Go ye, enfranchised, go, the goddesses Of ocean ; 'tis the Mother bids." And straight the sterns 164 Each burst away their fetters from the banks. And after dolphins' fashion, with their beaks Plunged down, the bottom of the waters seek. Hence, — marvellous portent ! — as many prows, y. lai — 150. BOOK IX. V. 151— 175. 245 O'erlaid with bronze, as whilom on the strand Had rested, just so many maiden forms 170 Reissue, and are wafted on the deep. Mazed were the minds of Rutulans ; Messapus Was e'en himself appalled, with troubled steeds ; And halts the stream hoarse-booming, and his step [The god] of Tiber from the deep recalls. JJut not bold Turnus confidence forsook : Yea he their spirits raises by his words, Yea chides them too : " 'Tis at the Trojans aim These prodigies ; from them hath Jove himself His wonted help withdrawn ; [their ships] nor darts, 180 Nor fires of Rutuli, await. The seas Are therefore pathless to the Teucer-race, Nor is there any hope of flight ; one half Their means is cut away : the land, more- o'er, Is in our hands ; so many thousand arms Italian nations bring. Naught me affray, (If Phrygians make of any public vaunt,) The doomful oracles of gods. Enough To fates and Venus granted, that the fields Of rich Ausonia have the Trojans touched ; On th' other hand my fates as well have I, — With falchion to uproot the cursed race. My bride reft from me ; nor affects that pang Th' Atridse only, nor is it allowed 194 Mycenae only on their arms to seize. But 'tis enough that they have fallen once : — For them t' have sinned before had been enough, [Then] loathing deep well nigh all woman- kind : — To whom this trust in intervening trench. And hindrances of dykes, thin screens of death, 200 Give confidence. But have they not beheld The walls of Troja, framed by Neptune's hand, Sink down in flames ? But ye, O chosen ones ! Who with the sword to break their rampart through Makes ready, and along with me assails Their quaking camp ? With me there is no need Of Vulcan's armor, nor a thousand keels. Against the Teucri. Let Etruscans all Forthwith unite themselves as their allies. The darkness and Palladium's dastard theft, — 210 The sentries of the fortress-summit slain, — They need not fear ; nor shall we be en- wombed Within a horse's darksome paunch : in light, Before the world, 'tis fixed with fire to wrap Their walls around. I'll force them to conclude That they with Danai have no concern. And with Pelasgic youth, whom Hector stayed To the tenth year. Now, therefore, since is past The better part of day, for what remains. Rejoicing in our bravely sped affairs, 220 Your bodies tend, O heroes, and expect The fight to be prepared." Meanwhile, the gates With watch of sentries to beset, the charge Is given to Messapus, and the walls To ring with fires. Twice seven Rutulans, The mounds with soldiery to keep, are culled : But follow each of these a hundred youths, Crimson with plumes, and glistering in gold. Patrol they, and the courses change, and spread Along the turf, indulge in wine, and tilt The wassail- bowls of bronze. Glare up the fires ; 231 The sleepless night the sentries spend in play. These from the trench above the Trojans view. And occupy the heights in arms : more'oer. Restless with dread, they scrutinize the gates The bridges, too, and outer works miite : They weapons bring together. Spur them on Mnestheus and keen Serestus, whom the sire ^neas, should misfortunes ever call. Decreed to be commanders of the youths. And managers of state. All through the walls 241 The legion, having portioned out by lot The risk, their vigil keeps, and executes Their courses, — what should be maintained by each. 222. The overwhelming weight of manuscripts forces one to read/flimr/ and not parati (v. 156). It is well that such is the case ; as the verse has a sad jingle of ps as it stands ; but with the other reading would have a jingle oi ats besides. 231. " Now night her course began, and, over Heaven Inducing darkness, grateful truce imposed And silence on the odious din of war. Under her cloudy covert both retired, Victor and vanquish'd. On the foughten field Michael and his Angels prevalent Encamping, placed in guard their watches round Cherubic waving fires. ' Milton, P. L.^ b. vi. 246 V. 176 — iSy. THE ^NEID. V. 188 — 200. Nisus there was, the sentry of a gate, Thrice-keen in arms, of Hyrtacus the son ; Whom huntress Ida had as comrade sent T' -^neas, — quick with dart and nimble shafts ; And by his side Euryalus his mate. Than whom of ^neadse none other stood More fair, nor [fairer] donned the arms of Troy; 251 The stripling, marking his unrazored lips With bloom of youth. With these the love was one, And side by side upon the frays they dashed : Then, too, with common post the gate they kept. Saith Nisus : "Do the gods this glow in- fuse Within our spirits, O Euryalus ? Or doth his dread desire to each become A god ? 'Tis either fight, or something grand. My soul now long since drives me to essay ; Nor is it satisfied with calm repose. 261 252. y Among the rest, that all the rest excelld, A dainty boy there wonn'd,, whose harmlesse yeares Now in their freshest budding gently sweld ; His nimph-like face nere felt the nimble sheeres'; Youth's downy blossome through his cheeke appeares." In Spenser's Works, Brittain^s Ida, c. i. 2. " Comus. Were they of manly prime, or youthful bloom ? Lady. As smooth as Hebe's their unrazor'd lips." Milton, Comus. 253. " And shine as you exalted are : Two names of friendship, but one star : Of hearts the union, and those not by chance Made, or indenture, or leas'd out t' advance The profits for a time. No pleasures vain did chime, Of rhymes, or riots at your feasts, Orgies of drink, or feign'd protests : But simple love of greatness and of good, That knits brave minds and manners more than blood." Ben Jonson, Underwoods, 88, iv. 259-261. " Imagination of some great exploit Drives him beyond the bounds of patience." Shakespeare, i K. Hetiry IV., i. 3. Perhaps Nisus thought that " Virtue, if not in action, is a vice." Massinger, The Maid of Honour, i. i. Marlowe makes the Duke of Guise say, in The Massacre at Paris : " Now, Guise, begin those deep-engendered thoughts To burst abroad those never-dying flames. Which cannot be extinguish'd but by blood. Oft have I levell'd, and at last have learn'd That peril is the chiefest way to happiness. And resolution honour's fairest aim. What glory is there in a common good, That hangs for every peasant to achieve ? That like I best, that flies beyond my reach. Let me to scale the high Pyramides, Thou seest what [full] reliance on their state The Rutuli possesses. Here and there Lights twinkle ; they, in sleep and wine unstrung. Have laid them down ; the regions far and wide Are hushed. Learn further what I meditate, And what design now rises in my mind, .^neas hither to be called do all. Both commons and the fathers, warmly pray, . 269 And men to be despatched [to him] to bear Undoubted tidings. If, what I for thee Demand, they promise, seeing for myself The glory of th' achievement is enough, — Meseems that I can underneath yon hill Plnd out a passage to the walls and domes Of Pallanteum." In astonishment Euryalus was lost, pierced thro' and thro' With lofty passion for renown : at once In these addresses he his glowing friend : "Me, then, thy comrade in thy grand emprise, 280 O Nisus, dost disdain to link ? Shall I Send thee alone upon such heavy risks ? And thereon set the diadem of France ; I'll either rend it with my nails to nought. Or mount the top with my aspiring wings. Although my downfall be the deepest hell." 264. " Wide o'er all The dusky plain, by the fires half extinct, Are seen the soldiers, roll'd in heaps confus'd, The slaves of brutal appetite." Smollett, The Regicide, v. 3., 265, 6. Stillness at night is well described by Brown : " All, all is hushed. Throughout the empty streets Nor voice, nor sound ; as if the inhabitants, Like the presaging herds, that seek the covert Ere the loud thunder rolls, had inly felt And shunned the impending uproar. ** There is a solemn horror in the night, too. That pleases me : a general pause through nature : The winds are hushed. And as I passed the beach The lazy billows scarce could lash the shore : No star peeps through the firmament of heaven." Barbarossa, iii. i. 273. " And choose we still the phantom through the fire. O'er bog, and brake, and precipice, till death ? And toil we still for sublunary pay ? Defy the dangers of the field and flood. Or, spider-like, spin out our precious all. Our more than vitals spin (if no regard To great futurity) in curious webs Of subtle thought, and exquisite design ; (Fine net-work of the brain !) to catch a fly ! The momentary buz of vain renown ! A name ; a mortal immortality !" Young, Complaint, N. vi. 282. " However, I with thee have fix'd my lot ; Certain to undergo like doom : if death Consort with thee, death is to me as life ; So forcible within my heart I feel The bond of nature draw me to my own ; My own in thee, for what thou art is mine ; V. 201 — 224' BOOK IX, V. 224 — 239. M7 Not so my sire Opheltes, used to wars, 1 lath trained me up, amid Arj^olic dread And toils of Troja nurtured ; nor with thee I lave I in such a way demeaned myself, lligh-souled /Eneas and his latest fates While following. Here there dwells, there dwells a soul, A scorner of the light, and deems that fame. Whereat thou aimest, cheaply bought with life." 290 Nisus to these : *' Sooth nothing of the kind From thee I feared ; nor is it decent, no ! So me in triumph may to thee restore Great Jove, or whosoe'er with kindly eyes Views these ! But should there any, — thou perceiv'st How many [risks] in such a crisis [lie] ; — Should any, either accident or god. To misadventure hurry me away, I would that thou shouldst overlive : thy age Is worthier of life. One let there be 300 Who may entrust me to accustomed earth, Reft from the fray, or ransomed by a price ; Or, this should any Fortune disallow. One, who may to [my] absent [corse] dis- charge Its obsequies, and grace it with a grave. Nor to thy wretched mother could I prove The spring of woe so deep ; who thee, [dear] boy, — Alone of many mothers daring it, — Pursues, nor recks of great Acesta's domes," But he : "To idle purpose dost thou weave Thy flimsy pleas, nor my resolve, now changed, 311 Withdraws from its position. Let us haste !" He cries. The sentries he at once awakes: They take their places, and the courses keep. The station being left, he paces on As Nisus' mate, and seek they out the prince. The rest of living things through all the lands Our state cannot be scver'd ; we are one, One flesh ; to lose thee were to lose myself." Adam to Eve : Milton, P. L., b. ix, 290. " ' I'll go,' said I, 'once more I'll venture all ; 'Tis brave to perish by a noble fall.' " Pomfret, Love Triumphant over Reason. " 'Tis the danger crowns A brave achievement." May, The Heir, act ii. 299. " Thou art too covetous of another's safety ; Too prodigal and careless of thine own." Massinger, T/ie Bashful Lover, ii. 6. 317. " Mydnight was cum, and every vitall thing With swete sound slepe theyr weary lyms did rest. The beastes were still, the lytle byrdes that syng Now sweetely slept besides theyr mothers brest : The olde and all were shrowded in theyr nest. The waters calme, the cruel seas did ceas. The wudes, the fyeldcs, and all thynges held theyr peace. With sleep their cares were light'ning, and their hearts Forgetful of their toils. The Trojans' lead- ing chiefs. Their chosen youth, a consultation held 320 Upon the highest int'rests of the realm, — [To wit,] what they should do, or who should now T* iEneas be a messenger. They stand On lengthful lances resting, and their shields Engrasping in the midst of camp and plain. Then Nisus, and with him Euryalus, Forthwith to be admitted warmly beg : '• That their affair was weighty, and would prove Worth the delay," lulus first received The flurried [youths], and Nisus bade to speak. 330 Then thus the son of Hyrtacus : " O list With minds unbiassed, ye ^Enean sons, Nor let these [propositions], which we bring, Be judged of from our years. The Rutuli, In slumber and in wine unstrung, are hushed : The quarter for a stratagem have we Ourselves espied, which lieth to the view Upon the double roadway of the gate. That [stands] the nearest to the sea. Their fires Are stayed, and starward is the collied smoke 340 " The golden stars wer whyrlde amyd theyr race. And on the earth did laugh with twinkling lyght. When eche thing nestled in his restyng place, Forgat dayes payne with pleasure of the nyght : The hare had not the greedy houndes in sight. The fearfull dear of death stood not in doubt. The partrydge dremt not of the falcons foot. " The ougly beare nowe myndeth not the stake. Nor how the cruell mastyves do hym tear ; The stag lay still unroused from the brake. The fomy boar feard not the hunters spear. All thing was still in desert, bush, and brear. With quyet heart now from their travailes rest ; Soundly they slept in midst of all their rest." Sackville, Cotnplaynt of Henry e D. of Buckingham, 79-81. " All things were husht, each bird $lept on h's bough. And night gave rest to him, day tir'd at plough : Each beast, each bird, and each day-toyling wight, Receiv'd the comfort of the .4ilent night." Browne, Britannia s Pastorals, L 3. " Lo ! midnight from her starry reign Looks awful down on earth and main. The tuneful birds lie hush'd in sleep. With all that crop the verdant food. With all that skim the crystal flood. Or haunt the caverns of the rocky steep. No rushing winds disturb the tufted bowers. No wakeful sound the moonlight valley knows. Save where the brook its liquid murmur pours. And lulls the waving scene to more profound repose." Akcnside, Odt to SUe/, li. a, a. 248 V. 240 — 270. THE ^NEID. V. 271 — 290. Upraised. If ye allow us to employ The chance, to seek .-Eneas, and the walls Of Pallanteum, here anon with spoils, — Vast carnage wrought, — us present will you see. Nor doth the road mislead us as we go : Below the darkling valleys we have seen. In ceaseless chase, the outskirts of the town, And gained a knowledge of the stream throughout." Here, weighed with years, and in his judg- ment ripe, Aletes : " O ye gods of fatherland, 350 Beneath whose providence Troy ever rests. Ye still intend not clean to wipe away TheTeucri, seeing ye [to them] have brought Such souls, and breasts so stanch within their youths." Thus saying, he the shoulders and right hands Of both engrasped, and with his tears his face And lips bedewed. ** To you, O heroes, what. What worthy guerdons for these deeds of praise Could I deem possible to be repaid ? First the most honorable will the gods, 360 And your own merits, render ; then the rest Anon the good ^.neas will return, Aye and Ascanius, in the flow'r of age, Not e'er unmindful of so high desert." " Yea, you do I, whose only safety lies In the recov'ry of my sire," — [th' address] Takes up Ascanius, — " by the mighty gods Of home, and Assarac's domestic god. And hoary Vesta's shrines, conjure ; what- ever chance And trust I have, I place it in your breasts : Recall my sire, restore his presence : naught is sad 371 With him regained. Two goblets will I give, In silver finished, and with figures crisp, Which from ArislDa crushed my father took ; And tripods twain ; of gold two talents huge ; An ancient bowl, which Sidon's Dido gave. But if to seize Italia, and enjoy Her sceptres, shall to me a victor fall, And to prescribe th' allotment of the spoil: — Thou sawest on what steed, in armor what. Marched Turnus [all] in gold : — that very [steed], 381 The scutcheon and the crimson plumes, Willi 371. " For since mine eie your ioyous sight did mis, My chearfull day is tiirnd to chearelesse night. And eke my night of death the shadow is : But welcome now, my light, and shining lampe of blis !" Spenser, F. Q., i. 3, 27. Reserve from the allotment, even now, Nisus, thy rewards. Besides, my sire Will twice six ladies' persons, passing choice, And captives grant, and their own arms with all ; Above these [gifts], whatever of domain E'en king Latinus doth himself possess. But thee, whom my own age is following on With closer stages, youth to be revered, 390 With my whole bosom do I welcome now, And my companion clasp for eveiy risk. No honor shall be sought in my exploits Without thee ; whether peace or war I make, On thee [shall rest] my deepest trust of deeds And words." To whom in answer suchlike speaks Euryalus : " No day shall have evinced That I for such bold ventures am no match : Let only fav'ring Fortune fall no foe. But I from thee 'bove every boon one thing Entreat : a mother of the ancient strain 401 Of Priamus have I, whom, woe-begone. Not Ilium's land, not king Acestes' walls Withheld from going forth along with me. Her, in unconsciousness of this our risk, Whate'er it is, and [left] without farewell, 1 now am quitting : Night and thy right hand My witness be, that I could not endure A parent's tears. But, I entreat, do thou Console her helpless, and assist her lorn. 392. " O, I have suffered With those that I saw suffer." Shakespeare, Te7npest, i. 2, 5, 6. 399. There is high authority for reading haut, instead oi aut, in v. 283, which appears to make the whole passage more like Virgil than the lection of Heyne, Weise, and others. A colon after tantum gives it a stiff air, and joining the word with ar- ^tierit does not seem to mend the matter much. See Forbiger's satisfactory comment. " The intent, and not the deed, Is in our power : and therefore who dares greatly Does greatly." Brown, Barbarossa, v. 2. 403. Or, observing the Latin order : " Not Ilium's land withheld from going forth Along with me, not king Acestes' walls." 410. The poor lady might perhaps have answered her noble comforter as Leonato did Antonio : " I pray thee, cease thy counsel. Which falls into mine ears as profitless As water in a sieve ; give not me counsel ; Nor let no comforter delight mine ear. But such a one whose wrongs do suit with mine. Bring me a father that so lov'd his child. Whose joy of her is overwhelm'd like mine. And bid him speak to me of patience ; Measure his woe the length and breadth of mine. And let it answer every strain for strain ; As thus for thus, and such a grief for such In every lineament, branch, shape, and form ; If such a one will smile, and stroke his beard ; Call sorrow joy ; cry hem, when he should groan ; Patch grief with proverbs : make misfortune drunk With candle-wasters ; bring him yet to me. V. 291 — 3^5' BOOK IX, V. 315—334. 949 This hope of thee [O] let me bear away : 41 1 llie Ixjlder shall I march to every chance." With smitten mind the Dardan sons shed tears ; 'Fore all the fair lulus ; and his soul The picture of a filial duty touched : Then thus speaks forth : ' ' Assure thyself that all Shall worthy prove of thy immense em- prise : For that thy mother shall be [such] to me, j And fail alone Creusa's name, nor small The gratitude is waiting such a birth. 420 Whatever chances follow thy exploit, By this my head I swear, whereby my sire Before me used, what I engage to thee On thy return, and with success, these same On both thy mother and thy race shall wait." Thus speaks he, weeping o'er him j he at once His gilded falchion from his shoulder doffs, Which with surprising skill Lycaon, [son] Of Crete, had made, and fitted, handy [-formed]. With iv'ry sheath. To Nisus Mnestheus gives 430 A shaggy lion's hide and spoils ; [with him] Aletes stanch exchanges helra. Forthwith In armor clad they march : whom, pacing on. The band of chieftains all, alike of young And aged, to the gates attend with prayers. Aye fair lulus, too, beyond his years Bearing both gallantry and manly thought, Injunctions many gave to be conveyed T' his father : but the breezes scatter all. And, purposeless, bestow them on the clouds. 440 They, sallying forth, the trenches over- pass. And through night's shade the camp, their foe, they seek. And I of him will gather patience. But there is no such man : for, brother, men Can counsel, and speak comfort to that grief. Which they themselves not feel ; but, tasting it. Their counsel turns to passion, which before "Would give perceptial medicine to rage. Fetter strong madness in a silken thread. Charm ache with air, and agony with words. No, no ; 'tis all men's office to speak patience To those that wring under the load of sorrow, But no man's virtue, nor sufficiency, To be so moral, when he shall endure The like himself : therefore give me no counsel : My griefs cry louder than advertisement." Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing, v. i. 414. " He hath a tear for pity, and a hand Open as day for melting charity." 2 K. Henry IV., iv. 4. 442. Shakespeare has a fine description of a camp by night : Yet first of many doomed to be the death. At every step, in slumber and in wine Throughout the grass dispread, they bodies view 1 In upward posture chariots on the shore ; Among the traces and the wheels the men; Together lying arms, together wines. First from his lip thus spake Hyrtacides : " Euryalus, with our right hand we must be bold : 450 Th' occasion now invites us of itself : Here lies the route. Do thou, — lest any hand May lift itself against us from the rear, — Be on the watch, and keep a far look-out. These [regions] I a wilderness will make, And by a spacious pathway lead thee on." So speaks he, and subdues his voice ; at once With sword attacks proud Rhamnes, who, by chance On elevated cushions pillowed up. From his whole chest was slumber puffing forth ; 460 The same a king, and [he] to Tumus, king. Most welcome augur: but by augur's art He could not stave destruction off. Hard by Three lacqueys, heedlessly among their arms While lying, and the squire of Remus, he Destroys ; his charioteer, too, finding him Just at his very steeds ; and with the sword Their lolling necks he severs ; then of head Despoils their lord himself, and leaves the trunk With blood sob-breathing : warmed with sable gore, 470 The earth and couches reek. Moreo'er, he slays both Lamyrus " Now entertain conjecture of a time. When creeping murmur, and the poring dark. Fill the wide vessel of the universe. From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night, The hum of either army stilly sounds. That the fix'd sentinels almost receive The secret whispers of each other's watch. Fire answers fire ; and through their paly flames Each battle sees the other's umber'd face. Steed threatens steed, in high and boastful neighs Piercing the Night's dull ear ; and from the tents The armorers, accomplishing the knights. With busy hammers closing rivets up. Give dreadful note of preparation. The country cocks do crow, the clocks do toll. And the third hour of drowsy morning name." K. Henry V,, iv. chorus. 444. They probably had such thoughts as these : " Now, Sleep, still child of sable-hooded night. Befriend us ! From the dark Lethean cell Up-conjure all thy store of drowsy charms : Lock fast their lids, o'erpower each torpid sense. That they awake not ere the deed be done." Hartson, Countess 0/ Salisbury, v. 2. 47t. " The slaughter then all measure did surpasse ; Whilst victors rag'd, bloud from each hand did rainc; 250 V. 334—352. THE JENEID. V. 352—364. And Lamus, and the young Serranus, who Full much had revelled on that night, in mien Distinguished, and was lying, in his limbs O'ermastered by a fulness of the god, O happy man ! if he without a pause Had made that revel even with the night. And eked it out till daylight : — as, unfed, A lion, raising through the crowded folds Alarms, — for spurs him hunger mad, — both grinds 480 And i^ends the unresisting flock, and dumb With terror; roars he with a mouth of blood. Nor less the carnage of Euryalus : He too himself, afire, fumes on throughout, And in the midst a num'rous, nameless throng. E'en Fadus and Herbesus he attacks, And Rhesus, Abaris too, unaware : — Rhoetus awake, and viewing all ; but he Behind a mighty wassail-bowl in fear Ensconced himself : in whose confronting breast 490 He, close upon him, as he rises up. Hid his whole blade, and with abundant death Withdrew it. Th' other spews the crimson life, And wines, commingled with the blood, returns. In dying. He upon his stratagem In ardor presses on ; and now advanced Up to the comrades of Messapus. There He saw the failing of their latest fire, The liquid rubies dropping downe the grasse. With scarlet streames the fatall fields did staine." Stirling, Jo7iatlian, 83. 489. Had Rhoetus been more fortunate, he would have been paralleled by Braggadocchio. " To whom she thus. — But ere her words ensewd. Unto the bush her eye did suddein glaunce. In which vaine Braggadocchio was mewd. And saw it stirre : she lefte her percing launce. And towards gan a deadly shafte advaunce, In minde to marke the beast. At which sad stowre, Trompart forth stept, to stay the mortall chaunce, Out crying : ' O ! whatever hevenly powre, Or earthly wight thou be, withold this deadly howre ! " O ! stay thy hand ; for yonder is no game For thy fiers arrowes, them to exercize ; But loe ! my lord, my liege, whose warlike name Is far renownd through many bold emprize ; And now in shade he shrowded yonder lies.' She staid : with that he crauld out of his nest, Forth creeping on his caitive hands and thies ; And standing stoutly up, his lofty crest Did fiercely shake, and rowze as comming late from rest." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 3, 34, 5. 493. The tutor might do well to point to v. 349, as evidence that purpurens does not necessarily mean^" purple," And duly tethered horses cropping grass : When briefly such like Nisus, — for he felt That he by too great slaughter and desire Was led away, — saith, "Let us cease; for nears 502 Th' unfriendly light. Of vengeance there is spent Enough; a path is made among the foes," Both many arms of heroes, finished off With massive silver, do they leave behind, And bowls together, and fair figured stuffs, Euryalus th' accoutrements of Rhamnes [grasps], His belt, too, golden in its studs, which gifts To Remulus of Tibur whilom sent 510 The passing wealthy Caedicus, what time He, absent, would unite him [to himself] In hospitage ; the other at his death Bequeaths them to his grandson to pos- sess ; — After his death the Rutuli in war. And in engagement, won them : — these he grasps, 501, 2. " Danger without discretion to attempt Inglorious, beast-like, is." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 11, 23. " Some fortitude is'seen in great exploits. That justice warrants, and that wisdom guides ; All else is towering phrensy and distraction." Addison, Caio, ii. " Be advis'd : Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot, That it do singe yourself. We may outrun. By violent swiftness, that which we run at. And lose by over-running. Know you not. The fire, that mounts the liquor till it run o'er. In seeming to augment it, wastes it. Be advis'd : I say again, there is no English soul More stronger to direct you than yourself ; If with the sap of reason you would quench. Or but allay, the fire of passion." Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., i. i. " But as it is not the mere punishment. But cause, that makes a martyr, so it is not Fighting, or dying, but the manner of it. Renders a man himself. A valiant man Ought not to undergo, or tempt a danger, But worthily, and by selected ways : He undertakes with reason, not by chance. His valour is the salt to his other virtues : They are all unseason'd without it." Ben Jonson, New Inn, iv. 3. " Temper your heat. And lose not, by too sudden rashness, that Which, be but patient, will be offer'd to you. Security ushers ruin ; proud contempt Of an enemy three parts vanquish'd, with desire And greediness of spoil, have often wrested A certain victory from the conqueror's gripe. Discretion is the tutor of the war. Valour the pupil." Massinger, Maid of Honour, i. 3. 502, 3. " The silent hours steal on. And flaky darkness breaks within the east," Shakespeare, K. Richard III., v, 3. V. 364—393. BOOK IX. V. 394-415. asi And vainly to his gallant shoulders suits. I 1 le then Messapus' trimly fitting helm, And graced with plumes, puts on him. PVom the camp They draw away, and safety seek to gain. Meanwhile the horse, sent on from La^ tium's city ^21 While the remainder of the host in line Is ling'ring on the plains, were on the march. And to king Turnus bringing on replies, — Three times a hundred, all equipped in shields. With Volscens chief And they were near- ing now The camp, and ent'ring on the mounds, what time These winding by the left-hand path from far Descry they, and his helm Euryalus Hath in the glimm'ring shade of night be- trayed 530 Unthoughtful, and, confronted to the beams. Plashed back, 'Twas not for naught the glimpse was gained. Aloud shouts Volscens from the squadron : ♦'Halt! Ye warriors! What the object of your march ? Or who are ye in arms ? Or whither hold Your course ?" They make no effort at reply. But hasten on their flight upon the woods. And trust the night. The horse oppose themselves At byways known on this side and on that, And ev'ry outlet with a guard invest. 540 There was a thicket, bristling wide with brakes And sable ilex, which had serried thorns Choked up in ev'ry quarter ; fitfully The pathway shone among the darkened walks. The gloom of branches, and his cumbrous spoil, Euryalus obstruct, and his alarm Conducts him from his line of route astray. Off" Nisus starts : and now, not knowing [this], He had escaped the foemen, and the spots. Which since from Alba's name were " Al- ban" called : — 550 Then king Latinus [there] had lofty stalls : — When [still] he stood, and towards his absent friend In vain looked back : *' Ill-starred Euryalus, Thee in what quarter have I left ? Or where Shall I pursue, again unrav'lling all The tangled pathway of the cheating wood?" At once e'en backward his examined steps He tracks, and wanders through the stilly brakes. He hears the horses, hears the din and signs Of those pursuing. Nor was long the time In th' interval, when reaches to his ears A shouting, and he sees Euryalus, Whom at this moment doth the squadron all. Through the deception of the place and night. With wild'ring hubbub on a sudden seize, O'erwhelmed and struggling [much,] full much in vain. What should he do ? With power what, what arms. The stripling to deliver should he dare, Or, death-doomed, fling him on the midst of swords. And speed by wounds a glorious death ? In haste 570 A javelin hurling with his in-drawn arm, Up-gazing on the lofty Moon, he thus Prays with his voice : "Do thou, O god- dess, thou Propitious aid our task, O pride of stars, And thou Latonian guardian of the groves ; If any off''rings to thy altars e'er On my behalf my father Hyrtacus Hath brought, if any by my hunts myself Have added, or upon thy dome hung up. Or fastened to thy holy pediments ; 580 This troop do thou allow me to confound, And guide my missiles through the gales." He said ; And, as he strains with his whole frame, he hurls The steel. The winging spear asunder smites The shades of night, and swoops upon the back Of Sulmo, turned away, and there is snapped. And through his midriff shoots with rifted wood. He's rolled along, disgorging from his breast The fevered tide, death-cold, and smites his flanks 574. "As Cynthia, from her wave - embattei'd shrouds Op'ning the west, comes streaming thro' the clouds. With shining troops of silver-tressed stars Attending on her, as her torch-bearers ; And all the lesser lights about her throne With admiration stand as lookers on ; Whilst she alone, in height of all her pride. The queen of light along her sphere doth glide." Drayton, Charles Brandon to Queen Mary 0/ France. 589. " Death-cold. Ves, Felisarda, he is gone, that in The morning promis'd many years ; but death Hath in few hours made him as stiff, as all The winds of winter had thrown cold upon him. And whisper'd him to marble." Shirley, Th* Brothtrt, iv. 5. 252 V. 415—433- THE ^NEID. V. 433—439. With long [-drawn] sobs. [In] difif'rent [quarters] round 590 They gaze. Thereby the keener, he, the same, Lo ! poised another javehn from his tip Of ear. While they are in alarm the shaft Through both of Tagus' temples hissing passed, And, heated, to his pierced brain it cleaved. Fell Volscens storms, nor anywhere descries The sender of the lance, nor whither he, Should throw him all aglow. " Still, thou meanwhile With thy hot blood to me the penalties Shalt pay for both," he cries : at once with sword 600 Unsheathed upon Euryalus he rushed. Then sooth affrighted, wildly Nisus shrieks ; Nor could he any longer shroud himself Within the gloom, or bear so sore a pang : " Me, me ! — I'm here ! — [the man] who did the deed ; On me the falchion turn, O Rutuli ! Mine own is all the stratagem ; that [youth] Naught either dared or could ; this firma- ment And conscious stars to witness do I call. He only loved too well his hapless friend." Such like the words he uttered : but the sword, 611 Thrust home with power, grided through his ribs. And brasts his snowy breast. Euryalus 605. Eve says : * And to the place of judgment will return, There with my cries importune Heaven, that all The sentence, from thy head removed, may light On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe, Mej me only, first object of his ire." Milton, P. L., b. x. " Stop, O stop ! Hold your accursed hands ! On me, on me Pour all your torments." Brown, Barbarossa, v. 2. 610. So Othello : " Speak of me as I am ; nothing extenuate. Nor set down aught in malice : then must you speak Of one, that lov'd not wisely, but too well." Shakespeare, Othello , end. 613. "Which when that warriour heard, dismount- ing straict From his tall steed, he rusht into the thick. And soone arrived where that sad portraict Of death and dolour lay, halfe dead, halfe quick ; In whose white alabaster brest did stick A cruell knife that made a griesly wownd. From which forth gusht a stream of gore blood thick. That all her goodly garments staind arownd. And into a deepe sanguine dide the grassy grownd." Spenser, F. Q., ii. i, 39. Is rolled in death, and o'er his comely limbs Gore gushes, and upon his shoulders sinks His fainting neck : as when a gaudy flower, Cut under by the plough, in dying flags ; Or poppies with a weary neck droop head, When haply they are cumbered by the rain. But Nisus hurtles on the midmost [foes]. And singly through them all he Volscens seeks ; 621 614. The same great poet, on Belphoebe's seeing the wounded Timias : " Shortly she came whereas thatwoefull squire With blood deformed lay in deadly swownd : In whose faire eyes, like lamps of quenched fire. The christall humour stood congealed rownd ; His locks, like faded leaves fallen to grownd, Knotted with blood in bounches rudely ran ; And his sweete lips, on which before that stownd The bud of youth to blossome faire began, Spoild of their rosy red were woxen pale and wan." F. Q., iii. s, 29. 614, 15. " See, his rich blood in purple torrents flows. And Nature sallies in unbidden groans ; Now mortal pangs distort his lovely form ; His rosy beauty fades, his starry eyes Now darkling swim, and fix their closing beams ; Now in short gasps his labouring spirit heaves. And weakly flutters on his faultering tongue. And struggles into sound." Smith, Fhcedra and Hippolytus, act v. 616. This beautiful figure is employed by the author of the elegy on the death of Sir Philip Sidney, entitled The Mourning Muse of Thestylis. It was not written by Spenser, but is appended by him to his own charming Astrophel. "His lips waxt pale and wan, like damaske roses bud Cast from the stalke, or like in field to purple flowre. Which languisheth being shred by culter as it past." Lodowick Bryskett, in Spenser's Works. 618. Detnisere, v. 437, is plainly an aorist. " Yet in her side deep was the wound in fight : Her flowing life the shining armour stains : From that wide spring long rivers took their flight, With purple streams drowning the silver plains : Her cheerful colour now grows wan and pale, Which oft she strives with courage to recal. And rouse her fainting head, which down as oft would fall. All so a lily press'd with heavy rain. Which fills her cup with show'rs up to the brinks : The weary stalk no longer can sustain The head, but low beneath the burden sinks. Or as a virgin rose her leaves displays. Whom too hot scorching beams quite dis- arrays : Down flags her double ruff, and all her sweet decays." P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xi. 29, 30. " Thus the fair lily, when the sky's o'ercast. At first but shudders in the feeble blast ; But when the winds and weighty rains descend. The fair and upright stem is forc'd to bend ; Till broke at length, its snowy leaves are shed And strew with dying sweets their native bed." Young, Force of Religion, b. ii. end. V. 439—455. BOOK IX. V. 455—476. 353 On Volscens singly fixes thought. Whom round The clustered foes this side and that repulse With sword in hand. He presses none the less, And whirls his blade of lightning ; till within The yelling Rutulan's confronted mouth He buried it, and, as he dies, his foe Bereft of life. Then o'er his lifeless friend He forward flung himself, pierced through and through. And there at length in calm of death reposed. O happy pair ! If aught my lays can do. No day shall ever from a mindful age 632 Erase you, long as shall yEneas' house Inhabit Capitolium's moveless rock. And sovereignty the Roman father hold. The conqu'ring Rutuli, of prey and spoils The masters, breathless Volscens to the camp A -weeping bare. Nor less in camp the woe. On Rhamnes being found deprived of life, And chiefs so many slain in common death, Serranus too, and Numa. Vast the throng E'en at the corses and the men half-dead. 625. . " I ne'er saw A lightning shoot so, as my servant did : His rapier was a meteor, and he waved it Over them, like a comet, as they fled him. I mark'd his manhood ! Every stoop he made Was like an eagle's at a flight of cranes," Ben Jonson, The New Inn, iv. 3. 628, 9. " Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled over. Comes to him, where in gore he lay insteep'd. And takes him by the beard ; kisses the gashes. That bloodily did yawn upon his face ; And cries aloud : ' Tarry, dear cousin SufTolk ! My soul shall thine keep company to heaven : Tarry, sweet soul, for mine, then fly abreast ; As in this glorious and well-foughten field We kept together in our chivalry !' Upon these words I came, and cheer'd him up : He smil'd me in the face, raught me his hand. And, with a feeble gripe, says : ' Dear my lord. Commend my service to my sovereign.' So did he turn, and over Suffolk's neck He threw his wounded arm, and kiss'd his lips ; And so, espous'd to death, with blood he seal'd A testament of noble-ending love." Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iv. 6. To the poet himself may be applied the praise bestowed on Colin by Alexis. " By wondring at thy Cynthiaes praise, Colin, thyselfe thou mak'st us more to wonder. And her upraising doest thyselfe upraise." Spenser, Colin Clouts Come Home Again. 632, 3. "You may sooner part the billows of the sea, And put a bar betwixt their fellowships. Than blot out my remembrance ; sooner shut Old Time into a den, and stay his motion ; Wash oflf the swift hours from his downy wings. Or steal eternity to stop his glass. Than shut the sweet idea I have in me." Fletcher, Tht Elder Brother, iii. 5. And at the spot, with milkwarm slaughter fresh, 643 And runnels brimming with their foaming blood. They recognise the spoils among themselves, Alike the shining helmet of Messapus, And trappings witha flood of sweat regained. And now first sprent the landis with virgin light Aurora, leaving Tithon's saffron bed, The sun now shed upon them, objects now In light uncurtained. Tumus to their arms, In arms arrayed himself, his men awakes ; And musters each the bronzen lines his own. For battle, and with manifold reports 654 They whet their wrath. Yea, — piteous to be seen, — Impale they on the points of hoisted spears Euryalus' and Nisus' very heads. And follow in full shout. The sturdy yEneadoe Within the left-hand quarter of the walls Arrayed their line against them, — for the right 660 Is girdled by the stream, — and occupy Their trenches vast, and on the lofty towers In melancholy do they stand ; at once The heroes' heads impaled [their spirit] roused, But too familiar to their wretched [friends], And dripping with a sable gore. Meanwhile, Throughout the quaking city flitting round. The winged courier Rumor posts, and glides On to Euryalus's mother's ears. But suddenly the wretched [lady's] bones Their heat forsook ; the shuttle from her hands 671 649. " Aurora from old Tithon's frosty bed (Cold, wint'ry, wither'd Tithon) early creeps. Her cheek with grief was pale, with anger red. Out of her window close she blushing peeps ; Her weeping eyes in pearled dew she steejis." P. Fletcher, Piscatory Eclogues, vii. i. 657. So the Picts are said to have treated King Alpin : " That sacred head. Where late the Graces dwelt, and wisdom mild Subdued attention, ghastly, pale, deform'd. Of royalty despoil'd, by ruthless hands Fixt on a spear, the scoff of gazing crowds. Mean triumph, borne." Hamilton, Episode of the Thistle. 668. " This tattling gossip hath a thousand eyes ; Her airy body hath as many wings ; Now about Earth, now up to Heav'n she flies. And here and there with every breath she flings Hither and thither lies and tales she brinp." Drayton, Legend of Matilda the hatr, 14. " For evil news rides post, while good news baits." Milton, Samson Agtmistes. 671. " Too trew the famous Marincll it fownd ; Who, through late triall, on that wealthy strond Inglorious now lies in sencelcsse swownd Through heavy stroke of Britomartis bond. 254 V. 476—483. THE jENEID. V. 483—494. Was shaken out, the web, too, tumbled o'er. Forth flies she hapless, and, with woman's shriek. With tattered hair, the walls and foremost bands She wildly seeks with speed : not she of men. Not she of risk and weapons, heedful ; heaven Thereon with her complainings does she fill: ** Is't thus, Euryalus, I thee behold ? Couldst thou, that one, who wert the late repose Of my old age, O heartless, leave me lorn ? Neither to thee, upon such grievous risks Which when his mother dear did understond. And heavy tidings heard, whereas she playd Amongst her watry sisters by a pond, Gathering sweete daffadillyes, to have made Gay girlonds, from the Sun their forheads fayr to shade ; " Eftsoones both flowres and girlands far away She flong, and her faire deawy lockes yrent ; To sorrow huge she turnd her former play, And gamesom merth to grievous dreriment : She threw herself down on the continent, Ne word did speake, but lay as in a swowne, Whiles all her sisters did for her lament With yelling outcries, and with shrieking sowne ; And every one did tear hir girlond from her crowne." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 4, 29, 30. 674. " Her yellow locks that shone so bright and long, As sunny beames in fairest somers day, She fiersly tore, and with outragious wrong From her red cheeks the roses rent away : And her faire brest, the threasury of ioy. She spoyld thereof, and filled with annoy." Spenser, Astrophel, 27. " Th' inexorable hand of Fate Weighs down his eyelids, and the gloom of death His fleeting light eternally o'ershades. Him on Choaspes o'er the blooming verge A frantic mother shall bewail ; shall strew Her silver tresses in the crystal wave : While all the shores re-echo to the name Of Teribazus lost." Glover, Leojiidas, b. viii. 680. " My boy, my Arthur, my fair son ! My life, my joy, my food, my all the world ! My widow-comfort, and my sorrow's cure !" Shakespeare, K. John, iii. 4. " Does the kind root bleed out his livelihood In parent distribution to his branches. Adorning them with all his glorious fruits. Proud that his pride is seen when he's unseen : And must not gratitude descend again To comfort his old limbs in fruitless winter ?" Massinger, The Old Law, i. i. " Thou art the only comfort of my age ; Like an old tree I stand among the storms ; Thou art the only limb that I have left me, My dear green branch ; and how I prize thee. child. Heaven only knows." Lee, Theodosius, ii. i. Sent secretly, t'address her latest word, To thy sad mother were the means vouch- safed ? 683 Ah ! thou upon a land unknown, consigned A prey to Latin dogs and birds, dost lie ! Nor I thy mother, at thine obsequies Have led thee forth, or have I closed thine eyes. Or bathed thy wounds ; shrouding thee with the robe, Which I for thee quick hastened night and day, And with the loom an aged woman's cares Would comfort. Whither shall I follow thee ? 691 Or now what land thy joints, and wrenched limbs. And mangled carcass holds ? Is't this that thou Returnest to me of thyself, my son ? Is't this I've followed both by land and sea ? Pierce me, if ye have any duteousness ; On me launch all your darts, O Rutulans ; Me first annihilate ye with the sword ; 685. " O parents ruthful, and heart-renting sight ! To see that son, that your soft bosoms fed, His mother's joy, his father's sole delight. That with much cost, yet with more care, was bred, A spectacle, ev'n able to affright A senseless thing, and terrify the dead ! His dear, dear blood upon the cold earth pour'd. His quarter'd corse of crows and kites devour'd." Drayton, Barons^ Wars, ii. 67. " Besides remember this in chief: That, being executed, you deny To all his friends the rites of funeral. And cast his carcase out to dogs and fowls." J. Fletcher, The Bloody Brother, iii. i. 687. " Ah, too, the lustre of the eyes is fled ! Heavy and dull, their orbs neglect to roll. In motionless distortion stiff and fixed : Till by the trembling hand of watchful age .... Clos'd ; and, perhaps for ever ! ne'er again To open on the sphere, to drink the day." W. Thompson, Sickness, b. iii. 692. " This country here hath bred me, brought me up. And shall I now refuse a grave in her? I am in my second infancy, and children Ne'er sleep so sweetly in their nurse's cradle As in their natural mother's." Massinger, T7te Old Law, i. i. 694. Gustayus i 2& Arvida 6\e.%\ " Friend ! brother ! speak. — He's gone ; — and here is all That's left of him, who was my life's best treasure. How art thou fall'n, thou greatly valiant man ! In ruin graceful, like the warrior spear, Tho' shiver'd in the dust." Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, v. 7. 697, 8. " ' Why do I overlive? Why am I mock'd with death, and lengthen'd out To deathless pain ? How gladly would I meet Mortality, my sentence, and be earth Insensible ! How glad would lay me down V. 495— 502. BOOK IX. V 503 — 53'. 255 ( )r thou, great sire of gods, compassion take, And with thy bolt thrust down this hated head ^ 700 Beneath th' infernal realms ; since other- wise T cannot burst away a ruthless life." I ly tliis her weeping are their spirits shocked, And mournful walling spreads among them all: Their shattered pow'rs are listless for the frays. Her, as their sorrows she inflames, Idaeus And Actor, by direction of Ilioneus, And of lulus, weeping sorely, grasp. And 'tween their hands replace beneath her roof. As in my mother's lap ! There I should rest. And sleep secure Why comes not death,' Said he, ' with one thrice-acceptable stroke To end me V " Milton, P. L., b. x. " O amiable lovely death ! . . . . Arise forth from the couch of lasting night. Thou hate and terror to prosperity. And I will kiss thy detestable bones ; And put my eye-balls in thy vaulty brows : And ring these fingers with thy household worms : And stop this gap of breath with fulsome dust. And be a carrion monster like thyself." Shakespeare, K. yohn, iii. 4. 