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 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below 
 
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 1935 
 
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 Form L-9-15m-8,'26
 
 By RALPH WALDO TRINE. 
 
 " Tlie Life BooksP 
 
 I know of nothing in the entire range of 
 literature more calculated to inspire the young 
 than the " Life Books," and to renew the soul 
 in young and old — Prom a Reader. 
 
 WHAT ALL THE WORLD'S A-SEEKING. 
 
 IN TUNE WITH THE INFINITE ; or, Fulness of 
 Peace, Power, and Plenty. 
 
 The " Life " Booklets. 
 
 THE GREATEST THING EVER KNOWN. 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE. 
 CHARACTER-BUILDING THOUGHT POWER. 
 
 THIS MYSTICAL LIFE OF CURS. 
 
 Selectiors for every week in tho year from 
 Mr. Trine's most popular writings. 
 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., 
 NEW YORK
 
 }#^ 
 
 Every Living Creature 
 
 OR HEART-TRAINING THROUGH THE 
 ANIMAL WORLD 
 
 By 
 RALPH WALDO TRINE 
 
 The tender and humane 
 passion in the human 
 heart is too precious a 
 quality to allow it to be 
 hardened or effaced by 
 practices such as we so 
 often indulge in 
 
 NEW YORK 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. 
 
 PUBLISHERS
 
 Copj'right, iSgg 
 By Ralph Waldo Trine 
 
 EIGHTEENTH THOUSAND
 
 HV 
 4711 
 
 Tn3 
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 OR 
 
 HEART-TRAINING THROUGH THE 
 ANIMAL WORLD 
 
 TT is said that in Japan if one picks up a 
 stone to throw at a dog, the dog will 
 not run, as you will find he will in almost 
 every case here, because there the dog has 
 never had a stone thrown at him, and con- 
 sequently he does not know what it means. 
 This spirit of gentleness, kindliness, and 
 care for the animal world is a character- 
 istic of the Japanese people. It in turn 
 manifests itself in all of their relations 
 with their fellow - men ; and one of the 
 results is that the amount of crime com- 
 mitted there each year in proportion to the 
 population is but a very small fraction of 
 that committed in the United States. 
 
 In India, where the treatment of the 
 animal world is something to put to shame 
 
 A
 
 2 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 our own'^country, witfi its boasted Chris- 
 tian civilisation and power, there, with a 
 population of some three hundred millions, 
 there is but one-fourth the amount of crime 
 that there is each year in England, with 
 a population of some twenty milUons, and 
 only a fraction of what it is in the United 
 States, with a population of not more than 
 one-fourth the population of India. These 
 are most significant facts ; they are mdeed 
 facts of tremendous import, and we would 
 do wisely to estimate them at their proper 
 value. 
 
 We cannot begin too early in inculcating 
 what I would term humane sentiments in 
 the mind and heart of every individual. 
 How early and almost unconsciously the 
 mother, for example, gives the first lessons 
 of thoughtlessness, carelessness, and what 
 will eventually result in cruelty or even crime, 
 to her child. The child is put upon the 
 hobby-horse, a whip is put into his little 
 hand, and he is told : " Now whip the old 
 horse and make him go." With this initial 
 lesson, continued in various ways, we find 
 the eager desire the child has for whipping, 
 when he gets the whip into his hands in a 
 waggon behind a real horse. Or even when
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 3 
 
 younger, the child stumbles over a chair, 
 receives a knock, and bursts into crying. 
 The mother, in some cases merely thought- 
 less, in others caring only for her own 
 comfort and ease, in order to call the atten- 
 tion of the child away from the little hurt 
 and greater rage and fright, says : " Did the 
 mean chair hurt mamma's little boy? Go 
 and kick the old chair — kick it hard." The 
 next day when the child falls over or bumps 
 against the dog, the dog in turn is the one 
 to receive the kick ; and still later, when 
 anything of the kind occurs in connection 
 with a little playmate, the playmate re- 
 ceives the same treatment. And, so far as 
 his relations with his fellow-men, when he 
 is grown to manhood, are concerned, each 
 one can trace them for himself. 
 
 We have sketched the thoughtless or the 
 selfish mother. Let us look for a moment 
 at the other type of mother, the one who 
 is ever thoughtful, desirous of bringing the 
 best influence to bear upon this little sensi- 
 tive plate, if you will allow the expression, 
 the mother who understands the great, almost 
 omnipotent forming-power of early impres- 
 sions. The child stumbles over or falls against 
 the chair. The mother, after smoothing the
 
 4 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 hurt place and kissing away the first impulse 
 to anger and also the fright of the child, 
 and thereby its tears, says : " And now I 
 wonder if mamma's little boy has hurt the 
 chair. Go bring it to mamma and let her 
 smooth away its hurt also." This is done, 
 and all is now as if nothing had occurred. 
 The next day, then, when the child stumbles 
 over or bumps against the dog, after he has 
 had his own hurt soothed by his mother, 
 he in turn toddles off to soothe and comfort 
 the dog ; and again, when the child bumps 
 against his little play-fellow, after he has 
 been soothed and kissed and thereby com- 
 forted by his mother, he feels for and 
 sympathises with the other little fellow, and 
 brings him up to receive the same treatment. 
 And again, each one can for himself carry 
 the effects of this type of suggestion and 
 training into the child's later life and into 
 his relations with his fellow-men. Many 
 instances of this nature in the every-day 
 life of the mother and child might be 
 mentioned. 
 
 And to go back even farther — those 
 mothers who are beginning to understand 
 the powerful moulding influences of pre- 
 natal conditions will realise that every mental
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 5 
 
 and emotional state lived in by the mother 
 makes its influence felt in the life of the 
 forming child, and she will therefore be 
 careful that during the period she is carrying 
 the child no thoughts or emotions of anger, 
 or hatred, or envy, or malice, no unkind 
 thoughts of any kind be entertained by her, 
 but, on the contrary, thoughts of tenderness, 
 kindness, compassion, and love ; these then 
 will influence and lead the mind of the 
 child when born, and will in turn externalise 
 their effects in his body, instead of allowing 
 to be externalised the poisoning and de- 
 structive effects of their opposiles. 
 
 Heart-Training 
 
 It is an established fact that the training 
 of the intellect alone is not sufficient. 
 Nothing in this world can be truer than 
 that the education of the head, without 
 the training of the heart, simply increases 
 one's power for evil, while the education 
 of the heart, along with the head, increases 
 one's power for good, and this, indeed, is 
 the true education. 
 
 Clearly we must begin with the child. 
 The lessons learned in childhood are the
 
 6 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 last to be forgotten. The potter moulds 
 the clay only when it is soft ; in a little 
 while, when it begins to harden, he has no 
 more power over it. So it is with the child. 
 The first principles of conduct instilled into 
 his mind, planted within his heart, take root 
 and grow, and as he grows from childhood 
 to youth, and from youth to manhood, these 
 principles become fixed. They exert their 
 influence. Scarcely any power in existence 
 can change them. They cling to him 
 through life. They decide his destiny. 
 How important, then, that these first prin- 
 ciples implanted within the child's heart 
 be lessons of gentleness, kindness, mercy, 
 love, and humanity, and not lessons of 
 hatred, envy, selfishness, and malice ! The 
 former make ultimately our esteemed, law- 
 abiding, law-loving citizens ; the latter law- 
 breakers and criminals. Upon the training 
 of the children of to-day depends the con- 
 dition of our country a generation hence. 
 
 In crimes against the person the passions 
 play the most important part, and this is 
 true, also, even in many crimes against 
 property. How important it is, then, that 
 the child be taught to govern its passions! 
 How impoiiant that it be taught to be
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 7 
 
 kind, ^^f^rlle, loving, and humane; and in 
 all the range of human thought there is 
 not a better, wiser, or more expedient way 
 of accomplishing this end than by teaching 
 kindness towards God's lower creatures. If 
 children are thus taught they will have 
 instilled into their hearts those principles 
 of action which will make them kind and 
 merciful not only to the lower animals, but 
 also toward their fellow-men as they attain 
 to manhood. Let them be taught that 
 the lower animals are God's creatures, as 
 they themselves are, put here by a common 
 Heavenly Father, each for its own special 
 purpose, atid that they have the same right to 
 life and protection. Let them be taught that 
 principle recognised by all noble - hearted 
 men, that it is only a depraved, debased, 
 and cowardly nature that will injure an in- 
 ferior, defenceless creature, simply because 
 it is in its power to do so, and that there 
 is no better, no grander test of true bravery 
 and nobility of character than one's treat- 
 ment of the lower animals. 
 
 It is impossible to over-estimate the benefits 
 resulting from judicious, humane instruction. 
 The child who has been taught nothing of 
 mercy, nothing of humanity, who has never
 
 8 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 been brought to realise the claims that 
 animals have upon him for protection and 
 kindness, will grow up to be thoughtless and 
 cruel toward them, and if he is cruel to them 
 that same heart, untouched by kindness and 
 mercy, will prompt him to be cruel to his 
 family, to his fellow - men. On the other 
 hand, the child who has been taught to 
 realise the claims that God's lower creatures 
 have upon him, whose heart has been touched 
 by lessons of kindness and mercy, under their 
 sweet influence will grow to be a large- 
 hearted, tender-hearted, manly man. Then 
 let the children be trained, their hands, their 
 intellects, and above all their hearts. Let 
 them be taught to have pity for the animals 
 that are at our mercy, that cannot protect 
 themselves, that cannot explain their weak- 
 ness, their pain, or their suffering, and soon 
 this will bring to their recognition that higher 
 law, the moral obligation of man as a superior 
 being to protect and care for the weak and 
 defenceless. Nor will it stop here, for this 
 in turn will lead them to that highest law — 
 man's duty to man.
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 9 
 
 Hunting 
 
 So great do I believe are the influences 
 of the inculcation of humane sentiments 
 early in the life of every individual that 
 I shall endeavour to make as concrete 
 as possible the suggestions which are to 
 follow ; for criminal training or humane 
 training can be and is continually given 
 in numbers of ways. 
 
 As a parent, in the first place, I would 
 teach the child the thoughtlessness, the 
 selfishness, the heartlessness, the cruelty 
 of hunting for sport. I would put into 
 his hands no air-guns or instruments or 
 weapons by which he could inflict torture 
 upon or take the life of birds or other 
 animals. Instead of encouraging him in 
 torturing or killing the birds, I would point 
 out to him the great service they are con- 
 tinually doing for us in the destruction 
 of various worms and insects and small 
 rodents which, if left to themselves, would 
 so multiply as literally to destroy practic- 
 ally all fruit and plant life. I would have 
 him remember how many lives are enriched 
 and beautified by their song. I would point 
 out to him their habits of industry, their
 
 lo EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 marvellous powers of adaptation, their in- 
 sight and perseverance. Therefore I would 
 teach him to love, to study, to care for 
 and feed them. 
 
 Hunting for sport indicates one of two 
 things — a nature of such thoughtlessness 
 as to be almost inexcusable, or a selfishness 
 so deplorable as to be unworthy a normal, 
 sane human being. No truly thoughtful 
 manly matt or truly thoughtful womanly 
 woman zvill engage in it. And when we 
 read of this or that woman, be she well 
 known in society, or the wife of this or 
 that well-known man, so following her 
 selfish, savage, cruel instincts, or her de- 
 sire for notoriety or newspaper comments, 
 as to take part in a deer-hunt, a fox-chase, 
 or in a hunt of any type, we have an index 
 to her real character that should be suffi- 
 cient. 
 
