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^pplctons' Classical Scries. 
 
 SELECTIONS 
 
 FEOM THE 
 
 POEMS OF OVID 
 
 WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY 
 
 BY 
 
 J. L. LINCOLN, LL. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN BROWN UNIVERSITY 
 
 NEW YORK 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
 
 1, 3, and 5 BOND STREET 
 
 1834 
 
COPYRIGIIT BY 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 
 
 18S2, 1888. 
 
 ft 
 
 / 
 
PA!***** 
 
 PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. 
 
 In the preparation of a new edition of these " Selec- 
 tions from the Poems of Ovid," the work has undergone 
 a careful revision. A chief result of the revision has 
 been the insertion of words in the Vocabulary, which 
 were omitted in the first edition. Corrections, too, have 
 been made in the Vocabulary, and also in the text and 
 the notes. I hope, therefore, that the book will now 
 be found to be a better one, and more worthy of use. 
 I take this occasion to make my acknowledgments to 
 the many teachers who have expressed a favorable opin- 
 ion of the work, and have adopted it as a text-book. I 
 have especially to express my sense of obligation to my 
 friends who have pointed out defects in the work, and 
 have called my attention to words omitted in the Vocabu- 
 lary ; particularly am I indebted for such service to 
 Professor G. N". Dougherty, Superintendent of Public 
 Schools in Peoria, Illinois, and to my former pupils, 
 Messrs. William T. Peck, of the Providence High School, 
 
 Enoch Perrine, of the Peddie Institute, Hightstown, 
 1 
 
ii PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION. 
 
 New Jersey, William C. Joslin, of Belleville, New York, 
 and James P. Kelley, of the Connecticut Literary Insti- 
 tution, Suffield. I shall be thankful to any teachers, 
 who may use the book with their classes, for suggestions 
 or criticisms, which may help to make the work a more 
 useful one in the study of Latin, and of Ovid as a 
 
 Latin poet. 
 
 — " Si quid novisti rectius istis, 
 
 Candidus imperti." 
 
 J. L. Lincoln. 
 
 Brown University, August 22, 1884. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 This selection is intended as an introduction to the 
 reading of Latin poetry. It is the opinion of experienced 
 teachers (and it is at the request of such that this volume 
 has been prepared) that the poetry of Ovid is better fitted 
 for the uses of beginners than that of Vergil. It is in 
 accordance with such an opinion that, in the course of 
 Latin study pursued in the schools of Europe, and espe- 
 cially of England and Germany, the reading of Ovid pre- 
 cedes the reading of Vergil. It is desirable that the 
 student become familiar in Ovid, both by theory and 
 practice, with the structure of the Latin hexameter, and 
 with the peculiarities of poetic Latin, before he comes to 
 the statelier numbers and the loftier diction of Vergil. 
 And, certainly, in respect to the subjects treated by the 
 two poets, it seems fitting that those immortal stories 
 from the Greek and Eoman mythology, which, largely 
 through Ovid's charming versions, have entered as an 
 enduring possession into the literature of modern times, 
 should have an earlier place in a course of Latin study 
 than Vergil's great national epic, which traces, in finished 
 heroic verse, the grand fortunes of Rome, its destined 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 universal dominion, and all that was noblest and best in 
 its life — political, moral, and religious. 
 
 Some selections from the "Amores," the "Fasti," 
 and the "Tristia" have been added to those made from 
 the "Metamorphoses," not only on account of the inter- 
 esting themes of which they treat, but also for the sake 
 of giving the student an opportunity of becoming ac- 
 quainted with Latin elegiac verse, of which, in Latin 
 poetry, Ovid is the acknowledged master. 
 
 If this volume should be found to contain more than 
 can be conveniently read in an introductory course of 
 Latin poetry, perhaps the following pieces may be pre- 
 ferred, from their superior interest, and from the superior 
 illustrations they present of Ovid's genius and style : 
 From the "Metamorphoses," The Golden Age, Deucalion 
 and Pyrrha, Phaethon, Py ramus and Thisbe, Arachne 
 or the Spider's Web, Latona's Eevenge, The Golden 
 Fleece, Philemon and Baucis, Atalanta's Eace, Alcyone, 
 and the Epilogue ; and from the remaining selections, 
 the three from the "Amores," and especially the three 
 from the "Tristia." 
 
 The text of the selections is that of Merkel (1873), 
 with an occasional variation, in the "Metamorphoses," 
 adopted from Siebelis, or from Haupt. In preparing the 
 Notes, the editor has been indebted to the edition of 
 Siebelis, Leipsic, 1873, edited by Dr. Fr. Polle ; of Mo- 
 ritz Haupt, Berlin, 1876, edited by Dr. Otto Korn ; and 
 of William Bamsay, 1868, edited by Prof. George G. 
 Bamsay. 
 
PREFACE. T 
 
 The grammatical references (II. or Gr.) are to the 
 Latin Grammar of Professor Albert Harkness, revised 
 edition of 1881. 
 
 J. L. LINCOLN. 
 
 Brown University, Providence, R. I., 
 August 22, 1882. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 The poetry of Ovid, like that of his predecessor, 
 Horace, contains many incidental notices of his own life 
 and fortunes. One of his elegiac poems, indeed (Tristia, 
 iv. 10), which is included in this collection, is a brief auto- 
 biography in verse. We may thus gather from the poet's 
 works all that is needful for the knowledge of his life. 
 
 Publius Ovidius Naso was born on the 20th of 
 March, in the year 43 b. c. The day he has himself 
 marked * as the second of the festival of the Quinquatria, 
 and the year f as the one made memorable by the death 
 of both the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa. His native place 
 was Sulmo, now Sulmone, a town among the moist hills 
 of the Peligni, about ninety miles from Kome. J He be- 
 longed to a family which for many generations had held 
 equestrian rank, a fact which the poet has repeatedly 
 recorded in verse. # His father lived to the advanced age 
 of ninety ; and Ovid, while mentioning this fact, || as well 
 as the death of his mother, A and the grief he felt for their 
 loss, yet counted himself happy that they did not live to 
 know the calamity which afterward befell himself. Q The 
 poet had a brother, born just twelve months before him, 
 but who died at the age of twenty, when he was giving 
 
 * Tristia, iv. 10, 14. f Ib - 6 - X Ib - 3 > 4 - 
 
 # Amorcs, iii. 15, 5 ; Tristia, iv. 10, 7 and 8; Ex Ponto, iv. 8, 17. 
 | Tristia, iv. 10, 77 and 78. A Ib. 80. Q Ib. 81 and 82. 
 
viii THE LIFE OF OYID. 
 
 promise of rising to distinction in public life.* The 
 father, who seems to have been a man of practical Koman 
 character, early brought his sons to Kome, and gave 
 them the best advantages of education, and especially the 
 choicest instruction in law and eloquence, that thus they 
 might, like all Koman youth, be trained to the service of 
 the state. To these Koman pursuits the elder brother 
 developed an inborn tendency ; but the younger, marked 
 in his very nature by the Muse for her own, was even in 
 his boyish years drawn into her service. Even in his 
 declamations in the rhetorical schools, which he attended 
 in compliance with his father's will, he betrayed his poetic 
 instincts ; and, as we learn from the rhetorician Seneca, f 
 his prose diction had in it something of the rhythm of 
 verse. He tells us also himself, in a characteristic pas- 
 sage, that when, to please his father, he tried to write 
 prose, "the verse came of its own accord into fitting 
 numbers." J 
 
 Soon after assuming the manly gown, our student- 
 poet, when about seventeen years ci age, entered upon a 
 course of foreign travel and study, visiting Sicily, and 
 then the chief cities of Asia, in the company of his friend, 
 the poet Macer, # and especially resorting to Athens, || 
 and there quickening his genius x and increasing his lit- 
 erary resources by congenial communion with the master 
 spirits of Greek literature, and especially of Greek poetry. 
 
 On his return to Kome, in his twentieth year, he held 
 in succession several of those humbler offices A with which 
 
 * Tristia, iv. 10, 10 ; ib. 11 and 18 ; ib. 31 and 32. 
 f Controversiac, ii. 11: Meinini mc videre Nasonem deelamarc. — 
 Oratio ejus jam turn nihil aliud poterat videri quam solutum carmen. 
 X Tristia, iv. 10, 25 and 26. # Ex Ponto, ii. 10, 21-30. 
 
 I — quas quondam petii studiosus, Athenas. Tristia, i. 2, 11. 
 A Tristia, iv. 10, 33 ; ib. ii. 93 ; Fasti, iv. 381 ; Tristia, iv. 10, 35-38. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. i x 
 
 young Romans of his rank were wont to open for them- 
 selves a career of statesmanship. But he had no taste 
 for either the labors or the rewards of public life ; it was 
 distinctly a case of Horace's invito, Minerva, quite con- 
 trary to the native bent of his mind ; and so, never aspir- 
 ing to the higher offices which would have entitled him 
 to senatorial rank, he readily yielded his will to the gentle 
 persuasions of the Muses,* and gave himself exclusively 
 to their service as a poet. 
 
 He was in just opening manhood, when he began to 
 read his poetry in public ; so he records it himself in a 
 passage in the Tristia (iv. 10, 57 and 58) : 
 
 Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi, 
 Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
 
 He soon won his way into favor as a poet, not only with 
 the people, but also with all his brother-poets then living 
 in Eome, to most of whom he became united by ties of 
 personal as well as of literary companionship. These he 
 mentions in an interesting passage in that poem f in 
 which he tells us so much of his life ; some of them, now 
 unknown except in such passages as this, as Macer, Pon- 
 ticus, Bassus ; but others of a world-wide fame, as Horace 
 and Vergil, and especially the three who with himself 
 make now, as they then made, the quartette of Roman 
 elegiac poets, Tibullus, Gallus, and Propertius : 
 
 Successor fuit hie (Tibullus) tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi ; 
 Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
 
 As the companion and friend of such literary men as 
 these, and also of the chief political characters of the 
 time, and sharing with his brother-poets the favor and 
 
 * Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sororcs 
 
 Otia, judicio semper amata mco. — Tristia, iv. 10, 39 and 40. 
 f Tristia, iv. 10, 41-56. 
 
x THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 patronage of the emperor ; in possession of a comfortable 
 home near by the Capitol, and a fortune with it, which 
 made him independent, he developed, amid all these 
 fortunate circumstances, a genius distinctively poetic in 
 quality, and also far more productive than that of most 
 of his contemporaries in Roman poetry. Yet the fruit- 
 fulness of production and the singular facility which Ovid 
 had as a writer, seem never to have betrayed him into 
 careless composition. On the contrary, the style of no 
 poet in that highly cultivated Roman society, unless it 
 be that of Horace, shows the traces of a more assiduous 
 culture, of more patient toil in the exercise of his art, 
 than that of Ovid in all the various efforts of his Muse. 
 
 In respect to the family relations of Ovid, we learn 
 from himself that he was thrice married : first,* when 
 very young, to one whom he describes as " neither worthy 
 nor useful," a union which was a very brief one ; the 
 second time f to one who was of blameless character, from 
 whom, however, he was also soon divorced. His third 
 wife was of the noble Fabian family ; J and with her the 
 union seems to have been long and happy, their mutual 
 affection continuing through all the many weary years of 
 the husband's exile from country and home. The poet 
 had one daughter, the Perilla to * whom he wrote one of 
 the most touching of his Tristia (iii. 7) ; she was twice 
 married, and was the mother of two children.* 
 
 Ovid's life flowed on undisturbed in a current of 
 prosperous fortune till his fifty-first year. Then it was 
 that, when his genius was mature and was yielding its 
 best fruits, there fell upon it, as upon his whole life, 
 a sudden blight, in the order of the emperor, that he 
 
 * Tristia, iv. 10, G9 and 70. f lb. 71 and 72. 
 % lb. IS and 74; Ex Ponto, i. 2, 138; ib. ii. 11, 13. 
 
 # Tristia, iv. 10, 75 and 76. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. xi 
 
 should leave Rome forthwith and for ever, and go into 
 banishment at Tomi, a colony planted among the Getae, 
 on the western shore of the Black Sea. This imperial 
 order was inexorable and ultimate, and had to be in- 
 stantly obeyed ; and the grief it brought to the poet in 
 parting from his wife and daughter, and from all his 
 happy surroundings in the metropolis, is touchingly de- 
 scribed in one of his most characteristic elegies.* It was 
 not a formal exile, a Roman exsilium, which was always 
 a result either of a judicial sentence or of a decree of the 
 senate ; it was a Roman relegation, which emanated sim- 
 ply from the emperor's will. Many have been the labored 
 and curious discussions of ingenious writers touching the 
 cause of this relegation ; but they have all left it an un- 
 solved problem. In several passages the poet lays the 
 blame of his misfortune upon his poetry. For instance, 
 in the Ex Ponto, iv. 13, 41, he i 
 
 Carmiua nil prosunt; nocuerunt carmina quondam: 
 Primaque tarn miser ae causa fuere fugae. 
 
 He refers here to one of his early poems, the "Ars 
 Amatoria," as having brought upon him, by its immoral 
 character, the emperor's displeasure ; this he himself 
 makes clear in the Ex Ponto, ii. 10, 15, where he says : 
 
 Naso parum prudens, artem dum tradit amandi, 
 Doctrinae pretium triste magister haoet; 
 
 and he speaks with equal clearness on this head in several 
 passages f of the second book of the Tristia ; indeed, the 
 burden of that book is an elaborate defense of that youth- 
 ful and licentious poem. It were easy to believe that 
 Augustus, who had sent away into hopeless exile, for 
 their profligacy, his only daughter Julia, and his daugh- 
 
 * Tristia, i. 3. f Tristia, ii. 211, 240, 345. 
 
xii THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 ter's daughter, the second Julia, would visit a like pun- 
 ishment upon a poet whose writings might directly min- 
 ister to such profligacy ; but apart from the fact that this 
 poem was published ten years before Ovid's banishment, 
 there are other passages in the poet's writings which 
 clearly show that there was another and probably the di- 
 rect and chief cause of the emperor's severe displeasure. 
 This cause, of which the poet always speaks in a cau- 
 tiously reticent tone, he yet insists was no crime of his, 
 but rather a blameless error. Thus, when addressing the 
 manes of his parents in Tristia, iv. 10, 89 and 90, he says : 
 
 Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi fallere fas est — 
 Err or em jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 
 
 In another passage* he couples this cause with the 
 other, which has just been mentioned : 
 
 Perdiderint cum me duo crimina, carmen et error, 
 Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi. 
 
 While, however, he does not venture to reveal what this 
 error was, lest he should further displease the emperor, 
 
 Quem nimio plus est indoluisse semel,t 
 
 yet he says distinctly in two passages J that it consisted in 
 his having been a witness of something, though quite un- 
 intentionally, and by mere accident, and that thus Ids 
 having had eyes constituted his only offense. In the first 
 passage his words are these : 
 
 Cur aliquid vidi ? cur noxia lumina feci ? 
 
 Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi ? 
 Inscius Actaeon vidit sine veste Dianam : 
 
 Praeda fuit canibus non minus ille suis. 
 
 * Tristia, ii. 207, 208. t Tristia, ii. 210. 
 
 J Tristia, ii. 103-106 ; ib. iii. 5, 49 and 50. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. xiii 
 
 And in the other, as follows : 
 
 Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina, plector: 
 Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum. 
 
 What that something was which his eyes unwittingly 
 saiv, he nowhere reveals ; but in one place* he gives his 
 readers to understand that it was something of a deadly 
 bad quality : 
 
 Nee breve nee tutum, quo sint mea, dicere, casu 
 Lumina fanesti conscia facta radii. 
 
 What this very evil thing was, it is of course impossible 
 to determine; but there is an air of probability in the con- 
 jecture made by several writers, and well put by Professor 
 William Eamsay, that Ovid " had become accidentally ac- 
 quainted with some of the intrigues of Julia, the grand- 
 daughter of the emperor, whose well-known sensibility in 
 all matters affecting the honor of his family rendered him 
 unable to tolerate the presence of a man who had been an 
 eye-witness to the infamy of one of its members." This 
 view is more friendly to the self-love of Augustus than to 
 his sense of justice and right ; but if he cared to defend 
 his decree of the poet's banishment, he could readily de- 
 fend it by the consideration of the immoral influence of 
 Ovid's " Ars Amatoria." But whatever were the grounds 
 on which the poet was punished, it was a punishment 
 greater than he could bear. Imperial power in its most 
 ingenious exercise could hardly have devised a more ex- 
 quisite penalty than to doom to a dreary existence on the 
 bleak shores of the Euxine, and to companionship with the 
 rude soldiers of a frontier garrison and with the yet ruder 
 barbarian natives, a highly cultivated Roman, who had 
 always lived in the midst of the most polished society of 
 
 * Tristia, iii. 6, 27 and 28. 
 
xiv THE LIFE OF ' OVID. 
 
 the metropolis of the world, where all was congenial to 
 his cherished tastes and pursuits, and where he was loved 
 as a man, and admired and honored as a poet. Yet to 
 this strange solitude into which he was thrust, his genius 
 went with him (as he writes in his poem to his daughter), 
 to be his company and his joy ; * over that, he exclaims, 
 even Caesar could have no jurisdiction ; 
 
 Ingenio tamen ipse mco comitorque fruorque : 
 Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil. 
 
 Poetry was now both his chief occupation and his 
 exceeding great reward, though his Muse, whom he grate- 
 fully thanks for the rest and solace she gave him,f now 
 with his changed fortune wore only the garb of mourn- 
 ing, and sang in the tones of sad elegy. It is a token of 
 the kindliness of his nature, and of his intellectual activ- 
 ity, that he came to love the people of Tomi,J though 
 he hated the place itself ; and that he mastered the lan- 
 guage of the Getae, and wrote poetry in it. Siebelis, one 
 of the German editors of Ovid, notes the curious fact 
 that Jacob Grimm, who held the Getic and the Gothic 
 race and tongue to be one and the same, speaks of Ovid, 
 in his " History of the German Language/' # as the oldest 
 German poet ! Of one of these Getic poems Ovid makes 
 mention in his epistle to his friend CarusJ a poem writ- 
 ten after the death of Augustus, in which he sang the 
 praises of the deceased emperor. Singularly enough, he 
 recited this poem to an assembly of the Getae, and by it 
 stirred to a quite demonstrative admiration the rude na- 
 
 * Tristia, iii. 7, 47 and 48. 
 f Tristia, iv. 10, 115-120. 
 
 % Ex Ponto, iv. 14, 23 and 24 : — Tomitae, 
 
 Quos ego, cum loca sim vestra perosus, amo. 
 
 # Second edition, p. 137. 1 Ex Ponto, iv. 13, 19-38. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. xv 
 
 tures of his barbarian hearers, so that one of them shouted 
 from the crowd : "As you can write such things about 
 Caesar, you ought to have been restored by Caesar's com- 
 mand." The people of Tomi were not slow to recognize 
 and requite the poet's friendly spirit and conduct. They 
 granted him exemption from all taxes or other civic bur- 
 dens, a favor which Ovid records as done never before to 
 any one else ; * and yet more, they honored him with a 
 civic crown, f thus making him, in a sense, their poet- 
 laureate, a strange distinction for a Koman poet to 
 achieve, on that far-off Euxine shore, at the hands of a 
 half -civilized race ! 
 
 Ovid died at Tomi in the year 18 a. d., in the sixtieth 
 year of his age, and the tenth of his banishment. In an 
 elegy J which he addressed to his wife, he had begged 
 that his ashes might be brought to Eome and there in- 
 terred, with the following inscription on his tomb : 
 
 Hie ego qui jaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum, 
 
 Ingenio perii Naso poeta meo. 
 At tibi, qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti 
 
 Dicere : Nasonis molliter ossa cubeut! 
 
 Thus it appears from the tenerorum lusor amorum in 
 this epitaph — an expression which also occurs in the first 
 line of the autobiography 4 * — that Ovid wished to be 
 know r n to posterity by his erotic poetry ; and yet it was 
 this part of his poetic work which probably wrought the 
 ruin of his fortunes, as it has certainly fixed an indelible 
 stain upon his fame as a writer. It were not just, how- 
 ever, in the absence of evidence from contemporary writers, 
 to infer, from the licentious character of his " Ars Ama- 
 toria," the licentious character of the poet. It is fair, 
 
 * Ex Ponto, iv. 14, 51-54. f Tb - 55 and 56 - 
 
 % Tristia, iii. 3, 73-76. * Trisiia, iv. 10, 1. 
 
xv i THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 too, to put into the case his own testimony, that he was 
 himself better than his poetry : 
 
 Crede mihi, distant mores a Carmine nostro. 
 Yita verecunda est, Musa jocosa mea ; * 
 
 that no talk of the totvn had ever made any strictures 
 upon Ms name : 
 
 Strinxerit tit nomen fdbula nulla meum ; t 
 
 and that his diameter would be found, upon inquiry, 
 to be free from blemish : 
 
 Sive velis, qui sint, mores inquirere nostros, — 
 Errorem misero detrahe — lade carent.% 
 
 But we have to bear in mind that, in putting forth this 
 claim of unblemished morals, the poet is judging himself, 
 as the people of his time would judge him, by the low 
 moral standard which then prevailed in Eoman society. 
 He may have been, in his personal life, no worse than 
 most men of his rank and position in Eome; he may have 
 been free from the dominant vices of a dissolute age ; but 
 it is an abiding reproach to his fame that, richly gifted 
 and cultivated as he was, and possessed of such a faculty 
 of graceful and finished poetic expression, he allowed him- 
 self, like other men of genius in ; modern as well as in 
 ancient times, to minister by his writings to the low and 
 vicious tastes of his age, when he might have elevated 
 and purified them. But let us not forget that, when he 
 was in his best years, he bade farewell to love-poems ; and 
 that his other works, more numerous and of larger com- 
 pass, and nowise inferior in poetic and literary merit, are 
 not obnoxious to moral censure. We have his "Meta- 
 morphoses," that marvelous wonder-book of Roman let- 
 
 * Tristia, ii. 353 and 354. \ Tristia, ii. 350. 
 
 % Ex Ponto, iv. 8, 19 and 20. 
 
THE LIFE OF OVID. xvii 
 
 ters, in which the old myths of Greek and Italic fable 
 were made young again by the creative touch of Ovid's 
 imagination, and enriched by his literary genius with a 
 new and precious wealth of poetical adornment ; his 
 "Fasti/' in which his patriotic spirit brought his Muse 
 into the service of the religion of his country ; and his 
 "Tristia," and the "Epistolae ex Ponto," which, though 
 seldom varying from the monotone of sad complaint over 
 his sufferings in exile, yet reveal fine sensibilities of na- 
 ture, and especially a tenderness of pathos, which the 
 writer's gay Eoman life had never made known. It is 
 such merits as these that won for Ovid as a poet the 
 admiring recognition of his own countrymen, and have 
 made him ever since one of the favorite and most read of 
 the ancient classic writers ; so that his own prediction of 
 his fame has been fulfilled : 
 
 — in toto plurimus orbe logor.* 
 
 To this sketch of our poet's life, I add here a com- 
 plete list of 
 
 THE WORKS OF OVID. 
 
 I. Amores, published probably in the year 9 b. c. This work 
 consists of forty-nine poems in elegiac verse, originally arranged 
 in five books, and afterwards reduced to three, as we learn from 
 the Prologue to the work : 
 
 Qui modo Kasonis fueramus quinque libelli, 
 Tres sumus. Hoc illi praetulit auctor opus. 
 
 II. Heroides, a collection of twenty-one letters, also in elegiac 
 verse, purporting to have been written by famous heroines of 
 classic mythology to their absent husbands. Published 4 n. c. 
 
 III. Ars Amatoria, a poem in three books, in the same kind 
 of verse as the two preceding works. The date of the poem is 2 
 b. o. This was followed in the year 2 b. o. by — 
 
 * Tristia, iv. 10, 128. 
 
xviii THE LIFE OF OVID. 
 
 IV. Remedia Amoeis, a poem, consisting of eight hundred and 
 fourteen elegiac verses. 
 
 V. Metamorphoses, in fifteen books, in dactylic hexameters, 
 forming a collection of those fables of the ancient mythology 
 which involved, as the title indicates, transformations, or changes 
 of form. The poet was occupied with this work during the seven 
 years following the publication of his " Remedia Amoris " ; and, as 
 we learn from himself,* he had not completed it when he was 
 ordered into exile. In his despair, on receiving this order, he 
 burned f his manuscript of the poem, as well as of some other com- 
 positions. But, fortunately, other copies of the u Metamorphoses " 
 had been circulated among his friends, and so the destruction of 
 the work w T as prevented. 
 
 VI. Fasti, in six books of elegiac verse, containing an exposi- 
 tion of the holy days in the Roman calendar, with the rites and 
 ceremonies of the Roman religion pertaining to their observance. 
 The plan of the work was to take up the holy days in succession 
 by months, and to have a book devoted to each month. It was 
 carried out, however, only to the end of June. This work also 
 was unfinished at the time of the poet's banishment, as we learn 
 from Tristia, ii. 549-552. 
 
 VII., VIII. These are the Teistia, in five books, and the Epis- 
 tolae ex Ponto, in four books — all in elegiac verse. They are here 
 classed together, because they are the chief w r orks belonging, in 
 their composition and publication, to the period of the poet's exile, 
 and are devoted to themes which all have to do with that event. 
 
 IX. Ibis. An elegiac poem in six hundred and forty-six lines, 
 consisting of reproaches against some enemy of the poet, whose 
 name, however, does not appear. It was written immediately 
 after the banishment. 
 
 X. Halieutioa, a fragment of one hundred and thirty-two 
 lines, in hexameters, of a " Natural History of Fishes." 
 
 XI. Medicamixa Faciei, a fragment, in elegiac verse, of a 
 poem on " Cosmetics." Only one hundred lines are extant. 
 
 Ovid also wrote a tragedy called "Medea," which is men- 
 tioned by Quintilian in terms of praise; but this is not extant. 
 
 * Tristia, i. 7, 13 and 14. f Ib - 15 and 16 - 
 
VERSIFICATION. 
 
 For a general view of the subject of Latin versification, the stu- 
 dent is referred to Harkness's Latin Grammar, articles 596-608. 
 
 Ovid uses in his poetry two kinds of verse, the dactylic hex- 
 ameter, and elegiac, verse. 
 
 I. TnE Dactylic Hexameter Verse. 
 
 In this verse the " Metamorphoses " are composed. A full 
 account of it is given in the Grammar, 609-613. To that account, 
 which contains all that is necessary for the metrical reading of 
 the ''Metamorphoses," I subjoin, from Siebelis,* some curious 
 details touching the technics of Ovid's versification. 
 
 1. Words having a dactylic ending suffer elision t when the 
 dactyl occurs in the second and third places in the verse. An 
 apparent exception exists in the word nescio ; but this always is 
 used by Ovid with quis (nescio quis), and the two words are treated 
 as a single word. 
 
 (1.) Dactyls occur in the second place twelve times, and in the 
 third only five times. 
 
 (2.) The following is a view of the number of times in which 
 in the other places the dactyls are elided, and of the number of 
 times in which they occur as pure dactyls : 
 
 a. Elided: 
 
 First foot. Fourth foot. Fifth foot. 
 
 68 6 57 
 
 b. Pure : 
 
 First foot. Fourth foot. Fifth foot. 
 
 2,535 1,288 5,435 
 
 * " Worterb. zu Ovid's Metamorphoscn," von Dr. Johannes Siebelis. 
 3te Aufl., besorgt von Dr. Fr. Polle. Leipzig, 18*79. f See Gr. 608, L 
 
xx VERSIFICATION. 
 
 2. From Ovid's aversion to the ecthlipsis,* or elision of a final 
 m with the preceding vowel, he does not use words having a dac- 
 tylic ending in m. A single exception to this remark, however, 
 occurs in Metain. vi. 524 — virgin 6 " 1 et unam. 
 
 As this course on the part of the poet leads him to exclude 
 many words, he resorts to various devices by which to make good 
 such losses : 
 
 (1.) In the case of substantives like terminus, only nus and ne 
 are used, and the ace. sing, is not used at all. Here the resort is 
 to synonymes. For instance, f ilium is supplied by such words 
 as ndtum, satum, prolem, and the like. 
 
 (2.) For the neuter substantives in um — as Paldtium, vocdbu- 
 lum — the plural is used — as Paldtia, tocabula — or the vowel is 
 treated as a consonant ; e. g., i as j — as Antjum. 
 
 (3.) In such words as insula, only this form is used ; hence 
 such an unusual expression as insula (Marsya) nomen liabet. 
 
 (4.) In adjectives like horridus, only dus, de 9 and da are em- 
 ployed ; hence occur such expressions as lactea nomen Tidbet, and 
 cui fecimus aurea nomen. 
 
 (5.) In such words as spiritus, this form only is used. Impete 
 also occurs instead of impetu. 
 
 (6.) The genitive plural of participles in ns is used without 
 the */ as dicentum; so also agrestum, and the like. 
 
 3. Of the words abominor, auguror, comprecor, suspicor, glo- 
 rior, gratulor, pigneror, only the forms in or and er are employed. 
 
 4. Verse-endings. 
 
 The "Metamorphoses" contain 11,959 verses. The words 
 that end the lines occur, as to metrical form, as follows : 
 
 ^ 65 times. 
 - ^ 7,062 " 
 ^ _ w 4 ^ 88 « 
 
 v^ Y " 
 
 ^ 21 " 
 
 _ w w _ ^ 2 " 
 
 11,959 " 
 * See Gr. 608, 1., Note 4. 
 
VERSIFICATION. xxi 
 
 II. The Elegiac Veese. 
 
 This verse Ovid employs in the u Amores," the "Fasti," and 
 the " Tristia." It is called the elegiac distich, and consists of the 
 hexameter, as ahove, and the pentameter (see Gr. 614), so that 
 a poem composed in elegiac verse consists of alternate hexameters 
 and pentameters. 
 
 Ovid shares with Vergil the palm of excellence in the compo- 
 sition of Latin hexameters; and in the composition of elegiac 
 verse he holds the highest rank among Latin poets. 
 
INDEX OF SELECTIONS. 
 
 I. METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 1. The Creation. I. 1-88 . 
 
 2. The Four Ages of the World. I. 89-150 
 
 3. The Flood. I. 244-312 
 
 4. Deucalion and Pyrrha. I. 313-415 
 
 5. Python. I. 434-451 
 
 6. Daphne. I. 452-567 
 
 7. Phaethon. I. 748-779. II. 1-339 
 
 8. The Heliades. II. 340-366 
 
 9. Cycnus — Grief of Phoebus. II. 367-400 
 
 10. The House of Envy. II. 760-796 
 
 11. Cadmus and the Dragon's Teeth. III. 14-137 
 
 12. Pyramus and Thisbe. IV. 55-166 
 
 13. Cadmus and Hermione. IV. 563-603 . 
 
 14. Andromeda's Release. IV. 663-752 
 
 15. Proserpine. V. 338-571 
 
 16. Arachne, or the Spider's Web. VI. 1-145 
 
 17. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge. VI. 146-312 
 
 18. The Lycians ; and Marsyas. VI. 313-400 
 
 19. The Golden Fleece. VII. 1-158 
 
 20. The Death of Icarus. VIII. 183-259 
 
 21. Philemon and Baucis. VIII. 616-724 
 
 22. The Wooing of Deianira. IX. 1-97 
 
 23. The Death of Hercules. IX. 134-272 
 
 24. Orpheus and Eurydice. X. 1-77 . 
 
 25. Hyacinthus. X. 162-219 
 
 26. Atalanta's Race. X. 560-680 
 
 27. The Death of Orpheus. XI. 1-84 
 
 PAGE 
 
 . 1 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 12 
 16 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 32 
 3G 
 39 
 41 
 44 
 52 
 56 
 62 
 65 
 70 
 73 
 76 
 79 
 84 
 87 
 89 
 93 
 
xxiv INDEX OF SELECTIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 28. Midas; or, the King of the Golden Touch. XI. 85-193 . 96 
 
 29. Ceyx and Alcyone. XI. 410-748 . . . 99 
 
 30. The House of Fame. XII. 39-63 . . . .110 
 
 31. Acis, Galatea, and the Cyclops. XIII. 750-897 . Ill 
 
 32. The Epilogue. XV. 871-879 . . . . .116 
 
 II. AMORES. 
 
 1. The Poet's Defense. I. 15 . . . . .117 
 
 2. The Death of Tibullus. III. 9 . . . . 118 
 
 3. Farewell to Love -Songs. III. 15 . . .121 
 
 III. FASTI. 
 
 1. Romulus and Remus. II. 383-422 . . . .122 
 
 2. The Deification of Romulus. II. 475-512 . . 123 
 
 3. Lucretia. II. 710-758 . . . .125 
 
 4. The Building of Rome. IV. 809-862 . . . 126 
 
 IV. TRISTIA. ' 
 
 1. The Poet's Departure from Rome. I. 3 . . .129 
 
 2. To his Daughter Perilla. III. 7 ... 132 
 
 3. The Poet's Life. IV. 10 134 
 
METAMORPHOSES. 
 
 1. The Creation. 
 
 I. 1-88. 
 
 The Proem, 1-4. Chaos, 5-20. The Elements, and living 
 things in them, 21-75. Man, 76-88. 
 
 In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas 
 Corpora. Di, coeptis — nam vos mutastis et illas — 
 Aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi 
 Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen. 
 
 Ante mare et terras et, quod tegit omnia, caelum, 5 
 Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe, 
 Quern dixere Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles, 
 Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, congestaque eodem 
 Non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum. 
 Nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan, 10 
 
 Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe, 
 Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus 
 Ponderibus librata suis, nee bracchia longo 
 Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite. 
 Utque erat et tellus illic et pontus et aer, 15 
 
 Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda, 
 Lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat, 
 
2 METAMORPHOSES, I. 1-88. 
 
 Obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno 
 
 Frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis, 
 
 Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus. 20 
 
 Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit ; 
 Nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas 
 Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum. 
 Quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 
 Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit. 25 
 
 Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli 
 Emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce. 
 Proximus est aer illi levitate locoque ; 
 Densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit 
 Et pressa est* gravitate sua : circumfluus umor 30 
 
 Ultima possedit solidumque coercuit orbem. 
 
 Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis f uit ille deorum, 
 Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit, 
 Principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni 
 Parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 35 
 
 Turn freta diffundi rapidisque tumescere ventis 
 Jussit et ambitae circumdare litora terrae. 
 Addidit et f ontes et stagna immensa lacusque, 
 Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis, 
 Quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa, 40 
 
 In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta 
 Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant. 
 Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles, 
 Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes. 
 Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra 45 
 
 Parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis ; 
 Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem 
 Cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur. 
 Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu ; 
 
1. THE CREATION. 3 
 
 Nix tegit alta duas : totidem inter utramque locavit, 50 
 Temperiemque dedit mixta cum frigore flamma. 
 
 Imminet his aer ; qui, quanto est pondere terrae 
 Pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni. 
 Illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes 
 Jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes 55 
 
 Et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos. 
 His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum 
 Aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur illis, 
 Cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina traetu, 
 Quin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum. GO 
 Eurus ad auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit 
 Persidaque et radiis juga subdita matutinis. 
 Yesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt, 
 Proxima sunt zephyro : Scythiam septemque trionem 
 Horrifer invasit boreas : contraria tellus 65 
 
 Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab austro. 
 Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem 
 Aethera nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem. 
 
 Yix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis, 
 Cum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, 70 
 
 Sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo. 
 Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba, 
 Astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum, 
 Cesserunt nitidis liabitandae piscibus undae, 
 Terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 75 
 
 Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae 
 Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset. 
 Xatus homo est : sive hunc divino semine fecit 
 Ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo, 
 Sive recens tellus seductaque nuper ab alto 80 
 
 Aethere cognati retinebat semina caeli ; 
 
4: METAMORPHOSES, I. 89-150. 
 
 Quam satus Iapeto, mixtam fluvialibus undis, 
 
 Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum. 
 
 Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terrain, 
 
 Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque videre 85 
 
 Jussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus. 
 
 Sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus 
 
 Induit ignotas liominum con versa figuras. 
 
 2. The Foue Ages. 
 
 I. 89-150. 
 
 Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo, 
 Sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90 
 
 Poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo 
 Aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat 
 Judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti. 
 Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem, 
 Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95 
 
 Nullaque mortal es praeter sua litora norant. 
 Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae ; 
 Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi, 
 Non galeae, non ensis erant : sine militis usu 
 Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100 
 
 Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta nee ullis 
 Saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus ; 
 Contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis 
 Arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant, 
 Cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 105 
 
 Et quae deciderant patula Jo vis arbore glandes. 
 Yer erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris 
 Mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores. 
 Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, 
 
2. THE FOUR AGES. 5 
 
 Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis : 110 
 
 Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant, 
 Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. 
 
 Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso 
 Sub Jove mundus erat, subiit argentea proles, 
 Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115 
 
 Juppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris, 
 Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos 
 Et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum. 
 Turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus 
 Canduit, et ventis glacies astricta pependit. 120 
 
 Turn primum subiere domus. Domus antra fuerunt 
 Et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae. 
 Semina turn primum longis Cerealia suleis 
 Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. 
 
 Tertia post illam successit aenea proles, 125 
 
 Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma, 
 Non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro. 
 Protinus irrupit venae pejoris in aevum 
 Omne nefas : fugere pudor verumque fidesque ; 
 In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130 
 
 Insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi. 
 Vela dabant ventis, nee adhue bene noverat illos 
 Navita ; quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis, 
 Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae. 
 Communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras 135 
 
 Cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor. 
 INec tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 
 Poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae, 
 Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris, 
 Effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum. 140 
 
 Jamque nocens f errum f erroque nocentius aurum 
 
§ METAMORPHOSES, I. 244-312. 
 
 Prodierat : prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque, 
 
 Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma. 
 
