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 tiou 
 
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 Conza. 
 
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 for tverj cliaplct, ar.d two for the clergy of every di- 
 octfe, in all 143 divines j viz. 22 deans, 53 archdea- 
 cons, 24 prebendaries, and 44 proctors of the diocefao 
 clergy. The lower houfe chuoles its prolocutor j whole 
 bufincls it is to take care that the members attend, to 
 colliit their debates and votes, and to carry their refo- 
 liuions to the u;iper houfe. The convocation is lum- 
 cnoned by the king's writ, direfted to the archbifhop 
 of each province, requiring him to fuAnon all bifliops, 
 deans, archdeacons, 6«c. '*^- 
 
 The power of the convocation is limited by a ftatute 
 of Henry VIII. They are not to make any canons or 
 ecclefiaftical laws without the king's licenfe j nor when 
 permitted to make any, can th.ey put them in execution, 
 but under feveral reflridtions. They have the examining 
 and cenluring all heretical and fchilmatical books and 
 perfons, &c. but there lies an appeal to the king in 
 chancery, or to his delegates. The clergy in convoca- 
 tion, and their fervants, have the fame privileges as 
 members of parliament. 
 
 Since the year 1665, when the convocation of the 
 clergy gave up the privilege of taxing themlclves to 
 the houfe of commons, they feldora have been allowed 
 to do any bufinefs; and are generally prorogued from 
 time to time till diffolved, a new one being generally 
 called along with a new parliament. The only equi- 
 valent for giving up the privilege of taxing themfelves, 
 was their being allowed to vote at eledions for mem- 
 bers to the houfe of commons, whiclr they had not 
 before. 
 
 CONVOLUTION, a winding motion, proper to 
 the trunks of fome plants, ^s the convolvulus, or bind- 
 weed ; the clafoers of vines, bryony, &c, 
 
 CONVOLVULUS, Bind- weed ; a genus of plants 
 of the pentandria clafs, and in the natur.-.l method 
 ranking under the 20th order, CampanaceiC. See Bo- 
 tany and Materia IVIedica Index. 
 
 CONVOY, in naval affairs, one or more (hips of 
 war, employed to accompany and protect merchant 
 (hips, and prevent their being infulted by pirates, or 
 the enemies of the ftate in time of war. 
 
 Convoy, in military matters, a body of men that 
 guard any fupply of men, money, ammunition, or pro- 
 yifions, conveyed by land into a town, army, or the like, 
 in time of war. 
 
 CONUS, a CONE, in Botany ; a fpecies of fruit or 
 fcaly feed-veffel, fo termed by Tournefort and other 
 botanifts. Linnaeus has fubftituted strobilus in its 
 place. 
 
 CoNUS, the cone-pell, a genus of Ihells. See CoN- 
 CHOLOGT Index. 
 
 CONVULSION, a preternatural and violent con- 
 Iraftion of the membranous and mufcular parts of the 
 body. See Medicine Index. 
 
 CONWAY, a market-town of Caernarvonlhire in 
 North Wales, fituated near the mouth of a river of 
 the fame name, 15 miles weft of St Afaph. W. Long. 
 3. 50. N. Lat. 53. 20. 
 
 CONYZA, Fleabane ; a genus of plants of the 
 lyngenefia clafs, ranking under the 49th natural order, 
 Compojitee. See Botany Indent. 
 
 CONZA, a town of the kingdom of Naples in 
 Italy, fituated in the farther principate, on the river 
 Offanto, 50 miles fouth-eaft of the city of Naples. 
 
 [ 605 ] 
 
 15: 
 
 COO 
 
 XI.' 
 
 
 E. Long. 16. 0. N. Lat, 41. o. It is the fee of an 
 archbifhop. 
 
 COOK, Sir Anthony, defcended from Sir Thorn,!, 
 Cook lord mayor of London, was born in 1506, and 
 fuppofed to have been educated at Cambridge. He 
 was fo eminent for his learning, piety, and prudence, 
 that the guardians of King Edward VI. appointed him 
 to be his chief inilruftor in learning, and to form his 
 manners. He had four daughters; and being refolved 
 to have fons by education, left he (hould have none by 
 birth, he taught his daughters thole lefTons by night 
 that he had inftilled into the prince by day ; he was 
 happy in his endeavours, as they proved learned in 
 Greek and Lntin, and equally dillinguillied by virtue, 
 piety, and good fortune. Mildred was married to the 
 great Lord Burleigh : Ann to Sir Nicholas Bacon, lord 
 keeper of the great feal ; Elizabeth to Sir John Ruflel, 
 fon and heir of Francis earl of Bedford ; and Catha- 
 rine to Sir Henry Killigrew. He lived in exile during 
 the Marian perfecution ; and returning on the acceffion 
 of Q^ueen Elizabeth, fpent the reft of his days in peace 
 and honour, dying in 1576. 
 
 Cook, Captain James, one of the ableft and moft 
 celebrated navigators of any country, was the fon of 
 James Cook, a labourer or fervant in huft)andry, and 
 fuppofed to have been a native of the county of Nor- 
 thumberland, and was born on the 27th of Oftober 
 J 728, at the village of Marton in the north riding of 
 Yorkfhire. He was one of nine children, all of whom 
 are now dead ej^cept a daughter, who married a filher- 
 man of Rcdcar. He received the firft rudiments of 
 education from the fchoolmiftrefs of the village; and 
 afterwards, on his father's removal to Great Ayton, he 
 was put to a day-fchool, at the expence of Mr Skot- 
 tow his father's employer, where lie was inftrufted in 
 writing and in a feu- of the firft rules of arithmetic. 
 Before the age of thirteen he was bound apprentice to 
 Mr W. Sanderfon, a haberdalher or Ihopkeeper at 
 Straiths, about ten miles from Whitby : but fome 
 difagreement taking place between him and his mafter, 
 he indulged his own inclination in binding himfelf ap-, 
 prentice to Meffrs Walkers of Whitby, who had fe- 
 veral veffels in the coal trade ; and after ferving a few 
 years longer in the fituation of a common failor, he 
 w as at length raifed to be mate of one of Mr Walker's 
 fhips. During all this period it is not recollefted that 
 he exhibited any thing peculiar either in his abilities or 
 conduft. 
 
 Early in the year 1755, when hoftilities broke out 
 between France and England, Cook entered on board 
 the Eagle of fixty guns, to which veffel Sir Hugh Pal- 
 lifer was foon after appointed, who foon diftinguiihed 
 him as an aftive and diligent feaman ; and his promo- 
 tion was forwarded by a letter of recommendation 
 which was written by Mr Oft>aldefton, member for 
 Scarborough, at the requeft of feveral neighbours, in 
 Mr Cook's favour. On the 15th of May 1759, he 
 was appointed mafter of the Mercury, which foon after 
 failed to America, and joined the fleet under Sir 
 Charles Saunders at the memorable fiege of Quebec. 
 His intereft with the admiralty appears even then to 
 have been very ftrong ; for on Mr Oft)aldefton's letter 
 he was appointed mafter of the Grampus floop ; but 
 the proper jnafter having uncxpeftedly returned to 
 
 her, 
 
 Cook. 
 
C«ok. 
 
 G O O 
 
 her, the appointment did not take place. Four days 
 after, he was made mafter of the Garland ; when upon 
 i.Njuiry it was found that he could not join her, as the 
 vefllil had already failed : and the next day, Miy 15th 
 1759, he was made mafter of the Mercury. On this 
 occafion he was recommended by Captain Palliler to a 
 difficult and dangerous fervice, viz. to take the found- 
 ings of tlie river St Lawrence, between the ifland of 
 Orleans and the north fhore, which he performed in the 
 moft complete manner ; and fooa afterwards he was 
 employed to furvey the moft dangerous parts of the 
 river below Quebec : ihefc were his firft efforts with 
 the pencil. After this expedition he wss appointed, 
 on the 2 2d of September, mafter of the Northumber- 
 land, ftationed at Halifax, where he firft read Euclid, 
 and applied to aftronomy and other brandies of fcience. 
 In the year 1762, he was with the Northumberland, 
 afltfting at the recapture of Newfoundland ; and in the 
 latter end of the fame year he returned to England, and 
 married, at Barking ir, ElVex, Mifs Elizabeth Batls. 
 Early in 1763, when Admiral (then Captain) Greaves 
 was appointed governor of Newfoundland, Mr Cook 
 went out with him to furvey the coafts of that ifland. 
 At the end of the feafon he returned to England ; 
 but in the beginning of 1 764, Sir Hugh Pallifer being 
 appointed governor of Newfoundland and Labradore, 
 Mr Cook accompanied him in the Time capacity of 
 furveyor, and had the- Granville fchooner to attend 
 him on that bulineli : in this fituation he continued till 
 
 While Mr Cook remained on this ftalion, he llad an 
 opportunity of exhibiting publicly a fpecimen of his 
 progrefs in the fludy of aftronomy, in a fliort paper 
 printed in the 57th volume of the Philofophical Tranf- 
 iliSions, entitled " An obfervation of an eclipfe of the 
 iun at the ifland of Newfoundland, Auguft 5. 1 766, 
 with the lon^itvide of the place of obfervation de- 
 duced irom it." Mr Cook's obfervation was made at 
 one of the Burgeo ifiands near Cape Ray, in N. Lat. 
 47° ^6' 19''; and by the comparifons of it made by 
 JVIr Mitchel, with an obfervation of Dr Horn/by at 
 Oxford, it appeared to have been accurately done : 
 and Mr Cook at that lime obtained the character of 
 an able aftronomer. 
 
 In the mean time, a fpirit for geographical difco- 
 veries, which had gradually declined fince the begin- 
 ning of the 17th century, began to difcover itfclf anew. 
 Two voyages of this kind had been performed in the 
 reign of George II. the one under Captain Middleton, 
 the other by Captains Moore and Smyth, with a view 
 to difcover a north-weft paiTage through Hudfon's Bay 
 to the Eaft Indies. Two others, under Captains Byron, 
 Wallis, and Carteret, had been undertaken foon after 
 the conclufion of the peace in 1763, by order of his 
 prefent majefty ; and before the return of thefe naviga- 
 tors, who were ordered to fail round the world, another 
 voyag'"- was refolvtd upon for aftronomical purpofes. 
 It having been calculated that a tranfit of Venus over 
 the fun's dilk woul'i happen in 1 769, a long memorial 
 to his majefty was prefented by the Royal Society j in 
 which they let forth the great importance of making 
 proper obfervations on this phenomenon, the regard that 
 had been paid to it by tlie different ccurts of Europe ; 
 and intreatinp, among other things, that a veffel might 
 ue fitted out, at the expence of government lor con- 
 
 [ 606 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 veying proper perfons to fome of the Friendly Iflands, 
 in order to make the neceffary obfervations. This ^ 
 being complied with on the part of his majefty, Alex- 
 ander Dalrymple, Efq. an eminent member of the 
 Royal Society, was appointed to take the command of 
 the bark appropriated for the purpofe. In the execu- 
 tion of the projefl, however, an unexretled difficuiiy 
 occurred. Mr Dalrymple, fenfible of the impoffibility 
 of guiding a velTel through unknown and dangerous feas 
 without-any proper command over tlie crew, demanded 
 a brevet commiftlon as captain of the veiTel, in the 
 fame manner as had formerly been granted to D' 
 Halley in a voyage of difcovery made by him. This 
 commifllon Sir Edward Ilauke abfolutely refufed to 
 Hgn ; declaring, when preiTed upon the fubjeft, that he 
 would rather fufTcr his right hand to be cut off than 
 truft any of his majefty's ftiips to a pcrfon who had not 
 been propetly bred to the fervice-, and in this pro- 
 ceeding he feemed to be jaftiPed by the mutinous 
 behaviour of Dr Halley's crew; who, denyi;ig the 
 legality of liis authority over them, had involved him in 
 a very difagreeable difpute, and which was attended 
 with pernicious confequences. Mr Dalrymple, on the 
 other hand, being equally determined in his refufal to 
 proceed without the authority in queftion, there was 
 a necefilty for finding out forae perfon of Icience who 
 might alfo be free from the objeflion made by Sir 
 Edward Hawke. Mr Cook therefore was propofed 
 by Mv Stephens ■, and his recommendation being 
 feconded by Sir Hugh Pallifcr, he was immediately 
 appointed to direft the expedition ; and on this occalioii 
 was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in his majefty's 
 fervice. 
 
 Mr Cook's commilTion as lieutenant was da'.ed May 
 25. 1768 J a vcflel of 370 tons, named the Endetnjou-, 
 was provided for him ; and while the neceffary prepa- 
 rations were making for the voyage, Captain Wallis 
 returned. It havir.g been recommended to this gentle- 
 man to fix upon a proper place for making the aftrono- 
 raical obfervations, he had accordingly chofen the iilanj 
 named by him George's Ifland, but fince known by the 
 name of Otafieite ; judging alfo that Port Royal harbour 
 in it would afford an eligible fituation. This propofal 
 being accepted, direftions for the purpofe were accord- 
 ingly given to Mr Cook, with whom Mr Charles Green 
 was joined in the aftronomical part ; the latter having 
 been afliftant Id Dr Bradley in the royal obfervatory 
 at Greenwicli, and thus judged to be every way quali- 
 fied for the office. The lieutenant was likewife accom- 
 panied by Mr Banks, now Sir Jofeph Banks, Dr So- 
 iandtr, &c. The principal defign of the voyage was, 
 as has already been hinted, to make obfervations on 
 {hz tranfit of Venus ; but this being done, Mr Cork 
 was direiiled to make further difcoveries in the Pacific 
 ocean ; and on the 30th of July 1768, he fet fail on 
 his expedition. An account of the voyage, and the 
 diicoverics made during the time of it, is given in the 
 next article ; here it is fufticient to obferve, that 
 throughout the whole Mr Cook approved himfelf an 
 able feaman ; and from his behaviour both to his own 
 people and to the favage nations he occafionaily met 
 with, fliowcd a moft exacl regard 10 the rule< boih of 
 juftice and humanity. On his fiift arrival at Oraheite, 
 tli« following regulations were drawn up for his people, 
 which he took caie fliould be pundlually.cbeyed. 
 
 I. To 
 
 Cook. 
 
coo C 607 ] 
 
 Cook. I. To endeavour, by every fair means, to cultivate a 
 friendftiip ^vith the natives, and lo treat them with all 
 imaginable humanity. 2. A proper perfon or perfons 
 to be appointed to treat with the natives for provi- 
 fions, fruits, &c. and no other perfon belonging to 
 the ihip lo do fo without leave. 3. Every perfon on 
 Ihore to attend punftually to his duly, and to pay pro- 
 per attention to his tools or arms ; and it loft through 
 negligence, to have the full value charp,ed againfl his 
 p.ay, with fuch farther punilhraent inflitled as occa- 
 fion might require. 4. The fame penalty lo be in- 
 flifted on every one who fliould embezzle, trade with, 
 or offer to trade with, any part of the fliip's (lores; and, 
 5. No iron to be given in exchange for any thing but 
 provifions. His rigid adherence to thele rules was 
 jnanifel^ed in feveral inftanccs, particularly by (everely 
 puniftiing the Ihip's butcher, who had threatened the 
 life of a woman, wife to one of the chiefs of the 
 ifland, for refufing a ftone hatchet on the terms he 
 propofed. On erefting their obfervatory, in order to 
 go through the aflronomical operations, an accident 
 happened which had like to have difconcerted the 
 whole fcheme. This was the lofs of iheir quadrant, 
 which had been ftolen by fome of the nntives ; but, 
 chiefly through the exertions of Mr Banks, it was 
 recovered, and the obfervations made accordingly. 
 Scarce was this accomplilhed, however, before ano- 
 ther theft of the natives demanded the moll ferious 
 confideration of the commander. Some of them tak- 
 ing advantage of the attention of the officers being 
 ctherwife engaged, took the opportunity of breaking 
 into one of the ftore-rooms, and ftealing from thence 
 a bag of fpike nails of no lefs than an hundred weight. 
 This was a moft important affair ; for as thofe nails 
 were of great eftimation among the Indians, the pof- 
 fefTion of fuch a quantity muft undoubtedly have much 
 leffened their value, and thus rendered provifions of 
 every kind greally dearer on the ifland than before. 
 One of the thieves therefore being difcovered, was pu- 
 niflied with 200 lathes ; notwithltanding which he ob- 
 flinately refufed to difcover any of his accomplices. 
 Repeated thefts committed aftenvards required all the 
 ivifdom and refolution of Mr Cook to conduft him- 
 felf in a proper manner. After due confideration, he 
 judged it to be a matter of importance to put an end 
 to thefe praftices at once, by doing fomething which 
 might engage the natives themfelves to prevent them 
 for their common intereft. This, however, he was 
 not at prefent able to accomplilh ; nor indeed did it 
 feem poffible to prevent them without ufing fire- 
 arms, which from motives of humanity he flill deter- 
 mined to avoid. At laft, after a ftay of three months, 
 when preparing to take his leave, the moft difagree- 
 able adventure took place that he had hitherto met 
 with. This was the deferlion of two of his people, 
 who having married young women of that country, de- 
 termined to take up their refidence in it. Mr Cook 
 was now obliged to ieize fome of the chiefs, and to in- 
 form them that they could not obtain their liberty un- 
 lefs the deferters were recovered. This at laft produ- 
 ced the defired effeft ; the deferters were given up, 
 and Mr Cook fet fail, along with Tupia, (who had 
 formerly been fhc prime minifter lo Oberea, a princefs 
 of the ifland) and a boy of 13 years of age, both 
 
 COO 
 
 of whom were defirous of accompanying him to Etig- 
 land. 
 
 While Mr Cook proceeded to vifit others of the 
 South fea iflands, Tupia occafionally ferved as an in- 
 terpreter. On his arrival in New Zealand, Mr Cook 
 found the people extremely hoftile and infolent. At 
 their very firft meeting, one of the natives having 
 threatened to dart his lance into the boat, was (hot 
 dead. Another, having carried off Mr Green's hanger 
 was fii'ed at ivith (mall Ihot j and upon his ftill refuiing 
 to reftore it, was fired at with hall and killed. This, 
 however, produced very little effe£l on the reft, who 
 offered to make an attack upon them, till feveral mul- 
 kets were fired with fmall fliot, which wounded three 
 or four mere. Next day the commander, having de- 
 termined to force fome of the natives on board, in or- 
 der to conciliate their affeSions by kind treatment, 
 directed his men to follow two canoes whom he per- 
 ceived under way before him. One made her efcape, 
 but the other, not obferving the boats in purfuit, was 
 overtaken ; on which the favages plied their oars lb 
 brifkly, that the flilp's boats were not able to keep up 
 with them. .Tupia, whofe language the New Zealan- 
 ders underftood, called to them to return, with alTur- 
 ances that no hurt ftvould be done them ; but they con- 
 tinned their flight without minding him. A mufket 
 was then fired over their heads with a view to intimidate 
 them, but upon this they prepared to fight ; and on 
 the coming up of the boats began the attack with fo 
 much vigour, that the lieutenant's people were obli- 
 ged to fire upon them with ball, by which four out of 
 feven that were in the boat were killed, and the other 
 three jumped into the water, and were taken on 
 board. 
 
 This part of Mr Cook's conduft feems inconfiftent 
 with that humanity for which he was in general io 
 eminently diflinguilhed ; he was aware of the cenfure, 
 and makes the following apology. " Thefe people 
 certainly did not deferve death for not choofing to con- 
 fide in my promifes, or not confenting to come on 
 board my boat, even if they had apprehended no dan- 
 ger ; but the nature of my fervice required me to ob- 
 tain a knowledge of their country, which I could no 
 otherwife obtain but by forcing into it in an hoftile 
 manner, or gaining admiffion through the confidence 
 and good will of the people. 1 had already tried the 
 power of prefents without efleft ; and 1 was noiv 
 prompted by my defire to avoid farther hoftililies, to 
 attempt to get fome of them on beard ; the only me- 
 thod we had left of convincing them that we intended 
 them no harm, and had it in our power to contribute 
 to their gratification and convenience. Thus far my 
 intentions certainly were not criminal ; and though in 
 the conteft, which I had not the leaft reafon to expeft, 
 our viclory might have been compkte without fo great 
 an expence of life ; yet in fuch fituations, when the 
 command to fiie has once been given, no man can pre- 
 tend to reftrain Its excefs, orprefcrlbe its effeft." 
 
 Notwithftanding the difafler juft mentioned, to which 
 the three New Zealanders, who were taken on board, 
 had been witneffes, they were foon conciliated, and 
 began to fing with a degree of tafte that furprifed the 
 Englifh gentlemen. They were boys, the oldeft about 
 19 and the youngeft about lij but no kindnefs 
 
 which 
 
 Cook. 
 
coo C 608 
 
 Coole. which could be (howti them was in any degree effec- 
 tual to bring about a reconciliation with the reft. On 
 the contrary, having perceived the Ihip in fome di- 
 flfefs, they inftantly ftiowed a difpoiition to make an 
 attack j and from this they were only prevented by 
 the firing of a four-pounder charged with grape-fliot. 
 Even this did not produce any permanent effeft ; ano- 
 ther attack was determined upon, and would undoubt- 
 edly have been made, had not Tupia informed them, 
 that if they perfifted in their attempt, the arms of their 
 adverfaries, like thunder, would deftroy every one of 
 them. This was enforced by the fire of another four- 
 pounder with grape-fhot, which fpreading wide in the 
 water, terrified them to fuch a degree that they be- 
 gan to paddle away as faft as pofliible. Notwilhlland- 
 ing this, however, fome intercourfe began to take 
 place ; but in every inftance the New Zealanders ma- 
 nifefted their hoftility and treachery in fuch a manner 
 as ihowed that they were not to be gained by fair 
 means. At laft an attempt to carry off Tayeto, Tu- 
 pia's boy, rendered it abfolutely neceffary to fire upon 
 them in order to refcue him from certain deftruftion, 
 fome of the favages having got him into a canoe, 
 where they held him down by violence. In confe- 
 quence of this one of the favages was killed on the 
 fpot, and fcveral more wounded, by the difcharge of 
 mulkets from the boats j Tayeto recovered his liberty, 
 jumped into the water, and fwam to the (hip. Some 
 partial intercourfe again took place : but Hill it ap- 
 peared that the innate rancour of thefe favages was 
 not to be fubdued by any fair means ; and it was 
 only by the powerful arguments of cannon and 
 muiketry that they could be kept from attempting to 
 do mifchief. 
 
 From the account of this voyage publifhed by Dr 
 Hawkefworth, indeed, it appears, that a confiderable 
 number of favages perifhed in a fimilar manner to that 
 above mentioned, and they feem to have manifefted a 
 more hoftile behaviour than afterwards : on thofe me- 
 lancholy occafions, however, it is obferved to the ho- 
 nour of Mr Cook, that his humanity was eminently 
 confpicuous beyond that of the common people, who 
 all along (howed as much inclination to deftroy the 
 Indians as a fpoitfman does to kill the game he pur- 
 fues. 
 
 While Mr Cook coafted the iflands of New Zealand, 
 he was lometimes in the moft imminent danger of be- 
 ing (hipwrecked. In the latitude of 35° fouth, and 
 in the midft of fummer in that climate, he met with 
 fuch a gale of wind as he fcarce ever experienced be- 
 fore ; fo that he was no lefs than three weeks in get- 
 ting ten leagues to the weftward, and two more before 
 he could get 30 leagues farther. Fortunately, how- 
 ever, they were all this time a confiderable way from 
 land, otherwifc it is probable that the ftorm muft have 
 proved fatal. 
 
 Mr Cook having fpent fix months in circumnaviga- 
 ting and fully exploring the iflands of New Zealand, he 
 failed from thence on the 31ft of March 1770. It muft 
 be obferved, however, that the extreme hoftility ma- 
 nifefted by the inhabitants in that part of the ifland 
 where he firft arrived, was not univerfally diffufed ; but 
 that a friendly intercourfe was for a long time main- 
 tained ivith thofe about Q^ueen Charlotte's Sound. 
 Fiom New Zealand he proceeded to New Holland, and 
 
 I 
 
 1 COO 
 
 on the 28lh of April came in fight of Botany Bay. 
 Here all their endeavours to induce the natives to have ' 
 any intercourfe with them proved ineffeftual, though 
 happily there was no blood fpilt in any quarrel. 
 
 During their navigation round New Holland, the 
 coafts of which are full of dangerous rocks and flioals, 
 our navigators were brought into a more perilous fitua- 
 tion than ever ; and from which the efcape tvas fo ex- 
 traordinary, that it deferves a particular relation. 
 This happened on the loth of June 1 770, as they 
 purfued their courfe from Trinity Bay, and nearly in 
 the latitude affigned to the iflands difcovered by Qui- 
 ros. At that time they had the advantage of a fine 
 breeze and a clear moonlight ; and in ftanding off 
 from fix till near nine o'clock, the ftiip had deepened 
 her water from 14 to 21 fathoms; but while the na- 
 vigators were at fupper, it fuddenly flioaled to 1 2, i o, 
 and 8 fathoms in the fpace of a few minutes. Every 
 thing wss then ready for putting the fhip about, when 
 they fuddenly got into deep water again, and continued 
 in 20 and 21 fathoms for fome time, fo that the gentle- 
 men went to bed in perfeft fecurity. A little before 
 eleven, however, the water (hoaled at once from 20 to 
 17 fathoms; and befare the lead could be heaved again, 
 the ftiip ftruck, and remained Immoveable, excepting 
 as far as ftie was heaved up and down, and dfftied 
 againft the rocks by the furge. The alarm was now 
 univerfal, and not indeed without the greattft reafon. 
 It appeared that the vefTel had been lifted over the 
 ledge of a rock, and lay in a hoUoiv within it, where 
 there were in fome places from three to four fathomj 
 \vater, and in others fcarcely as many feet : the (heath- 
 ing boards were disjoined, and floating round the (hip 
 in great numbers ; and at laft the falfe keel alfo was 
 deftroyed, while the rock kept grating her bottom 
 with fuch force as to be heard in the fore ftore-room. It 
 was now neceffary to lighten the (hip as much as pof- 
 fible : and this was done with all expedition to th^ 
 amount of more than 50 tons. In the morning of the 
 1 1 th of June they difcovered the land at about eight 
 leagues diftance, without any ifland between, on which 
 they could have been fent alhore in the event of the 
 (hip going to pieces, that fo they might hare been car- 
 ried to the main land by turns. To add to their dif- 
 trefs, the fhip drew fo much water, that it was with dif-. 
 ficulty kept under with three pumps. Laftly, it appear- 
 ed, that even the rifing of the tide, on which they had 
 ultimately depended for relief, was infufficient to 
 anfwer the purpofe as the day tide fell confiderably 
 (hort of that in the night-time. Having therefore 
 lightened the (hip ftill farther, by throwing out every 
 thing that could poffibly be fpared, they waited with 
 patience for the next tide ; when, after incredible ex- 
 ertion, the fliip righted, and they got her over the 
 ledge of the rock into deep water. By continual la- 
 bour, however, the men were at laft fo much exhaufled, 
 that they could not ftand to the pumps more than five 
 or fix minutes at a time ; after which they threw 
 themfelves flat on the deck, though a ftream of wa- 
 ter between three and four inches deep ran over it ; 
 and in this fituatlon, they lay till others, exhaufted 
 as well as themfelves, took their places on which they 
 fiarted up again, and renewed their exertions. In 
 this dreadful extremity, Mr Monkhoufe, a midfliipmanj 
 propofcd the expedient of fothcring the (hip, as it is 
 
 called, 
 
 Cook. 
 
coo 
 
 [ 6c9 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 Cook, called, by which means he faid that he had feen a mer- 
 - V ' chant (liip brought from Virginia to London after (he 
 had fpruiig a leak that admitted more than four feet 
 water in an hour. The expedient being approved of, 
 it was put in execution in the following manner. He 
 took a, lower ftudding-fail, and having mixed a large 
 quantity of oakum and wool together, Hitched them 
 down by handfuls as lightly as potfible j the whole be- 
 ing afterwards fpread over with the dung of the flieep 
 and other filth. The fail was then hauled under the 
 (hip's bottom by means of ropes which kept it ex- 
 tended. When it came under the leak, the wool and 
 gakum, with part of the fail, were forced inwards by 
 the prefTure of the water, which thus prevented its 
 own ingrels in fuch an effeftual manner, that one 
 pump, inftead of three, was now fufficiint to keep it 
 under. Thus they got the (hip into a convenient port 
 on .the cosft of New Holland, where they had an op- 
 portunity of repairing the injury. Here they difco- 
 vered that their prefervation had not been owing entire- 
 ly to the expedient above mentioned ; for one of the 
 holes was in a great meafure filled up by a piece of rock 
 wliich had broken off and ftuck in it; and this hole was 
 ft) large, that had it not been (ii!ed up in the manner 
 juft mentioned, they muft undoubtedly have peri(hed 
 Rotwithftanding" all the alTiilance that could have been 
 derived from the pumps. 
 
 The dangers they fuflained in navigating this coaft 
 were innumerable, infomuch, that for very near three 
 months they were obliged to have a man conftiintly 
 ' in the chains heaving the lead. They were always 
 entangled among rocks and (hoals, which could not 
 have failed to deifroy a lefs experienced navigator ; and 
 even Mr Cook, with all his fagacily, could not fomc- 
 tiraes have extricated himfelf, had it not been for the 
 favourable interpofition of fome natural events, which 
 no human penetration could forefee or have the lea(t 
 dependence upon. Of this we fl\all only give the fol- 
 lowing inftance. Having at lail, as they thought, 
 got fafely over the vaft reefs of funk rocks with 
 which the coafl: of New Holland is furrounded, they 
 flattered themfelves that all danger was palt, and 
 the vaft fwell of the water convinced them that they 
 were now in the open ocean. The remembrance of 
 former dangers, however, induced them frequently to 
 take the precaution of founding ; notwithftanding 
 which, in the latitude of about 14^° S. they found 
 themfelves one morning only about a mile diftant from 
 the moft hideous breakers, though the fea all around 
 was unfathomable. Their (ituEtion was rendered the 
 more dreadful by its being a dead calm, at the fame 
 time that they were carried towards the rock v^ith 
 fuch rapidity, that by the time they had got the (hip's 
 head turned by means of the boats, (he was fcarcely 
 TOO yards diflant from it. Their only refource then 
 was to tow the (hip, if poflible, by means of the boats 
 and pinnace, out of a fituation fo very perilous ; but 
 all their elForts would have been unfuccefsful, had not 
 
 began to lofe ground, and in a little time were dri- 
 ven within 200 yards of the rocks : but fortunate- 
 ly the breeze returned, and lafled ten minutes more ; 
 during which time a (mail opening was perceived in 
 the reef at the diftance of about a quarter of a 
 mile. The mate being fent out to examine this open- 
 ing, reported that it was not more than the length of 
 the fiiip in breadth, but that there was fmooth water 
 within. On this it was determined to pufh into it by 
 all means. The attempt failed of fuccefs j as, juft 
 when they had brought the (liip with great labour to 
 the mouth of the opening, they found a current fetting 
 out from it by reafon of the tide now beginning to ebb. 
 But though their hopes were difappointed in getting 
 through the opening, they were, by the current fetting 
 out fiom it, driven in a very (hort time to the diftance 
 of a quarter of a mile from the rocks ; and by dint of 
 towing and other I'xrtions, they were got by noon to 
 the dillance of two miles. This temporary deliverance, 
 however, afforded but fmall profpeft of being ultimate- 
 ly relieved. They had flill no other expeflation than 
 of being forced back into their former fituation by the 
 return of the tide; but happily they*now perceived 
 another opening about a mile to the weftward. Mr 
 Hicks the lieutenant being fent to examine this open- 
 ing, returned with an account of its being narrow and 
 hazardous, but capable of being pafTed. To this 
 place therefore the (hip was direftcd by every polTibie 
 means ; and a light breeze happening to fpring up, 
 thty fortunately reached it, and were inftantly hurried 
 through with great rapidity by the current of the re- 
 turning tide ; which, had it not been for this opening, 
 would undoubtedly have daftied them to pieces againft 
 the rocks. 
 
 From the time they -quitted the cosft of New Hol- 
 land till their arrival at Batavia in the ifland of Java, 
 eur navigators met with no other danger but what is 
 common in fea voyages. They were obliged to ftay 
 for fome time at this place to repair their damages j 
 and on viewing the condition of the (hip, found they 
 had more reafon than ever to admire- the manner in 
 which they had been preferved. Both the falfe keel 
 and main-keel were greatly injured ; great part of the 
 flieathing was torn oft"; feveral of the planks were much 
 damaged, and among thefe there were two, and half of 
 another, which for fix feet in length were not abovfc 
 the eighth part of an inch in thicknefs, befides being 
 penetrated with worms quite to the timbers. Here 
 the crew were exceflively anaoyed by ficknefs, which 
 obliged them to remain much longer than they would 
 otherwife have done : and it is worthy of notice, that 
 every one of the crew was ill excepting, the fail-maker, 
 an old man between 70 and 80 years of age, and who 
 was drunk every night. Poor Tupia, with his boy 
 Tayeto, fell facrifices to the unheallbinefs of the cli- 
 mate, as well as the furgeon, three feamen, and Mr 
 Green's fervant. Nor did the evil ftop here ; for on 
 their fetting out from Batavia, the feeds of difeafe 
 
 Cook* 
 
 a breeze of wind fprung up, which, though too light which had been received there broke out in the moft 
 
 to have been notictd at any other time, was found to 
 fecond their efi"opts fo effedlually, that the ftiip began 
 to move perteptibly from the reef in an oblique di- 
 reftion : during the time that this breeze lafted, 
 which was not TOore than ten minutes, they had made 
 a confiderable way. A dead calm facceedinff, they 
 Vol. VI. Part II. 
 
 violent and fatal manner, infomuch that In the courfe 
 of about fix weeks there died one of Mr Banks's af- 
 fiftants, by name Mr Snoring, Mr Parkinfon his na- 
 tural hiftory painter, Mr Gieen the aftronomer, the 
 boatfwain, carpenter, and mate, Mr Monkhoufe the 
 midfhipraan, the corporal of the marines, two of the 
 4H carpenter's 
 
coo 
 
 [ 6i 
 
 <"ook. carpenter's crew-, and nine fcanien. Even ihe jolly old 
 »■ ' - ' fail-maker could now hold out no longer ; but whether 
 his death might not in lome rneafure be attributed to his 
 being lefs plentifully fupplied with liquors than formerly, 
 might have deferved inquiry. Thefe unfortunate events 
 probably made a confideiable impreflion on Mr Cook's 
 mind ; and perhaps induced him to direfl his attention 
 to thofe methods of preferving the health of feamcn 
 which he afterwards put in e.veculion with fo much 
 fuccefs. After touching at St Helena, they continued 
 their voyage for England, where they arrived on the 
 Ilth of June 177 i : and on the 29th of Augult the 
 fame year, his majefty teftiiied his approbation of Mr 
 Cook's conduft by appointing him a captain in the navy. 
 On this occafion Mr Cook wifhed to have been advanced 
 to the rank of poft-captain, which though not more pro- 
 fitable than the other, is more honourable ; but this being 
 inconfiflent with the rules of preferment in the navy, 
 the earl of Sandwich, at that lime at the head of the 
 admiralty, could not agree to it. 
 
