The Tragedy of 
 Two Stuarts
 
 The Tragedy of 
 Two Stuarts 
 
 By 
 
 Mildred Carnegy 
 
 (AUTHOR OF " KINGS AND QUEENS OF FRANCE, 
 " A QUEEN'S KNIGHT," ETC.) 
 
 " CBTTE PRINCESSE 31 QUT TOUT AVAIT 'CONCOURU 
 POUR LUI GAGNER LE3 COEURS, ET SE VOIR ADOR^E, 
 
 SEMBLE N' AVOIR PARU 
 QUE'POUR ESTRE PLEUREB." 
 
 LONDON 
 
 SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E.G. 
 
 AND AT BATH, NEW YORK, AND MELBOURNE 
 
 1914
 
 PRINTED BY SIR ISAAC PITMAN & 
 SONS, LTD., LONDON, BATH, NEW 
 YORK AND MELBOURNE . 1914
 
 Pref; 
 
 ace 
 
 THE History of the House of Stuart is a series of highly 
 dramatic stories, furnishing the world with numberless 
 tragedies and romances. Destiny seems to have 
 marked out in a peculiar manner the sons and daughters 
 of this illustrious line, endowing most of them with 
 gifts of unusual brilliancy, and decreeing for them 
 singular and generally tragic fates. This is the story 
 of two members of the ill-fated House. It does not 
 profess to be a deep historical study, or claim to add 
 any fresh material to history. 
 
 But to the lovers of romance the story of James I 
 of Scotland and his daughter Margaret may appeal, 
 for both lives teem with dramatic episodes, and the 
 history of each is a romance from beginning to end. 
 The writer apologises for a superficial and sketchy 
 survey of what is one of the most fascinating and 
 interesting periods of European history, pleading in 
 excuse that this is a story rather than a study. May 
 the readers be kindly indulgent to its defects ! 
 
 " Go, little treatise, bare of eloquence. 
 Devoid of art, and poor in ready wit. 
 And pray the reader to have patience, 
 Of thy defects, and kindly speak of it." 
 
 James I of Scotland. 
 
 2C8S2S5
 
 Contents 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE v 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 SCOTLAND IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 " ECOSSE le Sauvage " The ancient alliance The 
 
 Scots in France The Expedition of 1385 . . . . 1-7 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 FRANCE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 THE civil wars Invasion of Henry V Battle of Agin- 
 court Second Invasion The Massacre of the 
 Armagnacs The murder of Jean-sans-Peur The 
 Treaty of Troyes The skirmish at Baug6 Death of 
 Henry V Death of Charles VI The apathy of 
 Charles VII Desperate condition of France Battle 
 of Verneuil The Mission of Joan of Arc . . . 8-16 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 
 
 THE founders of the Stuart dynasty Robert III The 
 tragedy of Falkland Castle The capture of James 
 Death of Robert III The captivity of James His 
 education in England Efforts for his release Lady 
 Joan Beaufort The Scots in France Coronation of 
 Queen Catherine Henry V's tour through the 
 the Midlands James' military exploits in France 
 The Regency in Scotland Illness, death, and funeral 
 of Henry V James' return to England ... . . 17-31 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 
 
 THE love-story of James I The marriage of James I and 
 Lady Joan Beaufort Their journey to Scotland 
 Coronation of James I . . . . . ... . . 32-42 
 
 vii
 
 viii CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I PAQE 
 
 LLINLITHGOW Castle Birth of Margaret Stuart The 
 children of James I The lawless condition of Scot- 
 land The King's summary dealings with the chief- 
 tains Laws passed in the reign of James I The 
 cruelty of a Highland chief The mission of Aeneas 
 Piccolomini His impressions of Scotland . . . . 43-56 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 
 
 THE desperate condition of Charles VII First embassy 
 to Scotland Alan Chartier The Treaty of Perth 
 Second embassy to France Third embassy Mar- 
 riage negotiations Farewell banquet at Perth The 
 departure of Margaret Stuart . . . . . . . 57-70 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE MARRIAGE OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 
 
 THE journey to France Entry into La Rochelle Entry 
 into Poitiers Entry into Tours The arrival at the 
 Castle The marriage ceremony and banquet . . 71-78 
 
 CHAPTER VIII 
 
 LOUIS THE DAUPHIN 
 
 TOURAINE Its rivers and castles Domestic life in the 
 fifteenth century The Dauphin's birth Childhood, 
 and education Character of the Dauphin. . . . 79-87 
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 
 
 SIR ROBERT GRAHAM'S vow of vengeance Conspiracy 
 formed against the King The seeress at Cramond 
 Brig The King's Christmas at Perth Murder of 
 James on 20th Feb., 1437 Queen Joan's revenge 88-95
 
 CONTENTS ix 
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT PAGE 
 
 NEWS of the murder of James I The Dauphin's 
 household The Ordonnance of Orleans Rebellion 
 of the nobles Treachery of the Dauphin His feud 
 with his father The Dauphine's household Her 
 literary tastes The Dauphin's antipathy to his wife 96-107 
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 
 
 THE Siege of Dieppe The Peace of Tours Betrothal 
 of Henry VI Marguerite of Anjou The Dauphin's 
 campaign in Alsace Charles VII leads an expedi- 
 tion into Lorraine The French Court at Nancy 
 Agnes Sorel Marriage of Marguerite of Anjou 
 Festivities at Nancy Departure of Marguerite of 
 Anjou The slanders of Jamet du Tillay The 
 troubles of Margaret of Scotland . . . . . . 108-123 
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 THE DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 
 
 ENTRY of the Queen and Dauphine into Chalons 
 Reception of the Duchesse de Bourgogne The 
 Conferences at Chalons The fStes at Chalons 
 Margaret's pilgrimage Her illness and death 
 Arrival of her sisters at the French Court Her 
 funeral at Chalons The Monk of Pluscarden's 
 account of her death 124-139 
 
 INDEX 141
 
 The 
 
 Tragedy of Two Stuarts 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 SCOTLAND IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 " ECOSSE le Sauvage" The ancient alliance The Scots 
 in France The Expedition of 1385. 
 
 " ECOSSE LE SAUVAGE," such was the name given to 
 Scotland by the French in the fifteenth century. 
 Nor was it a misnomer, for in those days Scotland was 
 barely a civilized country. The feuds of the 
 Highland and Lowland clans caused a state of perpetual 
 petty warfare in all parts of the kingdom and where 
 such a condition exists civilization must perforce 
 remain at a standstill. The land was poorly cul- 
 tivated, and the food supply was inadequate, for the 
 serious pursuit of agriculture was impossible while 
 bands of invaders roamed about, ruthlessly destroying 
 wherever they went. It was all a man could do to 
 secure himself from the depredations of robbers, 
 he had no time to till his land or to indulge in peaceful 
 pursuits. Might was right and everything was referred 
 to the sword ; the law was practically a dead letter. 
 The country was so impoverished that grass was the 
 staple food of many families, and it is said that star- 
 vation reduced some miserable wretches to cannibalism. 
 Trade was at a standstill, literature and the arts were 
 practically non-existent. To all intents and purposes 
 
 1
 
 2 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 the Scot was a savage, though not altogether the wild 
 man of the woods that the French deemed him to be. 
 
 " My son," said St. Louis on his death-bed 
 to his heir, " if thou rulest thy country ill, I 
 would rather have a Scot from Scotland come and 
 reign in thy stead." Evidently the saintly king 
 judged the Scots to be mere barbarians ! The Scot 
 was a man of great shrewdness and intelligence and he 
 only needed better conditions to develop his powers 
 and faculties. He was a fine fighter, and the poverty 
 of his country inured him to every kind of hardship. 
 His great powers of endurance served him in good stead 
 in warfare. 
 
 Possible it was the poverty of his inhospitable land 
 that drove him to seek his fortunes in other countries ; 
 anyhow the roving instincts of the old Vikings was in 
 his blood and he was essentially an explorer and 
 an adventurer 
 
 Joinville says of the Scots " that they were so fond 
 of long voyages that there were hardly any countries 
 where they were not to be found in great numbers." 
 
 The following rhyme is not pretty ! 
 
 " Vous saurez qu'on dit en proverbe 
 
 Que d" Ecossais, de rats, de poux, 
 Ceux qui voyagent jusqu'an bout 
 Du monde, en rencontrent partout." 
 
 In early days hospices were founded in many parts 
 of France for emigrant Scots, and an ever increasing 
 number of young Scotchmen came to Paris to study 
 at the University. Although so many adventurous 
 Scots flocked to France, only a very few Frenchmen 
 ventured to explore " Ecosse le Sauvage." In their
 
 SCOTLAND IN THE XVra CENTURY 3 
 
 eyes it was the residence of Lucifer himself a land 
 cursed with barrenness and starvation, and they 
 gave it a wide berth. A few who ventured there 
 returned with dismal accounts of the country. Frois- 
 sart describes the Scots as " rudes gens et sans honneur 
 certes," so poor that such things as iron for horse- 
 shoes and leather for bridles, can scarcely be obtained. 
 " Things come to them ready made from Flanders," 
 he says, " and when that supply fails, they have 
 nothing. There are no well-to-do persons to be seen. 
 They are like savages. They possess nothing upon 
 which they can reckon, yet they are always jealous 
 of the possessions of others, and are afraid of losing 
 their own goods. . . When the English travel in 
 Scotland they have to carry all their provisions with 
 them, unless they wish to starve, for nothing is to be 
 found in this country." 
 
 Another old French chronicler thus describes 
 the wearing apparel of the Scots : " Like the Irish, 
 the men wear a large yellowish skirt, and over this 
 a long tunic of coarse wool reaching to the knees, 
 like a cassock. They are always bare-headed, and they 
 let their hair grow very long. They wear no shoes, 
 but some wear curious boots which reach up to the 
 knees. Their weapons are bows and arrows and 
 javelins, which they handle with great skill. They 
 are very swift footed. All these savages speak Irish." 
 Another traveller declared that Scotland " struck 
 horror by its forests and its coldness." 
 
 The Scotch castle in the fifteenth century was a 
 gloomy and dismal building, only constructed for the 
 purpose of defence and protection in war, and with
 
 4 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 no pretensions to anything approaching our idea of a 
 " home." Indeed, it offered no comfort whatever in 
 any of its gloomy apartments. It consisted of a 
 single square tower or peel, rising storey above storey, 
 each floor consisting of one room with thick walls and 
 narrow slits for windows. The common hall, where 
 all the members of the household lived, was a dark, 
 cold apartment, furnished with a few deal stools and 
 settles, the floor strewn with rushes. The food was 
 served on movable boards and consisted of milk, 
 cheese, mutton and oatmeal. The poor lived on 
 bread and ale made from oats. 
 
 Though the clans were always fighting each other 
 and internecine warfare never ceased, one common 
 sentiment swayed the whole nation, and that was 
 hatred of England. In this all were united. Resis- 
 tance to England was the great national idea in 
 Scotland for many ages. Abuse of the English was 
 the favourite theme in conversation. 
 
 " There is nothing that a Scotsman will listen to 
 with greater pleasure than abuse of the Englishman, 
 who bears the reputation of being deceitful," writes 
 Aeneas Piccolomini (of whom we shall hear later). 
 
 It was not only Scotland that found England a 
 thorn in her side. To France she was a perpetual 
 menace and trouble. Not content with her lawful 
 possessions there (and these were considerable) she 
 was always encroaching on fresh ground. A desire 
 for aggrandizement, a thirst for ambition a love of 
 aggression made the English formidable neighbours. 
 The common dread and hatred of England formed a 
 powerful bond between France and Scotland. Widely
 
 SCOTLAND IN THE XVxn CENTURY 5 
 
 apart as these two nations were in character, tastes 
 and constitution, their mutual foe drew them together, 
 and as early as in the days of Charlemagne an alliance 
 was formed between them which lasted for 800 years. 
 (This fact is mentioned in the marriage contract 
 between the Dauphin Francois and Mary Stuart, 
 afterwards Queen of Scots.) 
 
 In the thirteenth century at least four treaties were 
 made between the two nations, and if they were 
 occasionally broken, they were almost immediately 
 renewed. M. Mignet, the historian, writes : " Exposed 
 to the constant attacks of the same enemy, France 
 contracted an alliance with Scotland in the thirteenth 
 century which lasted till the end of the sixteenth 
 century, and which proved equally useful to the two 
 countries, as it enabled them in turn to resist the 
 English. This alliance was maintained religiously 
 by the kings of France, who sent help to the Scots 
 when they were in peril, and who received aid from 
 the Scots in their hour of danger. The French kings 
 surrounded themselves by a Scotch guard and they 
 gave lands and titles to several members of the great 
 houses of Stuart, Douglas, and Hamilton. The French 
 court became a refuge and a school for the Scotch 
 noblesse." This inter-communication had a gradual 
 civilizing effect on Scotch manners, and the French 
 language came to be spoken to some extent at the Scotch 
 Court. The foundation of a Scotch college hi Paris by 
 the Bishop of Moray in 1326, points to there being a good 
 number of Scots in France who were eager to be educated. 
 
 Many Scots, ready for a life of adventure, enrolled 
 themselves as mercenary soldiers under the banner 
 
 2 (2013)
 
 6 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 of France. In the fifteenth century, when the love 
 of adventure seethed and surged in men's souls, 
 the mercenary soldier had no lack of employment, for 
 every army hi Europe was open to him. It was merely 
 a question of pay. In 1384 a band of French adven- 
 turers sought their fortunes in Scotland. Some of them 
 returning to France, dilated upon the troubles of the 
 Scots with the English, and promised a glorious field of 
 adventure for any who were ready for some hard fight- 
 ing. Accordingly, in 1385 a large force, composed of the 
 flower of the French chivalry, set out for Scotland, 
 under the command of John de Vienne, High Admiral 
 of France. Men flocked to join the expedition, for 
 this mysterious unknown land, half wrapped in the 
 veil of legend, offered attractions to the enterprising. 
 The knights had " a wind to their desire," says 
 Froissart, " for the month was May, when the air 
 is serene and still." But the French knights were 
 sorely disappointed with Scotland when they got there. 
 " What kind of a country has the Admiral brought 
 us to ? " they asked. The Admiral told them that 
 they could " not expect to always have the comforts of 
 Paris, Dijon, or Beaune." The primitiveness and 
 extreme poverty of the Scots dismayed the French 
 soldiers. They were disappointed at their reception, 
 and they soon fell out with the Scots. It was not long 
 before they turned their backs on " Ecosse le Sauvage " 
 with feelings of intense relief at leaving such an 
 inhospitable country. The Scots were not sorry to 
 see their allies depart. The cost of their maintenance 
 had been considerable ; it had been impossible to 
 provide for their many wants in a country as poor as
 
 SCOTLAND IN THE XViH CENTURY 7 
 
 Scotland ; on the whole they had been of little or no 
 use to them. The French soldiers, who had expected 
 to win wealth as well as fame and glory in their adven- 
 ture, returned to France in a very ill humour. Their 
 enterprise had been a failure, and no words were too 
 strong for them to describe to their countrymen the 
 wretchedness and poverty of the " Scottish savages." 
 
 In 1433 the English made an attempt to break the 
 " ancient alliance." Commissioners were sent over 
 the border to propose peace with England, and to 
 urge the Scots to throw over their French allies. They 
 pointed out how far more advantageous an alliance 
 with England would be than an alliance with such a 
 far-off country as France. But the Scotch nobles 
 would not listen to their proposals. " They could not," 
 they said " decide such a momentous question without 
 the full consent of the French king and his people 
 seeing that by provision, consent, and decree of the 
 general councils of the kingdoms of France and 
 Scotland, as confirmed by the Apostolic See, a per- 
 petual peace and alliance, agreed upon, ratified, 
 and confirmed, existed between the two kingdoms." 
 
 The " ancient alliance " was indeed an article of 
 faith and a sacred tradition, with both the Scots and 
 the French. It was a source of continual embarrassment 
 to the English, and often proved a serious obstacle to 
 their ambitious designs. 
 
 Scotland once conquered and subdued, there would 
 be a clear field for the English to enlarge their borders 
 in France. The English rhyme put the case clearly : 
 
 " If that you would France win 
 Then with Scotland first begin."
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 FRANCE IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY 
 
 THE civil wars Invasion of Henry V Battle of Agincourt 
 Second Expedition to France The massacre of the Armag- 
 nacs The murder of Jean-sans-Peur The Treaty of 
 Troyes The skirmish at Bauge Death of Henry V 
 Death of Charles VI The apathy of Charles VII 
 Desperate condition of France Battle of Verneuil The 
 French King's despair The Mission of Joan of Arc. 
 
 " Tout le royaume etait bien bas 
 Et n'avait ni terre ni domaine, 
 Qui ne fut en piteux rabas." 
 
 DURING the early part of the fifteenth century France 
 was distracted and torn asunder by civil war. This 
 rendered her an easy prey to her designing neighbours, 
 the English, who took full advantage of her weakness. 
 The desolating warfare between the Burgundians and 
 the Armagnacs had been going on for many years, 
 the two factions alternately getting the upper hand 
 and holding sway by turn in Paris. Roughly speaking, 
 the Burgundians prevailed in the north of France, and 
 the Armagnacs in the South. The King of France was 
 mad, and there was no hope of his recovery. The 
 Queen was an unscrupulous woman, whose private 
 life was a disgrace to the country. All was chaos and 
 confusion, there was no proper government, and the 
 mob was left unchecked to work its own sweet will. 
 Bands of robbers infested the country, burning and 
 sacking wherever they went, the peasants were 
 reduced to too great a state of misery and starvation 
 to cultivate the land. The smoke of smouldering 
 villages reduced to ashes after the raid of some
 
 FRANCE IN THE XVrn CENTURY 9 
 
 band of desperadoes, was a frequent sight and wolves 
 prowled about the outskirts of the cities. 
 
 The young King of England, eager for glory and 
 conquest, took the opportunity of France's broken 
 condition to invade her. A very weak claim to the 
 French throne was trumped up as a pretext for this 
 invasion. The well-known story needs no repetition, 
 how Henry V set sail for France in 1415 with a great 
 army of 36,000 men ; how he took Honfleur, and 
 pushing on to Calais, met the French army at the little 
 village of Agincourt. 
 
 Agincourt ! The very name thrills us as we think 
 of that deadly shower of arrows from the stout English 
 archers which dealt such destruction and terror among 
 the serried ranks of the French army, where the flower 
 of the Armagnac chivalry was gathered. Long and 
 tedious marches in bad weather had wearied the 
 English soldiers, they were fighting on strange soil 
 and the French out-numbered them by four to one yet 
 Agincourt proved one of the most decisive victories 
 in English history. The death roll among the French 
 was appalling. 
 
 Says Shakespeare : 
 
 " This note doth tell me of 10,000 French, 
 That in the field lie slain, of princes in this number, 
 And nobles bearing banners, there lie dead 
 One hundred twenty six, added to these 
 Of knights, squires, and gallant gentlemen 
 Eight thousand and four hundred ; of the which 
 Five hundred were but yesterday dubbed knights ; 
 So that in these ten thousand they have lost 
 There are but sixteen hundred mercenaries ; 
 The rest are princes, barons, lords, knights, squires." 
 
 Henry V, Act IV, Scene 3.
 
 10 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 "It was a pitiable thing to see the great noblesse 
 which had there been slain," says an old chronicler. 
 Agincourt was fought in October, 1415 ; the following 
 month Henry returned to England with his prisoners, 
 among whom was the poet Duke, Charles d'Orleans, 
 who remained in captivity for twenty-five years. 
 
 The fair fame of Henry V has been smirched by his 
 countenancing the butchery of the prisoners on the 
 field of Agincourt, so it is pleasant to read of his 
 consideration for the captives he brought home with 
 him. Baker the Chronicler writes : " King Henry, 
 to make his enemies the better contented with their 
 overthrow, and to take away the envy of his victory at 
 his return into England with his prisoners, gave 
 strict orders that no ballad or song should be made 
 or sung, more than of thanksgiving to God for his 
 happy victory and safe return, but without words of 
 either disgracing the French or extolling the English." 
 
 Agincourt completely unnerved the French. The 
 saying went at that time that if fifty French soldiers 
 were confronted with five English ones, the French 
 would turn and fly. 
 
 In July, 1416, Henry, on fresh conquests bent, set 
 sail again for France with an army of 25,528 fighting 
 men " besides 1,000 artificers and pioneers." He met 
 with no serious opposition. The Burgundians were 
 entirely occupied in trying to bring about the fall of 
 of the Armagnacs, who were then masters of Paris. 
 The Comte d'Armagnac was the virtual King of France, 
 the poor mad king Charles was merely a puppet in his 
 hands. In 1418 a rising took place in Paris which 
 resulted in a ghastly massacre of the Armagnacs.
 
 FRANCE IN THE XVra CENTURY 11 
 
 For a day or two Paris was a butcher's shop, then it 
 became a graveyard, strewn with 2,000 corpses of 
 the Armagnacs. Jean-sans-Peur, Duke of Burgundy, 
 returned to the capital in triumph with the Queen, and 
 put himself at the head of the Government. Mean- 
 while town after town in the North fell into the hands 
 of the English. Things went from bad to worse for 
 the French. The year 1419 saw two calamitous events, 
 the fall of Rouen, and the treacherous murder of 
 Jean-sans-Peur at the Conference of Montereau. This 
 deed was wrought by one of the Dauphin's followers, 
 but it was instigated by agents of the Due d'Orleans. 
 
 The Duke of Burgundy's son Philippe was horrified 
 at his father's murder. His thirst for vengeance 
 overcame his feelings of patriotism, and he entered 
 into an alliance with the English. People said " that 
 the great wound in the skull of Jean-sans-Peur was the 
 door that admitted the English into France." 
 
 In 1420 the famous Treaty of Troyes was brought 
 about by Queen Isabeau and Philippe of Burgundy. 
 The purport of this Treaty is well known. It practically 
 handed over to England for ever the Crown of France. 
 Henry V was to be Regent of France while Charles VI 
 lived ; after Charles' death Henry and his descendants 
 would sit on the French throne. The marriage of 
 Henry in 1420 with the French princess Catherine 
 put the final seal to the Treaty of Troyes. 
 
 Henry, as Regent of France, proved a capable and 
 just ruler. Paris welcomed a firm government after 
 all the terrible vicissitudes of mob rule it had passed 
 through. But the task of conquering France was by 
 no means accomplished. Though the English were
 
 12 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 virtually masters of the North, yet in the Centre and 
 the South men were still patriots, and were ready to 
 fight to the bitter end for their king. 
 
 In 1421 Henry returned to England to raise a fresh 
 army for the purpose of subduing the whole of France. 
 His brother, the Duke of Clarence, was appointed 
 Governor of Normandy during his absence. In a 
 skirmish at the Castle of Bauge in Anjou the French 
 with their Scotch allies scored a decided victory 
 over Clarence and his men. While they themselves 
 only lost a dozen and a half men, the English 
 lost 2,000, and among the twenty-six nobles who were 
 slain, was the Duke of Clarence. When Henry 
 heard of his brother's death, " he could not," says 
 an old Chronicler, " contain himself for the great 
 fury and frenzy which was kindled within him, nor 
 could he rest day or night." A fresh expedition was 
 speedily sent to France under the Duke of Bedford, 
 and in May, 1422, Henry himself followed with another 
 large army. But the English King's ambitions were 
 suddenly and dramatically cut short by his death 
 only three months after his landing. Shortly after- 
 wards, the death of the poor imbecile King of France 
 took place, and Charles the Dauphin was called to 
 wear the uneasy crown of his fathers. 
 
 Charles was a listless, sickly youth of nineteen, whose 
 nerves had been shattered by all the scenes of bloodshed 
 and horror he had witnessed in his childhood. The 
 awful experiences of his early days haunted him through- 
 out his life, and when he was called to be King he was in 
 no fit state, physically or mentally, to cope with the 
 desperate condition of affairs. His wits seemed to be
 
 FRANCE IN THE XViH CENTURY 13 
 
 partially paralyzed, he seemed incapable of taking 
 any sort of lead, and he just " marked time " at 
 Bourges, where he held an insignificant Court. His 
 enemies scornfully called him " The Knight of Bourges " 
 his friends said of him that he was " the slowest of 
 all slow men." He had none of the qualities that make 
 a King persona grata to his subjects. His appearance 
 was far from kingly. His head was too large, and his 
 legs too short for his body, his features were plain and 
 ill -proportioned, his carriage was timid and undignified. 
 The mystery of his birth added to the depressing 
 influences of his life people openly said he was the 
 son of Louis of Orleans, not of King Charles in which 
 case he would have had no right to the throne. When, 
 after Charles' death, he showed signs of bestirring 
 himself, and headed an expedition to Rochelle to 
 quell an insurrection there, a most unfortunate accident 
 gave his weak nerves such a shock that he relapsed 
 into his former state of lethargy for another seven 
 years. At a Council Meeting where he was presiding 
 in Rochelle the floor gave way and a number of people 
 were killed and seriously hurt. Charles escaped as 
 by a miracle, but the effect on his nerves was grievous, 
 and the people said " that the Dauphin 1 died at 
 Rochelle." In 1422 Charles married his cousin Marie 
 of Anjou, who had been his playmate and fiancee for 
 six years. She was the daughter of Louis due d' Anjou, 
 King of Sicily, and of that remarkable woman Yolanda, 
 of whom it was said she was " un veritable tresor des 
 graces." Marie inherited none of her mother's charm 
 and beauty and political gifts, but she was a good 
 
 1 Being as yet uncrowned he was still called the Dauphin.
 
 14 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 lovable woman, and she proved a most patient and 
 devoted wife to Charles. 
 
 The seven years following the death of Henry V 
 saw the royal cause in France at its lowest ebb. The 
 English were steadily gaining ground in all directions. 
 Their two great leaders the Earls of Talbot and 
 Salisbury were mighty men of war, and their very 
 names got on the nerves of the French. On one 
 occasion merely the cry of "A Salisbury ! A 
 Salisbury ! " caused 4,000 French fighting men to fly 
 in utter panic. The North had fallen but the South 
 still kept up a stubborn resistance to the invaders. 
 
 The French and their brave Scotch allies suffered 
 a serious disaster in the Battle of Verneuil in 1424. 
 Five thousand French and seven thousand Scots fell 
 in this battle alone. " C'6tait un spectacle affreux," 
 writes a contemporary historian, " a contempler que 
 celui des monceaux de cadavres entasses et presses 
 sur le champ de bataille, la surtout ou la lutte avait 
 lieu avec les Ecossais, car pas un d'eux ne fut epargne 
 a titre de captif." The flower of the Scotch chivalry 
 perished in this fierce battle, and we find such names as 
 the Earl of Buchan, the Earl of Douglas, Robert 
 Stuart, Alexander Lindsey, and Thomas de Swinton 
 among the roll of the slain. Charles was in the depths 
 of despair. His Treasury was empty and there was 
 neither money to raise or furnish an army. His own 
 table was so meagre that he and the Queen used to 
 dine alone that no one should witness the poverty 
 of their fare. The Monk of Pluscarden writes : "He 
 was surrounded with deadly enemies on all sides .... 
 and he was a young man, and had little money, without
 
 FRANCE IN THE XViH CENTURY 15 
 
 which no effective good can be done in war. And so, 
 without hope of aid, despairing of any help, counsel, 
 or sympathy, penniless, without servants, without 
 fighting men, grieving in heart, left desolate in great 
 straits, desiring to die rather than to live, he would 
 lift up his voice and weep, saying in tearful accents : 
 " Unto Thee have I lifted up mine eyes, Who 
 dwellest in the Heavens." Another contemporary 
 writer describes how he entered his oratory one morning 
 " and there made a humble and earnest request to the 
 Lord that if he were the true and lawful heir to the 
 throne and kingdom that it would please God to save 
 and defend him and should the worst come to the 
 worst, that it would please Him to deliver him from 
 death or imprisonment and to help him to escape to 
 Scotland, the Scot having been from earliest days 
 brothers-in-arms and allies of the kings of France." 
 
 In 1428, the English laid siege to Orleans the key 
 to the South of France. The terrible Earl of Salisbury, 
 with 30,000 soldiers, was at the head of these operations, 
 and he succeeded in taking all the surrounding fortresses 
 before commencing the siege. The garrison made every 
 preparation for a long and stubborn defence. They 
 constructed paths and trenches and even shops and 
 taverns underground. Realizing the extremely import- 
 ant strategic position of their town, they determined to 
 hold out to the bitter end. 
 
 Meanwhile Charles held his Court at Chinon in Touraine. 
 
 Says the Monk of Fife : 
 
 " The Dauphin could seldom abide long in one place, for 
 he was so much better known than trusted that the very 
 cordwainer would not let him march off in a new pair of boots 
 without having his money. These were days when his
 
 16 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Treasurer at Tours (I myself have heard him say so) , did not 
 reckon three ducats in his coffers and the heir of France 
 borrowed money from his very cook." 
 
 When the fortunes of France were at their lowest 
 ebb in 1428 the tide turned. 
 
 It is impossible in this brief survey of events to dwell 
 upon the wonderful Mission of Joan of Arc, the inspired 
 Maid of Domremy. The story is too beautiful, and 
 we should almost say, too sacred, to be sketched in a 
 few bare words ; it is better to omit it altogether. 
 
 It may be of interest, however, to the reader to hear 
 her Mission alluded to by two old Chroniclers, each 
 writing from his own point of view. 
 
 Says the English Chronicler : 
 
 " About this time in France a strange imposter ariseth ; a 
 maid called La Pucelle, taking upon her to be sent from God, 
 for the good of France, and to expel the English ; and some 
 good indeed she did, for by her subtle working the King was 
 received into Champagne, and many towns were rendered 
 unto him ... At last the Pucelle (who had a little before 
 caused an English Captain's head to be cut off because he would 
 not humble himself to her on his knee) was by John of Luxem- 
 bourg taken, and presented to the Duke of Burgundy who 
 sent her to the Regent, and he to the Bishop of the diocese, 
 who judicially proceeding against her as a sorceress and 
 deceiver of the King and his subjects, she was publicly burnt 
 at Rouen." 
 
 So much for the English point of view ! 
 Says our friend the Monk of Pluscarden : 
 
 " In those days the Lord stirred up the spirit of a certain 
 wonderful girl, a native of the borders of France, in the duchy 
 of Lorraine, near the royal Castle of Vaucouleurs, in the 
 bishopric of Toul, towards the Empire. This girl was kept 
 by her father and mother to the task of tending sheep, daily 
 holding a distaff in her fingers and she was void of all offence, 
 and of good report among her neighbours . . . And she 
 delivered the King from all the snares of all his enemies."
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 THE CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 
 
 THE founders of the Stuart dynasty Robert III The 
 Tragedy of Falkland Castle The removal of the Prince of 
 Scotland to France His capture Death of Robert III 
 The captivity of James I His education Efforts for his 
 release He falls in love with Lady Joan Beaufort The 
 Scots in France Coronation of Queen Katherine Henry's 
 tour through the Midlands James' military exploits in 
 France The difficulties of the Regent Murdock Illness, 
 death, and funeral of Henry V James' return to England. 
 
