FROM THE- LIBRARY- OF A. W. Ryder Digitized by the Internet Arcinive , in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/beginninggermansOObierrich J--><£^3 CD^U-r^e^n^J^ '^w\o(:Jn^ BEGINNING GERMAN A SERIES OF LESSONS WITH AN ABSTRACT OF GRAMMAR BY H. C. BIERWIRTH, Ph.D. PROFESSOR OF GERMAN IN HARVARD COLLEQE SECOND EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED NEW YORK HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY rr3u Copyright, 1903, 1909, BY HENRY HOLT AND COMPANY , . .March, 1927 ^ ; s\. \yj , ^^h.<^.^ PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In all essential features — the method, the manner of pres- entation or statement, and the topics, as well as the order, of the lessons — Beginning German remains unchanged. The increase in the number of pages over the first edition is accounted for by the alternative exercises in each lesson, the four optional chapters headed Review and Drill, and a series of special, likewise optional, exercises at the end of the lessons. In several matters of detail, however, I have endeavored to profit from criticisms and from such suggestions as I could embody in the book without changing its general character. To all friends and colleagues who have thus helped me, I here express my thanks. The German exercises of the lessons are lettered A and B; the English, C and D; of which either A or B may be used in combination with either C or D. The teacher, however, will find A and C the best combination for one year; in another year, or for purposes of review, he can use B and D. If some of the exercises should seem rather long (they were made longer than those of the first edition at the request of a number of teachers), a few sentences in each may easily be omitted. But I deprecate as much in this edition as in the first the translation of the English exercises with- out sufficient previous study of the German and the explana- tory notes. Frt294:00 iii IV PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION The Abstract of Grammar, in which scarcely anything has been changed, will be published separately, as heretofore; and so will the pamphlet of New Exercises, which, although no longer strictly new, may still serve £is a supplementary set. Cambridge, Mass., April, 1909. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This book consists of a series of thirty lessons and an abstract of grammar. On the lessons and the best way of using them, I have only a few suggestions to make, and these I will venture to put in a somewhat categorical form. First, have your students recite as much as possible with their books closed. Secondly, dictate a few sentences or phrases to them at every lesson. Thirdly, postpone sentence writing and so-called composition until the ear is fairly well trained and the new language has become alive in the student's mind. And fourthly, before your scholars do an English exercise, let them carefully reread the preceding German sentences that should serve them as models. I may add that these suggestions are neither original nor novel, and I dare say that if they had been followed more closely since the Committee of Twelve lent them the weight of their authority, fewer candidates for admission to college would be found deficient in the translation into German, and most would do better in the translation of German into Eng- lish. The fact is that, notwithstanding all our conceits to the contrary, we are still too much under the sway of the tradi- tional methods of teaching the dead languages. In the second part of the book, the abstract of grammar, I have so far departed from the customary way of presenting the subject of accidence that I must needs give my reason for VI PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION doing SO. It is this: if the initial difficulty for most English- speaking students of German lies in mastering the inflections, rather than in grasping the uses of the parts of speech, or what we call syntax,, it ought to be more practical to group different parts of speech under the same type of inflection than to group different types of inflection under the same part of speech. The former is the method that I have followed. The latter is again a traditional method, that of logicians; but it is not neces- sarily the best, nor even the most rational method, even if it be the most logical. The Abstract of Grammar, if it should prove useful for re- viewing the essentials of accidence and syntax, especially in preparation for college, will soon be published separately. I have adopted the new official orthography of 1902, hence the change of form in a few familiar words, as tun, tat, getan, 2^ur, gibft efc. instead of tl^un, tl^at, getf)an, X^ixx, giebft etc. Cambridge, Mass., January, 1903. CONTENTS BEGINNING GERMAN PAGE PRONUNCIATION 1-8 GERMAN SCRIPT 9-10 LESSONS 11-178 1 Present and Past Indicative of Weak Verbs 11 2 Present and Past Indicative of Strong Verbs 16 3 Present and Past Indicative of ^abcn ©cin SBcrbcn . . . • I 92 Order of Words J 4 The Definite Article :Der. Nouns: Class I 27 5 Words like J)cr. Nouns: Class II 33 1-5 Review and Drill (Optional) 40 6 The Indefinite Article Sin and its Group 41 7 Nouns: Class III. Prepositions with Dative or Accusative . 47 8 Nouns: Class IV. Personal Pronouns 51 9 The Pronouns !5)cr SBcr 23a8. Supplement (Optional) . . • 1 ^^ Substitutes for Pronouns . . J 10 Adjectives: Strong Inflection 68 6-10 Review and Drill (Optional) 74 11 Adjectives: Weak Inflection 75 12 Pronominals: Strong and Weak 80 13 Pronominals: Strong or Weak 86 14 Adjective Inflection: Exceptions 90 15 Comparison. Substantive Adjectives 92 16 Numerals 98 11-16 Review and Drill (Optional) 100 17 Verbs: Principal Parts 105 18 The Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative. Irregular (Mixed) Nouns 108 19 The Future Indicative. Irregular Weak Verbs 114 20 The Present Indicative of Certain Strong Verbs 120 21 The Imperative 126 22 The Modal AuxiHaries 131 23 SBiffcn 138 24 Compound Verbs with Inseparable Prefixes 141 25 Compound Verbs with Separable Prefixes 144 vij Vlll CONTENTS LESSONS PAQB 17-25 Review and Drill (Optional) 148 26 Compound Verbs with Doubtful Prefixes 150 27 The Passive Voice 153 28 Reflexive and Impersonal Verbs 156 29 The Subjunctive in Conditional Sentences 162 30 The Subjunctive in Indirect Statement . . . . . . . 169 1-30 Special Exercises (Optional) 179 ABSTRACT OF GRAMMAR INFLECTIONS 191-237 I Verb Inflections 191 II Odd or Unclassified Inflections 212 III Complete Strong Inflection 214 IV Defective Strong Inflection 215 V Noun Inflections 216 VI Double Inflection: Strong and Weak . . . . . . .223 USES AND CONSTRUCTIONS 238-273 I Articles. Nouns of Measure. Names of Cities. Cases . , 238 II Pronouns 241 III Comparatives and Superlatives 247 IV Numerals 249 V Verbs 249 VI Adverbs 260 VII Prepositions 264 VTII Conjunctions 267 IX Order of Words 268 List of Strong Verbs according to Vowel Change 274 A-LPHABETICAL LiST OF StRONG AND IRREGULAR VeRBS 277 German-English Vocabulary 283 English-German Vocabulary 291 Index 299 BEGn^mwa German PRONUNCIATION The Alphabet German German Roman German German Roman form name form form name form 3t a ah Aa ffi n en N n 33 B bay Bb D oh S c tsay C c ?P p pay P p ® b day Dd !Q q koo Q q e e ay Ee 5ft r er (as in errand) R r 5 f_ eff F f @ f§ ess S 8 @ 9 gay Gg %. t tay T t $ ^ hah Hh tt u oo U u 3 t ee I i as D fow (as in foi^l) V V 3 i yot J 3 as to vay Ww a f kah Kk X s ix Xx 2 I el LI D 9 ipsilon Yy ajltn em M m 3 5 tset Z z Of the two forms f and 3, the latter is used at the end of a word, at the end of a syllable in compounds, and before suffixes (except suffixes of inflection) ; elsewhere f is used : §aug, §au^'tur, ^au^'c^en, but ^au'fe^; la^, 2t^'^axt, Ic^'bar, but le'fen, lieft. Note the following combinations: (^ chj d cky ^ tz and ^ sz. The last, however, is as frequently represented by ss (and always sounded like ss). It is called ess-tset' and takes the place of f§ at the end of a word or syllable, and of ff before 2 PRONUNCIATION t or after a long, vowel or diphthong: glu§ (short u), %u^ (lolig u),:]^a6Htd^,! tjro^'QVti^, ^afet, ntufe'te; gii'fee (long it), l^ei'^ 6en, But gliif'fe (short ii), ^af'fe, muf'fen. Capitals. Every noun, or word used as a noun, begins with a capital: $au^ Aowse, fiir meinen ^ruber/or m^/ brother j in (Snglanb m England. But adjectives derived from names of countries begin mostly with a small letter: englifd^ English. Division into Syllables, at the end of a line, is indicated by a double hyphen, thus =. A single consonant belongs to the following vowel: la-ben, ge^e, (^a4iAa'^a ; hkewise c^, p!^, \d), ft, g and i^, which are re- garded as representing simple sounds: la'-d^e, ra'=fd^en, bel'=6^np be'-fte. Other combinations are separated so that the last consonant belongs to the next line, d becoming t4: ^nap'-pe, ^ar4tn=^adtn, ^at'^^t, ^ilp'-fen, ^arp'^fen, gor^fter, Btdb'^At, f orb '-re. Compounds are divided according to their com- ponent parts: 5lug^apfel, l^ier'^auf, DoII=en'ben. Vowels A vowel doubled or followed by 1) is long: §aar, ^tf)L An accented vowel before a single consonant or at the end of a syllable is usually long: le'fen, @ebot', ha, fo, bu, bir, t)or, nur. But in some of the commonest monosyllables, even when strongly accented, the vowel is short : ah, an, I)in, mit, unt, treg, A vowel before two or more consonants is usually short: 53Iatt, bumm, l^ilf* But in inflection a long stem-vowel re- mains long even before several consonants: frag ft, 58Iut^ (from fra'gen, iBIut). A vowel before d^ or g may be long, as in ^ud), Tla^, or short, as in ^ad), lag. 5( a has always the quahty of a in father. Long: ba'bcn, ^a^l; short: matt, bann^ VOWELS 6 Q; e long sounds like a in fate: @'po6, §eer, gel^t; c short like e in bet: ^ett, ©en'bung, §err (like e in herring, not like e in her). Unaccented e is slurred; thus, en in lei'tcn sounds like en in frighten; et in e'bel, Hke Ze in ladle; eg in neu'e^, like ous in joyous; e in fom'me, nearly hke a in comma; @e in ©efefe', nearly like ga in gazettes. S i long sounds hke t in machine: if)n, ^'ba; i short, hke i in siY; mit, D^ip'pe, §irt (not hke hurt). 3?e ie is sounded hke long i: Sie'ber, ^l^llofopl^ie'; but in cer- tain words accented on the syllable preceding ie, these two letters are sounded separately, much hke ia in gloria: ©lo'rie, gami'lte, Si'nie, D long sounds hke o in note: fo, 3J?oor; o short, hke the often heard in New England in whole or only, a sound lying between the a in fall and the o in toll : toll, @ott, Siyjot'te, U u long sounds hke oo in fool: iBu'bc, ^^^ul^; u short, hke u in pull: bumm, ^ut'ter, ^ ^ occurs chiefly in foreign words and, if accented, sounds usually like tt, if unaccented like i. MODIFIED VOWELS The vowels a, o, u have a modified sound which is indi- cated by two dots and called umlaut: H (i, 6 o, U ii. For flu ciu see p. 4. 5 a long sounds hke a in dare: 8l^'re, trSge; ft short, hke e in let: S'fte, ban'be, 6 b long may be produced' by rounding the hps to pronounce in woe and then trying to sound an a hke that of ape instead: 6^r, bo'fe. Short o has the same quahty, but requires less rounding of the lips : off 'ne, fonnt. U ii long may be produced by rounding the hps to pronounce 00 in woo and then trying to sound an e hke that of he instead: PRONUNCIATION liber, fiilf)!. Short il has the same quality, but requires less rounding of the lips: §ut'te, ful'len, DIPHTHONGS 5ft at and Qi ct sound like i in mine: 2axh, (Sai'te; !^etb, %n an sounds like ou in thou: laut, tau'fen. ©u cu and fe 'an sound like oy in boy: J^eu'te, l^eu'te; Iciu'te, ^iiu'te. Consonants Consonants omitted here are sounded as in English. S3 b, at the end of a word or syllable, also before inflectional suffixes beginning with a consonant, sounds hke p: @rab, ©riib'- d^en, l^abt; elsewhere hke b: bra'te, 53lei, blei'ben, ^at)n, (I c, before a, o, u, au, ou or a consonant, sounds hke k: (Sato, (Slau'biu^; elsewhere Hke ts or 3: Sft'far, Se'bcr. 6^]^ (^, after a, 0, u or an, has a deep guttural sound which resembles a throat-clearing or hawking and may be produced by whispering koo or kah: ^a(^, ?od^, ^ud^, auc^, (a'(^e» Else- where d^ has a higher, palatal sound, hke that of k in ^62/ when whispered: 53Icd^, id^, !Da'd^er, So'd^er, ^Bii'd^er, Sei'd^e, eud^, '^r^ ^M^/^i^W^;^^/^y/^ ^-/ci^^^i/yp;^/^^^^^t^al^^ 10 GERMAN SCRIPT '^^cz^^^^U^^i^^ .