 Yivitur ex rapto ; non hospes ab hospite tutus, 
 
 Non socer a genero ; f ratrum quoque gratia rara est ; 
 
 Imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; 
 
 Lurid a terribiles miscent aconita novercae ; 
 
 Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos. 
 
 Victa jacet pietas, et Yirgo caede madentes, 
 
 Ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 150 
 
 3. The Flood. 
 
 I. 244-312. 
 
 Dicta Jo vis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi 
 Adiciunt, alii partes assensibus implent. 245 
 
 Est tarn en humani generis jactura dolori 
 Omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae 
 Forma futura, rogant : quis sit laturus in aras 
 Tura, ferisne paret populandas tradere terras. 
 Talia quaerentes, sibi eriim fore cetera curae, 250 
 
 Rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori 
 Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira. 
 
 Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras : 
 Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether 
 Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 255 
 
 Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adf ore tempus, 
 Quo mare, quo tellus correptaque regia caeli 
 Ardeat et mundi moles operosa laboret. 
 Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. 
 Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260 
 
 Perdere et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo. 
 
 Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris 
 
3. THE FLOOD. 7 
 
 Et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes, 
 Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis, 
 Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265 
 
 Barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis, 
 Fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque. 
 Utque mami late pendentia nubila pressit, 
 Fit fragor, inclusi f unduntur ab aethere nimbi. 
 Nuntia Junonis, varios induta colores, 270 
 
 Concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert. 
 Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata coloni 
 Vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni. 
 
 Nee caelo contenta suo est Jovis ira, sed ilium 
 Caeruleus frater juvat anxiliaribus nndis. 275 
 
 Convocat hie Amnes. Qui postquam tecta tyranni 
 Intravere sui, "Non est hortamine longo 
 Nunc" ait "utendum. Yires effundite vestras, 
 Sic opus est. Aperite domos, ac mole remota 
 Fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas." 280 
 
 Jusserat. Hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, 
 Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. 
 Ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia 
 Intremuit motuqne vias patefecit aquarum. 
 Exspatiata niunt per apertos flumina campos, 285 
 
 Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque 
 Tectaque, enmque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris. 
 Siqua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto 
 Indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus 
 Unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290 
 
 Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : 
 Omnia pontus erant. Deerant quoque litora ponto. 
 Occupat hie collem : cumba sedet alter adunca 
 Et ducit remos illic ubi nuper ararat ; 
 
8 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415. 
 
 Ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295 
 
 Navigat, hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo ; 
 Figitur in viridi, si f ors tulit, ancora prato, 
 Aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinae. 
 Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, 
 Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora pliocae. 300 
 
 Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque 
 Nereides, silvasque tenent delphines, et altis 
 Incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant. 
 Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones, 
 Unda vehit tigres, nee vires fulminis apro, 305 
 
 Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. 
 Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur, 
 In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. 
 Obruerat tumulos immensa Jicentia ponti, 
 Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310 
 
 Maxima pars unda rapitur : quibus unda pepercit, 
 Illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu. 
 
 4. Deucalion and Pykriia. 
 
 I. 313-415. 
 
 Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis, 
 Terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo 
 Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315 
 Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, 
 Nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes. 
 Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, 
 Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit, 
 Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 320 
 
 Fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat. 
 
4. DEUCALION AND PYRRIIA. 9 
 
 Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi 
 Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum. 
 
 Juppiter lit liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem, 
 Et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 325 
 Et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam, 
 Innocuos ambos, cultores nu minis ambos, 
 Nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis 
 Et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris. 
 Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspid e telo 330 
 
 Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum 
 Exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum 
 Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti 
 Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo 
 Jam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 335 
 
 Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo, 
 Bucina, quae, medio concepit ubi aera ponto, 
 Litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo. 
 Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba 
 Contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 340 
 
 Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis, 
 Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes. 
 Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur : 
 Jam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes, 
 Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis. 345 
 Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae 
 Ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum. 
 
 Redditus orbis erat. Quern postquam vidit inanem 
 Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras, 
 Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis : 350 
 " O soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes, 
 Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo, 
 Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt : 
 
10 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415. 
 
 Terrarum, quascumque violent occasus et ortus, 
 Nos duo turba sumus : possedit cetera pontus. 355 
 
 Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae 
 Certa satis ; terrent etiamimnc nubila mentem. 
 Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, 
 Nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? quo sola timorem 
 Ferre modo posses ? quo consolante doleres ? 360 
 
 Namque ego, crede milii, si te quoque pontus haberet, 
 Te sequerer, conjunx, et me quoque pontus haberet. 
 O utinam possem populos reparare paternis 
 Artibus atque animas formatae infundere terrae ! 
 Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus ; 365 
 
 Sic visum est superis : hominumque exempla maneraus." 
 
 Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari 
 Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes. 
 Nulla mora est, adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, 
 TJt nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 370 
 Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores 
 Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae 
 Ad delubra deae, quorum f astigia turpi 
 Pallebant musco stabantque sine ignibus arae. 
 Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 375 
 
 Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo. 
 Atque ita " Si precibus " dixerunt " numina justis 
 Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum, 
 Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri 
 Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus." 380 
 
 Mota dea est sortemque dedit : u Discedite templo, 
 Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 
 Ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis." 
 
 Obstipuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce 
 Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385 
 
4. DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. H 
 
 Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque 
 
 Laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 
 
 Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris 
 
 Verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant : 
 
 Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 390 
 
 Mulcet et " Ant f allax " ait u est sollertia nobis. 
 
 Ant pia snnt nullnmque nefas oracula suadent. 
 
 Magna parens terra est : lapides in corpore terrae 
 
 Ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur." 
 
 Conjngis angurio qnamqnam Titania mota est, 395 
 
 Spes tamen in dubio est : adeo caelestibus ambo 
 
 Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit ? 
 
 Descendunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt 
 
 Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. 
 
 Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ? — 400 
 
 Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, 
 
 Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam. 
 
 Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis 
 
 Contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri 
 
 Forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, 405 
 
 ISTon exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis. 
 
 Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco 
 
 Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum : 
 
 Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 
 
 Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit : 410 
 
 Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa 
 
 Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum, 
 
 Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. 
 
 Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum, 
 
 Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415 
 
12 METAMORPHOSES, I. 434-451. 452-567. 
 
 5. Python. 
 
 I. 434-451. 
 
 Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti 
 
 Solibus aetheriis almoque recanduit aestu, 435 
 
 Edidit innumeras species, partimque figuras 
 
 Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit. 
 
 Ilia quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python, 
 
 Turn genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens, 
 
 Terror eras ; tantum spatii de monte tenebas. 440 
 
 Hunc deus arcitenens, et nunquam talibus armis 
 
 Ante nisi in dammis capreisqne f ugacibus usus, 
 
 Mille gravem telis, exhausta paene pliaretra, 
 
 Perdidit effuso per vnlnera nigra veneno. 
 
 Neve operis famam possit delere vetustas, 445 
 
 Instituit sacros eelebri certamine ludos, 
 
 Pythia perdomitae serpentis nomine dictos. 
 
 His juvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave 
 
 Vicerat, aesculeae capiebat frondis lionorem. 
 
 Nondum laurns erat, longoque decentia crine 450 
 
 Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus. 
 
 6. Daphne. 
 
 I. 452-567. 
 
 Daphne, the daughter of the river-god Peneus, having rejected 
 Apollo's love, is changed by him into a bay-tree. 
 
 Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quern non 
 Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira. 
 Delius hunc nuper, victo serpente superbus, 
 Viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo, 455 
 
6. DAPHNE. 13 
 
 "Quid" que "tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis?" 
 
 Dixerat ; " ista decent umeros gestamina nostros, 
 
 Qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti, 
 
 Qui modo pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem 
 
 Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 460 
 
 Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores 
 
 Indagare tua, nee laudes assere nostras." 
 
 Filius huic Veneris " Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe, 
 
 Te meus arcus ; " ait " quantoque animalia cedunt 
 
 Cuncta deo, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra." 465 
 
 Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis 
 
 Impiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce 
 
 Eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra 
 
 Diversorum operum ; fugat hoc, facit illud amorem. 
 
 Quod facit, auratum est et cuspide f ulget acuta : 470 
 
 Quod fugat, obtusum est et habet sub harundine plumbum. 
 
 Hoc deus in nympha Peneide fixit ; at illo 
 
 Laesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas. 
 
 Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera no men amantis, 
 
 Sil varum tenebris capti varum que ferarum 475 
 
 Exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes. 
 
 Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos. 
 
 Multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes 
 
 Impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat, 
 
 Nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia, curat. 
 
 Saepe pater dixit " Generum mihi, filia, debes." 
 
 Saepe pater dixit " Debes mihi, nata, nepotes." 
 
 Ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa jugales 
 
 Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore, 
 
 Inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis 485 
 
 " Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime," dixit 
 
 " Virginitate frui : dedit hoc pater ante Dianae." 
 
14: METAMORPHOSES, I. 452-567. 
 
 Hie quidem obsequitur, sed te decor iste quod optas 
 
 Esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat. 
 
 Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes, 490 
 
 Quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt. 
 
 Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis, 
 
 Ut f acibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator 
 
 Vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit, 
 
 Sic deus in flam mas abiit, sic pectore toto 495 
 
 Uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem. 
 
 Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos, 
 
 Et " Quid, si comantur ? " ait. Videt igne micantes 
 
 Sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non 
 
 Est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 500 
 
 Bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos : 
 
 Siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura 
 
 Ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit : 
 
 " Nympha, precor, Penei, mane ! non insequor hostis : 
 
 Nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 505 
 
 Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbae, 
 
 Hostes quaeque suos ; amor est mihi causa sequendi. 
 
 Me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi 
 
 Crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. 
 
 Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt ; moderatius, oro, 510 
 
 Curre, fugamque inhibe ; moderatius insequar ipse. 
 
 Cui placeas, inquire tamen ; non incola montis, 
 
 Non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque 
 
 Horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis, 
 
 Quern fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus 515 
 
 Et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit. 
 
 Juppiter est genitor : per me quod eritque fuitque 
 
 Estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis. 
 
 Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta 
 
6. DAPHNE. 15 
 
 Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 520 
 
 Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem 
 
 Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis. 
 
 Ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis, 
 
 Kec prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! " 
 
 Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu 525 
 
 Fugit cum que ipso verba imperfecta reliquit, 
 
 Turn quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti, 
 
 Obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes, 
 
 Et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ; 
 
 Auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra 
 
 Perdere blanditias juvenis deus, utque movebat 
 
 Ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. 
 
 Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo 
 
 Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ; 
 
 Alter inhaesuro similis jam jamque tenere 535 
 
 Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro : 
 
 Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis 
 
 Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit : 
 
 Sic deus et virgo, est hie spe celer, ilia timore. 
 
 Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus am oris 540 
 
 Ocior est requiemque negat tergoque f ugacis 
 
 Imminet et crinem sj)arsum cervicibus adflat. 
 
 Yiribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque 
 
 Victa labore fugae, spectans Peneidas undas, 544 
 
 " Per, pater," inquit " opem, si flumina numen habetis ! 
 
 Qua nimium placui, mutando perde figuram ! " 547 
 
 Vix prece Anita, torpor gravis occupat artus, 
 
 Mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro, 
 
 In frondem crines, in ramos braccliia crescunt : 550 
 
 Pes, modo tarn velox, pigris radicibus haeret, 
 
 Ora cacumen obit. Pemanet nitor unus in ilia. 
 
16 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra 
 Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus, 
 Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis 555 
 
 Oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum. 
 Cui deus " at quoniam conjunx mea non potes esse, 
 Arbor eris certe " dixit " mea. Semper habebunt 
 Te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae. 
 Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum 560 
 Vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas. 
 Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos 
 Ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum. 
 Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenale capillis, 
 Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores." 565 
 Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 
 Adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen. 
 
 7. Phaethon. 
 
 I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 " When drove, so poets sing, the Sun-born youth, 
 Devious through Heaven's affrighted signs his sire's 
 Ill-granted chariot." — Milman's u Samor." 
 
 Huic Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem 
 Creditur esse Jovis, perque urbes juncta parenti 
 Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis 750 
 Sole satus Phaethon. Quern quondam magna loquentem 
 Nee sibi cedentem Phoeboque parente superbum 
 Non tulit Inachides, " matri " que ait u omnia demens 
 Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi." 
 Erubuit Phaethon, iramque pudore repressit, 755 
 
 Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem : 
 "Quoque magis doleas, genetrix," ait "ille ego liber, 
 
7. PHAETHON. 17 
 
 I lie ferox tacui. Pudet haec opprobria nobis 
 
 Et dici potuisse et non potuisse refelli. 
 
 At tu, si modo sum caelesti stirpe creatus, 760 
 
 Ede notam tanti generis, meque assere caelo." 
 
 Dixit et implicuit materno bracchia collo, 
 
 Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum, 
 
 Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis. 
 
 Ambiguum, Clymene, precibus Phaethontis, an ira 765 
 Mota magis dicti sibi criminis, utraque caelo 
 Bracchia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina solis 
 " Per jubar hoc " inquit " radiis insigne coruscis, 
 Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque, 
 Hoc te, quern spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbern, 770 
 Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum 
 Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. 
 Nee longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates. 
 Unde oritur, domus est terrae contermina nostrae. 
 Si modo fert animus, gradere, et scitabere ab ipso." 775 
 
 Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris 
 Dicta suae Phaethon et concipit aethera mente, 
 Aethiopasque suos positosque sub ignibus Indos 
 Sidereis transit patriosque adit impiger ortus. 
 
 Eegia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis, 
 Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pjropo ; 
 Cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat, 
 Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. 
 Materiam superabat opus. Nam Mulciber illic 
 Aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras 
 Terrarumque orbem caelumque, quod imminet orbi. 
 Caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum, 
 
18 METAMOEPIIOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Proteaque ambiguum, ballaenarumque preraentem 
 Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis, 10 
 
 Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videtur, 
 Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, 
 Pisce vehi quaedam ; f acies non omnibus una, 
 Nee di versa tamen ; qualem decet esse sororum. 
 Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque 15 
 
 Fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris. 
 Haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago, 
 Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris. 
 
 Quo simul acclivo Clymenei'a limite proles 
 Venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20 
 
 Protinus ad patrios sua f ert vestigia vultus 
 Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora f erebat 
 Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat 
 In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis. 
 A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25 
 
 Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Iiorae 
 Yerque novum stabat cinctum florente corona, 
 Stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat, 
 Stabat et Autumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis, 
 Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. 30 
 
 Inde loco medius rerum novitate paventem 
 Sol oculis juvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit, 
 " Quae " que " viae tibi causa ? quid hac " ait " arce petisti, 
 Progenies, Phaethon, baud infitianda parenti?" 
 
 Hie refert : " o lux immensi publica mundi, 35 
 
 Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, 
 Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat, 
 Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago 
 Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris." 
 
 Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 
 
7. PHAETIION. 19 
 
 Deposuit radios, propiusque accedere jussit, 
 Amplexuque dato, " nee tu meus esse negari 
 Dignus es, et Clymene veros " ait " edidit ortus. 
 Quoque minus dubites, quod vis pete munus, ut illud 
 Me tribuente feras. Promissi testis adesto 45 
 
 Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris." 
 
 Yix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos 
 Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum. 
 
 Paenituit jurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque 
 Concutiens illustre caput, " temeraria n dixit 50 
 
 " Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret 
 Non dare ! confitcor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem. 
 Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas. 
 Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis 
 Munera conveniant nee tarn puerilibus annis. 55 
 
 Sors tua mortalis. Non est mortale, quod optas. 
 Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est, 
 Nescius adfectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit, 
 JSTon tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe 
 Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60 
 Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, 
 Non agat lios currus. Et quid Jove majus habemus ? 
 Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes 
 Enitantur equi. Medio est altissima caelo, 
 Unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65 
 
 Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus. 
 Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo : 
 Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis, 
 Ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri. 
 Adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine caelum, 70 
 
 Sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet. 
 Nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit 
 
2Q METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. IT. 1-339. 
 
 Impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi. 
 
 Finge datos currus : quid ages ? poterisne rotatis 
 
 Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auf erat axis ? 75 
 
 Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum 
 
 Concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis 
 
 Esse ? per insidias iter est f ormasque f erarum. 
 
 Utque viain teneas, nulloque errore traharis, 
 
 Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 
 
 Haemoniosque arcus violentique ora Leonis, 
 
 Saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo 
 
 Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem bracchia Cancrum. 
 
 ]STec tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, 
 
 Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 
 
 In promptu regere est. Vix me patiuntur, ubi acres 
 
 Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. 
 
 At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, 
 
 Nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. 
 
 Scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 
 
 Pignora certa petis ? do pignora certa timendo, 
 
 Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus 
 
 Ecce meos. Utinamque oculos in pectora posses 
 
 Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! 
 
 Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 
 
 Eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque 
 
 Posce bonis aliquid. Nullam patiere repulsam. 
 
 Deprecor hoc unura, quod vero nomine poena, 
 
 Non honor est. Poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. 
 
 Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100 
 
 Ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias juravimus undas ! — 
 
 Quodcumque optaris ; sed tu sapientius opta. 5 ' 
 
 Finierat monitus ; dictis tamen ille repugnat, 
 Propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus. 
 
7. PHAETHOK 21 
 
 Ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105 
 
 Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus. 
 Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae 
 Curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo. 
 Per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae 
 Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. 110 
 
 Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque 
 Perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu 
 Purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum 
 Atria. Diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit 
 Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115 
 
 Quern petere ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit, 
 Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae, 
 Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. 
 Jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes 
 Ambrosiae suco saturos praesepibus altis 120 
 
 Quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena. 
 Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati 
 Contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, 
 Imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus 
 Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : 125 
 
 " Si potes his saltern monitis parere paternis, 
 Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris. 
 Sponte sua properant : labor est inhibere volentes. 
 Nee tibi directos placeat via qui n que per arcus : 
 Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130 
 
 Zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque 
 Effugit australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton. 
 Hac sit iter. Manifesta rotae vestigia cernes. 
 Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores, 
 Nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera cursum. 
 Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis, 
 
22 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis. 
 
 Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem, 
 
 Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : 
 
 Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140 
 
 Quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto. 
 
 Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas 
 
 ITmida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis : 
 
 Poscimur : effulget tenebris aurora fugatis. 
 
 Corripe lora manu, vel, si mutabile pectus 145 
 
 Est tibi, eonsiliis, non curribus utere nostris, 
 
 Dum potes, et solidis etiamnunc sedibus adstas, 
 
 Dumque male optatos non dum premis inscius axes. 
 
 Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris ! " 
 
 Occupat ille levem juvenali corpore currum, 150 
 
 Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas 
 Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti. 
 Interea volucres Pyrois et Eous et Aethon, 
 Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras 
 Flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155 
 Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, 
 Reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi, 
 Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis 
 Obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati 
 Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160 
 
 Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent 
 Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. 
 Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, 
 Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur, 
 Sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aera saltus . - 165 
 Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inanu 
 Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt 
 Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine currunt. 
 
7. PHAETHOK 23 
 
 Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas, 
 
 Nee scit, qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 
 
 Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones, 
 
 Et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui ; 
 
 Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, 
 
 Frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli, 
 
 Incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175 
 
 Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, 
 
 Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. 
 
 Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras 
 Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes, 
 Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 
 
 Suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae. 
 Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos, 
 Jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ; 
 Jam Meropis dici cupiens ita fertur, ut acta 
 Praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185 
 
 Frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit. 
 Quid faciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum, 
 Ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque. 
 Et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est, 
 Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190 
 
 Quidque agat, ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit, 
 Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. 
 Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo 
 Yastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. 
 
 Est locus, in geminos ubi bracchia concavat arcus 195 
 Scorpius, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis 
 Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum. 
 Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 
 Yulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit, 
 Mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200 
 
24 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo, 
 Exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras 
 Ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit, 
 Hac sine lege ruunt, altoque sub aethere fixis 
 Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205 
 
 Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque 
 Praecipites spatio terrae propiore f eruntur. 
 Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna 
 Admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila f umant. 
 
 Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210 
 Fissaque agit rimas, et sucis aret ademptis. 
 Pabula canescunt, cum frondibus uritur arbor, 
 Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno. 
 Parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes, 
 Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215 
 
 In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent, 
 Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete, 
 Et turn sicca, prius creberrima fontibus, Ide, 
 Yirgineusque Helicon et nondum Oeagrius Haemos. 
 Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220 
 
 Parnasnsque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys, 
 Et tandem nivibus Phodope caritura, Mimasque 
 Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron. 
 Nee prosunt Scythiae sua f rigora : Caucasus ardet, 
 Ossaque cum Pindo majorque ambobus Olympus, 225 
 Aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus. 
 
 Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem 
 Aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus, 
 Ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda 
 Ore traliit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 230 
 
 Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam 
 Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo, 
 
7. PIIAETIIOK 25 
 
 Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus 
 Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. 
 Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235 
 Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem. 
 Turn facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu 
 Arida, turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque 
 Deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen, 
 Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas. 240 
 
 Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas 
 Tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, 
 Peneosque senex, Teutliranteusque Caicus, 
 Et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho, 
 Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 245 
 Quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis, 
 Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas. 
 Arsit et Euphrates Babylonias, arsit Orontes, 
 Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister. 
 Aestuat Alpheus, ripae Spercheides ardent : 250 
 
 Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum : 
 Et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas 
 Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro. 
 Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem 
 Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 
 Pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles. 
 Fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, 
 Hesperiosque amnes,PhenumEhodanumque Padumque, 
 Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin. 
 Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260 
 Lumen et infernum terret cum conjuge regem. 
 Et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus harenae 
 Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor, 
 Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. 
 
26 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265 
 
 Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras ; 
 
 Corpora phocarum summo resupina prof undo 
 
 Exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est 
 
 Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. 
 
 Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270 
 
 Exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris ignes. 
 
 Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, 
 
 Inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes, 
 
 Qui sc condiderant in opacac viscera matris, 
 
 Sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus, 275 
 
 Opposuitque manum fronts magnoque tremore 
 
 Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra 
 
 Quam solet esse, f uit ; siccaque ita voce locuta est : 
 
 " Si placet hoc, meruique, quid o tua f ulmina cessant, 
 Summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280 
 
 Igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare. 
 Vix equidem fauces liaec ipsa in verba resolvo " — 
 Presserat ora vapor — " tostos en aspice crines, 
 In que oculis tantum, tan turn super ora favillae. 
 Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 
 
 Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri 
 Rastrorumquc fero totoque exerceor anno, 
 Quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia, fruges 
 Humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ? 
 Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse, quid undae, 290 
 Quid meruit f rater ? cur illi tradita sorte 
 Aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt ? 
 Quodsi nee fratris, ncc te mea gratia tangit, 
 At caeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque, 
 Fumat uterque polus : quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 
 
 Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, 
 
7. PHAETHON. 27 
 
 Vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem. 
 
 Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli, 
 
 In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, 
 
 Siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae." 300 
 
 Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem 
 Ulterius potuit nee dicere plura, suumque 
 Rettulit os in se propioraque manibus antra. 
 At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum, 
 Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305 
 Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem, 
 Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris, 
 Unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina jactat. 
 Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes 
 Tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310 
 Intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure 
 Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque 
 Expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes. 
 Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto 
 Colla jugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 
 Illic frena jacent, illic tern one revulsus 
 Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum, 
 Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. 
 At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, 
 Yolvitur in praeceps, longoque per aera tractu 320 
 
 Fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno 
 Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. 
 Quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe 
 Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. 
 Naides Hesperiae trifida f umantia flamma 325 
 
 Corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum : 
 " Hie situs est Phaethon, currus auriga paterni ; 
 Quern si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis." 
 
28 METAMORPHOSES, II. 340-366. 
 
 Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 
 Condiderat vultus : et si modo credimus, unum 330 
 Isse diem sine sole ferunt : incendia lumen 
 Praebebant, aliquisque malo f uit usus in illo. 
 
 At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt 
 In tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens 
 Et laniata sinns totum percensuit orbem : 335 
 
 Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, 
 Repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, 
 Incubuitque loco, nomenque in marmore lectum 
 Perf udit laerimis et aperto pectore fovit. . 
 
 8. The Heliades. 
 
 II. 340-366. 
 
 " . . . . Where weep 
 Even now the sister trees their amber tears 
 O'er Phaethon untimely dead." 
 
 Nec minus Heliades lugent et, inania morti 340 
 
 Munera, dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis 
 
 Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas 
 
 Nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulchro. 
 
 Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem : 
 
 Illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 345 
 
 Plangorem dederant : e quis Phaethusa, sororum 
 
 Maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est 
 
 Deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire 
 
 Candida Lampetie subita radice retenta est. 
 
 Tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 350 
 
 Avellit f rondes ; liaec stipite crura teneri, 
 
 Ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos. 
 
 Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex, 
 
9. CYCNUS. GRIEF OF PHOEBUS. 29 
 
 Perque gradus uterum pectusque umerosque manusque 
 Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355 
 Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, 
 Hue eat atque illuc et, dum licet, oscula jungat ? 
 Non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat 
 Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit ; at inde 
 Sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360 
 " Parce, precor, mater," quaecumque est saucia, clamat, 
 " Parce, precor ! nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus. 
 Jamque vale " — cortex in verba novissima venit. 
 Inde fluunt lacrimae, stiUataque sole rigescunt 
 De ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 365 
 
 Excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. 
 
 0. Cycnus. Grief of Phoebus. 
 II. 367-400. 
 
 Adfuit liuic monstro proles Sthenelei'a Cycnus, 
 Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, 
 Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto — 
 Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370 
 Imperio ripas virides amnemque querellis 
 Eridanum implerat silvainque sororibus auctam : 
 Cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos 
 Dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe 
 Porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375 
 
 Penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum. 
 Fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Jovique 
 Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab iilo : 
 Stagna petit patulosque lacus ; ignemque perosus, 
 Quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 3S0 
 
 Squalidus interea genitor Phaethon tis et expers 
 
30 METAMORPHOSES, II. 760-796. 
 
 Ipse sui decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem 
 
 Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque, 
 
 Datque animum in luctus et luctibus adicit iram, 
 
 Officiumque negat mundo. " Satis " inquit " ab aevi 
 
 Sors mea principiis f uit irrequieta, pigetque 
 
 Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum. 
 
 Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus ! 
 
 Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur, 
 
 Ipse agat ; tit saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, 390 
 
 Orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 
 
 Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, 
 
 Non meraisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos." 
 
 Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem 
 
 Numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395 
 
 Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Juppiter ignes 
 
 Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. 
 
 Colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes 
 
 Phoebus equos, stimuloque dolens et verbere saevit ; 
 
 Saevit enim natumque objectat et imputat illis. * 400 
 
 10. The House of Envy. 
 
 II. 760-796. 
 
 Minerva purposes to employ the offices of Envy, in punish- 
 ment of Aglauros, one of the daughters of Cecrops. Thus the 
 poet comes to describe the House of Envy, whither Minerva has 
 come. 
 
 Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo 760 
 
 Tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus hujus 
 Abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento, 
 Tristis et ignavi plenissima frigoris, et quae 
 Igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet. 
 
10. THE HOUSE OF ENVY. 31 
 
 Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago, 765 
 
 Constitit ante domum, neque enim succedere tectis 
 
 Fas habet, et postes extrema cuspide pulsat. 
 
 Concussae patuere fores. Yidet intus edentem 
 
 Vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum, 
 
 Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 770 
 
 Surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit 
 
 Corpora serpentum, passuque incedit inerti ; 
 
 Utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram, 
 
 Ingemuit, vultumque inita ad suspiria duxit. 
 
 Pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto, 775 
 
 Nusquam recta acies, livent robigine dentes, 
 
 Pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno. 
 
 Risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores, 
 
 Nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis, 
 
 Sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 780 
 
 Successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una, 
 
 Suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tarn en oderat, illam 
 
 Talibus adfata est breviter Tritonia dictis : 
 
 " Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam. 
 
 Sic opus est. Aglauros ea est." Hand plura locuta 785 
 
 Fugit, et impressa tellurem reppulit hasta. 
 
 Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens 
 
 Murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae 
 
 Indoluit ; baculumque capit, quod spinea totum 
 
 Vincula cingebant ; adopertaque nubibus atris 790 
 
 Quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit*arva, 
 
 Exuritque lierbas, et summa cacumina carpit, 
 
 Adflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque 
 
 Polluit, et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem 
 
 Ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem, 795 
 
 Vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit. 
 
32 METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137. 
 
 11. Cadmus and the Dkagon's Teeth. 
 
 III. 14-137. 
 
 Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro, 
 Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15 
 
 Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. 
 Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu, 
 Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat. 
 Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva : 
 Bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 20 
 
 Ad caelum f rontem mugitibus impulit auras ; 
 Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, 
 Procubuit teneraque latus summisit in herba. 
 Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae 
 Figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 
 
 Sacra Jovi facturus erat. Jubet ire ministros 
 Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas. 
 
 Silva vet us stabat nulla violata securi, 
 Et specus in media, virgis ac vimine densus, 
 Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30 
 
 Uberibus fecund us aquis ; ubi conditus antro 
 Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro : 
 Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno ; 
 Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. 
 Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35 
 
 Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas 
 Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro 
 Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. 
 Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit 
 Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 
 Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes 
 
11. CADMUS. 33 
 
 Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus, 
 Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras 
 Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto, 
 Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 
 
 ]STec mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant, 
 Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque, 
 Occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos, 
 Hos necat adflati funesta tabe veneni. 
 
 Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50 
 
 Quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus, 
 Yestigatque viros. Tegumen direpta leonis 
 Pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea f erro 
 Et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni. 
 
 Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit, 55 
 
 Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem 
 Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua, 
 "Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis, 
 Aut comes" inquit "ero." Dixit, dextraque molarem 
 Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 
 
 Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis 
 Moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit, 
 Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae 
 Duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus. 
 At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65 
 
 Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum 
 Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum. 
 Ille dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit, 
 Yulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit, 
 Idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70 
 
 Vix tergo eripuit : ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. 
 Turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras 
 Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, 
 
34: METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137. 
 
 Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus, 
 Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75 
 
 Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras. 
 Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem 
 Cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat, 
 Impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis 
 Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 83 
 
 Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis 
 Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat 
 Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro 
 Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes, 
 Jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 
 
 Coeperat, et vi rides aspergine tinxerat herbas : 
 Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu 
 Laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere 
 Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat : 
 Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90 
 Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti 
 Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. 
 Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae 
 Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae. 
 
 Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 95 
 
 Yox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere prompt um, 
 Unde, sed audita est, " quid, Agenore nate, peremptum 
 Serpentem spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens." 
 
 Ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem 
 Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100 
 
 Ecce viri fautrix superas delapsa per auras 
 Pallas adest, motaeque jubet supponere terrae 
 Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. 
 Paret, et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro, 
 Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105 
 
11. CADMUS. 35 
 
 Inde, fide majus, glaebae coepere moveri, 
 
 Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae, 
 
 Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono, 
 
 Mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis 
 
 Exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. 110 
 
 Sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris, 
 
 Surgere sign a solent, primumque ostendere vultus, 
 
 Cetera paulatim, placidoque educta tenore 
 
 Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. 
 
 Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma para bat. 115 
 " Ne cape," de populo, quern terra creaverat, unus 
 Exclamat " nee te civilibus in sere bellis." 
 Atque ita terrigenis rigid o de fratribus unum 
 Comminus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse. 
 Hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120 
 Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas aceeperat, auras. 
 Exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque 
 Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. 
 Jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus 
 Sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125 
 
 Quinque superstitibus : quorum f uit unus Echion. 
 Is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma, 
 Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque. 
 Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius liospes, 
 Cum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130 
 
 Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri 
 Exilio felix : soceri tibi Marsque Yenusque 
 Contigerant : hue adde genus de conjuge tanta, 
 Tot natos natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes, 
 Hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 1 35 
 Expectanda dies liomini, dicique beatus 
 Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. 
 
36 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166. 
 
 12. Pyramus and Thisbe. 
 IV. 55-166. 
 
 Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55 
 Altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis, 
 Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam 
 Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. 
 Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit : 
 Tempore crevit amor : taedae quoque jure coissent : 60 
 Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare, 
 Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo. 
 Conscius omnis abest : nutu signisque loquuntur, 
 Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 
 
 Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65 
 
 Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. 
 Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum — 
 Quid non sen tit amor ? — primi vidistis amantes, 
 Et vocis f ecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 
 Murmure bland itiae minimo transire solebant. 70 
 
 Saej3e, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, 
 Inque vices f uerat captatus anhelitus oris, 
 " Invide " dicebant " paries, quid amantibus obsta*? ? 
 Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi, 
 Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! ^ 75 
 Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos debere fatemur, 
 Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures." 
 Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti 
 Sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere 
 Oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra. 
 
 Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes, 
 Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas : 
 Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo 
 
12. PYKAMUS AND THISBE. 37 
 
 Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti 
 
 Fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85 
 
 Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ; 
 
 Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo, 
 
 Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra 
 
 Arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis 
 
 Ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90 
 
 Pacta placent, et lux, tarde discedere visa, 
 
 Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem. 
 
 Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe 
 Egreditur fallitque suos ; adopertaque vultum 
 Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95 
 Audacem faciebat amor. Yenit ecce recenti 
 Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus, 
 Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda. 
 Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe 
 Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede f ugit in antrum, 100 
 D unique fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit. 
 Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda, 
 Dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa 
 Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus. 
 
 Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto -^405 
 
 Purvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore 
 Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam 
 Repperit, u una duos " inquit " nox perdet amantes : 
 E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita, 
 Nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, 110 
 In loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires, 
 Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus, 
 Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu, 
 O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones. 
 Sed timidi est optare necem." Yelamina Thisbes 115 
 
38 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166. 
 
 Tollit, et ad pactae secura fert arboris umbram. 
 Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti, 
 "Accipenunc" inquit "nostri quoque sanguinis haustus!" 
 Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum, 
 Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120 
 
 Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte : 
 Non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo 
 Scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas 
 Ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit. 
 Arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125 
 
 Yertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix 
 Puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore. 
 
 Ecce metu nondum posito, ne. f allat amantem, 
 Ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit, 
 Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130 
 
 Utque locum et rigua cognoscit in arbore formam, 
 Sic facit incertam pomi color: haeret, an liaec sit. 
 Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum 
 Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo 
 Pallidiora gerens exhorruit, aequoris instar, 135 
 
 Quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura. 
 Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores, 
 Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, >^Z 
 Et laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum 
 Vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140 
 
 Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens, 
 " Pyrame," clamavit " quis te mihi casus ademit % 
 Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe 
 ]STominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! " - 
 
 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145 
 Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia. 
 Quae postquam vestemque suam cognoyit, et ense 
 
13. CADMUS AND HERMIONE. 39 
 
 Vidit ebur vacuum, " tua te maims " inquit u amorque 
 
 Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum 
 
 Hoc manus, est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150 
 
 Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar 
 
 Causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli 
 
 Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli. 
 
 PIoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati, 
 
 O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 155 
 
 Ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit, 
 
 Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem. 
 
 At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus 
 
 Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum, 
 
 Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160 
 
 Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris." 
 
 Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum 
 Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat. 
 Yota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes. 
 Nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater : 165 
 
 Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna. 
 
 13. Cadmus and IIeemione. 
 IV. 5G3-603. 
 
 Nescit Agenorides natam parvumque nepotem 
 Aequoris esse deos. Luctu serieque maloram 
 Victus et ostentis, quae plurima viderat, exit 565 
 
 Conditor urbe sua, tamquam fortuna locorum, 
 Non sua se premeret ; longisque erratibus actus 
 Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge lines. 
 Jamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant 
 Fata domus, releguntque suos sermone labores, 570 
 
 " Num sacer ille mea trajectus cuspide serpens " 
 
40 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 563-603. 
 
 Cadmus ait " f uerat, turn, cum Sidone profectus 
 
 Vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, dentes % 
 
 Quern si cura deum tarn certa vindicat ira, 
 
 Ipse precor serpens in longam porrigar alvum." 575 
 
 Dixit, et ut serpens in longam tenditur alvum, 
 
 Durataeque cuti squamas increscere sentit, 
 
 Nigraque caeruleis variari corpora guttis : 
 
 In pectusque cadit pronus, commissaque in unum 
 
 Paulatim tereti tenuantur acumine crura. 580 
 
 Bracchia jam restant : quae restant, bracchia tendit, 
 
 Et lacrimis per adhuc humana iluentibus ora 
 
 " Accede, o conjunx, accede, miserrima," dixit, 
 
 " Dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange, manumque 
 
 Accipe, dum manus est, dum non totum occupat anguis." 
 
 Ille quidem vult plura loqui, sed lingua repente 
 
 In partes est fissa duas : nee verba loquenti 
 
 Suffieiunt, quotiensque aliquos parat edere questus, 
 
 Sibilat : lianc illi vocem natura reliquit. 
 
 Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora conjunx, 590 
 
 " Cadme, mane, teque, infelix, his exue monstris ! 
 
 Cadme, quid hoc ? ubi pes ? ubi sunt umerique manusque, 
 
 Et color et facies et, dum loquor, omnia ? cur non 
 
 Me quoque, caelestes, in eandem vertitis anguem ? " 
 
 Dixerat. Ille suae lambebat conjugis ora, 595 
 
 Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat, 
 
 Et dabat amplexus, assuetaque colla petebat. 
 
 Quisquis adest — aderant comites — terretur : at ilia 
 
 Lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis ; 
 
 Et subito duo sunt junctoque volumine serpunt, 600 
 
 Donee in appositi nemoris subiere latebras. 
 
 Nunc quoque nee fugiunt hominem, nee vulnere laedunt, 
 
 Quidque prius fuerint, placidi meminere dracones. 
 
14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 41 
 
 14. Andromeda's Release. 
 IV. 663-752. 
 
 Perseus, when returning from Libya with the head of the 
 Medusa, finds Andromeda chained to a rock and exposed to a sea- 
 monster, and rescues her. (Read Mr. Kingsley's " Andromeda," 
 and, in Mr. William Morris's " Earthly Paradise," the ' ; Doom of 
 Acrisius.") 
 
