'FRKELEY LIBRARIES 
 
 H V 
 
 5089 
 
 S22 
 
 1909 
 
 MAIN 
 
 
 
 
SEP 5 1912 
 GIF? 
 
 
/-/Y 
 
 Contents 
 
 
 Introduction. Andrea Sbarboro 3 
 
 Consular Letters: 
 
 Rome, Italy. Lloyd C. Griscom, Ambassador 7 
 
 Naples, Italy. C. S. Crowninshield, Consul . 9 
 
 Genoa, Italy. Jas. A. Smith, Consul-General 11 
 
 Palermo, Italy. William Henry Bishop, Consul 13 
 
 Venice, Italy. Edward de Zuccato, British Consul 15 
 
 Florence, Italy. Jerome A. Quay, Consul 17 
 
 Marseilles, France. Horace Lee Washington, Consul-General. . . 19 
 
 Kehl, Germany. Carl W. Smith, Vice-Consul 21-23 
 
 Vienna, Austria. W. A. Rublee, Consul-General 25 
 
 Madrid, Spain. R. W. Bartlemann, Consul 25 
 
 Seville, Spain. Louis J. Rosenberg, Consul 27 
 
 Tenerifle, Canary Islands. Solomon Berliner, Consul 29 
 
 Algiers, Algeria. James Johnston, Consul 31 
 
 Other Letters: 
 
 Governor J. N. Gillett 5 
 
 Dr. Martin Regensburger 33 
 
 Rev. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst - 37 
 
 Rear-Admiral Robley D. Evans 43 
 
 Judge W. W. Morrow 47 
 
 Hon. William R. Wheeler 49 
 
 Opinions of Notable Foreign Physicians on Wine 35 
 
 Opinions of Clergymen: 
 
 Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott 39 
 
 Bishop Moreland 39 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher 39 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons \ . 41 
 
 Rev. Dr. Cyrus Townsend Brady 41 
 
 Opinions of Army Officers: 
 
 Major-General J. Franklin Bell 45 
 
 Major-General Frederick C. Grant 45 
 
 Major-General A. W. Greely 45 
 
 Opinions of Other Eminent Men: 
 
 Prof. Hugo Munsterberg 48 
 
 Prof. G. Grazzi-Soncini 48 
 
 Arthur Brisbane 48 
 
 Superiority of American Wines 51-53 
 
 Concurrent Resolution by State Legislature Encouraging Viticultural 
 
 Industry 55 
 
 World's Largest Wine Producers in 1908 56 
 
 Comparative Statistics of the Consumption of Wine and Spirits 56 
 
 361994 
 

 'LA VINA GRANDE," THE LARGEST GRAPE VINE IN THE WORLD, GROWING IN CARPINTEKIA 
 VALLEY, ABOUT 10 MILES SOUTH OF SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA. IT WAS PLANTED 
 67 YEARS AGO FROM A CUTTING OF MISSION GRAPES. WHICH WERE FIRST INTRO- 
 DUCED INTO CALIFORNIA, AT SAN DIEGO. IN 1769, BY THE FRANCISCAN 
 FATHERS, HEADED BY FATHER JUNIPERO SERRA. ITS MASSIVE 
 TRUNK IS 9 FEET 7 INCHES IN CIRCUMFERENCE, ITS BRANCH l.S 
 COVER A SPACE OF 10,000 SQUARE FEET. AND IT PRO- 
 DUCED ONE YEAR ABOUT 12 TONS OF GRAPES. 
 
Introduction 
 
 That drunkenness is one of the great evils with which the United 
 States is afflicted cannot be denied. 
 
 For over fifty years the good men and women of this country have 
 sought a remedy for this curse, but as yet none has been found. 
 
 To remove this great evil, to bring to the American people the blessings 
 of sobriety and happiness which prevail in the wine-drinking countries, is 
 the object of this book. It suggests a practical remedy that has stood the 
 test in Europe and can be applied in the United States. 
 
 Last year I published a book entitled "The Fight for True Temperance" 
 which was so favorably received and in such demand that the edition is now 
 exhausted. 
 
 During the past year, at the request of the Grape Growers of California, 
 I have made further investigations of this great question throughout Europe 
 and I am now pleased to lay before my readers incontrovertible proofs as 
 to the efficacy of the true remedy I suggest, by which the evil of drunkenness 
 may be removed from that part of our people addicted to the use of strong 
 alcoholic beverages. 
 
 In my travels through the great grape-growing and wine-producing 
 countries of Europe, I found that every man, woman and child uses wine 
 at meals and the people are free from the evil of drunkenness, whilst in the 
 non-wine producing countries the conditions are the very opposite. 
 
 In order that I might convince the American people of these facts, I 
 made it my duty, in all the principal cities which I visited, to call on our 
 representatives, the American Ambassadors and Consuls, and from them 
 obtained official documents which I now offer in this volume to the American 
 public. Much of my success in obtaining these important letters was due 
 to the kindly introduction supplied me by Governor James N. Gillett, of 
 California, which is reproduced on the next page. I also include a number 
 of striking letters and opinions from noted clergymen, doctors, judges, editors, 
 professors, Army and Navy officers, United States officials and other eminent 
 men of our own country. 
 
 To further prove the fact that sobriety prevails only in grape-producing 
 countries where wine is within the reach of all classes of people and 
 can be obtained in large quantities, of good quality and at low prices, I have 
 
only to point to England, Scotland and Ireland, where drunkenness exists 
 to an alarming extent not alone among the men but also the women. 
 In these countries grapes do not grow and as wine is not produced, strong 
 alcoholic beverages are used by the people. 
 
 When crossing the English Channel on my way home, I could not 
 help thinking I was leaving France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, 
 Belgium, Austria, and Germany, containing over 200,000,000 wine drinkers, 
 where intemperance is practically unknown, and I was going to the English 
 Nation where, with a population of about 40,000,000 people, drunkenness 
 is so common. Two days after my arrival, in a copy of the London Times, 
 I read that during the past year 270,000 people had been arrested for in- 
 toxication in the streets of London, 120,000 of whom were women! 
 
 What an object lesson this is for our country! 
 
