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 STRUCTURAL 
 WATERPROOFING 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL AND 
 ENGINEERING EDITION 
 
 THE TRUSCON 
 LABORATORIES 
 
 WATERPROOFINGS - DAMPPROOFINGS 
 
 
 
 DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U. S. A. 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 PRICE 50 CENTS 
 
STRUCTURAL 
 
 WATERPROOFING 
 
 A Waterproofing handbook and 
 reference guide for the use of 
 Architects, Engineers, Building 
 Contractors and others interested 
 in the general subjects of Water- 
 proofing and Dampproofing 
 
 THE, TRUSCON 
 LABORATORIES 
 
 WATERPROOFINGS, DAMPPROOFINGS 
 TECHNICAL COATINGS 
 
 DETROIT, MICHIGAN, U.S.A. 
 
 (Copyrighled 1919) 
 
Table of Contents 
 
 Part I 
 
 CHAPTER ONE 
 Structural Waterproofing and Dampproofing. 
 
 This chapter is designed to show the reader the relation of Integral Waterproofing to the general subjects of Waterproofing 
 
 and Dampproofing. 
 
 Waterproofing and Dampproofing How They Differ Where each should be Employed Gen- 
 eral Classification of Waterproofings and Dampproofings Graphic Chart Classifications of Water - 
 proofings Transparent, Opaque and Bituminous Coatings Discussion of Various Types of 
 Dampproofings coming under these Classifications Classifications of Waterproofings The In- 
 tegral and Membrane Methods Various types of Waterproofings included under Integral Method 
 Integral Powders and Pastes Various Types of Powders Colloidal Properties of Waterproof- 
 ing Pastes The Membrane Method of Waterproofing Its Various Usages. 
 
 Analytical Reasons for the Necessity of Incorporating a Waterproofing Compound 
 in Concrete. 
 
 Importance of density in structural materials for Strength and Resistance Danger of Porosity 
 Causes of Porosity Examples Porosity of Concrete Why Concrete is Porous Function of 
 Integral Waterproofing in eliminating Porosity Importance of Repellancy in Integral Water- 
 proofing Compounds Importance of Colloidal Properties in Integral Waterproofings. 
 
 CHAPTER THREE 
 The Physical Characteristics of Integral Waterproofing Compounds. 
 
 Waterproofing Powders and Pastes Methods of Introducing Waterproofing Powders into Con- 
 crete Theory underlying Waterproofing Powders Behavior of Powders in practical use Var- 
 ious types of Powders Methods of Introducing Waterproofing Pastes into Concrete Behavior 
 of Pastes in practical application The Simplicity of Pastes Illustrations. 
 
 CHAPTER FOUR 
 The Colloidal Behavior of Integral Waterproofing Compounds. 
 
 Significance of Colloidal Characteristics as applied to Integral Waterproofings Difference be- 
 tween Portland cement and Plaster of Paris Presence of Colloids in Portland Cement Semi- 
 Waterproofness of Portland Cement Mortar due to presence of Colloids Addition of sufficient 
 more Colloid to produce complete Waterproofness Types of Colloidal Material which will pro- 
 duce most complete and permanent Waterproofing results Manner in which they should be 
 introduced into the concrete. 
 
 CHAPTER FIVE 
 Influence of Water on Concrete 
 
 By Frank Burton, Department of Buildings, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Influence of Wetting and Drying of Concrete on its Physical Properties Colloidal Nature of 
 Portland Cement Experiments by Campbell fa White on Expansion and Contraction of Concrete 
 due to alternate Wetting and Drying Similar experiments by Considere An interesting prac- 
 tical Example Further observations by Professor White Curves showing variation in Tensile 
 Strength of Concrete on Wetting and Drying Importance of Subject as related to entire Field 
 of Concrete Construction Theoretical Considerations More Practical Examples. 
 
 CHAPTER SIX 
 
 Integral Waterproofing with Particular Reference to the Mass Method. 
 By A. D. Hyman, Waterproofing Engineer, New York City. 
 
 The Function of Waterproofing Compounds What Waterproofing cannot do Composition of 
 Concrete Proper Proportioning Amount of Gauging Water Correct Proportioning of Water- 
 proofing Compounds Cautions on Concreting Work Importance of Proper Bond in Construction 
 Joints How to provide proper Bond Necessity of Removing Water Pressure during Construc- 
 tion How this can be done Six Important Considerations in Waterproofing. 
 
CHAPTER SEVEN 
 Waterproofing Stucco. 
 
 Why Waterproofing for Stucco is Necessary Penetration of Moisture into Pores of Stucco . 
 Effect on Stucco of Freezing of this Moisture How Waterproofing relieves this condition 
 Porosity of Stucco as demonstrated by Test Circumstances of Test Practical Illustrations of 
 Unwaterproofed Stucco. 
 
 CHAPTER EIGHT 
 Integral Waterproofing by the\Cement Coating Process. 
 
 By A. D. Hyman, Chief Engineer of the Waterproofing & Construction Co., 
 New York City. 
 
 Introductory Discussion The Cement Coating Process Preliminary Steps Preparation of 
 Surface for Bond Preparation of Plaster Coat Plaster Coat Ingredients and their Properties 
 Thickness of Coat for Walls and Floor Necessity of Continuity of Plaster Coat Necessity of 
 Insulating Waterproofing under Abnormal Conditions Construction Joints between different 
 days' work How to Eliminate Weaknesses from appearing Bleeding Walls to Remove Pressure 
 Construction of Drainage System to eliminate pressure Concluding Comments. 
 
 CHAPTER NINE 
 Practical Application of Waterproofed Plaster Coat. 
 
 Manner in which Wall should be Roughened Illustration of Roughened Wall Why a %" Water- 
 proofed Plaster Coat is Adequate Roughening of Columns and Footings Application of Water- 
 proofed Plaster Coat to Columns and Footings to Prevent Electrolysis Results of Plaster Coat 
 Waterproofing A Typical Illustration. 
 
 CHAPTER TEN 
 Relieving Pressure Before Application of a Waterproofed Plaster Coat. 
 
 Method of Draining Bleed Pipes Siphon Central Sumps Complete Work of Drainage 
 Bleeding Wall to eliminate Slow Seepage Practical Illustration of Bleed Pipes Results of fail- 
 ure to Relieve Pressure. 
 
 CHAPTER ELEVEN 
 Integral Waterproofing a Consistent Principle of Engineering. 
 
 The use of the Safety Factor in Engineering Design Its application to Waterproofing Engineer- 
 ing not an exact Science Safety Factor in Reality Factor of Ignorance Definition of Exact 
 Sciences Illustrations Method of Procedure in Exact Sciences How Engineering differs from 
 Exact Science Why the Factor of Safety is necessary in Engineering Concrete offers greatest 
 Variation of all Building Materials Why it does so Why the Safety Factor Principle is par- 
 ticularly applicable to Concrete Construction Direct bearing of this to Waterproofing of Con- 
 crete Concluding Review and Discussion. 
 
 Part II 
 
 Discussion of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Nature of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated How Used Method of Incorporating 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste Concentrated in the Concrete Its Economy Colloidal Nature 
 of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated Effect on Concrete General Directions for 
 Use Table of Quantities Illustrations Reports Testimonial Letters Prominent Users. 
 
 General Specifications for the Use of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Specifications for Waterproofing Mass Concrete by Integral Method Applicable to Standpipes, 
 Cisterns, Reservoirs, Foundations and Similar Structures Specifications for Waterproofing and 
 General Masonry Structures by means of Waterproofed Plaster Coat Applicable fo Cisterns, 
 Reservoirs, Foundations, Basements, Tunnels, Subways and Similar Structures Specifications 
 for Waterproofing Cement Stucco. 
 
 Part III 
 
 Representative Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, Installations. 
 
Preface 
 
 HIS is the era of concrete construction. For a number of years 
 past the use of concrete as a building material has been grow- 
 ing by leaps and bounds. It is most natural that this should be 
 the case. Concrete is the most ideal building material known. 
 It is durable and fireproof. It provides rapidity in construction 
 and economy in labor. It has, in fact, few limitations. 
 
 Its natural absorbent property, however, had a tendency to 
 limit its use in certain directions. There seemed to be no reason, though, why 
 this difficulty could not be overcome and the use of concrete further extended, 
 by eliminating this absorbent characteristic. It seemed logical that the intro- 
 duction of some element into the concrete during the process of mixing, would 
 accomplish this purpose and add to the other splendid qualities of concrete, the 
 highest degree of impermeability. As later events demonstrated, this proved 
 true, and it is when in a waterproofed state that concrete finds its highest and 
 most complete expression. Out of this idea itself, however, together with its 
 subsequent development, has grown the science of integral waterproofing. 
 
 But because of the comparative newness of integral waterproofing as a science, 
 there has been little organized literature or data on the subject. The architect 
 and engineer, faced with a condition where waterproofing seemed necessary, or 
 desiring to extend his use of concrete by some effective system of waterproofing, 
 has found difficulty in knowing where to turn for instruction or suggestion. In 
 other words, the science of waterproofing has lacked a handbook to which the 
 builder could turn as a reference guide. 
 
 This Architectural and Engineering Edition of Structural Waterproofing is an 
 endeavor to supply this deficiency and to place at the disposal of the architect 
 and engineer, a thoroughly organized and complete handbook upon the entire 
 subject of integral waterproofing. The theory underlying waterproofing, the 
 nature of waterproofing compounds, a discussion of their chemical and physical 
 characteristics and their practical use in mass concrete, cement plaster coat and 
 stucco, are all fully dealt with in the various chapters of this book. We hope 
 very sincerely that Structural Waterproofing will fulfill a much needed require- 
 ment in supplying full information upon the subject, to all persons who may 
 be interested. 
 
 We desire to make acknowledgment to Mr. Frank Burton of Detroit and Messrs. 
 H. A. and A. D. Hyman of New York City for the valuable chapters which 
 they contributed to Structural Waterproofing. 
 
 THE TRUSCON 
 LABORATORIES 
 
CHAPTER ONE 
 
 Structural Waterproofing and 
 Dampproofing 
 
 This chapter is designed to show the reader the relation of Integral Waterproofing to the general 
 subjects of Waterproofing and Dampproofing 
 
 Waterproofing and Dampproofing How They Differ Where each should be Employed Gen- 
 eral Classification of Waterproofings and Dampproofings Graphic Chart Classifications of 
 Waterproofings Transparent, Opaque and Bituminous Coatings Discussion of Various Types of 
 Dampproofings coming under these Classifications Classifications of Waterproofings The In- 
 tegral and Membrane Methods Various types of Waterproofings included under Integral Method 
 Integral Powders and Pastes Various Types of Powders Colloidal Properties of Waterproof- 
 ing Pastes The Membrane Method of Waterproofing Its Various Usages. 
 
 The general subject of structural dampproofing 
 and waterproofing as it confronts us today in- 
 volves the methods and means of protecting 
 structural materials against the disintegrating 
 action of water. Masonry building materials 
 are generally more or less porous and capillary 
 in their structure, permitting the absorption and 
 permeation of water. The presence of water in 
 masonry is structurally injurious, due to its 
 solvent action on any soluble content, but more 
 particularly its disintegrating action by the 
 expansive force that is manifested by the congeal- 
 ing of the water on freezing. Water that is drawn 
 into foundations from the surrounding soil grad- 
 ually ascends into the structure, due to the cap- 
 illary nature of the constructive materials, and 
 finally permeates the entire wall, producing 
 damp and clammy conditions that foster and 
 spread disease. While the subject of structural 
 waterproofing and dampproofing deals primarily 
 with the prevention of gradual decay and dis- 
 integration of structural materials, it also per- 
 forms the useful and necessary function of pro- 
 viding more hygienic conditions for the benefit 
 of humanity in general. 
 
 The subject of the protection of structural 
 materials against the disintegrating action of 
 water should, for the most comprehensive under- 
 standing, be considered under the two general 
 divisions of Waterproofing and Dampproofing. 
 The term Waterproofing should correctly be 
 confined to the consideration of methods and 
 means of protecting subterra construction and 
 structures intended for retaining and containing 
 water under and against hydrostatic head. 
 Consistent with this definition, the term Water- 
 proofing as a part of this great subject would 
 apply directly to the methods of treating founda- 
 tions, tunnels, reservoirs, cisterns, standpipes 
 and similar construction. The term Dampproof- 
 ing should correctly be confined to the considera- 
 
 tion of the methods and means of keeping water 
 and dampness out of the superstructure of 
 buildings. In accordance with this definition, 
 dampproofing should involve the various methods 
 of treating exposed walls above grade line to 
 avoid the entrance or penetration of moisture 
 and dampness into the structure. 
 
 While there is a slight opportunity for dis- 
 cussion on the absolute literal correctness of the 
 above definitions, nevertheless this division of 
 the general subject serves most admirably to 
 differentiate between waterproofing conditions 
 and dampproofing requirements and to qualify 
 the various materials into either waterproofing 
 or dampproofing products. 
 
 It was only a few years ago that in the absence 
 of any comprehensive understanding of this 
 subject, transparent washes were recommended 
 in the literature of manufacturers for treating 
 foundations, tunnels and general subterra con- 
 struction, with no apparent recognition that 
 such materials have absolutely no application 
 to these severe requirements. By making the 
 above separation of this general subject, and 
 with further sub-division of each individual part, 
 the various materials can be very simply classi- 
 fied and confined for treating conditions where 
 they have a useful and valuable application. 
 
 In a paper from one of our larger universities, 
 which recently appeared in the technical press, 
 the following statement was included in the 
 introductory remarks : "Waterproofing materials 
 for use with concrete are divided into four gen- 
 eral classes Membrane, Integral, Surface 
 Washes, and Oil Paint Films." Such a statement 
 can only be confusing, as it does not suggest or 
 indicate any differentiation between the proper- 
 ties of the various materials which are suggested 
 and is, in fact, no more progressive than the 
 general understanding of the subject a few years 
 
K unfortunate and 
 
 ago whcj"i Jit/w&s {ir? & 
 chaotic condition. 
 
 In the absence of a classification of this 
 subject, it is very confusing to the engineer or 
 architect to know exactly what material to select 
 for any particular condition. Naturally, each 
 particular product or method has some special 
 properties that make it advantageous for certain 
 conditions, and at the same time may have 
 limitations that would correctly prohibit its use 
 under certain requirements. Is it not advan- 
 tageous to the development of this important 
 subject to carefully consider the properties and 
 behavior of each particular method, and so 
 classify it as to be able to select the material 
 and the method that best suit a certain fixed 
 condition? 
 
 The architect or engineer will find the follow- 
 ing classification of this subject a big advantage 
 in preparing his specifications and also in his 
 general consulting work. As an example : If a 
 client should inquire whether a simple trans- 
 parent wash was applicable for treating the in- 
 terior of a reservoir of considerable depth, he 
 could very much simplify his reply with the 
 advice that the method suggested by the client 
 is fundamentally a dampproofing treatment and 
 confined to conditions subjected only to damp- 
 ness and has no application to a condition where 
 hydrostatic pressure is to be withstood. The 
 client can be easily made to recognize that his 
 condition is literally a waterproofing require- 
 ment and that he must employ a method that has 
 actual waterproofing value and not simply a 
 material with such limitations as will only per- 
 mit its use for dampproofing requirements. 
 
 Both the subject of dampproofing and of 
 waterproofing can be sub-divided into various 
 sub-headings, each of which has characteristic 
 properties and insures quite a complete and 
 comprehensive understanding of the full subject. 
 The following discussion develops quite a full 
 sub-classification of the two general subjects, 
 with comment on the distinctive properties and 
 values of each separate sub-class. 
 
 The subject of dampproofing, which we have 
 already defined as correctly applying to a con- 
 sideration of methods and means of keeping 
 water and dampness out of the superstructure of 
 buildings, may be very simply sub-divided into 
 the three following classes, viz: 
 
 A Transparent Coatings and Treatments. 
 B Opaque Decorative Coatings. 
 C Special Bituminous Coatings. 
 
 This classification is quite a complete one and 
 includes practically every treatment that has 
 
 ever been suggested or used to any practical 
 extent in connection with the treatment of 
 exterior exposed walls above grade line. 
 
 Again, the above classification of damp- 
 proofing treatments may be further sub-divided. 
 The method involving the use of transparent 
 coatings may be sub-divided into three quite 
 characteristic sub-heads, viz: 
 
 (1) The Sylvester Process. 
 (2) Hot Paramne and Waxes. 
 (3) Special Proprietary Products. 
 
 (1) The Sylvester Process is one of the 
 oldest dampproofing treatments, and while it 
 has been used to some practical extent, it is at 
 the present time very seldom considered. The 
 Sylvester Process provides for the alternate 
 treatment of a porous masonry surface with 
 solutions of soap and alum. These solutions 
 are preferably applied hot so as to insure good 
 penetration and to accelerate the chemical re- 
 action between the two materials. The theory 
 of this treatment is to provide by inter-reaction 
 of the soap and the alum, an aluminum salt of 
 the fat contained in the soap, which will be 
 deposited in the pores of the surface and tend 
 to repel the moisture. While from a theoretical 
 standpoint, the treatment may appear to be quite 
 an effective one, yet on a practical consideration 
 it is not very satisfactory. It is necessary to 
 make a number of alternate applications of the 
 soap and alum in order to obtain a sufficient 
 quantity of the aluminum soap to provide any 
 repellent or dampproofing action. The number 
 of coats required is made necessary by the fact 
 that the conditions of contact between the wash 
 applications of soap and alum are not such as to 
 insure a good, thorough chemical reaction be- 
 tween the two materials, and there is necessarily 
 considerably soluble material left in the pores 
 that is not utilized, due to the poor and inade- 
 quate physical contact. 
 
 (2) The second classification of transparent 
 dampproofing treatments covers all of the var- 
 ious methods which have been proposed and 
 used, involving the heating of the masonry 
 surface and the application of melted paraffine 
 or wax. While a dampproofing treatment of 
 this type can be made very effective, its applica- 
 cation is necessarily limited to only special 
 cases where the high cost of its application is 
 not prohibitory. The application can only be 
 made slowly, as the surface has to be heated 
 with a blow torch, and only when at the proper 
 temperature can the melted paraffine or wax be 
 applied, to insure the proper penetration and 
 
A-Transparent Coatings and 
 Treatments 
 
 { DAMPPROOFING 
 
 Protection of 
 
 Structural 
 
 Materials 
 
 Against 
 
 Disintegrating 
 
 Action of 
 
 Water 
 
 B-Opaque Decorative 
 Coatings 
 
 (1) Sylvester Process 
 
 , (2) Hot Paraffins and 
 Waxes 
 
 (3) Special Proprietary 
 Products 
 
 (1) Various Cement 
 Washes 
 
 (2) Common Oil 
 Coatings 
 
 (3) Special Proprie- 
 tary Cement 
 Coatings 
 
 C-Special Bituminous Coatings 
 
 (1) Finely powdered 
 dry compounds 
 mixed with dry 
 cement 
 
 A-Integral 
 
 (WATERPROOFING 
 
 (2) Compounds 
 either in liquid 
 or paste form 
 added to water 
 used to temper 
 concrete 
 
 (a) Repellent 
 \ (b) Non-repellent 
 (c) Metallic 
 
 (a) Unsaturated 
 Colloids 
 
 (b) Extended 
 Colloids 
 
 (c) Concentrated 
 Colloids 
 
 f (1) Coal Tar Pitch 
 B-Membrane < (2) Natural Asphalts 
 
 I, (3) Special Bituminous Compositions 
 
 absorption of the repellent material into the 
 pores of the surface. 
 
 A very representative incident of the use of 
 this method for preserving masonry exposed to 
 weather exposure is the application to Cleo- 
 patra's Needle in Grand Central Park, New 
 York City, in 1885. This obelisk, while resisting 
 the climatic exposure of old Egypt for ages, soon 
 developed indications of rapid superficial decay 
 when subjected to the climatic conditions char- 
 acteristic of our country. This stone was quite 
 absorbent and as a result of the freezing of 
 water in the pores, the outer surface of the stone 
 was slowly disintegrating. In cleaning the 
 obelisk previous to the application of the hot 
 paraffine, about two and one-half barrels of 
 pieces, weighing a total of nearly 780 pounds, 
 were removed. Some of the pieces were so much 
 decayed and disintegrated that they would 
 crumble easily when removed from the surface. 
 After removing the outer crust of disintegrated 
 stone, the entire surface of about 270 square 
 yards was heated and then immediately treated 
 with a hot solution of paraffine. 
 
 (3) The third class of transparent treat- 
 ments, viz: Special Proprietary Products, sug- 
 gests quite an interesting and unfortunate 
 chapter in the history of the development of 
 the general subject of the preservation of struc- 
 tural work against the disintegrating action of 
 
 water. Following the general recognition that 
 one of the objections to concrete construction 
 was its absorbent nature, there appeared on the 
 market an almost innumerable number of trans- 
 parent liquids presented with the most extra- 
 ordinary and extravagant claims. According to 
 the literature of the several manufacturers of 
 these products, there was absolutely no condi- 
 tion associated with the general protection 
 against water in constructional work that could 
 not be very effectively and efficiently overcome 
 by a simple application of their product. There 
 was no intent or indication of a proper recogni- 
 tion of the limitations of a transparent treat- 
 ment, but they were recommended without 
 qualification for tunnels, foundations, reservoirs, 
 tanks, etc., in fact, every single condition that 
 would require waterproofing treatment would 
 find the manufacturers of these transparent 
 treatments recommending their materials. 
 
 It will always be the subject of a great deal of 
 regret on the part of all who are vitally inter- 
 ested in the scientific development of this im- 
 portant subject, that the manufacturers of 
 these various transparent treatments did not 
 exercise greater judgment in recognizing the 
 limitations of their products. They were un- 
 fortunately prompted alone by the mercenary 
 instinct of a quick return and profit on the sale 
 of their material, not realizing that the ineffec- 
 
tive and unsatisfactory results which would 
 follow the use of their materials would tend to 
 establish a general skepticism, and, in fact, dis- 
 belief in the efficiency and value of all water- 
 proofing materials. 
 
 Practically all of the earlier proprietary 
 transparent dampproofing products were nothing 
 more or less than low melting point paraffines or 
 waxes which had been melted and fluxed back 
 into a volatile solvent. The theory of such a 
 preparation is entirely correct, but unfortunately 
 these several paraffines and waxes can only be 
 dissolved in solvents to a very limited extent, 
 producing a product that actually carries a very 
 small amount of repellent base and an excessive 
 amount of volatile material. On application to 
 the surface, practically 90 to 95 per cent of the 
 original material would be lost by evaporation, 
 leaving only a small residue deposited in the pores 
 of the surface. It would require a number of 
 repeated applications in order to leave deposited 
 in the pores of the surface a sufficient quantity 
 of the repellent base to provide any efficient 
 dampproofing results. Of course, it was usually 
 recommended with these materials that two 
 coats were all that was necessary in order to 
 provide efficient dampproofing results. 
 
 There were a few materials that involved a 
 little more technical effort than the simple so- 
 lution of paraffine or waxes, but in the majority 
 of cases only a small amount of actual total 
 solids was introduced and not sufficient to im- 
 part any satisfactory dampproofing results to 
 the surface over which they were applied. 
 
 The reason for not making more successful 
 early progress on a transparent dampproofing 
 treatment of this character is unquestionably 
 the fact that the condition is by no means a 
 simple one. A satisfactory transparent damp- 
 proofing material that is applied cold with a 
 brush must be one that is practically colorless, 
 as any tendency for the material to stain or dis- 
 color the surface is highly objectionable. Nature, 
 unfortunately, has not provided many materials 
 that offer possibilities for producing a product 
 of this kind. The majority of products, when 
 used in quantity sufficient to provide the neces- 
 sary amount of total solids to give efficient 
 dampproofing results, will impart such a color 
 to the material that when used over stone that 
 is more or less sensitive to discoloration, it will 
 become badly stained, and the injury will be 
 more serious than the difficulty which it was 
 originally intended to overcome. 
 
 The repellent base held in solution in such 
 transparent materials must also be of such a 
 nature as will be more or less transparent after 
 the volatile material has evaporated. This is an 
 essential requirement, as the transparent treat- 
 ments are used quite generally over porous 
 
 brick or stone surfaces of various colors, and if 
 the coating tends to leave a white deposit after 
 evaporation of the volatile material, it will 
 stand out in contrast to the colored masonry 
 surface and appear as if the surface had a slight 
 efflorescence. 
 
 The difficulties which the requirements for 
 such a material presented, and the complaints 
 which followed the use of so many of the in- 
 ferior products, have resulted in the slow disap- 
 pearance of a great number of products that 
 originally appeared, and today there are only 
 two or three of the materials on the market 
 that were numbered originally among the great 
 list of special products. 
 
 It is a problem that has involved a great deal 
 of careful scientific investigation in order to 
 select such materials which, due to their chem- 
 ical affinity, can be so combined as to produce a 
 synthetic base which has the properties of dis- 
 solving in the combination of solvents, to yield 
 a product that will contain a comparatively 
 high percentage of base so that when applied to 
 a surface and the volatile material has evapo- 
 rated, there will be a sufficient quantity of 
 material deposited in the pores to fill them and 
 change their natural absorbent nature to a 
 negative repellent action. 
 
 B The second class of general dampproof- 
 ing treatments, viz: Opaque Decorative Coat- 
 ings, may be sub-divided similarly to transpar- 
 ent treatments, affording a very simple con- 
 sideration of this important part of the general 
 subject of dampproofing. This classification is 
 as follows: 
 
 B Opaque Decorative Coatings. 
 
 (1) Various Cement Washes. 
 
 (2) Common Oil Coatings. 
 
 (3) Special Proprietary Cement Coatings. 
 
 (1) The first conception of applying an 
 opaque decorative treatment is evidenced in the 
 use of a mixture of cement and water applied 
 with a brush, for the dual purpose of obscuring 
 any imperfections in the surface and giving an 
 outer shell that is of a denser texture, so as to 
 protect the masonry from the penetration or 
 absorption of moisture. While this treatment 
 is more or less effective in uniforming the ap- 
 pearance of the surface, it hardly possesses any 
 great or efficient dampproofing results. This is 
 due to the fact that the cement is mixed with 
 water and when applied the water occupies a 
 definite volume and on evaporation leaves the 
 surface full of small microscopic pores and aper- 
 tures through which water can penetrate. 
 