 Captain Cook was not allowed to remain long in- 
 a£kive. The idea of a fouthern continent had long 
 "been entertained, and Mr Dalrymple had renewed the 
 attention of the public towards the queftion, by his 
 liiftorical colleftion of Toyages to the Pacific ocean, 
 publidied in two quarto volumes, one in 1 770, the 
 other in 1 771. To determine the matter finally, Cap- 
 tain Cook was again fent out : and the objeft of this 
 voyage was not merely to fettle the queftion juit men- 
 tioned, but to extend the geography of the globe to its 
 Btmoft limits. That tlie undertaking might be carried 
 on with the greater advantage, it was determined to 
 employ two fliips, on the choice and equipment of which 
 the utraort attention was beftowed. The fuccefsful 
 voyage which had already been made in the Endeavour, 
 fuggefted the idea of that fliip being a proper model for 
 the two which were to be fcnt out ; and the opinion of 
 Lord Sandwich concurring with the general idea, two 
 veflels, conftvufted by the fame perfon who had built 
 the Endeavour, were putchafed for the voyage. Thefe 
 Tvere about 14 or 16 months old at the time they were 
 purchafed ; and, in the opinion of Captain Cook, were 
 as fit for the purpofe as if they had been but newly built. 
 The larger of the two, of 462 tons burden, was named 
 tlie Refo/ution ; the fmaller, of ^^6 tons, had the name 
 of the Adventure : the complement of men on board 
 the former, of which Captain Cook was commander, 
 being 112; on the latter, commanded by Mr Tobias 
 Furneaux, 81. In their equipment, every article that 
 could be fuppofcd neceffary, however much out of the 
 common line, was procured, and every circumftance 
 that could be fuppofed to contribute to the fuccefs of 
 the voyage was attended to in the mod fcrupulous 
 manner. Befides the ufual ftorcs and provifions, all 
 of which were of the beft kinds, the Ihips were fur- 
 niflied with malt, four krout, failed cabbage, portable 
 foup, falop, muftard, marmalade of carrots, beer, and 
 infpiflated wort. Mr Hodges, an excellent landfcape 
 painter, was engaged to make drawings and painting* 
 of fuch objefls as required them. Mr John Rcinhold 
 Forfter, with his fon, were both engaged, in order to 
 explore and colleft the natural hiflory of the countries 
 through which they pafled ; and laftly, that nothing 
 might be wanting to render the voyage as complete as 
 
 o ] COO 
 
 poflible, Mr William Wales, and Mr William Baylcy Cook, 
 were engaged by the board of longitude to make ce- ""^^ ■* 
 leilial obfervations. They were furniftied with the 
 bell iiiilruments of every kind, and among the reit 
 with four time-pieces ; three conllrufted by Mr Ar» 
 nold, and one by Mr Kendal on Mr Harrifon's prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 At Plymouth Captain Cook received his initruc- 
 tions ; which were not only to fail round the globe, 
 but to fail round it in high foulhern latitudes, and to 
 make fudi traveifes as might finally refolve the queftion 
 concerning the louthern continent. In purfuance of 
 thefe inilrudions he fet fail on the 13th of July 1772, 
 and on the 2.9th of the fame month reached the Ma- 
 deiras. As he proceeded afterwards in his voyage, he 
 made three puncheons of beer from the infpiifated wort 
 carried out along with him, and found it excellently 
 to anlwer the purpofe, provided the material could 
 have been keep without fermentation in its infpiflated 
 flate ; but as this was found impoflible, the expedient 
 feems to have failed. In this voyage, however, the 
 captain ufed with the greateft fuccefs fuch methods as 
 appeared likely to contribute to the prefervation of the 
 health of his men. In rainy weather, he took care 
 that the (hip fhould be aired and dried by means of 
 files made between the decks, the damp places were 
 fmoked,. and the people were ordered to air their bed- 
 ding, and wafli and diy their clothes, whenever an op- 
 portunity offered. Thus he reached the Cape of Good 
 Hope without having a fingle man fick. Having Itft 
 it and kept on his courfe to the fouthward, ho foon 
 began to meet with cold and ftormy weather, by which 
 he loft almoft the whole of his live flock of llieep, hogs, 
 and geefe. The bad cfFefts of this ftormy weather up- 
 on the men were guarded againfl by an addition to 
 their clothing, and giving them a dram on particular 
 occafions. On the lixth of December, being in the 
 latitude of 50° 40', he fell in with iflands of ice, and' 
 continued among them in various latitudes till the 
 17th of January 1773 j when he fet fail for New Zea- 
 land, which he reached on the 37tb. 
 
 The reception of our navigator by the New Zealan- 
 dcrs was now much more friendly than in the former 
 voyage, fo that there were no contefls with the na- 
 tives ; nor did Captain Cook obferve any one of thofe 
 whom he had feen before, neither was there the fmalltft 
 remembrance of former hoftilities. Having ftaid in 
 this country till the 7th of June, our navigators fet 
 fail for Otaheite ; but during the voyage the crews of 
 both (liips were attacked by the fcurvy. Thofe of the 
 Adventure were in a veiy fickly ftale ; the cook was 
 dead, and 28 of her beft men incapable of duty. On 
 board the Refolulion matters were much better ; and 
 the only reafon that could be conjedlured for the dif- 
 ference was, that the people of the Adventure had 
 been in a habit of body more inclined to the fcurvy 
 than thofe of the Refolution, and had eaten fewer vege- 
 tables. Here it was obferved, that the averfion of fea- 
 men to a change of diet is fo great, that it can only 
 be overcome by the fteady and perfevering example ef 
 a commander. While he remained at New Zealand, 
 the captain had difcovered a tree which greatly re- 
 fembled the American black fpruce, Perfuaded, 
 therefore, that it would be attended with effefls 
 
 equally 
 
coo [ 6i 
 
 Cook, equally falutary on the health of the people, he em- 
 » ployed them in brewing beer from it. This was 
 done while they continued at Dulky Bay, in order to 
 fupply the v.'ant of vegetables, which were not to be 
 procured there ; but on removing to Queen Charlotte's 
 Sound, they were more fortunate. Captain Cook hira- 
 felf went to look out for antifcorbutic vegetables ; and 
 returned in a very fliort time with a boat-load of fcurvy- 
 grafs, celery, &c. Thefe were boiled with the peas 
 and wheat ; and though fome of the people difliked 
 them at firft, they foon became fo fenfible of their 
 good effefts, that they cheerfully followed the example 
 of the reft : and the freedom of the crew from the 
 fcurvy and other diftempers was by every one attri- 
 buted to ihe New Zealand fpruce beer and vegetables. 
 From this time forward the captain had fcarce occafion 
 to give orders for gathering vegetables when they came 
 to any land. 
 
 During this voyage Captain Cook experienced ano- 
 ther narrow efcape from (liipwreck. Being becalmed 
 at the dillance of hnlf a league from a reef of rocks 
 near Offiaburgh illand, it was found neceffary to order 
 out the boats to tow off the (hipsj but this was found 
 impoffible. The calm continuing, and the fituation 
 of our navigators becoming every moment more dan- 
 gerous, the captain attempted to get through an 
 opening in the reef which he had judged praiflicable ; 
 but on approaching it^ found that there was not fuf- 
 ficient depth of water ; at the fame time that the 
 draught of the tide through it forced the (hip thither in 
 a manner fcarce to be refilled. One of the warping 
 machines, with about 400 fathoms of rope, was then or- 
 dered o«t, but did not produce any effeft. They were 
 within two cables length of the breakers, and no bot- 
 tom could be "found for calling anchor. Having no 
 other refource, however, they did drop an anchor ; 
 but before it took hold, the Refolution was in lefs 
 than three fathoms water, and ftrack at every fall of 
 the fea, which broke violently clofe under her Hern, 
 threatening deftruftion to every one on board. At 
 Jaft the tide ceafing to aft in the fame direftion, the 
 boats were ordered to try to tovw off the veiTel ; in 
 which being aflirted by the land-breeze, which fortu- 
 nately fprung up at that iniiant, they with much labour 
 fucceeded. 
 
 Having fpent a confiderable time in the South Sea 
 iflands, Captain Cook returned to New Zealand, and 
 from thence fet fail for the fouthern part of the conti- 
 nent of America. Here he explored all the iflands in 
 the neighbourhood, and then returned to England, 
 where he arrived in fafety on the 30lh of July 1774, 
 having been abi'ent three years and 18 days ; and in ail 
 that time loft only one man, who died of a confump- 
 tion probably begun before he fet out on the voy- 
 age- 
 
 The reception our navigator nov; met with was fuit- 
 ed to his merit. He was immediately raifed to the 
 rank of poft-captain, and foon after unanimoufly eleft- 
 ed a member of the Royal Society ; from wliom he 
 received the prize of the gold medal for the bell expe- 
 rimental paper that had appeared throughout the year. 
 It was the cuftom of Sir John Pringle, at the delivery 
 of this medal, annually, to make an elaborate difcourfe, 
 containing the hilfory of that part of fcience for which 
 the raetUl was given ; and, as the fubje^t of Captain 
 
 I ] COO 
 
 Cook's paper (the means of preferving the health of Cook. 
 
 fearaen) was analogous to the profeffion of Sir John ''' 
 Pringle himfelf as a phyfician, he had the greater op- 
 portunity of difplaying his eloquence on the occafion. 
 The fpeech he made was in the higheft degree honour- 
 able to Captain Cook. He remarked, that the fociety 
 had never more meritorioufly beftowed the medal than 
 on the perfon who now received it. " If (fays he) 
 Rome decreed the civic crown to him who faved the 
 lite of a fingle citizen, what wreaths are due to the 
 man who, having himfelf faved many, perpetuates in 
 your Tranfaflions the means by which Britain may 
 now, on the moft diflant voyages, preferve numbers of 
 her intrepid fons, her mariners ; who braving every 
 danger, have fo liberally contributed to the fame, to 
 the opulence, and to the maritime empire of the coun* 
 try ?" Thefe honourable teftimonies of the public re- 
 gard, however, Captain Cook did not receive, being 
 already embarked on another voyage, from which he 
 never returned. 
 
 The third voyage of this celebrated navigator was 
 not undertaken by any exprefs command of his ma- 
 jedy. Captain Cook had already done fo much, that 
 it was thought but reafonable he ftiould now fpend the 
 remainder of his life in quiet ; and in order to enable 
 him to do this in a more comfortable manner, befides 
 his rank of poft-captain in the navy, he was alfo made 
 a captain in Greenwich. Still, however, there were 
 fome points in the fcience of geography which had very 
 much engaged the attention of the public, and were in- 
 deed ot iuch importance as to become a national con- 
 cern. Thefe were to difcovcr the conneftion between 
 Afia and America, and to determine whether there was 
 not a poffibility of ftiortening the paflage to the Eaft 
 Indies by failing round the northern parts of the contf- 
 nents of Europe and Afia. Many attempts, indeed, 
 had already been made by various navigators of differ- 
 ent nations ; but all of them had failed, and, what was 
 worfe, had left the point ftill undetermined. An aft of 
 parliament had been paffed in 1 74 J, by which a reward 
 of 2o,oool. was held out to the Ihips of any of his ma- 
 jefty's (ubjefts for accomplifhing this important voy- 
 age, but without mentioning any thing of thofe be- 
 longing to his majefty ; and this reward W'as further 
 confined to the finding out of the north-weft paffage 
 to the Eaft Indies through Hudfon's bay. In the 
 yvjar 1776, however, both the errors juft mentioned 
 were correfted. It was now enafted, " That if any 
 (hip belonging to any of his majefly's fubjefts, or to 
 his majefty, (hall find out, and fail through, any paf- 
 fage by lea between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, 
 in any direftion or parallel of the northern hemifphere, 
 to the northward of the 5 2d degree of northern lati- 
 tude ; the owners of fuch (hips if belonging to any 
 of his majcfty's fubjefts, or the commanders, officers, 
 and feamen, of fuch (hip belonging to his in;ijefty, 
 (hall receive, as a reward for fuch difcovery, the futa 
 of 20,0C0l. 
 
 It was not, as has already been hinted, now deem- 
 ed proper to folicit Captain Cock to undergo fre(h 
 dangers by undertaking a voyage of this kind ; ne- 
 verthelefs, as he was univerfuily looked upon to be 
 the fitteft perfon in the kingdom for the purpofe, the 
 eyes of every one were tacitly fixed upon him : he 
 was confulled on- every thing relating to it, and foli- 
 4 H 2 cited 
 
Gook. 
 
 COO [ 6i 
 
 c'ie6 to naire ihe perfon whom lie judged moft proper 
 to conduft it. To determine this point, Captain Cook, 
 Sir Hugh Pallifer, and Mr Stephens, were invited to 
 the houfe of Lord Sandwich to dinner ; where, btfides 
 the confideiation of the proper officer for conducing 
 the expedition, many things were faid concerning the 
 nature of the defign. They enlarged upon its gran- 
 deur and dignity, its conftquences to navigation and 
 fcience, and the completenefs it would give to the 
 whole fyflera of difcoveries ; until at laft Captain Cook 
 was fo much ir.flamed by the reprefen;.-.tion of the im- 
 portance of the voyage, that he ftarted up, and declared 
 that he would conduft it himfelf. This was what the 
 parlies preftnt had defired, and probably exptfted ; 
 )iis offer was therefore inftantly laid before the king, 
 end Captain Cook appointed commander of the ex- 
 pedition by the loth of FLbruary 1776. A. the fame 
 time it \vas agreed, that on his return from the voyage, 
 Jie fliould be reftored to his place at Greenwich ; and 
 if no vacancy occurred during the interval, the officer 
 who fucceeded him was to refign in liis favour. The 
 inftiuflion^ he now received were, that he ftiould at- 
 tempt the high latitudes between the continents of 
 Afia and America, and if portible return to England 
 along the northern coafls of Afia and Europe. This 
 was moft probably the refult of the captain's own deli- 
 berations, and what had been fuggeftcd by him to Lord 
 Sandwich and other people in power. He was parti- 
 cularly defired to fail firft iiito the Pacific ocean through 
 the chain of newly difcovered iflands which ht had 
 lately vifitsd. After having croffed the equator, and 
 pnffed into the northern parts of the ocean juft men- 
 tioned, he vras then to hold fuch a courfe as might 
 tend to fettle many interefiing points of geography, 
 and produce fome intermediate difcoveries, before he 
 arrived at the main fcene of operation. Vvlth regard 
 to this principal objcfl, he was ordered, immediately 
 on his arrival on the coaft of New Albion, to proceed 
 northward as far as the latitude of 65 degreea|^without 
 lofing any time in exploring creeks or rivers previous 
 to his arrival in that latitude ; and for his further en- 
 couragement, the aft of 1745, offering a premium for 
 the difcovery of the paffage, was amended in the man- 
 lier above mentioned. That nothing might be want- 
 ing which could promole the fuccefs cf the grand ex- 
 pedition, Lieutenant Pickeifgill was fi.nt out, in 1776, 
 ivitli direflions to explore the coafts of BafRn's bay ; 
 vind the next year Lieutenant Young wms commiffioned 
 not only to examine the weflern parts of that bay, but 
 to endeavour to find a paffage on that fide from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific ocean. Nothing, however, was 
 performed by either of thefe gentlemen' which in the 
 lead could promote Captain Cook's fuccefs. Two 
 ■yeffels were provided as in the former voysge, viz. the 
 Refolution and the Difcovery ; the command of the 
 former being given to Captain Cook, and of the latter 
 to Captain Charles Clerke. The only thing in which 
 the appoin'ment of the Difcovery differed from that 
 cf the Refolution was,^ that the former had no marine 
 officer on board. Every degree of attention was be- 
 llowed, as in the former voyage, upon the proper 
 \ii5lualling and other peceffarics for the two fliips j 
 and that the inhabitants of thofe countries which our 
 navigator intended to vifit might derive fome perma- 
 nent benefit from the intercourfe ihey had with him, 
 
 2 ] COO 
 
 it was determined- to fend abroad a breed of domenic Cook 
 animals, ahd likewife a quantity of ufeful feeds, to be ' ' v^ 
 left in proper places. With this view, a bull, tub 
 cows with their calves, and feveral flieep, with hay and 
 corn for their fubfiftence, were taken on board ; and 
 it was likewife propofed to take in ethers at the Cape 
 of Good Hope. A large affurtment of iron tools and 
 trinkets was alfo fcnt out ; and, in iliort, every thin^ 
 that could be judged proper either to conciliate the 
 good will of the natives or to prove ferviceable to 
 them, was provided for the voyage, as well as every 
 convenience for the fliips companies. In the former 
 voyage Cap'.ain Cook had brought along with Kim a 
 native of one of the South fea iflands, named Omaif 
 who rcfided in England during the interval bctw2t::« 
 the fecond and third voyages, and was now happy at 
 getting £n opportunity of returning to his own coan*. 
 try. Though he could by no means complain of the. 
 entertainment he had met with in England, ll;e idea 
 of returning home loaded with treafure, which might 
 enable him to make a figure among his countrymen, 
 foon overcame all uneafy fenfations, which the leaving 
 of his Englifli' friends might excite. His raajefty had. 
 taken care to fumiih him with every thing that could, 
 poffibly be of ufe when he came to his native country ;. 
 and he had befides received feveral valuable prefents 
 from Lord Sandwich, Sir Jofeph Banks, and feveral- 
 ladies and gentlemen of his acquaintance ; fo that 
 nothing was omitted which could poffibly be done to 
 convey, by his means, to the inhabitants of the Soutli. 
 Sea iOands, an idea of the Britilh power and great- 
 uefs. 
 
 Every thing being prepared for the voyage, our na- 
 vigator fet fail from the Nore on the 25th of June- 
 1776 ; but by reafon of fome delay in receiving his in- 
 ftruftions, did not leave Plymouth till the I2th of July. 
 He had not been long at fea before he began his ope- 
 rations for preferving the health of his people; which 
 were found equally efficacious in this as in the for- 
 mer voyage. Finding his flock of provender for the 
 animals on board likely to run fhort, he touched at 
 TenerilTe, in order to procure a fupply, having judged 
 that to be a mere proper place than Madeira for the 
 purpofe. On failing from thence h» ran a great rifk 
 of running upon fome funk rocks on the iiland of- 
 Bonavifta ; but in this, as well as on other occa- 
 fions of danger, he behaved with the fame judgment,, 
 coolnefs, and prefence of mind, that diflinguilhed him 
 throughout the whole courfe of his life. On the I2th 
 of Aiigufl he arrived before Port Prava, in one of 
 the Cape de Verd iflands named S! Jogo S but not 
 finding it neceffary to go in there, he continued his 
 voyage to the foulhward. The weather now be- 
 coming gloomy and rainy, required a continuance of 
 the methods he had already praflifed for preferving 
 the health of his people ; and, as formerly, they were 
 attended with the grealefl fuccefs. In this voyage,, 
 the effeft of thefe precautions was the more remark- 
 able, as at this time the fcams of the vefftl were opened 
 to fuch a degree as to admit the rain, fo that fcarce 
 any perfon on board could lie dry in his bed ; and all 
 the officers in the gun-room were driven out of their 
 cabins by the water which came through the fides.. 
 Such was the humanity of the commander, however,, 
 that while the Ihips continued at fea, he would not 
 
 truft 
 
coo [ 6i 
 
 C»ok. truft tlie workmen over their fides to repair the de- 
 ' fefts, though caulkers were employed in the infide as 
 loon as fettled weather returned. On the ill of 
 September our navigators crofled the equator, and on 
 the 1 8th of Oftober anchored in Table bay at the 
 Cape of Good Hope. Here they met with a violent 
 tempeft, the cffei5ls of which were felt both on fea and 
 land. It laded three days, and the Refolution was the 
 only lliip in the bay that rode out the ftorm without 
 dragging her anchors. On fnore the tents and obfer- 
 vatory were dcflroyed, and the aftronomical quadrant 
 narrowly efcaped irreparable damage. The Difcovery, 
 which had been fome time later in failing from Eng- 
 land, was driven off the coaft, and did not arrive till 
 the I oth of November. 
 
 While they remained in this place, a difafter happen- 
 ed which threatened the lofs of moft of their live Itock. 
 The bulls and two cows had been put aftiore to graze 
 among other cattle ; but Captain Cook had been advi- 
 fed to keep the (heep, 1 6 in number, near the tents, 
 where they were penned in every night. Some dogs 
 having got in among them in the night- time, killed 
 four, and difperfed the reft. Six of them were reco- 
 vered the next day, but the two rams and two of the 
 fineftewes in the flock were miffing. The captain applied 
 to Baron Plettenberg the governor ; but all his endea- 
 vours were unfuccetsful, until he employed fome of the 
 meancft and loweft of the people, fellows whofe cha- 
 rafter was, that for a ducatoon they would cut their 
 mafter's throat, burn the houfe over his head, and bury 
 him and his whole family in afhes. This is mentioned as 
 an inftance how far the boafted policy of the Dutch go- 
 vernment at the Cape of Good Hope falls ftiort of its 
 alleged peifeftion. After all, two of the finefl: ewes 
 in the llock were miffing, and never could be recover- 
 ed. The captain, therefore, to repair this lofs, and 
 to make an addition to his original flock, purchafed 
 two young bulls, two ftone horfes, two mares, two 
 heifers, two rams, feveral ewes and goats, with fome 
 rabbits and poultry J when, having finiflied all his bu- 
 fmefs, he fet fail on the 30th of November, though it 
 was not till the 3d of December that he got clear of 
 land. Soon after his putting to fea, he had the mif- 
 fortune to lofe feveral of the goats, efpecially the males, 
 together with fome Iheep ; and it was with the utmoil 
 difficulty that the reft of the cattle were preferved, by 
 reafon of the Ihip toffing and tumblrng about in a very 
 heavy fea. Having explored fome defolateiflands in the 
 fouthern feas, Captain Cook fet fail for New Zealand. 
 During this part of the voyage, our navigators were 
 involved in fo thick a fog, that, according to the au- 
 thors of Captain Cook's life, " they failed 300 leagues 
 in the dark." The firft land they afterwards reached 
 was New Holland ; where having remained till the 30th 
 of January 1777, they fet fail for New Zealand, and on 
 the I 2lh of February they anchored in ^ueen Charlotte's 
 Sound. Here the people were ftiy and timorous, on 
 account of their having formerly dellroyed 10 of Cap- 
 tain Furneaux's people, who had been fent aftiore to 
 j;ather vegetables. The caufe of the quarrel could not 
 be known, as none of the party were left alive to tell 
 the news. Lieutenant Burney, who went afhore in 
 ^ueft of them, found only fome fragments of their bo- 
 dies J from which it appeared that they had been kill. 
 
 3 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 ed and eaten by the favages. It was not the Intention Cook. 
 of Captain Cook, at this diftance of time, to refent the *~'"V-~ 
 injury ; he even refufed to put to death a chief named 
 Kahoora, who, as he was informed by the natives them- 
 felves, had killed Mr Rowe the commander of the p:.r- 
 ty. He was, however, particularly careful that ni> 
 opportunity fliould now be given the favages of com- 
 mitting fuch an aflion with impunity j and with this 
 view a boat was never fent on fhore v\\iLhout being well 
 armed, and the men under the command of fuch offi- 
 cers as could be depended upon. The New Zealanders 
 were no fooner aifured of Captain Cook's pacific dif- 
 pofition, than they threw afide their fears and fufpi- 
 cions, and entered into a commercial intercourfe with 
 the people. It would have been the lefs excufablc ia 
 Captain Cook to have revenged at this time the n:af- 
 facre of Mr Kowe's party, as he was affured that the 
 quarrel originated from fome petty thefts of the favages, 
 which were too haftily relented on the part of the Bri- 
 tifti ; and bad it not been for this, no mifchief would 
 liave happened. 
 
 On the ZjtU of February our navigator left New 
 Zealand, taking with him, at the requeft of Omai, 
 two boys, the eldell about 18 and the youngeft about 
 10. Thefe were foon cured of their paffion for tia- 
 velling, being both violently fca-fick ; but as it was 
 then too late to repent, they exprefied their grief in 
 loud and almoft conlinual lamentation ; and this in a 
 kind of fong which feemed to conCft of the praifes of 
 their native coimtry, whence they were new to be fe- 
 paraled for ever. Ey degrees, however, the fea fick- 
 nefs abated, their lamentations became lefs frequent, 
 and at laft ceafed entirely ; their native country was 
 forgotten, and they appeared to be as firmly attached 
 to their new friends the Engjifli as if they had been 
 born among them. 
 
 So much time was now fpent in falling up and down 
 m the Pacific ocean, where feveral new iflands were 
 difcovered,-that Captain Cook judged it impofuble to 
 accompiifh any thing for this year in the high northern 
 latitudes ; for which reafon he determined to bear awsy 
 for the Friendly iflands, in order to fupply himfeif 
 with thofe neceffaries which he had found impoffible 
 to be got at any of the iflands which he had juft dilco- 
 vered. In his run thither feveral new iflands were vi- 
 fited ; and in profecuting thefe difcoveries our naviga- 
 tor once more narrowly efcaped bcir.g fliipwrecktd. 
 The danger at this time arofe from a low fandy iflaiul, 
 which the Refolution was very near running upon. 
 From this fhe was only faved by tlie circumftance of 
 all the men havuig been accidentally called upon dec'; 
 to put the vefTel about, and moft oF them being at their 
 ftations when the danger was difcovered. Soon after 
 this both Ihips firuck upon fome funk coral rocks, but 
 happily were got off without damage. 
 
 After a ftay of between two and three nionlhr. 
 Captain Cook took leave of the Friendly iflands on the 
 13th of July 1777; and on the l2th of Augull 
 reached Otaheite, where he introduced Omai to his 
 country people, and whofe reception by them is par- 
 ticularly related under the next article. Here the 
 captain found the people of Otaheite ready to engage 
 in a war with thofe of Eimeo ; but though ftron^ly 
 folicited by the former to affift thera in an expedition 
 
 agaiiifk 
 
Cook. 
 
 COO [6 
 
 agalnll their enemies, he refufed to take any concern 
 in the aff.iir, alleging, by way of excufe, that the 
 people of ILimeo had never offended him. This feemed 
 to iatisfy moll of the chiefs ; but one, named Towka, 
 was fo much difpleafcd^ that Captain Cook could ne- 
 ver regain his favour. He even threatened, that as 
 foon as the captain fliould be gone, he would make 
 war upon Otoo, one of the princes of thefe iilands whom 
 he knew to be in llrift friendihip with him ; but from 
 this he was deterred 'by the captain's threatening to 
 return and chaftife hira if he made any fuch attempt. 
 As a mark of Otoo's friendship, he gave our navigator 
 a canoe, which he deflred him to carry to the king of 
 Britain, having nothing elfe, as he faid, worth his ac- 
 ceptance. 
 
 From Otaheite Captain Cook proceeded to Eimeo, 
 %vhere, on account of fome thefts committed by the 
 native?, he was obliged to commence hoAilities, by 
 burning a number of their war canoes, and even fome 
 houfes. Thefe tranfaflions. gave him much concern ; 
 and the more that he had been fo much folicited to 
 make war on thefe people by his friends at Otaheite, 
 to whofe intreaties he had refufed to lirten. From 
 Fimeo he proceeded to Huaheine, where he faw Omai 
 finally fettled, and left with him the two New Zealand 
 youths already mentioned. The youngeft of thefe was 
 fo much attached to the Engliili, that it was neceffary 
 to carry him out of the Ihip and put him afhore by 
 force. During his ftay on this ifland, the captain was 
 obliged to punifh a thief with greater feverity than he 
 had ever done before, viz, by caufmg his head and 
 ber.rd to be (liaved, and his ears cut off. Some other 
 difagreeable tranfaflions took place, particularly the 
 defertion of two of his people, who were not recovered 
 without the greateft difficulty. In the coutfe of his 
 exertions for their recovery, he found it neceiTary to 
 detain the fon, daughter, and fon-in-law, of the chief 
 of an iflac-d named Gtaho. This had almoli produced 
 very icrious confequences, the natives having formed 
 a plot for carrying off Captain Cook himfelf, as well 
 as Captain Clerke and Mr Gore. With regard to the 
 commander, they were difappointed by his own cau- 
 tion and vigilance : but MefTrs Clerke and Gore were 
 in particular danger •, and it was only owing to the 
 circumftance ol one of them having a piftol in his hand 
 as they walked together on fliore, that they were not 
 fcized. 
 
 Having left the Society iflands, and difcovered 
 a new group, which in homJur of his patron the 
 -earl of Sandwich, our commander named the Sand- 
 •voich IJles, he fet out on the ad of January 1778 on 
 his voyage northward. In this he was very fuccefs- 
 ful, afcertaining the vicinity of the continents of Afia 
 and America, which had never been done, or but very 
 imperfeflly, before. From thefe defolate regions he 
 returned to the ifland of Oonalafhka ; whence, having 
 refitted and taken in provifions, he returned to the 
 fouthward, and on the 26th of November reached 
 the Sandwich iflands, wheie he difcovered a new one 
 named Mowee, and on the 30th of the fame month 
 another of much larger extent, named 0-why-lee, Se- 
 ven weeks were fpent in exploring the coafts of this 
 ifland ; and during all this time he continued to have 
 the moft friendly interconrfe with the people, who, 
 however, appeared to be much more numerous and 
 
 14 ] COO 
 
 powerful than thofe of any ifland our navigators had 
 yet touched at. Several of the chiefs and principal' 
 people had attached themfelves greatly to the com- 
 mander, and in general the people appeared to be 
 much more honell in their difpofitions than any whom 
 he had ever vifited. But by the time he had finiflicd 
 his circumnavigation of the ifland, and call anchor 
 in a bay called Karaiatooa, matters were greatly al- 
 tered. An univcrfal difpoiition to theft and plunder 
 had now taken place ; and in this it was evident that 
 the common people were encouraged by their chiefs, 
 who fliared the booty with them. Still, however, no 
 hoflilities were commenced : the greateft honours we(c 
 paid to the commander ; and, on his going alhore, he 
 was received with ceremonies little ftiort of adoration. 
 A vaft quantity of hogs snd other provifions were 
 procured for the fliips ; and on the 4tk of February 
 1779, they left the ifland, not without mofl magni- 
 ficent prelents from the chiefs, and fuch as they hsd 
 never before received in any part of the world. Un- 
 luckily they met with a ftorm on the lixth and feventh 
 of the fame month ; during which the Refolution 
 fprung the head of her foremaft in fuch a manner that 
 they were obliged to retuin to Karakakooa bay to 
 have it repaired. As they returned. Captain Cook 
 had an opportunity of fhowing his humanity to the 
 people, by the relief he afforded to fome of their canoes 
 which had fufFered in the (lorm. The fame friendly 
 intercourfe which had formerly been held with the na- 
 tives now commenced, and Captain Cook was treated 
 with the ufual honours ; but on the 13th of this month 
 it was unhappily broken off on the following account. 
 One of the natives being dettfted in Healing the 
 tongs from the armourei's forge in the Difcovery, wa» 
 difmilTed with a pretty fevere tlogging; but this example 
 was fo far from being attended with any good effeft, 
 that in the afternoon another, having fnatched up the 
 tongs and a chifTel, jumped overboard with them and 
 iWam for the fhore. The mafter and roidfhipman were 
 inflantly difpatched in purfuit of him ; but he efcaped 
 on board a canoe, which paddled away fo quickly that 
 the cutter could not come near it. A chief named Pa- 
 reah, who was at this lime on board the Refolution, urj- 
 derltanding what had happened, promifed to go afliore, 
 and get back the ftolen goods ; but before this could 
 be done, the thief had made his efcape into the coun* 
 try. Captain Cook, who was at that time afliore, 
 had endeavoured to intercept the canoe when it land- 
 ed, but was led out of the way by fome of the na- 
 tives who pretended to be his guides. The tongs and 
 chiffel, however, were brought back to the mailer as 
 he advanced to the landing place, but he being nov» 
 joined by fome of the reft of the people in the pin- 
 nace, could not be falisfied with the recovery of the 
 ftolen goods, but infifted upon having the thief or the 
 canoe which carried hira by way of reprifal. Oa 
 his preparing to launch this lad into the water, he was 
 interrupted by Pareah, who infifted that it was his 
 property, and that he fh.uld not take it away. As 
 the officer paid no regard to his rtmcnllrances, Pa- 
 reah, who feems to have been a very Itrong man, fci- 
 zed him, pinioned his arras behind, and held him 
 fafl by the hair of the head. On tnis one of the faiiors 
 llruck the chief with an oar ; on which, quilting the 
 officer, he inflantly fnatched the oar out of the man's 
 
 hand, 
 
 Cook 
 
 <- 
 
coo [ 6i 
 
 hand, and broke it in two acrofs his knee. The In- 
 ' dians then attacked the failors with floncs, and foon 
 drove them to their boats, to which they were forced 
 to fwim, as they lay at fome diftance from the (hore. 
 The ofhcers who could not fwim letired to a fmall 
 rock, where they were clofely purfucd by the Indians j 
 and here the mafter narrowly efcaped with his life, 
 till Pareah returned and obliged the Indians to give 
 over their attacks. The gentleman, fenfible that Pa- 
 reah 's prefence alone could proteft them, entreated 
 him to remain with them till they could be brought 
 off in the boats. On his refufal, the mafter fet out to 
 the place where the obfervalories had been erefled, for 
 farther affillance ; but Pareah, who met him, and fuf- 
 pcfted his errand, obliged him to return. In the 
 mean time the multitude had begun to break in pieces 
 the pinnace, after having taken every thing out of her 
 that was loofe : on the return of Pareah, however, 
 they were again dilperfed, and fome of the oars re- 
 flored, after which the gentlemen were glad to get off 
 in fafety. Before they reached the (hip Pareah over- 
 took them in a canoe, and delivered the middiipman's 
 cap which had been taken from him in the fcufRe ; he 
 alio joined nofes with thtm in token of friendihip, and 
 defired to know whether Captain Cook would kill him 
 on account of what had happened. They affured 
 him that he would not, and made figns of reconcilia- 
 tion on their part. On this he left them and pad- 
 dled over to the town of Kavaroah ; and that was the 
 laft time that he was feen by the Englirti. In the night- 
 time the fentinels were much alarmed by (hrill and 
 melancholy founds from the adjacent villages, which 
 they took to be the lamentations of the women. Next 
 day it was found that the large cutter uf the Difco- 
 very had been carried off in the night-time ; on which 
 Captain Cook ordered the launch and fmall cutter to 
 go under the command of the fecond lieutenant, and 
 to lie off the eaft point of the bay in order to intercept 
 v'l the canoes that might attempt to get out, and if 
 neceffary to fire upon them. The third lieutenant of 
 the Refolution was difpatched to the weftern part of 
 the bay on the fame fervice ; while the mader was 
 fent in purfuit of a large double canoe already under 
 fail, and making ;he heft of her way out of the har- 
 bour. He foon came up with her, and by firing a 
 few (hots, obliged her to run on (hore, and the In- 
 dians to leave her. This was the canoe belonging to 
 a chief named Ornea, whofe perfon was reckoned 
 equally facred with that of the king ; and to the ne- 
 gleft of fecuring him we may attribute the fucceeding 
 difafter. Captain Cook now formed the refolution of 
 going in perfon to feize the king himfelf in his capi- 
 tal of Kavaroah ; and as there was reafon to fuppofe 
 that he had fled, it was his defign to fecure the large 
 canoes, which on that account he caufed to he hauled 
 up on the beach. With this view he left the (hip 
 about feven o'clock in the morning of Sunday the 14th 
 of Fcbiuary, being attended by the lieutenant of ma- 
 nnes, a feijeant, corporal, and feven private men. 
 The crew of the pinnace, under the command of Mr 
 Roberts, were a!fo armed : and as they rowed towards 
 the fliore, the captain ordered the launch to leave her 
 ftation, at the oppofite point of the bay, in order to 
 affift his own boat. Having landed with the marines 
 at the upper end of the town, the Indians flocked 
 
