eo9t C97 UC-NRLF $B bl7 2b5 LA FOLIE TRISTRAN AN ANGLO-NORMAN POEM EDITED BY ALBERT EUGENE CURDY A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY IN CONFORMITY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1902 PART I BALTIMORE: JOHN MURPHY COMPANY 1903 CONTENTS PAGE, Preface 5 Description of the Douce Maiojscript 6 The Douce Version in Literatoke. 10 Synopsis , 13 Tonic VowEiiS , 16 BiBIilOGRAPHY 33 Abbreviations 38 Table of Entire Contents 39 Life 40' 133305 Of T«£ OF PREFACE. The Douce version of La Folic Tristran was suggested to me as the subject for a dissertation by Professor F. M. Warren, of Yale University, during the course of his lectures on the Breton Cycle at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, in the spring of 1900. The complete dissertation was presented to the Board of University Studies of The Johns Hopkins University in May, 1902, and was accepted by them in fulfillment of the require- ments of the university for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The pages here offered represent only a portion of the work done, the scope of which is indicated in the table of contents attached to this extract from the complete dissertation. I should have liked to present at this time the entire result of my study of the manuscript and poem, La Folie Tristran, but in the time at my disposal I have not been able to complete the work as^ should be done for an edition ; hence, I have preferred to post- pone the publication of the entire work to a later date, when I purpose to publish an edition of the poem which I hope may be complete in detail and accurate in treatment. My only excuse for presenting these few pages at this time is that the regulations of The Johns Hopkins University demand it. 1 have thought best to include here only the chapters on the Description of the Douce Manuscript, The Douce Manuscript in Literature, and Tonic Vowels. There are probably omissions . in the second chapter mentioned which should be supplied. The name of the hero of this poem occurs in various forms in the poems of different authors. In the poem treated in these pages, Tristran is the constant form. I have used that spelling always when mentioning the name in connection with this poem. When quoting, or when making use of the name in connection with other monuments, I have used the spellings found there. In my treatment of the Phonology and Morphology I have observed the following plan. Under each heading, as, for in- 5 6 La Folie Tristran. stance, Free E (page 20), I have placed the developments in the order of the frequency of their occurrence, placing first under each development such forms as are supported in rime or are interesting on account of their rime. Unless otherwise indicated all examples of a development are given. The forms found in La Folie Tristran are stated first, then citations from other texts and authors are given. All Latin or German words or letters under consideration are in capitals ; all French words or letters are italicized. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. E. M. B. Nicholson, M. A., Librarian of the Bodleian Library, who, during my stay in Oxford in the summer of 1901, very generously assisted me in my work by many helpful suggestions, and also by personally interesting himself in the examination of the paleo- graphy of the manuscript of the poem here under consideration. DESCRIPTION OF THE DOUCE MANUSCRIPT. The poem, La Folie Tristran, is found in a single manuscript now in the Bodleian Library, at Oxford. It bears the number Douce d. 6. The manuscript is described as follows by Falconer Madan, M. A., Sub-Librarian of the Bodleian Library ^ : " 21981 In French, on parchment : written in the 13 and 14 cent, t 10|x7J in., 46 leaves, chiefly in double columns. 1; (fol. 1) Two fragments of a French poetical version of the romance of Tristram, copied successively into the present volume in the 13 cent. The first beg. ^ Cui pur Tristran es cuer se dolt,' after a leaf or more lost, ends at the middle of the first column of fol. 12''^ *Sun esperit aitant rendit' (1811 lines): the second beg, on the next column ^ Tristran surjurne en sun pais ' ends * Mult set ben ke il herbigez ' (996 lines), and is succeeded immediately in the same column by the next piece. A long account and discussion of ^ A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press, 1895. Vol. rv, p. 622. La Folie Tristran, 7 these pieces by Douce follow/ embodyiDg the opinions of others. The first fragment seems to be the close of the romance, the second an episode poem from an earlier part. The author appears to be ^ Thomas.' The greater parts of these fragments are unique, and differ in orthography and perhaps style : they are printed in full with a facsimile of the first 19 lines of the second fragment, by Francisque Michel (Tristran, 3 vols., Lond. 1835-9), who thinks the second piece may be complete in itself. "2. (fol. 19). *Hic incipit Certamen inter Humilitatem & Superbiam,' in French verse : beg. ^ Vus ki creez en damne Deuz ' ^7ids *■ Trestuz pusum alui venir. Amen.' " 3. (fol. 20""). A short legendary account of the True Cross, in French prose : beg, * Qui voudra oir e saver de la verraie Croiz ' : after which is a short Latin piece on the same subject, beg. * Crux Xpristi conficiebatur.' These two pieces were added early in the 14th cent. " Owned in the loth cent, by ' John Fawne ' (fol. 22^). The ab- sence of this MS. from the printed catalogue of 1840 is explained by Michel's remarks (ut supra, i. Ivi) ^ Ce manuscrit .... par une disposition particuliere de son ancien possesseur n'a point ^te l^ue a la Btbliotheque Bodlienne ' : presumably Douce's executors forwarded it later than the other MSS. " Now MS. Douce d. 6." To the description of Mr. Madan should be added the follow- ing : There are thirty-nine lines in each column ruled with a plummet. The paragraph initials are blue and red alternating. The initials of each verse are separated from the following letters by one space which is marked by perpendicular ruling. Some of the capitals are only larger forms of the miniscules. The colored initials are plain, and are without adorning tracery or ornamenta- tion. The initials beginning the verses have a red line through them. The ink is dull brown with a slightly reddish tinge. The ink of the colored initials is still bright. The poem which is treated in this dissertation occupies folios 12^, column 3, to 19^^, column 1, line 20, after which immediately follows * Hie incipit,' etc. ^ After the last page of the manuscript. 8 • La Folie Triatran, Following page nineteen are several pages filled with notes in the handwriting of Mr. Douce. These are bound in with the manuscript. The pages of the manuscript have been numbered, and the numbering continues on the pages containing Mr. Donee's notes. The notes are as follows : ^ " See Mr. Scott's Tristran xciii, 203. This MS. may have possibly formed part of an album belonging to some monastery ; because it contains, besides the two poems on Tristran de Leonnais, a long metrical dialogue between pride and humility, and a prose disputation on the cross. Mons. de Trepan who had abridged this romance, asserts that no metrical romance exists on this subject. It is evident that he is not quite correct in this assertion, but Mr. Donee's MS. contains, perhaps, the only remnant of the labours of the minstrels on this popular history. It is very doubtful whether the MS. even when entire, contained the whole story of Tristran, because it is not likely that its proprie- tors should have thought it worth while to transcribe the adventure which occupies the second poem after having written so circum- stantial an account of his hero's death, if the same story had been told in other words. It may therefore be conjectured that he had at first procured only the concluding part of the romance, and, that having afterwards recovered one of the former cantos, he proceeded to copy it on the same page which contained the termina- tion of the story. " There is some reason to believe that the two parts were composed by different hands, because the orthography is different, and so is, I think, the style ; that of the second being concise and lively, while that of the former is diffuse and languid, besides which, the residence of King Mark is placed in London in the first poem, and in the second at the castle of Tintagel. " Having carefully compared the language of both with that of the fabliaux published by Barbazon, I cannot believe them to be much more modern than those compositions, because the grammatical construction is at least equally simple, and many of the words appear to be even nearer to the original Latin, the parent * These notes are partial copies of remarks in Walter Scott's Sir Tristrem, but are not in the phraseology of the edition of 1804. See my copy of Scott's re- marks in the chapter on the Douce Manuscript in Literature, page 10. La Folie Tristran. 