703. Grief is the greater suffering for the want of tears : " Is it at last then so ? Is he then dead ? What ! dead at last ? quite, quite, for ever dead ? There, there, I see him : there he lies, the blood Yet bubbling from his wounds. Oh, more than savage ! Had they or hearts or eyes that did this deed ? Could eyes endure to guide such cruel hands ? Are not my eyes guilty alike with theirs. That thus can gaze, and yet not turn to stone ? — I do not weep ! The springs of tears are dried ; And of a sudden I am calm, as if All things were well ; — and yet my husband's mur- dered ! Yes, yes, I know to mourn ! I'll sluice this heart. The source of woe, and let the torrent loose." Congreve, Mourning Bride, end. 705. " This melancholy flatters, but unmans you ; What is it else but penury of soul ; A lazy frost, a numbness of the mind. That locks up all the vigour to attempt?" Dryden, Cleotnenes, i. i. Glover attributes the same effect to tender music, :uid beautifully illustrates it : " In admiration mute, With nerves unbrac'd by rapture, he, entranc'd. Stands like an eagle, when his parting plumes The balm of sleep relaxes, and his wings Fall from his languid side." LeoniJas, b. vi. 709. They might have said to her : " Weep no more, nor sigh, nor groan ; Sorrow calls no time's that gone : Violets pluck'd the sweetest rain Makes not fresh, nor grow again. Trim thy locks, look cheerfully ; Fate's hid ends eyes cannot see : Toys as winged dreams fly fast ! Why should sadness longer last ? But fearful din the trumpet from afar Clanged forth from ringing bronze : a shout ensues, 711 And back the welkin roars. The Volsci haste At even pace, a vault of bucklers formed ; And they the trenches to fill up prepare, And root away the palisade. Some .seek An entrance, and with scaling-gear to climb The ramparts, where the line is thin, and light The ring lets through, not so compact with men. On th' other hand the Teucri shower forth All sort[s] of weaponry, and thrust them down 720 With sturdy poles, inured to guard their walls In their long war. Stones, too, with troublous weight They rolled, if they could any way break through The shielded line : while still it is their joy Beneath the serried vault of shields to bear All hazards. Neither do they now hold out : For, where th' enormous phalanx edges nigh. The Trojans roll alike and force along A monster pile, which whelmed the Rutuli Far- wide, and broke their canopy of arms. Nor further do the bold Rutulians seek 73 1 In blind encounter to engage, but strive To drive them from the palisade with darts. Elsewhere Mezentius, fearful to be viewed. Swayed an Etruscan pine, and on them flings Smoke-yielding fires. Moreo'er Messapus, Steed-tamer, Neptune's son, the palisade Tears down, and calls for ladders 'gainst the walls. You, O Calliope, do I entreat. Breathe on me as I sing what massacres There then with steel, what deaths, did Tumus cause ; 741 What hero each despatched adown to hell ; And the great outlines of the war with me Do ye unfold : for ye, O goddesses. Alike remember, and ye can record. There was a tower of colossal height And [flanked] with lofty bridges, by its place Grief is but a wound to woe : Gentlest fair, mourn, mourn no mo." Fletcher, The Queen 0/ Corinth, iii. 2. 717. " And now reduc'd on equal terms to fight. Their ships like wasted patrimonies show ; Where the thin scattering trees admit the light. And shun each other's shadows as they grow." Dryden, Annus Miraiilis, 126. 746. " And lifted up his loftie towres thereby. That they began to threat the neighbour sky." Spenser, Mothtr HubbenCs TaU. 256 V. 531—559. THE jENEID. V. 559—581. Of vantage ; which to th' utmost of their strength ' Th' Itahans struggled all to take by storm, And raze with fullest effort of their powers. The Trojans, on the other hand, with stones Protect it, and through hollow loopholes, close, 752 Their weapons launch upon them. In the van A flaring firebrand Tumus hurled amain. And to its side a blaze he fastened ; which All-potent through the wind, the plankings seized. And grappled to the uprights, inly gnawed. They, in confusion, are alarmed inside, And vainly from their evils wish escape. While they together crowd, and settle back Upon that side, which from the plague is free ; 761 Then with the sudden weight down fell the tower. And all the welkin thunders with the crash. To earth half-lifeless, with a monster mass Pursuing them, and stabbed by their own darts. And through their breasts with rigid wood transpierced. They swoop. With difficulty one, Helenor And Lycus 'scaped : of whom the tender- aged Helenor, — whom to the Maeonian king The slave Licymnia covertly had borne. And in forbidden armor sent to Troy, — Was light [accoutred] with a naked sword. And with a blank escutcheon unrenowned. And he, — when he perceived himself amid The heart of Turnus' thousands, Latin troops 775 On this side standing by, and troops on that ;— As [some] wild beast, which by a massive ring Of hunters pent, against their weapons storms. And flings her, not unknowing, on her death, And with a spring is borne beyond their spears : — 780 Not otherwise the stripling, doomed to die, Hurtles upon the centre of his foes. And, where he sees the weapons thickest, darts. But Lycus, far superior with his feet. Alike amid the foes, and 'mid their arms. In flight is holding on the walls, and strives To clutch the lofty copings with his hand, And reach the right hands of his comrades : whom Tumus, at once pursuing with full speed And dart, upbraids triumphant in these [terms] : 790 "Hast hoped, O madman, that thou couldst escape Our hands ?" At once he grasps him as he hangs. And with a mighty portion of the wall He tears him down : as when or hare, or swan Of snowy figure, hath the squire of Jove, Seeking the heights, upborne with hooky claws ; Or, by its mother sought with many a bleat, a lamb The wolf of Mars hath ravished from the cotes. In every quarter is a shout upraised. On rush they, and with rubbish fill the dykes : 800 Some volley blazing torches to the heights. Ilioneus [lays prostrate] with a rock. E'en a stupendous fragment of a mount, Lucetius, as he closes on the gate. And carries fires ; Liger Emathion fells, Asilas Corynaeus ; — one adept In javelin, in the far-deceiving bolt The other. Cseneus [kills] Ortygius, Turnus the conqu'ring Cseneus; Turnus [slays] Itys, and Clonius, Dioxippus, 810 And Promolus, and Sagaris, and Idas, As he is standing for the tower tops ; Capys Privernus. Him Themilla's nimble spear At first had grazed : he, — buckler cast away, — A hand in madness to the wound applied : So towards him flew the arrow on its wings, And to his left side fast the hand was nailed, And, inly buried, with a deathful wound The spirit's breathing passages it burst. In peerless arms the son of Arcens stood, 794. Spenser thus describes the whiteness of the swan: " With that I saw two swannes of goodly hewe Come softly swimming downe along the lee ; Two fairer birds I yet did never see : The snow, which doth the top of Pindus strew, Did never whiter shew. Nor Jove himselfe, when he a swan would be For love of Leda, whiter did appeare : Yet Leda was (they say) as white as he. Yet not so white as these, nor nothing near So purely white they were, That even the gentle stream, the which them bare, Seem'd foule to them, and bad his billowes spare To wet their silken feathers, least they might Soyle their fayre plumes with water not so fayre ; And marre their beauties bright. That shone as Heavens light." Prothalamion, st. 3. V, 582—605. BOOK IX. V. 606 — 609. 257 With needled cloak, and bright in dusky dye 82 1 Of Spain, distinguished in appearance ; whom His father Arcens had despatched, brought up Within his mother's grove, about the streams Of the Symaethus, where Palicus' altar [stands], Rich and appeasable. His whizzing sling, — Spears laid aside, — Mezentius e'en himself. Its thong indrawn thrice round his head, discharged. And in the centre clove apart his brows, As he confronted him, with molten lead. And stretched him prostrate on the plen- teous sand. . 831 Then first in battle is Ascanius said T' have aimed the nimble arrow, (hereto- fore Accustomed to alarm the flying beasts,) And with his hand t' have overthrown the brave Numanus, who had Remulus for surname ; And, lately wedded in the marriage bond, Had Tumus' younger sister [to his bride]. He, yelling out before the leading line [Words] seemly and unseemly to be named, And puffed in heart with novel kingship, stalked, 841 And moved him on, a giant, with the cry : '* Doth it not shame you to be closed again By siege and trench, ye Phrygians, cap- tived twice. And in the front of death to stretch your walls ? Lo ! [fools,] who matches with us claim to them By war ! What god, what madness, drove you on To Italy ? No sons of Atreus here, No, nor Ulysses, liar in his speech. Hardy from its original our race, 850 Our children to the rivers from the first We carry down, and in the felon frost. And in the waves we steel them ; for the chase Our boys are wakeful, and they tire the woods ; 852. " Heaven's arch is oft their roof, the pleasant shed Of oak and plane oft serves them for a bed. To suffer want, soft pleasure to despise, Run over panting mountains crown'd with ice. Rivers o'ercome, the wasted lakes appal, (licing to themselves oars, steerers, ships and all,) Is their renown : a brave all-daring race. Courageous, prudent, doth this climate grace." Drummond, The Speech 0/ Caledonia. 854. " Let Sloth lie softening till high noon in dowo. Or lolling fan her in the sultry tows, Their pastime is to manage steeds, and shafts To aim from bow. Yea, tolerant of toils, And used to scantness, either doth our youth Tame earth with harrows, or thrill towns with war. With iron every stage of life is worn, Unnerv'd with rest : and turn her own disease. Or foster others in luxurious ease : I mount the courser, call the deep-mouth'd hounds, The fox unkenncU'd flies to covert grounds; I lead where stags through tangled thickets tread, And shake the saplings with their branching head : I make the faulcons wing their airy way. And soar to seize, or stooping strike their prey ; To snare the fish I fix the luring bait : To wound the fowl I load the gun with fate." Parnell. Health. 855. " Oh ! he's all hero, scorns th' inglorious ease Of lazy Crete, delights to shine in arms. To wield the sword, and lanch the pointed spear: To tame the generous horse, that nobly wild Neighs on the hills, and dares the angry lion : To join the struggling coursers to his chariot. To make their stubborn necks the reins obey. To turn, to stop, or stretch along the plain." Smith, Pfuedra and Hippolytus, i. i . 857. " To dare boldly. In a fair cause, and, for their country's safety. To run upon the cannon's mouth undaunted ; To obey their leaders, and shun mutinies ; To bear with patience the winter's cold. And summer's scorching heat, and not to faint. When plenty of provision fails, with hunger ; — Are the essential parts make up a soldier." Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts, i. " Yet still, e'en here, content can spread a charm, Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm. Though poor the peasant's hut, his feasts though small, He sees his little lot the lot of all ; Sees no contiguous palace rear its head« To shame the meanness of his humble shed ; No costly lord the sumptuous banquet deal. To make him loathe his vegetable meal ; But calm, and bred in ignorance and toil, Each wish contracting, fits him to the soil. Cheerful at morn, he wakes from short repose. Breathes the keen air, and carols as he goes ; With patient angle trolls the finny deep. Or drives his vent'rous ploughshare to the steep ; Or seeks the den where snow-tracks mark the way. And drags the struggling savage into day. At night returning, ev'rj' labour sped. He sits him down the monarch of a shed ; Smiles by his cheerful fire, and round survc>'s His children's looks, that brighten at the blare While his lov'd partner, boastful of her hoard, Displays her cleanly platter on the board : And haply too some pilgrim, thither led. With many a tale repays the nightly bed." Goldsmith, Traveller. 859. " Nature, a mother kind alike to all. Still grants her bliss at labour's earnest call ; With food as well the peasant is supply'd On Idra's cliff as Arno's sheivy side ; A«d though the rocky-crested summits frown, ^^ These rocks, by custom, turn to beds of down." Ibid. S 258 V. 6o9 — 620. THE ^NEID. V. 621 — 641. And with the spear reversed our bullocks' backs 860 We harass ; nor doth sluggish eld impair The powers of our mind, and change their force. Hoar hairs with helm we press, and 'tis our joy To bring together booty ever fresh, And live by plunder. Broidered is your dress With saffron hue and shining purple dye ; Sloth is your heart['s delight] ; your joy it is To revel in the dance ; your tunics, too, Have sleeves, and lappets have your caps. O sooth Ve Phrygian girls, for you're no Phrygian men, 870 CiO through the lofty tops of Dindymus, Where gives the pipe to you, thereto inured, A melody [that rings] from double mouth. The timbrels, and the Berecynthian flute Of the Idsean mother summon you ; Leave arms to 7nen, and from the sword withdraw." 868. " Thee the voice, the dance, obey, Temper'd to thy warbled lay. O'er Idalia's velvet-green The rosy-crowned Loves are seen On Cytherea's day. With antic Fports and blue-ey'd pleasures. Frisking light in frolic measures ; Now pursuing, now retreating. Now in circling troops they meet : To brisk notes in cadence beating. Glance their many-twinkling feet." Gray, The Progress of Poesy. 870. " Where hast thou been since first the fight began. Thou less than woman in the shape of man ?" Dryden, The hidian Emperor, 1.2. 873. _ " Lycis dies. For boist'rous war ill-chosen. He was skill'd To tune the lolling flute, and melt the heart ; Or with his pipe's awak'ning strain allure The lovely dames of Lydia to the dance. They on the verdant level graceful mov'd In vary'd measures ; while the cooling breeze Hcneath their swelling garments wanton'd o'er Their snowy breasts, and smooth Cayster's stream. Soft-gliding, murmur'd by." Glover, Leonidas, b. viii. 876. " Remember whom you are to cope withal : A sort of vagabonds, rascals, run-aways, A scum of hretagnes, and base lackey peasants, AVhom their o'er-cloyed country vomits forth To desp'rate ventures, and assur'd destruction. You sleeping safe, they bring you to unrest ; You having lands, and bless'd with beauteous wives. They would distrain the one, distain the other. And who doth lead them, but a paltry fellow. Long kept in Bretagne at our mother's cost ; A milksop, one that never in his life Felt so much cold as over shoes in snow? Let's whip these stragglers o'er the seas again ; Lash hence these over-weening rags of France, I'hese famish 'd beggars, weary of their lives ; Who, but for dreaming on this fond exploit, The like as brags he in his speech, and chants His awful taunts, Ascanius brooked him not ; And, right in front, upon the horse-hair string He stretched the bolt, and, drawing out his arms 880 In opposite directions, took his stand, First humbly supplicating Jove by vows : " Almighty Jove, assist my bold emprise. Myself will, in thy honor, to thy fanes Bring yearly gifts, and 'fore thy altars place A snowy bullock with a gilded brow. And bearing on a level with the dam His head, who butts already with his horn, And tosses with his feet the sand." The father heard. And from a cloudless quarter of the sky He thundered on the left : the doom-fraught bow 891 At the same instant gives a twang. Forth flies. As fearfully it whirrs, the indrawn shaft. And pierces through the head of Remulus, And with the steel bores through his hollow brows. "Go, mock our valor with thy haughty prate ! Twice-captived Phrygians these replies return To Rutulans." Ascanius this alone. The Teucri follow with acclaim, and shout With joy, and raise his courage to the stars. In the celestial region then by chance 901 The tressed Apollo from above beheld The squadrons of Ausonia,and their town, — Sitting upon a cloud, — and in these [words] The conquering lulus he bespeaks : " Heav'n bless thee in thy virgin valor, boy ; For want of means, poor rats, had hang'd them- selves : If we be conquer'd, let men conquer us." Shakespeare, K. Richard III., v. iii. 900. " A valiant gentleman, whate'er thou art ! And, by mine honour, very nobly fought I have not seen, in all my life before. So young, and tender, and effeminate a face Father such rough and manly fortitude." Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, v. i. 902. " When good men pursue The path mark'd out by virtue, the blest saints With joy look on it, and seraphick angels Clap their celestial wings in heavenly plaudits. To see a scene of grace so well presented. The fiends, and men made up of envy, mourn- ing." Massinger, The Maid of Honour, v. 1. " He is like Nothing that we have seen, yet doth resemble Apollo, as I oft have fancied him. When, rising from his bed, he stirs himself And shakes day from his hair." Beaumont and Fletcher, Cupid's Revenge, i. 3. 906. " This brave youth, This bud of Mars, (for yet he is no riper,) V. 641 — 663. BOOK IX. V. 664 — 693. 259 1 hus to the stars advance is made, O thou By gods engendered, and to gender gods. All wars, which are by fate to come, beneath The line of Assarac shall duly sink 910 To rest ; nor thee doth Troy confine." At once These having spoken forth, from heav'n on high He throws himself, disparts the breathing gales, And seek Ascanius. Then in shape of face Is metamorphosed into Bates aged. He to the Dardan[-sprung] Anchises erst Was squire, and trusty warder at his gates : His sire then to Ascanius as his mate Consigned him. Paced Apollo,' like in all The aged [man] both in his voice and hue. And hoary locks, and armor, fell with din ; And in these words the hot lulus he 922 Accosts : *' Be it enough, ^neas-born. That by thy weapons hath Numanus fallen. With mischief none [to thee] : this maiden praise The great Apollo doth to thee allow, And grudgeth not equality in arms. P'orwhat remains, desist, O boy, from war." Thus saying, in the midst of his discourse Apollo quitted mortal ken, and far 930 To filmy air he vanished from his eyes. The Dardan chieftains recognised the god. And heav'nly shafts, and in his flight they heard His quiver rattling. Therefore at the words And will divine of Phoebus they restrain Ascanius, greedy of the fight : themselves Into the battle-strife once more advance. And on unhidden dangers fling their lives. When once he had drawn blood, and fleshed his sword. Fitted his manly metal to his spirit, How he bestirred him ! What a lane he made. And through their fiery bullets thrust securely. The hardened villains wondering at his confidence !" J. Fletcher, The Lover's Progress, i. 2. Ascanius might have said, with Melantius in The Maid's Tragedy, by Beaumont and Fletcher, iv. 2 : " When I was a boy, I thrust myself into my country's cause. And did a deed that pluck'd five years from time. And styl'd me man then." ' ' Come, brother John ; full bravely hast thou flesh'd Thy maiden sword." Shakespeare, \ K. Henry IV., v. 4. 928. Ascanius was probably inclined enough to quarrel with the inhibition. " A'. James. And whither art thou going, pretty Ned? Xed. To seek some birds, and kill them, if I can : And now my schoolmaster is also gone. So have I liberty to ply my bow : For, when he comes, I stir not from my book." R. Greene, George-a-Greene. A shout careers along the battlements Throughout the walls ; they briskly bend the bows, 940 And whirl the thong : with weapons all the ground Is strewed. Then bucklers and the hollow helms Give forth a ringing with the clash. A fight Fierce rises, fierce as, swooping from the west. Through [influence] of the rainy Kids, a shower Lashes the ground ; as storms, with plente- ous hail. Dash headlong on the floods, when Jupiter, With Austers dread, a wat'ry tempest hurls, And in the welkin brasts the hollow clouds . Pand'rus and Bitias, sprung from Ida-born Alcanor, whom within the holy wood 951 Of Jove the sylvan [nymph] laera reared, — Youths on a level with their native firs And mounts, — the gate, which at the chiefs command Was given to their charge, they open throw, Relying on their arms, and freely court The foe inside their walls. Themselves within Upon the right and left, before the towers Stand armed in steel, and glist'ring with their plumes Upon their stately heads : as, heaven-high, By rilling streams, or on the banks of Po, Or near sweet Athesis, in union mount A pair of oaks, and lift their heads un- shorn 963 Up to the sky, and nod with tow'ring crest. The Rutuli burst in, when they beheld A passage lying open. Quercens straight. And, beauteous in his arms, Aquicolus, And Tmarus, rash of soul, and warlike Haemon, With all their troops, or, routed, turned their backs. Or in the very threshold of the gate 970 Laid down their life. Then passion more and more Is waxing greater in their hostile souls ; And now, together massed, the Trojans crowd To the same point, and dare with hand to hand T' encounter, and to sally farther forth. To chieftain Tumus, at a ditPrent side While storming, and confounding troops, is brought The tidings, that the foe is all afire With slaughter fresh, and proffers open gates. 963. " Having their tops familiar with the sky." Dray toil, Folyolhwn, vii. K 2 2 6o V. 694—717. THE jENEID. V. 717—748. He quits his enterprise, and, roused by wrath Ferocious, dashes to the Dardan gate, 981 And the proud brothers ; and Antiphates The first, (for he himself presented first,) The bastard issue from a Theban dame Of high Sarpedon, with a jav'hn hurled Does he lay low : th' Italian cornel wings Through balmy air, and, in the gorget stuck, It penetrates beneath his bosom deep : The cavern of the sable wound returns A frothing wave, and in his pierced lung The iron heats. Then Merops with his hand He fells, and Erymas, Aphidnus then ; 992 Then Bitias, as he flashes with his eyes, And rages in his spirit, — not with dart: For not to dart would he have life resigned ; But, hissing loud, the whirled phalaric swooped, Shot like the levin ; which nor twain bull- hides, Nor trusty coat of mail, with double plate And gold withstood : together sinking fall His giant limbs. The earth gives forth a groan, looo And o'er him thunders his colossal shield. Suchlike at times on the Euboean strand Of Baice doth a stony structure sink, Which, whilom built of mountain piles, they fling In ocean : thus it headlong trails a wreck. And, dashed upon the shoals, sinks quite to rest ; Tlie seas embroil them and the swarthy sands Are heaved. Then quakes with din high Prochyta, And, — flinty couching-place, — Inarime, By Jove's commands upon Typhoeus placed. Here armor-puissant Mars imparted soul 989. If "cavern" be thought too strong for English usage, it is easy to substitute " hollow " or "opening." 1000, I. Spenser speaks similarly of the fall of the giant's club, in the duel with Arthure : " Therewith the gyaunt buckled him to fight, Inflamd with scornefuU wrath and high disdaine. And lifting up his dreadfull club on hight, All armd with ragged snubbes and knottie graine, Him thought at first encounter to have slaine. But wise and wary was that noble pere ; And, lightly leaping from so monstrous maine, Did fayre avoide the violence him nere ; It booted nought to thinke such thunderbolts to beare ; " Ne shame he thought to shonne so hideous might : The ydle stroke, enforcing furious way, Missing the marke of his misaymed sight, Did fall to ground, and with his heavy sway So deepely dinted in the driven clay, That three yardes deepe a furrow up did throw : The sad earth, wounded with so sore assay, Did grone full grievous underneath the blow ; And, trembling with strange feare, did like an erthquake show." F. Q., i. 8, 7, 8. And vigor to the Latins, and he turned His pungent goads beneath their breast, and sent 1013 Upon the Trojans Flight and gloomy Fear. From ev'ry quarter they together flock. Since opportunity of fight is given, And on their spirit falls the warrior-god. As soon as Pandarus his brother sees With outstretched carcass, and in what estate Their fortune stands, what chance directs affairs : 1020 The gate upon its veering hinge he wheels With force prodigious, with his shoulders broad Against it bearing, and leaves many of his [friends] In the sore contest from the walls shut out ; But others of them with himself shuts in, And as they rush along admits them : fool ! Who could not see in centre of the troop The king of the Rutulians hurtling on. But pent him in the town by his own act. Like [some] huge tiger 'mong the passive flocks. 1030 Straight from his eyes beamed forth un- wonted light. And fearfully his armor clanged ; his plumes Of bloody color quiver on his head, And flashing levins from his shield he darts. The kneads, troubled on a sudden, know His hated visage and his giant limbs. Then Pandarus, the mighty, forward springs. And, hot with choler at a brother's death. Speaks forth : " This is not, of thy dowry [share], Amata's palace ; nor doth Ardea's heart Incloister Turnus in his native walls. 1041 Hostile encampments thou beholdest : hence There is no power to escape." To him The smiling Turnus with a breast composed: * ' Begin, if any prowess in thy soul [There dwelleth], and thy right hand close engage ; To Priam thou shalt say, that here as well There hath been an Achilles found :" he said. The other, straining with his utmost strength, A spear hurls forth upon him, rough with knots, And bark untrimmed. The gales caught up the wound ; 105 1 Saturnian Juno coming turned it off. And on the gate the spear is stuck. ' ' But not This weapon, which with pow r wields my right hand, Shalt thou escape : for no such [warrior] he, The sender of the weapon and the wound." 1029. Que, if rendered " and," would make the passage unintelligible. V. 749—774- BOOK IX. ▼. 775—789. 261 Thus speaks he, and he rises up aloft On his uplifted sword, and with the steel His middle brow, betwixt the temples twain, He rives asunder, and the hairless cheeks, With an enormous wound. A crash is raised: The earth is with the giant load convulsed. His sinking limbs and arms, blood-stained with brains, 1063 He stretches as he dies upon the ground ; And down his head on this side and on that In equal parts from either shoulder hung. The Trojans, wheeled around with quaking dread, In all directions fly, and if that thought Had straightway to the conqueror oc- curred, — To burst the bolts asunder with his hand. And through the gates to let his comrades in,— 1071 That day would to the war and race have proved Their last. But frenzy, and the madding lust Of slaughter, drove him burning on his foes In front. First Phalaris he overtakes. And hamstrung Gyges ; then he flings the spears, Reft from them, on the fliers on their back : Juno the powers and the soul supplies. He Halys adds their comrade, Phegeus too. With shield transpierced ; then wareless on the walls, 1080 And rousing Mars, Alcander e'en and Haliu5, Noemon too and Prytanis, Lynceus, against him moving in advance, And calling on his mates, with waving sword He, straining ev'ry effort, from the mound Deftly anticipates ; his head, struck off" In close encounter at a single blow. Lay far away together with his helm. Next Amycus, destroyer of wild-beasts. Than whom none other was more fortunate In ointing jav'lins, and in arming steel With poison ; Clytius, too, of /Eolus 1092 The son, and Cretheus, of the Muses friend, 1073. See note on 1. 501, 2. 1093-6, Ben Jonson has a noble oassage, in which he contrasts the good poet with the bad : " I can refell opinion, and approve The state of poesy, such as it is, Blessed, eternal, and most true divine : Indeed, if you will look on poesy. As she appears in many, poor and lame, Patch'd up in remnants and old worn-out rags, Half starv'd for want of her peculiar food. Sacred invention ; then, I must confirm Both your conceit and censure of her merit : But view her in her glorious ornaments. Attired in the majesty of art. Set high in spirit with the precious taste Of sweet philosophy ; and, which is most. Cretheus, the Muses' comrade, in whose heart Songs ever [dwell], and citherns, and [the love] to strain His numbers on the strings : he ever used, Horses, and heroes' arms, and fights, to chant. At length, [when now] the slaughter of their men Is heard, the Trojan chiefs in conclave meet, Mnestheus and keen Serestus, and they see Their comrades flying and a foe let in. And Mnestheus: "Whither, whither next do ye 1 102 Your flight advance?" he cries; "what other walls. What buildings, now beyond do ye possess ? Shall one man, — [he] too, O my citizens, Walled by your ramparts in on ev'ry side, Such fearful massacres have, unamerced. Throughout the city dealt ? So many chiefs Of youths despatched to Orcus ? Do ye not For your unhappy land, and ancient gods, And great /Eneas, dastard [as ye be]. Both pity feel and shame ?" They, fired by such, 1 1 12 Are reassured, and stand in serried host. By slow degrees 'gan Turnus to retreat Crown'd with the rich traditions of a soul, That hates to have her dignity prophaned With any relish of an earthly thought : — Oh then how proud a presence doth she bear ! Then is she like herself, fit to be seen Of none but grave and consecrated eyes. Nor is it any blemish to her fame That such lean, ignorant, and blasted wits. Such brainless gulls, should utter their stolen wares With such applauses in our vulgar ears ; Or that their slubber'd lines have current pass From the fat judgments of the multitude ; But that this barren and infected age. Should set no difference 'twixt these empty spirits, And a true poet ; than which reverend name Nothing can more adorn humanity." Every Man in his Humour, v. i, Gifford's note, p. 157, ed. 1816. iio?-i2. " He call'd so loud, that all the hollow deep Of Hell resounded. ' Princes, potentates. Warriors, the flower of Heaven ! once yours, now lost; If such astonishment as this can seize Eternal spirits : or have ye chosen this place After the toil of battle to repose Your wearied virtue, for the ease you find To slumber here, as in the vales of Heaven f Or in this abject posture have ye sworn To adore the conaueror, who now beholds Cherub and seraph rolling in the flood. With scatter'd arms and ensigns ; till anon His swift pursuers from Heaven-gates discern The advantage, and, descending, tread us down Thus drooping, or with linked thunderbolts Transfix us to the bottom of this gulf? Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen !' " Milton, P. L., b. i. 262 V. 789 — 805. THE JENEID. V. 805—818. From the engagement, and to seek the stream, And quarter which is skirted by its wave. Thereby more keenly, with a mighty shout, The Trojans ply them, and compact their band : As when a troop with hostile weapons galls A furious lion ; but affrighted he, 1120 Fell, grimly scowling, backward draws away ; And neither rage nor prowess him allow To turn his back, nor, — sooth desiring this,— Is he against it able to advance. For weaponry and men. Not otherwise, The doubting Turnus back withdraws his steps. Not hurried, and his soul boils up with wrath. Moreo'er he even then had twice assailed The centre of his foes ; he turns their troops Along the ramparts routed twice in flight. But all the host in hurry from the camp Collects in one ; nor strength against them dares 1132 Saturnian Juno to supply ; for Jove Sent down the airy Iris from the sky, Bearing his sister no silk-soft behests If Turnus from the Teucri's lofty walls Should not retire. So, neither with his shield. Nor his right hand, the youth so rude [a shock] Is able to withstand : he thus with darts. From all sides showered down, is over- whelmed, 1 1 40 Rings with unceasing clank the casque around His hollow brows, and with the stones [its plates] Of massive bronze gape open, and its plumes Are torn from off his head ; nor boss avails Against their dints : redouble with their spears Both Trojans, and e'en thundering Mnes- theus. Then All o'er his body perspiration drips. And drives, — nor pow'r to breathe, — a swarthy tide ; A sickly panting shakes his jaded joints. He then at lengthheadforemost with a spring In all his armor flung him on the flood. This caught the comer with its yellow gulf, And bore him up on gentle waves, and blithe, 1 153 The blood washed off, restored him to his mates. BOOK X. Meanwhile all-powerful Olympus' dome Is opened, and the father of the gods. And monarch of mankind, a congress calls To his star-gemmed abode, wherefrom aloft On all the lands he gazes, and the camp Of the Dardanians, and the Latin tribes. They take their seats in double-gated halls. Himself begins : " Great denizens of heaven. Pray why is your decision backward turned, Line 6. " The great seraphic lords and cherubim In close recess and secret conclave sat ; A thousand demigods on golden seats, Frequent and full." Milton, P. L., b. i. Olympus' gates unfold ; in heaven's high towers Appear in council all th' immortal powers. Great Jove above the rest exalted sate. And in his mind revolved succeeding fate ; His awful eye with ray superior shone. The thunder-grasping eagle guards his throne ; On silver clouds the great assembly laid. The great creation at one view surveyed." Gay, The Fan, ii. 1-8. And ye so fiercely strive with hostile souls? I had refused that Italy in war 11 Should clash with Teucer's sons; what variance this 10. " Ay me ! what thing on Earth, that all thing breeds. Might be the cause of so impatient plight? What furie, or what feend, with felon deeds Hath stirred up so mischievous despight ? Can griefe then enter into heavenly harts. And pierce immortall breasts with mortall smarts?" Spenser, Teares of the Muses, 8. 12. The evil effects of dissension are charmingly described by Shakespeare, who makes Titania say to Oberott : " These are the forgeries of jealousy; And never, since the middle summer's spring, Met we on hill, in dale, forest, or mead. By paved fountain, or by rushy brook. Or on the beached margent of the sea. To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind. But with thy brawls thou hast disturb'd our sport. Therefore the winds, piping to us in vain. As in revenge, have suck'd up from the sea Contagious fogs ; which, falling in the land. Have every pelting river made so proud. That they have overborne their continents : V. 9— a 6. BOOK X, V. 27—57. 363 Against my inhibition ? What alarm Or these, or those, hath moved to follow arms, And to provoke the sword ? The proper time, — Forestall it not, — for conflict will arrive, When fierce Carthago on the Roman heights One day gigantic ruin, and the Alps, Unlocked, shall loose. It then will be allowed To strive in hatred, then to force events. Now cease, and glad adjust a league agreed." 21 These Jupiter in few ; but not a few The golden Venus in reply returns : *' O father, O thou everlasting power O'er men and things, — for now what is there else We can entreat ? — dost thou perceive how mock The Rutuli, and Tumus through the midst Is borne along, conspicuous in steeds, And dashes forward, puffed with fav'ring Mars ? Their fenced works screen not the Teucri now ; 30 Moreo'er, they battle join inside the gates, And in the very bulwarks of the walls ; And overflow the trenches with their blood, .^neas, wareless of it, is away. Wilt thou ne'er let them be relieved from siege ? Once more upon the walls of infant Troy The ox hath therefore stretch'd his yoke in vain. The ploughman lost his sweat ; and the green com Hath rotted, ere his youth attained a beard : The fold stands empty in the drowned field. And crows are fatted with the murrain flock : The nine men's morris is fiU'd up with mud ; And the quaint mazes in the wanton green. For lack of tread are undistinguishable. The human mortals want their winter cheer ; No night is now with hymn or carol blest : — Therefore the moon, the governess of floods. Pale in her anger, washes all the air. That rheumatic diseases do abound. And thorough this distemperature, we see The seasons alter : hoary-headed ("rosts Fall in the fresh lap of the crimson rose ; And on old Hyems' chin, and icy crown, An odorous chaplet of sweet summer buds Is, as in mockery, set. The spring, the summer. The childing autumn, angry winter, change Their wonted liveries ; and the mazed world. By their increase, now knows not which is which : And this same progeny of evil comes From our debate, from our dissension : We are their parents and original." M idsummer Night's Dream, ii. 2. ao. Does it not seem more natural to apply res rapuisse to the gods, whom Jupiter is addressing, and more dignified to make them anxious rather for activity than for plunder? The foeman hangs, aye e'en another host ; Once more, too, 'gainst the Trojans rises up From the JEioW^vn. Arpi Tydeus' son. I sooth believe that wounds remain for me, And I, thy offspring, human arms await ! If without thy permission, and despite 42 Thy heav'nly will, the Trojans Italy Have sought, — their errors let them ex- piate ; Neither do thou assist them with thy aid : But if, in their pursuance of replies So many, which the deities on high, And Manes, deigned j why now can any one Upset thy laws, or why new fates devise ? For what should I recall the ships burnt up On Eryx's strand ? For what the king of storms 51 And blasts of fury, from ^I^^olia roused ? Or Iris, from the clouds despatched ? Now e'en The Manes, — this department of the world Remained untried, — she stirs, and, on the upper realms Let loose upon a sudden, hath throughout The central cities of the Itali Allecto revelled. Not a whit concerned For universal sway am I : those hopes We cherished while our fortune stood : let those 60 Prevail, whom thou would'st rather should prevail. If lies no district, which to Teucer's sons Thy flinty consort may vouchsafe, — O sire. By ruined Troja's smoking wreck I crave, Be it allowed [to me] from arms to send Ascanius safe away ; be it allowed My grandson may survive. Let, — if you will,— /Eneas be on unknown billows tossed. And whatsoever path shall Fortune deign. Let him pursue : this [boy] may I have power 70 To screen, and steal him from the awful fight. Amath is [mine, mine] lofty Paphus is, And high Cythera, and Idalia's home : Arms laid aside, here let him pass unfamed His life. With sovereign sway Carthago bid To gall Ausonia : naught to Tyrian towns Shall from this quarter in resistance rise. What boots it to escape the plague of war. And midway to have fled through Grecian fires. And that so many dangers of the sea, 80 80. See note on yffx. v. 854. 264 V. 57—79- THE ^NEID. V. 79 — lOT. And land unbounded, to their dregs are drained, While Latium and a re-arising Pergamus The Teucri seek ? Had it not better proved On the last ashes of their native land T' have settled down, and on the ground whereon Troy stood ? The Xanthus and the Simois, I pray, restore them [in their] wretched [plight] ; And llian's haps once more to undergo, O father, to the Teucer-race vouchsafe." Then royal Juno, spurred by heavy rage : " Why dost thou drive me silence deep to break, 91 And blaze abroad in words a smothered grief? Hath any one of men and gods compelled .^neas wars to follow, or himself A foe on king Latinus to inflict ? Italia, fates the movers, he hath sought : — Be it so ; — by Cassandra's frenzies driven : Have we advised him to forsake his camp, Or trust his life to winds ? Or to a boy The head administration of a war, 100 Or ramparts, to confide ? and agitate A Tyrrhene covenant, or tribes at peace ? What deity, what rigid force of ours. Hath driven him to the blunder ? Where is here Juno, or Iris, from the clouds sent down ? A scandal is it that the Itali Your baby Troy with blazes should invest, And Turnus settle in his native land. Who had Pilumnus for his father's sire, Whose mother was Venilia the divine : — What ! are the Trojans with a murky torch Upon the Latins violence to bring ? 112 The fields of others 'neath their yoke to gall, And carry off the plunder? What ! to cheat 84. " Wasted it is, as if it never were ; And all the rest, that me so honord made. And of the world admired ev'rie where. Is tumd to smoake, that doth to nothing fade ; And of that brightnes now appears no shade, But grieslie shades, such as doo haunt in hell With fearfull fiends, that in deep darknes dwell. ** Where my high steeples whilom usde to stand. On which the lordly faulcon wont to towre, There now is but an heap of lyme and sand For the shriche-owle to build her balefull bowre : And where the nightingale wont forth to powre Her restles plaints, to comfort wakefull lovers. There now haunt yelling mewes and whining plovers." Spenser, The Rtiines of Tune, 18, 19. 89. " Didst thou to Heaven address the forceful prayer. Fold thy fair hands, and raise the mournful eye. Implore each power benevolent to spare. And call down Pity from the sjolden sky ?" Langhorne, To Miss Cracroft, 1763. Brides' fathers, and from [people's] laps to filch Betrothed [maids] ? With hand to sue for peace, Ahead upon their ships to fasten arms ? ^neas thou art able to withdraw From hands of Greeks, and in a hero's stead To spread in front a cloud and empty gales ; And thou art able to transshape his fleet Into as many nymphs : — that we, on th' other side, 122 In aught should aid Rutulians, — is 't a crime ? .^neas, wareless of it, is away, — And let him, wareless of it, be away. Paphus belongs to thee, Idalium too, And high Cythera : wherefore dost thou goad A city big with wars, and rugged hearts ? Are we 'gainst thee thy Phrygia's frail estate Attempting from its base to' overthrow ? We ? or [the hero] who to Greeks exposed The wretched sons of Troy ? What was the ground 132 That Europe e'en and Asia rose at once To arms, and broke the treaties by in- trigue ? With me for captain did th' adulterer [Of] Dardan [line] on Sparta make assault ? Or was it I that furnished him with arms ? Or have I fostered wars by means of lust ? It then became thee to have feared for thine ; Thou, now too late, with thy unrighteous plaints 140 Art rising up, and flinging bootless brawls." In such did Juno plead ; and murmured all The denizens of heaven with assent Diversified : as first[-arising] gales, When intercepted, murmur in the woods, And roll the smothered whisperings along, To mariners disclosing blasts to come. Then the almighty father, [he], to whom The sovereign power o'er the universe [Belongs], commences. As he speaks, 150 The gods' exalted mansion drops to rest, 142, 3. " He scarce had finish'd, when such murmur fill'd Th' assembly, as when hollow rocks retain The sound of blustering winds, which all nightlong Had roused the sea, now with hoarse cadence lull Seafaring men o'er-watch'd, whose bark by chance, Gr pinnace, anchors in a craggy bay After the tempest : such applause was heard As Mammon ended." Milton, P. /-., b. ii. 151. " But as the Colchian sorceress, renown'd In legends old, or Circe, when they fram'd A potent spell, to smoothness charm'd the main. V. loa — 117. BOOK X, r. 118— 145. 365 And earth, compelled to quiver to its base ; The lofty sky is hushed ; then Zephyrs lulled ; The ocean quells to calm his surface-waves. ** Receive then in your minds, and these my words Imprint ye. Since that Ausons should be yoked In league with Teucer's sons 'tis not allowed, Nor your disunion of a close admits, Whatever fortune doth to each belong This day, whatever hope may each carve out, 160 Whether he Trojan or Rutulian be, Without distinction I shall [all] regard : Whether through fates their camp is held by siege Of Itali, or through the ill mistake, And inauspicious oracles of Troy. Neither do I the Rutulans release. To each shall his own enterprises bring Or suflf'ring, or success : king Jupiter To all the same : the Fates a path shall find." He by his Stygian brother's floods, by banks, 1 70 That seethe with pitch and sooty whirlpool, nods. And by the nod made all Olympus quake. This th' end of speaking. From his throne of gold Then Jove arises, whom the denizens Of heav'n amidst them to the doors escort. And lull'd ^olian rage by mystic song, Till not a billow heav'd against the shore, Nor ev'n the wanton-winged Zephyr breath'd The lightest whisper through the magic air : So, when thy voice, Leonidas, is heard, Confusion listens ; ire in silent awe Subsides." Glover, Leonidas, b. ix. 174, 5. " Thus saying rose The Monarch, and prevented all reply. * * • * But they Dreaded not more th' adventure than his voice Forbidding ; and at once with him they rose : Their rising all at once was as the sound Of thunder heard remote. Towards him they bend With awful reverence prone. " The Stygian council thus dissolved : and forth In order came the grand infernal Peers. Midst came their mighty Paramount, and seem'd Alone th' antagonist of Heaven, nor less Than Hell's dread emperor, with pomp supreme And godlike imitated state : him round A globe of fiery Seraphim enclosed With bright emblazonry and horrid arms. Then of their session ended they bid cry With trumpets' regal sound the great result. Towards the four winds four speedy Cherubim Put to their mouths the sounding alchemy, By heralds' voice explain'd : the hollow abyss Heard far and wide, and all the host of Hell With deafening shout retum'd them loud acclaim." Milton, P. L., b. ii. Meanwhile the Rutuli at all the gates Press round to lay the men in slaughter low. And wrap the walls in flames. But th' ylineads' host Within their trenches by blockade are kept ; Nor any hope of their escape. Distressed, They stand upon the lofty tow'rs in vain. And with a scanty ring beset the walls. Asius Imbrasides, and Hicetaon-sprung Thymoetes, and the twain Assaraci, 184 And Thymbris aged, with Castor — the front line. These both Sarpedon's brothers, Claras e'en And Themon, company from Lycia high. With his whole body straining, brings a stone. Immense, no trifling portion of a mount, Lyrnesian Acmon, neither to his sire 190 Clytius inferior, neither to his brother Menestheus. These with javelins, those with stones, Endeavor at defence, and fire to wield, And fit them arrows to the string. Him- self, Among the midmost the all-righteous care Of Venus, the Dardanian boy, behold ! Upon his comely head uncovered, gleams As doth a jewel, which the yellow gold Disparts, a grace to either neck or head ; Or as, through skilfulness inlaid in box, Or ebony Orician, iv'ry shines : — 201 Whose streaming locks his milk-white neck receives. And band that ties them up with yielding gold. Thee also, Ism'rus, high-souled nations saw Wounds aiming, and with poison-arming bolts, O gentle scion from a Lydian house : Where tilths of richness work alike the swains. And waters them Pactolus with his gold. There, too, was Mnestheus, whom the late renown Of Turnus, from the bulwark of the walls Forced back, on high upraises ; Capys, too : 207, 8. " Where palaces, and fanes, and villas rise. And gardens smile around, and cultur'd fields. And fountains gush ; and careless herds and flocks Securely stray ; a world within itself, Disdaining all assault. There let me draw Ethereal soul, there drink reviving gales. Profusely breathing from the spicy groves. And vales of fragrance ; there at distance hear The roaring floods, and cataracts, that sweep From disembowcl'd Earth the virgin gold." Thomson, Summer. 266 V. 145 — 167. THE jENEID. V. 167 — t: Hence is derived the Campan city's name. These 'tween them had the frays of rugged war 213 Encountered : in the middle of the night The narrows was ^neas cutting through. For when he, ent'ring the Etrurian camp, [Come] from Evander, to the king repairs, And tells the king alike his name and race ; E'en what he seeks, and what he brings himself; What arms Mezentius to his party wins, And Turnus' furious passions, deep ex- plains ; 221 Reminds him what should be the trust in human things ; And blends entreaties : — there is no delay : Tarcho unites his pow'rs, and strikes a league. Then uncontrolled by fate, on board their fleet Embarks the Lydian nation, by behests Of gods entrusted to a foreign chief. The galley of ^neas keeps the van. With Phrygian lions yoked beneath her beak ; An Ida overhangs them from above, 230 All-pleasing to the wand'ring Teucri. Here The great ^neas sits, and with himself Revolves the diff 'rent issues of the war ; And Pallas, to his side upon the left Attached, now questions him about the stars, [Guides of] their voyage through the dark- some night ; Now what he bore alike by land and sea. Now open Helicon, O goddesses. And stir ye up my lays ; — what host mean- while Attends ^neas from the Tuscan coasts. And mans his ships, and o'er the deep is borne. 