 5 ] 
 
 c o o 
 
 round hira, and prolKated themfelves before him. No Cook, 
 fign of hoftilily, nor even much alarm, appeared ; the » 
 king's fons waited on the commander as foon as he 
 fent for them, and by their means he was introduced ^ 
 
 to the king, who readily confented to go on board ; 
 but in a little time the Indians began to arm them- 
 felves with long fpearf, clubs, and daggers, and to 
 put on thick mats which they ufe as defcnfive armour. 
 This hodile appearance was greatly augmented by an 
 unlucky piece of news which was juft now brought by 
 a canoe, viz. that one of the Indian chiefs had been 
 killed by the people in the Difcovery's boats. On this 
 the women, who had hitherto fat on the beach con- 
 verfing familiarly, and taking their breakfafts, re- 
 moved, and a confufed murmur ran through the 
 crowd. An old priel^ now appeared with a cocoa-nut 
 in his hand, which he held out as a prefent to Captain 
 Cook, finging all the while, and making a molt 
 troubleforae noife, as if he meant to divert the attention 
 of the captain and his people from obferving the mo- 
 tions of the Indians, who were now everywhere put- 
 ting on their arm.our. Captain Cook beginning to 
 think his fituation dangerous, ordered the lieutenant 
 of the marines to march towards the fliore, as he 
 himfelf did, having all the while hold of the king's 
 hand, who very readily accompanied him, attended 
 by bis wife,- two fons, and feveial chiefs. The In- 
 dians made a lane for them to pafs ; and as the di- 
 ftance they had to go was only about 50 or 60 yards, 
 and the boats lay at no more than five or fix yardS' 
 diftance from land, there was not the leaft apprchtn- 
 fion of the cataftrophe which enfued. The king's- 
 yeungefl fon Keowa went on board the pinnace with- 
 out the leaft htfitalion, and the king was about to 
 follow, when his wife threw her arms about his neck, 
 and, with the afliftance of two chiefs, forced him to 
 fit down. The captain might now have fafely got 
 aboard, but did not immediately relinquilh the defign 
 of taking the king along with him. Finding at laft, 
 however, that this could not be accompliflied with- 
 out a great deal of bloodflied, he was on the point of" 
 giving orders for the people to reimbark, when one 
 of the Indians threw a ftone at him. This infult v.'as 
 returned by the captain, who had a double barrelled 
 piece, by a difcharge of fmall (hot from one of the bar- 
 rels. This had little tffe£i, as the man had a thick 
 mat before him ; and as he now brandithed his fpear, 
 the captain knocked him down with his muflcet. The 
 king's fon, Keowa, ftill remaining in the pinnace, 
 the detaining him would have been a great check up- 
 on the Indians ; but unluckily Mr Roberts, who com- 
 manded the pinnace, fet him a(hore at his own re- 
 queft foon after the firft fire. In the mean time ano- 
 ther Indian was obferved in the aft of brandifhing his 
 fpear at the commander ; who thereupon was obliged 
 to fire upon him in his own defence. Miffing his 
 aim, however, he killed one clofe by his fide : upon 
 which the ferjeant obferving that he bad miffed the 
 man he aimed at, received orders to fire alfo, which 
 he did, and killed him on the fpot. This repreffed 
 the foreraoft of the Indians, and made them fall back 
 in a body ; but they were urged on again by thofe be- 
 hind, and difcharged a volley of ftones among the ma- 
 rines, who immediately returned it by a general dil^ 
 charge of their mufkets 3 and this was inftantly follow- 
 ed 
 
coo 
 
 r ^i5 ] 
 
 coo 
 
 Cook, ed by a fire from the boats. CaptMn Cook expreffed 
 • his aflonifhment at their firing, waved his hand to 
 them to ceafe, and called to the people in the boats 
 to come nearer to receive the marines. This order 
 was obeyed by Mr Roberts ; but the lieutenant who 
 commanded the launch, in{lead of coming nearer, put 
 off to a greater diftance ; and by this prepofterous 
 conduft deprived the unfortunate commander of the 
 only chance he had for his life : for now the Indians, 
 exafperated by the fire of the marines, rufhed in upon 
 them and drove them into the water, leaving the cap- 
 tain alone spon the rock. A fire indeed was kept up 
 by both boats ; but the one was too far off, and the 
 other crowded with the marines, fo that they could 
 not diredV their fire with proper effeft. Captain. Cook 
 \vas then obferved making for the pinnace, carrying 
 liis mufltet under his arm, and holding his other hand 
 on the back-part of his head to guard it from the 
 flones. An Indian was feen following him, but with 
 narks of fear, as he flopped once or twice feemingly 
 undetermined to proceed. At laft he ftruck the cap- 
 tain on the back of the head with a club, and then 
 precipitately retreated. Tlie latter daggered a few paces, 
 and then fell on his hand and one knee, and dropped his 
 mu&et. Before he could recover himt'elf, another In- 
 dian ftabbed him with a dagger in the neck, though 
 Hill without putting an end to his life. He then fell 
 into a pool of water knee-deep, where others crowded 
 upon him: but ftill he ftruggled violently with them, 
 got up his head, and looked towards the pinnace as 
 if foliciting afiilfaiice. The boat was not above five 
 or fix yards diitanl ; but fuch was the confufed and 
 crowded ftate of the crew, that no affillance could be 
 given him. The Indians then got him under again, 
 but in a deeper water, though he ftill continued to ftrug- 
 vgle, and once more got his head up4 but being quite 
 Jpent he turned towards the rock as if to fupport 
 himfelf by it, when a favage ftruck him with a club, 
 which probably put an end to his life, as he was never 
 feen to ftruggle any more. The favages hauled his 
 lifelefs body upon the rocks, and ufed it in the moft 
 barbarous manner, fnatching the daggers out of one 
 another's hands, in order to have the pleafure of 
 mangling it. Tf any thing could add to the misfor- 
 tune of this celebrated navigator's death, it was, that 
 even his mangled remains were not faved from the 
 hands of the barbarians. The lieutenant already 
 mentioned, who, by his removing to a diftance when 
 ■ he ought to haxe come on ftiore, feemed to have been 
 the occafion of his death, returned on board without 
 making any attempt to recover his body; though it 
 appeared from the teftimonies of four or five midftiip- 
 raen who arrived foon after at the fatal fpot, that 
 the beach was almoft deferted by the Indians, they 
 hiving at laft yielded to the continual fire from the 
 boats. The officer alleged in his own excufe for re- 
 moving at firft from the ftiore, that he miftook the 
 fionals ; but be this as it will, the complaints againft 
 him were fo many and fo great, that Captain Gierke 
 was obliged publicly to take notice of them, and to 
 take the depcfitions of his accufers in writing. — Thefe 
 papers, howtver, were not found, and it is fuppofed 
 that the captain's bad fta • of health had induced him 
 to deftroy 'them. Afer all, we are informed that, 
 in the opinion o: Capla''n Philips who commanded 
 
 the marines, it is very doubtful whether any effe£iual 
 relief could have been given to the commander, even ' 
 if no miftake had been committed on the part of the 
 lieutenant. The author of all the mifchief was Pa- 
 reah, the chief already mentioned, who had employ- 
 ed people to fteal the boat in the night-time. The 
 king was entirely innocent both of the theft and th« 
 murder of Captain Cook ; but the latter was perpe- 
 trated by fonie chiefs who were his near relations. 
 The chief who firft ftruck him with a club was na- 
 med Karimans raha, and he who ftabbed him with the 
 dagger was called Nooah. Tlie latter, Mr Samvvell, 
 from whofe narrative this account is taken, obferves, 
 was flout and tall, had a fierce look and demeanour, 
 and united in his perfon the two properties of ftrenglh 
 and agility more than he had ever obferved in any other 
 perfon. — Both of them were held in great eftimation by 
 their countrymen on account of the hand they had ia 
 his death. 
 
 By reafon of the barbarous difpofition of the Indians, 
 it was found impofliWe to recover Captain Cook's body 
 after the firft opportunity already mentioned was loft. By 
 dint of threats and negociations, however, fome of the 
 principal parts were procured with great drfficulty ; by 
 which means the navigators were enabled to perform 
 the laft offices to their much refpe£fed commander, 
 Thefe being put into a coffin, and the ftrvice read 
 over them, were committed to the deep with the ufual 
 military honours on the 2ift of Febrr.nry 1779. Soon 
 after his death a letter was iffued by M. de Sartine, 
 fecretary to the marine department of France, and lent 
 to all the commanders of French ftiips, importing, 
 that Captain Cook fliould be treated as the commander 
 of a neutral and allied power ; and that all captains 
 of armed veiTels who might meet with him, ftiould 
 make him acquainted with the king's orders, but at 
 the fame lime let him know, that on his part he 
 muft refrain from hoftilities. This humane and gene- 
 rous proceeding,, with regard to France, originate'^ 
 from M. Turgot ; but the thought feems firft to have 
 ftruck Dr Franklin. Thus much at leaft is certain, 
 that the dodlor, while ambaffador from the United 
 States, wrote a circular letter to the American naval 
 commanders fomething to the purport of that already 
 mentioned ; but in this he was not fupported by Con- 
 grefs ; for an edift was inftantly iffued, that fpecial care 
 fliould be taken to feize Captain Cook if an oppor- 
 tunity of doing it occurred. The Spaniards proceed- 
 ed in the fame manner, and both afted on a princi- 
 ple equally mean and abfurd, that the obtaining a 
 knowledge of the weftern coaft of America, or of a 
 northern paffage into the Pacific ocean, might be at- 
 tended with fome bad confequence to their refpeftive 
 flates. 
 
 Captain Cook was a man of plain addrefs and ap- 
 . pearance, but well looked, and upwards of fix feet 
 high. His head was fmall, and he wore his hair, 
 which was brown, tied behind. His face was full of 
 expreffion j his nofe exceedingly well fliaped ; his eyes, 
 which were fmall and of a brown caft, were quick 
 and piercing ; his eyebrows prominent, which gave 
 his countenance altogether an air of aufterity. Not- 
 withftanding this, it was impoffible for any one to ex- 
 cel him in humanity, as is evident from the whole te- 
 nor of his behaviour both to his own people and the 
 
 many 
 
 Cook. 
 
coo 
 
 [ 6i 
 
 •Cook, many favage nations vv'ah whom lie had occafion to in- 
 
 — V ' tertere. 1 liis amiable property difcoveved itfelf even in 
 
 the final catailrophe of his life ; his uLmoll care being 
 direfted to the prefervation of his people, and the pro- 
 curing ihenj a fafe retreat to their boats. And it can- 
 not be enough lamented, that he who took fo much 
 care of others, fliould have perilhed In fuch a miferable 
 manner for want of being properly fupporled ty them. 
 •The perfeverance with which he putfued every objeifl 
 which happened to be pointed out as his duty was un- 
 equalled. Nothing ever could divert him Irozn what 
 he had once undertaken; and he perfevered in the 
 inidit of dangers and ditlicukies which would have dil- 
 Lear.tened perfons of very confiderable ftrength and 
 fiimnefs of mind. For this he was adapted by nature, 
 having a flrong coniiilution, inured to labour, and ca- 
 -pable of undergoing the greatell hardships. His llo- 
 mach boie without difficulty the coarfelt and molt 
 ungrateful food j and he fubmitted to every kind of 
 felf-denial with the greatelt indilTercnce. To this 
 Itrength of conftitulion he joined an invincible forti- 
 tude of mind, of which the circumnavigation of Ne^v 
 .Holland, and his voyage towards the South ^Pole, tur- 
 ntlh innumerable inltances. He was nial'tcr of hira- 
 felf on every trying occafion ; and the greater the 
 emergency, the greater always appeared his calmncls 
 and recolleftion ; fo that in the moft dangerous filuii- 
 tions, after giving proper diiedlions to his people, he 
 could lleep foundly tile hours that he had allotted to 
 hliufeif. That he pofTefied genius in an eminent de- 
 gree cannot be quel^ioued ; his invention was ready, 
 and capable not only of fuggeiVing the moft noble ob- 
 Joils of purfuit, but the moll proper methods of at- 
 taining them. His knowledge of his own profeflioa 
 was unequalled ; and to this he added a very coniider- 
 able proiiciency in other fciences. In aftronomy, he 
 became fo eminent, that he was at length enabled to 
 take the lead in makiiig the aftronomical obfervations 
 .during the courfe of his voyages. In general learning 
 he likewife attained to fuch a proficiency as to be able 
 to exprefs himfelf with clearneis and propriety; and 
 thus became refpeftable as the narrator, as well as the 
 performer, of great actions. He was a;: excellent huf- 
 hand and father, finccre and Ifeady in his frienddiip, 
 nnd poffcfled of a general fobriety and virtue of charac- 
 ter. In converfation he was unafii";<3ed and unaiTum- 
 ing ; rather backward in puiliing difcourfe, but oblig- 
 ing and communicative to thofe who willied for infor- 
 mation : and he was dillinguilhed by a fimpiicity of 
 manners almoft univerfally the attendant of truly great 
 men. With all thtfe amiable qualities, the captain 
 : was occafionally lubjeiS to a haftinefs of temper, which 
 has been ftt forth in its utraoft extent, if not exag- 
 gerated by feme, though but few, who are not his 
 friends ; but even thefe, as well as others, xvhen taking 
 a general view of his charaiEler, are oblii^ed to ac- 
 knowledge that he was undoubtedly one of the gteatcft 
 men of his age. 
 
 Captain Cook is diftinguilhed as an author by an ac- 
 count of his fecond voyage written by himfelf. His firft 
 voyage, as well as that of feveral other navigators, h'ld 
 been recorded by Dr Ilawkefworth ; but on the prefent 
 occafion it was not judged necefTiry to have recourfe 
 lo any other than the pen of the author himfelf ; and 
 .Ilis iournal, with a few occafional alterations, and be- 
 VoL, VI. Part II. 
 
 7 ] COO 
 
 ing divided into chapters, was fufficient for the p\it- 
 pole. The ftyle is clear, natural, and manly ; and it is ' 
 not improbable, that even a pen of more fludied elegance 
 could not have made it appear to more advantage. 
 When it appeared, which was not till fome time alter 
 the author had left England, the book was recommended 
 by the accuracy and excellency of its charts, and by a 
 numerous colleftion of fine engravings done from the 
 original drawings of Mr Hodges. 
 
 We cannot conclude this article without taking fome 
 notice of the honours paid to our celebrated navigator 
 after his death, both by his own countrymen and thofe; 
 of other nations. Perl-.aps indeed it may be faid witll 
 judicc, that foreigners hold his memory in an eftimatioii 
 unequalled even in this country ; a remarkable proof of 
 which occurs in the eulogy upon him by Michael 
 Angelo Gianetli, read in the Florentine acadtmy, on 
 the 9th of June 1785, and publifhtd at Florence ihtt 
 fame year. It is laid alfo, that one of the French 
 literary academies propoftd a prize for the beft eulogiunt 
 on Captain Cook ; and many poetical teftiraonies of his 
 meiit appeared in our own language. The Royal 
 Society of London refolved te teftily their refpeft to him 
 by a medal, for which purpofa a voluntary lubfcriptioii 
 was opened. A gold medal was given to fuch of tha 
 fellows as fubfcribed 20 guineas, and a filver one to 
 thofe who fubfcribed fmaller funis ; and each of the 
 other members received one of bronZe. Thofe who 
 fubfcribed 20 guineas were, Sir Jofeph Bank;, prefident^ 
 the prince of Anfpach, the duke of Montague, Lord 
 Mulgrave, and MelTrs Cavendiih, Peachey, Perrin, 
 Poli, and Shuttleworth. Many defigns were propofed 
 on the occafion 5 but the following was that which was 
 aftually ftruck. On one fide was the head of Captaia 
 Cook in profile, with this infcription round it, Jac. 
 Cook oceani investigator acerrimus ; and on the 
 exergue, Reg. Soc. LonD. socio suO. On the re- 
 verfe is a reprefentation of Britannia holding a globe, 
 with this infcription round her. Nil intentatuivI 
 KOSTRI liquere ; and on the exergue, Auspiciis 
 Georgh III. One of the gold medals llruck on this 
 occafion, was prefented to the king, another to the 
 queen, and a third to the prince of Wales. Another 
 was fent to the French king on account of the protec- 
 tion he had granted to the flilps ; and a fecond to the 
 empiefs of Rufiia, in whofe doiniiiions they had been 
 treated with every expreffion of triendihip and kind- 
 r.efs. Both thcfe great perfonages condtfcended to 
 .accept of the prelent with marks of fatisfaftiori. The 
 French king wrote a handfome letter to the Scociety, 
 figned by himfelf, and underfigncd by the mi;quis de 
 Vergennes ; and the emprefs of Ruffia commiffioned 
 CountOflerman to fignify to Mr Fitzherbert the fenfc 
 flie had of the value of the preferit, and that flie had 
 caufed it to be depontcd in the mufeum of the Imperial 
 Academy of Sciences. As a further teftimony of tli6 
 pleafure flic derived from it, the emprefs prefented lo 
 the Royal Society a large and beautiful gold medal, 
 containing on one fide the eSigies of herfelf, and on the 
 other a reprefentation of the llatue of Peter the Great. 
 After the geneial afiiignment of the medals, which toot 
 place in 1784, there being a furplus of money ftiii 
 remaining, it was refolved by the preCdent and council, 
 that an additional number of medals Paould be thrown 
 off, 10 be difpofed of in prefenls lo Mrs Cock, tlis earl 
 4! ui 
 
 Ccol?. 
 
coo 
 
 [ <5i 
 
 Coo^. of Sandwich Dc Benjamin Franklin, Dr Cook, pro- 
 CooV. vo(^ of }ji„ ,5 ColL-ge Cambridge, and Mr Plantn, At 
 ■ the ]ame time it was agreed that Mr Aubert fliould be 
 
 allowed to have a gold medal of Captain Cook, on his 
 paying for the gold, and the expence of flriking it, in 
 confideration ot his intention to preftnt it to the king of 
 Poland. 
 
 During the two vifits of the fhips at Kamtfchatka, 
 Major Behm, the commandant of that province, had 
 bellowed, in the raoli liberal manner, every kind of 
 affillance which it was in his power to beftow ; and fuch 
 was the fenfe entertained by the lords of the admiralty 
 of the kindaefs he had lliowed, that they determined to 
 make him a prefent of a magnificent piece of plate with 
 an infcripuon expreflive of his humane and generous 
 * condu6t. The infcription was drawn up by Dr Cook, 
 
 and afterwards fubraittcd to the opinion and correflion 
 of fome gentlemen of the firll eminence in claflTical talle. 
 
 Sir HiJgh Pallifer, who had ali along difplayed an 
 uncommon refpeft and kindnefs for Captain Cook, 
 likewife difplayed his regard for his memory in a moft 
 eminent manner. On his eftate ii Buckinghamfhire, 
 he conftr.irted a fmall building with a pillar, containing 
 the charifter of Captain Coolc, which is given at the 
 end of the introdiiftion to the laft voyage. This was 
 drawn up by the honourable Admiral Forbes, admiral 
 of the fleet, and general of the marines to whom Captain 
 Cook was known only by his merit and extraordinary 
 anions. 
 
 Araidft all thefe exprefllons of unavailing praife, it 
 Tvas not forgotten to (how fome effential fervice to the 
 widow and family of our celebrated navigator. A 
 raemoriTl (or a pen.ion of 200I. per annum was given 
 in to the king fro.ii the coprmiflioiiers of the adn iralty, 
 and figned by the earl of Sandwich, Mr Butler, the 
 earl of Li/biirne, Mr Penton, Lord Mulgrave, and 
 Mr Mann. His majefty complied with the requeft 
 of the memorial, and the grant was pafied through the 
 iifual forms with all polTible fpeed. By this 200I. per 
 annum was fettled oit the widow during life ; and 25I. 
 a-year on each of her three fons. After her death 
 , the 200I. was to Le divided between her children ; a 
 
 fourth was allotted to Captain King, and the remaining 
 fourth to Mr Bligh and the repre&ntatives of Captain 
 Clerke. 
 
 The laft honour paid to the memory of Captain 
 Cook was the granting a coat of arms to the family, 
 which was done by patent on the 3d of September 
 J785: and of this we have the following defcription. 
 Azure, between the two polar flars. Or; a fphere on 
 ■l^c pkiie of the meridian, north pole elevated, circles 
 of latitude for every ten degrees, and a longitude for 
 every 19; fliowing the Pacific ocean between 60" 
 and 240° weft, bounded on one fide by America, and 
 on the other by Afia and New fiolland ; in memory 
 of the difcoveries made by him in that ocean, fo very 
 far beyond all former navigators. His track thereon 
 is marked with red lines ; and for creft, in a wreath 
 of the colour is an arm imbowed, vefted in the uniform 
 of a captain of the royal navy. In the hand is the 
 union jack, on a flafF proper. The arm it encircled by 
 a wreath of palm and laurel, 
 
 Cooii's Difcovtries. — The number of countries dif- 
 covcred by Captain Cook, and Tvhicb bad never befcte 
 
 5 ] COO 
 
 been vifited by any Europjan, is very confiderable ; Cook's 
 but it was a remarkable property of our celebrated na-^'^"'""""^^^ 
 vigator, that, wheiever he touched, everything rela- ' 
 tive to the place was determined with fuch acuracy 
 and prccifion, that all former accounts ftemed to go 
 for nothing, and the difcovery to belong entirely to 
 Captain Cook. Thus it was not unufual with him to 
 make difcoveries in places already well known ; and 
 thus his voyages have conveyed a vaft fund of know, 
 ledge perfeftly original. Though the accounts of the 
 different places, therefore, at which he touched, are 
 particularly given under their names in the order of 
 the alphabet, we fhall in this article endeavour to 
 join the whole together in fuch a manner as to give 
 the reader fome idea of the benefit which has accrued 
 to fcience from voyages attended not ©nly with much 
 expence and labour, but even with the lols of the ce- 
 lebrated navigator's life. 
 
 When he let out in the Endeavour in the year 1768, Madeira » 
 the firlf place he touched at was Madeira. Here Mr volcanic 
 Banks and Dr Solander, befidcs fome additions to the '"a"*!- 
 fcience of botany, difcovered undoubted marks of the 
 ifland having a volcanic origin. On leaving this place, 
 they found it neceffary to touch at Rio de Janeiro for 
 provifions, and, during the run thither, the commander 
 had an opportunity of determining the caufe of the 
 luminous appearance of the fea. On the 29th of Oc- Luminons 
 tober they obferved that the water frequently emitted appearance 
 flafhes like lightning, though much fmallcr; but fuch of the fea 
 was their frequency, that eight or ten of them were?'^'^'' . j 
 vifible almoft at the fame Tnoment. This appearance 
 they found, both at this time and afterwards, to arife 
 from a fmall kind of animal with which the water 
 abounded. Whilft flaying at Rio de Janeiro, a melan- 
 choly obfervation was made of the prodigious wafte of 
 human lives with which the woiking of the Portu- 
 guefe gold mines was attended, no fewer than 40,000 yj(jn„„_ 
 negroes being annually imported for this purpofe, none hers of ne- 
 of whom, it feems, furvive the labour of the year ; and S™*^' •'e- 
 our navigator was informed, that in i'766 this number ',™5 ,5'^ 
 was fo far (hort, that they were cbliged to draught j^^^ij^g^j^ 
 30,000 more from the town of Rio itfelf. Proceed- mines, 
 ing from thence to the fouthern coafls of America, he 
 had an opportunity of determining a qi.eftion of great , 
 importance to navigation, viz. whethtr, in failing toBcftpaf- 
 the Pacific ocean, it is better to pafs through the f^fg*^ i"'" 
 ftrails of Magellan, or to double Cape Horn, and faiP^^^[''"''<= 
 through thole of Le Maire ? From Captain Cook's ^[jjjj 
 voyage it appears, contrary to the opinion of former the ftralts 
 navigators, that the latter is the preferable paiTagc. Le Mairc. 
 Through this he was only ^^ days in coming rourd the 
 land of Terra del Fuego from the eaft entrance of the 
 ftrait of Le Maire till he had advanced abcut 1 2 de- 
 grees to the weftward, and three and a half to the 
 northward of Magellan's ftraits. During all this 
 time the ftiip fcarcely received any damage, though if 
 he had pafled the other way he could not have accom- 
 pliilied his paffage in lefs than three months, befidcs 
 immenfe fatigue to his people and damage to the (hip. 
 In thefe floimy regions, however, he experienced thejvj^p^^g 
 fame inconveniencies felt by other navigators ; fuch a ftorms and 
 fea being met with off Cape Diego, that the (hip fre- cold in the 
 quently pitched her bowfprit under rvater. Here alfo '^""?'"'™ 
 t)»e exctflive cold and mutability of weather in thefe "^ ^ 
 
 fouthern 
 
Cqpk's 
 
 Jlifcovc-ies. 
 
 S 
 
 Mifi-rablc 
 •ftate of the 
 natives. 
 
 InaTidsdif- 
 covtred be- 
 t^vecn Cape 
 Horn and 
 Otaheitc. 
 
 8 
 Tranfit of 
 Venus ob- 
 &7Ted; 
 
 COO* i; 6r 
 
 fouthern regions was experienced in fuch a manner as 
 had neatly proved fatal to fome of the gentlemen who 
 fntled along with !iim. Dr Solander, Mr Banks, Mr 
 Monkhoufe the furgeon, and Mr Green the allronomcr, 
 with their attendants and fervants, fct out on a botani- 
 cal expedition while the (liip lay at anchor in the bay 
 of Good Succefs. It was then the middle of fumraer, 
 and the morning on which they fet out was as mild 
 and warm as it ufually is in the month of May in Eng- 
 land : but having afcended a mountain for the puipofe 
 of botanizing, they were furprifed by fuch ftorms of 
 fnow and hail that they could not get back that night. 
 Dr Solander, who warned them of their danger, that 
 peopie when about to periih with cold were feized with 
 a violent inclination to deep, was the firft who feemed 
 likely to fall a viftim to it ; and it was not in the power 
 of his companions to keep him from fitting down 
 for that purpofe. He was awakened in a few minutes ; 
 but during this fhort interval his feet had become (b 
 much diminifiicd by the contraction of the veflels, that 
 his fhoes fell off from them when he was again made 
 to rife. Even thefe dreary regions, however, are not 
 without inhabitants, whom our voyagers juftly con- 
 cluded to be the lowed of the human fpecies. Indeed, 
 confidering the little convenience they have, it is won- 
 derful how they can refill the fcvcrity of the climate, 
 for they are almoft withoat clothing ; they dwell in 
 miferable hovels, which admit both the wind and fnow 
 or rain •, and they have not any utenfil for drefliiig their 
 food. Neverthelefs, thefe miferable creatures, as they 
 appeared to our navigators, feemed to have no wi(h to 
 poflefs more than they enjoyed ; and they were abfo- 
 lutely indifferent about every thing that was offered 
 them, except large beads which they would take as 
 ornaments. Hence Dr Hawkefworth, who wrote the 
 account of the voyage, concludes, that thefe people 
 mar be on a level with ourfelves with refpeft to the 
 real happinefs they enjoy. 
 
 On the 26th of January 1769 our navigators left 
 Cape Horn ; and from that time to the firft of March, 
 during which they run no lefs than 660 leagues, met 
 with no current by which the ftiip was affeded. Hence 
 it is probable, that during all this time they had never 
 been near any land, the currents of the ocean being 
 ufually met with in the neighbourhood of iflands. Se- 
 veral iflands, however, were difcovercd before they 
 reached Otaheite, on which they beftowed the names 
 of Lagoon Ifland, Thrumb-cap, Bow Ifland, the 
 Groups, Bird Idand, and Chain Ifland. All thefe 
 feemed to be inhabited, and were covered with a moft 
 delightful verdure ; which appeared to the greater ad- 
 vantage, as our navigators had for a long lime feen no 
 land but the dreary hills and waftes of Terra del Fue- 
 go. _ Having arrived at Otaheite, they fct about ob- 
 ferving the tranfit of Venus over the fun, which indeed 
 was the main purpofe for which the voyage had been 
 undertaken. The anxiety which they underwent when 
 the time of the expefted phenomenon approached may 
 eafily be imagined, as the whole depended on the cir- 
 cumftance of a clear fny, which though more readily to 
 be expefted in that climate than one more to the north- 
 ward, was dill a matter of uncertainty. In confequence 
 of fome hints which had been given by the earl of 
 Morton, Captain Cook determined to fend out two par- 
 ties to different places to make the obfervations j by 
 
 9 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 which means tbere would be a chance of fuccefs, even Cook's , 
 if thofe at Otaheite (hould fail. For this purpife he^^J^^^^ 
 fent Mr Gore in the long boat to Eimeo, a neighbour- * 
 ing ifland, along with Mr Monkhoufe, Mr Banks, and 
 Mr Sporing, who were furniflicd with proper inftru- 
 ments by Mr Green the aftronomer. MclTrs Hicks, 
 Gierke, Pickerfglll, and Saunders, were fent in the 
 pinnace to a convenient fpot to the eaftward of the 
 main obfervatory, where they were likewife ordered to 
 make obfervations with fuch inftruments as they had. 
 The day on which the tranfit happened was the 3d of 
 June 1769, when they had the fatisfaftion to fee the 
 fun rife without a cloud ; and as the weather continued 
 equally clear throughout the day, there was the beft 
 opportunity of making the obfervations in a proper 
 manner. All of them faw an atmofphere or duSkf 
 cloud round the planet, which diflurbed their obferva- 
 tion, and probably caufcd them to differ from each 
 other more confiderably than they would otherwife 
 have done. According to Mr Green, the limes of 
 ingrefs and egrefs of the planet were as follow : 
 
 Morning. 
 Firft external contaft, 
 Firft internal conla£l, or total immerfion, 
 
 b. min. fee. 
 9 25 4» 
 9 44 4 
 
 Afternoon. 
 
 Second internal contaft. 
 Second external contaft, or end of the 
 tranfit, 
 
 } 
 
 14 
 
 32 
 
 19 
 
 From thefe obfervations the latitude of the obfer- 
 vatory was found to be 17° 29' 15" S. and the longi- 
 tude 149^ 32' 30" W. of Greenwich. Several curious 
 remarks were made both on the country itfelf, and on 
 the inhabitants. Mr Banks, in an excurfion up the otaheite 
 country, difcovercd many traces of volcanic fire ; the a volcanic 
 ftones, like thofe of Madeira, had evidently the ap- ifland. 
 pearance of being burnt, and the very clay on the hilb 
 had the fame appearance. The natives, though ad- '° ^ 
 diifled to thieving, appeared in general harmlefs and ^^^^ natives, 
 friendly, and very ready to fupply the (hip with ne- 
 ceffaries in exchange for fuch things as they wanted. 
 The articles on which they fet the greateft value were 
 hatchets, axes, large nails, fpikes, looking -glaffes, and 
 beads. They were alfo fond of fine linen, whethei; 
 white or printed ; but an axe of the value of half 3 
 crown would buy more provifions than a piece of cloth 
 of the value of 20 ftiillings. They are very fickle and 
 inattentive ; fo that it was not poffible to engage then* 
 to pay any regard to the worfliip of the Deity which 
 they faw performed before them ; nor would they at- 
 tend to any explanation of it that was given them. 
 They are not, however, deftitute of a religion of their 
 own ; and are particularly careful of the repofitoriei 
 of the dead, which they will not allow to be violated 
 on any account. Of this Captairr Cook had an in- 
 ftance, when fome of his people offered to fake down 
 an inclofure of one of thofe repofitoiies. They were 
 violently oppofed by the natives, who fent a meffcn^'er 
 to acquaint them that they would never fuffer any 
 fuch thing; and the only infult that ever was cftered to 
 an Englifhman by the people of this ifland was on a 
 fimilar account. From Otaheite our navigators carried 
 4 I 3 with 
 
CoeV's 
 
 Pifcoveries, 
 
 II 
 
 Society 
 I Hands dif- 
 covered. 
 
 1% 
 Wretched 
 appearance 
 of the king 
 of Bolabola, 
 
 13 
 Oheteroa 
 illand dif- 
 covered. 
 
 COO [6 
 
 with thcrp Tnpia, formerly high ptJtA of l!;e country, 
 and prime minillcr to ^uccn Oberea. From his ptac- 
 tice it appeared, that the prielh of Olaheite, as well as 
 elfewherr, take care to place themfelves a ftep nearer 
 the Deity than the common people, and to ufe the de- 
 ceptions too frequently put in pradtice by fuch media- 
 tors. While on board the Endeavour, he frtquently 
 prayed to his god Tone for a wind ; and according to 
 his own account never failed of fuccefs. This, l:ow- 
 ever, he took care to enfure ; for he never b^gan his 
 •prayers till he perceived the breeze already on the 
 water, and fo near that it muft reach the Ihip before 
 they couid well be ended. It- was obferved likewife of 
 the peojile of Otaheile, that they had their bards or 
 mlnlirels, who went about the country with muiical 
 iullruments. The band whom they faw at this time 
 confi.'tcd of two players on flutes and three drummers ; 
 the latter acco.iipanying the flutes with their voices. 
 1'heir fongs weie made extempore, and the Englilh 
 themfelves were generally the fubj.-it. 
 
 From Oiaheite our navigators failed towards a neigh- 
 bouring iiiand named Te'Jiuora ; but finding it fmall, 
 low, aVid without any fettled inhabitants, the captain 
 chofe rather to dlrcft his courle towards Huaheine and 
 Ulietea, which he was informed were well inhabited. 
 Theie had never been vifiled by any European (hip ; 
 but the inhabitants, though peaceable and friendly, 
 \VEre very flow and cautious in trading, fo that the 
 captain was obligjd to bri-.ig out his hatchets to mar- 
 ket; a commodity which he had hoped might have 
 leen concealed from thofe who had never feen an Eu- 
 ropean (hip bi'fore. On his arrival at Ulietea he found 
 by the dlfcouifc of 'I'upia, that the inhabitants of a 
 neighbouring illand named Bolabola were of fuch a 
 martial difpofition as to be the terror of thofe of Hua- 
 heine, Ulietea, and others, infomuch, that he appre- 
 hended great danger to our navigators (hould they 
 touch at an iiiand which the Eolabola men had lately 
 conquered. This, however, had fo little efFecl upon 
 Captain Cook, that he not only landed on the ifland 
 already mentioned, but took pofTctTion, in his tnajtlly's 
 name, of Bolabola itftlf, together with Ulietea, Hua- 
 heine, and another named Otaha, which were all vi- 
 Cble at once. During their itay here they paid a vifit 
 to Opoony, the formidable monarch of Bolabola ; 
 whom, to their furprife, they found a feeble wretch, 
 withered and decrepid, half blind with age, and fo 
 'flupid that he feeaied fcarce to be poITtiTed of a com- 
 mon degree of underftanding. About thefe iilands 
 they fpcnt fix weeks, bellowing upon them the name 
 of the Society Ijhs, on account of their being fo near 
 to each ether. They are fix in number, Ulietea, Hua- 
 heine, Bolabola, Otaha, Tubai, and Maurna. The 
 fmaller ones in their neighbourhood are Tethuora, Ei- 
 meo, Tapoamanoa, Oatara, Opururu, Tamou, Toaho- 
 atu, and Whennuaia.. 
 
 Leaving the Society Iflands, which are fituated be- 
 tween Lat. 16. 10. and 16. 55. S. and between 150. 
 37. and J 5 2. W. from the meridian of Greenwich, they 
 fell in with the idand of Oheteroa, fituated in S. Lat. 
 Zi. 27. and W. Long. 150. 47.; but this was found 
 to be defiitute of any harbour or fafe anchorage, and 
 the difpofition of the inhabilanls fo hofiile that they 
 could not by any means be conciliated, fo that no 
 alterapls were made to land, rxom Tupia Captain 
 
 20 ] COO 
 
 Cook learned that there were feveral if!»nd<i in the CfxAC% 
 neighbourhood, which our navigator conjeftured to ^"'''" '" **• 
 be Bolcawen and Keppel's illands, difcoveicd by Cap- • 
 tain Wallis ; but without (pending more time in ex- 
 ploring thefe, he let fail to the foutnward in fcarch of a 
 continent. j. 
 