9 of the romance dialects. From this test I should have little hesi- tation in ascribing them to the twelfth century ; but the author's mention of Thomas, who is probably the person noticed by Robert de Brunne is extremely embarrassing. I am almost inclined to believe that the Scotch poet must have flourished at an earlier period than that which is usually assigned to him." Then follows a synopsis of the first piece with which we are not concerned here, after which is a remark concerning the second piece, the one containing our poem. " The second fragment is much more entertaining. It contains only a single adventure, but in the course of it the poet has con- trived to recapitulate nearly all the principal events of the romance." On page 27 Mr. Douce continues : " Mr. Scott thinks they [the first and second poems in the manuscript] were by the author of Perceval, xlii. I cannot perceive any foundation for this opinion. Mons. de la Rue thinks that one at least of them was written by Thomas of Erceldon himself in barbarous French. Letter to me dated Nov., 1814. I am much inclined to this opinion after an attentive consideration of the extract in which Thomas is named, and who seems to speak for himself, as he does in my French MS. of the roman de Horn." Following these remarks are statements that have no bearing on La Folie Tristran, so I pass them over. Nothing is known regarding the early history of the manuscript. There is nothing in the notes which Mr. Douce added to the manuscript to give any clue to its history. Mr. Madan in his description of the manuscript^ says: '^ Owned in the 15th cent, by John Fawne^ (fol. 22""). The absence of the manuscript from the printed catalogue of 1840 is explained by MichePs remark (ut supra i. Ivi), * Ce manuscrit .... par une disposition particuliere de son ancien possesseur u'a point ^te legue a la Biblioth^ue Bod- lienne ' : presumably Douce's executors forwarded it later than the other manuscripts." The Douce version of La Folie Tristran, has, so far as I know, 10. c, p. 622. *The name John Fawne, together with some rude sketches, appears on fol. 22^^ of the manuscript. 2 10 La Folie Tristran, been published but once. In 1835 Francisque Michel published it in a work entitled TristraUy Recueil de ce qui reste des Poemes relatifs d ses Aventures. Londres, 3 volumes/ Selections from the poem are found in the chrestomathies of K. Bartsch^ and L. Constans.^ Morf gives scattered verses in his article, La Folie Tristan du Manuscrit de Berne,^ THE DOUCE VERSION IN LITERATURE. The first mention of the Douce version of La Folie Tristran of which I have knowledge is found in 1804 in Sir Walter Scott^s edition of Sir Tristrem,^ in which he describes the manu- script as follows ^ : " This curious manuscript seems to have formed part of some volume belonging to a monastery ; because it contains, besides two detached poems of the story of Tristran PAmoureux, a long metrical dialogue between Pride and Hurnilityy and a prose dissertation on the cross. It is written on vellum, and consists of 22 leaves. The handwriting apparently belongs to the 13th century. The first of the two parts contains a regular and circumstantial relation of the later adventures of Sir Tristrem, and terminates by his death, and by that of Ysolt. The other, a com- plete and separate episode, begins at the second column of the same page in which the other narrative is terminated, and contains only a single adventure ; in which, however, a great part of the hero's history is artfully recapitulated. It is therefore probable that it was inserted in the monastic volume, principally on account of its presenting a short and lively summary of the preceding long and perhaps tedious history. Be this as it may, the two fragments 1 Vol. II, pp. 89-137. '5th edition. Cols. 103-112 contain verses 665-996. 3 Pp. 135-137 contain verses 833-990. * Romania xv, pp. 558-574. ^Sir Tristrem; a Metrical Romance of the 13. Century; by Thomas of Ercildoune called the Rhymer. Ed. fr. the Auchenleck MS. by Walter Scott. Edinburg, 1804. Pp. 203 ff. • See Mr. Douce's note on the same, p. 8 of this dissertation. La Folie Tristran, 11 differ very considerably in their style ; the first being so verbose and diffuse .... while the second is concise, lively, and dramatic. The orthography of the two is different, and it is further to be observed, that, in the first poem, the residence of King Mark is placed in London, while in the second in the castle of Tintagel." George Ellis ^ gives a prose translation, or rather, a paraphrase, of La Folie Tristran as found in the Douce Manuscript. This para- phrase, while giving the incidents in sequence, is not accurate as to details. The translator intercalates many ideas foreign to the poem. It is not neccessary to note these additions here. The next mention is by PAbbe de la Rue.^ " Le baron de Hagen a publie en allemand le Roman de Tristan avec les deux fragments fran9ais de ce Roman que M. Douce lui a communiques ; mais j 'ignore s'il a fait imprimer le texte original, ou simplement une traduction.^' Michel contradicts the statement of Pabbe de la Rue, and says : ^ " M. Von der Hagen n'a donn6 ni le texte ni la traduction des deux morceaux du manuscrit Douce, que nous publions pour la premiere fois. lis n'etaient auparavant connus au public que par les extraits qu'en a donnas George Ellis ^ la suite de Sir Tristrem.'' I have examined the works of Von der Hagen, and find that Michel is correct in his statement. In Heldenbilder^ Von der Hagen gives a synopsis of Gottfried's poem, and in the Litterarischer Grundriss^ Yon der Hagen and Biisching mention the versions of Gottfried von Strassburg, Heinrich von Freiburg, and Ulrich von Tiirheim, and give passages from Ulrich. La Folie Tristran is mentioned in neither of the works of Von der Hagen just cited. In 1835 Michel published his Tristan,^ This work contains the following pieces : i, pp. 3-212, 4444 verses, the Beroul fragment; ^ Sir Tristrem, pp. 204 fF. ' Essais historiques sur les Bardes, les Jongleurs, et les Trouv^res Normanda et Anglo-Normands. Caen, 1835. ii, 264. ' Tristan, etc., p. LXii. *• Heldenhilder. Breslau, 1821, 1823. Vol. ii, div. 1112. This portion of the work is not paged. ^ Litterarischer Orundriss zur Oeschichte der Deutschen Poesie von der dltesten Zeit bis in das sechszehnie Jahrhundert. Berlin, 1812. ' Tristan, Becueil de ce qui reste des Poemes relatifs d ses Aventures. Londres^ 1835. 3 vols. 12 La Folic Iristran, pp. 215-341, 576 verses, the Berne version of La Folie Tristran ; ii, pp. 1-85, 1818 verses, the poem of Thomas as found in the Douce manuscript ; pp. 89-137, 996 verses, the Douce version of La Folie Tristran, etc. The remaining pieces in the second and third volumes are not of interest to us in this study. Volume one con- tains also an introduction in which Michel states the opinion held in his time regarding the authorship of the pieces in his volume.^ In volume i, p. lix, he gives a description of the Douce manu- script which is essentially the same as that given by Mr. Madan.^ In the Histoire LittSraire de la FranGe,^ 1838, is a note by Amaury Duval on the Douce manuscript regarding its authorship* and the edition of Michel. R. Heinzel,^ in 1869, discusses the source of the two poems on the Folie Tristran, especially the one found in the Berne manuscript. J. Dunlop,^ in 1876, mentions the two versions of La Folie Tristran^ but adds nothing regarding them. Fr. Lichtenstein,^ in 1877, speaks of the similarity of details in the version of Eilhart and the Douce fragment, and the latter is mentioned in these words ^ : " Das umfangreichere im Mscr. Douce enthaltene Gedicht : Tristan als Narr D., welches nach dem Berner gearbeitet ist (Heinzel 397) . . . . " E. Kolbing,^ in 1878, in his grouping of the versions dealing with Tristan, mentions La Folie Tristran, but does not discuss it. F. Yetter,^^ in 1882, discusses the sources of the Douce and Berne versions, and on pages 26 f. gives Heinzel's opinion regard- ing them. In volume XV of Romania, 1886, appeared a number of articles on Tristan, among which the following are of interest in this study ; Les Folies de Tristan, W. Lutoslawski ; " La Folie Tristan du ^ See p. — of this dissertation. ^ ggg pp g_y ^f ^yHq dissertation. 3 XIX, pp. 689 f. * See p. — of this dissertation, in the chapter entitled Author and Source. ^ Ootlfrieds von Strassburg Tristan und seine Quelle. Z. f. d. A., Neue Folge. II, pp. 343-345, 392. « The History of Fiction. London, 1876. 