^/t^^-^^-^jf^ ^^(^t-^^. UiiZ^4^' o <-/ Lesson i PRESENT AND PAST INDICATIVE OF WEAK VERBS I Weak Verbs. In German, as in English, there are weak and strong verbs. How they differ from each other will be ex- plained later. This lesson treats of weak verbs only, and first of the inflection of fagen to say and tDarten to wait in the PRESENT INDICATIVE \6) fagc / say (also / tell etc.) Ici^ h)artc / wait bu fagft thou say est, you say bu tnartcft thou waitest, you wait tx, fie, e6 fagt he, she, it says tx, fie, e^ tuartet he, she, it waits toix fagcn we say Irir tcarten we wait x^x fagt ye, you say i^x toaxttt ye, you wait fie fagcn they say fie tDartcn they wait ifc^cn ber etabt 9^uboIftabt« unb bem ^orfe 5SoIfftebt« fte^t am 3Sege ein §au^, in n)el(^em (^d^itler im 3a]^re 1788 n)o]^nte, unb in einem ^itnmer biefe^ §aufe^ geigte er mir ben 2^ifd^, an n)el(^em ©chiller arbeitete, unb ben a^ 33ud^ gsftern na^m 64 BEGINNING GERMAN 2. Who (predicate nominative) is 2*- / this man? SSer ift biefcr 3. Whose hook did he take y ester- 3^' day? SBcffcn ^ud^ nol^m cr geftcm? 4. To whom did he give the book 4^* yesterday? SScm gab cr bo« SBuc^ geftern? 5. Whom was he looking for at 5*- It that time? SScn fuc^tc er ba^ inal«? know who (predicate nomi- native) this man is ^d) h)et&, toer biefer SDZann ift / saw whose book he took yes- terday S^ \ai), tDcffen 58ud^ er geftern nal^m / am not going to tell to whom he gave the book yesterday ^^ [age nid^t, Yotm cr bag 33ud^ geftern gab is uncertain whom he was looking for at that time (S8 ift ungemi^, hjcn er bamals fud^tc Direct or independent questions, like 1-5, become indirect or de- pendent questions by being made to depend on some verb, or other expression, of asking, doubting, thinking, knowing, perceiving and the hke, as in l*-5^. In German, therefore, indirect questions change to the Transposed or Dependent Order of Words. (Observe that there is also a change of order in English, except where the interrogative pro- noun is the subject, as who in 1*). B. Distinguish the following two kinds of dependent clauses: INDIRECT QUESTIONS 6. / saw who took the hook yester- day ^6) \q^, tocr ha^ iBuc^ geftern nat)m 7. / told her with whom I came 7^* / yesterday and whom we met in the street ^6) fagte i^r, mit toem ic^ geftern fant unb iBcn Xq\x auf ber ©tra&c trafen / inquired whose children took 8*- / the apples ^6) fragte, meffen ^inbcr bic Spfel na^mcn RELATIVE CLAUSES / saw the man who took the book yesterday ^^ \a^ ben SO?ann, iDctd^er (or ber) ha^ 53ud^ gc* ftcm na^m showed her the woman with whom I came yesterday and the boy whom we met in the street ^^ ^eigte t^r bic ^^rau, mit n)eld^er (or ber) ic^ geftern fam, unb ben ^naben, hjclc^en (or ben) n)ir auf ber (Strode trafen inquired for the man whose children took the apples — or for the woman whose children etc. — or for the parents whose children etc. SUPPLEMENT TO LESSON 9. I (OPTIONAL) 65 ^ii) frogtc nad^ hem ^annt, bcffen (not hjelc^e^i) ^inber bic Sipfel nal^mcn — or m^ ber t^rau, beren (not h)cl(^er») ^in* bcr etc. — or nad^ ben ©Item, bcrcn (not tDcId^er*) ^inber etc. 1 Lesson 9. i. note 2. In 6-8, the dependent clauses beginning with who, with whom, whom and whose suggest and represent (direct) questions, e. g., in 7: with whom did you come yesterday?; hence the interrogative pronouns in German. In the corresponding dependent clauses of 6^-8*, who, with whom, whom and whose neither suggest nor represent questions, but relate to an ante- cedent, which is qualified or limited by them; hence the relative pronouns in German. C. The same syntactical distinction holds for the following sentences, though here German, like English, uses the same word as interrogative and relative (except that for tDcld^er, when pronoun, bcr may be sub- stituted) : INDIRECT QUESTIONS RELATIVE CLAUSES 9. He knew what (interrog. ad- 9** He knew the way which (rel. jective) way or which (in- pron.) led to the city (Sr terrog. adj.) way led to the iBufetc ben SBeg, rtcld^cr (or ber) city @r nju^te, tocld^er SSeg noc^ bcr ©tabt fu^rtc nad^ bcr oxd, \6)\t6)i and arm, menn and iDann and al^, menn and ob, id^ tDOl^ne and id^ lebe, mer and iDcId^er. 5. Give the German for the following sentence — (a) if addressed to one person with whom the writer is on intimate terms ; (b) if addressed to two, or more, such persons; (c) if addressed to one person with whom the writer is not on intimate terms; (d) if addressed to two, or more, such persons: / was looking for you in your room, but you are not here, hence (alfo, with inversion) / vrrite you this letter. Lesson ii adjectives: weak inflection Weak Endings. When a descriptive adjective is preceded by bie fer, jener etc., by the definite article, or by any form of the indefinite article, or other pronominal word, with a strong ending, it takes one of a simpler set of endings, called the WEAK ENDINGS SINGULAR PLURAL m. f. n. m. f. n. N. C e e cn G. en en en Ctl D. en en en cn A. en e c cn Notice the five forms in bold-faced type. — Compare these endings with those of the words inflected in Lesson 7. ii. Review. — How many different forms do the strong endings show? how many the weak? How often, and where, do they coincide in form? 76 BEGINNING GERMAN Models : SING. MASC. this or the good man N. biefer or ber gutc Tlann G. biefe^ or be^ gutcn Tlannt^ D. biefem or bent guten 9JJanne A. bie[en or ben gutcn SJJann SING. FEM. a§ njcnigc ®elb, treld^e^ er fold^ armen Seuten gab, mad^te fie nid^t reid^ unb i^n nid^t arm. 21. ^unbe, •iPferbe unb SD^enf d^en tranfen bon bem SBaffer au§ bem fleinen gluffe, benn anberc^ ^atte man in jenem fieifeen (gommer nidfit. 22. SBeld^ grofee unb fd^mere 'ipferbe ioir in !2it>erpool fallen! 23. ^ag ift nid^t toal^r, ein fold^cr ^aum, n)ie ber ha, ftefjt in feinem anbem ©artcn unfrer - tnelne beftcn ^iid^er G. Ttieiner beftcn iBiid^er D. W ► tneinen beftcn ^iid^em A. ^' ^ tnelne beftcn 53ud^er A. 1. ^arl ift fd^on grfiger dg feln 3Sater. 2. !Dic fleinerc t)on ben belben Xod^tern ift ble diterc, 3. 3Benn bu mlr (agft, n)etd^e^^ ber allerl^od^ftc^ ^erg ber SSelt {world) Ift, fo gebe Ic^ blr blefen 5lpfel, 5lnna, 4. ilBeld^er^ t)on blefen, belben Segen fii^rt nad^ ber @tabt §anno't)er, bltte? — ^elbe, aber blefer^ l^ler Ift ber flirgerc* 5. ^n bem nad^ftcn ^orfe mol^nte elner melner beftcn greunbe, bel bem blleb Id^ fo lange, big meln iiingercr ^ruber !am. 6. 3m ©ommer flnb ble 3:age am langftcn,^ aber ble Ictngftcn 3:age flnb nld^t Immer ble miirmftcn, unb ble fiirjeftcn nld^t Immer ble fatteftcn, 7. ^enn fie am melftcn^ arbeltete, fo arbeltete fie aud^ Immer am beftcn.^ 8. ^er flelne ©c^mlbt ba Ift ber fliigftc, aber aud^ ber faiilftc ^nabe In ber ganjen ©d^ute. 9. ^a fommt fie fd^on mlt ^elfeercm SBaffer. 10. 9llc^tg mad^te (caused) ber armen gran grofeerc greube, al^ trenn man flc^ gu (beside) l^r fe^tc unb fie bat, ha^ fie etn)a6 »on ber guten alten 3elt ergci^rte (erjaf)len, infin., narrate, tell). 11. ^rofug mar elner ber reld^ftcn ^onlge In ienen alten ^^^ten. 12. 5lud^ (even) felnem Ilebftcn ^reunbe fagte er nld^tg bat)on. B. 13. ^Ipollo niar ber fd^onftc unter ben alten ©ottern, unb Su'plter ber ftiirfftc. 14. iffield^eg^ Ift ble allergrofetc^ ©tabt ber ^elt (world)? — bonbon Ift ble atlergrofetc^ ©tabt ber gangen 3SeIt. 15. gg mlrb Don 3:ag gu 2:age falter. 16. 33on bort rltten fie auf bem nad^ftcn Sege nad^ ber (Stabt. 17. ^er alte §err Ift nod^ Immer reld^er al^ ble melftcn anberen ^eiite ber Btaht, aber t)or bem ^rlege ^atte er nod^ melir ®elb unb Sanb unb ^dufer, ba toar er am reld^ftcn.^ 18. ^u fpradjift mlt LESSON 15. I: COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 95 bcm Jiingercn ber beiben 53ruber, ha^ fa^ td^, aber nld^t mit bcm ilingftcn, benn fie l^at nod^ einen 33niber, ber einige 3a^re jiinger ift, aU jene beiben, bie geftern ^ier bei uu6 tuaren. 19» SBer am flelfeigftcn^ im ©arten afbeitete, bem gab [ie auc^ immer bie tneiftcn Spfel ober iBlumen. 20. Oben auf bem l^od^ftcn ^aume fa^ ein gang fteiner 3SogeI, ber fang fd^oner aU alk anbem. 21. 3!)er cilteftc t)on nn^ alien ift er, ba^ ift tt)a^r; aber ob er auc^ ber tneifefte ift, bag ift bie grage (question). 22. 3Bic gro^ toax unfere greube, al^ trir enblic^ ben fd^onften griinen SBalb t)or un6 fa^en! 23. „?iebftcr greunb," fagte er, ffha^ ge^t nid^t; luenn bu in biefem alten §aufe bleibft, fo n)irft bu nur noc^ !r (infer, SBarum bauft (build) ober faufft bu bir nid^t ein befferc^?" 1 Neuter, because toeld^cg, in statements of identity, is treated like c8, bag or bteS; see Lesson 9. i. note 5. Thus one would also say tt)cld^c8 fmb bie J^fic^ften iBergc in Slmerifa? In sentence 4, however, h)cld^er and bicfer are not indefinite or undetermined subjects, but pronouns standing for iBCld^cr 2Bcg and biefer SBeg. — 2 xhg genitive plural alter is often used to strengthen superlatives: highest of all or the very highest etc. Compare Shak. 2. Henry VI. 1. 1: "You, mine alder-liefest sovereign." — » gtem-forms of the super- latives (as given in the lists above) occur only now and then in adverbial use, e. g., itingft (very) recently, langft (very) long ago. Where English uses superlatives as predicate adjectives, e. g., the days are longest in June (longest without article, notice), or adverbially, e. g., she worked best when alone, German uses the dative of the superlative after am ( = an bem), e. g., am iSng* ften, am beften, am meiften, am reid^ften etc., literally meaning at the longest etc. C. 1. Which (= which tree) of these two (both) trees is the higher? — This one here, it is the highest-of-all in our garden, but not the finest-of-all. * 2. Have you* no hotter water than this, Miss Mary? — No. 3. Charles is the smallest boy in (the) school, but he is also the most diligent. 4. I slept best in the room over yours, because it was the quietest room in the whole house. 5. He thinks that the richest people are also the hap- piest. 6. Now the days are growing longer. 7. In the city of Paris there are longer and finer streets than in (the) most other cities of the world. 8. My sister is a year older, and my brother is two years younger than I am. 9. The city of Trier or Treves is the oldest city in Germany (^eutfd^lanb) . 10. How many days has the shortest month of the year, Charles? and how many the longest? 11. When I asked him for whom he was buying the land, he said, for his elder brother who was living in the 96 BEGINNING GERMAN nearest town. 12. I am happiest when I am in the country or in the mountains. 13. Among the girls, Anna writes best-of- all. 14. Books are his greatest joy. D. 15. Did not his youngest son fall in-the war? — No, he had one son who was younger than the one (demonstr.) who fell in-the war. 16. She has five handsome daughters, but Miss Mary is the handsomest-of-all. 17. In the months of Decem- ber ©cgcm'bcr) and January Oanuar') the days are shortest. 18. There she sat, in the coldest and darkest room of the house! 19. Among the poorest people one often finds the happiest. 20. Why don't you go to Father and ask him if he has^ not a better pen? 21. Yes, we staid longer in London than in Berlin, but longest in Paris. 22. Of (bon) whom did he buy the new horses (with) which he drove yesterday? — Of Mr. Smith, who is also one of the richest men in (the) town. 23. I work best when everything is quiet. 24. I have several younger boys in my school who are more diligent than these older ones. 25. The two (both) httle girls will be (become) six next year. < Lesson 1. i. note 7. II In German, as in English, adjectives may be used substantively and thus denote persons or things which possess the quality expressed by the adjective. In German, such an adjective is written with a capi- tal, like a noun, but inflected like an adjective standing before a noun.' It then denotes, in the singular of the masculine and feminine, a person possessing the quality; in the singular of the neuter, a thing which, or that in general which possesses the quaUty; in the plural, persons (never things) possessing the quality. Examples: STRONG WEAK cin Hltcr an old man bcr Slltc the old man ^(irc, Slltc listen, old woman ha i[t bic Slltc there's the old woman W.tt^ unb SiltMtd old things and new baS Slltc unb ba« 9?euc the old and the new (things) i^ \)'dxe nur ®utCi§ Don i^m / hear cr na^m alleg ®utc he took every- only good things about him thing that was good LESSON 15. II: SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTIVES 97 id^ finbc Did ©utCiS, ©d^fincig unb SSa^re^ barin / find much in it that is good, beautiful and true tomm, Kleiner come, little fellow ^gutcr Slltct!" fagtc cr "good old man!'' he said cin SDcutfd^cr a German (man) ba^ finb altc ©cutfd^c those are old Germans (men or women or both) cr ift fcin 2>cutfc^cr he is no Ger- man bielc ^ranfe (L. 14) ftarbcn many (sick persons) patients died ex fuc^t ha^ ®utc, ha9 ©d^iine unb ha^ SSa^rc he seeks the good, the beautiful and the true or whatever is good etc. ha fommt ber ^leinc or bic ^leinc or bag ^Icinc there comes the little fellow or the little girl or the little child „bcr gutc 5llte!" fagtc cr "the good old man!" he said bcr !Dcut[c^c the German (man), bic ©cutfd^c the German (woman) ha^ [inb bic oltcn !Dcut[d^ctt those are the old Germans (men or women or both) fie ift fcinc S)cutfcl^e she is no Ger- man fcinc ^ranfctt ftarbcn atte his patients all died 1. ®er Slrmc bat ben 9fJcid^en urn tfmai ®clb, abcr bcr ^Jcid^c gab bent Hmtctt feinS. 