241 First, in the bronze-beaked "Tigress" Massicus Cuts through the surface-waters, under whom There is a brigad of a thousand youths, 228-30. The commentators here find a difficulty in explaining how, in the short space of a single day, a ship should be provided with a figure-head, embodying Trojan traditions. Forbiger seems to think that it is easily got rid of, by the plea, that Virgil writes as a poet, rather than as a historian ; and that, if he succeed in pleasing his readers, he has done all that can well be expected of him. Yet this seems but sorry argument, when an author outrages probability without the slightest necessity to justify it. Indeed it is quite amusing to see how the admirers of Virgil defend him on all occasions, no matter what he says. In the present instance it is evident enough that he has been guilty of an oversight, though he is allowed to be one of the most correct writers that ever wrote. Who Clusium's walls, and who the city Cos3e, left : Whose weapons arrows be, and quivers light Upon their shoulders, and the deathful bow: Along with him the grisly Abas sailed : His squadron wholly in distinguished arms, And with a gilt Apollo gleamed the stern. His native Populonia had to him 251 Six hundred youths vouchsafed, adepts in war ; But Ilva thrice a hundred men, an isle Bounteous in Chalybs' inexhausted mines. The third, Asylas, of mankind and gods That famous seer, whom entrails of the flocks. Whom stars of heav'n, obey, and tongues of birds. And fires of flash foresightful, hurries on His thousand, close in line and bristling spears. These orders to be subject [to his sway] Pisa, Alphsean from its origin, 261 A town in site Etruscan. Follows on All-beauteous Astur, Astur on his steed Relying, and in arms of motley hue. Three hundred, — in them all the one re- solve Of following him, — contribute they, who dwell In Caere's home, they who in Minio's fields : And ancient Pyrgi, and Gravisca; healthless. I could not pass thee o'er, O Cinyra, The Ligurs' chief, all-chivalrous in war, And [thee,] Cupavo, companied by few. From crest of whom swan's plumes arise. Your fault 272 Was love, and th' emblem of your father's shape. 254. Garth describes other mines : " Now those profounder regions they explore. Where metals ripen in vast cakes of ore. Here, sullen to the sight, at large is spread The dull unwieldy mass of lumpish lead. There, glimmering in their dawning beds, are seen The light aspiring seeds of sprightly tin. The copper sparkles next in ruddy streaks. And in the gloom betrays its glowing cheeks. The silver then, with bright and burnish'd grace, Youth and a blooming lustre in his face. To th' arms of those more yielding metals flies. And in the folds of their embraces lies." Dispensary, c. vi. 71-82. Perhaps the line in the version ought to be ren- dered : " Bounteous in Chalybes' exhaustless mines :" that is, viewing inexhaustis, v. 174, as if an adjec- tive in bills ; which principle must certainly be fol- lowed in the case of iiivictum, v. 243. Marston and Milton have both " unvalued" for " invaluable." V. 189—374. BOOK X, ▼. 214 — 217. 267 For they report that Cycnus, in his woe For his belovM Phaeton, among The leaves of poplar and his sisters' shade, The while he chants, and comforts with his Muse His mournful love, old age brought on him, silv'ring o'er With downy feather, as he leaves the lands. And follows with his note the stars. His son, 280 Attending in the fleet his fellow troops. The mighty " Centaur" forces on with oars : It stands upon the water, and, a rock Stupendous on the billows, threats aloft, And furrows seas profound with lengthful keel. Famed Ocnus.also, from his native coasts His host awakens, of prophetic Manto And of the Tuscan stream the son, who gave Thy walls, O Mantua, and his mother's name To thee, in ancestry, O Mantua, rich : 290 But not the same the pedigree of all. A threefold race is her's ; quadruple tribes Under each race ; herself of tribes the head ; From Tuscan blood her strength [derived]. Here too Five hundred 'gainst himself Mezentius arms, Whom Mincius, from his sire Benacus [sprung]. Encircled with a reed of ocean-green. Brought in a hostile galley to the seas. Unwieldy moves Aulestes, and the waves. Uprising, lashes with a hundred trees : 300 The waters foam, their surface swept. Bears him The monster "Triton," e'en the sea-green floods Affrighting with his shell ; whose shaggy front, In swimming, to the waist the human shape Displays, the belly in a pristis ends ; In foam, below his semi-savage chest, The billow brawls. So many chosen chiefs Advanced in thrice ten vessels, for support 274. In this difficult passage, which is either cor- rupted by the scribes, or discreditable to the poet, Trapp seems to take a sounder view than Wagner and Forbiger. It seems preferable to look upon vestrum, v. 188, as applying to Cinyra and Cupavo, regarding them as brothers. The gue '\n/ormcegue seems fatal to Wagner's in- terpretation ; while the main objection to Trapp's is the singular ^//«j ; which may yet be well con- fined to Cinyra, who was evidently a person of greater consequence than the other. 308. " Suppose that you have seen The well-appointed king at Hampton Pier Embark his royalty ; and his brave fleet With aJken streamers the young Phoebus fanning Of Troy, and cut with bronze the plains of salt. And now had day retreated from the sky. And, bounteous, in her car that strays by night, 311 Was Phoebe striking the meridian heaven : iEneas, — for anxiety vouchsafes Play with your fancies, and in them behold Upon the hempen tackle ship-boys climbing ; Hear the shrill whistle, which doth order give To sounds confus'd ; behold the threaden sails. Borne with th' invisible and creeping wind, Draw the huge bottoms through the furrow'd sea. Breasting the lofty surge. O ! do but think You stand upon the rivage, and behold A city on th' inconstant billows dancing ; For so appears this fleet majestical, Holding due course to Harfleur." Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iii. chorus. 313, 314. " Soft pow'r of slumbers, dewy-feather'd Sleep, Kind nurse of nature ! whither art thou fled, A stranger to my senses, weary'd out With pain, and aching for thy presence ? Come, O come ! embrace me in thy liquid arms : Exert thy drowsy virtue ; wrap my limbs In downy indolence, and bathe in balm." " Indulgent quit Thy couch of poppies ! steal thyself on me, (In rory mists sutfus'd and clouds of gold) On me, thou mildest cordial of the world ! " The shield his pillow in the tented field. By thee the soldier, bred in iron war. Forgets the mimic thunders of the day. Nor envies Luxury her bed of down. Rock'd by the blast, and cabin'd in the storm. The sailor hugs thee to the doddering mast, Of shipwreck negligent while thou art kind. The captive's freedom, thou ! the labourer's hire ; The beggar's store ; the miser's better gold ; The health of sickness, and the youth of age 1 At thy approach the wrinkled front of Care Subsides into the smooth expanse of smiles ; And, stranger far ! the monarch, crowned by thee. Beneath his weight of glory gains repose. " What guilt is mine, that I alone am wake, Ev'n though my eyes are seal'd, am wake alone ? Ah ! seal'd, but not by thee." W. Thompson, Sickness, b. iv. " Thierry. One of you sleep ; Lie down and sleep here, that I may behold What blessed rest it is my eyes are robb'd of. \^An Attendant lies dtKvn. See, he can sleep, sleep any where, sleep now. When he that wakes for him can never slumber ! Is't not a dainty ease ? Second Doctor. Your grace shall feel it. Thierry. Oh, never I, never. The eyes of heaven See but their certain motions, and then sleep ; The rages of the ocean have their slumbers And quiet silver calms ; each violence Crowns in his end a peace ; but my fijc'd fires Shall never, never set !" Beaumont and Fletcher, Thierry and Theodaret, v. 2. Malevole cannot sleep from discontent : " I cannot sleep : my eyes' ill-neighbouring lids Will hold no fellowship. O thou pale sober night. Thou that in sluggish fumes all sense dost steep ; Thou that giv'st ^I the world full leave to play. i68 V. 217 — 229. THE .ENEID. V. 230 — 251. His limbs no rest, — himself e'en, sitting down, Both guides the tiller, and attends the sails. And lo ! there meets him in his middle course A choir of his companion [maidjs : the Nymphs, Whom had the boon Cybebe bid enjoy The godship of the sea, and Nymphs be- come From ships, with even motion swam along. And cut the surges, many as erewhile 321 Bronze-beaked stems had rested by the shore. They at a distance recognise the king, And in their circling dances course around. Of whom the one, who was most learned in speech, Cymodocea, following in his wake, With right hand grasps the stern, and with her back Herself o'ertops [the deep], and with the left Behind him sculls upon the quiet waves. Then him, unknowing, thus doth she accost : ** Art thou awake, /Eneas, child of gods? Be wakeful, and to sails let loose the sheets. Unbend'st the feeble veins of sweaty labour ! The galley-slave, that all the toilsome day Tugs at the oar against the stubborn wave, Straining his rugged veins, snores fast ; The stooping scythe-man, that doth barb the field. Thou mak'st wink sure. In night all creatures sleep : Only the malcontent, that 'gainst his fate Repines and quarrels ; alas, he's goodman tell- clock ; His sallow jaw-bones sink with wasting moan ; Whilist other beds are down, his pillow's stone." Marston, The Malcontent, iii. 2. 315. Perhaps some such thoughts occurred to iEneas as those which Ferdinand expresses, when carrying firewood for Prospero's cell : " There be some sports are painful, and their labour Delight in them sets off: some kinds of baseness Are nobly undergone ; and most poor matters Point to rich ends. This my mean task Would be as heavy to me, as odious ; but The mistress which I serve quickens what's dead. And makes my labours pleasures." Shakespeare, Tempest, iii. i. 324. Like the dolphins seen by Falconer : " But now, beneath the lofty vessel's stern, A shoal of sportive dolphins they discern. Beaming from burnish'd scales refulgent rays. Till all the glowing ocean seems to blaze. In curling wreaths they wanton on the tide. Now bound aloft, now downward swiftly glide ; Awhile beneath the waves their tracks remain. And burn in silver streams along the liquid plain." Shipwreck, ii. 2. 328. Ipsa, v. 226, evidently means the nymph, excluding her right hand ; the greatest portion of her form, — the nymph herself. But it is hard to render the word, so as to bring out its whole signi- fication, without an objectionable paraphrase. We, pines of Ida from its holy brow, 333 Are Nymphs of ocean now, thy fleet. When us. On ruin's brink, with falchion and with fire, The traitorous Rutulian pressed, we, loth. Thy cables burst, and seek thee through the sea. This shape in ruth the Mother framed anew, And gave us to be goddesses, and life To pass below the surges. But thy boy 340 Ascanius is by wall and trenches pent. Amid the midst of arms, and Latin [band]s. Bristling with Mars. Now holds appointed posts. With brave Etruscanjoined, the Arcad horse. To range against them intercepting troops, Lest they should with the camp unite, the mind Of Turnus is resolved. Come then, arise ! And on the coming dawn forthwith com- mand Thy comrades to be called to arms, and take The buckler, which the lord of fire himself Vouchsafed, unconquerable, and with gold Its edges bordered round. To-morrow's light, _ 352 If mine thou shouldest deem no idle words, Of Rutulan destruction mountain heaps Shall view." She said ; and as she drew away With right hand urged, — not unaware of means, — The lofty stern. It flies along the waves, E'en fleeter than the jav'lin, and the bolt. That mates the winds. Thereon the others speed Their course. Anchises' Trojan son himself In ignorance is lost ; yet animates 361 His spirit with the token. Then in brief, 334, 5. It would bring out the meaning of v. 231 with greater distinctness to render it thus : " Are nymphs of ocean now, thy navy [erst] When us, on ruin's brink, with sword and blaze," &c. 351. Invictwn, v. 243, is evidently the same as invincibilis. To say that a shield, which had never been tried in action, was '* unconquered," would be absurd. See note on 1. 254. 356. Heyne, Wagner, and Forbiger approve of the comment of Servius on Haud ignara modi, V. 247 ; who says that inodi here means modera- tion, inasmuch as method would be a weak sense. Now, in the first place, it does not quite follow that, because an idea is weak, it cannot be Virgil's ; in the second place, the expression is weak ac- cording to either interpretation ; and in the third place, an examination of the context will show that there was no moderation about the matter. Under the impulsive hand of the nymph the ship abso- lutely^^w; — nay, flew more swiftly than a javelin, or even than the winds themselves. The view in the version is that generally taken by the trans- lators. y. 251—369. BOOHr X. V. 269 — 274. 269 While gazing on the vault above, he prays : " O boon Idaean mother of the gods, T' whose heart the heights of Dindymus [are dear], And cities crowned with turrets, lions, too. In couples harnessed for the reins ; do thou For me be now the leader of the fight ; Do thou the omened issue duly haste, 369 And for the Phrygians, goddess, be at hand With step of favor." He but uttered [this] ; And in the mean time, wheeled around, the day Was posting on with now a mellow light. And night had chased aloof. He firstlygives His mates commands, the signals to obey. And fit their souls for warfare, and for fight Prepare themselves. And now he holds in view The Teucri and the camp his own, as he Is standing on the lofty stern: when straight In his left hand his shield he lifted up 380 Ablazing. Raise an outcry to the stars The Dardans from the walls : imparted hope Awakes resentments; weaponswith the hand They fling : as underneath the sullen clouds Strymonian cranes give signals, and athwart The welkin with a din they scud, and flee The southern breezes with a happy cry. But these seemed wondrous to Rutulia's king And Auson chiefs, until they spy behind The galleys veered to shore, and all the main 390 373. " As the morning steals upon the night. Melting the darkness." Shakespeare, Tempest, v. i. 381, 2. Similar effects are attributed to Satan's voice : " So Satan spake, and him Beelzebub Thus answer'd. Leader of those armies bright, Which but the Omnipotent none could have foil'd ! If once they hear that voice, their liveliest pledge Of hope in fears and dangers, heard so oft In worst extremes, and on the perilous edge Of battle when it raged, in all assaults Their surest signal, they will soon resume New courage and revive." Milton, P. L., b. i. 383. " Go show thyself to them, wave but thy sword, Ahd bid them follow thee ; not one of them But shall in speed and reckless fury mock The tyger of the desert. Where thou lead'st Shouting around thee they will sweep the plain. Spurning at opposition. . . . Away, Sicardo ! Our pledge of certain victory we possess In this beloved, this noble youth, whose presence Inspires the warrior's heart with martial fire, As the enlivening sun all nature warms. Shaded awhile in dim eclipse he left us, And clouds of pale dismay began to lour ; But now returning with recovered splendour. He in the sky of glory beams supreme. And we, in his bright influence exulting, Resume our ardour, and our foes defy." Macdonald, Fair Apostate, iv. a. With vessels gliding on. His helmet glows Above his head, and from the crest a blaze Is darted through its plumes, and monstrous flames The golden boss spews forth : not otherwise Than if at times in some translucent night Blood-tinted comets show a dismal red ; Or heat of Sirius, — he that carries drought 396. " On the other side. Incensed with indignation, Satan stood Unterrified, and like a comet burn'd. That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge In th' Arctic sky, and from his horrid hair Shakes pestilence and war." Milton, P. L., b, ii. 397. " And now the Sunne hath reared upp His fierie-footed teme. Making his way between the cupp And golden diademe ; The rampant lyon hunts he fast, With dogges of noisome breath. Whose baleful barking bringes in hast Pyne, plagues, and dreerie death." Spenser, SheJ>heards Calender, July. " Whose often prostitution hath begot More foul diseases than e'er yet the hot Sun bred thorough his burnings, whilst the Dog Pursues the raging Lion, throwing fog And deadly vapour from his angry breath, Filling the lower world with plague and death." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 2. See Dyce's note on the passage. " Ha ! 'twas the king ! The king that parted hence ! frowning he went : His eyes like meteors roU'd, then darted down Their red and angry beams : as if his sight Would, like the raging Dog-star, scorch the earth, And kindle ruin in its course." Congreve, The Mourning Bride, v. 3. " All is not well ; the pale-ey'd moon Curtains her head in clouds, the stars retire. Save from the sultry south alone The swart star flings his pestilential fires." Mason, Caractacus, Ode. The following description of thirst and heat, not, indeed, owing to the influence of Sirius, but to the operation of poison, is from Fletcher's A Wife for a Month : " [Alphonso is brought in on a couch by two Friars. Alphonso. Give me more air, air, more air ! Blow, blow ! Open, thou eastern gate, and blow upon me ! Distil thy cold dews, oh, thou icy moon ! And, rivers, run through my afflicted spirit ! I am all fire, fire, fire ! The racing Dog-star Reigns in my blood ! Oh ! which way shall I turn me? i^ltna, and all his flames, bum in my head ! Fling me into the ocean, or I perish ! Dig, dig, dig, till the springs tly up. The cold, cold springs, that I may leap into 'cm, And bathe my scorch'd limbs in their purling plea- sures ! Or shoot me up into the higher region. Where treasures of delicious snow are nourish d. And banquets of sweet hail ! Rugio. Hold him fast, friar : Oh, how he bums ! 2 70 V. 274 — 284. THE ^NEID. V, 285 — 312. And sicknesses to ailing mortals, — rises up, And with disastrous light beglooms the sky. Howe'er his confidence did not forsake Bold Turnus, to preoccupy the shores, 401 And as they come to drive them from the land. He e'en their spirits raises by his words, And e'en he chides them : "That, which ye in vows Have yearned after, is arrived, — [the foe] With your right hand to shatter. Mars himself Is in your hands, my heroes. Now let each Of his own spouse and home be mindful ; now Grand feats repeat, the praises of his sires. Unchallenged let us meet them at the wave, While in disorder, and, as they debark. Their first steps stagger. Fortune aids the bold." 412 Alph. What, will ye sacrifice me ? Upon the altar lay my willing body, And pile your wood up, fling your holy incense ; And, as I turn me, you shall see all flame. Consuming flame. Stand off me, or you are ashes ! Rug. and Marco. Most miserable wretches ! Alph. Bring hither Charity, And let me hug her, friar : they say she's cold, Infinite cold ; devotion cannot warm her. Draw me a river of false lovers' tears Clean through my breast ; they are dull, cold, and forgetful. And will give ease. Let virgins sigh upon me. Forsaken souls : their sighs are precious ; Let them all sigh. Oh hell, hell, hell ! O horror ! Marco. To bed, good sir. Alph. My bed will burn about me : Like Phaeton in all-consuming flashes I am enclos'd. Let me fly, let me fly, give room ! Betwixt the cold Bear and the raging Lion Lies my safe way. Oh, for a cake of ice now To clap unto my heart to comfort me ! Decrepit Winter, hang upon my shoulders. And let me wear thy frozen icicles. Like jewels round about my head, to cool me ! My eyes burn out, and sink into their sockets. And my infected brain like brimstone boils ! I live in hell, and several Furies vex me ! Oh, carry me where no sun ever show'd yet A face of comfort, where the earth is crystal. Never to be dissolv'd ! Where nought inhabits But night and cold, and nipping frosts, and winds. That cut the stubborn rocks, and make them shiver ! Set me there, friends !" Act iv. 4. 412. " Lo ! sluggish knight, the victor's happie pray ! So fortune friends the bold." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 2, 7. Yet she is not always so considerate : " He is the scorn of Fortune. But you'll say That she forsook him for his want of courage. But never leaves the bold : now by my hopes Of peace and quiet here, I never met A braver enemy." J. Fletcher, The Prophetess, iv. 5. " Let thy great deeds force Fate to change her mind : He that courts Fortune boldly makes her kind." Dryden, The Indian Queen, i. i. These [words] he speaks, and ponders with himself Whom he can lead against them, or to whom He's able to intrust the leaguered walls. Meanwhile ^neas from the lofty ships His comrades lands by bridges. Many watch The ebbing motions of the slacking sea. And with a spring commit them to the flats; By oars the others. Tarchon having scanned the shores, 420 Where shallows pant not, nor the broken surge Booms back, but unimpeded glides the main With rising tide, veers towards them sud- denly His prows, and he entreats his comrades : " Now, O chosen squadron, to your lusty oars Bend ye ! lift, drive your galleys ! with their beaks This hostile region cleave, and for itself A furrow let the very keel imprint. In such a roadstead do I not decline To break my vessel, once the land secured." The like whereof when once had Tarchon said, _ 431 His comrades to their oars together rise, And to the Latin fields their foaming ships Force onward, till the beaks dry [land] possess. And all the keels uninjured came to rest : But, Tarcho, not thy craft. For, dashed on shoals. Upon a ridge unrighteous while it hangs. Long in suspense upheld, and tires the waves, 'Tis broken up, and out it casts the crew Amid the waves ; whom shattered bits of oars 440 And swimming benches hamper, and at once Their footing the withdrawing surge sup- plants. Nor Turnus does a slack delay restrain ; But hurries he in vigor his whole host Against the Teucri, and upon the beach Afront them marshals it. The signals sound, y^neas first assailed the rustic troops, — An omen of the fray, — and prostrate laid The Latins, Thero being slaughtered, who. The tallest of their men, of free accord 450 417. " They have alreadie plough'd th' unruly seas. And with their breasts, proofe 'gainst the battering waves, Dasht the bigge billowes into angry froth. And, spight of the contentious full-mouth'd gods Of sea and wind, have reacht the citty frontiers, And begirt her navigable skirts." Rawlins, The Rebellion, ii. i. V. 313—340. BOOK X. y. 341—361. 271 Attacks il^^neas : with the sword he drains His side laid open, e'en through folds of bronze, Through gold-crisp tunic. Lichas next he smites, Ripped from a now dead mother, and to thee. Devote, O Phoebus, seeing 'twas allowed To him, a babe, to 'scape the risks of steel. Not far, firm Cisseus, giant Gyas too. Troops felling with his club, he stretched in death : 458 Naught booted them the arms of Hercules, Nor able hands, nor yet their sire Melampus, Alcides' comrade, long as earth supplied Her toilsome travails. Lo! on Pharus, whilst He flings his idle pratings, hurling forth A dart, he plants it in the shouter's mouth. Thou also, whilst, ill-starred, thou followest Thy Clytius,yellowing o'er with virgin down His cheeks, — thy fresh delight, — O Cydon, By the Dardanian right hand overthrown. Set free from [pain] of loves, which aye hadst thou For striplings, wouldest, pitiable [youth], Have lain ; had not thy brethren's serried band 471 Opposed it, — Phorcus' race, in number seven. And sev'nfold darts they launch. Some from his helm And from his shield rebound effectless ; some lioon Venus, as they graze his body, turned Aside. yEneas stanch Achates speaks : " Supply me weapons ! None shall my right hand In vain on Rutuli have hurled, [of those,] Which stood in corse of Greeks upon the plains Of Ilium." Then a mighty spear he grasps. And launches it. Upon the wing it smites Right through the bronze[n plate]s of Mseon's shield, 482 And habergeon together with the breast It bursts. A brother to his succor comes, Alcanor, and his falling brother props With his right hand. Shot through his arm transpierced. Straight flies a spear, and, bloody, holds its course ; 460. The English idiom will not allow of fuf, v. 320, being rendered in the ordinary way. t66. " And on his tender lips the downy heare )id now but freshly spring, and silken blossoms beare." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 12, 79. 487. Dr. Trapp has a good note upon this pas- sage. However, it would not seem that servatque tenorem is any objection to the idea of the hasta. And his right hand, in dying, by the thews Down from the shoulder hung. Then Numitor, — 489 A jav'lin from his brother's body reft,— i^neas sought : but not to pierce as well Is it in turn allowed him, but it grazed The thigh of great Achates. Clausus here, Of Cures, trusting in his youthful frame, Comes up, and Dryops from afar he smites With lance unbending, underneath the chin Deep driven ; and at once the speaker's voice And life he reaves away, his throat trans- pierced : But th' other with his forehead strikes the earth, 499 And clotted gore disgorges from his mouth. Three Thracians, also, of the highest strain Of Boreas, and three, whom doth their sire, Idas, and native [crests of] Ismarus, Despatch, by sundry fates he overthrows. Up runs Halesus, and Auruncan bands ; To aid them e'en the son of Neptune comes, Messapus, striking in his steeds. Now these. Now those, endeavor to drive out [the rest] : The con'test at Ausonia's very door Is waged : as in the vasty firmament 510 The jarring winds encounters raise, with heart And powers balanced : nor do they them- selves Among them, — neither clouds nor ocean, — yield ; The fray long doubtful ; all in struggle stand. Against [each other ranged] : not otherwise The Trojan lines and lines of Latium clash : V. 340, being a second spear. One spear, after passing through a man, may hold its course as well as another : for where a hero is invested with fabu- lous strength, shield and breastplate are but slight additional difficulties. 516. " Now storming fury rose And clamour such as heard in Heaven till now Was never ; arms on armour clashing bray'd Horrible discord, and the madding wheels Of brazen chariots raged : dire was the noise Of conflict ; overhead the dismal hiss Of fiery darts in flaming volleys flew, And flying vaulted either host with fire. So under fiery cope together rush'd Both battles main, with ruinous assault And inextinguishable rage. All heaven Resounded : and had earth been then, all earth Had to her centre shook." Milton, P. L., b. vi. Fletcher has a spirited battle-scene in a song in The Mad Lover : " Arm, arm, arm, arm ! the .scouts are all come in : Keep your ranks close, and now your honours win. Behold from yonder hill the foe appears ; Bows, bills, glaves, arrows, shields, and spears ! 272 V. 361 — 38t. THE ^NEID. V. 382—414. Foot links with foot, and man close set with man. But in another quarter, where, far-wide The flood had forced along the rolling rocks, And bushes, torn asunder from its banks. The Arcads, unaccustomed to advance 521 Their lines on foot, as soon as Pallas saw Turning their backs to Latium in pursuit ; "Whom since the rugged nature of the spot Induced to let their horses go ; — [a course,] Which only in the case of need remained ; — Now by entreaty, now by bitter words, He fires their valor : " Whither do ye fly, O comrades ? E'en by your heroic deeds [Do I conjure] you, by Evander's 'name. Your chief, and battles battled to the last. And my own hope, which of my father's praise 532 Now emulous arises, trust not feet : With sword a way must through the foes be burst. Where thickest closes on that knot of men, By this your noble land claims you again. And Pallas your commander. 'Tis no gods pursue ! We, mortals, by a mortal foe are pressed ; With us alike as many lives and hands. Behold ! with huge sea-barrier pens us in The deep ; land now is lacking for a flight. 541 Is it the main or Troy we are to seek ?" These words he speaks, and in the centre he Upon the serried foemen flings him forth. First Lagus meets him, lured by fates unkind : Him, whilst he plucks a rock of mighty weight, Like a dark wood he comes, or tempest pouring, Oh ! view the wings of horse the meadows scouring ! The vanguard marches bravely : hark the drums ! They meet, they meet, and now the battle comes : See how the arrows fly, That darken all the sky ! Hark how the trumpets sound ! Hark how the hills rebound ! Hark how the horses charge ! in, boys, boys in ! The battle totters ; now the wounds begin : Oh, how they cry ! Oh, how they die ! Room for the valiant Memnon, arm'd with thunder ! See how he breaks the ranks asunder : They fly, they fly ! Eumenes has the chase, And brave Polybius makes good his place. To the plains, to the woods. To the rocks, to the floods. Then fly for succour. Follow, follow, follow ! Hark how the soldiers hollow ! Brave Diodes is dead. And all his soldiers fled : The battle's won, and lost. That many a life hath cost." Son^ by Stremon, v. 4. He spears with whirled weapon, where the chine Along the middle caused a sev'rance, and the lance Recovers he while clinging to the bones. Whom Hisbo from above forestalls not, — he In sooth expecting this ; for Pallas first, As he is dashing on, the while he storms. Unwary through a comrade's ruthless death, Receives him, and his sword in his swoln lung 554 He buries. Sthenelus he next assails, And Anchemol, from Rhsetus' ancient race. Who dared to stain a stepdame's bed. Ye, too, Twin [brother]s, fell upon Rutulian fields, O progeny of Daucus, most alike, Laride and Thymber, past distinguishment By their own parents, e'en their fond mis- take. 561 But Pallas now stem marks of difference Bestowed upon you : for from thee, O Thymber, Thy head Evander's falchion reft away ; Thee, O Laride, its owner, thy right hand, Lopped off, is seeking, and, half-living, twitch The fingers, and the weapon grasp again. Arm mingled pain and shame against the foes, Th' Arcadians, by his warning set afire. And gazing on the hero's brilliant deeds. Then Pallas pierces Rhseteus through and through, 571 While flying past him in his two-horse car. This — interval and so much respite proved To Ilus ; for at Ilus he from far A lusty spear had aimed, which, as he intervenes. Does Rhoeteus intercept, best Teuthras, thee Avoiding and thy brother Tyre ; and, rolled From forth his chariot, smites he, half- alive. The fields of the Rutulians with his heels. And as, when gales are in the summer-tide Arisen to his wish, the shepherd sets 581 Abroach upon the stubbles scattered fires ; Those in the centre on a sudden seized, Vulcan's dread battle-line at once is spread Throughout the spacious plains : he, while he sits, Looks down in triumph on th' exulting flames : Not elsewise all the prowess of thy mates Combines in one, and thee, O Pallas, aids. But, keen in wars, Halesus, on the foes Moves'on, and gathers him within his arms. He here despatches Ladon, Pheres too, Demodocus too ; from Strymonius he 592 V. 414—444. BOOK X, V. 445—467. «73 Strikes off his right hand with his gleaming sword, Against his throat uplifted ; with a stone The face of Thoas batters, and his liones He scattered, blent with gory brains. Chanting his fates, his father in the woods Had hid Halesus : when the ag^d [sire] His eyeballs, filming white in death, re- laxed, Their hand upon him did the Parcse lay, And dedicated him t' Evander's darts. 601 "Whom Pallas seeks, thus having prayed before : •* Grant now, O father Tiber, to the steel, Which, ready to be hurled, I poise, success And passage through the stem Halesus' breast : These arms and th' hero's spoils thy oak shall own." The god he heard it : while Halesus screened Imaon, he unhappily presents A breast unguarded to th' Arcadian dart. But Lausus, — mighty portion of the war, — Does not allow the troops to be dismayed By such great carnage on the hero's side. 612 First, Abas, placed against him, he destroys. Alike the knot and lengthening of the fight. The offspring of Arcadia low is laid. The Tuscans are laid low, and, Teucri, ye, bodies undestroyed by Greeks. The hosts Engage them e'en with balanced chiefs and powers. Close crowd the furthest lines ; nor does the throng Their arms and hands allow of being stirred. Here Pallas closes in and spurs them on ; Against him Lausus tliere; nor differs much Their age ; in beauty peerless ; yet to whom Return to native land had Fate denied. 624 Howe'er, the ruler of the mighty heaven With one another let them not engage : Their deaths soon wait them 'neath a nobler foe. Meanwhile his kindly sister warns to take The place of Lausus, — Turnus, who disparts The central squadron in his flying car. 630 As soon as he his comrades viewed : *' 'Tis time To cease from fight ; 'gainst Pallas I alone Am borne ; to me alone is Pallas due : 1 would his sire himself were witness here." These saith he ; and his comrades from the plain. The subject of his order, have withdrawn. 610. Manoah says of Samsop ; Himself an army." Milton, Samson Agonistts, But on the Rutulans' retirement, then The youth, astounded at his haught com- mands. At Tumus is in wonder lost, and o'er His giant body rolls around his eyes, 640 And all surveys aloof with grim regard ; And with such words against the monarch's words Replies: "Or through the chiefest spoils, now seized. Or death distinguished, I shall be extolled : To either lot imliff'rent is my sire : Away thou with thy threats !" He, having said. Advances on the centre of the field. Acold around th' Arcadians' hearts their blood Congeals. Down Tumus from his chariot leaped ; Afoot prepares to meet him hand to hand. And as a lion, when he hath perceived 65 1 From "his high watch-post, far upon tiiC plains, A bull to stand preparing for the frays, Flies up to him : no different the picture is Of Tumus swooping on. When him he deemed Within the compass of his vollied spear, Pallas was first 10 move, if any chance Would aid him, ventur.ng with m. equal powers ; And thus addresses he the mighty heaven : * ' By th' hospitage and table ; of my sire, 66 3 Which thou a stranger hast approached, I thee Entreat, Alcides, aid my grand emprise. From him half-dead may he perceive me seize His bloody arms ; and may the dying eyes Of Tumus brook a conqueror !" Alcides heard The youth, and 'neath his deep of heart he checks A heavy groan, and idle tears outpours. The sire then speaks his son in kindly words : "To each his day is fixed ; the term of life 667. " Then like a torrent had been stopt before. Tears, sighs, and words, doubled together flow ; Confus'dly striving whether should do more. The true mtelligence of grief to show. Sighs hinder'd words : words perish'd m their store ; Both, intermix'd in one, together grow." Daniell, Civil h ar, b. ii. 8x. 669. " Thou glimm'ring taper ? by whose feeble ray In thoughtful solitude the night I waste. How dost thou warn me by thy swift decay. That equal to oblivion both we haste ! The vital oil that should our strength supply. Consuming wastes, and bids us learn to die. T 274 V. 467 — 468. THE ^NEID. V. 468—493. Is short and irretrievable to all ; 670 " Touch 'd by my hand, thy swift reviving light With new-gain'd force again is taught to glow : Lo, rising from surrounding troubles bright, My conscious soul begins herself to know ; And, from the ills of life emerging forth, Learns the just standard of her native worth. " But see, in mists, thy fading lustre veil'd. Around thy head the dusky vapours play : So, by opposing fortune's clouds conceal'd, In vain to force a passage I essay : While round me, gathering thick, they daily spread. And living, I am number'd with the dead ! '* But now thy flame diminish'd quick subsides, Too sure a presage that thy date is run : Alike I feel my life's decreasing tides. Soon will like thine my transient blaze be gone ! Instructive emblem ! — How our fates agree ! 1 haste to darkness, and resemble thee." Boyse, Stanzas to a Candle. 670. " Like to the falling of a star, Or as the flights of eagles are, Or like the fresh spring's gaudy hue, Or silver drops of morning dew. Or like a wind that chafes the flood. Or bubbles which on water stood : Even such is man, whose borrowed light Is straight called in and paid to night : The wind blows out, the bubble dies. The spring intombed in autumn lies : The dew's dry'd up, the star is shot, The flight is past, and man forgot." F. Beaumont, On the Life of Man. Milton makes Satan say in his address to Sin, P. L., b. ii. : " Be this, or aught Than this more secret, now design'd, I haste To know ; and this once known, shall soon return And bring ye to the place where thou and Death Shall dwell at ease, and up and down unseen Wing silently the buxom air, embalm'd With odours ; there ye shall be fed and fill'd Immeasurably, all things shall be your prey." *' O gentlemen ! the time of life is short : To spend that shortness basely were too long, If life did ride upon a dial's point, Still ending at th' arrival of an hour." Shakespeare, i A7«g Henry IV., v. 2. *' To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow. Creeps in this petty pace from day to day. To the last syllable of recorded time ; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle ! Life's but a walking shadow ; a poor player. That struts and frets his hour upon the stage. And then is heard no more." Macbeth, v. 5. " Life ! What is life ? A shadow ! Its date is but th' immediate breath we draw : Nor have we surety for a second gale : Ten thousand accidents in ambush lie For the embodied dream. A frail and fickle tenement it is. Which, like the brittle glass, that measures time, Is often broke, ere half its sands are run." Jones, The Earl of Essex, v. 3. " Time's but a hinge, whereon mortality, A narrow portal, turns: behind, before. Lies the wide main of being." Brooke, The Impostor, iv. 12. But fame to lengthenby achievements, — this Is virtue's work. 'Neath Troja's stately walls So many children of the gods have fallen; E'en fell with them Sarpedon, offspring mine. His destinies are calling Turnus too, And he hath reached the bounds of granted life." So speaks he, and turns off his eyes from fields Of Rutuli. But Pallas shoots a lance With lusty pow'rs, and from its hollow sheath Tears forth his gleaming sword. This, flying, where 680 The highest screenings of his shoulder rise, Alights, and having worked a passage through The edges of his buckler, at the last E'en grazed [a part] of Turnus' giant frame. Here Turnus, poising long the timber, tipped With sharpened iron, [this] at Pallas flings. And thus he speaks: " Look, whether ours may prove A still more trenchant weapon." He had said ; But through the shield, — so many plates of steel, Of bronze so many, — though so many times The bull-hide span it, spread around, the point 691 Strikes through its centre with a quiv'ring blow, And bores the mail's obstructions, and his giant chest. He tears the heated weapon from the wound All vainly : by the one and selfsame path The blood and spirit follow. Down he sinks Upon the wound : a clang above him gave His arms ; and as he dies he seeks the earth, His foeman, with a gory mouth. O'er whom, While standing by him, Turnus cries : "These words 700 Of mine, Arcadians, mindfully report To your Evander : ' Such as he deserved I send him Pallas back. Whatever be 671. " Our life is short, but to extend that span To vast eternity, is Virtue's work." Dryden, Troilus and Cressida, v. i. 675, 6. " For within the hollow crown. That rounds the mortal temples of a king. Keeps Death his court, and there the antic sits. Scoffing his state, and grinning at his pomp; . Allowing him a breath, a little scene, To monarchise, be fear'd, and kill with looks ; Infusing him with self and vain conceit. As if this flesh, which walls about our life. Were brass impregnable ; and, humour'd thus, Comes at the last, and with a little pin Bores through his castle wall, and — farewell king!" Shakespeare, .^. ii/i^/wr^//., iii. 2. V. 493— 502. The honor of a sepulchre, whate'er The comfort of a burial, I bestow. The hospitality t' i^neas [shown] Shall stand him in no trifle.'" And the like He having spoken pressed with his left foot The lifeless [stripling], as he tears away The belt's enormous weight, and graven guilt : — 710 A band of youths within one wedding night Slain foully, and their marriage-^ds in blood : Which Clonus, son of Eurytus, had carved In plenteous gold ; — in which, his trophy, now Turnus exults, and in possession joys. O mind of human beings, unaware Of fate and lot to come, and how to keep 716. " Ah ! gentle pair, ye little think how nigh Your change approaches, when all these delights Will vanish, and deliver ye to woe ; More woe, the more your taste is now of joy ; Happy, but for so happy ill secured Long to continue." Milton, P. Z.., b. iv. " O fleeting joys Of Paradise, dear bought with lasting woes !" Ibid., b. X. " Short is, alas ! the reign Of mortal pride : we play our parts awhile. And strut upon the stage ; the scene is chang'd, And offers us a dungeon for a throne. Wretched vicissitude ! for, after all His tinsel dreams of empire and renown. Fortune, capricious dame, withdraws at once The goodly prospect." Somerville, Hobbinol, c. iii. " Frail man, how various is thy lot below ! To-day though gales propitious blow. And Peace, soft gliding down the sky. Lead Love along and Harmony, To-morrow the gay scene deforms ; Then all around The thunder's sound Rolls rattling on through heaven's profound, And down rush all the storms." Beat tie. Ode to HoJ>e, ii. 3. " O, momentary grace of mortal men ! Which we more hunt for than the grace of God. Who builds his hope in air of your good looks Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast. Ready with every nod to tumble down Into the fatal bowels of the deep." Shakespeare, K. Richard III., iii. 4- 717. " The withered primrose by the mourning river. The faded summers-sunne from weeping foun- taines. The light-blowne bubble, vanished for euer. The molten snow vpon the naked mountaines, — Are emblems that the treasures we vp-lay, Soone wither, vanish, fade, and melt away. " For as the snow, whose lawne did ouer-spread Th' ambitious hil.s, which giant-like did threat To pierce the heauen with their aspiring head. Naked and bare doth leaue their craggie seat, Whenas the bubble, which did empty flie The daliance of the vndisccmed windo, On whose calme rowling waues it did relic. Hath sbipwrack made, where it did daliance finde : BOOK X. V. 502—503. 275 [Due] measure, when uplifted by success ! To Turnus there shall come a time, when he Will wish were purchased at a costly price, And when the sun-shine which dissolu'd the snow, Colourd the bubble with a pleasant varie. And made the rathe and timely primrose grow, Swarth clouds with-drawnc (which longer time do tarie) — Oh what is praise, pompe, glory, ioy, but «o As shine by fuuntamcs, bubbles, flowers, or snow V" Palinode, by E. Bolton, in England's Helicon. " Have you never Look'd from the prospect of your palace window. When some fair sky courted your eye to read The beauties of a day ; the glorious sun Enriching so the bo-om of the earth. That trees and flowers appear'd but like so much Enamel upon gold ; the wanton birds, And every creature but the drudging ant. Despising providence, and at play ; and all That world you measure with your eye, so gay And proud, as winter were no more to shake His icy locks upon them, but the breath Of gentle zephyr to perfume their growth. And walk eternally upon the spring ! When, from a coast you see not, comes a cloud. Creeping as overladen with a storm. Dark as the womb of night, and with her wings Surprising all the glories you beheld. Leaves not your frighted eyes a light to see The ruins of that flattering day ?" Shirley, The Royal Master, ii. 2. 718. " O how portentous is prosperity ! How, comet-like, it threatens while it shines !^ Few years but yield us proof of Death's ambition. To cull his victims from the fairest fold. And sheath his shafts in all the pride of life. When flooded with abundance, purpled o'er With recent honours, bloom'd with every bliss. Set up in ostentation, made the gaze. The gaudy centre, of the public eye ; When Fortune thus has toss'd her child in air, Snatcht from the covert of an humble state. How often have I seen him dropt at once, Our morning's envy, and our evening's sigh ! As if her bounties were the signal given. The flowery wreath to mark the sacrifice. And call Death's arrows on the destin'd prey." Young, Complaint, N. v. 719, 20. " While music flows around. Perfumes, and oils, and wine, and wanton hours. Amid the roses fierce Repentance rears Her snaky crest ; a quick-returning pang Shoots through the conscious heart." Thomson, Spring, 997-1001. " When you awake from this lascivious dream. Repentance then will follow, like the sting Plac'd in the adder's tail." Webster, Vittoria Corombona, act ii. Wolsey's good wishes, like those of Turnus, came too late : " Farewell ! a long farewell to all my greatness ! This is the state of man : to-day he puts forth- The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms And bears his blushing honours thick upon him : The third d.^y comes a frost, a killing frost ; And, — when he thinks, good easy man, full surely His greatness is a ripening, — nips his root. And then he falls, as I do. I have ventur'd Like little wanton boys that swim on bladders. 276 V. 504— 513- THE ^NEID. V. 513—527. Pallas untouched ; and when these spoils and day 721 He will regard with loathing. But his mates, With many a moan and tear, in crowds bring back Their Pallas on his buckler laid. O [thou], Doomed to thy parent to return, a pang And lofty honor ! this, thy op'ning day. Vouchsafed thee to the battle; this, the same Away doth sweep thee, when thou, ne'er- theless, Colossal heaps of Rutuli dost leave ! Nor now [mere] rumor of calamity 730 So grievous, but a surer voucher wings Its way t'iEneas, — that his [comrades] stood In death's strait crisis ; that [high] time it was To aid the routed Teucri. Down he mows This many summers in a sea of glory, But far bej^ond my depth : my high-blown pride At length broke under me ; and now has left me, Weary, and old with service, to the mercy Of a rude stream, that must for ever hide me. Vain pomp and glory of this world, I hate ye ! I fee! my heart new open'd. Oh ! how wretched Is that poor man, that hangs on princes' favours. There is, betwixt that smile we would aspire to, That sweet aspect of princes, and their ruin, More pangs and fears than wars or women have ; And when he falls, he falls like Lucifer, Never to hope again." Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., iii. 2. But Fletcher makes Dioclesian wiser : Suppose this done, or were it possible I could rise higher still, I am a man ; And all these glories, empires heap'd upon me, Confirm'd by constant friends and faithful guards. Cannot defend me from a shaking fever. Or bribe the uncorrupted dart of Death To spare me one short minute. Thus adorn'd In these triumphant robes, my body yields not A greater shadow than it did when I Liv'd both poor and obscure ; a sword's sharp point Enters my flesh as far ; dreams break my sleep. As when I was a private man ; my passions Are stronger tyrants on me ; nor is greatness A saving antidote to keep me from A traitor's poison. Shall I praise Fortune, Or raise the building of my happiness ! On her uncertain favour? or presume She is my own, and sure, that yet was never Constant to any ?" The Prophetess, iv. 5. " Prosperity ! — a harlot. That smiles but to betray ! O shining ruin ! Thou nurse of passions, and thou bane of virtue ! O self-destroying monster ! that art blind. Yet putt'st out Reason's eye, that still should guide thee,— Then plungeth down some precipice unseen. And art no more ! Hear me, all-gracious Heaven ! Let me wear out my small remains of life ; Obscure, content with humble poverty. Or in Affliction's hard but wholesome school. If it must be : — I'll learn to know myself. And that's more worth than empire. But, O Heaven, Curse ine no more with proud prosperity." Hughes, The Siege of Damascus, v. 2. Each nearest [object] with his sword, and through The wide-spread army forces, [all] afire, A passage with the steel, in quest of thee, O Turnus, of thy recent slaughter proud. Pallas, Evander, — in his very eyes Are all, — the boards which first, a stranger, 740 he Just then approached, and right hands granted. Here, In Sulmo sired, four youths, as many more, Which Ufens rears, he grasps alive, whom he May butcher, off'rings to his shades, and drench With captive blood the blazes of his pyre. He next at Magus from afar had launched A hostile spear. In craft the other stoops ; But, quiv'ring over him, the javehn flies ; And he, his knees embracing, utters such Right humbly : " By the Manes of thy sire And rising lulus' hopes, I thee entreat, 75 1 This life preserve alike for son and sire. A stately house I own ; there lie within Of graven silver talents buried deep ; 744. " They come like sacrifices in their trim. And to the fire-ey'd maid of smoky war. All hot, and bleeding, will we offer them : The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit. Up to the ears in blood." Shakespeare, i K. Henry IV., iv. i. 754. "Would you corrupt our valour with your coin ? Or do you think the Spaniard is so poor, A little gold can make him sell his honour ? No_! were your streets through stoned with diamonds. And you should dig them up to bring them hither ; Or were your houses, in the stead of slate, Covered with silver, and yourselves prepared To tear it off, and give it unto us : Nay, were your walls of purest chrysolite. And pulled beside their bounds for our own use. Yet would we scorn all this, and ten times more ; For we count honour sweetness of dominion : 'Tis lordship that we come for, and to rule. More worth than millions." Webster, The Weakest goeth to the Wall, ii. i. " Say, though thy heart be rock of adamant. Yet rocks are not impregnable to bribes : Instruct me how to bribe thee." Dryden, Do7t Sebastian, iii. i. " When now the' thunder roars, the lightning flies. And all the warring winds tumultuous rise ; When now the foaming surges, tost on high, Disclose the sands beneath, and touch the sky ; When Death draws near, the mariners aghast Look back with terror on their actions past ; Their courage sickens into deep dismay. Their hearts, through fear and anguish, melt away. Nor tears, nor prayers, the tempest can appease ; Now they devote their treasure to the seas ; Unload their shatter'd bark, though richly fraught, And think the hopes of life are cheaply bought With gems and gold : but oh, the storm so high ! Nor gems nor gold the hopes of life can buy." Young, Last Day, b. i. ▼. 527—553. BOOK X, V. 554—574- 277 Burdens of wrought and unwrought gold are mine. TheTeucri's conquest does not hinge on this ; Nor will one life so wide a diff'rence cause." He spoke. To whom i^neas in reply Such-like returns : ** Of silver and of gold The many talents, which thou namest, spare For thy own sons. These bargainings of war Hath Tumus been the first to abrogate, 762 From th' instant of my Pallas being slain. The Manes of my sire Anchises this. This thinks lulus." Having spoken thus, The helmet he engrasps in his left hand, And in his neck bowed backward, as he sues. His falchion plunges to the hilt. Not far Hajmonides, of Phoebus and of Trivia priest, Whose brows a fillet with its holy band 770 Environed, all in glitter with his robe And with distinguished arms : encount'ring whom, He drives him through the plain, and standing o'er The fallen, offers him a sacrifice. And shrouds him in vast shade ; his gathered arms Serestus on his shoulders carries back, A trophy, king Gradivus, [gift] to thee. From Vulcan's stock begotten, Caeculus, And Umbro, coming from the Marsi's mounts, Rally the ranks. The son of Dardanus 780 Against them rages. He had with the sword Anxur's left hand, and, wholly with its steel. His buckler's rim, struck off : — he some- thing big Had uttered, and supposed that in the speech There lay [some] virtue, and to heav'n his soul Was haply lifting up, and hoary hairs And length of years t' himself had guaran- teed : Tarquitus, leaping out on th' other side In sparkling arms, whom Dryope, the nymph. Had borne to Faunus, haunter of the woods, 790 Exposed himself to meet the fiery [chief] : The other hampers with his indrawn lance His coat of mail, and buckler's mountain load. 768. This is an uncommon,»if not a solitary, ex- ample of applico (v. 536) being joined with an ablative. Some translators consider cerrice to be in the absolute case ; and perhaps it may be so ; but then an ellipse must be the consequence, which they differ in supplying. If this view of the con- struction be preferred, the passage must be other- wise rendered : " And as the suitor's neck is backward bent," &c. His head, then, as he begs in vain, and many a word Prepares to say, he tumbles to the ground, And, rolling on the blood-warm tnmk, he these Above it from a hostile bosom speaks : ** Lie there now, O redoubtable ! Not thee Shall thy most worthy mother hearse in earth, And with a barrow of thy native land 800 Thy limbs encumber. To the savage fowls Shalt thou be left ; or, sunken in the gulf, The surge shall sweep thee off, and fish, unfed. Thy wounds shall lick." Antaeus straight, and Lucas, Head champion-men of Tumus, he pur- sues ; Brave Numa, too, and Gamers yellow [-haired], From high-souled Volscens sprung, who was in land The richest of Ausonia's sons, and reigned O'er still Amyclae. Like yEgeon, who. They tell us, had a hundred arms, and hands 810 A hundred, and that from his fifty mouths And bosoms blazed there forth a flame, what time Against Jove's levins he with equal shields So many clanged, unsheathed so many swords. Thus o'er the plain thro' out ^Eneas storms, A conqueror, when once his sword-point warmed. Lo ! e'en against Niphoeus' four-yoked steeds. And their confronted chests, he marches on ; And when they saw him taking lengthful strides, And raging awfully, wheeled round with fright, 820 And dashing back, e'en fling they out the chief. And hurry off the chariot to the shores. 794. " Yet loe ! the seas I see by often beating Doe pearce the rockes ; and hardest marble weares ; But his hard rocky hart for no entreating Will yield, but, when my piteous plaints he hearts. Is hardned more with my aboundant teares." .Spenser, /'. Q., iv. la, 7. But Marinell was only obdurate: iEneas was simply brutal. 801. Spenser represents the birds as looking out for the future corpse ! " Loe ! loe already how the fowles in aire Doe flocke, awaiting shortly to obtayn Thy carcas for their pray, the guerdon of thy payn." J"' Q-, "• 6, a8. 278 V. 575 — 6oo. THE jENEID. V. 600—62! Meanwhile in car, with twain white coursers yoked, Leucagus on the midmost bears him down ; His brother Liger too ; but with the reins His brother sways the steeds, keen Leu- cagus His unsheathed falchion brandishes around. As they are fuming with such fiery heat, ^neas brooked them not : he rushes on. And loomed a giant with a hostile spear. T' whom Liger [cries] : '* Not steeds of Diomede, 831 Nor chariot of Achilles, thou dost see. Or plains of Phrygia : now shall on these grounds The war's conclusion and thy life's be deigned." Such words from raving Liger widely fly : But 'tis not words Troy's hero e'en prepares In answer ; for a javelin on the foe He hurls. As Leucagus, while o'er the . strokes He's stooping forward, with his weapon warned His twain-yoked steeds ; while with left foot advanced 840 He fits him for the fight ; the spear runs through The lowest borders of his beaming shield ; Then pierces^his left groin : flung from his car, About to die, he o'er the fields is rolled. Whom' good y^neas speaks in bitter terms : "O Leucagus, no plodding flight of steeds Thy car betrayed, or it have overturned Unreal phantoms from thy foes. Thyself Dost leave the chariot, vaulting from the wheels." These having spoken thus, the steeds he seized. 850 His hapless brother stretched his feeble hands, Fall'n from the selfsame chariot: "By thyself. By parents thine, who such have thee begot, O Trojan hero, leave to me this life. And pity one who supplicates." To him ^neas, as he pleads in further [terms] : ** Not such-like words thou late didst utter : die! 845. Say what the commentators please, pius (v. 591) is an unhappy term to apply to this hard- hearted man ; at least, in the present instance. Leucagus would have said no more than the truth, if he had addressed him in the language of Gloucester to the two murderers : " Your eyes drop millstones, when fools' eyes fall tears." Shakespeare, K, Richard III., i. 4. And do not thou a brother, brother quit." Then with the sword-point he unlocks his breast. The spirit's shroud. Such deaths through- out the plains 860 The Dardan leader dealt, while raging on In fashion of a sweeping stream, or inky storm. At last the boy Ascanius and the youth, Besieged in vain, burst forth and leave the camp. Jove in the meanwhile Juno unaddressed Accosts : " O sister mine, and thou the same My dearest consort, as thou didst suppose, Venus, ^nor doth thy judgment thee mis- lead, — Upholds the Trojan powers ; with her men No right hand is there quick for war, and soul 870 Of chivalry, and tolerant of risk." T' whom crest-fall'n Juno : "Why, O fairest spouse, Dost vex me, sick at heart, and fearing thy keen taunts ? Would heav'n there were that power in my love, Which there was once, and which 'twas right there was ! For this to me thou wouldest not deny, thou almighty, but that from the fray 1 might be able Turnus to withdraw. And keep him for his father Daunus safe. Now let him perish, and to Teucer's sons Discharge amercements with his duteous blood. 881 Still he from our original derives His title, and [within] the fourth [degree] Pilumnus is his sire ; and often has he heaped Thy courts with lavish hand and many a gift." To whom the monarch of empyreal heaven Thus shortly spake : "If from immediate death Reprieve and respite for the falling youth Be craved, and thou conceivest that I this Should thus ordain : bear Turnus off in flight, 890 And rescue him from his impending fates. Thus far it is my pleasure thee t' indulge. But if there any higher favor lurks 'Neath those entreaties, and the whole campaign Thou deemest can be shifted or be changed ; — Thou feedest idle hopes." And Juno [at the speech] V. 628 — 642. BOOK X, V. 642 — 649. 279 Tears shedding : " What if thou in mind shouldst grant What thou in voice declinest ; and, con- firmed To Turn us, should this life abide? Now waits The guiltless [youth] a galling end ; or I, Mi^staken in the truth, am swept along. Wherein, Oh ! would that I were rather mocked 902 By groundless dread, and for the better thou. Who 'rt able, would'st thy course begun reverse !" When uttered she these words, from heav'n on high Forthwith she flung her, driving through the air A tempest, girdled with a cloud ; and sought The Ilian army and Laurentine camp. Then doth the goddess, of a hollow mist A ghost, thin, strengthless, in ^Eneas' guise, — 910 A prodigy astounding to be seen ! — Trick out in Dardan arms ; and counter- feits His shield, and helm-crests of his god-like head ; Gives empty words, gives sound without a soul. And represents the gait of one that walks : Such as the shapes, when death is under- gone, — The legend goes, — flit to and fro ; or dreams, 897. Juno wished Jupiter to answer pretty much as the Groom replied to Kifig Richard II. (Actv. 2): " What my tongue dares not, that my heart shall say ;" holding, perhaps, with Suffolk, that " Things are often spoke, and seldom meant." 2 A'. Henry VI., iii, i. 916. " Such are those thick and gloomy shadows damp. Oft seen in charnel vaults and sepulchres Lingering, and sitting by a new-made grave. As loth to leave the body that it loved." Milton, Comits. Ford employs the notion with effect : " Peace and sweet rest sleep here ! Let not the touch Of this my impious hand profane the shrine Of fairest purity, which hovers yet About these blessed bones inhears'd within. If in the bosom of this sacred tomb, Bianca, thy disturbed ghost doth range. Behold, I offer up the sacrifice Of bleeding tears, shed from a faithful spring ; Pouring oblations of a mourning heart To thee, offended spirit." Loves Sacrifice, v. 4. 917. See note on ^n. vi, /. 398.; Which drowsed senses mock. But frisJcs about The blithesome sprite before the leofUng lines. And chafes with arms the hero, and with voice 920 Exasperates. On whom does Tumus press, And from a distance hurls a hissing spear : It, with its back presented, wheels its steps. Then sooth as soon as ever Tumus thought That, being turned away, yEneas yields, And, [all] in tumult in his soul, vain hope Drank in : ** ./Eneas, whither dost thou fly? 919. It is well known that there are in reality as treacherous phenomena as the phantom which de- luded Tumus, though not quite of the same kind. " Perhaps, impatient as he stumbles on. Struck from the root of slimy rushes, blue. The wild-fire scatters round, or gather'd trails A length of flame deceitful o'er the moss ; Whither decoy'd by the fantastic, blaze. Now lost, and now renew'd, he sinks absorpt. Rider and horse, amid the miry gulf: While still, from day to day, his pining wife And plaintive children his return await. In wild conjecture lost. At other times. Sent by the better genius of the night. Innoxious, gleaming on the horse's mane. The meteor sits ; and shows the narrow path That winding leads through pits of death, or else Instructs him how to take the dangerous ford." Thomson, Autumn. Collins is more particular ; but it would seem that he drew his ideas from the poem of his friend just quoted : " Let not dank Will mislead you to the heath : Dancing in mirky night, o'er fen and Ial:e, He glows, to draw you downward to your death. In his bewitch'd, low, marshy willow brake I What though far off, from some dark dell espied. His glimmering mazes cheer th' e.xcursive sight. Yet turn, ye wanderers, turn your steps aside. Nor trust the guidance of that faithless light. For watchful, lurking, 'mid the unrustling reed. At those mirk hours the wily monster lies. And listens oft to hear the passing steed. And frequent round him rolls his sullen eyes. If chance his savage wrath may some weak wretch surprise." Ode on the Superstitions of the Highlands. ^27. "Demetrius. Lysander, speak again, i'hou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled ? Speak ! In some bush ? Where dost thou hide thy head? Puck. Thou coward ! art thou bragging to the stars. Telling the bushes that thou look'st for wars. And wilt not come ? Come, recreant : come, thou child ; I'll whip thee with a rod : he is defil'd That draws a sword on thee. Demetrius. Yea ; art thou there ? . Fuck. Follow my voice : we U try no manhood here. Lysander. He goes before me, and still dares me on ! When I come where he calls, then he is gone. The villain is much lighter hecl'd than 1 ; I foUow'd fast, but faster he did fly.' Shakespeare, Midsummer Hight's Drtam, iii. a. 28o V. 649—674. THE ^NEID. V. 674—686. Abandon not the plighted marriage-beds ! With this right hand shall be vouchsafed jthe soil Sought o'er the waves." He, shouting such, pursues, 930 And brandishes his falchion-blade un- sheathed ; Nor sees the breezes bear away his joys. By chance a galley, moored to th' eminence Of steepy rock, with stretched-out ladders, stood, And gangway ready laid ; wherein the king Osinius was conveyed from Clusium's coasts. Hither, within its lurking-places, throws itself The flurried phantom of iEneas taking flight. Nor Turnus more inactive presses on. And obstacles surmounts, and springs across The lofty gangways. Scarce the prow he'd reached : — 941 Saturnia snaps the rope, and tows away The wrenched vessel o'er the rolling seas. Then the light phantom now no further seeks The lurking spots, but, soaring up aloft, Itself it blended with a pitchy cloud. But him, not present [there], ^neas calls To combat : he despatches down to death The many hero-bodies in his way. When, in the meantime, on the midst of sea A storm sweeps Turnus off, he looks behind. Unconscious of events, and for escape 952 Unthankful, and both hands, along with voice. He stretches to the stars : " Almighty sire. Hast deemed me worthy of so grave a charge, And willed that I such penalties should pay? Whither am I borne on ? Whence have I come? What speed shall bring me back, or [bring me] what [in fame] ? Shall I once more Laurentum's walls and camp Behold ? What of that band of heroes, who Me and my arms have followed? all of whom — 961 O guilt ! — in cursed death have I forsook ? And now I see them straggling, and I hear 958. . " My dear, dear lord. The purest treasure mortal times afford Is spotless reputation : that away. Men are but gilded loam, or painted clay. A jewel in a ten times barr'd-up chest Is a bold spirit in a loyal breast. Mine honour is my life ; both grow in one : T^e honour from me, and my life is done." Shakespeare, K. Richard II., i. i. The groan of those that fall. What is 't I do? Or now what deep of earth can wide enough Gape ope for me ? Ye rather, O ye winds, Have pity on me ! On the cliffs, on rocks, — I, Turnus, heartily do you beseech, — My vessel force along, and let it drive Upon the felon shallows of the Syrt, 970 Whither nor Rutuli, nor conscious Rumor, May follow me." As he these [words] repeats. Now hither does he waver in his mind. Now thither : — whether he with point of sword Should wildly stab himself, because of such His deep disgrace, and through his ribs drive home The ruthless falchion ; or should fling him- self Upon the centre of the waves, and seek The winding shores by swimming, and again Return against the Teucri's arms. Three times 980 Either expedient he essayed ; three times The highest Juno checked him, and, the youth Compassionating from her soul, restrained. 966. " On the ground Outstretch'd he lay, on the cold ground ; and oft Cursed his creation : Death as oft accused Of tardy execution, since denounced The day of his offence. ' Why comes not Death,* Said he, ' with one thrice-acceptable stroke To end me ? Shall Truth fail to keep her word 1 Justice divine not hasten to be just? But Death comes not at call ; Justice divine Mends not her slowest pace for prayers or cries. woods, O fountains, hillocks, dales, and bowers ! With other echo late I taught your shades To answer, and resound far other song.' " Milton, F. L., b. x. " Then hear me. Heaven, to whom I call for right. And you, fair twinkling stars, that crown the night ; And hear me, woods, and silence of this place. And ye, sad hours, that move a sullen pace ; Hear me, ye shadows, that delight to dwell In horrid darkness, and ye powers of hell. Whilst I breathe out my last." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, iv. 4. The misery of Turnus may call to mind the ex- clamation of the unhappy Richard : " O ! that I were as great As is my grief, or lesser than my name. Or that I could forget what I have been. Or not remember what I must be now." Shakespeare, K. Richard II., iii. 3. 973. *' Talbot. My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel ; 1 know not where I am, or what I do." Shakespeare, i K. Henry VI., i. 5. V. 687—718. BOOK X. V. 718—738. 381 I le glides, the sea-depths sundering, alike With surge and tide of favor, and is borne On to his father Daunus' ancient town. But meanwhile, by the impulses of Jove, Mezentius, burning, to the nght succeeds, And on the Teucrians, as they exult, 1 le charges. Run in mass the Tuscan troops, 990 And with all hate and crowding darts L'pon one hero, [yea] on one, they rush. He, — like a cliff, which into ocean vast juts out, exposed to frenzies of the winds, And open to the deep, bears all the brunt And threats alike of heav'n and of the sea, Itself abiding moveless : — Hebrus, son Of Dolichaon, fells to earth, with whom [He] Latagus and flying Palmus [slays] : But Latagus he with a rock, aye e'en icxx) The mighty fragment of a mount, forestalls Upon the mouth and his confronted face : Palmus, with severed ham-string he allows Inactive to be tumbled, and his arms To Lausus on his shoulders grants to wear, And on his crest to plant his plumes. Moreo'er, He fells Evanth the Phrygian, Mimas too, [Of] equal [age] with Paris, and his mate, Whom in one night Theano brought to light For Amyous his sire, and, pregnant with a torch, loio The queen Cisseis Paris : Paris rests [Tombed] in the city of his ancestors : Mimas, unknown, Laurentum's coast con- tains. And like as, hounded by the fang of dogs From lofty mountains down, some famous boar. Whom piny Vesulus for many a year Bescreens, for many, too, the Laurent marsh, Fed in the reedy forest, when he once Among the nets is come, has ta'en his stand. And bellowed in his rage, and bristled up His shoulders j nor has one the hardi- hood 1 02 1 To show his wrath, and nearer to ap- proach ; But him with darts and shoutings safe afar They ply : still he, undaunted, slowly turns Towards ev'ry quarter, gnashing with his tusks. And from his side he shakes the lances down : No otherwise, not one of those, to whom Mezentius was the cause of righteous wrath, Has courage to engage with sword un- sheathed ; With missiles from afar and lusty shout They worry him. From Coryth's ancient bourns 103 1 Had Acron come, a man [of] Grecian [line], An exile, leaving incomplete the rites Of marriage. Him when from afar he saw Discomfiting the central squadrons, gay In plumes and purple of his plighted bride : As oft a foodless lion, ranging o'er The lofty stalls, (for madding hunger prompts,) If haply he hath spied a flitting roe. Or hart with antlers tow'ring high, exults Hideously yawning, and hath raised his mane, 1041 And to the entrails, couching o'er them, clings ; The noisome gore bewets his felon jaws : So, eager hurtles on his serried foes Mezentius. Hapless Acron low is laid, And, dying, with his heels the murky ground He smites, and smears with blood the shat- tered darts. And he, the same, deigned not to overthrow Orodes, as he's flying, nor to deal A wound invisible with darted lance : 1050 He meets him in his path and to his face, And fell to the encounter man to man, Superior, not in guile, but gallant arms. Then with his foot placed o'er him, stricken down, And leaning on his spear : " Lies, warriors ! [here] No despicable portion of the war, The high Orodes." Following him, his mates 1036. Acron, though not deficient in bravery, would not have been quite to the taste of the poor Captain in Ford's Unnatural Combat. Speaking of his armor, he says : " This hath past through A wood of pikes, and every one aimed at it. Yet scom'd to take impression from their fury : With this, as still you see it, fresh and new, I've charg'd through fire that would have sing'd your sables. Black fox, and ermines, and changed the proud colour Of scarlet, though of the right Tyrian die. — But now, as if the trappings made the man. Such only are admir'd that come adorn'd With what's no part of them." Act iii. 3. 1037. " What if the lion in his rage I meet ! — Oft in the dust I view his printed feet ; And, fearful ! oft when Day's declining light Yields her pale empire to the mourner Night, By hunger rous'd, he scours the groaning plain. Gaunt wolves and sullen tigers in his tram : Before them Death with shrieks directs their way. Fills the wild yell, and leads them to their prey. Collins, Oriental Eclogues, ii. 1052. " Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows ; Strength match'd with strength, and power con- fronted power." Shakespeare, A'. John, ii. a. V. 738—746. THE jENEID. V. 747—768. A joyful pasan in a chorus shout. But, dying, he : " Not over me, unwreaked, Nor long, shalt thou, whoe'er thou art, exult In conquest : equal destinies await 106 1 Thee, too, and soon thou' It gripe the self- same fields." To whom Mezentius, smiUng with mixt rage : ' ' Now perish ! But the father of the gods And king of men will see to me." As this He speaks, he wrenched the weapon from the corpse : Stern rest and steely slumber press his orbs ; His eyes are shut in everlasting night. 1067. " Death is an equall doome To good and bad, the common in of rest." Spenser, F. Q., ii. i, 45. Beautifully of sleep in life and health : " The whyles his lord in silver slomber lay. Like to the evening starre adorn'd with deawy ray." F. Q., vi. 7, 19. Shakespeare, differently : " Till o'er their brows death-counterfeiting sleep, With leaden legs and batty wings, doth creep." Midsianmer Night's Dream, iii. 2. Dryden, of Charles II. : " An iron slumber sat on his majestic eyes." Threnodia Angtistalis. 1068. Perhaps iit, v. 746, should be rendered by Jor. " And when those pallid cheekes and ashe hew. In which sad Death his pourtraiture had writ. And when those hollow eyes and deadly view, On which the cloud of ghastly night did sit," &c. Spenser, JDapIiTtaida, iii. 2. " Then going forth, and finding in his way A souldier of the watch, who sleeping lay, Enrag'd to see the wretch neglect his part, He strikes his sword into his trembling heart : The hand of death, and iron dulnesse, takes Those leaden eyes, which nat'rall ease forsakes." Sir John Beaumont, Bosworth Field. " See, while I speak, high on her sable wheel Old Night advancing climbs the eastern hill : Troops of dark clouds prepare her way ; behold How their brown pinions, edg'd with evening gold. Spread shadowing o'er the house, and glide away, slowly pursuing the declining day ; O'er the broad roof they fly their circuit still. Thus days before they did, and days to come they will ; But the black cloud, that shadows o'er his eyes. Hangs there immoveable, and never flies : Fain would I bid the envious gloom be gone ; Ah, fruitless wish ! how are his curtains drawn For a long evening that despairs the dawn !" "Watts, Lyric Poems, b. iii. To the Memory of Gunston. Gray uses the expression of Milton's blindness : " The living throne, the sapphire-blaze Where angels tremble while they gaze. He saw ! but, blasted with excess of light, Clos'd his eyes in endless night." The Progress of Poesy, iii. 2. Caedicus puts Alcathous to death, S aerator [kills] Hydaspes ; Rapo, too, 1070 Parthenius ; also, passing strong in might, (3rses ; Messapus also Clonius [slays]. And Ericetes of Lycaon['s line] ; That, — by the fall of his unruly steed, Lying on earth; — a footman ////>,— on foot." And Lycian Agis had advanced in front : Whom, yet, not lacking of the bravery Of ancestors, doth Valerus o'erthrow ; While Salius Thronius [puts to death], Likewise Nealces Salius, in the dart 1080 Distinguished, and the far deceiving bolt. Now grisly Mars was balancing their woes And mutual slaught'rings : slew alike and fell alike The conq'rors and the conquered : flight was known Neither to these, nor those. The deities Within the courts of Jove compassion feel For th' idle wrath of both, and that such deep Distresses were [the lot] of mortal men : To this side Venus, on the other hand. To that, Saturnian Juno pays regard; 1090 The wan Tisiphone, among the midst Of thousands, is in fury. But, in sooth, Mezentius, shaking his prodigious spear, [All] in a tumult, marches on the field : As great Orion, when afoot he walks Through central Nereus' vasty floods, his path Disparting, by his shoulder overtops The waves ; or, bringing down from moun- tain crests An aged ash, both stalks upon the ground, And hides his head among the clouds : such-like 1 100 " The torpid pow'rs Of heaviness weigh'd down my beamless eyes. And pressed them into night." W. Thompson, Sickness, b. i. " What mist weighs down My eyes already ! Oh, 'tis death; I see. In a long robe of darkness, is preparing To seal them up for ever." Shirley, Love's Cruelty, v. 2. " A mist hangs o'er mine eyes ; the sun's bright splendour Is clouded in an everlasting shadow." Ford, The Broken Heart, v. 3. 1095. See note on j^n. iii. /. 931. 1096. " Forthwith upright he rears from off the pool His mighty stature ; on each hand the flames. Driven backward, slope their pointing spires, and, roll'd In billows, leave i' the midst a horrid vale." Milton, P. L., b. i. V. 768— 789« BOOK X, V. 790—808. 383 Mezentius bears him on in giant arms. >Eneas, on the other hantl, prepares To meet him in advance, as him he spied In the long line. . He undismayed remains, His high-souled foe awaiting, and he stands In his own bulk, and meting with his eyes A range, far as sufficient for his spear : " May my right hand, a deity to me. And dart, which, ready to be launched, I poise, 1 109 Stand by me now 1 'Tis thee thyself that 1, O Lausus, hallow, mantled in the spoils, Reft from the carcass of a pirate-knave, A trophy of /Eneas." [Thus] he spake. And from a distance flung the hissing lance : But, flying, 'tis from off" his buckler shot, And far the excellent Antores spears Between the side and loins ; Antores, mate Of Hercules, who had, from Argi sent. Held to Evander, and had settled down In his Italian city. He is felled, 1120 Of evil fortune, by another's wound. And casts a look to heav'n, and, as he dies, Recalls the charming Argi to his soul. Then does the good /Eneas throw his spear : It through the hollow disk with triple bronze. Through folds of canvas, and the work, in- wove With three bull[-hide]s, careered, and came to rest Deep in the groin : but carried on its force No further. Quick his sword /Eneas, blithe At sight of Tuscan blood, tears from his thigh, 1 1 30 And hotly presses on his wildered [foe]. Lausus, when he beheld it, deeply groaned. In his affection for his darling sire, iioi. " Disdayne he called was, and did disdayne To be so cald, and who so did him call : Sterne was his looke, and full ofstomacke vayne ; His portaunce terrible, and stature tall. Far passing th' hight of men terrestrial! ; Like an huge gyant of the Titans race ; That made him scorne all creatures great and small, And with his pride all others powre deface : More fitt emongst black liendes then men to have his place." Spenser, F. Q., ii, 7, 41. " On th' other side, Satan, alarm'd. Collecting all his might, dilated stood. Like Tenerilf or Atlas, unrcmoved : His stature reach'd the sky, and on his crest Sat Horror plum'd ; nor wanted in his grasp What scem'd both spear and shield."' Milton, F. L., b. iv. 1 108. Mezentius was like Sansfoy : " At last him chaunst to meete upon the way A faithlesse Sarazin. all armde to point. In whose |;reat shield was writ with letters gay Sansfoy ; full large of limbe and every ioint He was, and cared not for God or man a point," Spenser, F. Q., i. 2, la. And tears came o'er his features cotirstng down. Here, the disaster of thy grievous death, And thy most glorious deeds, if any age Will credit to so great a work extend, I shall not sooth, nor thee shall I, O youth, Deserving record, pass in silence by. He, drawing back his foot, disabled e'en, And hampered, was retreating, and the hostile shaft 1141 Was trailing in his shield. Forth sprang the youth. And mingled him among their arms. And now He passed beneath ^Eneas' falchion-point. As with his right hand rises he on high. And deals a blow, and him by checking bore. His comrades second him with lusty cheer. While, guarded by the buckler of the son, The sire withdrew ; and darts together hurl. And from afar with missiles drive away 1 1 50 The foe. -(^neas fumes, and keeps himself Ensconced. And as, if storms at times With drifted hail swoop downward, from the plains Hath ev'ry ploughman 'scaped, and ev'ry swain ; And in a safe retreat the traveller hides, Or by a river's banks, or by a vault Of tow'ring rock, while on the lands it rains. That they may, on returning of the sun, Be able to employ the day in toil : 1134. If attention to voice be insisted on, v. 790 may be rendered thus : "And tears were forced in courses o'er his cheeks." 1137. Tanto operi may fairly be looked upon as a reference to the poem itself. It is like Virgil, who, on the occasion of recording the feats of Nisus and Euryalus, uses a similar expression : si quid ntea carrnina possttnt. 1 149. Guyomar says to his father Montezuma, in Dryden's Indian Emperor : " Fly, sir, while I give back that life you gave. Mine is well lost, if I your life can save." Act i. 2. 1153, . " The sulphurous hail Shot after us in storm, o'erblown, hath laid The fiery surge that from the precipice Of Heaven received us falling : and the thunder, Wing'd with red lightning, and impetuous rage. Perhaps hath spent his shafts, and ceases now To bellow through the vast and boundless deep." Milton, F. L., b. i. 1158. "As when from mountain tops the dusky clouds Ascending, while the north wind sleeps, o'ersprcad Heaven's cheerful face, the lowering element Scowls o'er the darkcn'd landbkip snow, or shower ; If chance the radiant sun with farewell sweet Extend his evening beam, the fields revive, The birds their notes renew, and bleating herds Attest their joy, thatliill and valley rings fOi Ibid., b. u. 284 V. 8oJ THE ^NEID. I21— 847. Thus, overwhelmed by darts on ev'ry side, ^neas bears the battle-storm, until 1 161 All thunder clears away; and Lausus chides, And Lausus threatens : " Whither, doomed to die. Dost rush, and darest [deeds] above thy strength ? Thee, heedless [youth], thy piety mis- leads." Nor doth the other madly triumph less. And higher rises now the felon rage Of the Dardanian leader, and the Weirds For Lausus gather up the last of threads. For home ^neas drives his lusty sword Through the youth's midriff, and deep hides the whole. 11 71 The falchion -point both traversed through his shield. The threat' ning [youth's] light armor, and the frock Which had his mother spun with ductile gold; And blood his bosom filled : then life through air Fled rueful to the Ghosts, and left the corse. 1169. See note on Ed. iv. /. 62. " But grant man happy ; grant him happy long ; Add to life's prize her latest hour ; That hour, so late, is nimble in approach. That, like a post, comes on in full career : How swift the shuttle flies, that weaves thy shroud !" Gascoigne's Greene Knight would have wished it had in his case : " The fatal Sisters three. Which spun my slender twine. Knew wel how rotten was the yarne. Fro whence they drew their line : Yet haue they wouen the web. With care so manifolde, (Alas I woful wretch the while) As any cloth can holde : Yea though the threeds be cowrse. And such as others lothe. Yet must I wrap alwayes therin My bones and body both ; And weare it out at length. Which lasteth but too long : O weauer, weauer, work no more ; Thy warp hath done me wrong." Weedes: Complaint of the Greene Knight. Chaucer has a different image : " For sikerly, whan I was borne, anon Deth drow the tappe of lif, and let it gon : And ever sith hath so the tappe yronne. Till that almost all empty is the tonne." Canterbjiry Talcs; the R eve's Prologue. Shakespeare makes King John say : " The tackle of my heart is crack'd and burn'd ; And all the shrouds, wherewith my life should sail. Are turned to one thread, one little hair : My heart hath one poor string to stay it by. Which holds but till thy news be uttered. And then all this thou seest is but a clod. And model of confounded royalty." Act. v. 7. But when, in sooth, Anchises' offspring saw The face and features of the dying youth, — Features in wondrous fashion waxing wan ; Compassionating him he deeply groaned. And stretched his right hand forth, and to his mind 1181 The picture of a father's love occurred. " What now to thee, O piteous youth, for these Thy merits, what can good ^neas grant, Worthy of such a noble nature ? [These] the arms Wherein thou hast rejoiced, keep thine, and thee • • I to the ghosts and ashes of thy sires, — If that have any interest,— resign. Yet thou herewith, ill-starred, sad death shalt cheer : — By great yEneas' right hand thou dost fall." Thereon he chides his loit'ring mates, and lifts 1191 Him up from earth, defiling with his blood His tresses, trimmed in customary form. Meanwhile his sire at Tiber's river-wave His wounds was stanching with its crystal- streams. And, leaning on a tree-bole, rested he his frame. Hangs from the boughs apart his helm of bronze. And on the mead his cumbrous arms repose. Choice youths around him stand ; he, faint himself. Gasping for breath, supports his neck, his beard I200 In forward culture flowing on his breast. Of Lausus many a question does he ask. And many a one he sends, to call him back And bear the orders of his mourning sire. But Lausus lifeless his companions bore Upon his arms, in tears, — a mighty [youth], And conquered by a mighty wound. A mind, Of ill foresightful, understood afar Their groan. His hoary hairs with plen- teous dust He mars, and stretches both his hands to heaven, 12 10 And fastens on the body: " O my son, Hath such a whelming appetite for life Held me, that I should in my stead allow To take my place beneath the foe's right hand 1 190. So Olivia says : " If one should be a prey, how much the better To fall before the lion than the wolf.!" Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, iii. i. 1202. " Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. r. 848—869. BOOK X. V. 869—883. 2Ss I lim whom I've sired? By these thy wounds am I, Thy father, rescued, living l)y thy death ? Now, welaway! to wretched me at length A hapless endj A wound now driven deep ! I, son, the s^me, have stained thy name by guilt, 1 2 19 From throne and sceptre of my fathers driven Through infamy. Had I a forfeit owed To native country and my [people's] hate, By every death would I myself had given My guilty spirit ! Now I live, nor yet Mankind and light I leave 1— but leave I will." At once, while saying this, he lifts him up Upon his sickly thigh, and, though his strength Foreslows him, owing to his deepsome wound, He, not cast down, his charger bids be brought. This was his pride, his comfort this ; with this 1230 He issued conqueror from ev'ry war. He speaks the mourning [steed], and in the like Begins : '* O Rhoebus, long, — if any thing Is long for mortal beings, — have we lived. Thou either conq'ror shalt to-day bring back Those bloody trophies and /Eneas' head, And of the pangs of Lausus venger be With me ; or, if no pow'r disclose a way, Along with me shalt die. For deem not I, O thou most gallant [horse], that thou wilt deign 1240 To brook outlandish rules and Trojan lords." He said ; and, on his back received, [there] placed His wonted limbs, and laded both his hands With pointed jav'lins, glitt'ring on his head 1216. " No tomb shall hold thee But these two arms, no trickments but my tears ; Over thy hearse my sorrows, like sad arms. Shall hang for ever ; on the toughest marble Mine eyes shall weep thee out an epitaph : Love at thy feet shall kneel, his smart bow broken. Faith at thy head. Youth and the Graces mourners : Oh, sweet young man !" Fletcher, T/te Mad Lover, v. 4. 1232. See note on jEn. iv. /. 101, and xi. /. 127. 1242. Only for his wound, the following quotation might be appropriate : " I saw young Harry, with his beaver on, His cuisses on his thighs, gallantly arm'd. Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury, And vaulted with such ease into his seat, As if an angel dropp'd down from the clouds. To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus, And witch the world with noble horsemanship." Shakespeare, i K. Henry IV., iv. 1. With bronze, and bristling with a horse- hair plume. Thus on the midmost, fleet, he sped his course. Seethes mighty shame within a single heart. And a deliriousness with mingled woe, And love by Furies racked, and con.scions worth. And here iEneas thrice with lusty voice He called. Him sooth ^Eneas knew, and glad 1251 He prays : "So grant that mighty sire of gods ! So high Apollo ! To engage the hand Do thou begin." He uttered only this ; And goes to meet him with a hostile spear. But he : •' How scare you me, thrice-brutal [wretch]. My son reft from me ? This was th* only way, Whereby you could destroy. Nor dread we death, Nor any of the deities we spare. Surcease ! I now am coming, doomed todie. And these my gifts to thee I carry first." 1256. What Caraza says to Irene might have been applied to Mezentius : " While unavailing anger crowds thy tongue With idle threats and fruitless exclamation. The fraudful moments ply their silent wings. And steal thy life away. Death's horrid angel Already shakes his bloody sabre o'er thee." Johnson, Irene, v. 9. 1258. " And why not death, rather than living tor- ment? To die is to be banished from myself. And Silvia is myself: banish'd from her. Is self from ^elf ; a deadly banishment. What light is light, if Silvia be not seen? What joy is joy, if Silvia be not by? Unless it be to think that she is by. And feed upon the shadow of perfection. Except I be by Silvia in the night. There is no music in the nightingale ; Unless I look on Silvia in the day, i There is no day for me to look upon. She is my essence ; and I leave to be. If I be not by her fair influence Foster'd, illumin'd, cherish'd, kept alive. I fly not death, to fly his deadly doom : Tarry I here, I but attend on death ; But, fly I hence, I fly away from life." Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona, iii. i. " Why stare ye on me ? You cannot put on faces to aflfright me : In death I am a king still, and contemn ye. Where is that governor ? Methinks his manhood Should be well pleas'd to see my tragedy. And come to bathe his stem eyes in my sorroMrs : I dare him to the fight ; bring his scorns with him. And all his rugged threats." Fletcher, The Island Princess, iL $. " The sense of death is most in apprehension. And the poor beetle, that we tread upon. In corponil sufferance finds a pang, as great As when a giant dies." Shakespeare, Measurtfor Measnrt, iii. x. 286 882—895. THE JENEID. V. 895 — 908. He said, and whirled a jav'lin on the foe ; And after that moreover fastens firm 1 263 Another, and another, and he flies In spacious circuit : but the. golden boss Supports them. Thrice around him, as he stands. He rode in circles to the left, his darts Forth launching from his hand ; thrice with himself The Trojan hero a prodigious w^ood Bears round upon his canopy of bronze. Then, when it irUs him to have eked delays So many, darts so many to uproot, 1 272 And, being in unequal fight engaged, Is harassed : stirring many [a thought] in mind, Now bursts he forth at last, and [right] be- tween The war-steed's hollow brows he hurls a spear. The quadruped rears upright, and the air Smites with its heels, and, following itself Upon the top of th' horseman, pitched abroad, 1279 Encumbers him, and, falling on its face, On him, unseated, with its shoulder lies, Trojans alike and Latins with a yell 1267. " Alexander. Was I a woman, when, like Mercury, I left the walls to fly amongst my foes. And, like a baited lion, dyed myself All over with the blood of those bold hunters ; Till, spent with toil, I battled on my knees. Plucked forth the darts, that made my shield a forest, And hurled them back with most unconquered fury !" Lee, The Rival Qiteens, iv. 2. Set heav'n afire, ^neas to him flies, And from its scabbard draws his falchion forth, And o'er him these: "Where now Me- zentius fierce, And that wild force of soul ?" On th' other hand. The Tuscan, when, upgazing to the air. He drank in heaven, and recovered thought : " O bitter foeman, why dost thou upbraid And threaten death ? In shedding of my blood — 1290 No crime ; nor have I on these terms To battle come ; nor hath my Lausus struck These covenants on my behalf with thee. This one thing by [the grace], — if any grace There is for conquered enemies, — I crave : That thou would'st let my corse be hearsed in earth. I know my [subjects'] bitter hate besets : This rage, I pray, ward off", and grant that I May be my son's co-partner in the grave." These speaks he, and, not unaware, receives Within his throat the falchion, and his life Spurts forth upon his arms with waving gore. 1302 1296. " 0, father abbot ! An old man, broken with the storms of state. Is come to lay his weary bones among ye ; Give him a little earth for charity." Shakespeare, A'. Henry VIII., iv. 2. 1302. There were some redeeming points in the character of Mezentius ; so that, if he had not been so irreligious and cruel, he might have deserved the wish of Queen Katherine for VVolsey : " So may he rest : his faults lie gently on him !" BOOK XL Meanwhile Aurora rising ocean left. yEneas, though alike solicitudes Hurry him forward to devote the time To burying his comrades, and his mind Is troubled at their death, the ofiPrings due To deities, as conqueror, he paid At th 'infant Dawn. A giant oak, its boughs On all sides lopped away, upon a knoll He reared, and tricks it out in gleaming arms. Spoils from the general Mezentius stript, To thee a trophy, puissant lord of war, 1 1 Line 11. Glover well describes the erection of a trophy : " Green Psittalia there Full opposite exhibits, high and large, A new erected trophy. 'I'wenty masU Thereto does he adjust the hero's plumes. With blood distilling, and his shattered darts. Appear, the tallest of Phoenician pines, In circular position. Round their base Are massive anchors, rudders, yards, and oars. Irregularly pil'd, with beaks of brass. And naval sculpture from barbarian sterns. Stupendous by confusion. Crested helms Above, bright mail, habergeons scal'd in gold And figur'd shields along the spiry wood. Up to th' aerial heads in order wind. Tremendous emblems of gigantic Mars. Spears, bristling through the intervals, uprear Their points obliquely : gilded staves project Embroider'd colours ; darts and arrows hang In glitt'ring clusters. On the topmost height Th' imperial standard broad, from Asia won, Blaz'd in the sun, and floated in the wind." Athenaid, b. xvii. V. 9 — 29. BOOK XL ▼. 29—47. 387 His cuirass also, point of aim, and pierced In twice six places, and his targe of bronze He fastens to the left side underneath, And hangs hi^ sword of iv'ry from the neck. -^ His comrades then, — for all the crowded staff Of chieftains closed him in, — beginning thus. He heartens in their triumph : " An event Of deepest moment is, O warriors, brought to pass ; 21 All fear avaunt in what remains ! these be The spoils and first-fruits of a haughty prince ; And in my hands here stands Mezentius. Now There is a passage for us to the king •And walls of Latium. Get ye ready arms ; With courage and with hope forestall the war ; Lest any obstacle, while unaware, When first the heav'nly powers shall allow To pluck the standards up, and march the youth 30 From out th' encampment, may embarrass you; Or purpose stay you, listless through alarm. Meanwhile let us to earth commit our mates. And their unburied corses, which alone The honor is 'neath lowest Acheron. Go ye," saith he ; " the passing noble souls, Who have by their own blood this country won For us, do ye with latest duties grace ; And to Evander's mourning city first Let Pallas be conveyed, whom lacking not Of prowess, hath a day of darkness reft, 41 And in untimely dissolution plunged," Thus speaks he weeping, and withdraws his step 40. " Let us go find the body where it lies, Soak'd in his enemies' blood ; and from the stream With lavers pure, and cleansing herbs, wash off The dotted gore. I, with what speed the while, (Gaza is not in plight to say us nay,) Will send for all my kindred, all my friends. To fetch him hence, and solemnly attend With silent obsequy, and funeral train. Home to his father's house." Milton, Satttscm, end. 41. " O grief I and could one day Have force such excellence to take away? Could a swift flying moment, ah ! deface Those matchless gifts, that grace. Which art and nature had in thee combin'd To make thy body paragon thy mind 1 Hath all pass'd like a cloud, And doth eternal silence now them shroud? Is that, so much admir'd, now naught but dust. Of which a stone hath trust? O change ! O cruel change ! thou to our sight Show'st the Fates' rigour equal to their might ?