4th edition, p. 443. ' Eilhart von Oberge, Q. u. F. xix, p. cxlix. s j^^-^^ p^ cxxxi. » Die nordische und die englische Version der Tristan-Saga. (For full title see the Bibliography). Erster Teil, p. xiii. 10 La Legende de Tristran. Marburg, 1882. Pp. 19, 20 f., 25, 26, 28. See pp. — of this dissertation. " Pp. 511-533. . La Folie Tristran. 13 Manuscrit de Berne, H. Morf.^ Lutoslawski presents a study of the incident, Tristran as Fool, the versions of which he groups as follows : The versions in the Douce and Berne manuscript are from a common source X ; the version in manuscript 103 of the Bibliotheque Nationale and in the printed editions of the fifteenth century,^ and the one in Eilhart von Oberge are from the source Y ; the versions in Heinrich von Freiburg and Ulrich von Tiir- heim are out of the source W ; and the three unknown sources W. X. Y. he takes from the original source Z, as shown in his diagram.^ SYNOPSIS. Tristran is in his own country, and is longing for Ysolt. He decides to go to England in disguise. He carefully keeps his plans from everybody, even from Kaherdin. He sets out in a ship, and, after a voyage of two days, arrives at Tintagel where Mark rules. There follows a short description of Mark's castle which is called in the poem Chastel-Fai, because it disappears twice each year. Tristran lands and asks about Ysolt and Brengien, her maid.- He plans to see them, but knows that Mark hates him and would kill him, so he arranges to go to Ysolt disguised as a fool. For this purpose he exchanges his clothes for those of a fisherman, cuts his hair in the form of a cross, disguises his voice, stains his face, takes a stick from a hedge, and goes toward the castle. Every one fears him. When asked where he is from, he replies that he had been to the wedding of an abbot and an abbess. The servants shout at him and call him **fils Urgan le velu.'' Whenever he is attacked by them on the right hand, he strikes towards the left 1 Pp. 558-574. * Histoire du tres vaillant, noble et excellent chevalier Tristan, fils du roi Meliadus de Leonnois, imprime ct Rouen en Vostel Jehan le Bourgois le dernier jour de septembre mil CCCC IIIIXX et IX. ^ Bomania, xv, p. 533. For a full statement and discussion of his study of the versions of La Folie Tristran, and also of Vetter's study, see p. — of this dis- sertation in the chapter entitled Author and Source of the Douce Version. 14 La Folie Tristran. . with his chib, and plays the fool on all occasions. The king orders that the fool be brought before him, and questions him regarding himself. Tristran tells the king that his mother was a whale, and that he was suckled by a tiger. Then he proposes to give his sis- ter to the king in exchange for Ysolt, whom, he says, he will take to a room which he has in the air. This chamber is made of crystal, and is suspended in the clouds. He calls himself Trantris. The king is delighted at the fooFs remarks, but Ysolt is made angry by them. The fool makes several allusions to events in the past life of Ysolt and himself, which disconcert Ysolt, and she retires to her room. Before she goes, however, Mark questions the fool as to his accomplishments. He tells the king of his prowess as a hunter, and of his skill as servant and harper. The king goes hunting, and Tristran is left alone in the outer room. Ysolt and Brengien discuss him in the chamber of the former. Ysolt thinks that he is a magician, because he knows so much of her secret past, but Brengien suggests that perhaps it is Tristran himself. Finally he is led into Ysolt's room by Brengien, and there Tristran tries to convince Ysolt that it is he, without, however, dropping his dis- guise. At last, he asks for Huden, his dog, who is brought in by Brengien. The dog immediately recognizes Tristran, and the latter contrasts the fidelity of a dog with the forgetfulness of a woman. Tristran then resumes his real voice, and is at once recognized by Ysolt, who throws herself into his arms. Here the poem ends. La Folie Tristran, 16 TONIC VOWELS. A. Free a, as in the Ile-de-France, becomes e : abi 228, elez laxus {: apres) 712, pii6 (:_p^)916, ostel 613, 715, {: bel) 991, aguaiter (: mester) 729, apelez {: fiez ferus) 129, frere 499, 707, uel AEQUALis 716, mer 64, 65, 73, 88, 102, 121, 123, 272, 341, 463, etc., mere 271, 423, 462, nef Q6, 67, 72, 139, 344, 463, 585, 769, 817, and other examples. Infinitives of the first conjugation have e regularly : amer 326, 521, 696, 712, baiser 678, chacer 490 don- ner 378, mener 296, 464, parler 157, 175, 353, 594, aler 32, 73, SO, 82, 477, 535, 543, 812, 903, muer 210, 7iumer 153, 368, plurer 959, 967, porter 204, etc., — in all fifty verbs. Perfect parti- ciples of the first conjugation have e regularly : chased 754, de- mur^ 226, delivr^ 460, este 473, 798, acordez 814, chascez 858, navrez 356, trovez 876, envenimSs 334, nam'h 333, etc., — in all fifty- one verbs. A plus I, Latin and Germanic, remain ai : vait vadit 302, 668, 678, (: plait placitum) 37, (: lait lagat) 544, 904, amai 659, 934, (: viverai) 315, alai 393, 394, 397, 953, acordai 447, criai 448, demandai 645, donai 894, envaiai 757, eschaufai 420, jetai 787, and all other examples of the first person singular perfect of the first conjugation, — in all twenty verbs. Germanic Ai occurs only in lai i^kw (: mai me) 815, (: rai regem) 831, laiz (ifaitz) 367, {: cunterfait) 575. A plus u becomes u and o : vunt 56, 87, 88, 251, 263, 537, v/ai 89, 264, >n^ 78, 498 ; od 81. A plus ui becomes oi : oi habui 352, 644, 645, 798, 871, soi (: poi paucum) 797. Au becomes o and u : chosce 993, or 952, povre 37, 39 ; u aut 6. A plus a palatal becomes ai, e, a, ei: destraiz (ifaiz vicis) 8, esmai magan (: sai SAPio) 708, faltz (: LAiz adj.) 368, lait lagat (: vait vadit) 543, 903, cunterfait (: laiz adj.) 576,faire 3, 179, 182, 429, 536, 556, 670, 842, (: aire aerem) 922, plait 40, (: vait vadit) 38, repair (: air) 300, mais magis 21, plaie *PLAGrA 358, haie mdjait 48, 549, 551, 560, 578, 706, 886, 952, 961, 992, and many 16 La Folie Tristran, others; 'plest {-.vest) 197, {: forest) 489, {-.test tacet) 379, elez LAXUS (: aprea) 772, fetes 262, fere 681, fet 195, 247, 299, 313, 372, 483, 488, 528, 593, 705, 895, mes magis 273, 369, mestre 260, test TACET 380 ; face facia 883, fare 810 ; feites 816. The develop- ment aiy as shown above, is largely in excess of the three forms e, a, and eL Palatal plus a results regularly in e: cher 760, 764, 871, chert (: ben) 894, chevres 508, chef47Q, 540, 564, 821, and others. A before a nasal becomes a^, e^, e.* daims (: hauteins) 508, mam 630, {: Brengien) 609, 631, aim, 1. present, 286, 313, aime, 3. present, 700, lendemain 61, 722, naim{s) 725, 739, 878, 6am 427, 442, hauteins (: daims) 507, pleing (: desdeing) 852, funteine 701^ 785, ^/em^ 314, wems 793 ; sew sanctus 595, senement 140. A before l' occurs in only two verses, and then in rime with one another, as ai: vaile, 3. present, (: Cornuaille) 101. A before n' is ai: bargaine 287, Bretaine 82, conpainz 715 f estrange also occurs, 125, 288, as in the Ile-de-France dialect. A before pi becomes a: sage (: cur age) 48. Au before a palatal becomes oi: joi 987, joie 18, 78, 80, 908, 910, 914, noise 542, poi 40, 481, 552, 685, (: soi sapui) 798. -Abilis occurs but twice : delitables (: profiiables) 127. -Am is found in various developments : -er in manere 205, 234, 868, (: arere) 680, rivere (: /re?'e) 500, destrer 534, primer 723, chevaler 403, 537, 580, porter{s) 223, 241, vergez^ {: veisez) 779, (: cuchez) 941 ; -ier only in esquier 533, (: arocher) 249, esquiors 518 ; aire in cuntraire (ifaire) 555. -Atha gives -66 ; espee 880, (: osee) 442. The form espeie 430, also occurs as in other Anglo-Norman texts.^ -Aticum gives -age: curage (: sage) 47, damage 49, message 39, In verbal terminations we find the following developments : -Abam gives -oie: amoie 352, delitoie S61y dutoie SOS ^ pessoie 874, eavoie 354. -Abat gives -oit^; amout{: Ysolt) 116, gurvirnout 113, pensout 31, semblout 837. This termination -oi*^, is found also in verbs^ from other conjugations, as apargout 259, (cf. aperceit 323), cre^ mout 101. * For loss of r see Consonants, p. — . ' See below, p. 20. La Folie Tristran, 17 -A VI appears as -ai: acordai 447, amai 659, 934, {: viverai) 315, botai 419, demandai 645, laissai 827, numai 363, several 417^ a/a^ 393, 394, 397, 953, criai 448, donai 894, jetoi 787, and many others. -AviT gives -at, -a, -ad: envaiat (: arf, 3. present) 391, alat 666, 675, ama^ 205, (cf. amad 727), 6aisa^ 976, cuntat 665, je^a^ 975, (cf. jeta 609), mwa^ 973, (cf. rnuad 214, 671), aporto^ 981, (cf. aporta 212), ^rom^ 276, 277, 603, 750, 752, 877, 880, 943, donat 206, dunat 200, 767, cuveraty from the fourth conjugation, bl5;jeta 609, (cf. jeiat 975), pensa 945, _porto 788, aporta 212; amad 727, (cf. amat 205), muac? 214, 671, (cf. muat 973). The ending -ast in donast 967 and esguardast 958 should be corrected to -af, although s is found inserted in this ending and in other verb endings in Anglo-Norman texts.