2. ^ft cin ©c^marjer nic^t aud^ cin SWenfd^? 3. 2)a« 58cffere ift bc« @utcn i^einb, fagt man oft. 4. §ier, mein licber ^nabe, ba« ift cin 58ud| ilbcr (with ace, about, concerning) ^aifer ^arl ben @ro&cn ober Charlemagne. 5. (Sr tear cin ^^reunb ber 5llten unb bcr ^fungcn. 1. I bought this horse of (t)on) a German who lives in the next village yonder. 2. The poor and the rich, the weak and the strong — all are God's children. 3. The old are not always wiser than the young. 4. Charles, when did Charles the Great live? 5. Here's an apple for you, little [man]. 6. That was in the same year when Lincoln freed (befrei'te) the blacks. 7. What do they do with so many flowers? They give them to the sick [people]. 8. The new [thing] is not always the better [thing], and the best [thing] is not always the good [thing]. 9. He did (tat) many a good [thing] whereof you and I never heard any- thing. 10. They (man) say that he is a German. 11. What do you say now, old [man]? 12. Pippin the Short was the father of Charles the Great. 98 BEGINNING GERMAN Lesson i6 NUMERALS The Cardinals, or the fundamental words denoting number, are as- follows : 1 eine 15 fttnfjc^n 60 fed^jig 2 itod 16 fcd^sc^n 70 fiebjig 3 brei 17 fiebsc^n 80 ad^tjig 4 bier 18 ac^tjel^n 90 neungig 5 fUnf 19 ncunjc^n 100 ^unbert 6 fcc^S 20 jmangig 149 l^unbcrt ncunuitb* 7 ficben 21 cinunbjhjanjtg bier jig 8 a^t 22 jibeiunbjitjanjig 200 gmeil^unbert 9 neun 23 breiunbjnjanjig 1000 taufenb 10 jel^n, 30 breifeig 1133 taufenb eitil^unbert 11 elf 31 einunbbreifeig breiunbbrei^ig or 12 gtoiJlf 32 jmeiunbbreifeig elfl^unbert brei^ 13 breije^n 40 bier jig unbbreifeig 14 bierje^n 50 fUnfjig 100000 ^unberttaufenb 1000000 eine ^million' (Sins is used when no other numeral follows, as in counting : einS, jlbet, brei etc., I^unbert unb ein« etc., also in expressions of time, as eS ift einS it is one o'clock, eS ift l^alb ein« (lit. half one) it is half past twelve. Other- wise ein is used, as in eimmbjnjanjig above, and in forming ordinals, as ber einunbjnjanjigfte etc. For the inflection of eincr, -c, -t^, and ber, bie, ba^ eine, see Lesson 12. ii. The other cardinals are usually uninflected, but the genitives jtbeicr and breier, and the datives jnjeicn and breien are used when the case would not otherwise be obvious. The Ordinals are adjectives resembling superlatives in their forma- tion, and are inflected like them, with strong and weak endings. As preceded by the definite article ber (or bie, ha^), they are: ber crfte the first ber fed^ftc the sixth ber jmeite the second ber fiebente the seventh ber britte the third ber ac^te (one t) the eighth ber bierte the fourth ber neunte the ninth etc., with te up ber fiinfte the fifth to twentieth, after that with fte LESSON 16: NUMERALS 99 bcr atDangigftc the 20th bcr brcifeigftc the SOth bcr einunbjtoansigftc the 21st bcr t)ierjig[tc the 40th ber jttJciunbstDanjtgftc the 22d ber l^unbertfte the 100th bcr brciunbjtoansigftc the 2Sd bcr taufcnbftc the 1000th Examples : strong weak. crfteiS S3ud^ first book bQ« crftc 33ud^ the first book al« bierter unb illngftcr 8o^n l^attc cr bcr bicrtc ©ol^n ftarb nad^ bcm fttnfteit nur tDcnig ?anb ?>etngr a^ XviU doings) ; that Class II contains the great majority of monosyllables; that Class III contains no feminines, but chiefly neuters ; that Class IV contains no neuters, but the great majority of fem- inines, and also the great majority of nouns of more than one syllable in c, whether feminine or masculine. Rule I. For Class I: All nouns of more than one syllable in d^en or Icin are neuter diminutives, belong to Class I, and do not change the stem-vowel for the plural : "i^a.^ 93?abc^en girl, ba8 33oQlein little bird. Rule 2. For Class II: All nouns of more than one syllable in id^, ig, ing or ling are masculine, belong to Class II, and do not change the stem- vowel for the plural: bcr Slcppid^ carpet, ber ^6nig king, ber Bering herring, bcr Stogling young man. Rule 3. For Class III: All nouns of more than one syllable in turn are neuter, belong to Class III, and modify the vowel of this suffix, in- stead of the stem-vowel, for the plural : bae ^er'jogtum dukedom, duchy, plur. bie ^ct/jogtilmet (without change of accent). Two important ex- REVIEW AND DRILL (OPTIONAL) 101 ceptions, but only as to gender, are bcr ^rc'tum error, pfur.bie^rr' turner, and bcr did^'ium wealth, riches, plur. bic ^Jcid^'tUmcr. Rule 4. For Class IV: All nouns of more than one syllable in ci' or crei', l^eit, in, tdt, [d^aft or ung, also those with the foreign suffixes a'gc, ie', if, ion', ur' or tiit', are feminine and belong to Class IV (which never changes the stem-vowel for the plural) : bie "ipartei' party, faction, bic ^flaocrci' slavery, bic grci'f)eit freedom, liberty, bic ^o'nigin (plur. bic ^d'ni* ginnen), bic J?)Iei'nigfeit trifle, bic ^reunb'fc^aft friendship, bic ^off'nung hope, bie (gta'gc story, flat, bie Colonic' colony, bie i^abrif factory, bic 9Zation' nation, hie ^atux' nature, bic SO?aic[tfit' majesty. Rule 5. For Class II: Almost all nouns of one syllable in f or ff, g, U, m or mm, pf, fc^, fe or 1j are masculines and belong to Class II, those with stem-vowel a, 0, u or ou in the sing, changing, as a rule, to tt, H, tt or fiu for the plur.: bcr SSolf (plur. fl) wolf, bcr ©toff (plur. 0) stuff, material, bcr SSeg way, road, ber 33alt (plur. fi) ball, bcr 33Qum (plur. ttu) tree, ber ©tamm (plur. H) tree-trunk, ber ^opf (plur. '6) head, bcr %\\^ fish, ber 5u& (plur. 11) foot, bcr "jpiotj (plur. ft) place. This rule covers about 200 nouns. Some common exceptions, which the student should note at once, are: Class II Class III Class IV bag ©d)iff ship ba« T)orf village bie Surg castle bag 3)ing thing ha^ ?amm lamb ber ®raf count bag i^ki\^ flesh, meat ha^ ®(^Io& castle ber 2Kenfcl^ man ha^ 9^0^ (plur. 0) horse ber SSurm i^orm bic ^u^ (plur. il) nw^ Rule 6. For Class II: All nouns of more than one syllable in ni8 or fal belong to Class II and do not change the stem-vowel for the plural. Most of them are neuter, some feminine : bag ©c^eim'nig secret, bag ©d^id '« fal fate, lot, bic SBilb'nig wilderness, bie 2>hi^'fal toil, trouble. Rule 7. For Class I: All masculines and neuters of more than one syllable in el, en or cr belong to Class I, some changing a, 0, u or au of the singular to a, 6, il or ttu for the plural : bcr Slpfct (plur. a) apple, ber SBagen (plur. 0) wagon, ber 33atcr (plur. fi) father, bag S3iinbel bundle, bag 3cic^en mark, bag 2ager (plur. a) camp. Rule 8. For Class IV: All feminines of more than one syllable (ex- cept SO^uttcr and 3:od^ter of Class I, and those in nig or fal of Class II) belong to Class IV. By Rule 4, hundreds of these can be recognized at sight and without fail, but there are hundreds of others not recognizable, 102 HEGINNING GERMAN to which belong by far the larger number of nouns in e, e. g., bic ^Blutne flower, bic ©tunbc hour, bic ®c[(f)id^'tc story etc. Here belong also those in cl or er which are not of Class I (Rule 7), as bic ^nfcl island, bic ^^cber feather, pen, and many ending otherwise, as bic ©efal^r' danger, bic jtu'gcnb virtue, bic 5lr'beit work etc. Rule 9. For Class IV: All masculines of more than one syllable in c belong to Class IV: bcr ^nabc boy, bcr Soiuc lion, ber ©enoffc companion etc. — Exceptions belonging to Class I are: ber ^(i[c cheese and a few others which, originally ending in en, drop 'the n more or less regularly, e. g., bcr i^ricbc or ^^ricbcn peace. Lists of Nouns. Unfortunately for the beginner, a number of the very commonest nouns which he is expected to learn first do not fall under any of the rules given above, but must simply be committed to memory. Of these the student should either make lists of his own, or he may learn them from the following, which include all the nouns used in the exercises of this book, and a few others equally common. Such as come under. Rules 1-5 are marked with a star; and umlaut in the plural is indicated thus {^): Class I bcr Hpfel (■^) apple bcr ©ommcr* summer ber 33ruber (^) brother ber 33ogeI (^) bird bcr 2)icner servant ber SSagen wagon, carriage ber (Sfcl donkey ber SBinter^ winter ber i^'m^tx finger ha^ gen[ter window ber ®arten (-^) garden ba^ ^euer fire ber ^immel sky, heaven ^ha^ ^riiulein young lady. Miss ber ^aifer emperor *ha^ Tlah^^m girl ber !Bel^rer teacher bo8 SSaffer water ber SD^orgcn morning ha^ ^i^^ci^ room bcr Onfel uncle bic 9D?utter (^) mother ber ©c^nciber tailor bie Zo6)itx (^) daughter bcr ©chiller pupil, student * The names of the seasons are all masculine. Class II bcr Slbcnb evening *ber SBricf letter *ber 5Irm arm *bcr ^att (^) fall, case *bcr iBaum (■^) tree ber ^einb enemy *ber ^crg mountain *ber glufe (*) rii;er REVIEW AND DRILL (OPTIONAL) i03 bcr i^rcunb friend *bcr guB (-) foot bcr ^ti'm (^) d^^ bcr ,^unb c?o^ bcr §ut (^) /^a^ *bcr ^ampf (^) combat *bcr ^ijnig A;m^ *bcr ^ricg lyar bcr 3)?o'nat month bcr 2)^on'tag^ Monday *bcr "ipia^ (^) pZace bcr 9^ocf (^) coa^ *bcr ©d^Iag (^) blow *bcr (Sicg victory bcr ©ol^n (■^) son bcr (Sonntag^ Sunday bcr ©tcin stone bcr ©tul^l (^) c/iatV *bcr 2;ag day *bcr Stifd^ to6Ze ' The names of the days of *bcr Xurm {^) tower *bcr )E3cg u'a?/, roac? bcr SBcin mne *bcr ^ug C-^) train bic ^anb (■^) /lanc? bic 5^ad^t (^) nzg'/i^ bic 9^ot (^) distress, need bic ©tabt (^) c%, toi/;/i bag 53cm leg ha^ SBrot 6reac? bog S)ing ^/tzngf ba6 ^aar hair ha^ ^ai)t year tia^ papier' paper ba^ ^ferb /lorse ha^ ©d^iff s/iip bag ©tilcf piece ba^ Xkv animal, beast bag SBort word the week are all masculine. Class III bcr ©cift ghost, spirit bcr ®ott (-) god bcr 3n:'tum (•^) error bcr 2)?atm (*) man bcr 9?eid^'tum (^) ric/ies bcr SSalb (f) forest bag 33ilb picture bag i8uc^ (^) book bag !5)a(i^ (^) roo/ bag ©orf (•^) village *bag Si'gcntum (-^) property bag ^clb yieZc? *bag i^ilrftcntum (*) principality bag ®clb money bag ©lag (^) ^Zass bag ^aug C"^) house *bag ^er'jogtum C-^) rfwc% bag ^olg (^) t^ooc? bag ^inb child bag ^Icib caress bag Sanb (■^) ta<^ bag ©d^Iofe (■^) cas^Ze bag ©d^tDcrt sword bag 2!al (•^) 2;a/Zei/ bag 3SoI! (■^) people bag SBcib woman Class IV bcr {^iirft prince bcr ®raf cownZ bcr $clb Aero bcr ^crr master, gentleman bcr ^nabc 601/ bcr 9?Jcnfci^ man 104 BEGINNING GERMAN bcr ^rinj prince bic 9?ofc rose bcr ©olbat' soldiet bic ©c^Iad^t 6a«fe bic Slnt'lDort answer bic ©d^ulc sc/iooZ bic 5lr'beit lyorA;, Zaftor bic ®d^n)c[tcr sister bic S3lumc /oi^er bic ©cite side bic 53rucfc bridge bic (Sonne sun bic (Srbc ear^/i bic ©timmc wfce bic i^cbcr feather, pen bic ©tra^c street bic 5^09^ question bic ottcn for gehjottt), the personal part of the verb (as l^at) stands, not at the end (Lesson 3. ii), but before the non-personal verb-forms. This order of words is also often followed when two or more non-personal verb-forms succeed each other of which none is a substitute infinitive; thus, in a dependent clause LESSON 22. II : THE MODAL AUXILIARIES 137 with a future tense: er fagt, ba^ er morgen nid^t h)irb fomnten bllrfcn or ffinncn he says thai he will not he allowed to, or able to, come to-morrow. — 2 Literally, so something, i. e., such a thing or a thing like that. — 3.ia[j'eii for gelaffcn; i. e., laffen and a few other verbs follow the construction of the modal auxiliaries. Thus also: ic^ ^abc ha^ ^^raulein [ingen l^5rcn (for gel^ort); fie l^at ben ^naben laufcn fel^en (for gcfel^cn); er l^otte mir arbeiten l^elfen (for gel^olfeti). C. 1. Till now he has not been willing to look for it, but he always says that he has not been able to find it. 2. You say you will be obliged to stay at home, but why? I ask. — I will tell you (That will I tell you), because I have been obliged to help one of my best and oldest friends, and so I have not money enough. 3. How long have I been wanting to travel! 4. He did not tell me why he had not been able to write the letter before he came to me. 5. Nobody will care to read so big a (a so big) book. 6. Who was to help you to-day, Mary? — Charles and Henry were to help me. 7. Until now these boys have never cared to go to school. 