 There is also considerable trouble experi- 
 enced in using a cement wash, due to the diffi- 
 culty in obtaining a satisfactory bond to the 
 masonry surface, if the material is not applied 
 
to concrete that has not fully hardened. The 
 usual result with a cement wash is that the 
 coating will be efficient for a little time but 
 after having been subjected to frost when thor- 
 oughly wet and saturated, it will be forced off 
 from the surface by the expansion of the water 
 on freezing, and any possible efficiency and 
 value which it might originally have contributed 
 entirely destroyed. 
 
 (2) The second class of opaque dampproof- 
 ing treatments, viz.: ordinary oil paints, has 
 been tried at various times with unsatisfactory 
 results. This is very obviously due to the fact 
 that in contrast to a wood or metal surface, a 
 concrete surface is chemically active, due to the 
 presence of alkali. When a common oil paint is 
 applied over wood or metal, there is no chemical 
 influence to in any way interfere with its nor- 
 mal process of drying to a tough, elastic linoxyn 
 film. When such a product is applied over a 
 concrete surface, the condition is distinctly 
 different. 
 
 In the natural process of hydration of Port- 
 land cement, there is developed approximately 
 37 per cent of calcium hydroxide. It is the pres- 
 ence of this calcium hydroxide that contributes 
 a distinctive alkaline nature to concrete sur- 
 faces. Any drying oil, such as linseed, is easily 
 decomposed when in contact with an alkali, 
 tending to form a soap of the metal represented 
 in the alkali. In accordance with this natural 
 characteristic of a drying oil, the calcium 
 hydroxide reacts with the oil, forming a calcium 
 soap which entirely destroys the characteristic 
 toughness, elasticity and durability of the prod- 
 uct. In place of a weather-resisting and pre- 
 serving paint film, as would result if the mate- 
 rial were applied over a wood or metal surface, 
 only a sticky, incoherent, easily-perishing coat- 
 ing is left, presenting absolutely no damp- 
 proofing or uniforming effect. 
 
 Periodically we hear from various sources 
 comment in regard to the use of lead and oil 
 on concrete, which may be suggested by an 
 occasional application that is more or less satis- 
 factory. Actually, bitter experience has indi- 
 cated that an oil paint is not adapted in its 
 constituency to a concrete surface, and so long 
 as a concrete surface is characterized by the 
 presence of alkali which, in fact, is an in- 
 separable property it will be impractical to 
 attempt to use a product containing an oil that 
 is so easily saponified. 
 
 Common oil paint is generally characterized 
 by a glossy texture which is an objection for 
 treating concrete surfaces. There is stability, 
 strength and endurance associated with a 
 masonry surface, and it is not consistent with 
 good architectural treatment to apply an oil 
 paint coating that will impart a glossy appear- 
 
 ance so strongly contrasted to the naturally 
 soft, flat texture of masonry surfaces. 
 
 (3) The third method of opaque damp- 
 proofing treatments, viz.: specialized cement 
 coatings, offers the greatest opportunity for 
 producing effective and satisfactory damp- 
 proofing results. With a full knowledge of the 
 physical and chemical characteristics of a con- 
 crete or masonry surface, it is possible to select 
 raw materials and so treat and combine them 
 as to produce a product that is in every sense a 
 specialized cement coating. Such a product 
 cannot be produced by any effort to re-adapt a 
 common oil paint, but must be built up funda- 
 mentally from special materials which, due to 
 their physical characteristics and chemical 
 properties, are suited for the production of a 
 strictly specialized product. 
 
 C The third class of dampproofing treat- 
 ment involves the application of bituminous 
 products to the interior of exposed walls. The 
 treatments in the first two classes as outlined 
 above are applied to the exterior of the super- 
 structure, while the special bituminous prod- 
 ucts are distinct in being applied to the inside 
 of the wall. 
 
 These products are black in appearance and 
 usually of quite heavy body, being applied with 
 a brush so as to provide a thoroughly contin- 
 uous coating. They are characterized by indefi- 
 nitely remaining tacky, and provide bond for a 
 coat of plaster applied directly to the coated 
 surface. It is to be emphasized that the prime 
 purpose in the application of such products to 
 interior walls is for dampproofing results, and 
 the fact that they have the associated property of 
 bonding a coat of plaster is distinctly secondary. 
 
 It has become a very general practice in con- 
 struction work to provide for the application of 
 such a dampproofing on the interior of all ex- 
 posed walls, as it gives an element in the wall 
 that will prevent the continuous penetration of 
 dampness or moisture through the wall, which 
 would injure and destroy the interior decora- 
 tions and produce a damp and unhealthful 
 condition. 
 
 The subject of waterproofing proper, as we 
 have defined applying to the treatment of sub- 
 terra construction and structures intended for 
 retaining and containing water under hydro- 
 static head, may very correctly be divided into 
 the two characteristic methods, viz.: Integral 
 and Membrane, each of which has further sub- 
 divisions. 
 
 The Integral Method of waterproofing in- 
 volves the addition of compounds to the con- 
 crete at the time it is placed, and becomes a 
 unit or integral part of the mass. This method 
 is also known as the Rigid Method of treatment 
 in distinction to the Membrane, which permits 
 
greater movement and conformation in the 
 structure without injuring the effectiveness of 
 the waterproofing treatment. 
 
 The Integral Method has been received with 
 a great deal of favor by engineers, and its appli- 
 cation has been increasing quite rapidly. Un- 
 doubtedly the more general selection and speci- 
 fication of the Integral Method in preference to 
 the Membrane, in general substructural con- 
 crete work, is due to the fact that the develop- 
 ment in the design of reinforced concrete has 
 served to enable the engineer to anticipate his 
 tensile stresses and strain and provide against 
 the rupture or cracking in the concrete by in- 
 troduction of the proper area of steel. For all 
 concrete construction work where proper rein- 
 forcing or provisions are made against cracking, 
 the Integral Method is by far the most satisfac- 
 tory, due to its greater general economy. 
 Various compounds which are used for general 
 integral waterproofing requirements may be 
 divided into two classes characterized by the 
 physical condition in which they are added to 
 the concrete, viz.: 
 
 (1) Finely powdered dry compounds 
 which are mixed with the dry 
 cement. 
 
 A Integral \ (2) Compounds either in liquid or paste 
 form which are added directly to 
 the water used to temper the dry 
 mixture of cement and aggregate. 
 
 The products coming under the first classi- 
 fication may be further divided, due to their 
 characteristic physical properties, into three 
 classes, viz.: 
 
 I (a) Repellent. 
 
 (1) Finely Powdered Compounds <j (b) Non-repellent. 
 Mixed with Dry Cement. [ (c) Metallic. 
 
 (a) The repellents were the first integral 
 waterproofing compounds to be generally used. 
 These materials are usually the metallic salts of 
 various fatty acids that impart their charac- 
 teristic repellent properties. The larger pro- 
 portion of the repellent compounds are the 
 lime salt of a fatty acid, combined with a 
 greater or lesser content of hydrated lime. 
 Such lime soaps were undoubtedly originally 
 chosen as waterproofing compounds due to 
 their characteristic water-repellent properties. 
 The repellent feature of such a compound is an 
 excellent property to possess when the material 
 is uniformly and homogeneously distributed in 
 the mass of the concrete, but its repellent na- 
 ture makes even distribution quite difficult. 
 
 In the practical application of these dry re- 
 pellent powders, the material is mixed in pro- 
 portions varying from 1 to 5 per cent with the 
 dry cement. The treated cement is then com- 
 bined with the aggregate and tempered with 
 water to proper consistency. It develops in 
 practical operations that regardless of the care 
 
 that may be exercised in the careful and thor- 
 ough dry mixing of the repellent powders with 
 the dry cement, there is the characteristic 
 tendency to be expelled from the careful mix- 
 ture when water has been added. This, of 
 course, is particularly true when the concrete 
 is mixed quite wet and there is greater oppor- 
 tunity for flow throughout the mass of con- 
 crete. In dry mixtures, such as are quite gener- 
 ally used in facing concrete blocks and artificial 
 stone, the dry repellent powders can be used 
 quite successfully, as the distribution can be 
 maintained by holding the compound en- 
 trapped and imprisoned throughout the mass, 
 with no opportunity to manifest its repellent 
 properties, due to the dryness of the mixture. 
 For general concrete operations, however, the 
 repellent properties are greatly limited, due to 
 their repellent action. The presence of quite a 
 large percentage of hydrated lime is essential 
 to serve as a ballast for the repellent material. 
 
 (b) The objection which has been taken by 
 the engineering fraternity to the use of repel- 
 lent products on account of the uncertainty in 
 uniform results, has been a natural incentive 
 to develop products which do not show this re- 
 pellent action. These products are usually 
 constituted on a basis of hydrated clay, alumi- 
 num hydroxide or some similar inorganic col- 
 loidal substance. In manufacture they are 
 ground extremely fine so as to develop the larg- 
 est possible surface area to intensify colloidal 
 development. The partial efficiency of such 
 materials is contributed by their void-filling 
 value. They are also recommended as bene- 
 ficial in lubricating the mass of concrete so 
 that it flows together in a tighter and closer 
 mass. 
 
 The limitation of such materials is due 
 primarily to the fact that the products which 
 are used, while of a characteristic colloidal 
 nature, have not the capacity for sufficient col- 
 loidal development to fill out all the voids and 
 apertures of a concrete mass and give a density 
 that is absolutely impermeable. There is also 
 considerable doubt in regard to the perma- 
 nency of the colloids, due to the fact that when 
 given opportunity of drying out there is some 
 difficulty and delay experienced in their revert- 
 ing back to their original colloidal volume. 
 
 (c) To complete the classification of various 
 integral waterproofings which are mixed with 
 the dry cement, metallic compounds should be 
 mentioned. These products consist primarily 
 of very finely ground metallic iron, and in their 
 integral application are mixed dry with the 
 cement in a similar procedure to other dry 
 integral products. 
 
 The theory of the action of such products is 
 the increase in volume that occurs from the 
 
oxidation of the iron. When the process is com- 
 plete, in place of the fine particles of iron, there 
 is developed the hydrated oxide, which occupies 
 a volume much larger than is the case with the 
 original iron particle. The great difficulty, 
 however, in obtaining satisfactory results with 
 the metallic powders when used in integral 
 application is the fact that cement itself is 
 strongly basic and the presence of the hydroxyl 
 ions developed in the crystallization of the 
 cement naturally inhibits corrosion and pre- 
 vents the oxidation and development of the iron 
 throughout the mass of concrete, which is 
 essential for efficient results. 
 
 The second class of integral waterproofing 
 compounds which are added directly to the 
 water, either in liquid or paste form, has the 
 great advantage of absolute certainty in even, 
 uniform distribution throughout the concrete. 
 These products are generally readily miscible 
 with water, forming a colloidal suspension in 
 the water, and as a result of thorough mixing 
 of the water with the cementing materials, are 
 correspondingly uniformly distributed through- 
 out the entire mass. The compounds in this 
 class may for the most complete consideration 
 be divided into the three following classes: 
 
 (2) Compounds in liquid 
 or paste form added 
 directly to water 
 used to temper con- 
 crete. 
 
 (a) Unsaturated Colloids 
 
 (b) Extended Colloids 
 
 (c) Concentrated Colloids 
 
 (a) Under this class are included practically 
 all compounds which contain unsaturated fatty 
 acids that require reaction with the constituents 
 of the cement in order to form the final water- 
 proofing compound. These products are usually 
 mixed with the water used to temper the con- 
 crete in proportions varying from 1:25 to 1:50. 
 
 The great general objection to the use of un- 
 saturated colloids is the uncertainty of the 
 effect upon the tensile and compressive strength 
 of the concrete. The one constituent in the 
 cement that is most reactive with the fatty 
 acids in these unsaturated compounds is the 
 calcium hydroxide, which also plays a very 
 important part in the normal setting and hard- 
 ening of the cement. The utilization of a 
 portion of the calcium hydroxide for reaction 
 with the unsaturated compound to form a 
 waterproofing colloid will proportionately de- 
 tract from the strength which the calcium 
 hydroxide is intended to contribute in the 
 normal hardening of the cement. 
 
 (b) Products included under the classifi- 
 cation of extended colloids are not usually 
 characterized by any tendency to enter into 
 reaction with the constituents of the cement, 
 but contribute their efficiency by the charac- 
 teristic colloidal nature of the compounds 
 themselves. The limitation of the extended 
 
 colloids is in the fact that in the process em- 
 ployed in the manufacture of the products, 
 there is invariably associated with the ex- 
 tended colloidal compound more or less inert 
 material which is not particularly beneficial in 
 contributing waterproofing value. The presence 
 of varying percentages of inert and inactive 
 materials associated with the colloidal com- 
 pounds naturally makes these compounds un- 
 economical, as they must necessarily be used 
 in quite rich proportion in order to carry in 
 sufficient of the colloidal substance to give 
 satisfactory waterproofing results. 
 
 (c) The products included in this class are 
 a further development of the extended colloids 
 in that they contain only materials of a strictly 
 colloidal nature, which are capable of contrib- 
 uting waterproofing value. In their manufac- 
 ture the inert and inactive materials have been 
 eliminated, so that the final product contains 
 only colloidal substances and so combined as to 
 develop the maximum colloidal value. The 
 fact that such products are concentrated affords 
 the maximum economy, as they can be used in 
 leaner proportions and still provide the col- 
 loidal volume that is essential to fill out all the 
 pores and apertures in the concrete and give the 
 density necessary for impermeability. 
 
 B The second general division of the literal 
 subject of waterproofing differs distinctly from 
 the integral method in that it does not attempt 
 to treat the concrete, but rather to insulate it 
 from contact with water by enveloping the 
 structure in a continuous bituminous shield. 
 The fact that the membrane is not a rigid or 
 unit part of the structure permits a certain 
 freedom of movement and action in the con- 
 crete without impairing the efficiency of the 
 waterproofing treatment. This feature of the 
 membrane system makes it suitable for water- 
 proofing work not fully reinforced and liable to 
 settlement or subject to vibration or shock, 
 such as a railroad bridge. 
 
 It was early practice to simply coat the 
 surface to be waterproofed with hot tar or 
 asphalt, but it soon became evident that this 
 was not sufficient, as the coating would crack 
 with any movement in the wall. It was, there- 
 fore, necessary to employ some material in 
 addition to the bitumen in order to contribute 
 the necessary toughness and tensile strength. 
 Burlap and coal tar felt have been extensively 
 used for this purpose and some very satisfactory 
 waterproofing operations have been carried 
 out with such materials. During the last few 
 years considerably more attention has been 
 given to the nature of the waterproofing felt, 
 and as a result there are now on the market 
 especially manufactured felts which are both 
 saturated and coated with bitumen and possess 
 greater pliability and strength. By means of 
 
these felts more perfect membranes can be 
 constructed, as the strength and toughness of 
 the felt permit greater distortion and twisting 
 to accommodate it to the design of the work. 
 
 The bitumens most generally used for ce- 
 menting the felt together in constructing the 
 membrane are coal tar pitch, commercial 
 asphalt and special asphaltic compositions. 
 While the general method in the application of 
 the reinforcing felt and fabric with the bitu- 
 mens is practically the same with all of the 
 materials, there is considerable discussion in 
 the engineering fraternity at the present time 
 regarding the bitumens that are the most satis- 
 factory. The discussions primarily concern 
 the treatment of overhead railroad bridges to 
 protect the public from dripping and also to 
 protect the steel from corrosion. At the pres- 
 ent time there is quite an apparent diversity of 
 opinion among railroad engineers as regards 
 the selection of the bitumen that is best suited 
 for this treatment. The present consensus of 
 opinion seems to favor the use of asphalts when 
 
 exposed to the air, as they are more resistive to 
 oxidation than is the case with coal tar prod- 
 ucts. The coal tar products are given prefer- 
 ence in their application to subterra construc- 
 tion, where they are covered with earth filling 
 and not exposed to free oxidation. In selecting 
 any bitumen for waterproofing purposes, care 
 should be taken to obtain a material at as low 
 a melting point as the nature of the work will 
 permit, as it not only insures greater elasticity 
 when subject to cold temperture, but works 
 much more freely and easily in applying. 
 
 The special asphalts which are used quite 
 generally for membrane waterproofing are 
 usually manufactured from a hard hydrocar- 
 bon, such as gilsonite, tempered with a petro- 
 leum residuum to impart the necessary elasticity. 
 The residuums used in the preparation of these 
 asphalts should be preferably strictly asphalt 
 bases and contain the minimum percentage of 
 paraffin which, being of a lubricating nature, 
 impairs the necessary bonding properties of the 
 asphalt. 
 
 The Grand Central Terminal, New York, N. Y. 
 Service Room floors waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
CHAPTER TWO 
 
 Analytical Reasons for the Necessity of 
 Incorporating a Waterproofing Compound 
 
 in Concrete 
 
 Importance of density in structural materials for Strength and Resistance Danger of Porosity 
 
 Causes of Porosity Examples Porosity of Concrete Why Concrete is Porous Function of 
 Integral Waterproofing in eliminating Porosity Importance of Repellancy in Integral Water- 
 proofing Compounds Importance of Colloidal Properties in Integral Waterproofings. 
 
 In determining the strength and resistance 
 of structural materials, one of the most im- 
 portant properties to consider is density. 
 With density are associated solidity, strength 
 and endurance. Contrasted with density, con- 
 sidered as the proportion of mass or quantity 
 of matter to volume, porosity would represent 
 the actual unoccupied space in the total volume. 
 With porosity are associated weakness, deficiency 
 and decay. 
 
 The metallic structural materials, such as 
 iron and steel, have the highest densities. In the 
 processes employed in the manufacture of steel, 
 the conditions are all favorable for producing 
 a product of high density. Also, in the subse- 
 quent rolling and shaping of the metal the 
 treatment is one tending in the direction of 
 greater density and greater compactness. In 
 the process of cooling after the metal has been 
 poured in the forms, also in the treatment which 
 the metal receives in the process of rolling and 
 shaping, there is no substantial evaporation or 
 volatilization of any constituent or inherent part 
 of the metal. In the absence of elimination of 
 any constituent part after the metal has taken 
 definite shape or definite volume, there is no 
 opportunity for developing unoccupied space or 
 volume so as to impart porous characteristics 
 to the metal. The constituents and elements 
 of the metal are fixative and there is no char- 
 acteristic elimination of any substance by any 
 processes that would develop porosity. 
 
 It is also characteristic of various rocks that 
 are employed extensively in construction work 
 to possess a high ratio in the proportion of actual 
 mass or quantity of matter to bulk or volume. 
 This high density is due to the fact that in the 
 mineralogical formation of the rock the processes 
 were such as tended to fill out with mass all 
 available volume and not leave any unoccupied 
 space in the final formation. 
 
 In structural materials as well as the ma- 
 jority of other substances which are character- 
 ized by low density, the porosity is generally 
 formed by the elimination, either by volatiliza- 
 tion or evaporation, of some original constituent 
 of the particular substance. 
 
 Charcoal is a characteristic porous substance. 
 Charcoal, as is general knowledge, is prepared by 
 the dry distillation of wood. Wood in the 
 original form consists of cellulose, resins, lignine, 
 and various inorganic salts and water. After 
 dry distillation at a temperature of 400 to 450 
 degrees Centigrade, which is the characteristic 
 temperature in the preparation of charcoal, all 
 of the volatile matter is driven off and the 
 residual charcoal consists of practically the 
 fixed carbon and the inorganic constituents of 
 the wood, representing only about three-fourths 
 of the volume and usually about twenty per 
 cent of the weight of the original wood. 
 
 Similarly, our common coke is manufactured 
 by the destructive distillation of coal. The 
 actual porosity of the coke will naturally depend 
 upon the nature of the coal from which the coke 
 is produced. With anthracite coal the volatile 
 hydrocarbons are low, while with bituminous 
 coals the volatile hydrocarbons are high, and 
 the actual porosity or unoccupied volume in 
 the coke will be in direct proportion to the per- 
 centage of volatile hydrocarbons which is elim- 
 inated in the distillation of the coal. 
 
 Quick lime serves as an excellent example of 
 a substance of low density, due to the high 
 porosity resulting from the elimination of the 
 carbon dioxide from the limestone burned to 
 produce the quick lime. As a result of the loss 
 of water, organic matter and carbon dioxide 
 during the burning of limestone, there is a great 
 reduction in the weight of the original material, 
 but only a slight decrease in its volume. As a 
 general case, 100 pounds of good limestone yield 
 
about 58 pounds of lime, but the shrinkage in 
 bulk is not over 10 to 15 per cent of the original 
 volume of the limestone. The small reduction 
 in volume during burning, compared with the 
 big loss in actual weight, indicates the develop- 
 ment of a very porous structure in the quick 
 lime in direct proportion to the volume left 
 unoccupied by the elimination of the constituents 
 driven off in heating. 
 
 The porosity of our common burnt brick is 
 largely in proportion to the water, inorganic 
 matter and gasses which result from the decom- 
 position of the carbonates and similar minerals 
 present in the clay. While the brick after being 
 pressed is quite compact and dense, after being 
 burned the structure is quite porous, due to 
 elimination of the above substances. 
 
 It is to be emphasized in citing the above 
 examples that in a large number of cases the 
 actual porosity of a substance is in direct pro- 
 portion to the original constituents which are 
 eliminated by natural evaporation or in gase- 
 ous form under the action of heat. With steel 
 there is no constituent for substantial evapora- 
 tion after the material has reached the molten 
 state, and every treatment is one to produce 
 compactness and density, while with charcoal, 
 coke, lime, brick, etc., the treatment in manu- 
 facture involves the evaporation and elimination 
 of a large percentage of the original constituency, 
 leaving an unoccupied volume or porosity in 
 proportion to the eliminated elements. 
 
 Porosity, therefore, in connection with va- 
 rious substances can be quite accurately defined 
 to be in direct proportion to the volume left 
 unoccupied by the evaporation or elimination 
 of an original incompressible constituent. 
 
 According to this reasoning, the porosity 
 of concrete would be substantially in proportion 
 to the volume in the mass left unoccupied by 
 the evaporation of the larger portion of the 
 water which is an inportant constituent of the 
 original concrete. The function of the water 
 used for tempering and mixing Portland cement 
 concrete is both physical and chemical. A 
 comparatively large excess of the water is 
 required for the physical function of providing a 
 somewhat liquid consistency that will permit 
 the placing of the concrete in forms and its 
 spading and tamping to produce the greatest 
 compactness. Water is also necessary to enter 
 into chemical reaction with the cement to pro- 
 vide for the natural solution and hydration of 
 the cement essential to form the necessary 
 crystallization to bind and cement together 
 particles of inert aggregate. In the chemical 
 
 changes a portion of the water actually becomes 
 a constituent part of the final composition of 
 the hydrated cement, but the larger percentage 
 is unnecessary for hydration and is eliminated 
 by natural evaporation, depending upon the 
 mass of the concrete and the existing tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 In general concreting practice between 25 
 and 30 gallons of water are employed for tem- 
 pering a cubic yard of 1 :2 :4 concrete to a medium 
 wet consistency. Taking 27.5 gallons per cubic 
 yard as an average, and the weight of water at 
 8.34 pounds per gallon, there would obviously 
 be introduced into each cubic yard of concrete 
 approximately 229.35 pounds. As water under 
 normal conditions of temperature and pressure 
 weighs 62.5 pounds per cubic foot, the 229.35 
 pounds would be equivalent to 3.67 cubic feet 
 of water. According to this calculation, approxi- 
 mately 3.67 cubic feet of water are used for 
 tempering concrete comprising one cubic yard. 
 
 Estimating liberally that 25 per cent of this 
 water would be utilized in entering into actual 
 chemical reaction with the cement in the pro- 
 cesses of hydration, there still would remain 
 2.75 cubic feet of free water. Also making a 
 further liberal allowance that 25 per cent of 
 the 3.67 cubic feet of water is retained in the 
 colloidal development of the cement, there still 
 remains an absolute minimum of 1.84 cubic feet 
 of water to be eliminated by evaporation. This 
 is a little less than seven per cent of the total 
 volume, which would be left unoccupied by the 
 evaporation of the water. This factor agrees 
 quite favorably with observations that have 
 been made to determine the actual absorption of 
 a thoroughly dry concrete. 
 
 It is the function of an integral waterproofing 
 compound to occupy the volume left free and 
 unoccupied by the evaporation of the water. 
 The integral waterproofing compound should 
 correctly exhibit some repellent action after it 
 has been uniformly distributed throughout the 
 concrete. The development of this repellent 
 property is an advantage in preventing the 
 absorption of water into the capillary struc- 
 ture of the mass. 
 
 More important is the necessity of the integ- 
 ral waterproofing compound possessing col- 
 loidal properties or capacity of retaining a larger 
 percentage of the water to provide for full col- 
 loidal development of the integral waterproofing 
 compound, in order that through its voluminous 
 development all the pores that would otherwise 
 be left free and open may be occupied and full 
 density provided. 
 
CHAPTER THREE 
 
 The Physical Characteristics of Integral 
 Waterproofing Compounds 
 
 Waterproofing Powders and Pastes Methods of Introducing Waterproofing Powders into Con- 
 crete Theory underlying Waterproofing Powders Behavior of Powders in practical use Var- 
 ious types of Powders Methods of Introducing Waterproofing Pastes into Concrete Behavior 
 of Pastes in practical application The Simplicity of Pastes Illustrations. 
 
 With the rapid increase in the popularity of 
 the integral method of waterproofing, there has 
 occurred an interesting evolution in the nature 
 and characteristics of the integral waterproofing 
 compounds. 
 
 In the integral method the waterproofing 
 compound is introduced directly into the mass 
 of the concrete, and the thoroughness with 
 which it is distributed throughout the mass 
 depends very largely upon the physical charac- 
 teristics of the compound. 
 
 The method by which the integral water- 
 proofing compound is introduced into the con- 
 crete mass serves as a very simple, general means 
 of classification of the various integral products. 
 This classification would include the two general 
 heads of finely powdered dry compounds which 
 are mixed directly with the dry cement, and a 
 second class of compounds which, in either liquid 
 or paste form, are added directly to the water 
 used to temper the concrete. 
 