 A hundred years ago one of the greatest men of America, President 
 Thomas Jefferson, who had been minister to France and knew the salutary 
 effect of wine, remarked: "No nation is drunken where wine is cheap, and none 
 sober where dearness of wine substitutes ardent spirits as its common beverage. ' ' 
 
 Now, in England, grapes will grow only in hot-houses. Therefore, wine 
 can never be within the reach of the masses. The United States, on the 
 contrary, although it is not generally known, is the land of the vine. Cali- 
 fornia can produce wine as fine as that of any country in Europe, and when 
 the occasion will demand, in as large quantities as France and Italy. 
 Many other states in the Union also produce very excellent wines and 
 will increase their production when the existing obstacles to its free distri- 
 bution are removed. 
 
 The American people should carefully read these letters of our consuls 
 in the great grape-growing countries of Europe. They are unprejudiced 
 testimonials as to the actual conditions that exist. They prove conclusively 
 that when our people will have become accustomed to the general use of wine 
 at table, the United States will be the largest grape-growing and wine-pro- 
 ducing nation N of the world. Then drunkenness will be reduced to a mini- 
 mum and the same conditions will prevail as in those countries where wine is 
 universally used by every family at meals. 
 
 ^^fc^^t^^V^ 
 
GOVERNOR J. N. GILLETT 
 
 j>ytrtt* vi Qtlifavma 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICE 
 SACRAMENTO 
 
 September 18, 1908, 
 
 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN :- 
 
 The bearer of this loiter Mr. 
 A. SBAF.BOSO, is one of the most prominent citizens of Sun 
 Francisco, California, and has for the last ten years been 
 president of the Manufacturers and Producers Association 
 of California 9 
 
 I can cheerfully commend Mr, Sbarboro to any person 
 with whom he may come in contact, and any favors extended to 
 him will be greatly appreciated by me. 
 
 Governor of Balifornia. 
 
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American Embassy 
 Rome 
 
 hon. lloyd cgriscom October £1 , 1906. 
 
 (American Ambassador at Rome.) 7 
 
 Cav. Andrea Sbarbaro, 
 
 Pres. Manufacturers 6b Producers Association, 
 of California, 
 Rome. 
 Dear Sir; 
 
 In reply to your request for my observations as 
 to drunkenness. among the people of Italy and of the City 
 of Rome in particular, 1 have pleasure in stating that 
 during my residence in Italy, I have seen very few cases 
 of drunkenness. 
 
 The people as a whole, are accustomed to drink 
 wine at their meals, which perhaps prevents them from 
 having a craving for stronger intoxicants. 
 I am, Dear Sir, 
 
 Your obedient servant, 
 
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AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 Naples, Italy. 
 
 October 9, 1908. 
 
 Cav. Andrea Sbarbaro, 
 
 Hotel de Londres, Naples. 
 
 Dear Sir:- 
 
 Replying to your verbal inquiry of this 
 morning I am happy to be able to tell you that drunken- 
 ess is almost unknown here. In this great oity of 
 600,900 inhabitants one very seldom sees a person the 
 worse for drink. Wine is taken freely among all classes: 
 most workmen drink from a pint to a quart every day t 
 but there is almost no use of strong liquor, 
 
 I have lived nearly eight years in Italy, 
 and have seen very few drunken men during that time. 
 
 Very truly Your's, /-v 
 
 American Consul. 
 
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 S. 117. AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 Genoa, Italy, ITovembor 4, 1900. 
 Cav. Andrea Sbarboro, 
 
 Presidente Banca Italo-Anericana 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. c/ Hotel Bristol 
 Genoa. 
 Sir:- 
 
 Ref erring to our very pleasant conversation this 
 morning in which you requested an expression of my opinion 
 as to the prevalence of drunkenness in Italy, I do not hesit- 
 ate to say that a ten years experience in this country, and 
 a careful observation of the habits of the people, has con- 
 vinced me that drunkenness is exceedingly rare. So much ao 
 is this the case that I do not remember to have seen a dozen 
 Italians who were obvioaisly. intoxicated during all thr tine 
 I have lived in Italy. ?his condition prevails in spite of 
 the fact that the very large majority of Italians habitually 
 drink the light wines of the country at their meals. Accxistom- 
 ed to wine from -very early childhood the Italians use it mode- 
 rately as a mildly stimulating beverage. So: used I cannot dis- 
 cover that it produces harmful results. 
 
 I remain, 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Consul General. 
 
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 AMERICAN CONSULATE, 
 
 uon. willum henry bishop PALERMO, ITALY. December 10" ,1908. 
 
 Mr. Andrea sbarbaro , 
 
 Hotel Trinacria , 
 P A I E R M M 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Referring to our conversation of this morning, 
 I have to say that wj experience of many years in Italy and 
 southern France ,• where the native wines form a regular part of 
 the repasts of the inhabitants , is that drunkness in these 
 countries is of most rare occurrence . The use of such wines 
 would seem to fill the need felt by many for a light stimulating, 
 or fortifying , beverage , and not to lead to a craving for al- 
 cohol or to other baneful extremes . Here in Sicily , while the 
 people no doubt have their faults , it is a pleasure to witness 
 their general temperate habits . Even the usual place where 
 drinks are publicly sold is most often a pasticceria, cake-shop, 
 or a pleasant cafe, which the most respectable persons , in- 
 cluding ladies and children , may freely enter . There are no 
 screens part Tip , there is no concealment of the interior or the 
 inmates , for nothing takes place there requiring concealment. 
 The drinking saloon in an offensive sense can hardly to be said 
 to exist at all. 
 
 ■ 
 
 I beg to remain , 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 Consul. 
 
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 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 0/619. 
 
 FLORENCE. ITALY. 
 
 Florence, December 26th, 1900. 
 
 Cav. Andrea Sbarbaro, 
 
 Hotel Baglioni, 
 
 FLORENCE., 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Replying to yOnr inquiry relating to the per- 
 valenCe of drunkness in Florence, I can say that I 
 have seen but two or three intoxicated men during my 
 four year residence here. 
 
 Wine is in almost universal use by all classes. 
 At the Gambrinus, a popular Caffe*, hundreds gather 
 in the evenings, men, women, and children, drink the 
 light wines and beer of the country and spend th* eve- 
 nings in a pleasant manner and without disorder, and 
 nany of the lunch baskets prepared for the little children 
 attending school are provided with a small flask of v/ine. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Consul . 
 