8. Shall you be able to come if you are allowed [to]? — No, I shall not be able [to], for I must stay at home and work till six o'clock, and then it will be too late. D. 9. She has been obliged to buy her neighbor's house. 10. I shall not be able to help you, dear friend. 11. I have long been wanting to read this famous book, but I have never been able to find it. 12. Charles says that Mary has been told (use follcn) to come, but Anna believes that she has not been allowed [to]. 13. Perhaps they have not cared to ask their uncle for his horses. 14. The other day she was to carry the chairs and glasses into-the house, but she would not (it). Then came Mr. Smith, and she had to do (tun) it after all. 15. What he told us was quite true, for when we came we saw that he had really been obliged to wait because he had no money. 16. Yes, now you say: "To-morrow I will go with you." But shall you still care to go when we ask (bitten) you to-morrow? — I shall have to go with you, for I have promised (tterfprod^en) it now. 17. We were just about to look for the old farmer when (ba) he stepped into-the room and asked us to drive to town with him (with him to town). 138 BEGINNING GERMAN Lesson 23 aSiffen SSiffen, ttjuftte, getou^t know resembles, in its inflection, the modal auxiliaries: PRES. IND. PAST IND. IMPERATIVE / know / knew know \6) njctfe bu mctfet er tDCife Xoxx miffcn i^r Xox^i fie toiffcn td^ tDugtc bu tDufetcft er tDufete tDir mufetctt il^r tDugtct fie iDufelctt 2. 2. 2. 2. sing, plur. sing, plur. h)iffe tDiffet iDiffen <©i FUT. IND. PERF. IND. PLUP. IND. / shall know I have known / had known iii) tDerbe h)iffeu id^ l^abe getuugt id^ l^atte gemu^t etc. etc. etc. SBiffen means to know facts, to know that something is thus or sOj fennen (fannte, gefannt, Lesson 19. 11) means to know things or persons, to he acquainted with. VOCABULARY bcr ?e]^rer bie ^el^rer teacher ber (Sd^iiler bie ©d^liter scholar, student lel^reu le^rte gele^rt teach lemeu lernte gelernt learn, study lieben Uebte geliebt love tun tat getan do gar, adv., very, fully (used especially to strengthen negatives) gar nid^t not at all gar nic^t^ nothing at all gar fein— none at all ie'bermann everybody gtDar to he sure, it is true jufanx'tnen together getDi^' certain, sure LESSON 23: SBiffcn 139 gem gladly, willingly, with pleas- Ikhtx, compar., more willingly, ure rather, better, preferably am Uebften, superl., most willingly, best of all i(^ fa{)re gem / am fond of driving, I like driving id^ rclte Iteber / prefer to ride, I like riding better td^ ge^c am Ueb [ten / like walking best of all A. 1. Sd) tDcig nid^t, ob bcr ncuc 2t^xtx fcinc ©d^liter fd^on ollc fcnnt, abcr man f)at mir gcfagt, bafe cr gern lef)rt unb bag bic ©d^iilcr bid bci i^m Icrnen, 2, (Sin jcber gutc (Bot)n liebt fcinc @Itcm unb l^ilft i^ncn gem. 3. iBig jc^t l^at bicfer faule ^nabc gar nid^t gearbcitct. 4. §aben @ic mirflic^ gar nid^t6 batjon gcprt? — tcin ^ort. 5. !Da« fann gmar jebcrmann fagen, abcr n)cr n)irb c^ glaubcn? 5^icmanb. 6. ^omm, njir moKcn gufammcn gu tl^m gcl^cn unb i^n bitten; bann, glaubc id^, mirb cr c« gcnjife tun. 7. SBcr t)on cud^ licbcr \di)xi obcr reitet, ber mag fid^ an Onfct §cinrid^ menben, bcnn cr ^at 'ipferbc unb SSagen gcnug unb mirb fie cud^ gem gcben; abcr ^arl unb id^, mir gc^cn am liebften gu gufe. 8. ®age mir, Kleiner, nja^ lemft bu bcnn in ber ©d^ulc? — 3^ Icrnc (cfcn^ unb fd^reiben.^ 9. 9^icmanb tDU^tt, tvtx c« getan l^atte, ober feiner njollte e^ fagen. 10. 5ln fotc^ fd^onen Xagcn ge^e id^ bid licber in htn ^alb unb ^orc bic 33ogd fingen, at^ bafe^ id^ gu §aufe Winter meinen ^iid^ern fi^e unb lerne. 11. „3ungcr 9}?ann/' fagtc barauf bcr altc §crr, „ic^ fcl^c, Bit n)iffcn gtucir fef)r bid, abcr bi^ ic^t ^aben ®ic nur au^ ^lld^crn gdcmt; mirflid^c SD^enfd^cn fenncn ®ic nod^ gar nid^t." 12. Wtin licber, alter ?e^rcr, ber mid^ al^ gang flcincn ^naben lefen^ unb fd^rcibcn^ le^rte, ift l)eutc frii^ geftorben. 13. Ob fie il)n gefannt l^at ober nid^t, ba6 fann id^ 3l)nen n)irflid^ nid^t fagen; abcr fie ^at fe^r gut gcmufet, bafe gu jener ^^it cin folc^cr SD^ann in unfrcr (Stabt tbo^nte, unb gmar^ nid^t hJcit bon i^r. B. 14. ^omm, bu Kleiner, jc^t follft bu Icfen^ unb fd^rcibcn^ Icmcn. 15. !Der ?e^rer, njdd^cr bic ©chiller CSnglifd^ le^rt, ift funf 3a^rc in (Snglanb gctDcfen unb fprid^t fcl^r gut ©nglifd^. 16. (Sic fagt, fie tbcife gar nid^t^ babon, unb il)rc ©c^njcftcr aud^ nid^t. 17. l^icbet cure geinbe. 18. ©ciDife, toir beiben, ^arl unb ic^, n)ir arbciten gern jufammcn, abcr ^einrid^ arbeitet lieber allcin, h)cil cr bid fd^nellcr Icrnt al^ Ibir. 19. @r nennt bid^ gmar feinen licben greunb, abcr bu tbcifet gar h)o^l, bafe cr cin bofer SD^enfc^ ift unb bi(^ gar nid^t liebt. 20. 9}Jutter fc^laft am liebften oben in bem flcincn 3iwimcr nebcn mcincm, tbcil e^ ba am ftillften 140 BEGINNING GERMAN Ift, 21, Scbcrmann iDufete, ha^ er c^ getan ^attc, aber nicmanb fprad^ bat)on. 22. 3d^ h)lll bid^ gern !Deutfd^ fprc(^en^ le^rcn, mein liebe^ Wahd)tn, obex ha^ fagc id) hit, bu tuirft fe^r fleigig fein miiffen, iDenn bu nod^ t)icl lernen h3il(ft, et)e bu mit beinen SItcrn nad^ 3)eutfd^lanb rcifcft. 23» ^ieber bleibc ic^ bic gan^c 5^ad^t unb gc^c gar nic^t nad^ ^aufe, aU ha^^ id) ben ^ranfen Jjier allein laffe (leave). 24. 3Senn cr eg fd^on fo lange getDufet f)at, rtiarum ^at er un^ benn nie etma^ ha'oon gefagt? 25. 3:un (5ie e^, unb gtpar^ jefet, el^e e^ gu fpat ift. 1 Semen and lel^rcn are used without ju before an accompanying in- finitive. — 2 Literally, than that, i. e., / had rather go etc. than sit etc.; and in 23: / had rather stay than leave etc. — 3 ^^^ jj^qj ^j^^ ifi^t. C. 1. He is [a] teacher, but what he teaches and how many students he has I do not know. 2. You will soon learn to ride, Charles. 3. Yes, he said, I like to drive, but I like riding better. 4. I don't work, because I have nothing at all to do. 5. Your elder brother and I often read German books together. 6. Every- body loves such' good people as Mr. and Mrs. Smith. 7. We did not know at all that he was here. 8. My little daughter says that she likes writing and singing best of all, but my sons prefer reading, and I cannot buy books enough for them. 9. Is it true that the queen (has) died last night (yesterday evening)? — Certainly, everybody says so (it). 10. If she does not do it, (fo) I will [do] it. 11. Let us work together, I will teach you German, and you shall teach me English. 12. Will you give me your pen? I don't know what has become of (au^) mine. — With pleasure, here it is. 13. It is true (3^(it, with inversion), we have a new school and also a new teacher, but the students say that they learn nothing at all under (bei) him, because he lets them play too much. D. 14. Will you drive with me? — Thanks, I prefer to walk. 15. Do you know the old gentleman yonder? — I have known him these twenty-five years (I know him already twenty-five years) , he was my teacher when I went to school, and he taught me to read and write. 16. Tell me, please, where your children have learned to sing, and I will send mine to the same teacher. 17. I went to bed very early, but I could not sleep at all. 18. I know nothing at all about it. 19. She prefers travelling to reading (than that she reads). 20. The patient (sick one) eats LESSON 24: COMPOUND VERBS 141 and drinks, to be sure, but so little that he is still very weak. 21. How many students have you in your school, (Mr.) Doctor? — Boys and girls together, I have (have I) now forty-five. 22. Certainly, that's always so, everybody wants (will have) the money, but nobody is wilHng to work (do anything) for it. 23. Do you like to ride on horseback? — Yes, but I like walking best-of-all. And you? — I prefer driving. 24. At (gu) that time, we did not (yet) know what had become of (au^) him, whether- he had died or whether he was still living. 25. There, in front of the school, we found the pupils, boys and girls; they were all waiting for (auf with ace.) the teacher, and as he did not come, they quickly ran home again. Lesson 24 COMPOUND VERBS WITH INSEPARABLE PREFIXES Two Classes. There are two classes of compound verbs: those with inseparable prefixes and those with separable prefixes. The Inseparable Prefixes are be, emp, ent, er, ge, tier and ger. Verbs compounded with these have the accent on the stem and are inflected Hke simple verbs, except that the past participle omits the prefix ge. Model: befd^rei'ben describe. PRINCIPAL PARTS befd^rel'ben bcfc^ricb' befd^rlc'ben PRES. IND. PAST IND. IMPE / describe I described de [^ bcfc^rel'bc id) befd^rieb' 2. sing. bu befc^reibft' bu bcjc^rlcbft' 2. plur. er befc^reibf er befd^rieb' 2. sing. n)ir befc^rei'ben tDir befc^rie'ben 2. plur. ibr befcbreibt' ibr befd^ricbf fie befc^rei'bctt fie befd^rie'ben describe bcfd^ret'be befd^reibt' befcbrei'beu (Bit 142 BEGINNING GERMAN FUT. IND. PERF. IND. PLUP. IND. / shall ^escribe / have described / had described id^ h)erbe befd^rcl'bcn id) l^abc bcfd^ric'bcn id^ l^attc befd^rlc'bcn etc. etc. etc. VOCABULARY btc ©cfd^ld^'tc hit ©cfd^id^'tcn stori/, /iistori/ ic'manb somebody, anybody einan'bcr each other, one another bcfu'd^en bcfuc^'te bcfud^t' visit, call on Derfu'd^en tjcrfud^'tc berfud^t' try, attempt ertau'ben crlaub'tc eriaubt' allow, permit erga^'len txi^Vtt ersa^If tell, relate cmpfon'gcn cmpfing' cmpfau'gen receive gefc^e'^cn gcfd^a^' Ift gefd^e'^cn happen t)ergef7en . bergafe' t)ergef'fcn forget bcrllc'rcn Dcrlor' t)erlo'rcn lose t)erfprc'{i^en t)erfprad^' toerfpro'd^cn promise A. 1. SBcnn ®ic crlaubcn, fo mcrbe id^ ®le morgen bcfud^cn, §crr ^rofcffor, unb 3^nen alle^ crgci^lcn, ma^ gcfd^e^en ift. 2. 9^un befd^ricb bag grauleltt, tDic man fie in bcr @tabt empfangen unb toa^ man i^r Derfprod^en fjattc. „5lber bag atleg/' fagte fie enblic^, „^aben biefe fc^lec^^ ten SO^enfd^en fd^on tuiebcr t)crgeffen; tDcnn id^ fie je^t auf ber (Strafe treffe, fo fennen fie mid^ gar nic^t me^r." 3. SSie oft f)aht id^ ha^ t)cr* fuc^t, aber id^ f)abe eg nie gefonnt. 4. Ob fie ha^ ^uc^ bergeffen ober auf bem ^ege toerloren ^atte, bag tDu^te fie felbft nid^t. 5. 2llte ©olbaten erg allien einanber gem atlerlei ©efd^ic^ten aug bem ^riege. 6. 3Bcnn jemanb fommen unb nad^ mir fragen foirte, fo tDeifet bu, mo ic^ bin; id^ ge{)e auf (for) tint ®tunbe p 9^ad^bar ©d^mibt. 7. iBefc^reiben ®ie mir ben SO^ann, bitte, Don bem (Sie fpred^en; Diedeic^t fenne id^ i^n bann. 8. (go etmag^ gefd^ie^t nid^t oft. 9. ^eine lieben (gltern empfingen ung mit grower greube. 10. ^arl, t)ergi6t bu beine geber unb bein ^ud^ nod^ einmal,^ fo fc^idfe id^ bid^ tnieber nad^ §aufe. 11. ^ir n)iffen aug ber^ ©efd^id^te, ha^ ^arl ber ©rofee erft fd^reiben lernte, alg er f(^on ein 9)?ann toar. 12. ^iirfen toir ben (Solbaten big ang Snbe ber (Strafe folgen, liebe 9D?utter? — 3a, bag bllrft i^r, ^inber, aber ge^t i^r lociter, fo eriaube id) eg eud^ nie n)ieber, f)ort if)r? LESSON 24: COMPOUND VERBS 143 B. 13. ^arauf t)erfud^tc i<^, bcm ^errn "iprofeffor ble gauge ©cfd^td^tc ^u crjii^len unb il^m gu befc^reiben, tiok e3 alle^ gefd^c^en trar, aber er tuoKte e^ mir nid^t crlaubcn. 14. iBittc, l^aben @ic etmag bcrloren, fo fagen a^ hjir fie nie n)le'berfef)en tcerben. 7. SSarum fe^ten ^ie bte 5IIten nid^t erft ii'ber, unb bann bie ^inber? — SBeil bie ^inber nid^t tDartcn n)olIten. 8, @r Toax glucfCid^ in allcm, ma^ er untema^m', 9. „3Sieber]^olen @ie nod^ einmal, h)ag (Sie eben gelefen l^aben," unterbrad^' er mid^. 10. ^ie gcinbe iiberfielen unfere (Solbaten unb brad^ten t)iele tion il^nen urn'. IL ©d^nell, {)olen ®ie mir meinen §ut tuie'ber, el^c er in^ SSaffer fattt. 12. (Sein 33ater l^interliefe' il^nt §aug unb ©arten, ^ferb unb SEBagen, aber fein ®elb. 13. SSer bag t)oIlbringt', ber tDirb gemife berii^mt. 14. (Sic f)at fd^on il^r fiebgigfteg 3af)r bollen'bet unb ift je^t cine altc grou. 14. ^d) n)iebcr^olc eg, inenn bu mid^ noc^ einmal unterbrid^ft', fo ^oxt id^ auf pi lefen. 15. ©eftem abenb tarn er enblid^ unb brad^tc bag ^ilb tDie'bcr, n)eld^eg er t)or id^ tucife nid^t n)ie t)ict ^od^cn Tnit'genommen l^attc. B. 16. §at er n)ir!(id^ fo tjiel ®elb l^intcrlaf'fcn, h)ic man fagt? — 3d^ bin feft (firmly) iiber^cugt', bafe eg nid^t fo bid ift. 17. §olft bu bir bag 'ipferb nid^t felbft trie'ber, fo barfft bu aud^ nid^t reiten. 18. „3un^ ger Tlann," unterbrad^' i^n ber 5llte, ,/Bit unteme^'men gu biel. 3SoIt' cn'ben on anbem Seuten auf ber (Strafe ergiil^It tDurbe, unb totxl \6) e6 begf)alb nod^ nid^t fiir n)a^r l^alte. — 5lber lelber (unfortunately) \\i eg tnal^r, benn id^ l^orte t)or einer (Stunbe t)on ®raf ©., ber gerabc aug bem (Sd^loffe fam, 'i^OiS^ ber ^onig n)irf(ld^ geftorben tft, unb jtoar fd^on l^eute morgen urn ad^t U()r. 4. (gr fagte, luenn bag ber gall fet/ fo tniirben (Sle bort t)ieMd^t bor 3()ren geinben fic^er fein. 5. Unfere ^inber ^offen, bafe eg balb fd^neit. 6. (Sie meint, id^ l^atte ben ^erm nid^t red^t berftanben, njell er nur ^eutfd^ fptad^/ aber td^ ^aht gang gut tjerftanben, hjag er gefagt §at. 7. 