 But a few days ago my attention was 
 called to a minister in one of the New 
 England cities, who had come out in the 
 papers with an article on hunting as a most 
 excellent pastime and recreation for the 
 members of his calling, and urged them 
 to take it up, as he already had. Think 
 of it, what it means, — a man who has
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE ii 
 
 gotten no farther into the real spirit of 
 the gentle and compassionate teachings of 
 the Christ whom he professes to follow, 
 to say nothing of the humane teachings of 
 the gentle Buddha, whom this reverend 
 gentleman would, by the way, refer to in 
 his pulpit and his prayer-meetings as the 
 heathen ! Shall we refrain from saying, 
 inexcusable thoughtlessness, or brutal, de- 
 plorable selfishness ? I cannot refrain in 
 this connection from quoting a sentence 
 or two from Archdeacon Farrar which have 
 recently come to my notice : 
 
 "Not once or twice only, at the seaside, 
 have I come across a sad and disgraceful 
 sight — a sight which haunts me still — a 
 number of harmless sea-birds lying defaced 
 and dead upon the sand, their white 
 plumage red with blood, as they had been 
 tossed there, dead or half - dead, their 
 torture and massacre having furnished a 
 day's amusement to heartless and sense- 
 less men. Amusement ! I say execrable 
 amusement ! All killing for mere killing's 
 sake is execrable amusement. Can you 
 imagine the stupid callousness, the utter 
 insensibility to mercy and beauty, of the 
 man who, seeing those bright, beautiful
 
 12 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 creatures as their white, immaculate wings 
 flash in the sunshine over the blue waves, 
 can go out in a boat with his boys 
 to teach them to become brutes in char- 
 acter by finding amusement — I say, again, 
 dis-humanising amusement — by wantonly 
 murdering these fair birds of God, or 
 cruelly wounding them, and letting them 
 fly away to wait and die in lonely 
 places ? " 
 
 And another paragraph which was sent 
 me by a kind friend to our fellow-creatures 
 a few days ago : 
 
 "The celebrated Russian novelist, Tur- 
 genieff, tells a most touching incident from 
 his own life, which awakened in him 
 sentiments that have coloured all his 
 writings with a deep and tender feeling. 
 
 " When Turgenieff was a boy of ten 
 his father took him out one day bird- 
 shooting. As they tramped across the 
 brown stubble, a golden pheasant rose 
 with a low whirr from the ground at his 
 feet, and, with the joy of a sportsman 
 throbbing through his veins, he raised his 
 gun and fired, wild with excitement when 
 the creature fell fluttering at his side. 
 Life was ebbing fast, but the instinct of
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 13 
 
 the mother was stronger than death itself, 
 and with a feeble flutter of her wings the 
 mother bird reached the nest where her 
 young brood were huddled, unconscious 
 of danger. Then, with such a look of 
 pleading and reproach that his heart 
 stood still at the ruin he had wrought, — 
 and never to his dying day did he forget 
 the feeling of cruelty and guilt that came 
 to him in that moment, — the little brown 
 head toppled over, and only the dead 
 body of the mother shielded her nestlings. 
 
 " ' Father, father,' he cried, ' what have 
 I done ? ' as he turned his horror-stricken 
 face to his father. But not to his father's 
 eye had this little tragedy been enacted, 
 and he said : ' Well done, my son ; that 
 was well done for your first shot. You 
 will soon be a fine sportsman.' 
 
 " * Never, father ; never again shall I 
 destroy any living creature. If that is 
 sport I will have none of it. Life is more 
 beautiful to me than death, and since I 
 cannot give life, I will not take it.'" 
 
 And so, instead of putting into the hands 
 of the child a gun or any other weapon 
 that may be instrumental in crippling, 
 torturing, or taking the life of even a
 
 14 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 single animal, I would give him the field- 
 glass and the camera, and send him out 
 to be a friend to the animals, to observe 
 and study their characteristics, their habits, 
 to learn from them those wonderful lessons 
 that can be learned, and thus have his 
 whole nature expand in admiration and 
 love and care for them, and become 
 thereby the truly manly and princely type 
 of man, rather than the careless, callous, 
 brutal type. 
 
 Vivisection 
 
 Another practice let us consider that is 
 clearly hardening in its influence — a prac- 
 tice that children and older students are 
 here and there called upon to witness. I 
 refer to the practice commonly known as 
 vivisection — the cutting, freezing, burning, 
 tearing, torturing of live animals for pur- 
 poses of scientific "investigation." After 
 making a most careful study of this matter 
 and its claims, getting the opinions of 
 many of the ablest physicians and surgeons 
 in the world, I have been forced to come 
 to the conclusion that practically nothing of 
 any real value has come to us through this
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 15 
 
 channel that could not and would not 
 have come in other ways without this 
 great torture and sacrifice of Hfe, to say 
 nothing of the cruel and hardening effects 
 upon those who resort to these methods. 
 
 Personally, I should allow no child of 
 mine to attend or remain at any school 
 where it is carried on, and, moreover, I 
 should raise my voice and exert my in- 
 fluence against it at every opportunity. I 
 should teach the child the great fact that 
 we are so rapidly learning to-day — namely, 
 that the mind is the natural protector of 
 the body, and that there are being con- 
 tinually externalised in the body, effects 
 and conditions most akin to our prevailing 
 mental states and emotions. I should 
 teach him that it is unwise as well as 
 cowardly to bring diseased conditions into 
 the body through the poisoning, corroding 
 effects of anger, hatred, jealousy, malice, 
 envy, rage, fear, worry,, lust, intemperance, 
 and then seek to find an aid to the Remedy 
 through the torture of even a single dumb 
 fellow-creature.
 
 i6 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 Docking 
 
 In the next place, as an object-lesson, 
 I should point out to the child what is 
 indicated at the sight of a dock-tailed horse. 
 It indicates one of two things — weakness 
 of individuality and hence slavery to 
 custom, or that all too - prevalent vain 
 desire through parade to attract attention, 
 because the owner of the animal is con- 
 scious of the fact that there is not enough 
 in himself to attract it, and also because he 
 is utterly devoid of those finer sensibilities 
 of the heart through whose promptings one 
 is restrained from all acts of cruelty and 
 torture, from all acts that will give pain 
 to any living creature. I would point out 
 to the child the torture that is inflicted upon 
 the animal during the process of the sawing 
 and the burning of the tail, and also that 
 this acute pain and torture is but little 
 compared with the after-torture that is to 
 follow during the balance of the horse's 
 life. 
 
 The skin of the horse is exceedingly 
 sensitive to the bites and the stings of the 
 flies and other pestiferous insects that 
 harass him during the heated term of the
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 17 
 
 year, and which without this natural weapon 
 of defence make his life almost unendur- 
 able. I would point out to the child how 
 cruelly the animal is maimed for life, and 
 how foolhardily its beauty is forever de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 The practice has already by statute been 
 made a crime in a number of States, 
 punishable by both fine and imprisonment, 
 but still the idiotic, cruel, and deplorable 
 practice goes on to a greater or less ex- 
 tent; and not until public sentiment is 
 thoroughly aroused against it will it 
 entirely cease. If the one who has it 
 done were compelled to stand for but 
 half a day in the hot summer weather, 
 with his back bare to the bites and the 
 stings of the flies and sweat-bees and other 
 insects that would drive him almost frantic, 
 if his hands were so fastened that he could 
 not drive them away, then he might be 
 brought partially at least to his senses. 
 
 And when the fine sensitive horse whose 
 tail had been sawn off in this way, so that 
 he was one day driven almost to madness by 
 the stings and bites he was powerless to pro- 
 tect himself from, especially as he was farther 
 maddened by that fiendish device of torture, 
 
 B
 
 1 8 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 the high check-rein, finally became unman- 
 ageable and dashed down the road a run- 
 away, hurling his owner to death and his wife 
 to the bed of an invalid and cripple — it may 
 seem unkind to say it — but it certainly served 
 them right. They reaped only what they 
 themselves had sown, as every one must in 
 some form or another, for such is the law of 
 the universe. 
 
 Cattle Transport 
 
 And again, as an object-lesson, I would 
 point out to the child the men who each year 
 engage in cattle-starving on our Western 
 plains ; for on the various ranches thousands 
 of head of cattle in cold winters starve and 
 freeze to death, because left to themselves 
 when they can no longer find sufficient food 
 on the ranch, this plan being adopted by 
 many cattle-raisers because it is cheaper for 
 them to lose a certain portion of the herd 
 each winter than it is to furnish them suit- 
 able food and shelter. Thousands of cattle 
 have so perished during the past winter. I 
 would show that such a man is a criminal 
 and deserves restraint as such, no less than 
 a man who would cause a part of his stock
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 19 
 
 to starve to death in a stable or on a 
 farm, 
 
 I would teach the child the same in regard 
 to those responsible for the careless, cruel, 
 mercenary methods of transporting cattle, 
 sheep, and horses from the West to the East, 
 or to England and other countries, in the 
 cattle ships, where sometimes as many as a 
 quarter or even a third of the animals are 
 found dead on their arrival, and r umbers of 
 others so mangled and crippled that they have 
 to be killed as soon as they are taken from 
 the vessel. 
 
 Dress and Fashion 
 
 There is another excellent opportunity for 
 humane teaching, and one that comes especi- 
 ally near to every woman. It lies in the 
 thoughtless, cruel, and inexcusable practice 
 of wearing the skins and plumage of birds for 
 millinery and other decorative purposes. The 
 enormous proportions of this traffic are simply 
 appalling. In the course of a single day last 
 year in London, and from a single auction 
 store, the skins of six hundred thousand 
 birds were sold. This number represented
 
 20 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 the sales of but one store of one city on a 
 single day. 
 
 Millions of birds are destroyed annually to 
 supply the demands that fashion venders, who 
 become wealthy thereby, have created in the 
 minds of women for this purpose. Whole 
 species of birds have already become prac- 
 tically extinct by this wholesale slaughter, 
 while others are rapidly becoming so. For 
 example, that beautiful bird the white heron, 
 commonly known as the egret, — in Florida 
 but one can now be seen here and there by 
 the tourist where thousands could be seen 
 but a few years ago. This bird is killed and 
 its plumage taken only at that season of the 
 year when its dress becomes a little more 
 brilliant than usual, for it is its nesting time, 
 and Nature seems to be recognising this, the 
 marriage season, by preparing for it its wed- 
 ding garments. 
 
 The birds at this season are apparently 
 very innocent of harm and very tame, and 
 are found near together taking care of their 
 young. At times hundreds of birds are to 
 be found near together in one roost among 
 the tall trees of the swamp-lands, so that the 
 bird-catcher finds it an easy task to conceal 
 himself and pick them off as they are return-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 21 
 
 ing to their nests with food for their young, 
 — sometimes to the extent of several hundred 
 in a single day ; and every bird killed at this 
 season means the starving to death, on the 
 average, of four or five of its young. It be- 
 hoves every woman, then, who wears even a 
 single egret plume, to remember that she has 
 been the cause of the sacrifice of at least four 
 or five birds. 
 
 "But," says the gentle lady, "I had no- 
 thing to do with the killing of the birds." 
 True ; had you to do with it personally you 
 would not wear what you now wear. But 
 were it not for multitudes of ladies like your- 
 self, Bill Jones, bird-catcher, would turn his 
 mind and energies to other avenues, for he 
 would no longer have a demand, and hence 
 a market, each year to supply. 
 
 I know of one bird-catcher who, with his 
 assistants, in a single season slaughtered and 
 took the skins of over one hundred and 
 thirty thousand birds. Think what this 
 means when we take into consideration 
 the few days of the very short season devoted 
 to this ! 
 
 And what does this indicate in women? 
 I would not be unfair, and so I will say that 
 to me it indicates chiefly thoughtlessness and
 
 22 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 lack of imagination on her part. If the one 
 who now decorates herself with the plumage 
 of her slaughtered fellow-creatures could be 
 on the spot with Bill Jones and see the crim- 
 son life-blood that the bleeding heart is puls- 
 ing out, staining even the feathers that she 
 herself will wear — if she could see the agonies 
 of the death struggle, and then see the gap- 
 ing mouths of the starving young ones in the 
 nest, waiting in vain for the return of the 
 parent bird with food — then, I am sure, she 
 would no longer be a victim to this foolish, 
 thoughtless, heartless habit. No ; I have too 
 much respect for and faith in the finer sensi- 
 bilities of woman to believe that she would. 
 Once in a while, it is true, we will find a 
 woman so wrapped up in her vain, selfish, 
 insane desire for show that, notwithstanding 
 the realisation on her part of all we have 
 just said, she would nevertheless demand 
 this sacrifice to minister to her vanity. 
 
 Were I a woman I certainly should want 
 to be among the forerunners in the move- 
 ment that has already begun along this line. 
 I would rather be a leader in setting a good 
 fashion than a follower of a poor and posi- 
 tively bad one. 
 