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 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 Marseilles, Febry. 4th, 1909, 
 
 The Grape Growers of California, 
 
 460, Montgomery Street, 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I have received your letter of the 
 16th instant, and am of the opinion that you 
 would receive information more of the nature 
 that you are seeking from one of the wine-growing 
 centers of France than from Marseilles, in fact, 
 a letter from this point would not at all meet 
 your wishes, as Marseilles is a large seaport 
 town, with a very mixed population, and the number 
 of drinking bars where Btrong liquors are sold 
 perhaps as much as wine, is a fact that is not 
 infrequently commented on* Without , hesitation, 
 however, I may say that in sections of France 
 which I have visited, which are distinctly wine- 
 producing sections, the Bight of an intoxicated 
 person is infrequent. 
 
 Respectfully 
 
 ^^Bc///Ut Wa^&^j£k^> 
 
 Consnl-General. 
 

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 No. 1612 
 
 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 K E H L, Baden, Germany, 
 
 December 19th, 1908. 
 
 Grape ^rowers of California, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 Dear Sir;- 
 
 I am in receipt of your letter of December 1st 
 
 and willingly place at your disposal the results of my 
 
 observation of the wine drinking habits of this part of 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Lorraine 
 
 As you are aware Alsace is by far the most irn- 
 
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 portant v/ine producing portion of the German Empire, and 
 naturally wine is the universal drink of the people. This 
 is not so markedly the case in Strassburg, the capital, 
 where the population includes very many Germans - therefore 
 beerdrinkers - as well as the native Alsacians. Even in 
 Strassburg however wine may be described as the daily drink 
 of the people; even the poorest house has its cask of red 
 wine in the cellar. I have no statistics at hand, but 
 I can say that drunkenness is here a 'rare offense. 
 
 Outsid* of this city the consumption of beer 
 
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 G. G. o. Cal. 2. 
 
 is trifling and wine and is the invariable accompaniment 
 of the midday and evening meals. The wine flask is 
 quite as familiar a feature of the table in Alsace- 
 Lorraine as the water bottle is in the United States. 
 At hotels and boarding hoxxses a half pint of wine is 
 usually supplied without extra charge. In the cafes 
 and restaurants, between meals and in the evenings, wine 
 is constantly drunk, costing only about 19 cents per 
 quart. it is a matter of common knowledge that the people 
 of Alsace-Lorraine are a careful, industrious and parti- 
 cularly sober community. The spectacle of a person 
 overcome with liquor is so unusual as to excite amusement 
 rather than the disgust which is aroused where such 
 exhibitions- are unhappily familiar. 
 
 The foregoing remarks apply in a lesser degree 
 to Baden, where much wine is grown and consumed. 
 
 I am, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 A* 
 
 American Vice Consul. 
 f in charge ) . 
 
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 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 American Consulate-General, 
 
 ¥ienna, Austria. May 3rd, 1909. 
 
 Grape Growers of California, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 
 San Francisco, California* 
 Dear Sire: 
 
 Replying to your letter of March 20th I beg to stat* that the use 
 
 of light wine is quite general in this part of Austria. So far as i«y 
 
 personal observation extends there is little drunkenness in Vienna, 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 Consul-Sen eral. 
 
 Madrid, Spain, February 5, 1909. 
 
 Grape Growers of California, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 
 San Francisco, California. 
 Dear Sirs: 
 
 The drinking of wine at meals here is universal, 
 and like France, Germany -and Italy, there is practically 
 no drunkenness. 
 
 I am, y 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 •^^ «-— • - 
 
 .«.«■ - ■+* 
 
 American Consul. 
 
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 American Consulate. 
 
 Seville, Spain. February £0, 1909, 
 
 Grape Growers of California, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 San Francisco, California. 
 
 Sirs:- 
 
 The extent of the vineyards in the province of Seville 
 nay be gathered, fron the fact that they consist of some 15.000 
 hectars (one hectar is equal to E.471 acres) of vines, all of 
 the white grape, A. considerable anoxmt of damage has been 
 done by the Philoxera, but this is being rectified with American 
 vine-stocks. 
 
 Wine drinking nay be considered as a universal habit 
 throughout Spain, or certainly Andalusia. 
 
 Drunkenness does not exist on any great scale; on the 
 contrary it nay be regarded as distinctly linited in itB range. 
 This nay be attributed to the fact that wine is the ordinary 
 beverage, instead of spirits and the like, the effects of wine- 
 drinking being much less harmful. It may be also remarked that 
 those who drink nothing but wine, oven in the cases of drunkards, 
 are long-lived and do not contract those diseases which are 
 associated with other forms of alcohol-drinking. 
 
 Trusting that you will find thiB information of service 
 to you, 
 
 I am. Dear Sir, 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 American Consul. 
 
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29 
 
 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 Teneriffe. February 10, I90S. 
 
 Crape Growers of California, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 
 San Francisco, California. 
 Dear Sirs: 
 
 In reply to yours of the I4th ultimo, requesting me to . 
 inform you about wine drinking and other conditions in re-to wine. 
 
 I have the pleasure to give you my personal knowledge and 
 observation about the universal drinking of wine in the canary 
 I 8lands, during my nine years( although myself being an abstainer) 
 I have nofseen more than a dosen under the influence of wine or 
 liquor, all saloons, cafes,resturants and hotels are open Sundays 
 and every other day, other business is prohibited on Sundays. ; 
 
 The Canary Islands have been known for many centuaries for 
 their excellent wine, in 1679 King Charles II issued a proclamation 
 giving the selling price of wine in England, among which i3 mentioned 
 Canary Sack, for this wine the highest price was obtained. 
 
 In this country on account of the food not having enough 
 substance and the greater part of the inhabitants being •anemicos 1 ' 
 all the docters recornnend wine to be taken with all meals, more ef- 
 picially foreigners, the children receive wine with their food of 
 course this mixed with water, according to the age of the ohildren, 
 I give my own ohildren ages 4 and 6 years every noon meal a quarter 
 
 of a glass of wine mixed with three quarters water, to give them 
 blood, and myself although an abstainer, have been ordered at 
 present time by my doctor ro drink a glass of wine at every meal 
 as my blood was becoming to thin, and Bince I have been taking 
 same t find a great improvement in my health. 
 