 THE history of the House of Stuart should have a 
 peculiar fascination for lovers of the dramatic. It 
 supplies an endless stock of romances and tragedies. 
 It seems as if Destiny marked out all the sons and 
 daughters of this powerful line to some unusual fate, 
 endowing them too, with peculiar gifts and abilities. 
 Marjory Bruce, the grand-daughter of the great Robert 
 Bruce who freed Scotland for ever from the yoke of 
 England, was the foundress of the great House of 
 Stuart, by her marriage with Walter, the Lord High 
 Steward of Scotland. This office having been for so 
 long in Walter's family, its members were allowed to 
 retain the name of Steward, or Stewart. The first of 
 the line to ascend the throne of Scotland was Robert II, 
 the son of Walter Stuart and Marjory Bruce. He was 
 succeeded in 1390, by his son John Stuart who, on 
 ascending the throne, changed his name from John to 
 the more auspicious one of Robert, and who is known in 
 history as Robert III. 
 
 17
 
 18 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 This brief pedigree of the successors of the great 
 Bruce will familiarize the reader with the lineage 
 of James, the second son of Robert III, and 
 the hero of our story. Robert III was a man of 
 sickly physique and weak mental powers, and though 
 he reigned, he never ruled in Scotland. As a young 
 man he had received a kick from his horse which made 
 him lame for the rest of his life ; consequently he 
 could take no part in warfare, or in military sport and 
 exercises. He was thus singularly unfitted to rule 
 a nation such as the Scots, whose only pursuits were 
 fighting and hunting, and who were first and foremost, 
 men of war. 
 
 It is sometimes said that a weak king is more 
 dangerous to a country's welfare than a wicked king. 
 History often proves this, and it certainly was the case 
 with Robert III. His distressing weakness and 
 indecision made him the easy prey of designing men, 
 and caused a great deal of confusion and trouble in 
 the country. The sinister tragedy of Falkland Castle 
 was due to the King's helplessness with regard to a 
 member of his own family. 
 
 The story is so well known that it may be passed 
 over in a few words. It reads like a blood-curdling 
 romance. We have the handsome young " Prince 
 Charming " in the person of Robert's eldest son, 
 the Duke of Rothesay. The time-honoured " wicked 
 uncle " is the King's brother, the powerful Duke of 
 Albany, one of those venerable looking old men whose 
 mild exterior conceals a world of craft and cunning. 
 
 Albany was an ambitious man and he knew how 
 to play his cards. He wanted power ; his nephew
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 19 
 
 stood between him and the power he wanted ; so he 
 schemed to remove his nephew. 
 
 The young Duke of Rothesay, owing to his profligate 
 habits and frivolous tastes, did not get on well with 
 his father, and Albany was careful to foster and 
 encourage the antipathy between the two. The King, 
 in desperation, handed over his son to Albany to be 
 reformed ; once in his power Albany showed no mercy 
 to the young prince. 
 
 He caused him to be arrested, and thrown into the 
 dungeons of his gloomy castle at Falkland where he 
 was slowly starved to death. The account in Bellenden's 
 translation of Boece may be of interest : "At last 
 King Robert, informed of his young and insolent 
 manners, sent letters to his brother, the Duke of 
 Albany, to entertain his said son, the Duke of Rothesay, 
 and to learn him honest and civil manners. The 
 Duke of Albany, glad at their writings, took the 
 Duke of Rothesay betwixt Dundee and St. Andrews, 
 and brought him to Falkland, and enclosed him in 
 the tower thereof, but without any meat or drink. 
 It is said one woman, having commiseration on this 
 Duke, let meal fall down through the lofts of the tower, 
 by which his life was saved for some days. This 
 woman, after it was known, was put to death. In 
 the same manner another woman gave him milk of 
 her bosom, through a long reed, and was slain with 
 great cruelty, after it was known. Then was the 
 Duke destitute of all mortal supply, and brought 
 finally to so miserable and hungry appetite that he ate, 
 not only the dirt of the tower where he was, but 
 his own fingers, to his great martyrdom."
 
 20 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 The vivid account of this tragedy in Sir Walter 
 Scott's " Fair Maid of Perth " is no doubt familiar 
 to the reader. 
 
 In early infancy Robert's younger son, James, was 
 entrusted to the care of Henry Wardlaw, Bishop of 
 St. Andrew, and founder of the famous university of 
 that name. In the Bishop's strongly fortified castle 
 the young prince was as secure as he could be anywhere 
 in Scotland. Henry Wardlaw was a man of learning, who 
 had studied at the University of Oxford, and who was 
 highly thought of in Rome ; it is possible that James 
 owed his literary tastes to the Bishop's early tuition. 
 
 After the foul murder of Rothesay in Falkland 
 Castle, Robert trembled for the life of his younger 
 son. He felt that Scotland was no safe place for the 
 heir to the throne, and that even in the Bishop's strong 
 fortress at St. Andrews he would not be secure from 
 the clutches of his powerful uncle. It was decided 
 that James should be taken to France, where not only 
 would he be out of the sphere of danger, but he would 
 receive far better educational advantages than in 
 his own country. James was a boy of about eleven 
 years old when he left his native land in 1406. We 
 know very little about his departure. Sir David 
 Fleming and some other barons from Lothian conducted 
 him as far as North Berwick. With him was young 
 Henry Percy, the son of an English nobleman, who had 
 been sent by his relatives to Scotland for safety's sake, 
 after his father's death. 
 
 At North Berwick, James and his companion were 
 entrusted to the care of Sir Henry Sinclair, Earl of 
 Orkney, " who undertook the task of taking the
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 21 
 
 Prince to France with all due diligence, and embarked 
 at the Bass Rock, and they put to sea with a suitable 
 equipment and adequate retinue." (Monk of 
 Pluscarden.) 
 
 All went well till they sighted Flamborough Head, 
 where a storm drove them on to the Yorkshire coast. 
 There they fell into the hands of some Norfolk mariners, 
 who, presently discovering the rank and importance 
 of one of their captives, lost no time in marching him 
 off to the King of England. 
 
 In those days a status belli existed almost perpetually 
 between England and Scotland, and the capture of 
 either party on sea or land was perfectly within the 
 law ; but it so happened that at this particular juncture 
 a truce existed between the two nations, therefore 
 the English had no right to molest the Prince of 
 Scotland and his companions. 
 
 Some have excused the conduct of the English 
 by saying " that the persons of princes are not included 
 in a truce." However this may be, the Norfolk 
 sailors, confident of rich rewards, took their illustrious 
 prize to the King of England at Westminster Palace, on 
 March 30th, 1406. 
 
 King Robert, anticipating the eventuality of his 
 son falling into the hands of the English " en route," 
 had provided him with an autograph letter to Henry, 
 stating that he was sending the Prince to France for 
 educational purposes, and entreating the King to show 
 him kindness should he by any chance fall into his 
 hands. Henry perused the letter grimly. " He 
 cannot send him to a better master than myself," 
 he observed, "for I can speak French passing well." 
 
 3 (2013)
 
 22 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 The boy was sent straight away to the Tower of 
 London, where he was confined in the great Keep 
 built by William the Conqueror. 
 
 The news of the Prince's capture reached Robert a 
 month later (April, 1406). This last blow fairly broke 
 the old man's heart. 
 
 An old Chronicler writes : 
 
 " No sooner had King Robert heard his son had been taken 
 a prisoner to England than he began to heave piteous sighs 
 from his heart, inwardly giving way to the most bitter grief, 
 and by reason of the fierce anguish of his heart, he was, as it 
 were, half dead, and his spirits drooped, so that after this 
 day, namely, the fourth of April, he never took his food with a 
 good heart, until he gave up the ghost to the Most High at 
 the Castle of Bute." 
 
 James was now King of the Scots at the tender 
 age of eleven years old but there seemed no prospects 
 of his wearing the crown for a long time. It was to 
 the interest of both Henry IV and " the wicked 
 uncle, Albany," that he should remain a prisoner in 
 England for an indefinite period. In Henry's political 
 game James was an important asset and a valuable 
 hostage. In Scotland, Albany had attained to the 
 height of his ambition ; he was King all but in name ; 
 it is not to be supposed that he would desire the presence 
 of his nephew in the country where he was now 
 paramount. 
 
 Several efforts were made by the Scots to bring about 
 the liberation of their King. Very soon after }.is 
 capture emissaries were sent to England to negotiate 
 for his ransom. Three years later the Earl of Orkney 
 was sent on a similar errand, but all negotiations
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 23 
 
 proved fruitless. Henry had strong reasons for keeping 
 the prince captive and he refused to discuss the 
 question of a ransom. His policy was to deliberately 
 " anglicise " the young prince, and to foster in him such 
 an affection for England and the English, that he would 
 prove in the future a perfectly docile and submissive 
 neighbour. With this purpose in view James received 
 a liberal education under the care of his Governor, 
 Sir John Pelham a gentleman of considerable culture. 
 The boy's literary tastes were carefully fostered ; 
 he studied with delight the poems of Chaucer and 
 Gower, and other chivalrous and romantic works ; he 
 was well grounded in Greek and Lathi, in fact he 
 received an unusually liberal education for those 
 days, and acquired a real love of literature and the 
 arts. As Bishop Leighton said to the King of England 
 many years afterwards : " His abode with you 
 seemeth rather to have been a remaining in an academy 
 than in any captivity." Nor were athletics neglected 
 in the educational scheme. For the first few years 
 of his captivity, James was allowed as much open-air 
 exercise as he liked, and he became remarkably 
 proficient in riding, archery, tennis, and fencing. 
 In later years, indeed, he won considerable renown as 
 an athlete. The early years of his imprisonment were 
 far from being unpleasant. He received much kindness 
 from the young Prince of Wales, afterwards Henry 
 V, and a warm and constant friendship sprung up 
 between the two princes which only ended with 
 Henry's death. 
 
 During the long spell of nineteen years in which 
 James remained a State prisoner, he experienced
 
 24 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 many changes of abode. From the Tower of London 
 he was removed to Nottingham Keep ; from there 
 he was sent to Evesham in Worcestershire, then 
 back to the Tower, and finally, during the last years, 
 he was confined in Windsor Castle. For some time 
 he had as fellow prisoner in the Tower young Murdoch, 
 son of the Duke of Albany, who had been taken by 
 the English in the battle of Homilden Hill. In 1415, 
 Murdoch was released by Henry V, and the following 
 year he formed part of an embassy sent to England 
 to plead for James' ransom. 
 
 It appears that the captive King wrote several 
 times to his uncle, Albany, on the subject of his ransom. 
 His letters remained unanswered ; this is evident 
 from a letter which James wrote to the Regent from 
 Stratford-upon-Avon asking why he had received 
 no reply to his previous letters. 
 
 This epistle, written in the Scotch language, was 
 conveyed to Albany by one John Lyon, chaplain to 
 James. Evidently the efforts made in Scotland 
 for the liberation of their King were not of a very 
 strenuous nature. 
 
 During the last years of his captivity in Windsor 
 Castle, in the reign of Henry V, he was kept under 
 extra strict surveillance. This was not for personal, 
 but for purely political reasons. For the first time he 
 felt the irksomeness of stone walls and iron bars. 
 
 It was during this trying period that he fell deeply 
 in love. The object of his passion was the Lady 
 Joan Beaufort sister of the Duke of Somerset. As 
 she happened to be strolling one morning with her 
 little dog in the castle gardens he caught a glimpse
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 25 
 
 of her through his prison windows and the effect 
 was instantaneous. He became deeply enamoured 
 of her and evidently she was not unresponsive. 
 We shall follow the course of their love affair in the 
 following chapter, tracing it in the famous poem: " The 
 King's Quair," which James bequeathed to posterity. 
 We must now go back for a while to affairs in France. 
 
 In 1420, Charles VII sent envoys to the Regent of 
 Scotland imploring succour in his desperate and 
 unequal struggle with the English. Albany called 
 together the Three Estates of the Realm, and having 
 obtained their consent to render aid to their allies, 
 he dispatched an army of 10,000 Scots to France, 
 under the leadership of his son, the Earl of Buchan, 
 and his cousin, John Stewart of Darnley. " These 
 were welcomed with the greatest rejoicings," writes 
 the Monk of Pluscarden, " and the chief leaders were 
 given fine places to live in." The French became 
 somewhat jealous of the honours and titles that were 
 lavished on their Scotch allies. " They were wont 
 to call the Scots only mutton-eaters, wine-bibbers and 
 consumers, and of no use to the King and Kingdom of 
 France." l They were ungracious enough to begrudge 
 them their laurels in the victory of Bauge in 1421, 
 which was mainly due to the courage and daring of 
 the Scotch auxilliaries. 
 
 Charles, however, frankly and gratefully acknowledged 
 the assistance of his allies on this occasion. The story 
 is well told by an old chronicler : 
 
 " Rumour had it that the Scots ran away at this battle, 
 and the French gained the honours. When the Scotch 
 
 1 Monk of Pluscarden.
 
 26 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 chiefs came to the King at Tours with their illustrious prisoners 
 (two English Earls and five or six Barons) Charles said : ' Ye 
 were wont to say that my Scots were of no use to me and the 
 kingdom, and were worth nothing save as mutton-eaters and 
 wine-bibbers. See now who have deserved to have the honour 
 and the victory and the glory of the battle ! ' ' 
 
 The disaster to the English at Bauge reached the 
 ears of Henry V in May, 1421. He and his French 
 bride had only been in England three months when 
 the news came. Katherine had been crowned in 
 Westminster Abbey in the February of that year, 
 and the ceremony had been followed by a great 
 banquet in Westminster Hall at which James had 
 been present, seated under his canopy on the Queen's 
 left hand. Of this feast we read " that it was all 
 of fish, for being February 24th, Lent was then entered 
 upon, and nothing of meat was there save brawn with 
 mustard," also that " James, King of Scotland, was 
 served with messes in covered silver dishes, after the 
 prelates." It is said that at this banquet Katherine 
 publicly interceded with her husband for the liberation 
 of the King of Scots. It is probable that she was 
 interested in his love affair, and felt a kind sympathy 
 towards the young man who was a King, though not 
 crowned, a lover though not wed, a guest though a 
 prisoner. There were many others who were desirous 
 of seeing James restored to his kingdom and happily 
 wedded to the lady of his choice. Henry seems to have 
 been touched by his wife's request, and he held out 
 hopes of freedom for the prince provided James would 
 bear arms under his banner in the ensuing campaign in 
 France. For the present, he invited his prisoner to 
 accompany him on a progress he was making through
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 27 
 
 the Midland counties. This progress had for its 
 object the procuring of supplies for the French 
 campaign. Henry's role was to ingratiate himself so 
 thoroughly with his subjects, that they would willingly 
 empty their coffers for the expenses of the war. During 
 his tour through the Midlands he did his best to make 
 himself as popular as possible ; he addressed the 
 various corporations of the towns he visited on the 
 importance of the war, and the urgent necessity for 
 funds ; he showed his French bride with pride to the 
 people, she being, as it were, part of the " spoils " 
 of the great campaign. 
 
 Henry's intention was to return to France after his 
 wife's confinement in the winter. But the news 
 of the disaster at Bauge altered his plans and made 
 him hurry off in June. Two months later, as he was 
 besieging Melun, he summoned James to join him in 
 France. Henry's hope was that James would, by the 
 mere prestige of his name and presence, be able to 
 detach the Scotch auxiliaries from their allegiance to 
 France. To effect this purpose, he commanded James 
 to issue a proclamation ordering the Scots fighting 
 in the French ranks to lay down their arms. This 
 the auxiliaries refused to do. " While their King 
 was still a prisoner," they said, " they owed him 
 neither allegiance nor obedience." It was an exceedingly 
 difficult position for James. He found himself 
 forced to fight against his own subjects, who were 
 covering themselves with glory under the banner of 
 France, the time-honoured friend and ally of Scotland. 
 
 Parties were evidently divided in Scotland, for a 
 large force of Scots, under the Earl of Douglas, was
 
 28 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 fighting for Henry V on condition that he would 
 grant favourable terms to their captive King. In 
 July, 1421, James set out for France in obedience to 
 Henry's summons. We read that he invested 9 in 
 a grey horse, and 42 6s. 8d. in arms and banners 
 for the expedition. He and the Duke of Gloucester 
 were entrusted with the siege of the town of Dreux, 
 in Normandy. Here the young King won his first 
 laurels, for the honour of the capture of Dreux fell 
 to him, owing to the remarkable military skill he dis- 
 played. While in Normandy James made Rouen his 
 headquarters, and there he seems to have been kept in 
 close touch with affairs in Scotland, which were 
 assuming a more hopeful turn for him. Albany had 
 died in 1420, and the Regency was in the hands of 
 his son Murdoch, a man of weak character and poor 
 abilities. Far from being able to rule the kingdom 
 Murdoch was not even able to rule those of his own 
 household. His sons caused him endless vexations 
 and troubles, and their unruliness and insubordination 
 became so unbearable that the Regent began to wish 
 earnestly for the return of James. The burden of 
 the Regency was getting too heavy for him. 
 
 The following anecdote shows which way the wind 
 was blowing. For a long time the eldest son, Walter 
 Stewart, had begged his father to give up to him one 
 of his favourite falcons. This request the Regent 
 always refused. One day his son, in a passion, snatched 
 the falcon from his father's wrist, and savagely wrung 
 the bird's neck before his eyes. The Regent was so 
 incensed at his son's behaviour that he cried : " Since 
 thou wilt give me neither reverence nor obedience, I
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 29 
 
 will fetch someone whom we must all obey." From 
 that time it is said Murdoch began to negotiate in 
 earnest with the English about the liberation of 
 James. 
 
 The military exploits of the King of Scots in France 
 were cut short by the death of Henry V in August, 
 1422. The English King succumbed to a sort of 
 malarial fever, brought on, probably, by the hardships 
 of the campaign, but his death was popularly attributed 
 to the revenge of St. Fiacre for the sacrilege of his 
 shrine by the English soldiers. 
 
 Says the Monk of Pluscarden : 
 
 " Then he marched off to Orleans and to Melun, taking 
 with him James, afterwards King of Scots. Here also were 
 taken two or three more Scots, who were kept to garrison the 
 said town and all these he caused to be hanged without 
 
 ransom Then after posting a guard there, he advanced 
 
 to Meaux en Brie. Now there was great scarcity of provisions 
 among them, and some were sent to forage and to ravage 
 the country. And thus, among other praiseworthy doings 
 of theirs, they entered the territory of St. Fiacre de Brie, 
 and ravaged and wasted everything, and in particular some 
 ' limbs of the devil ' made their way into the Church where 
 lie the sacred relics of the said saint, and carried off some 
 silver shoes, gilt and studded all over with precious stones. 
 The King, though repeatedly requested, would give no satis- 
 faction for this and other offences of theirs, so he was smitten 
 with the disease of St. Fiacre aforesaid, burning inwardly in 
 his stomach and internal organs, and died at St. Maur les 
 Fosses on the river Marne . . . After he had been smitten 
 with the disease he asked the physicians what kind of malady 
 his was, and they answered that it was the malady of St. 
 Fiacre, brought on out of revenge, that it was incurable, and 
 ends in a fiery death, and that St. Fiacre was the Son of a 
 King of Scotland. ' That is a cursed nation,' said the King. 
 ' Wherever I go I find them under my nose.' ' 
 
 On his death-bed Henry implored the nobles gathered
 
 30 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 round him to live at unity among themselves and to 
 maintain the rights of his infant son. 1 " Comfort 
 my wife," he whispered to the Duke of Bedford, 
 " the most afflicted creature living." One of his 
 last acts was to appoint his brother John, Duke of 
 Bedford, Regent of France, and his brother Humphrey, 
 Duke of Gloucester, Regent of England. 
 
 It was decided that the King should be interred in 
 Westminster Abbey, and his remains were conducted 
 to England with all the pomp and pageantry of 
 woe. 
 
 " His body was laid on a chariot drawn by four great horses. 
 Just above the dead corpse they placed a figure made of 
 boiled leather, representing his person as nigh as might be 
 devised, painted curiously to the semblance of a living creature, 
 on whose head was put an imperial diadem of gold and precious 
 stones, on its body a purple robe furred with ermine, in the 
 right hand a sceptre royal, in the left an orb of gold with a 
 cross fixed thereon. And thus adorned, was this figure laid 
 on a bed in the same chariot, with the visage uncovered 
 towards the heavens, and the coverture of this bed was of 
 red, beaten with gold ; and besides, when the body should 
 pass through any good town, a canopy of marvellous value 
 was borne over it, by men of great worship. In this manner 
 he was accompanied by the King of Scots as chief mourner, 
 and by all the princes, lords, and knights of his house, in ves- 
 tures of deep mourning . . . The hatchments were carried 
 by twelve renowned captains ; and around the bier-car rode 
 four hundred men-at-arms in black armour, their horses 
 barbed black, their lances held with the points downwards. 
 A great company clothed in white, bearing wax torches, 
 lighted, encompassed the procession. The queen, with a 
 mighty retinue, came after at a mile's distance." 2 
 
 The procession passed through Abbeville, Montreuil, 
 Boulogne and Calais. After the Channel was safely 
 
 1 Henry VI, born December 6th, 1421. 
 1 Stowe.
 
 CAPTIVITY OF JAMES I 31 
 
 crossed, the funeral party wended its sad way to London 
 under the most impressive circumstances. 
 
 Miss Strickland thus describes it in her " Queens of 
 England " : 
 
 " When the Queen, after landing at Dover with the royal 
 corpse, approached London, she was met by fifteen bishops 
 in their pontifical habits, and by many abbots in their mitres 
 and vestments, with a vast crowd of priests and people. The 
 priests chanted, all the way from Blackheath and through the 
 streets of the city, hymns for their dead king. A general and 
 picturesque illumination was effected by each householder 
 standing at his door with a torch in his hand. The princes 
 of the royal family rode in mournful postures next the funeral 
 car." 
 
 In the Chronicles of London we read that James 
 joined the widowed Queen Katherine at Hertford 
 Castle in December of 1422, and spent Christmas with 
 her. This must have been one of the happiest periods 
 of his life. His wedding was arranged to take place 
 in February, and the terms of his ransom had been 
 fixed so that he hoped to be shortly not only a 
 happy bridegroom, but a free monarch among his 
 own people.
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 
 
 THE King's Quair The marriage of James I and Lady Joan 
 Beaufort Their journey to Scotland Coronation of 
 James I. 
 
 HAVING followed the story of James' capture and of 
 his long captivity in England, we will now re-read it 
 in his own words. In the famous King's Quair or 
 Kings Book James describes the history of his youth, 
 and the vicissitudes he passed through, but first 
 and foremost it is the story of his love. It is a pretty 
 idyll, and though to our modern minds much of 
 it may appear grotesque, yet it cannot be denied 
 that many passages contain the germs of true poetry, 
 and the whole work is the outcome of a rich and 
 lively imagination. As a love-story it is full of human 
 interest. 
 
 It follows the quaint style of those days, in which 
 mythological and Christian love are curiously jumbled 
 up together. James I is supposed to have written 
 the poem shortly after his marriage, about the year 
 1423, or possibly a little later. 
 
 Extracts only of the translated edition are here given, 
 the whole poem being too long to quote. In the follow- 
 ing verse James alludes to his departure from Scotland 
 at the early age of ten. (The " age of innocence " is 
 seven and he mentions he was three years beyond 
 that age.) 
 
 ' Not far beyond the age of innocence, 
 Just near, about the number of years three, 
 Whether 'twere caused through heavenly influence, 
 
 32
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 33 
 
 Of God's intent, or other casualty, 
 I cannot say ; but out of my country 
 By their advice who had of me the cure l 
 By sea to pass, I took my a venture."* 
 
 Now we have an account of the storm and the 
 capture : 
 
 " Upon the waves we weltered to and fro, 
 Unfortunate on that unhappy day, 
 In spite of us, whether, we would or no 
 With strong hand, as by force, in short to say, 
 By enemies were seized and led away, 
 The whole of us, and brought to their countree, 
 Thus fortune shaped no other way to be." 
 
 The description of his captivity is somewhat mis- 
 leading. It refers evidently to the later years, when he 
 was guarded with extra strictness hi the Maiden's 
 Tower at Windsor Castle. But the verses give the 
 impression that all the eighteen years were spent 
 in " an abandonment of sorrow, with no comfort left," 
 which we know was by no means the case, the early 
 years of his imprisonment having been made as 
 pleasant as possible under the circumstances. 
 
 " Where that in straight ward, and in strong prison 
 So far forth, of my life the heavy line 
 No comfort left, to sorrow abandon, 
 The second sister willed my fate to twine 
 Nearly the period of years twice nine, 
 Till Jupiter his mercy did advert 
 And sent me comfort to relieve my smert. 3 
 
 " Despairing of all joy and remedy, 
 A-weary of my thoughts, and woe begone 
 Unto the window did I walk in hye * 
 To see the world and people walking by, 
 As at the time, though I of cheering food 
 Might have naught else, it did me good. 
 
 1 Care. * Voyage. 
 
 3 Affliction. * Haste.
 
 34 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 " Now there was made fast by the Tower wall 
 A garden fair, and in the corners set 
 A herbere green, with wands so long and small 
 Railed all about, and so with trees close set 
 Was all the place, and hawthorn hedges knit 
 
 " The livelong days and nights so dreary eke 
 I would bewail my fortune in thus wise, 
 For which against distress relief to seek. 
 My custom was on mornings to arise 
 Early as day ; oh ! happy exercise ! 
 By which I came to joy out of torment ! 
 But now to purpose of my first intent." 
 
 In the following verses we have a vivid picture of the 
 royal prisoner looking out of his window on to the 
 garden, of which there is a pretty description : 
 
 " Bewailing in my chamber thus alone 
 That none, though he were near walking by 
 Might there within scarce anyone espy 
 So thick the branches, and the leafage green, 
 Beshaded all the alleys that there were, 
 And midst of every herbere might be seen, 
 The sharp and green sweet-scented juniper. 
 
 <" And on the slender green-leaved branches sat 
 The little joyous nightingales, and sang 
 So loud and clear, the carols consecrat 
 To faithful love, now soft, now loud among 
 That all the walls and all the garden rang 
 Right of their song." 
 
 Then follows the Song of the Nightingales, which 
 space forbids us to quote, and the prince's meditations 
 on the subject of love. He sums up his reflections 
 by praying the god Cupid to " enable him to join his 
 service digne, l and evermore to make him one of those 
 who serve him faithfully in weal or woe." 
 
 We are now introduced to the fair Lady Joan 
 Beaufort, the source of the poet's inspiration. 
 
 Worthy.
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 35 
 
 Picture a beautiful young girl, tall and graceful 
 and richly attired, as became her high rank, gathering 
 flowers amongst the " green sweet-scented junipers " 
 while the dew is yet on the grass. She is attended by 
 a young hand-maiden, her little dog races round her, 
 with bells merrily jangling, and she culls the flowers 
 on this fresh summer's morning totally unconscious 
 that admiring eyes are watching her from the grim 
 Tower that overlooks the garden. 
 
 It is a pretty picture : 
 
 " And therewith cast I down my eyes again, 
 And walking, as I saw, beneath the tower 
 Full secretly new coming her to playne 1 
 The fairest and the freshest youthful flower 
 That e'er I saw, methought, before that hour 
 For which surprise so sudden, did astert a 
 The blood of all my body to my herte. 
 
 ' ' Then in my head I drew right hastily 
 And presently I leaned it out again 
 And saw her walk, so very womanly 
 With no one more, but only women twaine, 
 Then did I study in myself and seyne 
 Ha ! sweetest ! are you sure a worldly creature, 
 Or truly heavenly thing in form of nature ? 
 
 " Of her array the form if I should write 
 To wit, her golden hair and rich attire 
 In fretwise trimmed, and set with pearls so white 
 And balas rubies sparkling as the fire 
 With many an emerald and fair sapphire 
 And on her head a chaplet fresh of hue 
 Of plumes, part coloured, red, white, and blue. 
 
 '' In her was beauty, youth, and humble port 
 And bounty, riches, womanly facture 3 
 God better wot than pen of mine report 
 
 1 Play. Start. 3 Mien.
 
 36 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Wisdom, largess, estate, discretion sure 
 
 In every point so guided her mesure * 
 
 In word, in deed, in shape, in countenance, 
 
 That nature could no more her child advance." 
 
 The vision of this beautiful girl makes an immediate 
 and lasting impression on the heart of the captive. 
 Clearly it is a case of love at first sight ! Inwardly he 
 addresses the wonderful maiden : 
 
 " If you a goddess be, and if you like 
 To cause me pain, I may not it astart 2 
 If you be worldly wight, that makes me sike (sigh) 
 Why did God make you so my dearest heart 
 To cause a hapless prisoner this smart 
 Who loves you all, and nothing knows but woe ? 
 And therefore mercy sweet ! since it is so ! " 
 
 His eyes eagerly follow the maiden as she walks 
 under the " sweet green branches " of the juniper trees. 
 When she departs, darkness comes over his soul. 
 A feeling of utter helplessness and despair overwhelms 
 him. He realizes with bitterness that he is cut off 
 from all the joys of life that other men enjoy, and to 
 which he is entitled by virtue of his youth : 
 
 "And after she had walked a little thaw 8 
 Under the shady sweet green branches bent, 
 Her fair fresh face, as white as any snaw, * 
 She turned aside, and forth her way she went 
 And then began my sickness and torment 
 To see her part, and follow not I might, 
 Methought the day converted into night. 
 
 '.' So sore, thus sighed I with myself alone, 
 That all my strength is turned to feebleness, 
 My weal to woe, my friends all into fone. 5 
 My life to death, my light into darkness, 
 My hope to fear, to doubt my sikerness 6 
 Since she is gone, and may God her convoy 
 That me may guide to torment or to joy." 
 
 1 Conduct. 8 Escape. * While. 4 Snow. B Foes. 8 Faith.
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 37 
 
 Sorrow lulls him to sleep and a strange vision 
 comes to him : 
 
 " So until eve, for lack of might and mind 
 I sore complained and wept eke piteously. 
 By sorrow so upset were heart and mind 
 That to the chilly stone my head awry 
 I laid and leaned, perplexed verily 
 Half sleeping and half swooning, in such wise 
 That what I dreamt I will now you advise." 
 