 Our voyagers left Oheteroa on the 15th of Auguft Comet of 
 J 769, and on the 30lh had a view of the comet which \1<>9°^ 
 appeared that year ; its tail fubtending on an angle of'^"*^ ' 
 42 degrees. This proved a new fource ef apprehen- 
 lion to Tupia, who inltantly cried out, that as foon as 
 it was feen at Bolabola, the people of that country 
 would attack thole of Ulietea, who would undoubted- 
 ly be obliged to fly with precipitation to the mountains 
 to fave their lives. On the 6th of Otlober they dif- 
 covered land, which from its file, and- the enormous 
 mountains obfervable on it, was fuppoftd by the gen- 
 tlemen on board to be part of Terra j^uflralis incognito; 
 but, on farther examination it was found to be part of 
 New Zealand. Here the inhabitants were found toxhev ar- 
 fpeak a dialeft of the language of Otaheite, fo thatriveat 
 they could underftand Tupia, and he them; yet fo^«"'-Zca- 
 extremely holUle were their difpolitions. that not the "" 
 fmallell intercourfe could be held with them ; nor 
 could any thing nectflary for the fliips be procured 
 excepting wood ; fo that the name Captain Cook 
 thought proper to bellow on this part of the country 
 was Poverty Bay. By the natives it is called Taoneroa, 
 and lies in S. Lat. 38. 42. and W. Long. 181. 36. 
 During the time of his (lay in this part of the world, 
 the captain circumnavigated almoll the whole country 
 of New Zealand, which he found to confift of two 
 iflands feparated from each other by a narrow flrait, 
 which, from its difcoverer, has obtained the name of 
 Cook''s Strait. Li fome places the difpofition of the in- 
 habitants was as favourable as could be wifhed ; fo that 
 Dr Solander, Mr Banks, and other gentlemen, had an 
 opportunity of exploring the country in fome degree, 15 
 with a view to difcover its natural produ£lions. InRockof ai» 
 one of their excurfions, as they palTed through a val-extracrdi- 
 Icy, the hills on each fide of which were very fleep, "^"^ P** 
 they were fuddenly ftruck with the fight of a very ex- 
 traordinary natural curiofily. It was a rock perfo- 
 rated through its whole fubilance, fo as to form a rude 
 but flupendous arch or cavern, opening direftly to the 
 fea. This aperture was 75 feet long, 27 broad, and 
 45 in height, commanding a view of the bay and the 
 hills on the other fide, which were feen through it ; 
 and opening at once on the view, produced an efFeft 
 far fuperior to any of the contrivances of art. On Natural 
 that part of the coaft, which, from having obferved a produ<5ts of 
 tranfit of Mercury, they named Affm/ry fiay, oyflers''"^ '"'"'" 
 were found in fuch plenty, that they might have load- '^" 
 ed not only their boats, but even their IJiip with them. 
 They were about the fame fize v.'ith thofe met with in 
 this country ; and on account of tlieir being found in 
 fuch plenty, and likewife that the adjacent country 
 abounds with conveniencies. Captain Cook was at great 
 pains to point out the fituation of the place. By his 
 obfervations the latitude of Mercury Bay is 36. 48. 
 28. S. 
 
 Leaving this bay, our commander proceeded to ex- 
 plore other parts of the country, which by his ac- 
 count feems to abound with rivers. Two large ones 
 were met with in Mercury bay ; one ©f which, frot» 
 
 the 
 
Bi'fiovoricf. 
 
 IS 
 General 
 dtfcription 
 of the coun 
 tiy. 
 
 19 
 
 Proper 
 place for 
 Icttling a 
 colony 
 there 
 
 COO I 6^1 3 
 
 the abund«nce of oyfters found at itjmoulli, was call- 
 ed Oi/Jer river; the other they named lymngrove ri- 
 i,er trum the number of mangrove trees giowin- tuei^. 
 A third, Nvhich they called r/umes, was met with m 
 that part chilled the JBay of lil.nds, u? which they lail- 
 ed 14 mile-. Its banks were everywhere adorned 
 vith lofty trees, which they had likewile ob:\:rved m 
 other parts of the country. They were too heavy tor 
 mads, but wouM make the finelt planks ,magin;,ble ; 
 and as they refembled the pitch pme, the limber ol: 
 which is h-htcntd by tapping, the carpenter was ot 
 opinion that they might thus be rendered more pro- 
 per for raafts than any European timber. Une ot 
 thefe trees meafuied 19 feet 8 inches in circumference 
 at the height of fix feet from the ground, and was na 
 lefs than 89, with very little taper, to the branches; 
 fo that the lieutenant fjppoled it mult contain 356 
 feet of folid timber. In (^aeen Charlotte's Sound the 
 country was little other than one valf forcft, with plen- 
 ty of excellent water, and the coaft abounding with fiUi. 
 As the (liip lav at the diftaiice of only a quarter of a 
 ■mile from the {bore, they were agreeably entertained 
 with the finging cf an infinite number of Imall bu'ds, 
 which formed a melody i,reatly fuperior to any thing 
 they had ever beard before. The mufic of theie little 
 chorifters feemed to be like fmall bells, mod exquifitely 
 tuned,, thouijh probably the dittance and intervention 
 of the water had a confiderable efteft in heightemng 
 ■ it. They betran to iing about two in the morning, 
 and continued" their fong till funrife, after which they 
 were filent all the day, refembling in this reljietl the 
 nightingales of our country. 
 
 The time which Captain Cook fpent in exploring the 
 coafts of New Zealand was not lefs that fix months. 
 By his refearcbes it was Ihown to confift of two large 
 ifl^nds, the raoft noitherly of wliich is called Eahetna- 
 mauwe, and the moft foutherly Tovy or Tavai Poe- 
 tiarnmoo ; though it is not certi;in whether the whole 
 fouthern ifland or only a part of it is comprehended un- 
 der this name. This illand feenis to be barren and 
 mountainous, but Eoheinomauwe has a much better ap- 
 pearance ; and it was univerfally believed by the gen- 
 tlemen on board, that all kinds of European gram, as 
 well as garden plants and fruits, would ilourifti, m the 
 greateft abundance and perfedion ; and from the ve- 
 getables found here it was concluded that the winters 
 are not more fevere than thofe of England, and it was 
 known by experience, that the furamer was not hotter, 
 though the heat was more equal than in this country. 
 Here' are no quadrupeds except dogs and rats; and 
 the latter are fo fcarce, that they efcaped the notice of 
 many on board. The birds are not numerous, and the 
 gannet is the only one of the European kind that was 
 obferved. The infefts are equally fcarce ; but the fea 
 makes abundant recompenfe for this fcarcity of land 
 animals ; every creek fwarms with fi(h, equally deli- 
 cious with thofe in this country. The forefts are of vaft 
 extent, and filled with excellent timber trees ; the lar- 
 geft, ftraighteft, and cleaneft that Mr Cook had ever 
 feen. There is here one plant which anfwers the pur- 
 pofes of both hemp and flax, and excels all others of the 
 kind that have been met with in any other part of the 
 world. If the fettling of New Zealand therefore (hould 
 ever be deemed an objeit worthy of the attention of 
 Great Britain, Captain Cook was of opinion, that the 
 
 COO 
 
 ben place for tfl.blilliirg . colony wou'.! be either on ™ 
 the banks of the Thames or in the bay ot Jllmds •, cacn^J__^__^ 
 of thefe pl.\ces having the advantage of an excellent 
 harbour. Settlements might be extended, and a com- 
 munication made with the inland parts ot the coun 11 y 
 by means of the river ; and veCcls eafily coniliuacd 
 of the excellent timber with which the country every- 
 wheie abounds. _ 20 
 
 The inhabitants of New Zealand' are in a very bnr- ^.^^ccount oC 
 barous fiato, and have a degree of ferocity unknown the mhabU 
 to (he inhabitants of the South Sea illinds, thoughtants. 
 thev l^m to have the fame origin. During their rc- 
 fidence there, our navigators had the molt convincing 
 evidences of their being cannibals, and accunomed (o 
 devour the bodies of their llain enemies. Notwith- 
 Jtanding theie barbarous praflices, however, they 
 feemed' to enjoy a ftate of uninterrupted health. In 
 all the vifits made to their towns, none was ever per^ 
 ceived who had the leaft bodily complaint, not ever\ 
 the flightett eruption on the fidn. 'I'his extiaoidinary 
 degrc^ of health wns likewlfe mnnifelted by the ede 
 with which their wounds were healed without the fmslL- - 
 eft application, as well as by the number of old men 
 with which the ifland abounded. P-lany of thefe, by the. 
 lofs of their hair and teeth, feemed to be extremely 
 old, but none of them were decrepid ; and though in- 
 ferior in (Irength to the young men, they came not 
 behind them in the leaft with regard to cheertulnels 
 and vivacity. The univerfal »nd only drink of the 
 New Zealanders is water. 
 
 Our navigator had now explored three-fourths of 
 that part of the globe where the fouthern continent 
 was fuppofed to lie, without being able to find it j and 
 his voyage had demonftrated, that the lands feen by 
 former navigators couM not have been parts of fuch a 
 continent, though, as he had never proceeded farther 
 to the (buthward than 40 degrees, the arguments for it ^ ^ " 
 were not as yet entirely overthrown. Mr Cook, hov^-Dif,ove- ■ 
 ever, did not at this time proceed farther in the fearchrUs at 
 of fuch a continent, but failed from New Zealand to J^^ "°i- 
 the coaft of New Holland, where he anchored in Bo- 
 tany Bay on the 20th of April. Here he found a few 
 favageinhabitants more barbarous and degenerate than 
 any that had yet been obferved. Their language was 
 harih and diabnant, totally unintelligible even to Tu- 
 pia : they appeared to have little curiofity, and fet no 
 value upon any prefent that could be made them. The 
 moft remarkable circumftance in this country feems to 
 be its extreme fcarcity of water; not a fingle ftream 
 of any confequence having ever been obferved by any 
 navigator. Some were of opinion indeed, that More- 
 ton's bay, in S. Lat. a6. 59. and W. Long. 206. 28. 
 opens into a river ; though the only reafon they had 
 for this opinion was, that the fea looked paler in that 
 part than ufunl, and the land at the bottom part of the 
 bay could not be feen. At this lime, however, ihs 
 matter could not be determined by experiment, on 
 account of the wind being contrary. The fcarcity 
 of water here is the more furprifing, on account of the 
 vaft extent of the country, and likewile its having 
 abundance of tolerably high hills. In this ifland there 
 . were found many curious plants and animals ; and it jj 
 was foimd, that in fcveral places the magnetical needle Magnetic 
 was aftefled to fuch a degree, as to vary its po''>t'0••'p"ff^"^- 
 evcn to 30 degrees. At one time it varied no lefs^jj.^^^ 
 
 than 
 
coo 
 
 Cook's 
 Difcovcrics. 
 
 »3 
 Birds nefts 
 gf an im- 
 tacnl'e fizc. 
 
 »4 
 Vaft eirtent 
 ot the coun- 
 try. 
 
 Separated 
 by ilraits 
 ;from New 
 
 16 
 
 Cockles of 
 ^Faft fize," 
 fea-fcum, 
 &.C. 
 
 than two points on being removed to tlie diftance of 
 only 14 feet. Some of the loofe flones being takrn up 
 and applied to the needle produced no efFc£l ; but Mr 
 Cook was of opinion that the whole phenomenon was 
 to be afcribed to iron ore in fome of the mountains, 
 and of which traces had been already met with. Tiiis 
 irregularity continued in forae degree even at fea ; for 
 when the fliip was clofe under Cape Upftart, the varia- 
 tion of the needle in the evening of the 4th of June 
 wasp" eafl, and next morning only 5^35'; and this 
 was in like manner accounted for from iron ore, or 
 fome raagnetical matter below the furface of the 
 ground. The great ifland has many other fmall 
 ones round it, feveral of which were vifited by our na- 
 vigators. One of them, named Eag/e IJland, feemcd to 
 be inhabited by a raonftrous kind of birds, the neft of 
 one of which meafured no lefs than 26 feet in circum- 
 ference, and two feet eight inches in height ; and in 
 the Philofophical Tranfaftions, vol. xx. there is an ac- 
 count of one of thefe nefts ftill larger j but the bird 
 to which it belonged was not feen. That which 
 our navigators faw was built of flicks, and lay upon the 
 ground. 
 
 The country which goes by the name of i^ew Hoi- 
 land is by far the largeft ifland in the world. Its caft- 
 em part, called iVfW South Wales, now fitft explored 
 by Captain Cook, extends upwards of 2doo miles in 
 length, if the coaft were reduced to a Ihaight line. 
 Though inhabited, as we have already faid, by very 
 barbarous favages, their number appears to bear no 
 proportion to the extent of their territory. The in- 
 tercourfe they had with our navigators was fo fraall, 
 that they could pick up but a few words of their lan- 
 guage. As a Britifh fetllement is now made in that 
 country, there is no doubt that much more exaft ac- 
 counts will foon be obtained than even the diligence 
 and attention of Captain Cook could colled: on fuch a 
 tranfient vifit. 
 
 In this voyage our navigator, befides exploring the 
 eaftern part of the rfland, which had never been done 
 before, difcovered tlrat it was feparated from the ifland 
 of New Guinea, to which it had formerly been thought 
 to join. The two countries are feparated by a ftrait 
 to which the commander gave the name of Endeavour 
 Strait. The north entrance of this lies in S. Lat. 10. 
 39. and W. Long. 218. 36. ; the paflage is formed by 
 the main land and a congeries of iflands to the north, 
 on which our navigator beftowed the name of Prince 
 (if IVales^s IJlands. Thefe arc very different both in 
 height and extent ; and the captain was of opinion, 
 that feveral paffages might be found out among them. 
 On the coaft of New Holland oppofite to New Guinea 
 are found cockles of an immenfe fize ; fome of them 
 being as much as two men could move, and containing 
 20 pounds of good meat. In thefe feas, as well as on 
 the coafts of Brazil, our navigators found the furface of 
 the water covered with a kind of fcum called by the 
 failors /^a^fltti/j. It was examined by Mr Banks and 
 Dr Solander ■, but they could determine nothing far- 
 ther than that it was of vegetable origin. 
 
 The natives of New Guinea were fo hoftile that no 
 difcoveries of any confequence could be made. They 
 refembled the New Hollanders in ftatiire, and having 
 Ihort cropped hair. Like them too they were abfo- 
 lutely naked, but foinewhat lefs black and dirty. They 
 
 [ 622 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 had a i'urprifing method of letting off a kind of fires, Cook'j 
 exaftly refembling the flalhcs of fire-arms, but without P|*covcn«. 
 any explofion. It was not known in what manner ' 
 this was done, as they were never near enough tounaccount- 
 make a particular obfervation. Thofe who difchargedal>le rae- 
 them had a fliort piece of llick which they fwung fije-'^''"'' of tha 
 wife from them, from which there ifliaed the fire and, „• ^ g- 
 fmoke juft mentioned. This feems to have been in- arcs. ° 
 tended as adefiance ; for they had no effeft as offen- 
 five weapons, and others were armed with bows and 
 arrows. The country appeared extremely pleafant 
 and fertile. The place at which they touched lies ia 
 S. Lat. 6. 15. 
 
 As the condition of the Endeavour was now very 
 much Ihattered by having failed fo long in thefe dan- 
 gerous fea';, the commander determined to make the 
 beft of his way for Batavia in order to refit. In this 
 voyage he firXt pafl'ed two unknown iflands without 
 touching at either of them. They wert fuppofed to 
 belong to the Aurora iflands ; but if this be the cafe, 
 the latter muft be laid down at too great a diftance 
 from New Guinea. The Weafel Ifles, laid down by 
 former navigators at about 28 or 25 leagues from the 
 coaft of New Holland, ^vere "not feen ; for which reafon 
 Mr Cook is of opinion that they are erroneoufly laid 
 down. 
 
 Pafling by the iflands of Timor, Timor-lavet, Rot- 
 ta, and Seman, they next arrived at the ifland of Sa- 
 vu, where a fettlement had lately been made by ths - 
 
 Dutch. In this voyage they had the fatisfaftion of Aurora 
 obferving the aurora auftralis, which here feemed toauftraiu. 
 differ in fome refpeds from that in the northern hernia 
 fphere. It confifted of a dull reddifti light extend- 
 ing about 20 degrees above the horizon ; and though 
 it varied fometimes in extent, it was never lefs than 
 eight or ten degrees. From this general mafs of 
 light there fometimes iflued rays of a brighter colour, 
 which vaniflied and were renewed like thole of the au- 
 rora borealis, but without any of that tumultuous mo- 
 tion obferved in the aurora borealis. The body of the 
 light bore S. S. E. from the fliip, and continued with- 
 out any diminution of its biightnefs from 10 to 12 at 
 night. 
 
 The middle part of the ifland of Savu lies in 10. 35.E,:cellent 
 fouth, and 237. 30. weft longitude, and afforded a moft chara<5ter 
 beautiful profpeft from the (hip. The people are re- of the inlia- 
 TOiirkable for the purity of their morals, which are faid^"^^"""^ 
 to be irreproachable, even on the principles of Chrif- 
 tianity. Though no man is allowed to have more 
 than one wife, inftances of illicit commerce betwixt 
 the fexes are fcarcely known among them. Inftances 
 of theft are likewife very rare ; and fo far are they 
 from revenging a fuppofed injury by murder, that 
 when any diiferences arife among them, they are im- 
 mediately and implicitly referred to the determination 
 of the king. They will not even make it the fubjeft 
 of private debate, left they fliould be provoked to re- 
 fentment and ill-nature ; and the delicacy and cleanli- 
 nefs of their perfons are faid to be proportionable ^'^ cioo^ei- 
 the purity of their moral?. _ feas of the 
 
 On the arrival of the Endeavour at Batavia, our na- eleaiiial 
 vigator had an opportunity of obferving the good ef- chains in 
 fefts of the eleftrical chains applied to ftiips, in Securing P|'^^:^'^j^^« 
 them from the effefls of lightning. A dreadful ftormjfl^.^c^jjjf 
 of thunder happened one evening, during which the Ughtcing. 
 
 main-maft 
 
coo 
 
 [ <?23 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 Cook's 
 
 JJifcoveries, 
 
 Death of 
 liipia. 
 
 3* 
 Prince's 
 iflaiid, a 
 proper 
 f lace for 
 Clips to 
 touch at. 
 
 ?.3 
 Secrnd 
 
 main-tnaft of one of the Dutch Eaft Indiemen was 
 fplit and carried away clofc by the deck, the n;ain- 
 toprnaft, and topgallant-matt being (liivered to pie- 
 ces. This fiiip lay fo r.ear the Endeavour, that the 
 latter weuld probably have fhared the fame fate, had 
 it not been for the condufling chain which fortu- 
 nately was juft put up. The explofion fhook her like 
 an earthquake, the chain at the fame time appearing 
 like a line of Ere. The ftroke feemed to have been 
 direiSed to the Dutch vtfiel by an iron fpindle at the 
 matt head ; wliich pvaftice our commander difcom- 
 meiids, but ftrongly inculcates the ufe of the eled^ricai 
 chain. 
 
 On their landing at Batavta, Tupia was confined by 
 ficknefs, fo that he appeared quite lilelefs and dejefted 
 when put into the boat : but on his arrival at land re- 
 covered his fpirits furprilingly. The fctne, to him fo 
 new and extraordinary, feemed to produce an eifcft 
 Cmllar to what is produced by enchantment. His at- 
 tention was particularly engifged by the various drefles 
 of the people : and being informed that at Batavia 
 every one appeared in the drefs of his own country, he 
 exprefled a defire of likewife appearing in the garb of 
 Otahcite. Having therefore been furnifhed with South 
 fea cloth from the fliip, he equipped himfelf with 
 great quicknefs and dexterity. After the firft flow of 
 fpirits had fubfided, however, he foon began to feel 
 the fatal effefts of the climate ; and his boy Tayeto, 
 whofe fpirits had been ftill more elevated on his ar- 
 rival, was attacked with an inflammation of the lungs, 
 and in a little time fell a viftim to the difeafe. Tu- 
 pia himfelf did not long furvive him, and his death 
 was not attributed folcly to the unwholefomenefs of 
 the climate. Having been accuftomed from his in- 
 fancy fo fubfift chiefly upon vegetable food, and par- 
 ticularly on ripe fruit, he had foon conlrafled the dif- 
 ord'-rs incident to a fea life, and could fcarce have 
 been expeflcd to reach England, even if the un- 
 wholefome climate of Batavia had been out of the 
 queftion. 
 
 The Endeavour left Batavia on the 27th of De- 
 cember 1770, and on the 5th of January 1771 reach- 
 ed Prince's ifland. This place had been formerly 
 much frequented by the India fhips, but of late en- 
 tirely deferted on account of the fuppofed bad quality 
 of the water ; but this our navigator has difcovered to 
 be a miftake ; and that, though the water near the 
 fea is brackiih, it may be had of excellent quality by 
 going a little way up the country. He is of opinion, 
 that this ifland is a mere proper place for fiiips to touch 
 atthan either North Ifland or New Bay, becaufe neither 
 of thefe can afford other refrefliments, which may be 
 had at Prince's ifland. 
 
 The reft of the voyage affords but little interefling 
 matter. The Cape of Good Hope, which was their 
 next ftage, has been fo fully defcrlbed by former na- 
 vigators that there was little room for addition. At 
 St Helena the commander made fome remarks on the 
 rigorous treatment of the flaves, which was reprefent- 
 ed as worfe than that of the Dutch either at Batavia 
 or the Cape of Good Hope. In the account of his 
 fecond voyage, however, this accufation was retraft- 
 ed. 
 
 Captain Cook's fecond voyage was undertaken in 
 an efpecial manner to determine finally the q^uefticn 
 
 concerning tie exider.cc of a fouthern conllnent. It Cook's 
 commenced in the year 17725 and, as in the former, P^'"^"'""'^; 
 he proceeded firft to Madeira, From ll'.ence he pro- ' 
 ceedcd to St Jago, one of the Cape de Verde iflands ; 
 where an opportunity was l&ken of delineating and gi- 
 ving fuch a defcription of Port Piaya, and the fupplics 
 to be there obtained, as might be ot ufe to future navi- 
 gators. On the 8ih of September he crofitd the line 
 in 8° weft longitude, and had the fatisfa£lion to meet 
 with good weather, though he had been informed that 
 he had failed at an improper time of the year, in con- 
 fequence of which he would probably be becalmed. 
 From his account, however, it appears, that though in 
 fome years fuch weather may be e.xpedted, it is by no 
 means univerfally the cafe. In this part of the ocean Cs.lwi\ot 
 he had alfo an opportunity of obferving the caufc of always to 
 the luminous property of fea-waler, which in his for-bctearcd 
 mer voyage had been attributed to infefts. Mr For-""^** 
 iter being of a different opinion, the matter was again " 
 particiilarly inquired into, but the refult was entirely 
 conformable to the former determination. Some buc- Luminous 
 kets of water being drawn up from olongfide the (liip, quality of 
 were found to be filled with thofe infecls of a globular j!*^* Y^'^^-J 
 form, and about the flze of a fmall pin's head. No life ^gj^j^^^j^ " 
 indeed could be perceived in them ; but Mr Forfter 
 was thoroughly convinced of their being living animals 
 when in their proper element. ,g 
 
 Proceeding fouthward in quell of a continent, they ice iiiands^ 
 fell in with ice iflands in S. Laf. 50. 40. and two 
 degrees of longitude eaft from the Cape of Good 
 Hope. One of thefe was fo much concealed by the 
 hazinefs of the weather, that it could not be feen at the 
 diftance of more than a mile. Captain Cook judged 
 it to be about 50 feet in height and half a mile in cir- 
 cumference ; its fides rifing in a perpendicular direc- 
 tion, and the fea breaking againft them with great vio- 
 lence. Two days after, they paffed fix others, Pjme of 
 which were two miles in circumference and 60 feet in 
 height ; yet fuch was the ftrengtJi and violence of the 
 waves that the fea broke quite over them. On tiie 14th 
 they were flopped by a vaft field of low ice, of which 
 they could perceive no end. In different parts of this 
 field there were feen iflands, or hills of ice like thofe 
 already defcribed, and fome of the people imagined 
 that they faw land over them ; but upon a narrow ex- 
 amination this was found to be a miftake. On getting 
 clear of the field of ice they again fell in with loofe 
 iflands ; and it was a general opinion that thefe are 
 only formed in bays and rivers, our navigators con- 
 eluded that they could not be at a great diftrmce from 
 land. They were now in the latitude of ^£° 40' fouth j 
 and as they had failed for more than 30 leagues along 
 the edge of the ice without finding any opening, the 
 captain determined to run 30 or 40 leagues farther to 
 the eaftward, in hopes of then getting to the fouth- 
 ward. If in this attempt he met with no land or other 
 impediment, his defign was to ftretch behind the ice 
 altogether, and thus determine the matter at once. In 
 a Ihort time, however, it became evident that the 
 field of ice along which they had failed fo long, did 
 not join with any land ; and the captain now came to 
 a refolution of running as far to the weft as the meri- 
 dian of Cape Circumcifion. In the profecution of this 
 defign he met with a very fevere ftorm, which was 
 rendered the more dangerous by the pieces of loofe ice 
 
 among 
 
coo 
 
 r ^24 ] 
 
 coo 
 
 ■Cook's 
 ."Difcovcries. 
 
 37 
 lee not al- 
 ways found 
 in the vici- 
 nity of 
 land. 
 
 38 . 
 Irregulari- 
 ty of the 
 magnetic 
 jiecdle. 
 
 39 
 Extreme 
 cold of the 
 fouthem 
 leas. 
 
 40 
 Further ac- 
 count of 
 JJcw Zea- 
 land. 
 
 among wliicli they were ftill entangled, and a vafl 
 field of which they could not petceive the boundaries 
 about three miles to the northward. Of this they 
 could not get clear without receiving Ibme fevere 
 fitokes ; and after all, when they arrived at the place 
 where they ought to have found Cape Circumcifion, 
 it could not be difrovered ; fo that the captain con- 
 cluded that what Bouvet look for huid could have 
 been nothing but ice. 
 
 During this run the fallacy of the general opinion 
 had been difcovcred, that the ice with which llie polar 
 regions abound has been formed in the vicinity of 
 land. It was found Vikewife, that the water produced 
 from the melting of ice, even though formed in the 
 ocean, was perfeciliy fvveet and well tailed. Of this 
 circuradance the captain took advantage to fupply 
 himfelf with water ; and gave it as his opinion that it 
 was the moft expeditious method of watering he had 
 ever known. He had likewife an opportunity of de- 
 tefllng another popular «rror, viz. that pengi-ins, al- 
 batrofles, and other birds of that kind, never go far 
 from land. This indeed may be the cafe in open feas, 
 but in fuch as are covered with ice it is very diffetent ; 
 for they then inhabit the ice iflands, and float out with 
 them to fea to a great diftance, 
 
 When in the latitude of 49. 13. S. fome fi-ns of 
 land were perceived ; but as the wind did not admit of 
 any fcarch being made in the diredlion where it was 
 fuppofed to lie, the captain proceeded in his voyage to 
 the eaftward. A very remarkable alteration in the 
 direflion of the needle was now perceived, and which 
 could not' be fuppofed owing to the vicinity of any 
 
 . magnetic matter, as it happened while the lliips were 
 far out at fea. The cirCumftance was, that, when the 
 
 .fun was on the {larboard fide of the Ihip the variation 
 was leaft, but greateft when on the oppofite fide. An 
 
 ■ aurora- auftralis was again ^bferved, which broke out in 
 fpiral or circular rays, and had a beautiful appearance j 
 but did not fecm to have any particular diretlion, be- 
 ing confpicuous at various times in different parts of 
 the heavens, and diffuCng its light over the whole at- 
 mofplicre. 
 
 The extreme cold and llormy weather which now 
 began to take place, determined Captain Cook not to 
 crofs the an^arfiic circle a fecond time as he had once 
 defigned. His obfcrvations confiimed the accounts of 
 former navigators, that the cold of the fouthern feas is 
 much more intenfe than in equal latitudes in the nor- 
 thern hemifphere j but at the fame time it fliowed 
 tliat this cold cannot be owing to the vicinity of a con- 
 tinent, as had been formerly imagined. On the con- 
 traiy, it was now determined beyond dlfpute, that if 
 any fuch continent exifted in the eaftern part of the 
 .fouthern ocean, it muft be confined within the latitude 
 ,of 60 degftes. No farther difcoveries therefore being 
 piaSicable in higher latitudes, as the winter feafon 
 was approaching, the commander fleered for New 
 Zealand, where he anchored in Dulky Bay on the 25th 
 of March, having been at fea 117 days without once 
 coming in fight of land. Here the time was fpent in 
 procuring proper lefreftnnenls for the people, and ex- 
 ploring the fta-coafl and country for the benefit of 
 future navigator?. Nor was our commander unmind- 
 ful of the inhabitants. Here he left the five gcefe 
 which yet remained, choofing for them a place wliere 
 
 there were no people at the time to diilurb them ; and Cook's 
 as they had there great plenty of food, he had no doubt- P'"^" """^'^ 
 of their breeding, and in a Ihort time fpreading over » 
 the country. Seme d?.ys after a piece of ground v;as 
 cleared by fetting fire to the top^vood, after wliich it 
 -was dug up and lowed with garden feeds. Dulky Bay 
 is fitualcd in the wcflern ifland of New Zealand, called 
 Tavai Poenammoo, which, as has already been fald. is 
 lefs fertile than the other. The inland part is full of 
 rugged mountains of a vaft height : but the lea-coajt 
 is covered with trees, among which is t lie true fpruce, 
 which was found to be of great ufe. It was remaik- 
 ed, that though a -vaft quantity of rain fell durirg the 
 -time of refidence here, it was not attended with ary 
 bad efTefls on the health of the people : which fur-, 
 niflies an additional argument for the heallhinefs of the 
 place. Dufky Bay is r'ckoned by Captain Cock to 
 be the moll proper place in New Zealand for the pro- 
 curing of refrttlinients, though it is attended with feme 
 difagreeable circumftanccs, particularly being infcllcd 
 with great numbers of black fand-tiie.i, wbich were 
 troublelbmc to an extreme degree. The natives fetn 
 at Dufliy Bay were apparently of the fcimc race -with 
 thofe fcen in other parts of the country, and led a 
 wandering life, without any appearance of being united 
 in the bonds of fociety or friendfliip. 
 
 From Diilky Bay the captain proceeded to Queen 
 Charlotte's Sound, where he met with the Adventure, 
 which had been feparated from the Refolution for 41 
 above 14 weeks. In his palTage thither he had an Water 
 opportunity of obferving fix water- fpouts, one of which 'P°"'^' 
 paifed within 50 yards of the Refolution. It hrs been 
 a common opinion, that thefe meteors are diflipated 
 by the firing of a gun, and the captain was foiry he 
 hhd not made the experiment ; but he acknowledges, 
 that though he had a gun ready for the purpofe, and 
 was near enough, his attention was fo much engaged 
 in viewing them, that he forgot to give the ncceffary 
 orders. 
 
 Having planted another garden in this part of the 
 country, and left two goats, two breeding fows and a 
 boar, in as private a fituation as poflible, that they 
 might be for fome time out of the reach of the natives, ^j 
 the captain fet fail for Otaheite. During the long Difcoveries 
 abfence of the Adventure, Captain Furneaux had vi- of Captain 
 .filed the coaft of New Holland, and difcovered thai *"""'"'*■ 
 there was no probability of Van Diemen's land being 
 feparated from it by ftraits : he had likewife found 
 additional proofs that the natives of New Ze.aland 
 were accuflomed to eat human fle(h. Captain Cook 
 alfo remarked with concern, that the'morals of tlie 
 , New Zealanders uere by no means mended by the 
 vifit he had formerly paid them. At that lime he 
 looked upon the women to be more chafle than thofe 
 of moft of the nations he had vifited ; but now the-y 
 were ready to proflitute themfelves for a fpikensil, 
 and the men to force ihern to fuch an infamous traffic, 
 whether agreeable to the inclinations of the females 
 or not. 
 
 In the run from New Zealand to Otaheite, our 
 commander palTed very near the fituation affigned by 
 Captain Carteret to Pitcairn's ifland, difcovered by him 
 in 1767, but without being able to find it, though a 
 fight of it would have been ufeful for cortefting its 
 lo"igitude as well as that of others ju the neighbour- 
 
 bocd j 
 
coo 
 
 r 625 J 
 
 a o o 
 
 Cook's 
 Difcoverics, 
 
 Kew iflamls 
 £fcovcrcd. 
 
 44 
 Miftake 
 concerning 
 tfce women 
 of Otaheite 
 
 . '*5 
 Harvey's 
 
 ifland difco- 
 veitd. 
 
 46 
 South fea 
 iflands ge- 
 nerally fur- 
 rounded 
 with coral 
 Mcks, 
 
 hood ; but there was not at prefent any time to fpend 
 in fearching for it. Proceeding farther on in his 
 voyage, however, he fell in with a clufter of iflands 
 fuppofed to be thole di(covered by M. Bougainville ; 
 and named by him the Dangerout Archipelago. To 
 four of thefe Captain Cook gave the names of Refo- 
 liition, Douhlfiil, Furneaux, and Adventure IJlands. 
 Rsfolution Ifland is fituated in S. Lat. 17. 24. W. Long. 
 141. 39. Doubtful liliuid in S. Lat. 17. 20. W. Long. 
 141. 38. Furneaux Ifland in S. Lat. 17. 5. W. Long. 
 143. 16. and Adventure Ifland in S. Lat. 17. 14. and 
 W. Long. 144. 30, 
 
 No difcovery of any great confcquence was made at 
 the ifland of Otaheite or thofe in its neighbourhood, 
 excepting that the captain had an opportunity of 
 correfling the opinion, which till now had prevailed, 
 of the exceflive diflblutenefs and immodefty of the 
 women of Otaheite ; and which had been enlarged 
 upon by Dr Hawiiefworth more than feeraed to be con- 
 fiftent with decency. The charge, however, according 
 to the accounts of this fecond voyage, is far~from being 
 indifcriminately true, even of the unmarried females 
 of the lower clafs. Some additions were made to the 
 knowledge of the geography of thofe iflands ; and 
 from Huaheine Captain Furneaux took on board of 
 his ftiip one of the natives of Ulietea named Omai, 
 afterwards fo much fpokcn of in England. Captaia 
 Cook at firft appeared diifatisfied with his choice of this 
 youth, as being inferior in rank to many others, and 
 having no particular advantage in fliape, figure, or 
 complexion ; however, he had afteiwards reafon to be 
 better pleafed. During the captain's refidence at 
 Otaheite, he ufed his utmoll endeavours to difcover 
 whether the venereal difeafe was endemic among them, 
 or whether it had been imported by Europeans ; but in' 
 this he could not meet with any perfeftly fatisfaftory 
 a,ccount, though it was univerfally agreed, that if it 
 had been introduced by Europeans, it muft have been 
 by the French under M. Bougainville. 
 