 Hoping these few remarks will be satisfactory to you, 
 I am, 
 
 Yours, very truly. 
 
 American consul. 
 
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 AMERICAN CONSULAR SERVICE. 
 
 Algiers, Algeria, April 15,1909. 
 
 Grape Growers of California, 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 
 San Francisco, California, 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 . I am receipt of your letter of March 20, 1909, and have 
 pleasure in adding my testimony to that of your other corres- 
 pondents, as to the beneficial effects from a temperanoe point 
 yiew of the regular consumption of light wine as a beverage. 
 
 In this colony every one, from the child just weaned, 
 drinks wine at every meal, and drunkeness id practicality un- 
 known. Of course an exception must be made for a large port 
 like Algiers, but even here it is quite a rare event to see a 
 man the worse for liquor. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J&wiujtf 
 
 American Consul. 
 
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33 
 
 MARTIN REGENSBURGER, M.O., PRESIDENT 
 MARTIN REGENSBURGER. M.D . PRESIDENT 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 WALLACE A. BRIGGS, M.D., Vice-President 
 
 SACRAMENTO 
 A. C. HART, M.D. 
 
 SACRAMENTO 
 F. K. AINSU/ORTH, M.D. 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO 
 O. STANSBURY, M.D. 
 
 CHICO ' 
 
 W. LE MOYNE WILLS, M.D. 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 N. K. FOSTER, M.D., SECRETARY 
 
 SACRAMENTO 
 
 (Ealtfarnia 
 
 gfafe Boarti of IgrcaHlj 
 
 S&n&*<*nc*c«, <&<*/., - N.0.y.2H...l?05^ fa 
 
 Mr. a. Sbarboro, 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, CITY 
 My dear Mr Sbarboro: 
 
 In ycmr paper entitled "Wine or 
 Tea, That is the Question?", you expressed sentiments which 1 
 have been advocating for years. If the people of this country 
 v/ere educated from babyhood up to drink wine, alcoholism would 
 be a rare disease, as has been proven in wine drinking countries. 
 It is the forbidden. fruits that tempts. In my experience, in 
 families where the wine flows freely, drunkards ai»e the exoeption, 
 whereas many of the offsprings of teetotalers and wine abhorrers 
 who have not tasted alcoholics unt'il they almost have prown to 
 be men becoioe drunkards* It would fcc interesting to compare th£ 
 statistics of drunkards in wine and beer drinking countries with 
 those of England and America, Hoping that you will further pursue 
 this question and that I may be able to assist you in an humble way, 
 I remain, 
 
 r yours, * 
 
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35 
 
 Opinions of Notable Foreign Physicians on Wine. 
 
 "Wine is the most commendable of alcoholic beverages. It contains a 
 marvelous complexity of useful ingredients that nothing can replace." — Dr. 
 A mould, Professor of Hygiene of the Faculty of Paris. 
 
 "Centuries of experience with whole nations have proved that wine 
 is not injurious if taken in moderation." — Dr. Roux. 
 
 "The region of France where we find the people live the longest is Bur- 
 gundy. Everybody there is a wine drinker. On the contrary the smallest 
 number of centenarians is in Brittany where they only drink cider and a great 
 deal of cider alcohol. In the Medoc, the number of octogenerians exceed 
 the figures given by the statistics as an average for all the French people." 
 — Dr. Isembart Oven. 
 
 "It is certain that the use of wine gives to different populations a special 
 vigor," says Dr. Arnozan, Professor at the Faculty of Medicine at Bordeaux. 
 ' ' It has been proved that at the enlistment of soldiers the young men from 
 the viticultural districts are better developed, taller, more alert, more supple 
 than those from the region where the vine is not cultivated." 
 
 "All physicians who have had the care of consumptives know very well 
 that a small glass of good wine is most often a comfort for them, a relief, 
 and one of the last tonics they can tolerate. A few have found in wine the 
 beginning of a cure." — Dr. Mauriac, Director of the Pasteur Institute, and 
 Member of the Academy of Medicine. 
 
 "The usefulness of the. albuminoids, acids, and organic salts contained 
 in wine cannot be denied." — Dr. Brouardel, Dean of the Faculty of Medicine 
 of Paris. 
 
 "Natural wine drunk in moderation has never been a poison. Moreover, 
 it is a beneficial liquor that stimulates gently, raises the working forces and 
 sustains them." — Dr. Motet, Member of the Academy of Medicine. 
 
 "Wine is the most nutritious, valuable and energy-giving beverage." 
 — Dr. Jules Guyot. 
 
 "Those opposed to wine are usually those who know nothing of its 
 actual effects. Taken in moderation, according to the mode of life of the 
 different individual, it is an important factor in the daily food." — Dr. Sellier. 
 
 ' ' Modern hygiene would be wrong in opposing the use of wine — I mean 
 the sound natural wine." ! — Dr. Lancereaux, Member of the Academy of Medicine. 
 
 "Use wine, but do not misuse it. I believe in moderation in all things. 
 If good natural wine is used in this way it will be what it has always been — 
 a food of the first order and in certain cases a valuable medicine." — Dr. 
 Lereboullet, Secretary of the French Medical Association. 
 
 "The microbe of typhoid fever is killed by pure wine in fifteen minutes. 
 The microbe of cholera succumbs in five minutes." — Dr. Pick, of the Vienna 
 Institute of Hygiene. 
 
 "From whatever standpoint the question of wine is considered the re- 
 sult is the same in reference to its hygienic properties. Natural wine is the 
 best of all alcoholic beverages." — Dr. Lunier. 
 
 "Useful in good health, wine is still more necessary in sickness and in 
 convalescence." — Dr. E. Dubruel. 
 
 ' ' In the viticultural sections, the workmen use two quarts of wine per 
 day. There are no alcoholics among them and diseases of the liver are very 
 rare. Many old men are able to work until seventy-five and even eighty 
 years." — Dr. Tenedat, of the Academy of Montpelier. 
 