 The compounds furnished in finely ground 
 powder, which must be mixed evenly and uni- 
 formly with the dry cement, represent the 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 earlier conception of the requirements of an 
 integral waterproofing compound. In the prac- 
 tical use of these compounds, from two to five 
 pounds of the material are recommended to be 
 mixed dry with each bag of cement. To insure 
 effective mechanical distribution, it is necessary 
 that the required amount of material is thor- 
 oughly dry-mixed with the cement. This opera- 
 tion generally involves considerable labor and 
 has proved one of the serious handicaps which 
 has retarded the more extended use of the dry 
 compounds. 
 
 The compounds included under the general 
 class of dry powders which in application must 
 be mechanically mixed with the dry cement 
 can, for the most comprehensive consideration 
 of their physical properties, be divided into 
 repellents, non-repellents and metallics. All of 
 the various dry powder compounds, considered 
 from the standpoint of their physical character- 
 istics, are included under one of the above-men- 
 tioned classes. 
 
 The compounds which are characterized by 
 a repellent action to water were among the first 
 Figure i. of the dry powders that were generally used. 
 
The repellent properties of these compounds are 
 contributed entirely by the presence of metallic 
 soaps which have the inherent characteristic of 
 being immiscible with water. It was only quite 
 natural that these dry repellent soaps would be 
 among the earlier conceptions of the integral 
 waterproofing, as the interesting property of 
 being immiscible with water would readily sug- 
 gest that they possessed advantages in repelling 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
 water from entrance into the concrete, if they 
 could be introduced in a uniform distribution 
 throughout the concrete mass. 
 
 While theoretically this conception seems 
 excellent, yet in practical operations it has been 
 repeatedly demonstrated that the repellent 
 nature of the compounds is exactly the character- 
 istic that prohibits even and uniform results. 
 Regardless of the care that may be exercised to 
 insure the most even and uniform mechanical 
 mixing of the repellent compound with the dry 
 cement, when the cement is tempered with water 
 the compound has the marked tendency to 
 separate out, due to its immiscibility with the 
 water. 
 
 Figure No. 1 shows an interesting experiment 
 to demonstrate the marked repellent nature of 
 these compounds containing metallic soaps. 
 To a beaker about two-thirds full of distilled 
 water was added a weighed amount of a repre- 
 sentative repellent compound. The mixture 
 was subjected to very vigorous mechanical agita- 
 tion for several hours, and at the conclusion 
 practically all of the repellent compound was 
 still retained on the top of the water, showing no 
 tendency for mechanical mixing with the water. 
 It is exactly this repellent feature, which in 
 earlier conception seemed a valuable character- 
 istic, that has proven a serious objection to the 
 use of such compounds. 
 
 An interesting analogy emphasizing the 
 
 physical behavior of the repellent compounds 
 would be the result of an effort to keep finely 
 ground cork distributed throughout the mass 
 of the powder with which it was originally mixed 
 dry, when water was added to the powder so as 
 to produce a thin paste. Very naturally the cork, 
 due to its lighter gravity and its repellent action, 
 would separate itself from any uniform mechani- 
 cal distribution that might have originally been 
 provided, and tend to collect on top of the water. 
 
 Quite naturally the extent to which the dry 
 compound or repellent product will be ejected or 
 expelled from its mixture with the cement will 
 depend upon the consistency to which the con- 
 crete mass has been tempered with water. With 
 very dry mixtures the compound will be held 
 mechanically entrapped, but in mixtures that are 
 sufficiently wet to be consistent with those gen- 
 erally used in practical concreting, there is enough 
 opportunity for movement in the mass so that 
 the even distribution of the repellent compound 
 will be destroyed by its natural tendency to 
 stratify and segregate throughout the mass. 
 
 The second class of dry compounds that are 
 added directly to the cement is a very natural 
 evolution developing from the observed behav- 
 ior of and the objections to the repellent com- 
 pounds. With these non-repellents there is 
 naturally no difficulty experienced in maintain- 
 ing uniform distribution in the cement, as they 
 are as thoroughly miscible with water as the 
 cement itself. 
 
 One of the interesting features that is claimed 
 for these dry compounds is that due to their 
 colloidal nature they serve as lubricants and pro- 
 vide greater density due to the greater com- 
 pactness of the concrete. This lubricating 
 characteristic, intended to bring the particles 
 of aggregate and mortar in closer contact, is 
 doubtless one of some consideration, but this 
 simple property of an integral product is not 
 the prime function in determining the effective- 
 ness with which the concrete is rendered water- 
 proof. An integral waterproofing to be effective 
 must serve to accomplish a great deal more than 
 simply providing a little freer consistency in the 
 concrete that will insure its flowing together to a 
 little tighter and closer mass. 
 
 The important limitation of the non-repel- 
 lents is due primarily to the fact that the com- 
 pounds are not of such a nature, nor do they 
 lend themselves to any treatments that will 
 insure the development of their colloidal prop- 
 erties, which according to the latest conception 
 of integral waterproofing are essential for thor- 
 oughly effective results. While the compounds 
 may originally have some colloidal properties, 
 the non-repellents are characterized by colloids 
 which are termed technically non-reversible. 
 On the drying out of the concrete there is a 
 tendency for the non-repellents to lose their 
 colloidal properties in giving up their moisture. 
 
In this condition, even though the concrete may 
 again become wet, the non-repellents are ex- 
 tremely slow in reverting to their original state 
 and in some cases it is questionable if they have 
 any property of returning to their original col- 
 loidal condition, in order to develop to the 
 necessary volume to fill out and occupy all the 
 internal voids and interstices, essential to give 
 a density that will be impermeable. 
 
 For completeness in the classification of dry 
 powder compounds that are added directly to 
 the dry cement, mention should be made of the 
 metallic products. These compounds have con- 
 tributed very little to successful integral water- 
 proofing treatments, due primarily to the fact 
 that they are composed largely of finely ground 
 metallic iron. When mixed with cement and sur- 
 rounded by an alkaline medium, there is no 
 opportunity for corrosion or development of the 
 physical volume of the iron, and they remain 
 only as inert, inactive, mechanical fillers of 
 practically no more advantage in the mass than 
 fine aggregate. 
 
 The second general class of integral com- 
 pounds, namely the products which, either in 
 liquid or paste form, are added directly to the 
 water used to temper the concrete, marks the 
 most important and valuable improvement in 
 the subject of integral waterproofing. The 
 objection of the contractor to the added labor 
 cost and effort involved in the dry mixing of 
 the powder compounds with the cement, and 
 the intelligent criticism of the architect and 
 engineer in recognizing the impracticability of 
 keeping such compounds properly mixed with 
 the mass, were fully met and solved by the intro- 
 duction of products which are added through 
 the medium of the water. 
 
 Figure No. 2 illustrates an easily conducted 
 experiment which very clearly emphasizes the 
 
 Figure 4. 
 
 practical advantages of the compounds which 
 are added directly to the water. In this experi- 
 ment one part of a compound in paste consis- 
 tency was added to twenty-four parts of water, 
 and after very little agitation produced an even, 
 uniform mixture of milky appearance. In this 
 particular experiment the compound remained 
 for several hours in suspension, demonstrating 
 that on addition to the water the paste com- 
 pound formed an almost perfect colloidal sus- 
 pension in the water. 
 
 It is obvious that a paste compound of this 
 nature which, with very little agitation, be- 
 comes so thoroughly and uniformly mixed 
 with the water, with which it indefinitely re- 
 mains in suspension, will through the medium of 
 the water be carried throughout the entire mass 
 of the concrete and give a thoroughly uniform 
 waterproofing result. 
 
 In practical work the operation of the in- 
 troduction of the paste compounds which are 
 miscible with water can be very simply con- 
 ducted. Figure No. 3 illustrates a concreting 
 plant where a temporary platform has been 
 constructed above the mixer. This platform 
 should be built strong enough so as to support 
 the weights of a barrel of the waterproofing 
 compound, two barrels of water, together with the 
 weight of usually one workman, who will provide 
 for the mixing of the paste with the water in pro- 
 portions in which it is recommended to be used. 
 
 Figure No. 4 illustrates the simple method 
 of providing for two empty barrels, each con- 
 nected by pipe so as to deliver its contents 
 directly into the mixer. While the mixture of 
 paste and water in one barrel is being used for 
 tempering the concrete in the mixer below, a 
 new mixture of paste and water can be pre- 
 pared in the second barrel, and by this alternat- 
 ing process one barrel will always be in readiness 
 for use and there will be no opportunity for 
 retarding or in any way delaying the concreting 
 operation. 
 
 While the illustration shows two workmen on the plat- 
 form mixing the paste compound with the water, it is 
 generally accomplished by one man, as the paste com- 
 pound, to be a thoroughly effective and practical one 
 must mix with the water easily, so that the whole oper- 
 ation involves only placing a measured quantity of the 
 waterproofing in the barrel and then filling the latter with 
 water from a pipe connection that is provided on the 
 platform. 
 
 This method of introduction of the waterproofing 
 compound naturally appeals to the contractor, as it is 
 one that requires very little additional labor cost, since 
 the manipulation is so easy and simple. It in no way in- 
 terferes with the rate or speed of mixing the concrete, 
 as the workman on the platform will always have the 
 mixture of paste and water in proper proportion ready, 
 and by being elevated above the mixer is not in the way 
 so as to interfere with or complicate the conveying or 
 depositing of the concreting materials in the mixer. 
 
 The efficiency of the various integral waterproofings 
 which are added either in liquid or paste form directly to 
 the water is naturally governed by their chemical com- 
 position. This is disscussed in the following chapter. 
 
CHAPTER FOUR 
 
 The Colloidal Behavior of Integral 
 Waterproofing Compounds 
 
 Significance of Colloidal Characteristics as applied to Integral Waterproofings Difference be- 
 tween Portland Cement and Plaster of Paris Presence of Colloids in Portland Cement Semi- 
 Waterproofness of Portland Cement Mortar due to presence of Colloids Addition of sufficient 
 more Colloid to produce complete Waterproofness Types of Colloidal Material which will pro- 
 duce most complete and permanent Waterproofing results Manner in which they should be 
 
 introduced into the Concrete. 
 
 The significance of colloidal characteristics 
 as applied to integral waterproofings has devel- 
 oped with the increased knowledge on the 
 technology of Portland cement. Prominent 
 among the students of the technology of Port- 
 land cement is Doctor W. Michaelis, Sr., who 
 through his masterful work has given science a 
 great deal of additional valuable information 
 on the true constitution of and the processes 
 which occur in the hardening of hydraulic 
 cements. 
 
 Doctor Michaelis has very convincingly 
 shown in his investigations that in the processes 
 that characterize the hardening of Portland 
 cement, there is, in addition to the crystallizing 
 processes which have been brought out by earlier 
 investigators, a characteristic colloidal action 
 which actually serves a very important function 
 in the hardening and contributes very important 
 properties to the hardened body. 
 
 Portland cement considered as a product 
 hardening by crystallizing action alone, its 
 general characteristics would be quite similar 
 to those of plaster of Paris, which is also a 
 hydraulic material. It is common knowledge, 
 however, that any composition of which plaster 
 of Paris is the sole cementing agency does not 
 possess the property of resistance to continued 
 weather exposure. The most important reason 
 to explain the characteristic weather- and time- 
 resisting qualities of Portland cement mortar or 
 concrete as compared to a plaster of Paris mix- 
 ture is the presence of the colloidal substance 
 that is formed in the process of hardening of 
 Portland cement, in addition to the crystallizing 
 action, and which is not a characteristic of 
 plaster of Paris. 
 
 Chemically, the colloidal body that occurs in 
 the hardening of Portland cement results from 
 reaction between the silica and lime forming a 
 calcium silicate. The fact that the product is 
 formed in the presence of an excessive amount 
 of water, provides for more or less water entering 
 into the composition of the compound, which, 
 
 due to the rather energetic and rapid reaction, 
 forms a highly developed colloidal body, giving 
 in its accurate technical nomenclature a col- 
 loidal calcium hydrosilicate. For simplicity, 
 Doctor Michaelis refers to this colloidal body 
 as a hydrogel, and the greater number of its 
 more general characteristics can be better 
 visualized by conceiving this compound as a 
 glue or jell. 
 
 As stated above, a great many of the puzzling 
 behaviors of Portland cement when applied in 
 construction work as a mortar or concrete are 
 quite clearly and fully explained by under- 
 standing the characteristic behavior of this 
 hydrogel. Various observations in the crack- 
 ing of mortar and concrete which have been 
 quite difficult to explain by thermal action or 
 other natural causes, are quite clearly under- 
 stood by applying the knowledge of the char- 
 acteristic expansion and contraction of this 
 hydrogel. The unusual development of cracks 
 in Portland cement concrete or mortar is quite 
 generally the result of rapid shrinkage or con- 
 traction of this colloidal substance. Also, 
 cracks developing from an internal expansion 
 are quite generally due to the development of 
 the colloidal substance, usually in contact with 
 water. In fact, the activity of this colloidal 
 substance is quite directly a function of the 
 presence or the absence of water. The volume 
 changes in Portland cement concrete as affected 
 by the presence of water acting on this colloidal 
 substance are very thoroughly and splendidly 
 discussed, together with data on accurately con- 
 ducted observations, in an article presented to 
 the 1914 meeting of the American Society for 
 Testing Materials and reported in volume four- 
 teen of the Proceedings of this Society. This 
 article clearly and convincingly presents the 
 behavior of Portland cement in reaction with 
 water, expanding and contracting under various 
 conditions, influenced by the characteristics of 
 the colloid. 
 
 A careful study of the behavior and influence 
 of this naturally occurring colloid in Portland 
 
cement mortar develops some very important 
 and significant facts as regards the correct 
 properties and behavior of an integral water- 
 proofing product in order to be effective and 
 satisfactory in imparting perfect density to 
 Portland cement mortar or concrete. Funda- 
 mentally, an ideal integral waterproofing should 
 be of colloidal nature in order to serve most 
 effectively in filling in the voids and interstices 
 left between the interlacing and interlocking of 
 the crystals formed in the hardening. 
 
 While the natural gelatinous and glue-like 
 characteristics of a colloidal substance are best 
 suited to form and develop around the crystals, 
 yet there is a very important distinction to be 
 emphasized in connection with the general 
 behavior of the colloidal substance to be best 
 suited for the purpose of waterproofing. The 
 hydrogel forming in Portland cement mortar is 
 quite sensitive to the action of water and in 
 some applications of Portland cement is objec- 
 tionable, due to the expansion which occurs 
 from abnormal development when brought into 
 contact, such as immersion, with water. The 
 colloid in an ideal integral waterproofing should 
 accordingly be only slightly sensitive to the 
 action of water. In contact with water it 
 should expand and develop only to the extent 
 that is necessary to thoroughly fill all unoccu- 
 pied spaces and yield a density that will render 
 the concrete impermeable. Any tendency for 
 an overdevelopment of the colloid will result in 
 manifesting an internal expansive force similar 
 to that characteristic of the hydrogel itself 
 which will develop internal strains tending to 
 reduce the strength, with the possibility of their 
 concentration in definite expansion cracks. 
 
 The colloid in an ideal integral waterproofing 
 should also be one that will not show a tendency 
 to lose its colloidal development when the con- 
 crete might for any period not be in contact with 
 water but allowed to remain entirely dry. Under 
 such conditions a truly colloidal integral water- 
 proofing should substantially retain its col- 
 loidal development and not lose the water that 
 
 is present in its composition, resulting in con- 
 traction and shrinkage that is slow in reverting 
 to the colloidal state when again brought in 
 contact with moisture. Colloidal materials, 
 such as hydrated lime, aluminum hydroxide 
 and clay, all of which have been used more or 
 less but with limited results in integral water- 
 proofing, are examples of substances which are 
 very slow to revert to their colloidal state after 
 having been thoroughly dried out. 
 
 Consistent with the present knowledge of 
 the constitution and behavior of Portland 
 cement, the product best suited to impart 
 waterproofness to concrete is the colloidal sub- 
 stance which is limited in its sensitiveness to 
 the action of water to develop just sufficiently 
 to fill out the pores and interstices near the sur- 
 face, so as to thoroughly exclude and prohibit 
 the entrance of moisture, without an over- 
 development that would manifest internal strains. 
 Such a compound obviously serves to protect 
 the concrete against any abnormal change in 
 its volume due to the internal colloid, by barring 
 the absorption or entrance of the water into the 
 actual interior of the mass, where it would come 
 in contact and react in its characteristic way 
 with the colloid naturally occurring in Port- 
 land cement. 
 
 In integral waterproofing the product of 
 correct colloidal properties should best be in- 
 troduced through the medium of the water, in 
 order to insure the most even and uniform dis- 
 tribution. To accomplish this the product 
 should be miscible with water, forming with 
 very little agitation a colloidal suspension or 
 solution. However, after it has been deposited 
 with the greatest homogeneity throughout the 
 entire mass of the concrete, in addition to col- 
 loidal development it should be characterized 
 with more or less repellent properties, in order to 
 serve not only in developing under the action of 
 water so as to fill out any spaces left unoccupied 
 by the evaporation of the water, but also to 
 repel and reject water with which it may come 
 in contact. 
 
 Lincoln Motor Co., Detroit, Mich. George D. Mason, Architect, A. A. Albrecht Co., Contractors, Walbridge Aldinger Co., Contractors 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used in construction of this building. 
 
CHAPTER FIVE 
 
 Influence of Water on Concrete 
 
 By Frank Burton, Department of Buildings, Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Influence of Wetting and Drying of Concrete on its Physical Properties Colloidal Nature of 
 Portland Cement Experiments by Campbell & White on Expansion and Contraction of Concrete 
 due to alternate Wetting and Drying Similar experiments by Considere An interesting prac- 
 tical Example Further observations by Professor White Curves showing variation in Tensile 
 Strength of Concrete on Wetting and Drying Importance of Subject as related to entire Field 
 of Concrete Construction Theoretical Considerations More Practical Examples. 
 
 Much has been written concerning the ad- 
 visability and desirability of waterproofing 
 concrete. In so far as the presence of water 
 might prove a menace to health or property or 
 be unsightly, the reason for waterproofing is 
 obvious. In other cases, however, as for instance 
 a concrete footing for a wall or column located 
 below the cellar bottom, waterproofing is looked 
 upon by many as superfluous. This is due to 
 the fact that the effect of water upon the physical 
 properties of concrete has either been considered 
 too insignificant for consideration or assumed 
 not to exist for the simple reason that water is 
 one of the ingredients of concrete. 
 
 As a matter of fact, wetting and drying of 
 concrete have a profound influence upon the 
 physical properties of concrete and expecially 
 upon its strength. Concrete being first of all a 
 structural material, it seems proper that this 
 subject should have received careful study long 
 before this instead of being relegated to the 
 realm of things too theoretical to interest the 
 "practical" man. 
 
 So long as concrete was regarded as a mass 
 of sand and stone tied together by a network of 
 fine interwoven insoluble crystals, students of 
 the subject could not be expected to anticipate 
 the effect of wetting such a mass since insoluble 
 crystals are hard and impervious and are not 
 affected by water. 
 
 The weight of evidence at the present time 
 seems to indicate that Portland cement is really 
 a colloidal or jelly-like substance when set and 
 that such crystals as do exist, being chiefly 
 calcium hydroxide, are only incidental to the 
 process of setting and do not constitute the real 
 binding material. According to the most 
 widely accepted theory at the present time, 
 cement absorbs water much as glue absorbs cold 
 water by swelling, but without dissolving. A 
 chemical change then takes place which liberates 
 part of the lime. This crystallizes out, leaving 
 the mass harder and less affected by water than 
 
 *Lieut.-Col. Alfred White, formerly Professor of Chemical En- 
 gineering, University of Michigan, has written an exhaustive treatise 
 upon this subject entitled "Volume Changes in Concrete." This 
 article was presented at a meeting of the International Engineering 
 Congress, 1915, in San Francisco. It was printed in the Sept.- 
 Oct. and Nov. -Dec. 1915 issues of Structural Conservation. 
 
 before, but still in a colloidal or plastic condi- 
 tion. As the mass dries this colloid shrinks 
 slightly and slowly, but never loses its colloidal 
 nature and upon being wet again, expands 
 once more. 
 
 This phenomena has been observed by many 
 experimentors, especially Professors Campbell 
 and * White at the University of Michigan, 
 who have carried out a series of very careful 
 experiments extending over many years. 
 
 They found that dry neat cement would 
 expand about .05 to .10% of its length when 
 wet for a long period and would contract an 
 equal amount when dried for a long period. 
 Similarly concrete expands about .02 to .04% 
 of its length on prolonged wetting and returns 
 to its original length on drying. 
 
 The rate of this expansion and contraction 
 is very slow. The larger portion takes place 
 inside of three weeks, but the change in length 
 continues at a slower rate for a long time. 
 
 Similar results have been obtained by other 
 experiments, and Considere, the French engineer, 
 has reported even greater changes in length, as 
 high as .15 to 2% for neat cement. 
 
 While a change in length of this magnitude 
 is not great enough to appreciably distort the 
 form of a concrete structure, the practical im- 
 portance of taking account of even so small a 
 change in length may be seen by examining the 
 picture on page 23. This shows a building 
 with brick bearing walls and reinforced concrete 
 lintels over the first and second story windows. 
 
 After building the walls to the second story 
 level, the wooden window sash was put in place 
 and the top of the sash used as a bottom for the 
 lintel form. The second story walls were then 
 built and the upper lintel constructed in the same 
 fashion. All was well until several weeks after 
 the first lintel was poured and then the concrete 
 being thoroughly dry, the top of the lintel con- 
 tracted, while the bottom, being reinforced with 
 steel, did not change in length. The result 
 was that the lintel curled, the center going down, 
 crushing and destroying the three mullions. 
 
 The result cannot be ascribed to any failure 
 because the lintel was well designed and was 
 
sound, hard and in perfect condition. Also 
 it can not be due to the weight of the concrete 
 because it did not appear until several weeks 
 after the concrete was set hard. Moreover, if 
 it had been due to the weight of the concrete 
 or to settlement in the brick wall, the mullions 
 on the second floor should have been similarly 
 damaged, whereas they were perfectly straight. 
 As it happened, the lower lintel curled down 
 first and a few weeks later the upper littel bowed 
 down an equal amount so that the second story 
 lintels were not crushed. 
 
 When steel is imbedded in concrete this 
 expansion and contraction introduces stresses 
 of considerable magnitude both in the steel and 
 in the concrete, but this subject is rather for 
 the student of reinforced concrete than for one 
 interested in waterproofing. 
 
 An interesting observation was made by 
 Professor White at Ann 
 Arbor. He found that 
 a certain old cement 
 sidewalk which laid per- 
 fectly flat when dry and 
 even showed open 
 cracks, would expand 
 so much after a pro- 
 longed period of rain 
 that the cracks would 
 close and even force the 
 walk to rise up in some 
 places. By observing 
 the temperature he 
 proved that this was 
 not due to thermal ex- 
 pansion. 
 
 It has often been 
 a matter of speculation 
 among users of con- 
 crete blocks as to why a 
 long wall built of con- 
 crete blocks breaks in- 
 to sections about 30 feet 
 long, separated by more 
 
 or less irregular vertical cracks, within from 
 one to six months after being erected. 
 
 The reason is this. If the blocks are put up 
 wet they contract and produce shrinkage cracks. 
 If the blocks are dry then they expand during 
 the first spell of wet weather, pushing the ends 
 of the wall outward because the compressive 
 strength of the concrete is large. Later when the 
 wall dries out it contracts. If now the wall is 
 short (less than 50 feet) it will draw itself to- 
 gether again. If, however, the wall is longer, the 
 force necessary to draw the great weight of the 
 wall along the ground will be too much for the 
 weak tensile strength of the concrete and it 
 breaks up into small sections. 
 
 Allied to the expansion of cement upon 
 wetting is the property of concrete mentioned 
 in the beginning of this chapter of losing a large 
 
 portion of its strength upon being immersed in 
 water for a day or two. 
 
 This property has long been observed, but 
 is still little understood. It was recognized by 
 the National Society of Cement Users in their 
 Standard Specifications for cement blocks (Stand- 
 ard No. 3, Published 1909). This specification 
 states that blocks shall be tested dry and also 
 after wetting for 48 hours, and that all blocks 
 should be rejected which lose over 33j/% of 
 their strength, unless the final test is over 1,000 
 pounds per square inch. A similar requirement 
 may be found in the requirements of the New 
 York Bureau of Buildings and in the building 
 codes of Philadelphia, Cleveland and many 
 other cities. 
 
 In the appendix of the report of the Bureau of 
 Buildings of New York, Borough of Manhattan, 
 1911, are given twenty tests on concrete bricks. 
 
 These tests were made 
 by breaking the bricks 
 in two and crushing 
 one-half while dry and 
 other half after being 
 immersed in water. The 
 result on the wet half 
 block was less than 
 that on the dry half 
 block in every case. 
 The loss varied from 
 19.3% to 36% and aver- 
 aged 28%. Judging 
 from the crushing 
 strengths, all of these 
 blocks were old and well 
 seasoned. 
 
 In Engineering 
 News, Jan. 16, 1913, 
 there was published a 
 letter referring to the 
 difficulties encountered 
 in Jaying concrete drain 
 tile in the State of Iowa. 
 The tile were a 1-3 con- 
 crete and were found by tests to be sufficiently 
 strong to sustain the necessary earth pressure. In 
 spite of this it was found that many of them crush- 
 ed shortly after being covered up and becoming 
 wet. The matter was taken up with the State 
 University of Iowa where tests were made to 
 determine the effect of wetting upon the strength 
 of the tile. Preliminary experiments showed 
 that the tile lost from 40% to 50% of its strength 
 shortly after wetting. These results are rather 
 high but may be due to the fact that the con- 
 crete used in drain tile is made of cement and 
 sand only, large stones not being admissible in 
 these products. 
 
 Faber and Bowie in their book on Reinforced 
 Concrete give two curves showing the variation 
 in tensile strength of concrete upon wetting and 
 drying. These curves show that concrete upon 
 
wetting decreases rapidly in strength and then 
 after prolonged wetting slowly regains its 
 strength. If after prolonged immersion in water 
 the sample is taken out and dried, another con- 
 siderable decrease in strength is observed, but 
 after prolonged drying the strength gradually 
 returns. 
 
 In each case the rate of recovery of strength 
 is very similar to the increase of strength of 
 green concrete upon being aged. The increase 
 starts shortly after becoming completely sat- 
 urated with water. The rate of increase is rapid 
 at first, decreasing with time so that after a few 
 weeks it is practically negligible. 
 