 And you will be surprised what beautiful
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 23 
 
 hats and bonnets can be devised by the 
 woman of a little ingenuity, without the aid 
 of birds' plumage or feathers of any kind. 
 And when skilful minds and hands are once 
 turned in this direction we shall wonder that 
 this relic-of-barbarism mode of adornment, 
 even though it be a somewhat modified form 
 of it, has lasted so long. 
 
 As a mother I would keep or lead my 
 daughter out of this heartless and need- 
 less practice by first abandoning it myself. 
 Children are so quick to see inconsistencies. 
 Said a little fellow to his mates the other 
 day : " I know why teacher don't want us 
 to rob the birds' nests and kill the little 
 birds. She wants 'em to grow up so she 
 can wear 'em on her bonnet." And when 
 one sees, as I have seen, a teacher with 
 the skins of two and the feathers of more 
 birds on her hat, we will realise that, after 
 all, teaching by example is better than by 
 precept, or, putting it in another form, 
 teaching by precept without its being re- 
 inforced by example is of but little value. 
 
 But for the people's sakes, as well as, if 
 not even more than for the bird's, I would 
 urge attention to and action along this 
 line. The tender and humane passion in
 
 24 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 the human heart is too precious a quality 
 to allow it to be hardened or effaced by 
 practices such as we so often indulge in. 
 Even from an economic standpoint, the 
 service that birds render us every year, so 
 far as vegetation is concerned, is literally 
 beyond computation. Were they all killed 
 off, the world would soon become practic- 
 ally uninhabitable for man, because vegeta- 
 tion each year would be so thoroughly 
 blighted or even consumed by the hordes 
 of insects that would infest it. It is but 
 necessary to realise how rapidly, even during 
 the past several years, insect life has been 
 increasing in some quarters, so as to tax 
 to the utmost the skill of the farmer, the 
 gardener, and the fruit-grower. Instead, 
 then, of schooling the child to be the de- 
 stroyer of bird life, let it be guided along 
 the lines of being its lover and its protector. 
 And if those who use them, women especi- 
 ally, could know and fully realise the cruel 
 and at times almost unspeakable cruelty 
 and torture that attends the procuring of 
 their sealskin and other fur or fur-trinmied 
 or lined garments, I am sure that many at 
 least would begin quietly to look about for 
 garments made of other materials; — if they
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 25 
 
 could know of the seals being clubbed to 
 death in their innocent tameness on their 
 native ice rocks, of the other fur-bearing 
 animals that are trapped, remaining for 
 hours, or even at times for days, with leg 
 or legs crushed between the trap's cruel 
 and relentless steel jaws, before the merci- 
 ful blow comes that is to end their torture, 
 when it has not already died from its torture 
 or from starvation, or has not gnawed its 
 leg from the trap with its own teeth in 
 order to escape — if they could be brought 
 fully to realise these facts, then I am sure 
 they would conclude that these articles are 
 bought with a price greater than any hu??tan 
 being can afford to pay. 
 
 Flesh as Food 
 
 A word now in regard to another matter 
 that is of far more importance than is 
 generally supposed — the matter of the ex- 
 cessive flesh-eating that is continually going 
 on in our country. After looking carefully 
 into the matter, and after some years' ex- 
 perience in its non-use, I can state without 
 hesitancy that, contrary to the prevailing 
 opinion, the flesh of animals is not neces-
 
 26 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 sary as an article of food. But few are 
 better off for its use, while the great 
 majority are the worse off for it, and especi- 
 ally is this true when it is so excessively 
 used as we find it now on every hand. 
 
 We shall find numerous articles of food, 
 as we study the matter, that, so far as 
 body nourishing, building, and sustaining 
 qualities are concerned, contain twice, and 
 in some cases over twice, as much as any 
 flesh food that can be mentioned. The 
 liability to mistake in this matter lies in 
 the fact that flesh foods when taken into 
 the stomach burn, oxygenise, more quickly 
 than most other foods do, and this short 
 stimulating effect, resembling more or less 
 the stimulating effects of alcohol, is mis- 
 taken for a body nourishing and sustaining 
 effect. 
 
 Flesh foods stimulate the passions, and 
 more, acting as a stimulant in the body, 
 they call for other stimulants to feed and 
 satisfy the appetites thus aroused ; and some 
 of the world's most eminent physicians, who 
 have looked carefully into the matter, are 
 declaring that the excessive amount of 
 whisky and beer drinking, with its attend- 
 ant drunkenness and criuie, will never be
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 27 
 
 » 
 done away with, or materially lessened, so 
 
 long as this excessive eating of flesh con- 
 tinues. 
 
 Numerous other things, such as the irrit- 
 ability it causes in the natures of large 
 numbers of people who use it, the almost 
 unconscious blunting of many of the finer 
 senses, as also the dangers attending its use, 
 on account of the diseased or poisoned con- 
 dition of meats in many cases, are worthy 
 of a very serious consideration. If space 
 permitted, many facts regarding the exceed- 
 ingly large number of diseased animals that 
 are eventually sold in the form of meat, 
 facts as reported by various boards of in- 
 quiry, various commissions, etc., might be 
 cited ; and who can tell when such may 
 not be the condition of that of which he 
 himself is partaking? And when we re- 
 member the vast numbers of animals — cattle 
 especially — that are angered almost to de- 
 speration, in some cases literally maddened 
 by anger, and when we remember the 
 peculiar poison that reaches every part of 
 the body when the mind is thus angered, 
 and that in this state large numbers of 
 animals are killed, we can readily see how 
 important this aspect of the matter is.
 
 28 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 " But is not flesh-eating natural ? " I hear 
 it asked. " Does not man in his primitive, 
 savage state make use of flesh naturally} 
 Do not animals devour one another ? " Yes; 
 but we are not savages, nor are we purely 
 animals, and it is time for us to have out- 
 grown this attendant-of-savage-life custom. 
 The truth of the matter is that considerably 
 more than the one-half of the people in 
 the world to-day are not flesh-eaters. And 
 many peoples, whom large numbers in 
 America and in England, for example, refer 
 to as the heathen, and send missionaries to 
 Christianise, are far ahead of us, and hence 
 more Christian in this matter. And one 
 reason why missionaries in many parts of 
 India, among the Buddhists and Brahmins, 
 for example, have been so comparatively 
 unsuccessful in their work is because the 
 majority of those keen-minded and spiritu- 
 ally unfolded people cannot see what 
 superiority there is in the religion of the 
 one whom it allows to kill, cook, and feast 
 upon the bodies of his or her fellow-crea- 
 tures, which they themselves could not do. 
 
 In Bombay, to have the carcasses of 
 animals exposed to public view, as we see 
 them in the stores and markets here, and
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 29 
 
 at times scores of them decorating their 
 windows and entire fronts, is prohibited by 
 law. 
 
 No, experience will teach you that if 
 you do away with flesh-eating and get in 
 its place the other valuable foods, the time 
 will quickly come when you will care less 
 and less for it ; then again, the time will 
 come when you will have no desire for it, 
 and finally, you will grow positively to 
 dislike it and its effects, and nothing could 
 induce you to return again to the flesh- 
 pots. And as for those who think that 
 the ones who are not flesh - eaters are 
 necessarily weaklings, I should like to 
 match a friend of mine, an instructor in 
 one of our great American universities, 
 who for over eighteen years has eaten 
 no flesh foods, — I should like to match 
 him with any whom they may send for- 
 ward, when it comes to a test of long- 
 continued work and endurance. 
 
 In London there are already numbers 
 of restaurants where no flesh foods are 
 served; in Berlin there are already about 
 twenty, and their number in these, as 
 well as in numerous other cities, is con- 
 tinually increasing. It is a matter of but
 
 30 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 a short time when there will be numbers 
 of such in our own country. The only 
 really consistent humanitarian is the one 
 who is not a flesh-eater; and great, I am 
 satisfied, will be the results, both to the 
 human family and to the animal race, as 
 children are wisely taught and judiciously 
 directed along this line. 
 
 When one goes into the better restaurants 
 where no flesh foods are served, in England 
 and Germany for example, he is impressed 
 with the foundationless excuse of so many 
 people, that it is hard, or even impossible, 
 to get along without flesh foods. In the 
 other realms will be found an abundance, 
 a hundred or a thousand times over, and 
 especially when we begin to give some 
 little attention to the great varieties of 
 most valuable foods there, and to the 
 exceedingly appetising ways in which they 
 can be prepared. One reason why such 
 large numbers of people feel that meat is 
 a necessity, or almost a necessity with them 
 as an article of food, is because in our 
 hotels and restaurants and cafes, and, in 
 fact, in the majority of our homes, the 
 meat element forms the chief portion of 
 the foods prepared for our tables, and to it,
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 31 
 
 practically, all the skill in preparation is 
 given; while the other things are looked 
 upon more as accessories, and are many 
 times prepared in an exceedingly careless 
 manner, much as mere accessories would be. 
 But with a decreasing use of flesh foods 
 and with more attention given to the 
 skilful preparation of the large numbers of 
 other still more valuable foods, we shall 
 begin to wonder why we have so long been 
 slaves to a mere custom, thinking it a 
 necessity. 
 
 An eminent Hindu has presented some 
 truths along the lines of non-flesh eating 
 so ably, that I yield to the impulse to 
 quote from him quite at length : 
 
 "Animal flesh enriches the blood with un- 
 necessary fibrin^ and this produces unnatural 
 heat in the system, and in turn is the cause of 
 unusual activity and restlessness, ultimately lead- 
 ing to the nervous debility which afflicts many 
 meat eaters. Constant use of meat increases 
 the action of the heart and brings premature 
 loss of vital forces. Physiologists and compara- 
 tive anatomists like Sir Everard Home have 
 shown from the structure of the teeth, stomach, 
 alimentary canal, the microscopic human blood- 
 corpuscles and the digestive processes, that man
 
 32 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 is by nature more related to frugivorous animals 
 than to the carnivora. 
 
 "From the chemical analysis of different 
 vegetables, cereals, fruits, nuts, etc., and the 
 flesh of different animals, and from the com- 
 parison of the constituent properties of veget- 
 ables with those of animal flesh, it can be shown 
 that everything necessary for the growth of the 
 muscles, for the strength of the nerves, and for 
 the nourishment of the whole body can easily 
 be obtained from the vegetable kingdom. This 
 being the fact, the question arises. Why do we 
 eat animal flesh ? Is it for nourishment ? No. 
 The same nourishment can be obtained from 
 vegetables, cereals, and pulses. Is it for health 
 that we eat meat ? No ; because vegetarians, 
 as a class, are healthier than the majority of 
 meat-eaters. Why, then, is meat eaten ? Be- 
 cause of the habit transmitted from generation 
 to generation, and because of superstition, pre- 
 judice and ignorance. 
 
 " Various objections have been raised by meat 
 eaters against vegetarianism. Some say if ani- 
 mals are not used for food they will overrun the 
 earth. In India the Hindus do not kill cows, 
 but they are not overrun by them. The Hindus 
 did not have any slaughter-houses until the 
 British Government established them. In the 
 States that are still governed by the Hindu 
 Rijas the wild animals and birds are protected 
 by strict laws. But these States are not over-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 33 
 
 run by wild animals, nor are the inhabitants 
 driven out by them. Others hold that unless 
 they eat animal flesh they will be weak and 
 useless for work and will lack bravery and 
 courage. This is a great mistake. You have 
 heard of the Hindu Sikh soldiers in India, who 
 are the bravest and strongest fighters in the 
 British army. They never turn their back to 
 an enemy in the battlefield. One Sikh soldier 
 can stand against three beef-eaters in hand-to- 
 hand fight. But these soldiers never touch 
 meat, nor fish, never drink wine, nor smoke 
 tobacco. They are strict vegetarians. A vege- 
 tarian diet gives great endurance and makes 
 one even-tempered. People generally mistake a 
 ferocious, restless, and rash temper for courage 
 and strength. These say that a tiger or a wolf 
 is stronger than a horse, a buffalo or an elephant. 
 They make ferocious nature the standard of 
 strength. It is true that a tiger can kill a 
 horse, but has he the muscular strength which 
 enables a horse to draw a heavy load a long 
 distance ? A tiger can kill an elephant, but can 
 he lift a cannon weighing hundreds of pounds ? 
 Ferocity is one thing and muscular strength is 
 another : we ought to distinguish the one from 
 the other. The source of strength lies in the 
 vegetable kingdom and not in flesh and blood. 
 If flesh eating be the condition of physical 
 strength, why do meat-eaters prefer the flesh of 
 herbivorous animals and not that of the car-
 
 34 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 nivora? Some meat-eaters say that animal 
 flesh has a large quantity of vegetable energy 
 concentrated in a small compass. If that be 
 their reason for the meat - eating habit, they 
 ought to live on the flesh of carnivorous animals 
 and birds, such as tigers, wolves, vultures, and 
 hawks. 
 