^ The future singular has the following endings : The first person has -ai in all examples except prendra 491, This isolated form may be a scribal error ; but see a for ai 526, sa for sai 556, 822, and the references to other texts given below in which a stands in place of ai. The second person singular occurs once, averas (: dras, obi. pi.) 196. The third person shows two terminations, -at, -a: averat 991,. conestrat 43, lerat 990, purrat 1 56, prat 1 57, frat ( =ferirat) 307, rendrat 308, verrat 44; avera 186, tendra 183, 185. In the imperfect subjunctive of the first conjugation we have -asse and -a,s'^ in the first and third persons singular respectively t guardasse 636, laissasse 823; aquitast 811, eelast 51, cuntast 29, entergast 217, esoutast 218, lessast 812, ostos^ 30. The verbal forms given above occur out of rime, or rime only with verbs having the same terminations, except where they are indicated as riming with other forms. Checked a remains regularly: enelespas (: dras) 751, dras 752, (: averas) 195, {: pas) 201, 838, braz 745, 986, cristal 306, bras 818, 975. ^See Stimming, Boeve, xxix, xxx, 227-228, and citations given by him: Liber Censualis (Hildebrand, 361), Brandan (Hammer, 104), Rois (Schlosser, 72), St. Laurent (Soderhjelm, iii), Ste. Catherine ( Jarnik, 211), Angier (P. Meyer, 206), Auban (Uhlemann, 604), fourteenth century writers (Busch, 43-44), and others (Stiirzinger, 49). 18 La Folie Tristran, A plus L before a consoDant becomes a/, aUj aul: alte 73, hlialt 643, saU 141, 255, 544, 601, 667, asalt 101, vol 788, valt 701 ; aukes 516, 687, chauce *calcia 419, chaut 467, Aa?^^ 207, 468, 558, girfaus 505, vans 506; c/iaw?/ 644. A before a nasal consonant remains or becomes ai, e, ei, au: avant 50, 84, 225, (: sergant) 262, 6anc 604, franche 611, marchant 393, 397, ^an 581, aton^ 749, 887, ^mn^ 49, chambre 305, c/ian^e 287, and many others ; maint 54, 32, 733, 496 ; sen 595 ; einz ANTEA 455 ; gaunt 882, (cf. wan 581). The only other occur- rence of au before a nasal consonant is in pa/umes 422, in which word u takes the place of s. Stiirzinger^ and G. Cohn^ give examples of this change of s to u. Au does not occur before oral consonants in La Folie Tristran in tonic position, but is found in a few words in atonic position.^ Ei and e, for ai, before a palatal, nasal or other consonant, are found very generally in Anglo-Norman writings. Examples of each development, as well as of ai, are to be found in Brandan,^ Lois,'' Cumpoz,^ Bestiaire of Philippe de Thaiin,'^ Charlemagne,^ Fr. Angier,® Auban,^*^ Oxford Psalter ,^^ Adam,^^ Cambridge Psalter ,^^ fourteenth century writers,^* Boeve,^* Rois,^^ Ste. Catherine,^'' Liber Censualis.^® E is not found however, in the Estorie and St. Laurent in the above list. The reduction of diphthongs to single vowels was a peculiarity of the Anglo-Norman dialect.^^ Hence, we find ie out of a palatal plus A reduced regularly to the simple vowel e. As already stated,^ this is the regular development in our poem. For other examples see Chardry, Petit Plet 1241, Josaphaz 739 etc., St. Auban 1641 etc., Alexis,^^ Gaimar, 693, 651,^^ Boeve,^^ and for other citations of the reduction of ie to e see under -Arius ^* and E.^* Ain, ein, and en out of A before a nasal consonant occur in other Anglo-Norman texts. The proportion of occurrences differs in 1 Orthographia Oallka, p. 50. ^ Z.RP., xix, pp. 61-60. ' See Atonic Vowels, p. — . * Hammer, pp. 91-92. * Matzke, p. xliv. « G. Paris, Alexis, p. 80. » Walberg, p. lxxxv. ^Koschwitz, Ueberlieferung, p. 37. ^P. Meyer, pp. 193-194. loUhlemann, p. 580. "Harseim, p. 277. "Grass, p. 123. " Schumann, pp. 19-21 . i* Busch, pp. 27-28. i* Stimming, pp. 194-195. i« Schlosser, pp. 13, 14, 18. " Jarnik, p. 161. is Hildebrand, p. 358. 19 See E, p. 26. "> P. 16. " G. Paris, Alexis, p. 80. 32 Vising, p. 85, "Stimming, p. ix. ^ipp^ ig^ 20. ^spp. 24-26. La Folie Tristran, 19 different texts. Ain and ein are found in the Bestiaire of Philippe/ Brandan/ Tristan/ Rois/ Oxford Psalter/ Cambridge Psalter/ Fantosme/Auban/Montauban Psalter/ Lois/*^ fourteenth century writers/^ Adam/^ Boeve/^ Fr. Angier/* St. Laurent/*^ Ste. Oatherine.^^ En occurs in Boeve/^ Brandan/^ fourteenth century writers.^^ In La Folie Tristran aun occurs only in checked position, and but once, as shown above.^^ Au before a nasal consonant is com- mon in Anglo-Norman in both free and checked position. See Bestiaire of Philippe,^^ Ipomedon,^^ Boeve,^ Auban/^ Chardry.^ Schwan-Behrens ^^ date this development since the beginning of the thirteenth century, and Busch ^ gives examples of its occur- rence in the fourteenth century. On page 13 Busch says : " Es scheint demnach aun plus Cons, fur an plus Cons., das nach Stiir- zinger 1. c. xxxix sich in datirten Texten friihestens aus einer Urkunde vom Jahre 1266 nachweisen lasst, gegen Ende des 14. Jahrhunderts mehr und mehr auszer Gebrauch gekommen zu sein. Zu alteren literarischen Texten vgl. Koch : Chardry, Altfranz. Bibl. I pag. XXX; Rolfs: Adgarlegenden, Rom. Forsch. i pag. 206 ; Uhlemann : Vie de Seint Auban, Rom. Stud, iv pag. 543." The Cumpoz has not au for a.^ An out of A plus a nasal consonant in checked position calls for no comment. It is found throughout Anglo-Norman by the side of the other development, aun. An in free position is not found in La Folie Tristran. Philippe de Thaiin has this result.^^ La Folie Tristran has not en for an in free position. However, one example of en for an in checked position occurs : sen SANCTUS. Boeve ^ has sen and sante. En occurs also in Adam,^^ Tristan/^ Estorie des Engleis,^ Angier,^ Boeve.^ ^ Walberg, p. lxxxv. ' Hammer, p. 97. ^Kottiger, pp. 32, 56. *Schlo8ser, pp. 11, 13. ^ Harseim, pp. 277-278. « Schumann, p. 17. ' Vising, p. 93. ^ Uhlemann, p. 580. * Matzke, p. xlhi. 10 Ihid., ei only three times. " Busch, p. 28. ^^ Grass, p. 123. 1' Stimming, p. 196. i* P. Meyer, p. 193. ^^ Soderhjelm, p. ii. i« Jarnik, pp. 141, 143, 161. " Stimming, p. 197. ^^ Hammer, p. 97. 19 Busch, p. 28. ^ P. 18. 21 Walberg, p. vi. "Stimming, p. 174. ^aibj^, ^4 uhlemann, p. 559. 25 Koch, p. XXX. 2« Oram. § 252, 3 Anm. " Pp. 12-13. 28 Mall, p. 65. 2» Walberg, p. xli. "o Stimming, p. 197. 81 Grass, p. 112. '^Rsttig^r^ p 31, "Stimming, p. 174. 20 La Folie Tristran, -Er, for -ier out of -ARius, -ekius, is an Anglo-Norman trait which appears as early as 1086 in the Liber Censualis.^ This development is to be expected on account of the very general reduction of diphthongs in Anglo-Norman.^ For examples of -er, see Auban 686, Chardry : Josaphaz, 287, Lois,^ Gaimar.^ Boeve has -er generally, but -ier occurs occasionally.* Brandan has -ier.^ -Air is found commonly in certain words, as in Fantosme, cuntradre 24, 1269,^ Philippe de Thaiin : Bestiaire 3, 1773 etc.« Ei for e, as in espeie^ is found in other texts : Brandan,^ Tristan,^^ Charlemagne,^^ Boeve,^^ Estorie des Engleis,^^ Iporaedon,^^ Oxford Psalter,^^ Cambridge Psalter ,^^ Longtoft,^* Wadington,^* Montauban Psalter." E. This vowel shows five developments in free position : e^, ai, oiy e, ee. The first form, ei, is by far the most frequent, occurring over twice as many times as all the other forms combined. The others occur numerically in the order given above : esteit 97, 99^ lOr, 109, 110, 145, 601, 607, 766, 846, 868, 928, (: devait) 69, sei SITIM (: rai regem) 469, veir videre 133, mei 179, 369, 629^ 956, erei 52, 724, 955, quei 466, 549, 556, 822, (: tei) QIS, perdeit (: droit) 132, aveit 98, 146, 189, 203, 215, 446, 654, 879 (: dait) 776, tenei 821, avei 347, 396, 643, deveie 346, 449, aparceit 323, cremeit 29, curreit 7SQ yfeseit 116, plaiseit 784, soleit 204, quereient 124, veneient 123, and other imperfects, ^wrme 695, vendreie 791, fereis 297, ocireit 164, murreit 24, vendreit 178, deis Discus 374, creit 845, saveir 600, sei se 527, tei 370, 411, 614, vei via 373, voleir 6S7, proeisse 159, espeir (: veir, adv.) 620, and others; baivre 459, 645, 650, 654, 655, chair 827, (: vair, adv.) 823, vait videt 188, 193, 222, 607, 845, (: droit) 967 Jai fidem 384, 658, 896. mai 172, 262, 612, 698, 895, (: lai laid) 816, sai se 155, sai siTiM 645, 654, vail velum 86, dait 327, 361, 415, 632, 761, 893, * Hildebrand, pp. 358 f. ' See E, p. 26. ' Matzke, p. XLiv. * ViPing, p. 85. 5 Stimming, pp. ix, 201. « Birkenhoff, p. 59. ^ Vising, p. 93. ^ Walberg, p lxxxv. ' Hammer, p. 90. 10 Rottiger, p. 34. " Stimming, p. 175. " Harseim, p. 277 ; Meister, p. 74. ^^ Schumann, p. 15. i* Busch, pp. 15, 17. " Suchier, Oram, § 17 d, p. 24 considers ei for e in forms like ses SAPIS, set sapit, «et« seit, as only graphic forma. La Folie Tristran, 21 (: aveit) 775, dai 167, 239, vai video 261, 853, devait (: esteit) 70, fesait 96, 322, 467, avail (: (iro^7) 967, meraies (: fereis) 298, serrait 36, 843, semi^ 553; moi 377, 800, mo^/ 291, soi 3, c/roi^ 64, 91, 94, (: vait videt) 968, (: voleit) 32, (: perdeit) 131, estolt 345, ser- roi7 579, savoie 354 ; mes mensem 555, and in the infinitives of three verbs, saver 46, 160, 178, 741, aver 296, 330, 640, 916, valer 159. It is doubtful whether this e should be considered as a phonetic development of Latin e.