 Viewed in this light the wetting and drying 
 of concrete becomes exceedingly important, 
 structurally. It means that we must use a factor 
 of safety nearly twice as large as is required for 
 other materials or risk failure. Obviously the 
 moral is to prevent the wetting and drying, that 
 is, to prevent rapid changes in the moisture 
 content of all structural concrete. In other 
 words structural concrete exposed to the action 
 of water should always be waterproofed. 
 
 Before closing this chapter, I wish to take up 
 one question that has undoubtedly occurred in 
 
 the mind of the reader, that is: just what con- 
 nection is there between the expansion of cement 
 on wetting and the loss of strength of concrete 
 when wet. An adequate discussion of the matter 
 is not possible here and the author does not 
 pretend to understand just what the mechanism 
 of the phenomena is, still there is good reason to 
 believe that it comes about somewhat as follows : 
 
 Concrete is composed of hard particles of 
 sand, stone, etc., which are impervious and are 
 not affected by water. Between these particles 
 are layers of pure cement which expand appre- 
 ciably when saturated with water. If we con- 
 sider one grain of sand with a small amount of 
 pure cement adhering firmly to one side, we see 
 that the cement must be compressed and the 
 sand stretched, otherwise the two could not 
 remain together. This creates a shearing force 
 along the plane separating the particles. From 
 this we can see that the mass of concrete would 
 become filled with innumerable small shearing 
 forces of considerable magnitude, in other 
 words the mass would be under great internal 
 strain. 
 
 Internal strains always weaken a mass and 
 this undoubtedly accounts for the decrease in 
 
 27 days la 
 wmter 
 
 567 
 
 Days in air- 
 
 Curve Showing Effect of Drying a Specimen of Concrete Previously Immersed. 
 
 Faber & Bowie 
 
strength. Drying the mass causes a short- 
 ening of the cement particles and therefore 
 produces a similar result, as this also produces 
 internal strain. 
 
 As was said before, set Portland cement is 
 a plastic colloidal substance. Now all plastic 
 bodies under strain are gradually distorted so 
 as to release the strain. In just this way the 
 cement portion of concrete gradually becomes 
 distorted, stretched or shortened as the case 
 may require, until the internal strains are released, 
 allowing the mass to approach the strength it 
 would have if entirely free from internal strain. 
 This probably accounts for the gradual increase 
 in strength of concrete either when first aged 
 or when subject to alternate wetting and drying. 
 
 In spite of the vast amount of experimenting 
 that has been done upon the properties of con- 
 crete, the effect of alternate wetting and drying 
 is a subject which has scarcely been touched. 
 Enough is known, however, to teach us that it is 
 a matter to be reckoned with and that rapid 
 changes in the moisture content of concrete must 
 
 be avoided where structural economy is a con- 
 sideration. 
 
 The illustrations on the next page show 
 very interestingly the result of alternate wetting 
 and drying discussed in this chapter. They 
 give added testimony to the results which will 
 occur when the conditions for the expansion 
 resulting from alternate wetting and drying are 
 not favorable to allow this change to take place. 
 
 The curb shown in Figure 3 was erected in 
 connection with a reinforced concrete pavement. 
 The necessary provisions for expansion were not 
 made and after a term of a few months, the curb 
 became internally heavily compressed, due to 
 the strain of the increased volume which ulti- 
 mately manifested itself in the rupture as shown. 
 
 A curb of a concrete pavement is obviously 
 a very representative installation of concrete 
 that would likely be subject to the alternate 
 conditions of wetting and drying. The pave- 
 ment poured to crown naturally drains the 
 water toward the curb, which holds it as it is 
 
 7 days water 
 20 days air 
 
 4 5 6 7 
 
 -Days in water 
 
 8 
 
 10 11 
 
 Curve Showing Effect of Immersing a Specimen of Concrete Previously Dry. 
 Faber & Bowie. 
 
Figure No. 1 
 
 Figure No. 2 
 
 
 Figure No. 3 
 
being carried to the sewage outlet. This gives 
 opportunity for considerable free contact of the 
 concrete with the flowing water to permit its 
 absorption and penetration into the concrete 
 mass so as to thoroughly expand the colloid and 
 cause the natural increase in volume accompan- 
 ied by the wetting or saturation of the concrete 
 mass. 
 
 After the water has drained out, the curb 
 with its fairly large percentage of exposed sur- 
 face, permits quite free evaporation of the water 
 and the resultant contraction in the concrete 
 as it dries out. This alternate saturation and 
 subsequent drying has caused to accumulate a 
 slow, additive increase in volume with the result 
 as illustrated. 
 
 This is but an added illustration of cases 
 where the concrete should be thoroughly water- 
 proofed so as to avoid the free penetration of 
 moisture. If this curb had been constructed of 
 concrete that was thoroughly waterproofed so as 
 
 to avoid any absorption or penetration of moist- 
 ure, it would have remained in constant vol- 
 ume, and it would have been protected against 
 destruction. 
 
 It is cases of this character that are bringing 
 to the attention of architects and engineers the 
 necessity of using greater care and caution in 
 concrete that is exposed particularly to weather 
 conditions. 
 
 While the difficulty may not be so important 
 in concrete that is enclosed and is protected 
 from alternate wetting and drying, yet for all 
 character of construction where there is oppor- 
 tunity for occasional wetting and subsequent 
 drying or for alternate conditions of this char- 
 acter taking place, the concrete should, in addi- 
 tion to careful proportioning and the exercising 
 of considerable care in placing, be thoroughly 
 waterproofed so as to prevent the changes in 
 volume that invariably occur where the entrance 
 of the water is not prohibited. 
 
 Chalmers Motor Co., Detroit, Michigan. Albert Kahn, Architect, Ernest Wilby, Associate 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste Concentrated, used in concrete work. 
 
CHAPTER SIX 
 
 Integral Waterproofing with Particular 
 Reference to the Mass Method 
 
 By A. D. Hyman, Waterproofing Engineer, New York City 
 
 The Function of Waterproofing Compounds What Waterproofing cannot do Composition of 
 Concrete Proper Proportioning Amount of Gauging Water Correct Proportioning of Water- 
 proofing Compounds Cautions on Concreting Work Importance of Proper Bond in Construc- 
 tion Joints How to provide proper Bond Necessity of Removing Water Pressure during Con- 
 struction How this can be done Six Important Considerations in Waterproofing. 
 
 That method of Masonry Waterproofing 
 whereby a chemical compound is diffused 
 throughout a hydraulic cement product is popu- 
 larly known as the Integral Method. Variations 
 of this general method appearing under trade 
 names or terms descriptive of the operations 
 involved or the products employed are in 
 vogue, but all may be classified under the 
 headings, THE CEMENT COATING PRO- 
 CESS and THE WATERPROOFED CON- 
 CRETE METHOD. 
 
 In the former a facing or coating of Water- 
 proofed Cement Mortar is applied over the sur- 
 face of the member in such a manner as to be 
 securely bonded to it. For substructural water- 
 proofing, this is generally placed upon the inner 
 faces of the walls and over the upper surface of 
 the floor-slab, its disposition being such that it 
 can be installed with minimum expense, and 
 also that it may act as the floor wearing surface 
 and wall plaster finish. It is proposed herein to 
 deal particularly with the WATERPROOFED 
 CONCRETE METHOD in which the Integral 
 Compound is diffused throughout and becomes 
 an integral part of the mass concrete. 
 
 Ijl order to have a full comprehension of the 
 considerations, which enter into the successful 
 application of this method of waterproofing, one 
 must first have a knowledge as to the part the 
 waterproofing compound itself is called upon to 
 play. The whole system of Integral Water- 
 proofing has been condemned in numerous 
 instances because of the lack of understanding 
 as to its exact function. 
 
 Without entering into the technique of the 
 setting of cement, the attention is directed to 
 that noteworthy feature of concrete, that even 
 though of perfect proportioning and mixing, it 
 contains innumerable minute voids in the form 
 of hollows and ducts or channels, left by the 
 
 inability of the particles to properly arrange 
 themselves to secure an absolutely dense mass, 
 and also by the evaporation of the excess of the 
 gauging or tempering water. The larger of 
 these pores can be seen with the naked eye, 
 but the microscope reveals the actual porosity of 
 any concrete specimen. These voids allow not 
 only the infiltration of water when the concrete 
 is under pressure, but their capillarity causes 
 the water to be absorbed to a height, even 
 greater than the water level outside the masonry. 
 
 It is the function of the Integral Compound 
 to correct this inherent porosity of the Cement 
 Product by filling these tiny voids or making 
 negative their capillarity. It is a well-known 
 fact that the sand should just fill the interstices 
 of the stone or gravel and the cement should be 
 at least sufficient in quantity to fill those of the 
 sand. In turn the Waterproofing Compound is 
 called upon merely to act upon the pores be- 
 tween the particles of the crystallized cement 
 and sand and those within the cement content 
 itself. It is not capable, however, of remedy- 
 ing any defects of construction or design, 
 nor to correct improper and defective 
 materials and workmanship. The cement, 
 sand and aggregate must fully perform their 
 respective functions and this will obtain only in 
 first class masonry. Abuse and condemnation 
 have been heaped upon Integral Compounds 
 where the fault lies entirely with the concrete 
 work, and until the fundamental function of 
 these compounds is universally appreciated as 
 well as the necessity for fulfilling the conditions 
 for obtaining good concrete, the real merit of 
 Integral Waterproofing will not be fully asserted. 
 Unless the masonry be first class in every respect 
 it is a useless expenditure, and a detriment to 
 the waterproofing industry to employ an Integral 
 Material. 
 
Dwelling briefly upon the essentials for good 
 concrete, first, only proper materials should be 
 used. Good cement costs no more ordinarily 
 than cements of poor quality, so this important 
 component is generally all that is to be desired. 
 As for the sand and gravel content, however, 
 there is much room for comment. Particularly 
 in outlying districts where the importation of 
 these materials is an item of considerable ex- 
 pense, the importance of good, coarse, clean 
 sand and gravel is often minimized and local 
 materials used when they are entirely unfit. 
 "Run of the bank" aggregate is often employed 
 although there is almost invariably a large excess 
 in sand, and to fill the sand voids and thus 
 secure concrete of normal structural strength, it 
 is necessary to incorporate an abnormally large 
 quantity of cement. Besides the surplus of fine 
 particles, "bank run" material usually contains 
 a large percentage of loam, clay and other 
 foreign materials deleterious to good concrete. 
 
 The proper proportioning and adequate mix- 
 ing of the ingredients are of quite equal im- 
 portance to their quality, all of which is obvious 
 but often neglected. A lean mixture of concrete 
 may be far superior to a rich one if the mixing 
 of the ingredients be more thorough. 
 
 The amount of gauging water is also to be 
 considered, and for best results as to density 
 and also for strength, a mass of quaking con- 
 sistency should be obtained. In field work, it is 
 of course impossible to so regulate the water, 
 that all batches will be of like consistency and 
 indeed this is not necessary. However, it should 
 be borne in mind that mixtures too dry are 
 porous as the particles fail to compact them- 
 selves from lack of lubrication, while the 
 extremely wet mixtures are porous from the 
 hollows left by the evaporation of the large 
 excess of gauging water. It should, therefore, 
 be the constant endeavor in Waterproofed Con- 
 crete work, to so regulate the water supply that 
 
 No. 1 Section of Retaining Wall showing leakage of construction joints, a common defect of ordinary concrete work. 
 
the mass be as near "quaking consistency" as 
 possible. For cement floor work, to secure max- 
 imum density and hardness the consistency 
 should be such that a pailful of mortar will just 
 retain its form when upended and pail removed. 
 Concrete, however, should be deposited some- 
 what wetter than this. 
 
 The correct proportioning and thorough 
 diffusion of the Waterproofing Compound also 
 
 View No. 2 
 
 One Outlet for Water Removed from Foundation of Riverside Station, 
 Elmira, N. Y., During Process of Construction 
 
 demands attention. Since the duty of this 
 material relates to the cement voids the quan- 
 tity to be used is a direct function of the cement 
 content in the mortar or concrete. This state- 
 ment appears paradoxical since theoretically 
 more Waterproofing would be required for a 
 lean mixture than for a rich one. However, the 
 matter is clarified when it is remembered that 
 the concrete itself must be of dense nature, the 
 cement matrix being sufficient in quantity to 
 completely fill the stone or gravel voids. Only 
 the richer mixtures should be used, and for 
 concrete subjected to hydrostatic pressure this 
 should not be appreciably leaner than 1:2:4. 
 
 For maximum efficiency Waterproofing Com- 
 pound should be added in quantity up to that 
 point where a further increment would have a 
 weakening effect upon the strength of the 
 cement. The quantities advocated by the 
 manufacturers of the materials are generally 
 considerably less than the allowable maximum 
 for economy's sake and to allow an ample 
 margin of safety, and it is advisable always to 
 follow their directions in this regard. There is 
 a general tendency to increase the quantity of 
 
 the compound in the members subjected to^the 
 greatest pressure, but this is to be discouraged 
 unless it be authoritatively ascertained that the 
 allowable quantity limit is not thereby exceeded. 
 Special care should be observed in the complete 
 diffusion of the Compound throughout t;he mass 
 as this is manifestly of equal importance to its 
 correct proportioning. An excess of Water- 
 proofing material in one section and a deficiency 
 in another is of course a highly undesirable 
 condition. 
 
 It is often maintained that if proper care be 
 taken in the proportioning, mixing and placing 
 of the ingredients, impervious concrete can be 
 obtained without resorting to Integral Com- 
 pounds, and indeed laboratory tests substantiate 
 this assertion. However, in field operations 
 where ideal conditions do not prevail, even the 
 best concrete will allow the infiltration of water 
 through portions at least, and comparative sec- 
 tions of concrete with and without a standard 
 Integral Waterproofing Agent, will prove the 
 fallacy of the assumption under working condi- 
 tions. 
 
 The concrete should be carefully deposited in 
 the forms never dropped from a sufficient height 
 to separate the ingredients. The mass should 
 be well spaded, particularly those portions at 
 the faces, so as to avoid honeycombing. All 
 wooden spreaders and in fact wood of every 
 description should be removed from the 
 plastic mass. Not only is wood decidedly 
 pervious but its swelling and subsequent warp- 
 ing if it come into contact with water, will cause 
 internal stresses which may prove serious. All 
 bolts and wire fastenings should be cut off at 
 least an inch from the face of the concrete and 
 the resultant holes pointed up. 
 
 Tight forms well braced are a prime requi- 
 site, as the cement water which is allowed to 
 escape from loosely constructed and inade- 
 quately braced forms, contains the richest part 
 of the strength-giving matrix. 
 
 A most important factor for Waterproofed 
 Concrete and one perhaps most often neglected 
 is the securing of a proper bond at the construc- 
 tion joints, vertically and horizontally, for unless 
 due precautions be observed, these will develop 
 planes of weakness. View No. 1 illustrates a 
 section of retaining wall of a bridge approach of 
 a prominent western railroad. The seepage at 
 the joints between the different days' work is a 
 salient feature of the work, but indeed this 
 fault is so general in ordinary concrete work of 
 this nature that it creates but little attention. 
 However in Waterproofed Concrete Work such 
 faults must not exist for obvious reasons. At 
 horizontal joints, laitance consisting of inert 
 particles of cement and an excess of Waterproof- 
 ing Compound collecting at the surface of con- 
 
crete, must be removed and the surface scarified 
 before new material is deposited upon it. The 
 importance of this measure cannot be over- 
 estimated and yet its extreme necessity is rarely 
 appreciated. After the removal of the bulk- 
 heads the vertical surfaces should be thoroughly 
 roughened (except in the case of expansion joints) 
 preparatory to depositing the concrete in the 
 adjoining section. For small structures or por- 
 tions subjected to great pressure as pits, etc., the 
 concrete work should be carried continuously 
 to eliminate construction joints. 
 
 A consideration to which many failures in 
 Waterproofed Concrete may be attributed is 
 that relating to water-pressure existing during 
 construction. An axiom for successful Integral 
 Waterproofing is that "Ground water, whether 
 running or confined, must be kept away 
 from the mass until final set has been 
 attained." If water under pressure be allowed 
 
 to percolate through the plastic concrete, chan- 
 nels are formed and its efficiency as a Water- 
 proofing Medium is destroyed. This principle 
 is of great importance and to ignore it is to court 
 trouble and inevitable failure. Ordinary con- 
 crete can be deposited under water often with 
 very good results but not so with Waterproofed 
 Concrete or Mortar. Water should not be per- 
 mitted to come into contact with any part of 
 the cement product until it is fully capable of 
 resisting the pressure, and draining and pump- 
 ing or bailing must be resorted to when neces- 
 sary to fulfill this requirement. View No. 2 
 indicates the large quantity of water removed 
 during the progress of construction of the 
 Riverside Station at Elmira, N. Y. Two wooden 
 stave pipes as outlets for the steam and electric 
 pumps which operated continuously during the 
 critical stages of construction, discharged up- 
 wards of 10,000,000 gallons of water per day. 
 
 View No. 3. Indicating method of controlling water during construction work. Note the wooden box drain at cutside of concrete floor slab- 
 
When the quantity of ground water is con- 
 siderable, the earth slope should be kept suffi- 
 ciently outside the neat line of wall to permit 
 the construction of a box or tile drain, (shown 
 in View No. 3) or an open ditch at the level of 
 lowest portion of Waterproofed masonry so 
 that the water may be lead to a sump-pit thus 
 relieving the pressure from the walls. Before 
 the construction of the floor-slab a layer of 
 gravel, broken stone or cinders 3 inches to 6 
 inches in thickness should be deposited for the 
 dual purpose of allowing free access of the 
 water to the sump-pit during the progress pf 
 work and for equalizing the pressure after the 
 structure is completed. Sub-floor drains should 
 be constructed, if necessary. In the case of heavy 
 clay, or other impervious soils it not infrequently 
 happens if the concrete be placed directly upon 
 the earth that the pressure over one portion will 
 be considerable while over another it may be nil. 
 Therefore, in all cases where pressure exists or 
 is likely to exist, a pressure equalizing medium as 
 indicated should be installed. 
 
 Expansion joints are not ordinarily required 
 for sub-terra work but for retaining walls, etc., 
 exposed to extreme temperatures, they are a 
 necessity. Copper flashing embedded in the 
 adjoining sections of the masonry at the ex- 
 terior face has been found very effective in 
 rendering joints watertight, while a bitumi- 
 nous or rubber mastic spread by trowel over the 
 vertical sections of concrete after the removal of 
 the transverse bulkheads is very efficient in 
 permitting the required expansion and con- 
 traction of the concrete. 
 
 Every section of a substructure should be 
 carefully designed so that it will possess suffi- 
 cient strength to resist all possible pressures 
 and its foundation such as to preclude settle- 
 ment. The Waterproofing can remain effective 
 only so long as the bases remain in a sound and 
 stable condition, and that this may obtain the 
 substructure must act as a caisson in resisting 
 the hydrostatic pressure while the structure 
 itself must be able by weight to counteract the 
 upward lifting force. The function of the 
 Waterproofing is of course only to make the 
 members impervious and not in any way to 
 provide structural strength. This fact is often 
 lost sight of, however, and futile attempts are 
 not infrequently made to waterproof members 
 not able to resist the pressure. A rupture in the 
 wall or floor-slab is the result, and when such 
 
 occurs only too often is the fault laid at the 
 door of the Waterproofing System. 
 
 Briefly reviewing our discussion, the im- 
 portant considerations for the successful con- 
 struction of Waterproofed Concrete may be 
 summed up as follows: 
 
 1st. The ingredients for the concrete 
 must be standard in every respect; the sand 
 must be clean and coarse and the gravel or 
 broken stone of best quality. 
 
 2nd. The integral Compound must be 
 of tested merit, incorporated in accordance 
 with the manufacturer's directions and 
 thoroughly diffused throughout the mass. 
 
 3rd. The ingredients must be so pro- 
 portioned that the cement will completely 
 fill the voids (if the sand and the matrix 
 enter into all voids) of the aggregate. 
 The mixing must be thorough so that all 
 parts will be of uniform density, and a 
 mass of "quaking consistency" should be 
 secured. 
 
 4th. Tight forms well braced are an 
 essential to good results. Care must be 
 assumed in placing the concrete with par- 
 ticular attention to the spading at the 
 faces and to the horizontal joints between 
 the different days' work. No wood of what- 
 soever character should be allowed to 
 to remain in the concrete. 
 
 5th. Ground water must be kept from 
 the mass until it is capable of resisting the 
 destructive action of the water. Drainage 
 and pumping must be resorted to when 
 necessary. 
 
 6th. Each member of the structure 
 must be so designed and constructed that 
 the water pressure will be resisted without 
 exceeding its structural strength. The 
 foundation must be able to support the 
 structure without excessive settlement, 
 and the structure as a whole must possess 
 sufficient weight to counter-act the lifting 
 pressure. 
 
 If these fundamental conditions be fulfilled, 
 good results are assured. Every unsuccessful 
 case of Integral Waterproofing in the past may 
 be attributed to the lack of regard of one or 
 more of these, while with their careful obser- 
 vance failure is impossible. 
 
CHAPTER SEVEN 
 
 Waterproofing Stucco 
 
 Why Waterproofing for Stucco is Necessary Penetration of Moisture into Pores of Stucco 
 Effect on Stucco of Freezing of this Moisture How Waterproofing relieves this condition 
 Porosity of Stucco as demonstrated by Test Circumstances of Test Practical Illustrations of 
 
 Unwaterproofed Stucco. 
 
 When properly formulated, stucco consti- 
 tutes one of the most ideal building materials. 
 Rapidity of construction, economy of labor and 
 material, and fireproofness characterize its use. 
 The aggregate necessary for the stucco is avail- 
 able in every locality and obviates the necessity 
 of transporting materials from one place to 
 another. In addition to these valuable qualities, 
 stucco is exceedingly durable and lends itself 
 admirably to artistic effects. 
 
 Stucco, however, to fulfil the valuable appli- 
 cations to which it can be applied, must first 
 and foremost be absolutely waterproof. With- 
 out this quality, its real value is in a measure 
 destroyed. This can be easily comprehended 
 when the nature of stucco is understood. 
 
 In the mixing of cement stucco, the amount 
 of water used is largely in excess of that required 
 for chemical hardening and setting. The water, 
 being incompressible, occupies a definite volume. 
 Upon evaporation of this excess water, the space 
 which it formerly occupied is left empty in the 
 form of capillary pores. These pores, unless pre- 
 ventive measures be taken, allow for penetra- 
 tion of moisture which results in cracking, dis- 
 integration, and discoloration. 
 
 Prof. White* has shown that the expansion 
 and contraction of concrete due to temperature 
 is comparatively insignificant in comparison to 
 
 *See foot note Chapter Five 
 
 the volume changes due to alternate wetting and 
 drying. Portland Cement mortar or concrete 
 shows a marked tendency to increase in volume 
 when wet and to contract when dry. This action 
 is characterized by the interesting fact that the 
 contraction which occurs on the drying out of 
 the mortar or concrete after the expansion from 
 wetting, is less in its negative value than the 
 positive increase in volume which occurs from 
 the wetting. This naturally results in a slow 
 additive increase in volume developing from 
 alternate wetting and drying which ultimately 
 develops an internal strain that will be evidenced 
 by the formation of cracks in the stucco. Natur- 
 ally as soon as the cracking occurs, opportunity 
 is offered for the deeper penetration and concen- 
 tration of moisture which will hasten the dis- 
 integration of the stucco. 
 
 This penetration of moisture has a further 
 disintegrating effect. The moisture freezes in 
 winter, and upon so doing, expands 9% of its 
 volume. The tremendous disruptive force thus 
 produced makes it easy to understand why 
 unwaterproofed stucco will have an untimely 
 end. 
 
 The illustrations 2 and 3, on the following 
 pages, demonstrate the failure of stucco which has 
 not been waterproofed. In Illustration 2, the 
 scaling off of large sections is primarily caused 
 by water penetrating through the cracks which 
 have formed, and on collecting back of the stucco 
 
 Plain 
 
 Illustration No. 1 
 
 Imperfectly Waterproofed 
 
 Effectively Waterproofed 
 
and expanding when freezing, thrusting the 
 stucco away from the surface. Illustration 3 
 shows the result of the additive increase in vol- 
 ume due to alternate wetting and drying which 
 have created the internal strains which in turn 
 have expressed themselves in definite cracks. 
 
 With waterproofed stucco, there is no oppor- 
 tunity for the absorption or saturation of the 
 stucco with water. It remains in practically 
 constant volume subject only to the slight chang- 
 es in volume due to variation in temperature 
 conditions. 
 
 As a simple test to physically demonstrate 
 the natural absorbent nature of untreated Port- 
 land cement stucco as compared with water- 
 proofed mixtures, a series of 4" cubes were pre- 
 pared composed of one (1) part of cement to 
 
 two and a half (2^) parts of sand by volume. 
 A number of these cubes were made without 
 waterproofing treatment in order that the full 
 absorbent nature of the untreated specimens 
 could be observed in comparison to other cubes 
 which were prepared with the addition of various 
 integral waterproofings. 
 
 These cubes were allowed to cure for seven 
 days in a moist closet, and after a subsequent 
 exposure of twenty-one days in the air, were 
 subjected to observations to determine their 
 absorbent qualities. A bed of sand of a depth 
 of about three inches was prepared in large 
 sheet metal pans which were filled with water 
 so as to thoroughly saturate the sand. Over 
 the surface of the dampened sand was placed a 
 layer of thin cloth which immediately became 
 
 Illustration No. 2 
 
 Scaling off of stucco due to water penetrating pores and cracks. Cn collecting back of stucco and expanding when freezing this water 
 exerts a tremendous disruptive force which causes the condition indicated in this photograph. 
 

 
 Illustration No. 3 
 
 The additive increase in volume due to alternate wetting and drying of stucco creates internal strains 
 which express themselves in cracks. This illustrates an example of what is liable to befall 
 stucco unless properly waterproofed. 
 
 fairly wet and saturated from the excess of mois- 
 ture in the pans of wet sand. The blocks to be 
 tested for their absorbent qualities were placed 
 on the cloth resting on the dampened sand. 
 