 "As in the animal kingdom the carnivora are 
 more restless than the herbivora, so amongst 
 men we find that meat-eaters are more restless 
 and less self-controlled than vegetarians. As a 
 peaceful, poised and self-controlled nature is the 
 first sign of spiritual progress, it is plain that 
 animal food is not the most helpful diet for 
 spiritual development." 
 
 The time will come in the world's history, 
 and a movement is setting in that direction 
 even now, when it will be deemed as strange 
 a thing to find a man or a woman who eats 
 flesh as food, as it is now to find a man or 
 a woman who refrains from eating it. And 
 personally, I share the belief with many 
 others, that the highest mental, physical, and 
 spiritual excellence will come to a person 
 only when, among other things, he refrains 
 from a flesh and blood diet. 
 
 Personally, I shall be glad, as long as 
 forces and agencies are at work that tend 
 to keep armies in the field, if we awaken,
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 35 
 
 and that almost instantly, to the dangers 
 attending the health of troops in service 
 from the large amount of " canned meats " 
 that are used in connection with army 
 rations. I believe, and I think I should 
 be fully borne out by the facts if they 
 could be thoroughly known, that thousands 
 of deaths due to disease have been to a 
 great extent induced or helped on through 
 this agency. The evidence brought out in 
 the investigations along this line, in connec- 
 tion with the American forces which served 
 but recently in the Spanish-American war 
 — the conclusions of which were presented 
 to the people as skilfully as possible, and 
 were then allowed to drop as quickly as 
 possible — should have no small weight with 
 us as a people. If it were to receive the 
 attention it really demands, many thousands 
 of lives might be saved in the future that 
 otherwise may be needlessly sacrificed. 
 
 Were such a food necessary, it would 
 then be a different matter ; but when there 
 are other foods, even more valuable so far 
 as body-building and nourishing and sus- 
 taining qualities are concerned, and more 
 free from the poisoned and loathsome con- 
 ditions that so much of the canned meats
 
 36 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 get into, especially in hot climates — foods 
 that can be transported just as readily; in 
 fact, prepared in a similar way and ready 
 for immediate use — then we can readily see 
 the criminal folly in allowing a continuance 
 of its use, at least in such quantities as 
 it is at present used. 
 
 And there is another matter of grave 
 importance that we should not be allowed 
 to lose sight of in this connection. The 
 brutality to the animal creation, which as a 
 weaker creation we should protect and care 
 for, has its corresponding and balancing 
 element in connection with our duty to 
 those who are hired to do our butchery for 
 us. And here let me quote a paragraph 
 from Mr Henry Salt, the well-known 
 English humanitarian thinker and worker : 
 
 " But this question of butchery is not merely 
 one of kindness or unkindness to animals, for 
 by the very facts of the case it is a human 
 question of no slight importance, affecting as it 
 does the social and moral welf;\re of those more 
 immediately concerned in it. Of all recognised 
 occupations by which, in civilised countries, a 
 livelihood is sought and obtained, the work 
 which is looked upon with the greatest loathing 
 (next to the hangman's) is that of the butcher,
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 37 
 
 as witness the opprobrious sense which the 
 word 'butcher' has acquired. Owing to the 
 instinctive horror of bloodshed which is char- 
 acteristic of all normal civilised beings, the 
 trade of doing to death countless numbers of 
 inoffensive and highly organised creatures, 
 amid scenes of indescribable filth and ferocity, 
 is delegated to a pariah class of 'slaugliter- 
 men,' who are thus themselves made the victims 
 of a grievous social wrong. ' I 'm only doing 
 your dirty work ; it 's such as yoic makes such 
 as us^ is said to have been the remark of a 
 Whitechapel butcher to a flesh-eating gentle- 
 man who remonstrated with him for his brut- 
 ality ; and the remark was a perfectly just one. 
 To demand a product which can only be 
 procured at the cost of the intense suffering of 
 the animal, and the deep degradation of the 
 butcher, and by a process which not one flesh- 
 eater in a hundred would himself, under any 
 circumstances, perform, or even witness, is 
 conduct as callous, selfish, and unsocial as could 
 well be imagined. . . . To have accustomed 
 one's self to a total disregard for the pleading 
 terror of sensitive animals, and to a murderous 
 use of the knife is a terrible power for society 
 to put into the hands of its lowest and least 
 responsible members. The blame must ulti- 
 mately fall on society itself, and not on the 
 mdividual slaughterman." 
 
 Chicago has gained, temporarily, at least.
 
 38 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 the reputation of being the great slaughter- 
 city of the world. Some of Chicago's first 
 officials in the police department have 
 given us many facts showing the direct 
 connection between the influence of this 
 trade, or rather this "business," and some 
 of the most shocking crimes that the city 
 has known of late years, for large numbers 
 of these have been perpetrated by men 
 engaged in this business, who have been 
 gradually reaping the deteriorating effects 
 of its influence. 
 
 "No one who goes to Chicago," says a writer 
 in the Neii> Age, " should fail to see the 
 shambles. They are the most wicked things 
 in creation ; they are sickening beyond descrip- 
 tion. The men in them are more brutes than 
 the animals they slaughter. Missions and 
 institutes have been built in respectable parts 
 of the cities from the profits, and the employees 
 themselves have been left to go straight down 
 to the devil. ... It is the duty of everyone 
 interested in social questions, of everyone 
 whose demands necessitate this kind of labour, 
 to wade through this filth to see those poor 
 wretches at work." 
 
 One who visited one of the Kansas city 
 packing-houses, where many thousands of
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 39 
 
 animals are killed daily, and where some 
 thousands of men and boys are employed, 
 writes as follows : — 
 
 " Inside the vast slaughter-house it looked 
 like a battle-field — the floors were crimson ; the 
 men were deep-dyed from head to foot. It was 
 a sickening spectacle. There the cattle were 
 driven into pens, scores at a time, and the echo 
 of the pole-axes was heard hke the riveting of 
 plates in a ship-building yard. Then the gate 
 fronts were raised, and the kicking animals 
 were shot on to the floor, to be seized by the 
 hoofs by chains, and hoisted to the ceiling, and 
 sent flying on their way to rows of men, who 
 waited with knives, and skinned and quartered 
 and washed them." 
 
 In the light of the foregoing facts, and 
 in the light of many more that might be 
 presented, we can readily see that each one 
 who aids in creating the demand for flesh 
 foods is to a greater or less extent, not 
 indirectly but directly, responsible for the 
 degrading and dehumanising influences at 
 work in the lives of many thousands of 
 their fellow-men. We are our brother's 
 keeper whenever it comes to a matter that 
 we are personally involved in, and there 
 are responsibilities that we cannot shift
 
 40 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 after we are once made acquainted with 
 the facts pertaining to them. 
 
 May I present here a few additional 
 thoughts along this Hne, given utterance to 
 by that very clear-thinking woman, Annie 
 Besant : 
 
 "We may adopt a bloodless diet to purify 
 the body, or in order that we may have a 
 body that will be less an obstacle to intel- 
 lectual and moral growth ; and such reasons 
 as these justify the practice, and no man or 
 woman need be ashamed to confess them. 
 But still deeper and more attractive than such 
 an object is our principle^ our recognition of 
 the unity of life in all that is around us, and 
 that we are but parts of that one universal life. 
 When we recognise that unity of all living 
 things, then at once arises the question — How 
 can we support this life of ours with least 
 injury to the lives around us ? How can we 
 prevent our own life adding to the suffering of 
 the world in which we live ? . . . And at once 
 we begin to see that, in our relations to the 
 animal kingdom, a duty arises which all 
 thoughtful and compassionate minds should 
 recognise — the duty that, because we are 
 stronger in mind than the animals, we are, or 
 ought to be, their _s^iiardians and helpers, not 
 their /yrants and of)/>ressars, and we have no 
 right to cause them sutfering and terror merely
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 41 
 
 for the gratification of the palate, merely for 
 an added luxury to our own lives. 
 
 "... Thus looking upon the animal king- 
 dom, a sense of duty awakens within us ; we 
 feel that they are not intended simply to be 
 slaves of men's whims, to be victims of his 
 fancies and desires ; they are living crealures, 
 showing forth a Divine life, in lesser measure 
 than ourselves, it may be, but it is the same 
 Divine life that is the heart of their heart, and 
 the soul of their soul. 
 
 " The animal evolves under the fostering in- 
 telligence of man. The horse, the bullock, the 
 dog, the elephant, any of the creatures that 
 are around us in different lands, all develop 
 a growing intelligence as they come into 
 healthful relations with their elder brethren, 
 men and women. We find that they answer 
 with love to our love, and also w-ith growing 
 intelligence ; and we begin to realise that it is 
 our duty to train and help that growth by 
 making them co-workers with ourselves, to 
 develop their intelligence by human com- 
 panionship ; and not to slaughter them and 
 thus make a gulf of blood between them and 
 mankind. 
 
 " Surely man should not go through nature 
 leaving behind him a track of destruction, of 
 misery, of hideous injury. 
 
 "... So that one standpoint we may take 
 up as Food Relormers is the standpoint of
 
 42 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 Love, of recognition of our true place in the 
 world. Not only that we may have cleaner 
 materials in our bodies, not only that we may 
 have a better instrument for our minds and 
 souls to work with, but that ive may be better 
 channels of Dtvitte Love to the world on every 
 side. For this reason, fundamentally, I am a 
 vegetarian, and I would not take for myself, 
 needlessly, the life of any sentient creature 
 that lives around me. 
 
 "... But no one can eat the flesh of a 
 slaughtered animal without having used the 
 hand of a man as slaughterer. Suppose 
 that we had to kill for ourselves the creatures 
 whose bodies we would fain have upon our 
 table, is there one woman in a hundred who 
 would go to the slaughter-house to slay the 
 bullock, the calf, the sheep, or the pig ? Nay, 
 is there one in a hundred who would not 
 shrink from going to see it done, who would 
 not be horrified to stand ankle deep in blood, 
 and see the carcasses lying there just after the 
 animals were slain ? But if we could not do 
 it, nor see it done ; if we are so refined 
 that we cannot allow close contact between 
 ourselves and the butchers who furnish this 
 food ; if we feel that they are so coarsened by 
 their trade that their very bodies are made 
 repulsive by the constant contact of the blood 
 with which they must be continually be- 
 smirched ; if we recognise the physical coarse-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 43 
 
 ness which results inevitably from such contact, 
 dare we call ourselves refined if ive purchase 
 our refinement by the brutalisation of others^ 
 and demand that some should be brutal in 
 order that we may eat the results of their 
 brutality ? We are not free from the brutal- 
 ising results of that trade simply because ive 
 take no direct part in it. 
 
 "... And everyone who eats flesh meat 
 has part in that brutalisation ; everyone who 
 uses what they provide is guilty of this 
 degradation of his fellow-men. 
 
 "... I ask you to recognise your duty as men 
 and women, who should raise the Race, not 
 degrade it ; who should try to make it divifie, 
 not brutal ; who should try to make it pure, 
 not foul ; and therefore, in the name of Human 
 Brotherhood, I appeal to you to leave your own 
 tables free from the stain of blood, and your 
 consciences free from the degradation of your 
 fellow-men." 
 