 Clauserat Ilippotades aeterno carcere ventos, 
 
 Admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto - 
 
 Lucifer ortns erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665 
 
 Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco, 
 Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit. 
 Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis 
 Aethiopum populos, Ceplieaque conspicit arva. 
 Illic -immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670 
 
 Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Amnion. 
 Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes 
 Vidit Abantiades — nisi quod levis aura capillos 
 Moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu, 
 Marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes 675 
 Et stupet. Eximiae correptus imagine formae 
 Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas. 
 Ut stetit, " O " dixit " non istis digna catenis, 
 Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes, 
 Pande requirenti nomen terraeque timmque, 680 
 
 Et cur vincla geras." Primo silet ilia, nee audet 
 Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos 
 Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset. 
 Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis. 
 Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685 
 
42 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 663-752. 
 
 Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque, 
 
 Quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae, 
 
 Iudicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda 
 
 Insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto 
 
 Imminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. , 690 
 
 Conclamat virgo. Genitor lugubris et una 
 Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia. 
 Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus 
 Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent : 
 Cum sic hospes ait : " Laerimarum longa manere 695 
 Tempora vos poterunt; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est. 
 Hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia, 
 Quam clausam implevit fecundo Juppiter auro, 
 Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis 
 Aerias ausus jactatis ire per auras, 700 
 
 Praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis 
 Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto. 
 Ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor." 
 
 Accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant, 
 Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 705 
 
 Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro 
 Sulcat aquas, juvenum suclantibus acta lacertis, 
 Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis 
 Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto 
 Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 710 
 
 Cum subito juvenis pedibus tellure repulsa 
 Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo 
 Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram. 
 Utque Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo 
 Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 715 
 
 Occupat aversum ; neu saeva retorqueat ora, 
 Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues : 
 
14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 43 
 
 Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu 
 Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in anno 
 Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720 
 
 Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras 
 Attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis 
 Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret. 
 Ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis : 
 Quaque patet, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 725 
 Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda 
 Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense. 
 Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus 
 Ore vomit. Maduere graves aspergine pennae ; 
 Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730 
 
 Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo 
 Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 
 Nixus eo rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra 
 Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. 
 
 Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735 
 Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant, 
 Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur 
 Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Eesoluta catenis 
 Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. 
 
 Ipse manus liausta victrices abluit unda : 740 
 
 Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena, 
 Mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 
 Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. 
 Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla 
 Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745 
 
 Percepitque novum ramis et froncle rigorem. 
 At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant 
 Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent, 
 Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas. 
 
44 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 750 
 
 Duritiam tacto capiant nt ab acre, quodque 
 Yimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum. 
 
 15. Proseepike. 
 Y. 338-571. 
 
 The Muse Calliope sings in honor of Ceres, describing her 
 wanderings in quest of Proserpine. 
 
 " Proserpine gathering flowers, 
 Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis 
 Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain 
 To seek her through the world." 
 
 Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 268-272. 
 
 Surgit, et immissos hedera collecta capillos 
 
 Calliope querulas praetemptat pollice chordae, 
 
 Atque haec percussis subjungit carmina nervis. 340 
 
 " Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro, 
 
 Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris, 
 
 Prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus. 
 
 Ilia canenda mini est. Utinam modo dicere possem 
 
 Carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est. 345 
 
 Yasta Giganteis ingesta est insula membris 
 Trinacris, et magnis subjeetum molibus urguet 
 Aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes. 
 Nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe : 
 Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350 
 
 Laeva, Pacliyne, tibi : Lilybaeo crura premuntur : 
 Degravat Aetna caput, sub qua resupinus liarenas 
 Ejectat, flammamque ferox vomit ore Typhoeus. 
 Saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae, 
 Oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes : 355 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 45 
 
 Inde tremit tellus et rex pavet ipse silentum, 
 Ne pateat latoque solum retegatur hiatu, 
 Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras. 
 
 Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sedc tyrarmus 
 Exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum 360 
 
 Ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae. 
 Postquam exploratum satis est loca nulla labare, 
 Depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem 
 Monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem 
 ' Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia,' dixit, 365 
 i Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido, 
 Inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas, 
 Cui triplicis cessit for tuna novissima regni. 
 Tu superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti 
 Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. 370 
 Tartara quid cessant ? cur non matrisque tuumque 
 Imperium prof ers ? agitur pars tertia mundi. 
 Et tamen in caelo, quae jam patientia nostra est, 
 Spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris. 
 Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 375 
 
 Abscessisse milii ? Cereris quoque filia virgo, 
 Si patiemur, erit : nam spes adf ectat easdem. 
 At tu, pro socio, siqua est ea gratia, regno 
 Junge deam patruo.' Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram 
 Solvit et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis 380 
 
 Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla 
 Nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcus ; 
 Oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornum 
 Inque cor hamata percussit harundine Ditem. 
 
 Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 385 
 Nomine Pergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros 
 Carmina eyenorum labentibus audit in undis. 
 
4:6 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 Silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque 
 
 Frondibus ut velo Phoebeos summovet ignes. 
 
 Frigora clant rami, Tyrios humus umida flores : 390 
 
 Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco 
 
 Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit, 
 
 Dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque 
 
 Implet, ct aequales certat superare legendo, 
 
 Paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 395 
 
 Usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto 
 
 Et matrem et comites, sed mat rem saepius, ore 
 
 Clamat ; et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora, 
 
 Collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis ; 
 
 Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 400 
 
 Ilaee quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem. 
 
 Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos 
 
 Exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque 
 
 Excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas ; 
 
 Perque lacus sacros et olentia sulphure fertur ' 405 
 
 Stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra, 
 
 Et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho, 
 
 Inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus. 
 
 Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae, 
 Quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus aequor. 410 
 
 Hie f uit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est, 
 Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas. 
 Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo, 
 Agnovitque deam. * ]STec longius ibitis ' in quit ; 
 ' Non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 415 
 Non rapienda fuit. Quodsi componere magnis 
 Parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ; 
 Exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.' 
 Dixit, et in partes diversas braccliia ten dens 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 47 
 
 Obstitit. Hand ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 420 
 
 Terribilesque liortatus eqnos in gurgitis ima 
 Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto 
 Condidit. Icta viam tellns in Tartara fecit 
 Et pronos currns medio cratere recepit. 
 
 At Cyane, raptamqne deara contemptaque fontis 425 
 Jura sni maerens, inconsolabile vulnns 
 Mente gerit tacita, laerimisqne absnmitnr omnis : 
 Et qnariim fnerat magnnm modo numen, in illas 
 Extennatur aqnas. Molliri membra vide res, 
 Ossa pati flexus, nngnes posuisse rigorem : 430 
 
 Primaque de tota tennissima qnaeqne liquescunt, 
 Caerulei erines digitiqne et crnra pedesqne ; 
 Nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibns undas 
 Transitus est. Post haec nmeri tergusqne latnsqne 
 Pectoraque in tennes abennt evanida rivos. 435 
 
 Deniqne pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas 
 Lympha subit, restatque nihil, quod prendere possis. 
 
 Interea pavidae nequiquam filia matri 
 Omnibus est terris, omni quaesita prof undo. 
 Mam non ndis veniens Aurora capillis 440 
 
 Cessantem vidit, non Hesperus; ilia duabus 
 Flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna, 
 Perque pruinosas tulit irrequieta tenebras : 
 Rursus nbi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam 
 Sol is ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus. 445 
 
 Fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli 
 Colluerant f ontes : cum tectam stramine vidit 
 Forte casam, parvasqne fores pulsavit. At inde 
 Prodit amis, divamque videt, lymphamque rogaijfci -s^ 00 * 
 Dulce dedit, tosta quod texerat ante polenta. 4r€^$5§ 
 Dum bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax 
 
48 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 Constitit ante deam, risitque, avidamque vocavit. 
 Offensa est, neque adhuc epota parte, loquentem 
 Cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta. 
 Combibit os maeulas, et quae modo bracchia gessit, 455 
 Crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris : 
 Inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi, 
 Contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est. 
 Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem 
 Fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori 460 
 Nomen liabet, variis stellatus corpora guttis. :r: =~ 
 
 Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas, 
 Dicere longa mora est : quaerenti defuit orbis. 
 Sicaniam repetit : dumque omnia lustrat eundo, 
 Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset, 465 
 
 Omnia narrasset. Sed et os et lingua volenti 
 Dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur, habebat. 
 Signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti, 
 Illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro, 
 Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 470 
 
 Quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam 
 Scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos, 
 Et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis. 
 Nescit adhuc, ubi sit : terras tamen increpat omnes 
 Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas, 475 
 
 Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni 
 Repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glaebas 
 Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos 
 Ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit 
 Fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit. 
 Fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orb em 
 Falsa jacet : primis segetes moriuntur in herbis, 
 Et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ; 
 
15. PKOSERPINE. 49 
 
 Sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres 
 Semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 485 
 Triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen. 
 
 Turn caput Eleis Alphei'as extulit undis, 
 Rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures, 
 Atque ait : 'o toto quaesitae virginis orbe /Jty^A 
 Et frugum genetrix, immensos siste labores, 490 
 
 Neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae. 
 Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae. 
 Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni. 
 Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus : 
 Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495 
 
 Haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates, 
 Hanc habeo sedem : quam tu, mitissima, serva. 
 Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas 
 Advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora 
 Tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata \^ 500 
 Et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus 
 Praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas 
 Hie caput attollo desuetaque sidera cerno. 
 Ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, 
 Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 505 
 
 Ilia quidem tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu, 
 Sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi, 
 Sed tamen infer ni pollens matrona tyranni.' 
 
 Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces, 
 Attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510 
 
 Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus oras 
 Exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu 
 Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis ; 
 
 *ro ' que ' meo veni supplex tibi, Juppiter,' inquit 
 
 anguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515 
 4 
 
50 METAMOEPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 Nata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi eura, precamur, 
 Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. 
 En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est : 
 Si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si 
 Scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 520 
 Dummodo reddat earn : neque enim praedone marito 
 Filia digna tua est, si jam mea filia non est.' 
 Juppiter excepit : ' commune est pignus onusque 
 Nata mihi tecum : sed si modo nomina rebus 
 Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525 
 
 Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori, 
 Tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est 
 Esse Jovis fratrem ! quid, quod non cetera desunt 
 Nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? Sed tanta cupido 
 Si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530 
 
 Lege tarn en certa, si nullos contigit illic 
 Ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.' 
 Dixerat. At Cereri certum est educere natam. 
 Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo 
 Solverat et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535 
 
 Poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum, J 
 
 Sumptaque callenti septem de cortice grana 1Aj*^ 
 
 Presserat ore suo : solusque ex omnibus illud 
 Ascalaphus vidit, quern quondam dicitur Orphne, 
 Inter Avernales haud ignotissima nymphas, 540 
 
 Ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris ; 
 Yidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit. 
 Ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam 
 Fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha 
 In rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545 
 
 Ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur in alis, 
 Inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues, 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 51 
 
 Vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas : 
 
 Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus, 
 
 Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 550 
 
 Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri 
 Commeruisse potest : vobis, Acheloides, unde 
 Pluma pedesqne avium, cum virginis ora geratis ? 
 An quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores, 
 In comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis? 555 
 
 Quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe, 
 Protinus, ut vestram sentirent aequora curam, 
 Posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis 
 Optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus 
 Vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 560 
 
 Ne tamen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures 
 Tantaque flos. oris .linguae deperderet usum, 
 Virginei vultus et vox hum ana reman sit. 
 
 At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis 
 Juppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum : 565 
 
 Nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum, 
 Cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses. 
 Yertitur extemplo f acies et mentis et oris ; 
 Nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri, 
 Laeta deae frons est, ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570 
 
 Nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit." 
 
52 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145. 
 
 16. Arachne, or the Spider's Web. 
 
 VI. 1-145. 
 
 Arachne, proud of her excellence in weaving, ventures to chal- 
 lenge Pallas herself to a trial of skill in her art. The goddess, 
 indignant at Arachne's success, and also at the scenes which she 
 has wrought into her web, tears the web to pieces, and turns 
 Arachne into a spider. 
 
 m 
 
 Praebuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures, 
 
 Carminaque Aonidum justamque probaverat iram. 
 
 Turn secum " laudare parum est ; lauderaur et ipsae, 
 
 Numina nee sperni sine poena nostra sinamus " ; 
 
 Maeoniaeque animum fatis intendit Arachnes, 5 
 
 Quam sibi lanificae non cedere laudibus artis 
 
 Audierat. Won ilia loco nee origine gentis 
 
 Clara, sed arte fuit. Pater huic Coloplionius Idmon 
 
 Phoca'ico bibulas tingebat murice lanas : 
 
 Occiderat mater ; sed et liaec de plebe suoque 10 
 
 Aequa viro fuerat. Lydas tamen ilia per urbes 
 
 Quaesierat studio nomen memorabile, quam vis 
 
 Orta domo parva parvis habitabat Hypaepis. 
 
 Hujus ut aspicerent opus admirabile, saepe 
 
 Deseruere sui nymphae vineta Timoli, 15 
 
 Deseruere suas nymphae Pactolides undas. 
 
 Nee factas solum vestes spectare juvabat ; 
 
 Turn quoque, cum fierent : tantus decor adf uit arti. 
 
 Sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes, 
 
 Sen digitis subigebat opus, repetitaque longo 20 
 
 Vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu, 
 
 Sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum, 
 
 Seu pingebat acu : scires a Pallade doctam. 
 
16. ARACHNE. 53 
 
 Quod tamen ipsa negat, tantaque offensa magistra 
 
 " Certet " ait " mecum : nihil est, quod victa recusem." 
 
 Pallas anum simulat, falsosque in tempora canos 
 
 Addit et infirmos, baculum, quod sustinet artus. 
 
 Turn sic orsa loqui : " non omnia grandior aetas, 
 
 Quae f ugiamus, habet ; seris venit usus ab annis. 
 
 Consilium ne sperne meum. Tibi fama petatur 30 
 
 Inter mortales faciendae maxima lanae ; 
 
 Cede deae, veniamque tuis, temeraria, dictis 
 
 Supplice voce roga : veniam dabit ilia roganti." 
 
 Aspicit hanc torvis, inceptaque fila relinquit, 
 
 Yixque manum retinens, confessaque vultibus iram 35 
 
 Talibus obscuram resecuta est Pallada dictis : 
 
 " Mentis inops longaque venis confecta senecta, 
 
 Et nimium vixisse diu nocet. Audiat istas, 
 
 Siqua tibi nurus est, siqua est tibi filia, voces. 
 
 Consilii satis est in me mini. Neve monendo 40 
 
 Profecisse putes, eadem est sen tent ia nobis. 
 
 Cur non ipsa venit ? cur liaec certamina vitat ? " 
 
 Turn dea " venit ! " ait, formamque removit anilem, 
 
 Palladaque exliibuit. Yenerantur numina nymphae 
 
 Mygdonidesque nurus. Sola est non territa virgo. 45 
 
 Sed tamen erubuit, subitusque invita notavit 
 
 Ora rubor, rursusque evanuit : ut solet aer 
 
 Purpureus fieri, cum primum aurora movetur, 
 
 Et breve post tempus candescere solis ab ortu. 
 
 Perstat in incepto, stolidaeque cupidine palmae 50 
 
 In sua fata ruit ; neque enim Jove nata recusat, 
 
 ~Nec monet ulterius, nee jam certamina differt. 
 
 Haud mora, consistunt diversis partibus ambae 
 
 Et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas. 
 
 Tela jugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, 55 
 
54: METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145. 
 
 Inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis, 
 
 Quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum 
 
 Percusso feriunt insecti pectine dentes. 
 
 Utraque f estinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes 
 
 Bracchia docta movent, studio fallente laborem. 60 
 
 Illic et Tyrium quae purpura sensit aenum 
 
 Texitur, et tenues parvi discriminis umbrae ; 
 
 Qualis ab imbre solet percussis solibus arcus 
 
 Inficere ingenti longum curvamine caelum : 
 
 In quo diversi niteant cum mille colores, 65 
 
 Transitus ipse tamen spectantia lumina fallit : 
 
 Usque adeo quod tangit idem est ; tamen ultima distant. 
 
 Illic et lentum filis immittitur aurum, 
 
 Et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum. 
 
 Cecropia Pallas scopulum Mavortis in arce 70 
 
 Pingit, et antiquam de terrae nomine litem. 
 
 Bis sex caelestes medio Jove sedibus altis 
 
 Augusta gravitate sedent. Sua quemque deorum 
 
 Inscribit facies. Jo vis est regalis imago. 
 
 Stare deum pelagi longoque ferire tridente 75 
 
 Aspera saxa facit, medioque e vulnere saxi 
 
 Exsiluisse ferum ; quo pignore vindicet urbem. 
 
 At sibi dat clipeum, dat acutae cuspidis liastam, 
 
 Dat galeam capiti ; defenditur aegide pectus : 
 
 Percussamque sua simulat de cuspide terram 80 
 
 Edere cum bacis fetum canentis olivae : 
 
 Mirarique deos : operi victoria finis. 
 
 Ut tamen exemplis intellegat aemula laudis, 
 
 Quod pretium speret pro tarn f urialibus ausis, 
 
 Quattuor in partes certamina quattuor addit 85 
 
 Clara colore suo, brevibus distincta sigillis. 
 
 Threiciam Rhodopen liabet angulus unus et Haemon, 
 
16. ARACHNE. 55 
 
 Nunc gelidos montes, mortalia corpora quondam, 
 
 Nomina summorum sibi qui tribuere deorum. 
 
 Altera Pygmaeae fatum miserabile matris 90 
 
 Pars habet. Hanc Juno victam certamine jussit 
 
 Esse gruem populisque suis indicere bellum. 
 
 Pinxit et Antigonen ausam contendere quondam 
 
 Cum magni consorte Jovis, quam regia Juno 
 
 In volucrem vertit ; nee prof uit Ilion illi 95 
 
 Laomedonve pater, sumptis quin Candida pennis 
 
 Ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro. 
 
 Qui superest solus, Cinyran habet angulus orbum ; 
 
 Isque gradus templi, natarum membra suarum, 
 
 Amplectens saxoque jacens lacrimare videtur. 100 
 
 Circuit extremas oleis pacalibus oras. 
 
 Is modus est, operisque sua facit arbore finem. 
 
 Maeonis elusam designat imagine tauri 
 Europam : verum taurum, freta vera putares ; 
 Ipsa videbatur terras spectare relictas 105 
 
 Et comites clamare suas, tactumque vereri 
 Assilientis aquae timidasque reducere plantas. 
 Fecit et Asterien aquila luctante teneri : 
 Fecit olorinis Ledam recubare sub alis : 
 Addidit, ut Satyri celatus imagine pulchram 110 
 
 Juppiter implerit gemino Nycteida fetu, 
 Amphitryon f uerit, cum te, Tirynthia, cepit, 
 Aureus ut Danaen, Asopida luserit ignis, 
 Mnemosynen pastor, varius Deoida serpens. 114 
 
 Ultima pars telae tenui circumdata limbo 127 
 
 Nexilibus flores hederis habet intertextos. 
 Non illud Pallas, non illud carpere Livor 
 Possit opus. Doluit successu flava virago, 130 
 
 Et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes. 
 
56 METAMORPHOSES, YI. 146-312. 
 
 Utque Cytoriaco radium de monte tenebat, 
 
 Ter quater Idmoniae frontem percussit Araclmes. 
 
 Non tulit infelix, laqueoque animosa ligavit 
 
 Guttura. Pendentem Pallas miserata levavit, 135 
 
 Atque ita " vive quidem, pende tamen, improba," dixit, 
 
 " Lexque eadem poenae, ne sis secura f uturi, 
 
 Dicta tuo generi serisque nepotibus esto." 
 
 Post ea discedens sucis Hecateidos herbae 
 
 Sparsit ; et extemplo tristi medicamine tactae 140 
 
 Defluxere comae, cum quis et naris et aures, 
 
 Fitque caput minimum ; toto quoque corpore parva est ; 
 
 In latere exiles digiti pro cruribus haerent, 
 
 Cetera venter habet : de quo tamen ilia remittit 
 
 Stamen, et antiquas exercet aranea telas. 
 
 17. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge. 
 
 VI. 146-312. 
 
 Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, in the pride of her maternity as 
 mother of a numerous and beautiful offspring, claims diviner 
 honors than Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana. Latona 
 is avenged by her children, who slay all the sons and daugh- 
 ters of Niobe ; 
 
 " When in the house her children lay in death, 
 Six beauteous daughters and six stalwart sons. 
 The youths Apollo with his silver bow, 
 The maids the archer-queen, Diana, slew, 
 "With anger filled that Mobe presumed 
 Herself with fair Latona to compare, 
 Her many children with her rival's two." 
 
 Homer's " Iliad," xxiv. 604-610, Lord Derby's translation. 
 
 Lydia tota fremit, Phrygiaeque per oppida facti 
 Rumor it et magnum sermonibus occupat orbem. 
 Ante suos Niobe thalamos cognoverat illam, 
 
17. NIOBE. 57 
 
 Turn cum Maeoniam virgo Sipylumque colebat : 
 Nee tamen admonita est poena popularis Arachnes 150 
 Cedere caelitibus, verbisque minoribus uti. 
 Multa dabant animos : sed enim nee conjugis artes 
 Nee genus amborum magnique potentia regni 
 Sic placuere illi, quamvis ea cuncta placerent, 
 Ut sua progenies ; et felicissima matrum 155 
 
 Dicta foret Niobe, si non sibi visa fuisset. 
 Nam sata Tiresia venturi praescia Manto 
 Per medias fuerat, divino concita motu, 
 Yaticinata vias : " Ismenides, ite frequentes 
 Et date Latonae Latonigenisque duobus 160 
 
 Cum prece tura pia, lauroque innectite crinem : 
 Ore meo Latona jubet." Paretur, et omnes 
 Thebaides jussis sua tempora frondibus ornant, 
 Turaque dant Sanctis et verba precantia flammis. 
 Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165 
 
 Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro, 
 Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa ; movensque decoro 
 . Cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos 
 Constitit : utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos, 
 " Quis furor, auditos," inquit, " praeponere visis 170 
 Caelestes ? aut cur colitur Latona per aras, 
 Numen adliuc sine ture meum est ? mihi Tantalus auctor, 
 Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas. 
 Plei'adum soror est genetrix mea ; maximus Atlas 
 Est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175 
 
 Juppiter alter avns ; socero quoque glorior illo. 
 Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi 
 Sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti 
 Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur. 
 In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 180 
 
58 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312. 
 
 Immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem 
 
 Digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem 
 
 Et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque. 
 
 Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam, 
 
 Nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo 185 
 
 Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam 
 
 Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit. 
 
 Nee caelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est. 
 
 Exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem 
 
 ' Hospita tu terris erras, ego ' dixit < in undis,' 190 
 
 Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum 
 
 Facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri. 
 
 Sum f elix : quis enim neget hoc ? f elixque manebo ; 
 
 Hoc quoque quis dubitet ? tutam me copia fecit. 
 
 Major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ; 195 
 
 Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet. 
 
 Excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi 
 
 Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum, 
 
 Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum, 
 
 Latonae turbam : qua quantum distat ab orba ? 200 
 
 Inf ectis properate sacris ; laurumque capillis 
 
 Ponite." Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt, 
 
 Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen. 
 
 Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi 
 
 Talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta : 205 
 
 " En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis, 
 
 Et, nisi Junoni, nulli cessura dearum, 
 
 An dea sim, dubitor, perque omnia saecula cultis 
 
 Arceor, o nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris. 
 
 Nee dolor hie solus: diro convicia facto 210 
 
 Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis 
 
 Ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam reccidat, orbam 
 
17. NIOBE. 59 
 
 Dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam." 
 
 Ad jectura preces erat his Latona relatis : 
 
 "Desine!" Phoebus ait,"poenaemoralongaquerellaest." 
 
 Dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu 
 
 Contigerant tecti Cadmeida nubibus arcem. 
 
 Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus, 
 
 Assiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum 
 
 Duraque mollierat subjectas ungula glaebas. 220 
 
 Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes 
 
 Conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco 
 
 Terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas. 
 
 E quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam 
 
 Prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 225 
 
 Quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet, 
 
 " Ei mihi ! " conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa 
 
 Tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis 
 
 In latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo. 
 
 Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 230 
 Frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris 
 Nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector 
 Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura. 
 Frena dabat : dantem non evitabile telum 
 Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta 235 
 Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum. 
 Ille, ut erat pronus, per colla admissa jubasque 
 Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat. 
 
 Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres 
 Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240 
 
 Transierant ad opus nitidae juvenale palaestrae : 
 Et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu 
 Pectora pectoribus, cum tento concita nervo, 
 Sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta. 
 
60 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312. 
 
 Ingemuere simul, simul incur vata dolore 245 
 
 Membra solo posuere ; simul suprema jacentes 
 Lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt. 
 
 Aspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens 
 Advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus, 
 Inque pio cadit officio ; nam Delius illi 250 
 
 Intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro. 
 Quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in liamis 
 Eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras. 
 At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus 
 Adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua 255 
 Mollia nervosus facit internodia poples. 
 D unique manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum, 
 Altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est. 
 Expulit lianc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum 
 Emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260 
 
 Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando 
 Bracchia sustulerat, " di " que " o communiter omnes," 
 Dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos, 
 u Parcite ! " Motus erat, cum jam revocabile telum 
 Non fuit, arcitenens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265 
 Vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta. 
 
 Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum 
 Tarn subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae, 
 Mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi 
 Hoc essent superi, quod tan turn juris haberent. 270 
 Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto 
 Finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem. 
 Heu quantum liaec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia, 
 Quae modo Latois populum summoverat aris, 
 Et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, 275 
 Invidiosa suis ; at nunc miseranda vel hosti. 
 
17. NIOBE. 61 
 
 Corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo 
 Oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes. 
 A quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens 
 "Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore, 280 
 
 Pascere " ait, " satiaque meo tua pectora luctu : 
 Efferor : exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha. 
 Cur autem victrix ? miserae mihi plura supersunt, 
 Quam tibi felici : post tot quoque funera vinco." 285 
 
 Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu : 
 Qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes. 
 Ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris 
 Ante toros f ratrum demisso crine sorores : 
 E quibus una trahens haerentia viscere tela 290 
 
 Imposito fratri moribunda relanguit ore : 
 Altera solari miseram conata parentem 
 Conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est : 
 [Oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat.] 
 Haec frustra f ugiens collabitur : ilia sorori 295 
 
 Immoritur : latet haec : illam trepidare videres. 
 Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis 
 Ultima restabat : quam toto corpore mater, 
 Tota veste tegens, " unam minimamque relinque ! 
 De multis minimam posco," clamavit, u et unam." 300 
 Dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit 
 Exanimes inter natos natasque virumque, 
 Deriguitque malis. ISTullos movet aura capillos, 
 In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis 
 Stant immota genis : nihil est in imagine vivum. 305 
 Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato 
 Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ; 
 Nee ilecti cervix nee bracchia reddere motus 
 Nee pes ire potest : intra quoque viscera saxum est. 
 
62 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 313-400. 
 
 Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 310 
 
 In patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis 
 Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant. 
 
 18. The Lycians ; and Marsyas. 
 VI. 313-400. 
 
 Turn vero cuncti manifestam numinis iram 
 Femina virque timent, cultuque impensius omnes 
 Magna gemelliparae venerantur numina divae. 315 
 
 Utque lit, a facto propiore priora ren arrant. 
 E quibus unus ait : u Lyciae quoque fertilis agris 
 Non impune deam veteres sprevere coloni. 
 Res obscura quidem est ignobilitate virorum, 
 Mira tamen. Yidi praesens stagnumque locumque 320 
 Prodigio notum. Nam me jam grandior aevo 
 Impatiensque viae genitor deducere lectos 
 Jusserat inde boves, gentisque illius eunti 
 Ipse ducem dederat. Cum quo dum pascua lustro, 
 Ecce lacu medio sacrorum nigra favilla 325 
 
 Ara vetus stabat, tremulis circumdata cannis. 
 Eestitit, et pavido " f aveas mihi " murmure dixit 
 Dux meus ; et simili " faveas " ego murmure dixi. 
 Naiadum Faunine foret tamen ara rogabam, 
 Indigenaeve dei : cum talia rettulit hospes : 330 
 
 " ]N~on hac, o juvenis, montanum numen in ara est. 
 Ilia suam vocat hanc, cui quondam regia conjunx 
 Orbe interdixit ; quam vix erratica Delos 
 Errantem accepit, turn cum levis insula nabat. 
 Illic incumbens cum Palladis arbore palmae 335 
 
 Edidit invita geminos Latona noverca. 
 Hinc quoque Junonem fugisse puerpera fertur 
 
18. THE LYCIANS; AND MARSYAS. 63 
 
 Inque suo portasse sinu, duo numina, natos. 
 
 Jamque Chimaeriferae, cum sol gravis ureret arva, 
 
 Finibus in Lyciae longo dea fessa labore 340 
 
 Sidereo siccata sitim collegit ab aestu : 
 
 TTberaque ebiberant avidi lactantia nati. 
 
 Forte lacum mediocris aquae prospexit in imis 
 
 Yallibus : agrestes illic fruticosa legebant 
 
 Vimina cum juncis gratamque paludibus ulvam. 345 
 
 Accessit, positoque genu Titania terram 
 
 Pressit, ut hauriret gelidos potura liquores. 
 
 Rustica turba vetant. Dea sic affata vetantes : 
 
 6 Quid prohibetis aquis ? usus communis aquarum est. 
 
 Nee solem proprium natura nee aera fecit 350 
 
 Nee tenues undas : ad publica munera veni, 
 
 Quae tamen ut detis, supplex peto. Non ego nostros 
 
 Abluere liic artus lassataque membra parabam, 
 
 Sed relevare sitim. Caret os umore loquentis 
 
 Et fauces arent, vixque est via vocis in illis. 355 
 
 Haustus aquae milii nectar erit, vi tarn que fatebor 
 
 Accepisse simul : vitam dederitis in unda. 
 
 Hi quoque vos moveant, qui nostro bracchia tendunt 
 
 Parva sinu ; ' et casu tendebant bracchia nati. 
 
 Quern non blanda deae potuissent verba movere ? 360 
 Hi tamen orantem perstant prohibere, minasque, 
 Ni procul abscedat, conviciaque insuper addunt. 
 Nee satis est ; ipsos etiam pedibusque manuque 
 Turbavere lacus, imoque e gurgite mollem 
 Hue illuc limum saltu movere maligno. 365 
 
 Distulit ira sitim : neque enim jam filia Coei 
 Supplicat indignis, nee dicere sustinet ultra 
 Verba minora dea ; tollensque ad sidera palmas, 
 6 Aeternum stagno ' dixit ' vivatis in isto.' 
 
64 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 313-400. 
 
 Eveniunt optata deae. Juvat esse sub undis, 370 
 Et modo tota cava submergere membra palude, 
 Nunc proferre caput, summo modo gurgite nare, 
 Saepe super ripam stagni consistere, saepe 
 In gelidos resilire lacus. Sed nunc quoque turpes 
 Litibus exercent linguas, pulsoque pudore, 375 
 
 Quamvis sint sub aqua, sub aqua maledicere temptant. 
 Vox quoque jam rauca est, inflataque colla tumescunt, 
 Ipsaque dilatant patulos convicia rictus. 
 Terga caput tangunt, colla intercepta videntur ; 
 Spina viret ; venter, pars maxima corporis, albet : 380 
 Limosoque novae saliunt in gurgite ranae." 
 
 Sic ubi nescio quis Lycia de gente virorum 
 Rettulit exitium, Satyri reminiscitur alter, 
 Quern Tritoniaca Latous harundine victum 
 Adfecit poena. " Quid me mihi detrains ? " inquit : 385 
 " A ! piget, a ! non est," clamabat, " tibia tanti ! " 
 Clamanti cutis est summos direpta per artus ; 
 Nee quicquarn nisi vulnus erat : cruor undique manat, 
 Detectique patent nervi, trepidaeque sine ulla 
 Pelle micant venae ; salientia viscera possis 390 
 
 Et perlucentes numerare in pectore fibras. 
 Ilium ruricolae, silvarum numina, Fauni 
 Et satyri fratres et tunc quoque cams Olympus 
 Et nymphae flerunt, et quisquis montibus illis 
 Lanigerosque greges armentaque bucera pavit. 395 
 
 Fertilis immaduit, madefactaque terra caducas 
 Concepit lacrimas ac venis perbibit imis : 
 Quas ubi fecit aquam, vacuas emisit in auras. 
 Inde pet ens rapidum ripis declivibus aequor 
 Marsya nomen habet, Phrygiae liquidissimus amnis. 400 
 
19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 65 
 
 19. The Golden Fleece. 
 VII. 1-158. 
 
 Jason goes in quest of the Golden Fleece, and, by Medea's 
 help, triumphs over all obstacles, and afterward carries Medea 
 with him from Iolcos. J » 
 
 There is a good English version of the story in Mr. MorrisV 
 " Life and Death of Jason." A/ \ v 
 
 Jam que f return Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant : /A 
 Perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam i 
 Phineus visus erat, juvenesque Aquilone creati , 
 Virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant : 
 Multaque perpessi claro sub Iasone tandem 
 Contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas : 
 Dumque adeunt regem Phrixeaque vellera poscunt, 
 Lexque datur Minyis magnorum horrenda laborum, 
 Concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes : r^ 
 
 Et luctata dm, postquam ratione furorem 10 
 
 Vincere non poterat, " f rustra, Medea, repugnas : 
 Nescio quis deus obstat," ait ; " mirumque, nisi hoc est, 
 Aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur. 
 Nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur ? 
 Sunt quoque dura nimis. Our, quern modo denique vidi, 
 Ne pereat, timeo ? quae tanti causa timoris ? 
 Excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammae, 
 Si potes, infelix ! si possem, sanior essem. 
 Sed gravat invitam nova vis, aliudque cupido, 
 Mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque, 20 
 
 Deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo, 
 Ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis ? 
 Ilacc quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat, an ille 
 Occidat, in dis est. Yivat tamen : idque precari 
 
6Q METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158. 
 
 Vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit Iason ? 25 
 Quern, nisi crudelem, non tangat Iasonis aetas 
 Et genus et virtus ? quern non, ut cetera desint, 
 Ore niovere potest ? certe mea pectora movit. 
 At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur igne, 
 Concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis 30 
 
 Hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi. 
 Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam, 
 Turn f errum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor. 
 Cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo 
 Conscelero ? cur non tauros exhortor in ilium 35 
 
 Terrigenasque f eros insopitumque draconem ? 
 Di meliora velint. Quamquam non ista precanda, 
 Sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis, 
 Atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra, 
 Ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 40 
 
 Virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar? 
 Si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis, 
 Occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo, 
 Non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae, 
 Ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45 
 
 Et dabit ante fid em. Cogamque in foedera testes 
 Esse deos. Quid tuta times ? accingere et omnem 
 Pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit Iason, 
 Te face sollemni junget sibi, perque Pelasgas ^ 
 Servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba. ~Ji 50 
 Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque 
 Et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ? 
 Nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus, 
 Frater adhuc infans, stant mecum vota sororis : 
 Maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam : 55 
 Magna sequar : titulum servatae pubis Achivae, 
 
19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 67 
 
 Notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum 
 Hie quoque f ama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ; 
 Quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis, 
 Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo conjuge felix GO 
 
 Et dis cara ferar et vertice sidera tangam. 
 Quid, quod nescio qui mediis incurrere in undis 
 Dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis 
 Nunc sorbere f return, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis 
 Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare prof undo ? 65 
 
 Nempe tenens quod amo, gremioque in Iasonis haerens 
 Per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor; 
 Aut, siquid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo. 
 Conjugiumne putas, speciosaque nomina culpae 
 Imponis, Medea, tuae ? quin aspice, quantum TO 
 
 Aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, en 2 uge crimen." 
 Dixit : et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque 
 Constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido. 
 
 Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Persei'dos aras, 
 Quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat. 75 
 Et jam f ortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor : 
 Cum videt Aesoniden, extinctaque flamma revixit. 
 Erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore, 
 Utque solet ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque 
 Parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla, 80 
 
 Crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires, 
 Sic jam lentus amor, jam quern languere putares, 
 Ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit. 
 Et casu solito f ormosior Aesone natus 
 Ilia luce f uit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85 
 
 Spectat, et in vultu veluti turn denique viso 
 Lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens 
 Ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo. 
 
68 METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158. 
 
 Ut vero coepitque loqui dextramque prehendit 
 Hospes, et auxilium summissa voce rogavit, 90 
 
 Promisitquo torum, lacrimis ait ilia profusis : 
 " Quid faciam, video : nee me ignorantia veri 
 Decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro : 
 Servatus promissa dato.V Per sacra triformis 
 Ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95 
 
 Perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta f uturi, 
 Eventusque suos et tanta pericula jurat. 
 Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas, 
 Edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit. 
 
 Postera depulerat stellas aurora micantes : 100 
 
 Convenient populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum, 
 Consistuntque jugis. Medio rex ipse resedit 
 Agmine pnrpureus sceptroqne insignis eburno. 
 Ecce adamantAs vulcanum naribus efflant 
 Aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus lierbae 105 
 
 Ardent ; utque solent pleni resonare camini, 
 Aut ubi terrena silices f ornace soluti 
 Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum : 
 Pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas 
 Gutturaque nsta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus 110 
 Obvius it. Yertere truces venientis ad ora 
 Terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro, 
 Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco, 
 Eumificisqne locnm mugitibns impleverunt. 
 Deriguere metu Minyae. S libit ille, nee ignes 115 
 Sentit anlielatos — tantum medicamina possunt — 
 Pendulaque andaci mulcet palearia dextra, 
 Suppositosque jngo pondus grave cogit aratri 
 Ducere et insuetum ferro proscindere campum. 
 Mirantur Colchi : Minyae clamoribns augent 120 
 
19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 69 
 
 Adiciuntque animos. Galea turn sumit aena v 
 
 Vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros. -^ ^ 
 
 Semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno, 
 
 Et crescunt fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. 
 