 A dazzling light suddenly fills the room. The 
 King is " caught in a cloud of crystal clear and fair " ; 
 he feels as if he were ascending into space. Presently 
 he finds himself on one of the planets, it is to be 
 presumed, for he is in some celestial sphere under the 
 empire of the goddess Venus. He is in a large chamber, 
 " roomy and fair," filled with people who have all 
 come through diverse experiences in love. Lovers 
 of all classes and nationalities are gathered there, 
 and seated on a chair of state in their midst is the god 
 of love himself, blind Cupid, with a green chaplet 
 about his yellow locks and a bent bow in his hand. 
 Venus, too, is present, reclining on her couch, " a 
 mantle cast across her shoulders white," a wreath of 
 red roses in her streaming hair. The King approaches 
 the goddess as a humble suppliant. He beseeches her 
 to have pity on him : 
 
 " Ye know the cause of all my troubles' smart 
 Better than I, and all my adventure 
 Ye can conduct, and as you choose, convert 
 The hardest heart formed ever by nature 
 Since wholly in your power lies my cure." 
 
 Venus speaks to him words of gentle encouragement ; 
 then she sends him to Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. 
 
 4 (3013)
 
 38 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 " See that her behests thou well conserve " are her 
 parting words. 
 
 " And straight into the presence suddenly 
 Of Dame Minerva, mild and grave goddess 
 Good hope, my guide, conveyed me readily 
 To whom anon, with proper humbleness 
 My visit and its cause I did express." 
 
 Minerva gives the love-sick King a long and solemn 
 harangue. Her words are more like those of a Christian 
 Saint than a pagan Goddess. She takes pains to 
 assure herself that James' passion is of the purest and 
 most chivalrous kind before she promises him her 
 help. Re-assured on this point, she dismisses him with 
 words of hearty encouragement, urging him to commit 
 himself in trust to God's Providence. 
 
 " Take Him the first in all thy governance 
 Who in His Hand the fate has of you all, 
 And pray that His directing Providence 
 Thy love may guide, and on Him trust and call." 
 
 His spirit descends to earth. He finds himself in a 
 great " verdant plain alongside a purling stream." 
 He is guided to the goddess Fortune, who dwells in a 
 " walled-in round apartment." He finds her seated 
 before a great wheel. Below the wheel yawns a deep 
 pit. 
 
 He sees a number of people trying to climb on to the 
 wheel. It seems a difficult matter to accomplish, and 
 while a few succeed, many fall headlong into the pit 
 below. Fortune summons James by name to her side. 
 On his knees, " all abashed," he confesses to her his 
 love. " Help o' your grace, me woeful wretched wight " 
 he implores the fickle goddess, " Since me to cure you 
 power have and might." She bids him climb on
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 39 
 
 to her wheel. " Now hold thy grip," quoth she, 
 " Example take from them before, that from my 
 wheel have tumbled like a ball." 
 
 Just as he climbs on to the wheel, not without 
 misgivings, he awakes. 
 
 The conclusion of the poem is somewhat ambiguous. 
 Was a real message conveyed to the King from his 
 lady-love by the turtle-dove ? Did the " red gilly- 
 flowers " conceal a " billet " from her or is it all 
 merely a poetic phantasy on the part of the writer ? 
 We would wish the finale of the pretty idyll were not 
 so obscure. 
 
 " In haste unto the window I did walk, 
 Moving within my spirit of this sight 
 Where quick a turtle-dove, as white as chalk 
 So evenly upon my hand did light 
 And unto me she turned herself full right 
 This friendly bird right in her bill did hold 
 Red gilly flowers, with their stalks so green 
 A goodly branch, where written was with gold 
 On every list, with flourishes I ween, 
 Proportioned fair, full pleasant to be seen. 
 A sentence plain : 
 
 Awake I awake ! I bring, lover, I bring 
 Glad news to thee, which blissful be and sure, 
 For thy relief, now laugh and play and sing, 
 Thou art so near a happy aventure." 1 
 
 The conclusion is more explicit, and points to the 
 poem having been written in Scotland after James 
 had been happily wedded and crowned : 
 
 " To my freedom come I am again 
 To bless with her who is my sovereign. 
 Unworthy lo 1 but only of her grace 
 In bond of love, that easy is and sure 
 In recompense of my affection's space, 
 She hath me taken, her sincere creature." 
 1 Event.
 
 40 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 All ends happily with marriage bells. The lovers 
 were wedded on February llth, 1423, at the beautiful 
 Church of St. Mary Overy, Southwark, which had 
 then but recently been rebuilt after a devastating fire. 
 The restoration was mainly due to the efforts of John 
 Gower, the poet, and Cardinal Beaufort, Bishop of 
 Winchester, uncle of James' bride. The Church of 
 St. Mary Overy (Over the Ferry) at present known as 
 St. Saviour's, Southwark, is one of the most interesting 
 edifices in London. From both an architectural and 
 historical point of view it is well worth a visit. There 
 may be seen a monument to the poet Gower, who was 
 such a benefactor to the church in the beginning of the 
 fifteenth century. The arms of the Beauforts and the 
 Cardinal's hat over one of the doorways, remind us, 
 too, of the Bishop of Winchester's munificence. 
 
 No details have come down to us about the wedding 
 of James and Joan we only have the bare record in 
 The Chronicles of London. 
 
 " Anno. 1423. 2 Hen : VI. This same yere in the month 
 of Feverer, Sire Jamys Styward, Kyng of Scottes spoused dame 
 Johanne, the duchesses daughter of Clarence of hir first 
 housebonde, the Erie of Somerset, at seynt Mary Overe." 
 
 Cardinal Beaufort, assisted by Henry Warkworth, 
 Prior of St. Mary's, performed the nuptial ceremony. 
 The service over, a magnificent banquet followed in 
 Winchester Palace, the Cardinal's residence, which 
 adjoined the Church. It may be assumed that a 
 number of guests and relations were present at the 
 wedding. 
 
 The bride came from one of the noblest families in 
 England, and was allied on both sides to the Royal
 
 THE KING'S QUAIR 41 
 
 family of England. Her father, John Beaufort, Earl 
 of Somerset, was the son of John of Gaunt. Her mother 
 was a daughter of the Earl of Kent, a brother of Richard 
 II. So the wedding was one of considerable importance 
 and the romantic circumstances that preceded it added 
 to its interest. 
 
 By this time all arrangements for the King's libera- 
 tion had been made he was free to return to his 
 native land with his bride as soon as he liked. 
 
 Baker the Chronicler writes : 
 
 " The Protector ransomed and enlarged the young King of 
 Scots, James the First (who had been kept prisoner by the 
 space of eighteen years) which he did out of opinion, that 
 he might withdraw the Scots out of France, taking homage 
 and fealty of him for the Crown of Scotland in these words : 
 ' I, James Stuart, King of Scots, shall be true and faithful to 
 you, Lord Henry, King of England and France, the superior 
 Lord of Scotland, and to you I make my fidelity for the said 
 Kingdom, which I hold and claim of you, and shall do you 
 service for the same. So God help me and these holy 
 Evangelists.' And therewithal, with consent of all the 
 nobility, the Protector gave him to wife Jane, daughter of 
 the deceased Duke of Somerset, and cousin german to the King, 
 with a large dowry, and married them at St. Mary Overies, 
 South wark." 
 
 The ransom demanded by the Protector was an 
 exorbitant one, amounting to 40,000. Hostages 
 were sent from Scotland till the ransom could be 
 fully paid. Some of them lingered in captivity for 
 over thirty years. 
 
 In March the royal bride and bridegroom set out 
 for their home and kingdom. An old chronicler gives 
 us the following account : 
 
 " The mother of Joan, 1 her uncles, and other relations 
 
 1 The duchess of Clarence " en secondes nocei."
 
 42 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 showered presents on her of plate, jewels, gold, and silver, 
 rich furniture, cloths of arras, such as had at that time not been 
 seen in Scotland, and amongst other gorgeous ornaments a 
 suit of hangings in which the labours of Hercules were most 
 curiously wrought. And being thus furnished of all things 
 fit for her estate, her two uncles, the Cardinal and the Duke 
 of Exeter, and divers other noblemen and ladies, accompanied 
 her and King James her husband into his own kingdom of 
 Scotland, where they were received of his subjects with all 
 joy and gladness." 
 
 At Durham a number of Scotch nobles, representing 
 the chief houses in Scotland, met the royal party and 
 escorted them over the border. The Coronation of 
 James I took place at Scone on May 21st, 1423. The 
 Bishop of St. Andrews performed the ceremony. 
 All the great lords of Scotland were present. It fell 
 to the lot of the Regent Murdoch, to set the King upon 
 his throne. Amid much feasting and rejoicing James, 
 the third of the House of Stuart, came at last unto 
 his own.
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 
 
 LLINLITHGOW Castle The birth of Margaret Stuart The 
 children of James I The talents of James I The lawless 
 condition of Scotland The King's summary dealings 
 with the Chieftains Laws passed in the reign of James I 
 The cruelty of a Highland Chief The Mission of Aeneas 
 Piccolomini His impressions of Scotland. 
 
 " Of all the palaces so fair 
 
 Built for the royal dwelling 
 In Scotland, far beyond compare 
 Llinlithgow is excelling." 
 
 THE Castle of Llinlithgow has been well described as 
 " the Windsor of Scotland." Washed on three sides 
 by the waters of the " lake of the broad hollow," 1 
 and commanding a romantic view of the distant hills, 
 its situation is eminently picturesque. In the fifteenth 
 century Llinlithgow must have been one of the most 
 imposing royal castles in Scotland. The ruins of the 
 great Palace speak eloquently of its former glories and 
 splendours. 
 
 Originally one of the great strongholds of Scotland 
 Edward I of England converted it into a " Palace of 
 Plesance " and it became from that time a favourite 
 residence of the Scotch monarchs. Here James I 
 brought his beautiful English bride, and here they 
 spent many happy years together. 
 
 The marriage of James and Joan proved a singularly 
 happy one. The romantic love of early days lasted 
 
 1 Such is the meaning of Llinlithgow. 
 
 43
 
 44 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 throughout the thirteen years of their wedded life ; 
 and the King remained ever the devoted lover and 
 slave of his beautiful Queen. Conjugal fidelity was 
 so rare a thing in those days that men marvelled at 
 James' unswerving loyalty to his wife. 
 
 Joan, besides being gifted with beauty and charm, 
 must have been a woman of strong character to have 
 retained such an influence over her husband. For 
 James I was far from being a weak man, or one who 
 was easily led ; on the contrary he was endowed with 
 exceptional force of character, and the Queen must 
 have been a woman of uncommon ability to have 
 guided and controlled him as she undoubtedly did. 
 
 Within a year of their marriage a daughter was 
 born to the royal pair, who received the name of 
 Margaret, a name which is revered in Scotland from 
 its associations with the saintly Queen. It is possible 
 that there was a certain amount of disappointment 
 about the non-appearance of a son and heir. The 
 first-born of a reigning sovereign is always expected 
 to be a son. In the case of James and Joan, it was 
 not till six years after the birth of Margaret that 
 their twin sons, Alexander and James, arrived. 
 
 In all seven children were born to the King and 
 Queen of Scots : Margaret, who became the wife of 
 the Dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. 
 
 Isabel, who married the Due de Bretagne. 
 
 Jean, who married the Earl of Morton. 
 
 Eleanour, who married an Austrian Duke. 
 
 Annabella, who married the Earl of Huntly. 
 
 Alexander, who died in infancy. 
 
 James, who became afterwards James II.
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 45 
 
 The King and Queen were devoted parents, and their 
 children grew up in an atmosphere of domestic love and 
 unity such as were rarely seen in those wild days. 
 
 The Court divided its time between Stirling Castle, 
 Holyrood Palace, and Llinlithgow. At Holyrood 
 many of the royal children were born. 
 
 Stirling Castle is full of memories of James I. The 
 remains of the ancient pleasure gardens are still to be 
 seen, where James and his courtiers used to disport 
 themselves with all kinds of pastimes. 
 
 There still exists a curious mound, known as the 
 King's Knot, said to have been erected by James for 
 the purpose of some game. In the tourney ground at 
 Stirling the athletic King would often tilt a lance with 
 his nobles ; on the tennis court he would frequently 
 indulge in his favourite game at which he was a noted 
 expert. James was one of those who succeed in doing 
 most things well. He did everything in a swift, 
 vigorous fashion of his own. He walked at such a 
 rapid pace that men said " he had wings to his feet." 
 He excelled in the arts of horsemanship and archery ; 
 and he was skilled in all kinds of warlike exercises. 
 
 Besides all this, he followed many indoor pursuits, 
 among which were music and miniature painting. His 
 musical gifts were of no mean order ; he had a fine bass 
 voice, and he could play on several musical instruments 
 with proficiency. We have seen that he was a poet 
 and a lover of les belles lettres. Under the tall mantel- 
 piece in the great Hall at Llinlithgow, by the piled 
 logs in the huge fireplace, the King would recite verses 
 or read romances aloud in the long winter evenings 
 to his courtiers.
 
 46 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 The cultured little Court of James I was as an 
 oasis in the desert in the midst of " Ecosse le 
 Sauvage." The King was careful to give his children 
 all possible educational advantages. 
 
 Brought up as they were in such an intellectual 
 atmosphere, they learnt to delight in music and 
 literature. Margaret in particular inherited her 
 father's taste for poetry and in after life she became 
 the author of many graceful poems. Isabel, too, seems 
 to have been facile with her pen. 
 
 The little princes and princesses were by no means 
 brought up luxuriously under their father's roof. 
 Scotland was a poor country and the difficulties of trans- 
 port were so great that there was little or no trade with 
 other countries ; the people had perforce to be satisfied 
 with the barest necessities of life, and the Court 
 followed the general Spartan mode of living. 
 
 When James came to his own in 1423, he was 
 not totally unprepared for the troubles and difficulties 
 which met him. Accounts of the turbulence and 
 lawlessness of the nobles had reached him from time 
 to time, and upon taking up the reins of government 
 he realized that the task before him was no easy one. 
 He knew that the kingdom was in a state of utter 
 confusion, that every man's hand was against his 
 neighbour, that there was no cohesion, no central 
 government, no efficacy. He realized that owing to 
 all this disorder, Scotland had not progressed, and that 
 while other countries had advanced, she remained 
 still in a semi-civilized state. 
 
 He arrived in the kingdom full of schemes for bettering 
 the condition of his people. His intimate acquaintance
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 47 
 
 with England had given him some knowledge of 
 constitutional government, and he was determined 
 to bring law and order into his distracted country. 
 " If God gives me but a dog's life," he declared, " I 
 will make the key keep the castle and the bracken 
 bush the cow throughout Scotland." One purpose 
 he had in view, viz. : to crush the rapine and violence 
 of the nobles. This had to be effected before any 
 schemes for reform could be entered upon. To this 
 end he lost no time in summoning his first Parliament 
 to meet at Perth five days after his Coronation (May 
 26th, 1424). The assembly met in the great Hall of 
 the Blackfriars' Monastery. No doubt there was a 
 good deal of curiosity and speculation regarding the 
 new monarch. For eighteen long years he had been 
 but a mythical figure to the Scotch people. Now he 
 appeared among them as a strong, active young man 
 of thirty broad and athletic in build, brimming over 
 with energy and vigour, decision and determination 
 stamped on every feature of his countenance. Quickly 
 and clearly he unfolded his intentions to his Parliament. 
 He frankly told them that his policy first and foremost 
 would be to repress the lawlessness of the nobles with 
 a stern hand. This must be done, he declared, before 
 any administrative measures could be passed. A 
 committee was formed to carry out this policy. For 
 ten months the reformers bided their time. Parliament 
 was summoned to meet at Stirling in March, 1425, 
 in the Hall of the castle. Then James ordered the 
 arrest of the ex-Regent Murdoch, his two sons, and the 
 Earl of Lennox. They were thrown into prison, and 
 their possessions were seized by the Crown. After
 
 48 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 being tried by their peers at a special Court, they were 
 condemned to death for abusing the King's authority. 
 They were all beheaded two months later on the summit 
 of Heading Hill, beyond the walls of Stirling Castle. 
 
 After crushing the power of many of the Lowland 
 chiefs, James turned his attention to some of the 
 Highland nobles. The story is well known how he 
 ordered Parliament to meet at Inverness, and sum- 
 moned the chieftains to repair thither. In complete 
 ignorance of their impending danger they obeyed their 
 sovereign's behests. Fifty of them were perfidiously 
 seized ; of these some were put to death and others 
 were thrown into prison. 
 
 James is the reputed author of the following verse 
 which alludes to these events : 
 
 " To the tower strong 
 Lead them cannily along, 
 By Christ that suffered wrong, 
 They deserve not to live long." 
 
 One of the most troublesome of the chiefs was 
 Alastair Macdonald, Lord of the Isles. After repeated 
 offences he submitted himself unreservedly to the 
 King's pleasure, offering the hilt of his sword to James 
 in token of his complete submission. Owing to the 
 earnest intercession of Queen Joan, the King spared 
 the proud chief's life, but kept him a prisoner in his 
 castle in East Lothian. The drastic methods of the 
 King were not successful in suppressing the refractory 
 nobles. One by one the chiefs rose in rebellion, and 
 barely had one insurrection been suppressed, than 
 another sprung up. Throughout his reign James 
 was at constant war with the chieftains of the various 
 clans.
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 49 
 
 " His mistaken policy was to meet feudal tyranny 
 with monarchical tyranny," says one historian and it 
 is certain that the violent and treacherous means he 
 employed to subdue the nobles only made him deadly 
 enemies, and rendered his position one of great 
 insecurity. 
 
 He had little time or leisure for turning his attention 
 to the administration of the country. It is wonderful 
 how much he did in this direction, seeing that he was 
 engaged throughout his reign in perpetual warfare. 
 A number of excellent measures were passed in his 
 reign all duly ratified by Parliament. Laws were 
 made making private wars illegal, and forbidding per- 
 sons to travel with large companies of armed retainers. 
 Hitherto the nobles had been accustomed to plunder 
 the Customs ; this was now put down with the result 
 that the revenue from the Customs increased by leaps 
 and bounds. Proprietors were obliged to show 
 charters of their property to the King if he so desired. 
 Such measures were obviously aimed at limiting the 
 powers of the nobles, and it can be well imagined that 
 the King was by no means popular among them. 
 Many other useful reforms of minor importance were 
 introduced. A close time, lasting for three years, was 
 ordered in the salmon rivers, for the preservation of 
 the fish. Deer poachers were heavily fined. A 
 sumptuary law was passed forbidding persons with an 
 income of less than 300 crowns to wear silk, or martin's 
 fur. Sanitary measures were passed for persons 
 afflicted with leprosy, and several useful commercial 
 regulations were made. 
 
 A skilful archer himself, James was very desirous
 
 50 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 that archery should be more warmly taken up than it 
 was in Scotland. He felt strongly that this was an 
 , all-important matter in the cause of national defence. 
 He passed a law prohibiting the game of football (very 
 popular then in Scotland) and strongly recommending 
 the practice of archery in its place. In order to 
 stimulate the zeal of the Scots for the noble art of 
 archery, James wrote a humorous poem called 
 " Christ's Kirk on the Green," in which he describes 
 the modes of merry-making then prevalent in the 
 country. In this poem he twits his subjects for their 
 want of skill in the use of the bow and arrow. His 
 evident purpose is to sting them into action by a little 
 good-humoured raillery on the subject. 
 
 In those lawless days King James stood out as the 
 definite champion of the poor and the oppressed, and 
 " under his rule," says Bower the historian, " the 
 people dwelt free from plunderers." When a case of 
 robbery or oppression was brought before his notice, 
 he meted out drastic punishment to the offender. 
 A poor widow had been despoiled of her goods by a 
 member of the Macdonald clan. In her anger she 
 declared she would go and seek redress from the King 
 at Edinburgh. " By all means," said her oppressor, 
 " and that you may perform the journey all the better 
 I will have you shod." Shoes were nailed by a 
 smith on to her feet by order of the barbarous chief. 
 
 When her wounds were healed the brave woman set 
 off for Edinburgh, and throwing herself at the feet 
 of James, poured out to him the story of her wrongs. 
 The King, full of righteous indignation, wreaked his 
 vengeance on Macdonald and his followers in an
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 51 
 
 equally barbarous manner. He had them seized, and 
 their feet shod with iron shoes. After being publicly 
 exhibited for several days, the wretched men were 
 put to death. 
 
 The public life of King James was full of cares and 
 anxieties. In Sir Arthur Phelps' play, " Catherine 
 Douglas," the following lines aptly describe the toils 
 of this much harassed King. 
 
 " But think what cares, what toils, what harassments 
 By night and day beset him; lawlessness 
 His mortal foe, pervading everywhere. 
 He is the man who'll give his time, his thought, his life, 
 And what is more, all joy in life, 
 And ask from heaven no other recompense 
 But that his humblest subject might have justice." 
 
 We cannot but feel sympathy for James in his 
 difficult task of ruling such a turbulent and half- 
 civilized people as the Scots. He found himself 
 among men who did not care a fig for the arts of civiliza- 
 tion, and who were for the most part utterly ignorant 
 and illiterate. Like the people of the Dark Ages they 
 lived by the sword and for the sword and they must 
 have been thoroughly uncongenial to James, who was 
 a man of exceptional culture with a great love for all 
 peaceful pursuits. 
 
 From the pen of Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini after- 
 wards Pope Pius II we have a graphic description of 
 Scotland, as seen by him in the year 1435. Aeneas 
 Sylvius is an interesting figure of the fifteenth century. 
 A scion of the noble Italian house of Piccolomini, he 
 abandoned the profession of law to which he was 
 destined for the more congenial study of literature. 
 The spirit of the early Renaissance was strong in him and
 
 52 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 his brilliant gifts soon brought him into notice. He 
 easily obtained several secretarial posts, and in 1435 
 his master, the Cardinal of Santa Croche, dispatched 
 him on a delicate and difficult mission to James I 
 of Scotland. 
 
 The pretext of the mission was to come to some 
 agreement about the release of a certain prelate ; 
 its real purport was to urge James to attack the 
 English, and by dividing their forces, compel them to 
 come to terms with France. 
 
 A journey from Italy to Scotland in those days was 
 no light undertaking. The perils by land, and especially 
 by sea, were considerable, and Aeneas had to risk 
 the chance of being taken up as a spy in England. 
 He arrived safely at Dover, from where he travelled 
 to London. In his account we read that " he was 
 pleased with the sight of London, and Paul's high fane, 
 and the marvellous royal tombs (at Westminster), 
 and the Thames, which seems to run more swiftly up 
 than down ; and the bridge which is a town of itself ; 
 and the village in which some say that men are born 
 with tails ; and most noteworthy of all, the golden 
 mausoleum of St. Thomas of Canterbury, all besprent 
 with diamonds, pearls, and carbuncles." 
 
 Evidently his foreign appearance created suspicion 
 in England, and he was not allowed to proceed further 
 on his journey. He was obliged to return to the 
 Continent and to take another route. In the depths 
 of winter he embarked at the port of Sluys for Scotland. 
 He and his fellow-travellers had a terrible time in the 
 North Sea. A fearful storm nearly overwhelmed them, 
 and their ships all but foundered. In the hour of their
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 53 
 
 extreme peril the terrified passengers registered all man- 
 ners of vows and made all kinds of resolutions. Aeneas 
 vowed to make a pilgrimage barefoot to the nearest 
 shrine on landing. The storm increased in fury, and 
 all on board gave themselves up for lost. Prayers 
 and vows seemed to be futile in the teeth of such 
 raging winds and mountainous seas. Even the 
 skipper, we are told, left off praying. For days they 
 were tossed helplessly about on the ocean. At last, 
 just as they were sighting the coast of Norway, the 
 wind turned. After an awful voyage of twelve 
 days they landed safely at Dunbar, on the east coast 
 of Scotland. 
 
 The shrine nearest to their landing place was the 
 Chapel of Our Lady of the White Kirk in Haddington- 
 shire. Thither Aeneas journeyed on foot with his 
 servants to fulfil his solemn vows. The land lay in 
 the grip of a hard winter, and the ground was frozen. 
 The future Pope was barefoot, and his sufferings 
 were so intense that after he had performed his 
 pilgrimage, his servants had to cany him back. 
 
 When all of the party had recovered from their 
 terrible experiences, they proceeded to Edinburgh, 
 where the King gave them a cordial reception. Aeneas, 
 in describing the interview, declares " that he obtained 
 from the King everything for which he had come 
 begging." 
 
 It is true that the Italian may have obtained some 
 concessions from James with regard to some ecclesias- 
 tical affairs of minor importance ; but in the main 
 purpose of his mission we know he was not successful, 
 for James refused to entertain the idea of attacking 
 
 5 (2013)
 
 54 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 England at that juncture. The Scotch King was 
 extremely polite to Aeneas and presented him with a 
 valuable pearl, fifty nobles, and a pair of fine horses as 
 parting gifts. 
 
 Pinturicchio's fresco at Sienna, depicting the audience 
 between James and the future Pope, is an entirely 
 fanciful portrayal of the subject. James is represented 
 as a venerable old man with a long white beard 
 whereas he was at that time in the prime of life, being 
 only forty-two. 
 
 Aeneas would not contemplate the thought of another 
 voyage on the North Sea, and he risked travelling 
 through England disguised as an Italian merchant 
 rather than face the terrors of another sea journey. 
 He relates an amusing adventure he met with at a 
 wayside inn on the Border. 
 
 He had ordered supper to be prepared, and a repast 
 consisting of a fowl, a goose, and some vegetables 
 was set before him. When he asked for wine and 
 bread, his host looked very much perplexed. How 
 could he obtain such unusual delicacies for his fastidious 
 guest ? Eventually they were obtained from a 
 neighbouring monastery. The news spread abroad, 
 and the village women crowded into the inn to see 
 this stranger of such curious tastes : " Was he an 
 Ethiopian or an Indian ? " they asked, " Or might 
 he be the Lord Himself since he asked for bread and 
 wine ? " 
 
 Aeneas visited Durham and York on his way back to 
 Italy. ' York Minster is a marvel," he says, " a church 
 full of light, for the walls are of glass held together by 
 slender pillars.
 
 THE COURT OF JAMES I 55 
 
 The Italian's impressions of Scotland are extremely 
 gloomy. Accustomed as he was to the sunny climes 
 of Italy, his experiences in the grey frost-bound 
 Northern land, with its bleak forests and snowy 
 mountains, were too painful for him to take anything 
 but a most pessimistic view of the country and its 
 inhabitants. 
 
 " It is a cold land," he writes, " not very productive 
 and a great part of it is covered in pine forests. There 
 is a subterraneous rock there of a sulphurous nature, 
 which the Scots dig out, and use as fuel. The cities 
 are undefended by walls, the houses are for the most 
 part put together without cement, the roofs are of 
 turf . . . The people are poor and rough ; there 
 is plenty of meat and fish for them, which they devour 
 voraciously ; the men are little, but bold ; the women 
 fair and comely, but licentious . . . Women kiss 
 one another very rarely here, less often than they 
 shake hands in Italy. Wine is neither produced 
 nor imported. The horses are small, quiet beasts, 
 and they are neither shod, combed, nor bridled. The 
 people export hides, wool, salt fish, and pearls to 
 Flanders. There are only three or four hours of 
 daylight in Scotland. There is no wood in this naked 
 region ..." 
 
 He describes how he saw beggars, half naked, at 
 the church doors, receiving stones 1 for alms and going 
 away quite pleased with their gift. " This stone," 
 he goes on to say, " owing to its sulphurous or other 
 fat substances contained in it burns, and replaces 
 wood, which is lacking in this country." He was 
 
 1 Coal.
 
 56 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 anxious to see the tree which bred solan geese but it 
 was too far north for him to see. He praises the 
 loveliness of the blue-eyed women, but he is horrified 
 at the scant clothing of the men. " The King is a 
 square built man, and too fat," is his brief description 
 of James I, and we could wish that the Italian had given 
 us a more detailed account of the Scotch Court and 
 its monarch.
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 
 
 DESPERATE condition of Charles VII First embassy to Scot- 
 land Alan Chartier His oration The Treaty of Perth 
 Rumours of a rapprochement between Scotland and 
 England Second embassy to France Third embassy to 
 France Their perilous journey Negotiations about the 
 marriage Farewell banquet at Perth The King and the 
 Commissioners exchange gifts The departure of Margaret 
 of Scotland. 
 
 BEFORE the coming of Joan of Arc the fortunes of 
 King Charles VII were at their lowest ebb. The 
 English, under the Duke of Bedford, were laying siege 
 to Orleans ; in 1427 there seemed every likelihood 
 of their taking the city, and pursuing their victorious 
 way through the provinces hi the South. 
 
 Charles was powerless to offer any effective resis- 
 tance owing to the completely exhausted state of his 
 Treasury. Money and arms were absolutely essential 
 for the preservation of the small part of the kingdom 
 that remained to him. In his despair he turned to 
 his old friends, the Scots, for aid. In the winter of 
 1427 he despatched an embassy to James I of Scotland. 
 The object of this mission was threefold : 
 
 1. To bring about a renewal of the alliance between 
 the two countries. 
 
 2. To solicit military aid for France in her present 
 distress. 
 
 3. To demand the hand of the King of Scotland's 
 eldest daughter for the Dauphin, and thus cement the 
 entente between the two nations. 
 
 57
 
 58 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Louis, the Dauphin, was at that time a boy of 
 five. The question of his marriage had been a burning 
 one almost from the day of his birth. His father 
 aimed at an alliance which would bring France the 
 greatest political advantages. He approached the 
 Duke of Savoy and the King of Castile on the subject 
 but his advances were coldly received. In the face 
 of the disasters that were overwhelming France, the 
 Dauphin was by no means a desirable bridegroom for 
 any princess. No European sovereign would willingly 
 send his daughter to a country which was speedily 
 crumbling to pieces. A matrimonial alliance with Scot- 
 land was Charles' last hope. He was very careful in 
 the selection of the ambassadors who were to plead his 
 cause with the Scotch King, for he wanted the case 
 to be presented in the most favourable and convincing 
 way. 
 
 Three men of high distinction were chosen for this 
 important office, viz. : John Stewart Darnley, Constable 
 of the Scots in France, Regnault de Chartres, Arch- 
 bishop of Rheims, and Maitre Alan Chartier, the 
 famous poet. 
 
 John Stewart Darnley, Lord of Aubigny and Evreux, 
 had rendered yeoman service to France. He was the 
 second son of the Regent Albany and in 1421 he had 
 left his native land " and his wife and children, that 
 he might remain in the service of France." He had 
 covered himself with glory in the battle of Baug6 and 
 in recognition of his deeds of valour Charles had 
 bestowed on him the seigneuries of Aubigny and 
 Evreux : " Eu perpetuelle m&noire de tant de 
 signals et importants services rendus par ledit Jean
 
 59 
 
 Stewart, connetable d'Escosse." " II a du tout mis 
 employe" et expose en grande heurte et diligence, lui 
 et tous ceux de sa compagnie, 1'espace de trois ans ou 
 environ, au bien de nous, audit royaume et de notre 
 seigneurie, en quoi il a eu et pris tres grande peine, 
 travaux, et labeurs." 
 
 Darnley had the proud distinction of having the 
 lilies of France quartered upon his shield, a privilege 
 which was granted to his descendants. 
 