*' • Drummond, Sonnets, &*c., ii. 13, 4. To [his own] thresholds, where, !aid out, the corse Of lifeless Pallas old Acoetes watched ; Who to Evander of Parrhasia erst Was armor-bearer ; but with auspices, Not equally propitious, then assigned 48 The guardian to a darling son, he marched. Around e'en all the band of servants [stood], And throng of Trojans, and the llian dames, With mourning locks, in customary form Let loose. But when /Eneas passed inside The stately gates, a mighty groan do they With smitten bosoms to the stars upraise. And with a wail of woe the palace rang. Himself, when snow-like Pallas' cushioned head And face he saw, and in his glossy breast The yawning wound of the Ausonian lance, On this wise speaks with springing tears : "Hath thee," 60 He cries, *' O pitiable youth, what time She came propitious. Fortune grudged to me ; That thou our kingdoms mightest not behold, Nor conq'ror to thy father's seat be borne ? 'Twas not these pledges of thee to thy sire, Evander, at departing I had given, When, me embracing as I went away. He sent me to acquire a mighty rule, 51. " Infinite ben the sorwes and the teres Of olde folk, and folk of tendre yeres. In all the toun for deth of this Theban : For him ther wepeth bothe childe and man. So gret a weping was ther now certain. Whan Hector was ybrought, all fresh yslain To Troy, alas ! the pitee that was there, Cratching of chekcs, rending eke of here." Chav.cer, 77u' Knightes Tale. 60. " And she believes That you are dead ; and as she now scom'd life. Death lends her cheeks his paleness, and her eyes Tell down their drops of silver to the earth. Wishing her tears might rain upon your grave, To make the gentle earth produce some flower Should bear your names and memories." Shirley, Tke Grateful Servant, iii. 3. 62. " But what we couet most or chiefest holde in price, With greedie gripe of darting death is reaved with a trice. " The cruell Sisters three were all in one agreede. To let the spindle runne no more but shrid the fatail threede. " And Fortune, (to e.\presse ^Vhat swing and sway she bare.) Allowde them Icaue to vsc their force vpon this Jewell rai:e. . " Thus hath the Welkin wunne, and wc a losse sustainde : Thus hath hir corse a Vaute found out, hir sprite the Heauens gainde." Turberville, On the Death of Elisabeth ArkmuUe. V. 47 — 66. THE ^NEID. V. 66 — 90. And, fearing, warned me that the men were fierce ; That with a hardy nation were the frays. And now he, sooth, deep-duped by idle hope, 71 Is peradventure e'en discharging vows. And piling up high altars with his gifts ; We [this] unbreathing youth, and one that now Owes naught to any of the heav'nly powers. Attend in sorrow with a fruitless pomp. Ill-starred ! Thy son's heart-rending funeral Shalt thou behold ! Can these be our returns, And looked-for triumphs ? This my lofty trust ? But thou, Evander, shalt not look on him, [As one] discomfited by shameful wounds ; Nor thou a father for a son unhurt 82 A death accursed shalt desire. Ah me ! How great a bulwark, O Ausonia [thou]. How great dost thou, too, O lulus, lose !" When these in tears he ended, he com- mands The piteous corse to be upraised, and sends A thousand men from all the army culled, The closing ceremony to attend. And in his father's tears to bear a part : 90 A scanty comfort for a mighty grief, But to a wretched father due. Not slow Weave hurdles others, and a pliant bier. Of arbute switches and of oaken twig, And with a canopy of leaf o'ershade 84. " So have I seen some tender slip Saved with care from winter's nip. The pride of her carnation train, Plucked up by some unheedy swain, Who only thought to crop the flower New shot up from vernal shower : But the fair blossom hangs the head Sideways, as on a dying bed. And those pearls of dew, she wears, Prove to be presaging tears. Which the sad morn had let fall. On her hastening funeral." Milton, Odes. " Young Damon of the vale is dead, Ye lowland hamlets, moan ; A dewy turf lies o'er his head. And at his feet a stone. " His shroud, which Death's cold damps destroy. Of snow-white threads was made : All mourn'd to see so sweet a boy In earth for ever laid. " Pale pansies o'er his corpse were plac'd, Which, pluck'd before their time, Bestrew'd the boy, like him to waste, And wither in their prime. " But will he ne'er return, whose tongue Could tune the rural lay ? Ah, no ! his bell of peace is rung. His lips are cold as clay." Collins, Song-, end of Poems. The high-raised couch. On rustic litter here The youth they lay aloft : just like a flower, Dissevered by the finger of a maid, Either of violet soft, or drooping martagon, Whose brilliance not as yet hath passedaway, Nor yet its beauteousness : no more does earth, loi Its mother, foster it and strength purvey. Then vestures twain, stiff both with gold and dye Of purple, forth ^neas brought, the which for him. Blithe at her travails, had with her own hands, Herself Sidonian Dido whilom made. And with thin gold diversified the web. In one of these the youth in sorrow he Arrays, the closing honor ; and his hair, About to burn, he muffles in a veil ; 1 10 And many a prize of the Laurentine war Moreo'er he piles, and orders that the spoil In lengthful train be led. He adds the steeds And arms, which he had from the foeman stript. And he had bound behind their backs theh' hands. Whom he might send as ofPrings to his shades. With butchered blood about to dew the flame ; He orders, too, the chiefs themselves to bring Tree-boles, in armor of their foes arrayed. And that their hostile names should- be engraved. 1 20 Ill-starred Acoetes, spent with age, is led. His breasts now marring with closed hands, his face Now with his nails ; and he is prostrate laid, Full length flung forward on the earth. And they Lead on the chariots, with Rutulian blood Bespattered. Next, its trappings laid aside. His war-steed ^thon weeping goes, and wets 98. Spenser introduces a less merciful despoiler of floral beauties : " Great enimy to it, and t' all the rest That in the Garden of Adonis springs. Is wicked Time ; who with his scyth addrest Does mow the flowring herbes and goodly things, And all their glory to the grownd downe flings, Where they do wither and are fowly mard :. Ne flyes about, and with his flaggy wings Beates downe both leaves and buds without regard, Ne ever pitty may relent his malice hard." Faerie Queene, iii. 6, 39. 127, 8. It is well known that some animals shed tears in distress ; but who ever heard of a weeping V. 90— 97* BOOK XL T. 98—118. 389 "With bulky drops its cheeks. His spear and hehn Bear others ; for tjic conq'ring Tumus holds the rest. A mournful squadron then, both Teucrians, And Tyrrhenes, and Arcadians, follow, all With arms inverted. After all the train Of the attendants far ahead had marched, i^neas halted, and these [words] subjoined With groaning deep : ** To tears for others, hence 135 The same dread fates of battle call us off. Most noble Pallas ! fare thee well, to me horse ? The British poets continually allude to the dying sorrows of the stag : " His once so vivid nerves. So full of buoyant spirit, now no more Inspire the course ; but fainting breathless toil, Sick, seizes on his heart : he stands at bay ; And puts his last weak refuge in despair. The big round tears run down his dappled face ; He groans in anguish : while the growling pack. Blood-happy, hang at his fair jutting chest. And mark his beauteous checker'd sides with gore." Thomson, Autumn. " Rouse ye the lofty stag, and with my bell-horn Ring him a knell, that all the woods shall mourn him. Till, in his funeral tears, he fall before me." J. Fletcher, Beggar's Bush, iii. 4. 13s. " Oh, my heart Is witness how I lov'd him ! Would he had not Led me unto his grave, but sacrific'd His sorrows upon mine ! He was my friend. My noble friend ; I will bewail his ashes : His fortunes and poor mine were born together. And I will weep 'em both : I will kneel by him, And on his hallow'd earth do my last duties ; I'll gather all the pride of spring to deck him ; Woodbines shall grow upon his honour'd grave. And, as they prosper, clasp to show our friendship. And, when they wither, I'll die too." J. Fletcher, Tlie Lovers' Progress, iv. 3. 137. Tickell, in his beautiful poem On the Death of Addison, says : " Can I forget the dismal night that gave My soul's best part for ever to the grave ? How silent did his old companions tread. By midnight lamps, the mansions of the dead, Through breathing statues, then unheeded things. Through rows of warriors, and through walks of kings ! What awe did the slow solemn knell inspire. The pealing organ, and the pausing choir ; The duties by the lawn-rob'd prelate paid ; And the last words that'dust to dust convey'd ! While speechless o'er thy closing grave we bend. Accept these tears, thou dear departed friend. , gone for ever ! take this long adieu ; ijid sleep in peace next thy lov'd Montague. " Farewell the hopes of B/itain ! Thou royal graft, farewell for ever! Time and Death, Ye have done your worst. Fortune, now see, now proudly Pluck off thy veil, and view thy triumph ! Look, Look what thou hast brought this land to ! 0, fair flower. For ever, and for ever fare thee well !" Nor further speaking, to the lofty walls He marched, and moved his footstep to the camp. 140 And now came envoys from the Latin town. With boughs of olive decked, and craving grace : — That he the bodies, which along the plains Lay scattered by the falchion, would restore, And let them pass beneath a mound of earth : That strife there could be none with con- quered men, And those devoid of breath : thafche would spare Who once were titled hosts and sires of brides. Whom, suing in no despicable prayers, The good .^neas with the grace presents. And these in words moreover he subjoins : "Pray what unworthy chance hath you involved, 152 ye Latini, in so sharp a war, Who us decline as friends ? Crave ye of me Peace for the dead, and slain by chance of Mars ? 1 sooth would grant it to the living too ; Nor had I come, save fates a place and home Had deigned. Nor is it with your race that I Am waging war : th.e king hath hospitage With us forsook, and rather placed his trust On arms of Tumus. Fairer had it been For Tumus to expose him to this death. If with his hand to terminate the war, 163 If to eject the Teucri, he prepares, It had been meet that in these arms with me He should engage : he would have lived, to whom The god or his right hand had granted life. How lovely yet thy ruins show, how sweetly Even Death embraces thee ! The peace of Heaven, The fellowship of all great souls, be with thee !" Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, v. 5. 145. " No, great king : I come to thee for charitable license. That we may wander o'er this bloody field, To look our dead, and then to bury them ; To sort our nobles from our common men ; For many of our princes, — woe the while ! Lie drown'd and soak'd in mercenary blood : So do our vulgar drench their peasant linibs In blood of princes, and their wounded steeds Fret fetlock deep in gore, and with wild rage Yerk out their armed heels at their dead masters Killing them twice. O ! give us leave, great king To view the field in safety, and dispose Of their dead bodies." Shakespeare, K. Henry V., iv. 7. 157. The perfect here, v. xia, would be intoler- able. U 290 V. 119— 134- THE yENEID. V. 135— 151. Now go, and fire do ye apply beneath Your hapless countrymen." ^neas said. In wonder were they stricken dumb, and kept 170 Their eyes and faces on each other turned. Then Drances aged, and aye with hate and charge To youthful Turnus hostile, thus in turn [These] op'ning accents utters with his lips : " O great by rumor, greater by thine arms, Thou Trojan hero, by what lauds should I Thee level bring with heaven ? Or at thee Should marvel rather for thy righteousness, Or toils fif war? We sooth will these [replies] T' our native city thankfully take home. And thee, if any fortune shall vouchsafe The path, to king Latinus will unite : 182 Let Turnus look for treaties for himself ! Yea too, thy walls' predestinated piles To raise, and on our shoulders to upbear The stones of Troja, will be our delight." These spake he, and they all with single voice Shouted assent. [An armistice] they framed For twice six days, and in the mediate truce, Thro'out the forests on the mountain brows. The Teucri and the Latins, mingled, ranged 172. "Man, hard of heart to man! Of horrid things Most horrid ! 'Mid stupendous, highly strange ! Yet oft his courtesies are smoother wrongs ; Pride brandishes the favour he confers. And contumelious his humanity : What then his vengeance ? Hear it not, ye stars ! And thou, pale moon ! turn paler at the sound : Man is to man the sorest, surest ill. A previous blast foretells the rising storm ; O'erwhelming turrets threaten ere they fall ; Volcanoes bellow ere they disembogue ; Earth trembles ere her yawning jaws devour ; And smoke betrays the wide-consuming fire : Ruin from man is most conceal'd when near. And sends the dreadful tidings in the blow." Young, T/ie Complaint, N. iii. " Or wouldst thou change the scene, and quit the den. Behold the Heav'n-deserted fen. Where spleen, by vapours dense begot and bred, Hardness of heart and heaviness of head. Have raised their darksome walls, and placed their thorny bed ; There may'st thou all thy bitterness unload. There may'st thou croak in concert with the toad. With thee the hollow howling winds shall join, Nor shall the bittern her base throat deny. The querulous frogs shall mix their dirge with thine, Th' ear-piercing hem, the plovers screaming high, Millions of humming gnats fit cestrum shall supply." Smart, Ode vi. On Ill-Nature. j58. " Assent." To translate eadem, v. 132, literally, would involve a great awkwardness. Without disturbance. Rings with two- edged steel 192 The stately ash ; they overthrow the pines, Projected to the stars ; nor hearts of oak, xAnd cedar sweet, with wedges do they cease To split, and carry elms on groaning drays. And Rumor flying now, of woe so great The harbinger, Evander and the courts And city of Evander fills, who late To Latium Pallas conqueror announced. Th' Arcadians hurry to the gates, and seized, After the olden fashion, fun'ral brands. The pathway gleams with lengthful train of fires, 203 And far and near distinctly marks the fields. In the reverse direction coming on, A band of Phrygians joins the wailing hosts. Whom when the dames once saw approach their homes. They fire the sorrowed city with their shrieks. Yet power none is able to restrain Evander; but he rushes on the midst. 210 The bier deposited, he forward fell O'er Pallas, and he clings, both shedding tears. And groaning, and a passage for his voice At last was scarcely loosened through his grief: 197, &c. Far finer is Dryden. Speaking of Charles II. 's death : " Soon as the ill-omen'd rumour reach'd his ear, (III news is wing'd with fate, and flies apace ;) Who can describe the amazement of his face ? Horror in all his pomp was there. Mute and magnificent without a tear." Threnodia A ugustalis. 211. Henry VI, shrank from contact with his uncle Humphrey's corpse ; " Fain would I go to chafe his paly lips With twenty thousand kisses, and to rain Upon his face an ocean of salt-tears. To tell my love unto his dumb deaf trunk, And with my fingers feel his hand unfeeling ; But all in vain are these mean obsequies. And to survey his dead and earthy image. What were it but to make my sorrow greater?" Shakespeare, 2 A'. Henry VI., iii. 2. 212. " These arms of mine shall be thy winding- sheet ; My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre. For from my heart thy image ne'er shall go ; My sighing breast shall be thy funeral bell." Shakespeare, 3 K. Henry VI., ii. 5. " But chiefly Him that you term'd the good old lord Gonzalo : The tears run down his beard, like winter's drops TT.. — »..,^V ^r..^„,i.. » Tempest, v. i. From eaves of reeds. 214. " Who, when he saw his sonne so ill bedight With bleeding wounds, brought home upon a beare By a faire lady and a straunger knight. Was inly touched with compassion deare. V. 152 — 167. BOOK XL V. 167—181. J91 *'Not these engagements, O my Pallas, thou Hadst given to thy parent. Would to heaven That thou more circumspectly hadst de- sired To trust thyself to unrelenting Mars ! Not unaware was I, how great a power Had new renown in arms, and, passing sweet, 220 The glory in a maiden combat. Sad Youth's budding feats, and sore th' essays Of war at hand, and vows and prayers of mine, Regarded by not one of gods ! And thou, holiest consort, blessed in thy death. Nor to this anguish kept ! On th' other hand, By living I have overpassed my fates, — That a surviving father I abide. [Him,] who has followed Trojans' fed'rate arms. Would heav'n the Rutuli with darts had whelmed ! 230 1 freely would have given up my life, And back this pageant should have brought home me^ Not Pallas. Trojans, I could blame nor you. Nor leagues, nor right hands, which in hospitage We've linked ; that lot to our old age was due. But if a timeless death my son awaited, . And deare affection of so dolefull dreare, And he these words burst forth : ' Ah ! sory boy ! Is this the hope that to my hoary heare Thou brings Y aie me ! is this the timely ioy Which I expected long, now turnd to sad annoy?'" Spenser, F. Q., vi. 3, 4. 217. As if he had thought : " You may as well spread out the unstinn'd heaps Of miser's treasure by an outlaw's den. And tell me it is safe, as bid me hope Danger will wink on Opportunity." Milton, ContJis. 219. Morton's address to the Earl of Northum- berland on Percy's death would have been equally applicable to Evander : " It was your pre-surmise, That, * I the dole of blows your son might drop ; You k .ew he walk'd o'er perils, on an edge. More likely to fall in than to get o'er ; You were advis'd his flesh was capable Of wounds and scars, and that his forward spirit Would lift him where most trade of danger rang'd : Yet did you say : Go forth ; and none of this. Though strongly apprehended, could restrain The stiff-borne action. What hath then befallen, Or what hath this bold enterprise brought forth. More than that being which was like to be T" Shakespeare, 2 A'. Henry IV., i, i. a36. " Untimely issue for a timeless grave." Drayton, Moses. With thousands of the Volsci slaughtered first, 'Twould be a happiness that he had fallen. The Teucri leading into Latium. Yet I could not thee, Pallas, worthy deem Of other fun'ral than the good i^neas [deems], 241 And [deem] the mighty Phrygians, aye and [deem] The Tyrrhene chieftains, all the Tyrrhenes' host. They bear grand trophies, which thy right hand gave To death. Thou also wouldst be standing now A giant trunk in arms, had equal been My age, and from my years my strength the same, Tumus. But ill-fortuned, why should I The Teucri stay from arms ? Go ye, and these My orders mindful to your king take back : * That I a hated life am ling'ring out, — My Pallas slain, — thy right hand is the cause ; 252 Which thou dost sec it Tumus owes alike To son and sire. This place alone is void For thy deserts and ibrtune. Joys for life 1 do not seek, nor is it lawful ; but [this news] To bring my son beneath the lowest shades.' " " Him while fresh and fragrant Time Cherish'd in his golden prime ; Ere Hebe's hand had overlaid His smooth cheeks with a downy shade ; The rush of Death's unruly wave Swept him off into his grave." Crashaw, Epitaph on Herrys. 241. It is impossible to translate the thrice- repeated guam, v. 170, without a sveakness. 251. " To mourn thy fall, I'll fly the hated light. And hide my head in shades of endless night : For thou wert light, and life, and health, to me : The sun but thankless shines, that shows not thee. Wert thou not lovely, graceful, good, and young :' The joy of sight, the talk of every tongue ? Did ever branch so sweet a blossom bear? Or ever early fruit appear so fair ? Did ever youth so far his years transcend ? Did ever life so prematurely end? .... There let me fall, there, there lamenting lie. There grieving grow to earth, despair, and die." Congreve, Tears 0/ Amaryllis. " Now my soul's palace is become a prison : Ah ! would she break from hence, that this ray body Might in the ground be dosed up in rest : For never henceforth shall I joy again." Shakespeare, 3 A', //enry VI., ii. t. 256. " For which I mourn, and will for ever mourn ; Nor will I change these black and dumal robe^k. Or ever dry these swollen and watery eyes. Or ever taste content, or peace of heart. While I have life, and thought of my Alphonso."* Congreve, Mounting fifide, i. i . u a 292 V. i82 — 188. THE ^NEID. V. 188—203. Meanwhile Aurore had bounteous light brought forth To wretched mortals, bringing back their tasks And toils. Now sire ^neas, Tarchon now, Upon the winding strand constructed pyres. They hither each the bodies of their [friends], 262 In fashion of their ancestors, conveyed ; And, — sooty fires beneath them laid, — high heaven Is shrouded into darkness with the murk. Three times around the kindled fun'ral piles, The whole passage from v. 177-181, owing to its brevity, is somewhat obscure, but a little examina- tion will make the meaning tolerably plain. This would seem to be its significance : Go, and carefully report these my charges to your Prince. Tell him that life has become hateful to me, now that Pallas is no more ; and that there is but one reason why I do not lay violent hands upon myself, and put an end to it at once. The sole cause of my delaying the suicidal act lies in himself alone ; for to him alone can I look for that vengeance upon my enemy, which I must see ex- acted before I die. I live, because Turnus lives ; and I must continue to live, until the right hand of TEneas shall accomplish the destruction of the man who has destroyed my child. That that right hand owes this debt both to my son and to me, must be evident, even to himself. Great as are his merits and his fortune ; many as are the obligations under which he has already laid me ; yet there is one act, — though but one, — which still remains for him to perform, in order to crown his own career, and to complete his services to me. — Turnus must fall. I desire no enjoyments for myself as a living man ; nor, were I so inclined, would it be decorous in me, after the irreparable loss that I have sustained. It is of Pallas that I am thinking, and not of myself ; of his happiness below, and not of my own above. In this life I seek for nothing now, but the power of carrying down to my son, in the infernal realms, the happy intelligence, that the man who slew him, has himself been slain. 258. " Hail to thy living light, Ambrosial morn ! all hail thy roseat ray ! That bids young Nature all her charms display. In varied beauty bright ; That bids each dewy-spangled flowret rise. And dart around its vermeil dyes ; Bids silver lustre grace yon sparkling tide. That winding warbles down the mountain's side. Away ! ye goblins all. Wont the bewilder'd traveller to daunt, Whose vagrant feet have traced your secret haunt Beside some lonely wall. Or shatter'd ruin of some moss-grown tow'r. Where, at pale mid ight's stillest hour. Through each rough chink the solemn orb of night Pours momentary gleams of trembling light. Away ! ye elves, away ! Shrink at ambrosial morning's living ray ; That living ray, whose pow'r benign Unfolds the scene of glory to our eye. Where, thron'd in artless majesty. The cherub Beauty sits on Nature's rustic shrine." Mason, Elfrida, ist Ode. Arrayed in gleaming arms, they marched; three times The fun'ral's doleful fire they compassed round On steeds, and shriekings uttered from their lips. E'en earth is sprent with tears, and sprent are arms ; 270 Scales heav'n both cry of men and din of trumps. Then some — the spoils, from slaughtered Latins reft, Fling on the fire, their helmets, and their swords Of beauty, bridles too, and glowing wheels ; — Some — well known off 'rings, bucklers of their own, And not successful darts. Of oxen round Are many bodies sacrificed to Death, And bristly boars, and, seized from all the fields. Sheep for the flame they butcher. Then throughout The strand they gaze upon their burning , mates, 280 And pyres half-burnt are watching ; nor can they Be torn away, until the moistful night Inverts the heav'n, enchased with blazing stars. No less the miserable Latins too. 267. The tutor will of course point out the tech- nical use oidecurro, v. 189. 282, 3. " Now came still Evening on, and Twilight gray Had in her sober livery all things clad. Silence accompanied : for beast and bird. They to their grassy couch, these to their nests, Were slunk, all but the wakeful nightingale : She all night long her amorous descant sung. Silence was pleas'd. Now glow'd the firmament With living sapphires : Hesperus, that led The starry host, rode brightest, till the Moon, Rising in clouded majesty, at length Apparent queen unveil'd her peerless light. And o'er the dark her silver mantle threw." Milton, P. L., b. iv. " How, like a widow in her weeds, the Night, Amid her glimmering tapers, silent sits ! How sorrowful, how desolate, she weeps Perpetual dews, and saddens Nature's scene ! .... O majestic Night! Nature's great ancestor. Day's elder-born ! And fated to survive the transient Sun ! By mortals and immortals seen with awe ! A starry crown thy raven brow adorns. An azure zone thy waist ; clouds, in Heaven's loom Wrought through varieties of shape and shade. In ample folds of drapery divine. Thy flowing mantle form ; and Heaven through- out Voluminously pour thy pompous train." Young, The Coinplaint, N. 9, V. 203 — 225. BOOK XL V. 226 — 254. 293 Reared in a diff'rent quarter countless pyres, And many a corse of heroes in the earth Partly inter, and partly raise them up. And- cart them oflF upon the neighb'ring fields. And send them to their city home. The rest. Of huddled slaughter e'en a mountain heap. With neither count nor compliment, they burn ; 291 In all directions then the spacious fields Shine out in rivalry with freijuent fires. Third light [of day] the icy shade from heaven Had chased aloof : a-mouming, th' ashes deep And jumbled bones they ransacked on the hearths. And laded with a milk-warm mound of earth. But now within the dwellings, in the town Of passing rich Latinus, chief the din, And greatest portion of the lengthful woe. Here mothers, and their sons' unhappy wives, 301 Here grieving sisters' loving breasts, and boys. Of parents orphaned, curse the awful war. And Turnus' nuptials. They insist that he. Himself, the quarrel should decide by arms. Aye by the sword himself, who claims t' himself Italia's realm and dignities the first. These [feelings] bitter Drances aggravates, And witnesses that he alone is called, Alone is Turnus challenged to the frays. At the same time, upon the other hand. Extensive suffrage with diverse debates [Lies] on the side of Turnus, and the queen's 313 High name o'ershades him ; much of fame supports The hero with his trophies, duly earned. 'Mid these excitements, 'mid the burning coil, 290. " A thousana glorious actions, that might claim Triumphant laurels and immortal fame, Confus'd in crowds of glorious actions lie, And troops of heroes undistinguish'd die." Addison, Tlie Campaign. 308. " The specious shield, which private malice bears, ^ Is ever blazon'd with some public good : Behind that artful fence skulk low, conceal'd. The bloody purpose and the poison'd shaft. Ambition there and envy nestle close. From whence they take their fatal aim unseen. And honest merit is their destin'd mark." Jones, The Earl 0/ Essex, i. i. 316. Or : "Amid these stirs, amid the burning broil." Behold, moreo'er, in woe, th* ambassadors From Diomed's great citv bring replies : '• With all the cost of toil so great — naught done ; Naught gifts, nor gold, nor earnest prayers, availed ; 320 Arms other by the Latins should be sought, Or peace entreated from the Trojan prince." In anguish deep sinks e'en the king himself Latinus. That ./Eneas, [child] of fate. Was carried on by potent will divine, — Warns him the wrath of gods, and graves [still] fresh Before his eyes. Accordingly A grave assembly, and the leading men Of his own people, summoned to the throne. Inside his lofty portals he convenes. 330 They flocked together, and from brimming roads Flow to the royal courts. Amidst them sits E'en most advanced in age, and first in sway, Latinus, with no blithesome brow. And here. The envoys, from th' vEtolian towns sent back, He bids announce what [tidings] they report. And in their order all replies demands. Thereon was silence with their tongues observed. And Venulus, his word obeying, thus Begins to speak : " We have, O citizens, Seen Diomedes and the Argive camp ; 341 And, meting out the journey, overpassed All hazards, and have touched the hand, whereby Fell Ilium's region. He Argyripa, His city, from his native city's name, A conqueror, was founding in the fields Of lapygian Garganus. When once Entered within, and means of speaking deigned. Before him we our gifts present, and tell Our name and country ; who have brought the war 350 On us ; what cause hath us to Arpi drawn. To these, when heard, he thus with gentle lip These [words] returned : * O nations, happy starred, Saturnian realms, ^usonians dating high, What fortune is it rouses you at rest, And prompts you unknown battles to pro- voke ? 356. " And who would run, that's moderately wise, A certain danger for a doubtful prize ? . . . . You draw, insensibly, destruction near, And love the danger, which you ought to fear." Pomfret, Love rriumpkant over Reason. 2 94 V. 2 55—2 74- THE JLNEID. Whoe'er of us have outraged with the sword The fields of Ilium, — I those [woes of ours] Pass by, which to the very dregs were drained, In battling underneath her stately walls ; What heroes that their Simois confines ; — We all, unutterable punishments 362 Throughout the globe, and pains of crimes, have paid, A band, that pity e'en at Priam's hands Deserves ; [this] knows Minerva's plagueful star. And the Euboean rocks, Caphareus too. Avenger. Since that warfare to a varied coast Forth driven, Menelaus, Atreus' son. As far as Proteus' pillars homeless roams ; Th' ^tnean Cyclops hath Ulysses seen. Should I the realms of Neoptolemus 371 Relate, Idomeneus' Penates, too, O'erthrown ? Or Locri, dwelling on the shore Of Libya ? E'en himself the Mycene chief Of mighty Greeks, by right hand of his spouse, Accursed, within his foremost thresholds died ; Crushed Asia the adulterer forelaid. [Why tell] that gods begrudged me, that, restored To altars of my country I should see My longed-for spouse, and Calydonthe fair? Now too, of frightful aspect, monster forms Pursue me, and my comrades, lost, have sought The air with wings, and wander o'er the floods 383 As birds, — ah ! awful vengeance on my [friends] — V. 274 — 297. 364. Even Shore pitied his erring wife : And can she bear it ? Can that delicate frame Endure the beating of a storm so rude ? Can she, for whom the various seasons chang'd. To court her appetite, and crown her board, For whom the foreign vintages were press'd. For whom the merchant spread his silken stores. Can she — Intreat for bread, and want the needful raiment To wrap her shiv'ring bosom from the weather ? When she was mine, no care came ever nigh her. I thought the gentlest breeze that wakes the sp/ing Too rough to breathe upon her ; cheerfulness Danc'd all the day before hfer ; and at night Soft slumber waited on her downy pillow : — Now sad and shelterless, perhaps, she lies. Where piercing winds blow sharp, and the chill rain Drops from some pent-house on her wretched head. Drenches her locks, and kills her with the cold. It is too much ; — hence with her past offences ; They are aton'd at full." Rowe, Jane Shore, act v. And with their tearful voices fill the cliffs. These [ills], indeed, thenceforward were by me Anticipated, when a madman I Desired the heav'nly bodies for my sword, And Venus' right hand with a wound pro- faned. Sooth do not, do not drive me to such frays. Nor have I with the Trojans any war 391 Since Pergamus was ruined ; nor do I Their ancient woes remember, nor [therein] Rejoice. The presents, which ye bring to me From your paternal coasts, do ye transfer T' iFneas. We have stood against his arms Of fierceness, and have hand with hand engaged : Trust one who has tried, — ^how grand he rises to his shield ! With what a whirlwind does he fling his lance ! If two such heroes the Idaean land 4CX3 Had borne besides, unchallenged would have come The Dardan to the towns of Inachus, And Greece would mourn her destinies re- versed. Whate'er delay was caused before the walls Of iron Troy, the conquest by the Greeks Halted through Hector's and Eneas' hand, And till the tenth year backward traced its steps : Both marked for courage, both for peerless arms ; This in his piety superior. Let right hands Unite for leagues, as far as 'tis vouch- safed : 410 But have a care lest arms with arms may clash.' At once both what are th' answers of the king, O king most worthy, thou hast heard, and what Is his decision on the mighty war." These scarce the envoys ; when a varied buzz Throughout the Ausons' troubled lips there ran : 398. So Abdalla of Demetrius : " Too well I know him, since on Thracia's plains I felt the force of his tempestuous arm. And saw my scattered squadrons fly before him." Johnson, Irene, iv. 4. 400. " Two more such women Would save their sex." J. Fletcher, Thier^ry and Theodorei, iv. i. 414. Surely responsa and senientia, w. 294, 5, refer to the same person, — Diomed. Virgil fre- quently omits his prepositions ; and to make bello a person seems very forced. V. 297—319. BOOK XL V. 320—337. 295 As when the rocks delay the sweepy streams, A din arises from the prisoned gulf, And boom the neighb'ring banks with brawling waves. As soon as minds were calmed, and troub- lous tongues 420 Were silent, having first addressed the gods, The king commences from his lofty throne : *• Erenow, in sooth, that of our highest weal We had determined, Latins, I could both Desire, and it had been the better [course]. At such an hour not council to convene. What time the foe is leaguering our walls. O citizens, unfitting warfare with a race Of gods, and with unconquered heroes, we Are waging, whom no battles weary out. Nor can they, vanquished, from the sword refrain. 43 1 If any hope in the ^Etolians' arms. Invited to us, ye have had, lay [this] Aside : a hope must each be to himself : But this, how spare, ye see. In what a wreck The rest of your affairs lie overwhelmed. Is all before your eyes and in your hands : Nor do I any one upbraid. What could The fullest valor be, has been ; the strife With the whole kingdom's force has been maintained. 440 Now then, what be the notion of my wav'ring mind Will I unfold, and — your attention give — In [words] a few will teach. To me belongs An ancient region, next the Tuscan tide, Extended westward, far as and beyond The bourns of the Sicanians ; the Aurunci And the Rutulians sow, and work with share The churlish hills, and graze their wildest [spots]. 434. " No thought of flight. None of retreat, no unbecoming deed, That argued fear ; • loh on himself relied, As only on his arm che moment lay Of victory." Milton, P. L., b. vi. " We are circled round With danger ; o'er our heads, with sail-stretch'd wings. Destruction hovers, and a cloud of mischief Ready to break on us ; no hope left us That may divert it, but our sleeping virtue, Roused up by brave Timoleon. Massinger, The Bondman, i. 3. " I'll tell thee, my Tamira, F.vcn at my falling fortune's deepest ebb. While all my outward etate was most forlorn, Within 1 was a king." Macdonald, Fair Apostate, iii. end. 448. " My soul, turn from them, turn we to survey Where rougher cUmcs a nobler race display. Let all this district, and the piny tract Of lofty mountain be surrendered up 450 To friendship with the Trojans ; and let lis Impartial terms of covenant pronounce. And woo them to our kingdom as allies. Let them, if such a strong desire there be, Take up a settlement, and cities build. But if it is their mind, of other bourns to take Possession, and another nation['s land], And from our ground they can depart : let us Build twice ten vessels of Italian oak, Or more, if they can man them : by the wave 460 Lies all material ; let themselves prescribe Both number and the model for the barks ; Give we the bronze, the hands, the naval stores. Moreo'er, to bear our message, and cement The leagues, it is our pleasure there should go A hundred Latin envoys from our chiefest tribe. And in their hand outstretch the boughs of peace ; Our presents bearing, talents e'en of gold And iv'ry, and the badges of our realm. The chair and trabea. For the common- weal 470 Deliberate, and aid our weakly state." Then the same hostile Drances, whom the fame Of Turnus spurred with crooked jealousy. Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread. And force a churlish soil for scanty bread. No product here the barren hills afford But man and steel, the soldier and his sword. No vernal blooms their torpid rocks array, But Winter ling'ring chills the lap of May ; No Zephyr fondly sues the mountain's breast, But meteors glare, and stormy glooms invest. " Goldsmith, The Traveller. 472, &c. Drances could not have said with Iden : " I seek not to wax great by others waning." Shakespeare, 3 K. Henry VJ., iv. 10. He was more like Belial, as Milton describes him : " On the other side uprose Belial, in act more graceful and humane : A fairer person lost not Heaven ; he sccnx'd For dignity compos'd, and high exploit : But all was false and hollow. Though his tongue Dropp'd manna, and could make the worse appear The better reason, to perplex and dash Maturest counsels : for his thoughts were low ; To vice industrious, but to nobler deeds Timorous and slothful." P. L., b. ii. 473. " Envy the next, Envy with sq^uinted eyes : Sick of a strange disease, his neighbour's health : Best lives he then, when any better dies ; Is never poor but in another's wealth. 296 V. 338—351- THE MNEID. V. 351—373. And bitter stings, wealth-rife, and in his tongue Superior, but his right hand chill in war; In counsels deemed no weak authority; In faction strong ; his mother's noble rank Proud birth bestowed him ; from his father he A questionable one maintained ; — gets up And loads him with these taunts, and swells their wrath : 480 *' Upon a matter, that is dark to none. Nor needing voice of ours, thou seek'st advice, O gracious sovereign. All allow they know What may the welfare of the nation claim ; But hesitate to say. Let him vouchsafe Freedom of speech, and arrogance abate. Because of whose ill-omened management, And evil dealings, — truly I will speak. Though he may threaten me with arms and death, — So many lights of leaders see we set, 490 And all the city sitting down in woe. The while he tempts the Trojan camp, on flight On best men's harms and griefs he feeds his fill ; Else his own maw doth eat with spiteful will : 111 must the temper be, where diet is so ill. " Each eye through divers optics slily leers. Which both his sight and objects self bely ; So greatest virtue as a moat appears, And molehill faults to mountains multiply. When needs he must, yet faintly then he praises ; Somewhat the deed, much more the means he raises : So marreth what he makes, and, praising most, dispraises." P. Fletcher, The P-urple Island, vii. 66, 7. " Accursed jealousy ! O merciless, wild and unforgiving fiend ! Blindfold it runs to undistinguish'd mischief. And murders all it meets. Curst be its rage. For there is none so deadly ; doubly curs'd Be all those easy fools who give it harbour ; Who turn a monster on mankind. Fiercer than famine, war, or spotted pestilence ; Baneful as death, and horrible as hell." Rowe, Jmte Shore, act iv. " Peace, slave; he is my noble friend, of noble blood, Whose fame's above the level of those tongues, That bark by custom at the brightest virtues. As dogs do at the moon." Tuke, The Adventures of Five Hours, act v. 474, 5. So Queen Katherine says of Wolsey : " Your words. Domestics to you, serve your will, as 't please Yourself pronounce their office." Shakespeare, K. Henry VIII., ii. 4. 480. _ • • And yet there may Be malice in complaints. The flourishing oak. For his extent of branches, stature, growth. The darling, and the idol of the wood. Whose awful nod the under trees adore. Depending, and the sky affrights with arms. One also to those gifts, which thou dost bid, Full many, to the Dardans to be sent And gaged, thou, best of monarchs, one shouldst add ; Nor let the violence of any man O'erpow'r thee, that, a sire, thou shouldst not give Thy daughter to a peerless son-in-law. And worthy match, and by an endless league 500 This peace cement. But if so great a dread Our minds and breasts there holds, let us beseech Himself, and crave the favor from himself ; That he would yield ; — their proper right resign To king and country. Why so many times On open dangers dost thou send adrift Thy wretched citizens, O thou to Latium Of these calamities the head and source ? No safety [lies] in war ; a peace of thee We all, O Turnus, beg, — along with [this] The one inviolable pledge of peace. 511 I first, whom thou imaginest thy foe, — And I at being so am naught concerned, — Lo ! suitor, come. Compassionate thine own ; Lay wrath aside, and, routed, go thy way. We deaths enough, discomfited, have seen, And made a wilderness of spacious fields. Or if renown hath influence, if thou Enwombest such high courage in thy breast. And if a palace, as thy dower, be 520 So in thine heart ; — dare thou, and trust- fully Thy bosom bear confronted on the foe. Aye that indeed to Turnus there may fall A royal bride, we, despicable souls, A rout unsepulchred and undeplored. Are prostrate to be tumbled on the plains ! And now do thou, if any might be thine, Shook by a tempest, and thrown down, must needs Submit his curled head, and full-grown limbs. To every common axe ; be patient, while The torture's put to every joint, the saws And engines making, with their very noise. The forests groan and tremble ; but not one. When it was in its strength and state, revil'd it. Whom poverty of soul, and envy, sends To gather sticks from the tree's wish'd-for ruin. The great man's emblem !" Shirley, The Royal Master, \. 2. 505- . " But, above all. Avoid the politic, the factious fool, The busy, buzzing, taking, hardened knave. The quaint smooth rogue, that sins against his reason. Calls saucy loud suspicion public zeal. And mutiny the dictates of his spirit." Otway, The Orphan, iii. i. V. 374—385. BOOK XL V. 385—397. 897 If thou hast any of thy native Mars, Look hin\, who challenges thee, in the face." Up kindled Tumus' passion at such words : 53° He gives a groan, and from his bosom's depth These accents forces forth : * ' O Drances, sooth, Thou ever hast a plenteous store of prate Then, when the battles call for deeds ; and thou Art with the summoned fathers present first. But with thy words the court must not be palled. Which safely fly magnific from thee, whilst The ramparts' mound is holding back th« foe. Nor are the trenches flowing o'er with blood. Then thunder on in eloquence, thy wont, And me with cowardice, thou Drances, charge. Since thy right hand hath caused so many heaps 542 Of Trojans' slaughter, and eachwhere thou mark'st 530. " See, see ! King Richard doth himself appear. As doth the blushing discontented sun From out the fiery portal of the east, When he perceives the envious clouds are bent To dim his glory, and to stain the track. Of his bright passage to the Occident." Shakespeare, K. Richard II., iii. 3. 531. A bystander might have exclaimed : " Look down, ye spirits above ; for if there be A sight on earth worthy of you to see, 'Tis a brave man, pursu'd by unjust hate, Bravely contending with his adverse fate." Tuke, The Adventures of Five Hours, act v. 534. " There is no vice so simple, but assumes Some mark of virtue on his outward parts. How many cowards, whose hearts are all as false As stairs of sand, wear yet upon their chins The beards of Hercules and frowning Mars, Who, inward search'd, have livers white as milk !" Shakespeare, Merchant 0/ Venice, iii. 2. 540. " Thence on maturer judgment's anvil wrought. The polish'd falsehooc" into public brought ; Quick circulating slai ders mirth afford. And reputation bleeds in ev'ry word." Churchill, The Apology. Goldsmith's village schoolmaster was likewise an egregious talker ; though the comparison docs Drances too much honour : " In arguing, too, the parson own'd his skill. For ev'n though vanquish 'd he could argue still ; While words of learned length, and thund'ring sound, Amaz'd the gazing rustics rang'd around ; And still they gaz'd, and still the wonder grew, That one small head should carry all he knew." Deserted Village. Yet Drances was not to be despised : " Throw but a stone, the giant dies." ^Matthew Green, The Spleen. The fields with trophies. What thy lively valor may Avail, thou mayest put to proof: not far. In sooth, have foemen to be sought by us : On every side do they beset the walls. March we against our enemies? Why pause? Shall aye thy Mars be in thy empty tongue, And in those feet [of thine] that run away ? • / routed ?' Or can fairly any man, 551 Thou scum, tax me with being routed, who Shall see swoln Tiber rise with Ilian blood. And, root and branch, Evander's family Fall'n prostrate, and the Arcads stript of arms? Not so have Bitias and huge Pandarus Found me on trial, and the thousand, whom I, conq'ror, in a day 'neath Tart'rus sent, 549. " True courage scorns To vent her prowess in a storm of words ; And to the valiant agtions speak alone : Then let my deeds approve me." Smollett, Tlie Regicide, ii. 7. Ulysses says the opposite of Troilus : " Speaking in deeds, and deedless in his tongue." Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, iv. 5. " You cannot blast me with your tongue, and that's The strongest part you have about you." Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy, iv. 2. 550. " The grim logician puts them in a fright : 'Tis easier far to flourish than to fight." Dryden, Hind and Panther, P. iii. " Where was your soldiership? Why went not you out ? Why met you not the Tartar, and defied him? Drew your dead-doing^word, and buckled with him? Shot through his squadrons like a fiery meteor? And, as we see a dreadful clap of thunder Rend the stiff-hearted oaks and toss their roots up. Why did not you so charge him ? You were sick then ; You, that dare taint my credit, slipp'd to bed then. Stewing and fainting with the fears you had." J. Fletcher, The Loyal Subject, iv. 5. The first two lines are quoted yCw. ii. /. 533. 558. " I know no court but martial ; No oily language but the shock of arms ; No dalliance but with death ; no lofty measures. But weary and sad marches, cold and hunger, 'Larumsat midnight Valour's self would shake at: Yet I ne'er shrunk. Balls of consuming wildfire, That lick'd men up like lightning, have Ilaugh'dat, And toss'd 'em back again like children's triHes ; Upon the edges of my enemies' swords I nave march'd like whirlwinds. Fury at this hand waiting, Death at my right ; Fortune my forlorn hope^ When I have ^applcd with Destruction, And tugg'd with pale-fac'd Ruin, Night, and Mis* chief. Frighted to see a new day break in blood : And every where I conquer'd, — and for you, sir." J. Fletcher, l^he Mad Lever, i. 1. Tumus might have exclaimed with the exiled Duke: 298 V. 398 — 4o6. THE ^NEID. V. 406 — 425. Cooped in their walls, and by a hostile trench Enclosed. * No safety [lies] in war !' Chant thou 560 The like, O madman, to the Dardan chief, And thine own int'rest. Then with whelm- ing fear Cease not to trouble all, and raise on high The powers of a nation conquered twice ; On th' other hand to sink Latinus' arms. Now e'en the chiefs of Myrmidonians quail At Phrygian arms ; now even Tydeus' son, Achilles, too, of Larisssean [birth] ; And backward from the Hadriatic waves The river Aufidus retreats. Aye when 570 " Blow, blow, thou winter wind. Thou art not so unkind As man's ingratitude ; Thy tooth is not so keen, Because thou art not seen. Although thy breath be rude. " Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky. That dost not bite so nigh As benefits forgot : Though thou the waters warp. Thy sting is not so sharp As friend remember'd not." Shakespeare, As You Like It, ii. 7. 