 Utque hominis speciem materna sumit in alvo, 125 
 
 Perque suos intus numeros componitur infans, 
 
 Nee nisi maturus communes exit in auras : 
 
 Sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago 
 
 Effecta est hominis, f eto consurgit in arvo ; 
 
 Quodque magis mirum est, simul edita concutit arma. 130 , 
 
 Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas 
 
 In caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes, 
 
 Demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi. 
 
 Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium, 
 
 Utque peti vidit juvenem tot ab hostibus unum, 135 
 
 Palluit et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit ; 
 
 Neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen 
 
 Auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes. 
 
 Ille gravem medios silicem jaculatus in hostes 
 
 A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos. 140 
 
 Terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres, 
 
 Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi, 
 
 Victoremque tenent avidisque amplexibus haerent. 
 
 Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles ; 
 
 Obstitk incepto pudor. At complexa fuisses ; 145 
 
 Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae. 
 
 Quod licet, aspectu tacito laetaris, agisque 
 
 Carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum. 
 
 Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem. 
 Qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 150 
 
 Dentibus horrendus custos erat arboris aureae. 
 llunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci 
 
70 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259. 
 
 Verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos, 
 Quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt, 
 Somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro 155 
 
 Heros Aesonius potitur, spolioque superbus 
 Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans 
 Victor Iolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus. 
 
 20. The Death of Icarus. 
 
 VIII. 183-259. 
 
 Daedalus had fled from Athens to Crete, where he built the 
 labyrinth for Minos. Kept now against his will by Minos, he flies 
 across the sea ; his son Icarus, who flies with him, falls into the sea. 
 
 Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus 
 Exilium tactusque loci natalis amore, 
 Clausus erat pelago. " Terras licet " inquit " et undas 185 
 Obstruat : at caelum certe patet ; ibimus iliac. 
 Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos." 
 Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes, 
 Naturamque no vat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas, 
 A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 190 
 
 Ut clivo crevisse putes : sic rustica quondam 
 Fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis. 
 Turn lino medias et ceris alligat imas, 
 Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit, 
 Ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195 
 
 Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, 
 Ore renidenti modo, quas vaga moverat aura, 
 Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram 
 Mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris 
 Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 200 
 
20. THE DEATH OF ICARUS. 71 
 
 Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas 
 Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura. 
 
 Instruit et natum, " medio " que " ut limite curras, 
 Icare," ait " moneo, ne, si demissior ibis, 
 Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat. 205 
 
 Inter utrumque vola. Nee te spectare Booten 
 Aut Helicen jubeo strict unique Orionis ensem : 
 Me duce carpe viam." Pariter praecepta volandi 
 Tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas. 
 
 Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 210 
 Et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato 
 Non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus 
 Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto 
 Quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ; 
 Hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 215 
 
 Et mo vet ipse suas et nati respicit alas. 
 IIos aliquis tremula dum captat liarundine pisces. 
 Aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator 
 Yidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent, 
 Credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220 
 
 Parte Samos fuerat Delosque Parosque relictae, 
 Dextra Lebintlius erat fecundaque melle Calymne, 
 Cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu, 
 Deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus 
 Altius egit iter. Eapidi vicinia solis -< 225 
 
 Mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras. 
 Tabuerant cerae ; nudos quatit ille lacertos, 
 Remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras, 
 Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen 
 Excipiuntur aqua : quae nomen traxit ab illo, 230 
 
 At pater infelix, nee jam pater, " Icare," dixit, 
 " Icare," dixit " ubi es ? qua te regione requiram ? " 
 
72 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259. 
 
 "Icare" dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis, 
 Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro \ 
 Condidit ; et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. — ^ 235 
 
 Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati 
 Garrula ramosa prospexit ab ilice perdix, 
 Et plausit pennis testataque gaudia cantu est : 
 Unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis, 
 Factaque nuper avis ; longum tibi, Daedale, crimen. 240 
 Namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam 
 Progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis 
 Bis pueruin senis, animi ad praecepta capacis. 
 Ule etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas 
 Traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto 245 
 
 Perpetuos dentes et serrae repperit nsum. 
 Primus et ex uno duo ferrea braccliia nodo 
 Vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis 
 Altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem. 
 Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae 250 
 
 Praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus. At ilium 
 Quae fa vet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque 
 Reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis. 
 Sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas 
 Inque pedes abiit : nomen quod et ante, remansit. 255 
 ISTon tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit, 
 Nee facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos ; 
 Propter liumum volitat, ponitque in saepibus ova, 
 Antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus. 
 
21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 73 
 
 21. Philemon and Baucis. 
 
 VIII. 616-724. 
 
 Philemon and Baucis, an aged couple in Phrygia, entertain 
 Jupiter and Mercury, though they are " strangers " to them; 
 and they find that "they have thereby entertained" gods "un- 
 awares." 
 
 Obstipuere omnes, nee talia dicta probarunt ; 
 
 Ante omnesque Lelex, animo maturus et aevo, 
 
 Sic ait : " immensa est finemque potentia caeli 
 
 Non habet, et quicquid superi voluere, peractum est. 
 
 Quoque minus dubites, tiliae contermina quercus 620 
 
 Collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro : 
 
 Ipse locum vidi ; nam me Pelopeia Pittheus 
 
 Misit in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti. 
 
 Haud procnl hinc stagnum est, tell us habitabilis olim, 
 
 Nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 625 
 
 Juppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente 
 
 Venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis. 
 
 Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes : 
 
 Mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit, 
 
 Parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri : 630 
 
 Sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon 
 
 Ilia sunt annis juncti juvenalibus, ilia 
 
 Consenuere casa ; paupertatemque f atendo V 
 
 Effecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo. O 
 
 Nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras : 635 
 
 Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque. 
 
 Ergo ubi caelicolae placitos tetigere penates, 
 Summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes, 
 Membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili, 
 5 
 
.74 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 616-724. 
 
 Quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis. 640 
 
 Inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes 
 
 Suscitat hesternos f oliisque et cortice sicco 
 
 ISTutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili ; 
 
 Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto 
 
 Detulit et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 645 
 
 Quodque suus conjunx riguo collegerat horto, 
 
 Truncat holus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni 
 
 Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno, 
 
 Servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem 
 
 Exiguam, sectamque domat f erven tibus undis. 650 
 
 Interea medias fallunt sermonibus boras, 
 Concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655 
 
 Impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
 Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo 
 Sternere consuerant : sed et haec vilisque vetusque 
 Vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno. 
 Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 660 
 Ponit anus ; mensae sed erat pes tertius inpar : 
 Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum 
 Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes. 
 Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae, 
 Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece, 665 
 
 Intibaque et radix et lactis massa coacti, 
 Ovaque non acri leviter versata fa villa, 
 Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem 
 Sistitur argento crater f abricataque fago 
 Pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 670 
 
 Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes, 
 Kec longae rursus referuntur vina senectae, 
 Dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis. 
 Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis 
 
' 
 
 ) 
 
 21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 75 
 
 Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris 675 
 Et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae. 
 Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus 
 Accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas. 
 
 Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri 
 Sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina : G80 
 
 Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis 
 Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon, 
 Et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant. 
 Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae, 
 Quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685 
 
 Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat, 
 Eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos 
 Confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari : 
 'Di ' que 'sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas 
 Impia ' dixerunt ; i vobis immunibus liujus 690 
 
 Esse mali dabitur ; modo vestra relinquite tecta, 
 Ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis 
 Ite simul.' Parent ambo, baculisque levati 
 Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo. 
 
 Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 695 
 Missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa palude 
 Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere. 
 Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum, 
 Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus 
 Vertitur in templum : f ureas subiere columnae, 700 
 Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur, 
 Caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus. 
 Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore : 
 ' Dicite, juste senex et femina conjuge justo 
 Digna, quid optetis.' Cum Baucide pauca locutus, 705 
 Judicium superis aperit commune Philemon : 
 
76 METAMOEPHOSES, IX. 1-97. 
 
 1 Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri 
 Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos, 
 Auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis unquam 
 Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia.' 710 
 
 Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela f uere, 
 Donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti ^ /i 
 Ante gradus sacros cum starent forte, locique 
 Narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis, 
 Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715 
 
 Jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus 
 Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta ' vale ' que 
 i O conjunx ' dixere simul, simul abdita texit 
 Ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thymbreius illic 
 Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720 
 
 Haec mihi non vani, neque erat cur fallere vellent, 
 Narravere senes. Equidem pendentia vidi 
 Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi, 
 i Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere, coluntur.' " 
 
 22. The "Wooing of Deianira. 
 
 IX. 1-97. 
 
 The river-god Achelous tells how Hercules contended with 
 him for the hand of Deianira, and how Hercules defeated him 
 and won the prize. 
 
 Quae gemitus truncaeque deo Neptunius heros 
 Causa rogat frontis. Cum sic Calydonius amnis 
 Coepit, inornatos redimitus harundine crines : 
 M Triste petis munus. Quis enim sua proelia victus 
 Commemorare velit ? Keferam tamen ordine. Nee tarn 5 
 Turpe fuit vinci, quam contendisse decorum est ; 
 Magnaque dat nobis tantus solacia victor. 
 
22. THE WOOING OF DEIANIRA. 77 
 
 Nomine siqua suo tandem pervenit ad aures 
 
 Deianira tuas — quondam pulcherrima virgo 
 
 Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum. 10 
 
 Cum quibus ut soceri domus est intrata petiti, 
 
 ' Accipe me generum,' dixi l Parthaone nate : ' 
 
 Dixit et Alcides : alii cessere duobus. 
 
 Ille Jovem socerum dare se, famamque laborum, 
 
 Et superata suae referebat jussa novercae. 15 
 
 Contra ego ' turpe deum mortali cedere : ' dixi — 
 
 Nondum erat ille deus — ' regem me cernis aquarum 
 
 Cursibus obliquis inter tua regna fluentum. 
 
 Nee gener externis liospes tibi missus ab oris, 
 
 Sed popularis ero et rerum pars una tuarum. 20 
 
 Tantum ne noceat, quod me nee regia Juno 
 
 Odit, et omnis abest jussorum poena laborum.' 
 
 Talia dicentem jamdudum. lumine torvo 27 
 
 Spectat, et accensae non fortiter imperat irae, 
 Verbaque tot reddit : ' melior mihi dextera lingua. 
 Dummodo pugnando superem, tu vinee loquendo,' 30 
 Congrediturque ferox. Puduit modo magna locutum 
 Cedere : rejeci viridem de corpore vestem, 
 Bracchiaque opposui, tenuique a pectore varas 
 In statione manus et pugnae membra paravi. 
 Ille cavis liausto spargit me pulvere palmis, 35 
 
 Inque vicem f ulvae tactu flavescit harenae. 
 Et modo cervicem, modo crura micantia captat, 
 Aut captare putes, omnique a parte lacessit. 
 Me mea def endit gravitas : f rustraque petebar ; 
 Haud secus ac moles, magno quam murmure fluctus 40 
 Oppugnant ; manet ilia, suoque est pond ere tuta. 
 
 Digredimur paulum, rursusque ad bella coimus, 
 Inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere ; eratque 
 
78 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 1-97. 
 
 Cum pede pes junctus, totoque ego pectore pronus 
 
 Et digitos digitis et frontem fronte premebam. 45 
 
 Non aliter vidi fortes concurrere tauros, 
 
 Cum pretium pugnae toto nitidissima saltu 
 
 Expetitur con junx : spectant armenta paventque 
 
 ISTescia, quern maneat tanti victoria regni. 
 
 Ter sine profectu voluit nitentia contra 50 
 
 Eeicere Alcides a se mea pectora : quarto 
 
 Excutit amplexus, adductaque bracchia solvit, 
 
 Impulsumque manu — certum est mihi vera fateri — 
 
 Protinus avertit, tergoque onerosus inliaesit. 
 
 Siqua fides, — neque enim ficta mihi gloria voce 55 
 
 Quaeritur — imposito pressus mihi monte videbar. 
 
 Vix tamen inserui sudore fluentia multo 
 
 Bracchia, vix solvi duros a pectore nexus. 
 
 Instat anhelanti, prohibetque resumere vires, 
 
 Et cervice mea potitur. Turn denique tellus 60 
 
 Pressa genu nostro est, et harenas ore momordi. 
 
 Inferior virtute, meas divertor ad artes, 
 
 Elaborque viro longum format us in anguem. 
 
 Qui postquam fiexos sinuavi corpus in orbes, 
 
 Cumque fero movi linguam stridore bisulcam, 65 
 
 Risit, et illudens nostras Tirynthius artes 
 
 i Cunarum labor est angues superare mearum,' 
 
 Dixit ' et ut vincas alios, Acheloe, dracones, 
 
 Pars quota Lernaeae serpens eris unus echidnae ? 
 
 Yulneribus fecunda suis erat ilia, nee ullum TO 
 
 De centum numero caput est impune recisum, 
 
 Quin gemino cervix herede valentior esset. 
 
 Hanc ego ramosam natis c caede colubris 
 
 Crescentemque malo clomui, vetuique renasci. 
 
 Quid fore te credas, falsum qui versus in aaguem T5 
 
23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 79 
 
 Arma aliena moves ? quem forma precaria celat % ' 
 Dixerat, et summo digitorum vincula collo 
 Inicit : angebar, ceu guttura forcipe pressus, 
 Pollicibusque meas pugnabam evellere fauces. 
 
 Sic quoque devicto restabat tertia tauri 80 
 
 Forma tnicis : tauro mutatus membra rebello. 
 Induit ille toris a laeva parte lacertos, 
 Admissumque trahens sequitur, depressaque dura 
 Cornua figit humo, meque alta sternit harena. 
 Nee satis hoc fuerat : rigidum f era dextera cornu 85 
 Dum tenet, infregit, truncaque a fronte revellit. 
 Naides hoc, pomis et odoro flore repletum, 
 Sacrarunt ; divesque meo Bona Copia cornu est." 
 
 Dixerat : et Nymphe ritu succincta Dianae, 
 Una ministrarum, fusis utrimque capillis, 90 
 
 Incessit totumque tulit praedivite cornu 
 Autumnum et mensas, felicia poma, secundas. 
 Lux subit ; et primo feriente cacumina sole 
 Discedunt juvenes : neque enim, dum flumina pacem 
 Et placidos habeant lapsus, totaeque residant, 95 
 
 Opperiuntur, aquae. Vultus Achelous agrestes 
 Et lacerum cornu mediis caput abdidit undis. 
 
 23. The Death of Hercules. 
 
 IX. 134-272. 
 
 u As when Alcides, from Oechalia crown'd 
 With conquest, felt the envenomM robe, and tore 
 Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines ; 
 And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw 
 Into the Euboic sea." — u Paradise Lost," II. 542-546. 
 
 Longa fuit medii mora temporis : actaque magni 
 ilerculis implerant terras odium que novercae. 135 
 
80 METAMOEPHOSES, IX. 134-272. 
 
 Victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat 
 Vota Jovi, cum fama loquax praecessit ad aures, 
 Deianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa 
 Gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit, 
 Amphitryoniaden Ioles ardore teneri. 140 
 
 Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama 
 Indulsit primo lacrimis, fiendoque dolorem 
 Diffudit miseranda suum : mox deinde " quid autem 
 Flemus ? M ait " paelex lacrimis laetabitur istis. 
 Quae quoniam adveniet, properandum aliquidque no- 
 vandum est, 145 
 
 Dum licet, et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros. 
 Conquerar, an sileam ? repetam Calydona, morerne ? 
 Excedam tectis? an, si nihil amplius, obstem? 
 Quid si me, Meleagre, tuam mem or esse sororem 
 Forte paro f acinus, quantumque injuria possit 150 
 
 Femineusque dolor, jugulata paelice testor ? " 
 Incursus animus varios habet : omnibus illis 
 Praetulit imbutam Kesseo sanguine vestem 
 Mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori. 
 Ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat, nescia, luctus 155 
 
 Ipsa suos tradit, blandisque miserrima verbis, 
 Dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros, 
 Induiturque umeris Lernaeae viru& echidnae. 
 
 Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis, 
 Yinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras : 160 
 
 Incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque flammis 
 Herculeos abiit late diffusa per artus. 
 Dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit. 
 Yicta malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras, 
 Implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten. 165 
 
 Nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem : 
 
23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 81 
 
 Qua trahitur, trahit ilia cutem, foedumqne relatu, 
 
 Aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli, 
 
 Aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa. 
 
 Ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lammina candens 170 
 
 Tincta laciij stridit coquiturque ardente veneno. 
 
 Nee modus est, sorbent avidae praecordia flammac, 
 
 Caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor, 
 
 Ambustique sonant nervi ; caecaque medullis 
 
 Tabe liquefactis tendens ad sidera palmas 175 
 
 " Cladibus," exclamat " Saturnia, pascere nostris : 
 
 Pascere, et hanc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto, 
 
 Corque ferum satia ; vel si miserandus et hosti, 
 
 Hoc est, si tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram 
 
 Invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer. 180 
 
 Mors mihi munus erit : decet haec dare dona novercam. 
 
 Ergo ego f oedantem peregrino templa cruore 
 
 Busirin domui ? saevoque alimenta parentis 
 
 Antaeo eripui % nee me pastoris Hiberi 
 
 Forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua,Cerbere,movit? 185 
 
 Vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri ? 
 
 Vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae, 
 
 Partheniumque nemus ? yestra virtute relatus 
 
 Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro, 
 
 Pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone ? 190 
 
 Nee mihi Centauri potuere resistere, nee mi 
 
 Arcadiae vastator aper ? nee prof uit hydrae 
 
 Crescere per damnum geminasque resumere vires ? 
 
 Quid, cum Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues 
 
 Plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi, 195 
 
 Yisaque dejeci, dominumque ipsosque peremi ? 
 
 His elisa jacet moles Nemeaea lacertis : 
 
 Hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa jubendo est 
 
82 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272. 
 
 Saeva Jovis conjunx : ego sum indef essus agendo. 
 Sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti 200 
 
 ISTec telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat 
 Ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitnr artus. 
 At valet Eurystheus ! et sunt, qui credere possint 
 Esse deos ? " dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten 
 Haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taurus 205 
 
 Corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor. 
 Saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem, 
 Saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes 
 Sternentemque trabes irascentemque videres 
 Montibus aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo. 210 
 
 Ecce Liehan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata 
 Aspicit, utque dolor rabiem collegerat omnem, 
 " Tune, Licha," dixit * f eralia dona dedisti ? 
 Tune meae necis auctor eris ? " tremit ille, pavetque 
 Pallidus, et timide verba excusantia dicit. 215 
 
 Dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem 
 Corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum 
 Mittit in Euboicas tormento fortius undas. 
 Ille per aerias pendens induruit auras : 
 TJtque f erunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis, 220 
 
 Inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis 
 Astringi et spissa glomerari grandine corpus, 
 Sic ilium validis actum per inane lacertis 
 Exsanguemque metu nee quicquam umoris habentem 
 In rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas. 225 
 
 Nunc quoque in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat alto 
 Gurgite et humanae servat vestigia f ormae, 
 Quern, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur, 
 Appellant que Liehan. At tu, Jovis inclita proles, 
 Arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete, 230 
 
23. THE DEATn OF HERCULES. 83 
 
 Inque pyram structis arcum pharetramque capacem 
 Regnaque visuras iterum Trojana sagittas 
 Ferre jubes Poeante satum, quo flamma ministro 
 Subdita ; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger, 
 Congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam 235 
 
 Sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis, 
 Haud alio vultu, quam si con viva jaceres 
 Inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis. 
 
 Jamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat, 
 Securosque artus contemptoremque petebat 240 
 
 Flamma suum : timuere dei pro vindice terrae. 
 Quos ita, sensit enim, laeto Saturnius ore 
 Juppiter alloquitur : " nostra est timor iste voluptas, 
 O superi, totoque libens mini pectore grator, 
 Quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque, 245 
 Et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est. 
 Nam quam quam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis, 
 Obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano 
 Fida metu paveant, istas despernite flammas ! 
 Omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ; 250 
 
 ISTec nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem 
 Sentiet : aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers 
 Atque immune necis, nullaque domabile flamma. 
 Idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris 
 Accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum 255 
 
 Dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis 
 Forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet, 
 Sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit." 
 
 Assensere dei : conjunx quoque regia visa est 
 Cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu 260 
 
 Dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam. 
 
 Interea, quodcumque f uit populabile flammae, 
 
84: METAMORPHOSES, X. 1-77. 
 
 Mulciber abstulerat : nee cognoscenda remansit 
 Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum 
 Matris habet, tantumque Jovis vestigia servat. 265 
 
 Utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta 
 Luxuriare solet, squamaque virere recenti : 
 Sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus, 
 Parte sui meliore viget, majorque videri 
 Coepit et augusta fieri gravitate verendus. 270 
 
 Quern pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum 
 Quadrijugo curru radiantibus intulit astris. 
 
 24:. Orpheus and Eurydice. 
 
 X. 1-77. 
 
 "Such strains as would have won the ear 
 Of Pluto, to have quite set free 
 The half-regained Eurydice." 
 
 Milton's "17 Allegro." 
 
 Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu 
 Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras 
 Tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur. 
 Adfuit ille quidem, sed nee sollemnia verba 
 Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen. 5 
 
 Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula f umo 
 TJsque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes. 
 Exitus auspicio gravior : nam nupta per herbas 
 Dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur, 
 Occidit in talum serpentis dente recepto. 10 
 
 Quam satis ad superas postquam Ehodope'ius auras 
 Deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras, 
 Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta : 
 Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro 
 
24. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 85 
 
 Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem 15 
 
 Umbrarum dominum, pulsisque ad earmina nervis 
 
 Sic ait : " o positi sub terra numina mundi, 
 
 In quern reccidimus, quicquid mortale creamur : 
 
 Si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris 
 
 Vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 20 
 
 Tartara, descendi ; nee uti villosa colubris 
 
 Terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri : 
 
 Causa viae conjunx, in quam calcata venenum 
 
 Vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos. 
 
 Posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo : 25 
 
 Vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est : 
 
 An sit et hie, dubito ; sed et hie tamen auguror gsse, 
 
 Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, [fcimoris, 
 
 Yos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec l(5ca~plena 
 
 Per Chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni, 30 
 
 Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata. 
 
 Omnia debentur vobis, paulumque morati 
 
 Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam. 
 
 Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque 
 
 Humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35 
 
 Haec quoque, cum justos matura peregerit annos, 
 
 Juris erit vestri : pro munere poscimus usum. 
 
 Quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certum est . 
 
 Nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum." 
 
 Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40 
 Exsangues flebant animae : nee Tantalus undam 
 Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis, 
 Nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt 
 Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo. 
 Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45 
 Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia conjunx 
 
86 METAMOEPHOSES, X. 1-77. 
 
 Sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare : 
 
 Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes 
 
 Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo. 
 
 Hanc simul et legem Rhodope'ius accipit Orpheus, 50 
 
 Ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas 
 
 Exierit valles ; aut irrita dona futura. 
 
 Carpitur aeclivis per muta silentia trames, 
 Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca, 
 Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55 
 
 Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi, 
 Flexit amans oculos : et protinus ilia relapsa est, 
 Bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certus 
 Nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras. 
 Jamque iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam 
 Questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ? 
 Supremumque vale, quod jam vix auribus ille 
 Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est. 
 
 Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus, 
 Quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas, 65 
 
 Colla canis vidit ; quern non payor ante reliquit, 
 Quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto : 
 Quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri 
 Olenos esse nocens, tuque, o confisa figurae, 
 Infelix Lethaea, tuae, junctissima quondam 70 
 
 Pectora, nunc lapides, quos umida sustinet Ide. 
 
 Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem 
 Portitor arcuerat ; septem tamen ille diebus 
 Squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit : 
 Cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75 
 Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam 
 Se recipit Ehodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum. 
 
25. HYACINTIIUS. 87 
 
 25. Hyacinthus. 
 
 X. 162-219. 
 
 . . . "that sanguine flower, inscribed with woe." 
 
 Milton's "Lycidas." 
 
 Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus, 
 Tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent. 
 Qua licet, aeternus tamen es : quotiensque repellit 
 Yer hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 165 
 
 Tu totiens oreris, viridique in caespite flores. 
 Te mens ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe 
 In medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi, 
 Dum dens Enrotan immunitamque freqnentat 
 Sparten : nee citharae nee snnt in honore sagittae : 170 
 Immemor ipse sni non retia ferre recusat, 
 Non tenuisse canes, non per juga montis iniqui 
 Isse comes ; longaque alit assuetndine flammas. 
 
 Jamqne fere medius Titan venientis et actae 
 Noctis erat, spatioqne pari distabat utrimque : 175 
 
 Corpora veste levant, et suco pinguis olivi 
 Splendescunt, latiqne inennt certamina disci. 
 Quern prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras 
 Misit, et oppositas disjecit pondere nubes. 
 Eeccidit in solidam longo post tempore terrain 180 
 
 Pondus, et exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem. 
 Protinus imprudens actusque cupidine lusus 
 Tollere Taenarides orbem properabat ; at ilium 
 Dura repercusso subjecit verbere tellus 
 In vultus, Hyaeinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque 185 
 
 Quam puer, ipse deus, collapsosque excipit artus, 
 Et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat, 
 
88 METAMOEPHOSES, X. 162-219. 
 
 Nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet lierbis. 
 
 Nil prosunt artes ; erat immedicabile vulnus. 
 
 Ut siquis violas riguove papaver in horto 190 
 
 Liliaque infringat, fulvis liaerentia lignis 
 
 Marcida demittant subito caput ilia gravatum, 
 
 Nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram ; 
 
 Sic vultus moriens jaeet, et defecta vigore 
 
 Ipsa sibi est oneri cervix umeroque recumbit. 195 
 
 " Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate juventa," 
 Phoebus ait " videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus. 
 Tu dolor es facinusque meum : mea dextera leto 
 Inscribenda tuo est ! ego sum tibi funeris auctor. 
 Quae mea culpa tamen ? nisi si lusisse vocari 200 
 
 Culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari. 
 Atque utinam merito vitam, tecumque liceret 
 Keddere ! quod quoniam f atali lege tenemur, 
 Semper eris mecum, memorique haerebis in ore. 
 Te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt : 205 
 Flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros. 
 Tempus et illud erit, quo se f ortissimus heros 
 Addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem." 
 
 Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore, 
 Ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbas, 210 
 
 Desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro 
 Flos oritur, formamque capit quam lilia, si non 
 Purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis. 
 Non satis hoc Phoebo est — is enim fuit auctor honoris — 
 Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et AI AI 215 
 
 Flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est. 
 
 Nee genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque 
 Durat in hoc aevi, celebrandaque more priorum 
 Annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa. 
 
26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 89 
 
 26. Atalanta's Kace. 
 
 X. 560-680. 
 
 Venus tells Adonis the story of the beautiful and fleet-footed 
 Atalanta, who would marry no suitor who could not vanquish 
 her in a race. At last Hippomenes outruns her and wins the 
 prize. 
 
 This story, too, is told in English verse by Mr. Morris, in his 
 11 Earthly Paradise," vol. i. 
 
 " Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus 560 
 
 Yeloces superasse viros. Non f abula rumor 
 Ille f uit ; superabat enim ; nee dicere posses, 
 Laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior esset. 
 Scitanti deus liuic de conjuge ' conjuge ' dixit 
 ' Nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi : fuge con jugis usum. 565 
 Nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis.' 
 Territa sorte dei per opacas innuba silvas 
 Yivit, et instantem turbam violenta procorum 
 Condicione f ugat, nee ? sum potiunda, nisi ' inquit 
 * Victa prius cursu ; pedibus contendite mecum : 570 
 Praemia veloci conjunx thalamique dabuntur ; 
 Mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto.' 
 Ilia quidem immitis : sed tanta potentia f ormae est, 
 Venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba procorum. 
 
 Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui, 5Y5 
 
 Et ' petitur cuiquam per tanta pericula conjunx ? ' 
 Dixerat, ac nimios juvenum damnarat amores. 
 Ut faciem et posito corpus velamine vidit, 
 Quale meum, vel quale tuum, si femina fias, 
 Obstipuit, tollensque manus 'ignoscite,' dixit 580 
 
 'Quos modo culpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota, 
 Quae peteretis, erant.' Laudando concipit ignes, 
 
90 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680. 
 
 Et, ne quis juvenum currat velocius, optat 
 
 Invidiaque timet. ' Sed cur certaminis hujus 
 
 Intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur ? ' inquit 585 
 
 ' Audentes deus ipse juvat.' Dum talia secum 
 
 Exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite virgo. 
 
 Quae quamquam Scythica non setius ire sagitta 
 
 Aonio visa est juveni, tamen ille decorem 
 
 Miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem. 590 
 
 Dum notat haec hospes, decursa novissima meta est, 597 
 
 Et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona. 
 
 Dant gemitum victi, penduntque ex foedere poenas. 
 
 Non tamen eventu juvenis deterritus horum 600 
 
 Constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine n'xo 
 
 ' Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes ? 
 
 Mecum confer ! ' ait ' seu me fortuna potentem 
 
 Fecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci. 
 
 Namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi 605 
 
 Est Neptunus avus : pronepos ego regis aquarum. 
 
 Nee virtus citra genus est : seu vincar, habebis 
 
 Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.' 
 
 Talia dicentem molli Schoeneia vultu 
 
 Aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit. 610 
 
 Atque ita £ quis deus hunc formosis' inquit ^iniquus 
 
 Perdere vult, caraeque jubet discrimine vitae 
 
 Conjugium petere lioc ? non sum, me judice, tanti. 
 
 Nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi — 
 
 Sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me movet ipse, sed aetas. 
 
 Quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti ? 
 
 Quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus? 
 
 Quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra, 
 
 Ut pereat, si me f ors illi dura negarit ? 
 
 Dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos. 
 
26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 91 
 
 Conjugium crudele meum est. Tibi nubere nulla 
 
 Nolet ; et optari potes a sapiente puella. 
 
 Cur tamen est mihi cura tui, tot jam ante peremptis ? 
 
 Viderit ! intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum 
 
 Admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia vitae. 625 
 
 Occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum, 
 
 Indignamque necem pretium patietur amoris ? 
 
 Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae. 
 
 Sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles ! 
 
 Aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses ! 630 
 
 At quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est ! 
 
 A ! miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem ! 
 
 Yivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem, 
 
 Nee mihi conjugium fata importuna negarent, 
 
 Unus eras, cum quo sociare cubilia vellem.' 635 
 
 Dixerat : utque rudis, primoque Cupidine tacta, 
 Quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem. 
 Jam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque : 
 Cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce 
 Invocat Hippomenes, ' Cytherea ' que ' comprecor, ausis 
 Adsit' ait 'nostris et quos dedit, adjuvet ignes.' 
 Detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ; 
 Motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora longa dabatur. 
 Est ager, indigenae Tamasenum nomine dicunt, 
 Telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prisci 645 
 Sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem 
 Hanc jussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo, 
 Fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro. 
 Hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ferebam 
 Aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi 650 
 
 Hippomenen adii, docuique, quis usus in illis. 
 Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere pronus uterque 
 
92 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680. 
 
 Emicat,»et summam celeri pede libat harenam. 
 
 Posse putes illos sicco freta radere passu, 
 
 Et segetis canae stantes percurrere aristas. 655 
 
 Adiciunt animos juveni clamorque favorque, 
 
 Verbaque dicentum \ nunc, nunc incumbere tempus, 
 
 Hippomene, propera ! nunc viribus utere totis. 
 
 Pelle in oram, vinces : ' dubium, Megareius heros 
 
 Gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis. 660 
 
 O quotiens, cum jam posset transire, morata est, 
 
 Spectatosque diu vultus in vita reliquit ! 
 
 Aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore, 
 
 Metaque erat longe. Turn denique de tribus unum 
 
 Fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit. 665 
 
 Obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi 
 
 Declinat cursus, aurumque volubile tollit : 
 
 Praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula plausu. 
 
 Ilia moram celeri cessataque tempora cursu 
 
 Corrigit, atque iterum juvenem post terga relinquit. 670 
 
 Et rursus pomi jactu remorata secundi, 
 
 Consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus 
 
 Pestabat. ' Nunc' inquit ' ades, dea muneris auctor ! ' 
 
 Inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret, 
 
 Jecit ab obliquo nitidum juvenaliter aurum. 675 
 
 An peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi 
 
 Tollere, et adjeci sublato pondera malo, 
 
 Impediique oneris pariter gravitate moraque. 
 
 Neve meus sermo cursu sit tardior ipso, 
 
 Praeterita est virgo : duxit sua praemia victor." 680 
 
27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 93 
 
 27. Toe Death of Orpheus. 
 
 XI. 1-84. 
 
 " Whom universal Nature did lament, 
 When, by the rout that made the hideous roar, 
 His gory visage down the stream was sent, 
 Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore." 
 
 Milton's "Lycidas." 
 
 Carmine dum tali silvas animosque f erarnm 
 Thre'icius vates et saxa sequentia ducit, 
 Ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis 
 Pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt 
 Orphea percussis sociantem carmina nervis. 5 
 
 E quibus una, leves jactato crine per auras, 
 " En," ait " en hie est nostri contemptor ! " et hastam 
 Yatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora, 
 Quae f oliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit. 
 Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus in ipso 10 
 
 Aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est, 
 Ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis V 
 
 Ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt\ 
 
 Bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys. 3 
 
 Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita : sed ingens 15 
 Clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu 
 Tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus 
 Obstrepuere sono citliarae. Turn denique saxa 
 Non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis. 
 Ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20 
 
 Innumeras volucres anguesque agmenque ferarum 
 Maenades Orpliei titulum rapuere triumphi. 
 Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris 
 
94 METAMOKPHOSES, XI. 1-84. 
 
 Et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem 
 
 Noctis avem cernunt. Structoque utrimque theatro 25 
 
 Ceu matutina cervus periturus harena 
 
 Praeda canum est, vatemque petunt et fronde virentes 
 
 Coniciunt thyrsos, non liaec in munera faetos. 
 
 Hae glaebas, illae direptos arbore ramos, 
 
 Pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori, 30 
 
 Forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram, 
 
 Nee procul liinc multo fructum sudore parantes 
 
 Dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni. 
 
 Agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt 
 
 Anna sui ; vacuosque jacent dispersa per agros 35 
 
 Sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones. 
 
 Quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces 
 
 Divulsere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt, 
 
 Tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum 
 
 Irrita dicentem nee quicquam voce moventem 40 
 
 Sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os, pro Juppiter ! illud 
 
 Auditum saxis intellectumque f erarum 
 
 Sensibus in ventos anima exbalata recessit. 
 
 Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum, 
 Te rigidi silices, te carmina saepe secutae 45 
 
 Fleverunt silvae : positis te f rondnSus arbos 
 Tonsa comam luxit. Lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt 
 Increvisse suis : obstrusaque carbasa pullo 
 JNTaides et Dryades passosque babuere capillos. 
 Membra jacent di versa ,locis. Caput, Hebre, lyramque 
 Excipis : et — mirum ! — medio dum labitur amne, 
 Flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua 
 Murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae. 
 Jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt, 
 Et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi. 55 
 
27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 95 
 
 Hie ferns expositum peregrinis anguis harenis 
 
 Os petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos. 
 
 Tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem 
 
 Arcet, et in lapidem rictns serpentis apertos 
 
 Congelat, et patulos, nt erant, indnrat hiatus. 60 
 
 Umbra snbit terras, et quae loca viderat ante, 
 Cuncta recognoscit : quaerensque per arva piorum 
 Invenit Eurydicen, cupidisque amplectitur ulnis. 
 Hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo, 
 Nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit, 65 
 Euiydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus. 
 
 Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus : 
 Amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum, 
 Protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes, 
 Quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. 70 
 
 Quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, 
 Traxit, et in solidam detrusit acumina terram. 
 Utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps, 
 Crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri, 
 Plangitur, ac trepidans astringit vincula motu j 75 
 
 Sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum, 
 Exsternata f ugam f rustra temptabat : at illam 
 Lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet. 
 Dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues, 
 Aspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras. 80 
 
 Et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra, 
 Pobora percussit. Pectus quoque robora fiunt : 
 Pobora sunt umeri : longos quoque bracchia veros 
 Esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando. 
 
96 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193. 
 
 28. Midas ; or, the King of the Golden Touch. 
 XI. 85-193. 
 
 ]STec satis hoc Bacclio est : ipsos quoque deserit agros, 
 Cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli 
 Pactolonque petit ; quamvis non aureus illo 
 Tempore nee caris erat invidiosus harenis. 
 Ilunc assueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant : 
 At Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 90 
 Ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis 
 Ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus 
 Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo. 
 Qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum, 
 Hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 95 
 
 Per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes. 
 Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen 
 Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros 
 Hex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno. 
 Huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 100 
 
 Muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto. 
 Ille, male usurus donis, ait ' effice, quicquid 
 Corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum.' 
 Adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit 
 Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 105 
 
 Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros : 
 Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat. 
 Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem 
 Ilice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est. 
 Tollit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro. 110 
 Contigit et glaebam : contactu glaeba potenti 
 Massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas : 
 Aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet arbore pomum : 
 
28. MIDAS. 97 
 
 Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis 
 Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. 115 
 
 Ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis, 
 Unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset. 
 Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens 
 Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri 
 Exstructas dapibus nee tostae frugis egentes : 120 
 
 Turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra 
 Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ; 
 Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat, 
 Lammina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat. 
 Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis : 125 
 
 Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres. 
 Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque, 
 Effugere optat opes et quae modo voverat, odit. 
 Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur 
 Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 130 
 
 Ad caelumque manus et splendida braccliia tollens, 
 6 Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus ; ' inquit, 
 6 Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.' 
 Mite deum numen Bacchus peccasse fatentem 
 Eestituit, factique fide data munera solvit. 135 
 
 ' Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro, 
 Vade' ait <ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem, 
 Perque jugum montis labentibus obvius undis 
 Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ; 
 Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 140 
 
 Subde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.' 
 Rex jussae succedit aquae. Yis aurea tinxit 
 Flumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem. 
 Nunc quoque jam veteris percepto semine venae 
 Arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis. 145 
 
98 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193. 
 
 Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat, 
 Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris. 
 Pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraque, ut ante, 
 Pursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis. 
 Nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto 150 
 
 Tmolus in ascensn, clivoque extensus utroque 
 Sardibus liinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis. 
 Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina nymphis 
 Et leve cerata modulatur harundine carmen, 
 Ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155 
 
 Judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar. 
 Monte suo senior judex consedit, et aures 
 Liberat arboribus ; quercu coma caerula tantum 
 Cingitnr, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes. 
 Isque deum pecoris spectans ' in judice ' dixit 160 
 
 1 Nulla mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille : 
 Barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti — 
 Carmine delenit. Post liunc sacer ora retorsit 
 Tmolus ad os Phoebi ; vultum sua silva secuta est. 
 Ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside yinctus 165 
 
 Verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla : 
 Instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis 
 Sustinet a laeva : tenuit manus altera plectrum. 
 Artificis status ipse fait Turn stamina docto 
 Pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus 170 
 
 Pana jubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas. 
 Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis 
 Omnibus : arguitur tamen atque in justa vocatur 
 Unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures 
 Humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram : 175 
 
 Sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet, 
 Instabilesque imas facit et dat posse moveri. 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 99 
 
 Cetera sunt liominis : partem damnatur in unam, 
 Induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli. 
 
 Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pndore 180 
 
 Tempora purpnreis temptat velare tiaris. 
 Sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos 
 Yiderat hoc famulus. Qui cum nee prodere visum 
 Dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras, 
 Nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque 185 
 
 Effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures, 
 Voce refert parva, terraeque immurmurat haustae ; 
 Indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta 
 Obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis. 
 Creber harundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus 190 
 
 Coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno, 
 Prodidit agricolam : leni nam motus ab austro 
 Obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures. 
 
 29. Ceyx and Alcyone. 
 
 XL 410-748. 
 
 The poet Keats, in his "Endymion," thus alludes to the story 
 of Alcyone : 
 
 " O magic sleep ! O comfortable bird, 
 That broodest o'er the troubled sea of the mind, 
 Till it is huslied and smooth." 
 
 Interea f rat risque sui fratremque secutis 410 
 
 Anxia prodigiis turbatus pectora Ceyx, 
 Consulat ut sacras, hominum oblectamina, sortes, 
 Ad Clarium parat ire deum. Nam templa profanus 
 Invia cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas. 
 Consilii tamen ante sui, fidissima, certam 415 
 
 Te facit, Alcyone. Cui protinus intima frigus 
 
100 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 Ossa receperunt, buxoque simillimus ora 
 
 Pallor obit, lacrimisque genae maduere profusis. 
 
 Ter conata loqui ter fletibus ora rigavit, 
 
 Singultuque pias interrumpente querellas 420 
 
 1 Quae mea culpa tuam,' dixit ' carissime, mentem 
 
 Yertit ? ubi est, quae cura mei prior esse solebat ? 
 
 Jam potes Alcyone securus abesse relicta ? 
 
 Jam via longa placet ? jam sum tibi carior absens % 
 
 At, puto, per terras iter est, tantumque dolebo, 425 
 
 Non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt. 
 
 Aequora me terrent et ponti tristis imago, 
 
 Et laceras nuper tabulas in litore vidi, 
 
 Et saepe in tumulis sine corpore nomina legi. 
 
 Neve tuum fallax animum fiducia tangat, 430 
 
 Quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes 
 
 Contineat ventos, et, cum velit, aequora placet. 
 
 Cum semel emissi tenuerunt aequora venti, 
 
 Nil illis vetitum est, incommendataque tellus 
 
 Omnis, et omne fretum : caeli quoque nubila vexant 435 
 
 Excutiuntque feris rutilos concursibus ignes. 
 
 Quo magis hos novi, — nam novi et saepe paterna 
 
 Parva domo vidi — magis hoc reor esse timendos. 
 
 Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis, 
 
 Care, potest, conjunx, nimiumque es certus eundi, 440 
 
 Me quoque tolle simul. Certe jactabimur una, 
 
 Nee nisi quae patiar, metuam ; pariterque f eremus, 
 
 Quicquid erit ; pariter super aequora lata feremur.' 
 
 Talibus Aeolidis dictis lacrimisque movetur 
 Sidereus conjunx : neque enim minor ignis in ipso est. 445 
 Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus, ^^ 
 Nee vult Alcyonen in partem adhibere pericli ; — - 
 Multaque respondit timidum solantia pectus. 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 
 
 Non'tamen idcirco causam probat. Addidit illis 
 
 Hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo ilexit amantem : 
 
 ' Longa quidem est nobis omnis mora : sed tibi juro 
 
 Per patrios ignes, si me modo fata remittent, 
 
 Ante reversurum, quam luna bis impleat orbem.' \^ 
 
 His ubi promissis spes est admota recursus, Hi \ 
 Protinns eductam navalibus aequore tingui, 4fi$T 
 
 Aptarique suis pinum jubet armamentis. ■~ 00m 
 Qua rursus visa, veluti praesaga f uturi, 
 Horruit Alcyone lacrimasque emisit obortas, 
 Amplexusqne dedit, tristique miserrima tandem 
 Ore ' vale ' dixit, collapsaque corpore toto est. 460 
 
 Ast juvenes, quaerente moras Ceyce, reducunt 
 Ordinibus geminis ad fortia pectora remos, 
 Aequalique ictn scindnnt f reta. Sustulit ilia 
 Umentes oculos, stantemque in puppe reeurva 
 Concussaque manu dantem sibi signa maritum 465 
 
 Prima videt redditque notas : ubi terra recessit 
 Longius, atque oculi nequennt cognoscere vultus, 
 Dam licet, insequitnr fugientem lumine pinum : 
 Haec quoque ut haud poterat, spatio summota, videri, 
 Vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo. 470 
 
 Ut nee vela videt, vacuum petit anxia lectum, 
 Seque toro ponit. Eenovat lectusque locusque 
 Alcyonae lacrimas, et quae pars, admonet, absit. 
 Portibus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes : 
 Obvertit lateri pendentes navita remos, 475 
 
 Cornuaque in summa locat arbore, totaque malo 
 Carbasa deducit venientesque accipit auras. 
 
 Aut minus, aut certe medium non amplius aequor 
 Puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus, 
 Cum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit 480 
 
102 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 Fluctibus et praeceps spirare valentius eunis. 
 
 ' Ardua jamdudum demittite cornua,' rector 
 
 Clamat ' et antemnis totum subnectite velum.' 
 
 Hie jubet : impediunt adversae jussa procellae, 
 
 Nee sinit audiri vocem fragor aequoris ullam. 485 
 
 Sponte tamen properant alii subducere remos, 
 
 Pars munire latus, pars ventis vela negare : 
 
 Egerit trie fluctus, aequorque refundit in aequor, 
 
 Hie rapit antemnas. Quae dum sine lege geruntur, 
 
 Aspera crescit hiems, omnique e parte feroces 490 
 
 Bella gerunt venti fretaque indignantia miscent. 
 
 Ipse pavet, nee se, qui sit status, ipse fatetur 
 
 Scire ratis rector, nee quid jubeatve, vetetve : 
 
 Tanta mali moles, tantoque potentior arte est. 
 
 Quippe sonant clam ore viri, stridore rudentes, 495 
 
 Undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus aether. 
 
 Fluctibus erigitur caelumque aequare videtur 
 
 Pontus, et inductas aspergine tangere nubes ; 
 
 Et modo, cum fulvas ex imo verrit arenas, 
 
 Concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda : 500 
 
 Sternitur interdum, spumisque sonantibus albet. 
 
 Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachinia puppis : 
 Et nunc sublimis veluti de vertice montis 
 Despicere in valles imumque Acheronta videtur : 
 Nunc, ubi demissam curvum circumstetit aequor, 505 
 Suspicere inferno summum de gurgite caelum. 
 Saepe dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem, 
 Nee levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim 
 Cum laceras aries ballistave concutit arces. 
 Utque solent sumptis incursu viribus ire 510 
 
 Pectore in arma f eri protentaque tela leones : 
 Sic ubi se ventis admiserat unda coortis, 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 103 
 
 Ibat in arma ratis, multoque erat altior illis. 
 
 Jamque labant cunei, spoliataque tegmine cerae 
 
 Rima patet, praebetque viam letalibus undis. 515 
 
 Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus imbres, 
 Inque fretum credas totum descendere caelum, 
 Inquc plagas caeli tumefactum ascendere pontum. 
 Vela madent nimbis, et cum caelestibus undis 
 Aequoreae miscentur aquae. Caret ignibus aether, 520 
 Caecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisqne suisque. 
 Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen 
 Fulmina : f ulmineis ardescunt ignibus undae. 
 
 Dat quoque jam saltus intra cava texta carinae 
 Fluctus : et ut miles, numero praestantior omni, 525 
 Cum saepe assiluit defensae moenibus urbis, 
 Spe potitur tandem, laudisque accensus amore 
 Inter mille viros murum tamen occupat unus : 
 Sic ubi pulsarunt noviens latera ardua fluctus, 
 Vastius insurgens decimae ruit impetus undae, 530 
 
 Nee prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam, 
 Quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis. 
 Pars igitur temptabat adhuc invadere pinum, 
 Pars maris intus erat. Trepidant haud setius omnes, 
 Quam solet urbs, aliis murum fodientibus extra 535 
 Atque aliis murum, trepidare, tenentibus intus. 
 Deficit ars, animique cadunt : totidemque videntur, 
 Quot veniant fluctus, ruere atque irrumpere mortes. 
 
 Non tenet hie lacrimas ; stupet hie ; vocat ille beatos, 
 Funera quos maneant ; hie votis numen adorat, 540 
 Bracchiaque ad caelum, quod non videt, irrita tollens 
 Poscit opem : subeunt illi fratresque parensque, 
 Huic cum pignoribus domus, et quod cuique relictum est. 
 Alcyone Ceyca movet ; Ceycis in ore 
 
104: METAMOKPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 Nulla nisi Alcyone est : et cum desideret unam, 545 
 Gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras 
 Pespicere, inque domum supremos vertere vultus : 
 Yerum ubi sit, nescit ; tanta vertigine pontus 
 Fervet, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra 
 Omne latet caelum, duplicataque noctis imago est. 550 
 
 Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor ; 
 Frangitur et regimen : spoliisque animosa superstes 
 Unda, velut victrix, sinuataque despicit undas : 
 Nee levius, quam siquis Athon Pindumve revulsos 
 Sede sua totos in apertum everterit aequor, 555 
 
 Praecipitata cadit, pariterque et pondere et ictu 
 Mergit in ima ratem, cum qua pars magna virorum, 
 Gurgite pressa gravi neque in aera reddita, f ato 
 Functa suo est. Alii partes et membra carinae 
 Trunca tenent. Tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat, 5 GO 
 Fragmina navigii Ceyx, socerumque patremque 
 Invocat lieu ! frustra. Sed plurima nantis in ore 
 Alcyone conjunx. Illam meminitque refertque : 
 Illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus, 
 Optat, et exanimis manibus tumuletur amicis. 565 
 
 Dum natat, absentem, quotiens sinit hiscere fluctus, 
 Nominat Alcyonen, ipsisque immurmurat undis. 
 Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum 
 Frangitur, et rupta mersum caput obruit unda. 
 Lucifer obscurus, nee quern cognoscere posses, 570 
 
 Ilia nocte fuit : quoniamque excedere caelo 
 Non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora. 
 
 Aeolis interea tantorum ignara malorum 
 Dinumerat noctes : et jam, quas induat ille, 
 Festinat vestes, jam quas, ubi venerit ille, 575 
 
 Ipsa gerat, reditusque sibi promittit inanes. 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 105 
 
 Omnibus ilia quidem superis pia tura f erebat : 
 
 Ante tamen cunctos Junonis templa colebat, 
 
 Proque viro, qui nullus erat, veniebat ad aras, 
 
 Utque foret sospes conjunx suus, utque rediret, 580 
 
 Optabat, nullumque sibi praeferret. At illi 
 
 Hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum. 
 
 At dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari 
 Sustinet ; utque manus f unestas arceat aris, 
 ' Iri, meae ' dixit i fidissima nuntia vocis, 585 
 
 Vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam, 
 Exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine mittat 
 Somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.' 
 Dixerat : induitur velamina mille colorum 
 Iris, et arcuato caelum curvamine signans 590 
 
 Tecta petit jussi sub nube latentia regis. 
 
 Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca reeessu, 
 Mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni : 
 Quo nunquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve 
 Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae 595 
 Exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis. 
 Non vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris 
 Evocat Auroram, nee voce silentia rumpunt 
 Sollicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser. 
 ISTon fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, 600 
 Humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae. 
 Muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo 
 Eivus aquae Lethes, per quern cum murmure labens 
 Invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis. 
 Ante fores antri fecunda papa vera florent 605 
 
 Innumeraeque herbae, quarum de lacte soporem 
 Nox legit et spargit per opa^cas umida terras. 
 Janua, ne verso stridores cardine reddat, 
 
106 METAMOEPHOSES, XI. 410-748. 
 
 Nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nullus. 
 
 At medio torus est ebeno sublimis in antro, 610 
 
 Plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ; 
 
 Quo eubat ipse deus membris languore solutis. 
 
 Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas 
 
 Somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas, 
 
 Silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus liarenas. 615 
 
 Quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo 
 Somnia dimovit, vestis fulgore reluxit 
 Sacra domus : tardaque deus gravitate jacentes 
 Yix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabens 
 Summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, 620 
 
 Excussit tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus, 
 Quid veniat, — cognovit enim — scitatur. At ilia : 
 ' Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum, 
 Pax animi, quern cura f ugit, qui corpora duris 
 Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori ! 625 
 
 Somnia, quae veras aequent imitamine formas, 
 Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis 
 Alcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant. 
 Imperat hoc Juno.' Postquam mandata peregit, 
 Iris abit : neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis 630 
 
 Yim poterat, labique ut somnum sensit in artus, 
 Effugit, et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus. 
 
 At pater e populo natorum mille suorum 
 Excitat artificem simulatoremque figurae 
 Morphea. ]STon illo jussos sollertius alter 635 
 
 Exprimit incessus vultumque sonumque loquendi ; 
 Adicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique 
 Verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur ; at alter 
 Fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens. 
 Hunc Icelon superi, mortale Phobetora vulgus 640 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 107 
 
 Nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis 
 Phantasos ; ille in humum saxumque undamque trabem- 
 Quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit. [que, 
 Iiegibus lii ducibusque suos ostendere vultus 
 Nocte solent, populos alii plebemque pererrant. 645 
 Praeterit hos senior, cunctisque e fratribus unum 
 Morphea, qui peragat Thaumantidos edita, Somnus 
 Eligit : et rursus molli languore solutus 
 Deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto. 
 
 Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis 650 
 
 Per tenebras, intraque morae breve tempus in urbem 
 Pervenit Haemoniam ; positisque e corpore pennis 
 In faciem Ceycis abit, sumptaque figura 
 Luridus, exanimi similis, sine vestibus ullis, 
 Conjugis ante torum miserae stetit : uda videtur 655 
 Barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis. 
 Turn lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso, 
 Haec ait : i agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjunx ? 
 An mea mutata est f acies necc ? respice ! nosces, 
 Inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. 660 
 Nil opis, Alcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt : 
 Occidimus ; falso tibi me promittere noli. 
 ISTubilus Aegaeo deprendit in aequore navem 
 Auster, et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit : 
 Oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen, 665 
 
 Implerunt iluctus. Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor 
 Ambiguus, non ista vagis rumoribus audis : 
 Ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo. 
 Surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue, nee me 
 Indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.' 670 
 
 Adicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis ilia 
 Crederet esse sui ; fletus quoque fundere veros 
 
108 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 Yisus erat, gestumque manus Ceyeis habebat. 
 
 Ingemit Alcyone lacrimans, movet atque lacertos 
 
 Per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras ; 675 
 
 Exclamatque l mane ! quo te rapis % ibimus una.' 
 
 Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem 
 
 Excutit: et primo, si sit, circumspicit, illic, 
 
 Qui modo visus erat : nam moti voce ministri 
 
 Intulerant lumen. Postquam nori invenit usquam, 680 
 
 Percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes, 
 
 Pectoraque ipsa f erit. Nee crines solvere curat ; 
 
 Scindit, et altriei, quae luctus causa, roganti 
 
 1 Nulla est Alcyone, nulla est ' : ait ' occidit una 
 
 Cum Ceyce suo ! Solantia toliite verba ! 685 
 
 Naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque 
 
 Ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi. 
 
 Umbra f uit. Sed et umbra tamen manifesta virique 
 
 Yera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat 
 
 Assuetos vultus, nee quo prius, ore nitebat. 690 
 
 Pallentem nudumque et adhuc umente capillo 
 
 Infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso 
 
 Ecce loco ' — et quaerit, vestigia siqua supersint. 
 
 c Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam, 
 
 Et ne, me fugiens, ventos sequerere, rogabam. 695 
 
 At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas, 
 
 Me quoque duxisses. Multum fuit utile tecum 
 
 Ire mihi : neque enim de vitae tempore quicquam 
 
 Non simul egissem, nee mors discreta fuisset. 
 
 Nunc absens perii, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, 700 
 
 Et sine te me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso 
 
 Sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar 
 
 Longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori. 
 
 Sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ; 
 
29. OEYX AND ALCYONE. 109 
 
 Et tibi nunc saltern veniam comes. Inque sepulehro 705 
 Si non urna, tamen junget nos littera : si non 
 Ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam.' 
 
 Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervenit omni 
 Plangor, et attonito gemitus e corde trahuntur. 
 
 Mane erat : egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium 710 
 Maesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem. 
 Dumque moratur ibi, dumque ' hie retinacula solvit, 
 Hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore ' dixit, 
 Quae dum tota locis reminiscitur acta, fretumque 
 Prospicit : in liquida, spatio distante, tuetur 715 
 
 Nescio quid quasi corpus, aqua. Primoque, quid illud 
 Esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulum appulit unda, 
 Et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat, 
 Qui f oret, ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est, 
 Et, tamquam ignoto lacrimam daret, * lieu ! miser,' inquit 
 ' Quisquis es, et siqua est conjunx tibi ! ' fluctibus actum 
 Fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur, 
 Hoc minus et minus est mentis. Jam jamque propinquae 
 Admotum terrae, jam quod cognoscere posset, 
 Cernit : erat conjunx. ' Hie est ! ' exclamat, et una 725 
 Ora comas vestem lacerat, tendensque trementes 
 Ad Ceyca manus ' sic, o carissime conjunx, 
 Sic ad me, miserande, redis ? ' ait. Adjacet undis 
 Facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras 
 Frangit et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum. 730 
 
 Insilit hue. Mirumque fuit potuisse? volabat, 
 Percutiensque levem modo natis aera pennis, 
 Stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas, 
 Dumque volat, maesto similem plenumque querellae 
 Ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. 735 
 
 Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus, 
 
110 METAMORPHOSES, XII. 39-63. 
 
 Dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis, 
 Frigida nequiquam duro dedit oscula rostro. 
 Senserit hoc Ceyx, an vultum motibus undae 
 Tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat. At ille 740 
 
 Senserat. Et tandem, superis miserantibus, ambo 
 Alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem 
 Tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum 
 Foedus in alitibus. Coeunt, fiuntque parentes : 
 Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem 745 
 
 Incubat Alcyone pendentibus aequore nidis. 
 Tunc jacet unda maris : ventos custodit et arcet 
 Aeolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor. 
 
 30. The House of Fame. 
 
 XII. 39-63. 
 
 Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque 
 Caelestesque plagas, triplicis confinia mundi : 40 
 
 Unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit, 
 Inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures. 
 Fama tenet, summaque domum sibi legit in arce, 
 Innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis 
 Addidit, et nullis inclusit limina portis. 45 
 
 Nocte dieque patet. Tota est ex aere sonanti ; 
 Tota fremit, vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit. 
 Nulla quies intus, nullaque silentia parte. 
 Nee tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis : 
 Qualia de pelagi, siquis procul audiat, undis 50 
 
 Esse solent ; qualemve sonum, cum Juppiter atras 
 Increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt. 
 Atria turba tenet : veniunt leve vulgus euntque ; 
 Mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur 
 
30. TIIE HOUSE OF FAME. m 
 
 Milia rumorum, confusaque verba volutant. 55 
 
 E quibus hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures, 
 
 Hi narrata ferunt alio, mensuraque ficti 
 
 Crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor. 
 
 Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error 
 
 Vanaque Laetitia est consternatique Timores, CO 
 
 Seditioque repens dubioque auctore Susurri. 
 
 Ipsa, quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur 
 
 Et tellure, videt, totumque inquirit in orbem. ^M 
 
 31. Acis, Galatea, and the Cyclops. 
 
 XIII. 750-897. 
 
 The Cyclops Polyphemus, jealous of Acis, who is loved by 
 Galatea, hurls a rock at him, and so crushes him to death. 
 
 Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus, 750 
 Magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas, 
 Nostra tamen major, nam me sibi junxerat uni. 
 Pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis 
 Signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas. 
 Hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat : 755 
 Nee, si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne 
 Acidis in nobis f uerit praesentior, edam : 
 Par utrumque f uit. Pro, quanta potentia regni 
 Est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis 
 Horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo 760 
 
 Impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi, 
 Quid sit amor, sentit, validaque cupidine captus 
 Uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum. 
 Jamque tibi formae, jamque est tibi cura placendi 
 Jam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ; 765 
 
112 METAMOKPHOSES, XIII. 750-897. 
 
 Jam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam, 
 Et spectare f eros in aqua, et componere vultus. 
 Caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris 
 Cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae. 
 Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen, 770 
 
 Telemus Eurymides, quern nulla fefellerat ales, 
 Terribilem Polyphemon adit, ' lumen ' que, i quod unum 
 Eronte geris media, rapiet tibi ' dixit ' Ulixes.' 
 Risit et ' O vatum stolidissime, f alleris,' inquit : 
 6 Altera jam rapuit:' Sic frustra vera monentem 775 
 Spernit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu 
 Degravat, aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra. 
 
 Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo 
 Collis ; utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda. 
 Hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; 780 
 Lanigerae pecudes, nullo ducente, secutae. 
 Cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum, 
 Ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis, 
 Sumptaque harundinibus compacta est fistula centum, 
 Senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes, 785 
 
 Senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe, meique 
 Acidis in gremio residens, procul auribus liausi 
 Talia dicta meis auditaque verba notavi : 
 
 " Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri, 
 Floridior pratis, longa procerior alno, 790 
 
 Splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo, 
 Levior assiduo detritis aequore conchis, 
 Solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra, 
 Nobiiior palma ac platano conspectior alta, 
 Lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva 795 
 
 Mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto, 
 Et, si non f ugias, riguo formosior horto : 
 
31. AOIS, GALATEA, AND THE CYCLOPS. 113 
 
 Saevior indomitis eadem Galatea juvencis, 
 
 Durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis, 
 
 Lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis, 800 
 
 His immobilior scopulis, violentior amne, 
 
 Laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni, 
 
 Asperior tribulis, f eta truculentior ursa, 
 
 Surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro, 
 
 Et, quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem, 805 
 
 Non tantum cervo Claris latratibus acto, 
 
 Yerum etiam ventis volucrique f ugacior aura ! 
 
 At bene si noris, pigeat fugisse, morasque 
 
 Ipsa tuas damnes et me retinere labores. 
 
 Sunt milii, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo 810 
 
 Antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu, 
 
 Nee sentitur hiems ; sunt poma gravantia ramos ; 
 
 Sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae, 
 
 Sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus et illas. 
 
 Ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra 815 
 
 Mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna 
 
 Prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco, 
 
 Yerum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras. 
 
 Nee tibi castaneae me conjuge, nee tibi deerunt 
 
 Arbutei fetus : omnis tibi serviet arbor. 820 
 
 Hoc pecus omne meum est ; multae quoque vallibus er- 
 
 Multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris. [rant, 
 
 Nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere, quot sint. 
 
 Pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum 
 
 Nil mihi credideris : praesens potes ipsa videre, 825 
 
 Ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber. 
 
 Sunt, fetura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ; 
 
 Sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi. 
 
 Lac mihi semper adest niveum. Pars inde bibenda 
 
114 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897. 
 
 Servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant. 830 
 
 Nee tibi deliciae faciles, vulgataque tantum 
 
 Munera contingent, dammae, leporesque, caperque, 
 
 Parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus : 
 
 Inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint, 
 
 Inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis, 835 
 
 Villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae : 
 
 Inveni et dixi " dominae servabimus istos." 
 
 Jam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exime ponto, 
 
 Jam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra. 
 
 Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi 840 
 
 Nuper aquae ; placuitque milii mea forma videnti. 
 
 Aspice, sim quantus. Non est hoc corpore major 
 
 Juppiter in caelo : nam vos narrare soletis 
 
 Nescio quern regnare Jovem. Coma plurima torvos 
 
 Prominet in vultus, umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat. 
 
 Nee mea quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis 
 
 Corpora, turpe puta : turpis sine frondibus arbor : 
 
 Turpis equus, nisi colla jubae flaventia velent. 848 
 
 Barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae. 850 
 
 IJnum est in media lumen mihi front e, sed instar 
 
 Ingentis clipei. Quid ? non haec omnia magno 
 
 Sol videt e caelo ? Soli tamen unicus orbis. 
 
 Adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat. 
 
 Hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque 855 
 
 Supplicis exaudi : tibi enim succumbimus uni. 
 
 Quique Jovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen, 
 
 Nerei', te vereor : tua f ulmine saevior ira est. 
 
 Atque ego contemptus essem patientior hujus, 
 
 Si fugeres omnes. Sed cur Cyclope repulso 860 
 
 Acin amas, praefersque meis amplexibus Acin ? 
 
 Hie tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit, 
 
81. AOIS, GALATEA, AND THE CYCLOPS. 115 
 
 Quod nollem, Galatea, tibi : modo copia detur ! 
 Sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires. 
 Viscera viva traham, divulsaqiie membra per agros, 865 
 Perque tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas. 
 Uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis, 
 Cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam 
 Pectore f erre meo : nee tu, Galatea, moveris." 
 
 Talia nequiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam — 870 
 Surgit, et ut taurus vacca furibundus adempta, 
 Stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat : 
 Cum ferus ignaros nee quicquam tale timentes 
 Me videt atque Acin, ' video ' que exclamat ' et ista 
 Ultima sit, faciam, Veneris concordia vestrae.' 875 
 
 Tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere 
 Debuit, ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne. 
 Ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor ; 
 Terga fugae dederat con versa Symaethius heros : 
 1 Adf er opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! f erte parentes,' 880 
 Dixerat, < et vestris periturum admittite regnis.' 
 Insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam 
 Mittit, et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium 
 Angulus is molis, totum tamen obruit Acin. 
 At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat, 885 
 
 Fecimus, ut vires assumeret Acis avitas. 
 Puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra 
 Temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit, 
 Fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre, 
 Purgaturque mora. Turn moles taetra dehiscit, 890 
 Vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit harundo, 
 Osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis : 
 Miraque res, subito media ten us extitit alvo 
 Incinctus juvenis flexis nova cornua cannis, 
 
116 METAMORPHOSES, XY. 871-879. 
 
 Qui, nisi quod major, quod toto caerulus ore, 895 
 
 Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem 
 Versus ; et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen.' 
 
 32. The Epilogue. 
 
 XY. 871-879. v^ 
 
 Jamque opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira nee ignis 
 Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. 
 Cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis hujus 
 Jus habet, incerti spatium milii finiat aevi : 
 Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875 
 
 Astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum. 
 Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, 
 Ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama, 
 Siquid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. 
 
AMORES 
 
 1. The Poet's Defense of himself. 
 I. 15. 
 
 The poet vindicates the noble offices of his art, and predicts 
 the immortality of his own Muse. 
 
 Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos, 
 
 Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ? 
 Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas 
 
 Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi, 
 Nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me 5 
 
 Ingrato vocem prostituisse f oro. 
 Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus. Mihi fama perennis 
 
 Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar. 
 Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide, 
 
 Durn rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. 10 
 
 Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit, 
 
 Dum cadet incurva falce resecta ceres. 
 Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe : 
 
 Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet. 
 Nulla Sophocleo veniet jactura cothurno. 15 
 
 Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit. 
 Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena 
 
 Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit 
 
118 AMORES, I. 15. 
 
 Ennius arte carens animosique Actius oris 
 
 Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent. 20 
 
 Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas, 
 
 Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci? 
 Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti, 
 
 Exitio terras cum dabit una dies. 
 Tityrus et fruges Aenei'aque arma legentur, 25 
 
 Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit. 
 Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma, 
 
 Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui. 
 Gallus et hesperiis et Gallus notus eois, 
 
 Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30 
 
 Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri 
 
 Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent. 
 Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumphi, 
 
 Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi. 
 Vilia miretur vulgus. Mihi flavus Apollo 35 
 
 Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua, 
 Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum : 
 
 Atque ita sollicito multus amante legar. 
 Pascitur in vivis Livor. Post fata quiescit, 
 
 Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40 
 
 Ergo etiam cum me supremus-adederit ignis, 
 
 Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit. 
 
 2. The Death of Tibullus. 
 III. 9. 
 
 Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem, 
 
 Et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas, 
 Flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos. 
 
 A, nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit ! 
 
2. THE DEATn OF TIBULLUS. 119 
 
 Ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus 5 
 
 Ardet in exstructo, corpus inane, rogo. 
 Ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram 
 
 Et fractos arcus et sine luce facem. 
 Aspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis, 
 
 Pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. 10 
 
 Excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli, 
 
 Oraque singultu concutiente sonant. 
 Fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt 
 
 Egressum tectis, pulclier Iule, tuis. 
 Nee minus est confusa Yenus moriente Tibullo, 15 
 
 Quam juveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper. 
 At sacri vates et divum cura vocamur ! 
 
 Sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere putent ! 
 Scilicet omne sacrum mors importuna j3rofanat. 
 
 Omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. 20 
 
 Quid pater Ismario, # quid mater profuit Orplieo ? 
 
 Carmine quid victas obstipuisse f eras ? 
 Aelinon in silvis idem pater, aelinon, altis 
 
 Dicitur invita concinuisse lyra. 
 A dice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 25 
 
 Yatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis. 
 Ilunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno : 
 
 Diffugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos. 
 Durat opus vatum : Trojani fama laboris, 
 
 Tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo : 30 
 
 Sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt, 
 
 Altera cura recens, altera primus amor. 
 Quid vos sacra juvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt 
 
 Sistra ? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ? 
 Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 35 
 
 Sollicitor nullos esse putare deos. 
 
120 AMORES, III. 9. 
 
 Yive pius, moriere. Pius cole sacra, colentem 
 
 Mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet. 
 Carminibus confide bonis : jacet, ecce, Tibullus : 
 
 Yix manet e toto parva quod urna capit. 40 
 
 Tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales, 
 
 Pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis ? 
 Aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum 
 
 Urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas. 
 Avertit vultus Erycis quae possidet arces. 45 
 
 Sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant. 
 Sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tellus 
 
 Ignotum vili supposuisset liumo. 
 Hinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos 
 
 Mater, et in cineres ultima dona tulit : 50 
 
 Hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris 
 
 Yenit, inornatas dilaniata comas : 
 Cum que tuis sua junxerunt Nemesisque priorque 
 
 Oscula, nee solos destituere rogos. 
 Delia descendens ' f elicius ' inquit ' amata 55 
 
 Sum tibi : vixisti, dum tuus ignis eram. 5 
 Cui Nemesis ; quid ' ait ' tibi sunt mea damna dolori ? 
 
 Me tenuit moriens deficiente manu.' 
 Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra 
 
 Restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit. 60 
 
 Obvius hide venias, hedera juvenalia cinctus 
 
 Tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo. 
 Tu quoque, si falsum est temerati crimen amici, 
 
 Sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. 
 His comes umbra tua est. Siqua est modo corporis umbra, 
 
 Auxisti numeros, culte Tibulle, pios. 
 Ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna, 
 
 Et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo ! 
 
3. FAREWELL TO LOVE-SONGS. 121 
 
 3. Farewell to Love-Songs. 
 III. 15. 
 
 Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum : 
 
 Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis : 
 Quos ego composui, Peligni ruris alumnus : 
 
 Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae. 
 Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 5 
 
 Non modo militiae turbine factus eques. 
 Mantua Vergilio gaudet : Verona Catullo. 
 
 Pelignae dicar gloria gentis ego, 
 Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma, 
 
 Cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. 10 
 
 Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi 
 
 Moenia, quae campi jugera pauca tenent, 
 ' Quae tantum' dicet ' potuistis ferre poetam, 
 
 Quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.' 
 Culte puer, puerique parens Amathusia culti, 15 
 
 Aurea de campo vellite signa meo. 
 Corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus : 
 
 Pulsanda est magnis area major equis. 
 Imbelles elegi, genialis musa, valete, 
 
 Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 20 
 
FASTI. 
 
 1. RoMULUS AND KeMUS. 
 II. 383-422. 
 
 Silvia Yestalis caelestia semina partu 
 
 Ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo. 
 Is jubet auferri parvos et in amne necari. 385 
 
 Quid facis ? ex istis Romulus alter erit ! 
 Jussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri, 
 
 Flent tamen, et geminos in loca jussa ferunt. 
 Albula, quern Tiberim mersus Tiberinus in undis 
 
 Reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis. 390 
 
 Hie, ubi nunc fora sunt, lintres errare videres, 
 
 Quaque jacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae. 
 Hue ubi venerunt, neque enim procedere possunt 
 
 Longius, ex illis unus et alter ait : 
 ' At quam sunt similes ! at quam f ormosus uterque ! 395 
 
 Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet. 
 Si genus arguitur voltu, nisi fallit imago, 
 
 Nescio quern vobis suspicer esse deum. 5 
 1 At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor, 
 
 In tarn praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 400 
 
 Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret, 
 
 Quae facta est lino mater et orba die. 
 
2. THE DEIFICATION OF ROMULUS. 123 
 
 Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas 
 
 Corpora ! ' desierat, deposuitque sinu. 
 Vagierunt ambo pariter. Sensisse putares. 405 
 
 Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis. 
 Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda. 
 
 Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit ! 
 Alveus in limo silvis appulsus opacis 
 
 Paulatim fluvio deficiente sedet. 410 
 
 Arbor erat. Remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur 
 
 Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. 
 Venit ad expositos, mirum ! lupa foeta gemellos. 
 
 Quis credat pueris non nocnisse feram ? 
 Non nocuisse parum est, prodest quoque. Quos lupa 
 
 Perdere cognatae sustinuere manus ! [nutrit, 
 
 Constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis, 
 
 Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua. 
 Marte satos scires. Timor abfuit, ubera ducunt, 
 
 Nee sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. 420 
 
 Ilia loco nomen fecit, locus ipse lupercis. 
 
 Magna dati nutrix praemia lactis habet. 
 
 2. The Deification of Romulus. 
 II. 475-512. 
 
 Proxima lux vacua est. At tertia dicta Quirino. 475 
 
 Qui tenet hoc nomen, Romulus ante fuit : 
 Sive quod hasta curis priscis est dicta Sabinis, 
 
 Bellicus a telo venit in astra deus : 
 Sive suo regi nomen posuere Quirites : 
 
 Seu quia Romanis junxerat ille Cures. 480 
 
 Nam pater armipotens postquam nova moenia vidit, 
 
 Multaque Romulea bella peracta manu, 
 
124 FASTI, II. 475-512. 
 
 ' Juppiter,' inquit f habet Romana potentia vires : 
 
 Sanguinis officio non eget ilia mei. 
 Redde patri natum. Quamvis intercidit alter, 485 
 
 Pro se proque Eemo qui mihi restat, erit. 
 1 Unus erit, quern tu tolles in caerula caeli,' 
 
 Tu mihi dixisti. Sint rata dicta Jovis.' 
 Juppiter annuerat. Nutu tremef actus uterque 
 
 Est polus, et caeli pondera movit Atlas. 490 
 
 Est locus, antiqui Capreae dixere paludem : 
 
 Forte tuis illic, Romule, jura dabas. 
 Sol fugit, et removent subeuntia nubila caelum, 
 
 Et gravis effusis decidit imber aquis. 
 Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether. 495 
 
 Fit fuga. Hex patriis astra petebat equis. 
 Luctus erat, falsaeque patres in crimine caedis : 
 
 Haesissetque animis forsitan ilia fides : 
 Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba, 
 
 Lunaque fulgebat, nee facis usus erat, 500 
 
 Cum subito motu saepes tremuere sinistrae : 
 
 Eettulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae. 
 Pulcher et humano major trabeaque decorus 
 
 Romulus in media visus adesse via, 
 Et dixisse simul : f Prohibe lugere Quirites, 505 
 
 Nee violent lacrimis numina nostra suis. 
 Tura ferant, placentque novum pia turba Quirinum, 
 
 Et patrias artes militiamque colant.' 
 Jussit, et in tenues oculis evanuit auras. 
 
 Convocat hie populos, jussaque verba refert. 510 
 
 Templa deo fiunt. Collis quoque dictus ab illo est, 
 
 Et referunt certi sacra paterna dies. 
 