^ The double vowel ee appears in veer 156, (cf. peez 744.) E before a palatal consonant has the same development as e in the preceding section, e^, ai, oi,e: desdeing (: plemg) 851, deing 696, desdein 693, dreit 433, 602, 973, (: vait videt) 221, enseignea 955, rei{s) 113, 123, 285, 299, 309, 399, 528, 714, 794 (twenty, eight times), endreit (: sail estre) 586 ; rai{s) 98, 144, 240, 259, 266, 283, 464, 470, 478, 776 (fifteen times), faiz vicem 9, 132, •134, 757, (: destraiz) 7, 731, esplait 87 ; droit 64, 91, 94, (: voleit) 32, {: perdeit) 121, {: vait videt) 968, roi{s) 95, 161, 799; en- sengnes 955, regne 812. E after a palatal becomes i: merci (: siwi) 668, (: vi) 805, (: averti) 947, {: priy 1. present) 612, (: guari) 358, pais 34, 135, 345, 349, 401 (: ocis) 395, 416, (: pensifs) 1, (: vis, sing, obi.) 212, (: prisy sing, obi.) 579. E before a nasal becomes ei and ai : ceme cenat 193, sereine 272, j9eme 10, 13 ; maine minat 1 94. E plus I becomes a^, ei: raine 116, 147, 151, 295, 325, 348, 357, 361, 383 (twenty-four times); reine 19, 96, 849, 875, 939. The form renne 525 is noticeable, and is probably a scribal error which should be corrected to one of the other two forms, or it may be a phonetic representation of the pronunciation e. The forms having ai and ei are the only ones occurring ; if in rime, they rime only with tonic i. E plus iJ becomes eil and ail: cunseil 50, 53, 187, 566, 568, soleil 885, vermeil 886, merveille 917, merveil 565 ; solail 302, 307, vermaille (: merveille) 918. E plus n' becomes ein : desdeing {: plaing) 851, deing 696, des- dein 693. 1 See p. 23. 22 La Folk Tristran, -Itiam becomes -ise and -isse: cuintise 160, 181, 734, feintke 852, ^ZQ.^ franchise J 935, veidise 733; cointisse 398. Checked e becomes e; 6es^[6] 914, mamele (: 6e?[e]) 279, senestre 256, in verbal ending -etis, acordissez 809, puussez 810, aue^ 226, 530, 694, 760, 895, 956, ^oe^ 599, volez 281, 614, savez 174, 447, 592, 646, 875. Checked e before a nasal appears as e, eij ai,a: enz 85, 245, enchantement 570, femme 444, 936, durement 402, ensement 14, (: sanglant) 747, estreitement 58, granment 441, malement 333, sene- men^ 140, sifaitement 413, verrement 623, bonement 497, cuintement 67, cument 175, sew 180, sens 182, swi;en^ 49, 780, (: tanlent) 253, turment 343, prendre 163, 450, 500, cens; (: ^ens;) 376, (: men^;) 319, 386, e?i2 245, (: i^enz) 85, c^enz 650, (^edens; 258, 419 (: ^en2;) 827 ; Zan^e lingua m 418. Examples of ei out of e are found in Brandan,^ Chardry,^ Liber Censualis,^ Boeve,* Lois,^ Cumpoz, mei 12, tei 17, etc. Ai for ei is a Norman trait according to Suchier.^ In another place ^ he says : " Bei den Anglonormannen ist ei besonders vor s, r, d, t, (in den Endungen efs, eise, efre, eic?e, eit, eite) zu az (<^ ei) geworden, bevor ai zu e kontrahiert wurde, und nahm daher auch an dieser kontraction teil." Again on the same page he says : " Die Vermischung des ai mit ei ist auf dem Festlande auch G Clerc noch unbekannt. Bei Guarnier steht balai 2840 in einer Laisse auf ei, offenbar durch agn. Einfluss." Ai is found in Brandan,^ Adam,^ Auban,^*^ Charlemagne," Boeve,^^ Estorie des En- gleis,^^ Oxford Psalter,^* Cambridge Psalter,^^ fourteenth century writers,^^ Bestiaire of Philippe,^^ Rois,^^ Ste. Catherine.^^ Oi is found in Chardry : Josaphaz, 2Si7 foiz vicem (: croiz), Cum- poz,^ Brandan,^^ Boeve,^^ Vie d'fidouard le Conquerant.^ Suchier and Stimming consider this oi out of e as a form introduced from 1 Birkenhoff, p. 59. "^ Koch, p. xxvii. ' Hildebrand, p. 358. * Stimming, pp. 197 f. ^Matzke, p. xlvi. ^ Beimpredigt, p.xvni. ''Oram, g 30 b, p. 49. ^ Hammer, p. 92. » Grass, p. 123. ^" [Thiemann, p. 580. ^^ Koschwitz, Ueberlieferung, p. 37. "Stimming, pp. 198 f. ^^ Ibid., p. 198. i*Harseim, p. 283. 15 Schumann, p. 28. ^^ Busch, p. 30. i^ Walberg, p. lxxxiv. 18 Schlosser, pp. 29 f. i» Jarnik, pp. 145, 150. ^o ^^11, p. 60. 21 Hammer, p. 92. '^ Stimming, pp. viii, 198. ^s Vising, p. 14. La Folie Tristran. 23 the continent. Suchier ^ says : " Bei Anglonormannen ist oi fur ei wohl festlandischer Import. Von den Dichtern Englands ist wohl Chardri der erste, der dieses oi kennt (und zwar nur in dem Ausgang -oie fiir -eie, das : pie reimt, und einmal foiz viCEM : croiz S. 72), Stimming^ says: "Sehr bald wurden aber vom Festlande aus Formen mit oi eingefuhrt. Sie finden sich zuerst in einigen Hand- schriften des Computus, doch nie im Reim (Mall S. 60), auch jm Brandan (Hammer, S. 92), spater in den verschiedenen Texten bald haufiger, bald seltener." JE for ei is an Anglo-Norman trait according to Suchier ^ and Mall ; * but compare Sch wan- Beh reus :^ " In der normannischen und in anderen westfranzosischen Mundarten hat ^i nicht 6i, sondern H S ergeben. Eine genaue Abgrenzung dieses westfranzosischen ei- Gebietes fehlt zur Zeit noch." In the Lois e becomes e only in ave7'y saver y but ei is the more comuion development. This reduc- tion of ei to e is not found in Cumpoz, nor in the Montauban Psalter, except in aver. Rois has ei most frequently, but e occurs also in infinitives. JE occurs in Alexis,^ Brandan,^ Chardry : Josaphaz, 301, 1072, Set Dormanz 1213, Petit Plet 987, Boeve,^ Roland,^ Estorie des Engleis,^ Liber Censualis.^ The infinitive ending -ere becomes -er, -e^V, -airy -eer, which are Anglo-Norman traits. I have given ahove^^ saver (: veir Veracem) 741. In verse 823 is chair (: vair veracem), in 133 veir (: enveir), and in 687 voleir (: veir). These cannot establish the endings -eir and -air, as they are unsupported forms. Note, also, the rime valer (: saver) 159. Compare Cumpoz, aveir 2355, seeir 3510, valtir 3476, veeir 2655, saveir 265. In the case where -ERE has become -er, the reason must be ascribed to a change of conjugation, as Suchier says : ^^ '^ Wen n im Agn. die Infinitiv- endung -eir zu er wird, so liegt vielleicht eher eine Formiibertra- gung, als ein Lautwandel vor, daher dies beim Yerbum zur Sprache kommen soU.^' G. Paris says,^^ in explanation of this form : ^^Aver (20 a) pour aveir est une faute frequente dans les textes Merits en Angleterre." See also Cohn '}^ " . . . . dessen Wram. ^ 30 c, p. 50. =» P. 197. ^Beimpredigt, p. xvii. *P. 38. ^Gram. 225 Anm. « G.Paris, 4 /ms, p. 51. T Birkenhoff, p. 59. ^ Stimming, p. 198. » Hildebrand, p. 358. ^°P. 21. " Gram. 30 b. ^^ Alexis, p. 74. "Z. f. S. L., 1902, p. 47. :j^$^ ~:!? 24 La Folie Tristran. heimatliche Mundart die anglo-norraannische in der Flektierung von Verben anderer Konjugationsklassen als der ersten nach dem Muster dieser letzteren besonders weit ging." Cohn gives many examples of verbs which have gone over to the first conjugation from other conjugations. See also Meyer-Liibke : ^ " De bonne heure d6ja, les inf. en -eir y [in Anglo-Norman] ont 6te sup- plant^s par d'autres en -er On releve des exemples plus nombreux encore de cette substitution aux xiii® et xiv® siecles, epoque oil des inf. en -re et en -^V passent aussi dans i en somme, la langue manifeste une tendance marquee h ramener tons les verbes k une seule classe." Stimming^ also agrees that a change of conjugation, and not a phonetic form, is here involved. For a few examples of this change of other conjugations to the first, see Boeve,^ Auban,^ St. Gregoire,^ Deu le omnipotent.* This change is not found in the Bestiaire of Philippe.* Ail out of E plus jJ is found in the Bestiaire of Philippe,* Gaimar.