 The Archbishop of Rheims was one of the most 
 distinguished prelates in France ; his dignified office 
 and bearing were calculated to impress the King of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Alan Chartier, one of the most gifted Frenchmen 
 of the fifteenth century, was selected for his powers 
 of eloquence and diplomacy. A few words about this 
 remarkable man may not be amiss. After a brilliant 
 career at the University of Paris he had entered 
 the service of Charles VII as financial secretary 
 and notary. In 1423 he had been despatched 
 on a diplomatic mission to Germany, which he had 
 conducted with marked tact and discretion. 
 
 Men of letters were often employed in diplomatic 
 work in the Middle Ages, for the simple reason that they 
 were ready with their tongues and pens. Diplomacy 
 in those days was not a profession by itself. Chartier 
 devoted all his spare time to literature ; his Breviaire 
 des Nobles was considered a standard work, and formed 
 part of the curriculum of every fashionable young man 
 of the day. Perhaps Le Livre des dames was his 
 best work ; this was inspired by the deeds of valour 
 wrought on the field of Agincourt.
 
 60 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 In thought and opinions Alan Chartier was far ahead 
 of his times. He was an original thinker and his 
 ideas were then regarded as somewhat heterodox. 
 Above all he was a fervent patriot. The shame 
 of the Treaty of Troyes nearly broke his heart. 
 " O temps de perdition et de malheur ! " he writes, 
 " contagion a jamais deplorable qui repand sur la 
 gloire d'un illustre royaume une tache d'infamie 
 telle que 1'histoire n'en contient pas de pareille depuis 
 1'e'tablissement de la monarchic ! " 
 
 From all accounts Chartier was an exceedingly 
 able orator. He is described by Octavien de St. Gelais 
 as : "A peerless clerk, and a magnificent orator," 
 while Jean Bouchet calls him " The father of French 
 Eloquence." 
 
 The mission set out for " Ecosse le Sauvage " in the 
 winter of 1427. The three ambassadors were attended 
 by a numerous retinue. The much dreaded journey 
 was safely accomplished, though it was slow and 
 tedious. The commissioners were received by the 
 King and Queen of Scotland at Llinlithgow Palace 
 with every mark of honour. 
 
 Alan Chartier was the spokesman of the party. 
 His oration in Latin, which has come down to us, 
 is a somewhat laboured affair, and by no means one 
 of his best works. 
 
 The preamble is wordy and diffuse : " Sire," he 
 addressed the King, " when I behold myself, when 
 I consider the narrowness of my understanding, the 
 paucity of my eloquence, the exiguity of my person, 
 how dare I raise my eyes to such majesty, in what 
 terms begin my speech, truly I know not ....
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 61 
 
 Distrusting my powers I would instantly forsake my 
 task, did not the thought of him that sent me, the 
 object of my mission, and your royal favour inspire 
 me with courage ... I have reflected how I might 
 best begin . . . and have found this mode of greeting 
 to be far above all others . . . Thus, in the name of 
 the Most Christian King of the French, your brother, 
 kinsman, and dear ally, I address your Serene Excel- 
 lence in the words of greeting used by the messenger 
 Ahimaaz, when he came to King David, and said 
 'Salve Rex.'' Then he proceeded to speak of his 
 master's desperate struggle with England, taking care 
 to make the most of France's recent small successes. 
 He urged with all the eloquence at his disposal the 
 advantages of a matrimonial alliance between the 
 royal families of France and Scotland. He dilated 
 with warmth on the ancient ties that had for so long 
 bound these two nations together. 
 
 " Remember the ancient alliance," he said, 
 " that alliance which has been handed down from one 
 generation to another, not graven indeed on parchment, 
 but on the living flesh of men ; inscribed, not in ink, but 
 in letters of blood." 
 
 His speech made an evident impression upon the 
 King. James had met the commissioners with the 
 full determination to refuse the French King's proposals 
 with regard to his daughter, but when the whole case 
 was put before him he regarded it in a more favourable 
 light. After some hesitation he consented that his 
 daughter should wed the heir to the throne of France, 
 and an agreement was signed to this effect at Perth on 
 July 17th, 1428, in the presence of the French
 
 62 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 ambassadors. The signatories of the Treaty were the 
 Bishop of Aberdeen, the Archdeacon of Lothian, and Sir 
 Patrick Ogilvy. By this Treaty the ancient alliance 
 between the two kingdoms was renewed. 
 It was arranged : 
 
 1. That Margaret Stewart, eldest daughter of the 
 King of Scots, should marry the Dauphin of France. 
 
 2. That she should go to France the following year. 
 
 3. That the King of Scots should furnish and 
 provide a suitable escort for her, which should include 
 an army of 6,000 men. 
 
 At the time of this Treaty the respective bride and 
 bridegroom did not number ten years between them, 
 but it was the usual custom to arrange matches between 
 royal infants still in their cradles. Louis the Dauphin 
 was a child of five, and Margaret of Scotland was only 
 four years old ; James consented to the engagement 
 in the hope that the little bride's departure might be 
 deferred for many a long year. Time and circum- 
 stances might indeed render the marriage unnecessary 
 after all. 
 
 Three months after the Treaty was signed James sent 
 an Embassy to the French King at Chinon, demanding 
 the county of Saintonge as part of the marriage 
 dowry. Charles ratified the Treaty of July, but he 
 was silent on the subject of Saintonge. This proved 
 a thorny point when negotiations were renewed later 
 on. 
 
 Time passed. With the coming of Joan of Arc 
 the tide turned in favour of the French. The whole 
 position of affairs was suddenly reversed. The Treaty 
 of 1428 seems to have sunk into oblivion, and the
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 63 
 
 Scotch auxilliary forces were no longer needed. Charles 
 was so pre-occupied with his own affairs, which had 
 taken such a wonderfully hopeful turn, that he let 
 the matter of his son's betrothal remain in abeyance, 
 and we have no doubt that King James was only too 
 happy to let matters drift for an indefinite period. 
 
 Five years went by before the subject was renewed. 
 Possibly it might have been abandoned altogether 
 had not James showed signs of coming to a rapproache- 
 ment with England in 1433. A match between one of 
 his daughters and Henry VI of England was even 
 talked of. When rumours of this reached the ears 
 of the French King, he immediately took fright. 
 
 An alliance between England and Scotland must 
 be frustrated at all costs : it would be a most dangerous 
 thing for France, such a situation was not to be con- 
 templated ! In hot haste he despatched a second 
 embassy to James. As before he was careful in the 
 selection of his ambassadors. The mission was 
 composed of the famous soldier La Hire (of Joan of 
 Arc fame), Arnault Girard, Governor of Rochelle, and 
 Pierre de St. Vallerien, a Canon of Notre Dame at Paris, 
 and a noted expert in medicine and astrology. 
 
 Charles charged them to convey many civil messages 
 to the Scotch King from him, and to say that though 
 the military aid promised in the Treaty of 1428 was 
 no longer desired, yet he was still eagerly awaiting 
 the arrival of his son's promised bride, and he hoped 
 the King would not delay any longer in sending the 
 Princess Margaret to France. James received the 
 commissioners coldly. " I am ready to fulfil my 
 engagements," he told them, " I will send armed
 
 64 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 assistance to France the instant it is desired. But my 
 daughter is yet of tender years (she was only nine) and 
 the weather is rude and wintry." He begged the 
 ambassadors to believe in his unswerving loyalty to 
 France, and declared that the rumours of his entering 
 into an alliance with England were absolutely false. 
 
 He wrote an autograph letter to the King of France 
 for the commissioners to take back with them. In 
 this he expressed fully his views upon the subject 
 of his daughter's marriage, stating the conditions he 
 insisted upon. For various reasons the ambassadors 
 were delayed on their return voyage and it was not 
 till August that Charles heard the result of their 
 mission. He was extremely dissatisfied with it, and 
 after reading the King's letter, he summoned his 
 Council to discuss the matter. It was evident that the 
 King of Scots was playing fast and loose with them 
 with regard to the marriage, and it was decided that 
 a third embassy should be sent without delay to 
 Edinburgh to insist upon the Princess being sent to 
 France without further procrastination. The three 
 ambassadors charged with this mission Renault 
 Girard, Maitre d'hotel to the King, Sir Hugh Kennedy, 
 and Maitre Aimery Martin, a lawyer of repute, were 
 given strict injunctions not to return without the Princess. 
 
 The mission was an arduous one fraught as it was 
 with diplomatic difficulties, and very real perils by sea 
 and by land. Regnault Girard was so loth to accept 
 it that he privately offered 400 crowns to anyone 
 who would take his place. He was not permitted, 
 however, to employ a substitute for the King had 
 picked him out for the work owing to his special
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 65 
 
 gifts of tact and diplomacy. Though the prospect 
 of the undertaking appalled him to such a degree that 
 he became positively ill he was obliged to go. They 
 embarked on November 14th, 1434, " not without 
 much sorrow and weeping," says Girard. For five 
 days they were driven in a westerly direction till they 
 reached the coast of Ireland, " where they were 
 sheltered by a very high and marvellous rock called 
 Ribon, which is the most westerly of all lands, and 
 wherein no living thing dwelleth." 
 
 The voyage lasted altogether fifty-six days, which 
 they passed, according to Girard, in " ure grande et 
 merveilleuse tourmente." On January 8th, 1435, 
 they landed safely at Dumbarton, from where they 
 travelled to Edinburgh. By the time they arrived at 
 the Scotch capital (January 25th), the nervous Girard 
 had completely recovered his spirits. They had 
 an audience with the King at Holyrood the day after 
 their arrival. Girard acted as spokesman, and he put 
 matters before the King in a very plausible and 
 convincing way. On behalf of his master, King 
 Charles, he offered humble and profuse apologies for 
 having let five years elapse since 1428 without sending 
 another embassy to the Court of King James. " This 
 was owing to no intentional lack of courtesy," he 
 explained, " but to the great difficulties of the voyage 
 and the want of means to defray so expensive a 
 journey. His master sincerely hoped that King James 
 had not taken offence at this neglect, and that he did 
 not impute it to any indifference on his part with regard 
 to the match. On the contrary, his master was more 
 eager than ever for the marriage, and he hoped it would
 
 66 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 take place as soon as possible. Indeed, he had sent over 
 this embassy for the express purpose of conferring 
 with King James on the best means of conveying the 
 Princess Margaret to France in the course of the 
 approaching summer." Such was the purport of 
 Girard's discourse and the King of Scotland found 
 himself " brought to book " on a subject that he had 
 hoped would have been dropped. He could ill spare 
 his bright little girl from his happy home circle, and 
 she was pathetically young to leave her home and 
 country and to enter upon a new life among completely 
 strange people and surroundings. 
 
 After a conference with the commissioners, lasting 
 some days, he informed them " that he could not come 
 to any conclusion for the present, but that he must 
 first come to an understanding with the Queen. He 
 told the ambassadors to meet him at Perth on February 
 21st. 
 
 After fully discussing the subject with his wife, a 
 Treaty was signed at Perth on February 26th, 1435, 
 in which it was agreed : 
 
 1. That Margaret should go to France the following 
 May escorted by 2,000 men-at-arms, equipped and 
 provisioned by the King of France. 
 
 2. That Margaret's household should consist of 
 Scotch persons. 
 
 3. That she should be given a town of her own, 
 garrisoned by Scots. 
 
 4. That she should be given a fixed residence before 
 the consummation of her marriage. 
 
 5. That the 2,000 men-at-arms could stay in France 
 if so desired.
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 67 
 
 Hugh Kennedy, young Girard, and Martin the lawyer 
 returned to France bearing the proposals, accompanied 
 by a herald from King James, who was commissioned 
 to bring back the French King's answer. Regnault 
 meanwhile had to remain in Scotland, to his " grand 
 ennui et de"plaisir." He made Stirling his head- 
 quarters, but he spent most of his time in visiting 
 various places, and hi jotting down his impressions 
 of the country he disliked so cordially. 
 
 The months wore on. There was no message from 
 France, and no sign of the French fleet. In May, 
 Girard had an interview with James, and they agreed 
 that Margaret's departure must of necessity be post- 
 poned till the autumn. It was not till the month 
 of July that Martin and the herald arrived, bearing 
 letters from Charles VII to King James, also private 
 instructions to Re"gnault Girard. 
 
 In writing to James, Charles stated that his 
 fleet was putting out to sea in July, and that he was 
 furnishing all on board with bread, salt, biscuits, and 
 wine. He had no need for the services of the 2,000 
 men-at-arms who were to escort the princess, and 
 promised to send them back to Scotland directly after 
 their landing in France. With regard to the question 
 of the Dauphine's residence, Charles considered it 
 neither honnete or convenable that she . should live 
 elsewhere than at the French Court. He assured 
 James that he and the Queen would treat her as their 
 own daughter, and that she would receive every 
 possible care. 
 
 He could not agree to the condition of the Dauphine's 
 suite being composed entirely of her own people
 
 68 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 " Tant qu'elle aura desgens de sa nation eile n'appren- 
 dra volontiers Francais " was his reason. A certain 
 number of Scotch persons might form part of her 
 suite but the number must be strictly limited. 
 
 On September 12th, 1435, the French fleet landed at 
 Dumbarton, with Hugh Kennedy and young Girard on 
 board bearing a fresh batch of letters from Charles. 
 In a letter to James he expressed himself quite satisfied 
 with the arrangements that had been made for the 
 Dauphine's voyage, and he requested that the departure 
 should take place without further delay. Preparations 
 were going forward at Rochelle, he wrote, to give the 
 Dauphin's bride a fitting reception. In another 
 confidential letter to Girard, Charles explicitly and 
 emphatically insisted upon an immediate departure. 
 Armed with these missives from the King of France, 
 Hugh Kennedy and the two Girards proceeded to 
 Stirling and presented themselves before the Scotch 
 King. To their intense vexation, James utterly 
 refused to send his daughter to France till the following 
 spring. He pleaded in excuse the wintry weather, 
 and certainly the autumn was not a propitious time 
 for so long and perilous a sea-voyage. 
 
 The King and Queen of Scotland were very loth to 
 part with their beloved child, and they gladly caught 
 at any reasonable excuse that might postpone the evil 
 day of parting. There was at first a little haggling 
 over the question of victualling the French fleet, 
 but this was eventually smoothed over. 
 
 Only a few months were left to James and Joan to 
 enjoy their little daughter's company. Margaret was 
 too young at that time to have any fears or qualms
 
 THE EMBASSIES TO SCOTLAND 69 
 
 about the destiny before her. Her future was probably 
 represented to her in a rose-coloured light ; she would 
 be a great princess ; she would live in a beautiful 
 land full of fruit and flowers, warmed by sunshine 
 such as they never enjoyed in Scotland. She would 
 be the greatest lady at the French Court after the 
 King and Queen ; there would be plenty of feasting 
 and gaiety at the Court, and she would be able to 
 amuse herself all day. 
 
 As the days wore on, and the autumn and winter 
 passed by, the sorrow of her parents deepened ; but 
 the time came when departure could be no longer 
 postponed and the inevitable wrench had to be made. 
 In February the King gave a farewell banquet at Perth 
 to the French ambassadors. It must have been a 
 somewhat melancholy repast. Girard mentions that 
 Queen Joan sat " in tears " at her husband's side. 
 The little bride was summoned to the royal presence. 
 Says Girard : 
 
 " Then did the said King and Queen of Scotland bid my 
 said lady the Dauphiness come into their presence, and spoke 
 to her many fair words and notable, telling her of the high 
 place of the prince to whom she was to be espoused, and 
 exhorting her to bear herself in all things well. And God 
 knoweth how great weeping there was on both sides. The 
 King ordered me, Regnault Girard, to kiss the Queen, and the 
 Queen kindly and graciously saluted me, which kiss I repute 
 the greatest honour ever bestowed on me." 
 
 The day following the banquet James sent the 
 commissioners some " fine gifts " ; he also defrayed from 
 the privy purse all the expenses connected with their 
 stay in Scotland. Regnault presented to the King 
 " un mulet bien gentil," which he declares gave its 
 recipient the greatest pleasure, a mule being an 
 
 6 (3013)
 
 70 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 unknown animal in Scotland. To the Queen he 
 presented " Six casks of wine, and three barrels of 
 chestnuts, apples and pears from France," which, 
 he says, " afforded her great pleasure fruit being 
 so scarce in Scotland." 
 
 James ordered the French fleet to be put out to sea 
 on a trial trip in his presence, so that he might judge 
 which ship was the best fitted to convey his daughter 
 to France. To the vexation of the French, he selected 
 a Spanish built ship as the best appointed vessel of 
 the fleet, and this ship, commanded by a Frenchman, 
 one Perys Percipey, was destined to carry the bride. 
 
 The actual date of departure was fixed for March 
 27th, 1436. The King and Queen accompanied the 
 little Princess to Dumbarton. A number of Scotch 
 knights and lords formed part of the Dauphine's 
 escort, among them being the Bishop of Brechin, Sir 
 William Sinclair, Sir Walter Ogilvy, Herbert of Herries, 
 and John Maxwell of Calderwood. A hundred and 
 forty knights in armour and a thousand men-at-arms 
 boarded the nine Scotch vessels that lay waiting in 
 the harbour. The French fleet numbered twenty- 
 seven ships so Margaret left for the land of her 
 adoption amid circumstances of considerable pomp and 
 magnificence. 
 
 The moment of parting must have been a terrible 
 one for the King and Queen of Scotland. They were 
 well aware that there was little likelihood of their 
 ever seeing their first-born again. As Girard touchingly 
 puts it : 
 
 " Le Roi n'y demeura pas long temps mais s'en alia a 
 grands pleurs, du regret de madite dame la Dauphine sa 
 fille."
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE MARRIAGE OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 
 
 THE journey to France The entry into La Rochelle The 
 entry into Poitiers The entry into Tours The welcome 
 at the Castle The marriage ceremony The banquet. 
 
 MARGARET'S journey to France was safely accomplished 
 in three weeks. 
 
 The night of the departure a storm sprung up which 
 forced the fleet to anchor in a bay ; after that the 
 weather amended, and the rest of the passage was 
 smooth. Girard writes : " My said lady had, God 
 be thanked, fair weather and a prosperous passage." 
 Just as they were nearing La Rochelle they were 
 pursued by an English fleet of 180 ships, sent by 
 Richard, Duke of York, to kidnap the princess. 
 Luckily a convoy of richly laden Flemish ships appeared 
 upon the scene, and the prospect of sc valuable a 
 haul proved too tempting for the English sailors. 
 They abandoned their pursuit of the French ships 
 and turned their attention to the Flemish cargoes. 
 
 On April 14th, 1436, the French and Scotch fleets 
 entered the harbour of La Palisse, in the Isle of Rhe. 
 Three days afterwards they disembarked. Waiting 
 to receive the Dauphine were four ambassadors sent 
 by the King, among whom was Regnault de Chartres, 
 Archbishop of Rheims. The poor little princess was 
 half dead from the fatigues of her long sea journey. 
 She was conducted to the neighbouring Priory of 
 Nieul-sur-Mer, where she was allowed to rest quietly 
 and to recuperate from the effects of the voyage. 
 
 71
 
 72 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Margaret was only a child of twelve, with a delicate 
 constitution ; it was three weeks before she recovered 
 sufficient strength to proceed on her journey. She 
 made her State entry into the loyal town of La Rochelle 
 on May 5th. For a long time the good townspeople 
 had been preparing for her reception, and it was a 
 source of great disappointment to them that her 
 coming had been delayed for so long. A deputation of 
 city magnates met the procession as it approached the 
 town, and a dutiful address was presented to the 
 bride. The houses were hung with rich hangings and 
 tapestries ; fountains of wine played in the streets ; 
 the Church bells pealed merrily, all the town was 
 en fete for the joyful occasion. As the imposing 
 procession slowly wended its way through the streets 
 of La Rochelle, the people who thronged the streets 
 were particularly impressed by the fine appearance 
 of the Scotch lords and ladies in the Dauphine's suite, 
 and especially by the richness of their attire. 
 
 A great banquet was served in the Hotel des Jaropins 
 when a beautiful silver ornament was presented to 
 Margaret on behalf of the city. She accepted the gift 
 in a most gracious manner, saying it gave her especial 
 pleasure, being the first present she had received in 
 the kingdom. 
 
 At La Rochelle the princess had the sorrow of 
 parting with many of her Scotch friends. The King 
 of France would not permit them to accompany her 
 any farther, in spite of their entreaties to be allowed 
 to share in the wedding festivities before returning to 
 Scotland. 
 
 Many of them offered to escort their beloved princess
 
 THE MARRIAGE OF MARGARET 73 
 
 to Tours at their own expense, but the King would not 
 hear of it, and insisted on their immediate return. 
 Consequently they went back to Scotland in a very 
 ill-humour. 
 
 On May 7th, Margaret and her suite proceeded to 
 Niort, where two ladies sent by Queen Marie joined her. 
 
 The cortege arrived at Poitiers on May 20th. As 
 it passed through the city gate, a little child, dressed 
 as an angel, was let down from the portal, and placed 
 a wreath on the bride's head, " a thing which was most 
 genteely and craftily performed," says an old writer. 
 
 Margaret made a stay of some weeks at Poitiers, 
 " pour s'y refraichir et reposer de la peine et travail 
 qu'elle avait eu en la mer." Evidently she had not 
 fully recovered from the effects of her journey. The 
 Archbishop of Rheims and Regnault Girard left her 
 at Poitiers, and went to Bourges to report on all that 
 had happened to the King. Meanwhile the loyal 
 citizens of Tours were busying themselves over decorat- 
 ing their town, and making every preparation for the 
 approaching marriage. Several towns in Touraine 
 joined together in offering a gift to the Dauphine. This 
 consisted of a beautiful silver dish, costing 571 livres 
 tournois, and its execution was entrusted to one Jean 
 Bernart, a famous silversmith in Tours. 
 
 Margaret made her State entry into Tours on the 
 Feast of St. John the Baptist, June 24th, 1436, at 
 four o'clock in the afternoon. The streets were 
 thronged with people eager to catch a glimpse of their 
 future Queen. Margaret headed the procession riding 
 on a richly caparisoned palfrey. At the city gates 
 she was received by the Sieurs de Gamaches and de
 
 74 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 MaiUe", who each taking hold of her horse's bridle, 
 led her into the town. 
 
 Behind the Dauphine rode her chief lords and 
 ladies ; two carriages followed filled with her maids 
 of honour. Another carriage contained the Scotch 
 members of her suite. All sorts of surprises were 
 devised by the citizens for the pleasure of the royal 
 bride. In one of the principal squares of the town 
 a band of musicians was installed, whose instruments 
 burst forth into music as the cortege passed by. 
 The organ had been taken out of St. Martin's Church, 
 and temporarily erected on a huge scaffolding in the 
 market place. Round it was grouped a band of children 
 who sung hymns of welcome to the Dauphine as she 
 passed through the square, receiving a dole of bread, 
 wine, and cherries for their services. 
 
 At the Cathedral of St. Gatien, Margaret dis- 
 mounted, and offered prayer and alms to the patron 
 Saint of Tours. 1 This done, she remounted her 
 palfrey and proceeded to the Castle. In the great 
 courtyard of the Castle the Sieurs de Gamaches and de 
 Maille" helped her to dismount, while the Counts of 
 Vendome and Orkney each stood at the horse's bridle. 
 Then she was led to the foot of the staircase leading up 
 to the Audience Hall. Here she was received by 
 Queen Yolanda of Sicily and Princess Radegonde of 
 France who, each taking the little bride by the arm, 
 conducted her up the staircase into the hall, which was 
 decorated with rich hangings and tapestries borrowed 
 
 1 Legend has it that St. Gatien was a comrade of the Apostles , 
 and that, after having been ordained a Bishop by St Peter, he went 
 to Gaul to preach the Gospel. He is supposed to have been the 
 first to bring Christianity to Touraine.
 
 THE MARRIAGE OF MARGARET 75 
 
 from Blois for the occasion. Jean Chartier says : 
 " The great hall was all most richly hung with tapestry 
 from top to bottom, besides four chambers in like 
 manner hung with cloth of gold and tapestry hangings." 
 
 At the further end of the hall Marie of Anjou sat 
 under a canopy of cloth of gold, surrounded by the 
 ladies of her Court. As Margaret was led across the 
 rooms, the Queen rose, and advanced a few steps to 
 meet her. The little bride was soon folded in the good 
 Queen's motherly embrace ; and it was noticed that 
 while Marie proceeded to greet the various members 
 of the Dauphine's suite she kept the child's hands 
 tightly clasped in hers. 
 
 The first greeting over, Louis the Dauphin arrived 
 upon the scene, attended by his suite. He was at that 
 time a boy of thirteen, but in ways and appearance he 
 was much older. 
 
 The two fiances ceremoniously kissed each other, 
 after which we are told by Jean Chartier, " that they 
 all went together to the Queen's chamber, which was 
 handsomely draped and decorated, and there they 
 amused themselves till supper-time." 
 
 The evening meal over, little Margaret was conducted 
 to her lodgings, and glad the child must have been to 
 retire to rest after a day of such fatigue and excitement. 
 
 The following day (June 25th), the marriage ceremony 
 took place in the Castle Chapel shortly after noon. 
 While Margaret was being dressed for her bridals, 
 King Charles rushed into her room, all booted and 
 spurred, and wearing a grey travelling suit, having 
 only just arrived from Amboise. He had no time to 
 change for the ceremony, and Jean Chartier tells us
 
 76 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 "that on that day he had on no other clothes than 
 what he rode in." 
 
 The little princess looked charming in her rich 
 bridal dress, with a long State mantle falling from her 
 shoulders, and a golden circlet on her head. The King 
 was delighted with her, and expressed himself as 
 " much pleased with her person." 
 
 Shortly before noon she was conducted to the door 
 of the Castle Chapel where her cortege met that of 
 the Dauphin. We are told that the bridegroom was 
 dressed in a suit of bluish-grey velvet embroidered all 
 over with golden leaves, and that he looked very 
 well in his fine attire. The richly carved sword that 
 he carried was a present from the King of Scotland. 
 
 The royal pair entered the Chapel, followed by the 
 King in his travelling gear, the Queen, robed in grey 
 velvet, " all covered with large sprigs of gold, very rich 
 and beautiful," the Queen of Sicily, the princesses of 
 France, the Counts of Anjou and Vendome, the Earl 
 of Orkney, representing the King of Scotland, and the 
 lords, knights, and ladies of the Royal Household, 
 as well as those from Scotland. 
 
 The nuptial ceremony was performed by Regnault 
 de Chartres, Archbishop of Rheims. (Only seven 
 years before he had solemnly crowned Charles at 
 Rheims, in the presence of Joan of Arc.) 
 
 Owing to the tender age of both parties, a special 
 dispensation for the marriage had been obtained from 
 the Archbishop of Tours. A great banquet in the 
 Castle followed the religious service. Two large 
 tables were laid. At the first sat the King with the 
 bride, the Queens of France and Sicily, the Archbishop
 
 THE MARRIAGE OF MARGARET 77 
 
 of Rheims, the Countess de Vendome and the Earl 
 of Orkney. The Dauphin presided at the smaller 
 table, where he entertained the rest of the lords and 
 ladies. 
 
 Owing to the depleted state of the Royal Exchequer 
 at that time only a limited number of invitations to 
 the wedding had been issued, and there were to be no 
 jousts at the festivities. The banquet, however, was 
 on a scale of great magnificence. " I need not speak 
 of the dinner," says Jean Chartier. " There was a 
 great store of all the viands it was possible to find, 
 with side dishes, and plenty of trumpets, clarions, 
 minstrelsy, lutes, and psalteries." (Possibly the Scotch 
 bag-pipes figured among the minstrelsy.) A series 
 of entertainments followed the banquet. A morris 
 dance was performed by three dancers grotesquely 
 clad in old sheets, with bells jangling from their 
 fingers and toes, and hats on their heads trimmed with 
 fresh flowers. One of them danced so vigorously that 
 he burst his new silk stocking to the vast amusement 
 of his audience. In the town accounts we find a 
 charge of thirty sol towards a new pair of stockings for 
 the energetic dancer ! 
 
 We find an account of Margaret's marriage 
 in the Book of Pluscarden, which has already been 
 freely quoted in these pages. The author of these 
 extremely interesting manuscripts is unknown, but 
 there are a good many indications to lead us to suppose 
 that he was one Maurice of Buchanan, Treasurer of 
 the Dauphine's Household. 
 
 The fact that Maurice was a Highlander, and a 
 cleric, and that he was in daily intercourse with
 
 78 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Margaret at the French Court, serving her therefore 
 in some official capacity, points strongly to his being 
 the author of the famous Liber Pluscardiensis, written 
 about the year 1461 at the Cistercian Monastery at 
 Pluscarden. 
 He thus writes of the marriage : 
 
 " In the year 1436, the King of Scotland sent his eldest 
 daughter, Margaret, to France with a distinguished company 
 of lords, knights, and brave men most admirably appointed, 
 in such becoming apparel, and so splendidly marshalled, that 
 never within living memory had such and so remarkable 
 an army, so proudly arrayed, so skilfully commanded, been 
 sent out from the kingdom of Scotland. At the head of this 
 army, for contracting this marriage, was the Bishop of 
 Brechin, the Lord John Crannock, and the Lord Sinclair, 
 earl of Orkney and Admiral of Scotland, together with 
 fifty other worshipful knights and squires and their attendant 
 officers, and also with a mighty fleet of men-at-arms to escort 
 her safely to the King of France, for fear of the English . . . 
 But she was a girl of ten, clad in splendid apparel, most 
 costly and gorgeous, and with a fine figure and very lovely 
 face."
 
 THE DAUPHIN 
 
 TOURAINE Its rivers and chateaux Domestic life in the 
 fifteenth century Roderigue de Villandrando The Dau- 
 phin's birth His childhood His education His character. 
 
 " Connaissez vous cette partie de la France que 1'on a 
 surnomme son jardin ? Ce pays ou Ton respire un air pur 
 dans les plaines verdoyantes arrosees par un grand fleuve ? " 
 
 DE VIGNY. 
 
 TOURAINE ! The Garden of France ! The land of a 
 thousand valleys ! The land of rushing rivers ! That 
 wonderful land of dreams ! The very name spells 
 romance, and brings before us visions of feudal castles, 
 and fairy-like palaces, each telling its own story of 
 past triumphs and tragedies. 
 
 Chinon, Loches, Amboise, Tours what pictures 
 they conjure up before our minds ! How they speak 
 to us of men and women who have played great parts 
 in history Joan of Arc, Louis XI, Francois I, Catherine 
 de Medici and hosts of others. 
 