 Captain Cook having left Ulietea on the 17th of 
 September 1773, direfted his courfe weilward, with 
 «n inclination to the fouth. In this courfe he difco- 
 vered land in S. Lat. 19. 8. and W. Long. 158. 54. to 
 which he gave the name of Harvey''t IJland. From 
 thence he proceeded to the ifland of Middleburg, where 
 he was treated in the moft hofpitable manner poffible. 
 To luch an excels did the people carry their generofity, 
 that they feemed to be more fond of giving away their 
 goods than in receiving any thing for them ; infomuch 
 that many, who had not an opportunity of coming near 
 the boats, threw over the heads of others whole b.iles of 
 cloth, and then retired, without either waiting or afliing 
 far any thing in return; From Middleburg he proceed- 
 ed to Amfterdam ifland, where the beauty and cultiva- 
 tion of the ifland afforded the moft enchanting profpeft. 
 There was not an inch of wafte ground ; the roads were' 
 no wider than what was abfolutely neceflary, and the 
 fences were not above four inches thick. Even this was 
 not abfolutely loft j for many of thefe contained ufeful 
 trees or plants. 
 
 It is obfervable of the ifles of Middleburg and Am- 
 fierdam, as well as of moft others in the South fea, 
 that they, are guarded from the waves by a reef of 
 coral rocks, which extend about one hundred fathoms 
 from the ftiore. Thus they are eflfeftually fecnred 
 
 Voi. VI, Pait II. 
 
 from the encroachments of the ocean j by which tliey Cook'« 
 would probably foon be fwallowed up, as moft of them I^fcoveries. 
 are mere points in comparifon of the vaft quantity of ' 
 water which furrounds them. Here he left a quan- 
 tity of garden vegetable feeds and pulfe, which it was 
 not doubted would be taken care of by the induftrious 
 inhabitants. In the laft- mentioned iflands our naviga- 
 tors found no animals but hogs and fowls ; the for- 
 mer being of the fame kind with thole ufually feen 
 in the other iflands of the South fea j but the latter 
 greatly preferable, equalling thofe of Europe in their 
 fize, and even preferable in refpeft of the goodnefs of 
 their flelh. 
 
 On the 7th of Ot^ober, Captain Cook left the ifland 
 of Amfterdam, with a defign to pay another .vifit to 
 New Zealand, in order to take in wood and water for 
 his voyage in queft of a fouthern continent. The day 
 after he left Amflerdam he fell in with the ifland of 
 Pilftart, formerly difcovered by Tafir.an, and fituated 
 in S. Lat. 26'. W. Long. 175. 59. thirty-two leagues 
 diftant from the eaft end of Middleburg. On his arrival Anothijr 
 at New Zealand, he exerted himfelf as much as poffible ^ifit to New^ 
 to leave a proper aflbrtment of vegetables and animals ^'^*'^™^' 
 for the benefit of the inhabitants. One of the firft 
 things he did, therefore, was to make a prefent to a 
 chief, who had come off in a canoe, of a quantity ot* 
 the molt ufeful garden feeds^ fuch as cabbage, turnips, 
 onions, carrots, parfneps, and yams j together with fome 
 wheat, French and kidney beans, and peafe. With 
 the fame perfon alfo he left two boars, two fows, four 
 hens, and two cocks. This prefent, however valuable 
 in itfelf, feems to have been but indifferently recei<. 
 ved ; for the chief was much better fatisficd with a 
 fpikenail halt' the length of his arm than with all the , 
 
 reft ; notwithftanding which, he promifed to take care 
 of the feeds, and not to kill any of the animals. Oa 
 inquiring about thofe animals left in the country in the 
 former part of his voyage^ the captain was informed, 
 that the boar and one of the fows had been fenarated, 
 but not killed. The other he faw in good condition, 
 and very tame. The two goats, he was informed, had 
 been killed by a native of the name of Gaubiab. 
 The gardens had met with a better fate ; all the articles 
 being in a very flourilhing condition, though left en- 
 tirely to nature, excepting the potatoes. Captain Cook, 
 hoxvever, ftill determined to fupply thefe iflandcrs 
 with ufeful animals, put on (hore a boar, a young fow, 
 two cocks, and two hens, which he made a prefent 
 of to the adjacent inhabitants. Three other fows and a 
 boar, with two cocks and hens, he ordered to be left 
 in the country without the knowledge of the Indians. 
 They were carried a little way into the woods, and 
 there left with as much food as would fcrve them 
 for 10 or 12 days, in order to prevent them frora 
 coming down to the coaft in queft of it, and thus being 
 difcovered. 
 
 . A fecond feparation firom the Adventure had now Vo'i^Ee i 
 taken place; notwithftanding which. Captain Cook queft of a 
 fet out alone with his vefTel in queft of a fouthern con- fouthcm 
 tinent ; and fuch was the confidence put in him by the '^°"'^"^'°''- 
 failors, that all of them expreiTed as much fatlsfaflion 
 and alacrity as if not only the Adventure, but ever fb 
 many fhips had been in company. 
 
 On the 26th of November the captain fet fail from 
 
 New Zealand j and on the 1 2th of December beean to. 
 
 4K fall 
 
45 
 
 Is flopped 
 by ice. 
 
 COO I 626 
 
 «ook'» fall In with tlic ice, but confiderably farther to the 
 Pifcoveries. fouthward than they had met with it in the former part 
 ' of his voyage j being now in the Lat. of 62. 10. S. 
 and 172° W. Long. As they proceeded fouthward, 
 the number of ice iflands increafed prodigioufly ; and 
 in Lat. 67. 31. and W. Long. 142. 54. they all at 
 once got in among fuch a duller of thefe iflands, that 
 it became a matter of the utmoft difficulty and danger 
 to keep clear of them. Finding it impoflible, there- 
 fore, to get any farther to the fouthward at prefent, 
 the captain determined to explore a confiderable tradl 
 of fea to the north of his prefent fituation, and then 
 again to ftand to the fouth. But in this he was ftill 
 unfuccefsful ; no land being difcovered either in fail- 
 ing northward, eallward, weftward, or fouthward j 
 though he proceeded as far in the laft direction as 
 71. 10. S. Lat. and 106. 54. W. It was now impof- 
 fible to proceed ; and the opinion of the captain him- 
 felf, as well as moft of the gentlemen on board, was 
 that the ice by which they were now flopped extend- 
 ed as far as the pole. As there was ftill room, how- 
 ever, in parts of the ocean entirely unexplored, for 
 very large iflands, our commander determined not to 
 abandon the purfuit m which he was engaged until 
 there (hould not be any poffibility of doinjr more : and 
 befides the pofTibility of «3akirg new difcoveries, he 
 was confcious that many of the iflands already difco- 
 vered were fo obfcurely known, that it was of confe- 
 •quence to pay them a fecond vifit. With tlris view he 
 propofed to go in queft of Eafter or Davis's ifland ; the 
 iiluation of which was known with fo lilUe certainty, 
 that none of the attempts lately made to difcover it 
 had been fuccefsful. He next intended to get within 
 the tropic, and then to proceed to the weft, touching 
 at any iflands he might meet with, and fettling their 
 iituations, until he fliould arrive at Oiaheite, where it 
 was neceflary for him to make fome ftay in order to 
 look for the Adventure. It was part of his defign alfo 
 to run to the eaftward as far as Terra Auftral del E- 
 fpiritu Santo, difcovered by Q^uiros, and which fJI. 
 Bougainville had named Tie Great Cyclades. From 
 this land he propofed to fail to the fouthward, and 
 from thence to the eaft between the latitude of 50* 
 and 60". In the execution of this defign, he deter- 
 tinned if poffiWe to reach Cape Horn, during the en- 
 fuing November, when he would have the beft part of 
 the fummer before him to explore the fouthern part of 
 the Atlantic ocean. 
 
 In purfuing his courfe to the northward, it had been 
 part of liis defign to find out the land faid to have been 
 difcovered by Juan Fernandez in about the latitude of 
 38° ; but he was foon convinced, that if any fuch 
 land exified, it could only be a very fmall ifland ; but 
 the profeculion oi the defii^n was for feme little time 
 interrupted by a violent bilious diforder by which the 
 captain was attacked. In tins, when he began to re- 
 cover, as there was no frelh meat on board, he was oh- 
 ^ 5^ liged to have recourfe to dog's flefh ; and a favourite 
 tirorKrtv of !>'umal belonging to Mr Forfter was facrificed on 
 dog's flefh. the occafion. The captain was able to eat not only 
 of the broth made of this, but likewife of the flefh, when 
 his ftomach could bear nothing elfe. On the nth of 
 March they arrived at Eafter ifland, before which time 
 the captain was tolerably recovered. Here they made 
 but few difcoveries farther than determining the fi- 
 
 COO 
 
 tuatioo of it to be in S. Lat. 27. 5. 30, 
 Long. 109. 46. 20. The ifland itielt was 
 
 and W. CbokS 
 found Difcover;* 
 V~~" 
 
 barren and defolate, having every appearance of being 
 lately ruined by a volcanic eruption \ without cither 
 
 The Vifit £a&.*K 
 
 wood, fuel, or freih water worth taking on board 
 
 iRhabilants were few in number; and the women inifla««J. 
 
 very fmall proportion to the men, but remaikable for 
 
 their lewdnefs. A number of gigantic ftatues were 
 
 obferved, which had alfo been taken notice of by Com* 
 
 modore Roggewein, and the origin of which coaid not 
 
 be accounted for. , 
 
 On leaving Eafter ifland, Captain Cook was again 
 attacked by his bilious diforder ; but happily reco- ^^ 
 veied before he reached the Marquefa*, which they and the 
 did on the 6th and 7th of April. One of thefe, M»r<l'»^a)it 
 being a new difcovery, received the name of Hood^s 
 l/iand, from the young gentleman by whom it was 
 firll obfervad. Tlwfe are five in number ; fituated 
 between 9 and lo degrees of fouth latitude, and be- 
 tween 138. 47. and 139. 13. of weft longitude. They 
 were dilcovered by Mendana a Spaniard ; and their 
 names are, La Magdalena, St Pedro, La Dominica, 
 Santa Chriftina, and Hood's Ifland. The inhabitants 
 are, without exception, the fineft race of people in the 
 South fea, furpaffing all others in that part of the 
 world in the fymmetry of their perfons and regulaiity 
 of their features. Their origin, however, from the 
 affinity of language, was evidently the fame with that 
 of Otaheite. It was in St Chriftina that our comman- 
 der anchored ; and he has left particular direflions for 
 finding a particular cove in Hefolution bay in that 
 iflanu', which is the moft convenient for procuring wood 
 and water. 
 
 In the paSage from the Marquefas to Otaheite, our 
 navigators paffed feveral low and fmall iflands ccnnefl- 
 ed together by reefs of coral rocks. One of tliefe, 
 named by the inhabitants Tiooiea, was vifited bv L'eu- t\ 
 tenant Cooper. It was difcovered and vilited by Cap. Mar... 
 tain Byron ; and is fituated in S. Lat. 27. 30. W.Tcoicat. 
 Long. 144. j6. The inhabitants are much darker in 
 thtir complexion, and feem to be of a fiercer difpoli- 
 tion than thofe of the neighbouring iflnnds. They 
 have the figure of a filh marked upon their bodies ; a 
 very proper emblem of their profeffion, deriving their 
 fubfiftence almoft entirely from the fea. Pfifiing by 
 St George's iflands, which had been alfo difcovered 
 and named by Captain Byron, our commander now 
 difcovered four others, which he named Pa/^i/cr''s p^^yj^*,^ 
 IJlands. One of thefe is fituated in S. Lat. 15. 26. iflasds. 
 and W. Long. 146. 20. another in S» Lat. 15. 27. 
 and W. Long. T46. 3. They were rnhabiled by peo- 
 ple refemblir.g thofe of 1 iookea, and like them were 
 armed with long pikes. Here our navigator obfervcs, 
 that from W. Long. 138" to 148° or 150°, the fea is 
 fo full of fmall low iflands, that one cannot proceed witb 
 too much caution. 
 
 On his arrival at Otaheite, provifions were met with y^,.^^j,j 3, 
 in great plenty ; and they were now very acceptable, Ctabeite. 
 by reafon of the long time the fhip had been al fea 
 without obtaining any confiderable fupply. Two 
 goats which had been given by Captain Fum«aii.i to a 
 chief named Otoo, appeared to be in a very promifing 
 fituaiion. The female had brought forth two kids, 
 which were almoft large enough to propagate; and as 
 ihc was again with kid, there wat little doubt that the 
 
 ifland 
 
Cook's 
 
 piCcoveries, 
 
 - 5« 
 HujVieine, 
 
 UUetea, 
 
 Howe 
 
 illaud, &-t 
 
 Bottordam 
 illaiid. 
 
 „t »l.kh had d.=d "«d r ™>i" "ilh <"•. "'■ 
 •ICo, lh= cpum furniHied t»= ™'" ,, 
 
 „Md. h. 6'<' JXroT'th V.nL.U d».yi«g. 
 
 !S,iro^rf J"»rsrhVr„pp.r.d .. u „» 
 
 next day came in fight of Ho«e iiuna, 
 
 the natives, which palleU cloie ovci 
 the extreme hoftiUly of the people "^^V^f^l'^i 
 Las named by Cap^^in Cook Savage IJland. U i? ot 
 Trou" d aiapeTpxett'y high and has deep water clofe to 
 
 nSb^'nullSSliflands, Capta-in Cook 
 next tc'hored at that of Ana^ocka or Rotterdam 
 Trf.^ Taf^n It IS tuated^^n^ .^S^^ 
 
 ^aS fide7.teldingVat fee and a half or four 
 T, .L .V, ,.,»ft hn the ioutn It IS encom- 
 
 sried 
 
 SuppoleJ 
 volcano. 
 
 59 
 New Hc- 
 
 bridts •viGt 
 
 breakers ; of wmch no end o^n be i^^n ir 
 on the northern fide, and may polT.bly be a ar x 
 tended as Amfterdam or Tongataboo. ^ "^"^ J"'; 
 captain remained on this ifiand, ^e learned the name^ 
 of more than 20 of the adjacent ifles '^"Tno th elft 
 were in Ccht between the north-weft ^"^ ""^J*""'*; 
 Two of thefe, which lie more to the "ft-^^ than 
 the others, are named Jmattafoa and Oghoo. They 
 a e remarkable for their height", and from a great 
 
 mokrvifible about the -^^^'^^^ l^^^^o^^.Z 
 fuDOofcd to have a volcano. The idand of Rotteraam, 
 Middleburg, or Eaoowe, with PUftart, form a group 
 Sndlng I'bout three degree, of i-g^J'^!:,;')^.^ 
 of latitude. The whole group was ^^^fJ/t("^J 
 lu Ues bv Captain Cook, on account of the fnendlhip 
 'Sfe^med'to fubfift among the -habitants, ar^ 
 their courteous behaviour to ilrangers. The people 
 of Rotterdam iOand are fim.lar to thofe °f Amfter- 
 dam ; but the iOand is not m fuch a high '^^^^fj^\^ 
 tlvation as Amfterdam, nor do '" /^'^'^V "'"^ ° '"■t' 
 perfeaion. It is alfo inferior m the articles of cloth 
 iiatung, &c. which are accounted the wealth of thelc 
 
 ^" From Rotterdam ifiand our navigator continued his 
 courfe to the weftward, where he firft ^-f-ve-d a 
 fmall illand in S. Lat. 19. 48. W. Long. ^l^-J- " 
 ,vas named Turtle ifland. from the g-"^^; ""£ °^^ 
 thefe animals found upon it f-^'"" f ^J ^^'" ,^„' 
 fell in with the clufter of iflands named by M. Bou- 
 gabvnie the Great Cyckdes. The firft iQand ou which 
 
 ,- t COO 
 
 he landed wa. MalUcollo. where, though *« .P'ffpSi. 
 
 r.t firft very hoftile, they were faon conciliated, .^^ 
 
 '''h , k-£dlv Tnlercourfe took place. The language'—^'— 
 "fl f neoL irconfiderably different from that of 
 lather's h'fea iflands ,' they are diminutive .. 
 the <""" oj features ; their hair black 
 
 their P«^°"f' ;"^„i ,"fung, but lefs foft than that of 
 
 °l ^Troes They had no name for a dog in their lan- 
 thenegroes. Ihey naa ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 guage, and h d "=^« f % ^^^ bitch, of which 
 were ^^^"'"^J^ J^ ^h m a pfefent. The harbour iit 
 SriaTnd twwS UieOiip'came to an anchor, was 
 
 Lted sVdwich harbour, -V%°"67 .T^Trtt 
 fA^ ;n <; Lat x6. 2C. 20. E. Long. 107. 57- S3- . •'"^ 
 Uv^ry commodious fir the carrying on any operation* 
 atVa'd, having a good depth of water, and many other ^^ 
 ''^Thl'n'ext difcovery was that of the group named Shepherd', 
 sZer7s J'les,\n honour of Dr Shepherd Plum.an'-- 
 Sor of-'aftr'or.omy at Oxford Numbers more 
 were every day obfei^ed j of which one peaked rock. 
 Jamed the Monument, was uninhabited, bemg appa- 
 rently inacceftible to any other creature but bid • 
 c i'li idand is of a confideiable extent, and e>:h i- 
 
 S rtf bettiful profpea. . It ^^^^^^^^ 
 other fmaller iflands, the Fl-'P/^ "^X^^'^j;;:"^; 
 med Montague and Hmchrihraoh. At tiromango 
 r/y found the people hoftile and treacherous ; and 
 f iTirm fti they had with them near a promontory 
 STetnhliarpoint of the.ifland it was „am«l 
 Traitor^s Head. Its filuat.on is in S. Lat. 10. 43- ^' ^ 
 
 ^Strfmango our navigators proceeded - J-^ 
 na an ifland they had formerly difcovered at a diftance 
 «n'/ which is Grounded by fome others, three of 
 which »re named Immer, Footoona or Erronan, and 
 iL At Tanna they ftaid for fome time.on account ,, 
 of their wanting fome quantity of wood. A vol- Volcano. 
 Sno was r ei alout the middle. of this ..Aand, which 
 burned with great violence, particularly in moift and 
 tet vveatherf but notwithftanding the friendly terms 
 Tn which they were -^'h the naUves, the atter would 
 never allow them to approach this mountain There 
 were fome fpots on the fea-coaft which emitted a hot 
 rndfulphureous fmoke •, and the people alfo expre&d 
 much uneafinefs when thefe were approached or med- 
 dl d with The port which the ftiip entered in .hi. 
 itJd was named hfilution Harbour, a-d is fituate m 
 S Lat 10. ^2. 2^^. E. Long. 169. 44- 35- / '^ ^ 
 finallcrfk three quarters of a mile long, and about 
 half as broad. It is extremely convenient, having 
 plenty of wood and water clofe to the ftiore. Among 
 Vegetable produffions of this ifland, tnere is reafon 
 to fufpeft the nutmeg tree to be one, a pigeon ha- 
 to lulpeci r the craw of whick was a wild nut- 
 
 ving been iliot, in tne i-rdw ^ j-n- n. ,„.„„ ^f „-„. 
 mee. The inhabitants are two diftina races ot peo 
 Pie and fpeak two different languages; one that of 
 the' F^endly Iflands, the other peculiar to Tanna and 
 thofe in the neighb;urhcod. The people are very Dex.crity 
 tnoie in & „ , - weapons; en which Mrofthcmha- 
 
 expert in the ule 01 tnejr ""^ 1^ ' „ j ^ con-l'itaius in 
 
 Wales makes the followmg ^^f.-^^' • . /. "^f * f • "ji ''>'= "^'^ °^ 
 fefs I have often been led to think the f"ts whch^^^^j^^^^ 
 Homer reprefents his heroes as performing with their 
 foea" a lUtle too much of the marvellous tc be ad- 
 S la a. heroic^P^em, I mean when confined 
 
^ 
 
 Cook's 
 Difcovtrics, 
 
 64 
 
 New Cale- 
 donia dif- 
 covered. 
 
 COO {628 
 
 Within the ftrait flays of Ariftotle ; nay, even fo great 
 an advocate for him as Mr Pope acknowledges them 
 to be futprifing ; but fince I have fecii what thefe 
 people can do with their wooden fpears, and them 
 badly pointed, and not of an hard nature, I have not 
 the leaft exception to any one paffage in that great 
 poet on this account. But if I fee fewer exceptions, 
 I can find infinitely more beauties in him, as he has, 
 I think, fcarcely an aftion, circumftance, or defcrip- 
 tion of any kind whatever relating to a fpear, which I 
 have not feen and recognifcd among thefe people j 
 as their whirling motion and whittling noife as they 
 fly J their quivering motion in the ground when they 
 fall ; their meditating their aim when they are going 
 to throw ; and their fliaking them in their hand as they 
 go along." 
 
 The archipelago, in which Captain Cook had now 
 remained a confiderable time, is fituated between 14. 
 
 29. and 20. 4. S. Lat. and between 166. 41. and 170. 
 ai. E. Long, extending 12? leagues in the direftion 
 of N. N. W. i W. and S. S. E. ^ E. The principal 
 iflands are the Peak of the Etoile, Terra del Efpiri- 
 tu Santo, MallicoUo, St Bartholomew, the iflc of Le- 
 pers, Aurora, Whitfuntide ifle. Ambry m, Paoom, 
 Apee, Three Hills, Sandwich, Erromango, Tanna, 
 Immer, and Anafom. 1'hey were firft difcovered in 
 ■1606 by Q^uiros, who fuppofed them to be part of a 
 fouthern continent 5 nor were they vifited from that 
 time till the year 1768, when M. Bcugainville beftow- 
 ed upon them the name of the Great Cyclodes, as al- 
 ready mentioned. This gentleman, however, befides 
 landing in the ifle of Lejiers, only difcovered that the 
 country was not connefted, but confiftcd of iflmds. 
 Captain Cook examined the whole in fuch an accu- 
 rate manner, afcertaining the fltuation of many of the 
 iflands, and difcovering fuch numbers of new ones, 
 that he thought he had an undoubted right to impofe 
 a new name upon them, and therefore called them the 
 jVi?M) Hebrides. 
 
 From the New Hebrides Captain Coolc fet fail for 
 New Zealand, in order to profecule his voyage in 
 fearch of a fouthern continent, but in three days dif- 
 covered a large ifl md, which he named New Caledo- 
 nia ; and which, next to New Zealand, is the largeft 
 in the Pacific ocean. It lies between 19. 37. and 22. 
 
 30. S. Lat. and between 163. 37. and 167. 14. E. 
 Long, lying N. W. i W. and S. E. i E. extending 
 about 87 leagu<'s in that direftion, though its breadth 
 does not anywhere exceed 10 leagues. The natives 
 are llrong, aftive, well made, and feem to be a middle 
 race betv^een thofe of Tanna and the Friendly Ifles ; 
 and the women were more chafle than thofe of the 
 ifl,uids farther to the eaftward. The ifland afforded a 
 cenfiderable variety of f)lants for the botanifls, and 
 fome excellent timbers of the fpecies of the pitch pine, 
 for marts and fpars. The wood is clofe grained, white, 
 and tough ; and very fit for the purpofe. Ore of the 
 fmall iflands furroundirg the large one was named the 
 JJle of Pines, from the quantity of thefe trees found 
 
 COO 
 
 upon it J and another, from the number and Vfiriety of 
 plants it afforded, had the name of Botany IJland. The 
 coaft, howcvei, was fo dangerous, that our navigator, 
 having no more lime to fpare, was obliged to leave 
 ■fonic part of it unexplored, though the extent was de- 
 termined, as has been already related. Mr Forfter was 
 
 of opinion, that the language of this people is totally Cook's 
 different from that of any of the other South SeaPi*™™"**- 
 iflands. *~~^ '"" 
 
 Proceeding from New Caledonia, our navigator next Norfolk 
 fell in with an ifland about five leagues in circumfe-iflaixl. 
 rence, and of a good height, fituated in S. Lat. 29. 
 2. 30. and E. Long. 168. 16. J on which he beftowed 
 the name of Norfolk Ifland. It was entirely uninhabit- 
 ed. Various trees aud plants common in New Zealand 
 were obferved here, particularly the flax plant, which 
 is more luxuriant in this ifland than in any part of ' 
 
 New Zealand. The chief produce of the ifland is a 
 kind of fprucepine, many of the trees of which are 
 10 or 12 feet in circumference. The palm cabbage 
 likewife abounds here ; and the coafts are well flocked 
 with excellent fifli. O' the iS'.h of October they ar- 66 
 rived at Queen Charlotte's Sound in New Z'aland j-Arrival at 
 the iiluation of which was now afccrtaimd by Mr^'^" ^^*" 
 Wales with the utmoft accuracy, its latitude being ' 
 found 41. 5. 56^. S. and its longitude 174, J5. "j^ E. 
 On examining the gaidens which had been msdc, it 
 was found that they were in a thriving condition, 
 though they had been entirely negleftcd by the natives. 
 Some of the cocks and hens were fuppofed to be ftill 
 in exillence, as a new laid hen's egg was found, though 
 none were feen. 
 
 On the loth of November Captain Cook fet fail 
 from New Zealand in fearch of a fouthern continent j 
 but having travcifed a vaft extent of fea for 17 days, 
 from S. Lat. 43. o. to 55. 48. he gave up all thoughts 
 of finding ai.y more land in this part of the ocean, 
 and therefore determined to fleer direftly for the welt 
 entrance of the ftraits of Magclhn, with a dcfign of 
 coafli;.g the Inuthem part of 'I'erra del Fuego quite 
 round Cai)c H.;rn to Le Maire's Straits. As the 
 world had hitherto received but very imperfeift ac- 
 counts of this coaft, he thought a furvey of it would 
 be of more advantage to navigation and geography than 
 any thing he could expeft to meet with in a higher 
 latitude. On the 17th of December he reached the g- 
 coaft of Terra del Fuego, and in three days more an- at Terra 
 chored in a place to wliich he gave the name of Chri/l-^'^^ Fuego. 
 nuis Sound. The land appeared deloLite beyond any 
 thing he had hitherto experienced. It feems to be 
 entirely compofed of rocky mountains, without the 
 leaft appearance of vegetation. Thelc mountains ter- 
 minate in horrid precipices, the craggy fummits of 
 which fpire up to a vaft height ; fo that fcarcely any 
 thing in nature can have a more barren and favage 
 profpert than the whole of the country. In the courfe 
 of his voysge along this coaft, he could not but ob- 
 fcrve, that at no time had he ever made one of fuch 
 length where fo littW occurred of an interefting na- 
 ture. Barren and dreary, however, as the coaft was, 
 it was not totally deftitute of accommodations about 
 Chriftmas Sound. Frefti water and wood for fuel 
 were found about every harbour ; and the country 
 everywhere abounds with fowl, particularly gcefe.— 
 A confiderable number of plants were alfo found upon 
 it, almoft every fpecies of which was new to the bo- 
 tanifls. In parting by Cape Horn, it was wifhed to 
 dttcrmine whether it belonged to the land of Ter- 
 ra del Fuego, or to a fmall ifland fouth from it; buto„jYoyj„^ 
 this was found impraflicable on account of the fog-round C»pe 
 gy weather and dangerous fe?. Its latitude wasH"*"- 
 
 6i 
 
 Remarks 
 
Cook's 
 Pifcoveries. 
 
 o o [ 629 ] coo 
 
 be 5J. j8. S. find Us longitude This was fllll more defolate than South Georgia, being Cook's 
 
 69 
 
 Surprifing 
 concord of 
 tlie animals 
 ill thcfe 
 parts. 
 
 ^ 7° 
 Farther dif- 
 coveries in 
 the fouth- 
 cm regions. 
 
 now determined to . _ _ 
 
 67. 46. W. The coait appeared lei's dreary here than 
 on tiie weftern fide of Terr.i del Fuego ; for though 
 the fummits of fome of the hills were rocky, the fides 
 and ViUeys Icemed covered with a green turf and wood- 
 ed in lulls. In pafflng ihii cape a remark was made 
 by the captain, that if he were on a voyage round 
 Cape Horn, to the well, and not in want of wood or 
 water, or any other thing which might make it necsf- 
 fary to put into port, he would fail a confidcrable way 
 to the fouthward, fo as to be out of the reach of land 
 altogether. By this method he would avoid the cur- 
 rents, whofe force, he was of opinion, would be broken 
 at 10 or 12 leagues diftance from the fliore, and far- 
 ther off would be entirely deliroyed. The extent of 
 'J'erra del Fuego, and confequently of Magellan's 
 Straits, was found to be lefs than what is commonly 
 laid down in maps and charts, and the coafts, in gene- 
 ral, lefs dangerous than has been ufu .lly leprefcnted ; 
 though this muft undoubtedly have been owing in a 
 great meafure to the weather, which happened to be 
 remarkably temperate. In one of the iniall iflrinds 
 near Stalen Land, and which from their being difco- 
 vered on new year's d^iy, were called New Tear^s IJles, 
 a remarkable harmony was cbferved among the ani- 
 mals of different fpeciSs with which thefe defolate re- 
 gions abound. The fea-licns occupy the grea'eft part 
 of the lea coaft ; the bears occupr the inland ; the 
 fhags are poried in the highefi: cliffs; the penguins in 
 fuch places as ha%'e the bell acccls to and from the 
 fea ; and the other birds choofe more retired places. 
 Occafionally, how-evcr, all theie animals were fisen to 
 mix together like domeftic cattle and poultry in a 
 farm yard, without one attempting fo hurt the other 
 in the leaft. Even the eagles and vultures were fre- 
 quently obferved fitting together on the hills among 
 the rtiags, while none of the Istter, either old or 
 young, appeared to be difturbed at their prefence. It 
 is probable, therefore, that thefe birds of prey fubfift 
 by feeding on the carcafes of the animals which die 
 naturally or by various accident?, and which nuift be 
 Very numerous, from the in»menfe quantity exifting on 
 theifland. 
 
 Our navigator now fet out in queft of that cxtenfive 
 coaft laid down in Mr Dalrymple's -chart, and in which 
 is marked the gulf of St Sebaftian ; but when he 
 came into the place where it is fuppofed to lie, neither 
 land nor any certain figns of it could be met with. 
 Some iflands, however, were difcovered, particularly 
 Willis's ifland, in S. Lat. 54. o. W. Long. 38. 23. j 
 another named Bird IJland and South Georgia, fituated 
 between 53. 37. and 54. 57. S., Lat. and between 38. 
 13. and 33. 34. W. Long. All thefe were coveted 
 with fnovv and ice to a great height. Not a tree 
 was to be feen, not even a fhrub, nor were there any 
 rivulets or ftreams of water : the only vegetables to 
 be met with were a coarfe ftrong-bladed grafs, wild 
 burnet, and a kind of mofs. A conliderable quantity 
 of fcals and penguins were met with, whofe flelli, though 
 very coarfe, was preferred by the (hip's company, even 
 by Captain Cook himfelf, to the fait provifions, which 
 were now greatly decayed. The moft loutherly land 
 difcovered by our navigator was that on which he 
 bellowed the name of Southern Thule, and which is 
 fituated in S. Lat. 59. 13. 30. W. Long. 27. 45. 
 
 forfaken even by the feals and penguins which abound- P'fco'^«-'"gs. 
 ed on it. Not a fingle herb of any kind was feen upon ' 
 it, but vaft high and barren mountains, the tops of 
 Ibme of which reached above the clouds ; and it may 
 be remarked, that this feeras to be the only part of the 
 world, hitherto difcovered, entirely unfit for the fupport 
 of animal life. 
 
 Southern Thule was difcovered on the 3 1 (1 of Ja- Qf ^^^ ^^p^ 
 nuary 1775; and from this to the 6th of February iftencc of a 
 fcveral other iflands were difcovered, and named C/7/>(? fouthem 
 Brijlol, Cape Montague, Sounders'' s I/lei, Candlemat'^°^^^^^^ 
 IJle, and Sandwich''s Land. With regard to this laft. 
 Captain Cook was undetermined whether it was a group 
 of iflands or part of a continent lying t>ear the pole, as 
 after all his difappointments, he was [till inclined to 
 think that fuch a continent has an exiHence, on ac-* 
 count of the vaft quantity of ice met with in the 
 fouthern feas, and which from its great height appears 
 to be formed in bays and gulfs of the land, and not 
 in the ocean itfelf. The greateft part of the fouthern 
 continent, however, if it has any exiftence, muft be 
 within the polar circle, where the fea is fo encumbered 
 with ice, that the land muft be inacceflible. So great 
 is the danger in navigating thefe fouthern feas, that 
 Captain Cook afferts, on the moft probable grounds in 
 the world, that fuch lands as lie to the fouthward <rf 
 his difcoveries could not be explored ; and that even 
 no man would venture further than be had done. 
 Thick fogs, fnow ftorms, intenfe cold, and every thing < 
 
 that can render navigation difficult or dangerous, 
 muft be encountered } all which difficulties are greatly 
 heightened by the inexpreflibly horrid afpeft of the 
 country itfelf. It is a part of the world doomed by " 
 
 nature never once to feel the warmth of the fun's rays, 
 but to be buried in everlafting fnow and ice. Whatt 
 ever ports there may be on the coaft, they are almoft 
 entirely covered with frozen fnow of a vaft tbicknefs. 
 If, however, any of them fliould be fo far open as t» 
 invite a Ihip into it, ftie would run the rifk. of being 
 fixed there for ever, or of coming out in an ice ifland. 
 To this it may be added, that the iflands and floats on 
 the coaft, the great falls from the ice clefts in the port, 
 or a fudden fnow ftorm, might be nt tended with equal- 
 ly fatal effefts. For thefe reafons our commander de- 
 termined to abandon the purfuit of a land whofe exift- 
 ence was fo equivocal, but whofe inutility, if it (hould 
 be difcovered, was certain. One thing only remained 
 to complete what he wiftied to accomplifh, and that .^ 
 was tb determine the exiftence of Bouvet's land. In Voyage ia 
 this inquiry he fpent 16 days ; but having run for 13 queft of 
 of thefe direftly in the latitude affigned to that land, ^°"^®''* 
 and found no appearance of it, or cf Cape Circumci- 
 fion, he concluded that neither of thrm had any ex- 
 iftence, but that the navigators h'ad been deceived by 
 the appearance of ice iflands. Two days more were 
 fpent in queft of fome land which had been obferved 
 more to the fouthward, but with the like bad fuccefs ; 
 after which our commander abandoned all farther 
 thoughts of fouthern difcoveries, and p-epaied for re- 
 turning to England. On his ivay home, however, he 
 determined to direft his courfe in fuch a manner as to 73 
 fall in with the iflands of Denia and Marfeveen. Thefe O''^ the i1e» 
 are laid down in Dr Hailey's variation chart in lati- jfj'* 
 tude 41. 30. S. and about 4. o. E. from the meridian ^^^ "" 
 
 of 
 
Cook's 
 
 Dif-ove-risJ. 
 
 74 
 Of the ufe. 
 fiilncfs of 
 diflilling 
 lea- water. 
 
 Third voy- 
 age. 
 
 7« 
 
 Vifits the 
 ifle cf Te- 
 Jicrifle. 
 
 77 
 Tea-umib. 
 
 78 
 Impregna- 
 ted kmon. 
 
 . 79 
 Prmce Ed- 
 
 wafd's 
 iflands dif- 
 ^svered. 
 
 COO [63 
 
 ol tht Cape of Good Hope. None of lliefc iflands 
 "^ could be found ; and theiefore our commander having 
 very liule time to fpare either in fearching for them 
 or attempting to difprove their exiltence, made the 
 beS of his way to the Caps of Good Jlope, and from 
 thence to England, In his pafldge thither, he vifited 
 the ifles of St Helena, Afccnlit.'n, and Fernando ds 
 Noronha. An experiment was made on the ufe of the 
 flili foi- procuring fredi water at fea ; the refult of v/hicii 
 was, that though tlie invention %vas ufeful upon the 
 whole, yet it would not by any means be advifable to 
 trull entirely to it. Provided indeed that there was 
 Rot a fcarcity of fuel, and tint the coppei-s were good, 
 as Kiur.h might thus be procured as would fupport life ; 
 but that no efforts would be fuflicient to procure the 
 quantity neceSTary for the prefervation of health, efpe- 
 cially in hot climate:. He was likewife convinced 
 that nothing contributes mote to the health of feamen 
 than having plenty of frelh water. His laft ftage in 
 this fecond voyage before his arrival in England was 
 at Fayal, one of the Azores iflands ; and his only de- 
 fign in flopping here was to give Mr Wales an oppor- 
 portunity of finding the rate of the watches going, that 
 (a he njight be enabled to find the longitude of thefe 
 iflands with the greater certainty. 
 