3. LUCRETIA. 125 
 
 3. LUCRETIA. 
 
 II. 710-758. 
 
 Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis. 710 
 
 Ecce, nefas visu, mediis altaribus anguis 
 
 Exit, et exstinctis ignibus exta rapit. 
 Consulitur Phoebus. Sors est ita reddita, i Matri 
 
 Qui dederit princeps oscula, victor erit.' 
 Oscula quisque suae matri properata tulerunt, 715 
 
 Non intellecto credula turba deo. 
 Brutus erat stulti sapiens imitator, ut esset 
 
 Tutus ab insidiis, dire Superbe, tuis. 
 Hie jacens pronus matri dedit oscula Terrae, 
 
 Creditus offenso procubuisse pede. 720 
 
 Cingitur interea Komanis Ardea signis, 
 
 Et patitur lentas obsidione moras. 
 Dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam, 
 
 Luditur in castris, otia miles agit. 
 Tarquinius juvenis socios dapibusque mcroque 725 
 
 Accipit. Ex illis rege creatus ait : 
 6 Dum nos difficilis pigro tenet Ardea bello, 
 
 Nee sinit ad patrios arma referre deos, 
 Ecquid in officio torus est socialis ? et ecquid 
 
 Conjugibus nostris mutua cura sumus ? ' 730 
 
 Quisque suam laudat. Studiis certamina crescunt, 
 
 Et fervent multo linguaque corque mero. 
 Surgit cui dederat clarum Collatia nomen : 
 
 ' Non opus est verbis, credite rebus ! ' ait. 
 i !N"ox superest. Tollamur equis, Urbemque petamus ! ' 
 
 Dicta placent, frenis impediuntur equi. 
 Pertulerant dominos. Kegalia protinus illi 
 
 Tecta petunt. Custos in fore nullus erat. 
 
126 FASTI, IV. 809-862. 
 
 Ecce nurum regis fusis per coll a coronis 
 
 Inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 740 
 
 Inde cito passu petitur Lucretia. Nebat, 
 
 Ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erat. 
 Lumen ad exiguum f amulae data pensa trahebant : 
 
 Inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono : 
 ' Mittenda est domino, nunc, nunc properate, puellae ! 
 
 Quamprimum nostra facta lacerna manu. 
 Quid tamen auditis ? nam plura audire potestis : 
 
 Quantum de bello dicitur esse super ? 
 Postmodo victa cades. Melioribus, Ardea, restas, 
 
 Improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros ! 750 
 
 Sint tantum reduces ! Sed enim temerarius ille 
 
 Est meus, et stricto quolibet ense ruit. 
 Mens abit, et morior, quotiens pugnantis imago 
 
 Me subit, et gelidum pectora frigus habet.' 
 Desinit in lacrimas, intentaque fila remittit, 755 
 
 In gremio voltum deposuitque suum. 
 Hoc ipsum decuit, lacrimae decuere pudicae, 
 
 Et facies animo dignaque parque fuit. 
 6 Pone metum, venio ! ' conjnnx ait. Ilia revixit, 
 
 Deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. 700 
 
 4. The Building of Home. 
 IV. 809-8G2. 
 
 Jam luerat poenas f rater ISTumitoris, et omne 
 
 Pastorum gemino sub duce volgus erat. 810 
 
 Contrahere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique 
 Convenit. Ambigitur, moenia ponat uter. 
 
 i Nil opus est ' dixit ' certamine 5 Eomulus ' ullo : 
 Magna fides avium est. Experiamur aves.' 
 
4. TIl£ BUILDING OF ROME. 127 
 
 Res placet. Alter adit nemorosi saxa Palati : 815 
 
 Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init. 
 Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine. Pacto 
 
 Statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet. 
 Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro. 
 
 Sacra Palis suberant, inde movetur opus. 820 
 
 Fossa fit ad solidum. Fruges jaciuntur in ima, 
 
 Et de vicino terra petita solo. 
 Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara, 
 
 Et novus accenso f ungitur igne focus. 
 Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco : 825 
 
 Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit. 
 Vox f uit haec regis : ' Condenti, Juppiter, urbem 
 
 Et genitor Mavors Vestaque mater, ades ! 
 Quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti ! 
 
 Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 830 
 
 Longa sit huic aetas dominaeque potentia terrae, 
 
 Sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies. 5 ' 
 Ille precabatur. Tonitru dedit omina laevo 
 
 Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo. 
 Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835 
 
 Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat. 
 Hoc Celer urget opus, quern Romulus ipse vocarat, 
 
 4 Sint ' que, ' Celer, curae ' dixerat ' ista tuae. 
 Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam 
 
 Transeat, audentem talia dede neci.' 840 
 
 Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros 
 
 Coepit, et i His populus ' dicere ' tutus erit ? ' 
 Nee mora, transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum. ^ 
 
 Ille premit duram sanguinulentus humum. 
 Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845 
 
 Devorat, et clausum pectore volnus habet. 
 
128 FASTI, IV. 809-862. 
 
 Flere palara non volt, exemplaque fortia servat, 
 
 ' Sic ' que ' meos muros transeat hostis ' ait 
 Dat tamen exequias. Nee jam suspend ere fletum 
 
 Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. 850 
 
 Osculaque applicuit posito suprema f eretro, 
 
 Atque ait, ' Invito f rater adempte, vale ! ' 
 Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille, 
 
 Faustulus et maestas Acca soluta comas. 
 Turn juvenem nondum facti Severe Quirites. 855 
 
 Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est. 
 Urbs oritur— quis tunc hoc nlli credere posset ? — 
 
 Yictorem terris impositura pedem. 
 Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper : 
 
 Saepe etiam pluris nominis hujus babe : 860 
 
 Et quotiens steteris domito sublimis in orbe, 
 
 Omnia sint umeris inferiora tuis. 
 
TKISTIA. 
 
 1. The Poet's Departure from Rome. 
 I. 3. 
 
 Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago, 
 
 Qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe f uit, 
 Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui, 
 
 Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis. 
 Jam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5 
 
 Finibus extremae jusserat Ausoniae. 
 Nee spatium f uerat, nee mens satis apta parandi : 
 
 Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora. 
 Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi, 
 
 Non aptae prof ugo vestis opisve fuit. 10 
 
 JSTon aliter stupui, quam qui Jovis ignibus ictus 
 
 Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae. 
 Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit, 
 
 Et tandem sensus convaluere mei, 
 Alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15 
 
 Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant. 
 Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat, 
 
 Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas. 
 Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris, 
 
 Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20 
 
130 TRISTIA, I. 3. 
 
 Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant, 
 
 Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat. 
 Femina virque meo, pueri quoque, f unere maerent : 
 
 Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet. 
 Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti, 25 
 
 Haec facies Trojae, cum caperetur, erat. 
 Jamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque, 
 
 Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos. 
 Hanc ego suspiciens, et ab hac Capitolia cernens, 
 
 Quae nostro frustra juncta fuere lari, 30 
 
 ' Numina vicinis liabitantia sedibus,' inquam, 
 
 Jamque oculis nunquam templa yidenda meis, 
 Dique relinquendi, quos urbs tenet alta Quirini, 
 
 Este salutati tempus in omne mihi ! 
 Et quanquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35 
 
 Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam, 
 Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error, 
 
 Dicite. Pro culpa ne scelus esse putet. 
 Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor, 
 
 Placato possum non miser esse deo.' 40 
 
 Hac prece adoravi superos ego. Pluribus uxor, 
 
 Singultu medios impediente sonos. 
 Ilia etiam ante lares passis prostrata capillis 
 
 Contigit extinctos ore trementefocos, 
 Multaque in adversos effudit verba penates 45 
 
 Pro deplorato non valitura viro. 
 Jamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat, 
 
 Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat. 
 Quid f acerem ? blando patriae retinebar amore : 
 
 Ultima sed jussae nox erat ilia fugae. 50 
 
 A ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante, ' Quid urgues ! 
 
 Yel quo f estines ire, vel unde, vide ! ' 
 
1. THE POET'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME. 131 
 
 A ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere 
 
 Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae. 
 Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse 55 
 
 Indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat. 
 Saepe vale dieto rursus sum multa locutus, 
 
 Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi. 
 Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli, 
 
 Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. [quam, 
 
 Denique, ' Quid propero ? Scythia est, quo mittimur,' in- 
 
 ' Roma relinquenda est. TJtraque justa mora est. * 
 Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur, 
 
 Et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus, 
 Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales, 65 
 
 O mihi Thesea pectora juncta fide ! 
 Dum licet, amplectar. Nunquam fortasse licebit 
 
 Amplius. In lucro est quae datur hora mihi.' 
 Nee mora, sermonis verba imperfecta relinquo, 
 
 Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 70 
 
 Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto, 
 
 Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat. 
 Dividor haud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam, 
 
 Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est. 
 Sic doluit Metus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75 
 
 Ultores habuit proditionis equos. 
 Turn vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum, 
 
 Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus. 
 Turn vero conjunx, umeris abeuntis inhaerens, 
 
 Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis : 80 
 
 1 Non potes avelli. Simul, a ! simul ibimus,' inquit : 
 
 i Te sequar et conjunx exulis exul ero. 
 Et mihi facta via est. Et me capit ultima tellus : 
 
 Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati. 
 
132 TRISTIA, III. 7. 
 
 Te jubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85 
 
 Me pietas. Pietas haec mihi Caesar erit. 
 Talia temptabat, si cut temptaverat ante, 
 
 Yixque dedit victas utilitate manus. 
 Egredior, sive illud erat sine funere ferri, 
 
 Squalidus immissis hirta per ora comis. 90 
 
 Ilia dolore aniens tenebris narratur obortis 
 
 Semianimis media procubuisse domo : 
 Utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi 
 
 Crinibus, et gelida membra levavit humo, 
 Se modo, desertos modo eomplorasse penates, 95 
 
 Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ; 
 Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve 
 
 Yidisset structos corpus habere rogos, 
 Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus, 
 
 Kespectuque tamen non voluisse mei. 100 
 
 Vivat ! et absentem, quoniam sic fata tulerunt, 
 
 Yivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo. 
 
 2. To his Daughter Perilla. 
 III. T. 
 
 Yade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam, 
 
 Littera, sermonis fida ministra mei ! 
 Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem, 
 
 Aut inter libros Pieridasque suas. 
 Quicquid aget, cum te scierit yenisse, relinquet, 5 
 
 Nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam. 
 Yivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim, 
 
 Nee mala tarn longa nostra levata mora : 
 Et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti, 
 
 Aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10 
 
2. TO HIS DAUGHTER PERILLA. 133 
 
 Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres, 
 
 Doctaque non patrio carmina more canis ? 
 Nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos 
 
 Et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit. 
 Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15 
 
 Ne male fecandae vena periret aquae. 
 Primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis, 
 
 Utque pater natae duxque comesque fui. 
 Ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem, 
 
 Sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20 
 
 Sed vereor, ne te mea nunc f ortuna retardet, 
 
 Postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners. 
 Dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam : 
 
 Saepe tui judex, saepe magister eram : 
 Aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, V 25 
 
 Aut, ubi cessaras, causa ruboris eram. — ^ 
 
 Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli, 
 
 Tu quoque sis poenae facta ruina meae. 
 Pone, Perilla, metum. Tantummodo femina non sit 
 
 Devia, nee scriptis discat amare tuis. 30 
 
 Ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas, 
 
 Inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi. 
 Ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annic, 
 
 liugaque in antiqua f ronte senilis erit : 
 Inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35 
 
 Quae strepitum passu non faciente venit. 
 Curnque aliquis dicet, ' Fuit haec f ormosa,' dolebis, 
 
 Et speculum mendax esse querere tuum. 
 Sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis : 
 
 Finge sed immensis censibus esse pares, 40 
 
 Nempe dat id cuicumque libet fortuna rapitque, 
 
 Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat. 
 
134: * TRISTIA, IV. 10. 
 
 Singula quid ref eram ? nil non mortale tenemus 
 
 Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis. 
 En ego, cum patria caream vobisque domoque, 45 
 
 Kaptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi, 
 Ingenio tamen ipse raeo comitorque f ruorque : 
 
 Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil. 
 Quilibet hanc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense, 
 
 Me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50 
 
 Dumque suis septem victrix de montibus orbem 
 
 Prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar. 
 Tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus, 
 
 Effuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos ! 
 
 3. The Poet's Life. 
 IY. 10. 
 
 f 
 
 Hie ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum, 
 
 Quern legis ut noris, accipe posteritas. 
 Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis, 
 
 Milia qui novies distat ab Urbe decern. 
 Editus hinc ego sum, nee non nt tempora noris, 5 
 
 Cum cecidit f ato consul uterque pari : 
 Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 
 
 Non modo fortunae munere factus eques. 
 Nee stirps prima fui. Genito sum fratre creatus, 
 
 Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10 
 
 Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem : 
 
 Una celebrata est per duo liba dies. 
 Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae, 
 
 Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet. 
 Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15 
 
 Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros. 
 
3. THE POET'S LIFE. 135 
 
 Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo, 
 
 Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori. 
 At mini jam puero caelestia sacra placebant, 
 
 Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20 
 
 Saepe pater dixit, ' Studium quid inutile temptas ? 
 
 Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.' 
 Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto 
 
 Scribere conabar verba soluta modis. 
 Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25 
 
 Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat. 
 Interea tacito passu labentibus annis 
 
 Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est, 
 Induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo, 
 
 Et studium nobis quod f uit ante, manet. 30 
 
 Jamque decern vitae frater geminaverat annos, 
 
 Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei. 
 Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores, 
 
 Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui. 
 Curia restabat. Clavi mensura coacta est : 35 
 
 Ma jus erat nostris viribus illud onus. 
 Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori, 
 
 Sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram. 
 Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores 
 
 Otia, judicio semper amata meo. 40 
 
 Temporis illius colui fovique poetas, 
 
 Quotque aderant vates, rebar ad esse deos. 
 Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo, 
 
 Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer. 
 Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45 
 
 Jure sodalicio qui mihi junctus erat. 
 Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis 
 
 Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei. 
 
136 TKISTIA, IV. 10. 
 
 Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures, 
 
 Dam ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50 
 
 Vergilium yidi tantum. Nee amara Tibullo 
 
 Tempus amicitiae fata dedere raeae. 
 Successor f uit hie tibi, Galle : Propertius illi : 
 
 Quart us ab his serie temporis ipse fui. 
 Utque ego ma j ores, sic me coluere minores, 55 
 
 Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est. 
 Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi, 
 
 Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit. 
 Moverat ingeninm totam cantata per Urbem 
 
 Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60 
 
 Multa quidem scripsi. Sed quae vitiosa putavi, 
 
 Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi. 
 Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi, 
 
 Iratus studio carminib usque meis. 
 Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65 
 
 Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat. 
 Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne, 
 
 Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit. 
 Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor 
 
 Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70 
 
 Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine conjunx, 
 
 Non tamen in nostro firma f utura toro. 
 Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos, 
 
 Sustinuit conjunx exulis esse viri. 
 Filia me mea bis prima f ecunda juventa, 75 
 
 Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum. 
 Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque 
 
 Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem. 
 Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum 
 
 Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80 
 
3. THE POET'S LIFE. 137 
 
 Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti, 
 
 Ante diem poenae quod periere meae ! 
 Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis 
 
 Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil. 
 Si tamen extinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85 
 
 Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos : 
 Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae 
 
 Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro, 
 Scite, precor, causam, nee vos mihi fallere fas est, 
 
 Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 90 
 
 Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, revertor, 
 
 Fectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae. 
 Jam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis 
 
 Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas, 
 Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95 
 
 Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus, 
 Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas 
 
 Quaerere me laesi principis ira jubet. 
 Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae 
 
 Indicio non est testificanda meo. 100 
 
 Quid ref eram comitumque nef as f amulosque nocentes ? 
 
 Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga. 
 Indignata malis mens est succumbere, seque 
 
 Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis. 
 Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, 105 
 
 Insolita cepi temporis arm a manu. 
 Totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque, quot inter 
 
 Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum. 
 Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto 
 
 Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. 110 
 
 Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis, 
 
 Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo. 
 
138 TRISTIA, IV. 10. 
 
 Quod quamvis nemo est, cujus referatur ad aures, 
 
 Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem. 
 Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115 
 
 Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent, 
 Gratia, Musa, tibi. Nam tu solacia praebes, 
 
 Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis. 
 Tu dux et comes es. Tu nos abducis ab Histro, 
 
 In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120 
 
 Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti 
 
 Nomen, ab exequiis quod dare fama solet. 
 Wee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo 
 
 Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus. 
 Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 125 
 
 Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo. 
 Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis 
 
 Dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor. 
 Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri, 
 
 Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130 
 
 Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam 
 
 Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago. 
 
NOTES. 
 
NOTES 
 
 METAMOKPHOSES. 
 
 I. The Creation. 
 I. 1-88. 
 
 1. Fert animus, my mind leads (me), I purpose. Mutatas formas, 
 
 changed forms, or changes of forms. It is a Latin expression for the 
 Greek word metamorphoses, transformations. Such changes of form the 
 poet purposes to describe as he finds in the Greek and Roman Mytholo- 
 gy : men changed to divine forms, as Hercules or Romulus ; or gods 
 changed to human forms ; or men changed into beasts, or into trees, and 
 the like. 
 
 2. Et illas, also those, i. e , as all other things which undergo change. 
 
 3. Aspirate, used often of winds which arc favorable, and so gener- 
 ally in the sense of favor. Primaque mwkii 9 from the very origin of 
 
 the world. Mundus means first order, k6o-/jlos, and then the orderly world. 
 
 7. Ch&OS (from x a ^ w )» fi rst yawning space, and then used for form- 
 less matter ; as in the second verse of Genesis, " the earth was without 
 form, and void." 
 
 9 Discordia, adjective agreeing with semina, which, meaning seeds, 
 expresses what we call elements. 
 
 10-14. The names Titan, Phoebe, Amphitrite, are here personifica- 
 tions for Sun, Moon, and Sea. 
 
 13* Ponderibus — suis. The plural in ponderibus is used, because the 
 weights of the parts of the whole are thought of, and as equal to one an- 
 other, i. e., in equilibrium ; balanced by its own weights, or held in equili- 
 brium ; so also in Horace, Ep. i. 6, 51. 
 
 14. Amphitrite ; the line is a spondaic hexameter, examples of which 
 
 are common in this poem. Margfnc ; without the preposition in, with 
 
 the idea of place, as often in poetry. 
 
 * The grammatical references (II. or Gr.) are to the Latin Grammar of Professor 
 Albert Harkness, revised edition of 1831. 
 
142 METAMORPHOSES, I. 1-88. 
 
 15, 16. Utque — sic, and as — so; though — yet. 
 
 IT. Nulli 5 here neuter ; but in prose nullae rei is more common. 
 
 Sua refers to nulli ; H. 449, 2. 
 
 20. Sine pondere 5 = eis quae sine pondere sunt. 
 
 23. IAquidum — caelum, the clear heavens, in distinction from the 
 denser atmosphere below (spisso — aere). It is called aether in lines 15 and 
 67, and ignea vis in line 26, as if of the same nature as fire. 
 
 24. Quae, i. e., caelum, terras, undas, aer. Caeco — acervo ; a cir- 
 cumlocution for chaos, caeco being used passively, as no one thing in it 
 could be distinguished from another ; the blind mass. 
 
 26. Join thus : ignea et sine pondere vis — caeli. 
 
 27. Summaque — in arce ; arx, a citadel, is used often for a high 
 place, and for height ; here the same as " firmament " in Genesis ; and in 
 the v erg firmament. 
 
 31. Possedit, from possido, and so having an active or causative sense, 
 just as the simple verb sido is distinguished from sedco ; took possession of. 
 
 34. Non aeqnalis, to be taken together. 
 
 37. Terrae, dative with ace. litora ; the verb circumdo has also the 
 construction of abl. (litoribus) with ace. terram. 
 
 39. Obliqnis, winding ; declivia, down-running. 
 
 40. Qnae, sc. flumina ; ipsa, sc. terra. 
 
 42. Kipis, the banks of rivers, litora, the shores of the sea ; though 
 they are sometimes interchanged by the poets. 
 
 43. Subsidere, from subsldo. See above, n. on line 31 ; literally, to 
 set themselves down, to sink. 
 
 45-48. Division of the heavens into five zones, to which correspond 
 five zones on the earth's surface. 
 
 45. Dextra, sinistra, relatively to the equator. 
 
 46. Quinta, same as media in 1. 49. 
 
 47. Onus inclnsnm, i. e., the earth, as encompassed by the heavens. 
 50. Totidem, sc. zonas. IJtramqne, i. e., on either hemisphere be- 
 tween the torrid and the frigid zone. Ilaupt reads utrwmquc. 
 
 52. His, i. e., plagis terrestribus. 
 
 56. Cum fulminibus ; the preposition instead of et f ulmina ; and the 
 winds that cause the cold as well as the lightning. The idea seems to have 
 been that the winds cause the lightning by means of the friction of the 
 clouds. 
 
 57. His, sc. ventis. Habendum is used in the sense of having under 
 control, and non passim implies that only in certain places were the winds 
 allowed such control. 
 
1. THE CREATION. 143 
 
 58-60. Nunc with emphasis, and explained by cum scqq., since, etc.; 
 
 and quin lament depends upon obsistitur, according to H. 504, 4. Fra- 
 
 tmm ; the Winds were personified as sons of Astraeus and Aurora. 
 
 61* The Nahaiaei were an Arabian people. 
 
 62. Juga, etc., refers to the range of mountains in India. Mat uti- 
 
 nis ; a spondaic line. 
 
 63. Vesper, used in a local sense for the West, only by the poets. 
 
 64. Septemque trionem, for septemtrionemque ; the dactyl of the 
 fifth place makes the division by que necessary. The constellation of the 
 Wain or the Great Bear, consisting of seven stars, five for the Wain and 
 two for the steers; the name of it was called, rather irregularly, septem 
 triones, and then in the sing, septemtrio. 
 
 66. "The South wind (aquaticus auster, 2, 285) brings with it rain in 
 Greece and Italy. Hence the Greek name for it, called by the Romans 
 Notus, cf. vorls, moisture." Haupt. 
 
 67. Haec, i. e., acra, nubes, ventos. Super governs hacc, the preposi- 
 tion coming after, as not unfrequently with the poets, especially in dis- 
 syllabic words. 
 
 72. Animantibus. The ancients ascribed to the stars life and even 
 
 reason. Formae deorum ; the gods were conceived as having bodily 
 
 forms. 
 
 76. Animal ; because a living being ; but sanclius, because nobler, as 
 endowed with reason, made in the image of God ; diviner. 
 
 77. Deerat, a dissyllable. Quod — posset, of such nature that it 
 
 might be able, H. 503, i. 
 
 80. Nuper, as described in line 22, terris abscidit undas. 
 
 81. Cognati ; because, before the dividing of chaos, the heavens had 
 been mingled with earth. 
 
 82. Iapeto ; four syllables, as the / of Greek words is never to be 
 pronounced as J. Ovid follows the myth, which represents Prome- 
 theus, the son of the Titan Iapetus, as fashioning man from earth and 
 water. 
 
 83. Moderantum ; the genitive in um instead of ium, on account of 
 
 the metre ; but see II. 158, 2. In effigiem — deorum. In the same way 
 
 as the gods were conceived as appearing in human form among men, so, 
 as here, man is made in the image of the gods, reminding us of the words 
 in Genesis 1, 26, " Let us make man in our image." 
 
 85. Caelumque videre, sc. eum, referring to homini, as the subject 
 of videre. Comp. Cic. de Amicitia, c. 21, caelestium ordinem contem- 
 plantes. 
 
144: METAMORPHOSES, I. 89-150. 
 
 2. The Four Ages. 
 I. 89-150. 
 
 89-150. In Verg. Georg. 1, 125 seqq., and in Tibullus, i. 3, 35 seqq., 
 the golden or good age is that of Saturn, which is followed by that of 
 Jupiter. Hesiod has five ages, the golden, silver, brazen, the fourth with- 
 out name, and the iron. Aratus has three, the golden, silver, and iron. 
 Ovid has drawn in part from these poets. The designation of the periods 
 by the metals from gold downward manifestly teaches the fall of the race 
 from a golden innocence to successive stages of moral degeneracy. In 
 like manner this idea of four ages is taught in the Zendavesta or sacred 
 books of the ancient Persians, and in those of the Hindoos, both Brah- 
 manic and Buddhistic, and in the Sagas of the ancient Germans ; also in 
 the legends of the Aegyptians. 
 
 89-112. The Golden Age. 
 
 89. Anrea 5 the first word of the sentence is the emphatic one, as if 
 
 we should say in English, with gold was the first age sown. Yindicc nul- 
 
 lOj abl. absolute, and may be rendered, toil/tout any to punish. 
 
 91,92. Poena metusque 5 penalty and fears, i. e., fears of penalty. 
 
 Verba miliaria — aere 5 in reference to laws, as of the Twelve 
 
 Tables, which on brazen tablets were fixed on the Capitol and other 
 public places. 
 
 93. Erant 5 an indefinite subject understood, as in English they. An- 
 other reading is vindice, instead of judice. 
 
 91. Suis, its own, in opposition to pcregrinum. 
 
 98. Direeti. The tuba was straight, and the cornu curved. Aeris, 
 denoting the material, is in the genitive, after the analogy of the gen. of 
 quality. H. 396, v. 
 
 101. Ipsa, in the first place because emphatic, of itself ; as opposed 
 to what followed, it is = tellus inarata. 
 
 104. Arbuteos foetus 5 the fruit of the arbutus or wild strawberry, 
 like the fraga or common strawberry, but larger. Legebant 5 the sub- 
 ject indefinite, as above erant, 1. 93. 
 
 105. Corna, the fruit of the wild cornel-tree, a horn-like cherry, be- 
 cause so hard. Mora, blackberries, the fruit of the rubeta (pi.). 
 
 108. Jovis arbore 5 i. e., the oak, one species of which bears acorns 
 which are edible. 
 
 108. Semine ; for semente, sowing, i. e., without sowing on the part 
 of any one. 
 
2. THE FOUR AGES. 145 
 
 110# Nee renovatns, i. e., et non rcnovatus, and without renewal. 
 
 Cauebat (from ciineo), whitened. 
 
 111. Fluniina, etc., figurative for abundance ; the ncctaris itself figu- 
 rative for wine. So of the land of promise in Exodus, 3, 8, " a land flow- 
 ing with milk and honey." 
 
 112. Stillabant ; the honey was thought of, as in the golden age dis- 
 tilling like dew from the trees. 
 
 113-124. The Silver Age. 
 
 113. Saturno. Saturnus, a god of the ancient Italians, was after- 
 ward identified with the Greek Kronos. 
 
 114. Snbiit 5 the final syllable is long, its original quantity. So also 
 below, iv. 712, abilt ; x. 15, adilt ; xi. 14, abilt. 
 
 116. Contraxit 5 before, as said on 1. 107, the spring was perpetual. 
 
 117. Another spondaic line. 
 
 118. Excgit. The ex in the verb (literally, out) gives the verb the 
 meaning of bringing to an end ; brought the year to an end through winters, 
 etc. Hence it comes to mean finish. 
 
 121. Snbiere ; an indefinite subject again; they. The sub in the 
 compound verb is well fitted to these primitive homes, as described in 
 the next line. 
 
 122. Cortice 5 bark, but properly the outer, while liber is the word 
 for the inner. 
 
 123. Ccrcalia 5 because Ceres was supposed to have given men the 
 seeds, and to have taught them agriculture ; thus we call now the differ- 
 ent grains Cereals. 
 
 125-140. The Brazen and the Iron Age. 
 
 128. Venae; limits acvum as a gen. of characteristic; an age of a 
 worse vein. H. 396, v. 
 
 133. Qoaeqne 5 the antecedent is carlnae, which is used figuratively 
 
 for naves. Stfctfcrant — altis 5 in reference to the trees, of which the 
 
 ships were made. 
 
 134. Insultaverc $ with the primary meaning of the word as a com- 
 pound of salto ; danced upon ; with something, too, of the meaning of 
 our derived word insult, as the ships, as it were, despised the danger. 
 So, also, contemner e (literally, not to fear) is used by Tibullus, i. 3, 37, 
 nondum pinus contempserat undas. 
 
 135. Prius ; limits communem ; — lumina and auras, drawn by at- 
 traction in the ace. to humum ; though regularly it would read, ecu lu- 
 mina solis et aurae communia sunt. 
 
 136. Lioiite means here a boundary, -Mensor is the surveyor. 
 
 8 
 
146 METAMORPHOSES, I. 244-312. 
 
 13T. Segetes, ace. as object of poscebatur, as posco in the active 
 governs two accusatives. H. 3*14. 
 
 139. Stygiisque — umbris 5 the realm of the Shades, where the Styx 
 flows ; thought of as in the very depths of the earth. Styx, the Gr. 2rtf|, 
 the hateful river. So Milton, in the line (" Paradise Lost," ii. 519) " Ab- 
 horred Styx, the flood of deadly hate. 11 
 
 140. Malorum is objective genitive. II. 396, III. 
 
 112. t T troque 5 i. e., both iron and gold. In what sense is it true of 
 gold? 
 
 145. Non socer a genero 5 perhaps, as Haupt suggests, in allusion to 
 Caesar and Pompeius. 
 
 147. Lurida $ so called from the effect of aconite on the complexion 
 of those who are poisoned by it. 
 
 148. Inquirit 5 i. e., of astrologers-, as he is impatient for his father's 
 death, and for the possession of his property. 
 
 150. Ultima ; in the better times the gods dwelt among men ; but one 
 after another left the degenerate earth, Astraea, the goddess of justice, 
 the Dike of the Greeks, being the last to take her flight. Astraea, the 
 daughter of Jupiter and Themis, was placed as Virgo among the con- 
 stellations. 
 
 3. The Flood. 
 
 I. 244-312. 
 
 244-312. Traditions of a flood, similar to the one here given by Ovid, 
 are found among many and very diifcrent nations. Buttmann has treated 
 of these traditions in his Mythologus, I. 180 seqq., and also Jacob Grimm 
 in his German Mythology, 541 seqq. The similarity of them all to the 
 Biblical narrative is striking. 
 
 244. Dicta Jovis. In the preceding passage Jupiter had declared 
 
 his purpose, in a council of the gods, to destroy the world. Pars 5 i. e., 
 
 of the gods. 
 
 245. Partes ; here in the sense of their part, or their duty, which 
 they fulfill as members of the council. « 
 
 250. Quaerentes 5 ace. subject of trcpidare. Fore depends upon a 
 
 word of saying suggested by vetat. 
 
 254. Sacer ; as the dwelling-place of the gods. 
 
 255. Axis ; here put for caelum itself, as in 6, 64, longum caelum. 
 
 256. In fatis ; it was the opinion of some of the philosophers, espe- 
 cially the Stoics, that the world, having arisen from fire, would also be 
 
3. THE FLOOD. 147 
 
 dissolved in fire. Such an opinion Ovid represents as an utterance of 
 the fates. What is the derivation of fatum ? 
 
 250. Cyclopum ; the fabled sons of Uranus and the Earth, hurled to 
 Tartarus by Saturn, and then rescued by Jupiter, for whom they after- 
 ward forged thunderbolts. Homer represents them in the Odyssey as a 
 giant race in Sicily. Later they w T ere fancied as Vulcan's workmen in 
 his smithy in Aetna, or in Lipara. 
 
 262. Aeoliis ; from Aeolus, the god of the winds, fabled, as in Vergil, 
 Aen. i, 52, to hold them in caves in the Aeolian or Liparaean islands, near 
 
 Sicily. Aquiloncm ; this wind is shut up as it brings clear and dry 
 
 weather. On Noium see n. 1. 66. 
 
 261. Alis 5 the winds, from their swiftness, often are winged with 
 the poets ; so, also, in Hebrew poetry, Psalm xviii. 10, upon the wings of 
 the wind. 
 
 265. Vultnm ace. of the part., Gr. § 378. 
 
 266. Barba, sc. est ; canis — capillis; preposition omitted ; seen. 1.14. 
 
 26T. Sinns ; the personification is thus kept up, as the wind is cloud- 
 clad, as it were, and the sinus are the folds of his dress, as so often used 
 of the toga. 
 
 269. Aethfcre, the upper air, and so = caelo. 
 
 271. Conelpit, draws to itself as the Iris, or rainbow, was thought to 
 draw up the moisture from the earth ; as in Verg. Georg. i. 38, Mbit 
 ingens arcus. So Homer often represents Iris as the messenger of 
 Juno, and, as such, forming the rainbow for her bright path through the 
 heavens. 
 
 273. Vota, put for the crops, as the object of his hopes ; the whole 
 
 may be rendered, and the farmer mourns over his prostrate hopes. 
 
 Pfcrit— inltns, comes to naught. 
 
 274. Sao, i. e., as hi* own peculiar abode ; not content with what is 
 furnished by the heavens, he avails himself, too, of the resources of the 
 sea. 
 
 275. Frater; Neptune, represented, like all sea-deities, as of the 
 color of the sea itself. 
 
 276. Tecta, the depths of the sea as Neptune's abode. 
 
 279. Dttmos, the caves and clefts of the earth, where the waters 
 
 arise. M©I$, the rocky mass which, like a dam or a dike, confines the 
 
 waters. 
 
 280. In this line, and the two next ones, the image is drawn from 
 horses, the reins flung loose upon the streams (immittite habenas\ the bits 
 let go from the moutlis of the springs (fontibus or a relaxant), and then the 
 
148 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415. 
 
 rivers (amnes to be supplied with hi) rolling down in unbridled course 
 (defrenato — cursu). 
 
 283. Tridentc ; here, and below 330, trieuspide telo, the trident, the 
 three-pronged spear of Neptune, is the symbol of his power. So, too, in 
 Homer, with whom also he is the earth-shaker, ewoviydios. 
 
 286, 287. Cam satis, together with the crops = et sata. So, also, cum 
 — sacris. Sacra for the images of the gods, which are kept in the pene- 
 tralia, or innermost part of the house. 
 
 289. Hujus refers to domus, and limits culmen. 
 
 290. Turres, towers, here used for high, tower-like buildings. 
 292. Deerant, as in 1. 77. 
 
 296. Summa— in ulmo, on the top of the elm. So Horace, 0. i. 2, 9, 
 summa — idmo, also in describing the flood. 
 
 299. Mftdo qua, where just now ; observe the contrasts in the cor- 
 responding places of the two lines, graciles and deformes, capellae and 
 phocae. 
 
 302. Nereides, the daughters of the sea-god Nereus. 
 
 303. Agltataque, i. e., by the swaying waves. 
 
 305. Nee vires fulminis, i. c., the wild boar, strong as he is, unequal 
 to contend with the lightning. 
 
 306. Ablato, carried away by the flood. 
 
 307. 308. Quaesitisqne, etc. And having long sought for places on 
 the (solid) earth, where it may be given (her) to stand. Compare the de- 
 scription in Genesis, viii. 9, " But the dove found no rest for the sole of 
 her foot." 
 
 309, 310. Observe the climax from tumulos, the hills, to montana 
 cacumina, the tops of the mountains. Novi, strange, because never be- 
 fore there. 
 
 4. Deucalion and Pyrrha. 
 
 I. 313-415. 
 
 313. Aftnios, etc. Phocis, a district between Mount Oeta, in Thessaly, 
 and Bocotia, was also called Aonia, from the Aones who formerly in- 
 habited it. 
 
 316. Vertici&us — duofous, the two spurs of Mount Parnassus, so fa- 
 mous in ancient story, between which flowed the fountain of Castalia. At 
 the foot of the mount was Delphi, the seat of the oracle. 
 
 318. Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, and his wife Pyrrha the 
 daughter of Epimetheus. Deucalion had been the ruler of Phthia, in 
 
4. DEUCALION AND PYRRIIA. HO 
 
 Thessaly, and by his son Ilcllen was the founder of the race of the 
 Ilcllcnes. 
 
 320. Coryddas. Behind the above-mentioned heights of Parnassus 
 was a cave called Coryeus, which was sacred to the nymphs and to Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 321. Thfcmin. Themis, the goddess of justice, was also a prophetess. 
 The Delphic oracle was presided over first by Gaea, the mother of The- 
 mis, then by Themis, afterward by Phoebe, and finally by Phoebus Apollo. 
 
 330. Positoqne \ in the sense of deposito, and having laid aside. 
 
 TricuspWe ; see n. on tridente, 283. 
 
 331. Mnlcct, soothes, quiets the waters. Prof and tun, for mare, the 
 
 deep. 
 
 332. Fmerds; ace. of part, as above 265, vultum. Mnrice, prop- 
 erly the shell-fish from which the purple dye was obtained, is here used 
 for concha, or any sea-shell. 
 
 333. Tritona. Triton, a sea god subordinate to Neptune, and, with 
 
 some of the poets, son of Neptune and Amphitrite. Concliac sonanti. 
 
 The use of spiral shells for horns is not uncommon now on the Mediter- 
 ranean coasts. 
 
 336. Turbine — lino ; the lowest bend of the winding (torlilis) horn is 
 narrowest and serves for the mouthpiece, and from this the horn grows 
 larger with the other bends. 
 
 337. Afcra ; used of the Triton's breath as he blows the horn. 
 
 338. I'troqne, i. e., oriente et occidente, in the East and the West. 
 
 340. ContXgit ; the subject is a pronoun referring to bucina. Rc- 
 
 eeptas, the expression in prose for sounding a retreat is rcceptui canere. 
 
 341. Plenos capit. The rivers are still full, as they flow, but are kept 
 within their beds. 
 
 346. DXem longam. Dies here feminine, as it means time. M- 
 
 datii, i. e., undis, as the next line shows that they are still clothed with 
 leaves. 
 
 349. Terras is the subject, and is used with agcre silentia after the 
 analogy of agerc vitam, aetatem, and the like ; lying in profound silence. 
 
 352. Patruelis ; Prometheus and Epimetheus, the fathers respectively 
 of Deucalion and Pyrrha, were brothers. 
 
 353. Deinde ; a dissyllable. 
 
 355. Turba ; peculiarly, and not without a turn of wit in the expres- 
 sion, is turba here used of two persons ; so, also, in vi. 200, Latonac iur- 
 
 bam ; we two make up t/ie crowd of all the lands. Possedit, as above, 
 
 1.31. 
 
150 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415. 
 
 356* Haec — fiduria, even this pledge, i. e., that we alone survive. 
 
 Adhuc non=nondum, not yet, and followed in next line by etiam nunc, 
 now also. 
 