 If the one who uses pate de foie gras, 
 ortolan, and other abnormally formed things 
 of this type, will look a little into the 
 methods by which they are obtained, with 
 all their agonising and slowly dying torture 
 attendants, I dare say he will then use 
 them no longer ; he will not, indeed, if 
 there is in him a nature that can truly be 
 described by the word human in distinc-
 
 44 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 tion from that of brutal. It is our thoughts 
 and our acts, or our compHcity in the acts 
 of others, that determine whether at any 
 given time we are nearest akin to the brute 
 or the human. 
 
 It happened not long ago, in looking over 
 the advertising pages of one of our great 
 monthly magazines, that my attention was 
 called to a whole-page advertisement of one 
 of Chicago's packing-houses. In connection 
 with this advertisement numbers of figures 
 were given, among which were the follow- 
 ing :— 
 
 "Six packing-houses, sixty-five acres of 
 buildings. Handled last year, 1,437,844 
 cattle, 2,658,951 sheep, 3,928,659 hogs. 
 18,433 employees." 
 
 Here, then, is a total of a little over 
 8,000,000 animals slaughtered in a single 
 year by one concern, and when we take into 
 consideration the number of other concerns 
 of similar magnitude, and also the thousands 
 of other slaughter-houses in the various cities 
 and villages throughout the country, we can 
 perhaps form at least some idea of the vast 
 proportions of this traffic in blood. And 
 when we take into consideration that in this 
 one concern over 18,000 people were em-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 45 
 
 ployed, we can also form some slight con- 
 ception of the large number of men, women, 
 and children throughout the country who are 
 brought under the influences which we have 
 been considering. 
 
 And then, by a strange coincidence, though 
 the connection is natural, I turned a page or 
 two and my eye fell upon the advertisement, 
 also a full-page advertisement, of a large 
 brewing concern. The advertisement in part 
 ran as follows : — 
 
 "When 219 carloads of Beer were 
 
 shipped to Manila the world wondered. What 
 industry was this that shipped its product 
 by a mile and a half of trains to that re- 
 mote spot? 
 
 '* Yet that enterprise has been repeated a 
 hundred times over. Wherever civilisation 
 
 has gone Beer has followed. Agencies 
 
 have for twenty years been established in 
 many of the farthest parts of the earth. 
 
 " Beer has been known in South 
 
 Africa since the white man went there. It is 
 shipped in large quantities to the frigid wilds 
 of Siberia. It is advertised in the quaint 
 newspapers of China and Japan. It is the 
 beer of India, the beverage of the Egyptian 
 and the Turk.
 
 46 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 " It is too little to say that the sun never 
 
 sets on agencies, for it is literally 
 
 true that it is always noonday at one of 
 them." 
 
 Marvellous indeed is the enterprise of the 
 great nation, so magnificently equipped for 
 carrying, among other things, a flesh and 
 blood, a whisky and beer civilisation, which 
 we complacently denominate by the term 
 Christian, to the remotest parts of the earth 
 and to the benighted peoples who stand 
 so in need of these "civilising" influences; 
 peoples, moreover, who are so obtuse and 
 so " stubborn " in the face of their bene- 
 volent Anglo-Saxon well-wishers, that many 
 times these civilising influences can enter 
 only after the blood of numbers of their 
 bravest, most highly educated and patriotic 
 sons has been spilled, through the agency 
 of rifles, bayonets, and Catling guns. 
 
 Sport and War 
 
 It does not require any great amount of 
 mental power to be able to trace the direct 
 connection between a spirit of kindness and 
 consideration and care for the animal world 
 and a kindred spirit of kindness, care, and
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 47 
 
 consideration for all of the human kind, 
 as also between this and a tendency to settle 
 differences of opinion, or disputes, by the 
 thoroughly wise and economical method of 
 conciliation and arbitration in distinction 
 from the thoroughly unwise, expensive, and 
 degrading method of swagger and bravado, 
 which leads so often to a resort to force 
 in the form of individual, or corporate, or 
 national murder. 
 
 There is a direct connection between 
 "pig-sticking" and man-bayoneting. There 
 is a direct connection between the foremost 
 representatives of a great nation, and a large 
 class that ape and follow them, in shooting 
 hundreds of pheasants or partridges in a 
 single day, and a spirit of reckless bravado 
 that easily leads the nation into war with 
 another nation when complications arise, or 
 when, through the agency of superior force, 
 it can gain its ends in appropriating to itself 
 the wealth of the goldfields or the territory 
 of a smaller or weaker people. 
 
 There is a direct connection between an 
 Emperor's proclivity for killing that leads 
 him and his party ruthlessly and flippantly to 
 shoot two or three thousand pheasants in a 
 single day and to pride themselves upon the
 
 48 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 achievement, and words such as were recently 
 addressed to a portion of the army at the 
 head of which he temporarily is, enjoining 
 them, above all things, to go out with revenge 
 as their watchword, on account of certain 
 indignities shown to a few citizens of that 
 country in the far East recently. The spec- 
 tacle of one who prides himself upon being 
 the head of a Christian nation, counselling 
 and arousing and fostering a spirit of re- 
 venge is indeed anomalous. But the step 
 is not a long one from blood-spilling in 
 the animal world to the same in connec- 
 tion with human beings, and to a spirit of 
 hatred and revenge which shows that most 
 essential elements of a tme Christiafi char- 
 acter are wanting. 
 
 There is a direct connection between the 
 unwise, expensive, and thoroughly unstates- 
 manlike method of dealing with the recent 
 differences in South Africa, and the Royal 
 Buckhounds which to-day ornament — no, not 
 ornament, but disgrace — the Queen's Court. 
 The time is coming when the practice of 
 tame deer hunting will be as much looked 
 down upon, and condemned as brutal and 
 unworthy English gentlemen, as the buU- 
 and bear- baiting that prevailed so univer-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 49 
 
 sally in Elizabeth's day are at the present 
 time. 
 
 The time is coming when in England, in 
 Germany, in America, in every nation, the 
 people will find that there is a higher duty 
 than that of following the leadership of 
 men miscalled statesmen, because lacking in 
 that spirit of honest, frank consideration and 
 conciliation, through lack of which disputes 
 are allowed to come to a settlement by force 
 of arms, the consequent burden being 
 thrown upon the people to bear. The time 
 is coming when we shall find that this is not 
 patriotism, but that patriotism is that ready 
 service which works for the people's highest 
 welfare, and that the people's highest wel- 
 fare is served most by keeping their country, 
 among other things, out of expensive and 
 demoralising bloody warfare, rather than by 
 getting it into war. It was the President of 
 the American Humane Education Society 
 who most truthfully said : " Unnecessary 
 wars are simply wholesale murder, and the 
 men who cause them [however high their 
 positions] are the greatest and worst of 
 criminals." 
 
 It is the same spirit of killing and "pig- 
 sticking," and looking upon the animal
 
 50 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 world simply as something to use for our 
 own pleasure or gain, without any con- 
 sideration of their rights, and without any 
 impulse to care for and treat them kindly, 
 that fosters that thoroughly insane imperial- 
 istic tendency that has gained such footing 
 in England of late, endangering the very 
 existence of the empire, and demanding the 
 enormous price to be paid that is being 
 demanded to-day. The same imperialistic 
 tendency in America has lately brought 
 the nation dangerously near to the parting 
 of the ways, one of which leads to the 
 continual upbuilding of a republic, the 
 pride of all time, the other to its gradual 
 undermining, by transforming it into an 
 empire — if not in name, in reality — and 
 thus sending it, through the violation of 
 great elemental laivs, to the same ends 
 that all nations that have adopted a similar 
 course have or must inevitably come to.* 
 It is this spirit, a tendency to which has 
 been witnessed in America but recently, 
 which will gradually blunt, and in time 
 entirely kill, the quick, noble, and God-like 
 expression of sympathy for a people strug- 
 gling for freedom and liberty. The destiny 
 
 •There is a world wide difference between territorial and 
 national expansion in acrnrdance with just and rigliteoiis laws 
 and an aggressive and in time sell-destructive imperialism.
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 51 
 
 and power of the American nation depends 
 upon the fostering of the spirit of kindli- 
 ness, love of fair play, and desire for con- 
 ciliation, and hence of peace, in distinction 
 from the spirit of militarism which great 
 corporate interests and corporate politicians 
 would have dominant in the country. 
 
 When the interests of the people are 
 zealously guarded and righteously cared for, 
 then when an emergency arises and there 
 is a call to arms for defensive purposes, 
 the only possible justification of any resort 
 to arms, the nation will find that it has 
 a citizen soldiery as vast as the numbers 
 of its male population, and far more effective 
 in the long run, than any hired body of 
 soldiery can possibly ever be. And instead 
 of supporting a vast army of men who are 
 producing nothing, contributing nothing to 
 the nation's welfare, but living upon the 
 labour of others, and waiting merely for 
 orders to shoot, mangle, and do to death 
 men, fellow-men of another nation, each 
 will be working for himself and for all, and 
 will be enjoying the fruits of his labour. 
 It is to humane education that we must look 
 to save us from the monstrous system of 
 militarism which at present prevails in the 
 larger share of European countries.
 
 52 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 In passing through Germany not long 
 since, I was particularly impressed with see- 
 ing in fields here and there large companies 
 of soldiers drilling and manoeuvring, while 
 in the fields on all sides of them, were num- 
 bers chiefly of women and children, and 
 oxen and horses hard at work. This con- 
 dition prevails to a great extent over the 
 greater part of Germany. It is so, to a 
 greater or less degree, in the other Euro- 
 pean nations where the military system has 
 grown to such enormous proportions. 
 
 To seek neither the gold fields nor the 
 territory of other peoples, to live in peace 
 with all nations so far as in us lies, to be 
 willing in all cases to give jusiice, as we are 
 quick to demand it, to believe thoroughly 
 that there are no questions or complica- 
 tions arising that cannot be settled by con- 
 ciliation and arbitration if there is the ear- 
 nest sincere desire to do so, and to have 
 in public office men who are imbued with 
 this idea, refusing admittance to those who 
 are not wise enough to be guided by this 
 principle, but in whom the spirit of swag- 
 ger, brow-beating, and bravado prevails — in 
 these, among other things, lies the hope, 
 the healthfulness, the great and growing
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 53 
 
 power, the future grandeur of the American 
 nation. It is in this way that she can pre- 
 serve and maintain and continually increase 
 her unique position among the nations of 
 the earth. 
 
 This reign of peace is indeed the con- 
 dition that all people who are humanely 
 inclined, all people who are lovers of 
 animals, should work to bring about, and 
 thus to save the many thousands of horses 
 and mules and oxen the inhuman treat- 
 ment and the terrific suffering to which 
 they are always subjected when a war is 
 in progress. The treatment that thousands 
 of animals have been subjected to both 
 on transport and on train, and on the field 
 in South Africa during the past few months, 
 is a burning disgrace to the British nation. 
 Brutalities have been engaged in and con- 
 doned, that would not be countenanced for 
 an instant by the government of this or 
 any other nation at all civilised, in ordinary 
 circumstances. The very nature of the con- 
 ditions, of course, makes it hard for the 
 noble and willing animals to be carefully 
 attended to and mercifully treated. And 
 this is greatly accentuated by the fact that 
 every diabolical agency is L-t loose which
 
 54 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 increases the spirit that actuates the ill- 
 treatment and the most awful abuses on 
 the part of those who have the animals 
 in charge. But this very fact makes it 
 all the more imperative for those who value 
 humane education, to work all the more 
 zealously and unceasingly for its universal 
 advancement, so that conditions of this 
 kind may be prevented, and the causes 
 of a terrible amount of suffering to hosts 
 of noble animals may be done away with. 
 
 The time is coming when practically all, 
 with Cowper, will say and feel: 
 
 " I would not enter on my list of friends, 
 Though graced with polished manners and 
 
 fine sense. 
 Yet wanting in sensibility, the man 
 Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm." 
 
 This is our ultimate destiny, though we 
 have been coming up the steep most 
 tardily. 
 
 Personally, 1 would rather be the author, 
 and have the rare unfoldment of heart and 
 sympathy of the author, of the following 
 httle stanzas, than be the greatest military 
 leader in the world to-day : —
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 55 
 
 "Across the narrow beach we flit, 
 
 One little sandpiper and I ; 
 And fast I gather, bit by bit. 
 