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39 
 
 REV. DR. I.V.MAN ABBOTT 
 
 The Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott, in an 
 article published in the Outlook for 
 October 22, 1904, said: 
 / ' ' There is a considerable wine indus- 
 
 try in California. It would, perhaps, 
 Uk <£ be greater than it is if Americans were 
 
 ▼ still not ensnared by the delusion that 
 
 foreign products are presumptively better 
 than home products. We went into one 
 of the wineries, and even if I could re- 
 member the figures, I should be afraid 
 to report how many were the wine-casks 
 among which our conductor led us. 
 Some of them were so big that the cask 
 furnished a quite adequate space for 
 dancing; I believe, though of that I am 
 not quite sure, a quadrille had been 
 danced upon one. From the best in- 
 formation I could obtain by inquiries in 
 different quarters, I could not learn that 
 the wine trade of California had done 
 anything to promote intemperance; in 
 fact, most of my informants were of the 
 opinion that its effect had been in the other direction; certainly the signs 
 of drinking and drunkenness in San Francisco were less than they were in 
 New York, as they are less in New York than they are in London. A little 
 of the wine made in California comes East and is sold as California wine; 
 some of it' goes across the sea and is sold abroad as American wines. I do 
 not know why it is, but in American hotels and restaurants, American wines 
 are made little of and often it is impossible to get those of the best brand; 
 but when two or three years ago I was in southern England, I found in 
 almost every English hotel American wines advertised as a specialty; evi- 
 dently they were popular and in demand. * * * Personally, I have entire 
 respect for the total abstainer who really does abstain, and also respect 
 for the one who believes that it is legitimate to use wine in moderation 
 upon the dinner table; but I find it very difficult to maintain respect for 
 the total abstainer who banishes wine from the dinner table and then 
 drinks it out of a bottle from the closet between meals and calls it medicine. 
 About such a one there appears to me a rather serious deficiency, which it is 
 charitable to hope is intellectual rather than moral. Such imbibers are 
 often entirely honest, but they are easily deluded." 
 
 Bishop Moreland, of California, says: "A false notion is that the abuse 
 of wine should prohibit the use of it. Apply this argument to other things. 
 Many men use horses for gambling purposes, and thousands of men are ruined 
 by betting at the races. Shall we then abandon horses altogether and take to 
 the bycicle? But many overdo the wheel, and suffer from curvature of the 
 spine and the bicycle heart. Shall we, then, prohibit the bicycle? Some 
 people are injured by drinking coffee. Must all the world then give up its 
 morning cup? It never helps any cause to raise false issues about it or defend 
 it with unsound arguments." 
 
 Henry Ward Beecher once remarked: " If you say to me that I ought not 
 to drink, perhaps I would agree with you; but if you tell me I must not drink, 
 I will drink, because I have a natural right to do so — to drink what I please." 
 
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41 
 
 Eminent Clergymen Who Believe in True Temperance. 
 
 CARDINAL GIBBONS 
 (Head of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States) 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, 
 said: "I have never been able to con- 
 vince myself that what we call total 
 abstinence is essential to morality. The 
 moderate and occasional use of alcoholic 
 liquors is not to be condemned. In 
 countries like France and Italy, where 
 the people as a rule drink wine, no 
 serious harm results from the practice. 
 "You cannot legislate men into the 
 performance of good and righteous deeds. 
 If we are to improve the morality of 
 our city and make our citizens more 
 temperate let the virtue of temperance 
 be proclaimed in the churches; above all 
 let it be enforced in the family, that 
 parents, both by word and example, may 
 inculcate their children with temporal 
 and spiritual blessings which spring from 
 a life of temperance and sobriety." 
 
 The Rt. Rev. Mgr. Franz Goller, 
 one of the first priests to be raised to 
 the rank of Papal Private Chamberlain 
 by the present Pontiff, declares that 
 Pope Pius X. is not in sympathy with the prohibition idea. He says: 
 
 "The Pope certainly does believe in temperance, that is, moderation 
 in all things, but not absolute prohibition. That is not the spirit of freedom, 
 but of autocratic government. The Holy Father himself takes a glass of 
 wine, and believes that men should be allowed to use their own judgment in 
 what they should eat and what they should drink, and not have other men 
 decide such matters for them." 
 
 Rev, Dr. Cyrus Townsend Brady, Rector of St. George's Episcopal 
 Church, of Kansas City, Mo., in a recent open letter dated Ma}- 13, 1909, 
 remarks: 
 
 ' ' I am not one of those prepared to say that it is a crime to drink a glass of 
 wine or a glass of beer, or that there are not circumstances and conditions 
 when a drink of whiskey is proper. Spirituous liquor has a right use. It 
 is the abuse that is to be condemned not the use. In saying this I am quite 
 aware that the earnest, but misguided so-called temperance advocates will 
 immediately class me with the drunkard and defenders of the low, immoral 
 and illegal saloon, and as it has always been the case some will go so far as to 
 say to me, as they have said to Mr. Short, that we take our position for what 
 we can get out of it directly or indirectly. I shall not dignify any such charges 
 by any disclaimer nor shall I in turn resort to the policy or practice of 
 personal abuse. 
 
 "The Master whom I serve made drink and offered to others wine — fer- 
 mented wine. He ordained its use in the most solemn sacrament of the 
 church. He did this in the evening before he died, when he knew he was going 
 to die, so that he did it in the most solemn moment of his life. His practice, 
 his injunctions and his example are entirely satisfactory to me, personally." 
 

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45 
 
 "The Canteen Should be Restored," Say Well-known 
 
 Army Men. 
 
 Major-General J. Franklin Bell has written as follows: 
 
 "When the canteen was in operation there were fewer desertions, fewer 
 fines imposed by sentence of court-martial, less alcoholism, and less disease 
 than prior to its establishment. I am satisfied that a careful consideration 
 of the whole subject will be convincing evidence that the abolition of the 
 canteen has resulted in injury to the service." 
 