* Free e becomes e, ie, ee: pere petha 867, p6 37, (: ater7'e) 33, (: piU) 915, arere 513, 747, {: praiere) 807, (: manere) 679, levre leporem 511, levres 491, pez 647, 901, 904, bevre bebrum 512, gref 550 ; fiez ferus (: apelez) 130 ; peez 744. It is possible that Jiez 130 should be read feez. Ebrius appears as ivre (: delivre) 459. Ae becomes e: eel 522, 836. E before a palatal becomes i: delit (: dit) 978, m, 1. present, (: cumbati) 332, pri, 1. present, (: merci) 611, pris pretium (: m^s, past participle) 219, {: pais) 580, lit 60, 547, 744, 746, 748, 750, 992, liz 740, mi medius 302, respit 59, cingnes 493. E plus a nasal consonant becomes m, ien: ben 74, 83, 106, 111, 157, 161, 164, 167, 170, 178 (twenty-five times), chen 894, ven, 2. imperative, 382, 905, men 516, 620, 748, 751, 906, suvent, 3. present, (: iient) 698, vent, 3. present, 33, 65, 85, 545, 547, avent, 3. present, 49, venent 93, dent 988 ; tient 187, 931, (: suvent, 3. present) 697, vient 188, suvieni 932. Except in the example ^ Oram., I, pp. 157-158. ^ Boeve, p. 198. ^Stimming, p. xxvin. *■ Walberg, p. Lxxvi. ^ Walburg, p. l. « Vising, p. 85. La Folic Tristran, 26 shown above, ben (: chen) 894, E plus a nasal rimes only with itself. In tient (: suvient) 697 the ie is due, doubtless, to the scribe, and should be corrected, as should also tient 187, 931, vient 188, suvient 932. E before l' becomes e : merur 910. This is the only occurrence of this combination in this poem. £ plus n' appears as in and ain: engin 101, 168, 734, 779, (: venim) 425, (: esorin) 435, sire 539 ; engain (: Tristran) 843. £l plus r' becomes er; mester QQ^ 484, 59f, 929, (; aguaiter) 730. E plus u remains in deu 76, 77, 294, 411, 583, 611, 954, deus 805, 829, 947. Checked e remains as e: vest (: 'plest placet) 198, forest 861, (iplest) 490, apres 209, (: truis) 501, (: elez laxus) 771, anel 951, 956, 957, 964, cultel 523, chastel 99, 109, 115, 122, 130, 131, 221, cert 17, destre 255, 630, Engleterre 32, 70, 78, 91, Aerie 983, mantel 476j 479, nwve^es 143, s6r/603, terre{s) 124, 825, ^es^e 417, 438, 913, vers versus 25, derc 232, 6e/ 100, 106, 237, 862, 952, 992, bels 488, 578, bele 67, 110, 148, 280, 301, 551, 598, 632, 655, 657, 755 (eighteen times), beles 120. Ae becomes e : prest praestum 65. !E plus L before a consonant becomes eZ, eu, au : bels 488, 578, cospels 523, 782, 787, melz 6, 7, 9, 553, 636, oiseZs 487 ; beus 127, 366, 467, (cf. beu 499 used in a vocative construction) ; baus 992. This last form, bans, may, and, probably, should be read bons. E plus a nasal becomes en and an: gent 25, 55, 138, 322, genz 124, 375, 828, argent 649, defendre 449, parew^ 45, mi 162, 177, 312, 762, 840, sempres 355, 443, serment 830, 831, serpm^ 414, tens 10, 181, 473, wen^ 89, 304, venz 74, 86, 343, entent 317, 321, 412, 475, 665, 829, 833, 839, 937 ; sanglant 748, 750, 752, sergant (; avant) 261, tans tempus 642, entant 293, (cf. entente just cited). ^ out of E before an oral consonant appears in Chardry : Jos- aphaz eel (: el) 202, (: mortel) 2008, arere (: manere) 783, p^ (: delivr^) 14:57 j Gaimar,^ Reimpredigt,^ Cumpoz,^ Fantosme,* Boeve,'' Liber Censualis,^ Adam.^ Ie is found in Brandau,^ Boeve.* * Vising, pp. 81, 85. ' Suchier, Reimpredigt, p. xvi. *Suchier, Oram., § 28e; Mall, pp. 72, 74. * Vising, p. 7. *Stimming, p. 201. «Hildebrand, pp. 358-359; Suchier, Oram., I 29 e. ' Stimming, p. 201. » Birkenkoff, p. 59. » Stimming, p. 201. 26 La Folie THstran, While ie is occasionally found in Anglo-Norman texts, e is almost generally met with, and is recognized as a characteristic of the Anglo-Norman dialect. " Von jeher hat man die Vertaus- chung von franz. ie mit e als charakteristisches Merkmal des agn. Dialektes angesehen." ^ " Das Anglonormannische hat eine Ab- neigung gegen Diphthonge und hat dieselben daher oft zu einfachen Vokalen verengt."^ *^La diphthongue ie n'existait plus de son [Fantosrae] temps en anglo-normand ; elle etait devenue U ou m^me e et rimait avec e; e'est la, comme on va Ie voir, un phenomene des plus ordinaires en anglo-normand et a P^gard duquel ce dialecte a devance ceux du continent.^ Deus, deum give only the forms deus, deu in La Folie Tristran, The forms dieu^ d6 in Boeve,* cZ^, diex in the Bestiaire of Philippe,*'' d^s in Gaimar,^ Cumpoz,^ etc., do not occur in this poem. Ee for ie occurs in Charlemagne,^ Cumpoz,^ Estorie des En- gleis,^ Ipomedon,^ Langtoft,^^ Boeve.^^ LJn out of E plus a nasal consonant is a trait which occurs constantly in Anglo-Norman.^^ In contrast to this development, ien is found occasionally, just as ie is found beside of e before an oral consonant, as just stated. Cumpoz has rien 19, 299, bien 20, 300, tient 267, 1429, vient 266. These rime only with each other. In Boeve,^^ en occurs generally, but ien is not infrequent ; but the latter is much more frequent than ie out of E before an oral consonant. -Erium generally gives -er in other Anglo-Norman texts, as in our poem. However, -ier is not absent from Anglo-Norman texts. -Mr is found in Auban, mester (: aler) 114, (: celer) 211, Chardry : Josaphaz, mester (: aver) 301, Boeve.^^ Cumpoz has -ier." In La Folie Tristran there is no example of eal or eau out of £ plus L before a consonant. The same condition exists in the Bestiaire of Philippe^* and in the Cumpoz.^^ Eal is found in man- uscripts of the Montauban Psalter and later. ^'^ The reduction to 1 Stimming, p. 201. ^ Stimming, p. 193. » vising, p. 7. * Stimming, pp. x, 203. ^ Walberg, p. XLiv. * Suchier, Oram., I 22 b. ' Koschwitz, Ueberlieferung, pp. 43-44. ® Mall, p. 69. » Stimming, p. 202. ^° Busch, p. 33. " Stimming, p. 202. ^» Stimming, p. 203. ^^ Stimming, p. ix. " Fenge, p. 10. " Walberg, p. XLin. ^* Mall, p. 66. ^' Matzke, p. xlvi. La Folie Tristran, 27 , 1. singular, 333, 350, 355, 402, 644, 754, 770, lu {= hi) 4, 5, 43, 145, 159, 184, 188, 193, 206, 314, 66S, 678, 923, by the side of lui 16, 246, 263, 480, 537, 913, and li 29, 46, 83, 200, ^ Matzke, p. xlvi. ' Stimming, pp. 174, 211. *» Vising, p. 91. *P. 174. * Matzke, p. xlvi. * Schwan-Behrens, Gram. 11, 3b. '' No other possessive has this i : ta 383, sa 148. ^ La Folie Tristran, 225, 241, 254, 379, 489 (twenty-four times),' cunustre 628, by the side of Gunuistre 972. The insertion of i in verbal forms and elsewhere is not unknown to other Anglo-Norman texts : Bestiaire of Philippe,^ euis 60, ouif 66, vaait 102, 154, fouis 81, S6y menaist 187, tuz joris 22, etc.,, Boeve,^ panis 2723, gaguis 2820, matinis 3048, cheinis {chiens) 1617, pderinis 2776. Stimming * says in regard to ui for it in verbal forms : " Die Wiedergabe unseres Lautes durch ui ist als ^ urn- gekehrte Schreibung^ aufzufassen, die also eintrat, nachdem ui im Agn. zu u geworden war. Sie begegnet mehrfach in agn. und me. Texten, so im Brandan (Hammer S. 93), Tristan (Rottiger S. 40), Adgar (Rolfs S. 213), besonders im 14. Jahrh. (Busch S. 26)^ Behrens, Zur Lautl. S. 119 Anm." This abbreviation occurs also in continental texts. Stimming^ gives a list of such texts. Con- stans ^ explains this as follows : " Begui = eeci(p)ui. Forme normale; mais aperceuit 15 (= ad-perci(p)uit) et mescunuit 1& (:= minuscognovit), pour apergnt, mesGonut^ montrent I'intention de representer le son de Vu franyais, qui 6tait different de celui de Vu anglo-normand provenant de o, u latins." The omission of i (= u for ui and oi) is found in Anglo-Nor- man texts in verbs and in other words : Bestiaire of Philippe ^ has muement 492, busson (in atonic syllable) 792, Boeve^ has conu^ 1. singular, 1545, su suum 167, 278, 283, fu fui 263, 386, pus POSTEA 29, 98, etc., and others, Charlemagne,^ Rois,'" Cambridge Psalter,^' Tristan,^' Auban,'^ and fourteenth century writers.^^ O. Free o becomes it, o, ou, eu, e, and uu: amur 18, 22, 167, 173, 286, 292, 618, 640, 706, 742, 856, 912, baldur 768, chalur 469, cidur 214, 324, 671, 937, dolur 11, 13, 338, (cf. dolmre 789), irrur *The pronominal forms lu, lui, and li, just given, are used in tonic and atonic position, with or without a preposition. *Walberg, pp. vi, vii. ^ Stimming, pp. xv, 190, 192, 193, 209, 210, 237 £E. * P. 193. » P. 193. « Chresthomathie, p. 137, note 121. ' Walberg, p. Lxxxvni. s Stimming, pp. 205, 209. • Koschwitz, Ueberlieferung, p. 39. ^" Schlosser, p. 53. 1' Harseim, p. 303. " Kottiger, p. 40. "Suchier, Auban, p. 50. i* Busch, p. 36. La Folie Tristran, 523, Hour 213, 983, lu lupum 247, lus lupus 504, IwrT^'^, 90, 253, 375, 606, jus deosum 478, osturs 503, (cf. ostmr 873), pe- schur 188, (cf. peschers 199), plusurs 69, 263, pruz 75, smnur 400, 911, sennurs 76, 81, sorter 285 ; ore AD horam 17, 261, 297, 369, butors 496 ; dous duos 92, 112, 132, 134, hour 331, (cf. ure 559, ^84, 703) ; doleure (: dreiture) 789, (a change of suffix should •doubtless be considered here), osteur 873, (cf. osturs 503), harpeur 765, (: haldur) 767; peschers 199, (cf. peschur 188); suwr .SUDOREM 984. -Osus appears only as -^*s.• amerus 710, /tic^i^s 367, 576, curajus 404, anguissus 176, anguisus 777. O before a palatal becomes oz and o; cro/z 209, 558, ^7o^2; 210, "920, 973, poing 651, (: ^oms) 882, poinz 960 ; crocks 236. O before a nasal consonant becomes u and oit; bricun 185, 224, caperun 192, cumpaingnun 28, garsuns 518, ^isitns 51 7, _peritn 277, i^t^me (: /lome) 406, cum 68, 98, ct^me 272, 626, mment 175, 624, suspeziun 889 ; /oitn fetonem 278. Checked o becomes u and o: its ostium 257, 374, 686, jur 92, 93, 168, 467, 728, 855, 874, curre 70, eurt, 1. present, 702, 913, curt COHORTEM 40, 97, 146, 251, 355, 754, 763, 832, S58, furme 985, mult 35, pur pro 22, si^2 237, 277, tut(e) 8, 10, 14, 25, 105, 473, 502, 555, 570, 848, 900, 984, tuz 76, 236, 605, 664, 828, 923, 924, ultre ultra 800, surt 701, 704, urs 504 ; mot 371^ 531, 572, 797, 834, 884, sot 372, asoti 183. O before a nasal consonant becomes u, o : nun non 6, (: hum) 365, mime? mundum, (: respunt) 284, (: sitn^) 663, munde 215, cZiine 17, 84, dunt 268, 270, 702, encumbre 237, mwns.506, nm 6, 365, profunde 88, parfunde 588, i^m6re 238, 781, 799, 806, unde 87, 587, unc 914, unke 63, unques 571, 572, 656 ; nom non 136. O plus L before a consonant becomes u and ul: duces 119, dulce 564. and u out of o are found in Anglo-Norman texts, but u is more frequent than o. Ou also occurs, but it is not found in La Folie Tristran. Stimming ^ has given the situation very fully, and I cannot do better than quote his statement. " Das franz. o erhielt im Agn. bekanntlich den Lautwert u und wird daher in den meis- ip. 190. 