 358. Quid — fftret, animi limits quid ; what courage would you have? 
 Fatis, by the fates, i. e., if fate had rescued you alone. 
 
 360. Quo consolante dftleres5=quis te dolentem consolaretur. 
 
 363. Paternis ; i. e., of Prometheus. 
 
 365. Nunc ; i. e., as things now are. 
 
 367. Placuit, it pleased them, they determined. 
 
 369. Cephisldas, of the Cephisus, which has its sources in the range 
 of Parnassus, in Phocis, and flows into the lake Copais. 
 
 370. l T t — sic; though — yet. 
 
 371. Irroravere, bedewed ; render sprinkled upon ; when they had 
 drawn (libatos) water, and sprinkled it upon, etc. It was necessary to 
 purify themselves by washing in the running water, before coming to the 
 shrine. 
 
 374. Palleuant; used to express the contrast to the before bright 
 and cheerful aspect of the temple ; now it wears a dull look, and is over- 
 grown with moss. 
 
 376. Hiimi, for the construction, Gr. § 426, 2. Oscftla; the deriva- 
 tion and primary meaning of the word ? Also of numina in the next line ? 
 
 380. With res and an adj., as secundae, adversae, and here mersae, the 
 condition of things is described as fortunate or unfortunate, and so= 
 fortune or misfortune ; come to our help in our misfortunes from the flood. 
 
 382. Velate, etc. The head was to be veiled in sacred transactions, 
 to avoid all distraction ; and the ungirding the dress was a token of the 
 unloosing of all bonds, and so signified entire submission. 
 
 386. Detque, etc. Bet depends upon rogat, Gr. § 498, II., and 499, 2. 
 
 Pavetque. It was deemed sacrilegious to disturb the remains of the 
 
 buried dead ; and the poet fitly represents the woman as yet more sensi- 
 tive to the impiety than the man. 
 
 388. Caecis — latebris ; the sense of the words was hidden, as in a rid- 
 dle ; the whole may be rendered : hidden in blind riddles. 
 
 390. The patronymics here are adroitly used to indicate that the cun- 
 ning of the parents is inherited by the children. 
 
 391. Sollcrtia, from sollers, sollus=totus, and ars; all art, sagacity. 
 
 Nobis, in the sense of the singular, my sagacity ; but what is the 
 
 construction of the dative ? 
 
 395. Augurio ; as an augury is a sign by which something is to be 
 known, it comes to mean, as here, interpretation. 
 
5. PYTIIOK 151 
 
 400. Credat — sit ; the subj. is potential ; ivho could believe this, unless 
 the old tradition (oldness) were the witness? 
 
 401. Ponerc, for deponere, as above, 1. 330, posito. 
 
 401i The ut is concessive, as above, 370 ; though a certain form of 
 man may be seen, yet it is not clear to the sight. 
 406. Exacta; see n. on exigerc, i. 118. 
 408. Corpdris, of flesh. 
 410. Vena ; the word is used of stone also, as is our word vein. 
 
 413. Feminaj collectively for the sex. 
 
 414. Durum. So, also, in Verg. Georg. 1, 61, unde homines nati, du- 
 rum genus. 
 
 5. Python. 
 
 I. 434-451. 
 
 434. Ergo. The poet has been describing the discordant harmony 
 (discors concordia) of the forces of nature, and especially of moisture and 
 heat, in producing different species of animals. The ergo, therefore, now 
 takes up and carries forward the narrative. 
 
 435. Solibns, surfs rays. 
 
 438. Nollet, sc. te genuisse. The imperf. represents the wish as im- 
 possible of fulfillment. Python (the Gr. Tlvduv), according to olden 
 
 legend the dragon that guarded the Delphic shrine ; also called son of 
 earth. Ovid seems to have added the fiction of the creature as a growth 
 of the slimy earth, simply to make a transition to his next story. 
 
 440. De monte, i. e., Parnassus. 
 
 441. Arcftgaens, one of the many names of Apollo, as in Gr. 
 apyvp6ro^os, god of the silver bow, and many others. 
 
 444. Nigra, black, from the poisonous blood, veneno. 
 
 446. Celfcbri certamine, abl. of characteristic. Lndos. The Pyth- 
 ian games were celebrated, in historic times, every four years at Delphi. 
 
 447. Pytliia, sc. certamina; but, as here, the noun is generally 
 omitted. 
 
 448. Mann — rotave, referring respectively to contests in boxing, run- 
 ning, and chariot-racing. 
 
 450. Longo — erine. As the god of youthful beauty, Apollo is thus 
 generally figured with long, flowing locks. So the epithet intomus, and 
 others like it. 
 
152 METAMORPHOSES, I. 452-567. 
 
 6. Daphne. 
 
 I. 452-567. 
 
 452. Peneia. So, too, it was a legend that the oldest Delphic shrine 
 of Apollo was a hut of laurel-branches, brought from Tempe, the valley 
 of the Peneus. 
 
 454. Delias, from the island of Delos, the place of his fabled birth 
 and worship. 
 
 455. Cornua, Cupid's bow, tipped with horn, or as made of two horns 
 put together ; called also sometimes in the sing., cornu. 
 
 456. Tibij sc. est. What have you to do ? 
 
 457. Ista, those of yours, which you are carrying. 
 
 460. Iiiniiuieris, as above, 443, mille. 
 
 461. Face, torch ; in poetry, as in sculpture and in painting, Cupido 
 
 or Amor often carries a torch, with which he kindles love. NescXft quos, 
 
 here, as usual, with something of contempt, as loves which Apollo cares 
 not for. 
 
 462. Landes, i. e., his bow and quiver, as above, 441, arcitenens. 
 
 463. FIgat, potential may, but in the concessive sense of though it 
 may ; with the mens arcus in next line supply fiyet. 
 
 465. Observe the quantities in tua gloria nostra, and the consequent 
 case for each. 
 
 466. Eliso \ from e and lacdo, whence elide, elision, and many other 
 cognate English words ; having parted the air zvith the beating of his 
 
 467. Impiger, tvith siviftness of flight ; the adj. at the beginning cf 
 the line goes straight to constitit arcc, whither the winged god is flying. 
 
 469. Operum, effects; this duplicity of the arrows seems to be the 
 invention of Ovid. 
 
 473. Medullas (from medius\ the marrows ; i. e., the very heart of 
 Apollo. 
 
 474. Nomen &mantis , i. e., the very name of lover is hateful ; she 
 will not have it. 
 
 476. Exuvlis ; i. e., as a huntress ; a rival of Phoebe or Diana in 
 this, as well as in being innupta. 
 
 477. On sine lege, Haupt compares the expression, which occurs in 
 Ovid II. 413, vitta coercuerat neglecta alba capillos. 
 
 479. Mm drum avfti; Gr. 397, 3, Note 4; the pathless icoods. 
 
 480. II y men, or Hymcnacus, the god of marriage. The word, the 
 
6. DAPIINE. 153 
 
 Gr. vy.riv, was originally the name of the song at bridals ; hence Hymen 
 is made by the poets the son of Calliope. 
 
 483. Taedas jugales, bridal torches, by which the bride was brought 
 home on the wedding-day. 
 
 484. Ori; ace. of part; is suffused in face. 
 
 485. Patris, etc., and clinging to her father's neck with coaxing arms. 
 
 487. Pate>, i. e., Jupiter, the father of Diana; her father. 
 
 488. Istc, that grace of yours ; the poet, by a sudden turn, addresses 
 
 the maiden herself, as if she were present. Quod optas is the subject 
 
 of esse. 
 
 491. Sna, his own ; sua referring to ilium. 
 
 492. Adftlentnr. The Romans were wont to burn the stubble, in 
 order thereby to improve the soil. Adolcrc is often used of the burn- 
 ing of incense, but here in the general sense. 
 
 494. Jam sub lace, i. e., at daybreak. 
 
 498. Quid, etc. ; that is, how beautiful they must be, if they are 
 dressed, if so attractive now ? 
 
 499. Oscula, here in the literal sense of the diminutive of os ; lips ; 
 but seldom so used. Non — S&tis, is not enough ; he longs to kiss them. 
 
 501. MSdia — parte ; abl. after the compar. plus. 
 
 502. Observe the quantities, si qua and fugit, and consequently the 
 case of the one, and the tense of the other, word. 
 
 507. Quaeque, by apposition to the preceding nominatives ; but in 
 prose the order would be suos quacque ; why ? 
 
 513. A nn en ta, herds, as oxen; greges, flocks, as sheep ; " I am not an 
 unkempt (horridus) shepherd," / do not tend here herds and flocks. 
 
 516. Clarfts, in Ionia, where were a temple and oracle of Apollo; 
 
 hence the name Clarius deus. Teaetlos, an island in the Aegean, off 
 
 the coast of Troas, where also was a temple of Apollo. Patara, a city 
 
 in Lycia, was also celebrated for Apollo's worship. 
 
 517-524. Apollo proclaims himself the god of prophecy (per me — 
 patet), of music (concordant — ncrvis), of the bow (ccrta — fecit), and of 
 medicine (invenlum — artes). 
 
 518. Concordant expresses the harmonious accompaniment of the 
 song and the strings (nervos) of the instrument. 
 
 520. Y&f-uo, i. e., free hitherto from love. 
 
 523. Amftr, (my) love, as appears from the next line. 
 
 526. Camqne ipso verba, i. e., both himself and his words. 
 
 530. Sfcd fcnim. The sed belongs to sequitur in 1. 532, and cnim to 
 sustinet. But the god follows, etc., for he bears (it) no longer to lose, etc. 
 
154 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 532. Admisso passu* Admittere or immittere is often used with 
 habenas, to give (a horse) the rein ; and so figuratively here, with quick- 
 ened pace. 
 
 533. G alliens. The Gallic hounds were much valued for the chase. 
 
 535. Inhaesuro, in the dat., limits similis, like to; i. e., as if about to 
 
 fasten upon the hare. Jam janiquc expresses the creature's eagerness 
 
 of expectation. 
 
 536. Vestigia, here means the feet. Stringit, grazes, is close upon. 
 
 541. Tergdque — imnilnet, and is close upon the back. 
 
 547. I have followed Haupt in the reading, though most MSS. have 
 another line (546), thus : Qua nimium placui, tcllus, ait hisce, vel istam, 
 Quae facit ut laedar, mutando perde figuram. 
 
 548. Yix — fiiilta may be rendered like our nom. independent, her 
 prayer hardly finished ; and so occupat has its proper sense of being 
 beforehand with a person or thing. Before the prayer was fairly finished 
 the transformation begins. 
 
 551. The juxtaposition of the words velox, pigris, helps very much 
 the expression of contrast, the swift foot, and the dull roots. 
 
 552. R&manet, only the beauty of the maiden remains in the bright- 
 ness of the laurel-leaf. Haupt compares Ovid, 14, 720, nitida lauru. 
 
 556. Eefugit, etc., "It loves the shade, and so shuns the sun's 
 kisses." 
 
 560. Dncibus. The Roman general, when triumphing, was adorned 
 
 with the laurel. Triumphum, i. e., lo triumphc, as in Hor., 0. iv. 2, 
 
 49; also Ovid, Tristia, 4, 2, 51. The Triumphus was personified, and 
 thus addressed with the shout. 
 
 562. Postibus Angustis ; of the Palace of Augustus, on the Palatine, 
 on each side of which stood a laurel-tree. 
 
 565. Semper, i. e., as an evergreen. , 
 
 566. Paean $ f r. the Gr. Uaicav or Tlaidv, which was a name of Apollo ; 
 also of Aesculapius. In the Iliad it is the name of the physician of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 7. Phaethon. 
 
 I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 748. Huie 5 refers to lo, the story of whom had just been told by the 
 poet: how she was changed into a heifer, and was driven by the jealousy 
 of Juno over the earth ; how finally she ended her wanderings in Egypt, 
 where, together with her son Epaphus, she was worshiped. The Greeks 
 
7. PHAETHOK 155 
 
 identified Io and Epaphus with the Aegyptian Isis and Serapis. Tan- 
 dem 5 i. e., after all that had been suffered by his mother and himself, at 
 last. 
 
 750. Animis, the plural expresses the fullness of spirit, as we also 
 say, in good spirits ; here, in proud feelings. 
 
 752. SIM ; i. c, to him, as the son of Jupiter. Phocboqne. The 
 
 sun-god, in Gr. Helios, though by some Greek writers distinguished from 
 Apollo, yet is generally one and the same with him. 
 
 753. Inaxhldcs. Inachus, king of Argos, was the father of Io. 
 
 754. Imagine means here the notion, and falsi expresses the idea that 
 his descent from Phoebus is only an invention of his mother. So in ii. 
 37, falsa — sub imagine ; render, with tlw false notion of (Phoebus being) 
 your sire. 
 
 757. Hie ; the pronoun in the sense of " that one " points to a person 
 as one well known; and so~7, who am usually free of speech and impetu- 
 ous, was (in this case) silent. 
 
 761. Assfcre caelo ; in imitation of the Koman legal phrase asserere 
 in libcrtatem, to assert or maintain one's liberty ; so here, and vindicate 
 my heavenly descent. 
 
 763. Merops was the husband of Clymene. Taedas (see n. on 1. 
 
 483) stands here for the fortunate marriages of the sisters of Phaethou, 
 the Heliades. 
 
 761. Traderct \ the subj. in dependence upon oravit, with the omis- 
 sion of ut ; Gr. 493, 2. 
 
 765. Clymfenc, subject of porrexit, and the clause ambiguum, etc. 
 (with est omitted), is thrown in. Clymene, it is uncertain whether moved 
 the more by the entreaties, or, etc. 
 
 766. Dicti — criminis, at the charge uttered against her, i. c., that she 
 had made up the story of Phaethon's birth. 
 
 771. Neget, etc., deny me the sight of him, which is equivalent to de- 
 nying one the light of life, as appears from the next line. 
 
 774. Construe domus undc oritur, etc. The subject of oritur is pater, 
 to be supplied from the adj. palrios. 
 
 777. Coneipit — mente. Acthera, the upper air, or the heavens, the 
 abode of the gods. With concipile the meaning is that he conceives of, 
 has the thought of, the heavens in his mind as if he were there already ; 
 and, with the thought of the heavens in his mind, he passes his own Aethio- 
 pians, etc. 
 
156 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 II. 1-339. 
 
 2. Pyropo ; irvpooirSs, a mixture of gold and copper. 
 
 3* Cnjus, to be construed with fastigia and with cbur in the sense of 
 decorations sculptured in ivory. 
 
 5. Mulciber, an epithet of Vulcan ; derived, perhaps, from mulcere, 
 
 as the god of fire, qui aes mulcet. Hlic, i. e., on the valvae, which were 
 
 embossed, as described in the next following lines. 
 
 8. Habet, i. e., as represented by the artist. 
 
 9. Ambignnm, dubious ; Proteus was a sea-god, who had the power 
 of taking on various forms ; hence our word Protean. 
 
 10. Aegeona, called also Briareus, a fabulous sea-god, having an hun- 
 dred arms, and represented as borne on the backs of whales. 
 
 11. Doris was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and wife of the 
 sea-god Nereus ; their daughters (natas) were called hence Nereides. 
 
 12. Mole, meaning primarily any solid mass, may here be used of 
 the shore, or some huge rock in the sea. 
 
 13. Una, etc., they have not one and the same face, and yet not differ- 
 ent ; they have a family likeness. 
 
 18. Sign a, the signs of the Zodiac. 
 
 19. Clymgneia — proles ; so used of the mother, as his descent from 
 Phoebus was in question (dubitati). 
 
 26. Ilorae, here the Hours (not, as usual, the seasons), and subject to 
 the god of day (Dies). So also below, 118. All these — Dies, Mensis, 
 etc. — arc conceived by the poet as persons, and attendant upon the 
 sun-god. 
 
 28. Nulla, lightly clad, as expressive of the heat of summer. 
 
 29. UviSj in allusion to the vintage of the autumn season. 
 
 30. Canos— capillos ; for the ace, II. 378. 
 
 31. Incle, i. c., ex solio. Loco, abl. of specification with medius. 
 
 32. OcnliSj with those eyes. 
 37. Imagine $ see n. i. 754. 
 
 39. Animis — nostris, from my mind, nostris being used for meis, and 
 animi in the plural, because the uncertainty (errorem) touches all his 
 feelings and thoughts, his whole mind. 
 
 43. Veros — ortus, has declared your real origin ; for a similar reason 
 as 29, animis, ortus here in the plural, as his brother is thought of in 
 reference to his father, and also his mother ; and their ancestry also. 
 
 46. Palus ; the Styx, called palus because of the sluggishness of its 
 current ; so, also, in iv. 434, Styx — iners. For the long us in palus, Gr. 
 
7. PHAETHOK 157 
 
 581, IX. 1. Jnranda, by which the gods have to swear. The passive 
 
 juranda is used, as the accusative is sometimes used in the active, 
 instead of per with the ace. ; so below, 101, Stygias juravimus undas. 
 
 Incognita, because the sun's light does not reach the lower world. 
 
 0< ulis, figuratively of the sun's rays. 
 
 48. AHpednm. Also in Greek poetry and art, the steeds of the sun's 
 chariot are winged ; but Ovid uses alipedum only as poetic for swift-fooled, 
 So also below, 153, 159. 
 
 51. McjI — tua; Rash did my word (promise) become through yours 
 (your request). 
 
 53. Non — v 6 1 nut as \ what you will have is not safe. 
 
 54, 55. Et quae — convfcniant ; and of such sort as arc not suited, etc. ; 
 the relative =talia munera ut non, etc. ; Gr. 503, 1. Istis, those pow- 
 ers of yours. 
 
 57. Etiam, even. Snperis limits fas, and fas expresses what is 
 
 allowed by divine law ; right. 
 
 58. Placfcat, in the subjunctive depends upon licebit, with ut omitted; 
 Gr. 499, 2. 
 
 59. Axe, used here for curru. 
 
 62. Non agat, may not drive, with the force of the potential in the 
 subj. 
 
 63. Prima, the first of the way. Qua. with the subj. cnitantur, 
 
 as above, quae, 54. 
 
 65, 66. Mini ipsi limits yft, and videre is the subject of fit ; I, myself, 
 often become alarmed to see, etc. 
 
 68. Etiam, to be construed with Tcthys sold. TJicn, also, Tcthys her- 
 self is icont to fear. 
 
 70. Ycrtigine caelum. Vertigo, from vcrtcre. to turn, means a turn- 
 ing or whirl (hence our word vertigo). The heavens constantly revolv- 
 ing from west to cast, and carrying with them the fixed stars ; the sun, 
 with the planets, in the opposite direction ; hence below, of the sun, nitor 
 in adversum. 
 
 73. Rapido \ from the nearness here of rapitur caelum the primary 
 meaning of the adj. is more readily noticed. Orbi, i. e., of the heav- 
 ens ; the word limits contrarius. 
 
 74, 75. Finge — eurrns ; fancy the chariot given (to you). Rtttatis 
 
 — ptflis, the wheeling poles ; poli, taken for the heavens, as the extremities 
 of the axis of the heavens, in the same way as axis itself, ciius axis {the 
 swift-revolving axis). Nc seems to be herc=ita ut non. 
 
 76-78. Forsitan, etc. Perhaps you are expecting to see many fine 
 
158 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 things on your way, as groves and cities and shrines rich in gifts (donis 
 
 limits ditia) ; no, your way is beset with snares and perils. Ammo 
 
 limits concipias. For mas f era rum, the shapes of wild beasts ; referring, 
 
 in illustration of the dangers of the way, to the signs of the Zodiac, five 
 of which arc then mentioned, the Taurus, Sagittarius or Archer, Leo, 
 Scorpio, and Cancer. 
 
 80. The position of per, as parted from the noun which it governs, is 
 not unusual in poetry. 
 
 81. Haemdniosque anus; in allusion to the sign of Sagittarius or 
 the Archer, who was figured as a Centaur. The Centaurs lived in Thes- 
 saly, which was called also Haemonia, from a king Haemon, father of 
 Thessalus. 
 
 83. Scorpiftn, Greek ace. from the Gr. Scorpios. Aliter, in a differ- 
 ent direction. 
 
 84-86. Tibi limits in promptu, in readiness, which has here the force 
 of an adj. prompium, ready, easy ; nor for you is it easy to govern, etc. 
 Promptus, from promo, which is a compound of emo, and means, literally, 
 
 to bring out. Thus, prompius, brought out, prompt, easy. Ignlbus, 
 
 the abl. of cause, limits animosos. 
 
 89. Cave ; Gr. 581, IV. 3. The que in rcsque connects corrige with 
 cave. 
 
 91. Tlmendo, by fearing (for you). Posses ; the force of the Im- 
 perfect (in the subj.) with utinam ? See Gr. 483, 2. 
 
 101. Indus, for the ace. see n. above on 46. 
 
 101. Prfcmit, insists upon his purpose. 
 
 105. Qua lleuit, so far as he might ; limiting cunctatus. 
 
 107. Summae — rdtae, of the extremity of the wheel, its rim. 
 
 109. Juga, the yoke. Chrysdlithi, literally (from the Greek) gold 
 
 stone, topaz. Gemmae, and the (other) jewels, aliae being omitted. 
 
 110. Phoebo, figurative for sole ; by the refection of Sol threw back 
 bright lights. 
 
 111. Magnanimus, high-spirited. 
 
 113. Plena rosarum,/w# of rosy light. 
 
 114. Agin in a cogit ; chases the troops. 
 
 115. Ndvissimus ; last (of all) leaves his post in the heavens. 
 
 116. Quern, referring to Lucifer. Vidit agrees with a pronoun 
 
 which refers to Titan. On Titan see n. i. 10. 
 
 111. Extremae, loaning, in its last quarter. 
 
 118. On Horis see n. above on 26. 
 
 120. Ambroslae suco. They are the horses of a god, and so in a 
 
7. PHAETHOK 159 
 
 sense divine, and fed with a divine food. Ovid fancies the ambrosia as 
 a plant, and its juice as the food of the gods. So in Metam. iv. 215, 
 where also the poet is speaking of the horses of the sun ; Ambrosiam 
 pro gramine habcnt. 
 
 123. Patientia, able to bear ; with the gen. for which see Gr. 399, 
 ii. Rapidae, swift-consuming. 
 
 127. Fortius $ i. e., the bit* (loris) more than the spurs (stimulis). 
 
 128. Volentes, sc. properare. 
 
 129. Dircctos, etc., straight across the Jive zones. 
 
 130. Sectns, etc. The order of the words (and especially the word 
 itself obliquum) is in contrast with direcios, etc. Cut obliquely with a broad 
 bend is the path ; render, the path cuts obliquely with a wide curve. The 
 poet describes the sun's path, or the Ecliptic, as bounded by three zones, 
 the torrid zone and the two temperate zones. 
 
 132. Arcton, the constellation of the Bear, which is near the North 
 Tole. 
 
 133. Hae, sc. via. 
 
 133. Manifcsta 5 the poet fancies a plain path through the heavens, 
 marked by the track of the wheels. So also below, 167, trilum — spa- 
 tium. 
 
 135. Nec premc, neither drive too loiv, i. e.,near the horizon, nor force 
 the chariot upwards through the heights of the sky. Cursum is the object 
 of both verbs. On the expressions for the two extremes, and also the 
 safe mean, compare Horace, 0. ii. 10. 
 
 136, 137. Altius, too high; inferins, too low. The preposition in 
 egressus implies the getting out of the right track into one too high or 
 too low. 
 
 138, 139. Here, too, the extremes are to be shunned ; and now, of 
 too far to the right, and too far to the left, the former toward the Serpent, 
 which winds (torlum) through the heavens, between the Great and Little 
 Bear in the north (as in Metam. iii. 45, geminas qui separat Arctos), the 
 latter toward the Altar, which lies low (prcssani), near the South Pole. 
 
 141. Juvet, con s 11 la t, in the subj. depending upon oplo, ut being 
 
 omitted. Tibi. What is the difference in the meaning between the 
 
 dat. (tibi) with consulo, and the ace. ? 
 
 142. Hesperio litore ; tWepoy, Hesperus, vesper ; and so the evening, 
 
 western. Metae means primarily the cones of a fir-tree, and then the 
 
 three conical posts set up at either end of the spina of a race-course, 
 around which the chariots ran. Here the word (metas) is figurative for the 
 bounds of the course of the Night across the sky, at the extreme west, 
 
160: METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-7*9. II. 1-339. 
 
 the shore of the western ocean. Now that Night has run her course, the 
 Sunmws^ begin his (poscimur). 
 
 147. Dum belongs to adstas as well as to potcs. 
 
 149. Quae has lumina for its antecedent, and with species expresses 
 purpose. Sine, imperative. 
 
 150. Hie, referring to Phaethon. The chariot is light (levcm), as it 
 bears now only a youth's body, and not that of Phoebus. 
 
 153. The names, from the Greek, are all significant. Pyrois, irvp6eis, 
 the Fiery ; Eous, 'H$os (but the Roman poets, as here, shorten the first 
 syllable), the Early (of the dawn) ; Aethon, Afowv, the Burning ; Phlegon, 
 QXeyoov, the Flaming. 
 
 155. Repagula ; the barriers, the sun's course being thought of as a 
 race. Comp. in Hebrew poetry, as said of the sun, "And rejoiceth, as a 
 strong man, to run a race." Ps. xix. 5. 
 
 156. Tethys, the goddess of the ocean. Since the sun is seen arising 
 from the ocean in the morning, and sinking into it at evening, the poet 
 naturally represents Tethys as letting go the barriers (quae reppulit) for 
 the sun's free course (copia) over the world. 
 
 160. Practcrcunt, pass. The poet has still in mind the image of a 
 race. They are swifter than the winds, and leave them behind. 
 
 161. Levc, the emphatic place at the beginning gives the adj. the 
 
 stronger meaning of too light. Quod with the subj. posset is=tale ut 
 
 id ; and not such as the horses of the Sun could recognize, i. c., as their 
 usual weight. Gr. £03, i. 
 
 163. Jnstc — pondcrc, regular weight, in the same sense as Justus h 
 used with triumphus and cxercitus. 
 
 165. Dat — saltus, gives leaps, =salit, leaps. Oncrc, abl. with 
 
 vacuus by Gr. 414, hi. 
 
 168. Quo prins $ the antecedent is ordine ; as before. 
 
 169, 170. The qua — flectat depends upon scit, as well as qua sit iter. 
 
 Nee — illis, nor if he knew, could he master them. We should expect 
 
 the imperfect sciret — imperarct ; but the poet, cither because of the pre- 
 ceding present tenses, or because he chooses to represent the scire as 
 possible, uses the present. 
 
 171. Trioncs 5 see n. i. G4. 
 
 172. Yetito ; because the constellation of the Wagon or the Wain 
 (the septem trioncs, the seven stars in the Great Bear) is always above 
 the horizon. 
 
 173. Glaciali, icy, nsjunctam — Arcton, in 1. 132, for the North Pole. 
 Serpens, same as Anguis, in 1. 138, where see note. 
 
7. PHAETHON. 161 
 
 17G. Boote. Bootes, Gr. fSodorris, the ox-driver, the constellation 
 just behind the Wagon. He is called tardus, from his slow and late set- 
 ting. This constellation is also called Arctophylax, when the Wagon is 
 thought of as the Bear. 
 
 179. Penitns penitnsqne, deep and yet deeper ; like Milton's " In the 
 depths a lower deep." 
 
 181. Per tan turn lumen, in the midst of so much light darkness arose 
 before his eyes ; " dark with excess of light." 
 
 182. Mallet. Comp. n. on nollet, i. 438. 
 
 184. Merdpis, sc. filius. Merops was the husband of Clymenc. Phac- 
 thon would now gladly claim an humbler birth. 
 
 185. Finns, for navis, as the ships were so often made of pine. 
 
 Yicta, i. e., by the storm on sea. 
 
 186. Frcna — rector. The expressions arc transferred from a chariot 
 to a ship, from driving to sailing. 
 
 187. Quid — faciat; what is he to do? a rhetorical question. See 
 Gr. 486, II. 
 
 189. Fatum — est, for him it is not fated. What is the primary 
 meaning of fari, and how is it connected in meaning with our word 
 fate i 
 
 192. Nee noniina; not knowing their names, he can not call to them. 
 
 193. Yario ; used in reference to the many stars and constellations ; 
 the spangled heavens. For miracula, and in the next line simulacra f era- 
 rum, see n. on 78. 
 
 195. Conc&vat; an unusual word for curvat ; curves his claws into 
 tivo bows. 
 
 197. Dnornm 5 according to the earlier view, which Ovid follows, the 
 Scorpion filled the space of two twelfths of the Zodiac ; but later his 
 claws were fashioned into the sign of the Libra. 
 
 198. Sndore venenij veneni, because from the Scorpion; sudor c, on 
 account of the heat ; he sweats poison. 
 
 199. Cnrvatii enspide, the curved (pointed) siing, at the end of the 
 Scorpion's tail. 
 
 202. Exspatiantur, stray from the track, from ex and spaiium, whence 
 our word expatiate. 
 
 204. Hac corresponds to qua, with via understood. Sine lege, law- 
 lessly. 
 
 207. Spatio, in a track ; the abl. with the omission of in, as often in 
 poetry. 
 
 208. Suis, abl. with comparative inferius ; lower down than her own. 
 
162 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 Fraternos, i. e., of the Sun, as Artemis or Diana and her brother 
 
 Apollo were synonymous with Luna and Sol. 
 
 210. Quaeque subject of est understood ; but ut — altissima may be 
 rendered according to its height. The usual construction would require 
 ita maxime with corripitur. 
 
 211. Agit rimas; an expression not uncommon with Ovid; so in 
 Metam. x. 512, Arbor agit rimas; but in iv. 65, the noun is used with 
 duco ; it splits and gets cracks in it. 
 
 213. Suo damno, to its own damage. 
 
 214. Parva, i. c., the things he has already mentioned arc small mat- 
 ters for complaint ; but he goes on to say that great cities and entire races 
 are consumed. 
 
 217. In the enumeration which here follows, alike of mountains and 
 rivers, the poet seems to follow no particular order, but only illustrates 
 the universal conflagration. Aihos, in Macedonia ; Tmolus, in Lydia ; 
 Oete, in Thessaly. 
 
 218, 219. Ide (or Ida) in Phrygia, Helicon in Boeotia, and Hacmos in 
 Thrace. 
 
 221. Eryx, in Sicily, Cynthus, on the island of Delos, and Olhrys, in 
 Thessaly, as also (below) Ossa, Pindus, and Olympus. 
 
 222. Rhoddpe, in Thrace, and Mimas, in Ionia. 
 
 223. 224. Dindyma, also Dindymus, in Phrygia, Mycale, in Ionia ; 
 Cithacron, in Boeotia, was the seat of the worship of Bacchus (nalus ad 
 sacra) ; Caucasus (with ardet) illustrates the allusion to the cold climate 
 of Scythia. 
 
 226. Appenninus in the spondaic line makes a fitting rhythmic end- 
 ing to the long catalogue of names. 
 
 230. Ore trahit, inhales. 
 
 233. Eat, sit, subjunctives of indirect question, in dependence upon 
 ncscit. 
 
 235. Tunc limits vocato. Credunt has an indefinite subject under- 
 stood, as in English, they believe. In corpora snmma, i. e., to the 
 
 surface; the belief was, that from the blood thus drawn to the sur- 
 face and becoming black from the heat the people got their dark com- 
 plexion. 
 
 237. As in 1. 123 rapidae Jlammae meant the swift-consuming fame, 
 so here raptis umoribus, the swift-consumed moisture. 
 
 238-240. Nymphae — deflevere, the nymphs with disheveled hair be- 
 wailed the loss of the springs and lakes. Passis from pando. Dirce, 
 a fountain near Thebes ; Amymdne } a fountain and river flowing into 
 
T. PIIAETHON. 163 
 
 Lake Lcrna, in Argolis (Argos) ; and Pirune in Corinth, the old name of 
 which was Ephyre. 
 
 242. Tanais, the Don. This river and the other rivers here are per- 
 sonified as river-gods. Hence mediis in undis. 
 
 243. Peneos, which rises on Pindus in Thessaly ; a river which forms 
 
 the valley of Tempo. Caicns, in Mysia, in the district of Teuthrania 
 
 ( Teuthranteus\ which got its name from a mythical king, Teuthras. 
 
 244. Ismenos, near Thebes in Boeotia. Erymanthns, in Arcadia, 
 
 and the epithet comes from the city of Phegia, by which it flows. Ob- 
 serve the hiatus in the fifth foot, the o in Phegiaco being preserved from 
 elision ; this is common with Ovid in using Greek words. 
 
 245. Xanthos, or Scamander, the famous Trojan river. Itcrum, be- 
 cause Ilomer, in II. 21, 342, represents it as set on fire by order of Juno. 
 Lyeormas, in Aetolia. 
 
 246. Maeandros, in Phrygia. The syllabic re in recurvatis expresses 
 the many-winding course of the river ; whence our word meander. 
 
 247. Mclas, in Thrace, from /zeAas, the black river. The Mygdones 
 
 were emigrants from Thrace into Phrygia. Taenariiis, from Tacnarus, 
 
 the southern promontory of Laconia ; and so the Eurotas is here called 
 Taenarian instead of Laconian. The us in Taenarius is long, because 
 from the Gr. word which ends long. Gr. 581, IX. 3. The line is spon- 
 daic. 
 
 249. Thermodon, in Pontus ; Ganges, the well-known river of India. 
 Phasis, in Colchis, and Histcr (so better spelled than Ister),the modern 
 Danube. 
 
 250. Alpheos, in Elis. Sperchftfdgs, from the river Spcrcheos, in 
 
 Thessaly ; for the short quantity es, Gr. 581, VI. 3. 
 
 252, 253. Maeonia was the old name for Lydia, the home of the 
 river Cayster. Celebrdrant, here in the primary sense of celebro, which 
 has in it the idea of great numbers, and so of filling a place with any- 
 thing ; had filled ivith their song ; so in Lucretius, i. 4. 
 
 The word volucrcs refers to the swans, which so early as Homer's time 
 (in Iliad, 2, 461) gave celebrity to the banks of the Cayster. 
 
 255. Adhnc latet. It is a playful fancy of the poet, that the Nile 
 hides its head (caput for the head-waters of the river) from terror; but 
 the fact of the sources of the Nile being unknown is one that is often 
 mentioned by ancient writers. The discovery of these sources was re- 
 served for these modern days. 
 
 257. Ismarfos, from Ismarus, a mountain in Thrace. Supply amnes 
 from the next line. 
 
164: METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339. 
 
 25 8. HespMosque, literally of the evening (vespers), and so western ; 
 
 and here in relation to Greece, the rivers of the West. Thybrin, the 
 
 Grecian, and also the poetic, form for Tiberim. 
 
 261. Regem, i. e., Pluto with Proserpine. Terret, the light (lumen) 
 
 terrifies, as something never before seen in the lower world. 
 
 262. The subject of est is id, which is to be supplied as the antece- 
 dent of quod. 
 
 261. Augent. The mountains which arise form new islands, thus 
 increasing the number of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. For the short 
 final syllable in Cycladas see Gr. 581, V. 2. 
 
 265. Cnrvi describes the curve of their backs, as they just project 
 above the surface of the water. 
 
 267. Resupina, stretched out on their backs upon the surface of the 
 deep, as is the habit of seals. 
 
 269. Doridaque, etc. Sec n. above, 1. 11. 
 
 272-274. lit erat circnmdata, surrounded, as she was ; in accordance 
 with the ancient idea that the earth was encompassed by the sea. 
 
 276. Opposuitque, etc. ; to shield her eyes from the heat. 
 
 277. Infra qnam. Infra has in it a comparative sense, lower than, a 
 use of the word not unknown in prose. liutfuit, following esse, seems to 
 be a very tame expression for Ovid to use. 
 
 278. Sicca is well applied to voce, because when the throat is dry we 
 notice it directly in the voice. But Merkel has the reading sacra. 
 
 270. Si placet hoc, if this is your pleasure. 
 
 280. Periturae, sc. mihi ; let me, if destined to perish by the forces of 
 fire, perish by your fire. 
 
 281. Clademque — Ifcvarc ; as if the thought that Jove himself were 
 the author of her destruction would be an alleviation ; and to lighten my 
 calamity by the thought (of thee) as its author. 
 
 282. Vix, etc. ; scarcely indeed for these very words do I open my 
 
 mouth; so also in i. 181, ora — solvit. The preposition in expresses 
 
 purpose. 
 
 283. Prcsserat, the heat had closed her mouth. 
 
 285. Fructus, figurative for praemia; such rewards as these, such 
 thanks (honorem) as this do you give in return (refers) for my fruitfulncss, 
 and for the service I render ? 
 
 288. Alimcnta is in apposition to fruges. 
 
 290. Fac in the sense of put the case, suppose. With nndac sup- 
 ply from the next line mcruerunt. 
 
 291. Frater \ Neptune, Jupiter's brother. Sortc ; in allusion to 
 
7. PHAETHON. 165 
 
 the myth, that after the fall of Saturn, his three sons, Jupiter, Neptune, 
 and Pluto, drew lots for their respective shares in their father's dominion, 
 and to Neptune fell, as his share, the sea. 
 
 293. M$& is used objectively, as if mci (gen.); if you are touched by 
 good-will neither towards your brother nor towards me. 
 
 294. it, yet at least. Utrnmque, sc. polum. 
 
 296. Atlas ; the poet follows the ancient fancy of Atlas, the son 
 of the Titan Iapetus, supporting the arch of the heavens upon his 
 shoulders. 
 