 Major-General Frederick D. Grant says: 
 
 "While I deplore the sale of liquor, always, I believe its sale under re- 
 strictions and complete control is a lesser evil than its sale in the low saloons 
 and vile dens of vice which have surrounded Army Posts since the canteen 
 was abolished. The canteen in the Army was the soldier's club, and their 
 resort for social intercourse and innocent amusements. Under careful re- 
 strictions beer and light wines could be obtained, but were never sold to one 
 who showed the least effect of having taken too much. These canteens 
 were managed by the company officers, commissioned and non-commissioned, 
 and were always conducted in the interests of the soldiers, who regarded 
 them as their clubs in which they took pride, appreciating their privileges. 
 Upon the abolition of the canteen, which the soldiers resented, they sought 
 social amusements and diversions in the vile dens and groggeries outside the 
 military reservations, which dens increased rapidly in number. Many of 
 the keepers of these saloons near Military Posts are, of course, people of 
 the lowest order and cater to every form of vice, dispensing the cheapest, 
 strongest and vilest of drinks, and resorting to every method to induce soldiers 
 to drink so long as they have money to spend. As a result of all this, the sol- 
 diers frequently remain absent and become deserters. The Judge- Advocate 
 of the Department states that a certain proprietors' sales of whiskey in a saloon 
 near the Presidio, San Francisco, increased in IQ02 fourfold, being the year 
 after the passage of the anti-canteen law, and this in face of the fact that the 
 number of saloons near this Military Post had more than doubled during that 
 year. This is one of thousands of such illustrations brought to my notice of 
 the distressing results of the sale of bad liquor in saloons surrounding Army 
 Posts since the canteen in the Army was abolished. In one of the largest 
 Divisions of the Army, inquiry was made as to the ten chief causes of desertion 
 and the unanimous reports of Commanding Officers and First Sergeants of 
 Batteries, Troops and Companies, was that the lack of the canteen and the re- 
 sultant troubles in dives surrounding posts, was one of the chief causes of 
 desertion in the Army. Since the year i8gy the increase of trials by General 
 Court Martial was from 64 per 1,000 men to Ji, and by Inferior Court Martial 
 from 577 per 1,000 men to J 16 per 1,000 men. Though a total abstainer I am 
 an advocate of the canteen in the army until the time comes when the civil 
 authorities abolish these dens near Military Reservations kept by vicious 
 persons, who now tempt the soldiers of our Army to their destruction." 
 
 Major-General A. W. Greely says: 
 
 "It is beyond reasonable doubt that the establishment of the canteen 
 decreased drunkenness in the Army, and that its elimination has largely 
 increased dissipation among enlisted men. Without exception, the company 
 officers who have been habitually questioned on the subject, state that the 
 restoration of the canteen would morally and physically benefit the Army." 
 
\ 
 
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47 
 
 Unitetl ^tat^ii (Hirruit (I'aurt 
 
 uf Appeals, 
 
 JNiutlj JuDtrial (ftrrutt 
 
 ' Ju&grs' (Chambers, ' 
 §an jTiaiut'sai, (fnlifurnia. 
 
 JUDGE W. W. MORROW 
 
 Aug. 24, 1908. 
 
 A. Sbarboro Esq., 
 
 460 Montgomery Street, 
 San Jrancisco, Cal. 
 
 My dear Mr Sbarboro: 
 
 I approve of your campaign against intemper- 
 ance. The tidal wave of prohibition now sweeping 
 over the land has been caused by the vice of intem- 
 perance producing results which I know you appre- 
 ciate and deplore. The evils of intemperance are 
 largely attributable to the saloon "where strong 
 drink rages" and spreads its debasing influence 
 over the community. Wine may, of course, be had 
 in the saloon, but is not the cause of the intem- 
 perance and is not .the attraction which makes the 
 saloon the rendezvous of vice. The use of light 
 table wine at meals has been found by long ex- 
 perience to promote health and sobriety and pre- 
 vent ill health and drunkenness. I am therefore ' 
 of the opinion that it should be encouraged rathe* 
 than prohibited. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
48 
 
 
 PROF. HUGO MUNSTERBERG 
 (of Harvard University) 
 
 Professor Hugo i. unsterberg, of 
 Harvard University, in an article in 
 McClure's Magazine for August, 1908, 
 entitled "Prohibition and Social Psychol- 
 ogy," says: 
 
 " Truly the German, the Frenchman, 
 the Italian who enjoys his glass of light 
 wine and then wanders joyful and elated 
 to the masterpieces of the opera, serves 
 humanity better than the New Englander 
 who drinks his ice- water and sits satisfied 
 at the vaudeville show, world-far from 
 real art. Better America inspired than 
 America sober. * * * A sys- 
 tematic education in self-control must 
 set in; the drunkard must not be 
 tolerated under any circumstances. 
 Above all, the social habits in the sphere 
 of drinking must be entirely reshaped. 
 They belong to a period where the 
 Puritan spirit considered beer and wine 
 as sinful and relegated them to regions 
 hidden from decent eyes. * * * But 
 if those relics of a narrow time disappear 
 and customs grow which spreadl'the spirit of geniality and friendly social 
 intercourse over the foaming cup, the spell will be broken. Instead of 
 being tyrannized over by short-sighted fanatics on the one side and corrupt 
 saloon-keepers on the other, the nation will proceed with the unanimous 
 sympathy of the best citizens to firm temperance laws which the sound 
 instinct of the masses will really respect." 
 
 Professor G. Grazzi-Soncini, Director of the Royal School of Viticulture, 
 Alba, Italy, in his book on "Wine" says: 
 
 "Everyone should know that wine, drunk in moderation or with tem- 
 perance, favors and augments the secretion of the gastric juices and so aids 
 digestion; it excites the imagination, awakens the memory, dispels care, re- 
 stores the physical force and renders the movements of the body active and 
 vigorous. A proof of this, if one is needed, is furnished by the fact cited 
 by all writers on hygiene, that if in the war of 1870-71 the German army 
 was able to sustain the fatigues of the campaign and sieges, always remaining 
 in good health, it was because they were invading and conquering a wine- 
 producing country." 
 