 " The whole procession and pageant of French history has 
 passed through the old province, a chosen stage for France . . . 
 Auvergne is Auvergne, Languedoc is only Languedoc, but 
 Touraine is France, and the most national of all rivers is the 
 Loire." 1 
 
 A writer thus describes the characteristics of the 
 great rivers that water Touraine : 
 
 " The noble Loire, grand seigneur, irresponsible, rapacious, 
 and glorious to the eyes ; the pastoral Cher, open and smiling, 
 a plaything of the sky ; the Vienne, the proud unwielding 
 vassal of the Loire ; the sky winding Indre, secret, exquisite, 
 yet serviceable, feeding half a hundred mills." 
 
 1 McDonell's Touraine. 
 
 79
 
 80 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 No wonder Touraine was dear to the hearts of the 
 Kings of France, and that they elected to dwell in 
 this wonderland of beauty. No wonder the great 
 Franc, ois I " like a magic sower, wandered over the 
 land, causing beautiful castles to spring up in his 
 steps, embosomed in green lawns and river gardens." 
 
 The place where the sovereign takes up his abode 
 naturally becomes a centre for the nobility. Touraine 
 abounds in royal and seigneural castles. A great 
 noble often owned several residences in a province. 
 When he took up his abode in one castle, another had 
 to be stripped in order to furnish it. Each move 
 meant a house furnishing, and all the goods had to be 
 transported in waggons or on horseback. But labour 
 was cheap and plentiful in those days, and the King 
 and nobles had no difficulties in constantly changing 
 their dwelling-places. 
 
 There was plenty of coming and going in the chateaux 
 of Touraine at the time of which we are writing ; and 
 life hi the feudal castles was by no means so dull as some 
 may imagine. 
 
 When the men were not occupied in fighting or 
 hunting they disported themselves in the court-yard, 
 playing at quoits, tilting at the ring, shooting at the 
 popinjay, or exercising their horses. 
 
 In the evenings the company assembled round the 
 huge log fire in the hall, and there would be music or 
 story-telling or dancing. 
 
 A table in the hall was always kept loaded with 
 various refreshments, so that the belated guest or the 
 unexpected traveller would be always sure to find 
 plenty of good cheer. The ladies spent their time in
 
 THE DAUPHIN 81 
 
 looking after their households, attending the services 
 of the church, and working delicate and beautiful 
 embroideries and tapestries. The fashions in dress 
 at that time were strange. The ladies wore huge 
 conical caps nearly a yard high, called hennin, from 
 which flowed a veil down the back. Sometimes their 
 head-dress took the shape of two large horns. 
 
 " These marvellous horns were high and wide, and had on 
 each side, in place of padded caps, two great ears, so wide 
 that when they would pass through the door of a chamber 
 they were forced to turn sideways and stoop," 
 
 writes Juvenal des Ursins. 
 
 The stiff brocaded gowns then in vogue fitted 
 their wearer like a suit of armour, and often cased 
 them in so tightly they could hardly breathe. Alto- 
 gether the modes of 1436 must have been extremely 
 uncomfortable and inconvenient. 
 
 Immediately after the wedding festivities were over 
 the Dauphin set out with his father on a political 
 journey through the Southern Provinces. 
 
 The little bride remained at Tours under the care of 
 Queen Marie. We are told that one John Othart and 
 his wife, and two or three other Scotch persons were 
 allowed to remain with the Dauphine, the rest of her 
 suite was composed of French people. Regnault 
 Girard was appointed Master of her Household as a 
 reward for his recent services. The Queen soon became 
 tenderly attached to her little daughter-in-law. She 
 and the King were most anxious that she should be 
 fitted in every way for the high position before her, 
 and her French education was commenced in earnest 
 directly after her marriage. 
 
 The autumn of 1436 brought alarming rumours to
 
 82 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 the Queen at Tours of the approach of the notorious 
 brigand, Roderigue de Villandrando. He and his band 
 were committing terrible depredations in Touraine, 
 and the thought of his near vicinity filled the Queen 
 with terror and alarm. She wrote to the great Roderigue, 
 imploring him to spare Touraine, the Dauphine also 
 wrote to the same effect. Roderigue chivalrously 
 promised that he would accede to the ladies' request, 
 " in deference to the wish of Madame la Dauphine, 
 whom with the Dauphin he held in high esteem." 
 
 Despite his promises, however, Roderigue and his 
 band came as far as Chatillon-sur-Indre. Fresh appeals 
 from the Queen and the Dauphine induced him to retire 
 to Deols. Hearing of the Queen's danger, Charles and 
 his son hastened back to Touraine in the spring of 1437 ; 
 on their approach the robber bands melted away. 
 
 During his tour in the South Charles did not forget 
 his daughter-in-law. While he was at Lyons he sent 
 her as a New Year's gift " a golden mirror studded with 
 pearls " which must have given the recipient great 
 joy. We have no record of any gift from the Dauphin 
 to his bride. From the first he evinced no interest 
 whatever in the charming little princess who had come 
 from the North to be his wife. This indifference, as 
 we shall see, deepened later on into positive antipathy 
 and dislike. The Dauphin, even as a boy, was of a 
 most strange and complex character. To understand 
 him we must go back many years to the circumstances 
 of his birth and childhood. 
 
 Charles VII was wedded to his cousin, Marie of 
 Anjou, in the spring of 1422 ; the following winter 
 it was officially announced that the birth of an heir
 
 THE DAUPHIN 83 
 
 might be expected. The winter of 1423 was one of 
 unusual severity. The rivers were frozen, hundreds 
 of people died of hunger in Paris, the cattle perished 
 by the thousand and the wolves grew so bold that 
 they entered the towns at night and carried off scores 
 of victims. The King, as yet uncrowned, was passing 
 through that long phase of inertia from which he never 
 woke up till 1428. His army was merely a motley 
 band of Freelances, led by brave but inefficient men ; 
 his ministers were incapable ; his Exchequer empty, 
 and his Court at Bourges the mere parody of a Court. 
 
 The Queen led a quiet life before the birth of her 
 child in the Archiepiscopal Palace at Bourges, which 
 was so scantily furnished that Charles had to borrow 
 hangings and tapestries from the Due d'Orleans, all 
 the royal tapestries being in the hands of the English. 
 
 The Dauphin was born on July 3rd, 1423, and the 
 following day he was baptized in the Cathedral of 
 Bourges. There was a hot dispute over his name. 
 The choice lay between Charles and Jean, but even- 
 tually both were rejected as unlucky, and it was 
 decided that he should be called by the more auspicious 
 name of Louis. 
 
 Charles sent the following circular letter announcing 
 the birth of his son to the chief Lords and Prelates in 
 France, to the Kings of Scotland and Castile, and 
 to the Pope : 
 
 " Our Lord in His mercy has delivered our dearly beloved 
 consort of a very fair son, both of whom are in good health. 
 We are confident that this happy event will cause our people 
 great joy, and will be a recompense to them for the suffering 
 they had to endure, and also a cause of gratitude to God for 
 His great mercy."
 
 84 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 The horoscope of the new-born child was cast. It 
 was predicted that " he would be passionately fond of 
 hunting ; that ambition would make him quarrel with 
 his neighbours ; that in his old age he would triumph 
 over his enemies, and enjoy great prosperity." 
 
 At the age of two, Louis was taken from his mother's 
 keeping and removed to the castle of Loches. There 
 he was placed under the care of Madame de Tremouille, 
 a person of somewhat questionable character, whom 
 many suspected of having had a share in the death 
 of her husband, the Sieur de Giac. 
 
 The early years of Louis were spent under the most 
 depressing circumstances in the gloomy castle of 
 Loches. The great donjon built by Foulkes Nerra 
 carried with it sinister memories, for it was 
 there that he caused his wife, Elizabeth de 
 Vendome, to be burnt alive because she gave him no 
 sons. Loches is, and always has been, associated 
 with grim tragedies ; it was no place for a child to 
 be brought up in. Louis had no playfellows in his 
 early childhood, there were no fetes or gaieties for 
 him, as his father's depleted exchequer made the 
 strictest economy an absolute necessity, and the 
 expenses connected with the little prince were reduced 
 to the lowest figure. News of fresh disasters to French 
 arms were always arriving at the Castle ; there seemed 
 little prospect of the Dauphin ever wearing the Crown, 
 for everything pointed to the total subjugation of 
 France by England. 
 
 Louis was promised a little fiancee as a playmate, 
 but when she failed to appear he was told that he was 
 too poor and unfortunate for any princess to be
 
 THE DAUPHIN 85 
 
 betrothed to him. Naturally the child brooded over 
 all these things, and it is not to be wondered at that, 
 leading such a solitary and melancholy existence at 
 Loches, and seeing only the dark side of life, he became 
 gloomy and taciturn and unchildlike. 
 
 In 1428 there was every prospect of Loches falling 
 into the hands of the English, who had crossed the 
 Loire, and were laying siege to Orleans. Then came 
 the victorious era of Joan of Arc, and cheerier prospects 
 for France. Louis had a glimpse of the Maid in 
 1429 when she came to Loches on her way to Orleans. 
 
 It is said that as she looked upon the little prince, 
 who was then about six years old, she foretold a 
 brilliant destiny for him : " In twenty years' time," 
 she said, " the Dauphin (Charles VII) will rest with 
 his fathers and his son will succeed him ; he will reign 
 with a glory, honour, and royal power greater than 
 any King of France s nee the days of Charlemagne." 
 
 When Louis was ten years old he was removed from 
 Loches to the care of his mother at Amboise ; and he 
 must have rejoiced in his change of fortune. Amboise 
 was a far pleasanter residence than Loches, and through- 
 out his life Louis retained a warm affection for the place 
 which held such happy memories for him. 
 
 On the castle terraces overlooking the silver Loire, 
 the boy would play tennis or practice at archery. 
 He had two merry playmates in his sisters Radegonde 
 and Catherine. There was always plenty of coming 
 and going at the castle ; the King and his officers 
 would arrive at all times from the wars for a few 
 hours' rest and refreshment, when there would be much 
 bustle and excitement throughout the household. 
 
 7 (3013)
 
 86 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Brighter prospects were in store for France in those 
 days ; the dark clouds that for so long had loomed 
 threateningly on the horizon were beginning to clear 
 away. The happiest period of the Dauphin's life was 
 probably the year he spent at Amboise in 1433. At 
 the age of seven he was removed to Tours to begin his 
 education in real earnest under the tuition of Jean 
 Marjoris, under whom he received a far wider and 
 better education than most of the princes of his time. 
 His tutor had received much advice on the subject from 
 his friend Jean Gerson, the saintly and learned Chan- 
 cellor of Paris University, who had written for his 
 benefit, a special treatise entitled : Twelve considerations 
 on the character of the lessons and instructions to be given 
 to the Royal Prince. 
 
 Latin, geometry, music, rhetoric and astronomy, 
 formed part of the prince's studies ; he was trained 
 also in all branches of athletics, so that he became a 
 good horseman, a skilful gymnast, and an excellent 
 swordsman. Louis was an extremely receptive pupil. 
 He acquired a good knowledge of Latin of which 
 he made a good use in after years when conducting 
 diplomatic negotiations, and he had a remarkable 
 aptitude for writing. At the age of fourteen he could 
 write, not only with facility, but with a certain style 
 and originality of his own. 
 
 He was of a highly nervous and restless temperament. 
 " When his body was at rest his mind was occupied, 
 for he had to do in many places, and busied himself 
 as much with his neighbour's affairs as with his own." 
 Feelings of love and tenderness had no part in his 
 composition. All the springs of natural affection seem
 
 THE DAUPHIN 87 
 
 to have dried up in his very early youth, but if he 
 was lacking in heart, he certainly was not lacking in 
 brains. His mental capacities were of an unusually 
 high order. In speaking of him Commines says : "He 
 seemed more fitted to rule a world than a kingdom. . . 
 His memory was so excellent that he forgot nothing, 
 but knew all the world, all countries, and all men of 
 estimation round about him." 
 
 His precocity was alarming. At fourteen he was 
 quite a serious statesman, at fifteen he was an expert 
 in political intrigue. There is something horrible and 
 uncanny in the deep cunning and subtilty of Louis 
 when he was a mere lad. He began his favourite 
 game of plot-weaving before he was sixteen, and from 
 that time ambition and self-interest became the ruling 
 factors of his life. 
 
 Disinterested conduct he was incapable of under- 
 standing to him it was mere absurdity. Friendship 
 for friendship's sake was in his mind a dream of fools, 
 for he believed in no one, and he looked upon friends 
 only as useful tools who might serve his purpose, to 
 be cast aside when his end was attained. 
 
 Such was the bridegroom destined for the cherished 
 daughter of Scotland ! " And she was a star fine and 
 clear," says Martin Lefranc, " placed in the universe 
 to be adored ! "
 
 CHAPTER IX 
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 
 
 SIR ROBERT GRAHAM'S vow of vengeance Conspiracy formed 
 against King The seeress at Cramond Brig The King's 
 Christmas at Perth The King's dream Murder of the 
 King on February 20th Queen Joan's revenge. 
 
 To return to James of Scotland. We have seen that 
 his violent measures against the nobles gained him 
 enemies all over the kingdom. By various arbitrary 
 acts he incurred in particular the undying wrath and 
 vengeance of Sir Robert Graham, uncle of the Earl 
 of Strathearn. Graham went so far one day as to 
 publicly denounce the King in the presence of the 
 assembled Parliament ! It was a critical moment for 
 James, as he was aware that the majority sympathized 
 with Graham, but with perfect sangfroid he ordered 
 the offender to be immediately arrested, and all was 
 so quietly done that his enemies had no choice but to 
 submit to the King's pleasure. Graham was banished, 
 and his lands were confiscated to the Crown. He 
 fled into the Highlands, and from his retreat in the 
 mountains he publicly and solemnly renounced his 
 allegiance to the King, swearing that he would slay 
 him. 
 
 Realizing he was a dangerous foe, the King put a 
 high price upon his head, but Graham concealed himself 
 so well that no one could discover him. From his 
 hiding place he conspired with James' uncle, the aged 
 Duke of Atholl, to slay the King, holding out as an 
 
 88
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 89 
 
 inducement the possibility of the Crown going to 
 AtholTs grandson, Sir Robert [Stewart, who at that 
 time held the office of Chamberlain at Court. 
 
 Sir Robert Stewart became a particularly useful 
 coadjutor to Graham for his office at Court gave him 
 every opportunity of supervising all the details of the 
 plot, and of guiding it to a successful issue. 
 
 In the winter of 1436 James returned to Edinburgh 
 from the siege of Roxburgh, where he had met with 
 notable success. Shortly before Christmas he pro- 
 ceeded to Perth in order to preside at the Parliament 
 which was to receive the papal Legate. A weird and 
 untoward incident marked his journey. Just as he 
 was about to cross Cramond Brig, near the Firth of 
 Forth, a wild-looking woman called out to him in 
 shrill tones : " My Lord King ; if ye pass this water 
 ye shall never turn back and live," but regarding her as 
 a crazy person, the King and his party took little heed 
 of her strange words, and proceeded on their way. 
 
 Rossetti, in his ballad of " The King's Tragedy," 
 thus describes the incident : 
 
 " And the woman held his eyes with her eyes : 
 ' O King ! thou art come at last ! 
 But thy wraith has haunted the Scottish sea 
 To my sight for four years past. 
 
 " ' Four years it is since first I met, 
 
 Twixt the Duchray and the Dhu, 
 A shape whose feet clung close in a shroud, 
 And that shape for thine I knew ! 
 
 " ' A year again and on Inchkeith Isle, 
 
 I saw thee pass in the breeze, 
 With the cerecloth risen above thy feet 
 And wound about thy knees.
 
 90 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 " ' And yet a year, in the Links of Forth 
 
 As a wanderer without rest, 
 Thou cam'st with both thine arms i' the shroud 
 That clung high up thy breast. 
 
 " ' And in this hour I find thee here, 
 
 And well mine eyes may note, 
 That the winding-sheet hath passed thy breast, 
 And risen round thy throat. 
 
 " ' And when I meet thee again, oh King ! 
 
 That of death hast such sore drouth, 
 
 Except thou turn again on this shore 
 
 The winding-sheet shall have moved once more 
 And covered thine eyes and mouth. 
 
 " Oh King ! whom poor men bless for their King, 
 
 Of thy fate be not so fain ! 
 But these my words for God's message take, 
 And turn thy steed, oh King ! for her sake 
 Who rides beside thy rein ! ' ' 
 
 The King and Queen spent Christmas at the Black- 
 friars Monastery, their usual residence in Perth, just 
 outside the city walls. Things had prospered with the 
 King of late ; he was in excellent spirits ; and the 
 Christmas festivities took place with more than 
 usual gaiety. One day as the King sat at table with 
 one of his knights, he jestingly alluded to the current 
 prophecy that " a King should this year be slain in 
 the land." " That must be either you or me, Sir 
 Alexander," said the King, " since we are the only 
 two Kings in Scotland." (James alluded to the 
 nickname of the " King of Love " with which he had 
 dubbed the knight.) 
 
 Meanwhile the conspirators were carefully laying 
 their plans. Four citizens of Perth, Thomas and 
 Christopher Chambers and two brothers named Hall,
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 91 
 
 were initiated into the secret. The day before the 
 enterprise the locks of the royal apartments were 
 destroyed, and the bars of the monastery gates were 
 removed. Portable bridges were concealed in con- 
 venient places, and every facility was afforded to the 
 conspirators by the King's treacherous Chamberlain. 
 
 Like all brave men, James was careless about his 
 personal safety ; he did not even trouble to see that he 
 was provided with an adequate guard. John Major 
 writes : "He never had guards near him by day or 
 by night, and this was a great risk for a King who had 
 put so many nobles to death for their crimes." 
 
 A few nights before his murder James had a strange 
 and horrible dream. So great was the impression 
 it made upon him that he related it to his courtiers. 
 " He had been attacked," he said, " by a cruel serpent, 
 and an horrible toad in his bedroom ; and he was 
 fighting them desperately with the fire-tongs when 
 he awoke." 
 
 By February 20th the conspirators were ready for 
 their deed of blood. Under cover of darkness Graham 
 and his band of Highlanders crept out of their hiding 
 places in the mountains, and stole into Perth. 
 
 It was the evening of February 20th, 1437. James 
 was just about to dismiss his Court before retiring to 
 rest, when a loud and insistent knocking was heard 
 at the monastery door. " Let me in ! for God's sake 
 let me in ! " cried a woman's shrill voice. " I have to 
 speak with the King. I am that same woman that 
 long ago desired to speak with him at the Lethe, 
 when he would pass the Scottish seas ! " 
 
 " The hour is late ; let her come to-morrow," said
 
 92 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 the King, who was at that moment absorbed in a game 
 of chess. The seeress made one more frantic endeavour 
 to reach the King. As she was hustled away by the 
 servants she cried : " You will all repent that ye 
 will not let me speak with the King." No one, however, 
 seems to have paid much attention to her words. 
 
 The evening wore on. The King finished his game 
 of chess. After the Court had been dismissed James 
 retired to the Queen's apartment. There, in a loose 
 dressing-robe and slippers, he stood for some time 
 with his back to the fire chatting with the Queen and 
 her ladies. Presently the noise of footsteps and the 
 clashing of arms were heard outside in the garden. 
 The red glare of torches lightened up the windows. 
 In a moment James realized his peril. Calling out 
 to the ladies to keep fast the door at all costs, he 
 seized a pair of tongs, and wrenching up a plank in 
 the flooring, he slid down into a secret vault that he 
 knew of. This vault, which was used for the purpose 
 of sewerage, had access to the moat and James 
 hoped to make good his escape that way. He found 
 to his dismay, however, that the passage was walled 
 up ; then he remembered that only a few days ago 
 he himself had ordered this to be done, owing to the 
 tennis balls getting lost in the passage as he played in 
 the moat. 
 
 Meanwhile the Queen and her ladies had thrown 
 themselves across the door to bar it as best they could. 
 They could hear the murderers searching the house, 
 thrusting their swords into every hole and corner, 
 and indulging in loud oaths and ribald jests. Soon 
 they approached the royal bedchamber. Catherine
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 93 
 
 Douglas, one of the Queen's ladies, thrust her arm 
 through the staples of the door while Graham and his 
 men were battering at it from the outside. They 
 soon burst the door. Catherine's tender arm was 
 crushed to the bone, and she was flung bleeding to 
 the ground. The murderers broke into the room " with 
 their swords and daggers drawn, thrusting down all 
 the women who stood in their way." The Queen 
 remained standing in her dressing-robe half paralyzed 
 by fear. " She was so dismayed and abashed of that 
 fearful and horrible governance," writes a contemporary 
 historian, " that she could neither speak nor withdraw." 
 
 In the melee she received a slight wound at the hand 
 of one of the assassins. She would probably have been 
 killed, had not a son of Sir Robert Graham intervened, 
 saying : " What would you do to the Queen ? She 
 is but a woman, let us seek the King." 
 
 They then commenced a minute search of the apart- 
 ment, but meeting with no success they left the room 
 and proceeded to hunt elsewhere for their prey. The 
 King, hearing the sound of their retreating footsteps, 
 imagined the immediate danger was over. He was 
 half-stifled in the poisonous air of his hiding place, 
 and he called out to the ladies to twist some sheets 
 together and to pull him up. 
 
 Unfortunately the murderers heard his voice and 
 immediately returned to the apartment. One of them, 
 recollecting the secret vault, discovered the plank and 
 tore it up. " Sirs ! " he shouted on seeing the King 
 below, " I have found the bride for whom we have 
 been seeking all night." Several of them clambered 
 down into the vault with their daggers drawn. The
 
 94 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 King stood there alone and defenceless in his dressing- 
 robe. He knew that his hour had come. He begged 
 Graham that time might be granted him to make his 
 last confession to a priest. " Thou never hadst mercy 
 on those of thine own blood, nor anyone else," was the 
 answer, " therefore thou shalt find no mercy here 
 and as for a confessor, thou shalt have none but the 
 sword." 
 
 We hear that the King " made a marvellous 
 defence before he died, knocking down on all sides 
 with the force of his arm the first who rushed upon him, 
 even until so great a crowd closed round him that he 
 could no longer defend himself from them all." l 
 
 He threw down two of his assailants, after nearly 
 throttling them with his hands ; the marks of his 
 powerful grip remained on their throats for weeks. 
 But he was soon overpowered by his assassins, and 
 after a gallant defence the brave King fell, pierced by 
 no fewer than twenty-eight wounds, sixteen being 
 found on his breast alone. 
 
 " On seeing thise the Pope's Legate, who within eight 
 days before had absolved him from guilt and punishment, 
 uttered a great cry with tearful sighs and kissed his piteous 
 wounds, and he said before all the bystanders that he would 
 stake his soul on his having died in a state of grace." a 
 
 After this awful tragedy the Queen hurriedly left 
 Perth for Edinburgh, taking her little son, now James 
 II, a boy of seven, with her. The boy was placed in 
 the custody of his mother and of Sir Alexander 
 Livingston, who, together with the Chancellor, Sir 
 
 1 Shirley. 
 
 * Monk of Pluscarden.
 
 THE MURDER OF JAMES I 95 
 
 William Crichton, henceforward managed the affairs 
 of the kingdom. 
 
 Queen Joan lost no time in bringing her husband's 
 murderers to justice. Her revenge was swift and 
 fearful. They were executed after undergoing terrible 
 tortures only a few weeks after their crime. 
 
 " After this, however, the aforesaid traitors, and their 
 retainers were taken, imprisoned, condemned to the most 
 cruel tortures, and put to a most painful death ; taken about 
 the towns naked on wagons, and pierced and stabbed by the 
 executioners with red-hot irons. 
 
 " Then were they strung up to the top of the ship's mast 
 as traitors, beheaded, torn limb from limb, and quartered 
 by the hangman." * 
 
 Sir Robert Graham defended his action to the last. 
 
 " He had a right to slay the King," he declared, 
 " for he had renounced his allegiance to him." He 
 expressed his belief that his memory would be blessed 
 for putting to death so cruel a tyrant. In this he was 
 wrong. His memory was execrated for the bloody 
 deed he had done. 
 
 A popular rhyme ran 
 
 " Robert Graham 
 That slew our King 
 God give him shame." 
 
 The Scots realized when it was too late that they 
 had lost a good King, who had their real interests 
 at heart. Misguided James may often have been, 
 but his motives were good, and he diligently endea- 
 voured to better the condition of his people. As 
 Drummond of Hawthorden said of him : "Of the 
 former Kings of Scotland it might be said : the nation 
 made the Kings but this King made the nation." 
 
 1 Monk of Pluscarden.
 
 CHAPTER X 
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 
 
 NEWS of the murder of James I The Dauphin's household 
 The Ordonnance of Orleans Rebellion of the nobles 
 Treachery of the Dauphin His reconciliation with his 
 father The Dauphine's household Her literary tastes 
 Her character The Dauphin's antipathy to his wife. 
 
 THE summer of 1437 brought to Margaret the terrible 
 news of her father's murder at Perth. The peculiar 
 circumstances of horror connected with the tragedy 
 must have made the blow all the more fearful for the 
 sensitive and delicate girl. We are told that she 
 developed a grave nervous disorder that summer, which 
 was no doubt caused by the shock of her father's 
 death. The King did what he could to console her by 
 showering gifts of jewels and silk upon her, and we may 
 be sure that Marie of Anjou was all kindness and 
 tenderness to the fatherless little girl. 
 
 That summer Margaret and Louis began their 
 wedded life together in the picturesque red brick 
 castle of Gien-sur-Loire. Their honeymoon was a 
 very brief one as the Dauphin had to be off immedi- 
 ately with his father to the wars. In December he 
 returned covered with laurels from the siege of 
 Montereau. 
 
 He and the King arrived at Tours on December 12th 
 " ou ils furent recus tres-joyeusement par la Reine et 
 la Dauphine, qui ne les avaient vus depuis leur depart 
 au siege de Montereau. Pendant quelque temps on ne 
 
 96
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 97 
 
 s'entretint a la Cour que de la bonne fortune que 
 Dieu avail envoy6 aii Roi, et a son fils, des villes 
 qu'ils avaient reprises aux Anglais, et de leur magni- 
 fique entre6 dans Paris. II fut moult parle du beau 
 commencement du Dauphin." 
 
 That year (1437) there was talk of a marriage 
 between the Due de Bretagne's son, and Margaret's 
 sister, Isabel of Scotland. The lonely little Dauphine 
 must have rejoiced greatly at the thought of her 
 sister coming to reside in France. Ambassadors 
 were sent to Scotland to conduct negotiations, but 
 terms were not arranged till 1441, and it was not 
 until 1442 that Isabel became the wife of the Due de 
 Bretagne. 
 
 The year 1438 passed quietly for the Queen and her 
 daughter-in-law at Tours in the ancient castle built 
 by Henry II of England. Another royal residence 
 at Tours was just then in the course of erection. The 
 old castle was altogether too gloomy and feudal a 
 dwelling for King Charles' liking, and about this time 
 he commenced building operations on the site of 
 an old manor house on the banks of the Cher. When 
 it was finished in 1439 it became known as the castle 
 of Montils-les-Tours, and the Court abandoned the old 
 castle for this more agreeable maison de plaisance ; 
 later on Louis XI transformed Montils into the grim 
 chateau of Plessis-les-Tours. 
 
 In the autumn of 1438 Marie of Anjou gave birth 
 to twin girls, both of whom died in early infancy. 
 
 The Dauphin was now a youth of fourteen, and the 
 King considered the time had come for him to have 
 a household of his own. Charles was most careful
 
 98 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 in the selection of the various officers who were to form 
 his son's entourage. 
 
 Bernard d'Armagnac, a man of great esteem, was 
 appointed Governor of the Dauphin's household, 
 which consisted of a hundred officials and servants. 
 Of Armagnac it was said that " il donnait exemple 
 d'un excellent singulier miroir de toute bonne vie." 
 
 Jean Marjoris, his tutor, was appointed his official 
 confessor, Guillaume Leothier, his physician, and 
 Gabriel de Bernes, Master of the Ceremonies. He 
 was given five secretaries, young men, most of 
 them, whom Louis often entrusted with missions of 
 the most secret and confidential nature. Woe unto 
 the secretary who was lacking in the secretiveness and 
 cunning that was required of him ! 
 
 The Dauphin's body-guard consisted of thirty 
 archers and twenty cross-bowmen. 
 
 In 1439, Charles appointed his son Governor of 
 Languedoc and Poitou. For a long time the precocious 
 Louis had been craving for the opportunity of exercising 
 his administrative talents, and he was overjoyed to find 
 himself at last in a position of authority. It must be 
 confessed that he showed extraordinary judgment and 
 prudence for a lad of fifteen. 
 
 Owing to the devastations of the ecorcheurs, he found 
 his province in a state of dire misery and distress. 
 He set to work immediately to restore order, and, 
 by dint of personally acquainting himself with the 
 conditions of all classes, in the short space of six 
 months he succeeded in bringing real relief to Langue- 
 doc. His recall after exercising his powers for so 
 short a period vexed him beyond measure, and he
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 99 
 
 characteristically attributed it to jealousy on his 
 father's part ! In 1439 the depredations of the Free 
 Companies had come to an unbearable pass in France ; 
 bands of these terrible ecorcheurs roamed the country, 
 committing unspeakable atrocities. " Sometimes they 
 would roast their victims alive or tear out their 
 teeth," says a contemporary writer. 
 
 The peasants were reduced to the lowest depths of 
 misery. Their food often consisted of roots or cabbage 
 stalks boiled in a little water, and they became too weak 
 from want of proper food to cultivate the land. 
 Wretchedness could not go much farther than the 
 condition of the French peasant at this period. 
 
 Charles VII was determined that this state of things 
 should end. He summoned the States-General to 
 meet at Orleans, and there he publicly affirmed his 
 solemn intention of no longer tolerating the sufferings 
 of his people, but of restoring order " to the best of his 
 ability with God's help." 
 
 In November, 1439, he published his famous 
 Ordonnance by which : 
 
 1. All feudal lords were forbidden to raise troops 
 for their own services. 
 
 2. A permanent army was to be established and 
 maintained. 
 
 3. The officers of the permanent army would be 
 appointed by the King. 
 
 4. A regular tax was to be levied on the bourgeois 
 a^d peasants for the maintenance of the said army. 
 (The nobles were exempted from the tax as they were 
 expected to give their services.) 
 
 This Ordonnance produced dismay and consternation
 
 100 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 among the feudal lords. They gasped at such a 
 revolutionary step, and they at once prepared to set 
 themselves in direct opposition to the King. In 
 this they were secretly encouraged by the Dauphin. 
 Even at this early period of his life, the man who 
 became known afterwards as " the universal Spider," 
 began to weave his plots. After ingratiating himself 
 with several of the great nobles, he plotted with them 
 to raise an insurrection against the King. All was done 
 very carefully and secretly. 
 
 It was not till the spring of 1440 that Louis publicly 
 showed his hand and appeared in open hostility to 
 Charles. For a long time he had been nursing griev- 
 ances against his father. He strongly resented being 
 still under parental surveillance, he considered his 
 allowance insufficient for his position, and he was bitter 
 over the marriage that had been forced on him. 
 Hitherto his ambitions had been thwarted ; now he 
 saw a chance of coming to the fore, and counting 
 upon his father's unpopularity with the nobles, he 
 even dreamt of attaining the throne itself. 
 