 Ib our commander's tWrd voyage he touched at the 
 ifland of TenerifFe inftead of Madeira, looking upon 
 the former to be a belter place for procuring refrefh- 
 ments ; and was convinced of the juftnefs of his con- 
 jcfture by the facility with which provifions of all 
 kinds were obtained. The air of the country is ex- 
 ceedingly healthy, and proper for thofe fubjeft to pul- 
 monary complaints. This was accounted for by a 
 gentleman of the place from the great height of the 
 ifland, by which it was in the power of any perfon to 
 change the temperature of the air as he pleafed j and 
 he expreffed his furprife that phyficians, inftead of 
 Jendiiig their patients to Nice or Lilbon, did not fend 
 them to Teneriffe. From the fame gentleman it was 
 learned, that the tea flirub grows in that ifland as a 
 common weed, which is conftantly exterminated in 
 large quantities. The Spaniards, however, fometimes 
 life it as tea, and afcribe to it all the qualities of that 
 brought from the Eail Indies. They gave it alfo the 
 name of tea, and fay that it was found in the country 
 when the iflands were firft difcovered. Another bota- 
 nical curiofity is the fruit called the impregnated lemon, 
 which is a perfeft and diftinft lemon inclofed within 
 another, and differing from the outer only in being a 
 little more globular. 
 
 From Teneriffe Captain Cook proceeded to the Cape 
 of Good Hope, and from thence to the fouthward, 
 where he fell in with two iflands, the larger of which 
 is about 15 l(»^ues in circuit, and the fmaller about 
 nine •, their diftance from one another being about five 
 leagues. The one of thefe iflands lies in S. Lat. 46. 
 17,. and E. Long. 37. 46. ; the other in S. Lat. 46. 4. 
 E. Long. 38. 8. As the fliips pafled through between 
 them, they could not difccrn either tree or flirub upon 
 6ny of them, even with the afliftance of their beft 
 glafles. The fhore feemed to be bold and rocky, their 
 internal parts full of mountains, whofe fides and fum- 
 mils were covered with fnow. Thefe two, with four 
 others, which lie from 9 to 1 2 degrees of longitude 
 more to the caft, asd nearly in the lame latitude, bad 
 
 1 COO 
 
 been difcovered in the year 1772 by Captain Marion .9°°'s's 
 du Fiefne and Crozet, two French navigators, in P'*'^'^'''^'''"; 
 their paflage from the Cape of Good Hope to the Phi- • 
 lippines. As no names had been afligned to them in 
 a chart of the Southern ocean communicated to Cap- 
 tain Cook in 1 77 J, the two larger ones were by hira 
 dilHnguiflied by the name of Prince Edword^s ijlendi, 
 in honour of his majtfty's fourth fon \ the other four, 
 with a view to commemorate the difcoverers, were 
 called Marion''s and Cro%et''s iflands. Jo 
 
 From thefe our commander fleered to the fouthward Voyage ut 
 in fearch of Kerguelen's land, ivhich he had been in-^"'^'^"'^ 
 ftrufted to touch at, in order to difcovcr, if poflible, ieas^]^^ 
 a good harbour there. In his pafTage to it kveral new 
 ifidnds were difcovered ; one, to which Kerguelen had 
 given the name of the Ifland of Rende-zvaus, Captain 
 Cook, on account of its fliape, changed to that of g. 
 Blight's Cap. It is fituated in S. Lat. 48. 29. £.Defcriptio«, 
 Long. 68. 4®. and is a high round rock, inacceflible toof that 
 all creatures but bird?. Next day he fell in with Ker-'^^*'^ 
 guelcn's land, at firft thought to be a part of the foiith- 
 ern continent, but afterwards found by Kerguelen him- 
 felf to be an ifland. The extent of it, however, was 
 not determined either by the French navigator or by 
 Captain Cook. The former reckons it at 200 leagues 
 in circumference, but Captain Cook eftimates it at much 
 lefs. Our navigator could not get any extenfive view 
 of it on account of the foggy weather ; but as far as 
 could be difcovered, it was barren and defolate, info- 
 much that there was neither food nor covering for cat- 
 tle of any kind, fo that they would inevitably perifh if 
 any were left. Even the fea-coafts were in a great 
 meafure deftitiite of fifh ; but the ftiore was covered 
 with innumerable multitudes of feals, together with 
 penguins and other birds ; all of which were fo void of 
 fear that any quantity whatever might be killed with- 
 out any difiiculty. Not a fingle tree nor (hrub could 
 be feen, nor a piece of drift wood on the fliore j and 
 herbage of every kind was likewife vety fcarce. A 
 prodigious quantity of the fea-weed called by Sir Jofeph 
 Banks fucus giganteus was found in one of the bays. 
 The whole variety of plants found in this ifland did 
 not exceed fixteen or eighteen fpecies. The harbout 
 in which our navigator made his longell flay on this de- 
 folate coall was named Port Pallifer, and is fituated in 
 S. Lat. 49. 3. E. Long. 69. 37. In this voyr.ge our 
 navigator undoubtedly difplayed fuperior nautical abi- 
 lities to thofe of M. Kerguelen, who in two voyages to 
 the place had never been able to bring his fliips to an- 
 chor on any part of the coaft. g^ 
 
 From Kerguelen's land, our navigator proceeded to of Van Dt. 
 the coaft of New Holland, where he now touched atcmcn's 
 the fouthern part, called Van Diemen''s Land, where he '^°"" 
 anchored in Adventure Bay. Here they found plenty 
 of wood and water, with abundance of grafs, coarfe ■ 
 indeed, where they went firft alliore, but afterwards 
 much finer and proper for the cattle. Here, as every- 
 where elfe, the latitudes and longitudes were fettled 
 with the greateft exadtnefs. The bottom of Adven- 
 ture bay was found to lie in S. Lat. 43. 21. 6. ; E, 
 Long. 147. 29; The inhabitants vifited them in a 
 friendly manner, but feemed as ftupid and infenfible as 
 thofe they had formerly feen. They feemed to be 
 totally ignorant of the ufe of iron, and fet no value 
 Bfon any thing in the ornamental way excepting 
 
 beads j 
 
coo 
 
 CooVs beads ; nor did tiiey fcem to be acqaajntfd even with 
 pifco vel-ies. [lig ^fg of filb-hooks. Here they found the ftories of 
 ' the ancient, fauns and fatyrs li-ving in hollow tiees rea- 
 lized. Some huts covered with bark, and of a molt 
 wretched conftrutlion, were indeed found near the 
 fliore J but the molt commodious habitations were af- 
 forded by the largelt trees. Thefe had their trunks 
 hollowed out by fire to the height of fix or feven feet ; 
 and there was room enough in one ol them for three 
 or four perfons to fit rouiid a hearth wade of clsy j and 
 it may juftly fecm fuiprifing, that notwithltanding the 
 extreme violence offered to the vegetative powers of 
 the tree by forming this habitation, Jt liiil continued 
 to ilourilh in confequence of one fide being left entire. 
 The people, notwithllanding their extreme barbarity, 
 were fuppofed to proceed from the fame ftock with 
 thofe of the South fea iflands. As in one of their 
 vifits the natives had ieized upon two pigs which had 
 been brought alhore, apparently with an intention to 
 kill them, the commander determined to make them a 
 prefent of thofe animals ; though from their exceflive 
 ilupidity and inattention there was no probability of 
 their allowing them to propagate, if they had been 
 put direftly into their hands. To prevent this. Cap- 
 tain Cook osdered the two they had attempted to feize, 
 being a bosr and a fow, to be carried about a mile 
 within the head of the bay, and faw them left ',"< the 
 fide of a frerti-watcr rivulet. He was prevented from 
 leaving any other fpecies by a eonfideralion of the bar- 
 barity of the inhabitants. 
 
 From New Holland our navigahor proceeded to New 
 Zealand, where he anived on the 1 2lh of February 
 1777, and anchored in Q^ieen Charlotte's found. 
 Here he was dtfirous of leaving a further fupply of a- 
 nimals ; but the inhabitants had hitherto (hown fuch 
 carcleffnefs about thofe which had been left, that he 
 durlt not venture to leave any other than two goats, 
 a mgle and female with kid, and two hogs, a boar 
 and fow. He was informed, however, that one chief 
 had feveral cocks and hens in his pofteffion, fo that 
 there was fome probability of thefe animals being al- 
 lowed to multiply ; and as ten or a dozen hogs had at 
 different times been left by Captain Cook, befides 
 thofe put on fhore by Captain Foumeaux, it feems alfo 
 to be likely that this race of creatures will increafe ei- 
 ther in a wild or domeftic Itate, or both. The gar- 
 dens had ftill been almofl totally negkdted, and fome 
 of them deftroyed. Thofe which remained, however, 
 produced cabbages, onions, leeks, purfliiin, radirties, 
 and a few potatoes. Thefe lall had been brought 
 from the Cape of Good Hope, and were fo greatly me- 
 liorated by the change of foil, that with proper culti- 
 vation they feemed to bid fair for excelling thofe of 
 other countries. 
 
 Oar navigator's next courfe was towards the Ifland 
 ef Otaheite ; in the run to which he difcovered the 
 Mangea, fituated in S. Lat. 22. 57. E. Long. 
 From thence he proceeded to Wateoa, 
 where Omai, on his way home, recoenifed three 
 of his countrymen, natives of the Society iflands, who 
 had arrived here by the following accident. About 
 1» years before, 2o of 'the natives of Oiaheite had 
 fervation of embarked in a canoe, in ordtr to vifit the neighhour- 
 fome of thcJng ifland of Ulietea, A vioknt ftorm arofc, which 
 Oiah?t drove them out of their cooife, and tiiey fuffered in<. 
 
 [ 631 1 
 
 COO 
 
 S3 
 
 v;fit CO 
 
 New Zea- 
 land. 
 
 iftuid Ol 
 2ai. 53. 
 
 Extraordi- 
 nary pre- 
 
 credible hardfhip by f?.mine and fatigue, fo thai the Cook's 
 greatest part of them perlihed. Four men continued P''"'^"''^"''*- 
 hanging by the fide of the veffcl for fuur days after it * 
 was overfet, when they were at lail brought within 
 fight of the people of this ifland. The latter imine* 
 diately lent out their canoes, and brought them afliorc, 
 treating them afterwards with (b much kindncfs, that 
 the three who now furvived exprtffed no dcfire of re- 
 turning to their own country, though they had nov» 
 an opportunity, but chofe rather to remain where they 
 Were. This ifland is fituated in S. Lat. 20. I. E. 
 Long. 201. 45. and is about 6 leagues in circumference. 
 The inhabitants are faid to be equally amiable in their 
 perfons and difpofitions, 
 
 Vifiting a fmall iflmd named IVcnooaete, or Ola- 
 hoomia, fituated in S. Lat. 19. 15. and E. Long. 201. 
 37. our commander found it without inhabitants, though 
 there were undoubted marks of its being occafionally 
 frequented. Harvey's iiland, which in his former voy- 
 age had been deltitute of inhabitants, was now found 
 to be well peopled ; but the inhabitants fhowed fuch 
 an hollile difpofition that no refrethments could be pro- 
 cured ; for which realbn it was determined to fleer for 
 the Friendly iflands, where there was a certainty of „ ^j 
 meeting with an abundant fupply. In his way thither {^^^."'^[j^jjj^ 
 he touched at Palmerflone ifland, from a i'mall ifle 3, proper 
 near which a fupply of 1200 cocoa nuts was obtain- place of 
 ed, befides abundance of fifti and birds of various ki.ids, r^-'refli- 
 Had this ifland been capable of furnifliing water, the "'^1,*;^^^'* 
 captain would have preferred it to any of the inhabit- water. 
 ed ones for the purpofe of procuring refrefhraents, as 
 they ceuld be had in any quantity without moleftatioti 
 firom the petulance of the inhabitants. As water at 
 this time happened to be a fcarce article, our naviga- 
 tor was obliged to fupply himfelf from the flrowers 
 which fell, and which afforded as much in an hour as he 
 could procure by diftillation in a month. 
 
 During the time of refidence at the Friendly iflands, 
 our navigator vifited one named Hepaee, at which na 
 European (hip had ever touched before. Here he was 
 entertained in a friendly manner, fupplied with refrefh- 
 merits, and left fome ufcful animals. Great additions 
 were made to the geography of thefe iflands, and many 
 curious remarks made on the inhabitants and natural 
 produfts. It was obferved by Mr Anderfon, that the 
 people had very proper notions of the immateriality 
 and immortality of the human foul ; and he thought 
 himfelf authorized to aflert that they did not worlhip 
 any part ef the vifible creation. 
 
 Pafling by a fmall ifland named Tooloiiai, about five Reception 
 or fix miles in extent, and fituated in S. Lat. 23, 25. of Omai at 
 E. Long. 210. 37. our navigators now arrived at Ota- Otaheha. 
 heite. Here Omai met with his relations, ibme of 
 whom received him with apparent indifference ; but 
 his meeting with an aunt and a filler was marked with 
 expreffi ms of the mod tender regard. It xvas Hua- 
 heine, however, that was deflined for the place of O- 
 mai's final refidence, and thither the captain repaired 
 on purpofe to fettle hfm. The affiir was coiuiufted 
 with great folemnity ; and Omai brought with him 
 a fuHablc affortment of prefents to the chiefs, went 
 through a great number of religious ceremonies, 
 and made a fpeech, the fubjeft of v.-hich hnd been S7 
 diflsted to him by Cap'ain Cook. The refuH of theHe isfet- 
 negociaiion w«Sj that & fpet of ground wes affigncd ^^ ** ^^' 
 5 iiim,''''"^''''^' 
 
.c o o 
 
 T ^.2 ] 
 
 coo 
 
 Cook's 
 Cliioveries. 
 
 S8 
 Hemarks 
 on the 
 Society 
 iHands. 
 
 89 
 Ctrittmas 
 ifland dil'co- 
 vcred. 
 
 JO 
 
 Sandwich 
 itcs. 
 
 him, extending about two hundred yards along the 
 (liore of the harbour, with a proportionable part of 
 an adjacent hill. The carpenters of both fliips were 
 then employed in conftrutling a houfe for him, in 
 which he might fecure his European commodities. 
 At the fame time a garden was made for his ufe, in 
 ^vhich were planted ihaddocks, vines, pine-apples, me- 
 lons, and feveral other garden vegetables. Here he 
 met with a brother, filler, and fiftcr-in-law, by whom 
 lie was very affeiflionalely received ; but it was difco- 
 yered with concern, that none of his relations were 
 pole to protett him in cafe of any attack on his peifon 
 or property ; fo that there was too much reafon to 
 fear that he would be plundered immediately on the 
 departure of the Unglidi. To prevent this, il polTible, 
 Captain Cook, advifed him to conciliate the favour 
 snd engage the patronage and proteftion of fome of the 
 molt powerful chiefs by proper prefents ; at the fame 
 time that he himfelf took, every opportunity of letting 
 the inhabitants know that it was his intention to return 
 to the iflund again, and if he did not find Omai in 
 the fame ftate of fecurity in which he left him, thofe 
 by whom he had been injured would certainly feel 
 the weight of his refentment. About a fortnight after 
 leaving Huaheine, the captain had a meiTage from 
 Omai ; in which he informed him that every thing 
 went well, only that his goat had died in kidding, 
 for which he defired another might be fent ; and 
 accompanied this requefl with another for two axes, 
 which were fent along with a couple of kids, male 
 and female. On taking his final leave of the Society 
 iilands, Captain Cook obferves that it would have been 
 far better for thefe poor people never to have known 
 the fuperiority of the Europeans in fuch arts as render 
 life comfortable, than after once being acquainted with 
 it to be again abandoned to their original incapacity 
 of improvement ; as, if the intercourfe between them 
 and us (hould be wholly difconlinued, they could not 
 be reftored to that happy ftate of mediocrity in which 
 |hey were found. It feemed to him that it was be- 
 come in a manner incumbent on the Europeans to vifit 
 thefe iflands once in three or four years, in order to 
 fupply them with thofe conveniences of which they 
 have taught them the ufe. It is indeed to be appre- 
 hended, that by the time the iron tools which were then 
 among them are worn out, they will have forgotten the 
 tife of their own ; as in this laft voyage it was obferved 
 that the ufe of their former tools was almofl totally 
 abolifhed. 
 
 Having left the Society iflands. Captain Cook now 
 .proceeded to the northward, crofling the equator on 
 the 22d and 2^d of December; and on the 24th dif- 
 covered a low uninhabited ifland about 15 or 20 leagues 
 in circumference. Here the longitude and latitude 
 were exadlly determined by means of an eclipfe of the 
 fun. The weft fide of it, where the eclipfe was obferv- 
 ed, lies in N. Lat. I. 59. E. Long. 202. 30. From the 
 time of its diicovery it obtained the name of Chriflmas 
 IJland. Plenty of turtle was found" upon it, and the 
 captain caufed the feeds of the cocoa-nut, yams, and 
 melons, to he planted. 
 
 Proceeding ilill to the northward, our navigator 
 next fell in with five iflands, to which he gave the ge- 
 neral name of Sandwich IJles, in honour of his patron. 
 Theix names in the language gf Uie country arc Woa« 
 
 hoo, Atoo), Or.eeheeow, Oreehoua, and Tehoora. Cook-s 
 They aie fituated between latitude 21. 30. and 22. 1 r. Dii'coveries, 
 North, and between 199. 20. and 231. 30. E. Long.' """"' 
 The longitude was deduced from no lewer than 72 fets 
 of lunar obfervations. The laigeft of thefe iflands is 
 Atooi, and does not in the lealt refemble the other 
 iflands of the South fea formerly vifited by our na- 
 vigator, excepting only that it has hills near the 
 centre, which flope gradually towards the fea-iide. 
 The only domeUic animals found upon it were hogs, 
 dogs, and fov^ls. Captain Cook defigned to have 
 made the inhabitants of this ifland a prefent of fome 
 others ; but being driven out of it by ftrefs of weather, 
 he was obliged to land them upon a imaller one named 
 Oneehecmv. They were a he-goat and two females, 
 and a boar and fow of the Eirglilh breed, which is 
 much fuperior to that of the South Sea iflands. He 
 left alfo the feeds of melons, pumkins, and onions. The 
 foil of this ifland feemed in general to be poor : it was 
 obfervable that the ground was covered with flirubs 
 and plants, fome of which had a more delicious fra- 
 grancy than had been experienced before. The in- 
 habitants of thefe iflands are much commended, not- 
 withflanding their horrid cuflom of eating human flc(h» 
 In every thing manufadured by them there is an 
 ingenuity and neatnefs in an uncommon degree ; and 
 the elegant form and polifti of fome of their fiftiing- 
 hooks could not be exceeded by an European artilt, 
 even aflifted by all his proper tools. From what was 
 feen of their agriculture alfo, it appeared that they 
 were by no means »iovices in that art, and that the 
 quantity and goodnefs of their vegetable productions 
 might with propriety be attributed as much to their 
 fltilfiil culture as to the fertility of the foil. The lan- 
 guage of the Sandwich ifles is almoft identically the fame 
 with that of Otaheite. „t 
 
 Proceeding farther to the northward, our navigators American 
 difcovcred the coaft of New Albion on the 7th of Maich ™;A 'li'co- 
 1778. Its appearance was very different from that of^'^'' ' 
 the countries with which they had been hitherto conver- 
 fant. The land was full of mountains, the tops of which 
 were covered with fnow; while the valleys between 
 them, and the grounds on the feacoaft, high as well 
 as low, were covered with trees, which formed a beau- 
 tiful profpecl as of one vaft foreft. The place where 
 they landed was fituated in N. Lat. 44. 33. E. Long. 
 235. 20. At firft the natives feemed to prefer iron 
 to every other article of commerce; but at laft they 
 ftiowed fuch a predileftion for brafs, that fcarcely a bit 
 of it was left in the ftiips, except what belonged to the 
 neceffary inftruments. It was obferved alfo, that thefe 
 people were much more tenacious of their property 
 than any of the favage nations that had hitherto been 
 met with, infomuch that they would part neither with* 
 wood, water, grafs, nor the moft trilling article, without 
 a compenfation, and were fometimes very unrealonable 
 in their demands ; with which, however, the captain 
 always complied as far as was in his power. 
 
 The place where the Rcfolution was now anchored Nootk& 
 was by our navigator called St George's Sound, but he found, 
 afterwards underftood that the natives gave it the name 
 oi Nootha. Its entrance is fituated in the eaft corner' 
 of Hope Bay, in N. Lat. 49. 33. E. Lopg. 233. 12. 
 The climate, as far as they had an opportunity of ob- j^m/ngf, ^? 
 ferving it, was much mildcj than that on the eaftem the clinaateJ^ 
 
 coaft 
 
94 
 
 Natives ac 
 quainted 
 with the 
 ufe of 
 
 metals. 
 
 9S 
 
 Prince 
 
 William's 
 
 found. 
 
 »« 
 
 •ook's 
 river. 
 
 COO [63 
 
 coaft of tlie American continent in the fame parflUel of 
 latitude ; and it was reraaikable that the thermometer, 
 even in the night, never fell lower than 42°, while in 
 the day-time it frequently rofe to 60°. The trees met 
 with here are chiefly the Canadian pine, white cyprcfs, 
 and fome other kinds of pine. There feemed to be a 
 fcarcity of birds, which are much haralTed by the natives, 
 who ornament their clothes with the feathers, and ufe 
 the flelh for food. The people are no lirangers to the 
 ufe of metals, having iron tools in genefal ufe among 
 them-, and Mr Gore procured two Silver fpoons or a 
 conftrudlion (imilar to what may be obferved in fome 
 riemilh pi6\ures, from a native who wore them round 
 his neck as an ornament. It is raoft probable that 
 thefe metals have been conveyed to them by the way of 
 Hudfon's bay and Canada : nor is it improbable that 
 fome of them have been introduced from the north- 
 tveflein parts of Mexico. 
 
 While Captain Cook failed along this coaft, he kept 
 always at a ditfance from land when the wind blew 
 ftrongly upon it ; whence feveral large jiaps were left 
 unexplored, particularly between the latitudes of jo"* 
 and 35°. The exad (Ituation of the luppofed flraits 
 of Anian was not afcertained, though there is not the 
 leaft doubt, that if he had lived to return by the fame 
 way in 1779, ^^ would have examined every part 
 with his ufuai accuracy. On departing from Noolka 
 fjund, our navigator fiift fell in with an illand in N. 
 Lat. 59. 49. E. Long. 216. 58. to \yhich he gave the 
 name of Kay''s IJland. Several others were difcovered 
 in the neighbourhood •, and the (hip came to an an- 
 chor in an inlet named by the captain Prince William''i 
 found. Here he had an opportunity of m:iking feveral 
 obfervations on the inhabitants, as well as on the na- 
 ture of the country. From every thing relative to the 
 former, it was concluded, that the inhabitants were of 
 the fame race with the Efquimaux or Greenlanders. 
 The animals were much the fame with thofe met with 
 &t Nootka, and a beautiful fliin of one animal, which 
 feemed to be peculiar to the place, was offured to fale. 
 Mr Anderfon was inclined to think that it was the fame 
 to which Mr Pennant has given the name of the cafan 
 marmot. The alcedo, or great king's-fillier, was found 
 here, having very fine and blight colours. The hum- 
 ming bird alfo came frequently, and flew about the 
 ihip when at anchor ; though it is fcarce to be fuppofed 
 that it can live throughout the winter on account of the 
 extreme cold. The water-fowl v/ere in coiifiderable 
 plenty ; and there is a fpecies of diver which feemed 
 to be peculiar to the place. Almoft the only kinds 
 of filh met with in the place were torik and holibut. 
 The trees were chiefly the Canadian and fpruce pine, 
 fome of which vvere of a coniitlerable he; .^ht and thick- 
 nefs. The found is judged by Captain Cook to occupy 
 a degree and a half of latitude and two of longitude, 
 excluilvely of its arms and branches, which were not 
 explored. There was every reafon to believe that the 
 inhabitants had never bfen vifited bv any European 
 Teffel before ; but our n ivigator found them in poflfeffion 
 not only of iron bu' of brads, whi'^h it is probable are 
 conveyed to them acrofs the continent from Hudfon's 
 bay. 
 
 Soon after leaving; Pr'nce William's found, our 
 navigators fell in with another, inlet, v hich it was 
 exp?c\ed would lead either U) tte r.ort'.ern :ea or to 
 
 Vol. VI. Part II. 
 
 3 ] COO 
 
 Hudfon's or BafK:i's bay •, but upon esamination it C<»^'' 
 was found to end in a large river. This was traced I>i'':t)veri<!i 
 for 210 miles from the mouth, as high as N. Lat. 
 61. 30. and proinifes to vie with the moft confiderable 
 ones already known, as it lies open by means of its 
 various branches to a very confiderable inland com- 
 munication. As no name was given by our commander 
 to this river, it was ordered by Lord Sandwich to be 
 named CooPs river. The inhabitants leemed to be 
 of the fame race with thofe of Prince William's found j , 
 and like them had glafs beads and knives ; they were 
 alfo clothed in very tine fursj fo that it feemed probable 
 that a valuable fur-trade might be carried on from 
 that country. Several attempts have accordingly been 
 made fiom the Biitifh fettlements in the Eaft Indies to 
 eftabliih a trathc of that kind ; but little benefit accrued 
 from it except to the proprietors of the firll veflel, her 
 cargo having greatly loweied the price of that commo- 
 dity in the Cliinefe market. It mull be obferved, that 
 on the weflern fide of the American continent, the only 
 valuable fkins met with are thofe of the fea-otter ; thofe 
 of the other animals, efpLcially foxes and martens, be- 
 ing of an inferior quality to fuch a« are met with in 
 other parts. py 
 
 Proceeding fartiier to the northward, our navigators They fall im 
 now fell in with a race of people who had evidently^"""'*: 
 been vlfited by the Ruflians, and feemed to have ^^y^^,.^ j,y 
 adapted from them fome improvements in drefs, &c. In jhe Kuf- 
 ihe profeculion of this part of their voyage, it appeared fiaiis. 
 that they had bten providentially conveyed in the dark 
 through a paflTage fo dangerous, that our commander 
 would not have ventured upon it in the day-time. 
 They vvere now got in among thofe ifl.inds which had 
 lately been dilcovered by Captain Beering and other 
 Ruflian navigatars, and came to an anchor in a har- 
 bour of Oonalafiika, fituafed in N. L^l. 53. 55. E. 
 Long. 193. 30. Here it was remarked thit the inha- 
 bitants had as yet profited very little by their inter- 
 courfe with the Ruflians ; fo that they did not even 
 drefs the fiih they ufcd for their food, but devoured 
 them quite raw. 
 
 From Oonalaflika our navigator proceeded again to- 
 wards the continent, which he continued to trace as far 
 as poflible to the northward. In N. Lat. 54. 48. E. .g 
 Long. 195. 45. is a volcano of the fliape of a perfeft A volcano, 
 cone, having the crater at the very fummit. On the 
 coaft farther to the north the foil appears very barren-, 
 producing neither tree nor f!;iub, though the lower 
 grounds are not deililute of grais and fome otlvcr plants. 
 To a rocky point of confiderable height, filuated in Ni 
 Lat. 58. 42. E. Long. 197. 36. our commander gave 
 the name of Cafie Newnham. 
 
 Here Mr Anderfon, the (argeon of the Refolution, 
 died of a confumption, unde. which he had laboured for 
 more than twelve months. Soon after he had breathed 
 his lafl, land bein(j feen at a diftance, it was named 
 Anderfoit's ijland ; aad on the 9th of Auguft the (l>ip 
 anchored unfler a point of the continent, which he named . 
 Cape Prince' of Wales, This is remarkable for bein^ (.p^jj^^,^ 
 the mofl wefterly point of the Amt-rican continent of Walei. 
 hitherto known. It is fituaied in N. Lat. 65. 46. 
 5. Lone. iQi. 4 c. It is only 50 miles diftant from the ^^. }°.° , 
 
 cler had ,, i- 
 
 the cotiti- 
 
 cafiern coa^t of S.beria; fo that our comman 
 
 the p'eafure of rifcertaining the viciniiy of the two rents of 
 
 continents 10 each other, which had only been imp^r- Afia nml 
 
 4L fcdly -^''="^-»' 
 
coo [63 
 
 CooVi fcftly done by the Ruffian navigators. Setting fail 
 pi(covenei. f^^^ j]j:j p^j^^ ^^^^^ ^^^y^ j^g fteeied to the well and 
 
 ' north, when he Toon fell in with the country of the 
 Tfchullki, which had been explored by Bcering in 
 1728. Here he had an opportunity of correding M. 
 S;oehlin's map, who had placed in thefe fcas an ima- 
 ginnry iflaiid, on which he bellowed the name of A- 
 iafchha. Being convinced that the land he had now 
 reached was part of the Afiatic continent, our com- 
 , mander direfted his courfe eallward, in order to fall 
 in wilh that of America ; and on the lyJi reached 
 the latitude of 70. 33. and E. Ling. 197. 41. Here 
 they began to perceive that brightnels in the horizon 
 called by mariners the blink of the ice ; and in 70. 41. 
 loi they had got quite up to it, fj that no farther pio- 
 Their pro- grcfs could be made. Next day they made a fliift to 
 ward fton-"S^' as far as 70. 44. ; but the ice was now as conipadl 
 ped by ice. ^* ^ wall, and about ten or twelve feet in height. Its 
 furface was extremely rugged, and farther to the 
 northward appeared much higher. Its furface was 
 covered with pools of water , and great numbers of 
 fea-lions lay upon it, whofe fltfii tlicy were now glad 
 to ufe as food. Our commander continued to tra- 
 verfe the Icy Tea till the 29tb ; but the obftruflions 
 '■ becoming every day greater and greater, it was 
 
 thought proper to give over all further attempts of 
 finding a paffage to Europe for that year. He did 
 not, however, omit the inveftigaiion of the Afiatic 
 and American coafts until he had fully afcertained the 
 accuracy of Captain Beering's accounts as far as he 
 \vent, and correfled the errors of M. Sloehlin. Great 
 additions were thus made to the geographical know- 
 ledge of this part of the globe ; and Mr Coxe obferves, 
 that " it reflefts no fmall honour upon the Britifli 
 name, that our great navigator extended his difcoveries 
 ■much farther in one expedition, and at fo great adiftance 
 from the point of his departuie, than the Ruflians ac- 
 complidied in a long feries of years, and in parts belong- 
 ing or contigaous to their own empire." 
 
 An end of this celebrated navigator's difcoverie?, 
 however, was now at hand. From Beeiing's ftrfits 
 he failed for Oonalartika, where he arrived on the 
 2d of Oflober, and flaid for fome time in order :o 
 repair his ftiips. While the carpenters were employed 
 in this work, one-third of the people had perm;flion 
 to go on (hore by turns, in order to gather berries, 
 with which the ifland abounds, and which, though 
 now beginning to decay, were of great fervice, in con- 
 junftion with the fpruce beer, to preferve the people 
 from the fcurvy. Such a quantity of fifh was like- 
 wife procured, as not only fcrved to fupply the (hips 
 for the prefent, but likewife allowed a great number 
 to be carried out to fea j fo that hence a confidcrable 
 faving was made of the provifions of the (hips, which 
 vas an article of very c-mfiderable confequerce. On 
 the 8th of the month our commander received a very 
 lingular prefent from fome perfons unknown, by the 
 hands of an O malnrtika man named Derramoujhk. It 
 confilled of a rve-loaf, or rather a falmon-pye in the 
 form of a loaf, and highly feafoned with pepper. This 
 rrian had the like prefent for Captain Clcrke, and each 
 of them was accompanied with a note which rone on 
 board could undevftand : a few bottles of rum, with 
 fome wine and porter, were fent in exchange : it be- 
 
 + 1 
 
 COO 
 
 101 
 Arrival at 
 Oonalafli- 
 
 . bitonls. 
 
 ing fuppofed that fuch a prefent would be more «ccep- Cook's 
 table than any other thing that could be fpared. Cor- P'^':o'-'e"»» 
 poral Lediard of the marines, an intelligent man, was ' 
 at the fame time direfted to accompany DerraraouQik, 
 for the purpofe of gaining a more fatisfaflory account 
 of the country. On the tenth of the monih he re- 
 turned v;ith three Ruffian feamen or furriers, who with 
 feveral others refided at Egooftiac, where they had 
 a dwelling-houfe, fome ftore-houfes, and a {loop about 
 30 tons burden. One of thefe people was either ma. 
 iter or mate of the veflel, and all of them were very 
 fober and decent in their behaviour. The greatell dif- 
 ficulty arofa from the want of an interpreter ; for 
 which reafon the converfalion- was carried on by ligns. 
 However, the captain obtained a fight of two lea- 
 charts, both of which be was allowed to copy. One 
 of them included the fea of Penlhinik, part of the coaft 
 of Tartary down to the latitude 41° ; the Kurile 
 iflands, and the peninfula of Kamtfcliatka. The other 
 comprehended all the difcoveiies that had been made 
 from the time of Captain Beering to the year 1777; 
 but thcfa were found to be very trifling. Indeed our 
 navigator was affured by all the Ruffians whom he had 
 occafion to fee, that they knew of no other iflands 
 than thofe laid down in the charts juft mentioned, and 
 that none of them had ever feen any part of the A- 
 merican continent, excepting what lies oppofite to the i<jj 
 country of the Tfchulfki. With regard to the natives Charadler 
 of Oonalalhka, they are to appearance the moll inof- oftl^^ "**• • 
 fenfive and peaceable people in the world, not to be 
 in a (late of civilization ; though perhaps this may be 
 owing in fome meafure to the connexion they have 
 long had with the Ruffians. From the affinity ob- 
 ferved between the language of the Efquimaux Green- 
 landers, and ihofe of Norton's found in N. Lat. 64. ^^. 
 there is great reafon to believe that all thofe nations , 
 are of the fame extraction; and it that be the cale, nicatioa 
 there is little reafon to doubt that a communication probable 
 by fea ejfifts between the eaftem and wellcrn fides of l'«»^"i« the 
 the American continent ; which, however, may very "^.^^^"^^^^ 
 probably he (hut up by ice in the winter time, or even ^f America. 
 for the mod part throughout the year. loj 
 
 The return of Captain Cook to the Sandwich Confequen. 
 iflands, with the lamentable cataflrophe that e»'uEd.t3;n''eo^^?j 
 have been alreadv related under the former article. ji^j.p^.gfi£j_ 
 We fliall now briefly enumerate the confequences of 
 his difcoveries with refpeft to the advancement of 
 fcience. Thefe are principally his having overthrown 
 the hypothefis of a fouthcrn continent of immcnfe ex- 
 tent, ufually fpoken of under the name of Terra aujiralit 
 incognita; hi": dcmonfiration of the impracticability of a 
 northern paffage either by Afia or America to the 
 Eaft Indies ; and his having tftablilhed a fure method 
 of prtferving the heahh of feamen through the long- 
 efl fea voyages. It is remarked by the bifliop of 
 Carliflf, that one great advantage refulting from the 
 late furveys of the globe, is the refutation of fanciful 
 theories, too likely to give birth to irapraflicable un- 
 dertakings. The ingenious reveries of fpeculative 
 philofophers will now be obliged to fubmit, perhaps 
 with reluflance, to the fober dilates of truth and ex- 
 perience ; nor is it only by difcouraging future unpro- 
 fitable fearches that the late voyages aie likely to be • 
 of fervice to mankind, but likewife by leffening the 
 
 dangers 
 
 104 
 
c o o 
 
 Cook's dangCTS and diftrefles formerly experienced in thofe 
 Dlfcoveries. fjgs which are within the aftual line of commerce and 
 navigation. 
 