 Arthur Brisbane, the eminent writer, whose articles are read by millions 
 of people throughout the United States every day, declares that prohibition 
 is not feasible. In the Nashville, Tenn., American, he is quoted as having said: 
 "You cannot ask the man leading his normal life, taking his normal 
 dinner, and his glass of beer or pint of claret, to change his life on account 
 of the unfortunate man who cannot do that without becoming a maniac 
 and going to excess. In Paris, where I lived, every servant you engaged 
 had so much money and one liter of red wine, and had it as a matter of course, 
 and a drunken servant in Paris would be just as much of a curiosity as a 
 five-legged calf in Wisconsin. I was at school in Paris for four years and I 
 was one day in Topeka, Kansas, under prohibition, and I saw more drunks 
 in Topeka in one day than I saw in Paris. It happened to be a good day for 
 drunkards; they were celebrating; some young men were home from college." 
 
49 
 
 HON. Wm. R. WHEELER 
 (Assistant Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor.) 
 
 WILLIAM P DILLINGHAM U S S CHAIRMAN 
 HENRY CABOT LODGE. U S S ASBURY C. LATIMER. US.S.. 
 BENJAMIN F HOWELL, M.C WILLIAMS BENNET. M.C.. 
 
 JOHN L. BURNETT M C CHARLES P. NEILL 
 
 JEREMIAH W JENKS. WILLIAM R WHEELER 
 
 SECRETARIES 
 M E CRANE 
 W W HUSBAND. 
 C S. ATKINSON 
 
 ®1?£ Jlmmtgrattnn (Hommiaaiott 
 ffltutytngtan. I). <£,. 
 Alpine, C.al., Hay 12, 1908. 
 
 ¥r 
 
 -. Sbarboro, 
 
 Italian-American Bank, San Francisco. 
 My dear Mr. Sbarboro: 
 
 I am particularly grateful to you for having 
 enclosed your very able article on the subject of "True Temperance" 
 upon which I had already road so many favorable comments. I well 
 recall you request that while in Italy, I make particular effort 
 to spy out drunken men, I am glad to state that, much to my 
 surprise, during, the entire month which I spent there I did not see 
 one drunken man, notwithstanding the fact th*t wine is tbe national 
 beverage and universally consumed. This confirmed the opinion 
 previously conceived that Italy is, in truth, a temperance country. 
 I rrryself am a strong believer in, and practitioner of, temperance, 
 but not prohibition. The great trouble with many well meaning 
 people in OTir country is that they do not discriminate between the 
 two. I assure yoii, my dear Jfr. Sbarboro, that you shall at all 
 tines have my co-operation in your good work of preaching "the 
 aospel of the grape," 
 
 Very sincerely yours, 
 
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51 
 
 Superiority of American Wines. 
 
 The selection of one's wines is a very important matter and yet a very 
 simple one, if you are honest with yourself, put your prejudices aside, refuse 
 to make yourself the slave of fashion, come out with manly independence 
 and, irrespective of name, cork, brand or price, select what is pure and 
 what pleases your palate. 
 
 The old impression which the importers still try to hold up, that 
 foreign wines are superior to American wines, is no longer based on fact. 
 Today California produces just as fine wines and when the demand will 
 justify, we can manufacture just as large quantities as any other country 
 in the world. We have in the United States, especially in California, the 
 right climate, the proper soil, the choicest varieties of grapes, the best skill 
 and the most intelligent labor in the world, and it stands to reason that our 
 wine makers can and do now produce wines which in purity and quality are 
 in every way equal to the imported kind. 
 
 Fifty years ago Europe enjoyed a monopoly, not only in the production 
 of the finest wines, but of oranges, lemons, limes, citron, prunes, figs, olives, 
 dates and many other fruits. Today conditions are changed. California has 
 surpassed Europe. Hundreds of thousands of acres have been laid out in 
 orchards and vineyards in California, and every American knows that our 
 fruits served on the table of every city in the United States and in Europe, 
 are unsurpassed. Therefore, if we can produce the very best quality of fruit, 
 there is no good reason why our grapes should not produce the best wine and 
 be on a par with our citrus fruits or our peaches, apricots, cherries, apples, 
 pears, melons and berries. 
 
 One of the best proofs of the superiority of American wines is the test 
 they stood at the St. Louis World's Exposition in 1903, when they were placed 
 in competition with the best from every great grape-growing and wine- 
 producing nation in the world. Out of thirty odd entries of wines, California 
 alone was awarded three grand prizes and nineteen gold medals. In pro- 
 portion to our entries, California received more prizes for its wines, brandies, 
 vermouth and champagne than any other exhibitor at home or abroad. 
 The wine jury was comprised of twenty-one members, of which seventeen 
 were foreigners. The latter included seven experts from France, four from 
 Germany, and some from Italy, Chili, Japan and Canada. This distinguished 
 jury, as competent and impartial, perhaps, as the world could supply, ac- 
 knowledged the merits of our wines and rewarded our wine makers accord- 
 ingly. The importance of their decision may be understood when it is real- 
 ized that it took ninety-five points to win a grand prize, and to secure a gold 
 medal, the product had to score an average of ninety points. 
 
 Even at expositions in the great wine producing centers of Europe 
 we have been able to win recognition. Gold medals were awarded California 
 wines at Paris, France, in 1899; at Genoa, Italy, in 1892 ; at Lyons, France, 1894; 
 at Bordeaux, France, in 1895; at Turin, Italy, in 1898; and at the Paris 
 World's Exposition, in 1900, when our wines carried off four gold medals, 
 nine silver medals and 9 bronze medals, notwithstanding that the choicest 
 qualities were not permitted to compete for prizes because, as the French- 
 
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 men claimed, the label bore the names of French districts, such as California 
 Burgundy, Sauterne, etc. 
 
 One of the greatest drawbacks to the consumption of American wine 
 is the ignorance of the people of the United States as to its superior quality. 
 The recently published fourth edition of Baedeker's United States Guide 
 Book calls attention to the fact that American wines are excellent, but de- 
 clares that it is almost impossible for travelers to obtain them at hotels. 
 It adds that "travelers would perform a real service if they would ask for 
 them on all occasions, and express surprise when they are not forthcoming." 
 Baedeker's Guide Book, well-known all over the world, will have performed 
 a genuine service if it succeeds in making Americans realize that their wines 
 are good, and it is not unlikely that its advice may have some such result. 
 As the San Francisco Chronicle aptly remarks, "There are plenty of our 
 countrymen who have still to learn that quality is not imparted to wine by 
 a foreign label, and that our best vintages in the estimation of foreigners 
 acquainted with them compare favorably with the best foreign wines." 
 