 The duty of filial loyalty and obedience never entered 
 into his calculations ; he was too heartless to realize 
 that his conduct would cause profound grief to his 
 parents. 
 
 When Charles became aware of the part his son was 
 playing in the insurrection he generously made every 
 excuse for him, regarding him indeed as the mere 
 tool of the rebellious lords. He attributed his conduct 
 to the folly and impetuosity of youth. He was, he 
 said, " un adolescent suborne" par de mechants con- 
 seillers qui 1'avaient arrache a 1'affection de son pere."
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 101 
 
 The insurrection fomented by the Dauphin never 
 assumed serious proportions. It was quickly and 
 rigorously suppressed by the King and his famous 
 general, the Constable de Richemont. 
 
 A Conference took place at Montferrand at which 
 Louis, not a bit abashed at his mutinous conduct, 
 submitted various proposals to his father. He 
 demanded the pardon of his confreres, the sole posses- 
 sion of Dauphine", and the government of another 
 province besides. He also requested that the Dauphine 
 might be allowed to live with him permanently. 
 
 Charles, astonished at his son's temerity after his 
 recent flagrant misconduct, treated him like a naughty 
 little boy, and refused to listen to him until he 
 approached him in a more humble and contrite frame 
 of mind, " when," he said, " he would receive him 
 as his son, and provide in a proper manner for him and 
 the Dauphine." 
 
 To humble himself was the last thing that Louis 
 could do. He penned a long and wordy Remonstrance 
 to the King, couched in a most presumptuous tone, 
 suggesting various courses for redressing the people's 
 grievances. The role of martyr and people's champion, 
 which he assumed, irritated the King beyond measure, 
 and he never deigned to reply to this insolent 
 Remonstrance. 
 
 Very soon the rebellion fizzled out. The Dauphin 
 found himself without friends, and his troops were 
 gradually melting away ; with no funds and no friends, 
 he was forced to come to terms with his father. With 
 rage in his heart he presented himself before the King, 
 and asked for pardon. The words came with difficulty 
 
 8 (2013)
 
 102 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 to his lips. Charles gave him a cold greeting. 
 " Welcome, Louis," was all he said, " you have been 
 away a long time. Go and rest in your Hotel. 
 To-morrow we will speak to you." 
 
 Peace was made the next day. Charles treated 
 his son with great forbearance and gave him generous 
 terms. He granted an amnesty to all the rebellious 
 lords ; he increased the Dauphin's allowance, and he 
 promised Louis that in a short time the Dauphine 
 would be allowed to live permanently with him. 
 
 Soon after this reconciliation Louis had the extreme 
 mortification of accompanying his father through the 
 country where he had fomented the rebellion. He 
 even had to see punishment meted out to the people 
 whom he had encouraged to rebel ! The role of 
 subjugated son must have been particularly odious 
 to one of his proud and stubborn nature. 
 
 He returned with his father to Tours after this 
 hateful progress, where he was received as a Prodigal 
 Son by the Queen and the Dauphine, and had to submit 
 to their caresses with as good a grace as he could 
 muster. 
 
 For the next two years Margaret saw but little of 
 her husband. He was always with the King at the 
 wars, or making political tours through the Kingdom. 
 There was much to be done at that time for the Eng- 
 lish were still in possession of large tracts in the North, 
 and the mischievous Free Companies had to be 
 suppressed throughout the country. 
 
 Meanwhile the Dauphine lived quietly with the 
 Queen at Tours and Amboise. In 1440 she was 
 granted a household of her own, and Charles allowed
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 103 
 
 her a free choice in the appointment of her ladies. 
 Her bedchamber women were the devout Mme. 
 de St. Michel and Mme. de Bois Menard, both elderly 
 ladies with old-fashioned ideas and principles. Three 
 Margarets were among her maids of honour, viz. : 
 Marguerite de Salignac, Marguerite de Haucqueville, 
 and Marguerite de Villequier, whom the Dauphine 
 had appointed because of their literary tastes. 
 Marguerite de Villequier was the sister-in-law of 
 Antoinette de Villequier, a famous beauty who became 
 many years afterwards the mistress of Charles VII. 
 Marguerite de Villequier from all accounts must have 
 been disloyal to the Dauphine after she had been 
 some time in her service ; she seems to have encouraged 
 the mischievous gossip that was later circulated at 
 Court, and in 1445 Margaret endeavoured to send her 
 away, and to replace her by her trusted friend, 
 Pregente de Melun. 
 
 The poetess Jeanne Filleul, whose airy, melancholy 
 little rondeaux have still a charm of their own was 
 one of the Dauphine's ladies. She was a daughter 
 of the Squire of Charles d'Orleans, the poet 
 Duke who languished in captivity for so long in 
 England. 
 
 Margaret's special friend and confidente was 
 Pregente de Melun, one of the Queen's ladies. The 
 Dauphine was a zealous collector of books and old 
 manuscripts ; Pregente was her literary mentor, 
 recommending her what books to read, and procuring 
 them for her. Together they would pore over the 
 manuscripts that Margaret kept hi an oak chest in 
 her room ; and great was the princess' delight when
 
 104 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 they had fresh treasures to add to the store. Mar- 
 garet's love for poetry and versifying grew stronger 
 in her every year ; it became indeed an absorbing 
 passion, almost amounting to a mania. Night after 
 night she would sit up till daybreak writing verses ; 
 she would sometimes compose as many as seven or 
 eight rondeaux in a day. " Aucune fois il etait soleil 
 levant avant qu'elle s'allait coucher, aucunes fois 
 elle s'occupait tellement a faire rondeaux." 
 
 All this was highly detrimental to her health, which 
 was fragile at the best of times. 
 
 Jamet du Tillay said afterwards with some truth : 
 " Sans doute la poesie est chose de plaisance, mais a 
 qui s'y abuse trop, cela fait mal a la tete." 
 
 Her spirit was indeed too eager for her frail 
 body. 
 
 Had Margaret lived she might have become what 
 she aspired to be, a rival of the famous poetess, Christine 
 de Pisan. 
 
 The King and Queen were proud of their daughter-in- 
 law's abilities, and heartily encouraged her literary 
 efforts ; at the Court she was considered trh savante. 
 She had the true artist's instinct and appreciation for 
 " the artist " in others. Her enthusiasm for Alain 
 Chartier (who had returned to the French Court after a 
 temporary loss of the King's favour) went so far as to 
 make her kiss him on the lips one day as he lay asleep 
 on a bench. She did this on the spur of a momentary 
 impulse in the presence of the Court. One of the 
 courtiers laughingly remonstrated with her : 
 " Madame," he said, " I am surprised that you should 
 kiss this man, for he is very ugly." The princess
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 105 
 
 drew herself up with dignity. " Monsieur, you 
 mistake me," she said stiffly, " I did not kiss the man 
 for himself ; I only kissed the precious lips from 
 which so many virtuous words and sentiments have 
 fallen." 
 
 It must not be imagined that Margaret was a blue- 
 stocking, immersed all day in study, and indifferent 
 to the lighter side of life. On the contrary, she was of 
 an unusually gay and lively disposition indeed, her 
 high spirits sometimes led her into indiscretions of 
 which the most was made by her enemies. 
 
 At home she had been petted and spoiled by her 
 devoted parents ; Margaret always remained a child 
 and perhaps somewhat a spoilt child. 
 
 While her playful and kittenish ways charmed and 
 delighted her father-in-law, they irritated her husband 
 beyond measure ; he was far too dour to understand 
 her love of jokes and flippant conversation. 
 
 Though naturally inclined to coquetterie, Margaret 
 was armed with the absolute purity and innocence 
 of childhood, which shielded her from all the 
 temptations at Court. 
 
 Monstrelet says of her that she was " une princesse 
 parfaite aux beaute"s de Tame et du corps." She was 
 a slender wisp of a girl, with small delicate features 
 and deep wistful eyes ; her beauty was of that spiritual 
 nature which lights up every feature of the physical 
 body. Intense refinement marked her whole person. 
 " Toute sa personne e"tait pourvue et armee" de toutes 
 bonnes conditions que noble et haute dame peut 
 avoir." 
 
 She was graceful in all she did, whether it was
 
 106 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 presiding at a Tournament, or holding a Court, or 
 visiting the poor. Her charm lay in her absolute 
 naturalness ; she did not know the meaning of self- 
 consciousness, and she had the fresh impulsiveness 
 of a child. Like a child, she was wayward and variable 
 in her moods ; these showed themselves in small 
 matters, such as dress and food, etc. Sometimes she 
 would wear robes that were too tight and close-fitting, 
 at other times her gowns would be of an exaggeratedly 
 loose and ntglige kind. In spite of her ladies' protests 
 she would love to nibble green apples and to drink 
 quantities of sour vinegar. 
 
 It must have been a great relief to Louis and Mar- 
 garet that circumstances forced them to see so little 
 of each other during their wedded life. There was 
 absolutely nothing in common between them. Mar- 
 garet's dreamy and romantic nature irritated the 
 practical and unimaginative Louis ; his indifference 
 to his wife gradually deepened into absolute dislike 
 and repugnance. 
 
 " II est notoire que le Dauphin prit sa femme en 
 haine," writes Pope Pius II. Many years afterwards 
 Louis confided to Commines that " in his youth he 
 was married to a princess of Scotland, and that as long 
 as he lived, he regretted it." 
 
 At all times he never cared for the society of women. 
 " As for women, he never cared for them," says 
 Commines. Against his wife he had special grievances. 
 The meagre dot she had brought with her, her deep 
 affection for the King, her delicate health, her childless- 
 ness, her absorbing passion for literature, were all 
 sources of bitter vexation and annoyance.
 
 THE DAUPHINE AT THE FRENCH COURT 107 
 
 To quote M. Arnault Thibant : 
 
 " Tout en elle lui deplaisait ; elle etait franche, il etait tout 
 calcul et dissimulation ; elle etait depensiere, il etait econome ; 
 elle ne se plaisait pas que dans les fStes, il les fuyait ; dans 
 1'intimite elle etait caline, il etait reveche, elle revait au lieu 
 de dormir, enfin elle etait savante et se glorifiait de son savoir, 
 alors que lui, fort instruit aussi, ne tirait aucune vanite de 
 ses connaissances ; elle etait poete et comprenait 1'amour a la 
 mode chevaleresque, or pour Louis, 1'amour n'etait qu'un 
 passetemps."
 
 CHAPTER XI 
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 
 
 THE Siege of Dieppe The Peace of Tours Betrothal of 
 Henry VI to Marguerite of Anjou The Dauphin's campaign 
 in Alsace Charles VII leads an expedition into Lorraine 
 The French Court at Nancy Agnes Sorel Marriage of 
 Marguerite of Anjou Festivities at Nancy Departure 
 of Marguerite of Anjou The slanders of Jamet du Tillay 
 The troubles of Margaret of Scotland. 
 
 THE war with the English dragged wearily on. For 
 more than a year the brave garrison of Dieppe had held 
 out against a large force of English under Talbot. 
 It was evident that the besieged had now come to the 
 end of their resources, and that they could not resist for 
 much longer. Immediate relief was imperative, and in 
 1443 the King entrusted the Dauphin with the task. 
 The undertaking was no light one, for the enemy held 
 strong positions round Dieppe, not only occupying a 
 fortress outside the city walls, but all the surrounding 
 castles. The key to the position was the fortress ; 
 this Louis took by assault. He gave his soldiers a 
 splendid lead, exposing himself fearlessly, and showing 
 great dash and pluck. He had taken the wise precau- 
 tion of giving his soldiers a substantial meal before the 
 assault. The relief of Dieppe was effected with much 
 bdai ; Talbot was taken prisoner, and the Dauphin 
 covered himself with glory. He was straightway 
 dispatched on another expedition against the Count 
 d'Armagnac. After bringing this campaign to a 
 
 108
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 109 
 
 successful issue at the close of four months he returned 
 to Tours in April, 1444, crowned with laurels. 
 
 At Tours he found an important Conference in 
 progress. Commissioners from France, England and 
 Burgundy had met to discuss terms of peace and there 
 was every hope of a speedy cessation of hostilities. 
 
 A number of important people had assembled at 
 Tours for the Congress. The Earl of Suffolk had been 
 sent as ambassador-extraordinary from Henry VI. 
 He and his party arrived at Harfleur on March 13th, 
 and proceeded to Tours via Rouen and Vendome. At 
 Blois they embarked on the Loire and sailed down 
 the river to Tours. King Re"ne and a great concourse 
 of nobles received them at the city gates ; the following 
 day they were presented to Charles VII at the Castle 
 of Montils. The King received them with marked 
 cordiality, and everything was done to do them honour. 
 
 Tours was en fite while the congress was sitting, 
 and a series of fetes and entertainments were provided 
 for the distinguished guests, among whom figured the 
 Queen of Sicily, Re'ne' of Anjou and Isabel of Lorraine, 
 their daughter Marguerite of Anjou, the Due d'Alenson, 
 the Due de Bretagne, the Constable de Richemont 
 and many others. It is possible that the Dauphine's 
 sister, Isabel of Scotland, was present, for she had 
 married the Due de Bretagne in 1442, and we hear 
 of his being present at the Congress. He had waited 
 a long time for his Scotch bride. It was reported to 
 him before his marriage that she was very beautiful 
 in exterior, but that intellectually she was inferior 
 to her sister Margaret. " Never mind that," was his 
 famous reply, " he held a woman quite clever enough
 
 110 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 if she could tell the difference between her husband's 
 shirt and doublet." 
 
 In the suite of Isabel of Lorraine was the beautiful 
 Agnes Sorel, with whom Charles had lately become 
 deeply enamoured. His passion for her was just then at 
 its height. Hitherto he had kept his love affair carefully 
 concealed from the eyes of the public, but now it was 
 no longer a secret, and the liaison was openly acknow- 
 ledged throughout the kingdom. Pius II writes of 
 Agnes : " As she possessed extraordinary beauty, and 
 most charming conversation, the King fell in love with 
 her. In a very short time he was so infatuated that 
 he could not be without her for an hour." He gave 
 her the Chateau of Beaute, near Vincennes ; she accom- 
 panied the King on all his travels, and was generally 
 recognised as the most influential person at Court. 
 " In Christendom there had never been princess so 
 richly garbed, nor who kept up such state," writes 
 an old chronicler. Agnes was too gentle and un- 
 assuming a nature to presume upon her position, and 
 she exerted a good influence over Charles. She was 
 ever stimulating him with patriotic ardour, and under 
 her sway the King was his best self. 
 
 " In faith," writes Olivier de la Marche, " she was 
 one of the most beautiful women that I have ever 
 seen, and she did, according to her station, much good 
 to the Kingdom of France." 
 
 On May 1st, 1444, we hear of the whole Court going 
 a-maying. Headed by the Queen and the Dauphine, 
 both on horseback, hundreds of lords and ladies rode 
 out from the Castle of Montils to gather may in the 
 woods. A suite of 300 nobles and men-at-arms
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 111 
 
 accompanied Marie of Anjou and Margaret of Scotland. 
 It must have been a charming sight to see this brave 
 company returning to the Castle in the twilight, each 
 rider bearing a bough of the white may blossom, 
 symbolical of the coming spring. The King and 
 Agnes Sorel followed in the rear of the procession ; 
 this was a golden opportunity for Charles to whisper 
 words of love into the ears of his lady-love. 
 
 There was plenty of work before the Peace Com- 
 missioners at Tours and negotiations did not proceed 
 very rapidly. Certain conditions were insisted upon 
 by the English ; these were steadily and flatly refused 
 by the French. 
 
 The betrothal of Marguerite of Anjou to Henry 
 VI, and a temporary truce of two years between 
 France and England, were the only definite results 
 of the famous Peace of Tours. 
 
 The marriage between Henry VI and King Renews 
 daughter had been tentatively arranged as early as 
 1436. In a treaty for R6ne's liberation drawn up in 
 that year, one of the articles ran as follows : " And to 
 cement the peace between the two powers, Marguerite 
 of Anjou, second daughter to King Rene, shall espouse 
 the King of England." 
 
 Henry himself was eager for the marriage. Accounts 
 of the young princess' remarkable beauty had reached 
 his ears, and a portrait he had seen of her had confirmed 
 the reports of her loveliness. Henry was at that 
 time a handsome youth of twenty-four of singular 
 refinement and loftiness of character. 
 
 As he expressed it : "It was his earnest desire to 
 live under the holy sacrament of marriage." But there
 
 112 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 were many difficulties in the way of this particular 
 marriage. King Re*n6 made strong objections to 
 wedding his daughter to the usurper of his hereditary 
 domains. He insisted that the provinces of Maine and 
 Anjou should be restored to him as a condition of the 
 marriage. This was eventually agreed to. Matters 
 were so far settled by May 24th that the official be- 
 trothal took place on that day, Suffolk acting as 
 proxy for King Henry. 
 
 The ceremony took place in the Church of St. 
 Martin, at Tours. Says an old historian : " After 
 certain questions were asked, Suffolk was pronounced 
 to be betrothed to Margaret in lieu of the English 
 King. Then the people pressed round the altar, and 
 burst into transports of noisy joy, clapping their 
 hands, and shouting Noe'l." A procession was formed 
 to the Abbey of St. Julien, where a magnificent 
 banquet awaited the guests. Marguerite was treated 
 from that time in rank as a Queen she and the Queen 
 of France were served simultaneously with each 
 dish as it appeared upon the table. A curious masque 
 followed the banquet in which figured giants carrying 
 trees in their arms, and camels bearing towers on their 
 backs containing men-at-arms. 
 
 The Dauphin was a bored participator in these 
 revels. His wife's enjoyment of the fetes irritated 
 him, and his father's infatuation for Agnes Sorel 
 depressed him. He was anxious to be off to the wars 
 as soon as possible, and his wish was speedily to be 
 realized, for the following month (June, 1444) he was 
 put at the head of an expedition to Alsace to help 
 Frederick, Duke of Austria, conquer Switzerland. The
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 113 
 
 real purpose of this expedition was to clear France of 
 the Free Companies, whose hands had been danger- 
 ously idle since the truce between France and England. 
 Louis led a motley army of Scots, Bretons, Lombards, 
 Gascons, Spaniards and English into Alsace. When 
 they got there, the Dauphin played his usual crooked 
 game. He contracted a secret alliance with the 
 Swiss and he ended by making his ally into an open 
 enemy. 
 
 In the winter of 1444, he expressed a wish that the 
 Dauphine should join him in Alsace, and preparations 
 were made for her reception, but Louis changed his 
 mind and the orders were countermanded. Mean- 
 while King Charles had headed another expedition 
 into douce Lorraine on behalf of Rene of Anjou, who was 
 striving to regain full possession of his rightful 
 dominions. For years he had been titular ruler of 
 Lorraine, but he had never possessed it in deed. 
 The great lords of the country and the citizens of 
 Metz had to be subjugated before he could hope to 
 come into his own. To effect this, he appealed for 
 help to the King of France, where he met with a 
 ready response, Charles being anxious, for political 
 reasons, to see Lorraine in the possession of the House 
 of Anjou. 
 
 The expedition led by the two Kings proved to be 
 little more than a promenade militaire. One by one the 
 cities submitted to the King of France. Most of the 
 citizens throughout the province, including even the 
 recalcitrant ones of Metz took oaths of fealty to 
 R6n6 their rightful sovereign. After what can be 
 only called a triumphal progress through the country
 
 114 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 the Kings arrived at Nancy, the capital of Lorraine 
 with their respective Courts in the early part of 
 September, 1444. 
 
 Except for the hours occupied in State affairs, the 
 King of France led an extremely gay life at Nancy. 
 Peace with honour had been secured, there was now 
 time for pleasure making, and affairs in the country 
 were sufficiently prosperous to warrant a season of 
 festivities. 
 
 After the many vicissitudes he had passed through, 
 " the good King Rene " now found himself at peace 
 and at leisure to indulge in his tastes for pomp and 
 pageantry. Here at last were full opportunities for 
 him to display his skill in arranging jousts and chivalric 
 fetes, and he delighted in preparing fresh diversions 
 for his guests every day. 
 
 The dual Court at Nancy was a brilliant one, com- 
 posed as it was of the flower of Burgundian and 
 French chivalry. For the first time we see poor 
 Charles VII surrounded by the pomp and prestige of 
 royalty. For years the Court of France had never 
 shone with such splendour. Charles seemed to catch 
 the infection of R6ne's enthusiasm for jousts and 
 courtly games, and he entered whole-heartedly into 
 the festivities arranged by his host. It was a season 
 of mad merriment, and the spirit of gaiety and revelry 
 pervaded the whole brilliant assembly. 
 
 Towards the end of the year, Marie of Anjou and 
 Margaret of Scotland joined the Court at Nancy. 
 We can picture the beautiful young Dauphine entering 
 with eager zest into all the festivities, and she must 
 have been a charming and graceful figure at the various
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 115 
 
 entertainments. We see her taking part in a com- 
 plicated dance known as the " basse danse de Bour- 
 goyne," and a contemporary onlooker declared that 
 " elle dansait a ravir." She was by far the most 
 brilliant of the ladies that surrounded Marie of Anjou. 
 The poor Queen had never been otherwise than homely 
 and dull ; ill-health, and the loss of many of her babies 
 had depressed her, and now she had a grievous trouble 
 to bear in her husband's infatuation for the Dame de 
 Beaute". 
 
 " The King," writes Olivier de la Marche, " had 
 recently taken unto himself a young lady, and in 
 a trice had placed her in a position of such triumph and 
 such power that her estate was comparable to that of 
 the great princesses of the kingdom." 
 
 Agnes Sorel was genuinely attached to the Queen 
 and to avoid causing her pain, had endeavoured to 
 conceal from her as long as possible her liaison with the 
 King, but now it was openly acknowledged throughout 
 the kingdom, and all Marie could do was to bow to the 
 inevitable, and accept Agnes Sorel's position with 
 resignation. 
 
 In the spring of 1445, Suffolk returned to France, 
 with a brilliant retinue, to act as proxy to his master, 
 Henry VI, in his marriage with Marguerite of Anjou. 
 In England, the match had met with stormy opposition, 
 and all kinds of objections had been raised. The father 
 of the bride was a King without a kingdom, and the 
 princess would bring no dowry with her ; the cession 
 of Maine and Anjou to the French would leave 
 Normandy in a most precarious condition ; King 
 Henry's hand was already partially pledged to the
 
 116 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 Court of Armagnac's daughter. These and many 
 other difficulties were raised, the greatest objection 
 being that the bride was penniless. 
 
 Suffolk pleaded, not only the political value of the 
 alliance, but the remarkable beauty of the gifted 
 princess. 
 
 " Were the provinces of Maine and Anjou too great a 
 sacrifice for an honourable peace between France and 
 England ? " he asked. The opposition was finally 
 overcome, and in the autumn of 1444, Henry, in the 
 following letter, entrusted Suffolk (whom he had re- 
 cently created a Marquis) with bringing back his 
 bride to England. 
 
 " As you have lately, by the divine favour and grace, in 
 our name for us, engaged verbally the excellent, magnificent, 
 and very bright Margaretta, the serene daughter of the King 
 of Sicily, and sworn that we shall contract matrimony with 
 her, we consent and will that she be conducted to us over 
 seas, from her country and friends, at our expense." 
 
 Suffolk, and his retinue of 250 persons, arrived at 
 Nancy in the early spring of 1445. The marriage 
 ceremony took place in February in the Church of 
 St. Martin, the Bishop of Toul officiating and the 
 Marquis of Suffolk acting as proxy for Henry VI. 
 The bride was a beautiful girl of fifteen, and extremely 
 popular at Court. 
 
 A Burgundian chronicler writes of her : 
 
 " There was no princess in Christendom more accomplished 
 than my lady Marguerite of Anjou. She was already renowned 
 in France for her beauty and wit, and all the misfortunes of 
 her father had only given her an opportunity of displaying 
 her lofty spirit and courage." 
 
 The week following the wedding was entirely given 
 up to festivities. Ballets, jousts, concerts, and
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 117 
 
 pageants formed the programme of each day. In 
 what is still known as the Place de la Carriere, a 
 magnificent Tournament, lasting four days, was held. 
 This was carried out in strict accordance with the 
 laws of ancient chivalry. Re"ne himself was an expert 
 in chivalric lore ; he was the author of a book on the 
 form and manner of Tournaments, and in our own 
 days he would have been an unrivalled master of 
 pageants. 
 
 In the great Tournament at Nancy all the knights 
 wore garlands of daisies in honour of the fair Marguerite. 
 The Kings of France and Sicily tilted against each other 
 in the ring, Rene proving the easy victor of Charles. 
 Marie of Anjou and Isabel of Lorraine distributed the 
 prizes. The Queen of Beauty was Agnes Sorel who 
 looked incomparably beautiful dressed as an Amazon 
 in armour blazing with jewels and riding a 
 magnificent charger of untold value. 
 
 A competition in archery was one of the amusements 
 in this festive week. The prize of a thousand crowns 
 was won by the French, among whom were some 
 skilled marksmen of the Scotch guard. 
 
 Among the knights who greatly distinguished 
 themselves in the jousts were Pierre de Bre"ze, the 
 Comte du Maine, the Comte de Foix, and the Comte 
 de St. Pol. After a round of festivities lasting eight 
 days the time came for Margaret's departure. She 
 was delivered into the charge of the Marquis and 
 Marchioness of Suffolk, and set out on her journey for 
 England. The parting was a sad one for all the parties 
 concerned. 
 
 " Never was a young princess more deeply loved 
 
 9 (2013)
 
 118 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 in the bosom of her own country," writes an old 
 chronicler. 
 
 A contemporary poet thus describes the parting 
 of the princess : 
 
 " Then came the Earl of Suffolk there 1 
 To escort his Queen from scenes of mirth, 
 And tears fell fast in sad despair 
 And some did sink upon the earth. 
 
 " Then noble dames and damsels fair 
 Took one by one their last embrace, 
 And none could soothe the pangs, or dare 
 To bid adieu to that loved face. 
 
 " And pity 'twas, and terrible to see 
 A world of feeling waked so cruelly. 
 The Queen takes leave, the Queen departs, 
 The revelry that had been made 
 Then changes into aching hearts. 
 
 " What bliss unsafe ! what joy decayed ! 
 Alas ! of cheer, and pomp, and mirth, 
 What is there here that lasteth long, 
 Now feasting, now laid in cold earth, 
 Now grief, erstwhile the dance and song." 2 
 
 King Charles accompanied the bride two leagues 
 out of Nancy. She fairly broke down and sobbed 
 when he bade her farewell. The King soothed her 
 with kind words, " I seem to have done nothing for 
 you, my niece, he said, " in placing you on one of the 
 greatest thrones in Europe, for it is scarcely worthy of 
 possessing you." He retur'2d to Nancy, his eyes 
 swollen with weeping. 
 
 The Dauphin had joined the Court at Nancy in the 
 
 1 To Nancy. 
 
 * The festivities were suddenly ended by the death of Princess 
 Radegonde of France.
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 119 
 
 early spring after his Alsatian campaign, yet there is 
 no mention of his appearing at any of the wedding 
 festivities. He pleaded illness in excuse of his absence, 
 but the real reason was his extreme 'aversion to fetes 
 of any kind, for he felt completely out of his element in 
 scenes of merriment. At that time he was feeling very 
 sore with his wife, with whom he had had a painful 
 interview soon after his arrival. Scandal-mongers at 
 Court had been busy with her name during his absence, 
 and directly he arrived at Nancy all kinds of tales were 
 poured into his ears. Doubtless the mischief-makers, 
 knowing the Dauphin's aversion to his wife, hoped to 
 ingratiate themselves with him by these scandalous 
 tales. One man in particular worked persistently 
 to ruin the Dauphine's fair name. This was Jamet du 
 Tillay, Bailli of Vermandois, and a member of the 
 Royal Household. The question is : Was Louis at 
 the bottom of du Tillay's continued persecution of the 
 princess ? for his conduct certainly leads us to suppose 
 that he was acting as a spy under the Dauphin's orders. 
 The gentle Margaret had an instinctive aversion 
 for this man, who was constantly haunting her 
 presence. Jamet du Tillay was one of those coarse- 
 minded persons who see evil in everything ; out of 
 an entirely harmless and innocent incident he con- 
 structed a scandal of the first magnitude, and poured 
 his vile story, which lost nothing in the telling, into 
 the Dauphin's willing ears directly he came back from 
 Alsace. He accused Margaret of undue familiarity 
 with a young knight named Jean d'Estoutville, Sieur 
 de Blainville. He based his accusations on a scene 
 that took place in the winter in Margaret's apartment.
 
 120 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 This is the true story of the episode : The Dauphine 
 was holding her Court in her rooms one evening after 
 dinner. She was reclining on her couch, surrounded 
 by her circle of ladies. Several young nobles of the 
 Court were present, and they were spending the evening 
 as they often did, in reading and reciting ballads and 
 chivalrous stories. Margaret's compositions were 
 read aloud among others, and were received with 
 much applause. The young Sieur de Blainville, being 
 a youth of literary tastes, was constituted the critic 
 of the party. He sat by the Dauphine's bedside 
 leading the conversation, his elbow carelessly leaning 
 upon one of her cushions. As she reclined on her 
 couch her eyes gazed dreamily at him, while her 
 thoughts were far away in the world of romance, and 
 she listened only in an absent-minded manner to his 
 discourses. The poetess, Jeanne Filleul, was called 
 upon by the company to recite one of her compositions. 
 She did so, and the Sieur de Blainville especially 
 commended her for a certain melancholy little love 
 poem. As the evening drew on the ladies formed 
 a narrower circle round the Dauphine. The flickering 
 flames of the hearth alone lighted the room ; no torches 
 were lit for the dim shadowy twilight rendered the 
 reading of stirring ballads much more effective. 
 
 At nine o'clock the Bailli of Vermandois suddenly 
 entered the room, accompanied by Regnault de 
 Dresnay, the Maitre d'Hotel of the Dauphine's 
 Household, both bearing lighted candles. Jamet's 
 evil mind at once put the worst construction on the 
 scene. He could hardly see the Dauphine, whose 
 person was hid in the shadow, but he could see that the
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 121 
 
 young Sieur de Blainville was sitting near her, and he 
 pretended to be deeply shocked. Going up to Margaret 
 he insolently thrust his lighted candle almost under 
 her eyes. She flushed a deep scarlet, and shivered 
 at the insult. Jamet then marched out of the room, 
 observing to de Dresnay that the Dauphine had 
 obviously shown that she was ashamed of herself. 
 This is the whole story of the cruel slander that 
 wrecked a brilliant young princess' life. 
 