 The conditions of this test were designed to 
 provide plenty of moisture in contact with the 
 mass of the block under normal pressure to 
 observe the exact rate and extent of the pene- 
 tration of the moisture in the block due to 
 natural absorption. 
 
 Illustration 1 shows the extent to which the 
 moisture had been absorbed into a plain block 
 after a period of about seven days, during which 
 time the sand was kept thoroughly saturated by 
 the regular addition of water. The illustration 
 also shows two blocks in which waterproofing 
 treatments were only partially effective, and 
 while the absorption is not as much as with a 
 plain block, yet it is insufficient to properly 
 protect the stucco against the natural disinte- 
 grating action of the water. 
 
 In contrast to the plain block, the illustration 
 
 also shows the two blocks which were perfectly 
 waterproofed and in which there was practically 
 no absorption after a period of seven days in 
 contact with a moist saturated sand. 
 
 Taking into consideration the laboratory 
 tests and the actual demonstrations furnished 
 by stucco buildings, there is little to be argued 
 against the practice of waterproofing all stucco 
 construction. With the presence of water- 
 proofing, instead of the stucco becoming con- 
 tinually wet and saturated, in which condition 
 it is subject to slow decay and disintegration, 
 the stucco is made absolutely impermeable and 
 non-absorbent. The moisture is absolutely 
 excluded from entrance and confined to simply 
 superficial contact. The stucco is made crack- 
 proof and permanent. 
 
 Waterproofing stucco is a very simple and 
 inexpensive matter. A very small amount of 
 waterproofing material is required and this is 
 added simply and directly to the water used in 
 mixing the concrete mortar. Directions for 
 waterproofing stucco are on page 70. 
 
CHAPTER EIGHT 
 
 Integral Waterproofing by the Cement 
 
 Coating Process 
 
 By A. D. Hyman, 
 Chief Engineer of the Waterproofing & Construction Co., New York City 
 
 Introductory Discussion The Cement Coating Process Preliminary Steps Preparation of 
 Surface for Bond Preparation of Plaster Coat Plaster Coat Ingredients and their Properties 
 Thickness of Coat for Walls and Floor Necessity of Continuity of Plaster Coat Necessity of 
 Insulating Waterproofing under Abnormal ' Conditions Construction Joints between different 
 day's work How to Eliminate Weaknesses from appearing Bleeding Walls to Remove Pressure 
 Construction of Drainage System to eliminate pressure Concluding Comments. 
 
 The term "INTEGRAL WATERPROOF- 
 ING" is authoritatively intended to include 
 any method whereby a chemical compound is 
 introduced into a hydraulic cement product 
 with the view of creating impermeability. 
 
 This general type of waterproofing is sub- 
 divided into two separate and distinct methods, 
 each of which possesses characteristics that 
 afford it individual merit and advantages. That 
 method whereby a Waterproof Cement Facing 
 or Coating is applied over the surface of the 
 members is termed the CEMENT COATING 
 PROCESS, while that method in which the 
 waterproofing material is incorporated through- 
 out the mass concrete of the structural members 
 is characterized as the WATERPROOFED 
 CONCRETE METHOD.* 
 
 The manner by which the Waterproofing 
 Compound is introduced into the mortar or 
 concrete varies with the nature of the product. 
 Waterproofing Powders are usually mixed with 
 the cement either at the mill, or by hand just 
 before use upon the job. Liquid compounds 
 are generally diluted with water and poured 
 upon the dry mixture of sand and cement or 
 charged directly into the concrete mixer, while 
 pastes are diffused throughout the tempering 
 water. Manufacturers' directions for each 
 individual material should be rigidly adhered 
 to in all cases. It is of the greatest importance 
 that the recommended quantity be incorpor- 
 ated, and it is manifestly of equal importance 
 that the material be uniformly distributed 
 throughout the mass. 
 
 *The writer assumes responsibility for coining these expressions 
 descriptive of the two general methods, and as hitherto a great deal 
 of confusion has existed in the construction of the term "Integral 
 Waterproofing," as to which of the methods is referred to, he trusts 
 that these expressions will come into standard usage. 
 
 For maximum efficiency the greatest amount 
 of waterproofing material should be utilized 
 without impairing the strength of the cement. 
 Since, however, an excessive amount does tend 
 to cause a decrease in the setting values, such 
 excess should not be present in any portion of 
 the final cement product. 
 
 The inference deducted by the layman who 
 has but casually investigated the subject, that 
 the more material used the greater the efficiency, 
 is vitally in error in INTEGRAL WATER- 
 PROOFING. The writer has in mind an in- 
 stance of a superintendent "wisely" instructing 
 his foreman to use the Waterproofing "double 
 strength" for a certain piece of work where the 
 pressure was unusually great, and another where 
 a Waterproofing Powder Compound was used 
 in its undiluted state by throwing it against 
 the surface in attempts to remedy a leaky pit. 
 Such cases appear absurd to anyone familiar 
 with the subject, but Waterproofing Compounds 
 are maltreated and misused perhaps to a greater 
 extent than any other building commodity, this 
 being due largely to the lack of appreciation 
 that Masonry Waterproofing presents a truly 
 scientific proposition. 
 
 INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING when in- 
 telligently executed is perhaps the most effi- 
 cacious of all the systems in vogue, and the fact 
 that it has been condemned in innumerable 
 instances' is due entirely to incorrect usage, 
 improper application and the lack of compre- 
 hension in its exact function. 
 
 Of the two methods under discussion, the 
 CEMENT COATING PROCESS especially re- 
 quires the utmost diligence to secure the de- 
 
sired result. In fact, this work should prefer- 
 ably be undertaken by a specialist in this par- 
 ticular line, as the necessary observances and 
 the precautionary measures are of such import- 
 ance that the average contractor is not fully 
 qualified for the successful performance of the 
 work. 
 
 Before applying the Waterproofed Coating 
 the surfaces must be especially prepared that 
 a suitable bond be obtained. In fact, this prep- 
 aration of surface is most important and many 
 of the past failures in the application of the 
 Process may be attributed to the lack of care in 
 this operation. 
 
 The proper bonding face is obtained by 
 thoroughly roughening, cleaning and grouting 
 the surface. The Wall or Floor Slab must be 
 saturated with clean water to destroy excessive 
 capillarity, for otherwise the pores of the ma- 
 sonry will absorb a large percentage of the 
 gauging water together with the finer particles 
 of cement, and the strength and efficiency of 
 
 the Coating be impaired. Particularly in the 
 case of brick walls or floors should the members 
 be thoroughly wet down owing to the great 
 absorptive property of this material. A slight 
 amoiirit of absorption is desired, however, as it 
 assists materially in obtaining the necessary 
 bond. 
 
 In the case of concrete walls the entire face 
 is chipped to expose the aggregate, while for 
 brick and rubble the joints are raked and the 
 surfaces roughened. For floors it is highly 
 advantageous to apply the Waterproof Coating 
 the day following the placement of the concrete 
 slab in order to simplify the bonding operation. 
 When the Coating is applied over old concrete 
 floors similar precautions as for walls must be 
 observed. 
 
 THE CEMENT COATING is prepared by 
 an intimate mixture of Portland Cement and 
 coarse sand with the incorporation of an Integ- 
 ral Waterproofing Compound. Proportions of 
 one part cement to two parts sand are best 
 
 Plate No. 1 
 
 Typical view showing waterproofing work in progress. Site of future Boilers of Ward Bakery Co., East Orange, N. J. Pit at the left for fire 
 boxes of boilers; floor grade at elevation of top of wall in foreground allowing the entire area under boiler depressed to allow for insulating 
 coat. Complete substructure of this building waterproofed by the Cement Coating Process. 
 
adaptable for the purpose, as mixtures consid- 
 erably leaner than this are too porous, whereas 
 Coatings of richer mixture have a tendency to 
 crack under temperature changes. 
 
 For waterproofing vertical surfaces the 
 Coating is applied in two coats, scratch and 
 finish, giving a total thickness of %" to 1", 
 while for horizontal surfaces the Coating is 
 placed in one operation 1" to 2" in thickness. 
 The second coat for vertical surfaces should 
 follow the first at an interval not exceeding 18 
 hours under normal conditions, as after final 
 set has taken place the pores of the Water,- 
 proofed Scratch Coat, being negative in capil- 
 larity, tend to repel the grouting particles of the 
 finish coat, resulting in a lack of adhesion. 
 
 Sometimes the architect requires the Cement 
 Coating to be applied over the exterior face of 
 the walls and below the pressure resisting slab 
 of the floor, in disposition similar to that of the 
 Waterproofing in the Membrane Method. This 
 
 DETAILS Of 
 CEMENT W4TEffPffOOF/NC 
 
 upon Ht3/ts andrioors, or>a 
 orer Co/umn fb.otmga, Pits, ef-c 
 
 Waterproofing Contractor, and the Water- 
 proofing of the floor carefully joined thereto. 
 
 Plate No. 1 shows a typical view of work 
 under way. In the background a portion of the 
 wall has been coated, while to the extreme left 
 the surface has been chipped preparatory to 
 receiving the Coating. The Waterproofing of 
 the pit has been completed, and the floor and 
 foundations in the foreground prepared and 
 cleaned for the installation of same. 
 
 In Plate No. 2 the general scheme is illus- 
 trated for carrying the Coating continuously 
 over various portions of the building. Par- 
 ticular attention is called to the necessity of 
 insulating the Waterproofing, where abnormal 
 conditions prevail. Upon boilers and wherever 
 the surface will be exposed to intense heat, the 
 Coating is depressed some six or eight (6 or 8) 
 inches to allow the placement of a protective 
 coat of sand and firebrick, a slab of cinder 
 concrete or other suitable heat resisting me- 
 
 Alternative Me/ftoa 
 
 Gump Pit 
 
 Bo'ilerP/t-shomrg 
 Protection to Hbf&proof/ry 
 
 fte/nforced Concrete Column Steel Co/umn 
 
 with Concrete footing #ith (jri/lage footing 
 
 Plate No. 2 
 
 schenie should be discouraged, however, as the 
 chief advantages of the Process are lost thereby. 
 
 The correct position for the Waterproof 
 Coating is upon the inside faces of the mem- 
 bers; that is, the Coating should be carried over 
 the interior surfaces of the exterior walls and 
 the upper surface of the lower level Floor Slab, 
 and unless some special interior finish is desired 
 the Coating should ordinarily be left exposed. 
 It is troweled smooth to an even surface, and 
 presents a Wall Plaster Finish and Cement Floor 
 Finish of highest grade. When fully cured, the 
 Coating is of light gray, uniform in color and 
 pleasing in appearance, but if preferred it may 
 be painted to the shade desired by employing 
 strictly specialized Concrete Coatings. 
 
 The Waterproofing is carried continuously 
 over all pits, trenches, etc., and either up the 
 sides of the interior columns to the required 
 heights or over the footings and up around the 
 column bases to join with the Floor Water- 
 proofing. In some cases where the construc- 
 tion permits, the grillages are encased in Water- 
 proofed Concrete under the direction of the 
 
 dium. Plate No. 3 portrays the Waterproofed 
 Coating depressed for this purpose just prepara- 
 tory to the installation of the protective coat. 
 
 The Coating should be carried under all 
 machine foundations, that it be not subjected 
 to excessive vibration and that its continuity be 
 not destroyed by the anchor bolts. Where cold 
 water pipes enter the building, the Coating can 
 in general be bonded to them directly by care- 
 fully removing all paint and roughening the 
 metal. However, where hot water or steam 
 pipes are encountered, metallic collars allowing 
 for the lateral movement of the pipes should be 
 supplied, the Coating bonded to the collar and 
 a plastic material forced into the void between 
 the collar and the pipe. 
 
 The matter of construction joints in the 
 Coating between different day's work is all- 
 important, as these will develop points of weak- 
 ness unless they be specially treated. A fresh 
 straight edge an inch within the edge of the 
 completed work should be cut and this thor- 
 oughly grouted to aid in the knitting process. 
 The joining should never be placed at the 
 
juncture between the wall and floor or at angles 
 in walls as it is quite impossible to adequately 
 trowel the work at these points. 
 
 Since the Waterproofed Coating is applied 
 over the opposite face from that against which 
 the pressure is exerted, the bond with the under- 
 lying base must be absolute. When this is at- 
 tained the efficiency of the Waterproof Coating 
 is limited in its resistance to hydrostatic pressure 
 only by the strength of the structural member. 
 
 When the bond is positive, the Waterproof 
 Coating forms a series of beams or arches over 
 the minute pores of the masonry and effectively 
 seals the water in their separate channels. The 
 span of the beams is of course of infinitesimal 
 length only, and thus the total force applied 
 upon each individual beam and the consequent 
 stresses exerted are of negligible magnitude; 
 also it is quite probable that the pressure is lost 
 to a large extent by the capillarity, depending for 
 this feature upon the impermeability of the 
 
 masonry itself. Only so long as the particles of 
 water are confined within their tiny channels 
 does the Cement Coating possess real efficiency, 
 for if the water be allowed to collect in a con- 
 tinuous sheet behind the Waterproofing (which 
 may occur when the bond is imperfect) the 
 beams become of appreciable length and the 
 coating is ruptured or forced from its position. 
 
 Considering these facts, it is readily per- 
 ceived that the success of the Process is de- 
 pendent to a very great extent upon the effi- 
 ciency of the bond existing between the Water- 
 proofing and the underlying base. Only by 
 virtue of this bond is it possible to attain such 
 excellent results by applying the Waterproofing 
 upon the interior faces of the members. 
 
 The fact must be always borne in mind that 
 the actual function of any Waterproofing agent 
 is to make the masonry impervious and that it 
 is not a pressure resisting medium of appreci- 
 able structural strength. Thus if a wall or floor 
 
 Plate No. 3 
 
 View showing depression in floor for protective coat under boilers. Alan Realty Building, 37th Street and Broadway, New York City. 
 George and Edw. Blum, Architects. Alan Realty Const. Co., Owners and Builders. 
 
slab, efficiently Waterproofed, be subjected to 
 stresses beyond its ultimate strength, the 
 member itself will fail and the Waterproofing 
 be ruptured. Obviously this failure cannot be 
 attributed to any fault of the Waterproofing, 
 and in the design of a structure due allowance 
 must be made for adequate strength of the 
 members to resist hydrostatic pressure when 
 such exists or is likely to exist. This truth is 
 apparent, but in the mass of detail that enters 
 into the design of a structure its importance is 
 often not appreciated. 
 
 The control of water during the progress o/ 
 construction work is important as the Coating, 
 of course, is of such nature that it is unable to 
 resist hydrostatic pressure until it has become 
 fully hardened. Various means are devised for 
 relieving this pressure, and no little ingenuity is 
 required to successfully apply the Waterproof- 
 ing against members through which water is 
 percolating. 
 
 The general method of procedure in such 
 cases for vertical surfaces, is to drill holes 
 through the wall at various points to concen- 
 trate the flow of water. Metallic or porcelain 
 tubes are inserted, protruding several inches 
 from the interior surface of the wall to prevent 
 the water from flowing over the fresh Coating. 
 Where the floor is being simultaneously Water- 
 proofed, rubber tubes are attached to the me- 
 tallic or porcelain ones to conduct the water 
 directly to a sump pit. 
 
 When hydrostatic pressure exists, before 
 placing the slab of horizontal members, the 
 best method is to construct a drainage system 
 so that this pressure can be temporarily relieved. 
 Excavation should be made some eight or ten 
 
 (8 or 10) inches below the lower side of the pro- 
 posed slab and this backfilled with cinders, gravel 
 or similar porous material. Drains of hollow tile 
 should be constructed at intervals, converging 
 to sump pits. Pumping or bailing should be 
 resorted to from these pits until the concrete 
 has attained its initial set, and then again for 
 some ten to fifteen (10 to 15) hours after the 
 Waterproof Coating has been placed, or until the 
 latter has become sufficiently set that the water 
 will overflow the sump pit, and not seep through 
 the Coating, as in this latter event its efficiency 
 will be entirely destroyed. After final set of the 
 Coating has obtained, the sump pit can be 
 sealed. 
 
 As may be ascertained from the preceding 
 discussion, where water exists during construc- 
 tion work, the walls may be erected regardless 
 of the Waterproofing, but the floor slabs should 
 not be placed until proper means have been 
 taken to control the water. 
 
 Where this scheme is not followed or in the 
 case of the repair of leaky floors, it is necessary 
 to install drains in trenches. These should be 
 cut entirely through the members, or at least 
 to such depths that the flow will be concen- 
 trated, and that concrete of sufficient thickness 
 to resist the pressure can be placed above the 
 drains. Both of these requisites must be ful- 
 filled. Great care must also be taken that the 
 new concrete in the trenches be carefully bonded 
 with the old, so as to form a continuous slab 
 possessing adequate structural strength. 
 
 When scientifically undertaken the Cement 
 Coating Process is absolutely positive and per- 
 manent in its results and its merits as a Water- 
 proofing medium are excelled byjio other method. 
 
 Cherry Street Wharf, Philadelphia, Pa. Snare & Triest, Contractors 
 
 All concrete waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
CHAPTER NINE 
 
 Practical Application of Waterproofed 
 
 Plaster Coat 
 
 Manner in which Wall should be Roughened Illustration of Roughened Wall Why a %" Water- 
 proofed Plaster Coat is Adequate Roughening of Columns and Footings Application of Water- 
 proofed Plaster Coat to Columns and Footings to Prevent Electrolysis Results of Plaster Coat 
 Waterproofing A Typical Illustration. 
 
 The accompanying illustration (Figure 1) 
 shows the thoroughness with which a concrete 
 wall is usually roughened before applying a 
 waterproofed plaster coat. This thorough chip- 
 ping and roughening insures a surface which will 
 very firmly and securely hold the waterproofed 
 plaster coat. The importance of this thorough 
 
 preparation of the wall is appreciated when it is 
 considered that a waterproofed plaster coat is 
 applied to the interior of the wall and must hold 
 the water back through the security of its bond 
 to the surface. 
 
 With the exercise of reasonable care to 
 roughen the surface so the plaster coat will 
 
 Figure No. 1 
 
Figure No. 2 
 
 Figure No. 3 
 
securely bond, it will positively hold back the 
 water under considerable hydrostatic head. This 
 is probably explained by the fact that the water 
 in comirig through the wall, follows pores and 
 capillaries, and on reaching the waterproofed 
 plaster coat is held right in the capillary, and its 
 pressure considerably reduced over what would 
 be expressed if the water could circulate and col- 
 lect in considerable area and volume behind the 
 plaster coat treatment. 
 
 Theoretically, with the water confined to the 
 definite pores and capillaries in the concrete, 
 even a three-quarter inch plaster coat represents 
 a considerable thickness in comparison to the 
 span between the points at which the plaster 
 coat is securely bonded and fixed to the wall and 
 the area in which the water is present in the 
 definitely limited and defined capillarity of the 
 concrete. 
 
 The second illustration (Figure 2) shows the 
 same roughening treatment as applied to a col- 
 umn and footing. The waterproofed plaster 
 coat is coming in quite general use for enclos- 
 ing footings and grillage to avoid the penetra- 
 tion of any moisture and preventing any corrosion 
 through electrolysis. The essential thing in the 
 application of a plaster coat in such a condition 
 is to be certain of the continuity so as to leave 
 no opening for any moisture to work itself into 
 the mass. This illustration-also*shows a section 
 
 in the concrete apparently defined as a section 
 between old and new work where the bond was 
 not satisfactory. Observe that water has been 
 percolating through this crack and the con- 
 tractor has inserted bleed pipes to concentrate 
 the flow before applying the plaster coat. 
 
 The third illustration (Figure 3) is a very 
 typical example of the utility and appearance 
 of a basement which has been protected against 
 any moisture or dampness by the application 
 of a plaster coat. In fact, illustrations 1 and 2 
 show the work in progress on the same operation 
 that is shown in the completed form in Figure 3. 
 It is interesting to observe the fine, attractive 
 appearance of the walls as they are left in a 
 smooth, polished condition after the application 
 of the waterproofed plaster coat. Although in 
 the illustration shown, the walls were subject to 
 considerable hydrostatic pressure so that pre- 
 vious to the waterproofed plaster coat water 
 was penetrating and percolating through the 
 walls at various points, after the treatment as 
 shown the walls are absolutely free from any 
 moisture or dampness and the basement has 
 nearly the same practical utility as any other 
 floor. 
 
 Architects and engineers will be particularly 
 interested in the features of this waterproofed 
 plaster coat treatment on account of its economy 
 and general effectiveness. 
 
 St. Paul Public Library, St. Paul, Minn. E. D. Litchneld, Architect 
 
 All foundation work waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
CHAPTER TEN 
 
 Relieving Pressure Before Application of a 
 Waterproofed Plaster Coat 
 
 Method of Draining Bleed Pipes Siphon Central Sumps Complete Work of Drainage- 
 Bleeding Wall to eliminate Slow Seepage Practical Illustration of Bleed Pipes Results of failure 
 
 to Relieve Pressure. 
 
 In undertaking a waterproofing operation t 
 by means of a waterproofed plaster coat, it is 
 very necessary to provide for the free flow of 
 any water that is present either under seepage 
 or hydrostatic pressure. 
 
 In order to get a firm and secure bond of 
 the plaster coat it is essential that the surface 
 be free from the movement of any water. 
 Even moisture under the slightest seepage 
 pressure, the occurrence of which is hardly dis- 
 cernible, will, when concentrated back of a 
 waterproofed plaster coat, weaken the bond 
 and cause unsatisfactory results. 
 
 In undertaking an operation, the method to 
 be followed must be determined as appropriate 
 to the existing conditions. Attention is first 
 directed to the treatment of the walls. 
 
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 2- Drcxin Tile in Trench""^ 
 Covered with Cinders 
 
 Figure 1. 
 
 Figure No. 1 illustrates a section of a wall 
 showing the method of draining that would 
 generally be followed. To relieve the seepage or 
 flow of water through the wall on the left of the 
 figure, a hole has been drilled continuously 
 through the wall in which has been inserted a 
 pipe which is then made continuous with a sump 
 constructed in the center of the excavation. 
 Any sections of the wall showing the presence of 
 sufficient moisture to give any movement or 
 
 'Cover-ing 
 ovr Trench 
 
 Figure 2. 
 
 flow must be drained by means of a "bleed" pipe 
 before the plaster coat application can be under- 
 taken. 
 
 Figure No. 1 also illustrates the erection of a 
 two-inch drain tile in a trench around the foot 
 of the wall, which is constructed to grade so as to 
 empty into the sump where the water is relieved 
 by means of the syphon pump. 
 
 Figure No. 2 is a plan of the same condition 
 illustrated in Figure 1. Observe that two bleed 
 pipes have been inserted in the wall which are 
 connected with a syphon and the presence of 
 the drain tile, which is covered with cinders and 
 gravel running continuously around the outside 
 and connected to the central sump. 
 
 ,1 Coating on Wai la 
 
 2Coatir>jj on Floor 
 
 inTile in Trench, 
 Covered with Cinders 
 
 Figure 3. 
 
With the flow of water through the wall con- 
 centrated in the sump, the surface is then in 
 condition for application of the plaster coat. 
 The bleed pipe should be left in operation for a 
 matter of ten days to two weeks in order to 
 insure proper hardening of the plaster coat 
 before it is required to withstand the pressure. 
 
 Figure 3 illustrates the completed work. 
 With the water draining freely into the sump 
 and then removed by the syphon, the concrete 
 base can be constructed and the concrete take its 
 full normal hardness without any possible injury 
 of water accumulating and seeping up through 
 the soft concrete mass. The floor is finished with 
 a waterproofed plaster coat, which is made con- 
 tinuous with the applications on the side walls. 
 
 After the sump has been kept in operation 
 for a period sufficient to allow for the proper 
 hardening and bonding of the plaster coat, the 
 pump can be stopped and the cap screwed on 
 top of the sump to close it. The water pressure 
 is then entirely resisted and held back by the 
 waterproofed plaster coat. 
 
 Figure 4 illustrates a section of brick wall 
 through which a bleed pipe has been driven and 
 connected with a rubber hose to a central sump. 
 This illustration is particularly interesting, as it 
 shows the result of having undertaken to apply 
 a plaster coat to a surface where there was a slow 
 seepage of water. While to the naked eye the 
 movement was hardly discernible, as soon as the 
 
 Figure 4. 
 
 green plaster coat was applied it began to be 
 carried down on the thin film of moisture that 
 slowly but positively accumulated back of the 
 plaster coat and separated it from its bond and 
 
 Figure 5. 
 
 contact with the surface. It was necessary to 
 insert the bleed pipe and concentrate the flow 
 of the water before the plaster coat could be 
 applied safely. 
 
 Figure 6. 
 
Figures 5 and 8 are unusually good illustrations 
 of the use of bleed pipes in actual practical opera- 
 tions. The walls to be treated showed evidences 
 of the movement of considerable moisture. The 
 holes were drilled into the walls in which the 
 bleed pipes as shown in the illustrations were 
 placed and only after the water pressure was 
 relieved by the bleed pipes was the application 
 of the waterproofed plaster coat undertaken. 
 
 After the thorough hardening of the water- 
 proofed plaster coat, the bleed pipes are broken, 
 off and closed by driving in a wooden plug. 
 
 Figure 6 is a typical illustration of the result 
 that usually follows when care is not taken to 
 relieve the pressure. The accumulation of the 
 moisture back of the plaster coat naturally works 
 itself into the plaster coat, destroying the density 
 and compactness of the mechanical pressure used 
 in application and defeats the object of obtaining 
 a thoroughly continuous and dense application. 
 
 Figure 7 is a little closer view of Figure 6 
 showing the effect of the moisture and dampness 
 that is flowingjand seeping through the imper- 
 fectly applied waterproofed plaster coat. 
 