30 La Folie Tristran, ten agn. Handschriften auch vorwiegend durch u wiedergegeben. So fast immer in der des Oxforder Rolandsliedes, des Brandan, des Cambridger Psalters, der Rois, der Estoire des Engleis, des Auban, der altesten Handschrift des Chardri und meist auch in Ste. Catherine. Dagegen wechselt u mit o in einigen Hand- schriften des Computus, in St. Laurent, im Tristan und im Adgar, ja iiberwiegt im Adam und in den jiingeren Handschriften des Chardri. Die Schreibung ou endlich, die zuerst in der bald nach 1150 verfertigten Handschrift L des Computus in dem Worte penteeouste v. 3305 (Mall, S. 41) nachgewiesen ist und die erst seit dem Anfange des 13. Jahrhunderts mehr hervortritt, wird bevor- zugt bei Angier, wahrend hier o nicht so haufig, u noch seltener verwandt wird (P. Meyer 197) ; ou kommt auch haufig in der Handschrift V von Chardri, und mit Yorliebe, allerdings neben o und It, in Texten des 14. Jahrhunderts vor (Busch 23-24).^^ To the citations given by Stimming should be added : Philippe, in the Bestiaire, generally has mot muttum, as in Roland, Wace, Adam ; ^ Brandan has u : curs CUESUS 609, vus 645, tur 1671, etc. ; ^ Gaimar, like Brandan, has u : amur, jur, etc. ; ^ Brandan has o also ; * the Lois have u ; ® Fantosme has u,^ 6. Free 5 becomes o, it, ue, uo, uu: note 520, sor 280, 551, dol 410, 548, 587, mor 552, (cf mur 168), propre 985, volent 73, 492 ; mur 168, demurent 92 ; quer 154, 317, 550, 835, 841 ; quers 314; qaw 452 ; fuur forum 451. O before a palatal consonant becomes ui, iu: ennui 560, (: lui pronoun) 538, nuit 60, 457, 717, 791, 795, 990, (: deduit) 728, puisj adverb, (: truis) 473, hui 559, nuiz 92, quis(settes) 826 ; Uu 181, 862, lius 127. before a nasal consonant becomes o, u: horn, nom. sing., 43,^ 145, 247, 328, 571, 578, 700, (: nom, adverb) 135, bon 74, 89, 261, 288, 311, 407, 525, 532, 702, 991, bone 68, brnis 128, 196,. 199, 359 ; hum, nom. sing., (: nun, adverb) 366, hume, nom. sing.,. 135, 964. 1 Walberg, pp. XLV f . ^yjsing, pp. 71-72. ^yiging, p. 83. * Vising, p. 73. ^Matzke, p. XLVin. ^Vising, p. 93. La Folie Tristran. 31 before iJ becomes oi: doil 169, vml 160, 177. O before n' becomes m, oi, o : luin 607, bosuing (: poing) 652, loins (: poing) 881, ^ori^ 59. Checked 6 becomes o: col 220, 258, 266, 975, cors 405, 417, fol 179, 186, 208, 224, 245, 248, 252, 265, 294, 299, 311, 318, 320, etc, Joles 375, /ofe 227, 269, 313, 321, 371, 412, 485, 489, 601, fort 67, 100, 103, 554,/orfe 1 10, /ors fortis 336, ^ros 367, grosse 230, hors 386, 418, for[s] foris 664, mort 11, 17, 23, 424, 553, 965, morz 421, port 93, UO, porte 109, 122, vostre 173, 330, 348, 360, 400, voz 529, 826, os ossum 335, 337, tost 36, 84, 529. As in French, 6 becomes a in dame 230, 361, 414, 589, 595, 849, 875, 939, 969. Checked o before a palatal consonant becomes o ; roche 276, 863. Checked o plus l before a consonant becomes ol: volte 869, volt 6, 7, 9, 20, 221, 330, 390, 477, 535, 628, 654, 660, 678, 805, 946, 950. Checked o before a nasal becomes u and o ; sunge (: mensunge) 456, respunt 79, 227, 269, 365, 385, 387, 407, 501, 573, 613, 658, 707, 711, 896, (: mund mundum) 283, hume, obi. sing., 12, 2\b, prudumes, obi. plu., 112, encuntre 246, 452, Gunte{s) compu- TARE 407, 486 ; home, obi. sing., 594, (: Eume) 405, horn, obi. sing., 37. The Anglo-Norman result of the development of Latin 6 ap- pears in various forms : o, oe, oi, u, \w, mi, e, oi, ue} Our text has 0, u, ue, uo, uu. is found in Brandan,^ Philippe's Bestiaire,^ Boeve,^ Oxford Psalter : ^ w in Brandan,^ Boeve,^ Estorie des Eng- leis,^ Charlemagne,^ Oxford Psalter,^^ Cambridge Psalter,^^ Rois,^^ Ste. Catherine ; ^^ ue in Doomesday-Book,'* Boeve, rarely j^** Oxford Psalter ; ^^ fuor is found in Auban in rime with per 105, with des- 1 Vising, pp. 73, 74 ; Mall, p. 50 ; Stimming, pp. 206-208 ; Koch, p. xxvin ; Walberg, pp. xlvi f. ; Suchier, Gram., § 28 c. ''Vising, pp. 73-74. ^Walberg, pp. xlvi f. * Stimming, p. 207. 5 Meister, p. 66. ^ Vising, p. 73 ; Hammer, p. 95. '' Stimming, p. 207. ^ Stimming, p. 208. ^ Koschwitz, Ueberlieferung, p. 28. i^Harseim, p. 292 ; Meister, p. 67. "Schumann, p. 34 ; Fichte, p. 63. ^^Schlosser, pp. 40-41. ^^ Jarnik, pp. 154-155. 1* Schwan-Behrens, Gram., §58Anm. ^^ Stimming, p. 206. i« Meister, p. 66. 82 La Folic Tristran, ploier 103 ; quoer occurs in Auban (: duter) 205, (: chevaler) 685, etc. ; Alexis L.^ has quor, quons. This uo is apparently a reten- tion of the old written form uo for later ue, but with the phonetic value of the latter. The interchange of o aud u before a nasal consonant is not un- known in Anglo-Norman texts. It is found in Boeve/ Philippe's Bestiaire/ and others. Oil out of 6 plus jJ occurs in Brandan/ Boeve.* Liu LOCUM occurs in Chardry : Petit Plet 76, Brandan,^ Mon- tebourg Psalter, Cambridge Psalter, Rois, Roland, Alexis 114% Adgar, Wace.^ Suchier gives also, as Norman and Anglo-Norman occurrences, lieu Rois, leu Cambridge Psalter, Rois, Gaimar, Guil- laume le Clerc. These last two forms do not occur in our text. Loins and luins occur in Chardry.^ Tj. Free and checked u remain as u : aventure 394, custume 98, 536, dure 554, grues, 491, hour augurium 331, dreiture 790, mur 107, nu 39, nues 492, nuez 303, plus 24, sus 141, 299, 685, treu tri- BUTUM 330, un 92, 99, 188, 190, 192, 194, 211, 219, 261, 409, etc., une 7, 9, 109, 135, 155, 189, 219, 229, 230, 271, etc., uns 265, unes 203, velu velutum 242, 243, nul 135, 158, 182, 406, 451, 571, 579, 580, 660, 889, nuls 43. U plus a palatal consonant becomes ui : deduit 532, (: nuit) 727, 792, anguisse 841, 938, dedure 535. Puditum appears as pute 739andpm7e 921. 1 Suchier, Oram., § 28c. ^gtimming, pp. 192, 209. 3 Walberg, p. XLvn. * Vising, p. 74. ^ gtimming, p. 207. •Vising, p. 76. 'Suchier, Gram., § 32c. sRoch, p. xxviii. BIBLIOGRAPHY. * L'Abb^ de la Rue.^ — Essais historiques sur les Bardes, les Jon- gleurs, et les Trouvlres Normands et Anglo- Normands, Caen : 1834. 3 Yol. Atkinson, R. — Vie de Seint Auhan. A Poem in Norman- French, ascribed to Matthew Paris. London : 1876. Ayer, C. — Orammaire comparee de la langue frangaise, 4* Edition. Paris: 1900. Bartsch, K. — Ohrestomathie de Vancien frangais (viii®-xv® sli- des). 5* edition. Leipzig : 1884. Bechstein, A, — Gottfrieds von Strasslurg Tristan. 2. Auflage. Leipzig: 1873. Behrens, D. — Zur Lautlehre der franzdsischen Lehnworter im Mittelenglischen. Franz. Stud., y^. Heilbronn : 1886. Also Franzosische Elemente im Englischen. Pauls Grundriss^, I, pp. :950-989. Birkenhoff, R. — TJeber Metrum und Reim der altfranzosischen Brandanlegende. Aus. u. Ab., xix. Marburg : 1884. Brede, R. und E. Stengel. — Das anglonormannische Lied vom wackern Bitter Horn. Aus. u. Ab., viii. Marburg : 1883. *Brekke, K. — £tude sur la flexion dans le Voyage de Brandan, Paris: 1884. Busch, E. — Laut- und Formenlehre der anglonormannischen Sprache des xiv. Jahrhunderts. Greifswald : 1887. Cloran, T. — The Dialogues of Gregory the Great translated into Anglo-Norman French hy Angier. Strassburg : 1901. Cohn, G. — Zum Ursprunge von ado(s)me. Z. R. P. xix, 51-60. Cohn, G. — Die Lais der Marie de France, herausgegelen von Karl WarnJce. (Review) Z. £. S. L., xxiv, 2. Holfte, 11-73. Constans, L. — Ghrestomathie de Vancien frangais (/x«-2rr« sihcles), Paris: 1890. ^ An asterisk indicates those works which I was not able to examine person- ally. References to them are taken from other works to which I have had 33 34 La Folie Tristran, Diez, F. — Qrammatik der romanischen Sprachen. 5. Auflage: 1882. Dunlop, J. — The History of Fiction, 4th edition. London : 1876. Duval, A. — Fragments de poemes sur Tristan fits de Meliadus, roi de Leonnais. H. L. ¥., xix, 687-704. Fenge, L. — Sprachliche Untersuchung der Reime des Computus, Aus. u. Ab., LV. Marburg : 1886. Ficbte, E. — Die Flexion im Camhridger Psalter, Halle : 1879.- G-nerlicb, E. — Bemerhungen uber den Verslau der Anglonorman- nen. Breslau : 1889. Godefroy, F. — Dictionnaire de Vancienne lan^ue frangaise, Paris: 1881-1903. Goltber, Y[,—Zur Tristansage. Z. K. P., xii, 348-364. Halle : 1888. Grass, K. — Das Adamsspiel. Eom. Bibl., vi. Halle: 1891. Hagen, Von der. — Heldenhilder. Breslau. 