 The interefts of fcience, as well as of commerce, 
 are highly indebted to the labours of our illuftrious 
 navigator. Before his time almoft half the furface of 
 the globe was involved in obfcurity and cout'ufion : but 
 now fuch improvements have been made, that geogra- 
 phy has affumed a new face, and become in a manner 
 a new fcience ; having attained fuch completenefs as 
 to leave only forae lefs important parts to be explored 
 by future voyagers. Other fciences befides geography 
 have been advanced at the fame time. Nautical aftro- 
 nomy, which was in its infancy when the late voyages 
 were undertaken, is now brought to much greater per- 
 feftion i and, during Captain Cook's laft expedition, 
 many even of the petty officers could take the diftance 
 of the moon from the fun or from a ilar, the moft de- 
 licate of all nbfervations, with fufficient accuracy ; and 
 the officers of fuperior rank would have been alhamed 
 to have it thought that they did not know how to ob- 
 ferve for, and compute, the time at fea : a thing before 
 hardly mentioned among feamen. It mull, however, 
 be remembered, that a great part of the merit in this 
 refpeft is due to the board of longitude. In confequence 
 of the attention of that board to the important objcft 
 juft mentioned, liberal rewards have been given to ma- 
 thematicians for perfefting the lunar tables and facili- 
 tating calculations : and artifts have been amply en- 
 couraged in the conftru£lion of watches, and other in- 
 ftruments better adapted to the purpofes of navigation 
 than any that formerly exilled. 
 
 A vaft addition of knowledge has been gained with 
 refpefl to the ebbing and flowing of the tides ; the di- 
 reftion and force of the currents at fea : the nature of 
 the polarity of the needle, and the caufe of its varia- 
 tions. Natural knowledge has been increafed by ex- 
 periments on the effefts of gravity in different and 
 very diftant places ; and from Captain Cook's having 
 penetrated fo far into the fouthern regions, it is now 
 afcertained, that the phenomenon ufually called the 
 aurera barealis, is not peculiar to high northern lati- 
 tudes, but belongs equally to all cold climates, whether 
 north or fouth. 
 
 No fcience, however, perhaps flands more indebted 
 to thefe voyages than that of botany. At leaft 1200 
 new fpecies of plants have been added to thofe former. 
 ly known ; and every other department of natural 
 hiflory has received large additions. Belides all this, 
 there have been a vaft many opportunities of obfervinp 
 human nature in its different filuations. The iflands 
 vilited in the middle of the Pacific ocean are inhabited 
 by people who, as far as could be obferved, have con- 
 tinued unmixed with any different tribe fince their firft 
 fettlement. Hence a variety of important fafts may 
 be colleftcd with refpeft to the attainments and defi- 
 ciencies of the human race in an uncultivated ftate, and 
 in certain periods of fociety. Even the curiofities 
 brought from the newly difcovered iflands, and which 
 enrich the Britifh mufeum and the late Sir Afhton Le- 
 ver's (now- Mr Parkinfon's) repofitory, may be confi- 
 dered as a valuable acquifition to this country, and af- 
 fording no fmall fund of inllruftion and entertainment. 
 There are few inquiries more generally interefting 
 than thofe vfhich relate to thj migrations of the varii. 
 
 [ 635 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 ous colonics by which the different parts of the earth Cook's 
 have been peopled. It was known in general, that P'fcovgries. 
 the Aiiatic nation called the Malayans, poffeffed in for- ' 
 mer times much the greatefl trade of the Indies, and 
 that their fhips frequented not only all the the coafls of 
 Afia, but even thofe of Africa like wife, and particu- 
 larly the large ifland of Madagafcar ; but that from 
 Madagafcar to the IWarquefas and Eafter ifland, that 
 is, nearly from the eaft fide of Africa till we approach 
 the weft coaft of America, a fpace including almoft 
 half the circumference of the globe, the fame nation 
 of the oriental world fhould have made their fettle- 
 ments, and founded colonies throughout almoft every 
 intermediate ftage of this immenfe traft, in iflands at 
 amazing diftances from the mother continent, is a hi- 
 ftorical faft that before Captain Cook's voyages could 
 not be known, or at leall but very imperfeftly. This 
 is proved, not only by a fimilarily of manners and cu- 
 ftoras, but likewife by the affinity of language ; and 
 the colkftions of words which have been made from 
 all the widely-difTufed iflands and countries vifited by 
 Captain Cook, cannot fail to throw much light on the 
 origin of nations, and the manner in which the eartlt 
 was at firft peopled. 
 
 Befides this, information has been derived concern^ 
 ing another family of the earth formerly very much 
 unknown. This was the nation of the Efquimaux or 
 Greenlanders, who had formerly been known to exift 
 only on th^ north-eaftern part of the American con- 
 tinent. From Captain Cook's accounts, however, it 
 appears, that thefe people now inhabit alfo the coafts 
 and iflands on the weft fide of America oppofite to 
 Kamtfchatka, From thefe accounts it appears alfo, that 
 the people we fpeak of have extended their migrations 
 to Norton found, Oonalafhka, and Prince William's 
 found; that is, nearly to the diftance of 1 500 leagues 
 from their ftations in Greenland and the coaft of La- 
 bradore. Nor does this curious fa£l reft merely on 
 the evidence arifing from the fimilitude of manners.; 
 for it ftands confirmed by a table of words, exhibiting 
 fuch an affinity of language as mult remove every doubt 
 from the mind of the moft fcrupulous inquirer. 
 
 From the full confirmation of the vicinity of the 
 two great continents of Afia and America, it can no 
 longer be fuppofed ridiculous to believe, that the latter 
 received its inhabitants from the former •, and by the 
 faiSs recently difcovered, a degree of further evidence 
 is added to thofe which might formerly be derived 
 from nature concerning the authenticity of the Mofaic 
 accounts. It is not indeed to be doubted, that the 
 infpired writings will ftand the teft of the moft rigor- 
 ous inveftigation ; nor will it ever be found, that true 
 philofophy and divine revelation, can militate againfl: 
 each other. The rational friends of religion are fo 
 far from dreading the fpirit of inquiry, that they wifli 
 for nothing more than a candid and impartial exami- 
 nation of the fubjeft, according to all the lights which 
 the improved reafon and enlarged fcience of man can 
 afford. 
 
 Another good effeft of the voyages of Captain Cook, 
 is, that they have excited in other nations a zeal for 
 fimilar undertakings. By order of the French govern- 
 ment, MefT. de la Peyroufe and de Langle failed from 
 Breft in Auguft 1785, in the frigates Bouflble and 
 Allrolabe, on an enterprife, the purpofe of which was 
 4 L 2: tOi 
 
coo [ 6.^6 ] C 
 
 to improve geography, aftronomy, natural lildory, and meliorating its condition, 
 
 o o 
 
 Cook's 
 liifcoveries. philofophy, and to colleft an account of the cuftoms 
 and manners of diiferent nations. For the more ef- 
 feftual profecution of the defign, feveral gentlemen 
 were appointed to go out upon the voyage, wlio were 
 known to excel in different kinds of literature. The 
 officers of the Bouffule were men of the bed informa- 
 tion and firmefl refolotion ; and the crew contained a 
 rumber of artificers in various branches of mechanics. 
 Marine watches, &c. were provided, and M. Dagelet 
 the allronomer was particularly direfted to make ob- 
 fervations with M. Condamine's invariable pendulum, 
 to determine the difference in gravity, and to afccr- 
 tain the true proportion of the equatorial to the polar 
 diameter of the earth. It has likevvife been made evi- 
 dent, that notwithllanding all that has been done by 
 Captain Cook, there is ftill room for a farther invef- 
 tigation of the geography of the northern parts of* the 
 world. The objeft accordingly was taken up by the 
 emprefs of RuflTia, who committed the care of the 
 cnterprife to Captain Billings an Englifhman in her 
 majeily's fervice. We {hall only make one obferva- 
 tion more concerning the benefits likely to accrue 
 from the voyages of Captain Cook, and that is relative 
 to the fettlement in Botany bay. Whatever may be 
 fappofed to accrue to the naUon itfelf from the fettle- 
 ment, it mud undoubtedly give the higheft fatisfaflioa 
 to every friend to humanity to be informed, that thus 
 a number of unhappy wretches will be effectually pre- 
 vented from returning to their former fcenes of temp- 
 tation and guilt, which may open to them the means 
 of induftrious fubfiftence and moral reformation. If 
 the fettlement be condufted with wifdom and pru- 
 dence, indeed it is hard to fay what beneficial confe- 
 quences may be derived from it, or to what height it 
 may arife. Rome, the greateft empire the world ever 
 faw, proceeded from an origin little, if at all, fuperior 
 to Botany bay. For an account of this fettlement fee 
 the article New-H»LLAN». 
 
 One other objeft remains only farther to be confi- 
 dercd with regard to thefe voyages, and that is the ad- 
 vantages which may refult from them to the difcovered 
 people. Here, however, it may perhaps be difficult to 
 fettle matters with prccifion. From the preceding ac- 
 counts, it mufi be evident that the intentions of Cap- 
 tain Cook were in the higheft degree benevolent ; and 
 if at any time the people were the I'uffrrers, it muft 
 have been through their own fault. In one inft«nce 
 indeed it might be otherwife, and that is with refpeft 
 to the venereal difeafe. The evidence in this cafe can- 
 not be altogether fatisfaftory. Mr Samwell, who fuc- 
 ceeded Mr Anderfon as furpeon of the Refolution, has 
 endeavoured to (how, that the natives of the lately ex- 
 plored p;irts of the world, and cfpecially of the Sand- 
 wich iflands, were not injured by the Englith ; and it 
 was the conllant care and folicitude of C.ptain Cook 
 to prevent any infeftion from bting communicated to 
 the people where he came. But whether he was uni- 
 verfally fuccefsful in this reCjieft or not, 't is evident 
 that the late Voyaijes v,'ere undertaken with a view ex- 
 ceedingly different from ihofe of former times. The 
 horrid cruelties of the Spani(h conquerors of America 
 cannnot be remembered without concern for the caufe 
 of religion and human nature ; but to undertake ex- 
 peditions with a defign of civilizing the world, and 
 
 is certainly a noble objeft. Cqok'i 
 From the long-continued intercouri'e betwixt this covin- P'^*^"^ ""*^; 
 try and the South fea iflands, there cannot be any ' ' 
 doubt that fome degree of knowledge rauft already 
 have been communicated to them. Their ilock of 
 ideas mult naturally be enlarged by the number of un- 
 common obfervations which has been prefented to them, 
 and new materials fumidied f»r the exercife of their 
 rational faculties, A confiderable addition mull be 
 made to their immediate comfort and enjoyment by 
 the introduftion of ufeful animals and vegetables ; and 
 if the only benefit they fhould ever receive from Bri- 
 tain fliould be the having obtained frelh means of fub- 
 fiftence, this of itfelf muft be confidered as a valuable 
 acquifition. Greater confcquences, however, may foon 
 be expefted. The connexion formed with thefe peo- 
 ple may be confidered as the firtt ftep towards their im- 
 provement; and thus the bleffings of civilization may 
 be fpread among the various tribes of Indians in the 
 Pacific ocean, which in time may prepare them for 
 holding an honourable place among the nations of the 
 earth. _ ... io« 
 
 As a fupplement to this account of the difcoveries Account «f 
 made by C?ptain Cook himfelf, we (hall here fubjoin a Captain 
 narrative of the fubfequent part of the voyage by Cap- ^'<=''''*''* 
 tain Clerke, &c. until the return of the Ihips to Eng-™y^S«- 
 land. At the time of Captain Cork's death, the great 
 point of a north-weft paffage remained in fome mcafure 
 to be ftill determined : for though, by the event of 
 the former attempt, it had been rendered highly im- 
 probable that they fliould fucceed in this, it iras ftill 
 refolved to try whether or not, at certain feafons of 
 the year, the ice might not be more open than they 
 had hitherto found it. The firft objeft that naturally 
 occurred, however, wns the recovery of Captain Cook's jviethods 
 body; for which Mr King was of opinion that forme taken for 
 vigorous meafure ought inftanlly to be purfued. His '''<■ i^"'- 
 motives for this, befides the perfonal regard ^"^ ^""1^'^^'J,^^ 
 for the captain, were to abate the confidence which p^gj^'j t,^ 
 muft be fuppofed to enfue on the part of the native?,<Iy. 
 which would probably incline them to dangerous at- 
 tempts ; aud this the more particularly, as they had 
 hitherto difcovered much lefs fear of the fire-arms than 
 other favage nations were accuftomed to do. Mr S«m- 
 well alfo lakes notice of the intrepidity of the natives 
 in this refp'eft ; but afctibes it, in the firft inftance, to 
 ignorance of their effefts ; and in the next, to a no- 
 tion, that as the effefls of thefe arms were occafioned 
 by fire, they might be counterafted by water. For 
 tills purpofe they dipped their war-mats in water ; 
 but finding themfelves equally vulnerable after this 
 method had been purfued, they became more timid and 
 
 CiUtioV'.S, 
 
 As matters flood at prefent, there was even reafon 
 to dread the confequences of a general attack upon the 
 fhips : and therefore Mr King was the more confirm- 
 ed in his opinion of the n^jceflity of doing Ibmething to 
 convince ihcm of the proweis of tlieir adverfaries. In 
 thefe apprehenfions he was feconded by the opinion of 
 the greater part of the officers on board ; and nothing 
 ft emed more likely to encourage the iflanders to make 
 the attempt than an appearance of being inclined to 
 an accommodation, which they would certainly attri- 
 bute to weaknefs or fear. Captain Clerke, however, 
 and ihofe who were in favour of conciliatory meafures, 
 
 urged. 
 
coo 
 
 [ 637 1 
 
 coo 
 
 Cook's urged, that the mifchief was already irreparable j that 
 p-icovencs. ^1,^ natives, by reafcn of their former friendfhip, had 
 " a ftrong claim to the regard of the Englifli ; and that 
 the more particularly, as the late calamitous accident 
 did rot appear to have taken its rife from any preme- 
 ditated defign ; they urged aifo the ignorance of the 
 king concerning the theft, and the miftake of the 
 iilanders who had armed themfelves on a fuppofition 
 that feme atlffnpt would be made to carry off the 
 king. To all this was added, that the fljips were in 
 Tvant of refreflimenls, particularly water ; that the 
 Refolulion's foremaft would require feven or eight days 
 before it could be properly repaired ; and as the fpring 
 was faft advancing, the fpeedy profecution of the 
 voyage to the northward ought now to be the only 
 objeiSt ; that a vindidive conteft with the natives might 
 not only juftify an imputation of needlefs cruelty, but 
 Tvould occafion great delay in the equipment of the 
 fliips. 
 
 In confequence of the prevalence of thefe fentiments 
 lenient meafuies were adopted, though the behaviour 
 of the natives continued to be very infolent. A great 
 body flill kept poffeffion of the (hore ; many of \vhom 
 came off in their canoes within piftol-fliot of the fliips, 
 and provoking the people by every kind of infult and 
 ■defiance. A train of negociations for Captain Cook's 
 body took place ; in which the natives fliowed the raoft 
 hoftile and treacherous difpofition, and, as afterwards 
 appeared, had cut the flefh from the bones and burnt 
 it. A piece of about ten pounds weight was brought 
 by two natives at the hazard of their lives, who gavc 
 information that the reft had been burnt, and that 
 the bones were in the poffeffion of the king and fome 
 of the principal chiefs. Information was given, at 
 the fame time, that the chiefs were very defirous of 
 war, in order to revenge the death of their country- 
 men. ^ 
 
 Thus it appeared that the pacific plan had anfwered 
 no good purpofe. No fatisfaftory anfwer had been 
 given to the demands made of the bodies of the fliin ; 
 nor was any progrefs made in the great work intend- 
 ed, viz. a reconciliation with the natives ; they flill 
 remained on Hiore in an holtile pofture, as if determined 
 to oppofe any endeavours that might be made by our 
 people to land ; at the fame time that a landing was 
 become alifolutely neceffary, in order to complete the 
 flock of water. Had this fpiritlefs conduft been per- 
 Cfled in, there is not the leaft doubt that neither this 
 purpofe or any other could have been effefted. The 
 infolence of the natives became every day greater and 
 greater : infomuch that one of them had the audacity 
 to come within mulket (hot of the Refolutlon, and, af- 
 ter tlirowing feveral rtones, waved Captain Cock's hat 
 over his head, while his countrymen on ffiore were ex- 
 ulting and encouraging his audacity. By this infult 
 the people were fu highly enraged, that coming on 
 the quarter-deck in a body, they begged tha'. they 
 might no longer be obliged to put up with fuch reite- 
 rated provocation, but might be allowed to make ufe 
 of the firft oppartunity of revenging the death of their 
 captain. The neceffity of more vigorous meafures, 
 therefore, being now apparent, a few difcharges of the 
 
 '°^ . great guns, with the burning of a village and fome 
 His remains", a. r r ■ % n ° , . • " , , 
 
 at laft ob- °^"^^ ^"' °^ 'e^cfyj at laft produced the mangled re- 
 tained, mains of Captain Cook. They were wrapped up in a 
 
 bundle, in which were found both his hands entire, deck's 
 which were eaCly known by a fear in one of them di , ' ™'''^"'^' 
 viding the fore-finger from the thumb the whole length 
 of the metacarpal bone. Along with thefe was the 
 fkull, but with the fcalp leparated from it, and the 
 bones of the face wanting ; the fcalp, with the cars 
 adhering to it, and the hair cut fliorl ; the bones of 
 both the arms, and the fkin of the fore-arms hanging 
 to them ; tlie bones of the thighs and legs joined to- 
 gether, but without the feet. The ligsmenls of the ■> 
 joints were obferved to be entire; the whole (bowing 
 evident marks of being in the fire, except the hands 
 which had the flelh remaining upon them, and were 
 cut in feveral places and cr.immed with fait, moft pro- 
 bably for the purpofe of preferving them. The fkuU 
 wa» not fraftured ; but the fcalp had a cut in the back 
 part of it. The lower jaw and feet were wanting, ha- 
 ving been feized by different chiefs. 109 
 
 Having accomplifhed the purpofes of their flay in Unfuccefs- 
 this place. Captain Cleike fet fail from Karakakooa bay ^'■'' """""P" 
 in 0-why-hee towards Mowee, with a defign to c^- farther dif- 
 plore the coafts of that ifland more fully than had been coverie?. 
 done, but were unable to accomplifti their purpofe ; 
 nor indeed was it in their power to accomplifli any 
 difcovery of confequence among thefe iflands. The on- 
 ly intelligence worth mentioning which they were able 
 to procure was, that wars had cnfued about the pro- 
 perty of the goats which were left by Captain Ceok 
 on the ifland of Oneeheow, as has been already men- 
 tioned, and that during the conteft all thefe poor 
 animals, who had already begun to multiply, were dc- 
 flroyed ; fo that the benevolent attempts of our illuftri- 
 cus navigator in favour of thefe iflanders had proved 
 abortive. . Banetoft ISbfBtS 
 
 On quitting the ifland of Oneeheow, our navigators , 
 fet fail for another named Modoopappa, which they 
 were affured by the natives lay within five hours fail- 
 ing of Tahoora, a fmall ifland in the neighbourhood of 
 Oneeheow. In this they proved unfuccefsful ; on whicli 
 it was determined to fteer for the coaft of Kamtfchat- 
 ka. In the paffagc thither they arrived at the place 
 where De Gama is laid to have difcovcred a great ex- 
 tent of land ; but of this they could difcover no ap- 
 pearance. This imaginary continent is faid to have 
 been difcovered by a navigator called John de Gama, 
 but who feems alfo to have been imaginary, as no per- 
 fon can find out either the country where he lived, or 
 the time when he made the difcovery. We are in- 
 formed by Muller, that the firft account of it was pub- 
 lilhed by Texeira in a chart of 1649, who places it be- 
 tween the latitude of 44 and 45 degrf.es, and about 
 160. eaft longitude, and calls it *' land feen by John 
 de Gama, in a voyage from China to New Spain." 
 By the French geographers it is removed five de- ua 
 grees farther to the eaft. When they arrived at Their fa- 
 Kamtfchatka they were entertained in the moft hof-™""'?'^ 
 pitable manner, and furnlftied with every thing that ^('^k"*'"? 
 could be procured in that defert and barren region. fi^hatkii, 
 " In this wretched extremity of the earth (fays the 
 narrator of the voyage), beyond conception barba- 
 rous and inhofpitable, out of the reach of civilization, 
 bound and barricaded with ice, and covered with fum- 
 mer fnow, we experienced the tendereft feelings of 
 humanity, joined to a noblenefs of mind and elevation 
 of fentiment which would have done honour to any 
 
 dime 
 
Took' 
 Difcoverics 
 
 III 
 
 Tfchutiki 
 fubmit to 
 the cm- 
 
 jrefi. 
 
 Ill 
 Vail quan- 
 tity of fiih. 
 
 COO [ 638 1 
 
 clime er nation." From Major Befcm, in particular, 
 : they received fo many and ib great obligations, that 
 an handfome ackno^vlcdgment was made him by the 
 Royal Society, as has been already obferved. Even 
 the failors were fo rtruck with gratitude, that they 
 voluntarily requeued that their allowance of grog 
 might be withheld, in order to compliment the garri- 
 fon of Bolcheretfk with the fpirits ; faying, that they 
 knew brandy was extremely fcarce in that country, 
 the foldiers on fhore having oflfered four roubles a 
 bottle for it. The officers, hovirever, would not 
 allow them to fuffer by their generofity in this in- 
 clement country and feafon of the year (the month 
 of March not being yet expired) ; but in room of 
 the fmall quantity of brandy which Major Behm 
 confented to accept, fubftituted an equal quantity of 
 nun. 
 
 It is worth obferving, that the kindnefs with which 
 the emprefs had ordered the Britilh navigators to be 
 treated in this part of her dominions was amply re- 
 warded, even with no lefs than the addition of a new 
 kingdom to the Ruffian empire, which hitherto her 
 arms had not been able to fubdue. Among the north- 
 ern Afiatics none had been able to maintain their in- 
 dependence except the Tfchutflii, who inhabit the 
 north-eaft extremity of the continent. No attempt to 
 fubdue thefe people had been made fince the year 1750, 
 when the Ruffian forces had at laft been obliged to re- 
 treat, after having loft their commanding officer. The 
 Ruffians afterwards removed their frontier fortrefs from 
 the river Anadyr to the Ingiga, which runs into the 
 northern extremity of the fea of Okotik, and gives its 
 name to a gulf to the weft of the fea of Penlhinlk. 
 On the day that Captains Gierke and Gore arrived at 
 Bolcheretik, Major Behra received difpatches from this 
 fort, acquainting him that a party of the Tfchutlki 
 had been there with voluntary offers of friendlhip and 
 a tribute. That on alking the reafon of fuch an un- 
 expefled alteration in their fentiraents, they had ac- 
 quainted his people that two large Ruffian boats had 
 vifited them towards the end of the preceding fummer ; 
 that they had been (hown the grcateft kindnefs by the 
 people who were in them, and had entered into a 
 league of amity with them ; and that, in confequence 
 of this, they came to the Ruffian fort in order to fet- 
 tle a treaty upon terms agreeable to both nations. 
 This incident had occafioned much fpeculation, and 
 could never have been underftood without the affift- 
 ance of thofe who were now prefent y the large Ruf- 
 Jtan bouts having been in truth no other than the 
 Refolution and Difcovery, under Captains l^ook arj 
 Gierke. 
 
 About the middle of May the fnow began to melt 
 very faft in this inhofpitable region, and the (hips be- 
 ing now on their paffage northward, met with an ex- 
 cellent opportunity of fupplying ihemlelves with fi(h. 
 The beach was cleared of ice on the 15th of the 
 month; from which time vaft quantities came in from 
 every quarter. Major Behm had ordered all the Kamt- 
 fchadales to employ themfelves in the fervice of the 
 Englilh ftiips ; fo that often the/" found it impoffible 
 to take on board the quantities that were fent. They 
 chiefly confifted of herrings, trout, flat fifli, and cod. 
 Thefe fi(h were here found in fuch plenty, that once 
 the people of the Difcovery furrounded fuch an ama- 
 
 COO 
 
 zing quantity with the feinc, that they were obliged Cook's 
 to throw out a very confiderable number, left the net P'*^°'^'"*^ 
 fliould have been broken to pieces ; and the cargo was • 
 ftill fo abundant, that, befides having a flock for im- 
 mediate ufe, they filled as many caiks as they could 
 conveniently fpare for faking ; and after lending on 
 board the Refolution a tolerable quantity for the 
 fame purpofc, they left behind feveril bulliels on the 
 beach. jj 
 
 While they remained in this country an opportu- Spirituous 
 nity offered of obferving the pernicious effefts of fpi- liquors per. 
 rituous liquors in producing the fea-fcurvy. All they^"""*"* 
 Ruffian foldiers were in a greater or leffcr degree af- j^yj.^.. " 
 flidled with that diforder, fome of them being in the 
 laft ftage of it ; and it was particularly obferved that 
 a ferjeant, with whom our people had kept up a moft 
 friendly intercourfe, had, in the courfe of a J'eiv days, 
 brought upon himfelf the moft alarming fcorbutic 
 lymploms, by drinking too freely of the liquors with 
 which he had been prefented by the Englilh. Cap- 
 tain Gierke foon relieved them by putting them under 
 the care of the furgeons of the (hips, and fupply- 
 ing them with four-krout, and malt for fweet-wort. 
 In confequence of this a furprifing alteration was 
 foon obfeivcd in the (igures of moft of them ; and 
 their fpeedy recovery was principally attributed to the 
 fweet-wort. u^ 
 
 On the 12th of June they began to proceed north- Eruption 
 ward along the coaft of Kamtfchatka, and three days°f"^°^- 
 after had an opportunity of obferving an eruption of'*"** 
 one of the volcanoes of that peninfula. On the 15th 
 before day-light, they were furprifed with a rumbling 
 noife like diftant thunder •, and when the day appear- 
 ed, found the decks and fides of the fliips covered near 
 an inch thick with fine duft like emery. The air was 
 at the fame time loaded and obfcurcd with this fub- 
 ftance ; and in the neighbourhood of the volcano it- 
 felf it was fo thick that the body of the hill could not 
 be difcovered. The explofion became more loud at 
 12 o'clock, and during the afternoon, being fucceed- 
 ed by (howers of cinders, generally of the fize of peafe, 
 though fome were as large as hazel-nuts. Along 
 with thefe there aJfj fell fome fmall ftones which had 
 undergone no alteration from the aftion of the fire. 
 In the evening there were dreadful claps of thunder, 
 with bright flafties of lightning, which, with the dark- 
 nefs of the (ky, and the fulphureous fmell of the air, 
 produced a moft awful and tremendous effeft. The 
 (hips were at this time about 24 miles diftant from the 
 volcano ; and it appeared that the volcanic fliower had 
 been carried to a ftill greater diftance, as they next 
 flay found the bottom of the fea to confift of fuch fmall 
 ftones as had fallen upon the decks of the (hips. The 
 mountain was ftill obferved to be in a ftate of eruption 
 on the l8lh. jj^ 
 
 For fome time Captain Gierke kept the coaft of Voyages to 
 Kamtfchatka in view, with a defign to make an accu- the north- 
 rate furvey of it ; but in this he was difappolnted byward 
 foggy and fqiially weather; however, he determined 
 the pofition of fome remarkable promontories, and at 
 laft finding the feafon too far advanced to accomplifti 
 his defign, fct fail for Beering's ftraits, chieily with a 
 view to alcertain the fituation of the projedling points 
 of the coaft. 
 
 On the 3d of July our navigators came in fight of 
 
 the 
 
coo [6 
 
 Cook's the ifland of St Lawrence, and another which was 
 Difcovcrici. fuppofed to lie betwetn it and Andcrfon's ifland. The 
 * latter being entirely unknown to Captain Gierke, he 
 
 was inclined to have approached it, but was unable 
 to effiift his purpofe. All fhefe iflands as well as the 
 coall of the Tlchutlki on the continent were covered 
 with fnow, and had a difnial appearance. 
 
 In the preceding year Captain Cook had determined 
 the fituaiion of the iflands of St Diomede to be in 6j* 
 48' latitude ; but now being fomewhat at a lofs to re- 
 concile this with the pofilion of the continent, they 
 flood for fome time over to the latter, till fully con- 
 vinced of the accuracy of the former obfervation. At 
 this time they approached wilhiji two or three leagues 
 of the eaftern cape of Afia, which is an elevated 
 round head of land extending about five miles from 
 north to foulh, and forms a peninfula connefted 
 with the continent by a narrow illhrnus of low 
 land. It has a bold fliore, and three lotty detached 
 ipiral rocks are feen off its northern part. It was Itill 
 encompjfled with ice, and covered with fnow. Here 
 they found a ftrong current fetting to the northward, 
 Khich at noon had occafioned an error in the computa- 
 tion of the latitude of no lefs than 20 miles. A fimilar 
 efFed had been obferved the preceding year in pafling 
 this ftrait. On fleering to the north-eaft the weather 
 cleared up, fo that they had a view of the eaftern cape 
 of Afia, Cape Prince of Wales on the weftern coaft of 
 America, with a remarkable peaked hill on the latter, 
 and the two iflands of St Diomede lying between 
 -them. Here they met with great numbers of very 
 fmall hawks, having a comprefled bill rather large in 
 proportion to the body ; the colour dark brown, or 
 rather black, the breaft whitifh, and towards the ab- 
 ii5 domen of a rcddilh hue. 
 Are Hop- Qn the 6th of July, at 1 2 o'clock, the (hips were in 
 fed by the jsj_ L^(_ g^ q £ Long. 191. 6. when having already 
 palTcd many large pieces ot ice, and obferved that in 
 feveral places it adhered to the continent of Afia, they 
 were fuddenly flopped about three in the afternoon by 
 an extenfive body, which ftretched towards the weft. 
 By this their hopes of reacliing any higher latitiide 
 than what had been attained laft year were confiderably 
 diminilhed ; but fi iding the courfe obrtrufted on the 
 Afiatic fide, they proceeded to the north-eaftward, in 
 order to explore the continent of America between the 
 latitudes of 68 and 69" ; which had laft year been 
 found impraflitable on account of ihe foggy weather; 
 but in this alfo they were parily difappointed ; for on 
 the 7th, about fix in the morni:;g, they met with an- 
 other large body of ice ftretching from north-weft to 
 fouth-eall ; but not long afterwsrd*, the horizon be- 
 coming clear, they had a view of the American coaft 
 at the diftance of about ten leagues, extending from 
 north-eaft by eaft, to eaft, and lying between N. Lat. 
 68° and 68° 20'. As the ice was not very high, the 
 view extended a great way over it, fo that they could 
 perceive it fxliibiling a compaft folid furface, and ap- 
 parently adhering to the land. Soon after the wea- 
 ther became hazy, fo that (hey loft fight of the land ; 
 and it being impnflible to get nearer, they continued 
 to fleer northward clofe by the fide of the ice. This 
 courfe was continued till next morning, during which 
 time the ftiips pafiid fome drift wood ; but the morn- 
 ing following, the wind fliifting to the north, they were 
 
 39 
 
 ] COO 
 
 obliged to ftand to the weftward. At two in the af- "^erit-'j 
 ternoon they were again clofe to an imraenfe expanfc^^|^'''°^J**' 
 of ice j which from the maft-head il-emtJ to confiil of ' 
 very large compaft bodies, united towards the exterior 
 edge, though in the interior parts fome pieces floated in 
 the water; it extended from weft-fouth weft to north- 
 eaft by noith. There was now a neccflity for fleering 
 towards the fouth, as the ftrop.g northerly winds had 
 drifted dou'n fuch numbers of loofe pieces that they 
 had encompaflTed the fliips for fome time, and it was 
 impoflible to avoid very fevere flrokes while failing 
 among them. Thus, however, they reached the lati- 
 tude of 69. 12. and E. Long. 188. J.; but having 
 now failed almoll ^o leagues to the weft along the edge 
 of the ice without perceiving any opening, Captain 
 Gierke determined to bear away fouth by eafl, the 
 only quarter which was clear at prefent, and to wait 
 till the fcafon was fomewhat farther advanced before 
 any further attempts were made. The intermediate 
 lime he propolcd to employ in furveying the bay of 
 St Lawrence, and the coaft fituated to the fouthward 
 of it ; as it muft be a great fatisfaftion to have a 
 harbour fo near in cafe of the (hip's receiving any da- 
 mage from the ice 5 and the captain ^vas alio defirous 
 of paying another viflt to the Tfchutfki, efpecially in 
 confcquence of the accounts of them that had been „- 
 given by Major Bthm. In this navigation they killed Remaik- 
 fcveral fea-horfes, and had an opportunity of obferving able affoc- 
 the ftrengih of parental aflftftion in thofe monftrous^'°" °^'''° 
 animals. On the approach of the boats towards ihe^g^^a"^,^ 
 ice, all of them took their you-.ig ones under their fins, the young, 
 and attempted to make their elcape with them into 
 the fea. Some whofe cubs were killed or wounded, 
 and left floating upon the furface of the water, rofe 
 again, and carried them down, fometimes juft as they 
 were on the point of being taken into the boat ; and 
 could be traced bearing them to a confiderable diftance 
 through the water, which was flained with their blood. 
 They were afterwards obferved bringing- them at in- 
 tervals above the furface, and again plunging under 
 its furface with an horrid bellowing; and otie female, 
 whofe young one had been killed and taken on board, 
 became fo furious, that fhe ftruck her tuiks through 
 the bottom of the cutter. 
 
 Our navigators ftill found themfelves difappoinffdrhe thips 
 in their attempts. On approaching the coaft of the finally ftop- 
 Tfchutiki they met with a large and compaft body of P'-'*' •'J ''^^• 
 ice, extending to the north-eaft, fouth-weft, and fouth- 
 caft, as f?r as the eye could reach; fo that they were 
 again obliged to fail back fo the northward. Here . 
 alfo their courfe was foon flopped ; for, on the 13th, 
 being in N. Lat. 69. 37. and about the middle of the 
 channel between the two continents, they once more 
 fell in with a compaft body of ice, of which they 
 could perceive no limit. Captain Gierke therefore 
 determined to make a final attempt on the coaft of 
 America, the pafTage northward having been found 
 laft year prafticable much farther on that than the 
 Afiatic fide. Thus they attained the latitude of 70. 8. 
 at the diftance, as was fuppofed, of 25 leagues from 
 the coaft of America ; and fome days after got about 
 three minutes farther to the northward, about the di- 
 ftance of feven or eight leagues from the Icy Cape. 
 This, however, was the utmoft limit of the voyage to 
 the north-eaft J and they were foon obliged to relin- 
 
 quifh 
 
coo 
 
 Cook's 
 
 Difcoveries. 
 