 Figure 7 
 
 Figure 8 
 
CHAPTER ELEVEN 
 
 Integral Waterproofing a Consistent Principle 
 
 of Engineering 
 
 By R. Alfred Plumb 
 
 The use of the Safety Factor in Engineering Design Its application to Waterproofing Engineer- 
 ing not an exact Science Safety Factor in Reality Factor of Ignorance Definition of Exact 
 Sciences Illustrations Method of Procedure in Exact Sciences How Engineering differs from 
 Exact Science Why the Factor of Safety is necessary in Engineering Concrete offers greatest 
 Variation of all Building Materials Why it does so Why the Safety Factor Principle is par- 
 ticularly applicable to Concrete Construction Direct bearing of this to Waterproofing of Con- 
 crete Concluding Review and Discussion. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE: The presentation of the 
 use of integral waterproofing in waterproofed 
 concrete as an action consistent with the usual 
 performance in employing a "factor of safety" 
 (or a "factor of ignorance") is a direct and 
 thoroughly logical application. Integral water- 
 proofing produces waterproofed concrete and 
 provides qualities for conserving the strength 
 of the concrete and protecting it against dis- 
 integration. Accordingly it should have a very 
 significant consideration as a "factor of safety" 
 (or as a "factor of ignorance") as it is so closely 
 and directly associated with the subject of the 
 strength and stability of concrete. 
 
 The correct and practical present conception 
 of the use of a factor of safety is a necessity, 
 due to the fact that engineering has not de- 
 veloped to the basis of a true science and does 
 not embrace concise knowledge of the laws of 
 natural forces and their application to the 
 strength and resistance of materials. Engineer- 
 ing is really more of an empirical consideration 
 of practical observations and results. 
 
 If the engineer was in position from his 
 knowledge to proceed with perfect definiteness 
 of the strength of materials and the accuracy 
 of workmanship, engineering in conception 
 and practice would become a definite science. 
 It would then be entirely superfluous to con- 
 sider the use of any excess of materials over 
 what was very definitely and positively known 
 to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 
 any particular structure. Actually the term and 
 practice involved in the consideration of factor 
 of safety would become obsolete. However 
 the factor of safety may be more literally inter- 
 preted a factor of ignorance, due to the fact 
 that our present engineering practices are only 
 reasonably accurate methods of approximation. 
 
 It is such subjects as Chemistry and Astron- 
 omy that present the truer conception of an 
 exact science. Chemistry as a science involves 
 a very definite knowledge of the various elements 
 that compose matter and the laws which regulate 
 the reactions and the relationships of these 
 various elements to each other. The chemist 
 knows by the definite, concise knowledge of the 
 science that when two or more of the established 
 elements are brought together, that certain 
 definite changes will take place and that such 
 reactions will be in accordance with very defin- 
 itely predetermined scientific facts. 
 
 Astronomy is even a better illustration of an 
 exact science. Due to the mathematical accur- 
 acy with which the knowledge of this subject 
 has been developed, the position of the sun, the 
 moon, and the stars are determinable for almost 
 any time. The position of the sun one year from 
 today is not a matter of empirical deduction or 
 of approximate determination but a fact which 
 can, from the conciseness of Astronomy as a 
 science, be precisely determined by mathemati- 
 cal calculations. 
 
 It is when any subject reaches that point of 
 development where its laws can be determined 
 with mathematical precision, and then can be 
 accurately expressed in practice, that the par- 
 ticular subject reaches a really true scientific 
 basis. 
 
 While engineering design is based on mathe- 
 matical calculations, there are so many uncer- 
 tainties involved in the qualities of materials 
 and workmanship that engineering cannot, when 
 considered in relationship to its practical execu- 
 tion, be accepted as mathematically concise. 
 
 By laboratory tests, it is possible to deter- 
 mine the strength and qualities of any specific 
 material under ideal conditions, but the engineer 
 
must substantially discount the laboratory 
 tests to anticipate the variations in the quality 
 of such materials when used in actual, practical 
 construction. 
 
 In design, the engineer, while he can be quite 
 confident of the accuracy of his knowledge of a 
 few of the simpler stresses, such as direct tension 
 and compression in members subject to flexure, 
 there are so many complicated stresses that will 
 develop that the engineer does not understand 
 that he is compelled to use materials at unit 
 stresses, much less than their ultimate strength, 
 in order to provide for the uncertainties in stresses 
 that he does not understand. 
 
 For instance, in any beam or girder there are 
 developed such additional stresses as horizontal 
 and vertical shear and diagonal tension and 
 compression stresses which vary so much in 
 different parts of their members, and combine 
 themselves in such ways, that the engineer at 
 times is unable to actually determine their 
 direction of action, much less being able to 
 calculate with any accuracy even their approxi- 
 mate intensity. 
 
 It follows logically that the real, practical 
 conception of the "factor of safety" is more a 
 "factor of ignorance," as the engineer is required 
 to use excessive amounts of materials in order to 
 insure protection against variation in the quality 
 of materials, in the uncertainties in workmanship 
 and the actual lack of concise knowledge of the 
 intensity and direction of the stresses that will 
 develop in the structure. 
 
 The engineer can be concise and accurate in 
 the mathematical calculations of his design, but 
 he cannot extend the same mathematical pre- 
 
 cision to the examination of the interior of every 
 piece of material that enters into the construc- 
 tion to determine the extent of flaws and im- 
 perfections that are likely to be present. It is 
 recognition by the engineer of the fact that he 
 cannot make this internal examination of the 
 structure of the materials that compels him to 
 figure the unit stress of any material at a value 
 which is only a fraction of the full ultimate 
 strength. 
 
 In design no engineer will make a building 
 stronger than he believes will actually be re- 
 quired, but he uses the lower stresses because 
 his lack of knowledge in the variation in con- 
 ditions involving materials, workmanship, and 
 stresses is such that he dare not go further. The 
 engineer often finds himself groping in the dark, 
 and occasionally when he becomes a little too 
 confident in the uniformity of materials, a little 
 too courageous in depending on the human 
 element of workmanship, a little too certain in 
 his ability to concisely figure strains and stresses, 
 he is confronted with a Quebec disaster that is 
 sure to intimidate and to bring greater emphasis 
 on the necessity of a care and caution in pro- 
 ceeding on facts that are really positively and 
 definitely known. 
 
 It is that recognition in the mind of the 
 engineer that, between the accuracy of his cal- 
 culation of stresses that are known and the 
 expression of his design in actual material form, 
 there are so many uncertainties, so many qual- 
 ities of which he is uncertain that he realizes he 
 cannot draw his design closer to the actual 
 ultimate but must provide excessive materials 
 to compensate for what he does not know and 
 what he cannot accurately determine. 
 
 A Represents standard practice in 
 
 steel work allowing a safety 
 
 factor of four. 
 B Represents a beam which would 
 
 carry the load assuming ulti^ 
 
 mate strength. 
 
 A Represents standard practice 
 in a concrete column under 
 definite load, providing a fac- 
 tor of safety of four. 
 
 B Represents a column 
 which, at ultimate 
 strength, will carry 
 the same load. 
 
 Illustrating the use of the "safety factor" in general construction work. 
 
The amount of space that has been given in 
 the foregoing to a discussion of the conception 
 of "Factor of Safety" is intended to establish 
 in the reader's mind the general extent to which 
 the engineer recognizes his limitations in engi- 
 neering as a science, and must secure and 
 protect himself on things he does not know by 
 use of materials figured at ultimate stresses 
 only representing a small percentage of the actual 
 ultimate value. 
 
 The effort has been, not so particularly to 
 give the reader information that he does not 
 know, but bring to his mind in concise, defined 
 perspective the exact reasoning why a factor of 
 safety is used. These facts are not theory but 
 absolute practice. 
 
 Now, considering the various types of con- 
 structive materials, what one stands out most 
 specifically as offering the biggest opportunity 
 for variation in actual construction? The 
 answer is Concrete. 
 
 The reader recognizes steel as a product of 
 thoroughly standardized manufacture, yet, due 
 to lack of confidence in what is actually known 
 about steel and what it will do under various 
 conditions of stress, the engineer employs from 
 two and a half to four times more than if figured 
 at full, ultimate value. 
 
 Similarly with wood, a product of Nature's 
 laboratory, the engineer has not sufficient 
 confidence in his knowledge of its uniformity or 
 of its behavior under various loadings but what 
 he provides from seven to twelve times more 
 actual material than would be required if it was 
 figured on the basis of its ultimate strength. 
 
 If the engineer's confidence in steel and wood 
 and materials of a similar type is so limited, 
 what can be his actual confidence in a material 
 like concrete with a vastly greater opportunity 
 for variations? In concrete there is fluctuation 
 that is associated with different brands of cement, 
 there are the differences in the time of setting, 
 there is the variation in the fineness and the 
 strength, etc. In the aggregate, there is prob- 
 ably the widest variation of any type of raw 
 material entering into the actual finished con- 
 struction. It not only varies in different sec- 
 tions but in the same locality there is consider- 
 able difference. In one section of the country, 
 a crushed rock is used in preparing concrete and 
 there is associated with it a great deal of fluctua- 
 tion due to the inherent nature of the rock itself. 
 In other sections gravel is employed with a wide 
 
 fluctuation in its granularmetric composition. 
 In fact almost unlimited comment could be 
 made bearing on the varieties of aggregates 
 employed in concrete. 
 
 Further, there is the influence on the finished 
 concrete by the method of mixing, the amount 
 of water used, the time of mixing, the method of 
 placing, spading, tamping, curing, etc. 
 
 It requires little comment to bring to the 
 reader's mind, in very forceful vision, that when 
 he is proceeding to figure a factor of safety as a 
 method of protecting against the wide uncertain- 
 ties and unknowns of structural materials, there 
 is hardly any material that requires the same 
 attention or the same provision for factor of 
 safety as concrete. 
 
 It is the association of the two facts that a 
 factor of safety is employed as a protection and 
 a security against the uncertainty in materials, 
 workmanship, etc., and in these qualities of 
 indefiniteness and uncertainty that concrete 
 stands out pre-eminently, that we conclude that 
 any provision that will add any definiteness or 
 positiveness to the production of a waterproofed 
 result in concrete should be employed and figured 
 as a reasonable, economical factor of safety. 
 
 It is occasionally suggested that by a scien- 
 tific grading of aggregate a density can be pro- 
 duced in concrete that makes it impermeable. 
 The interesting part of this statement is the 
 word "scientific." The correctness of the asser- 
 tion is to be granted with the provision of the 
 possibility of an execution of the scientific 
 requirement. It is exactly the fact that concrete 
 among structural materials does not permit a 
 scientific expression in result that this statement 
 falls far short of any real significance. To accept 
 such a possibility is to accept conditions prevail- 
 ing in engineering practice that will enable us to 
 use ultimate stresses rather than only fractions 
 of ultimate value in practical construction. 
 
 It is not the purpose of the discussion of this 
 chapter to show by analytical consideration that 
 it is a physical impossibility to actually obtain 
 waterproofed concrete by scientific grading, but 
 simply to bring to the engineer's mind the 
 positive inconsistency of conceiving a thing in 
 his mind as a possibility which he cannot apply 
 in any other phase or feature of engineering 
 practice. The engineer today who recommends 
 a scientific grading of aggregate as a method of 
 producing impermeable concrete must in the 
 same breath endorse the use of ultimate stresses 
 in steel, wood, and other structural materials. 
 
PART II 
 Discussion of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, 
 
 Concentrated 
 
 Nature of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated How Used Method of Incorporating 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, in the Concrete Its Economy Colloidal Nature 
 
 of Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated Effect on Concrete General Directions for 
 
 Use Table of Quantities Illustrations Reports Testimonial Letters Prominent Users. 
 
 NY integral waterproofing compound to successfully serve its 
 purpose must have the following characteristics: 
 
 It should be simple to use. It should readily mix with water, 
 as water must be its distributor. It should be so economical as to 
 permit of general use. Its effect must be permanent. Finally it 
 must be of such a chemical composition that the strength of the 
 finished structure shall not be one particle lessened by the possible 
 increase. 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, is the one product 
 which effectively meets all of these requirements. Developed by 
 many years of experiments and now tested and proved by successful 
 use in thousands of structures, it is recognized by engineers as the 
 one standard product for waterproofing by the integral method. 
 
 The following pages set forth the nature and qualities of Truscon 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, and serve to explain the extra- 
 ordinary success this product has gained. 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, Detroit, Mich. 
 
A. Krolik & Co. Building, Detroit, Michigan 
 Albert Kahn, Architect, Ernest Wilby, Associate 
 
 All concrete below grade line waterproofed with Truscon Waterproof- 
 ing Paste, Concentrated. The Detroit River is directly back 
 of the building. 
 
 Simple to Use 
 
 The method of using TRUSCON Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated, is the simplest 
 possible. All that is required is to add this 
 Paste to the water which is used to temper the 
 dry mixture of cement, sand, stone, etc. No 
 other method is so easy, rapid and convenient. 
 When powder compounds are used for water- 
 proofing they must be mixed with the dry cement. 
 This operation involves considerable delay, as well 
 as extra labor cost. By the TRUSCON method 
 there is no hindrance to rapid, economical work. 
 
 Readily Mixed with the Gauging 
 Water 
 
 Because it comes in paste form, TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, mixes 
 very readily with water, forming a milk-like 
 solution. It distributes itself evenly throughout 
 the water and hence is carried uniformly to 
 every part of the mortar or concrete. 
 
 To produce a perfect mixture between ordinary 
 oils and water is of course impossible. It is for this 
 reason that most of the dry powders offered for 
 waterproofing purposes are more or less inefficient, 
 for they consist of chemically insoluble soaps with 
 hydrated lime, and such metallic salts of fatty acids, 
 as is well known, are naturally repellent to water. 
 Consequently, these waterproofing compounds do 
 not become evenly distributed throughout the con- 
 
 crete and thus they cannot fulfill their purpose of 
 waterproofing it. This result comes partly because 
 of the difficulty of mixing such dry compounds 
 with the cement. However, even were a perfect 
 mixture obtainable, nevertheless the waterproofing 
 compounds, being lighter than the cement, sand, 
 etc., naturally float toward the top of the mixture 
 as soon as the water is added. 
 
 The use of a dry powder for waterproofing 
 purposes involves a difficulty such as would follow 
 an attempt to evenly mix and hold in distribution 
 finely pulverized cork. It is obvious that when the 
 mass is very heavy and dry the cork is entrapped 
 and mechanically held, but as soon as any fluidity 
 is produced, as by the addition of water, the cork, 
 due to its repellent nature, naturally works itself 
 to the top of the mass, entirely destroying the origi- 
 nal distribution. 
 
 Because TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, 
 Concentrated, readily mixes with the gauging 
 water and thus becomes evenly distributed 
 throughout the concrete, its waterproofing qual- 
 ities safeguard every part of the concrete. There 
 can be no weak spots where leaks may develop. 
 Moreover, its protection against water does not 
 weaken with age but on the contrary becomes 
 stronger. 
 
 Most Economical Waterproofing 
 Compound 
 
 A lower cost results from the use of TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, than with 
 any other integral waterproofing treatment. 
 This is the case because of the concentrated 
 nature of the Paste and because it contains no 
 fillers like hydrated lime, clay, silica, etc., which 
 
 Notre Dame Cathedral, New York City 
 
 Cross & Cross, Architects 
 
 Waterproofing & Construction Co., Waterproofing Contractors 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used to Waterproof 
 
 Concrete Work 
 
Rheinstein & Haas Building, New York, N. Y. 
 Starrett & Van Vleck, Architects 
 Rheinstein & Hass, Contractors 
 
 increase the bulk of many other waterproofing 
 compounds without raising their efficiency. In 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concen- 
 trated, only materials of the greatest water- 
 proofing value are used; and hence this product, 
 even though its cost were considerably higher, 
 would remain the most economical to use. 
 
 The wide recognition of TRUSCON Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated, as the standard 
 product for the integral method of waterproof- 
 ing, has come because it combines the qualities 
 of simplicity and efficiency, together with the 
 lowest unit of cost. Thus, TRUSCON Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated, has brought 
 about the more general use of waterproofing in 
 
 concrete. Because of its low cost its use has 
 extended, not only to structures where water- 
 proofing was absolutely essential, but also to 
 work where waterproofing was merely desirable. 
 
 Colloidal in Composition 
 
 Portland cement mortar, as is well known, is 
 partly waterproof. This results because of a 
 jelly-like or colloidal substance in the cement, 
 which tends to fill up the pores. TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, is itself 
 colloidal in nature ; hence it completes the water- 
 proofing tendency of the cement by entirely 
 filling the pores in the mortar or concrete. It 
 thus protects fully against the softening ten- 
 dency of water and does this not only efficiently 
 but permanently. 
 
 Careful study of those chemical and physical 
 processes which take place when Portland cement 
 is mixed with water has made it evident that to give 
 satisfactory results a waterproofing compound must 
 necessarily be of a colloidal nature. The process of 
 
 Statler Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Mauran, Russell & Crowell and Geo. B. Post & Sons, 
 Associated Architects 
 
 Construction work below grade waterproofed with Truscon Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Rochester Sewage Disposal Plant, 
 Department of Engineering, City of Rochester, Engineers 
 
 C. Arthur Poole, Supervising Engineer 
 
 Concrete Waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, 
 Concentrated 
 
 setting and hardening of Portland cement mortar 
 and concrete is not alone a process of solution, 
 hydration and recrystallization, but is supplemented 
 by the formation of a colloidal substance which 
 surrounds and protects the crystals of cement that 
 bind the particles of sand and stone together. 
 
 The partial degree of waterproofness which is 
 characteristic of Portland cement mortar and con- 
 crete is due entirely to the presence of its colloidal 
 constituent. In its absence there would be no 
 medium to protect the crystallization against the 
 action of water which would tend to gradually 
 soften, dissolve and disintegrate the mass when 
 subjected to actual practical exposure. 
 
 This colloidal substance, however, is never 
 formed in sufficient quantity to entirely fill out 
 all the voids in the mass, and it is accordingly the 
 function of an efficient integral waterproofing not 
 only to intensify the formation of the colloid origi- 
 nating from the cement itself, but to add a sufficient 
 
 quantity of colloid so as to fill out the voids and 
 impart to the concrete sufficient density to render it 
 absolutely impermeable. 
 
 It is a further essential of an efficient integral 
 waterproofing that the body not only be originally 
 colloidal, but have the property of indefinitely re- 
 taining its colloidal development. Such absorbent 
 colloids as clay, hydrated lime, aluminum hy- 
 droxide, etc., which have been used with very ques- 
 tionable success, have been found in time to dehy- 
 drate, losing their colloidal development, and are 
 very slow and inactive in reverting to the colloidal 
 condition. This behavior undoubtedly explains the 
 very inconsistent results obtained with products of 
 this character, as in some cases where conditions 
 are particularly favorable for maintaining the 
 colloidal condition, results will be quite satisfactory, 
 but generally where there is any opportunity for the 
 drying out of the colloid, the waterproofness is 
 destroyed. 
 
 Cornell Stadium 
 
 Gibb & Waltz, Architects 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used throughout 
 all Concrete 
 
 Concrete Stand Pipe Singson Water Works, Philippine Islands 
 
 All concrete waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, 
 Concen tra ted. 
 
 Not Weakening the Concrete 
 
 The strength of concrete ought not, of 
 course, to be sacrificed for waterproofness. The 
 favor with which TRUSCON Waterproofing 
 Paste, Concentrated, has always been received 
 by engineers, follows partly because, far from 
 reducing the strength of concrete, this product 
 enhances and maintains it. It does so because, 
 as already explained, it protects the concrete 
 against the disintegrating action of water. 
 
 Compounds containing large percentages of free 
 fats, soluble soaps, active silicic acid, etc., invariably 
 reduce the strength of concrete materially, for these 
 products react seriously with the constituents of the 
 cement and interfere with the normal process of 
 hardening that is essential to develop the full 
 strength. 
 
A Record of Success 
 
 Even at its introduction TRUSCON Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated, was recognized 
 as possessing qualities that should make it most 
 efficient and satisfactory. Now that its success 
 has been demonstrated in a practical way by 
 its use in great numbers of important and ex- 
 tensive operations, its reliability has become a 
 matter of general recognition among engineers 
 and contractors. The range of work upon which 
 it has been used is consequently very wide; in- 
 deed, it embraces practically the entire field of 
 concrete construction, including foundations, 
 dams, tunnels, reservoirs, tanks, floors and all 
 similar structures. The illustrations and letters 
 in this book refer to a few examples of these 
 uses. 
 
 The simple method of employing TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, is defined 
 on succeeding pages in the form of general 
 specifications. Upon request special specifica- 
 tions will be furnished showing in detail the 
 method of using this product in the case of any 
 unusual waterproofing problem. 
 
 Ford Service Building, Long Island City, N. Y. 
 
 Concrete Foundations and Floors Waterproofed with Truscon 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 Directions for Using TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste Concentrated 
 
 Only ordinary care and reasonable attention 
 are necessary to obtain the very best results 
 with this product. 
 
 In the general integral waterproofing of mass 
 concrete, TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, 
 Concentrated, should be employed in the pro- 
 portion of one (1) part of Paste to thirty-six (36) 
 parts of water, which provides the most eco- 
 nomical waterproofing available. 
 
 Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta, C a. 
 A. Ten Eyck Brown, Architect, W. C. Spiker, Structural Engineer 
 
 Allen J. Krebs, Contractor 
 
 All concrete sub-terra construction and floors waterproofed through 
 with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 For conditions that are particularly extreme, 
 due to small mass or especially high pressure, 
 the Concentrated Paste should be used in the 
 proportion of one (1) part of Paste to twenty- 
 four (24) parts of water, but under average 
 conditions of waterproofing the Paste can be 
 employed in the proportion of one to thirty - 
 six (1:36) as previously recommended. 
 
 For a waterproofed cement plaster coat, the 
 Concentrated Paste should be employed in the 
 proportion of one (1) part of Paste to eighteen 
 (18) parts of water. 
 
 The best results are obtained by thoroughly 
 mixing one part Paste with an equal volume of 
 water and while stirring vigorously add suffi- 
 cient more volumes of water to give proportions 
 required above. 
 
 The milky solution resulting from the mix- 
 ture of Paste and water in the above proportion 
 should be used in place of clear water to temper 
 the dry mixture of cement and aggregate. 
 
 In case the mixture of Paste and water 
 is allowed to stand for any interval between 
 using, it should be most thoroughly stirred 
 to insure an even and uniform solution 
 each time just before using. The Paste 
 diffuses so readily that this imposes no ad- 
 ditional trouble, as very little agitation will 
 insure its perfect distribution. 
 
 The following table gives the quantities of 
 cement, sand and TRUSCON Waterproofing 
 Paste, Concentrated, required for a 1:2 water- 
 proofed plaster coat to cover 100 square feet of 
 surface. 
 
 Bbls. 
 Cement 
 
 Thick- 
 Proportions ness 
 
 1 part Cement 1 1" 1.00 
 
 2 parts Sand \ %" 0.75 
 Area 100 sq. ft.j H* 0-50 
 
 Cu. yds. 
 Sand 
 .28 
 .21 
 .14 
 
 Pounds 
 Paste 
 8 
 6 
 
 4 
 
Hotel Biltmore, New York, N. Y. 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing 
 
 Paste, Concentrated, 
 
 used in construction of 
 
 this building. 
 
 TRUSCON Service 
 
 Waterproofing and dampproofing problems 
 have been the province of The TRUSCON 
 Laboratories for many years. Its organization 
 includes a corps of expert chemists and chem- 
 ical engineers, whose advice upon special prob- 
 lems in this field is at your disposal. This 
 service is without charge or obligation do not 
 hesitate to avail yourself of it at any time. 
 
 Elks Building, New Orleans, La. 
 Toledano, Wogan & Benard, Architects 
 
 All mortar used in brick work waterproofed with Truscon 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Transportation Building, Atlanta Ga. 
 
 A. Ten Eyck Brown, Architect, W. C. Spiker, Structural Engineer 
 Gude & Company, Contractors 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste used in all retaining walls, floors and 
 other concrete coming in contact with the ground. 
 
Bangor, Me. High School 
 
 Architects, Peabody & Stearns. Contractors, George H. Wilber & Sons 
 Difficult Leakage Remedied by Truscon Pas e, ConantnteJ 
 
 STOPS STUBBORN LEAKAGE 
 
 Bangor, Maine, November 17, 1914. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 In justice to your product, Truscon Waterproofing Paste, we 
 wish to say that in the new Bangor High School we met with a par- 
 ticularly stubborn leakage in the basement and, after some delibera- 
 tion on the part of the School Board. and our firm, we concluded 
 to use your product, namely, the Truscon Waterproofing Paste, 
 and proceeded to use the same as per your instructions. The floors 
 of the two rooms which we waterproofed had been finished, but we 
 simply went over them with your Waterproofing Paste in a plaster 
 coat one inch (1 ") thick and continued same up the walls to a ground 
 two feet (2') above same, and on completion of this work had it 
 absolutely waterproof. 
 
 We do not know that there is anything more to say in regard to 
 this work, but we wish to further add that on the writer's own resi- 
 dence in Old Town, Maine, he has used this Paste in his stucco work 
 on the second story, which has proved absolutely waterproof and, 
 after several driving storms, south and east, there are no indications 
 of any dampness whatever. Further along he used your "Stone- 
 Tex" on his outside veranda floor, and after using only one coat the 
 waterproofing is absolutely perfect, draining everything to the 
 outlet. 
 
 If there is anything more we can say in regard to our highest 
 approval of your products, we will be only too pleased to do so. 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 GEORGE H. WILBUR & SONS. 
 
 EIGHT FEET'FLOOD WATER BASEMENT 
 STAYED DRY 
 
 Rochester, N. Y., April 3, 1916. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 In 1915 we erected for George C. Buell & Company in this city 
 a new warehouse building and due to the close proximity of this 
 building to the Genesee River, we waterproofed the basement walls 
 and floor with TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste. 
 
 The building has recently undergone a most severe test from 
 flood water and we have no doubt you will be interested to learn 
 of the successful outcome of the waterproofing work. 
 
 The basement floor is two feet below the normal water level in 
 the river and taking into consideration the possibility of the river 
 overflowing its banks at flood time, the floor was heavily reinforced 
 to resist hydrostatic pressure and the concrete floor slab, together 
 with the 14* concrete walls of the basement to a point 12" above 
 grade, was waterproofed by adding TRUSCON Paste to the water 
 used in tempering the concrete. 
 
 The water rose to a height of over eight feet, overflowing the 
 river banks, completely surrounding the building, at one time 
 reaching a height of nearly 12' above grade on the street side. 
 The basement interior, walls and floors remained at all times as dry 
 as in midsummer, the only water coming in was that which seeped 
 in through the basement windows (when same were half under 
 water), through form wires which had been left in the wall and in a 
 few instances not properly plugged, and through some water coming 
 into the basement through the backing up of the sewer. The con- 
 crete work we found to be absolutely impervious to dampness and feel 
 that the use of the waterproofing paste has been entirely successful. 
 