5llg bie gran ben ©olbaten fragtc, n)of)er er !omme unb too^in er ge^e, antmortete er l^r, bag biirfe er nie= ntanb fagen. 8. (gg glbt 2)^enfd^en, loetd^e glauben, bafe bie SKelt allc 176 BEGINNING GERMAN jtagc fd^led^tcr irerbc. SBcnn id^ ba6 aud^ gtaubtc, fo toiXxbt id^ nid^t mcl^r Icbcn mfigen, fonbem t)iel liebcr fterben. 9. 5^ac^bem cr to dimmer getreten h)ar, nal^m cr elnen ha^ ha^ n)ir!tid^ ber ijalt ift, fo t)aht id^ ben §erm nidf)t red^t berftanben. 17. !Da6 einer ber beiben ^naben ben ©tein getoorfen l^atte, ba^ tDufete fie loo^I; nur fonnte fie nid^t mit ©eloifel^eit (certainty) fagen, ioeld^er eS getan {)atte. 18. (Snb* lid^ fagte er, (Sie l^dtten red^t, unb fobalb er ioieber gefunb (well) fei/ molle er ^l^nen bag iBud^, loeld^e^ Bk fo lange l^ier gu §aufe gefud^t l^aben/ felbft ioieberbringen. 19. 3c^ ^cibe ge^ort, @ie feien franf getoefen; ift bag toal^r? — 3a, aber id^ bin fd^on feit einer 3Bod^e n)ieber beffer. — ^ag freut mid^. 20. !Der ^erg toar fe^r l^od^ unb ber SSeg fd^led^t, begl)alb bat ung ber 33auer, eine B^^tlang (awhile) gu gufe gu ge^en, bamit ber arme fleine Sfel ben fd^toeren SBagen beffer gielien fonne.^ 21, ^ann ftanb id^ t)on meinem Btu^t auf, ftellte i^n n)ieber ang gen= fter, too er geftanben l^atte, unb toollte nad^ §aufe, aber ber 5llte bat mid^, nod^ eine ©tunbe bei il)m gu bleiben, eg fei^ noc^ frill) am 2^age, er toerbe^ mid^ fid^er fo balb nic^t toieberfel^en, n)ol)in id^ benn toolle,^ ob id^ nid^t ein toenig me^r 3^^^ l^atte^ fiir einen alten Tlann, ber fo gang allein iool^ne^ unb oon einem (gnbe beg Qa^reg big gum anbern nid^tg tjon ©otteg fd^oner iBelt l^ore^ ober felie.^ 5llfo blieb id^ il)m gu Siebe (to please him) nod^ eine ©tunbe. 22. 3d^ fragte i^n, too^er bie @ol^ baten fommen loiirben, aber er fagte, bag miffe er nid^t. 23. T)cx ©d^neiber meinte, bie 3^iten toiiren^ gtoar fd^led^t, aber cr ^atte^ fd^on LESSON 30. II : THE SUBJUNCTIVE 177 fd^tcd^tcre Ta^t gefcl^cn unb hjiirbe^ and) Je^t tDol^t nod^ genug fur Jrau unb ^inber t)erbienen, hjenn cr nur fleifeig arbeitcte.^ 24, ^d^ bin fcft iibergcugt, bag fie fid^ iibcr i^n gefreut l^citte,^ toinn fie bei un§ getDefcn tccire/ aber id^ meife aud^ gang getDife, bag fie nur nid^t l^at fommen n)olIen, Ineil fie big je^t imnter gegtaubt l^at, er fei nod^ fo faut, mie er fritter n)ar/ h3ag nid^t ber gall ift.^ 25, ®ag^ e6 i^nt jei^t, bamit er e^ tod^,^ l^orft bu? 1 The verb of a clause dependent upon a subjunctive clause is commonly attracted into that mood, unless it states something which the speaker asserts on his own authority as a fact. — 2 The subjunctive is also common in clauses of purpose when this is looked upon as something that is still uncertain or doubtful, but if the purpose approaches in degree of likelihood a result that is sure to follow, the indicative is used, — 3 Subjunctive depending on an implied word of saying or inquiring. — * Here we should expect the present, perfect and future subjunctives, which, in these persons, would be perfectly distinguishable from the corresponding indicative forms; but in the spoken language, especially of Northern Germany, as also sometimes in careful writers, we find the other tenses instead ; see Part I, the remarks on Examples 1-3 and 4-6. — « Here the past and pluperfect subjunctives must be used, because, standing in a condition contrary to fact (Lesson 29), they would also be used in the direct statement. C. 1. I ask if you have given the donkey some water to drink. 2. He says it is very difficult to learn German, but I don't be- lieve that. 3. We asked her if she had placed chairs enough at (an) the table. 4. I don't know who threw (has thrown) the stone; hence don't ask me. 5. After he had told us whence he came, we also wanted to know whither he was going, but that he was not allowed to tell us. 6. At last he saw that it was not the case and that I was in the right. 7. I am convinced that you would not have understood her rightly, if she had spoken German. 8. Poor man! he believes even now (nod^ immcr) that the world is growing worse from day to day. 9. When we came to (an) the foot of the mountain, we thought the donkey could draw the carriage no longer, but we soon found that the little beast was stronger than many a big horse. 10. The poor tailor said that he had come to (in) this country in order that he might be safe from (t)or with dat.) his enemies, who had tried to kill him. 11. Mrs. Smith believes that her son will never learn German, because he does not work. 12. Then he inquired whom I had met in town, whether you (@ie) would come soon, 178 BEGINNING GERMAN and when you were going (use rei[en) to England. 13. Charles wants to know whether you (have) understood all she said. — Tell him that I really did not understand one word of it. 14. Did she not say she was very sorry that she had forgotten the book? — Yes, and she should bring it to you ©l^nen) as soon as you came back. D. 15. Don't ask me where he lives, for I hardly know him. 16. In the mountains, he says, one rides more safely on donkeys than on horses, and I believe he is right. 17. If you think that's the case, you surely did not understand (use the perf.) what he said. 18. It is a question (it asks itself) whether the world is getting better or worse. 19. Nobody believed that the boy could throw the heavy stone so far, until he showed us that he could really [do] it. 20. I know that the donkey would not have been able to draw the carriage with both men in it, if we had not begged them to go on foot. 21. Place your chair nearer to (an) the table so that you can write better. 22. We wanted to know where the poor woman had come from and where she was going to; therefore we sent (use l^lnfc^itfcn) Henry that he might ask her, but when he came back he said that she spoke only German and that he had not understood all she said. 23. When I asked her if the professor had come, she answered that he was up- stairs in Charles's room. 24. If the books had not been so heavy I should have carried them myself. 25. We always lioped that you would write to us, for we did not know that you were so ill. SPECIAL EXERCISES (OPTIONAL) Most of these exercises are intended to furnish practice in supplying end- ings, prefixes, suffixes, single words and phrases or single characteristic letters, needed to complete easy sentences. As such practice is highly valued by some teachers, but not often resorted to by others, the exercises have been placed where they can be used or omitted at will. Their value, in my opinion, consists in fixing the student's attention upon the varying forms of words, since, for the time being, he is almost entirely relieved of questions concerning the choice, as well as the order, of words. The exercises on the last five or six Lessons, however, involve something hke composition, or at least the construction of easy sentences upon given models. At the end, there is added a section which calls exclusively for the correction of mistakes in the order of words, in the use of cases, and in some other elementary matters of form. Chiefly on Lessons 1-7 L eud^- ^art e6 jcfet? — 3a, abcr cr finb- e« nic^t. 2. SSo tpiel- ii)v geftem? — 3Sir fpict- in Onfel- ©arten. — 3n tdd(i)- ©arten? Onfel ^at gtDel gardens. — 3ti b- ©arten ba Winter b- 2Balb-» 3. ^ief- 53aum h)lrb fd^on grlin, aber jcn- trees noc^ mc^t» 4. SSie lang- lag- (Sie franf, §err (Sd^tnibt? — 9^ur funf 2:ag-, 5. ^- *i|3fcrb- lief- gegeu ein- 33aum utib pet-. 6. His greunb tarn au^ b- ©tabt. 7. @r geig- me je^t fein- friends, tddd)- in b- SSagen fafe-. 8. Qn ii)x~ 3i"^^cr stood ein 3:if(^, unb auf b- table lag b- 53ud^, tDeld^- bu geftem fuc^-. 9. SSo l^ab- t^r ^inb- eu(e)r- books? — Unf(e)r- books lieg- nod^ unter b- trees in-the garden. 10. 3e^t fui^r- b- Wann b- "ipferb an b- SBaffer unb bann t)or b- house. 11. 3d^ ging ntit mein- §unb- liber b- gelb. 12. ©old^- trees fal^- mir aud^ in b- towns, burc^ totld)- \div tarn-. 13. SSenn her 33ruber your greunb ift, fo ift er auc^ our greunb. 14. 3d^ fal^, bafe er geftem abenb mit b- ^onig fprad^, aber ic^ l^or- nid^t, tna^ fie fag-. 15. (Sie fe^tc fid^ an jen- 3:ifd^ unb arbeit-. 16. SSarum fomm- i^r l^eute o^^ne your friends? — SSeil our friends nid^t me^r ^ier finb. 17. Onfel 179 180 BEGINNING GERMAN ^art ift b- 33rubcr melti- 33ater- utib beln- a^hitter^ 18» ®ab fie b- tinbc nid^t eiti- 5Ipfel? — 9lein, benn fie !^at- felbft fein- apples me^r, 19. 5ln ien- 5lbcnb H)ar e^ fe^r fait. 20. Qa, c« glb- fol(^- SSogel, aber nid^t f)ier, h)0 h)lr h)ol)n- 21. Unter b- 3Bagen, hjctd^- auf b- 2Bcg- stood, lag- jmel dogs. 22. 2)- grau irol^n- je^t bel i^r- ^^oc^ter SJJarie unb nid^t tnei^r bet if)r- (So()ii- ^arl. — ^at fie tild^t iTod daughters? — 3a, unb aud^ jtocl sons. 23. §6r- bu nid^t, 5lnna, UdIc fd^on b- birds in b- trees [Ing-? 24. 3n ien- Qal^re gab e^ fein- apples. 25. 3^eb- 9}?ontag arbeitet er filr ein- friend in b- (Stabt. 26. 3d^ glaub- nid^t, ba^ er mel^r aU jtDei houses l^at, bief- l^ier unb Jen- am SSeg- nad^ b- ^orf-. 27. S)- 9lad^t mar fo bunfel, bag er into-the Gaffer fiel. 28. (gr bUeb nur cin- day, .aber gtoei nights bei fein- friends. 29. (Sold^- men l^ab- fein- enemies. 30. '¥tdn- gti^- finb fait unb mein- hands aud^. 31. 3tt {en- ^riege fiel- aud^ ^tDei t>on b- ^aifer- sons. 32. tlber me tnol^n- je^t grau (S. mit i^r- bier daughters. 33. (Sr nal^m ein- ac^t -. 6. „§eute/' fagte b- 2t^xtx'm, „fang- h)ir ein ncu- ^ud) an." Our school begins at nine o'clock. 7. „Maxl, bu tt)-rft l^erunterfall-!" rief b- 9D?utter, al^ fie b- ^mht- oben in^ 53auTn- fife- fa^. "Don't fall down, my little [fellow]!" he cried. 8. SSir bat- him fc^nelt l^inaufgugel^en. *'I will go up quickly," he answered. 9. ^Bii^rcnb b- anbcr- laf-, fu^r er fort gu fd^reib-. While he goes on writing, she reads. 10. SSer mad^tc b- Xux auf, er ober fie? I did not see who opened the door. 11. (Sg l^at nod^ nid^t aufgel^ort gu regnen. When it stops raining, (fo) we shall go home. 12. 2a^ un6 beib- books liberfet'gen. One is already translated, and the other is too difficult to translate. 13. !5)- ©olbat- brad^- b- arm- ^auer um. The peasants hjollten einige Don unf(e)r- ©otbat- murder. 14. 3d^ ioieberlfiole e^: tiotnn bu mid^ n)ieber unterbrid^ft', fo pr- id^ auf gu lef-. You must not interrupt me so often, my dear child, or I shall be obhged to stop reading. 15. SKiff- ®ie, ob er fein- ^inbern Diel ®elb l^interraf'f- l^al? What he left was but very httle. 16. ®oIt td^ eud^ il'berfefe-, ^inb-? Did you know the man whom he has just (eben) ferried across? 17. SO^an fagt, bag me^rer- ftein- (Sd^iff- un'tergegang- finb. He thinks that the ship will go down. 18. 51B id^ fant, toax b- ^rief nod^ nid^t -fd^rieb-. The letter was being written while the servant was waiting. 19. ®ief- flein- ^nabe inirb immer b- ^urg- genannt. This emperor has often been called the Great. 20. ^l^r neu- dtod loirb 3^nen morgen t)on mein- (Sol^n- gebrad^t totxh-. After my coat had been brought to me by my tailor, I gave him the money for it. 21. SSenn b- neu- ilSage- toirflid^ Derfauft n)erb- folt, fo tt)i(I id^ it !auf-. All these old books shall be sold. Shall you buy some of them? 22. ^ax b- Sifc^ au^ <§oIg gemac^t .ober aug (Stein? The window has been opened (=is open). 23. 5113 e^ anfing gu regnen, fefe- toir - unter ein- iBaum, unb ba sat Voix, bi6 eg stopped raining. 24. (gg tut mir fel^r leib, bafe ic^ l^eute nid^t fomnt- f-nn. You do not know how sorry I am that you cannot come to-morrow, Mrs. Smith. 25. ieberf)ortc iDieberI)oIt' repeat (2) With the prefixes in (1) above are sometimes classed the 212 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR following : l^inter behind, mi^ amiss, mis-, bolt fully, h)ibcr against, re-. Their commonest compounds, however, are inseparable: l^interlaf'fen Tniprau'c^en bollbrln'gen t)oIten'bcn hjiberfet'gcn refl. tDiberfpre'd^en toiberfte'^en l^interllcg' ntipraud^'tc toollbrac^'tc Dollen'bete h)lberfefe'te tDiberfprad^' miberftanb' l^intertaf'fen mifebraud^t' t)ottbrad^t' t)oIIen'bet iDiberfc^t' hJiberfpro'd^en iDiberftan'bcn leave behind, bequeath misuse, abuse accomplish, finish complete, finish resist, oppose gainsay, contradict resist, withstand II. ODD OR UNCLASSIFIED INFLECTIONS Personal Pronouns 38. FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON SINGULAR SINGULAR SING. AND PLUR N. ic^ / bu thou, you <©ie you G. meiner, mein of me beincr, beln of thee, of you 3?^rer 0/ 2/0?