560. " Yes, peace has sweets That Hybla never knew ; it sleeps on down, CuU'd gently from beneath the cherub's wing : — No bed for mortals ; man is warfare ; all A hurricane within." Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, ii. 8. 562. " For public good to bellow all abroad Serves well the purposes of private fraud. Prudence by public good intends her own : If you mean otherwise, you stand alone." Churchill, I'he Conference. 570. The commentators tell us that Quintilian has praised some archaism in v. 406 ; but, as he has not informed us whereabouts it lies, why should we fasten it upon vel quum, when the words, in their ordinary use, supply an excellent sense ? Vel is plainly a particle of transition ; and though the whole construction of the sentence which it intro- duces is different from that which precedes, yet it is just what might have been expected from a speaker who was in a state of great excitement. The bravery of Turnus had been impugned, and so he is naturally angry, and therefore abrupt. The meaning of the passage seems to be this ; Turnus being most anxious for the war to proceed, seeks to weaken all the arguments which Drances had urged against it, by showing that they proceeded from sheer cowardice on the part of his adversary. First addressing Drances, he says : " Go on throw- ing everything into confusion by exciting the alarms of the weak ; magnify the powers of a race who have already been beaten twice, — once by Her- cules, and the other day by the Greeks ; detract from the prowess of your own nation, and the army of your prince ; tell us that Grecian chiefs are now obliged to quake at Trojan arms ; that Diomed is in dread, and Achilles panic-stricken ; and that such a horror has been raised by the very name of ^neas, that even the rivers of Italy recoil in their courses, and fly backward from the sea. Do all this, and continue to do it,— because you are a coward. The villain of a hypocrite pretends That he is frighted at his brawls with me, And aggravates his charge with his alarm, — Thou never such a soul by this right hand, — Cease to be discomposed, — shalt lose ; with thee It may abide, and in that bosom rest. Now I to thee and to thy grand debates, O sire, return. If in our arms no hope Thou any further dost repose ; if we Are so forlorn, and with the army once Discomfited are utterly undone, 581 Nor backward step hath Fortune ; peace let us Entreat, and slack right hands stretch forth. Yet, oh ! If aught we had of our accustomed worth, Before all others in my view is he Both blest in travails, and of spirit rare, Who, lest he aught the like should see, hath fallen In death, and with his mouth once champed the earth. But if with us there e'en resources [rest], And youth as yet uninjured, and for aid Cities and clans of Italy abound ; — 591 But if, too, fame hath to the Trojans come With plenteous blood — their funerals have they, And o'er us all alike the storm [hath swept] ; — Why is it we disreputably faint In the first entrance ? Why before the trump Does quaking seize our limbs ? A length of time. And changeful travail of a chequered life " Aye, even when " (turning to the audience) " this; hypocritical knave affects to feel afraid of violence at my hands, and magnifies the miserable f rounds, which he may plead for the apprehension, y his own assumed terror ; though he speaks false, and knows it, yet he has counterfeited the fear, — only because he is a coward. But," (turn- ing to Drances,) "you need not be afraid ; for do not flatter yourself that I ever could condescend to sully my sword with the blood of such a dastard as you. Keep that pitiful spirit of yours, for all you need fear from me ; it may dwell with you for ever, for ever continue to animate that wretched breast, before I could stoop to disturb you in so con- temptible a possession." 574. " He, when the nipping blasts of envy rise. Its guilt can pity, and its rage despise." Young, The histalment, " Away, lewd railer ! Not thy slanderous throat. So fruitful of invectives, shall provoke me To wreak unworthy vengeance on thee." Smollett, The Regicide, ii, 7. Though an inferior spirit to Turnus might have counselled with Gloster : "Why should he live? to fill the world with words ?" Shakespeare, 3 K, Henry VI., v. 3. 588, See note on y£"«. x. /, 670, &c. V. 426 — 448. BOOK XL V. 449—466. 899 Hath matters to a better [state] restored ; Her visits paying o'er again by turns, 600 Hath P'ortune many mocked, and on firm ground Once more hath placed them. The y^tolian [prince] And Arpi will not stand to us for aid : But [yet] Messapus will, Tolumnius, too, The blest, and leaders whom so many tribes Have sent ; nor shall a scant renown attend The chos'n from Latium and Laurentine fields. "With us, too, is, from Volscians' noble race, Camilla, leading on her troop of horse. And her battalions, blossoming in bronze. But if the Teucri for the contests me 611 Alone demand, and that your pleasure proves, And I so much withstand the common good : Not so hath Conquest in aversion fled These hands, that I for such a glorious hope Should any thing to enterprise decline. With courage I against him will advance ; Though e'en the great Achilles he surpass. And don like armor, forged by Vulcan's hands. To you and to my consort's sire, Latinus, This life I, Tumus, second not to one 621 Of those of olden days in bravery, Have hallowed. Me ^neas challenges Alone : and may he challenge me ! I pray. Nor Drances let the rather, — whether this Be wrath of gods, — atone for it by death ; Or prowess be and fame, — bear off [the palm]." They these [discussions] on their doubt- ful state With one another in contention held : yEneas was advancing camp and line. 630 A courier through the courts of royalty In mighty agitation, lo ! darts on. And with immense alarms the city fills : — 614. " Grant me license To answer this defiance. What intelligence Holds your proud master with the will of Heaven, That, ere the uncertain die of war be thrown. He dares assure himself the victory ? Are his unjust invading arms of fire ? Or those we put on, in defence of right. Like chaff, to be consumed in the encounter? 1 look on your dimensions, and find not Mine own of lesser size ; the blood, that fills My veins, as hot as yours ; my sword as sharp. My nerves of equal strength, my heart as good ; And, confident we have the better cause, Why should we fear the trial ?" Massinger, The Bashful Lover, i. 2. 624. " Neither are we So unprovided as you think, my lord : He shall not need to seek us; we will meet him, And prove the fortune of a day, perhaps Sooner than he expects." Ibid. That, in array embattled, from the flood Of Tiber Trojans and the Tyrrhene band Were swooping down throughout the plains. Forthwith Their minds were troubled, and the com- mons' breasts Convulsed, and wrath by no soft stimulants Uproused. They, flurried, call for arms in hand ; " Arms !" yell the youth. The mourning fathers weep 640 And mutter. Here on every side a cry, With changeful discord, rises loud to air : Not otherwise than in a lofty grove When flocks of birds by chance have lighted down, Or in Padusa's fishful stream hoarse swans Give forth a noise throughout the babbling pools. ** Aye sooth !" cries Tumus, **0 ye citizens, Seizing your opportunity, convene A council, and, ye sitters, praise a peace : Let them in arms upon the kingdom rush." Nor speaking more he tore himself away. And from the stately chamber quick with- drew. ** Do thou, Volusus, to the Volscians' bands Give orders to be armed ; and lead, " saith he, "TheRutuli. The cavalry in arms, 655 Messapus, Coras with thy brother, too. Spread o'er the spacious plains. Let some secure 640. " Peace is despair'd ; For who can think submission ? War, then, war. Open or understood, must be resolved." Milton, P. L., b. L 649. Of course Tumus meant : " Shame on that friend. Who in the hour of danger can deliberate. And sit at ease, debating with Dame Counsel, While Action frowns and beckons him away." Macdonald. The Fair Apostate, i. 2. 653. This activity on the part of Tumus, in spite of all that Drances had said, no doubt proceeded upon the principle, which Wolsey justifies to the kmg: " If I am Traduc'd by ignorant tongues, which neither know My faculties, nor person, yet will be The chronicles of my doing, let me say, 'Tis but the fate of place, and the rough brake That virtue must ^o through. We must not stint Our necessary actions, in the fear To cope malicious censurers ; which ever, As ravenous fishes, do a vessel follow That is new trimm'd, but benefit no farther Than vainly longing, what we oft do best. By sick interpreters, (once weak ones,) is Not ours, or not allow'd ; what worst, as oft. Hitting a grosser quality, is cried up For our best act. If wc shall stand still. In fear our motion will be mock'd or carp'd at. We should take root here, where we sit, or sit State statues only." . Shakespeare, K. Henry VJII., i. a. 300 V. 466—487. THE ^NEID. V. 487 — 508. The city avenues, and man the towers ; Let the remainder of the force with me Bring arms to bear, where'er shall I com- mand." 660 They straight thro' out the city to the walls Run to and fro. The council and his grand designs Does he himself, the sire Latinus, quit, And, troubled at the dismal crisis, he Adjourns them, and heaps many a reproach Upon himself, that he had not received Dardan ^Eneas of his own accord. And to the city as his daughter's spouse Admitted him. Some delve before the gates. Or carry stones and stakes. The trumpet hoarse 670 The bloody signal for the battle gives. Mothers and boys then crowned with motley ring The walls ; their latest travail summons all. Moreover, to the fane and highest towers Of Pallas, with a bevy vast of dames. The queen is carried up, presenting gifts. And her companion by her side, the maid Lavinia, fountain of calamity So grievous, downcast in her lovely eyes. Pass in the matrons, and with incense fume The fane, and from the lofty gate outpour Sad words : * ' Arms-puissant, patroness of war, 682 Tritonian maiden, shatter with thy hand The Phrygian pirate's weapon, and himsel f Do thou lay prostrate headlong on the earth. And fling him forth beneath the lofty gates." In emulation storming, Turnus' self Is girded for the conflicts. And so now 679. So Davenant represents Gartha : " Thro' all the camp she moves with fun'ral pace, And still bowes meekly down to all she saw ; Her grief gave speaking beauty to her face. Which lowly look'd, that it might pitty draw." Gondibert, ii. 3, 51. " When graceful Sorrow in her pomp appears. Sure she is dress'd in Melesinda's tears. Your head reclin'd, (as hiding grief from view,) Droops like a rose surcharg'd with morning dew." Dryden, Auru7tgzebe, iii. i. 683. So Nennius, at the temple of the Druids : *' Thou great Tiranes, whom our sacred priests. Armed with dreadful thunder, place on high Above the rest of the immortal gods, Send thy consuming fires and deadly bolts, And shoot 'em home ; stick in each Roman heart A fear fit for confusion ; blast their spirits. Dwell in 'em to destruction; thorough their phalanx Strike, as thou strik'st a proud tree ; shake their bodies. Make their strengths totter, and their topless fortunes Unroot, and reel to ruin." Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca, iii. i. In his Rutulian habergeon bedight. In scales of bronze he bristled, and his legs Had cased in gold, still bare upon his brows, And to his side had buckled on his sword. And, from the lofty fortress posting down, [All] gold he sparkled, and in spirit bounds, And now in hope anticipates the foe : 695 As when, his fetters burst, the racks hath fled The courser, free at last, and having gained The open field, he either bends [his way] To feeding grounds, and to the herds of mares, Or, in the water's well-known rivulet 700 Accustomed to be bathed, he sallies forth, And, wantoning with crest high lifted, neighs. And o'er his neck, o'er shoulders, plays his mane. Whom coming in his path Camilla meets, A squadron of the Volsci in her train, And from her charger, 'neath the very gates, Down sprang the queen, whom copying, all the troop, With horses left, dropped down upon the ground : Then such she speaks : "If, Turnus, any trust Of self dwells justly in the brave, I dare. And I engage to meet the kneads' band, And march alone against the Tuscan horse. Let me with hand essay war's op'ning risks ; Do thou on foot continue by the walls, 714 And guard the city." Turnus [saith] to these. On the dread maiden riveting his eyes : "O maid, Italia's pride, what thanks to speak, 697. "Where, fearless of the hunt, the hart se- curely stood. And every where walk'd free, a burgess of the wood." Drayton, Polyolbion, s. 18. " The exile feels Returning warmth, like some neglected steed Of noblest temper, from his wonted haunts Who long hath languish'd in the lazy stall ; Call'd forth, he paws, he snuffs th' enliv'ning air; His strength he proffers in a cheerful neigh To scour the vale, to mount the shelving hill. Or dash from thickets close the sprinkling dew." Glover, Atheitaid, b. v. " Nature imprints upon whate'er we see. That has a heart and life in it, Be free. The beasts are charter'd ; neither age nor force Can quell the love of freedom in a horse : He breaks the cord, that held him at the rack ; And, conscious of an unincumber'd back. Snuffs up the morning air, forgets the rein ; Loose fly his forelock and his ample mane ; Responsive to the distant neigh he neighs ; Nor stops, till, overcoming all delays, He finds the pasture where his fellows graze." Cowper, Charity. V. 509— 538. BOOK XL ▼. 539—559. jot Or what to recompense, can I prepare ? But now, since stands that soul above all [risks] Do thou along with me partake the toil, ^neas, as report and scouts despatched Assurance bring, light weaponed cavalry Hath in advance Unscrupulously sent, 723 That they may scour the champaign ; he himself Along a mountain's unfrequented heights, Its brow o'erpassing, nigh the city draws. I in a winding pathway of the wood Plan crafts of war, — with soldiery in arms To block the entrance with its twain defiles. Do thou the Tyrrhene horsemen, standards joined, 730 Engage ; with thee will be Messapus fierce, And Latium's brigads, and Tiburtus' bands: Do thou as well thegen'ral's charge assume." On this wise speaks he, and with like address Cheers on Messapus and the fed'rate chiefs To battle, and advances o;i the foe. A glen there is with serpentizing bend, Suited for ambush and the wiles of war ; Which either side dark hems with clustered leaves ; Whither a scanty path conducts, and lead Confined defiles and jealous avenues. 741 Above this [glen], upon the mountain-heights And topmost crest, there lies a flat unknown, And safe retreats ; or if upon the right And on the left you list to meet the fray, Or from the brows attack, and roll huge stones. Hither along the path's familiar line The youth is borne, and on the post he seized, And couched in ambush in unrighteous woods. Meanwhile Latonia in the seats above Fleet Opis, one of her companion maids, And of her holy retinue, addressed, 752 And these sad accents uttered from her lip : ** Camilla marches to the murd'rous war, O maid, and in our arms is girt in vain. To me beyond [all] other [virgins] dear ; For not to Dian fresh this love hath come, And stirred her spirit with a sudden charm. 737. " O'erbreath'd we come where, 'twixt impend- ing hills, Ran the joint current of two gurgling rills ; On cither hand, adown each fearful steep, Hung forth the shaggy horrors, dark and deep: Here, thro' brown umbrage, glow'd the vivid green. And headlong slopes, and winding paths between ; Growth above growth, tall trees arose. The tops of these scarce veil'd the roots of those ; A wincling court where wandering Fancy walk'd. And to herself responsive Echo talk'd." Brooke, The Fox-Chase. Forced from his realm through [popular] dislike, 759 And his haught violence, when Metabus Departed from Privemum['s] ancient town, He flying right amid the frays of war, The babe, the partner in his banishment, Bore ofi", and from its mother's name, * Cas- milla,' He called her, — by a portion of it changed, — * Camilla.' In his bosom he himself Before him carrying [the infant], sought The distant summit of the lonely woods. Fell weapons harassed him on every side. And, with their soldiery dispread around, [About him] did the Volsci hover. Lo ! Amid his flight, upon its highest banks 772 The Amasenus overflowing foamed ; So great a shower from the clouds had burst. He, as to swim it he prepares, is stayed By his affection for the babe, and fears For his beloved burden. In a trice. In him, revolving all within himself, Scarce settled this resolve : — aweapon huge, Which in his stalwart hand the warrior chanced 780 To carry, hard with knots and fire-dried oak : — To this his child, in bark and wild- wood cork Encased, he binds, and deftly fitted, round He ties her to the centre of the lance ; Whom poising in his giant right hand, thus He speaks to heav'n : ' Boon patroness of woods. To thee this [babe], Latonian maid, do I, Her sire, myself thy servant dedicate ; Thine arms, her first, she grasping, through the air Is in submission flying from her foe. 790 759. " Thus kings, by grasping more Uikn they could hold. First made their subjects by oppression bold ; And popular sway, by forcing kings to give More than was fit for subjects to receive. Ran to the same extremes ; and one excess Made both, by striving to be greater, less." Sir John Denham, Cooper's Hill. 766. Chaucer has a touching instance of parental tenderness ; in which the following occurs : " Hire litel child lay weping in hire arm. And kneling pitously to him she said : Pees, litel sone, I wol do thee no harm. With that hire couverchief of hire hed she braid. And over his litel eyen she it laid, And in hire arme she lulleth it ful fast. And into the heven hire eyen up she cast." 'Ilu .Man o/Lawes Tale. 769. " The sword behind him flash'd ; before hira roar'd. Deaf to his woes, the deep. Forlorn, around ; He roll'd his eve rhomson. Liberty ^ P. iv. 662-5. 302 V. 560 — 582. THE ^NEID. V. 582—594. Receive, O goddess, I entreat, thine own, Who now is trusted to uncertain winds.' He said, and with his indrawn arm he flings The spear-shaft whirled around ; the billows boomed ; Ill-starred Camilla o'er the sweepy tide On whizzing jav'lin flies. But Metabus, — Now neai-er closing him a mighty troop, — Resigns him to the flood, and, in success, The jav'lin with the maid he tears away, A gift to Trivia from the grassy turf. 800 Him not within their dwellings, nor their walls, Admitted any cities : nor would he Have stooped to them himself through fierceness: e'en In lonely mounts he passed a shepherd's life. His daughter here in brakes, and 'mid dread haunts, Upon the dugs and wild milk of a mare, Belonging to the herd, he nourished up, Milking its nipples in her tender lips. And soon as ever with her footsoles first The babe her steps had planted [on the ground], 810 With pointed javelin did he arm her hands. And from the shoulder of the tiny [maid] Hung arrows and a bow. For hairy gold, For the investment of a trailing robe. Along her back down wimples from her neck A tiger's hide. E'en then her babish darts From dainty hand she flung, and round her head A sling she flourished with a rounded thong, And Stiymon's crane, or snowy swan, struck down. Her many a mother through the Tuscan towns 820 Desired for their daughter-in-law in vain : 796. Telum, hasta, hastile, and jaculutn (v. 545-563) are all used of the same weapon, unless hastile means the shaft ; which is doubtful. 805. Camilla might have said with Comus : " I know each lane, and every alley green. Dingle, or bushy dell of this wild wood, And every bosky bourn from side to side, My daily walks and ancient neighbourhood." Milton, Cojnns. " What art thou, that into this dismal place. Which nothing could find out but misery, Thus boldly step'st ? Comfort was never here ; Here is no food, nor beds, nor any house Built by a better architect than beasts ; And ere you get a dwelling from one of them. You must fight for it." Beaumont and Fletcher, Ctipid's Revenge, v. 4. 807. How armentalis equoe can be tortured into " brood-mare," is hard to comprehend. Is not ihe expression exactly equivalent to Homer's ^oug aveAata {Iliad, ii, 728), which means, "still in the herd," i. e., " wild ?" 821. Or : " In vain desired as partner for a son." She, only with Diana satisfied. The deathless love of darts and maidenhood Unsullied cherishes.- I [fain] could wish She had not been by such a warfare seized, The Teucer-race essaying to attack : How precious would she be to me, and one Of my attendant maids ! But come, since she Is pressed by bitter destinies, glide down, O Nymph, from heav'n, and visit Latium's bourns, 830 Where is with luckless omen set abroach The rueful fray. Take these, and from its sheath Draw forth a vengeful bolt : herewith, w^hoe'er Her hallowed body shall have by a wound Profaned, — a Trojan or Italian,- — he To me in equal sort shall by his blood Pay forfeit. I then in a hollow cloud The pitiable [virgin's] corse, and arms Unplundered, to the sepulchre will bear, 822. So Chaucer, of Zenobia : " From hire childhode I finde that she fledde Office of woman, and to wode she went ; And many a wilde harte's blood she shedde With arwes brode, that she to hem sent ; She was so swift, that she anon hem hent. And whan that she was elder, she wold kille Leons, lepards, and beres al to-rent. And in hire armes weld hem at hire wille. "She dorst the wilde bestes dennes seke And rennen in the mountaignes all the night, And sleep under the bush." The Monies Tale. 823. Perhaps she might have been less resolute, had her shepherd-wooers learned the art of court- ship from Marlow's exquisite song : " Come Hue with me, and be my loue, And we will all the pleasures proue. That vallies, groues, hills, and fields. Woods, or steepie mountaine yeelds. " And we will sit vpon the rockes, Seeing the shepheards feede their flockes By shallow riuers, to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigalls. " And I will make thee beds of roses. And a thousand fragrant poesies, A cap of flowers, and a kirtle Imbroydered all with leaues of mirtle. " A gowne made of the finest wooll, Which from our pretty lambs we pull ; Faire lined slippers for the cold. With buckles of the purest gold. " A belt of straw, and iuie buds, With coral clasps and amber studs : And if these pleasures may thee moue. Then Hue with me, and be my loue. " The shepheard swaines shall dance and sing, For thy delight each May-morning : If these delights thy minde may moue. Then Hue with me and be my loue." England's Helicon, The Passionate SheJ>heard to his Loue. V. 594— ^ 1 8. BOOK XL T. 618—649. 30J And reinstate them in her native land." She said ; but through the buoyant gales of heaven 84 1 The other swoopingdown gave forth asound, In murky whirlwind vested round her form. But meanwhile to the walls the Trojan band Draws near, and Tuscan chiefs, and all the host Of horsemen ranged by number into troops. Through the whole champaign neighs the prancing steed. And fights against the tightened reins, whirled round To this side and to that. Then far and wide A field pf iron bristles with their spears, And glow the plains with arms on high. Messapus, too, 85 1 Upon the other side, and Latins fleet," And, with his brother, Coras, and the maid Camilla's wing, confronted on the field. Appear, and, with their right hands drawn aback. Their lances to a distance they outstretch. And whirl their missiles ; and th' approach of men, And snort of horses waxes louder still. And now, within a javelin-cast advanced, Each [host] had halted : with a sudden shout They burst away, and cheer their fuming steeds. 861 They pour at once on every side their darts. Thick in the guise of snow, and heav'n is veiled In shade. Straight, forcing with confronted spears. Hurtle Tyrrhenus and Aconteus keen. And are the first to cause a crash, with din Prodigious, and their horses' battered chests To chests they dash. Aconteus, pitched abroad. In fashion of a thunderbolt, or charge. Shot from an engine, headlong flings [him- self] 870 Afar, and life he scatters to the gales. The lines are straight discomfited, and back 840. If the reader should wish to be introduced into the kind of scene, which the poet briefly de- scribes in the foregoing passage, let him read the 6th canto of the 3rd book of ^he Faerie Queene ; and he will be charmed. 841. " I see His ministers ; I see, diffus'd In radiant orders, essences sublime, Of various offices, of various plume. In heavenly liveries, distinctly clad, Azure, green, purple, pearl, or downy gold, Orallcommix'd. They stand, with wings outspread. Listening to catch the Master's least command, And fly through Nature, ere the moment ends ; Numbers innumerable." Young, The ComJ>laittt, N. ix. The routed Latins throw away their shields. And towards pthe city wheel around their steeds. The Trojans hunt them : at their head the troops Leads on Asilas. And they now approached The portals, and the Latins raise again A shout, and pliant necks turn round : these fly, And with full granted reins are carried back : As when, advancing with alternate flood, The ocean now swoops onward to the lands. And with its surge the rocks o'erlays, in foam, 882 And drenches with its curve the farthest sand ; Now backwards swift, and sucking in again The shingle by the tide rolled back, it flies. And with retreating shallow quits the shore. Twice did the Tuscans to their walls pursue The routed Rutuli : they, twice rebuffed. Face towards them as they screen their backs with arms. But when they for the third encounters met. They mutually entangled their whole lines. And singled man his man. Then sooth [ensues] 892 E'en groan of those in death, and in deep blood Both arms, and corses, and half-living steeds, With heroes' carnage blent, are rolled along. A battle fierce springs up. Orsilochus On Remulus's charger, since himself He dreaded to assail, hurled forth a lance. And left the steel behind, beneath its ear ; Withwhichits strokethe charger fumes aloft, And, of the wound impatient, tosses high Its legs, with chest uplifted. He, unhorsed, Is rolled along the ground. Catillus [fells] lollas, and, a giant in his soul, A giant in his body and in arms, Herminius overthrows : on whose bare head [Wave] yellow locks; his shoulders, too, are bare ; Nor him do wounds alarm : so much he lies Exposed to weapons. Through his shoulders broad The driven spear stands quiv'ring, and, shot through, 910 It doubles up the warrior with the pang. In every quarter sable gore is shed ; They, vying, deal destruction with the sword. And seek by wounds an honorable death. But 'mid the centre of the slaughtered heaps. Forth prances an Amazon, on one breast 916. In the face of extultat Amuuum, v. 648, is one to write: "An Amazon forth prances," &c. ? 304 V. 649 — 679. THE jENEID. V. 679 — 708. Stript for the fight, Camilla, quiver-armed, And, scatt'ring with her hand, now showers thick The limber jav'lins; now with her right hand A sturdy battle-axe with double edge 920 Unwearied seizes. From her shoulder rings A golden bow, and Dian's armory. She, too, if ever, driven rearward, she Retired, aims arrows flying from a bow Reversed. But round [her stood] choice virgin-mates, Alike the maid Larine, and Tulla [too], Tarpeia, also, swaying axe of bronze, Italian ladies ; whom t' herself a grace, Herself divine Camilla singled out, Her worthy handmaids both in peace and war. 930 Such as when Thracian Amazonians strike Thermodon's floods, and fight in painted arms ; Or'round Hippolyte, or when returns Mars-sired Penthesilea in her car. And with loud yelling uproar women-troops Bound forth with moony shields. Whom first with dart. Whom last, fierce damsel, dost thou over- throw ? Or what the count of dying bodies thou Upon the ground dost prostrate lay ? The first, Eunasus, of his father Clytius [sired], 940 Whose opened bosom, as he stands in front. She with a lengthful fir[-shaft] pierces thro'. He, rivulets of blood disgorging, falls. And bites the gory ground, and as he dies He writhes himself about upon his wound. Then Liris [she destroys], and Pagasus be- sides : Of whom the one, rolled backward from his horse. Beneath him wounded, while he gathers up The reins ; the other, while he comes in aid. And towards him, as he sinks, a weak right hand 950 Outstretches ; — headlong and at once they fall. To these Amaster, son of Hippotas, She adds, and, plying with her spear afar, Pursues both Tereus, and Harpalycus, . Alike Demophoon and Chromis ; and as many darts As, from her hand discharged, the maiden launched. So many Phrygian heroes fell. Far off", The hunter Ornytus, in armor strange, And on an lapygian steed, is borne. Whose shoulders broad, a warrior, palls a hide 960 Reft from a steer ; a wolfs huge grinning mouth, And jaws with snowy grinders, screened his head ; And arms his hands a clownish truncheon ; he Is in continued motion 'mid the troops. And by a head entire above them stands. Him, intercepted, — for it was no toil. His troop discomfited, — she pierces through. And these, moreover, speaks with hostile breast : ' ' Didst thou imagine, Tuscan, thou didst chase Wild animals in woods ? The day hath come, Which by a woman's arms will have dis- proved 971 Your words. Still this, no light distinc- tion, thou Shalt carry to the Manes of thy sires, — That thou hast fallen by Camilla's dart." She next Orsilochus and Butes [slays], Of Teucer's sons the twain most bulky frames : But Butes, turned away, with point of spear Between the corselet and the casque she pierced. Where, as he sits, conspicuous is his neck, And from his left arm down his buckler hangs : 980 Fleeing, and hunted thro' a spacious ring, In circle narrower, Orsilochus She mocks, and her pursuer she pursues. Then her stout axe both thro' the hero's arms, And thro' his bones, uprising higher, whilst He's suing, and outpouring many a prayer. She drives and drives again : with his hot brains The wound bedews his face. Across her came. And halted, at the sudden sight appalled, Haunter of Apennine, the warrior-son 990 Of Annus, of Ligurians not the last. While destinies permitted him to cheat. He too, when now he sees that by no flight He can escape the fray, nor turn aside The pressing queen : — essaying to contrive His stratagems with policy and craft, Begins these [words] : ' ' What so surpassing [feat], if thou, A woman, trustest to a gallant steed? Forego thy [means of] flight, and hand to hand With me commit thee to the righteous ground, looo And gird thee for a fight on foot ; thou soon Shalt know to whom vain bragging brings the praise." 998. That is, though a woman ; for it weakens the passage to make femina, v. 705, the vocative case. r. 709—731. BOOK XL V. 732—759. 305 He said ; but she in fury, and afire With keen vexation, to a comrade hands her horse, And stands opposed to him in even arms. Afoot with naked falchion, and unawed With spotless buckler. But the youth himself. Supposing he had triumphed by his trick. Flies off, — there's no delay, — and with the reins Shifted around, a runagate, is borne away. And tires his nimble steed with ironed heel. " False Ligur, and in vain with haughty soul Uplifted, idly thou, a slipp'ry [knave]. Thy country's crafts hast tried, nor shall thy guile 1014 To lying Aunus thee in safety bear." These speaks the maiden, and with nimble soles. Flame-like, outstrips him with the pace of steeds ; And, bridle seized, she meets him to his face. And takes her vengeance on his hostile blood : As readily a falcon, hallowed bird, 1020 Pursues with pinions from a lofty rock, A dove high poised in cloud, and gripes her clutched. And disembowels her with hooky claws ; Then blood and rifled feathers drop from heaven. But, watching these with not unheedful eyes. The sire of men and gods sits on'the crest Of heav'n aloft. The father rouses up Tyrrhenian Tarcho to the felon fights. And with no mild incentives wrath instils. So Tarcho 'mid the slaughter, and the yielding troops, 1030 Is borne upon his steed, and goads the wings In sundry accents, calling each by name. And rallies to the frays his routed men. 1032. So Talbot was equally horrified by his countryman's behaviour, on the attack by Joan of Arc: " My thoughts are whirled like a potter's wheel ; I know not where I am, or what I do. A witch by fear, not force, like Hannibal, Drives back our troops, and conquers as she lists : So bees with smoke, and doves with noisome stench, Are from their hives and houses driven away. They call'd us for our fierceness English dogs ; Now, like to whelps, we crying run away. Hark, countrymen ! either renew the fight. Or tear the lions out of England's coat ; Renounce your soil, give sheep in lions' stead : Sheep run not half so timorous from the wolf. Or horse, or oxen, from the leopard. As you fly from your oft-subdued slaves." Shakespeare, i K. Henry VI., i. 5. *• What fear, O ye who ne'er will feci aggrieved, O ever mopish Tuscans, what such gross Poltroonery within your souls hath come? You rovers doth a woman hound, and turns These your battalions ? Wherefore sword, or why These unavailing weapons, do we bear In our right hands ? But not for Venus slow And nightly brawls, or, when the bending pipe 1041 Of Bacchus hath proclaimed the choirs, to wait The cates and goblets of the plenteous board, — This is your passion, this your aim, — the while Auspicious seer his holy tidings tells. And fatted victim calls to lofty groves." These having uttered, on the midmost he. That e'en would die himself, his charger spurs. And, chafing, bears him against Venulus, And, torn from off his horse, he grasps the foe With his right hand, and with prodigious force 105 1 Before his bosom quickly bears him off. A shouting to the welkin is upraised. And all the Latins turned about their eyes. The fiery Tarcho flies along the plain, His arms and hero bearing ; then from off His own lance-tip he snaps away the steel, And ransacks the uncovered parts, where he May deal the deathful wound ; on th' other hand. Against him th' other fighting, from his throat His right hand stays, and parries force by force. And as what time the golden eagless, high Upon the wing, bears off a serpent clutched, And into him hath doubled in her claws. And fastened with her pounces ; but the snake, 1065 Wound-stricken, writhes about his coiling folds. And bristles with his elevated scales, And hisses with his mouth, uprising tall ; Him, as he struggles, none the less she plies With hooky beak ; she at the same time flaps The welkin with her wings : not otherwise, His booty from the men of Tibur's troop, Off Tarcho bears in triumph. Following The pattern and the fortune of their chief, Moeonia's sons rush on. Then Amins, due 1074. ** But those fears. Feeling but once the fires of nobler thoughts, ^ Fly, like the shapes of clouds we form, to nothing." Beaumont and Fletcher, Tkitrrj mnd Thttdortt, iv. x. Z 3o6 V. 759—794. THE jENEID. V. 794—819. To fates, with jav'lin, and with ample skill, Careers round fleet Camilla in advance, 1077 And what may be his readiest chance essays. Where'er herself the chafing maiden threw In centre of the host, there Arruns comes Hard by, and silently surveys her steps : Where conq'ress she returns, and from the foe 1082 Withdraws her foot, here stealthily the youth Turns off the hasty reins. Approaches these, And now approaches those, he traverses, And every circling range on every side ; And shakes the caitiff his unerring spear. By chance Chloreus, to Cybele devote, And erst her priest, distinguished shone afar In Phrygian arms, and urged his foaming steed, 1090 Which a gold-buckled skin with scales of bronze. In feather-fashion palled. Himself, all- bright In foi-eign steely -blue and purple dye. Shot Cretan arrows from a Lycian bow; Forth from his shoulders rings the bow of gold. And golden was the prophet's helm ; he next Both saffron cloak, and rustling folds of lawn. With tawny gold had gathered into knot ; His tunic, and his legs' outlandish greaves. With needle broidered. Him the huntress- maid, — 1 100 W^hether that she might on the temples'front His Trojan weapons fasten, or that she Might figure in his captured gold, — alone From all the battle's contest blind pursued, And heedlessly through all the army burned With woman's love of booty and of spoils : When Arruns, — his occasion seized at last, — A weapon from his ambush shoots, and thus The heav'nly pow'rs beseeches with his voice : *• Most high of gods, divine Soracte's guard, Apollo, whom we foremost venerate, 1 1 1 1 Whose blaze of fir is fuelled by a pile, And we, thy vot'ries, on our holiness Relying, through the centre of the fire Our footsteps plant on plenteous living coal ; Vouchsafe, almighty sire, that this disgrace Be from our arms expunged ! Not stript-oflf gear Or trophy of a vanquished maid, or aught Of plunder do I seek. My other feats Shall bring me credit. So that this dread plague, 1 120 Struck by a wound from me, may fall, un- famed I to my native city shall return." Apollo heard, and granted in his soul That of the prayer a part should reach its end ; A part he scattered to the wingy gales. That he should fell by sudden death the mazed Camilla, to the suitor he vouchsafes ; That him, returned, his glorious native land Should see, — he granted not j and [this] request The tempests turned away upon the winds. Accordingly, when, from his hand dis- charged, 1 131 The lance along the breezes gave a sound, The Volsci all their keen attention bent, And carried towards the queen their eyes. She naught Regardful, neither of the breeze, nor sound, Nor of the weapon swooping from the sky ; Till, plunged beneath her bosom bared, the lance It stuck, and, driven home, deep drank' her maiden blood. Her wildered retinue together haste. And raise their fallen mistress. Arruns flies, Stunned above all with joy and mingled fright; 114I Nor dares he venture any more to trust His spear, nor meet the weapons of the maid. And as, before the hostile darts pursue. Some famous wolf hath straight to lofty mounts, From path aloof, retired, — a shepherd slain Or stately steer, — aware of his bold deed. And, drawing in his tail, that shakes with fear, Hath laid it 'neath his paunch, and sought the woods : Not otherwise, wild Arruns from their view Removed himself, and satisfied with flight, He mixed him up among the central arms. She, dying, with her hand the bolt with- draws ; 1 153 But in her ribs, among the bones, stands [fixed] The steely spear-point in the deepsome wound. She bloodless sinks ; sink cold in death her eyes ; 1 125. Milton alludes to the same idea : " To Heaven their prayers Flew up, nor miss'd the way, by envious winds Blown vagabond or frustrate." P. L., b. xi. 14-16. 1129. Or: " his voice." 1 140. " But hollow men, like horses hot at hand. Make gallant show and promise of their mettle ; But when they should endure the bloody spur. They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades. Sink in the trial." Shakespeare, Jtdius Ccesar, iv. 2. V, 819—851. BOOK XL V, 851—881* J07 The hue, once rosy, hath her features left. Then, as she dies, she Acca thus accosts, One of her fellows, who before the rest Alone was to Camilla true, with whom She used to share her cares ; and these thus speaks: I I 61 *' Thus far I, sister Acca, have availed j A bitter wound now brings me to my end, And all in murk is waxing dark around. Fly off, and carry these my last behests To Turnus : to the fight t' advance, and drive The Trojans from thti town. And now fare- well !" At the same instant with these words she loosed The reins, as she is sinking to the earth Not of her own free will. Then, cold, by slow degrees 1 1 70 From her whole body she herself released, And her lithe neck and death-caught head laid down. Her arms abandt^ning ; and with a groan The life disdainful flies beneath the shades. Then of a truth past measure, does a cry Arising, strike the golden stars ; the fray More bloody grows, Camilla overthrown ; At once close hurtle all the Teucri's host, And Tuscan chieftains, and Evander's Arcad wings. But long since Opis, Trivia's sentinel. Aloft is sitting on the mountain-tops, 1181 And gazing on their tourneys unalarmed. And when afar, amid the yell of youths In frenzy, she Camilla spied, amerced In rueful death, she both gave forth a groan. And heaved these accents from her lowest breast : •* Ah ! too, too barbarous a penalty, O maiden, thou hast paid, for having tried The Teucri to provoke in war ! Nor thee, All lonely in the brakes, hath it bestead Diana to have worshipped, or have woni Our quivers on thy shoulder. S till, thy queen Hath not forsaken thee, dishonored, now In death's extremity ; nor this thy end Shall thro' the nations be without renown, Or shalt thou bear the scandal of a maid, Unwreaked ; for whosoe'er by wound pro- faned 1 197 Thy body, shall atone by death condign." Beneath a lofty mountain lay immense. The sepulchre of th' old Laurentine king, Dercennus, [fashioned] of a mound of earth, 7. " Such niby lips, and such a lovely bloom. Disdaining all adult'rate aids of art, Kept a perpetual spring upon her face. As Death himself lamented, being forced To blast it with his paleness." Maasinger, The Unnatural Combat, i. 3. And bowered by a shadv holm. Here first The passing lovely gwldess plants herself With effort quick, and from the stately tomb Observes she Arruns. When she him beheld 1205 Joying in soul, and venting idle vaunts : '* Why," cries she, *' goest thou off a dif- f rent way ? Direct thy footstep hither ; hither come, O [thou who 'rtj doomed to die, that guerdons thou Deserving of Camilla may'st receive. 12 lO Shalt thou, too, perish by Diana's shafts ?" She said, and from her quiver, trimmed with gold. The Thracian [nymph] drew forth a wingy bolt. And, angered, strained the bow, and drew it far, Until the ends imbowed together met ; And now with [botli] her hands alike she touched, — The sharpened point of th' iron with her left,— Her bosom with her right and with the string. Forthwith the weapon's whirr and whizzing air Together Arruns heard, and in his frame The iron stuck. Him, breathing out [his soul], 1 22 1 And heaving forth his latest groans, his mates. Regardless, on the champaign'sunkno^^•n dust Abandon : Opis on her wings away Is wafted to the empyrean heaven. First flies, their mistress lost, Camilla's wing Light[-armed] ; the Rutulans disordered fly ; Flies fierce Atinas ; and the routed chiefs And companies forlorn seek safe [retreats], And, turned aloof, upon their chargers they Speed to the city. Nor hath one the power With darts to bear the Teucri pressing on. And dealing death, or 'gainst them make a stand; 1233 But on their feeble shoulders bear they off Their bows unstraitened ; and in their career The hoof of horses shakes the movdd'ring plain. The agitated dust in pitchy gloom Is volumed to the walls, and from the heights The bosom-strickened dames their woman's shout Raise to the stars of heaven. Who in flight Dashed forward first to open gates, — on these 1 24 1 A hostile multitude in jimabled host Is closing : nor escape they dismal death : X 2 3o8 V. 88i — 894. THE AlNEID. V. 894—915. But in the very threshold, by their native walls, And 'mid the shelter of their homes, they, pierced. Breathe forth their spirits. Some begin to shut the gates ; Nor for their comrades dare to ope a way, Nor take them, craving it, inside the walls ; And slaughter most deplorable begins Of those that guard the passes with their arms, 1250 And those upon [these] arms who rush. [The men,] Barred out before their weeping parents' eyes And faces, some, — destruction driving on, — Into the steepy dykes are rolled ; some, blind and quick, With slackened bridles batter on the gates And gate-posts, sturdy through a barricade. In utmost rivalry the very dames. From off the wails, (true love of country guides,) Like as they saw Camilla, from their hand Throw weapons, flurried, and with stub- born oak, 1260 With stakes, and bludgeons, hardened in the fire, 1259. It is by no means easy to see what is the exact force of ut videre Cainillain, v. 892. Of all the views which have been put forward, that is adopted which seems to be the least unsatisfactory ; though ut, in the sense of " like as," would appear to require viderant. Yet Virgil at times employs an unexpected tense. The passage, taken by itself, would at once suggest that Camillam meant the body of Camilla ; but, unfortunately for this view, Diana had already declared to Opis, that she would convey it away on her death. Trapp's answer to this objection is not tenable for a moment It cannot be imagined that the goddess would have allowed the corpse to be carried to the town, before she removed it from public gaze. She declares that after the death of hxtMn^—post — she would bear it to the sepulchre. In headlong hurry do they mimic steel, And foremost for their city burn to die. Meanwhile the cruellest intelligence Fills Turnus in the woods, and to the youth Acca announces the prodigious coil : — " Annihilated were the Volscians' lines, Camilla fall'n, the furious foe rush on. And with Mars fav'ring, every [spot] had seized ; That terror now was carried to the town." He, frantic, — even thus Jove's fell decrees Require, — abandons the beleaguered hills. Quits the rough woods. He'd scarce gone out of sight, 1273 And gained the plain, when sire ^Eneas, On open passes entered, both surmounts The ridge, and issues from the gloomy grove. Thus both, impetuous, and with all their host. Are hurried to the walls, nor stand apart By paces long between them. And as soon As from afar ^neas spied the plains, 1 280 Smoking with dust, and saw Laurentum's bands. And Turnus fell ^Eneas knew in arms. And heard th' approach of foot and snorts of steeds : — They even instantly upon the fights Would enter, and essay encounters, did not now His jaded coursers rosy Phoebus dip Within Iberia's gulf, and night restore. The day declining. In their camp they rest Befoie the city, and the walls invest. 1287. " The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day Is crept into the bosom of the sea, And now loud-howling wolves arouse the jades. That drag the tragic melancholy night ; Who with their drowsy, slow, and flagging wings Clip dead men's graves, and from their misty jaws Breathe foul contagious darkness in the air." Shakespeare, 2 K. Henry VI., iv. i, 1-7. BOOK XII. As soon as Turnus sees that, broken down By hostile Mars, the Latins heart had lost ; That his own pledges were exacted now ; That he himself was marked by every eye ; — Of his own motion, not to be appeased, He blazes, and his courage raises high. Such-like, as in the Carthaginians' fields Line 4. Or, more literally : " marked out by their eyes." Some famous lion, by a heavy wound 8 From hunters in the bosom stricken, then At length prepares for battle, and delights. Shaking the maned thews upon his neck. And fearless breaks the robber's bolt infixed. And roars with gory mouth : not otherwise 8, 9. The genitive case is not always possessive in the ordinary sense. Compare venantum vulnere, v. 5, with dojia. Minervce. ^n. ii. 189. 10. Movet arma, v. 6, is too technical an expres- sion to bear a literal version. V. 9—40- BOOK XII. V. 40—56. 