 We are quite enthusiastic over the performance and have no 
 hesitancy in approving the use of the material for all waterproofing work. 
 
 Thanking you for the assistance and personal attention given 
 this work at the time of construction, we are, 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 C. A. LIVINGSTON, 
 For Walker, Livingston & Bracket!. 
 
 Municipal Pier No. 78, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Snare & Triest Co., General Contractors 
 
 This pier extends 1,000 f*et into the river. All concrete waterproofed 
 with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 George C. Buell Company's Warehouse, Rochester, N. Y. 
 Walker, Livingston & Brackett, Architects 
 
 Basement waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Con- 
 centrated. The letter printed above shows how effectively 
 Truscon Paste waterproofed this basement as demonstrated by 
 the Rochester flood. 
 
 MOFFETT 8s SONS 
 Wholesale Grocers 
 
 Flint, Mich., May 27, 1913. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Last summer, as you are aware, we erected a building in this city 
 for the accommodation of our Wholesale Grocery Business. The- 
 location on which we erected this building while ideal from a dis- 
 tributive point of view, being in the heart of the business district 
 is near the river and the floor of our basement being necessarily sev- 
 eral feet below the level of the river, caused us considerable anxiety as 
 to the results of our efforts to insure a dry basement. We had pre- 
 viously received through the mail some of your printed matter relat- 
 ing to TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, and having faith in your 
 statement that this paste would actually make concrete mixture 
 waterproof, we purchased enough to cover the necessary require- 
 ments for waterproofing the basement floor and walls to a height 
 of one foot above the ground level. We used this paste strictly in ac- 
 cordance with your instructions, and it affords us pleasure to assure 
 you that the results are most gratifying, for notwithstanding the 
 fact that our building stands on porous ground and sandy soil, 
 and as before stated the basement floor is lower than the level of the 
 river, we have an absolutely dry basement, which means to us. 
 another story added to our building, which we believe would not 
 have been possible were it not for the fact that we used your 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste in our concrete mixture. 
 
 We are building another block of two stores this summer in "a 
 similar location and have specified that TRUSCON Waterproofing 
 Paste[must be used in floor and wall construction. 
 
 Assuming that the foregoing information may be of interest'to 
 you, we are Cordially, 
 
 MOFFETT 86 SONS. 
 
Municipal Reservoir, Asheville, N. C. 
 
 Thoroughly and Permanently Waterproofed with 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 A CONVINCING REPORT 
 
 Asheville, N. C., October 15, 1910. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 This reinforced concrete reservoir, built to insure an auxiliary 
 or emergency supply for the water system of Asheville, N. C., has a 
 capacity of 5,000,000 gallons of water. The reservoir is 150 feet in 
 diameter at the bottom and is 40 feet deep. The wall is three and 
 one-half feet thick at the bottom and tapers to a thickness of eight 
 inches at the top. 
 
 As originally constructed the reservoir was not satisfactory, but 
 has been brought to stand a thorough test and has just been accepted 
 by the city after additional work, which was done by Mr. George H. 
 Davidson, a contractor of Asheville. The bottom of the tank, when 
 Mr. Davidson began work on it, was from two to six inches thick with 
 concrete filling up the crevices and the entire floor of the tank was 
 cracked very badly. The sides of the tank were originally built in five- 
 foot sections, and at these seams there was a constant leakage. At 
 some places there were cracks up and down the wall, while nearly all 
 of the wall was porous and water seeped through. Mr. Davidson 
 broke out all of the old bottom entirely around for a distance of two 
 feet from the wall, going down to solid rock and cleaning out all 
 cracks and crevices. He then filled all with good concrete mixed with 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste to the level of the old floor. On top 
 of this he laid the 8-inch floor with J^-inch reinforcing steel, filled with 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste and concrete as per TRUSCON 
 specifications, using fifteen barrels of the Paste in the bottom. He 
 then cut out all joints on the wall and filled them with cement mortar 
 mixed with TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste. 
 
 Mr. Davidson's contract was "no pay if not water-tight" after a 
 test of 90 days with reservoir full of water; and at the end of 90 days 
 the mayor and five aldermen examined the reservoir and found that 
 he had complied with his contract and made good. Quite a number 
 of outside firms made bids for waterproofing of this reservoir, the 
 lowest bid of these being in the neighborhood of $20,000, while the 
 cost under Mr. Davidson's plan was $11,400, and he made some 
 money. A number of firms making waterproofing material solicited 
 this business but after demonstrations and examining the merits 
 of the various waterproof materials, Mr. Davidson told me that he 
 had decided that TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste was the best 
 material to use; and he used it and made good. 
 
 N. BUCKNER, 
 Secretary Asheville Board of Trade. 
 
 TWO YEARS LATER 
 
 Ashville, N. C., December 14, 1912. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Referring to your booklet, "Science and Practice in Waterproof- 
 ing," in which you show an illustration of the Asheville Auxiliary 
 Reservoir with description of its repairs made by the writer. 
 
 It gives me pleasure to state that this tank is still in good shape, 
 and I am sending you under separate cover a new picture, which was 
 made about two or three weeks ago. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 N. BUCKNER, Secretary. 
 
 FOUR YEARS LATER 
 
 Asheville, N. C., March 20, 1914. 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Your telegrams received. I have sent the following message 
 to-day: "Our big auxiliary concrete reservoir water-tighted in nine- 
 teen ten with TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste by Geo. H. David- 
 son, a local contractor, has been and is now satisfactory. Prior to 
 that time, could not be used." 
 
 N. BUCKNER, 
 
 Secretary Asheville Board of Trade. 
 
 SOHO PUBLIC BATHS 
 2410 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, January 31, 1912. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Dear Sirs: 
 
 Regrading the waterproofing of the Soho Baths with your 
 TRUSCON Paste, will say that the same is perfectly satisfactory. 
 
 Our condition was rather extreme; the building is situated on 
 Fifth Avenue, 3 stories above and 3 stories below Fifth Avenue. Our 
 front wall extends down 36 feet below the street, being 12 H feet thick 
 at the bottom, composed of concrete. 
 
 The water backed up against the wall from springs in the hill 
 and came through a dozen different places, running continually at 
 all seasons of the year at 100 gallons per hour. By applying a plaster 
 coat scinch thick 1:2, mixing the TRUSCON Paste to the water, 
 we have secured a water-tight job and our walls are now perfectly 
 dry, enabling us to utilize the floors below Fifth Avenue and make a 
 swimming pool in which we have used the TRUSCON Paste with 
 satisfaction. 
 
 The walls were so dry that the carpenter, thinking there was no 
 water back, drilled through the plaster coat to fasten partition, when 
 instantly the water gushed forth in a stream with much pressure, 
 proving conclusively that your material is a thorough waterproof, 
 and we will always use it in our waterproofing. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 D. P. MARSHALL, 
 
 Superintendent. 
 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., March 20, 1914. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 At Mr. Mackin's request I send you my best indorsement of 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste. We had an almost impossible job 
 successfully treated with this material. Conditions too extreme to 
 go into details. Using nothing else now. 
 
 D. P. MARSHALL, Supt-, 
 Soho Public Baths, City of Pittsburgh 
 
 Swimming Pool, Soho Public Baths, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, Remedies a Seem- 
 ingly Impossible Condition 
 
Swimming Pool, Y. W. C. A. Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Hewitt & Granger, Architects. Charles Gilpin, General Contractor 
 Effectively Waterproofed with Truscon Paste, Concentrated 
 
 CONSTRUCTION SUPERINTENDENT WELL 
 PLEASED 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa., July 31, 1915. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Regarding the use of Truscon Waterproofing Paste in the swim- 
 ming pool of the Y. W. C. A. Building, would say that I have found it 
 very satisfactory indeed. 
 
 The pool is 4 feet deep at the shallow and 9 feet 6 inches at the 
 deep portion. It is 20 feet wide and 60 feet long. The walls are 10 
 inches thick with a 10 inch bottom. We used a 1:2:4 mix with 24 
 parts of water to every one part of your Waterproofing Paste. 
 
 We stripped the outside of the pool the day after pouring, to allow 
 the air to get to it and to see if there were any voids. In a week, we 
 stripped the inside of the pool and cleaned it thoroughly. We then 
 allowed it to stand for one week. Following this we filled it half full 
 of water, allowing it to stand thus for a week, then filling it to over- 
 flow, and leaving the pool standing full of water. 
 
 We found the pool absolutely water-tight, with the exception of 
 where the feed water pipes and over-flows passed through the wall. 
 Underneath these pipes, there were several small leaks, caused by 
 shrinkage of the concrete. After pumping the pool, we stopped the 
 leaks by cutting around the pipes about two inches, and taking strings 
 of oakum soaked in Truscon Plaster Bond, and caulking tightly. We 
 then cemented over these places with a 1 :1 mix using 18 parts of water 
 to one part of Waterproofing Paste. 
 
 I cannot speak too highly of Truscon Waterproofing Paste. If 
 conditions are thoroughly examined, and the Paste used according 
 to directions, an absolutely watertight job will be obtained. 
 Yours truly, 
 
 W. HARVEY, Supt. of Construction. 
 
 R. D. BURNETT CIGAR COMPANY 
 
 Birmingham, Ala., June 12, 1913. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Regarding your inquiry as to the results obtained through the 
 waterproofing of the basement in our Wholesale Cigar House, part of 
 which is also used for Retail and Wholesale Piano Store purposes: 
 wish to state that through the directions of the architect for this 
 building, Mr. H. B. Wheelock, this city, we bought of you about 1500 
 pounds of the TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, as manufactured by 
 THE TRUSCON LABORATORIES, and used same on the work 
 with the best results. The basement, even after the concrete base 
 of the floor and the concrete walls were poured, was certainly in very 
 bad condition owing to the great amount of water which ran every- 
 where through the concrete. As I understand, the Waterproofing 
 Paste was used in the 1-inch cement finish of the floors and in the 
 ?4-inch cement coat applied to all the basement walls, and as we 
 had a very competent man direct the application of the cement 
 finish, we were very successful indeed in getting an absolutely water- 
 tight job, in spite of the pressure under which the water seemed to 
 come through the concrete previous to the time of applying the 
 cement finish. 
 
 Since the work has been completed, about four months ago, we 
 have had some very hot weather, but so far have not had any signs of 
 defective work or defects due to the material in any part of the base- 
 ment. The goods stored in the basemerj; require absolutely dry stor- 
 age space as even a slight dampness would affect them seriously, and 
 we can only say that we have no trouble whatever on account of 
 dampness or wet spots in floor or walls. 
 
 We, therefore, take occasion to state that we can unhesitatingly 
 recommend the use of this material for waterproofing purposes, 
 under severe conditions, as we certainly had bad conditions before 
 the work was waterproofed and had all kinds of water in the base- 
 ment. You are at perfect liberty to use this letter in any way that 
 will help you to bring this excellent material before the trade. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 R. D. BURNETT CIGAR COMPANY, 
 
 Per R. D. Burnett, Pres. 
 
 New Sheeter Building, Charleston, S. C. 
 Lockwood, Greene & Co., Engineers 
 
 Concrete waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Con- 
 centrated. 
 
 Concrete Purifying Tanks, Arlington Gas Light Co., 
 Arlington, Mass. 
 
 Tanks made Gas Tight through use of 
 Trus-Con Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 THE LIGHT, HEAT & POWER CORPORATION 
 
 Boston, Mass., August 11, 1914 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Regarding your inquiry concerning the results obtained from 
 using Truscpn Waterproofing Paste in the reinforced concrete gas 
 purifiers which we built recently for the Arlington Gas Light Com- 
 pany at Arlington, Mass., I beg to state that the paste was applied 
 by the integral method according to your directions, and after the 
 forms were removed the boxes were given a one-inch plaster coat 
 inside. After being completed, these boxes were subjected to an 
 air and gas test of one pound pressure. The concrete in two of the 
 boxes was found to be perfectly gas tight and that of the third had 
 one very slight leak which was stopped immediately after its location. 
 We are very well satisfied with the results obtained with this 
 Paste and believe it will give satisfaction on any work of similar 
 character. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 F. E. LEARNED, Mgr. 
 
H. B. NELSON & SONS 
 Contractors 
 
 Muskogee, Okla., June 25, 1914. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 In March, 1913, we finished the Agency Hill Reservoir for the City 
 of Muskogee and waterproofed this 6,000,000 gallon reservoir with 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste. We first used the Waterproofing 
 Paste in the construction of a small tank in which to store wcter for 
 mixing concrete as the reservoir site was above the reach of city water. 
 This tank we reinforced with woven wire and concrete of 1-2-4 mix- 
 ture. We used in this the recommended mixture and this tank with 
 three-inch walls was completely waterproof. 
 
 In constructing the large reservoir, after removing the forms and 
 while the concrete was yet damp we put upon it a thin coating of 
 cement made up of Waterproofing Paste diluted in water. Upon 
 the floor of the reservoir while green we put on two heavy coats of 
 the Waterproofing (as above mixed). In this way we closed all sand 
 voids and overcame any unevenness in the concrete with very satis- 
 factory results. 
 
 Our specifications permitted of not more than five gallons of 
 seepage per minute, but when the test was made by the city for its 
 acceptance there was only one quart seepage. The structure was 
 thoroughly sub-drained with tile around and under the floor and any 
 seepage there was, occurred not through the concrete but at points 
 where the supply and delivery pipes passed through the floor. At any 
 rate at this time, one year after completion, the seepage is practically 
 nothing. Yours truly, 
 
 H. B. NELSON & SONS, 
 
 By J. Perwitt Nelson. 
 
 iflfff 
 
 Agency Hill Reservoir, Muskogee, Okla. 
 
 H. B. Nelson and Sons, Contractors 
 
 Effectively Waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, 
 Concert tra ted 
 
 Iron Removal and Filtration Plant, Camp Funston, Kansas 
 
 Basins and all concrete walls and floors coming in contact with water 
 
 JAMES KENNEDY CONSTRUCTION COMPANY 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, Portland, Oregon, Feb. 9, 1915. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Replying to your inquiry with reference to our use of Truscon 
 Waterproofing material. We used your material last year in the 
 construction of six reservoirs: Two at Linnton, two at Willbridge, 
 and two at Whitwood Court. The Waterproofing proved to be satis- 
 factory in every way, as the city test showed no leaks through the 
 concrete. The engineer on this work was Mr. L. C. Kelsey, Selling 
 Building, Portland, Oregon. He can certify to the truth of this state- 
 ment, as he was present and in charge of the city when the tests were 
 made. Yours truly, 
 
 JAMES KENNEDY CONSTRUCTION CO. 
 By J. D. Hanley. 
 
 THE FAIRMONT CREAMERY COMPANY 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, May 1st, 1914. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Referring to your inquiry as to whether we were pleased with 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste Concentrated which we used on all 
 floors of our new building in Columbus, where water was freely used, 
 will say that we found it very satisfactory. 
 
 We put six inches of concrete and one inch of topping on these 
 floors and we used the Paste in both. We have never had any trouble 
 with the water soaking through, and in fact we are so well pleased 
 with this material that we used it on some concrete floors which were 
 placed upon wooden floors in a building we fitted up for a creamery 
 at Buffalo, N. Y. So far, in the latter building, we have seen no leaks 
 through this material. 
 
 As far as we can see, and we have given it an eight months' test in 
 Columbus, this material gives perfect satisfaction. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 THE FAIRMONT CREAMERY COMPANY, 
 
 By M. H. Bennett, Construction Manager 
 
 W. H. SIEVERLING, C. E. 
 General Contractor 
 
 Springfield, Ohio. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Regarding the waterproofing you furnished for the Springfield 
 Light, Heat & Power Co.'s new consolidated power-house, will say 
 that nearly two tons of "TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste" were 
 used. 
 
 The situation seemed hopeless, as I had not only to contend with 
 numerous living springs, flowing through the power plant, coming 
 up from the fissures and seams of limestone cliffs out of which the 
 foundations were blasted, but also high waters from a turbulent 
 creek, flowing by the plant. I had as much as eight (8) feet of water 
 in the basements about all last winter and spring. 
 
 After much pumping and building of sheep troughs and sumps, 
 and using plenty of TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste incorporated 
 into the concrete for walls, floors and top coat, I succeeded in getting 
 a perfectly dry basement for their electrical machinery. 
 
 I like to use TRUSCON Paste, because with the average common 
 labor you can get, it is easier to use and get results than with any 
 other waterproofing that requires intelligent, if not expert, manipula- 
 tion. 
 
 I can assure you that the Light Company is more than satisfied, 
 as we have had some high waters since, and everything proved water- 
 tight. 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 W. H. SIEVERLING. 
 
 New Electric Plant of Oshkosh Gas Company, Oshkosh, Wis. 
 Wm. A. Baehr, Chief Consulting and Constructing Engineer 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste used in Crusher and Water Softening 
 pits, 14 ft. head of water. 
 
Factory of the Abrasive Co., Bridesburg, Pa. 
 
 Horace W. Castor, Architect 
 John R. Wiggins Co., Inc., General Contractors 
 
 Pits under grinding machines waterproofed with Truscon Water- 
 proofing Paste, Concentrated. Absolute dry ness essential in 
 these pits. 
 
 BICKS 85 KLUNPP 
 The Truscon Laboratories, Decatur, 111. 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 We are in the concrete business, and are making burial vaults. 
 
 We are told that if we used Waterproofing Powder we could 
 
 make these vaults waterproof, but we find by filling the vaults with 
 water, that they leak like sieves, and that the waterproofing powder 
 comes up to the top as the concrete is pored. After the vaults have 
 set, you can scrape the powder off with your finger, and it leaves the 
 concrete full of soft places. 
 
 We do not care to risk any more labor or material with powder 
 waterproofing, but want you to send us prices on your Waterproofing 
 Paste. We have poured a box about 12 inches square, using 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, and upon filling same with water, 
 note that the outside keeps perfectly dry. In using the powder water- 
 proofing, we gave the same careful attention to the mixing. We first 
 mixed the cement and waterproofing compound through a fine 
 sieve, and made sure that the dry mixture was perfectly uniform. 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 BICKS & KLUNPP. 
 
 BATES MANUFACTURING CO. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, Lewiston, Maine, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Your telegram of today received. We used 53 barrels of 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste to waterproof concrete walls and 
 floors of turbine chambers, forebay and tailrace of hydraulic power 
 plant. Present conditions indicate perfect success. 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 BATES MANUFACTURING CO. 
 
 F. B. HATCH 
 Contractor and Builder 
 
 San Juan, Porto Rico. 
 Messrs. Behn Bros., San Juan, P. R. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I take pleasure in stating that I have used your TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste on several pumping pits where they had very 
 severe test and will say that I am highly pleased with it. It is the 
 best waterproofing for mixing with concrete that I have yet found. 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 F. B. HATCH. 
 
 WAUKESHA CONCRETE BLOCK & MATERIAL CO. 
 
 Waukesha, Wis. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 We believe your TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste to be superior 
 to other preparations we have used. 
 
 Very truly, 
 WAUKESHA CON. BLOCK & MAT. CO. 
 
 New Orleans Country Club, New Orleans, La. 
 Favrot & Livaudais, Architects 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used in basements 
 and on all floors. 
 
 Tacony Ordnance Co., Tacony, Pa. 
 W. F. Mark Const. Co., General Contractors 
 
 Basements of all buildings waterproofed with Truscon Waterproof- 
 ing Paste, Concentrated. Water in the foreground is the Dela- 
 ware River which at this point has a tide of five feet; basements 
 are well under water at high tide. 
 
 PACIFIC ELECTRIC ENGINEERING COMPANY 
 
 Portland, Oregon. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 
 In answer to your inquiry of recent date, we beg to say that we 
 used eighty gallons of TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste last Febru- 
 ary in the floors and walls of the machinery pit of the power house, 
 erected by us at Oswego for the Oregon Iron and Steel Co. 
 
 After the pit walls were completed and before the cement had 
 time to fairly set, an accident occurred at the headgates which caused 
 the water to stand in the pit about three feet deep for a week. Dur- 
 ing this time the walls showed no leakage and we are thoroughly con- 
 vinced that you have an article that will waterproof any cement 
 that it is applied to. 
 
 Should we need any in the future you may rest assured that you 
 will hear from us. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 PACIFIC ELECTRIC ENGINEERING CO. 
 
 GLENMORE DISTILLERIES COMPANY 
 
 Owensboro, Ky. 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Regarding the use of TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste for the 
 construction of tanks and cisterns, we are pleased to advise that last 
 summer we constructed a beer well 16 feet in diameter by 12 feet 
 deep, using a 1-2-4 mix of washed gravel concrete, and mixing this 
 with TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste as per your standard speci- 
 fications. 
 
 Two days after this beer well was poured it was surrounded with 
 water to within one foot of the top, but so far we have yet to see the 
 slightest sign of seepage, and it is apparently absolutely water-tight. 
 
 Yours very truly, 
 GLENMORE DISTILLERIES COMPANY, 
 
 By H. S. Barton, V. P. and Gen. Mgr. 
 
THE LEHIGH COAL & NAVIGATION CO. 
 Bangor, Maine 
 
 Bangor, Me., October 23, 1913. 
 Messrs. N. H. Bragg & Sons, 
 
 City. 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 I have refrained from reporting the results of our waterproofing 
 until the TRUSCON work had adequate water-resisting tests. The 
 last three weeks of rain have afforded us satisfactory demonstration 
 of the goodness of TRUSCON. 
 
 Our pocket is erected over a tunnel, about 150 x 8 x 8, and be- 
 neath the tunnel is a subterranean river, icy-cold, with swift current. 
 At far end of tunnel, a ledge retarded egress of water, down the gen- 
 eral gently sloping tract on which the pocket is built. The tunnel was 
 well built, the action of the river, and boiling springs nearly broke its 
 back, despite the several thousand tons of dead -weight. The floor and 
 both sides of the tunnel opened, and through the fissures poured the 
 water, at times. An endless carrier with several hundred balancing 
 buckets runs in the tunnel through ends and across top of pocket. * 
 Frequently, upon starting work for the day, and particularly in 
 winter, we would find a seepage during the night of about 30,000 to 
 35,000 gallons of crystal, cold water in the tunnel submerging the 
 buckets. In zero weather, the attendant ice was costly and annoying, 
 to put it mildly. 
 
 The combined efforts of rotary pump and six-inch drain leading 
 from far end of tunnel failed to carry off the water at all times. 
 
 We had the tunnel waterproofed two years ago, and for a time 
 it held. Although at no time did this repaired tunnel have so long a 
 siege of rain, feeding the river and springs, it eventually broke under 
 strain less severe than to which subjected since October 1. 
 Finally, we evolved a new plan. 
 
 We dug auxiliary side drains, giving total drainage length of about 
 3,000 feet, blasted the ledge, and then having, as we believe, diverted 
 the water in a measure, we followed your TRUSCON book to the 
 letter, and used that wonderful compound in repairing and water- 
 proofing the great fissures in our heavy concrete tunnel floor and 
 walls. 
 
 The work was performed under great difficulties, as water con- 
 stantly was bubbling up in the tunnel, although diminished in a 
 measure by the new drains. The concrete mixture with TRUSCON 
 in it hardened in the water, and it was remarkable to note its stiffen- 
 ing propensities under circumstances that would simply wash away 
 ordinary concrete as fast as placed in position. 
 
 TRUSCON, we believe, has solved our costly, vexatious and at 
 times baffling problem. I might add that the cost of the waterproof- 
 ing did not exceed $25, although several thousands had been expend- 
 ed previously in the attempt to overcome the trouble. We will gladly 
 impart personal information, and exhibit the work to any others 
 annoyed by similar troubles, and show them how to overcome them 
 with TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, properly 
 applied. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 J. McLEOD, Agent. 
 
 The Gowan-Lenning-Brown Building, Duluth, Minn. 
 F. G. German, Architect. Leif Jenssen, Assistant Architect 
 
 W. J. Zitterell, Contractor 
 
 Basements Waterproofed against heavy hydrostatic pressure with 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 Smithfield Street Public Comfort Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 J. P. Brennan, Architect 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used throughout 
 all Concrete 
 
 Municipal Reservoir, Daly City, Cal. 
 
 F. C. Roberts, Engineer. Tieslau Bros., Contractors 
 
 Waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 in accordance with Waterproofed Cement Plaster Coat proceess ' 
 
 HARDY & ARONS 
 Dayton, Ohio 
 
 The Truscon Laboratories, 
 
 Detroit, Mich. 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 Ever since the erection of the Colonial Building, corner of Third 
 and Grimes streets, the basement has been useless because of the 
 great seepage of water through the walls and cement floor. 
 
 We contracted with the Dayton Fiber Plaster Co., of this city, 
 to make this basement watertight and dampproof with your products. 
 They applied a M-inch coating of cement mortar on these walls and a 
 2-inch cement floor, using your Waterproofing Paste in the water with 
 which the material was mixed. The surface thus treated amounted 
 to about 10,000 square feet. Our basement is now absolutely dry, and 
 we cannot too highly recommend your products. 
 
 Respectfully yours. 
 
 HARDY & ARONS. 
 
A Few Representative Users of Truscon Waterproofing 
 
 Paste, Concentrated 
 
 St. Louis South-Western Ry. 
 
 Albion Shale Brick Co.. Albion, III. 
 
 Old Crow Distillery, Glenn Creek, Ky. 
 
 Packard Motor Car Co.. Detroit and Philadelphia. 
 
 Medical College, Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Western Sugar Refining Co., San Francisco. 
 
 Ford Service Buildings 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Louisville. 
 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Atlanta. 
 
 Dallas. 
 
 New York City. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Detroit. 
 
 Minneapolis. 
 