^ D. mir to me bir to thee, to you 3:^neTi to you A. mid^ me • PLURAL bld^ thee, you PLURAL (Sie 2/0^ N. Xoxx we \%x ye, you G. unfcr of us cucr of you D. un^ to us cud^ to you A. un^ us cud^ you THIRD PERSON SINGULAR masc. fem. neut. N. er he fie she e« it • G. feiner, fcin of him \\)Xtx of her feiner, fein of it D. t^m to him \\)X to her il^m to it A. il)n him fie her THIRD PERSON PLURAL m. f. n. N. fie they G. tl^rer of them D. tfjnen to them A. fie them ee it ODD OR UNCLASSIFIED INFLECTIONS 213 Reflexive, Reciprocal and Intensive Pronouns 39. Reflexive Pronouns. German has no special forms for the first and second persons of the reflexive pronoun, i. e., for myself, thyself, yourself and yourselves, but uses the personal pronouns instead. Nor has it more than one form, namely fid^, for both numbers and all genders of the third person, i. e., for himself, herself, itself and themselves, or for yourself and yourselves when referring to T the c of the endings cm and en, e. g., unfrc, curcr, unfrcd, unfrcm or unfcmt, eurcm or cucrm. 51. Inflection of ein: SINGULAR m. f. n. N. cin • cine cin a (one) G. cinc^ ciner cinc^ of a (of one) D. cinem eincr cinem to a (to one) A. cincn cine cin a (one) 52, Inflection of fcin: SINGULAR PLURAL m. f. n. m. f. n. N. fcin fcine fcin no fcine no G. fcine^ feiner fcine^ of no feiner of no D. fcincm feiner feinem to no fcinen to no A. fcinctt fcine fcin no fcine no V. NOUN INFLECTIONS 53. Nouns are divided into four classes, according to the form of the nominative plural, as compared with that of the nomina- tive singular. I. Nom. pi. = nom. sing., sometimes 1 modify- II. Nom. pi. = nom. sing. + e, usually I ing III. Nom. pi. = nom. sing. + er, always I the IV. Nom. pi. = nom. sing. +n or en, never] stem-vowel^ NOUN INFLECTIONS 217 ^ Only nouns in turn (61) modify the vowel of this suffix instead. Most compound nouns have the inflection and gender of the final member. 54. The Oblique Cases of the Singular. 1. Feminines of all Classes have the oblique cases (gen., dat., ace.) like the nominative. 2. Masculines and neuters of Classes I-III take c^ or ^ in the genitive, c or no ending in the dative, and have the accusative like the nominative. Those in unaccented t, t\, en, tt, d^CTi or Icitl add d for the gen. and no end- ing for the dat. ; those in an s-sound, cd for the gen. and c or no ending for the dat. ; all others, if monosyllabic, prefer c8 in the gen. and c in the dat., or, if polysyllabic, ^ in the gen. and no ending in the dative. After preposi- tions, however, and before vowels, even monosyllables are apt to reject the dative-c. 3. Masculines (there are no neuters) of Class IV form the oblique cases of the singular like the nominative plural (55). 55. The Oblique Cases of the Plural, in all Classes, are hke the nominative plural, except that the dative adds n if this nominative does not already end in n. Class I 56. Here belong: 1. All nouns with the suffixes d^cn and Icin — these are neuter diminutives. 2. All masculines and neuters in cl, en and cr. The neuters in en (sometimes only n) include all infinitives used as nouns, e. g., ha^ 2c[en reading; they seldom occur in the plural. 3. All neuters in c with the prefix ®c. 4. Only two feminines : Tlutitv (plur. ii) mother, Xo(i)ttx (plur. iJ) daughter. There are also only two monosyllables in Class I: ba^ a^ O^r ear ber @ee lake ber ^of'tor doctor ber ©taat state ber ^rofef'for professor ber ©tra^I ray and others in unac- ber ^Setter cousin cented or 222 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR N. bcr (Btaat bag 5Iuge ber ^oVtox G. beg (Staatc^ beg 5luge^ beg 3)ortor!^ D. bcm (Staatc bem Sluge bem Doftor A. ben (Staat bag 5luge ben !Dortor N. bie - WO g^ood feine woman guten 3JJ (inner N. feine gute i^rau G. feiner guten grau D. ^V r feiner guten grau A. s^ ^ teine gute grau N. Sfi) ^ feine guten grauen G. .WW w feiner guten grauen D. m^ W feinen guten grauen A. vj9 P no grooc? feine child guten grauen N. fcin gute^ tlnb G. SS' ^ feine6 guten f inbe^ D. ^-> feinem guten ^inbc A. fein gutc^ ^inb N. feine guten ^inber G. feiner guten f inber D. V.V r feinen guten ^inbem A. ^i' * feine guten ^inber Similarly: STRONG WEAK our or her (their) good old father N. unfer or i^r guter alter 3Sater G. #->- unfere^ or il^re^ guten alten 3Saterg etc. your old house N. euer or Ql^r attc^ §aug G. ^-> eureg or Qfire^ alten ^aufe6 etc. 81. Examples of Groups II and III: STRONG WEAK ntand^ brat)cr ©olbat many a manc^er braDe ©olbat many a brave soldier brave soldier 228 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR meld^e grofeen 5lugen what large eyes t)ieleg rclfc Dbft (139) much ripe fruit mit fold^er fd^Ied^tcn 9}Jild^ m7/i swc/i poor milk in bent fd^on ettna^ faltcn Staffer in ^/le water which by that time was rather cold aU id^ bic gmel ganj flclnen, aber l^iibfd^cn 35ogel fal^ ly/iew / saw the two etc. hjeld^ Qtofec 5lugcn ly/iai Zargre e^/es t)iel reife;^ Ob ft mi^c/i npe fruit mit fold^ fd^Ied^ter 9}^ilcl^ with such poor milk mit etlDQg fattcm SSaffer iyi7/i some cold water id) \ai) gmei gang ficine, aber t)uh\(i)t 3Sogel / saw two very small, hut pretty birds me^r fd^led^tc ^iid^er more bad books allerlei buntc ^lumen all sorts of gay flowers tauter bummo^ ©efc^tDa^ nothing but foolish talk mit iDa^ fiir fd^led^tcr (dat. gov. by mit, 133) 2:inte er f^reibt! with what poor ink he writes! S2» erlatives also. STRONG WEAK onberc cl^rlid^c Seute other honest people n)enigc or einige l^ilbfd^c SBiJgcI few or some pretty birds 85. Adjectives preceded by personal pronouns should have strong endings throughout (79), but in the dative singular and the nominative (less often in the ace.) plural the weak endings are at least as common as the strong: mir STRONG . armcm 3Wannc or armcr ^rau or armem ^inbc or ormc SDJfinncr or armc t^rauen or arme ^inbcr or armctt 2)?annc armen grau armen ^inbc amtcn 9)?ttnncr armen ^jraucn armen ^inber 86. Change of Stem Jbefore Endings. Adjectives in c drop this e before endings: iueife vrise — rtcifcr, hjcifc, loeifei^ etc. Adjectives in unaccented e(, en, er often drop the e of these syllables before endings or (those in el and er) the c of the endings em, en (50 • cbcl noble — cblcr, cbtc, eblcm or ebelm, eblen or ebeln; l^eiter cheerful — l^citrc^, l^eitrem or ^etterm; off en open — offncr, offnc, offnejg, offnem, offncn. ^od) drops c before endings: cin Do^er i8erg a high mountain. Double Inflection of Certain Pronominals and Indefinite Numerals 87. The principle of double inflection applies to all those pronominals and indefinite numerals which, like descriptive ad- jectives, can be used both with and without the definite or indefinite article : WEAK FORMS bcr, bit, ba^ anbcrc bcr, bie, ba^ t)ielc bcr, bie, ba^ tuenigc bic bcibcn, nom. or ace. plur., the two, both ieber, -t, -c^ einc^ i^bcn, gen. sing. masc. or neut., of every (one) STRONG FORMS anbercr, -e, -t2 t)iclcr, -e, -c^ mcniget, -e, -c^ bcibcr, -e, -t2 230 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR fold^cr, -e, -t^ cincr, -^/ -c^ one mcincr, -^f -t^ mine bcincr, -^/ -t§ yours feiner, -^f -e^ his i^rer, -^, -e^ hers feiner, -<, -eig its unfercr, -^, -c^ ours cuercr, -C/ -e^ yours i^rer, -^, -c^ theirs 3^rcr, -C/ -e^ yours eine^ fold^cn, gen. sing. masc. or neut., of such a (one) felnem fold^en, dat. sing. masc. or neut., to no such ber, bie, ha^ tint the one hex, bie, ha^ metnc mine ber, bie, ba^ bctnc yours btx, hit, ba^ feinc his ber, bic, ba^ i^re hers ber, bie, ba^ feinc its ber, bie, ba^ unfere ours ber, bie, bag euerc yours ber, bie, bag i^rc theirs ber, bie, bag 3^rc yours 88. Observe: (1) The stems of the first six pairs are given in 45 with complete strong endings; the rest in 50 with defective strong endings. — (2) Weak forms of beib- occur in the plural only, after the definite article or after possessives (meine beibcn 33rilber); of jcb-, after the indefinite article only; and of fold^-, after the indefinite article and fein. — (3) The first seven pairs are used adjectively and pronominally, the rest only pronominally. — ■ (4) The weak forms of the possessivee above are less common than the strong. 89. Examples: STRONG anbercr ^ein other wine anberc famen fpciter others came later beibcr ^niber of both brothers beibc gin gen both went bag ©liic! t)ieter the happiness of many mit n)enigcm ®elbe with little money cin iebcr SOIenfd^ every man jebcm, ber fam to everybody who came ber anberc 3Bein the other wine hit anberctt famen fpciter the others came later {ener beibcn ^rilber of those two brothers hit beibcn gingen the two or both of them went bag ©liid ber t)ielcn the happiness of the many mit biefem n3enigcn ®elbe with this small amount of money eineg jebcn SD^enfd^en of every man einem Jebcn, ber fam to everybody who came DOUBLE INFLECTION 231 cm anbtxt^ ^ud^ another book tt)d<^ anbere^ ^nd) which other hook fein folc^cr ^nabc no such boy meln or feln anbercr ^ruber my or his other brother \^ gab i^m mcin* ^fcrb unb cr Qob mir feinc^^ / gave him my^ horse and he gave me his^ fie fd^ricb mit feiner^ gebcr unb cr fd^rlcb mit il^rcr^ she wrote with his^ pen and he wrote with hers^ cine^ anbercn ^ud^c6 of another book toeld^e^ anberc ^ud) which other book fcinem fold^cn ^nabcn to no such boy mit meinem or fetnem anbercn ^ruber with my or his other brother id) ^ah i^m mein^ ^ferb unb cr ^ah mir ba^ fcinc^ / gave him my^ horse and he gave me his^ [ic fc^rieb mit feiner^ gebcr unb cr fd^rieb mit bcr il^rcn^ she wrote with his^ pen and he wrote with hers^ attributive adjective. — ^ pronoun. 90. With the pronominals and numerals in 87 compare the following, to which the principle of double inflection does not apply, for those on the left are never preceded by an article, and those on the right always. The former are therefore always strong, the latter always weak. WEAK ONLY bcrferbc, biefel'bc, ba^feFbc^ the same ber'ienigc, bic'jcnigc, ba^'jcnige* that J that one; he, she, it bcr, bic, ba^ mei'nigc^ mine bcr, bic, ha^ bci'nige yours bcr, bie, ba^ fei'nigc his bcr, bic, ba6 i^'rigc hers bcr, bic, ba^ fei'nigc its bcr, bic, ha^ un'frigc ours bcr, bic, ba^ cu'rigc yours bcr, bic, ha^ il^'rigc theirs bcr, bic, ha^ 3^'rige yours > Distinguish fciner, fcinc, fcineg, the ^ The article, though joined, is in- pronoun meaning none, from fein, fcinc, fleeted throughout, e. g., gen, sing. bcr. bic, ba^ bicfcr. -e, -c^ icncr. -c, -e^ feincr. -e, -e^^ mand^cr. -e, -c^ tceld^cr. -e, -c^ allcr. -c, -c^ ci'nigcr. -c, -t^' mc^'rcrcr, , -e, -e^^ Compare section 45 232 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR fcin, the adjective meaning no (50). — 2 Rare in the sing., except in the nom. or ace. neut. : einigCiS some things, mcf)rcrci§ several things. beg[e(ben, berfelben, beSfelben; bc^ient* gen, bcrienigcn, beSicnigen. — ^erjcnigc is used chiefly before relatives, e. g., bieientgen, meld^c famen those who came. — 2 These forms of the posses- sives are more common than the other weak forms of 87. Double Inflection of Substantive Adjectives 91. In German, as in English, adjectives may be used sub- stantively and thus denote persons or things which possess the quality expressed by the adjective. In German, such an adjec- tive is written with a capital, like a noun, but inflected like an adjective standing before a noun. It then denotes, in the sin- gular of the masculine and feminine, a person possessing the quality; in the singular of the neuter, a thing which, or that in general which possesses the quality; in the plural, persons (never things) possessing the quality. STRONG ein 5ltter an old man l^orc, Slltc listen, old woman 5lttc^ unb 5^cuc^ old things and new id^ luunfc^e ^l^nen nur ®utc^ / wish you only what is good t)iel ©utci^, (Sd^onc^ unb ^Sal^re^ much that is good, beautiful and true Qutcr Htter good old man ein ^cutfd^et a German {man) al^ ^eutfd^c irurbc fie gefragt, ob . . . being a German' she was asked if , , . altt T)tut\d)t old Germans (men and women) WEAK ber 5lttc the old man ha ift bie 5lltc there's the old woman ha^ 5lltc unb \ia^ 5^eue the old and the new (things) id^ iDttnfd^e S^nm alle^ ®ute / wish you all that is good ha^ ®ute, ba^ (Sd^one unb ha^ 3Sa]^re the good, the beautiful and the true or whatever is good, beautiful and true ber gute 5Ilte the good old man ber ^eutfd^e the German (man) fie tDax eine ^eutfc^c she was a German bie atten ^eutfd^cn the old Ger* mans (men and women) DOUBLE INFLECTION 233 ©c^tDaqc unb SSei^C black and white people fein 9?eifenbcr no traveler \6) fa]^ t)iele Dieifenbc (84) I saw many travelers ble (Sonne fd^eint auf ©ercd^tc unb Ungerec^tc, auf ®ute unb ^ofe the sun shines on just and un- just, on good and bad mit ®utcm fommt man tueltcr aU ntit ^ofcm with good words or treatment one gets on better than with bad cttDa^ (toa^) or \)id ®utci§ some or much good cr bringt nid^t^ ®utc^ /le brings no good (news) er tDufetc atterlcl 5^euc^ /le /i/iew; all sorts of news id) ©liicflid^cr / happy man bie ©d^margen unb bic SSeifecn i/ie blacks and the whites ber ^elfenbc the traveler ba^ ©eparf be6 D^eifenbcn i/ie Zwgr- ga^e of the traveler bie ©onne fd^eint auf bie ©ered^ten unb bie Ungered^ten, auf bie ®uten unb bie ^ofen the sun shines on the just etc. 3ur dtt(i)ttn unb gur i^infcn (dat. sing, fern., to agree with .