 The scattered driftwood bleached and dry. 
 The wild waves reach their hands for it, 
 
 The wild wind raves, the tide runs high, 
 As up and down the beach we flit, — 
 
 One little sandpiper and I. 
 
 I watch him as he skims along, 
 
 Uttering his faint and mournful cry ; 
 He starts not at my fitful song, 
 
 Or flash of fluttering drapery ; 
 He has no thought of any wrong, 
 
 He scans me with a fearless eye, — 
 Staunch friends are we, well-tried and strong, 
 
 The little sandpiper and I. 
 
 Comrade, where wilt thou be to-night, 
 
 When the loosed storm breaks furiously ? 
 My driftwood fire will burn so bright ! 
 
 To what warm shelter canst thou fly? 
 I do not fear for thee though wroth 
 
 The tempest rushes through the sky ; 
 For are we not God's children both, 
 
 Thou, little sandpiper, and I." 
 
 Instead of the spirit of destruction and 
 the desire to gain something for ourselves, 
 to kill something, to tear something from 
 its life, even at the expense of breaking up
 
 56 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 that wonderful harmony which reigns in 
 God's world, we need the spirit which 
 animated Emerson when he wrote the 
 lines entitled " Forbearance " : 
 
 " Hast thou named all the birds without a gun ? 
 Loved the wood-rose, and left it on its stalk ? 
 At rich men's tables eaten bread and pulse ? 
 Unarmed, faced danger with a heart of trust ? 
 And loved so well a high behaviour, 
 In man or maid, that thou from speech re» 
 
 frained. 
 Nobility more nobly to repay? 
 O, be my friend, and teach me to be thine ! " 
 
 Treatment of Criminals 
 
 In the degree that moral, heart, humane 
 training finds its place among us as a people, 
 in that degree shall we come nearer a wise 
 and humane method of treatment, so far as 
 the more unfortunate ones among us, whom 
 we denominate by the term "criminal," is 
 concerned. It is a well-known fact that we 
 have not as yet found the true method of 
 dealing with these our fellow-beings. Our 
 methods deal too much with punishment, 
 and not enough with unfoldment, and there- 
 by prevention. Our methods in the long 
 run tend to make criminals, and to per-
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 57 
 
 petuate criminals, rather than to prevent 
 them or to transform them into law-abiding 
 and honourable citizens. When a man 
 makes a mistake that any of us might have 
 made, and that possibly under like condi- 
 tions many of us would have made, the 
 spirit of punishment for the sake of punish- 
 ment, even to the extent of revenge, so 
 holds us as a people that we truly share 
 in the wrong-doing of the one whom we 
 condemn and injure, when by another, 
 a more sane, a more thoughtful, a more 
 kindly and common - sense method, we 
 would be instrumental in bringing about 
 a set of conditions which, instead of per- 
 petuating the man as a criminal, would 
 make him an honour and a blessing to the 
 community in which he lives. 
 
 Likewise, when through misfortune or 
 broken health, an inability to find work, 
 and many times in a starving condition, 
 a man or a woman is compelled to find 
 entrance to the workhouses in England, 
 in many at least he is treated more as a 
 beast, or as an inanimate object, than as 
 a human being. He who enters these must, 
 as a rule, leave all hopes for love and kindly 
 and sympathetic treatment behind. And
 
 58 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 this, indeed, is the reason why so many 
 deUberately take their own Hves rather than 
 enter them. And yet it is England who 
 prides herself upon being the world's 
 greatest Empire — a great Christian nation 
 whose mission it is, even with shot and 
 shell her leaders will tell you, to carry the 
 blessings of a Christian civilisation to the 
 inferior peoples of the world. 
 
 When we once begin to understand that 
 ignorance is at the bottom of all wrong- 
 doing, of all sin and error and crime, with 
 their attendant sufferings and losses, then 
 we shall begin to realise that sympathy 
 and compassion — and, consequently, kindly 
 treatment — instead of punishment and 
 revenge, is necessary if we would truly aid 
 one who has stumbled. The systems in 
 vogue to-day will make and will perpetuate 
 criminals ; they will not transform a wrong- 
 doer into a strong, sympathetic, and honest 
 man or woman. They may make him or 
 her a greater danger to society, but they 
 will never make him or her an aid to the 
 community, or an aid in bringing about 
 a higher state of Hfe and civilisation in 
 the community, as practically every one of 
 such can be made. In the work of the
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 59 
 
 George Junior Republic, in New York 
 State, we have an evidence of what can 
 be accomplished when work is begun from 
 the right side. And if boys can be reached 
 so effectively by these methods, certainly 
 men and women can be also. 
 
 During a single year recently a hundred 
 and sixty thousand cases in round numbers 
 were committed to prison in England and 
 Wales. Of this number over sixty-one 
 thousand — considerably more than a third — 
 were committed for a week or less. Now, 
 under a wise and more enlightened system 
 of penal law, most of these cases need not, 
 and should not, have come to prison at 
 all. In the matter of imprisonment it is 
 so often that it is the first step, the first 
 commitment, which counts and which even- 
 tually evolves a criminal future. Of these 
 sixty-one thousand cases and over, a very 
 large number were first offenders, and many 
 were imprisoned for but three or four days. 
 How often it has been said by one whose 
 life has been one of the criminal cast, " If 
 I hadn't got that three or four days (or 
 that week) when a boy, how different my 
 whole life would have been." If, therefore, 
 we would prevent having a criminal class
 
 6o EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 we must do everything in our power to 
 prevent unnecessary additions to it, and 
 especially should we refrain from actually 
 driving early and slight offenders into its 
 ranks. 
 
 And then the meaningless, unnecessary, 
 and deplorable degradations that so often 
 accompany the treatment of prisoners are 
 worthy of the most unreserved condemna- 
 tion. There is enough degradation, God 
 knows, accompanying the entrance to prison 
 life in itself without any studied additions 
 to it. When, through studied efforts, or 
 the blind and brainless following of bad 
 precedent on the part of prison officials, 
 it is made next to impossible for one in 
 prison to receive frank and open-hearted 
 kindness, and when thereby it is made 
 impossible for him spontaneously to give 
 kindness, then no more successful steps in 
 the process of perpetuating him as a 
 criminal, could be taken. Instead of wise, 
 Christ-like steps to awaken, to feed, and 
 to foster this greatest of heart qualities, 
 hand-in-hand with self-respect, from the 
 very first, crushing blows are given for 
 its total destruction. Little wonder is it, 
 then, that so often the offender comes
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 6i 
 
 out of prison with that deep and sullen 
 hatred of all established order, that makes 
 him more dangerous to himself and to 
 society at large than ever before. 
 
 Any system of penal law and prison discip- 
 line' or treatment that does not give a man 
 or a woman back to the world better than 
 when he or she entered the prison gates, is 
 one greatly to be deplored. Here and there, 
 however, there are brave and able men and 
 women, strong, sweet, and with great love in 
 their natures, who are giving themselves to 
 this work, and who are quietly and gradually 
 leading us into a better day. And as better 
 social and more equal industrial conditions 
 for the great mass of the people come about, 
 and as a more vital, humane, heart-training 
 for all classes, from the so-called highest to 
 the so-called lowest, takes its place amongst 
 us, then this great and constant problem 
 will be already to a great extent solved. 
 
 We need more sympathy in all of our 
 relations in every-day life, individual and 
 national, and any methods of punishment 
 that have in them the elements of resent- 
 ment and revenge, in distinction from being 
 restraining, educational, and uplifting arc 
 thoroughly anti-Christian, to say nothing of
 
 62 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 their being unwise, inexpedient, and expen- 
 sive. Who sliall accuse and who shall con- 
 demn? Certainly nowise man or woman; 
 and certainly the unfortunate ones among us 
 should not be in the hands of those who are 
 the unwise. The time was, not so very long 
 ago, when the insane were treated much as 
 our criminals are treated to-day, treated as 
 if they were to blame. A wiser spirit, how- 
 ever, prevails in regard to this unfortunate 
 class among us, and insanity is now looked 
 upon as a form of mental disease, not as 
 a wilful perversion of one's natural self. 
 
 The wiser among us, who have given 
 time and attention to the study of the 
 criminal classes and the best methods of 
 aiding them, are recognising that there 
 is such a thing as moral disease, just as 
 we have come into the realisation of the 
 fact that there is such a thing as mental 
 disease, and when those whom we call 
 criminals are treated in accordance with 
 these facts, then we shall begin to witness 
 a great change for the better in our present 
 methods. 
 
 Sympathy must be brought about so far 
 as our relations with one another and so far 
 as our relations with the animal world are
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 63 
 
 concerned. Every living creature must be 
 looked upon, respected, and treated as a 
 living creature and not as a mere thing, not 
 as something that is merely to serve our 
 own purposes, with no right of any claims 
 upon us in return. 
 
 Do you know the story of " The Caged 
 Thrush " ? A stanza comes to my mind : 
 
 " Alas for the bird who was born to sing ! 
 They have made him a cage ; they have 
 
 clipped his wing ; 
 They have shut him up in a dingy street, 
 And they praise his singing and call it sweet ; 
 But his heart and his song are saddened and 
 
 filled 
 With the woods and the nest he never will 
 
 build, 
 And the wild young dawn coming into the 
 
 tree, 
 And the mate that never his mate will be ; 
 And day by day, when his notes are heard, 
 They freshen the street, but — alas for the 
 
 bird ! " 
 
 The Golden Rule must be applied in our 
 relations with the animal world just as it 
 must be applied in our relations with our 
 fellow-men, and no one can be a Christian 
 man or woman, or even truly deserve the
 
 64 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 name of man or woman, until this finds em- 
 bodiment in his or her hfe. Even worms are 
 our helpers, and it would be absolutely impos- 
 sible, so far as the right conditions in the 
 ground are concerned, to get along without 
 them. We are their debtors to a vast extent, 
 and were it not for the birds, practically 
 all vegetable and plant life would in time, 
 as we have found, be destroyed, and we 
 would be helpless even so far as our very 
 existence is concerned. When we study the 
 habits of animals in a truly sympathetic 
 way and become thoroughly acquainted with 
 them and with the work that each one is 
 performing, we shall see that each one has 
 its place in the economy of God's world, that 
 each has its part to play, and that even so 
 far as the animal world is concerned we are 
 all related and inter-related. If we destroy 
 or permit to be destroyed that marvellous 
 balance which the Divine Power has insti- 
 tuted in the Universe, we do it at our own 
 peril. Instead, then, of being the enemies of 
 the animal world, instead of being its perse- 
 cutors and its destroyers, we should be its 
 friends and helpers.
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 65 
 
 Homes for Animals 
 
 Much among us is done for man, little 
 as yet for the animal. There are among us 
 almost innumerable hospitals and homes for 
 men and women, but there is very little of this 
 nature as yet for the animals. As yet, there 
 is a Home or a Rescue League for animals 
 only here and there. We need them more 
 abundantly. We need Homes and Rescue 
 Leagues and Clinics and Hospitals for them 
 as we need them for ourselves ; and where 
 there is one Animal Home to-day, there will 
 be, I am sure, scores, or even hundreds, in 
 time to come. 
 
 In far-off Bombay is probably the largest 
 and most elaborate hospital for animals in 
 the world. It has both its in-patients and 
 its out-patients, and it ministers to animals 
 of all kinds as carefully as human beings 
 are administered to in the hospitals of the 
 West. Over 2000 animals are taken into 
 the hospital each year, and well on to 1000 
 are treated as out-patients. In all there are 
 some forty buildings, large and small, con- 
 nected with the hospital, and the architec- 
 tural structure and the appointments of some 
 E
 
 66 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 of them are indeed superior to those of many 
 of our regular hospitals. 
 
 This splendid hospital for animals was 
 founded by a native Indian, a Parsee mer- 
 chant, Sir Dinshaw Manockjee Petit. It is 
 called Bai Sakarbai Dinshaw Petit Hospital 
 for Animals, and receives its support from 
 large numbers of citizens of Bombay who are 
 interested in its beneficent work. 
 