 [ 640 ] 
 
 COO 
 
 119 
 
 quifh all hopes of proceeding farther on tlie Ameri- 
 can fide. Another effort was ftill refolved on to try 
 the prafticab;lily of a north-weft paflage ; and for 
 this purpofe our navigators altered their direftion on 
 the 21ft of July, paffing through a great quantity of 
 loofe ice. About ten at night the main body was dif- 
 covered at a very fmall diftance, fo that they were ob- 
 Dangerous Ijged to proceed to the fouthwjrd. During this peri, 
 the Diict^ lous navigation, the Difcovery, after having almoft got 
 very. clear out from the ice, became lb entangled by feveral 
 
 large pieces, that her progrefs was flopped, and (he 
 immediately dropped to leeward, falling broadfide 
 foremoll on the edge of a confiderable body of ice, on 
 which (he ilruck with violence, there being an open 
 fea to windwanl. At length the mafs was either 
 broken or moved fo far, that the crew had an opportu- 
 nity of making an effort to efcapc. But unluckily, 
 before the (hip gathered way fufficient to be under 
 » command, (he fell to leeward a feccnd lime upon ano- 
 
 ther piece of ice ; and the fwell rendering it unfafe 
 to lie to windward, and finding no profpeft of get- 
 ting clear, they pufhed into a Imall opening, and made 
 the veffel fall to the ice with hooks. Here the Refolu- 
 tion for fome time loft fight of her confort, which 
 occafioned no fmall uneafinefs in both veflels ; but at 
 length, on a change of wind, the Difcovery, fetting 
 all her fails, forced a paflage, though not without lo- 
 ling a confiderable part ot her Iheathing, and be- 
 coming very leaky by reafon of the blows flie bad re- 
 ceived. 
 
 Thus the two veffls continued to make every effort 
 to penetrate through the immenfe quantities of ice 
 with which thofc leas are filled winter and fummer, 
 • but without fucccfs. Captain Gierke therefore finding 
 that it was impofhble either to get to the northward, 
 or even to reach the Afiatic continent, the (hips being 
 alfo greatly damaged, determined to proceed fouth- 
 ward to the bay of Awalfka, on the Kamtfchadale 
 coaft, to refit, and afterwards fake a furvey of the 
 coafts of Japan before the winter fliould fet in. 
 Of the ex- During this navigation, two general conclufions were 
 tent of the adopted relative to the extent of the Afiatic coaft, in 
 Afiatic con- oppofi tion to the opinion of Mr MiiUer. One is, that 
 *'"'^"**° the promontory, called the Eajl Cape, is in reality the 
 ward. " "^"^ eafterly point of Afia ; and tliat no part of that 
 quarter of the globe extends farther than the longitude 
 of 190° 22' E. The other conclufion is, that the 
 latitude of the mofl north-eafterly point of Afia does 
 iiot exceed 70° N. but is rather fomewhat- below it. 
 As the preient difcoveries, however, were terminated 
 on the Afiatic fide on the 68lh degree of latitude, the 
 probable dirtftion of the coaft afterwards can only be 
 conjeflured. Tlve only foiirces of knowledge in this 
 cafe are the Ruffian charts and j.uriials, and thefe in 
 general are fo dcfeflive and contradi£lory, that the 
 particulars of their real difcoveries can fcavce be col- 
 Jefted. Herce the Ruffian gpographers are greatly 
 divided in their opinions cci'.cerning the txtent and 
 figure of the peninfula of the Tlchvifki. Mr Muller, 
 in a map publiftied 1751, funpofes it to extend north- 
 e:ift as far as the latitude of 75", and E. Lone. 190°, 
 ending in a round cape, ivhich he calls 'Ffchuiotjltoi Nofs. 
 To the fouthward of this c^pe he fuppofts the coaft to 
 form a bay to the w.-ft, bounded in the latitude of 
 67° 18' by Serdzt Kamen, the uioft northerly point 
 
 obferved by Bearing in his expedition in 1728. A Cook's 
 new form is given to the whole peninfula in a rnap ^^'^''™"'''- 
 piibliftred by the academy at Peterfijargh in 1776. 
 Here its mart north-eafterly extremity is placed in N. 
 
 Lat. 73°, E. Long. 178. 30.; and its moft eafterly 
 point in N. Lat. 65. E. Long. 189. 30. All the other 
 maps vary between thefe two fituations : and the only 
 thing in which all of them agree is the pofition of the 
 Eaft cape in N. Lat. 66. The form of the coaft, how- 
 ever, is very erroneous in the map publifhed by the 
 academy, and may be entirely difregaided. In Mr 
 Muller's map, the northern part of the coaft has fome 
 refemblance to that laid down in Captain Cook's and 
 Clerke's furvey, as far as the latter extends; only 
 that Mr Muller does not make it trend fufticiently to 
 the weft, but fuppofes it to recede only five degrees 
 of longitude between the latitudes of 66° and 69" } 
 whereas it really recedes almoft ten. 
 
 We muft next examine Mr Muller's authority for 
 fuppofing thg coaft to bend round to the north and 
 north-ea(t in fuch a manner as to form a large pro- 
 montory. Mr Coxe, whofe accurate refearches into 
 this matter muft give great weight to his opinion, 
 thinks, that the extremity of the promontory was 
 never doubled by any perfon except Delhneff and his 
 party; who failed, in the year 1648, from the river 
 Kovyma, and are imagined to have got round to the 
 river Anadyr. The account of this voyage, however, 
 gives no geographical delineation of the coaft, fo that 
 its figure muft be determined by other circumftances ; 
 and from thefe it evidently appears, that the Tfchu- 
 kolfltoi Nofs of Delhneff is in reality the Eaft cape of 
 Captain Cook. Speaking of this nofs, he (ays, that a 
 perfon, with a favourable wind, may fail from the 
 ifthmus to the Anadyr in three days and three nights. 
 This agrees entirely with the fituation of tlie Eaft cape, 
 ivhich is about I 20 leagues from the mouth of the ri- 
 ver Anadyr ; and there being no other iflhmus to the 
 north between that and the latitude of 69°, it fcems 
 evident, th.it by this defcription he certainly means 
 either the Eaft cane or fome other fituated to the fouth- 
 ward of it. In another place he fitys, that oppofite to 
 the ifthmus there are two iflands upon which fome 
 of the TfchutOii nation were obferved, having pieces 
 of the teeth of feahorfes fixed in their lips ; and 
 this exaftly coincides with the two iflands that lie 
 to the foulh-eaft of the Esft cape. Our navigators 
 indeed did not obferve any inhabitants upon thefe 
 iflands ; but it is by no means improbable, that fome 
 of thofe of the American coaft, whom the above de- 
 fcription pcrfeftly fuits, might have accidentally been 
 there at the time, and been miftaken for a tribe of 
 Tfrhutfki. 
 
 Other circumftances, though lefs decifivc than thofe 
 juft mentioned, concur in the fame proof. Delhntff 
 fay?, that in failing from the Kovvraa to the Anadyr, a 
 ^reat pr./rnontory, which pr- je(5^s far into the fea, muft 
 be doubfed ; and that this promontory extends be- 
 tween north and north-eaft. From thefe exprelTrcns, 
 perhaps, Mr Muller was induced to repr-'fent the 
 country of the Tfchiitflci in the form we find in his 
 map ; but if he had been acqiiaiirtrd with the pnfition 
 of the Eaft cape as determined by Captain Cook, and 
 the ftriking agreement between '..hat and the riromon- 
 tory or ifthmus in the circumftances above mcnlionedi 
 
 it 
 
coo 
 
 [ C4I ] 
 
 coo 
 
 Cook"3 it Is mod probable that he would not have deemed thefs 
 pifcovcrits. expreifions of fuUicient weight to authorize his extend- 
 inir the north-eaftern extremity of A.la either as far 
 to the north or to the call as he has done. 
 
 Another authority ufed by Mr MuUer feems to have 
 been the depofition of the CulTack Popoft", taken at 
 the Anadirlkoi Ollrog in 17 11. Popoff was ient by 
 land, in company with fcveral others, to demand tri- 
 bute of the independent Tfcliutlki tribes, who inhabit- 
 ed the country about the Nofs. In the account of 
 this journey, the dillance betwixt Anadlrlk and Tfchu- 
 kotfkoi Nols is reprefcnted as a journey of ten wetks 
 with loaded rein-deer. From fuch a vague account, 
 indeed, we can judge but very little : but as the di- 
 ftance between the Eall cape and Anadiifk does not 
 exceed 200 leagues, and confequently might be acCL.m- 
 plilhed in the fpace above mentioned at the rate of I a 
 or 14 miles a day, we cannot reckon PopofF's account 
 of its fituation inconfiftent with the fuppofition of its 
 being the Eaft cape. It may likewife be obferved, 
 that Popoff 's route lay along the foot of a rock named 
 Matkol, lituated at the bottom of a fpacious gulf, 
 which Muller fappofes to have been the bay he lays 
 down between the latitudes of 66* and 72° j and he 
 accordingly places the rock Matkol in the centre of it j 
 but it feems more probable that it might be a part of 
 the gulf of Anadyr, which they would undoubtedly pafs 
 in their journey towards the Eaft cape. 
 
 But ivhat fecms to put the matter beyond all doubt, 
 and to prove that the cape which Popoft" vililcd cannot 
 bs to the northward of 69" Lat. is that part of his 
 depofition which relates to an ifland lying off the Nofs, 
 froM whence the oppoiite coaft might be difcerncd ; 
 for as the oppofite continents, in the latitude of 69°, 
 diverge fo far as to be upwards of 100 leagues diftant, 
 it is highly improbable that the Afiatic i;oafl Ihould 
 again trend eaftward in fuch a manner as to come al- 
 moft in fight of that of America. As an additional 
 proof of the pofilion in queftion, we may obfcrve, that 
 the 'I fchukotfkoi Nofs is conftantly laid down as 
 dividing the fea of Kovyraa from that of Anadyr j 
 which could not poffibly be tlie cafe if any large 
 cape had projeftcd to the north-eaft in the higher la- 
 titudes. 
 
 The next queftion to be determined is, to what degree 
 of latitude the northern coaft of Afia extends before it 
 inclines direftly weflward ? Captain Cook was always 
 ftrongly inclined to believe, that the northern coaft of 
 this continent, from the Indigirka eaftward, has hi- 
 therto been ufually laid down above two degrees to the 
 northward of its true fituation; for which reafon, and 
 on the authority of a map that was in his poffeflion, 
 as well as from intelligence received at Oonalaflika, he 
 placed the mouth of the Ko^^ma in the latitude of 68°. 
 Should he be right in his conjefture, it is probable 
 that the coaft of Afia ^oes not anywhere extend be- 
 yond the latitude of 70° before it trends to the weft ; 
 and confequently our navigators muft have been only 
 one degree from its northern extremity. This feems 
 to be confirmed by the filence of the Ruflian naviga- 
 tors concerning any extent of continent to the north- 
 ward of Shelatfkoi Nofs; nor do they mention any 
 remarkable promontory, except the Eaft cape, be- 
 tween the Anadyr and the Kovyma. Another parti- 
 cular which Deihneff relates may perhaps be deemed a 
 
 Vol.. VI. Part II. 
 
 farther confirmation of this opinion, viz. that he met Cgok's 
 with' no obftrudioa from ice in failing round ihe^^^^^^lj 
 northern extremity of Afia; though he add", that " 
 this fea is not at all limes fo free of it, which indeed 
 appears evidently to be the cafe. That part of the 
 continent which lies between Cape North and the 
 mouth of the Kovyraa is about 125 leagues in extent. 
 A third part of this fpace, from Kuvyma eaftward, 
 was explored in the year 1723 by Feodot Amoffbffi' 
 who informed Mr Muller that its direftion was eaft- 
 crly. Since that time it has been fjrveyed with fome 
 accuracy by Shalauroff, whofe chart makes it trend 
 north-eaft-by-eaft as far as Shelatikui Nofs, which he 
 places at the diftance of about 43 leagues eaft of the 
 Kovyma. The fpace, therefore, between the Nofs and 
 Cape North, fomewhat more than 80 leagues, is the 
 only part of the Ruffian dominions now remaiiiing 
 unexplored. But if the Kovyma be erroneoufly laid 
 down in point of longitude as well as latitude, a fup- 
 pofition far from being improbable, the extent of the 
 undifcovered coaft will be confiderably diminiftied. 
 
 Tlie following are the reafons why it may b: fup- 
 pofed that the mouth of the Kovyma is placed too far 
 to the weft ward in the Ruffian charts ; I. Becaufe the 
 accounts that have been given of the navigation of the • 
 Frozen ocean from that river round the north-eaftern 
 extremity of Afia to the gulf of Anadyr, do not 
 agree with the fuppofed diftance between thofe places. 
 2. Becaufe the diftance from the Anadyr to the Ko- 
 vyma over l.ind is by fjme Ruffian travellers reorefent- 
 ed as a journey of no very great length, and eafily per- 
 formed. 3. Becaufe the coaft from the Shelatikoi Nofs 
 of Shalauroff appears to trend direftly fouth-eaft to- 
 wards the Eaft cape. From all which it may be in- 
 ferred, with fome degree of probability, that only 60 
 niiles of the northern Afiatic coaft remain to be ex- 
 plored. j„ 
 
 With regard to a north- weft paffage from the At-Impraau 
 
 lantic into the Pacific ocean, it is highly probable that«:*l''^''y «'' 
 
 no fuch thuig exifts to the fouthward of the c6Lh de- *"""''" 
 fi.-.i ir- 1- • -n 1 .weft or 
 
 gree ot latitude. It, m reality, it cxifts anywhere, it north-eaft 
 
 muft certainly be either through Baffin's bay, or by the paffage into 
 north of Greenland in th6 weftern hemifphere, or in the the Pacific 
 eaftern, through the Frozen fea to the north of Siberia ;°'^^"'' 
 fo that in whichever continent it is feated the ndvigator 
 muft pafs through Beering's ftraits. 
 
 All that remains now to be confidered therefore is, 
 the impra£licability of penetrating into the Atlantic 
 ocean through thefe ftrsits. From the vovayes of 
 our navigators it appears, that the fea to the northward 
 of Beering's ftraits is more free from ice in Auguft 
 than in July, and perhaps may be ftill more fo in fome 
 part of September. But after the autumnal equinox 
 the length of the day diminifties fo fart, that no farther 
 thaw can be expected ; and it would be unreafonable 
 to attribute fo great an effeft to the warmth of the laft 
 fortnight of September as to imagine it capable of dif- 
 perfing the ice from the moft northern part of the 
 American coaft. Even admitting this to be poffible, 
 it muft at leaft be allowed that it would be highly im- 
 prudent to endeavour to avoid the Icy cape, by run- 
 ning to the known parts of Baffin's bay, a diftance of 
 about 1260 miles, in fo fliort a time as that palTage 
 can be fuppofed to be open. On the fide of Afia there 
 appears ftill lefs probability of fuccefs, as appears from 
 4 M the 
 
Cook's 
 Difcoverics. 
 
 121 
 
 Hem arks 
 during the 
 voyage of 
 Captain 
 Clerke to- 
 wards the 
 |cy fea. 
 
 COO [64 
 
 tlie teftimony of the Ruffian as well as the Englilh na- 
 vigators. The voyage of DellmefF indeed proves the 
 poflibilily of circumnavigating the norlh-eaflern ex- 
 tremity of Afia ; but even this affords a very (len- 
 der foundation to hope for any great benefit, as no 
 perfon befides himfelf appears to have fucceeded in 
 the attempt, though more than a century and a half 
 has now elapfed lince the time of his voyage. But 
 even fuppofing that, in fome very favourable fea- 
 fon, this cape might be doubled, ftill the cape of Tai- 
 roura remains, extending as far as the 78th degree of 
 latitude, and round which none pretend ever to have 
 failed. 
 
 Thefe arguments feem condufive againft any ex- 
 peftation of a north-'iveft or north-caft paffage to the 
 Eaft Indies, unlefs on the fuppofition of an open fea 
 very near the polar regions. The probability of get- 
 tin:^ into the polar feas is confidered under the article 
 Pole ; and indeed from what has already been ad- 
 vanced muft appear very little. Waving this fub- 
 je<5t therefore at prefent, we fl-.all return to the re- 
 mark^ made by our navigators during their lecond 
 voyage. 
 
 In this they did little more than confirm what had 
 been obfervcd during the firft : for it never was in 
 their power lo approach the continent of Alia in any 
 higher latitude than 67°, ncr that of America in any 
 part, excepting a few leagues, between 68° and 68° Jo', 
 which they had not feen before. In both years the 
 ice was met wilh fooner on the AGatic than the A- 
 merican coaft ; but in 1779 they met with it in lower 
 latitudes than in 1778. As they proceeded north- 
 ward, the ice was found univerfally more corapafl. and 
 folid, though they were afcertained at the fame time 
 that the greateft part of what they met with was move- 
 able. Its height on a raediuni was eftimated at eight 
 or ten feet ; though fome of the higheft might be about 
 16 or 18. The currents were generally at the rate of 
 one mile in the hour, and more generally fet from the 
 fouth-weft than from any other quarter. Their force, 
 however, was fo inconfiderable, whatever their direc- 
 tion might be, that no conclufion could pofiibly be 
 drawn from them concerning the exiftence or non- 
 exiftence of a northern paffage. With regard to the 
 temperature of the weather, July was found much 
 colder than Auguft. In the former, the thermometer 
 was once at 20°, and very frequently at 30° ; whereas 
 during the laft year it was very uncommon in Augiift 
 to have it as low as the freezing point. High winds 
 were experienced in both feafons, all of which blew 
 from the fouth-weft. The air was foggy whenever 
 the weather became calm ; but the fogs were obferv- 
 ed to accompany foutherly winds much more than 
 others. 
 
 The ftraits, in tbe neareft approach of the conti- 
 nents to each other, in the latitude of 66°, are about 
 13 leagues over ; beyond which they diverge to N. 
 E. by E. and W. N. W. ; fo that in the latitude of 
 69*, their diftance from each other is about 300 miles.. 
 A great refemblance is obferved betwixt the continents 
 on both fides of the ftraits. Both are deftitute of 
 wood ; the ftiores are low, with mountains further in- 
 land, rifing to a great height. The (oumiings in the 
 mid way between them were from 19 to 30 fathoms, 
 gradually decreafing as either continent was approach- 
 
 ] COO 
 
 ed J with this difference, however, that the w.,ter was Cook's 
 fomewhat fliallower on the coaft of America than that P'^o veriea. 
 of Afia, at an equal diftance from land. The bottom, ' 
 
 towards the middle, was a foft (limy mud ; and near 
 either ftiore was a brownifti fand Intermixed with a few 
 fliells and fmall fragments of bones. There was but 
 little tide or current, and what there was came from the 
 weft. 
 
 Before the (hips could reach the peninfula of Kamt- Death of 
 fchalka. Captain Clerke expired j in confequence of Captain 
 which the command of the Difcovery devolved upon Gierke. 
 Mr King, Captain Gore being now the fuperior of- ^*' '"'"*'• 
 ticer. On the return to Kamtfchatka, Captain Clerke 
 was buried in the fpot en which a church was to be 
 ereflcd ; it having been his own defire to be interred in 
 the church. 
 
 By the time they arrived at this peninfula, the face Return to 
 of the country was greatly improved ; the fields being Kamtfchat- 
 covered with the moft hvely verdure, and evcrv plant ''^> ^''t'' " 
 in the moft flouriftiing ftate. The eruption' of the ^^^^^''^P^"" 
 volcano which they had obferved on their laft tlf par- ^f ^^^-^j/ 
 ture from Kamlfchaika, had done little or no damage, jka. 
 notwithiianding its violence. Several ftores had fallen 
 about the fize of a goofe's egg, but none larger. At 
 this vifit it was obferved by our navigators, that the 
 complexions of the Ruffians fcemed to be much more 
 unhealthy and fallow than when they faw them for- 
 merly ; and the Ruflians made the fame obfervation 
 upon the complexions of their guefts. As no certain 
 caufe for this alteration could be perceived, the blame 
 was by both parties laid on the verdure of the country ; 
 which, by contrafing ilfelf with the colour of the peo- 
 ple, made the latter appear to difadvantage. 
 
 Having repaired as well as they could the damages 
 fuflained by the (hips among the ice, our navigators 
 now began to proceed on their voyage fouthward ; 
 but the fliattered condition of their veffcls, with the 
 little time they had now to fpare on voyages of <lif- 
 covery, after having been fo long at (ea, now render- 
 ed them much lefs fuccefsful than formerly. Before 
 leaving the peninfula, however, they took care to give 
 fuch a defcription of the bay of Awatfka as muft be 
 of great fervice to future navigators. This bay lies 
 in 52. 51. N. Lat. and 158. 48. E. Long, in the 
 bight of another bay formed by Cape Gavareea to the 
 fouth, and Cheeconfltoi Nofs to the north. The lat- 
 ter of thefe bears from the former N. E. by N. and is 
 leacfues diftant. From Cape Gavareea to the en- 
 
 32 ^ 
 
 trance'of AwafCta bay the coaft takes a northerly di- 
 redicn, and extends about ll leagues. It confifts of 
 a chain of rugged cliffs and rocks, and in many parts 
 prefents an appearance of bays or inlets ; but on a 
 nearer view, low grounds were perceived by which the 
 headlands were connefled. From the entrance of 
 Awat(ka bay, Cheeponlkoi Nofs bears E. N. E. di- 
 ftant 1 7 leagues. The ftiore on this fide is flat and low, 
 with hills behind gradually rifing to a confiderable 
 hdght. The latitude of Cape Gavareea Is 52. 2r. 
 By this remarkable difference of the land on both fides 
 the cape, navigators may be direfled In their courfe 
 towards it from the fouthward. When they approach 
 It from the northward, Cheeponfkoi Nofs becoroejs 
 very confpicuous ; it being a high projcfting headland, 
 and united to the continent by a large extent of level 
 ground lower than the Nofs : and prefents the fame 
 
 appearance 
 
coo 
 
 i: 64 
 
 CooV's appeivance wliether viewed from (he north or I'oatli. 
 Difcoveric!. Should the weather happen to be fufficietttly clear to 
 ^"•—W"'-^ admit a view of the mountains both on the fea coaft 
 and in the neighbourhood, the fituation of Awatika 
 bav, may be known h^ the two high ones to the fouth 
 of it. That neareft the bay is in the form of a fugar 
 loaf, the other flat at ton, and not quite fo high. Three 
 very confpicuous mountains appear on the north fide 
 of the bay ; of which that to the weft appears to be 
 the higheft ; ths next, being a volcano, is readily 
 known by the fmoke which it emits; the third is the 
 moft northerly, and might properly be called a clufler 
 of mountains, as it prefents feveral flat tops to view. 
 When got within the capes, the entrance of the bay 
 of Awatika to the north is pointed out by a Hght- 
 houfe on a perpendicular headland. Many funken 
 rocks lie to the eaftward of this headland, ftretching 
 two or three miles into the fea; and which with a 
 njoderate fea or fwell will always (how themfelves. 
 A /"mall round ifland lies four miles to the fouth of 
 the entrance, principally compofed of high pointed 
 rockis, one of which is very remarkable. The en- 
 trance into the bay is at firft about three miles wide, 
 and Qne and a half in the narroweft part ; the length 
 is four miles in a north-weft direftion. Within the 
 mouth is a noble bafon about 2 J miles in circumference ; 
 in whfch are the harbours of Rakoweera to the eaft, 
 Tarcinfltaj to the weft, and St Peter and St Paul to the 
 
 IIS 
 
 north. 
 
 Account of On leaving Kamtfchatka, it u'as unaniraoufly judged 
 the voyage impjoper to make any attempt to navigate the feas 
 time of lea ''^'ween the continent of Ada and Japan. Inftead of 
 vingKamt-''^'') '' ^^s propofed to fteer to the eaftward of that 
 fchatka. ifland, and in the way thither to fail along the Kuriles ; 
 examining particularly thofe that are iituated nearelt 
 to the northern coaft of Japan, which are faid to be 
 conSderable, and neither fubjefl to the Ruftians nor 
 Japanefe. In cafe they ftiould have the good fortune 
 to meet with fome fecure and commodious harbour in 
 one of thefe iflands, it was fuppofed that they might 
 prove of confiderable importance, as convenient places 
 for ftielter for fubfequent navigators, who might be 
 employed in exploring thefe feas, as the means of pro- 
 ducing a commercial intercourfe among the adjacent 
 dominions of the two above-mentioned empires. The 
 next objeft was to take a furvey of the coafts of the 
 idands of Japan ; after which they defigned to fail for 
 the coaft of China as far north as poflible, and then 
 fail along it fouthward ta Macao. 
 
 In purfuance of this plan, they failed along the 
 coaft of Kamtfchatka, till they came to the fouthern 
 point called Ca/ie Lcpalha, whofe fttuation they deter- 
 mined to be in Lat. 51. o. E. Long. 156. 45. To the 
 Jiorth weft they obferved a very lofty mountain, whofe 
 lummit was loft in the clouds ; and the fame inftant 
 the firft of the Kurile iflands, named Shoomjka, made 
 its appearance in the direflion of weft, half fouth. 
 The paftage betwixt the fouthern extremity of Cape 
 Lopatka and the ifland of ShoomOca, though only one 
 league in breadth, is extremely dangerous, both on ac 
 count of the rapidity of the tides, and of the funk rocks 
 which lie off the cape. In the courfe of this voyage, 
 they had occafion to obferve, that a violent fwell from 
 the north-weft frequently took place, though the wind 
 
 Ccop. 
 
 3 ] CO O 
 
 had been for fame time in the weflern qua-ter ; a cJf- .9°°''''* 
 cumftance for which they feem to have been altogelhei '^''^"|^''"" 
 unable to account. 
 
 The tempeftuous weather which now occurred, pre- 
 vented any difcoveries from being made among the 
 Kurile ifles ; however, they again failed over the ipace 
 affigned to the land of De Gama, without . being able 
 to find it ; and, from comparing feveral accounts ot 
 the Ruflian navigators with one another, it was judged 
 extremely probable, that the land of Jefo, fo frequently 
 laid down in former maps, is no other than the mott 
 foutherly of the Kurile ifles. On coming in view <^i 
 the coaft of Japan, they had the mortification to find 
 that they could not approach the land by reafon of 
 the tempeftuous weather and bad ftate of the ftiips ; the 
 coafts of thefe iflands being extremely dangerous. Faf- 
 fing from thence in queft of the Baftiee iflands, they 
 found amazing quantities of pumice-ftone floating in 
 the fea ; fo that they feemed inclined to believe, witW 
 Mr Muller, that if there had formerly been any part 
 of the continent, or large ifland, called the Laud of 
 Jefj, it muft have difappeared in a volcanic convulfion ; 
 which alfo muft have been the cafe with that called 
 the Compomfs Land and Stolen IJland. Though they 
 had not the good fortune to find the Baftiee iflands, 
 they difcbvered one in 24. 48. N. Lat. 141. 20. E. 
 Long, which from its appearance, and the fulphureous 
 fmell emitted by it, they named Sulphur ijland. 
 After this nothing remarkable occurred till their 
 arrival at Canton in China, where, having ftaid for 
 fome lime in order to put their ftiips in repair, they at 
 laft fet fail for Britain ; but through ftrefs of weather 
 were driven as far north as Stromnefs in Orkney. 
 From thence Captain Gore fent a difpatch to the lords 
 of the admiralty to inform them of his arrival ; and on 
 the 4th of Odlober J 780, the fliips reached the Nore, 
 after an abfence of four years, two months, and twenty- 
 two days. 
 
 COOKERY, the art of preparing and drefling 
 viftuals for the table : An art in its fimpleft and 
 ordinary modes, fufficiently familiar to every houfe- 
 keeper ; and, in its luxurious refinements, too copioufly 
 detailed in manuals and dircftories publiftied for the 
 purpofe, to require any enlargement here, were it even 
 a topic that at all deferved confideration in a work of 
 this nature. 
 
 COOLERS, in Medicine, thofe remedies which were 
 fuppofed to produce an immediate fenfe of cold, being 
 fuch as have their parts in lefs motion than thofe of 
 the organs of feeling ; as fruits and all acid liquors. 
 Or they are fuch as were fuppofed, by a particular vif- 
 cidity or groffhefs of parts, to give the animal fluids a 
 greater confiftency than they had before, and confe- 
 quently retard their motion, having lefs of that inleftine 
 force on which their heat depends : this property was 
 afcribed to cucumbers and fimilar fubftances. 
 
 COOM, a term applied to the foot that gathers over 
 an oven's mouth ; and alfo to the black, greafy fub- 
 ftance, which works out of the wheels of carriages. 
 
 COOMB, or Comb, of corn, a dry meafure contain, 
 ing four buftiels, or half a quarter. 
 
 COOP, in Hujbondry, a tumbrel or cart enclofed 
 with boards, and ufed to carry dung, grains, &c. 
 
 Coop, is alfo the name of a pen, or enclofed place, 
 4 M a where 
 
coo 
 
 Coop, wliere lambs, poultry, 8cc. are (hut up in order ta be 
 Cooper. fj(i_ 
 
 ■~-v~ 
 
 C 644 ] 
 
 coo 
 
 COOPER, an artificer who makes caflcs, coops 
 tubs and bai-rels, and aU kinds of wooden vefiels which 
 are bound together with hoops. It would appear, 
 that the art of the cooper is of great antiquity, and 
 foon attained all the perfcftion which it at prtfent pof- 
 felles. 
 
 But although this art is very ancient, there arc fame 
 countries in which it is yet unknown ; and in other 
 countries from the fcarcity of wood, or from fomc 
 other caufes, earthen vefTels and fkins lined with pitch 
 are ufed for containing liquors. 'J"hc Latin word dniium, 
 is ufually Iranflated " cafli j" but it was employed by the 
 Romans to denote earthen vcfllis ufed for the fame 
 purpofes. The word dolare, to " plane, or fmooth," 
 from wliich dolium is derived, and the word dolarius, 
 " a cooper," may be naturally enough applied, the 
 former to the conftruftion of calks, which are made of 
 feveral pieces of the fame tree planed and fitted for 
 joining together, and the latter to the artificer him- 
 fclf. 
 
 Pliny afcribes the invention of calks to the people who 
 lived at the foot of the Alps. In his time they lined 
 them with pitch. From the year 70 of the Chrillian 
 era in the time of Tiberius and Vefpafian the art of 
 conftrufting vellcls of difierent pieces of wood fecms to 
 have been well known. Indeed, previous to this pe- 
 riod, Varro and Columella, in detailing the precepts of 
 rural economy, fpeak dillindlly of veflTels formed of dif- 
 ferent pieces, and bound together with circles of wood 
 or hoops. The defcripllon which they have given ac- 
 cords exaftly with the conftruflion of calk<. The fa- 
 brication of calks, on account of the great abundance 
 of wood, was probably very early introduced into 
 France. When this art was firft praftifed in Britain 
 is unknown ; but it feems not improbable that it was 
 derived from the French. 
 
 The figure of a calk is that of two truncated cones, 
 or rather conoids, joined together ; for the lines are 
 not ftraight, as in the cone, but are curved from the 
 vertex to the bafe. As the place where the junftion 
 feems to take place is the moft capacious, it is com- 
 monly called the belly of the calk. In the choice of 
 wood, old, thick, and ftraight trees are preferred, from 
 which thin planks are hewn which are to be formed 
 into Haves. In France, the wood is prepared in win- 
 ter ; the ftaves and bottoms are then farmed, and they 
 are put together, or, in the language of the artificer, 
 ike calk is mounted, in fumraer. Planing the ftaves 
 is one of the moft difficult parts of the work ; and it is 
 2t the fame time one of the moft important in the fa- 
 brication of calks. In drefling ftaves with the plane, 
 tlie workman is direfted to cut xcrofs the wood ; tht 
 reafon of which is probably to prevent the inftrument 
 following the courfe of the fibres, which may not al- 
 ■Ttays be in the fame plane with the furface of the 
 ftave, and thus render it of unequal thicknefs. 
 
 In the formation of the ftaves, it ought to be recol- 
 Jefled, that each is to conftitute part of a double co- 
 noid. It muft therefore be broader at the middle, and 
 anuft gradually become narrower, but not in ftraight 
 liEes, towards the extremities. The outfide of the 
 ftaves, acrofs the wood, muft be wrought into the feg- 
 snent of a circle ; and it muft be lliickefi; near the mid- 
 
 dle, growing gradually thinner towards the ends. Coopw. 
 
 Great experience, it is obviou«, muft be requiftte for ' "T ' 
 
 the nice adjuftmcnt of the diifcrent curves to the fize 
 and ftiape of-the calk. Lefs attention, as it is kfs ne- 
 ctffary, is paid to the rounding or drefiing of the infide 
 of the ftave. 
 
 After the ftaves are drefied and ready to be arranged 
 in a circular form, it might be (uppofed necefl'aiy fur 
 the purpofe of making the feams tight, to trim the thin 
 edges in fuch a manner, that the contiguous ftaves mnv 
 be brought into firm contafl throughout the whole 
 joint, or ftoped fimilar to the arch-ltones of a bridge. '' 
 
 Bat this is not the praftice which is ufually followed 
 by the artificer. Without attempting to ftope them, 
 fo that the whole furface of the edge may touch in 
 every point, he brings the contiguous ftaves into con- ,j. 
 taft only at the inner furface ; and in this way, by Return to 
 driving the hoops hard, he can make a clofer join*--' K ?""<"'•'' at- 
 than could be done by floping them from the oute-' to 
 the inner fide. In tliis, perhaps, with giving the pro- 
 per curvature to the ftaves, confills the principal {'art of 
 the cooper's art. 
 
 CoofER, Anthony yffpley, firft earl of Shaftefbury, 
 a moft able ftattfman, was the fon of Sir John Cooper, 
 Bart, of Rockbuin in Hampftiire, and was born in 
 1 62 1. He was elefled member for Tewkefbury, at 
 19 years ot at^c, in the fiiort parliament that met April 
 13. 1640. He feems to have been well atltfted to the 
 king's lervice at the beginning of the civil wars ; lor 
 he repaired to the king st Oxford with offers of aflift- 
 ance : but Prince Maurice breaking articles to a town 
 in DorfetOiire that he had got to receive him, 
 furnifned him with a pretence for going over to the 
 parliament, from which he accepted a commiffion. 
 When Ilichard Cromwell was depoltd, and the Rump 
 came again into power, they nominated Sir Anthony 
 one of their council of flate, and a commifl'ioner for 
 managing the srmy. At that very time he had enga- 
 ged in a fecrel correfpondence for reftoring Charles II. 
 and, upon the king's coming over, was fworn of bis 
 privy council. He was one of the commiflioners for 
 the trial of the legicides ; was foon after made chan- 
 cellor of the exthequer, then a commifliorier of the 
 treafury j in 1672 was created earl of Shaftelbury j 
 and foon after was raifed to the poft of lord chancel- 
 lor. He filled this office with great ability and inte- 
 grity ; and though the flioit time he was at the helm 
 was in a tempclluous feafon, it is doirg him juftice to 
 fay, nothing could either diftraft or afTright bim. 
 The great leal was taken from him in 1673. 12 months 
 after his receiving it ; but, though out of oftice, he ftill 
 made a diftinguiftied figure in parl'ament, for it was 
 not in his nature to remain ir.aflive. He drew upon 
 himfelf the implacable hatred of the duke of York, by 
 fteadily promoting, if not oricrinally inventing, the fa- 
 mous projtft of an exclufion-bill. When his enemies 
 came into power, he found it necelLry to confult his 
 fafety, by retiring into Holland, where he died fix 
 weeks after his arrival, in J6S3. While his great abi- 
 lities are conftil"ed by all, it has been his misfortune 
 to have his hiftory recorded by his enemies, who ftu- 
 ditd to render him odious. Butler has given a very 
 fevrre charadler of him in his Hudibras. 
 
 CooPIR, Anthony yJJhley, earl of Shafteflmry, W2« 
 fon of Anthony earl of Shafielbury, and grandfon cf 
 
 Anthony 
 
 /