 The pure-minded and gentle Margaret felt deeply 
 the cruel calumnies that were circulated about her. 
 She guessed that Jamet du Tillay was at the bottom 
 of all the mischief. " There is one who is over light 
 of speech," she said to her ladies, " whom I do well 
 to dislike. He has done his best, and is still trying 
 to lower me in the eyes of the Dauphin. It has made 
 me very sorrowful indeed, for no man could say worse 
 things of any woman than he has said of me." 
 
 The continual presence of the Bailli terrified her, 
 for she knew that he was constantly spying upon her, 
 and she literally fled at his approach. She was too 
 proud to confide her sorrows to the King and Queen. 
 It would have been well had she done so for she 
 would have been sure to have received sympathy 
 and assurances of confidence from them both ; 
 but she nursed her wrongs in secret. They preyed 
 so much upon her mind that she became a 
 changed woman from that time, and she fell into a 
 deep melancholy. So great was her depression that 
 she could only bring herself to smile with an effort, 
 and her health began visibly to fail. In order to 
 revive her drooping spirits the King and Queen
 
 122 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 decided to send for her sisters, the Princesses Jean and 
 Eleanor of Scotland, to come and live with her, thinking 
 that their presence might cheer her and do her good. 
 
 What grieved her beyond anything was that her 
 husband distrusted her, and it hurt her to the quick 
 that he believed in Tillay's slanders. It was useless 
 for her to assure him of her innocence, he refused to 
 believe her, while he put his faith in every piece of 
 tittle-tattle brought to him by that rodeur d'alcoves, 
 the Bailli of Vermandois. 
 
 The death of the delicate Princess Radegonde of 
 France, at the age of nineteen, brought the festivities 
 at Nancy to an abrupt close, and plunged the French 
 Court into deep mourning. At the end of April, the 
 Queen, with the Dauphin and Dauphine, left Nancy 
 and proceeded to Chalons, where important political 
 matters had to be discussed. They arrived at Chalons 
 on May 4th, and took up their residence at the Chateau 
 of Sarry, a short distance from the town. Here du 
 Tillay pursued his vigilant course of espionage on 
 Margaret. His ear was always at the keyhole, and 
 as he gossiped and joked with the Dauphine's ladies, 
 he was ever on the watch for catching some word 
 that might be twisted into incriminating evidence 
 against Margaret. He wrote anonymous letters to 
 the King full of calumnies against her ; Charles, to 
 his honour, be it said, treated these with silent 
 contempt. 
 
 To hurt the Dauphine became a perfect obsession 
 with Jamet du Tillay. Margaret was perfectly aware 
 of his designs, and her fear and dislike of him increased. 
 One day, as the worthy Bedchamber Woman, Mme. de
 
 THE WEDDING AT NANCY 123 
 
 St. Michel, was on her way to vespers, she found the 
 Bailli absorbed in conversation with two of the young 
 maids-of-honour. " Where are you going to, old 
 lady ? " he called out jestingly. " There is no need to 
 ask you that question," was the scathing reply, " for 
 you are not a man to trouble yourself about vespers 
 or devotions of any kind." At that moment the 
 Dauphine entered, and perceiving her foe, she turned 
 and abruptly left the room. " What did he speak 
 to you about ? " she asked her young maids of honour 
 afterwards. " Oh ! he was only teasing and chaffing 
 us as he does all the others," they replied. Then 
 Margaret opened her heart to them, and told them 
 how the Bailli had tried and was trying to put her 
 out of favour with the King and the Dauphin, and how 
 he was the author of all her miseries, " car," she 
 said, " on ne pourrait jamais dire plus mauvaises 
 paroles de femme qu'on avait dit d'elle."
 
 CHAPTER XII 
 
 THE DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 
 
 ENTRY of the Queen and Dauphine into Chalons Reception 
 of the Duchesse de Bourgogne The Conferences at Chalons 
 The Jousts at Chalons Margaret's pilgrimage Her 
 illness and death The arrival of her sisters at the French 
 Court Funeral of the Dauphine Isabel Stuart's elegy 
 The Monk of Pluscarden's account of her death. 
 
 AMONG the archives of Chalons there still exists one 
 relating to the entry of Marie of Anjou and Margaret 
 of Scotland into the city on May 4th, 1445 : 
 
 " Et la furent faictes grandes, honorables, et somptueuses 
 joustes, et apres & grant peine fut faicte pais et accort entre 
 le roi et mondit sieur de Bourgogne, et aussi entre le roi de 
 Sicile and ledit sieur de Bourgogne." 
 
 A good deal of State business, dealing with home 
 and foreign affairs, occupied the King during his 
 sojourn at Chalons, chief among which was a political 
 Conference with Isabelle, duchess of Burgundy, who 
 had been dispatched by her husband to obtain some 
 important concessions from Charles VII. This mission 
 had been entrusted to her on account of her political 
 acumen and her remarkable astuteness. 
 
 As the King did not arrive in Chalons till the end of 
 May, he deputed the Queen to receive the haughty 
 Isabelle. She arrived in the middle of May accom- 
 panied by a large retinue of lords and ladies, among 
 whom were her nephew, Adolphe de Cleves, and her 
 two nieces Jacqueline, the Comtesse d'Etampes, and 
 Marie de Gueldres. Upon their arrival, the duchess 
 
 124
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 125 
 
 immediately proceeded to the Castle to pay her 
 respects to the Queen of France. This " first call " 
 was a very ceremonious affair. 
 
 First she sent her chevalier cThonneur, the Seigneur de 
 Crequy, to wait upon the Queen and enquire whether 
 her Majesty would be at liberty to receive her. Upon 
 an answer in the affirmative being given, the duchess 
 dismounted her palfrey, and entering the Castle was 
 conducted to the Queen's apartment, followed by her 
 numerous retinue. Her maids of honour bore her 
 long train till they reached the entrance to the Queen's 
 room, when, standing in the doorway, the duchess 
 gathered her train in a great sweep round her, and 
 made three low courtesies to her royal hostess. After 
 the third courtesy Marie of Anjou stepped forward, 
 and raising her guest from the ground, gave her a 
 cordial greeting. 
 
 Isabelle's diplomatic powers were taxed to the utmost 
 in the political discussions that followed later on with 
 the King and the Dauphin. The Conferences at 
 Chalons lasted from May to July, and the duchess 
 began to despair of arriving at any satisfactory solutions. 
 She found the Dauphin, in particular, a very " slippery 
 customer" and she rightly guessed that he was 
 playing his usual double game in the negotiations. 
 The two took a cordial dislike to each other. Louis 
 found the shrewd and haughty Isabelle a match even for 
 him, and her cleverness exasperated him. One day 
 he entirely lost his temper at one of her " bitter- 
 sweet " remarks, and, forgetting her sex and rank 
 openly stormed at her, using the most abusive 
 language. Margaret of Scotland did what she could
 
 126 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 to make up for her husband's rudeness to the duchess. 
 Isabelle took a fancy to the young Dauphine, and 
 frequently dined with her, etiquette not permitting 
 her to dine with the King and Queen of France. A 
 warm friendship sprang up between the young princess 
 and the elderly woman (Isabelle was about forty-eight 
 at the time). Perhaps, with her shrewd instincts the 
 duchess guessed at Margaret's secret sorrows ; at all 
 events she gave her plenty of motherly advice, and 
 above all encouraged her to be gay, and to get what 
 enjoyment she could out of life. Etiquette decreed 
 that the duchess should kneel to the Dauphine on 
 leaving the table, and Margaret, mindful of her own 
 dignity, permitted her to do this. 
 
 With the Queen, also, Isabelle became very friendly. 
 Both women had heavy domestic trials to bear, and 
 they found some comfort in pouring out their griev- 
 ances into each other's ears. As an old chronicler 
 says : " Elles avaient une meme douleur et maladie 
 qu'on appelle jalousie." The Due de Bourgogne was, 
 like Charles VII, a faithless husband, only he was 
 fifty times worse. He was acknowledged to be " le 
 prince le plus damaret et le plus galant de son epoque." 
 Often would the Queen of France and the Duchesse de 
 Bourgogne shed tears together over their respective 
 husbands. Their mournful confidences were sometimes 
 interrupted by the playful sallies of the Dauphine, 
 for though Margaret carried an aching heart wherever 
 she went, her natural high spirits never entirely failed 
 her. 
 
 In spite of the Court mourning, the last three weeks 
 of the Conferences at Chalons were given over to fetes
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 127 
 
 in honour of the various ambassadors who came from 
 all parts of Europe to do homage to the victorious 
 King of France. Charles was now at the zenith of 
 his power. Never had his position been established 
 on so firm a basis. He was now no longer " the 
 Kinglet of Bourges." His lands were for the most part 
 restored to him, and the Crown of France had at last 
 recovered its prestige in Europe. Envoys from 
 Castile, Milan, Savoy, England, and Germany flocked 
 to Chalons to do honour to the restored sovereign. 
 Various entertainments were, provided for their 
 amusement, and every evening there were dances and 
 banquets " les plus honorables et somptueuses qui 
 se fussent vues depuis long temps." It was an 
 expensive time for the ladies of the Court, and we 
 find the King making his daughter-in-law a gift of 
 2,000 livres to purchase silks and furs for her person. 
 Margaret's receipt for this present still exists, and 
 runs as follows : 
 
 " July 2, 1445. 
 
 " Nous, Marguerite, dauphine de Viennois, confessons 
 avoir eu et re$u de maitre Etienne Petit, secretaire de Mon- 
 seigneur le Roi et receveur general de ses finances au pays de 
 Languedoc et duche de Guienne, la somme de 2,000 livres 
 tournois a nous donnee par mondit seigneur sur 1'aide qui lui 
 sera prochainement octroye audit pays de Languedoc, et 
 icelle somme nous a fait bailler et delivrer comptant par les 
 mains de Jacques Cceur son argentier, nous estant nagueres 
 a Nancy en Lorraine, pour avoir des draps de soie et martins 
 pour faire robes pour notre personne." 
 
 One of the diversions prepared for the guests was a 
 joust arranged by the Comte de St. Pol and the Comte 
 du Maine. At this a great surprise was prepared for 
 the assembly : " One day two knights, unknown and
 
 128 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 richly garbed, entered the lists to a blare of trumpets 
 so loud that it seemed as though earth and sky were 
 about to enter into a combat." The knights proved to 
 be the King of France himself and the renowned 
 Pierre de Breze", Senechal de Poitou. At this Tourna- 
 ment Margaret's impulsiveness led her into an act of 
 indiscretion of which we may be sure her enemies made 
 the most. 
 
 Impressed by the gallant bearing of a certain 
 young knight, and hearing he was poor, she emptied 
 her purse of 600 gold crowns on his behalf, and 
 thinking this sum insufficient, she borrowed 200 ecus to 
 add to her gift. Such extravagance exasperated the 
 frugal soul of the Dauphin, besides giving rise to a 
 great deal of foolish gossip. Poor Margaret ! it must 
 be confessed that she often acted far from wisely, and 
 increased her domestic difficulties by her want of tact 
 and judgment. 
 
 Her health at this time was very frail, and her 
 weak state alarmed all those about her ; yet she 
 snapped her fingers at the doctors and continued to 
 pursue her midnight studies in defiance of their wishes. 
 It was noticed with apprehension at Court how thin 
 and fragile she looked. Overstudy and worry had 
 brought deep circles under her beautiful eyes ; she 
 seemed to grow more white and shadowy every day. 
 
 At last the Duchess of Burgundy and the various 
 foreign embassies made their departure, and the Court 
 prepared to return to Touraine. 
 
 The King himself arranged the details for the removal. 
 He planned that the Royal Household should be 
 divided into three corteges that the Dauphin should
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 129 
 
 start in the first, himself in the second, and that the 
 Queen and the Dauphine should follow by slow stages 
 in the third. 
 
 Before leaving Chalons, Charles made a last pil- 
 grimage to the neighbouring Church of Notre Dame 
 de 1'Epine, a few miles out of the town. The Dauphine 
 expressed a wish to accompany him, being anxious to 
 visit this " notable edifice visite chaque jour par grand 
 peuple, pour cause des grans miracles qui y etaient 
 accomplis en faveur de Notre Dame." The King 
 gladly acquiesced in her wish, for he was always 
 delighted to be in the company of his daughter-in-law, 
 and the two set out from the Castle of Sarry one hot 
 Saturday afternoon 1 early in August. 
 
 The princess returned from the expedition " toute 
 suante," we are told, with the heat and exertion of the 
 day. Throwing off her cloak, she sat down on a stone 
 bench in the cold vaulted hall of the Castle, and 
 remained reading for some time. In this way she 
 caught a chill, and the next day pneumonia set in. 
 She was removed on a litter from the Castle of Sarry 
 to Chalons, where a room had been hastily prepared 
 for her in the cloister of St. Stephen's Cathedral. The 
 short journey greatly fatigued her, and it became 
 evident that she was dangerously ill. The three 
 physicians who attended her prescribed absolute rest 
 and quiet. All the church bells in Chalons were for- 
 bidden to be rung. For some days the princess lay 
 in a raging fever torn by an incessant cough. In her 
 delirious ravings she always harped on the same 
 strain, the story of her wrongs. When the fever 
 
 1 August 7th, 1445.
 
 130 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 abated, it left her in a state of utter weakness and 
 prostration. 
 
 One of the worst symptoms was her profound 
 depression. In her calm moments she lay silently 
 on her bed, with a far-off look in her eyes, plunged in a 
 deep melancholy. She would not rouse herself to 
 eat or to talk. She was weary of life, she declared, 
 and she had no wish to recover. When her women 
 sought to cheer her with hopeful words, she never 
 answered them, but remained passive and inert, her 
 deep eyes filled with tears. 
 
 Her kind bedchamber woman, Madame de St. 
 Michel, at last remonstrated with her, and speaking 
 to her as a mother to a child, told her there was no 
 cause for her to be sad, and that she must try to rouse 
 herself and cheer up. To this Margaret wearily replied 
 that she had good cause to be sorrowful, for she was 
 tortured by the idea that the Dauphin believed in the 
 false calumnies that were spread about her. '" She 
 had never even thought of the things which were imputed 
 to her," she declared. 
 
 One of her ladies, Marguerite de Vaux, tried to soothe 
 her by telling her that the Bailli of Vermandois " had 
 never said, and never could have said, such things 
 about her." But Margaret insisted most positively 
 that he had done so. 
 
 The Dauphine s illness was the one topic of con- 
 versation at Chalons. The doctors attending upon her 
 were besieged with enquiries, but they made evasive 
 replies to all questions. On Wednesday, August llth, 
 the patient was very weak and depressed. Her gentle 
 lamentations were heart-rending, and completely
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 131 
 
 upset her ladies. " Oh Jamet ! Jamet ! " they heard 
 her murmur " you have finished your work. If I 
 die it is because of you and the words you have spoken 
 about me without truth or reason." Again and again 
 she smote her breast, crying out : " Je prens sur 
 Dieu et sur mon ame et sur le Bapteme que j'apportai 
 des fons, ou je puisse mourir, que je ne 1'ai deservi one, 
 et ne tins tort a Monseigneur." The stalwart Pierre 
 de Bre'ze, overhearing these pitiful words, could not 
 suppress his emotion, " tant c'tait grand pitie de la 
 douleur et courroux qu'elle souffrait." 
 
 On Friday, the 13th, a slight improvement was 
 reported. The cough was better, and the fever had 
 abated. Hopes were entertained of her recovery, 
 and it was even suggested that the King and the 
 Dauphin would be able to leave Chalons as arranged. 
 Charles enquired of the princess' condition before he 
 went to Mass in the morning, and the doctors gave him 
 a fairly reassuring report. In the evening, after 
 supper, the King drew Jamet du Tillay aside. " Tell 
 me what is really the matter with the Dauphine," 
 he asked. Jamet told him that the illness was due to 
 lack of rest and " the abuse of poetry." It distressed 
 the King greatly to hear that his daughter-in-law 
 refused to take nourishment. 
 
 On Saturday, August 14th, a decided change for 
 the worse took place. 
 
 It became evident that the princess was dying. 
 Du Tillay met the doctor, Guillaume Leothier, as he 
 came out of her room, and plied him with questions. 
 The doctor answered him shortly : " Madame is far 
 from well, and she seems to wish to die rather than
 
 132 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 to live," he said, adding with some irritation, " that 
 his head would be split with all these questions ! " 
 
 When all hope had been given up, the King and 
 Queen and the whole Court were overcome with grief. 
 The Dauphin alone remained calm and perfectly 
 self-possessed, he evinced no concern whatever for his 
 dying wife, and no word of tenderness or affection fell 
 from his lips that might have cheered and soothed her 
 last hours. We do not even hear of his entering 
 Margaret's chamber. 
 
 On Sunday the princess grew rapidly worse. Again 
 she cried out : " Et je prens sur mon ame, ou je puisse 
 mourir, que je ne tins one tort a Monseigneur." 
 Pierre de Breze, who was by her bedside, heard her 
 murmur the name of Jamet several times. " Wretched 
 fellow ! muttered the Seneschal between his teeth, 
 " she is dying because of you." 
 
 On Monday afternoon (the 16th) she made her 
 confession to Robert Poitevin, the Queen's confessor. 
 The priest asked her some searching questions. 
 
 " Madame," he said, " is your heart full of thinking 
 upon the God whom you must soon meet ? " 
 
 " Yes, Master Robert," came the feeble reply. 
 
 " Madame, forget Him not." 
 
 " Nay, nay," she whispered in scarcely audible 
 tones. " I will never forget Him." 
 
 " Madame, have you pardoned everybody who has 
 wronged you ? " asked the priest. 
 
 The princess was silent, but the confessor imagined 
 he saw her give a feeble sign of assent ; and she was 
 in too weak a state for him to press the point 
 further.
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 133 
 
 At seven o'clock in the evening Marguerite de Salignac 
 stole into the sick chamber, in a state of great agitation. 
 She was terribly distressed by the thought that her 
 beloved mistress might die without having freely 
 pardoned her enemy. Above all things it was to be 
 desired that she should die "in perfect charity with 
 all men," and the lady-in-waiting had reason to 
 believe that the Dauphine had not yet fully forgiven 
 him who had trespassed against her. Bending over 
 the dying girl, Marguerite de Salignac asked her if she 
 had pardoned all her enemies, especially Jamet du 
 Tillay. The confessor, who was sitting by the window, 
 rebuked the lady-in-waiting for her persistence, assur- 
 ing her that Madame had pardoned everybody. A 
 discussion on the point arose between the two, which 
 reached the ears of the dying princess. 
 
 " She made a sign that she had pardoned everyone," 
 reiterated the priest almost angrily. Rousing herself 
 from the death slumber into which she was fast sinking, 
 Margaret murmured, " Not really not really," several 
 times. 
 
 " You must make her pardon Jamet du Tillay," 
 said the lady-in-waiting earnestly to the priest. 
 Robert Poitevin advanced to the bedside. He wrung 
 from his penitent the confession that there was one 
 whom she had not yet forgiven. 
 
 " Nay, Madame," said the priest kindly to her, " you 
 must pardon him now, for such it is your duty." 
 
 Marguerite de Salignac and Madame de St. Michel 
 then approached the dying girl, and tenderly exhorted 
 her to forgive Jamet his trespasses, as she would wish 
 hers to be forgiven. To their intense relief they heard 
 
 10 (2013)
 
 134 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 her whisper : " Je le pardonne done de tout mon 
 coeur." With a weary sigh she turned on her pillows 
 and fell into a state of coma. Once or twice her lips 
 moved and they caught the words : " N'etait ma foi, 
 je me rSpentirais volontiers d'etre venu en France." 
 The evening wore on and the watchers still kept 
 their sad vigil by the bed-side. Towards eleven 
 o'clock she stirred on her pillows and opened her 
 eyes. Just before she passed away she made a feeble 
 gesture with her hand. " Fi ! fi done de la vie," she 
 
 whispered, " qu'on ne me parle plus ! " 
 
 ***** 
 
 Again the French Court was plunged into mourning. 
 The death of the gentle Dauphine was received every- 
 where with genuine sorrow. The King was deeply 
 grieved, and the shock made the Queen quite ill. The 
 Dauphin considered it wise policy to feign deep sorrow. 
 Some ambassadors from Metz, who had an audience 
 with him on the day of his wife's death, reported to 
 have found him in tears. " God was taking away 
 from him the dearest thing in the world," he said to 
 them. But Louis was a consummate actor and there 
 is every reason to believe that his tears were purely 
 hypocritical ones. 
 
 An autopsy of the body took place, which revealed 
 the fact that the princess' lungs were diseased, and 
 that she had evidently been suffering from consumption 
 for some time. 
 
 Three days after Margaret's death her two sisters, 
 the Princesses Jean and Eleanor of Scotland, arrived 
 in France. Twenty-four members of the Dauphine's 
 suite met them at Tournai, and conveyed to them
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 135 
 
 the sad intelligence of their sister's death. The blow 
 was doubly hard for the young princesses to bear, 
 for they had just received the news of their mother's 1 
 death at Dunbar. They arrived at Tours in September, 
 1445, where the King and Queen of France received 
 them most kindly and sympathetically. They were 
 given a house and a large establishment, the Dauphine's 
 ladies passing into their service, and they remained 
 for many years at the French Court, till Charles 
 eventually found husbands for them. A marriage 
 was proposed between the Dauphin and the Princess 
 Jean, but the Pope refused to give the required 
 dispensation. 
 
 The funeral of Margaret of Scotland took place in 
 St. Stephen's Cathedral at Chalons. Neither the King, 
 the Queen, nor the Dauphin were present, all three 
 having departed for Touraine the day following the 
 Dauphine's death. 2 But the lords and ladies of 
 Margaret's Household were present, besides a vast 
 concourse composed of all classes. 
 
 The three coffins containing her remains were 
 deposited in a vault near the high altar. This was 
 only a temporary sepulture, Margaret having expressed 
 a wish to be buried in the Abbey Church of St. Laon de 
 Thouars, where she had endowed a chapel. It was 
 not till thirty-four years later that Louis carried out 
 her wishes. In November, 1479, the Abbot of St. 
 Laon with his monks, went to Chalons, and after 
 fresh solemn obsequies, the three coffins were removed 
 to Thouars, being " borne on a carriage covered with 
 
 1 Queen Joan. 
 
 1 August 17th. 1445.
 
 136 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 cloth of gold, bordered with black velvet, and 
 drawn by three horses caparisoned in black 
 velvet." 
 
 The sad details of Margaret's illness leaked out, 
 and a great clamour arose against du Tillay, who was 
 held by some to be partly responsible for her death. 
 The King felt himself bound to hold an enquiry into 
 the whole affair, and two commissioners were appointed 
 to investigate the case. 
 
 The enquiry was held at the Chateau of Razilly, 
 near Chinon, two months after the Dauphine's death. 
 The Queen, the ladies of the Household, the doctors, 
 and Jamet du Tillay were subjected to a searching 
 cross-examination. The results of the enquiry were 
 vague and unsatisfactory. The fact that du Tillay 
 continued to enjoy the King's favour shows that he 
 came pretty well out of the affair. Several young 
 knights, indignant that the slur on the Dauphine's 
 name was not entirely wiped out, were anxious to 
 fight a duel in vindication of her honour. This, however, 
 the King absolutely forbade ; his role throughout 
 was to suppress and hush up the whole distasteful 
 affair. 
 
 None of Margaret's poems and sonnets have come 
 down to us. Louis had all her papers destroyed 
 shortly after her death. All the treasures in her 
 oak chest were ruthlessly burnt. Louis seems to have 
 been anxious to wipe out anything and everything 
 that could remind him of his wife. Several elegies 
 were written upon the princess after her death, the 
 best known of which is the " Lamentation of the 
 Dauphine," written by her sister, Isabel Stuart,
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 137 
 
 Duchess of Brittany. This is still preserved in her 
 pretty little " Book of Hours," bound in vellum, 
 which had been presented to her as a wedding gift 
 by her husband : 
 
 " Adieu Dauphin, mon tres cher Sire ! 
 A pleurer la dame se print ; 
 Pour vous, j'avais la mer passee. 
 Oui, j'ai prins moult de grands plaisirs 
 Si avait trestout mon lignage 
 De France et d'Ecosse aussi, 
 Car j'avais etc mariee 
 An plus noble des fleurs de lis. 
 
 " Adieu ! tres noble roy de France 
 Pere de mon loyal man, 
 Adieu, mon frere, roi d'Ecosse, 
 Et madame ma mere aussi, 
 Adieu, fin franc due de Bretagne 
 Frere de mon loyal man, 
 Quand saurez que seray trepassee 
 Pour moi aurez le coeur marry. 
 
 " Adieu ! toutes sainctes eglises, 
 Papes, cardinaux, cette fois, 
 Adieu ! toute la seigneurie 
 De France, ou est le paix courtois. 
 Adieu ! noble reine de France 
 Et toutes ses dames aussi, 
 Je vous prie, ma tres chere dame 
 Confortez mon loyal mari. 
 
 " Adieu ! duchesse de Bourgogne 
 Dame Isabeau, a coeur courtois ! 
 Adieu ! Catherine de France 
 La comtesse de Charleroi. 
 Adieu ! duchesse de Bretagne 
 La mienne socur o coeur jolis 
 Si vous pouvez par nulle voix 
 Mettez pais en fleur de lis !
 
 138 THE TRAGEDY OF TWO STUARTS 
 
 " En soupirant est trepassee 
 La dame dont est fait mention, 
 Recommendant a Dieu son ame 
 Pour lui prier faire pardon. 
 ' Vrai Dieu de consolation 
 Veillez mon ame racheter 
 Car je vois bien que en nulle voye 
 A la mort ne puis echapper.' " 
 
 The Vicomte de Blosseville, a young knight of 
 poetical tastes, who had been a fervent admirer of 
 Margaret, wrote some lines in her honour. Long ago 
 he had chosen the princess for his " lady," and through- 
 out his life the initial of her name remained his device : 
 
 " Je 1'ai choisie pour ma dame, 
 Dont je ne crains reproche d'ame, 
 Car de tous biens est assouvie 
 Celle pour qui je porte ' I'M.' ' 
 
 We cannot do better than close the story of Margaret 
 of Scotland with the touching account of her death 
 given by the Monk of Pluscarden : 
 
 " About the same time, in the year 1445, died Margaret 
 the Dauphiness of France, most deeply loved by the King and 
 Queen of France, and by her own husband, and while in the 
 bloom of youth, almost ruled the King and Kingdom at will 
 by her advice, with consummate tact and wisdom, whereby 
 she was most thoroughly beloved and trusted by the King 
 and Queen of France, and her words were listened to. But 
 woe is me that I should have to write what I sorrowfully 
 relate about her death ! For Death, who snatches all living 
 things equally, without respect of persons, snatched away 
 that lady after a short illness to pay the debt of nature, in 
 the bloom of youth, without issue of the Royal House of France ; 
 and her unlocked for death at Chalons in the county of 
 Champagne, where she lies interred, cast the gloom of over- 
 whelming grief over the hearts of many in France and Scotland. 
 I, who write this, saw her every day alive, playing with the
 
 DEATH OF MARGARET OF SCOTLAND 139 
 
 King and Queen of France, and going on thus nine years. 
 But afterwards, at the time of the contracting of the marriage 
 between King Henry of England, and the daughter of the 
 King of Sicily, brother of the Queen of France, within eight 
 days, l I saw her in good health, then dead and laid in a 
 tomb at the corner of the high altar, on the North side, in the 
 Cathedral Church of the said city of Chalons, in a leaden coffin." 
 