 Not only domestic animals of every kind 
 are treated and cared for in it, but the ani- 
 mals of the jungle and the wild birds which 
 are found wounded or suffering from any 
 cause, are taken to it and nursed back to 
 health and then set free again. 
 
 The hospital is the pride of Bombay, and 
 the Hindus are very liberal in their con- 
 tributions to it. When endowing the 
 laboratory Sir Dinshaw made the express 
 stipulation that no vivisection should be 
 practised in it, " for the reason that the 
 same would wound the feelings of Hindus, 
 from whom material support is obtained 
 for the hospital, and if they come to know 
 of it they will at once discontinue their 
 support, and the hospital will thereby suffer 
 in this respect." This is the frank and 
 child-like reason given by Sir Dinshaw in
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATUKE 67 
 
 one of the sections of the document by 
 which he created tlie trust for the laboratory. 
 
 In addition to this splendid Hospital 
 for Animals, there is in Bombay an in- 
 fluential Society for the Prevention of 
 Cruelty to Animals. There is also the 
 Pinjrapole, a place where worn-out or dis- 
 eased animals are sent to be cared for 
 until they are restored to health or until 
 they die. Near Calcutta there is also a 
 similar institution, established some thirteen 
 years ago by a society of influential Hindus. 
 It is near the Sodepur Station, some ten 
 miles from the city, and is under the con- 
 trol of a manager with a staff" of some 
 eighty helpers and experienced veterinary 
 surgeons. 
 
 In many cities in India institutions similar 
 to those above described are to be found. 
 Says a writer in the London Telegraph in 
 describing this home for animals in Cal- 
 cutta : 
 
 " It is true that the mysterious lower world 
 of animal life is regarded in India with more 
 reverence and kindliness than among Christian 
 peoples. The one great fact of abstinence 
 from flesh food produces an extraordinary effect 
 among Hindoo communities. A newly-arrived
 
 68 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 European walking in Baroda, or Nassick, or 
 any such Brahmanic capital, would mark with 
 wonder how the lower creatures have under- 
 stood and acted upon this tacit compact of 
 peace. In the densest portions of the towns 
 the monkeys sit and chatter on the roof ridges, 
 the striped squirrels race up and down the 
 shop poles, the green parrots fly screaming 
 about the streets, the doves perch and coo and 
 nest everywhere, the flying foxes hang over the 
 most frequented wells and tanks, the mon- 
 goose scurries in and out of the garden gates, 
 the kites and crows frequent the market-places, 
 jungle doves and birds of all sorts forage boldly 
 for food, and at night even the jackals steal 
 impudently down into the suburbs. There is 
 a great fixed peace between man and his in- 
 feriors in the scale of creation, and the effect 
 of this, to any lover of nature, is certainly 
 charming." 
 
 Here let me quote a few sentences from 
 a Hindu writer and teacher, personally 
 known to and honoured by many in America 
 and in England : 
 
 "When Hindu boys and girls go to school 
 and read their first lessons, they learn the 
 highest humanitarian principles, and as they 
 grow older they are kind toward all living 
 creatures. They are taught : ' Be kind to 
 lower animals. Do not kill them for your food,
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 69 
 
 because the natural food of man is not an 
 animal.' I learned in the first book of Sanskrit : 
 'When enough of nourishment can easily be 
 obtained from that which grows spontaneously 
 on the earth, who will commit such a great 
 sin as to kill animals for filling his stomach 
 and deriving a little pleasure of taste?' 
 
 " Each one of these animals possesses a soul, 
 has individuality and the sense of ' I,' can 
 feel pleasure and pain, has fear of death and 
 struggles to live. The germ of life in each 
 one of these will gradually pass through the 
 various stages of evolution, and ultimately 
 appear in a human form. Therefore, the 
 religion, philosophy, and Scriptures of the 
 Hindus teach that as life is dear to us, so is 
 it dear to the lower animals ; as we do not 
 wish to be killed, so they too shrink from 
 death. ' Do not kill any animal for pleasure, 
 see harmony in nature, and lend a helping 
 hand to all living creatures,' say the Hindu 
 Scriptures. 
 
 " Whenever we kill any animal for our food 
 or pleasure we are selfish. It is on account 
 of extreme selfishness that we do not recognise 
 the rights of other animals, and that we try 
 to nourish, nay, even to amuse ourselves, by 
 killing innocent creatures or by injuring them, 
 or by depriving them of their rights. This 
 kind of selfishness is the mother of all evil 
 thoughts and wicked deeds. That which makes
 
 70 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 us selfish and helps us to cling to our lower 
 self is degrading and wicked ; that which leads 
 us towards unselfishness is elevating and virtu- 
 ous. That which prevents us from realising 
 the oneness of Spirit is wrong ; that which 
 opens our spiritual eyes and helps us to see 
 that Divinity is expressing itself through the 
 forms of lower animals, and makes us love 
 them as we love our own Self, is godly and 
 divine." 
 
 In the light of all the foregoing facts we 
 can see that we have much to learn in our 
 relations with the animal world from the 
 Hindu people. They have grasped far more 
 fully than we the great fact of the universe — 
 namely, the essential unity, the essential one- 
 ness of Life. When we have fully grasped 
 this great fact, and when we live fully in 
 accordance with it, then our civilisation will 
 become a symmetrical civilisation, it will 
 become all-round and complete, and not 
 the one-sided and at times questionable 
 civilisation it is at present. It will then 
 be a blessing to all nations, to all the 
 peoples of the earth, and not as it is 
 so often to day in some respects, a verit- 
 able curse and cause of degradation to 
 them, for it will revolutionise in many
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 71 
 
 respects our relations and our dealings 
 with them. It will also serve to make 
 perpetual that whicj?, if we are not care- 
 ful, may be merely transitory, just as it 
 has proved in the cases of many appar- 
 ently strong and powerful nations before 
 us. Let us follow the injunction of one 
 of the speakers at a meeting of the Society 
 for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 
 in a city of what some term a heathen 
 country, when, in urging an increase of 
 the Society's membership to at least 50,000, 
 he called upon the people to " write mercy 
 in the woods where the wild deer runs, 
 and in the air where our birds fly, and 
 all along the paths where our children and 
 our youths pass to and fro." 
 
 Our Humane Education Societies, our 
 societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
 Animals, as well as our few clinics and 
 hospitals and homes for animals, are re- 
 ceiving support from the best types of men 
 and women, but they need a still greater 
 and a far more universal support than 
 they are at present receiving. Interest 
 along this line is growing, however, and I 
 think the time is rapidly coming when 
 men and women of means, in making be-
 
 72 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 quests for the founding or the maintaining 
 of institutions, will think of making them 
 for the animal world as readily as they 
 now think of making them for the human 
 world. And still more, the wiser, the 
 kindlier, and the more far-seeing among 
 us, will give liberally to the support of 
 every institu'ion, every movement that has 
 for its work humane, heart - training, so 
 that there will be less need for last resorts, 
 so that in coming time prevention will 
 take the place of distress and suffering. 
 It is simply a stirring of thought that is 
 needed. Practically all cases of cruelty 
 and ill-usage, and all careless treatment, 
 arise through thoughtlessness, or have at 
 least their beginnings in thoughtlessness. 
 
 We must learn to sympathise with the 
 animals about us. We must realise that 
 they love life just as we love it, that 
 they suffer just as we suffer, that they 
 are hurt by harshness and threats as we 
 are hurt by them, that they are influenced 
 by our thoughts as we are influenced by 
 the thoughts of one another, that they love 
 kindly treatment and that they appreciate it 
 as we do ourselves, that they love and form 
 attachments just as we do.
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 73 
 
 The Enduring Soul 
 
 It would be exceedingly interesting and 
 valuable were there place in a little volume 
 of this nature to relate numbers of incidents 
 and stories in connection with the lives of 
 various animals — incidents and stories show- 
 ing their devotion to those to whom they have 
 become attached and whom they love, their 
 intelligence, their powers of memory, their 
 discernment and reason.^' Many is the time 
 that an animal, perhaps the dog especially, 
 has thrown itself into danger to warn from 
 danger or to save the life of a human 
 being, owner, friend, or stranger, without 
 any apparent thought of its own safety or 
 life. It was but a few weeks ago that I 
 noticed among the news items on the 
 editorial page ot my daily paper, that on 
 a Swiss eminence a monument is to be 
 erected to Bary, that splendid St Bernard 
 dog who during his life saved the lives of 
 some forty persons. 
 
 And there are other monuments that I 
 know of, erected to commemorate the 
 fidelity or the sacrificial service of animals. 
 But how many thousands of monuments, 
 bathed at times with grateful tears and
 
 74 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 hallowed by loving memories, have taken 
 form in the minds and hearts of those into 
 whose lives various animals have come. 
 And when we look into its eyes and see 
 the soul of the animal look out upon us, 
 with all its love and its fear, its warmth of 
 feehng, its confidence, wherever possible, 
 as well as its strange questionings, is it 
 possible for us longer to remain among that 
 company who feel that there is a great gulf 
 fixed, eternally fixed, between man and the 
 animal, many of whom live far more con- 
 sistent and honest lives than we at times 
 live ourselves. Personally I believe that 
 their endeavour to live true to their various 
 natures and to their highest, even if at 
 times they fall short of it as we do, is 
 something that will be just as enduring 
 in their lives as in ours, and that they are 
 destined to a continually higher life, the 
 same as each and every one of us. The 
 common Father of us all, of the animal 
 as of ourselves, caused no one of His 
 creatures to be brought into existence 
 in vain, or for a mere temporary time. 
 Where there is a soul, be it in animal or 
 in human form, it is destined to endure as 
 such, even though the form, the body with
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 75 
 
 which it is clothed upon, and through which 
 it manifests on any particular plane of exist- 
 ence, changes, and in time falls away, to 
 give place to a new type of body better 
 adapted to the environment into which it 
 goes. 
 
 In order to be as concrete as possible, 
 we have been considering concrete cases 
 of carelessness and abuse and torture to 
 the animal world from our hands. But I 
 think we have seen sufficiently clearly 
 already that whenever and every time we 
 sin against or do violence to these, our 
 fellow-creatures, we ourselves, in some form 
 or another, reap of the kind that we sow. 
 This is inevitably and invariably true, and 
 there is no escape from it. And so, instead 
 of being their arch-enemy, let the children, 
 above all, be taught to become friends to, 
 and to care for and protect, these, their 
 fellow-creatures. 
 
 Let them be taught to give them always 
 kind words, and kind thoughts as well. 
 Some animals are most sensitively organised. 
 They feel and are influenced by our 
 thoughts and our emotions far more gener- 
 ally than we realise, and in some cases even
 
 76 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 more than many people are. And why 
 should we not recognise and speak to the 
 horse as we pass him in the same way as 
 we do to a fellow human being? While 
 he may not get our exact words, he never- 
 theless gets and is influenced by the nature 
 of the thought that is behind, and that is the 
 spirit of the words. Let them be taught to 
 become friends in this way. Let them be 
 taught, even though young, to raise the 
 hand against all misuse, abuse, and cruelty. 
 Let them be taught that the horse, for 
 example, when tired, or when its load is 
 heavy, needs encouragement just as a 
 man or a woman needs it, and that the 
 whip is not necessary, except, indeed, in 
 cases where he has not been taught to 
 respond to words, but only to the whip. 
 The whip is now used ninety-nine cases 
 out of a hundred where it is not only 
 unnecessary, but entirely uncalled for. 
 
 An American traveller, when riding one 
 day with Tolstoi, noticed that he never 
 made use of a whip when driving, and 
 remarked to him to that effect. " No," 
 he replied, with a slight spirit of disdain, 
 " I talk to my horses. I do not beat them." 
 Let us be taught by and let us carry to
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 77 
 
 the children the example of this Christ- 
 like man. 
 
 Heart-Training 
 
 Were I an educator, I would endea- 
 vour to make my influence along the 
 lines of humane, heart-training my chief 
 service to my pupils. The rules and 
 principles and even facts that are taught 
 them will, nine-tenths of them at least, 
 by-and-by be forgotten, but by bringing 
 into their lives this higher influence, at 
 once the root and the flower of all that 
 is worthy of the name " education," I would 
 give them something that would place them 
 at once in the ranks of the noblest of the 
 race. I would give not only special atten- 
 tion and time to this humane education, 
 but I would introduce it into and cause it 
 to permeate all of my work. A teacher 
 with a little insight will be able to find 
 opportunities on every hand. 
 