1821, 1823. Hagen und Biisching. — Litter arischer Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Poesie von der dltesten Zeit Ms in das sechszehnte Jahrhundert, Berlin : 1812. Hammer, W. — Die Sprache der anglonormannischen Brandan- legende. Z. E. P., ix, 75-115. Halle : 1885. Harseim, F. — Vocalismus und Consonantismus im Oxf order Psalter, Eom. Stud., iv, 273-327. Bonn : 1879-1880. Heinzel, E. — Gottfrieds von Strassburg Tristan und seine Quelle, Z. f. d. A., neue Folge, ii, 272-447. Berlin : 1869. Hildebrand, F. — Ueber das franzosische Sprachelement im Liber Censualis, Wilhelms I, von England. 7i, E. P., Yiii, 321-362. Halle: 1884. Jagemann, H. 0. G. yon. — On the Relation of the Anglo-Norman Vowel System to the Norman Words in English. T. A. P. A., xv, 66- 87. Cambridge: 1885. * Jarnik. — Zwei altfranzosische Versionen der Katharinenlegende. Prag: 1894. Jenkins, T. A. — U Espurgatoire Seint Patriz of Marie de France. Philadelphia: 1894. Kaluza, M. — Historische Grammatih der englischen Sprache. Berlin: 1900-1901. Koch, J. — Ghardry^s Josaphaz, Set Dormanz und Petit Plet. Afr. Bibl., i. Heilbronn : 1879. La Folie Tristran, 55 Kolbing, E. — Die nordische und die englische Version der Tristan- Saga. Heilbronn : 1878, 1882. *Koschwitz, E. — Ueherlieferung und Sprache der Chanson du Voyage de Charlemagne a Jerusalem et a Constantinople, Heilbronn : 1876. Koschwitz, E. — Karls des Grossen Reise nach Jerusalem und Constantinopel. 3. Auflage. Leipzig : 1895. Licbtenstein, F. — Eilhart von Oherge. Q. u. F., xix. Strass- burg: 1877. Lutoslawski, W. — Les Folies de Tristan, Rom., xv, 511-533*. Paris: 1886. Madan, F. — A Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian lAbrary at Oxford. Oxford : 1895. Matzner, E. — Franzbsische Grammatik mit lesonderer Beruck- sichtigung des Lateinischen. 3. Auflage. Berlin : 1885. Mall, L. — Li Cumpoz Philippe de Thaun. Strassburg : 1873. Matzke, J. E. — Lois de Guillaume le Conquerant. Paris : 1899.. Meister, J. H. — Die Flexion im Oxf order Psalter. Halle : 1877. Meyer, P. — La Vie de Saint Gregoire le Grand traduite du Latin par Frere Angier. Rom., xii, 145-208. Paris : 1884. Meyer, P. — Le Couplet de deux vers. Rom., xxiii, 1-35. Paris : 1894. Meyer- Liibke, W. — Grammaire des langues romanes. Paris : 1890-1900. Michel, F. — Tristan, Recueil de ce qui reste des poemes relatifs cb ses aventures. Londres : 1835. 3 vol. Morf, H. — La Folie Tristan du manuscrit de Berne. Rom., xv, 658-574. Paris: 1887. The Paleographical Society. London ; 1873. Paris, Gr. — Romans en vers du cycle de la Table Ronde. H. L, F., XXX, 9, 21. * Paris, G, et A. Bos. — La Vie de Saint Gilles. Paris : 1881. Paris, G-. et L. Pannier — La Vie de Saint Alexis. Paris : 1872. Payne, J. — The NorTuan Element in the Spoken and Written English of the 12th, ISth, and lUh centuries. Transactions of the Philological Society. Pp. 352 ft. London : 1868-9. * Plahn, R. — Les Quatre Livres des Rois. Gottingen : 1888. Planches de la Paleographie des Chartes. No place given : 1876^ Rottiger, W. — Der Tristran des Thomas. Gottingen : 1883. 36 La Folie Tristan. Kottiger, "W. — Der heutige Stand der Tristanforschung. Pro- gramm. Wilhelm-Gymnasium : 1897. Kolfs, W. — Die Adgarlegenden. Eom. Forsch., i, 179-236. Er- langen: 1883. Eose, H. — Ueber die Metrih der Chronik Fantosme^s. Eom. Stud., Y, 301-382. Bonn : 1878. Scheibner, H. — Ueher die Herrschaft der franzosischen 8prache in England in der Zeit vom xi, his zum xiv. Jahrhundert. Pro- gramm. Annaberg: 1880. * ScMosser. — Die Lautverhdltnisse der Quatre Livres des Rois. Giessen: 1884. Schumann, W. — Vohalismus und Konsonantismus des Cam- Iridger Psalters. Fr. Stud., iv fasc. 4. Schwan E. and D. Bebrens. — Grammatih des Alffranzosischen. 4. Auflage. Leipzig : 1899, Scott, Sir W. — Sir Tristrem ; a Metrical Romance of the 13. €entury. Edinburgh: 1804. Sheldon, E. S. — On Anglo-French and Middle English au for French a lefore a Nasal. Haryard Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature, y, 69-75. Boston : 1896. * Soderhjelm, W. — De Saint Laurent. Paris : 1888. Stengel, Ed. — Romanische Verslehre. Gr. Gr., ii, 1-96. Stimming, A. — Der anglonormannische Boeve de Haumtone. Bibl. Nor., Yii. Halle: 1899. Stock, H. — Die Phonetih des " Roman de Troie " und der " Chro- nique des Dues de NormandieJ^ Eom. Stud., iii, 443-492. Strass- burg: 1878. * Stiirzinger. — Orthographia Oallicay alt ester Trahtat uber franzo- sische Aussprache und Orthographic. Heilbronn : 1884. Suchier, H. — Zur VersMldung der Anglonormannen. Anglia, II, 215. * Suchier, H. — Ueher die Mattheus Paris zugeschriebene Vie de Saint Auban. Halle: 1876. Suchier, H. — Brandans Seefahrt. Eom. Stud., i, 553-588. Halle: 1871. Suchier, H. — Altfranzdsische Orammatih. Halle: 1893. Suchier, H. — Reimpredigt. Bibl. Nor., i. Halle: 1879. Tobler, A. — Le vers frangais ancien et moderne. Paris : 1885. "[Thiemann, E. — Ueler die anglonormannische Vie de Seint Auban, Horn. Stud., lY, 543-626. Bonn : 1879-1880. La Folie Tristran, 37 Vetter, F. — La Ugende de Tristran d'aprls le pohne frangais de Thomas, Marburg: 1882. Vising, J. — Sur la versification anglo-normande. Upsala : 1884. Vising, J. — Etude sur le dialecte anglo-normand du xii^ silcle. Upsala: 1882. Walberg, E. — Le Bestiaire de Philippe de Thaun, Lund : 1900. Warnke, K. — Die Lais der Marie de France, Bibl. Nor., iii. Halle: 1885. Warnke, K. — Die Fabeln der Marie de France, Bibl. Nor., vi» Halle: 1898. * Wright, T. — UEstorie des Engleis. The Anglo-Norman Met- rical Chronicle of Geoffrey Gaimar. London : 1850. * Wright, T. — The Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft. London: 1866. Erratum. — Eead Mont^boiirg Psalter for Montauban Psalter which is referred to in various places in the preceding pages. ABBREVIATIONS. In addition to the usual grammatical abbreviations the follow- ing are used : Afr. Bibl. — Altfranzosische BiUiotheh. Heilbronn-Leipzig. Aus. u. Ab. — Ausgahen und Ahhandlungen. Marburg. Bibl. Nor. — BiUiotheca Normannica. Halle. Fr. Stud. — Franzosische Studien. Heilbronn. Gr. G-r. — Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, hrsg. von G-. Grober, Strassburg : 1888-1897. H. L. F. — Histoire litteraire de la France. Paris. Q. u. F. — Quellen und Forschungen. Strassburg. Rom. — Romania. Paris. Eom. Bibl. — Romanische BiUiotheh. Halle. Eom. Forsch. — Romanische Forschungen. Erlangen. Eom. Stud. — Romanische Studien. Strassburg-Bonn. T. A. P. A. — Transactions of the American Philological Associ- ation. Cambridge-Boston. Z. f. d. A. — Zeitschrift fur deutsches Alterthum. Berlin. Z. f. S. L. — Zeitschrift fur franzosische Sprache und Litteratur, Berlin. Z. E. P. — Zeitschrift fur romanische Philologie. Halle. 38 CONTENTS OF THE ENTIRE DISSERTATION. Page. Preface ; — Description of the Douce Manuscript — The Douce Version in Literature — Author and Source — Date and Dialect — Synopsis — Phonology — Tonic Vowels — Atonic Vowels — Consonants — Morphology — KiME — Text — Notes — Bibliography — Abbreviations — Life — LIFE. I was born in Painesville, Ohio. My preparatory education was received in the public schools of Humboldt, Kansas, and in the preparatory department, since abolished, of the University of Kan- sas. My collegiate course was pursued in the University of Kan- sas, and from this institution I received the degree of Bachelor of Arts. After graduation several years were spent in business, in travel and study abroad, and in teaching in a secondary school. In the fall of 1899 I entered the graduate department of The Johns Hopkins University, where I have pursued the following courses : as major course, French Philology and Literature ; as first subor- dinate course, Spanish Philology and Literature ; as second subor- dinate course. Philosophy. I have held the University Scholarship and the Fellowship in the Romance Department. It is with pleasure that I take this opportunity to acknowledge my gratitude and indebtedness to those instructors who have guided my work since I entered The Johns Hopkins University : to Professor A. Marshall Elliott, Associate Professors Edward C. Armstrong and Philip Ogden, Doctors George C. Keidel and Murray P. Brush, of The Johns Hopkins University, Professor Frederick M. Warren, of Yale University, and Doctor Hugo P. Thieme, of the University of Michigan, in my major course ; Asso- ciate Professor C. Carroll Marden and Professor Edward H. Griffin, of the Johns Hopkins University, in my first and second subordinate courses respectively. To Professor Elliot I am under a special debt of gratitude. His scholarly guidance has been an inspiration at all times, and his uniformly generous and unfailing courtesy has given a charm to my work which cannot be forgotten. 40 „^ 14 DAY USE MTURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. RENEWALS ONLY— TEL. NO. «42^05 This book is due on the last date stamped below or Renewed books are sub ea to immediate recaU DEC 51969 51 RE-CD Lf-mrzrm^^i LD21A-60m-6,'69 (J9096sl0)476-A-32 .General Library University of California Berkeley