309 In Tumus, set afire, does fury swell. Then tlius he speaks the king, and so begins In agitation : *' There is no delay In Turnus ; naught [of pretext] is there why The dastard ^tlneads should revoke their words. Nor what they've covenanted should decline. To combat do I march. O father bring 20 The holy offrings, and do thou draw up The league. I either will with this right hand The Dardan renegade of Asia send 'Neath Tart'rus, — let the Latins sit and see ! — And singly with the sword will I rebut The universal charge : or let him hold Us conquered ; let Lavinia yield, his bride." To him Latinus with a heart composed Replied : ** O youth of spirit rare, as much As in fierce gallantry thou dost excel, 30 So much the more devotedly 'tis right That I take thought for thee, and that in fear I weigh all risks. Thy father Daunus' realms Are thine ; towns many, taken by thy hand, Are [thine] : yea, too, both gold and [kindly] mind Latinus owneth : other spouseless maids In Latium be, and in Laurentine fields, Nor they unnoble in their pedigree. Allow me, reservations laid aside. To open these, not balmy to be told ; 40 This at the same time in thy mind imbibe. To none of former suitors was it right That I my daughter should espouse, and this Did all, both gods and men, pronounce. O'erwhelmed by love of thee, by kindred blood O'erwhelmed, and by my mourning consort's tears. All ties I burst ; reft from my daughter's spouse His fianced [bride] ; ungodly arms took up. What misadventures from that [hour], what wars. Pursue me, thou, O Turnus, dost behold ; What grievous travails thou in chief dost bear. 5 1 Twice conquered in the mighty fray, we scarce Italia's hopes within the city guard ; With blood of ours still warm are Tiber's streams. And spacious plains are bleaching with our bones. Whither am I so often driven back ? What frenzy shifts my mind ? If, Tumus dead, I'm ready to invite them as allies, Why do I not the rather, while he's safe. Remove disputes ? What will the Rutulans, My kinsfolk, what the rest of Italy say, 61 Should I, — may Fortune give my words the lie !— Have thee betrayed to death, while thou dost woo My daughter and the nuptial link with us ? Reflect upon the diverse haps in war ; Have pity on thy ag^d sire, whom now, In woe, his native Ardea severs far [From us]." In no wise is the vehemence Of Tumus by his language swayed : he swells The more, and in the curing waxes sick. 70 As soon as he could speak, he thus began From out his lip: "What care on my account Thou entertainest,this, most worthy [prince] For my sake, I beseech thee, lay aside. And suffer me to barter death for praise. We, too, O father, darts and no weak steel Scatter from our right hand, and from the wound Of our [infliction] follows blood. From him His goddess-mother will be far, who screens A runagate within a woman-cloud, 80 And shrouds him over with her empty shades." But, at the novel posture of the fray The queen affrighted wept, and, death-pre- pared. Her daughter's fiery spouse she held : ** O Tumus, I Of thee, by these my tears, by reverence 75. " Behold in awful march, and dread array. The long-extended squadrons shape their way ! Death, in approaching terrible, imparts An anxious horror to the bravest hearts ; Yet do their beating breasts demand the strife. And thirst of glory quells the love of life." Addison, The Campaign. 79. Wagner considers that the clause qvce .... umbris, refers to the thoughts of ^neas ; which is, no doubt, true in the main : but it is evident that some of the terms express the feelings of the speaker himself. If the view taken in the version is right, the passage may be thus paraphrased : We too, my father, can wield weapons, and launch no puny darts ; our swords can draw blood as well as theirs. As to this goddess-mother, (of whom yEneas prates,) we need be under no appre- hension from her, — she will be far enough away from him ( — for his mother is no goddess at all : the whole story is a mere fable). We need not be alarmed (whether he fancies or affects) that she will protect him ( — runaway that he is !) by a cloud, (—shame upon the soldier that looks to a female for aid in war ! — ) and muffle him up in shades (which, we know full well, arc all fictitious). 85. " Oh, I can't bear this cold contempt of death I This rigid virtue, that prefers your glory To liberty or life. O cruel man ! By these sad sighs, by these poor streaming eyes. By that dear love that makes us now unhappy. By the near danger of that precious life. Heaven knows 1 value much above my own r— 3IO V. 56 — 67. THE jENEID. V. 67—74. For thy Amata, if doth any touch Thy spirit, — thou art now the single hope, Thou art the peace, of my unhappy eld ; Latinus' dignity and sovereign sway Are in thy hands ; our falling house on thee All leans : — this single [favor] do I crave : Forbear with Trojans to engage thy hand. Whatever chances in that strife wait thee. Wait me, too, Turnus. I with thee will leave These hated lights, nor consort of my child Will I, a captived [dame], ^neas see." 96 Lavinia listened to her mother's voice. With tears besprinkled o'er her glowing cheeks ; In whom a plenteous blushing raised a fire, And through her heated lineaments careered. As if with ruddy purple should some [hand] What ! Not yet mov'd ! Are you resolv'd on death ? Then, ere 'tis night, I swear by all the powers. This steel shall end my fears and life together." Smith, Phcsdra and Hippolytus, act ii. 92. " Forbear, Demetrius, 'tis Aspasia calls thee ; Thy love, Aspasia, calls ; restrain thy sword ; Nor rush on useless wounds with idle courage." Johnson, Irene, v. 4. 98. " With that adowne out of her christall eyne New trickling teares she softly forth let fall. That like two orient perles did purely shyne Upon her snowy cheeke." Spenser, of Florimell, F. Q., iii. 7, 9. " The godlike maid, awhile all silent stood, And down to th' earth let fall her humble eyes ; While modest thoughts shot up the flaming blood. Which fir'd her scarlet cheek with rosy dyes : But soon to quench the heat, that lordly reigns. From her fair eye a show'r of crystal rains. Which with his silver streams o'erruns the beau- teous plains." P. Fletcher, Purple Island, xi. 10. The following extract but partly applies to the case of the unhappy Lavinia ; but it is altogether a most beautiful passage : " Her eye did seem to labour with a tear, , Which suddenly took birth, but, overweigh'd With its own swelling, dropp'd upon her bosom. Which, by reflection of her light, appear'd As nature meant her sorrow for an ornament. After, her looks grew cheerful, and I saw A smile shoot graceful upward from her eyes. As they had gain'd a victory o'er grief. And with it many beams twisted themselves, Upon whose golden threads the angels walk To and again from heaven." Shirley, The Brothers, i. i. " In tears your beauteous daughter drowns her sight. Silent as dews that fall in dead of night." Dryden, The Indian Emperor, iii. 3. 99. " The bashfull blood her snowy cheekes did dye. That her became, as polisht yvory. Which cunning craftesman hand hath overlayd With fayre vermillion or pure castory." Spenser, F. Q., ii. 9, 41. "'Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on." Shakespeare, Twelfth Night, i. 5. Have stained the ivory of Ind ; or when Blush snowy lilies, blent with many a rose : Such hues the dam.sel on her visage raised. Him love confounds, and fastens he his looks Upon the maid ; he burns for arms the more, And speaks in few Amata : "Do not, pray. Do not with tears, nor such a grave presage, Attend me, O my mother, as I go To the encounters of relentless Mars ; 1 10 103. •' The lilly in the field. That glories in his white. For purenesse now must yeeld. And render up his right. Heauen, pictur'd in her face. Doth promise ioy and grace. " Faire Cynthiaes siluer light. That beates on running streames. Compares not with her white, Whose haires are all sun-beames. So bright my Nimph doth shine. As day unto my eyne. " With this there is a red Exceedes the damaske-rose. Which in her cheekes is spred. Whence euery fauor growes. In skie there is no starre. But she surmounts it farre. " When Phoebus from the bed Of Thetis doth arise. The morning blushing red. In faire carnation wise. He shewes in my Nimphs face As queene of euery grace. " This pleasant lilly white. This taint of roseate red. This Cynthiaes siluer light. This sweet faire Dea spred. These sim-beames in mine eye, — These beauties make me die." Earle of Oxenforde, in Englatid' s Helicon. " O ruddier than the cherry ! O sweeter than the berry ! O Nymph more bright Than moonshine night. Like kidlings blithe and merry ! Ripe as the melting cluster, ' No lily has such lustre." Gay, Acis and Galatea. 105. " do not wanton with those eyes. Lest I be sick of seeing ; Nor cast them down, but let them rise, Lest shame destroy their being. " O be not angry with those fires. For then their threats will kill me : Nor look too kind on my desires, For then my hopes will spill me. " do not steep them in thy tears. For so will sorrow slay me : Nor spread them as distract with fears : Mine own enough betray me." Ben Jonson, Underwoods, Miscellaneous Foetus, ii. " Who can but doat on this humility, That sweetens, — Lovely in her tears ! — The fetters. That seem'd to lessen in their weight but now. By this grow heavier on me." Massinger, The Unnatural Combat, iv. i. V. 74—95- BOOK XIL V. 95— ii4« 3xr For death's delay is not to Tumus free. Do thou, O herald Idmon, carry forth Unto the Phrygian despot these my words, That are not doomed to please : * When first, In heaven of to-morrow wafted on Upon her purplish wheels, Aurora shall blush, 'Gainst Rutulans let him not Teucri lead ; Let Trojans' anus, and Rutuli repose ; By our own blood the war let us decide ; The bride Lavinia on that plain be sought.' " These words when uttered he, and quick withdrew I2I Within the palace, he demands his steeds, And joys in gazing on them as they neigh Before his eyes ; which Orithyia's self Presented as an honorable gift To [sire] Pilumnus, such as might surpass The snows in whiteness, in career the gales. Round stand officious grooms, and stimulate Their bosoms, patted with their hollow hands. And comb their man^d necks. Then he himself 130 Around his shoulders dons his coat of mail, W' ith gold and sheeny orichalcum crisp ; At the same time for service does he fit His falchion e'en, and buckler, and the cones Of his encrimsoned plume ; the falchion, which The deity, [who reigns] the lord of fire, Himself had for his father Daunus forged. And plunged it, glowing, in the Stygian wave. Next seizes he with force his sturdy spear, Which, resting on a giant pillar, stood 140 Amid the dome, Auruncan Actor's spoil. And shakes it quiv'ring, lifting up his voice : 122. Glover, of Xerxes' chariot and horses : " The monarch will'd ; and suddenly he heard His trampling hurses. High on silver wheels The iv'ry car with azure sapphires shone. Cerulean beryls, and the jasper green, The emerald, the ruby's glowing blush. The flaming topaz with its golden beam. The pearl, th' empurpled amethyst, and all The various gems, which India's mines afford To deck the pomp of kings. In burnish"d gold A sculptur'd eagle from behind display'd His stately neck, and o'er the royal head Outstretch'd his dazzling wings. Eight gen 'reus steeds. Which on the fam'd Nissean plain were nurs'd In wintry Media, drew the radiant car." Leonideu, b. iv. 134, 5, " Diomedon Led on the slaughter. From his nodding crest The sable plumes shook terrour. Asia's host Shrunk back, as blasted by the piercing beams Of that unconquerable sword, which fell With lightning's swiftness on dissever'd helms." Ibid., b. V. •• Now, O thou spear, that never balked my calls, The time is now at hand j thee [wielded] once Thrice gallant Actor ; wields thee the right hand Of Tumus now : vouchsafe me low to lay The body of this Phrygian, half a man, And rend with stalwart hand his wrenched mail. And in the dust his tresses to defile, With heated iron curled, and soaked in myrrh." 150 By these his frenzies he is hounded on ; And from the burning [warrior's] face throughout Sparks fly ; fire flashes from his furious eyes. As when tremendous bellowings the bull Wakes for the first encounters, and essays His anger to concentrate in his horns, Against some tree-bole butting, and the winds Provokes with thrusts, and with the scat- tered sand Beforehand practises against the fray. Nor less, meanwhile in his maternal arms Ferocious does .^neas sharpen Mars, i6l And rouse himself with wrath, rejoicing o'er The war's adjustment through the proffered league. His comrades then, and sad lulus' fear. He comforts, teaching them the fates ; and bids To king Latinus envoys to return His sure replies, and name the terms of peace. Next Dawn arisen scarce besprent with light The mountain-tops, when first upraise their forms 153. " Dauntless on his native sands The dragon-son of Mona stands ; In glittering arms and glory drest. High he rears his ruby crest. There the thundering strokes begin. There the press, and there the dm ; Talymafra's rocky shore Echoing to the battle's roar ; Where his glowing eye-balls turn. Thousand banners round him bum." Gray, The Triumphs of Otoen. 168, 9. " And now the taller sons (whom Titan warns) Of unshorn mountains, blown with easy winds. Dandled the morning's childhood in their arms." Giles Fletcher, Christ's Trinntfh after Death, st. 3. " The Summer Sunne hath guildcd faire With morning rayes the mouniaines ; The birds doe ciroll m the ayrc, And naked Nimphs in fountuincs." Theorello, by E. Bolton, in England s lUlicon. 312 V. 114 — 129. THE yENETD. V. 129 — 162. From the deep gulf the horses of the Sun, And forth from lifted nostrils breathe the light : — 171 A field for their encounter, underneath The stately city's walls, both Rutulan And Trojan warriors having meted out. Arranged it ; and, within the centre, hearths And turfy altars to their common gods. Others alike spring-water brought and fire. In apron mantled, and upon their brows With vervain garlanded. There marches forth A legion of Ausonia's denizens, 180 And javelined brigads |'pour from crowded gates. Here all the Trojan and Tyrrhenian host Swoops on in motley arms, equipped in steel, Not otherwise than if the cruel fight Of Mars should call. Moreover, in the midst Of thousands do the generals themselves Flit to and fro, in gold and purple graced ; — E'en Mnestheus, offspring of Assaracus, And brave Asylas, and Messapus [too]. Of steeds the tamer, Neptune's son. And when, 190 " From the red wave rising bright, Lift on high thy golden head ; O'er the misty mountains spread Thy smiling rays of orient light !" Langhorne, Hymn to the Rising Sun. 170, &c. " Hark ! hark ! the watchful chanticler Tells us the day's bright harbinger Peeps o'er the eastern hills, to awe, And warn night's sovereign to withdraw. " The morning curtains now are drawn. And now appears the blushing dawn ; Aurora has her roses shed. To strew the way Sol's steeds must tread. " Xanthus and iEthon harness'd are. To roll away the burning car, And, snorting flame, impatient bear The dressing of the charioteer." Charles Cotton, The Morni7ig Quatrains, 4-6. " Till, as a giant strong, a bridegroom gay. The Sun springs dancing thro' the gates of day ; He shakes his dewy locks, and hurls his beams O'er the proud hills, and down the glowing streams. His fiery coursers bound above the main. And whirl the car along th' ethereal plain : The fiery coursers and the car display A stream of glory, and a flood of day." Broome, Paraphrase on Joh. " For see, fair Thetis hath undone the bars To Phoebus' team ; and his unrivall'd light Hath chas'd the morning's modest blush away." J. Fletcher, 7'he Woman- Hater, i. i. 187. " All furnish'd, all in arms. All plum'd like estridges that wing the wind. Bated like eagles having lately bath'd ; Glittering in golden coats like images ; As full of spirit as the month of May, And gorgeous as the sun at midsummer." Shakespeare, i K. Henry IV., iv. i. The signal given, to their posts hath each Withdrawn, down plunge they in the earth their spears. And rest their shields. Then, pouring forth in zeal. Dames, and th' unweaponed rout, and weak old men. Of tow'rs and houses' roofs possession seized: The others by the stately portals take their stand. But Juno from the eminence, which now Is Alban called, — then neither name at- tached. Nor dignity, or glory, to the mount ; — Gazing abroad, was poring on the field, 200 And both Laurentines' and the Trojans' lines, And city of Latinus. In a trice On this wise Turnus' sister she addressed, — The deity — a goddess, who presides O'er standing waters and the booming floods : — This dignity on her the lofty king Of th' Empyrean, Jove, for maidhood reft Bestowed: — "Nymph, pride of rivers, of my soul Chief favorite, thou know'st that thee alone To all [the maids], whoe'er of Latian [birth] Have mounted high-souled Jove's offensive bed, 211 I have preferred, and in a share of heaven Have freely placed thee : O Juturna, learn, — That thou mayst not upbraid me, — thy own woe. Where Fortune seemed to suffer it, and Fates Allowed affairs with Latium to advance, I Turnus and thy city have bescreened. The youth now see I with unequal fates Engaging, and the day and hostile power Of Fates approaches. Not this fight, not leagues, 220 View can I with mine eyes. Do thou, if thou Dost aught more ready for thy brother's sake Adventure, go ; it thee beseems : perchance Th' unfortunate will better [fates] attend." She scarcely these, when eye- drops from her eyes Outpoured Juturna, and three times and four She smote her dainty bosom with her hand. " This," cries Saturnian Juno, " is no time For tears : haste, and, if any means there be, Thy brother snatch from death ; or wars do thou 230 Awake, and shatter their concerted league : The instigator of thy daring I." Thus having urged, she left her in suspense, And troubled by a woeful wound of soul. Meanwhile the kings, — Latinus, of a frame Gigantic, in a four-horse car is borne, V. i62 — 191. BOOK XII. V. 191 — 214. 313 Whose sheeny brows around twice six gilt beams, The token of his ancestor the Sun, Encircle ; — Turnus in a chariot goes, With twain white coursers, swaying in his hand 240 Two javelins with broad steel. From th' other side The sire /Eneas, source of Roma's race, Blazing in starry shield and heav'nly arms, And by his side Ascanius, second hope Of mighty Rome, march forward from the camp ; And in a spotless garment did the priest Bring up the youngling of a bristly swine, A ewe-lamb too unshorn, of two years old. And to the flaring altars led the beasts. They, with their eyes turned towards the rising sun, 250 Present the salted meal within their hands, And with the steel the victims' temple-tips They mark, and drench the altars Irom the bowls. Then good ^neas, with his falchion drawn. Thus prays : "Be witness now, O Sun, for me, Who call upon thee, and this Land, for whom Such grievous toils have I availed to bear ; And, O almighty father, and O thou Saturnian consort, now more placable. Now, goddess, I entreat; and thou, famed Mars, 260 Who every war, O sire, 'neath thy decree Dost bend ; on Springs, too, and on Floods I call ; And what the Sanctity in Air aloft, And what the Pow'rs be in the azure Deep : — If conquest shall to Auson Turnus chance To fall, it is agreed the conquered [side] Shall to Evander's city draw away ; lulus from [these] regions shall retire j Nor shall thereafter the yEnean sons. Renewing warfare, any arms repeat, 270 Or vex these realms with steel. But if to us Shall Conquest signify that Mars is ours, — As I the rather deem, and may the gods The rather stablish it by their decree ! — I will not either on Italians call The Trojans to obey, nor do I seek Their kingdoms for myself. On equal terms Let both unconquered nations meet for leagues, 253. It b very doubtful that the poet contem- pKited any difference between aris, v. 171, and altaria, v. 174, though he unquestionably contrasts the terms in Eel. v. 56. Unending. Holy rites and gods I'll give ; Arms let my consort's sire L^tinus hold ; My consort's sire his customary rule. 281 For me the Teucri shall my walls construct. And to my town Lavinia deign her name." iEneas thus the foremost [spake] ; thus next Latinus follows, looking up to heaven. And stretches forth his right hand to the stars : "iEneas, by these same, Land, Ocean, Stars, I swear, and by Latona's twin descent, And Janus double-faced, and hellish power Of deities, and by the hallowed courts 290 Of ruthless Dis ; may these the father hear, Who with his levin ratifieth leagues ! I touch the altars ; I the central fires And deities to witness take j no day, Upon th' Italians' part, this peace, or league Shall rupture, howsoe'er events shall fall ; Nor shall there any force with my consent Warp me ; — no, if it should outpour the land Upon the waves, in deluge blending it, And crumble into Tartarus the heaven. 300 As this my sceptre," (for in his right hand His sceptre wielded he by chance,) ** shall ne'er Shoot forth with filmy leafage sprays nor shades, Since once within the forests, lopped away From lowest stem, its parent [tree] it lacks. And down hath laid through steel its leaves and sprigs ; Erstwhile a sapling ; now the craftsman's hand Hath prisoned it in ornamental bronze, And giv'n it to the Latin sires to bear." In suchlike words between them they the leagues 310 Established 'mid the nobles' presence. Then, Duly devote, beasts stab they for the blaze. 279. The poet intends his hero to be distinguished for religion : how far the man, who treated the unfortunate Dido as he did, was suited for an apostle, or a model, is another consideration. 292. This mention of Jove's thunder may refer to the vengeance he would take on perjury : so the Queen in Fletcher's Queen of Corinth : " May the gods. That look into king's actions, smile upon The league we have concluded ; and their justice Find me out to revenge it, if I break One article." Act i. 3. 290. " Hence, in old dusky time, a deluge came : When the deep-cleft disparting orb, that arch'd The central waters round, impetuous rush'd. With universal burst, into the gulph. And o'er the high-pil'd hills of fractur'd earth Wide dash'd the waves, in undulation vast : Till, from the centre to the streaming clouds, A shoreless ocean tumbled round the globe. ** Thomson, Sprt'ng. 314 V. 214 — 245- THE ^NEID. V. 245—265. And draw the bowels from them while alive, And pile the altars with the chargers heaped. But to the Rutuli, sooth, long erewhile Unfair appeared that combat, and their breasts With changeable emotion are tm-moiled ; The more so then, when closer they contend With pow'rs unequal. Helps [this state of soul] Turnus advancing with a silent gait, 320 And th' altar worshipping with downcast eye In prayerful posture ; and his sunken cheeks. The wanness, too, throughout his youthful frame. Which disputation soon as e'er Juturn, His sister, saw gain ground, and wavering The populace's tluctuating hearts : Upon the centre of the troops, in shape To Gamers likened; — [one,] to whom be- longed A noble lineage from his ancestors, And, from the valor of a father [gained], A brilliant name, and he himself in arms 331 Thrice-gallant ; — on the centre of the troops She flings her, of their state not unaware, And sundry rumors sows, and speaks the like: ** Doth it not shame you, O ye Rutuli, For all, his like, a single life t' expose ! In count or powers are we not their peers ? Lo ! these are all, — as well the men of Troy, As the Arcadians, and the fateful band, Etruria, — in hostility to Turnus. If 340 We should, each second man of us, engage, Scarce an antagonist have we. He, sooth, To heav'nly powers, for whose altars he Devotes himself, shall in renown advance, And deathless through the mouths [of men] be noised : We, — country lost, — shall haughty lords be forced T' obey, [we,] who are idly seated now Upon the fields." The feeling of the youths By suchlike words is fired now more and more, And through the troops a murmur creeps : e'en changed 350 Are the Laurentines, e'en the Latins too. Those, who erewhile were hoping for them- selves Repose from fight, and safety for the state, Now wish for arms, and pray the league unmade, And feel compassion at th' unrighteous lot Of Turnus. To these [thoughts] Juturna adds Another greater [stimulant], and gives A signal from the height of heav'n, than which None troubled more effectively the minds Of th' Itali, and by its ill portent 360 Deceived. For, flying in the ruddy sky, Jove's tawny bird was chasing fowls of shore, And noisy bevy of the winged host ; When, swooping in a trice upon the waves, The felon trusses with his hooky claws A peerless swan. Th' Italians roused their souls. And all the birds with screaming wheel their flight,— A marvel to be seen ! — and with their wings Bedim the sky, and, forming in a cloud. The foe they harass thro' the air, until 3 70 O'erwhelmed by force and by his very load. The bird gave way, and from his talons dashed His quarry in the stream, and flew afar Into the clouds. Then sooth Rutulians greet The omen with a cheer, and hands prepare ; And first Tolumnius the augur cries : '* 'Twas this, this, what with prayers I often sought : I welcome it, and recognise the gods. With me, with me, your leader, seize the sword, O wretched, whom a felon foreigner 380 Thro' battle strikes with fear, as weakly birds, And ravages with violence your coasts. To flight shall he resort, and set his sails Afar upon the deep. With one consent Do ye compact your squadrons, and your king, 365. " A cast of haggard falcons, by me mann'd, Eying the prey at first, appear as if They did turn tail ; but with their labouring wings Getting above her, with a thought their pinions Cleaving the purer element, make in. And by turns bind with her ;* the frighted fowl. Lying at her defence upon her back. With her dreadful beak, awhile defers her death." Massinger, The Guardian. 370. " Have you not seen, when, whistled from the fist, Some falcon stoops at what her eye design'd. And with her eagerness the quarry miss'd. Straight flies at check, and clips it down the wind? " The dastard crow, that to the wood made wing. And sees the groves no shelter can afford. With her loud kaws her craven kind does bring. Who safe in numbers cuff the noble bird." Dryden, Atimis Mirabilis, 86, 7. Spenser somewhat differently : " Like as a goshauke, that in foote doth beare A trembling culver, having spide on hight An eagle that with plumy wings doth sheare The subtile ayre stouping with all his might, The quarrey throwes to ground with fell despight." F. Q., iii. 7, 39. * " Bind with her ;" a term in falconry, mean- ing to seize. See Gifford's note. V. 265 — 298. BOOK KIT, V. 298—323. 3»5 Reft from you, in the battle guard." He said, And on the foes confronted to him hurled A javelin, as he forward runs. A twang Emits the whirring comeil, and the air 389 Unerring cuts. At once this [feat is done], At once a mighty shout, — and all the rows Are troubled, and with turmoil heated be Their hearts. The flying spear, as by a chance Nine brothers' fairest forms against it stood, — Whom had, so many, one true Tyrrhene wife Borne to Gylippus [ofj Arcadian [line]; — Of these, one at the midrifT, where the belt, With stitches joined, is by his stomach chafed. And gripes a brooch the meetings of its ends, — A youth preeminent in comeliness, 400 And beaming arms; — transpierces in the ribs, And flings him forward on the golden sand. Yet do the brotherhood, — a mettled troop. And fired by grief, — with hands some draw their swords. Some clutch the missive steel, and blindly rush : 'Gainst whom the bands of the Laurentines dash Amain. Next Trojans overflow in crowds Once more, and Agyllini, Arcads too, With their bepainted arms. Thus one desire Holds all, — the strife to settle with the steel. They've sacked the altars ; all through heav'n there shoots 411 A rageful hurricane of darts, and down An iron shower sluices ; bowls alike And hearths they carry off. Latinus' self Decamps, conveying back his outraged gods. The league dissolved. Their chariots others yoke. Or mount them with a vault upon their steeds. And with their falchions drawn do they ap- pear. Messapus, eager to upset the league, With his confronted charger scares away A king, and wearing th' emblem of a king, Tyrrhene Aulestes : he retreating falls. And on the altars, planted in his way 423 Behind him, he, the pitiable [man] Is on his head and shoulders tossed abroad. But hot flies up Messapus with a lance. And with his beamy weapon from above, Aloft upon his horse, as many a prayer He offers, sorely smites him, and thus speaks : *' He has it ! to the mighty gods is given This richer sacrifice." Together run 431 The Itali, and strip his tepid limbs. To meet [the foeman] Coryn^us grasps A brand from off the altar partly burnt, And with the flames the face of Ebusus Assails he, as he comes and aims a blow. Gleamed his huge beard, and, singed, gave forth a scent. The other, following on, with his left hand The tresses of the wildered foeman grasps, And, leaning on him with imbedded knee, He rivets him to earth : in such a plight He smites his side with his unbending blade. On Alsus, shepherd, and in foremost line While dashing through the darts, with naked sword 444 Does Podalirius, dogging him, o'erhang : With axe drawn back the middle brow and chin Of his antagonist he rives apart. And wide his armor dews with spattered gore. Stern rest and steely slumber press his eyes ; Their orbs are sealed for everlasting night. But good yEneas stretched out his right hand, 451 Unweaponed, with uncovered head, and called His [comrades] with the outcry : "Whither rush? Or what that sudden strife that rises up ? O curb your anger ! Now the league is struck, And all its terms arranged. The right t' engage Is mine alone : let me ; and banish fears. The leagues will I make stable with my hand ; These holy rites now Tumus owe to me," Amid these accents, right amid such words, Lo ! to the hero whizzing on its wings 461 There flew an arrow; — doubtful by what hand 'Twas driven, by what whirling power shot ; What, — whether accident or god, — renown So high may to the Rutulans have brought 449. Gray uses the same metaphor : " Hie thee hence, and boast at home. That never shall inquirer come To break my iron sleep again Till Lok has burst his tenfold chain." The Descent 0/ Odin, end. 450. " The sun sets on my fortune, red and bloody. And everlasting night begins to close me : 'Tis time to die." J. Fletcher, The Double Marriage, iv. 3, 462. " Anone one sent out of the thicket neare A cruell shaft headed with deadly ill. And fethered with an unlucky quill : The wicked Steele stayd not till it did Keht In his left thijrh, and decpclv did it thrill. Exceeding gnefc that wound in him empight. But more that with his foes he could not come to fight." Spenser, F. Q., iii. 5, aa 3i6 V. 322 — 336. THE ^NEID. V. 336—355. The credit of the noted deed is sunk ; Nor vaunted any in yEneas' wound. Turnus, as soon as he -rEneas saw Withdrawing from the army, and the chiefs Confounded, glowing burns with sudden hope. 470 He calls at once for horses and for arms, And with a bound proud springs upon his car, And manages the reins in his own hands, Hov'ring around, he many a gallant frame Of heroes gives to death ; rolls many o'er Half-dead, or 'neath his chariot grinds the troops, Or lances, seized, pours on them as they flee. As when, aroused by icy Hebrus' streams, The bloody Mavors clatters with his shield. And, kindling wars, lets loose his fuming steeds : 480 They on the open champaign Southern gales And Western breeze outfly : the farthest Thrace Groans with the tramping of their feet ; and round The features of grim Fear, and Wrath, and Stratagem, 469. Turnus was unfortunately too sanguine. Glover beautifully illustrates Artemisia's retreat : " With her last effort whelming, as she steer'd. One Grecian more beneath devouring waves. Retreats illustrious. So in trails of light To Night's embrace departs the golden Sun, Still in remembrance shining ; none believe His rays impair'd, none doubt his rise again In wonted splendour to emblaze the sky." Athenaid, b. vi. 479. •" Devouring War, imprison'd in the North, Shall at our call in horrid pomp break forth. And when, his chariot wheels with thunder hung, Fell Discord braying with her brazen tongue. Death in the van, with Anger, Hate, and Fear, And Desolation stalking in the rear. Revenge, by Justice guided, in his train. He drives impetuous o'er the trembling plain," &c. Collins, The Prophecy of Famine. 484. " Thou, to whom the world unknown With all its shadowy shapes is shown ; Who seest appall'd th' unreal scene. While Fancy lifts the veil between : Ah, Fear ! ah, frantic Fear ! I see, I see thee near. I know thy hurried step, thy haggard eye ! Like thee I start, like thee disorder'd fly ; For, lo ! what monsters in thy train appear ! Danger, whose limbs of giant mould What mortal eye can fixt behold ? Who stalks his round, a hideous form. Howling amidst the midnight storm, Or throws him on the ridgy steep Of some loose hanging rock to sleep ; And with him thousand phantoms join'd, Who prompt to deeds accurs'd the mind : And those, the fiends, who, near allied. O'er Nature's wounds and wrecks preside: While Vengeance, in the lurid air, Lifts her red arm, expos'd and bare : The escort of the god, are hurried on. Like eager, Turnus 'mid the central fights His coursers urges, reeking in their sweat, Trampling upon his sadly slaughtered foes ; The nimble hoof bescatters dews of blood, And gore is trodden down with blended sand. 490 And now to death he gave both Sthenelus, And Thamyris, and Pholus, this and that Engaging close, — the other, from afar ; [E'en] from afar both sons of Imbrasus, Glaucus and Lades, whom had Imbrasus Himself brought up in Lycia, and arrayed In arms alike, or hand to hand to fight, Or on the charger to outstrip the winds. In other quarter on the midmost frays Is borne Eumedes, ancient Dolon's son, 500 Illustrious in battle, by his name His grandsire representing, by his soul And deeds his sire, who whilom, when a spy He sallied to th' encampment of the Greeks, Pelides' car his guerdon dai-ed to claim. Him with another guerdon did the son Of Tydeus treat for such his bold attempts ; Nor does he to Achilles' steeds aspire. When Turnus at a distance him espied On th' open champaign, first with javelin light Pursuing him throughout the stretching void. He brings his twain-yoked coursers to a stand, 512 On whom that ravening brood of Fate, Who lap the blood of Sorrow, wait ; Who, Fear, this ghastly train can see. And look not madly wild like thee ?" Collins, Ode to Fear. " And him beside rides fierce revenging Wrath, Upon a lion, loth for to be led ; And in his hand a burning brond he hath. The which he brandisheth about his bed : His eies did hurle forth sparcles fiery red. And stared sterne on all that him beheld ; As ashes pale of hew, and seeming ded ; And on his dagger still his hand he held, Trembling through hasty rage, when choler in him sweld. " Full many mischiefes follow cruell Wrath ; Abhorred Bloodshed, and tumultuous Strife, Unmanly Murder, and unthrifty Scath, Bitter Despight with Rancours rusty Knife ; And fretting Griefe, the enemy of life : All these, and many moe haunt Ire The swelling Splene, and Frenzy raging rife, The shaking Palsey, and Saint Fraunces fire : Such one was Wrath, the last of this ungodly tire." Spenser, F. Q., i. 4, 33, 35. Fletcher calls "Anger the twin of Sorrow." 7 he Bloody Brother, iv. 3. Ben Jonson has a magnificent description of bloodshed in war ; Catiline, i. i : " Slaughter bestrid the streets, and stretch'd himself To seem more huge ; whilst to his stained thighs The gore he drew flow'd up, and carried down Whole heaps of limbs and bodies through his arch." ▼. 355—384. BOOK xir. V. 384—396. 3x7 And from his chariot down he springs, and conies Upon him half-alive and fall'n along, And, with his foot imbedded in his neck, The falchion wrenches out of his right hand. And bathes it glitt'ring in his deep of throat, And these withal subjoins : ** Behold the fields, Avi, [that] which in the war, O Trojan, thou Hast sought, Hesperia measure as thou liest : These guerdons they, who with the sword have dared 521 T' assail me, reap ; they thus construct their walls." As his companion, with a hurtled lance He sends Asbutes,Chloreustoo,and Sybaris, And Dares, and Thersilochus ; Thymcetes too, Fall'n from his rider-flinging horse's neck. And as, what time Edonian Boreas' blast Roars on th' .^gean deep, and hunts to shore The billows ; where the winds have plied [their force]. Clouds speed their flight from heav'n : to Turn us thus, 530 Where'er he cuts his way, the squadrons yield. And, wheeled about, off dash the lines ; himself His ardor hurries onward, and the gale, — The car confronted, — shakes his flutt'ring plume. Him, bearing on, and gnashing in his rage, Phegeus did not endure ; himself he flung Before the chariot, and with his right hand Twisted aside the speeding coursers' mouths, While frothing on their bits. Whilst he is dragged, And hangs upon their collars, a broad spear Him, undefended, reaches, and, infixed. The mail twain-tissued brasts, and with a wound 542 The surface of his body grazes. Yet He, turned upon the foe, with shield op- posed Advanced, and succor sought from his drawn blade : When wheel and axle, urged in their career. Him headlong drove, and pitches him on earth ; And Tumus following, 'tween his helmet's base And edges of his corselet-top, with sword cut off His head, and left the trunk upon the sand. Now, whilst deals conq'ring Tumus on the plains 551 These deaths, meanwhile have Mnestheus, and the stanch Achates, and Ascanius their companion, Within the camp >Eneas placed, blood- stained. Supporting with a long spear-end his steps Alternately. He rages, and,— the shaft snapped off", — Strains to out- wrest the weapon, and the path To succor, which the nearest [lies], de- mands : — That with the broad sword they would cut the wound. And deep within layope the missile's shroud, And send him to the battles back. And now Stood by, of Phoebus loved before all else, lapis, son of lasus ; to whom 563 By violent affection erst enslaved, Apollo's self glad proffered his own crafts. His favors, — augury, and lyre, and nimble bolts. He, that his laid out father's destinies He might protract, to know the pow'rs of herbs. 554. " Support your master, legges, a little further ; Faint not, bolde heart, with anguish of my wound ; Try further yet : can bloud weigh down my soul f Marston, The Insatiate Countesse, iii, 556. " Whom so dismayd when Cambell had espide, Againe he drove at him with double might, That n,ought mote stay the Steele, till in his side The mortale point most cruelly empight ; Where fast infixed, whilest he sought by slight It forth to wrest, the stafTe asunder brake, And left the head behinde : with which despight He all enrag'd his shivering speare did shake." Spenser, F. Q., iv. 3, 10. 562. Spenser adds the charm of music to the physician's care : " Home is brought, and layd in sumptuous bed ; Where many skilfuU leaches him abide To salve his hurts, that yet still freshly bled. In wine and oyle they wash his woundes wide. And softly gan embalme on everie side. And all the while most heavenly melody About the bed sweet musicke did divide. Him to beguile of grief and agony." F. Q., i. s. 17. 568. " From creeping moss to soaring cedar thou Dost all the powers and several portions know, Which father— Sun, and mother — Earth below. On their green infants here bestow : Canst all those magic virtues from them draw. That keep Disease and Death in awe." Cowley, To Dr. Scarborough. " Care and utmost shifts. How to secure the Lady from surprisal. Brought to my mind a certain shepherd lad, Of small regard to see to, yet well skill'd In every virtuous plant, and healing herb. That spreads her verdant leaf to the morning ray. He loved me well, and oft would beg me sing ; Which when 1 did, he on the tender grass Would sit and hearken even to ecstasy. And in requital ope his leathern scrip, And show me simples of a thousand names. Telling their strange and vigorous faculties." Miltoo, Comtu. 3i8 V. 396 — 41I THE ^NEID. V. 419—435. The practice too of healing, rather chose, And fameless exercise the silent arts. 570 Bitterly chafing did ^neas stand, "While leaning on a mighty spear, with flocking vast Of youths and of lulus sad [at heart], — By tears immovable. The famed old man, In garb drawn'back, tucked up in Paeon mode, "With healing palm, and Phoebus' sovereign plants. Makes many an anxious effort all in vain ; In vain the barbs with his right hand he shakes, And with his griping pincers grasps the steel. No Fortune indicates the course, naught aids His guide Apollo ; spreads, too, more and more 5^^ Fierce terror on the field, and nigher lies The evil. Heav'n now see they stand in dust ; And cavalry advance, and thick the darts Amid th' encampment drop. A dismal cry Ascends to ether of the battling youths, And those that fall beneath remorseless Mars. Here, by th' unrightful suff ring of her son, His mother "Venus, shocked, culls dittany From Cretan Ida, stalk with downy leaves. And tufting with a purple flow'r : those herbs 591 To the wild goats are not unknown, what time Have wingy arrows fastened in their back. This "Venus, compassed with a darkling cloud About her face, brought down ; with this the stream, Poured out in sheeny basins, she impregns, In secret healing it ; and sprinkles o'er 573. lulus felt with Aminta : " Oh ! but your wounds How fearfully they gape ! and every one To me is a sepulchre : if I lov'd truly, (Wise men affirm that true love can do wonders,) These bath'd in my warm tears would soon be cur'd. And leave no orifice behind. Pray, give me leave To play the surgeon, and bind 'em up ; The raw air rankles 'em." J. Fletcher, TJie Sea-Voyage, ii. i. 577. " What has been left untried that art can do ? The hoary wrinkled leech has watch'd and toil'd. Tried every health-restoring herb and gum, And wearied out his painful skill in vain." Rowe, Lady Jane G7'ay, act i. 594. " Here lights Hygeia, ardent to fulfill Mercy's behest. Light she sprung Along th' empyreal road : her locks distill'd Salubrious spirit on the stars. Full soon She pass'd the gate of pearl, and down the sky. Precipitant, upon the ev'ning-wing Cleaves the live ether, and with healthy balm Impregnates, and fecundity of sweets." W. Thompson, Sickness, b. Iv. The juices of Ambrosia fraught with health, And perfumed panacee. "V\''ith lotion this lapis aged, unknowing, stuped the wound. And in a trice sooth vanished from his frame All smart ; at the wound's root stanched all the blood. 602 And now the arrow, as it tracks the hand, None forcing it, drops out, and fresh re- turned His powers to their fonner state. *' His arms Quick hasten for the hero ! "Wherefore stand ?" lapis shouts, and first their souls he fires Against the foe : "Not these by mortal might. Nor by the mastership of skill, accrue ; Nor thee doth my right hand, ^neas, save : A god more puissant acts, and sends thee back To grander feats." He, eager for the fight. His legs had cased in gold this side and that, And loathes delays, and brandishes his lance. "When once his shield is fitted *to his side, And corselet to his back, with arms out- spread 616 He clasps Ascanius round, and, through his casque The surface of his lips bekissing, speaks : "Learn valor and true hardness, child, from me, 604. This whole scene may remind Spenser's readers of Belphosbe's curing Prince Arthur : " Unto the woods thenceforth in haste shee went, To seeke for hearbes that mote him remedy ; For shee of herbes had great intendiment. Taught of the nymphe, which from her infancy Her nourced had in trew nobility : There, whether yt divine tobacco were. Or panachsea, or polygony, She fownd, and brought it to her patient deare, Who al this while lay bleding out his hart-blood neare. " The soveraine weede betwixt two marbles plaine Shee pownded small, and did in peeeesbruze ; And then atweene her lilly handes twaine Into his wound the juice thereof didscruze ; And round about, as she could well it uze, The flesh therewith she suppled and did steepe, T' abate all spasme and soke the swelling bruze ; And, after having searcht the intuse deepe, She with her scarf did bind the wound, from cold tokeepe." ^. ^v "i- 5, 32, 33- 616. Glover has a fine passage, describing the parting scene between Leonidas and his family ; at the end of which the following occurs : " On ev'ry side his children press, Hang on his knees, and kiss his honour'd hand. His soul no longer struggles to confine Her agitation. Down the hero's cheek, Down flows the manly sorrow. Great in woe Amid his children, who enclose him round, He stands, indulging tenderness and love In graceful tears." Leonidas, b. i. 619. " Ev'n present, in the very lap of love Inglorious laid : while music flows around. V. 436—441. BOOK XIL V. 441—465. 319 Success from others. Now shall my right hand, 620 By means of battle, render thee secure. And lead thee through my noble guerdons. See That thou [thereof] be mindful, when ere- long Thy age shall have advanced [to] ripe [estate], And thee, as thou recallest in thy mind Thy [fathers'] patterns, let alike thy sire iEneas and thy uncle Hector rouse." These words when he delivered, from the gates Perfumes, and oils, and wine, and wanton hours ; Amid the roses fierce Repentance rears Her snaky crest : a quick returning pang Shoots through the conscious heart, where honour still, And great design, against the oppressive load Of luxury, by fits, impatient heave." Thomson, Spring. " But happen what there can, I will be just ; My fortune may forsake me, but not my virtue." Ben Jonson, Catiline, iv. 6, end. " Have a full man within you : . . . Perfumes, the more they are chafed, the more they render Their pleasing scents ; and so aflliction Expresseth virtue fully, whether true. Or else adulterate." Webster, Vittoria Corotttbona, act i, *' Who trained thee up in arms but I ? Who taught thee. Men were men only when they durst look down With scorn on death and danger, and contemned All opposition, till plumed Victory Had made her constant stand upon their helmets? Under my shield thou hast fought as securely As the young eaglet, covered with the wings Of her fierce dam, learns how and where to prey." Massinger, Tfu Unnatural Combat, ii. i. 620. " Without misfortune Vertue hath no glory." Marston, Sophonisba, ii. i. 621. " Young Ned, for thee, thine uncles and myself Have in our armours watch'd the winter's night ; Went all a-foot in summer's scalding heat. That thou might'st repossess the crown in peace ; And of our labours thou shalt reap the gain." Shakespeare, 3 K. Henry VI., v. 7. 626. " Hang all your rooms with one large pedi- l^ree; Tis virtue alone is true nobility : Which virtue from your father, ripe, will fall ; Study illustrious him, and you have all." Ben Jonson, Underwoods, cix. 8. Ardte laments to Palamon : " No issue know us. No figure of ourselves shall we e'er see. To glad our age, and like young eagles teach 'em Boldly to gaze against bright arms, and say, * Remember what your fathers were, and conquer!' " Shakespeare and Fletcher, The Two Noble Kinsmen, ii. x. He sallied forth, a giant, swaying in his hand A javelin huge : at once in serried troop 630 Antheus alike, and Mnestheus, dash amain, And from the quitted camp tides all the throng. The field is then with dingy dust turmoiled, And quakes with tramp of feet the startled earth. Turnus beheld them, coming from the mound In front ; Ausons beheld them ; and a thrill, Ice-cold, careered throughout their inmost bones. Juturna first 'fore all the Latins heard, And knew the noise, and frightened fled away. He flies, and hurries through the open plain His dusky brigad: as when towards the lands, 641 From constellation burst, a storm-cloud swoops Along 'mid ocean j ah ! in wretched swains Their far foresightful hearts begin to dread : 'Twill downfall deal to trees, and overthrow To standing com ; all far and wide 'twill wreck : Winds fly ahead, and waft a din to shore. Such the Rhoetean chieftain leads his troop Against the fronting foes ; they mass them close All in compacted wedges. With the sword Thymbroeus ponderous Osiris smites, 651 Mnestheus Archetius, slays Achates Epulo, And Gyas Ufens ; falls the augur's self, Tolumnius, who first a dart had hurled Against the fronting foes. A shout is raised To heav'n, and, routed in their turn, the Rutuli Show dusty backs in flight thro'out the fields. Himself nor deigns to overthrow for death Those turned away ; nor those with even foot Closely engaged, nor those, who hurtle darts, 629. " In peace, there's nothing so becomes a man. As modest stillness and humility ; But when the blast of war blows in our cars. Then imitate the action of the tiger : Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Disguise fair nature with hard-favour'd rage : Then lend the eye a terrible aspect ; Let it pry through the portage of the head. Like the brass cannon ; let the brow o'erwhclm it. As fearfully as doth a galled rock O'erhang and jutty his confounded base, Swiird with the wild and wasteful ocean. Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide ; Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spirit To his full height !" Shakespeare, A'. Henry V., iii. x. 658. " Merciful heaven ! Thou rather with thy sharp and sulphurous bolt Split'st the unwcdgeable and gnarled oak, '1 Dan the soft myrtle." Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. a. 320 V. 4^6 — 49^' THE ^NEID. V. 497—52 3- Pursues : he, searching, Turnus tracks alone In the thick cloud ; claims him alone for fight. Shocked by this apprehension in her soul, Juturna, manly maid, amid the reins 664 Metiscus, Turnus' charioteer, unseats, And leaves him fallen from the pole afar. She takes his place herself, and with her hands The waving reins she guides, assuming all. Alike Metiscus' voice, and form, and arms. As when the dusky swallow wings her way Through noble mansions of a wealthy lord. And on her pinions round the lofty courts. Her scanty diet culling, and the food 673 For babbling nests ; and now in void arcades. Now round the moistful pools, she twit- ters : — like [To her] Juturna on the midmost foes Is carried by the steeds, and, flying on, Through all she passes in the speeding car ; And here now, and now there, her brother shows Exulting ; neither does she him allow 680 T' engage his hand ; far flies she from the paths. No less, to meet him, does ^neas thread The writhing circuits, and the hero tracks, And calls through scattered troops with thund'ring voice. As oft as on the foe he cast his eyes. And the wing-footed coursers' flight essayed In his career, — the chariot, veered away, So oft Juturna wheeled aside. Alas ! What could he do ? Upon a shifting tide He vainly wavers, and discordant cares Invite his spirit to opposing [plans]. 69 1 At him Messapus, as in his left hand By chance he wielded, fleet in his career. Two lithe spear-handles, tipped with steel ; of these One launching, aims it with unerring blow, .^neas halted, and within his arms His form he gathered sinking on his knee : Yet swift the lance his helm-top bore away. And from his head struck off the topmost plumes. Then, sooth, upstarts his wrath and, over- matched 700 By stratagem, when feels he that the steeds. Turned from him, and the car were driven back. In many a word to witness calling Jove, And altars of the violated league, 674. " Her young meanwhile, Callow and cold, from their moss-woven nest Peep forth ; they stretch their little eager throats Broad to the wind, and plead to the lone spray Their famish'd plaint importunately shrill." Mason, Etiglish Garden, b. iii. | He now at length upon the midmost swoops, And, dreadful through a favorable Mars, Without distinction hideous slaughter wakes, And all the reins of anger flings adrift. What god can now to me so many scenes Of bitterness, what [god] can in the song The varied havoc, and the death of chiefs, Whom all thro'out the plain, and in his turn, Now Turnus, now the Trojan hero, hunts, — Develop ? Was it thy decree, O Jove, 714 That in such fierce excitement should engage The nations, doomed to live in endless peace ? ^^neas Sucro of Rutulia[n birth]. This combat first the hurtling Teucri fixed In [one] position, — causing him no great delay, Receives upon his side, and where the fates Are speediest, drives home the ruthless blade Right thro' his ribs and fences of his breast. Turnus, on foot encount'ring Amycus, 723 Down from his charger flung, Diores too. His brother, smites the one with lengthful spear. As up he comes, the other with the sword ; And in his car the severed heads of both Hangs up, and bears them stilling with their blood. The other Talos to his death, and Tanais, And brave Cethegus, three in one assault, And sad Onytes sends, Echion's name. And of his mother Peridia son ; 732 This [slays] the brotherhood, from Lycia sent And from Apollo's fields ; Menoetes too, An Arcad youth, detesting wars in vain, Whose handicraft and indigent abode Had been about the fishful Lerna's streams: Nor were th' employments of the pow'rful known ; And in a rented land his father sowed. And like as fires, from diff'rent quarters loosed 740 Upon the parching wood, and coppices. That crack with bay ; or when in swift descent 707. " Stand out, and witness this, unhappy Spain '. Lift up to view the mountains of thy slain : Tell how thy heroes yielded to their fear. When Stanhope rous'd the thunder of the war ; With what fierce tumults of severe delight Th' impetuous hero plung'd into the fight. How he the dreadful front of Death defac'd, Pour'd on the foe, and laid the battle waste. Did not his arm the ranks of war deform, And point the hovering tumult where to storm ? Did not his sword through legions cleave his way, Break their dark squadrons, and let in the day? Did not he lead the terrible attack, Push Conquest on, and bring her bleeding back ? Throw wide the scenes of horrour and despair, The tide of conflict, and the stream of war ?" Pitt, On the Death 0/ Earl Stanhope. V. 523—548. BOOK XII. V. 548 — 580. 321 Adown from lofty mounts the foamy floods Give forth a din, and hurry to the seas, Each turning his own passage into waste : — No slower Turnus and ^neas, both, Dash through th' [em]battle[d line]s ; now, now their wrath Surges within ; their breasts are being burst, Unknowing to be overpowered ; now On wounds they rush with all their might and main. 750 The one — Murranus, vaunting ancestry, And ancient titles of his father's sires. And pedigree, all traced through Latin kings. Headforemost witha rock,and whirling-cast Of monstrous stone, o'erthrows, and flings him out Upon the ground. Him 'neath the reins and yokes The car rolled forward ; with repeated blow Down tramples him, above, the hurried hoof Of horses, not regardful of their lord. The other — Hyllus, as he hurtles on, And rages hideously with passion, meets. And whirls a javelin at his gilded brows ; Stood in his brain, through helmet pieixed, the spear. 763 Nor did thy right hand thee, most brave of Greeks, O Cretheus, save from Turnus ; nor his gods Bescreen Cupencus, when yEneas comes : His bosom proffered he to meet the steel ; Nor did reprieve of bronzen shield bestead The wretched man. Thee, /Eolus, as well, Laurentine fields saw perish, and the earth Wide cov'ring over with thy back. Thou diest, 771 Whom could not Argive phalanxes lay low, Nor the demolisher of Priam's realms, Achilles : here for thee were goals of death; A stately mansion under Ida [stands], A stately mansion at Lyrnese [for thee]. In the Laurentine ground thy grave. So much 744. " Smooth to the shelving brink a copious flood Rolls fair, and placid ; where, collected all In one impetuous torrent, down the steep It thundering shoots, and shakes the country round. At first, an azure sheet, it rushes broad ; Then whitening by degrees, as prone it falls. And from the loud resounding rocks below Dash'd in a cloud of foam, it sends aloft A hoary mist, and forms a ceaseless shower. Nor can the tortur'd wave here find repose : But, raging still amid the shaggy rocks. Now flashes o'er the scatter'd fragments, now Aslant the hollow channel rapid darts ; And, falling fast from gradual slope to slope. With wild mfracted course, and lessen'd roar. It gains a safer bed, and steals at last Along the mazes of the quiet vale." Thonison, Summer. The hosts are wholly on each other turned, E'en all the Latins, all the Dardan sons : Mnestheus, and keen Serestus, and Mes* sapus, 780 Steeds-tamer, and Asilas brave, and band Of Tuscans, and Evander's Arcad wings. According to their strength the warriors each Strive with the utmost effort of their powers: Nor stay, nor rest j in struggle vast they strain. Here did his fairest mother send the thought T' -(^neas, to the walls to march, and tuni His army to the city with despatch. And with a sudden slaughter to confound The Latins. He, when through the different ranks 790 In tracking Turnus, he this side and that His eyes turned round, the city sees exempt From war so sore, and unchastised at ease. Forthwith the notion of a grander fray Inflames him, Mnestheus and Sergestus he Calls up, and brave Serestus, chiefs, and takes Possession of a knoll ; to which [resort] Flocks the remaining host of Teucer's sons; Neither their bucklers or their darts do they, Close[-filed], lay down. Upon the lofty mound 800 He, standing central, speaks : '* Be no demur To my injunctions ; Jove on this side stands: Nor may there any, from the suddenness Of my emprise, for me the slower move. To-day the city, of the war the cause, Latinus' very realm, unless they pledge themselves To take the bit, and conquered to succumb. Will I uproot, and even with the earth Their smoking roof-tops lay. Am I, for- sooth, To wait till please it Turnus to endure 810 Our fight, and he again may choose t' en- gage, [Though] conquered? This the head, O citizens. This is the front of the accursed war. Bring torches quick, and redemand the league With blazes." He had said, and they at once With emulating souls all form a wedge. And in a mass compacted, to the walls Are hurried forward. Unexpectedly Have ladders and a sudden hre appeared. Some run from diff"'rent quarters to the gates And massacre the first ; some whirl the steel, And orershade the welkin with their darts. Himself -^neas, 'mid the foremost ranks. His right hand stretches forth below the walls, 824 322 V. 58o— 594- THE ^NEID. V. 594—618. And chides Latinus with a thund' ring voice ; And calls the gods to witness, that again To battles is he driven ; that now twice Th' Italians were become his foes ; that this Was now the second league which had been broke. Up springs among the quaking citizens 830 A strife. Some bid the city to unbar, And ope the portals to the Dardan sons. And to the ramparts drag their very king ; Arms others bear, and march to guard the walls. As when, within a shroudy pumice-rock Ensconced, a shepherd hath [a swarm of] bees Traced out, and filled it up with pungent smoke ; They in the inside, trembling for the state. Throughout their camp of wax run to and fro. And with their lusty buzzings whet their wrath ; 840 A sooty stench is volumed to the roofs : Then with mysterious humming ring the rocks Within ; smoke rises to the empty air. This hap the harassed Latins too befell, Which the whole city from its base convulsed 835. " Through subterranean cells. Where searching sunbeams scarce can find a way. Earth animated heaves. The flowery leaf Wants not its soft inhabitants. Secure Within its winding citadel, the stone Holds multitudes." Thomson, Summer. 837. Or, more clearly : " And filled [their home] with pungent smoke." " Ah ! see, where robb'd and murder'd, in that pit Lies the still heaving hive ! At evening snatch'd Beneath the cloud of guilt-concealing night. And fix'd o'er sulphur : while, not dreaming ill. The happy people, in their waxen cells. Sat tending public cares, and planning schemes Of temperance, for Winter poor ; rejoic'd To mark, full flowing round, their copious stores. Sudden the dark oppressive steam ascends ; And, us'd to milder scents, the tender race. By thousands, tumble from their honey'd domes, Convolv'd, and agonising in the dust. And was it then for this you roam'd the Spring, Intent from flower to flower ? for this you toil'd Ceaseless the burning Summer-heats away ? For this in Autumn search'd the blooming waste. Nor lost one sunny gleam ? for this sad fate ? O, man ! tyrannic lord ! how long, how long, Shall prostrate Nature groan beneath your rage, Awaiting renovation ? When oblig'd. Must you destroy? Of their ambrosial food Can you not borrow ; and, in just return. Afford them shelter from the wintry winds ? Or, as the sharp year pinches, with their own Again regale them on some smiling day ? See where the stony bottom of their town Looks desolate and wild ; with here and there A helpless number, who the ruin'd state. Survive, lamenting weak, cast out to death." Thomson, Autumn. With woe. The queen, when she the foe- man spies Advancing on the town, the walls assailed, Fires flying to the roofs ; on th' other side Nowhere Rutulian bands, not any troops Of Tumus ; — evil-starred, believes the youth In strife of battle quenched, and in her mind Bewildered with the sudden pang, cries out That she is source, and guilty cause, and head 853 Of their mishaps ; and, venting many a word. Distraught, in rueful frenzy, with her hand Her purple garments she, about to die, Asunder rends, and from a beam aloft Inweaves the noose of an unsightly death. The which calamity when once, in woe. The Latin ladies learnt, her daughter first, Lavinia, lacerated by her hand 861 In amber tresses, and in rosy cheeks, Then the remaining throng around her, raves : Wide rings again the palace with their wails. The wretched rumor hence is noised abroad Through the whole city. They their souls depress ; Latinus paces with his raiment rent, Stunned by his consort's fates and city's wreck. His hoary hairs, besprent with dust unclean, Defiling ; and himself he much upbraids, For that he had not heretofore received iFlneas [of] Dardanian [line], and him 872 Admitted freely as his daughter's spouse. Meanwhile uj^on the plain['s] remotest [part] The warrior Turnus hunts a straggling few, Now more inactive, and now less and less Delighting in his coursers' blest career. The breeze this outcry wafted to him, blent 866. Shakespeare gives the following graphic picture of a disheartened host : " Why do you stay so long, my lords of France ? Yond' island carrions, desperate of their bones, 111-favour'dly become the morning field : Their ragged curtains poorly are let loose, And our air shakes them passing scornfully. Big Mars seems bankrupt in their beggar'd host. And faintly through a rusty beaver peeps. The horsemen sit like fixed candlesticks. With torch-staves in their hand ; and their poor' jades Lob down their heads, dropping the hides and hips, The gum down-roping from their pale-dead eyes. And in their pale dull mouths the gimmal bit Lies foul with chew'd grass, still and motionless ; And their executors, the knavish crows. Fly o'er them, all impatient for their hour. Description cannot suit itself in words. To demonstrate the life of such a battle. In life so lifeless as it shows itself." K. Henry V., iv. 2. V. 6i8 — 647. BOOK XIL V. 647—676. 3J3 With dark alarms, and struck his ears up- roused The wildered city's noise and joyless din. *' Ah me ! why be the bulwarks with a wail So sore turmoiled ? Or what such grievous cry Bursts from the city on a difT'rent side?" So speaks he, and distraught, with reins indrawn, 884 Stood still. And him his sister, as, trans- shaped Into his charioteer Metiscus' guise, Alike the car, and steeds, and reins she ruled. Meets with such accents : ** Turnus, by this [path] Let us pursue the sons of Troy, where first A passage conquest opes ; there others be. Who by their valor can protect their homes, .^neas swoops upon the Itali, 892 And blends the frays ; let us, too, with the hand Upon the Teucri send remorseless deaths. Inferior neither in the tale [of slain], Nor glory of the fight, shall thou retire." Turnus to these : " O sister, e'en long since I knew thee, when at first thou didst by craft Unhinge the leagues, and gav'st thee for these wars ; And now, [though] goddess, thou deceiv'st in vain. 900 But who hath willed that thou, sent down from heaven, Shouldst bear such grievous suff'rings ? Is't that thou Thy wretched brother's ruthless death shouldst see ? For what am I to do ? Or Fortune what Now pledges safety ? I myself beheld Before my eyes, calling me with his voice, Murranus, [one,] than whom more dear to me Survives no other, die, a mighty man. And by a mighty wound subdued. Hath fallen The luckless Ufens, lest he our disgrace 910 Should view ; the Teucri hold his corpse and arms. Our houses to be razed (this single [woe] Was lacking to our state ;) shall I endure ? Neither shall I with [this] right hand rebut The taunts of Drances ? Shall I turn my back? And Turnus flying shall this land behold ? Is it so very sad a thing to die ? Ye, O ye gods below, to me be kind, 883. " What meanes this capering cccho? Or from whence Did this so lively counterfeit of thunder Breake out to liberty ? 'Tisfrom the city." Rawlins, The Rebellion, act ii. | Since hostile is the will of gods above. To you, a holy soul, and of that fault 920 Unknowing, shall I downward go, not e'er Unworthy of my mighty ancestors." Scarce these he'd said, — lo ! through the midst of foes Flies Saces, carried on a foaming steed. By hostile arrow wounded in the face, And rushes forward, Turnus by his name Beseeching : •* Turnus, [resting is] on thee Our lf\st relief; have pity on thine own ! Thunders ^^neas in his arms, and threats That he will overthrow the topmost towers Of Itali, and [these] consign to wreck; 931 E'en now the brands are nying to the roofs. On thee their faces do the Latins turn. On thee their eyes : the king Latinus' self Is musing, whom his sons-in-law to call, Or to which covenants himself to bend. Moreo'er the queen, all-faithful [she] to thee. Herself hath fallen by her own right hand, And, frighted, fled the light. Before the gates Alone Messapus and Atinas brave 940 Support the fight. Round these on either side The phalanxes stand close, and with drawn blades A crop of iron bristles ; thou thy car Art wheeling round upon a waste of grass." Mazed by the chequered picture of their state. Was Turnus stunned, and stood in silent gaze. Seethes mighty in a single heart a shame. And madness with a mingled grief, and love, By Furies racked, and conscious worth. When first Were shades dispersed, and light was to his mind 950 Restored, his flaming eyeballs to the wadls He wildly rolled around, and from the car Towards the great city cast a look behind. But lo ! with blazes volumed through the floors. To heav'n there waved a crest, and seized a tower, — The tow'r, which he himself with jointed beams Had reared, and underneath applied the wheels, And overlaid with bridges high. ** Now, now, O sister, do the Destinies prevail ; 920. " Then free from fear or guflt, I'll wait my doom: Whate'er 's mv fault, no stain shall blot my glory. I'll guard my honour, you dispo!« my life." Smith, Fhadra and Hi^pclytus, act iL Y 2 324 V. 676 702. THE ^NEID. V. 702 — 718. Forbear to stay me ; whither calls a god, And whither rigid Fortune, follow we. 961 'Tis fixed that with ^neas I engage My hand ; 'tis fixed, whate'er of bitterness There is in death, to bear it ; nor shalt thou, O sister, me unhonored longer see. Pray, let me rave this raving first." He said, And from the chariot quickly made a spring Upon the fields ; and through the foes, through darts. He rushes, and his sorrowed sister quits, And bursts in fleet career the central ranks. And as when from a mountain's crest a rock In hurry rushes, by a tempest wrenched, — Whether a rageful show'r hath washed it off, 973 Or stealing age hath loosened it by years, — Adown the steep the felon mount is borne With mighty swoop, and on the ground it vaults. Sweeping away with it woods, herds, and men : Among the scattered squadrons Tumus thus Swoops to the city walls, where reeks full much Of earth with gush of blood, and screech the gales 980 With javelins ; and he beckons with his hand, And with a lusty voice at once begins : " Forbear now, Rutulans ; and, Latins, ye Your darts withhold : whatever Fortune is, Is mine ; it fairer is that I alone On your behalf should expiate the league. And [this our quarrel] by the sword decide." All in the midst withdrew, and gave him room. But sire ^neas, when was heard the name Of Tumus, quits alike the walls, and quits The tower-heights, and hurries all delays. Breaks off all labors, bounding with delight. And terribly enthunders in his arms : 993 As huge as Athos, or as Eryx huge, Or huge as father Apennine himself, 977. Beaumont and Fletcher employ a similar illustration with a wholly different design : " Like a wild overflow, that swoops before him A golden stack, and with it shakes down bridges. Cracks the strong hearts of pines, whose cable- roots Held out a thousand storms, a thousand thunders. And, so made mightier, takes whole villages Upon his back, and in that heat of pride Charges strong towns, towers, castles, palaces. And lays them desolate : so shall thy head. Thy noble head, bury the lives of thousands. That must bleed with thee like a sacrifice. In thy red ruins." Philaster, v. 3. When with his waving holms he roars, and joys, With snowy crest uplifting him to heaven. Now sooth in eagerness e'en Rutulans, And Trojans, and Italians, all, their eyes Turned towards them ; likewise those who occupied looo The walls aloft, and those who battered with the ram The walls below ; and from their shoulders they Laid down their arms. Latinus is himself Astounded at the giant heroes, born In distant quarters of the universe. In mutual fight engaging, and [the strife] Deciding by the sword. Now they, what time The plains lay open with a vacant sward, In swift advance, with lances hurled from far, Commence the fray with shields and clank- ing bronze. loio The earth gives forth a groaning; then with swords Repeated blows do they redouble : chance And bravery are blent in one. And as, In vasty Sila, or Taburnus' crest. What time two bulls with brows confronted rush Upon the hostile frays ; in fright have fled 999. " Methinks I see Death and the Furies waiting What we will do, and all the heaven at leisure For the great spectacle." Ben Jonson, Catiline, v. 5. 1012. _ " Each at the head Levell'd his deadly aim ; their fatal hands No second stroke intend ; and such a frown Each cast at the other, as when two black clouds. With Heaven's artillery fraught, come rattling on Over the Caspian, then stand front to front. Hovering a space, till winds the signal blow To join their dark encounter in mid air ; So frown'd the mighty combatants, that Hell Grew darker at their frown, so match'd they stood ; For never but once more was either like To meet so great a foe." Milton, P. L., b. ii. " Now waved their fiery swords, and in the air Made horrid circles ; two broad suns their shields Blazed opposite, while Expectation stood In horror. From each hand with speed retired. Where erst was thickest fight, the angelic throng. And left large field, unsafe within the wind Of such commotion ; such as, to set forth Great things by small, if. Nature's concord broke. Among the constellations war were sprung. Two planets, rushing from aspect malign Of fiercest opposition, in mid sky- Should comoat, and their jarring spheres con- found." Ibid., b. vi. ioi6, 17. So Shakespeare makes the Severn flee at the sight of the encounter between Mortimer and Glendower : " Three times they breath'd, and three times did they drink. Upon agreement, of swift Severn's flood ; V. 718—741. BOOK XIL V. 741—769. W The herdsmen ! all the flock stands dumb with fear, And muse the heifers who shall rule the lawn, Whom all the droves should follow : 'tween them they With lusty violence commingle wounds, And, as they butt, their horns infix, and bathe 102 i Their necks and shoulders with abundant blood ; The pasture all rebellows with their roar. Not otherwise /Eneas, sprung from Troy, And th' Daunian hero with their bucklers tilt Together ; crasli prodigious fills the sky. Jove's self twain scales with balanced tongue upholds, And puts therein the diff'rent fates of both:— Whom may his travail doom, and whither Death May with his weight incline. Here forward springs 1030 Imagining [he might] unharmed, and high With his whole body rises Turnus up Upon his sword uplifted, and he strikes. The Trojans and the quaking Latins shriek, And hosts of both are lifted [in suspense]. But broken is the traitor sword, and quits [The warrior] as he glows amid the stroke : [The prey of death,] save flight advance for aid. He flees more swift than Eurus, when he viewed I039 A hilt unknown, a right hand, too, unarmed. There is a legend, that, in headlong haste. What time he mounted for the op'ning frays His collared steeds, his father's falchion left, While he is in confusion, — he had seized His charioteer Metiscus' sword, and long This fully served him, while their flying backs The Trojans offered : after that it came To the Vulcanian armor of a god IO48 The mortal falchion, like the brittle ice. In all directions shivered with the stroke ; Who then, affrighted with their bloody looks. Ran fearfully among the trembling reeds. And hid his crisp head in the hollow bank, Blood-stained with these valiant combatants." I Henry IV., i. 3. 1037. Milton imitates this at the end of the 4th book of the Paradise Lost. Murphy introduces a new and pleasing idea : " Heav'n holds its golden ballance forth, and weighs Zaphimri's and the Tartar's destiny. While hov'ring angels tremble round the beam." The Orphan 0/ China, act iii, 1038. The tutor must fill up the ellipsis in v. 733 as best he may. The splinters glisten on the tawny sand. Therefore does Turnus wildly seek in flight The [field's] wide distant plains, and hither now, Then thither, mazy circuits he inweaves : For in all quarters with compacted ring The Teucri hemmed him in ; and on this side A swamp immense, on that high walls, en- close. Nor less ^Eneas, though from hamp'ring shaft At times his knees obstruct him, and decline The race, pursues, and hotly with his foot Presses the foot of his affrighted [foe]. 106 1 As if at times when lighting on a hart. Imprisoned by a stream, or by the cord Of crimson feather hedged, a hunter-dog With speed and hayings plies him hard but he. Scared by the ambush and the steepy bank, Flies and flies back [again] a thousand ways ; But th' active Umbrian, as wide he gapes, Is closing on him, and now now he gripes. And, like to one [who's in the] griping [act]. Hath chided with his jaws, and is bemocked With bootless bite. Then sooth up springs a shout, 1072 And banks and lakes return the echo round, And all the welkin thunders with the coil. At once the other, flying, chides at once All the Rutulians, calling each by name. And earnestly entreats his well-known sword, ^neas, on the other hand, threats death. And ruin prompt, should any one approach. And frights the tremblers, threat'ning he would raze 1080 Their city ; and [though] wounded presses on. Five circuits they complete in their career. And trace as many back this side and that : For neither light or gamesome meeds are sought ; But they for Turnus* life and blood contend. By chance, devote to Faunus, here had stood A wilding-olive with its bitter leaves. To seamen erst a wood to be revered, Where, rescued from the bUlows, they were used 1089 To fix their offerings to Laurentum's god. And hang aloft their consecrated gear ; 1080. " We will assail you like rebounding rodcs. Bandied against the battlements of heaven ; We'll turn thy city into desart plains ; And thy proud spires, that seem to kiss the clouds. Shall with their gilt tops pave the miry streets." Heywood, The Foure Prentices of London. iEneas may not have been absolutely unjust, for refusing to allow Turnus to get his own sword ; but he lost a good opportunity of earning a character for magnanimity. 326 V. 770 — 8oi. THE ^NEID, 801—830. But its religious stem had Teucer's sons With no distinction cleared away, that they Might hurtle on a naked field. Here stood The javelin of ^neas ; to this spot His whelming impulse had transported it, And kept it firmed within th' unyielding root. Leaned Dardanus' descendant [to the toil]. And with his hand was minded to out-wi-est The steel, and with the weapon to pursue Him, whom he could not capture in the race. Then sooth, distraught with terror, Turnus cries: 1102 " O Faunus, pray have pity, and do thou, O earth thrice-excellent, hold fast the steel, If I have ever reverenced your dignities, Which, on the other hand, the yEneadae Have treated as unholy by the war." He said, and called the succor of the god To no effectless prayers. For, struggling long And dallying upon th' unyielding stem, By no exertions had ^neas power The clutches of the timber to unclinch. While keen he strains, and presses on, once more 1113 Into the charioteer Metiscus' guise Transshaped, the Daunian goddess forward runs, And to her brother renders back his sword. At which [her act], that it should be allowed To the bold Nymph, in wrath drew Venus near, And tore the lance from out the deepsome root. They, lifted high, in armor and in soul Refreshed, — the one relying on his sword. The other,stern and stately with his spear, — Stand face to face in panting Battle's fray. Meanwhile the monarch of almighty heaven 11 24 Addresses Juno, from a golden cloud Gazing upon the fights: "Where now shall be An end, O consort ? What in fine remains ? Thou knowest of thyself, and dost confess Thou know'st, .^neas as a hero-god Is due to heav'n, and by the Destinies 1130 Is wafted to the stars. What plannest thou ? Or with what hope among the icy clouds Dost linger ? Was it seemly that a god Should be dishonored by a mortal wound ? Or that the sword, — for without thee what could Juturna ? — should when reft to Turnus be Restored, and to the conquered strength accrue ? Cease now at last, and by our prayers be swayed. Nor let such grievous anguish prey on thee In silence, and to me thy gloomy cares 1 140 Oft from thy honeyed mouth return. The end We now have reached. By land or waves to vex The Trojans thou hast had the pow'r ; curst war To kindle up ; to mar the house ; and blend With woe the nuptials. Further to attempt Do I forbid thee." Jupiter thus spake ; Thus, on the other hand, with crestfall'n look [Spake] the Satuniian goddess : " Sooth because That will of thine was known to me, great Jove, Both Turnus and the lands, unwilling I Have quitted ; nor should'st thou behold me now 1151 Alone in [this our] skyey seat endure Things worthy, things unworthy ; but with flames Begirt, I in the very line would stand, And draw the Teucri to the hostile frays. Juturna, I acknowledge, I induced To help her wretched brother, and approved Her making greater ventures for his life ; Yet not that she should javelins [hurl], nor bend A bow : I swear by fountain-head of Styx, That cannot be appeased, which is assigned The single object of religious awe 1162 To gods above. And now in sooth I yield. And loathing quit the fights. Of thee this [boon], — Which by no law of destiny is held, — I crave for Latium, for the dignity Of thine : when now by their auspicious match Peace, — be it so ! — shall they adjust; when now Laws and alliances they shall unite ; Command not that the soil-bom Latins change i i 70 Their ancient name, nor Trojans should become. And Teucrians be called, or that the men Their speech should alter, or should change their garb. Let it be Latium ; Alban be their kings For ever ; puissant be the Roman race By prowess of Italia ; Troy hath fall'n, And suffer it t' havej fallen with its name," Smiling on her, [thi^s speaks] of men and things The author : * ' Thou the sister art of Jove, 1 163. " But prayer against His absolute decree No more avails than breath against the wind. Blown stifling back on him that breathes it forth : Therefore to His great bidding I submit." Milton, F. L., b. xi. V. 830—851. BOOK XIL V. 851 — 868. 3*7 And Saturn's other offspring : thou dost roll Such mountain waves of anger in thy breast I But come, and quell a rage conceived in vain. 1 1 82 I grant what thou dost wish ; and, e'en subdued And willing, I myself resign. Their native speech And customs the Ausonians shall retain : And as it [now] is, [so] the name shall be : Only, incorporated in the state, The Teucrians shall sink. The form and rites Of their religious [worship] I will add. And make them Latins, of one language all. The strain, which, blended with Ausonian blood, ' I 191 Shall hence arise, above mankind, above The gods, in piety thou'lt see advance ; Nor any race thy services alike Shall solemnise." To these doth Juno bow. And in delight veered round her mind. Meanwhile She issues from the sky, and quits the cloud. These done, the Sire himself within him- self Revolves another [purpose], and prepares To part Juturna from her brother's arms. Twin Fiends are called by name *' The Furies," whom, 1201 And Tartaran Megsera, dismal Night At one and at the selfsame birth produced, And girt about with equal coils of snakes, And added stormy wings. These at the throne Of Jove, and in their rageful monarch's court. Appear, and sharpen ailing mortals' dread, If ever fearful death and sicknesses 1208. Parnell shows that properly " death " is not fearful : *' Now from yon black and funeral y^^. That bathes the charnel-house with dew Methinks I hear a voice begin : (Ye ravens, cease your croaking din, Ye tolling clocks, no time resound O'er the long lake and midnight ground !) It sends a peal of hollow groans. Thus speaking from among the bones : ' When men my scythe and darts supply, How great a king of fears am I ! They view me like the last of things ; They make, and then they dread, my stings. Fools ! if you less provok'd your fears. No more my spectre-form appears. Death's but a path that must be trod, If man would ever pass to God : A port of calms, a slate to ease From the rough rage of swelling seas.' Why then thy flowing sable stoles. Deep pendent cypress, mourning poles. The king of gods designs, or frights with war The cities that deserve it. One of these Jove quick sent down from th' empyrean's height, 121 1 And ordered her Juturna to oppose, For a portent. She flies, and to the earth With sweepy whirl is borne : not otherwise Than, from the string projected through a cloud, ' The shaft, which, armed with gall of felon bane, Hath Parthian, Parthian or Cydonian, shot, — A cureless bolt, — flies whizzing and un- kenned Athwart the posting shadows. In such sort Night's daughter sped her way, and sought the lands. 122c When once she spies the Ilian lines, and troops Of Turnus, dwindled to the sudden form Of [that] small bird, which sometimes on the tombs, Or lonely gables, sitting in the night. Late chants, of evil omen, through the shades ; — Into this guise transshaped, 'fore Turnus' face The fiend now swoopeth on, now swoopeth off, Screaming, and with her pinions flops his shield. His limbs strange numbness with affright relaxed. And [stood] his hair on end with dread, and voice 1230 Loose scarfs to fall athwart thy weeds. Long palls, drawn hearses, cover'd steeds. And plumes of black, that, as they tread. Nod o'er the scutcheons of the dead ?" A Ntght-Piece on Death. 1228. " The ominous raven often doth he hear. Whose croaking him of following horror tells. Begetting strange imaginary fear. With heavy echoes, like to passing bells : The howling dog a doleful part doth bear. As though they chim'd his last sad burying knells: Under his eave the buzzing screech-owl sings. Beating the windows with her fatal wings. Drayton, Barons' IVars, v. 43. 1230. " I am thane of Cawdor: If good, why do I yield to that suggestion. Whose homd image doth unfix my hair, And make my seated heart knock at my ribs. Against the use of nature Y' Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 3. " I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word Would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood, Make thy two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres. Thy knotted and combined locks to part. Like quills upon the fretful porcupine." Hamlft, i. 5. 328 V. 868—884. THE jENEID. I-— 907. Clave to his jaws. But when afar she knew The whirring of the Fury and her wings, Juturna, his unhappy sister, tears Her streaming tresses, marring with her nails Her features, and her breast with clenched hands. *' What can thy sister aid thee,Tumus, now ? Or what for heartless me doth now remain ? By what device may I now stay the light For thee ? Can I to such a prodigy Myself oppose? Now, now, I leave the lines, 1240 Affright me not, afraid, ill-omened birds : Your pinions' strokes I know and deathly din ; Nor 'scape me haught behests of high- souled Jove. These for my maidenhood doth he requite ? For what vouchsafed me everlasting life ? "Why are death's circumstances reft away ? Such grievous woes now surely I could end. And comrade to my wretched brother pass Among the shades. Immortal I ? Or what Of my [enjoyments] will to me be sweet Without thee, O my brother ? Oh ! what earth 1251 Can yawn sufficiently profound for me, 1232. " Those baleful unclean birds. Those lazy owls, who, perch'd near fortune's top. Sit only watchful with their heavy wings To cuff down new-fledg'd virtues, that would rise To nobler heights, and make the grove harmo- nious." Otway, Venice Preserved, ii. 2. 1244. Had Juturna been more virtuous, she had been more powerful. Even Clorin says : " Sure I am mortal. The daughter of a shepherd ; he was mortal. And she that bore me mortal : prick my hand. And it will bleed : a fever shakes me, and The selfsame wind that makes the young Iambs shrink Makes me a-cold : my fear says I am mortal. Yet I have heard, (my mother told it me. And now I do believe it,) if I keep My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair. No goblin, wood-god, fairy, elf, or fiend. Satyr, or other power that haunts the groves. Shall hurt my body, or by vain illusion Draw me to wander after idle fires ; Or voices calling me in dead of night. To make me follow, and so tole me on. Through mire and standing pools to find my ruin." J. Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1. 125T. " Then all is lost ! Why pauses ruin, and suspends the stroke ? Is it to lengthen out affliction's term. And feed productive woe ? Where shall the groans Of innocence deserted find redress ? Shall I exclaim to Heav'n ? Already Heav'n It's pity and protection has withdrawn. Earth, yield me refuge then ; give me to lie Within thy cheerless bosom ; there put off Th' uneasy robe of being ; there lay down The load of my distress." Smollett, The Regicide, iii. i. And sink a goddess to the lowest ghosts ?" She thus much having uttered, veiled her head With sea-green mantle, heaving many a groan, And plunged herself within the deepsome flood, .(tineas presses on the other side. And waves a weapon, vasty, like a tree. And from a furious bosom thus he speaks : " What after all is now th' impediment ? Or wherefore, Turnus, now dost thou recoil ? 'Tis not in running that we have to fight, 'Tis hand to hand with ruthless weapons. Turn thyself 1263 Into all guises ; muster, too, whate'er Thou'rt able or by courage or by skill ; Desire on wings the lofty stars to track, And, jailed, to hide thee in the womby earth." He, waving to and fro his head, [replies] : ** Thy fiery words, O savage, fright me not ; Fright me the gods and Jupiter my foe." Nor utt'ring more, he spies a monster stone, An ancient , stone, a monster, which by chance 1272 Was lying on the plain, a land-mark placed. To settle disputation for the fields. This scarce would twice six chosen [men] support Upon their neck, — such frames of men as now The earth brings forth. [This], seized with hurried hand, The famous hero launched against the foe, Uprising higher, and hasting with a run. But, neither as he runs, himself he knows, Nor as he walks, nor lifting with his hand, And wielding the huge stone. His knees give way ; 1282 His icy blood has curdled with a chill. Then e'en the hero's rock, through th' empty void Whirled on, nor all the distance overpassed, 1270. " Tell it, ye conscious walls ; Bear it, ye winds, upon your pitying wings ; Resound it. Fame, with all your hundred tongues. Oh ! hapless youth ! all heaven combines against you !" Smith, Phcedra and Hippolytus, act iv. end. 1272. Spenser had probably this passage in view, when describing the last attack of Maleger on Prince Arthure : " Thereby there lay An huge great stone, which stood upon one end. And had not bene removed many a day ; Some land-marke seemd to bee, or signe of sundry way : ****** The same he snatcht, and with exceeding sway Threw at his foe." F, Q., ii. 11, 35-6. V. 907— 934. BOOK XII. y. 934—947. 329 Nor carried home its blow. And as in dreams, When fainty rest hath sealed the eyes at night, In vain to stretch the eager race we seem To wish, and in the midst of our attempts Sink feeble down : availeth not the tongue ; Suffice not in the frame familiar powers ; Nor voice [n]or words ensue : to Tumus thus, 1292 By whatsoever might a path he sought, Success the demon dread denies him. Then Within his bosom sundry thoughts are whirled. Upon the Rutulans he casts an eye, And on the city, and demurs through fear, And shudders at the swooping of the lance ; Not [sees he] whither he may 'scape away. Nor with what power he may make ad- vance 1300 Against the foe, nor anywhere descries His chariot, and his sister-charioteer. Against the waverer his doomful lance ^neas vibrates, having with his eyes Marked out the destined spot, and it from far With all his body['s effort] on him hurls. From mural engine shot, ne'er stones thus roar. Nor from the flash burst forth such mighty peals. In likeness of a sooty whirlwind flies. Destruction awful bringing on, the spear. And open lays the borders of his mail. And farthest circles of his sev'n-fold shield j Through his mid thigh it hissing grides. Down falls 13 1 3 The giant Tumus, smitten to the earth With doubled knee. Uprise at once with groan The Rutuli, and all the mount rebellows round, And wide the deepsome groves return tlie cry. He, lowly and in prayerful form, his eyes And right hand stretching forward, saith : *' [This] sooth have I deserved, nor de- precate ; 1320 Enjoy thy fortune. If can thee afiiect Any concern for an unhappy sire ; I pray thee, — thou hadst such a father, too. 1290. " I strive to call, my tongue has lost its sound : Like rooted oaks, my feet benumb'd are bound." Gay, Dione, iv. i. " But as in slumbers, when we fain would run From our imagin'd fears, our idle feet Grow to the ground, our struggling voice dies in- ward : So now, when I would force myself to cheer you. My falt'ring tongtie can give no glad presage." Drydcn, Troilus and Cressitia, v. i . Anchises, — pity Daunus' eld, and me ! Or, if thou wouldest rather, robbed of light, My body to my [friends], restore. °Tis thou Hast conquered, and the conquered stretch his hands Have Ausons seen. Lavinia is thy bride ; Persist no further in thy hate." Grim stood In arms ^^neas, rolling [round] his eyes, And right hand checked, and still and still the more 1331 The wav'rer had the speech begun to bend ; When on his tow'ring shoulder there ap- peared The luckless sash, and with familiar studs The bawdrick of the youthful Pallas gleamed, Whom, conquered by a wound, had Tumus felled. And on his shoulders wore the foeman's badge. He, — after the memorials of fell woe, And spoils, he with his eyes drank in, in- flamed By frenzies, and terrific in his wrath : — ** Shalt thou, tricked out in plunder of my [friends], 1341 1328. " Soft beauty is the gallant soldier's due ; For you they conquer, and they bleed for you." Tickell, On the Prospect of Peace. 1329. " Isabella. Yet show some pity. Angela. I show it most of all, when 1 show jus- tice ; For then I pity those I do not know. Which a dismiss'd offence would often gall. And do him right, that, answering one foul wrong. Lives not to act another. Isabella. Oh ! it is excellent To have a giant's strength ; but it is tyrannous To use it like a giant." Shakespeare, Measure for Measure, ii. a. Had the unfortunate Tumus fully known the man with whom he had to deal, he might, perhaps, have addressed him thus : " When I have number'd A few sad minutes, thou shalt be reveng'd. And I shall never trouble thee. If this Be not enough, extend thy malice further. And, if thou find'st one man that lov'd me, living. Will honour this cold body with a grave. Be cruel, and corrupt his charity." Shirley, The Constant Maid, v. 3. 1340. " Forbear ! the ashy paleness of my check Is scarletted in ruddy flakes of wrath ; And like some bearded meteor shall suck up. With swiftest terror, all those dusky mists, That overcloud compassion in our breast. You have roused a sleeping lion, whom no art, No fawning smoothness shall reclaim, but blood." Ford, Love's Sacrifice, iv. i. 1341. "Was't not enough that thou hadst mur- der'd him ; i But thou must triumph in thy guilt, and wear i His bleeding spoils? Oh 1 let mc tear them from thcc !" Whitehead, The RotnaH Father, \. \. Z 330 V. 948—949- THE yENEID. V. 949— 95^ Be hence delivered from me ? By this wound 'Tis Pallas, Pallas, victimiseth thee, Gustavus Vasa differently : " Thro' my ranks. My circling troops, the fell Gustavus rush'd : ' Vengeance !' he cried ; and with one eager hand Griped fast my diadem ; his other arm High rear'd the deathful steel,— suspended yet : For in his eye, and thro' his varying face. Conflicting passions fought. He look'd, — he stood In wrath reluctant ;— then, with gentler voice, • Christina, thou hast conquered ! Go,' he cried, ' I yield thee to her virtues.'" Brooke, Gustavus Vasa, v. 4. What numbers might have said to .^neas : " Thy narrow soul Knows not the godlike glory of forgiving : Nor can thy cold, thy ruthless heart conceive How large the power, how fix'd the empire is, Which benefits confer on generous minds. And taketh vengeance on thy cursed blood." This saying, he within his hostile breast The falchion hotly buries : but his limbs Are with death-chill relaxed, and with a groan The life disdainful flies beneath the shades. Goodness prevails upon the stubborn foes. And conquers more than ever Csesar's sword did." Rowe, Lady Jane Gray, act v. And .^neas himself might have considered — " That his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against The deep damnation of his taking-off; And Pity, like a naked new-born babe. Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubin, hors'd Upon the sightless couriers of the air. Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye. That tears shall drown the wind." Shakespeare, Macbeth, i. 7. ERRATA. Page 2. >> 9. >» 50. >» 54. 60. 80. »> 84. j> 95- >> 96. 168. >» 173- ,, 174. j> 177. )) 202. >) 221. 264. Note, line 43, 531, 714, 349, for Line ' tendentV Leneothoe ' Antony " in" airs " read ' tondentir ' Leucothoe." Antonio^'' with. " airs ?" Note, line 714, dele last line. Dele Note, line 106. Note, line 792, for '* 792 " read ** 790," and insert " Jonson." Note, line 820, for *' 792 " read ** 790." Before quotation from Milton insert "967." In second column, last line but one, read " meed" for Line iS,for the second " as " read " while." Line 172, insert " do " before " 1." Note, line 122^, for "fort" read "port." Line 1022, for "they" read "thou." 88. ^^/^"'s.» 792" defore " Ben mead. ' LONDON; PRINTED BY W. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STKEET AND CHARING CROSS. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewals onljr: Tel. No. 642-3405 Renewals may be made 4 days ^rior to date due. Renewed books are subject to immediate recalL Maufr "^imj '73-gftf ^ LD2lA-40m-3,'72 (Qll73sl0)476-A-32 General Library University of California Berkeley 'Due ^nd ol FAf I O' Bubjecf to reov' ^ DECd 2i3iofc2i-ff3i5. LD 21A-60m-7,'66 (G4427sl0)476B General Library University of California Berkeley UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA LIBRARY '.'•r