 M. de Sailly, an eminent French teacher, 
 who for a number of years has been giving 
 systematic humane instruction in his school, 
 says : 
 
 "I have long been convinced that kind-
 
 78 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 ness to animals produces great results, and 
 that it is not only a powerful cause of material 
 prosperity, but also the beginning of moral 
 prosperity. My manner of teaching it does 
 not disturb the routine of the school. Two 
 days in the week all our lessons are conducted 
 with reference to this subject. In the read- 
 ing class I choose a book upon animals, and 
 always give useful instruction and advice. 
 My copies for writing are facts in natural 
 history, and ideas of justice and kindness to 
 animals. I prove that by not overworking 
 them, and by keeping them in clean and 
 roomy stables, feeding them well, and treat- 
 ing them kindly and gently, a greater profit 
 and larger crops may be obtained. I also 
 speak of birds and certain small animals 
 which are very useful to farmers. 
 
 " The results are exceedingly satisfac- 
 tory. The children are less disorderly, and 
 more gentle and affectionate to each other. 
 They feel more and more kindly to the 
 animals and have ceased to rob nests and kill 
 birds. They are touched by the suffering of 
 animals, and the pain they feel when they see 
 them cruelly used moves others to pity and 
 compassion." 
 
 Mr George T. Angell, President of the
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 79 
 
 American Humane Education Society, has 
 said : 
 
 "Standing before you as the advocate of 
 the lower races, I declare what I believe 
 cannot be gainsaid, — that just so soon and 
 so far as we pour into all our schools the 
 songs, the poems, and literature of mercy 
 towards these lower creatures, just so soon 
 and so far shall we reach the roots, not only 
 of cruelty, but of crime. . . . 
 
 " A thousand cases of cruelty can be pre- 
 vented by kind words and humane education 
 for every one that can be prevented by 
 prosecution." 
 
 And let us hear another sentence or two 
 from another educator, a superintendent of 
 schools in one of our New England States, 
 — a sentence or two from an appeal to his 
 fellows in connection with humane educa- 
 tion : 
 
 " Fellow-teachers, let us make our teaching 
 stronger and richer. Let us give our pupils 
 something varied and inviting. Let us 
 reach out more. Let us reach out for and 
 take in humane education. Too much so- 
 called teaching is unskilled labour. Too 
 many of us are buried in our text-books — 
 are mechanical hearers of lessons, are
 
 8o EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 mere word-jugglers, fact-pedlers, and mind- 
 stuffers. Let us put away all these things 
 and teach. Let us put brains and heart 
 into our work. Let us become character- 
 builders. Such work will compel people to 
 realise the grandly important truth that 
 teaching is the profoundest science, the 
 highest art, the noblest profession." 
 
 Then, were I a mother, I would infuse this 
 same humane influence into all phases of the 
 child's life and growth. Quietly and indirectly 
 I would make all things speak to him in this 
 language. I would put into his hands books 
 such as "Black Beauty," "Beautiful Joe," 
 and others of a kindred nature. I would 
 form in my own village or part of the 
 city, were there not one there already, a 
 Band of Mercy, into which my own and 
 neighbours' children would be called ; and 
 thus I would open up another little fountain 
 of humanity for the healing of our troubled 
 times. 
 
 We have recently been at war with another 
 nation. There is to-day much unrest and 
 uncertainty in connection with our foreign 
 relations and policies. These matters, vital 
 as they are, are of but small import compared
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 8i 
 
 with the questions and the conflict in con- 
 nection with the social situation within our 
 own borders that we shall be compelled 
 squarely to face within the coming few years ; 
 the beginning of this time is indeed already 
 at our very doors. The state of affairs re- 
 ferred to, as also its rapidly increasing pro- 
 portions, is sufficiently well-known to all to 
 make it unnecessary for more to be said in 
 regard to it. Many who will have a hand in 
 the solution and adjustment of these matters 
 are now in our schools and on our streets, 
 and we are educating them. We can educate 
 them to patience, kindness, equity, and 
 reason, or to hot - headedness, rashness, 
 cruelty, and anarchy. And if these ques. 
 tions are not adjusted peaceably and through 
 Jthe influence of the former qualities, then 
 they will be precipitated, through conflict 
 and a terrific destruction of life and property, 
 at the hands of those of the latter qualities. 
 We have now such agencies as will, in the 
 hands of a small body of hot-headed, heartless 
 men, burn half a city in a single night. 
 Though one is a wealthy parent, his son may 
 be the poor man and the anarchist. Though 
 another parent is poor, his son may be the 
 millionaire, and one of such a type as to be 
 
 F
 
 82 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 hated by the great toiling classes. Time has 
 a strange method of changing conditions. 
 Both need to be humanely educated, the one 
 equally with the other ; and upon how thor- 
 oughly they are so educated will depend the 
 orderly adjustment and peaceable solution of 
 this rapidly coming time. 
 
 One of the most beautiful and valuable 
 features of the kindergarten education, 
 which comes nearer the true education 
 than any we have yet seen, is the constantly 
 recurring lesson of love, sympathy, kindness, 
 and care for the animal world. All fellow- 
 ships thus fostered, and the humane senti' 
 ments thus inculcated, will return to soften 
 and enrich the child's, and later the man's 
 or the woman's life, a thousand or a million 
 fold ; for we must always bear in mind 
 that every kindness shown, every service 
 done, to either a fellow human being or a 
 so-called dumb fellow-creature, does us more 
 good than the one for whom or that for 
 which we do it. The joy that comes from 
 this open-hearted fellowship with all living 
 creatures is something too precious and 
 valuable to be given up when once experi- 
 enced. To feel and to realise the essential 
 oneness of all life is a steep, up which
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 83 
 
 the world is now rapidly coming. Through 
 it ethics is being broadened and deepened, 
 and even reHgion is being enriched and 
 vitalised. Many, in all parts of the world, 
 whose thoughts and sympathies have reached 
 this higher plane, are giving abundantly of 
 their time to push forward this much-belated 
 humane element in human life. Others are 
 giving abundantly of their treasure, through 
 which many thousands of humane publica- 
 tions are being circulated, homes for animals 
 are being established, humane education is 
 being fostered, and the work of the various 
 humane organisations is being enlarged in 
 its scope and possibilities. 
 
 The strongest and noblest types of men 
 ^ and women are never devoid of this tender, 
 humane sympathy, which is ever quick to 
 manifest itself in kindness and care for every 
 living creature. There is a little incident 
 in the life of Lincoln which I found a few 
 days ago in a most valuable little book 
 recently published, entitled "Songs of 
 Happy Life " : 
 
 " In the early pioneer days, when he 
 was a practising attorney and 'rode the 
 circuit,' as was the custom at that time, 
 he made one of a party of horsemen, lawyers
 
 84 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 
 
 like himself, who were on their way one 
 spring morning from one court town to 
 another. Their course lay across the 
 prairies and through the timber; and as 
 they passed by a little grove where the 
 birds were singing merrily, they noticed a 
 little fledgling which had fallen from the 
 nest and was fluttering by the roadside. 
 After they had ridden a short distance, 
 Mr Lincoln stopped and, wheeling his 
 horse, said, 'Wait for me a moment. I 
 will soon rejoin you ' ; and as the party 
 halted and watched him they saw Mr 
 Lincoln return to the place where the little 
 bird lay helpless on the ground, saw him 
 tenderly take it up and set it carefully on 
 a limb near the nest. When he joined his 
 companions one of them laughingly said, 
 ' Why, Lincoln, what did you bother your- 
 self and delay us for, with such a trifle 
 as that ? ' The reply deserves to be re- 
 membered, and it is for this that I have 
 told the story. ' My friend,' said Mr 
 Lincoln, *! can only say this, that I feel 
 better for it.'" .- 
 
 Let us go from this to one other incident 
 in his life. During that famous series of 
 public debates in Illinois with Stephen A,
 
 EVERY LIVING CREATURE 85 
 
 Douglas in 1858, Mr Douglas at one place 
 said, " I care not whether slavery in the 
 Territories be voted up or whether it be 
 voted down, it makes not a particle of differ- 
 ence with me." Mr Lincoln, speaking from 
 the fulness of his great sympathetic heart, 
 replied with emotion : " I am sorry to per- 
 ceive that my friend Judge Douglas is so 
 constituted that he does not feel the lash 
 the least bit when it is laid upon another 
 man's back." 
 
 Such are the strong, the valiant, the royal 
 men and women, those with this tender 
 soul-pathos, loving, caring, feeling for, 
 sympathising with, both their fellow human 
 beings and their so-called dumb fellow- 
 creatures; recognising that we are all parts 
 of the one great whole, all different forms 
 of the manifestation of the Spirit of Infinite 
 Life, Love, and Power that is back of all, 
 working in and through all, — the life of all
 
 By RALPH WALDO TRINE. 
 
 " The Life Books." 
 
 What All The World's A-Seeking. 
 
 Its purpose is dtstt7ictly practical. It is most fas- 
 cinatingly written, and deserves the remarkable suc- 
 cess It has achieved. — The Review of Reviews. 
 
 The volume abounds in passages of great beauty 
 and strength ; but the striking feature of the book- 
 is, after all, the solid, sensible, healthy exposition of 
 the one theme it is written to enforce. — New York 
 Independent. 
 
 This is a book among a thousand for its inspiring 
 message, and is eminently worthy of a vast audience. 
 You will miss much if you miss reading its truth- 
 laden pages. — Cumberland Presbyterian. 
 
 In Tune With the Infinite 
 
 It is one of the simplest, clearest works ever writ- 
 ten, dealing with the power of the interior forces in 
 moulding the every-day conditions of life. — San 
 Francisco Bttlletin. 
 
 ... It immediately suggests the works of Drum- 
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 which he made familiar to mankind; it not only re- 
 veals the author's recognition of spiritual law, but in 
 certain instances shows his rare and remarkable un- 
 derstanding of the nature and action of such law; 
 the preface alone shows his high intuition, and the 
 book prsves his ability to achieve his purpose in a 
 marvellous degree. — Boston Daily Evening Tran- 
 script. 
 
 Mr. Trine can write well upon such topics as this. 
 He is alive, vigorous, cheery, confident. The work 
 has distinctiveness in its style and method. — The 
 Literary World., London. 
 
 The above books are beautifully and durably bound 
 
 in gray-green raised cloth, stamped i?i deep 
 
 old-green and gold, with gilt top. 
 
 Price, $1.2 J per volume. 
 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL &. CO., 
 
 NEW YORK.
 
 By RALPH WALDO TRINE. 
 
 The " Life " Booklets. 
 
 The Greatest Thing Ever Known. 
 
 The moment we fully and vitally realize who and 
 what 2fe are we then begm to build our own world 
 even as God builds His. — From Title-page. 
 
 . . . It unfolds the secret of our underlying 
 strength, and shows what it is that gives us power 
 to fulfil the real and livmg purposes of our being. 
 — The New Christtanity. 
 
 Every Living Creature. 
 
 The tender and humane passion in the human 
 heart is too precious a quality to allow it to be 
 hardened or effaced by practices such as we so often 
 indulgein. — From Title-p age . 
 
 An eloquent appeal and an abL' argument for 
 justice and mercy to our dumb fellow-creatures. A 
 good book for those whose characters are being 
 formed, and for all who love justice and right. — 
 Religio-Philoiophical Journal. 
 
 Character-Building Thought Pov/er. 
 
 A thought, good or evil, an act, in time a habit, 
 so runs life's law; what you live in your thought- 
 world, that, sooner or later, you will find objectified 
 in your life. — From Title-page. 
 
 In "Character-Building Thought Power" Mr. 
 Trine demonstrates the power of mental habits, 
 and shows how by daily effort we may train our- 
 selves into right ways of thinking and acting. His 
 teachings arc sound, practical, and of priceless 
 worth. — Albany Press. 
 
 Bound in an exceedingly attractive and handy 
 form,. Price, S3 cents per volume. 
 
 THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO., 
 
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