 Travelers who have visited the United States, and even foreigners who 
 have tasted them abroad, have been surprised at the excellent quality of 
 our wines, and they have not been backward in expressing their approval. 
 The Hon. D. E. McKinlay, who represents California in Congress, relates 
 the following unconscious compliment paid to California wines by the late 
 Count Waldersee, a connoisseur of wines, and a man who had tasted the best 
 in the German Court and in every section of the world: "During the time of 
 the 'Boxer Rebellion' when the Allied Forces had established themselves 
 in Peking, Mr. Squires, who was the Secretary of the American Legation, 
 gave a dinner at which a number of the foreign officers were present and 
 among them was Count Waldersee, leader of the German contingent, and 
 nominal Commander of the Allied Forces. Owing to the trouble and chaos 
 existing in the country, Mr. Squires' stock of wine had run low and the Euro- 
 pean brands were exhausted, but he happened to have a few cases of California 
 claret and white wine on hand. He supplied these to the guests and the dinner 
 seemed to pass off pleasantly. Shortly after, Count Waldersee visited him 
 again and remained for dinner. By that time Mr. Squires had replenished 
 his stock of European wines, which were served to the Count. He drank 
 a little of the European brand, and then, turning to Mr. Squires, said: 'Mr.' 
 Squires I wish you would give me some of that fine wine you served me on 
 my last visit to you,' and Mr. Squires said he was compelled to put aside 
 the European brands and send to his cellar for California wines." 
 
 Some time ago the King of Italy decided that at state dinners nothing 
 but Italian wines (including, of course, champagne) should be served at 
 table.. Emperor William, of Germany, also prohibits the use of any but 
 German wines at Court functions. 
 
 Why, therefore, should we not use American wines in the home, on fes- 
 tive occasions and at public functions? 
 
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 55 
 
 State Legislature Encourages Viticultural 
 Industry. 
 
 Senate Concurrent Resolution No. 16, which was unanimously 
 
 passed by both houses of the State Legislature on March 20, 
 
 1909, reads as foil 010s: 
 
 Whereas, The State of California is now becoming pre- 
 eminently a grape growing state, where wine can be produced 
 as cheaply, of as fine a quality, and in as large quantities, as 
 in any country in the world; and, 
 
 Whereas, There are at the present time over 250,000 acres 
 of land in the State of California devoted to the viticultural 
 industry, representing an investment of over one hundred 
 millions of dollars; and, 
 
 Whereas, A very desirable class of people are coming into 
 this state and taking up the improvement of vast areas of land 
 which have heretofore been non-productive and of little value, 
 planting vineyards on land generally unsuited for any other 
 purpose, and hoping to find a market for their grapes, for table 
 consumption, for the making of raisins, and for the manufacture 
 of wines. Now, therefore be it 
 
 Resolved, by the Senate of the State of California, the Assembly 
 concurring, That we strongly recommend the encouragement of 
 the viticultural industry in this state and we favor the enactment 
 of legislation, either by the federal government or by the state 
 legislature, or the passage of regulations or ordinances by any 
 of the counties, cities or towns of the state, that would foster 
 this most important industry, which is designed, if properly 
 encouraged and cared for, to be one of the greatest industries 
 of the state. 
 
56 
 
 World's Largest Wine Producers in 1908. 
 
 France 1,331,995,000 gallons 
 
 Italv 1,064,800,000 " 
 
 Spain 473,000,000 
 
 Algeria 171,682,000 " 
 
 Austria 136,400,000 
 
 Hungary 121,000,000 " 
 
 Portugal 85,800,000 
 
 Bulgaria 63,800,000 
 
 Russia 61,600,000 " 
 
 Chili 52,800,000 " 
 
 Germany 50,600,000 " 
 
 United States 50,000,000 " 
 
 By these figures we see that France and Italy, with a population of 
 about eighty million people, produce nearly three billion gallons of wine per 
 annum, which has an approximate value of six hundred million dollars. 
 
 Now, as a matter of fact, the State of California (which is one-third 
 larger than the Kingdom of Italy), where the true wine grape grows to per- 
 fection, and a few other states of the Union could produce just as many 
 grapes and make as much fine wine as the two principal grape-producing 
 countries of the world. 
 
 COMPARATIVE CONSUMPTION OF WINE AND SPIRITS PER ANNUM. 
 
 GALLONS GALLONS 
 
 WINE PER CAPITA SPIRITS PER CAPITA 
 
 France 33.9 1.37 
 
 Italy..: 18.5 .29 
 
 Switzerland 9.5 1.01 
 
 South Australia 5.8 .47 
 
 German Empire 1.61 1 . 43 
 
 United States .35 1 . 63 
 
 United Kingdom .28 .91 
 
 We regret that we are unable to secure statistics showing the proportion 
 of drunkenness in the countries where wine is consumed in large quantities 
 in preference to spirituous liquors. The foregoing figures show that the 
 United States uses more strong liquors than any of the other nations men- 
 tioned above, and it is not surprising, therefore, that according to the report 
 on the physiological aspects of the liquor problem, made by the Committee 
 of Fifty, published in 1903, it was estimated that five per cent of our male 
 population is affected with drunkenness. 
 
 The same conditions obtain in our army. According to the official 
 report of Dr. O'Reilly, Surgeon-General of the United States army, for the 
 fiscal year ending June 30, 1906, since the abolishment of the canteen, thirty 
 soldiers to the thousand have been treated at military hospitals annually 
 for alcoholism, while in the armies and navies of Europe, where every soldier 
 and sailor is given a ration of wine at their meals, the rate of treatment for 
 alcoholism is only one-eighth of one man per thousand, which is equivalent 
 to 240 in America to 1 in the wine drinking countries. 
 
 We hope that these important statistics will convince the American 
 people of the beneficial effects of wine in contributing to the sobriety of the 
 grape growing countries, and that hereafter this healthy temperance beverage 
 will be universally used, in which event, instead of being the twelfth grape 
 growing nation of the world, we will be at the head of the list, for we have 
 the soil, the climate, and the skill that will enable us to take first place. 
 
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