 1 This is not correct, the Dauphine dying six months after the 
 marriage.
 
 INDEX 
 
 ABBEVILLE, 30 
 Aberdeen, Bishop of, 62 
 Agincourt, 9, 10, 59 
 Albany, Duke of, 18, 19, 20, 
 
 22, 24, 25, 28, 58 
 Alen9on, Due de, 109 
 Alsace, 112, 113; campaign 
 
 into, 119 
 Anjou, Louis due de, 13, 76 
 
 , 112, 113, 115, 116 
 
 Antoinette de Villequier, 103 
 Amboise, 75, 79, 85, 86, 102 
 Armagnacs, the, 8, 10, 11 
 Armagnac, Comte de, 10, 108, 
 
 116 
 
 , Bernard Comte de, 98 
 
 Atholl, Duke of, 88, 89 
 Aubigny, Sieur de, 58 
 Auvergne, 79 
 Austria, Frederick Duke of, 
 
 112 
 
 BAKER, the Chronicler, 10, 41 
 
 Bass Rock, 21 
 
 Bauge, Battle of, 12, 25, 26, 
 
 27, 58 
 
 Beaufort, Cardinal, 40, 42 
 BeautS, Chateau de, 110 
 Bernes, Gabriel de, 98 
 Bernart, Jean, 73 
 Berwick, North, 20 
 Bedford, Duke of, 12, 30, 57 
 Blackheath, 31 
 Blackfriars Monastery, 47, 90 
 Blois, 109 
 Blosseville, Vicomte de, 138 
 
 Bouchet, 60 
 
 Boulogne, 30 
 
 Bourges, 13, 73, 83 
 
 Bower, 50 
 
 Brechin, Bishop of, 70 
 
 Breze, Pierre de, 117, 128, 
 
 131 132 
 Brittany, Duke of, 97, 109, 
 
 110 
 Bruce, Robert, 17 
 
 , Marjory, 17 
 
 Buchan, Earl of, 14, 25 
 Buchanan, Maurice, 77, 78 
 Bute, Castle of, 22 
 Burgundians, 8, 10 
 Burgundy, Duke of, 11; 
 
 Philippe, Duke of, 11, 16, 
 
 124, 126 
 
 CALAIS, 9, 30 
 
 Canterbury, Shrine of St. 
 Thomas, 52 
 
 Castile, King of, 58, 83 
 
 Catherine of France, Prin- 
 cess, 85 
 
 de Medici, 79 
 
 , Queen of Henry V, 11, 
 
 26, 27, 30, 31 
 
 Chalons, 122, 124, 125, 126, 
 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 135, 
 138, 139 
 
 Chambers, Thomas and Chris- 
 topher, 90 
 
 Charles VI, King of France, 
 10, 11, 12 
 
 141
 
 142 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Charles VII, King of France, 
 murder of Jean- sans-Puer 
 instigated by one of his 
 followers, 11 ; marriage of, 
 82 ; birth of his son, 83 ; 
 his weak nerves, 12 ; his 
 appearance, 13 ; his posi- 
 tion in 1424, 14, 15, 16; 
 the coming of Joan of Arc, 
 16 ; he implores help from 
 Scotland, 25, 26 ; des- 
 patches an embassy to Scot- 
 land in 1427, 57, 58, 60, 61 ; 
 receives an embassy from 
 Scotland, 62 ; dispatches 
 second embassy to Scot- 
 land in 1433, 63 ; dis- 
 patches third embassy to 
 Scotland, 64 65, 66 ; nego- 
 tiates with James I about 
 his son's marriage, 67, 68 ; 
 attends his son's marriage, 
 75, 76 ; journeys through 
 Southern Provinces, 81 ; 
 hurries back to Touraine, 
 82 ; comes back from the 
 wars in 1437, 96 ; sum- 
 mons States General to 
 meet at Orleans, 79 ; leni- 
 ency to his son, 100, 101, 
 102 ; affection for his 
 daughter-in-law, 105 ; Con- 
 gress of Tours, 109; infatua- 
 tion for Agnes Sorel, 110, 
 111; leads expedition into 
 Lorraine, 113; holds bril- 
 liant Court at Nancy, 114, 
 115; tilts against King 
 Rene, 117 ; bids farewell to 
 Marguerite of Anjou, 118; 
 Conference at Chalons, 124, 
 126 ; his prestige, 127 ; 
 tilts with Pierre de Breze, 
 
 Charles VII (cont.} 
 
 128 ; makes a pilgrimage 
 to a neighbouring church, 
 129 ; anxiety over his 
 daughter-in-law's condition, 
 131,132; sorrow at her 
 death, 134 ; receives her 
 sisters, 135 ; holds an en- 
 quiry over her death, 136 
 
 Charlemagne, 5, 85 
 
 Chartres, Regnault de, 58, 59, 
 71, 76 
 
 Chartier, Jean, 75, 77 
 
 , Alan, 58, 59, 60, 61, 
 
 104, 105 
 
 Chatillon-sur-Indre, 82 
 
 Chaucer, 23 
 
 Cher, 79, 97 
 
 Chinon, 15, 62, 79, 136 
 
 Clarence, Duke of, 12 ; Duch- 
 ess of, 41 
 
 Cleves, Adolphe de, 124 
 
 Cceur Jacques, 127 
 
 Commines, 87, 106 
 
 Crannock, Lord John, 78 
 
 Cramond Brig, 89, 90 
 
 Crequy Sieur de, 125 
 
 Croche, Cardinal of Santa, 52 
 
 Crichton, Sir William, 95 
 
 DARNLEY, John Stuart of, 25, 
 
 58, 59 
 
 Dauphine, 101 
 Deols, 82 
 
 Dieppe, Siege of, 108 
 Douglas, House of, 5 
 Douglas, Earl of, 14, 27 
 Douglas, Catherine, 93 
 Dover, 31. 52 
 Dreux, Siege of, 28 
 Dresnay, Regnault de, 120, 
 
 121 
 Dumbarton, 65, 68, 70
 
 INDEX 
 
 143 
 
 Dunbar, 53, 135 
 Dundee, 19 
 Durham, 42, 54 
 
 EDINBURGH, 65, 89, 94 
 
 Edward I, 43 
 
 Eleanor, Princess of Scotland, 
 
 122, 134, 135 
 Estoutville, Sieur de, 119, 
 
 120, 121 
 
 Evesham Castle, 24 
 Evreux, 58 
 Exeter, Duke of, 42 
 
 FALKLAND Castle, Tragedy 
 
 of, 18, 19, 20 
 Fife, Monk of, 15 
 Filleul, Jeanne, 103, 120 
 Firth of Forth, 89, 90 
 Flamborough Head, 21 
 Flanders, 55 
 Fleming, Sir David, 20 
 Foix, Comte de, 117 
 Fosses, St. Maure Les, 29 
 Froissart, 3, 6 
 Fran9ois I, 79, 80 
 II, 5 
 
 GAMACHES Sieur de, 73, 74 
 Gatien, St., 74 ; church of, 
 
 74 
 
 Gaunt, John of, 41 
 Gelais, Octavien de St., 60 
 Gerson Jean, 86 
 Girard, Arnault, 63, 64, 65, 
 
 66,67,68,69,70,71,73,81 
 Gien-sur-Loire, 96 
 Gloucester, Duke of, 28, 30 
 Gower, the poet, 23, 40 
 Graham, Sir Robert, 88, 89, 
 
 93, 94, 95 
 
 HALL, brothers, 90 
 
 Hamilton, House of, 5 
 
 Harfleur, 109 
 
 Heading Hill, 48 
 
 Henry IV, 21, 22, 23 
 
 Henry V, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 
 
 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29 
 Henry VI, 63, 109, 111, 112, 
 
 115, 116 
 
 Hertford Castle, 31 
 Herries, Herbert of, 70 
 La Hire, 63 
 
 Holyrood Palace, 45, 65 
 Homilden Hill, 24 
 Honfleur, 9 
 
 INDRE, 79 
 
 Inverness, 48 
 
 Isabeau, Queen of France, 11 
 
 Isabel Stuart, Princess of 
 
 Scotland, 44, 46, 97, 109, 
 
 110, 136, 137 
 Isabelle of Lorraine, 109, 110, 
 
 117 
 -, Duchesse de Bourgogne, 
 
 124, 125, 126, 128 
 
 JACQUELINE, Comtesse d' 
 Etampes, 124 
 
 James I of Scotland, lineage 
 of, 18 ; his brother's mur- 
 der, 19 ; departure from 
 Scotland, 20 ; seizure by 
 Norfolk sailors, 21 ; im- 
 prisonment in England, 22 ; 
 his education, 23 ; falls in 
 love, 24 ; present at Queen 
 Catherine's Coronation, 26 ; 
 accompanies Henry V on 
 tour through Midlands, 27 ; 
 fights under Henry V in 
 France, 28 ; present at 
 Henry V's funeral, 30 ;
 
 144 
 
 INDEX 
 
 James I (cont.) 
 
 spends Christmas at Hert- 
 ford Castle, 31 ; his poem 
 " The King's Quair," 32, 33, 
 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 ; his 
 marriage, 40, 41 ; returns 
 to Scotland, 41 ; his mar- 
 ried life, 43 ; his family, 
 44 ; his pursuits, 45 ; his 
 government, 46, 47 ; trou- 
 bles with the chiefs, 48 ; 
 his reforms, 49 ; his jus- 
 tice, 50 ; his cares, 51 ; his 
 reception of Aeneas Syl- 
 vius, 53 ; reception of the 
 French ambassadors, 60, 61 ; 
 consents to his daughter's 
 betrothal, 62 ; receives 
 second embassy from 
 France, 63, 64 ; receives 
 third embassy, 65 ; Treaty 
 of Perth, 66 ; negotiations 
 with Charles VII, 67, 68 ; 
 farewell banquet at Perth, 
 69 ; parts with his daugh- 
 ter, 70 ; wedding gift to 
 his son-in-law, 76 ; his 
 enemies in Scotland, 88 ; 
 the seeressof CramondBrig, 
 89, 90 ; conspiracy against 
 his life, 90, 91 ; his murder, 
 92, 93, 94 
 
 James II of Scotland, 94 
 
 Jean Stuart, Princess of Scot- 
 land, 122 
 
 Joan of Arc. 16, 57, 62, 76, 79, 
 85 
 
 Joinville, 2 
 
 Julien, Abbey of St., 112 
 
 KENNEDY, Sir Hugh, 64, 67, 
 Kent, Earl of, 41 [68 
 
 King's Knot, 45 
 
 LANGUEDOC, 79, 98 
 
 Leighton, Bishop, 23 
 
 Lefranc Martin, 87 
 
 Lennox, Earl of, 47 
 
 Leothier Guillaume, 98, 131, 
 
 Leith,91 [132 
 
 Lindsey, Alexander, 14 
 
 Livingston, Sir Alexander, 94 
 
 Llinlithgow Castle, 43, 45, 60 
 
 Loches, 79, 84, 85 
 
 Loire, 79, 85, 109 
 
 London, 52 
 
 Lorraine, 16, 113, 114, 127 
 
 Lothian, 20, 48 ; Archdeacon 
 of, 62 
 
 Louis IX, 2 
 
 , Dauphin of France, 
 
 question of marriage, 58, 
 62 ; marriage with Mar- 
 garet of Scotland, 75, 76, 
 77; birth of, 83; child- 
 hood, 84, 85 ; education, 
 86 ; character of , 87 ; mar- 
 ried life, 96, 97 ; household 
 of, 98 ; hostility to his 
 father, 100, 101 ; recon- 
 ciliation with his father, 
 102 ; his antipathy to his 
 wife, 106, 107 ; raises siege 
 of Dieppe, 108 ; present at 
 Conference of Tours, 109 ; 
 heads an expedition to 
 Alsace, 112, 113; joins 
 court at Nancy, 118; in- 
 terview with his wife, 119 ; 
 negotiations with Isabelle 
 Duchesse de Bourgogne , 
 125 ; feigns sorrow for his 
 wife's death, 134 ; carries 
 out his wife's wishes with 
 regard to her burial, 135 ; 
 destroys his wife's papers, 
 136
 
 INDEX 
 
 145 
 
 Luxembourg, John of, 16 
 Lyon, John, 24 
 Lyons, 82 
 
 MACDONALD, Alastair, 48, 50 
 Maille, Sieur de, 73, 74 
 Maine, 112, 115, 116; Comte 
 
 de, 117, 127 
 Major John, 91 
 Marche, Olivier de la, 110, 
 
 115 
 Marie of Anjou, Queen of 
 
 France, marriage of, 13, 14, 
 
 82 ; gives birth to Dauphin, 
 
 83 ; sends ladies to meet 
 her daughter-in-law, 13 ; 
 receives Margaret of Scot- 
 land, 75 ; attends her son's 
 marriage, 76 ; takes charge 
 of Margaret, 81 ; alarmed 
 at approach of brigand, 82 ; 
 gives birth to twin girls, 
 97 ; receives erring son at 
 Tours, 102 ; goes a-maying 
 with the court, 110, 111 ; 
 joins court at Nancy, 114; 
 her ill-health and sorrows, 
 115; at the Tourna- 
 ment at Nancy, 117 ; 
 goes to Chalons, 122 ; re- 
 ceives Isabelle de Bour- 
 gogne, 124, 125 ; confides 
 in Isabelle de Bourgogne, 
 126 ; grief at Margaret's 
 illness, 132 ; sorrow at her 
 death, 134 ; cross-exam- 
 ined at enquiry, 136 
 
 Marie de Gueldres, 124 
 
 Mary Stuart, 5 
 
 Margaret of Scotland, birth 
 of, 44 ; education, 46 ; be- 
 trothal, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 
 
 Margaret (cont.) 
 
 69 , departure from Scot- 
 land, 70 ; voyage to France, 
 71 ; arrival in France, 72 ; 
 entry into Tours, 73, 74 ; 
 marriage, 75, 76, 77, 78 ; 
 life at French Court, 81. 
 82 ; her husband's charac- 
 ter, 87 ; wedded life, 96, 
 97 ; her household, 103 ; 
 enthusiasm for literature, 
 104 ; her character, 105 ; 
 her husband's antipathy, 
 106, 107 ; fetes at Tours, 
 112; fetes at Nancy, 114; 
 scandal-mongering of Jamet 
 du Tillay, 119, 120 ; her 
 unhappiness, 121, 122, 123 ; 
 at Chalons, 124 ; friend- 
 ship with Isabelle de Bour- 
 gogne, 125, 126 ; her gift 
 to the knight, 128 ; her 
 pilgrimage to the Church 
 of Notre Dame de 1'Epine, 
 129 ; her illness, 129, 130, 
 131, 132, 133; her death, 
 134 ; her funeral, 135 ; 
 enquiry at Razilly, 136 ; 
 Elegy on, 137 ; the Monk 
 of Pluscarden's account of 
 her death, 138, 139 
 
 Marguerite of Anjou, 109, 111, 
 112, 115, 116, 117, 118 
 
 de Haucqueville, 103 
 
 de Salignac, 103, 133 
 
 de Vaux, 130 
 
 de Villequier, 103 
 
 Marjoris, Jean, 86, 98 
 Martin, Maltre Aimery, 64, 
 
 67 
 Martin's Church, St., Tours, 
 
 74, 112 
 Maxwell, John, 70
 
 146 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Meaux, 29 
 
 Melun, Pregente de, 103 
 
 , Siege of, 27 
 
 Menard, De Bois, 103 
 
 Metz, 113, 134 
 
 Michel, Madame de St., 103, 
 
 123, 130, 133 
 Mignet, 5 
 Montf errand, Conference of, 
 
 51 
 
 Monstrelet, 105 
 Montereau, Conference of, 11 ; 
 
 siege of, 96 
 Montreuil, 30 
 Moray, Bishop of, 5 
 Murdoch, 24, 28, 42, 47 
 
 NANCY, 108, 114, 116, 117, 
 
 118, 119, 122, 127 
 Nerra, Foulkes, 84 
 Nieul-sur-Mer, 71 
 Niort, 73 
 
 Nottingham Keep, 24 
 Normandy, 115 
 Norfolk mariners, 21 
 North Sea, 52 
 Norway, 53 
 
 OGILVY, Sir Patrick, 62 
 
 , Sir Walter, 70 
 
 Orkney, Earl of, 20, 21, 22, 
 73, 76, 77, 78 
 
 Orleans, Charles due de, 10, 
 103 
 
 , Louis due de, 11, 13, 
 
 83 
 
 , siege of, 15, 57 ; states- 
 general at, 99 
 
 Othart, John, 81 
 
 Overy, Church of St. Mary, 
 40, 41 
 
 Oxford, 20 
 
 PARIS, 83 
 
 University, 86 
 
 Paul's, St., London, 52 
 
 Palisse La, 71 
 
 Pelham, Sir John, 23 
 
 Percy Henry, 20 
 
 Percipey, 70 
 
 Perth, 47, 61, 66, 69, 89, 90, 
 
 91, 92, 93, 94, 96 
 Petit, Etienne, 127 
 Phelps, Sir Arthur, 51 
 Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius, 
 
 Pope Pius II, 4, 51, 52, 53, 
 
 54, 55, 56, 106, 110 
 Pinturicchio, 54 
 Pisan, Christine de, 104 
 Pluscarden, Monk of, 14, 16, 
 
 21, 25, 29, 77, 78, 95, 138, 
 
 139 
 
 Poitou, 98 
 Poitiers, 73 
 Poitevin, Robert, 132, 133, 
 
 134 
 
 Pol, Comte de St., 117, 127 
 Pregente de Melun, 103 
 
 RADEGONDE, Princess of 
 France, 74, 85, 118, 122 
 
 Razilly, Chateau de, 137 
 
 Rene, King of Sicily, 109, 111, 
 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 124 
 
 Rhe, Isle of, 71 
 
 Rheims, Archbishop of, 77 
 
 Richard II, 41 
 
 Richemont, Constable de, 
 101, 109 
 
 Rochelle, La, 13, 68, 71, 72 
 
 Rome, 20 
 
 Rossetti, 89 
 
 Rothesay, Duke of, 18, 19, 20 
 
 Rouen, 11, 16, 28, 109 
 1 Roxburgh, siege of, 89
 
 INDEX 
 
 147 
 
 SAINTONGE, 62 
 
 St. Andrew's, 19, 20, 42 
 
 St. Fiacre, 29 
 
 St. Saviour's, Southwark, 40, 
 
 41 
 
 Salisbury, Earl of, 14, 15 
 Sarry, Chateau de, 122, 129 
 Savoy, Duke of, 58 
 Scone, 42 
 
 Scott, Sir Walter, 20 
 Shakespeare, 9 
 Sienna, 42 
 Sluys, 52 
 Somerset, Duke of, 24 
 
 , Earl of, 40, 41 
 
 Sorel, Agnes, 110, 111, 112, 
 
 115, 117 
 
 Stirling Castle, 45, 48 
 Stratford-upon-Avon, 24 
 Strathearn, Earl of, 88 
 Strickland, Agnes, 31 
 Stuart, House of, 5, 17 
 
 , Robert, 14 
 
 , Walter, 17, 28 
 
 , Robert III, King of 
 
 Scotland, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 
 
 , Sir Robert, 89 [22 
 
 -, Children of James I, 44 
 
 Suffolk, Earl of, 109, 112, 115, 
 
 116, 117, 118 
 Suffolk, Marchioness of, 117 
 
 TALBOT, Earl of, 14, 108 
 Thames, 52 
 Thibaut, Arnault, 107 
 Thonars, Abbey Church of, 
 
 135, 136 
 Tillay, Jamet du, 104, 119, 
 
 120, 121, 122, 123, 130, 
 
 131, 132, 133, 136 
 
 Toul, 16; Bishop of, 116 
 Touraine, 15, 73, 79, 80, 82, 
 
 128 
 Tours, 26, 73, 75, 76, 79, 86, 
 
 96, 97, 102, 109 ; peace of, 
 
 111, 112, 135 
 Tours, Archbishop of, 76 
 Tournai, 134 
 Tower of London, 22, 24 
 Troyes, Treaty of, 11, 60 
 
 URSINS, Juvenal des, 81 
 
 VALLERIEN, Pierre de St., 63 
 Vauconleurs, Chateau de, 16 
 Venddme, Comte de, 73, 76 
 
 , Elisabeth de, 84 
 
 , Comtesse de, 77 
 
 , town of, 109 
 
 Vermandois, Bailli de, 119 
 Verneuil, Battle of, 14 
 Vienne, John de, 6 
 
 , river of, 79 
 
 Villandrando, Roderigue de, 
 
 82 
 Vincennes, 110 
 
 WARDLAW, Henry, Bishop of 
 
 St. Andrew's, 20 
 Westminster Abbey, 26, 30, 
 
 52 
 
 Winchester Palace, 40 
 Windsor Castle, 24, 33, 34 
 
 YOLANDA, Queen of Sicily, 
 
 13, 74, 76 
 York Minster, 54 
 York, Richard, Duke of, 71 
 
 Printed by Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., Bath. 
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 14
 
 THEOLOGICAL (contd.) 
 
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 15
 
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 THEOLOGICAL (contd.) 
 
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 THEOLOGICAL (contd.) 
 
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 In crown 8vo, cloth, 368 pp., 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 " The work is extremely well done. Within the space of 333 
 pages, well and clearly printed in double columns, the editor has 
 managed to include nearly a thousand articles and definitions. 
 The articles on various legal points are lucid and authoritative ; 
 those on ecclesiology interesting and practical ; those on historical 
 points are commendably free from bias. In fact it is a trustworthy 
 and convenient guide on the many matters on which the churchman 
 constantly finds himself in need of information." Church Times. 
 
 CHURCH ACCOUNTS. A Simple, Concise Method of Account Keeping, 
 for use by the Clergy, Churchwardens, and other Officials. With 
 Model Accounts. Compiled by the Rev. W. G. DOWSLEY, B.A. 
 Sire 15$ in. by 9 in., half-leather, 106 pp., with interleaved blotting- 
 paper, 6s. 6d. net. 
 
 " An exceedingly useful volume. ... As to its thoroughness 
 there can be no doubt ; . . . for large and highly organised parishes 
 it would be difficult to devise anything better." Guardian. 
 
 19
 
 THEOLOGICAL wnM.) 
 
 COMPANION TO HYMNS, A. AND M. By the REV. C. W. A. BROOKE, 
 M.A., In crown 8vo, cloth, 200 pp., 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 A compact book giving full details of the hymns, tunes, authors, 
 and compilers. Intended mainly for the Old Edition, which is 
 almost universally in use, it also includes all the additional hymns 
 of the New Edition, and is thus equally available for both. It con- 
 tains : An outline of the History of singing in the Christian Church ; 
 The chief stages of progress from Paraphrases to Hymns ; The chief 
 hymn books published in England ; A glossary of terms connected 
 with Hymn singing, etc. ; An epitome of Greek Hymnody ; Tables 
 of Hymns in A. and M. according to the religious views of the writers, 
 the centuries when they lived, and the countries to which they 
 belonged ; The first line of the originals of all translated hymns 
 with their source and date ; An anecdotal note on each hymn ; 
 An anecdotal note of each tune ; A notice of each author ; A notice 
 of each composer ; The characteristic of each hymn ; Verses which 
 have been omitted and other versions of many hymns ; Numerous 
 tables of Hymns for each day of the Calendar, and each Sunday, 
 Festival, Saints Day, and Feast in the Church Year ; The Sources 
 of the texts at the head of each hymn, etc., etc. 
 
 THE SOCIAL WORKERS' GUIDE. A Handbook of Information 
 and Counsel for all who are interested in Public Welfare. Edited 
 by the Rev. J. B. HALDANE, M.A., Secretary of the Southwark 
 Diocesan Social Service Committee, with assistance from Fifty 
 Experts. In crown 8vo, cloth, 500 pp., with over 500 articles. 
 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 " A book of reference of more than average value. The need 
 of such a book is patent, and we do not know of any other publica- 
 tion which attempts to supply it. The notes are arranged in 
 alphabetical order, and, generally speaking, they are wonderfully 
 exhaustive." Guardian. 
 
 HOW TO TEACH AND CATECHISE. A Plea for the Employment 
 of Educational Methods in the Religious Instruction of Children 
 By the Rev. J. A. RIVINGTON, M.A., formerly Second Master at 
 St. Paul's Cathedral Choir School. With a Preface by the LORD 
 BISHOP OF GLOUCESTER. Cheaper Edition. In crown 8vo, cloth 
 gilt. Is. 6d. net. 
 
 " This is an invaluable little book ... it might well be put 
 
 into the hands of every Sunday School teacher." Churchman. 
 A POPULAR HISTORY OF THE CHURCH IN WALES From the 
 
 Beginning to the Present Day. By the Rev. J. E. DE HIRSCH-DAVIES, 
 
 B.A. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 356 pp., 5s. net. 
 THE LONDON CHURCH HANDBOOK. Being a Compendium of 
 
 Information upon Church Affairs in the County of London [Dioceses 
 
 of London and Southwark]. Second year of issue (1913-14). 
 
 crown 8vo, cloth, 400 pp., 2s. net. 
 THE SPRING OF THE DAY. SPIRITUAL ANALOGIES FROM THE THINGS 
 
 OF NATURE. By the late HUGH MACMILLAN, D.D., LL.D. In 
 
 crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 20
 
 THEOLOGICAL (coutd.) 
 
 THE CLOCK OF NATURE. By the late HUGH MACMILLAN, D.D., 
 LL.D. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 An attempt to bring out the wise lessons which the objects of 
 Nature teach, and to illustrate the spiritual revelation of God in 
 Christ by the revelation of God in Nature. 
 
 THE POETRY OF PLANTS. By the late HUGH MACMILLAN, D.D., 
 LL.D. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 A collection of popular studies, showing the many points of beauty 
 and interest about some of the commonest of our trees and wild 
 flowers. 
 
 TRAVEL, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SPORT 
 
 THE ADVENTURER IN SPAIN. By S. R. CROCKETT. With 162 
 illustrations by GORDON BROWNE and from photographs taken by 
 the Author. In large crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 6s. 
 
 WANDERINGS ON THE ITALIAN RIVIERA. The Record of a leis- 
 urely tour in Liguria. By FREDERIC LEES. With coloured plate, 
 and 60 illustrations, map. In large crown 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, 
 7s. 6d. net. 
 
 " The Italian Riviera . . . is practically unknown to the majority 
 of visitors, and Mr. Lees has done it and the public a service in 
 writing this very readable and pleasant volume. All intellectual 
 people will appreciate the description of local customs, art and 
 architecture, literature and folk lore, which Mr. Lees has set himself 
 to expound." World. 
 
 THE IMMOVABLE EAST. Studies of the People and Customs of 
 Palestine. By PHILIP J. BALDENSPERGER. With Biographical 
 Introduction by FREDERIC LEES. With 24 full-page plate illus- 
 trations and map. In demy 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt top, 7s. 6d. net. 
 " Nothing so intimate has yet appeared upon the subject as this 
 book. To those who know already something of the people and the 
 life described, there is no book we should recommend more strongly 
 to enlarge their knowledge." The Athen&um. 
 
 Countries and Peoples Series 
 
 Each in imperial 16mo. cloth gilt, gilt top, with about 30 full-page 
 plate illustrations, 6s. net. 
 
 ITALY OF THE ITALIANS. By HELEN ZIMMERN. 
 
 ' ' The knowledge and judgment displayed in the volume are truly 
 astounding, and the labour the author has expended on it has made 
 it as indispensable as Baedeker to the traveller, as well as invaluable 
 to the student of modern times." Daily Telegraph. 
 
 21
 
 TRAVEL, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SPORT (contd.) 
 
 FRANCE OF THE FRENCH. By E. HARRISON BARKER. 
 
 " A book of general information concerning the life and genius 
 of the French people, with especial reference to contemporary 
 France. Covers every phase of French intellectual life architec- 
 ture, players, science, and invention, etc." Times 
 
 SPAIN OF THE SPANISH. By Mrs. VILLIERS-WARDELL. 
 
 " Within little more than 250 pages she has collected a mass of 
 ordered information which must be simply invaluable to any one 
 who wants to know the facts of Spanish life at the present day. 
 Nowhere else, so far as we are aware, can a more complete and yet 
 compendious account of modern Spain be found." Pall MM 
 Gazette. 
 
 SWITZERLAND OF THE SWISS. By FRANK WEBB. 
 
 " Mr. Webb's account of that unknown country is intimate, 
 faithful, and interesting. It is an attempt to convey a real know- 
 ledge of a striking people an admirably successful attempt. "- 
 Morning Leader. 
 
 GERMANY OF THE GERMANS. By ROBERT M. BERRY. 
 
 " Mr. Berry abundantly proves his ability to write of Germany 
 of the Germans in an able and informing fashion. Daily Telegraph. 
 
 TURKEY OF THE OTTOMANS. By LUCY M. J. GARNETT. 
 
 " There could hardly be a better handbook for the newspaper 
 reader who wants to understand all the conditions of the ' danger 
 zone.' " Spectator. 
 
 BELGIUM OF THE BELGIANS. By DEMETRIUS C. BOULGER. 
 " A very complete handbook to the country." World. 
 
 HOLLAND OF THE DUTCH. By the same author. 
 
 "... It contains everything that one needs to know about 
 the country. Mr. Boulger has the seeing eye, and everything is 
 described with vivacity and sympathetic insight." Aberdeen Free 
 Press. 
 
 SERVIA OF THE SERVIANS. By CHEDO MIJATOVICH. 
 
 " It is a useful and informative work and it desen, .,>=; to be widely 
 read." Liverpool Daily Courier. 
 
 JAPAN OF THE JAPANESE. By Professor J. H. LONGFORD With 
 map. 
 
 " A capital historical resume and a mine of information regard- 
 ing the country and its people." London and China Telegraph. 
 
 22
 
 TRAVEL, TOPOGRAPHY, AND SPORT Icontd.) 
 
 AUSTRIA OF THE AUSTRIANS AND HUNGARY OF THE 
 HUNGARIANS. By L. KELLNER, PAULA ARNOLD and ARTHUR 
 L. DELISLE. 
 
 RUSSIA OF THE RUSSIANS. By H. WHITMORE WILLIAMS, Ph.D. 
 GREECE OF THE HELLENES. By LUCY M. J. GARNETT. 
 Other Volumes in preparation. 
 
 The " All Red" Series 
 
 Each volume is in demy 8vo, cloth gilt, with 16 full-page plate 
 illustrations, maps, etc., 7s. 6d. net. 
 
 THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA. By the Hon. BERNHARD 
 RINGROSE WISE (formerly Attorney-General of New South Wales). 
 Second Edition Revised. 
 
 " The ' All Red ' Series should become known as the Well-Read 
 Series within a short space of time. Nobody is better qualified to 
 write of Australia than the late Attorney-General of New South 
 Wales, who knows the country intimately and writes of it with 
 enthusiasm. It is one of the best accounts of the Island Continent 
 that has yet been published. We desire to give a hearty welcome 
 to this series." Globe. 
 
 THE DOMINION OF NEW ZEALAND. By the late Sir ARTHUR P. 
 DOUGLAS, Bt., formerly Under-Secretary for Defence, New Zealand, 
 and previous!}- a Lieutenant, R.N. 
 
 " Those who have failed to find romance in the history of the 
 British Empire should read The Dominion of New Zealand. Sir 
 Arthur Douglas contrives to present in the 444 pages of his book an 
 admirable account of life in New Zealand and an impartial summary 
 of her development up to the present time. It is a most alluring 
 picture that one conjures up after reading it." Standard. 
 
 THE DOMINION OF CANADA. By W. L. GRIFFITH, Secretary to 
 the Office of the High Commissioner for Canada. 
 
 " The publishers could hardly have found an author better 
 qualified than Mr. Griffith to represent the premier British Dominion 
 ... an excellent plain account of Canada, one of the best and most 
 comprehensive yet published . trustworthy." Athen<ru>n 
 
 2J
 
 TRAVEL. TOPOGRAPHY, AND SPORT (contd.) 
 
 THE BRITISH WEST INDIES. Their History, Resources, and Pro- 
 gress. By ALGERNON E. ASPINALL, Secretary to the West In Ha 
 Committee. 
 
 "... hence the value of such a book as Mr. Aspinall has 
 compiled so skilfully. Its treatment of current topics is copious, 
 up-to-date, and full of varied interest . . . every visitor to the 
 West Indies will be well advised if he takes Mr. Aspinall's book as 
 his guide." Times 
 
 THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. With chapters on Rhodesia and the 
 Native Territories of the High Commission. By W. BASIL WORSFOLD. 
 Sometime Editor of the " Johannesburg Star." 
 
 "... The promoters of ' All Red Series ' got the right man for 
 the work. Mr. Worsfold's considerable experience of the making 
 of the country from within, combined with his training as a jour- 
 nalist, have enabled him to cope with the task in a way that would 
 have been impossible to a less skilled and well-informed annalist. 
 Into 500 pages he has compressed the main outlines of the history 
 and geography of that much-troubled dominion, the form of its 
 new Constitution, its industrial developments, and social and 
 political outlook. The volume is an encyclopaedia of its subject." 
 Yorkshire Post. 
 
 THE EMPIRE OF INDIA. By SIR J. BAMPFYLDE FULLER, K.C.S.I.. 
 Formerly Lieutenant- Governor of Eastern Bengal. 
 
 " Sir Bampfylde Fuller was well qualified to write such a book as 
 this which will serve admirably for an introduction to the study of 
 Indian conditions and politics. Sir Bampfylde Fuller presents a 
 complete picture of the Indian Empire the country, its people, 
 its government, and its future prospects." Times. 
 
 " No western mind more practically versed in and sympathetic 
 with the Indian spirit could be found than his, and his long adminis- 
 trative experience could not fail to lead him to compile a well 
 balanced volume/' Times of India. 
 
 WINTER LIFE IN SWITZERLAND. Its Sports and Health Cures. 
 By Mrs. M. L. and WINIFRED M. A. BROOKE. New Edition. 
 In crown 8vo, cloth, 290 pp., with coloured frontispiece and many 
 full-page plates, maps, and other illustrations, 3s. 6d. net. 
 
 This book is so full of description and useful information on 
 all points as to be an indispensable possession to anyone intending 
 a winter visit to Switzerland. 
 
 SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD.. 1 AMEN CORNER, LONDON, E.G.
 
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