^anb) on the right and on the left mand^eg ®utc many a good thing or much that is good ba^ 5^euc ift nid^t immer ba^ iBefte the new is not always the best \i)x ^leinglciubigen ye of Utile faith n)ir ^eutfd^Ctt (85) we Germans n)ir ^eutfd^e (85) we Germans un^ ^eutfd^c (ace.) us Germans un^ !Deutfd^cn to us Germans, dat. plur., not distinguishable. 93. Neuter substantive adjectives denoting languages take frequently, but not necessarily, an ending when directly preceded by the definite article : bu« !Deut[c^c (also !Dcut[(^) the German language; bo6 <£tubiuTn bcS ©nglifd^cn (less often ©nglifd)) the study of English; im ^^'^"S'^fUt^en (also ^^ranjCfifd^) in the French language. Otherwise these substantives remain uninflected: ha^ beftc 3)eut[d^ the best German; er fprad^ cin Snglifc^, ha^ niemanb tocrftanb he spoke (an) English that nobody understood; cr fagtc c^ auf ^^f^^ic^if^ he said it in Italian; (ein) reined !Deutfd^ (a) jmre German. 93. Certain other adjectives have no ending when used substantively; these occur mostly in pairs, without article, and are written with small ini- tials: bclicbt bci alt unb iung a favorite among old and young; gleid^ unb glcic^ gefellt [ic^ gem birds of a feather flock together; xdd) unb arm, l^od^ unb nicbrig rich and poor, high and low. 234 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR Double Inflection of Comparatives and Superlatives 94. Comparatives and superlatives are formed by adding et and ft to the stem of the positive. Adjectives in c drop this e before the cr of the comparative: h)ei[c vnse, comp. toeifer, — Adjectives ending in unaccented cl, en, cr commonly drop the e of these syllables before the er of the comparative: ebel noble, comp. eblcr. — Adjectives in g, fe, fc^, i, h, t usually insert c before the ft of the superlative: l^ei^ hot, ^ei^e[t-*; [tolj proiid, [toljeft-; milb mild, milbeft-; hunt gay, bunteft-; ge[d^icft clever, gefc^icfteft-. But participles in b add ft only: bebeutenb important, bebcutenbft-; fc^meid^clnb flattering, fd^Tneid^elnbft- * The hyphen after the superlative forms indicates that, unlike the comparative, they are not used without ending, except now and then as adverbs (144). 95. Umlaut in Comparison, The following monosyllabic adjectives regularly modify the vowel in the comparative and superlative : alt ciltcr alteft- old arg arger ftrgft- bad arm (xrnter armft- poor §art garter prteft- hard iung jiinger ilingft- young fait • falter falteft- . cold Hug flilger fliigft- wise !ranf franfcr franfft- ill tm fiirger fiirgeft- short lang I anger langft- long rot roter roteft- red f(^arf fc^arfer fc^arfft- sharp fd^tDad^ fd^tDctd^er fd^mac^ft- weak, feeble fd^marj f(^tD arger fc^marseft- black ftarf ftarfer ftarfft- strong tDarm iDctrmer iDarmft- warm The following often modify the vowel: bla§ pale, na& wet, fd^tnd narrow, fromm pious, bumm stupid, gefunb healthy. — See also 96. 96. Irregular Comparison, regular in their comparison: gro6 grower gut beffer Did mel^r The following adjectives are ip grofet- great beft- good meift- much DOUBLE INFLECTION 235 ndi) ff'6f)tx nii^er nad^ft- high near The following comparatives and superlatives lack a positive; they are re- lated to the prepositions or adverbs given in the place of the positive, and the superlative is formed by adding ft to the comparative: in in au8 out ohtn above untcr under bor before jointer behind inner inner fiu§er outer ober upper unter lower Dorber fore, front jointer hinder, hind From the superlatives cr[t- first and Ic^t- last are formed the comparatives crftcrcr or ber crftcrc the former and let^tcrer or ber Icijtcrc the latter. inncrft- innermost fiufeerft- outermost oberft- uppermost untcrft- undermost borbcrft- foremost l^intcrft- hindmost 97. Inflection. Comparatives and superlatives take the same endings as positives, according to 74. Examples: grofecrc grcubc (fem.) greater joy, like gutc grau 77; ber altcrc Wann the older man, like biefcr or ber gutc SJJann 77; mcin beftc^ ^ud) my best book, like fein gutc^ ^Inb 80. STRONG N. gro^erc greube G. grfigercr greube D. griigercr greube A. grofeerc greube N. G. D. A. grogcrc grcubcn grofeercr greuben grofeercn greuben grofeerc greuben N. G. D. A. mcin bcftc^ iBud^ V?) P mcin bcftC)^ i8ud^ N. G. D. A. WEAK ber alterc 90?ann be^ ciltercn SD^anne^ bcm altercn SD^anne ben altcrcn 9}?ann bic altcren SO^ (inner ber altercn SJ^anncr ben altercn SDlcinncm bic altercn 9[)lanncr meincg beftcn i8ud^e« melncm beftcn iBud^e meinc beftcn ^Btid^cr meiner beftcn ^iic^er meinen beftcn 33u(^cm meinc beftcn ^iid^er 98, Examples of comparatives and superlatives used sub- stantively (91) : 236 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR STRONG nid^t^ 53effcrc^ nothing better fein Sufeerc^ its exterior tx tut fein ^eftc^ he does his best WEAK ba^ 33efferc the better ha^ Hufeerc the exterior gu beincm ^efteti for your benefit 1 ein(«) 12 jh)alf 2 3tt)ei 13 breije^n 3 brci 14 bierje^n 4 bier 15 fiinfge^n 5 fUnf 16 Hje^n 6 fcc^S 17 [iebjc^n 7 fieben 18 ac^tjetjn 8 a(^t 19 ncunjc^n 9 neun 20 jiDanjig 10 sc^n 21 cinunbjtDanjig 11 elf 22 gtoeiunbghjangig 149 ^unbcrt neununb* Diersig 200 gmei^unbert 1000 taufenb 1133 taufcnb ein^unbcrt breiutibbreiRig or elff)unbcrt brei=» unbbrei^ig 100000 f)unberttau[enb 1000000 eine ^million' * Double Inflection of Ordinal Numerals 99. The cardinals, from which the ordinals are formed, run as follows: 23 breiunbjmanjig 30 bretfeig 31 einunbbreifeig 32 gtDciunbbreifeig 40 t)ierjig 50 funfgtg 60 fed^sig 70 [iebgig 80 ad^tjig 90 neungig 100 ^unbcrt > (S\n9, a neuter pronominal form, is used when no other numeral follows; thus, in counting: cin8, jtDei, brei etc., I^unbert unb ein«; also in expressions of time, as eg i[t einS or l^alb ctn^ it is one or half past twelve. Otherwise ein is used, as in einunbjtoongig above, and in forming ordinals, as ber einunbjn)an= gig[te (100). — For the inflection of einer, eine, einc§ and ber, bie, ba^ eine, see 87. The other cardinals are usually uninflected, but the genitives jlDeicr, breicr and the datives jtDeicn, breien are used when the case would not otherwise be obvious. 100. The Ordinals are adjectives resembling the superlatives. As preceded by the defimite article, they are ber erfte the first ber jmanjtgfte the twentieth ber gmeite the second ' ber einunbgrtjanjigfte the twenty-first ber britte the third ber jrtjeiunbjtDanjigfte the twenty-second ber bierte the fourth ber breiiinbjraangigfte the twenty-third ber filnfte the fifth ber brei^igfte the thirtieth ber [ec^fte the sixth ber biergigfte the fortieth ber fiebente the seventh ber fjunbertfte the hundredth ber ad^te (one t) the eighth ber taufenbfte the thousandth. ber neunte the ninth etc., with te up to twentieth, after that with [te. The ordinals share the double inflection of ordinary adjectives: STRONG WEAK erftci^ ^apitel first chapter bag crftc ^apitet the first chapter ein brlttcr gall ift unbenfbar a ber britte gall tft folgenber the third case is inconceivable third case is as follows DOUBLE INFLECTION 237 aU biertcr ©ol^n (as, that is) being the fourth son (105) ficbentcr 33erg, erfto^ iffiort sei;- en^/i 'yerse, first word ber Dicrtc ©ol^n the fourth son im fiebcntcn 53er^ ba^ erfte SBort m the seventh verse etc. lOl, Summary: Pronouns, Adjectives, Numerals. II. Invariable: III. Uninflected Stem-Forms: Prons. Adjs. Predicate Adjectives 71-73 fid^ 39 einanber 40 [elbft 41 man 136 ctmag nic^tS 137 tncl^r more 140 JBcmgcr less 140 42 Odd Inflections: Pronouns id), bu, cr 38 ber dem. rel. h)cr h)a« 43 icbermann 44 icmanb 44 niemanb 44 IV Defective Strong Inflection : Adjs. 50 ctn, -t, — a, an, one fcin, -c, — no mdn, -t, — my bcin, -t, — thy etc. mcin mine unfer ours bein thine euer yours \tvx his i^r theirs 'ifyc hers 3^r yours [ein its gut good bcffcr better 3 VI. Weak Inflection: Prons. Adjs. 90 berjcnige berfelbc ber bie \>a% meinige mine ber bie "bai beinigc thine etc. V. Complete Strong Inflection : Prons. Adjs. 45 ber the, that feincr, -t, -c^ none biefer, -c, -ci8 iencr, -c, -cig toeld^er, -t, -cjS ciniger, -c, -t2 alTcr, -e, -ci§ mand^cr, -c, -c§ mel^rercr, -e, -ei8 V-VI. Double Inflection: Strong and Weak: Prons. Adjs. 87. Substantives 91. Compars. Superls. 94. Ordinals 100. Strong anbercr, -c, -c§ bieler, -e, -t^ tocniger, -t, -ti bdhtt, -c, -c2 jebcr, -c, -t& folt^cr, -c, -ci§ cincr, -e, -Ci8 otic metncr, -t, -tS mine beiner, -c, -c^ thine etc. gutcr, -c, -t» , ®UtCiS beffercr, -c, -o? befter, -c, -ej8 er[tcr, -t, -t2 Weak ber bie hai anbere ber bie boS bieic ber bie ha^ menigc bie (meine) beibcn cincg iebcn (f)einc« fold^cn ber bie ba^ einc the one ber bit ha^ meinc mine ber bie has beinc with laffen, which without context are ambiguous, e. g., id^ liefe il^n fd^reiben = / let him write, if il^n refers to a person, and / had it written, if tl^n refers to a letter; but td^ lie^ i^m fd^reiben can mean only / had him written to or I caused some one to write to him. Similarly td^ licfe il^n fud^en = / let him look (for somebody or som£- thing) and / caused him to be looked for (by somebody). 167. The active form of the infinitive with gu may have passive meaning also after fein, e. g., e^ tft nid^t gu befc^reiben it is {not to be described) indescribable and, as in English, (l^icr ift) eln ^an^ 311 toermietcn {here is) a house to let. VERBS 255 168. Other Special Uses of er bitcb liegen or fi^cn cr blicb fte^en usually, but also Voir fu^ren fpajieren trir gingen fpajieren h)ir ritten fpagieren er ^at ^ein im teller liegcn urn 3U fc^reiben (an)ftatt gu fc^reiben o^ne p fd^reiben laufen! or nid^t laufen! (173) the Infinitive : he remained lying or sitting he stopped, halted, he remained standing we went for a drive we went for a walk we went for a horseback ride he has wine lying in his cellar in order to write instead of writing without writing run! or don't run! 169. Infinitive Phrases have the infinitive at the end: er bat mid^, bag 33uc^ ntitgubringen unb red^t balb gu fommeti he asked me to bring the book with me and to come very soon. The gu must be repeated with every infinitive. For infinitive nouns see 56. 2. 170. The Imperative is used as follows: 1^- fommt unb gel^t mit mir, ^arl unb 2)?a* rie or ^tnber come and go with me, Charles and Mary or children. 2^- gebt mir eure 53ud^cr, tarl unb 5ma= rie or ^inber give me your books, Charles and Mary or children. 3^- ge^t i^r', tarl unb aJJarie or ^inber, Id^' tDiK nid^t you' go, Charles and Mary etc. 1. fomm unb gel^ mit mir, ^arl come and go with me, Charles. 2. gib mir beln 33ud^, ^art give me your book, Charles. 3. ge^ bu', tarl, id^' tDill nid^t you' go, Charles, V don't want to. 1^' fommen8icunb gel^en @ie mit mir, §err <5d^mibt or meine §erren come and go with me, Mr. Smith or gentlemen. 2^- geben a^ that, so that fie fam nle, ol^nc bafe fie un^ toa^ she never came without bringing brad^te us something cr ftlrbt Ileber, al^ bafe er mld^ he will die rather than betray me berriit 262 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR 199. ^aju thereto, to or with it, in addition haiVL braud^t man tin SD^effer for that one needs a knife id) h)unfc^e bir ©liidf baju, bafe bu getDii^lt blft 300. ^cnn (228) njag tulllft bu bcnn? IDO fommt ber bcnn ^er? / congratulate you on having been elected what do you want, please f why! where does he come fromf 301. 2)cfto see ^c, 209. 303. ^0(3^ still, yet, hut, for oil that, after all (Sie finb boc^ nid^t fran!? er Ift bod^ fertig? fie^ bod^! ergci^len ^it bod^ tDcire fie bod^ l^ier! ift cr aud^ arm, fo ift er bod^ gut you are not ill, I trustf he is ready, I dare sayf just seel or do seel tell us, pray would that she were herel though he he poor, he is good at least er mag ge^en, ^enn er arbeitet bod^ he may go^ for he does not work nic^t anyway 303. ^nmal, mat once, once upon a time, sometime nod^ einmal noc^ ein'mal fot)iel auf einmal fomm einmal (mal) ^er, grife once more, again as much again, twice as much all at once, suddenly just come here, Fred 304. Q:x^i first erft aU er fprad^, fal^ id^ il^n erft feit geftem (bann) erft red^t not until he spoke, did I see him only since yesterday (then) all the more 305. @ar very, even, with negatives at all gar nid^t; gar nid^t^ not at all; nothing at all gar fein ®elb no money at all gang unb gar entirely, altogether 306. Q^ttn gladly; compar. lieber rather; superl. am liebften hest or most of all ADVERBS 263 td^ tcfc gem i(i) fc^reibe (iebcr id) fpiele am liebftcn I am fond of reading, I like to read I prefer to write I like playing best of all 207. ^rgcnb adds the notion of any, ever, at all, some irgcnb clner or irgcnb jemanb anybody at all, any one you please irgenbtDic; trgenbtDO somehow; somewhere 208. 