 Bates Mfg. Co., Lewiston, Me. 
 Oliver Chilled Plow Co., South Bend, Ind. 
 Stroh Brewing Company, Detroit, Mich. 
 Edison Illuminating Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Pittsburgh Comfort Station, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Arlington Gas Co. 
 City Reservoir, Daly, Cal. 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Ry. 
 Kresge Bldg., Detroit, Mich. 
 Hotel Statler, Detroit, Mich. 
 Lever Bros. Soap Co., Boston, Mass. 
 Thomas A. Edison, Newark, N. J. 
 Goodyear Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio. 
 Agency Hill Reservoir, Muskogee, Okla. 
 Grand Central Terminal, New York City, N. Y. 
 Hawley & Hoops Company, New York City, N. Y. 
 Revere Rubber Company, Chelsea, Mass. 
 Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine. 
 Lozier Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Hudson Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Gramm Motor Car Co., Lima, Ohio. 
 City Reservoir, St. Charles, Mo. 
 City Reservoir, Hancock, Mich. 
 City Reservoir, Asheville, N. C. 
 City Reservoir, Lafayette, Ind. 
 Lighting Plant, Springfield, Ohio. 
 Mexican Light & Power Co., Mexico City, Mexico. 
 Westinghouse Lamp Factory, Watsessing, N. J. 
 Grain Elevator, Fort Worth, Texas. 
 General Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y., 
 Goldfield Milling & Transportation Co., Goldfield, Nev. 
 Rogers-Brown Ore Co., Deerwood, Minn. 
 Markham Air Rifle Co., Plymouth, Mich. 
 Seaboard Airline Ry., Portsmouth, Va. 
 Beckett Paper Co., Hamilton, Ohio. 
 Western Electric Co., New York City, and elsewhere. 
 Inter-Ocean Steel Co., Chicago, III. 
 Jefferson Powder Co., Birmingham, Ala. 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Southern Ry. 
 Magee Theatre, Schenectady, N. Y. 
 Hartman Furniture Co., Warehouse, Chicago, III. 
 Beckwith Stove Plant, Dowagiac, Mich. 
 Anderson Forge Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Armstrong Tannery, Detroit, Mich. 
 Wissmath Packing Co., Fort Madison, la. 
 Quartermaster's Department, Washington, D. C. 
 Kling Brewery, Detroit, Mich. 
 Capitol City Brewery, Montgomery, Ala. 
 Great Lakes Engineering Co., Ashtabula, Ohio. 
 Brunett Falls Mfg. Co., Cornell, Wis. 
 Continental Motor Mfg. Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Central Market Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 Government Light House Caissons, Detroit River 
 Pere Marquette R. R. 
 Grand Rapids & Indiana R. R. 
 Edward Ford Plate Glass Co., Rossford, Ohio. 
 Detroit Free Press Building, Detroit, Mich. 
 Shepard Building, Chicago, III. 
 Press Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Oil Well Supply Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Hamburger Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Y. M. C. A., Butler, Pa. 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, Greensburg, Pa. 
 Y. M. C. A. Building, New Castle, Pa. 
 Y. M. C. A. Swimming Pool, Red Wing, Minn. 
 Y. M. C. A. Swimming Pool, Fostoria, Ohio. 
 Y. M. C. A. Swimming Pool, St. Joseph, Mo. 
 Y. M. C. A. Swimming Pool, Burnham. Pa. 
 E. I. DuPont DeNemours Co., Wilmington, Del. 
 M. H. McCloskey, Jr., 1620 Thompson St., 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Clifton Mfg. Co., Waco, Texas. 
 Jones & Mclaughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Spelts Grain Co., Sterling, Col. 
 
 Estate of Charles M. Schwab. Loretto Road, Pa. 
 
 A. G. Riser, Contractor and Builder, Tazewell, Va. 
 
 Ivy White Ash Coal Co., Ivaton, W. Va. 
 
 Georges Creek Coal Co., Inc., Setzel, Logan Co., W. 
 
 Va. 
 John Griffiths & Son Co., 1011 Merchants Loan & 
 
 Trust Bldg., Chicago, III. 
 The Gun Pits placed on lower Delaware River by 
 
 U. S. Government. 
 Vacuum Oil Co., Paulsboro, N. J. 
 Houston Collieries Co., Maitland, W. Va. 
 Tug River Power Co., Welch, W. Va. 
 Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Keystone, W. Va. 
 McDowell Coal & Coke Co., McDowell, W. Va. 
 Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette, Pa. 
 Burroughs Adding Machine Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Cadillac Motor Car Co., Detroit, Mich. 
 Swift & Company, South Omaha and Cambridge. 
 Boston & Maine Railway. 
 Dodge Bros., Detroit, Mich. 
 Sellwood Park Swimming Pool, Portland, Ore. 
 Water Tank, Cojimar, Cuba. 
 Cook Brewing Co., Evansville, Ind. 
 Frick & Lindsay Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Heider Manufacturing Co., Carroll, Iowa. 
 The Mission Conception, San Antonio, Texas. 
 Los Angeles Brewing Co., Los Angeles, Calif. 
 Sparta Gas & Electric Co., Sparta, III. 
 Jacksonville Concrete Co., Jacksonville, Fla. 
 Stitzer Engineering & Contracting Co., Philadelphia. 
 Turner & Stewart, Camden, N. J. 
 McClintic-Marshall Construction Co.. Pottstown, Pa. 
 Atlantic City Gas Company, Atlantic City, N. J. 
 Bright & Co., Hazelton, Pa. 
 R. D. Burnett Building, Birmingham, Ala. 
 U. S. Glass Company, Butler, Pa. 
 Butler Concrete & Plaster Co., Butler, Pa. 
 Standard Steel Car Co., Butler, Pa. 
 10th Reg. Armory, Monongahela, Pa. 
 Moose Temple, Monnessen, Pa. 
 U. S. Government Experimental Mine, Wallace Sta., Pa. 
 U. P. Church, Erie, Pa. 
 St. Pius Church, McKeesport, Pa. 
 Duquesne Parochial Schools, Duquesne, Pa. 
 Pittsburgh Water Heater Co., Idlewood, Pa. 
 Boggs Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Crafton High School, Crafton, Pa. 
 P. & L. E. Ry. 
 
 Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg, Pa. 
 New Castle Dry Goods Co., New Castle, Pa. 
 Pittsburgh Coal Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Monongahela Saw & Planing Mill Co., Monongahela. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Northern Power Co., Potsdam, N. Y. 
 Caledonia Milling Co., Caledonia, Mich. 
 Henahan King Co., Toledo, Ohio. 
 Columbus Machine & Tool Co., Columbus, Ohio. 
 J. M. Wagenheim & Son, Newark, Ohio. 
 Herman Gundlach, Houghton, Mich. 
 Thomas Culinan, Providence, R. I. 
 Ottaray Canning Co., Ltd., Henderson, N. C. 
 Wayne County Farm, Eloise, Mich. 
 Stark Brewing Company, Canton, Ohio. 
 Penn Mining Co., Vulcan, Mich. 
 Ledbetter Manufacturing Co., Rockingham, N. C. 
 Morgan Engineering Co., Alliance, Ohio. 
 Rubber Regenerating Co., Mishawaka, Ind. 
 Prestolite Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 
 Sterling Silk Glove Co., Bangor, Pa. 
 Adam E. Ferguson Creamery, Lansing, Mich. 
 Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Co., 
 
 Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Bedford Foundry & Machine Co., Bedford, Ind. 
 Thomas Brothers, Moosejaw, Sask. 
 Plymouth Milling Co., Plymouth, Mich. 
 International Time Recording Co., Endicott, N. Y. 
 Dr. C. E. Schmitz, Cambridge, Idaho. 
 First National Bank, Lestershire, N. Y. 
 Fonnesbeck Knitting Co., Ogden, Utah. 
 Cheboygan Manufacturing Co., Cheboygan, Mich. 
 U. S. Gun Pits on the Delaware River. 
 E. I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., Deep Water Plant, 
 
 Carney's Point, N. J. 
 Penn. Harris Hotel, Harrisburg, Penna. 
 Penna. Ry. Co. 
 
 Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co. 
 Swimming Pools, City of Philadelphia. 
 
MASS CONCRETE //V FOUNDAT/OM WALLS 
 WATERPROOFED THROUGHOUT W/TH 
 
 TRUSCO/V 
 WATERPROOF/MG PASTE CO/YCE/VTRATED 
 
 MASS COS/CRETE //V FLOOR SLAB 
 WATERPROOFED THROUGHOUT W/TH 
 I TRUSCON 
 
 WATERPROOF/MG PASTE COMCEMTRATED 
 
 ,CEMEMT TOPP//VG 
 S/M/LARLY WATERPROOFED 
 
 Waterproofing mass concrete by integral method. 
 
Specification for Waterproofing Mass Concrete 
 
 by Integral Method 
 
 Applicable to Standpipes, Cisterns, Reservoirs, 
 Foundations and Similar Structures 
 
 1. Intent It is the intent of these specifications to obtain a water-tight concrete 
 structure. 
 
 2. Method Water-tightness shall be secured by the addition of TRUSCON 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, as manufactured by THE TRUSCON LABORA- 
 TORIES, Detroit, Michigan, to all water used to temper the dry mixture of cement 
 and aggregate, in proportions and mixed as directed below. 
 
 3. Ingredients and Proportions for Concrete The concrete composing the main 
 body of the structure shall consist of one (1) part cement, two (2) parts of sand, and 
 four (4) parts of stone, each to meet the following requirements: 
 
 (a) The cement shall be a high grade Portland, which has been carefully tested and found to satisfactorily pass 
 the requirements of the Standard Specifications of The American Society for Testing Materials, and preferably 
 ground so that eighty per cent (80%) shall pass a standard two-hundred (200) mesh sieve. 
 
 (b) The sand shall consist of spherical grains of any hard rock that is practically free from clay, absolutely free 
 from organic matter, and uniformly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) The stone shall be screened from gravel, and shall for sixty per cent (60%) of its bulk be uniformly graded be- 
 tween diameters of one (1) and one and one-half (lH") inches, and for forty per cent (40%) of its bulk be uni- 
 formly graded between diameters of one quarter ( J4) and one (1) inch. A hard crushed trap rock may be sub- 
 stituted for gravel if screened to meet the requirements indicated. 
 
 4. Mixing The dry mixture of cement, sand and stone in the above proportions 
 shall be tempered to a medium wet consistency with water to which one (1) part of 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, has been added as directed by the 
 manufacturers, for every thirty-six (36) parts of water. 
 
 5. Placing All the concrete shall be placed in one continuous operation, each 
 pouring being thoroughly spaded to insure uniform density. In cases where joints are 
 absolutely unavoidable, very special care shall be taken to clean and roughen the 
 old surface and have it thoroughly wet and slush-coated immediately before placing 
 additional concrete. 
 
TRUSCON 
 WATERPROOF/NG PASTE CONCENTRATED 
 
 2 " CEMENT F/N/SH 
 WATERPROOFED W/TH 
 
 TRUSCON 
 WATERPROOF/NG PASTE CONCENTRATED 
 
 Waterproofing concrete or masonry by means of waterproofed plaster coat applied to 
 
 interior surfaces. 
 
Specifications for Waterproofing Concrete and 
 
 General Masonry Structures by Means of 
 
 Waterproofed Plaster Coat 
 
 Applicable to Cisterns, Reservoirs, Foundations, Basements, 
 Tunnels, Subways and Similar Structures 
 
 1. Intent It is the intent of these specifications to obtain a water-tight structure. 
 
 2. Method Water-tightness shall be secured by plastering the interior surface 
 of the structure with a continuous coat of Portland cement mortar waterproofed with 
 TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, as manufactured by THE 
 TRUSCON LABORATORIES, Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 3. Ingredients and Proportions of Waterproofed Plaster Coat The mortar com- 
 posing the plaster coat shall consist of one (1) part of cement and two (2) parts of sand, 
 to meet the following requirements: 
 
 (a) The cement shall be a high grade Portland, which has been carefully tested and found to satisfactorily meet 
 the requirements of the Standard Specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials and preferably 
 ground so that eighty per cent (80%) shall pass a standard two hundred (200) mesh sieve. 
 
 (b) The sand shall consist of spherical grains of any hard rock that is practically free from clay, absolutely free from 
 organic matter, and uniformly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 4. Preparation of the Coating The waterproofed cement mortar shall be pre- 
 pared by thoroughly tempering (to required consistency) a dry mixture of one (1) part 
 of cement and two (2) parts of sand, with water to which TRUSCON Waterproofing 
 Paste, Concentrated, has been added in the proportion of one (1) part of Paste to 
 eighteen (18) parts of water, as directed by the manufacturers. 
 
 5. Preparation of Surface to be Coated Before plastering the cement mortar on 
 the hardened concrete, the surface of same shall be treated as indicated in the following: 
 
 (a) The hardened surface shall be mechanically roughened by chipping and very thoroughly cleaned with a heavy 
 wire broom, so as to remove all dust and dirt. A jet of steam shall be employed to clean the wall, if available. 
 
 (b) To the mechanically cleaned surface apply with a large acid brush, a liberal ccat of one to ten (1 :10) solution of 
 Hydrochloric Acid. (Muriatic Acid). Allow the acid to remain until it has exhausted itself, which will require 
 at least ten minutes. Apply a second coat of acid solution if the first does not sufficiently clean and expose the 
 surface of the aggregate. 
 
 (c) With a hose under good pressure, slush the surface so as to remove the salts and locse particles resulting from 
 the action of the acid. Continue the slushing until the old concrete is thoroughly cleaned and soaked to its 
 full hydrometric capacity. Thoroughly wire-brush the surface so as to remove the particles which have been 
 loosened by the action of the acid. 
 
 (d) To the cleaned saturated surface apply with a strong fibre brush a coating of pure cement mixed to a thick, 
 creamy consistency with water to which TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, has been added in 
 the proportion of one (1) part of Paste to eighteen (18) parts of water. Rub in vigorously so as to fill all crevices 
 and cavities produced by the action of the acid. 
 
In applying waterproofed 
 plaster coat to either in- 
 terior or exterior of brick 
 wall the acid treatment 
 is ur necessary. Surface 
 should be thoroughly wet 
 before applying plaster 
 ccat. 
 
 CEMENT PLASTER COAT 
 WATERPROOFED W/TH 
 
 TRUSCON 
 WATERPROOF/NG PASTE CONCENTRATED 
 
 2" CEMENT F/N/SH 
 WATERPROOFED W/TH 
 
 TRUSCO/V 
 WATERPROOF/NG PASTE CONCENTRATD 
 
 ''ffi. V-'-^'ftx^?-^^^ 
 
 Waterproofing concrete or masonry by means of waterproofed plaster coat 
 applied to exterior surfaces. 
 
6. Application of Coating to Sides Immediately after applying the slush 
 coat, the first coat of waterproofed cement mortar shall be applied to a thickness of 
 three-eighths of an inch 0/s") directly on the slush coat, and well troweled and rubbed 
 into the crevices of the surface. This first coat shall be lightly scratched before show- 
 ing initial set. Before this first coat has reached its final set, the second coat shall be 
 applied, of equal thickness, so as to give a full average thickness of three-quarters of 
 an inch (24")- Most special care shall be exercised to apply this finish coat before the 
 first coat has reached its final set. The finish coat shall be thoroughly floated to an 
 even surface and subsequently troweled free from any porous imperfections. 
 
 7. Floor Coating The floors shall be prepared and treated exactly as indicated 
 above, and finished with a waterproof cement mortar to a thickness of two inches (2")- 
 Special care should be exercised to bond the wall coating to the floor coating, so as to 
 make the waterproofed coating continuous over the entire surface. 
 
 8. Pressure Where water is running through the wall, proper drainage must be 
 provided by drilling holes and inserting tubes in the wall, to concentrate the flow of 
 water. With the pressure relieved, the waterproofed plaster coat shall be applied to 
 the drained portions of the wall. The drainage pipes shall remain open until the water- 
 proofed plaster coat has thoroughly set and is capable of resisting the pressure of its 
 own adhesive strength, when the drainage pipes shall be closed with suitable plugs and 
 overcoated with the waterproofed cement mortar. 
 
 9. Inspection When hardened, the waterproofed plaster coat shall be sounded 
 with a light hammer and all loose and defective plaster shall be cut out and replaced. 
 
Specifications for Waterproofing Cement Stucco 
 
 1. Intent It is the intent of these specifications to obtain a sound, permanent 
 and waterproof stucco. 
 
 2. Materials The materials composing the stucco shall consist of: 
 
 (a) Portland cement which has been carefully tested and found to satisfactorily meet the requirements of the Speci- 
 fications of the American Society for Testing Materials. 
 
 (b) Sand which is practically free from organic matter and uniformly graded in size from coarse to fine. 
 
 (c) Hydrated lime that is uniform in quality and perfectly hydrated. 
 
 (d) TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, as manufactured by THE TRUSCON LABORATORIES, 
 Detroit, Michigan. 
 
 3. Proportions The proportions of the above specified materials by volume, 
 shall be five (5) parts of cement, twelve (12) parts of sand, and one (1) part of hydrated 
 lime. One (1) part of TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, shall be 
 added to every eighteen (18) parts of water used to temper the mortar. 
 
 4. Mixing The cement and hydrated lime, after being thoroughly mixed dry 
 to uniform color, shall be added to the dry sand and the whole manipulated until 
 evenly mixed. The dry mixture shall then be tempered to the correct working con- 
 sistency with water to which TRUSCON Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, has 
 been added in proportion specified. The mortar must be thoroughly worked until 
 perfectly homogeneous. This composition shall only be made up in lots that can be 
 immediately applied, and any material that has been mixed with water over thirty 
 (30) minutes before applying shall be rejected. 
 
 5. Application All walls shown on elevation for stucco finish shall be two-coat 
 work. The first coat shall be prepared as specified above, with the addition of long 
 cow hair for keying when applied to metal lath. The face of the first coat shall be 
 thoroughly scratched over to form a key for the finish coat, which shall be applied to 
 a total thickness of one inch (1"), when the first coat has set sufficiently hard to safely 
 hold it. The finish coat shall be carefully floated from any porous imperfections. 
 
 When plastering over a masonry surface, special care must be taken to thoroughly 
 saturate the masonry with water and the plaster applied at once. 
 
 6. Drying Special care shall be taken to avoid too rapid drying. If in direct 
 rays of the sun, the stucco shall be protected with a damp canvas or burlap, and when 
 sufficiently resistant, shall be frequently sprinkled with water. 
 
 7. No exterior plastering shall be permitted until all interior partitions are stud- 
 ded up and completely braced. 
 
PART III ;;/,: :;.:;:: : 
 
 A Few More Representative Building Operations Where 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 Has Been Used 
 
 Victor Talking Machine Co., Camden, N. J. Ballinger & Perrot, Architects. Irwin & Leighton General Contractors 
 
 This building is located near the Delaware River, the basement of the working establishment being some five or six feet below high tide. 
 Foundation work waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Carter, Carter & Meiggs Building, Boston, Mass. 
 Densmore & Le Clear, Architects, 
 George A. Fuller Co., Contractors 
 
 Basement waterproofed against heavy tide water pressure 
 with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Merchants Refrigerating Co., 
 
 New York, N. Y. 
 
 John B. Snooks & Sons, Architects 
 Turner Construction Co., 
 
 Contractor 
 
 This building was used by the 
 United States Government for 
 storage of food products for the 
 Army and Navy. Entire sub- 
 structure of this building is 
 waterproofed with Truscon 
 Waterproofing Paste, Concen- 
 trated. 
 
Van Tine Building, New York. N. Y. 
 
 Basement waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Residence of James Deering, Miami, Florida 
 F. Burrall Hoffman Jr., and Paul Chalfin, Associate Architects; John B. Orr, Stucco Contractor 
 
 Stucco Waterproofed Throughout with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated 
 
 Detroit News Building, Detroit, Michigan. Albert Kahn, Architect, Ernest Wilby, Associate 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used in all foundation work. 
 
Rogers Peet Building, New York, N. Y. Townsend, Steinle & Haskell, Architects 
 
 Basement waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
New Plant Kansas City Light and Power Co. 
 
 Sargeant & Lundy, Chicago, Arch i tec ts'and Engineers 
 
 Foundation Company, New York City, Contractors 
 
 Pennsylvania Freight Terminal, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Designed and constructed under the direction of Thos Rodd, Chief Engineer Union Station Co., Robert Trimball, Chief Engineer 
 Maintenance of Way, Pennsylvania Lines, Geo. A. Fuller & Co., General Contractors 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used in construction of these buildings. 
 

 Ford Motor Co., Service Building, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated, used in construction of this building. 
 
Mulford Residence, Miami, Florida. W. C. De Garmo, Architect, J. B. Orr, Stucco Contractor 
 
 Stucco waterproofed throughout with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Construction of the Bevis Hill Reservoir, Schenectady, N. Y. 
 
 Capacity twenty million gallons, C. C. McWilliams, Supt. Bureau of Water, City of Schenectady. Concrete waterproofed throughout 
 
 with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Alan Realty Building, New York, N. Y. R 
 
 All under gra 
 
 , N. Y. Rouse & Goldstone, Architects, Waterproofing & Construction Co., Waterproofing Contractors 
 
 :de foundation work waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Residence, E. C. McGraw, Miami, Florida. George C. Pfeiffer, Architect, John B. Orr,' Stucco Contractor 
 
 All stucco waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Residence of James MacRoberts, Miami, Florida. August Geiger, Architect, J. B. Orr, Stucco Contractor 
 
 All stucco waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
New Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa. Thomas Hannah, Architect 
 
 All concrete waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
8 feet of Flood 
 
 Water but 
 
 Basement 
 
 stayed Dry. 
 
 Warehouse of George C. Buell & Co., Rochester, N. Y. Walker, Livingston & Brackett, Architects 
 
 The basement of this building was waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. It withstood an exceedingly difficult 
 practical test during the Rochester flood of 1916. See letter from architects page 57. 
 
 Rochester Sewage Disposal Plant, Rochester, N. Y. 
 Department of Engineering, City of Rochester, Engineers C. Arthur Poole, Supervising Engineer 
 
 All concrete waterproofed throughout the mass with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
L. G. Highbyman, Residence, Miami, Florida. August Geiger, Architect, J. B. Orr, Stucco Contractor 
 
 All stucco waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 Hanna Residence, Miami, Florida. August Geiger, Architect, J. B. Orr, Stucco Contractor 
 
 All stucco waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
Lincoln Apartments, Miami, Fa. August Geiger, Architect, J. B. Orr, Stucco Contractor, St. John Construction Co., Gen. Contractors-' 
 
 All stucco waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
 
 Construction of concrete water tank for Bethlehem Chili Iron Mines Co., Cruz Grande, Chili. C. H. Kuster, Engineer 
 All concrete waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
niutiti 
 
 (lijitjjii 
 
 Vinton Building, Detroit, Michigan. Albert Kahn, Architect, Ernest Wilby, Associate 
 
 Foundations waterproofed with Truscon Waterproofing Paste, Concentrated. 
 
List of Illustrations 
 
 Page 
 
 Alan Realty Co., New York City 39 
 
 Alan Realty Co., New York City 81 
 
 Asheville Tank, Asheville, N. C 58 
 
 Arlington Gas Tanks, Arlington, Mass 59 
 
 Agency Hill Reservoir, Muskogee, Okla 60 
 
 Abrasive Co., Bridesburg, Pa 61 
 
 American Can Co., Kansas City, Mo 72 
 
 Bangor Maine High School, Bangor, Maine 57 
 
 Buell Warehouse, Rochester, N. Y. . . . t : 57 
 
 Buell Warehouse, Rochester, N. Y 84 
 
 Bevis Hill Reservoir, Schenectady, N. Y 80 
 
 Bethlehem Chili Iron Mines Co., Cruz Grande, Chili 86 
 
 Chalmers Motor Co., Detroit, Mich 27 
 
 Cherry Street Wharf, Philadelphia, Pa 40 
 
 Cornell Stadium, Ithaca, N. Y 54 
 
 Carter, Carter & Meiggs Building, Boston, Mass 74 
 
 Daly City Municipal Reservoir, Daly City, Calif 62 
 
 Deering Residence, Miami, Fla 76 
 
 Detroit News Building, Detroit, Mich 76 
 
 Elks Building New Orleans, La 56 
 
 Edison Illuminating Co., Detroit, Mich 73 
 
 Ford Service Building, Long Island City 55 
 
 Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta, Ga 55 
 
 Foot Schulze & Co., St. Paul, Minn 72 
 
 Ford Service Building, Philadelphia, Pa 79 
 
 Grand Central Terminal, New York City 14 
 
 Gowan-Lenning-Brown Building, Duluth, Minn 62 
 
 Hotel Statler, St. Louis, Mo 53 
 
 Hotel Biltmore, New York City 56 
 
 Highbyman Residence, Miami, Fla ~.< 85 
 
 Hanna Residence, Miami, Fla 85 
 
 Iron Removal & Filtration Plant, Camp Funston, Kas 60 
 
 Krolik Co., Detroit, Mich 52 
 
 Kansas City Light & Power Co., Kansas City, Mo 78 
 
 Lincoln Motor Co., Detroit, Michigan 21 
 
 Lincoln Apartments, Miami, Fla 86 
 
 Municipal Pier, Philadelphia, Pa 57 
 
 Merchants Refrigerating Co., New York City 74 
 
 Mulford Residence, Miami Fla 80 
 
 McGraw Residence, Miami, Fla 82 
 
 MacRoberts' Residence, Miami, Fla 82 
 
 Notre Dame Cathedral, New York City 52 
 
 New Sheeter Building, Charleston, S. C 59 
 
 New Orleans Country Club, New Orleans, La 61 
 
 Oshkosh Gas Co., Oshkosh, Wis 60 
 
 Pennsylvania Freight Terminal, Chicago, 111 78 
 
 Rheinstein & Haas Building, New York City 53 
 
 Rochester Sewage Disposal Plant, Rochester, N. Y 54 
 
 Rogers Peet Building, New York City 77 
 
 Rochester Sewage Disposal Plant, Rochester, N. Y 84 
 
 St. Paul Public Library, St. Paul, Minn 43 
 
 Stand Pipe, Singson Water Works, Philippine Islands 54 
 
 Soho Baths, Pittsburgh, Pa 58 
 
 Smithfield Street Public Comfort Station, Pittsburgh, Pa 62 
 
 Transportation Building, Atlanta, Ga 56 
 
 Tacony Ordnance Co., Tacony, Pa 61 
 
 Victor Talking Machine Co., Camden, N. J 71 
 
 Van Tine Building, New York City 75 
 
 Vinton Building, Detroit, Mich 87 
 
 Ward Bakery, East Orange, N. J 37 
 
 Western Theological Seminary, Pittsburgh, Pa 83 
 
 Y. W. C. A. Swimming Pool, Philadelphia, Pa 59 
 
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