3a yes, indeed t)\tx ift er ia ^arl? bcr ift ja nod^ franf bicibcn ox bie Xux step out in front of the door id) ftellte ben (Stuf)I jltiifd^en bie beiben iBciume / placed the chair between the two trees VIII. CONJUNCTIONS 228. Conjunctions are of three kinds: (1) General connectives: aber but, but yet • benn for fonbem but, on the contrary altein only, but ober or unb and These never affect the order of words (232, note **). 229. (2) Adverbial conjunctions, as alfo so, so then, hence avid) also, too, moreover ba then, there hai)tx hence bann then barauf thereupon barum therefore bennoc^ yet, notwithstanding mhlid) finally inbeffen however ichod) nevertheless nod) yet, still; nor nun now fo so * t)ielleid^t perhaps bietmel^r rather n)o]^l perhaps, indeed gtDar to be sure freilic^ to be sure These, when standing at the head of a clause, regularly re- quire the inverted order of words (243) . 268 AN ABSTRACT OF GERMAN GRAMMAR 330. (3) Subordinating conjunctions, as aU when, as bi6 until ha since, as bamiV in order that, so that bag that cf)e before inbem' while nad^bem' after ob whether, if These introduce dependent clauses and transpose the personal verb to the end of its clause (240) . obgteic^' although feit(bem) since toaijxtnh while h)anu when tt)cU because totnn if, when, whenever toenn aud^ even if h)ie how, as tt)0 where IX. THE ORDER OF WORDS A. Order of Verb and Subject 331, According to the relative position of the principal ele- ments of the^ sentence — verb and subject* — there are three orders: (1) the normal, in which the verb follows the subject; (2) the inverted, in which the verb precedes the subject — these two in independent clauses chiefly; (3) the transposed order, in which the verb stands last — this in dependent clauses only (240) . The Normal Order is used The Inverted Order is used 332, In declarative and in- In declarative and interroga- terrogative sentences beginning tive sentences beginning with with the subject: Dcr SBefi^cr iencS .^aufcS, ein reld^er alter ^aufmann, tutrb morgen mtt fetner grau unb feiner ^od^ter nacf) Snglanb rei= fen, [aber] cr bictbt bort nic^t lange, [benn] er tft f(^on feit einem 3ai)xt txant, [unb] cr any other element**: morgen totrb ber S3cfi^cr jcne^ $aufe6, ein reid^er alter ^auf= mann, mtt feiner grau unb fei= net Xo(i)Ux nad^ Snglanb reifen, [aber] lange Utiht cr ha nid^t, [benn] fd^on feit einem 3af)re ift cr franf, [unb] htn ilSinter * Verb means the personal or finite part of the verb only; subject, the subject with its adjuncts. — ** Except aber, attein, benn, obcr, fonbern and unb, which nowhere affect the order, and, thus being neutral connectives, are bracketed in the examples of 232. ORDER OF WORDS 269 NORMAL ORDER tottt ben SSintcr in ^talien gu* bringen the owner of that house, a rich old merchant, will go to England to-morrow, with his wife and his daughter, but he will not stay there long, for he has not been well all this year and he intends to spend the winter in Italy x^ fjahc fein ®ilber unb ®olb / have no silver and gold ic^ ttJCtff, ba^ er fommt / know that he is coming xti) ging nic^t gu il)m, ba id^ tDufetc, t)a^ cr tarn I did not go to him, since I knew that he was coming fic ift nid^t fd^fin, [allcin] ftc ift gut she is not beautiful, but she is good cr ful^r fc^ncll nad^ bcr @tabt, urn ben Slrgt gu l^olen he drove quickly to town in order to get the physician bu totllft mir bcfe^Icn? you mean to order me about? tocr tjat eln grogc^ §au6? who has a large house? toa^ mac^t ben SD^enfc^en glildflid^? what makes man happy? 333. Sometimes in declara- tive sentences with imperative force : \>n btctbft ^ier! or ©tc BIctbcn {)ier! you stay here! INVERTED ORDER totH er in 3talien gubringen to- morrow the owner of that house, a rich etc. orf, bic ®brfcr village bort there, yonder bort^in thither brci three, britt- third bu thou, you L. 1. i; §. 38. 120 bunfel dark L. 11. i. n.« bUnfen, eg biinft mid^ methinks L. 28 burd^, prep, ace, through, by bur(^^ = burd^ bag through the bitrfen, burftc, gcburft be allowed, may L. 22; §. 25ff. 180 burften or biirften, eg bur[tct or bilrftct mid^ I am thirsty L. 28 cbcn just, just now cbel noble cl|e, conj., before ctn, eincr etc. a, an, one L. 6. i, 12. ii; 16; §. 50 ff. 87 einanbcr one another, each other §. 40 einiflc some L. 13; §. 45. 90 einmat once, once upon a time ; eg toax cinmal once upon a time there was L. 12. ii; §. 203 ein^ one L. 16; §. 99 ber (Sinhjol^ner, bic Sinmo^ncr inhabit- ant bic (BUttn, plur. only, parents empfangen, empfing, empfangen receive bag fenbe, bic @nben end L. 18. ii; §. 65 cnblirff finally, at last (Jnglanb, neut., England GERMAN- ENGLISH VOCABULARY 285 citglift^ English er he L. 8. ii bie @rbc, bie Srben earth crlauftcn, eriaubte, eriaubt allow, permit erft first L. 16; §. 100. 204 crstt^Icn, crgii^Ite, erja^It tell, narrate C^ it L. 9. I. n.5; §. 119 ber @fc(, bie @[el donkey cffcn, a^, gegeffcn eat ti'ma^ something, anything, some L. 10. II ; §. 137; [o etmaS such a thing cucr, eurer etc. your, yours L. 6. ii, 10. II, 12. ii; 13; §. 50. 87. 121 ber curigc yours L. 13; §. 90. 121 fal^rcn, fu^r, ift gefal^rcn drive, go ber fjtttt, bie ^ixlit fall, case fatten, fiel, t[t gefallen fall fanb found L. 2. ii fangen, fing, gefangen catch, capture faften, faftete, gefaftet fast f au( lazy fcc^tcn, foc^t, gefoc^ten fight bie fjcbcr, bie ^^ebem feather, pen ber i^tx\(^, bie ^^einbc enemy bag ^d'i^, bie ^elber field bag fjenftcr, bie genfter window fcft fast, firm bag ^tVLtt, bie ^^euer fire fiet fell, see fatten ftnbcn, fanb, gefunben find flct^tg dihgent, industrious ber ^(u^, bie i^Iiiffe river folgcn, folgte, ift gefolgt, dat., follow fdrtfa^ren, fuf)r fort, fortgefa^ren con- tinue bie ^ragc, bie 5^agcn question fragcn, fragte, gefragt ask, inquire bie '^xaw, bie ^rauen woman, wife, Mrs. hcL% ^tCiVLUxn, bie ^rfiulein young lady. Miss bie l^rcubc, bie ^^reuben joy frcucn (fic^), freute, gefreut rejoice L. 28 ber f^rcwni^^ ^^6 ^reunbe friend bie fjrcuni^i"/ ^ic g^^unbinnen friend friifj early; fritter earlier, former (ly) fu^r drove, went, see fafjren fu^rcn fii^rtc, gcfilfirt lead, escort fiinf five fiir, jprep. ace., for ber fjuft, bie giifec foot; ju gu& on foot gaB gave, see geben; c6 ofib+acc. there was L. 6. II gan§ whole, entire, quite gar very; gar nid^t not at all; gar nid^tS nothing at all ; gar fein none at all ; gar ju altogether too ber ©artcn, bie ©cirten garden gcben, gab, gegeben give gefattcn, gefiel, gefatten please, suit gegen, prep, ace., against, towards gelfen, ging, ift gcgangen go, walk; cd gel^t nid^t it won't do; c8 ge^t mir gut I am doing well gcprcn, gcl^arte, gel^5rt, dat., belong bag ®c(b, "bit ©etber money; fleineg ®clb change, coins genug enough gerabe just, exactly gem gladly L. 23; §. 206 gefd^etien, gcfc^a^, ift gefc^el^cn happen bie @efc^t(^te, bie ©efc^ic^tcn history, story geftern yesterday; gcftcm abcnb yester- day evening, last night gefunb well, healthy gemi^ certain, sure gift, imperat., give L. 21. ii; §. 20; gibft, gibt, 2. 3. sing. pres. ind. of gcbcn L. 20. ii; §. 18. 3; eg gibt-h acc. there is, there are ging went, see gel^en bag ®Ia^, bie ©lafer glass glauben, glaubte, geglaubt, dat. pers., beheve, think; glauben an + acc. believe in gtttcfUd^ happy, fortunate ber Qiott, bie ©dtter god ber ©raf, bie ©rafen count grofi, grader, grii^t- great, tall, large, bigL. 15. i;§. 96 griin green gut, beffer, beft-good, adv., well L. 15; §.96 bie @ute kindness l^abcn, fiatte, gel^abt have L. 3. i l^alten, ^ielt, gel^alten hold, keepL. 20. j; with ftir regard as, take for bie ^anb, bie ^ftnbe hand ber ^afe, bie §afen hare ^at has, see l^abcn 286 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY ha^ ^an§, bte ^m\tv house, ju ^aufe at home, na6) §aufc home bic ^au^tur, bic ^augtiiren door of house ^ctnrid^ Henry ^cife hot l^ci^Ctt, f)te§, geJ^ei^cn be called or named, i(^ l^ei^e ^arl my name is Charles l^clfcn, l^alf, ge^olfen, da^., help L. 20. ii; §. 27. 5 Ifcr along this way, hither §. 34; L. 25 ijttan^ out this way, out from there bcr ^crr, bie ferret:, gentleman, Mr., master, lord L. 8. i; §. 63 l^cruntcrfattcn, fiel ^erunter, ift l^cruntcr= gefallen fall down l^cruntcrfommcn, tarn l^erunter, ift l^erun* tergefommeti come down ba6 ^crj, bie -^erjen heart L. 18. ii; §.65 l^cutc to-day; l^cute morgcn this morn- ing; l^cute abenb to-night l^icr here tittfft, mU, see ^Ifcn ber ^tmmcl, bie ^imtnel heaven, sky l^in along that way, thither §. 34 ; L. 25 l^tnauffu^rcn, fiifirtc l^inauf, l^inaufgefil^rt lead up l^inaufgcl^ctt, ging l^inauf, ift l^inaufge* gatigen go up thither ]^inaU)§ out that way, out from here l^intcr, prep. dat. ace, behind, beyond ^intcrlaffcn, f)interlte^, t)iTiterIaffen leave behind, bequeath i)fSa^r true, nid^t rtal^r? (isn't it true? i.e.) isn't it so? don't you? etc. 290 GERMAN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY to&fixmh, prep, gen., during; conj. while ber SBalb, bie SSfilbcr woods, forest hjann when, at what time? toax was, see fein ; eg toax einmal there was once L. 12. ii toaxm, iDarmer, iDarmft- warm toaxi were, see [cin toaxitn, martete, gemartet wait hiarum why, what for toa^ what, that which, whatever L. 9. i; §. 43. 129. 141 ha^ SBaffcr, bic SBaffcr water, pond ber 9Scg, bie SBegc way, road hJCg away, off hJCtl because L. 3. ii ber SScin, bie SBeinc wine hjcifc wise toci^ white hJcift 1. sin^. pres. ind. o/ toiffen tocit, wide, far away, far; todUx far- ther, further toclc^cr which, who L. 5. i, 10. ii; §. 45. 79. 90 bie 2Bctt, bie SSklten world tocnbcn, iDanbte, gemanbt turn, [id^ Jrcn^ ben with an and ace. apply to tocmg little, few L. 10. ii, 12. i; 14; §. 45. 87. 139 hJCnn if, whenever L. 7. i. n.i; §. 189 totx who, whoever, L. 9. i; §. 43. 129 hjcrbcn, n)urbe or luarb, ift genjorben be- come, get, grow L. 3. I hjcrfcn, iDarf, geluorfen throw tocffcn whose, see Idzx mibcr, pref., against L. 26; §. 37 toic how, as; fo . . . tt)ic as . . . as §. 217 toicbcr again, back toic'bcrtiringctt, brac^te toie'ber, toic'ber* gebrac^t bring again, return L. 26 toic'bcr^olcn, ^olte n)ie'ber, luie'bergefiolt fetch again, fetch back L. 26 hitcbcr^o'lcn, n)ieber]^orte, mieberl^olt' re- peat L. 26 totc'bcrfommctt, tarn mic'ber, ift hjic'ber* gefommen come again, return L. 26 toic'bcrfc^cn, [o^ ttjie'ber, mie'bergcfe^en see or meet again L. 26 ber SSintcr, bie SSinter winter; e« totrb balb SBintcr winter is coming soon toirb, hJtrft L. 3. i mirfiit^ real(ly) njtffcn, tt)uBte, genjufet know L. 23; §. 28. 186 too where bie 2So(^c, bic SBod^cn week toofitr wherefor, for what, for which tootjtx whence, wherefrom )t)0^tn whither, whereto too^t well, indeed §.218 tool^ncn, njo^nte, gemo^nt reside, live toottctt, tDottte, gehjoKt will, be willing, intend to, be about to L. 22 ; §. 25 ff. 185 toomtt wherewith, with what or which tooran whereat, at which or what, of what toorauf whereupon, upon which or what toortn wherein, in which, in what ha^ SSort, bie SBorte word tooritl^er whereover, over what, at what or which tootion whereof, wherefrom, of or from which or what tounbcrt, e6 tounbert mtd^, ha^ I wonder that hJiinfd^cn, toitnfd^tc, gemttnfd^t wish mu^tc knew L. 23 jcl^n ten jctgcn, geigte, gegeigt show, point out bie 3cit/ ^ic B^^t^n time; beijeiten be- times, in season gtc^cn, 3og, gejogen draw, pull gtc^cn, jog, ift gejogen march, go, move ha^ Sitnmtx, bie ^i^t^ner room ju, prep, dat., to, toward; gu .^aufc at home; ju ^u& on foot; gu "ipferbe on horseback JU, adv., too sum = ju bent to the §ur = gu ber to the Suriirf back jufammcn together ^toanjig twenty ^tuax to be sure, it is true §. 219; unb IWax and that jmct two, jh)eit- second ^toi^^tn, prep. dat. ace., between jtoiJlf twelve ENGLISH-GERMAN VOCABULARY a, an, indef. art, L. 6. i able, be a. fonncn L. 22 about, round a. urn ace; be about to . . . iDoIlcn L. 22; §. 185; a.= concerning toon dat, about it baDon above iiber dat. ace. ; a. = up-stairs obcn accomplish boHbrin'gcn, boEbrad^'tc, bollbrac^t' L. 26 across iiber dat. ace. advise raten, riet, geraten