 300. Rernm — snmmae, i. e.,for the ivelfare of the world. 
 
 301. Haec ; it is implied that she had spoken only these things, and no 
 more, for, etc., neque enim, etc. 
 
 303. Rettulit — in se. The poet, departing from the personifica- 
 tion of tcllus, mingles here the plain with the figurative. Manibus ; 
 
 if the word were manibus, with the first syllable short, what would 
 be the meaning ? Compare the meaning of this line with that in L 
 139. 
 
 301. Ipsnm, i. e., Phoebus. 
 
 308. Interitura, sc. esse, depends upon testatus. 
 
 311. Libratum, etc. The image is that of poising a spear or other 
 weapon before hurling it {librare) ; and dextra — ab aure, because in such 
 poising the uplifted hand would of course be on the right and near the 
 ear. So Vergil, ix. 417, summa telum librabat ab aure, where the spear 
 was poised from the tip of the ear. 
 
 313. Expulit. By the figure called zeugma the verb is made to 
 do double duty, first with rotis, to which alone it properly applies, 
 and then with anima ; we should expect with anima such a word as 
 privavit. 
 
 318. Vestigia, the fragments, which are traces that once they belonged 
 to a chariot ; so sometimes vestigia urbis, of a ruined city. 
 
 322. Pot ait is used in an aoristic sense, as not unfrequcntly of things 
 which are wont to take place. 
 
 323. Divcrso ; in the western world, far off from the original home 
 of Phaethon. 
 
 324. Eridaans, a mythical river, mentioned by Ilesiod, and also by 
 Herodotus, the latter placing it in the extreme west of Europe, and de- 
 scribing it as a river where amber was found. Aeschylus and Euripides 
 also have it in their tragedies, connecting it sometimes with the Rhone, 
 and sometimes with the Po. Famantiaque — ora. 
 
 326. Corpora ; used instead of the singular. 
 
166 METAMORPHOSES, II. 340-360. 
 
 328. Excidit. The word is skillfully chosen to express both his fall 
 and his failure ; and magnis tamen comes in with like skill ; yet great ivas 
 the venture i?i which he failed. 
 
 329. Nam, etc., as a reason for the father's not doing this last office 
 to his son. 
 
 331. In urn, etc., that one day went without the sun. 
 333. Quaecnmqne — dicenda, the prayers and other services usual at 
 a burial. 
 
 335. Sinus, ace. of the part, with laniata. Sinus primarily means 
 the folds of the dress. Such tearing of the dress, also of the hair, is 
 often mentioned as a token of grief. Percensuit, wandered over. 
 
 336. Artus, the limbs ; here put for the body. 
 
 33T. Peregrina. The being buried in a foreign land is mentioned as 
 an aggravation of the misfortune. 
 
 8. The IIeliades. 
 II. 340-360. 
 
 341. Muncra, in apposition to lacrimas. Pectora, ace. of the part. 
 
 343. Adsternimtur, used in a middle or reflexive sense ; throw them- 
 selves upon his tomb. 
 
 346. PhaetMsa ; the name of Phaethon's sister, the Shining bright. 
 A similar name of another sister in 349, Lampetie, from X&inreiv, the 
 Flaming. Other poets mention other sisters, in number (in all) some- 
 times five, sometimes seven. 
 
 351. Baec, subject of dolet in the next line. 
 
 352. Fieri, are becoming, are turning into. 
 
 356. Msi limits eat ; except to go, etc. Hnc makes the antecedent 
 
 to quo. 
 
 363. Cortex — yenit. Ere she has said the last words, the bark closes 
 her mouth. 
 
 364. Stillata, the fact, well known to the ancients, that amber was 
 an exudation from trees, undoubtedly gave rise to this fancy of Ovid's. 
 Comp. Tacitus, Germania, c. 45. 
 
 365. Lucidus amnis, the Eriddnus. See n. above, 324. 
 
 366. Gcstanda, to wear, i. e., in the form of ornaments. Nnrns, 
 
 often used in poetry, as here, for young women. 
 
9. CYCNUS. GRIEF OF PHOEBUS. 167 
 
 9. Cycnus. Grief op Phoebus. 
 
 II. 367-400. 
 
 367. Monstro, used of anything unusual in nature, and here of the 
 
 strange transformation , which has just been described. Stheneleia, 
 
 the offspring of Sthcnelus ; related, as mentioned in next line, to Clymcne 
 {materno). 
 
 369. Propior, yet nearer in mind (by friendship), i. e., than in blood. 
 
 370. The Ligures inhabited that part of the Italian coast which now 
 comprises Nice, the southern part of Piedmont, Genoa, and the western 
 parts of Parma and Piacenza. 
 
 372. Sororibns, i. e., of Phaethon, who, now turned to poplar-trees, 
 made the forest larger. 
 
 373. Viro, dat. limiting est tcnuata ; Gr. 384, 4, Note 2. This is a 
 regular Latin construction, as the dative expresses the relation to viro 
 of the verb's action. 
 
 375. Junctnra, i. e., of skin. 
 
 376. T$net OS, holds the place of the mouth ; rostrum is, of course, the 
 subject. 
 
 377. Joviquc seems to be added in its original sense of Juppitcr, as 
 the father of day or of light (Dics-pitcr). The root is div (brightness, 
 bright light), also djav — djov — djuv ; and thus (D)jov-is, Jup-patcr, Jup- 
 piter. So Dics-piter=Di(v)es-(old gen.) pSter. 
 
 380. Quae colat; subjunctive of purpose, to dwell in, chooses the 
 rivers — for his dwelling. 
 
 381. Sqnalidus ; from the custom of the Romans to wear squalid 
 dress as a token of grief, squalidus comes to mean in mourning. The 
 word is here transferred from human relations to divine. 
 
 382. Deficit orbem, when he fails, i. e., when he withdraws himself 
 from — the icorld, as in an eclipse. 
 
 385. Satis limits irrcquieta, and aevi limits principiis. 
 
 387. Mini with actorum as dat. of the agent. 
 
 388. Qnilibet alter, let another ^ whoever you please. 
 
 390. Ipse, let himself ; the supremacy of Jove making the mention 
 
 of the name unnecessary. It saltern — ponat, that at least he may lay 
 
 aside ; i. o, that while thus occupied he may give over the sending of 
 thunderbolts that bereave fathers of their sons. 
 
 400. Objeetat ; and reproaches them with the death of his son, literally, 
 casts at— as illis limits both verbs in the line. Imputat, imputes, charges 
 it to them. 
 
168 METAMOEPHOSES, II. 760-796. 
 
 10. The House op Envy. 
 II. 760-796. 
 
 760, Haupt mentions the personification of Envy by the Greek poet 
 Callimachus, in his Hymn to Apollo. But in this passage the conception 
 of Envy and her house is original with Ovid. 
 
 761. Petit agrees with a pronoun referring to Minerva. Hnjus 
 
 limits clomus. 
 
 761. The subjunctives in the line with quae, which has the force of 
 talis ut ea ; of such sort that it, etc., Gr. 503, I. 
 
 765. Belli, with mctuenda, a poetic genitive, which, however, some- 
 times occurs also in Tacitus. Gr. 399, III. Virago. See n. vi. 130 ; 
 
 but here the word is used in a good sense ; heroine. 
 
 767. Extrema cnsplde, with the point of her spear. 
 
 769. Alimenta ; her own poisonous nature is fed by this poisonous 
 food. 
 
 770. Yisaque, ablative ; from the sight of her. 
 
 771. Pigre, used adverbially ; slowly. 
 
 771. Ingemuit, etc. ; from envy at the superiority of the goddess. 
 
 776. Acies ; with the negative nusquam = obliquus (as below, 787, 
 obliquo lumine; and as in Horace, Epp. i, 14, 37, obliquo oculo ; and 
 Verg. Aen. xi, 337, Invidia obliqua. Acies (acer, ak), sharpness (edge), 
 and then sharp vision. Envy always looks askance. 
 
 778. Nisi quern, except {that) ivhich. 
 
 780. Ingratos, etc., unwelcome (to her) ; and pines at seeing them. 
 
 781. Carpit; carps (at others), and (in so doing) wears herself away. 
 So Thomson (Seasons, Spring, 283) : " Base envy withers at another's joy." 
 
 782. Odfcrat agrees with a pronoun referring to Tritoriia ; quamvis 
 qualifies oderat, and tamen qualifies adfata est. The goddess has the epi- 
 thet from the brook Triton in Boeotia, near which she was worshiped. 
 A. later myth connects it with the Libyan river Triton. 
 
 786. Reppulit ; the goddess bounds upward in her flight, as behind 
 her she strikes her spear into the ground. 
 
 788. Successurmn governs Minervae, dative ; that it is to succeed or 
 go well for Minerva ; that Minerva is to succeed, i. e., in her plan against 
 Aglauros. 
 
 791. Arccm \ the citadel or Acropolis of Athens for the city itsslf ; as 
 so often Arx is used for Capitolium, and for Roma. For Tritonida, see 
 n. above, line 782. 
 
11. CADMUS AND THE DRAGON'S TEETH. 169 
 
 T95. Ingcniis, with men of genius. The poet transfers back to the 
 mythic days the historic glories of Athens. 
 
 796. A striking passage, in illustration of an envious nature. She 
 can scarce help weeping at the sight of prosperity. 
 
 11. Cadmus and the Dragon's Teeth. 
 III. 14-137. 
 
 14. Vix bene 5 see above, n. ii. 47. Castalio — antro, the cave at 
 
 Delphi, where was the shrine of Apollo ; called Castalian, from the neigh- 
 boring stream of Castalia, in the waters of which all who came to consult 
 the oracle had first to bathe. Cadmus had asked the oracle where and 
 how he was to find his sister Europa, who had been carried away by 
 Jupiter. The oracle directs him to Boeotia, where he finds and slays the 
 dragon of Mars. 
 
 17. Subsfcqirftnr, follows close. Legit is used in the same sense as 
 carpit ; tracks her steps ; and prcsso — gradu expresses the slow pace with 
 which he follows. 
 
 19. Cephisi; see n. i. 369. Panopc, a town on the Cephisus. 
 
 21. Impiilit auras, shook the air. 
 
 25. Figit, imp'ints kisses. 
 
 27. Libandas, here used simply in the sense of drawing water ; to 
 fetch waters to be drawn, which they were to draw from the living springs. 
 
 30. Lapidum compagibns, by the joinings of its stones, i. e., by its 
 stones, xchich were compactly fastened together. They thus formed a low 
 arch. 
 
 31. Fecnndus agrees with specus. Species represents the place simply 
 as a cavity in the ground ; but antrum adds the idea of a place to live in, 
 like our word grotto. 
 
 32. Martins, so called because fable made the creature the offspring 
 of Mars. Cristis et auro, by hendiadys for golden scales. 
 
 35. Qaem, to be construed with lucum. Tyria — profeeti, a circum- 
 locution for Tyrians, those who came of Tyrian descent. 
 
 43. Media plus parte = plus quam parte, more than by the half, more 
 than half Gr. 417, 1, note 2. For the abl., Gr. 423. 
 
 44. Tanto corpore, abl. of characteristic. So also quanto, sc. corpore. 
 For the antecedent of qui, in next line, supply ille serpens. The poet 
 makes a comparison between the size of this dragon and that of the con- 
 stellation of the Anguis, ivhich lies between the Two Bears, the Greater and 
 the Lesser. 
 
 9 
 
170 METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137. 
 
 46. Nee mora, sc. est ; and = sine mora. 
 
 49. Adflati — Yeneni may be rendered of its poisonous breath. 
 
 50. Sol altissimus, the sun at high noon. 
 
 52. Tegumen — erat ? he had for his covering. 
 
 56. Spatiosi corporis $ gen. of characteristic, § 396, IV. Render huge- 
 bodied. 
 
 59. Moliirem, from mola, a mill, means first a stone for a mill, and 
 then, as here, a stone as big as a millstone. 
 
 61. Wins, i. e., molaris. Ardiia celsis. Here may be observed the 
 
 difference in meaning of these two adjectives, arduus, high in the sense 
 of steep and difficult of access ; celsus (excelsus) (from cell-, the stem of 
 cello) high, in the sense of being thrust up, and so of something that is 
 prominent. Is cum in this line a preposition or conjunction? 
 
 63. Loricae, in gen. limiting modo, after the manner of a shield, as 
 ivith a shield. 
 
 66. Lentae means here pliant. 
 
 70. Idqac refers to the hostile, and is the object of labefccit. Hostile, 
 from hasta, is the shaft of the spear. 
 
 71. Vix — eripait, with difficult!/ got it out of his bach Fcrrum ta« 
 
 Eicn, yet the iron point, etc. With great exertion the creature loosened 
 the spear, yet the point stuck fast in his bones. 
 
 76. Yitiatas really expresses the result of inficit, and co is to be sup- 
 plied as antecedent to ywe=ita inficit ut eo vitientur ; render, infects the 
 air with the poisonous breath which, etc. 
 
 78. Cingitar has a reflexive sense, encircles itself in the folds (spiris). 
 
 78. Exstat; the preposition expresses his standing out from the 
 ground. 
 
 79. Impete, an old abl. form from the obsolete impes ; has the same 
 meaning as the common form impetu. Impciis (gen.) also occurs. 
 
 81. Spollo, i. e., the lion's hide, which serves Cadmus as a shield. 
 
 83. Praetenta (from tendo), stretched out in front of him. Farit, 
 
 etc. The dragon seeks, but to no purpose {inania), to bite the hard 
 iron ; the sharp point, fastening in his jaws, brings out the poisonous 
 blood. 
 
 87, 88. Se retrahebat, retreated. Dabat retro, drew back. Sc- 
 
 dere, to sit, to sink deep ; an unusual construction of the infinitive with 
 arcere; but it is=non sinebat, and by retiring prevented the blow from 
 sinking deep. 
 
 90, 91. Donee, etc. Until the son of Agenor hurled his spear into his 
 throat, and following him up close (usque) pressed him hard. Dam, 
 
11. CADMUS AND THE DRAGON'S TEETII. 171 
 
 until ; following donee, and having the same meaning, dum is rather care- 
 lessly used by the poet. Ennti, sc. ei, referring to serpens. 
 
 92. Robftrc $ this word, which means strength, as in 1. 94, is applied, 
 as here, to the quercus, because of the strength of the trunk of the oak, 
 
 93. Imae, the end of the tail, because the dragon is hanging from the 
 tree. 
 
 94. The tree is represented as groaning at the strength of its trunk 
 (sua robora) being lashed by the end of the serpcnVs tail. The object of 
 gemuit is the expression flagellari robora. 
 
 98. Et tu 5 you also, an allusion to the fabled transformation of Cad- 
 mus to a serpent. To this Milton alludes : " Never since of serpent-kind 
 lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed Hermione and Cadmus." Para- 
 dise Lost, ix. 505. 
 
 100. Rigcbant, stood on end. 
 
 102. Motaeque — ierrae ; translate the motae as a verb ; and bids 
 him turn up the soil, and to plant in it the teeth of the viper. 
 
 105. Jnssos — dentes, the teeth which he was ordered to sow. Semina, 
 
 by apposition to dentes. ' 
 
 108. Fide majns, by apposition to glaebac — mover i ; a thing beyond 
 
 10T. Primaqne is followed by mox — mox, in the next two lines. The 
 sharp points of the spears make the sharp edge or line, acies, that first 
 appears above the soil. The root of acies is ak, which means sharpness. 
 Thus it comes to be used for battle-line, and then for battle, and for army 
 in battle-line. 
 
 108. Cono. Conus, whence our word cone, means first a fir-cone, then 
 the cone-like top of the helmet, and then, as here, the crest of horse-hair 
 which waved from it. It was painted, colored (picto), as in Yerg. Aen. 
 9, 50, crista rubra. 
 
 111. Tollnntnr. In the ancient theatres the curtain (aulaea) was 
 fastened to a roller below the stage, and so was raised at the closing of 
 a play. 
 
 112. Signa, the figures on the curtain, which are wont first to show 
 the face, and then the rest by degrees. 
 
 114. Ponunt; the subject is still signa. lino in margine, at the 
 
 lowest border. 
 
 117. Civilibns — bellis, our civil wars ; the men were brothers, as it 
 were, having sprung from the same sowing. 
 
 120. Lcto deiieiat. Here is an instance of the original meaning 
 of do, dere, to place, to put, as distinct from do, dare, to give ; thus it 
 
172 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166. 
 
 means, with leto, the same as our expression, to put to death ; had put to 
 death. 
 
 121. Exspirat, in its literal meaning of breathe out ; auras=animam ; 
 modo, just now, as the men had just come into life. 
 
 122. SuOj their own, in distinction from any other than themselves. 
 _Mwfe=pugna, in their fight with one another. 
 
 123. Subiti, who had suddenly sprung into being. 
 
 124. Brevis — sortita 5 spatium is the object of sortita ; but, as the 
 English idiom is different, render, to whom was allotted only a brief space 
 of life. 
 
 126. Quinque supcrstitibus, abl. absolute. 
 
 12?. Tritonidis ; see n. ii. 783. 
 
 129. Sidonian is the same as Phoenician, as Sidon was a chief town 
 of Phoenicia, and Agenor was the Phoenician king. 
 
 132. Sftefcri. Harmonia or Hcrmione, the wife of Cadmus, was the 
 fabled daughter of Mars and Venus. 
 
 135. Hos refers to nepotes ; i. c., Cadmus lived to see his grandchil- 
 dren quite grown up. 
 
 136, 137. The sentiment of these lines, that no man may be pro- 
 nounced happy till his whole course of life is run, is ascribed to Solon by 
 Herodotus, i, 32. It occurs also in a fine passage in Sophocles, the last 
 words of the Oedipus Tyrannus, which describe the end of the ill-fated 
 Oedipus. The sentiment finds its significance here in the disasters which 
 afterward befell Cadmus and his race. 
 
 12. Pyramds and Thisbe. 
 
 IV. 55-166. 
 
 Read Shakespeare's version of this story in his " Midsummer Night's 
 Dream," Act V. 
 
 58. Coctilibns muris, with ivalls of burnt brick; coctilibus from 
 coquo. IJrbem, Babylon. 
 
 59. JVotitiam, acquaintance. Gradns, sc. amoris, steps of love. 
 
 60. Taedae 5 see n. i. 483. As taeda is equivalent to tacda jugalis, a 
 marriage torch, the poet will say : they ivould have been duly joined in 
 marriage, but — 
 
 61. The antecedent of quod is the following line. 
 
 62. Captis, as in English, taken with a person ; they iccre taken with 
 one another in equally ardent love. 
 
 65. Olim; we may see here the original force of this word. It is 
 
12. PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 173 
 
 archaic for the locative of illc, and=illo tempore; olim cum, at that 
 (former) time, when it zoas made (or making). At the time the wall was 
 made, it had got split in some way, and there was a little crack still in it. 
 See note on ii. 211. 
 
 69. Et fecistis, and made it a passage for the voice. Iliad refers to 
 
 iter ; and safe through that were wont to pass in slightest whisper (your) 
 caressing words. 
 
 74. Quantum erat, what great thing would it have been for you to let 
 us, etc. In Latin the indie, imp. is used where we should have expected 
 the subjunctive pluperfect. Sineres with ut is the subj. of result. 
 
 75. With pater es, ut is to be supplied from ut sineres. Vel is felt here 
 in its full force, as coming from vellc—or if you would ; and so coming 
 to mean at least. 
 
 78. Diversa, agreeing with sede. 
 
 79. Parti, i. e., of the wall. 
 
 80. ]Von — contra, that did not reach through to the other side. 
 
 84, 85. Ut — temptent ; used here in the primary sense, to try, like 
 our word attempt ; to attempt. Fallere, to escape the notice of. 
 
 87. Neve ; the negative ne belongs only to sit errandum ; and, that 
 they may not have to go wrong (so as to miss one another) while walking 
 (spatiantibus), etc. With what does spatiantibus agree, and in what con- 
 struction ? 
 
 88. Ninus was the husband of Semiramis. Busta, primarily the place 
 where a corpse was burned, here means the tomb. As Shakespeare has it, 
 " To meet at Ninus 1 tomb, there, there, to woo." 
 
 92. Aquis (praccipitatur) ; dative =in oceanum. 
 
 93. Vcrsato — cardine ; here the same as having opened the door, as 
 the door in opening and shutting turns on its hinges. 
 
 95. Pervenit — sedit 5 a change from present to perfect. 
 
 97. Oblita, from oblino, not oblita (see below, iv. 677), from obli- 
 viscor. What is the construction of rictus? 
 
 101. Fugit — reliquit; again a change of tense. 
 
 103, 104. Redit — laniavit 5 here, too, a change of tense. Bum in 
 prose, also, is joined with the present, even when the principal verb is in 
 the past tense. Sine ipsa 5 i. e., Thisbe ; without their (owner) herself. 
 
 110. Nostra^, in opposition to ilia (Thisbe), and refers to Pyramus. 
 
 111. Jussi — venires ; unusual, for jussi tc venire. See H. 535, II. 
 note, and 499, 2. 
 
 115. Optarc neccm, to long for death; i. e., not to be willing to put 
 one's self to death. 
 
174: METAMOEPHOSES, IV. 563-003. 
 
 117. Notac agrees with vesti ; and, having shed tears over (he well- 
 knoivn garment, kissed it. 
 
 118. Accipe, etc. ; drink now my blood also. 
 121 • Hnmo is a poetical construction for humi. 
 122. Fistula means here a icater-pipe. 
 
 124. Eijacnlatur, in its proper sense, as derived from jacio. How is 
 our word ejaculate derived from it ? 
 
 131 5 132. Utquc — sic, though — yet. She recognizes the form of the 
 tree, but is perplexed by the color of the fruit. 
 
 131. BnxOj etc. ; in allusion to the yellowish pale color of the box- 
 tree. The same simile occurs in xi. 417. 
 
 138. ladignos ; cs immeritos, innocent. Claro 5 clear, means here 
 
 loud. 
 
 139. Comas, accusative; II. 378. 
 
 141. Vultifous ; here, and 144, vultus, why the plural? 
 
 146. Visaque — ilia. Observe the quantity ; at the sight of her closed 
 them again. 
 
 148. E»ar 5 by metonymy for the scabbard, which was made of ivory. 
 
 153. Sola agrees with morte ; and the subject of poteris is the ante- 
 cedent of qui. 
 
 155. Mens, vocative; but if parens had been expressed, the form 
 would have been mi. Parcntes, i. e., the patres. 
 
 15T. Noa invideatiSj sc. mihi, or nobis, the direct object being com- 
 poni ; the two words make one thought — not grudge, i. e., grant ; hence 
 ut non, instead of ne, after rogali. 
 
 159. Unius; for the quantity of the penult, Gr. § 577, 3. 
 
 160. Pnllos; pullatus is the common expression for "in mourning.' , 
 Sec below, line 105, ater. 
 
 164. Tamen ; sad as was the fate of these lovers, yet, etc. 
 166. Urna. The ashes of the departed were collected in an urn after 
 the body had been burned. 
 
 13. Cadmus and Hermione. 
 IV. 563-003. 
 
 Cadmus and Hermione depart from Thebes to Illyria, and there are 
 changed into serpents. 
 
 563. Natam — nepotcm ; i. e., Ino and her son Melicertes. As Ino, in 
 madness, threw herself and her son into the sea, they were said to have 
 become sea-deities; Ino as Leucothee, and Melicertes as Palaemon. 
 
14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 175 
 
 564. Malornm ; the deaths of his grandsons, Actaeon and Penthcus, 
 and of his daughters, Autonoe, Agave, Semele, and Ino. 
 
 566. Locornm ; he ascribes his misfortunes to the place, not to him- 
 self (sua, in line 56V). 
 
 572. Fnerat, pluperfect, because the slaying of the dragon had pre- 
 ceded the sowing of the dragon's teeth. 
 
 574. Si — certii ira. Ovid makes him pray, that if the gods arc to 
 avenge the dragon by an anger so sure in its punishment, he may himself 
 be changed to a serpent, that thus the miseries which pursue him may 
 come to an end. 
 
 575, 576. Serpens, appositive to ipse ; as a serpent. So, also, in the 
 next line serpens is appositive to the subject of tenditur. 
 
 590. Nada agrees with what, and why ? 
 
 596. Sinns, folds or bosom of a dress; and then, as perhaps here, 
 used for the bosom itself. 
 
 600. Juncto voluniine, i. e., together, or by the side of one another. 
 603. Qttidque , the que connects meminere with lacdunt. 
 
 14. Andromeda's Release. 
 IV. 663-752. 
 
 663. Hippdtades, Aeolus, the mythical son or grandson of Hippotes. 
 
 666. Parte — pedes, i. e., loth his feet. Telo — unco, a crooked, 
 
 sickle-shaped sword, which had been given him by Mercury, called below, 
 121,falcato ense. Accingitur is reflexive: girds himself with, girds on. 
 
 667. Talaribas, the winged sandals, also the gift of Mercury. 
 
 669. Cephcaqne — arva, the fields of Cephcus ; he was king of Aethi- 
 opia. 
 
 670. Linguae. Cassiope had boasted that her daughter Andromeda 
 surpassed the Nereids in beauty. 
 
 671. Pocnas ; the penalty of her mother's rash speech was the expos- 
 ure of Andromeda to the sea-monster, sent up by Neptune to ravage the 
 
 land. Amnion, the Libyan oracle, had given Ccpheus the cruel response, 
 
 that the land could be delivered only by his giving up his daughter as a 
 prey to the monster. 
 
 672. Braceliia, ace. of part with reUgatam. 
 
 673. -Abaut hides. Perseus was the son of Danae, the daughter of 
 Acrisius, and Acrisius was the son of Abas. 
 
 675. Tr&hit inscius ignes, without knowing it, (he) it on fire with love. 
 678. Istis — catenis, of those chains of yours. 
 
176 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 663-752. 
 
 685. Instanti, sc. ei, referring to Perseus. Sua is emphatic ; it was 
 
 not faults of her own, but her mother's, that had to be told. 
 
 686. Yideretur, imperfect and in dependence upon indicat ; but in- 
 dicat is historic present. Gr. 495, II. 
 
 687. Maternae in sense belongs to fiducia ; her mother's confidence in 
 her (i. e., Andromeda's) beauty. 
 
 695. Lacrimarnm — est. Observe the emphatic place of lacrimarum ; 
 for tears a long time will possibly await you ; for bearing aid, etc. 
 
 697. Si peterem, if I were to woo her ; but with that he is not content, 
 but he will win her by desert {addere meritum, 701, 702). Observe, too, 
 the emphatic pronoun ego ; if I, Perseus, the son of Jove, etc. ; then he 
 would be preferred to all others ; but he will do more. 
 
 698. Clansam — auro. Acrisius had shut up his daughter Danae in a 
 brazen chamber, as he had been told by oracle that he would be slain by 
 the son of his daughter ; but Jupiter gained access to her chamber in the 
 form of a golden shower. Comp. Horace (on the power of gold), 0. iii. 
 16, 7, 8. 
 
 699. Gorgftnis • Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, who was slain by 
 Perseus, as related by Ovid in this book, 770 seqq. Her locks of hair had 
 been turned by Minerva into snakes. 
 
 702. Dotibus. Dos, primarily dowry, used, as here, for endowments, 
 gifts. 
 
 703. Mca — mca. With what does the first agree ? 
 706. Rostro, in the abl. limits sulcat. 
 
 709, 710. Quantum — caeli. Caeli limits quantum as a partitive gen- 
 itive ; the meaning is, that he was as far off from the rocks as a Balearic 
 
 sling's throw. PI umbo, the bullet of lead, hurled by the sling. The 
 
 people of the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean were famous stingers. 
 
 715. Pracbentem Pliocbo; as Phocbo= soli, the whole means in Eng- 
 lish sunning. 
 
 716. Aversum, sc. eum, referring to draconem, " comes down upon him 
 from behind. 11 
 
 718. Per inane, through the void, i. e., the air, as inane is used for aer. 
 
 719. Frfcmentis, sc. ejus, referring to draconem. 
 
 720. In at' hides 5 Perseus was descended from Inachus, an ancient 
 king of Argos. 
 
 725. Patet, sc. ea, referring to fera; wherever it is exposed. Tcrga 
 
 is the object of verberat, and conchis in the abl. limits obsita ; and super 
 is used adverbially. 
 
 727. Deslnit in pisccm 5 as in Horace, A. P., 4, desinat in piscem. 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 177 
 
 730. Ansus ; he did not venture longer to trust his sandals, as they 
 soaked in the water and the blood. 
 
 732. The rock stands out from the waters when they are quiet {stanti- 
 bus), and is covered by it when they are in motion (opcrilur — moto). 
 
 733. Sinistra, sc. manu. 
 
 734. Exegit — ferrunij drove his sword through his vitals with repeated 
 
 736t Impleyerc $ plural because cum plausu clamor = plausus ct 
 clamor. 
 
 739. Pretiumque ct — laboris, at once the price (prize) and the cause 
 of his labor. 
 
 741. Anguifemm $ see n. above, on 1. 699. 
 
 742. Natasqne — yirgas, sea-plants. 
 
 743. PhorcynWos ; from Phorcynis (gen. idos), as the Medusa was 
 the fabled daughter of Phorcys or Phorcus, Homer's old man of the sea, 
 in Od. i. 72. 
 
 744. ReecilS, fresh-plucked, and hence the pith still full of tap (bibuld 
 — medulla). 
 
 745. Vim rapuit monstri. Rapuit is a strong word, expressing the 
 suddenness of the change, straightway took into itself the power of the 
 monster. It may be noticed here that, as the Medusa's head was said ta 
 turn to stone whatever person looked upon it, Ovid represents what- 
 ever thing (as here virga) that the head looked upon as undergoing the 
 change. 
 
 747. Temptant, i. e., by bringing them in sight of the Medusa's head. 
 
 749» Illis refers to virgis ; and repeatedly throw out over the waves the 
 seeds of these. The poet seems to be trying to explain the continuance of 
 the corals, as though the sea-nymphs get continually new plants by sow- 
 ing the seeds. 
 
 750. Eadem is explained by the next two lines ; the same, that they 
 take on hardness from contact with the air. But this theory of the hard- 
 ening of coral from contact with the air is hardly more scientific than the 
 myth of its formation by the look of the Medusa's head. 
 
 15. Proserpine. 
 
 V. 338-571. 
 
 338. Immissos, flowing. The ivy {hedera), conceived as the source of 
 inspiration, is constantly used of poets and poetry. So in Vcrg. Eel. vii. 
 25, hedera crescentcm ornate poctam. Also Eel. viii. 13 ; and in Hor. Od. 
 
178 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 i. 1, 29. Thus here Calliope is represented as having gatlicrcd up with ivy 
 her flowing hair. 
 
 343. Dfcdit — leges $ so by Vergil Ceres is called legifera (Aen. iv. 
 58), because agriculture, which Ceres promoted, leads to a well-ordered 
 life, to the origin of property and legislation. 
 
 346. The Muse begins with the fate of Typhoeus, because the song of 
 the Picrides, which she is answering, had celebrated him as the terror of 
 the gods. 
 
 347. Trinacris $ the Greek name of Sicily, from its having three 
 promontories, which are named in lines 350, 351. The giant is conceived 
 as imprisoned under the island, and his struggles produce the volcanic 
 action of Aetna ; see lines 352-355. 
 
 356. Silentum 5 gen. plural ; of the silent {dead). 
 361. Ambibat$ the old form of ambiebat ; Gr. 240, 1. 
 
 363. Erycina, the goddess of Eryx ; Yenus, so called from Eryx in 
 Sicily, where she was worshiped. 
 
 364. Natnm — volucrem \ i. e., Cupido or Amor, her winged son. 
 
 365. Arma 5 etc. So Verg. Aen. i. 664 : Nate, meae vires, mea magna 
 potentia solus ; because it is through his hand and arms that Venus ex- 
 erts her power. 
 
 368. Triplicis; see n. on ii, 291. 
 
 371. Ccssant, hold back, i. e., from submission to your power . 
 
 372. Agitur, is at stake ; i. e., whether you are to win or lose it. 
 
 377. Easdem \ i. e., the same as Pallas and Diana ; viz., to continue 
 ever virgin goddesses. 
 
 378. Pro socio regno, for the sake of our common dominion. 
 
 Ea 5 by attraction to gratia, instead of ejus (rei) ; if you have any regard 
 for that, i. e., for our common dominion. 
 
 379. Patruo, her uncle, i. e., Pluto, as Proserpine was the daughter 
 of Jupiter, Pluto's brother. 
 
 382. Audiat, for ob-audiat or obediat, more obedient to the bow; the 
 arrow is personified, as though it heard and obeyed ; the verb is in the 
 subj. expressing result. 
 
 385. Ilennaeis, of Henna or Enna, in Sicily. 
 
 387. Cycnornm 5 the Cayster, in Lydia, was famous for its swans ; see 
 n. on ii. 253. 
 
 389. Ut Te!o 5 as with a veil ; in allusion to the awning spread over 
 the theatres (which had no roof) to protect the spectators from the sun 
 and rain. 
 
 395. The verse marks well, in its rhythm, the rapidity of the ac- 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 179 
 
 tion it describes ; Ovid reminds us here of Caesar's words, Veni, vidi, 
 vici. 
 
 398. Laniarat. The act expresses her terror and grief. 
 
 404, Obscura — fcrruglnc ; as above, 1. 360, the horses were dark, 
 atri, so the reins (as everything in the infernal regions) have a dusky 
 hue. 
 
 406. Palicorum ; the Pallci were thought to be sons of Jupiter and 
 Thalia. Their name was given to the city of Palica, not far from Enna, 
 and also to the lake, here referred to, in which were boiling sulphurous 
 springs. 
 
 407. Bacchiadae, the descendants of the Heracleid Bacchis, a race of 
 rulers in Corinth, who afterwards settled Syracuse in Sicily. 
 
 409. Cyanes — Arethusac, gen. for the more common construction in- 
 ter Cyanem et — Arethusam. The last syllable of Pisaeae is preserved 
 from elision before the initial vowel of the following word. Cyane and 
 Arethusa are here described as nymphs of the fountains which bear their 
 names, the former on the western, the latter on the eastern side of the 
 great harbor (aequor) of Syracuse. The Cyane springs from a marsh 
 and flows into the Anapus, and this flows into the harbor. On the east of 
 the harbor is the peninsula Ortygia, on which was the fountain of Are- 
 thusa. Arethusa is here called Pisaean, from Pisa in Elis, as it was a 
 poetic fancy that the nymph Arethusa was pursued by the river-god Al- 
 pheus from Elis to Sicily ; or that the Alpheus, after having flowed into 
 the Ionian Sea, re-appeared in Sicily as the fountain Arethusa. Shelley's 
 poem, " Arethusa," should be read in comparison with Ovid. 
 
 413. Summa — alvo, as high as the waist. 
 
 416. So Vergil, Georg. iv. 476, si parva licet componcre magnis. 
 
 417. Anapis ; the usual form is of the o-decl. Anapus. 
 
 420. Saturnius, the Saturnian, name of Pluto, as son of Saturn. 
 
 421. la gurgitis inia, poetic for In gurgitem imum, into the depths of 
 the lake. 
 
 422. Contortam — condidit, swung — and plunged — his scepter, etc. ; in 
 English we thus use two verbs, where the Latin has a participle and a 
 verb. 
 
 429. Extcnnatar ; a strong expression for the nymph's pining away 
 and being absorbed into the stream, as is described in the next following 
 lines. What is the primary meaning of extenuatur ? 
 
 431. De tota, sc. ilia, of the whole of her ; i. c., of her icholc body. 
 
 439. Profundo, for mari, in every sea. 
 
 440. Illaaij i. e., Cererem. Preserve the Latin order in translating. 
 
180 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571. 
 
 Her, not Aurora, as she comes, etc. Fdis, because she is thought of as 
 
 coming up out of the sea. 
 
 441. Duabns 5 thus holding one of the pine torches (pinus) in each 
 hand. 
 
 444. Alma 5 in poetry the gender of dies, as here, is often feminine 
 when the word has its ordinary meaning ; but in prose, only when it 
 means an indefinite period. 
 
 450. Dulce, used as a substantive, a sweet drink. 
 
 453. Parte, the half. 
 
 454. Mixta, agrees with polenta, and is to be joined with cum liquido. 
 
 455. Quae — gessitj and what just now he carried as arms, he carries as 
 legs. 
 
 458. Parva — laccrta, than a small lizard. 
 
 461. Stellatns, i. e., the stcllio (as if from stella), the spotted lizard. 
 463. Quacrenti, etc. ; i. e., in her search she wanted another world ; 
 this world she had searched through and through. 
 
 465. Mutata, as described above, 429 seqq. 
 
 466. Volenti, sc. ei, depending upon aderant. 
 
 468. Notam, agrees with zonam. Parcnti, i. e., to Ceres. 
 
 470. Persfcphtines 5 the poet here chooses the Greek name for Proser- 
 pina, perhaps because the latter was less easy in verse. 
 
 473. Repetita, though a participle and agreeing with pectora, may bo 
 translated repeatedly. 
 
 478. Parfli, in dat. agreeing with leto. Parilis is poetic for par. 
 
 480. Fallere depositnm 5 the full and more common expression would 
 be, fallere eum qui deposuit, sc. semina. The seed put in the ground is 
 something intrusted to it, like a deposit in a bank ; thus the words may 
 be rendered, " to betray their trust." Hanson and Rolfe. 
 
 481. Tcrrac, i. e., Sicily, well known for the fruitfulness of its soil. 
 
 482. Falsa follows up fallere, and so is a better reading than cassa ; 
 lies there betrayed. 
 
 484. Sideraque ; the que is lengthened by the arsis. Volacres — 
 
 legunt ; as in the parable of the sower, " the fowls of the air came and 
 devoured them up " ; and volucrcs means radically the same as the Saxon 
 word foivls. 
 
 485. Lftlimn triMlique, the tares and the thorm. Gramen in the 
 
 next line is also one of the subjects of fatigant. 
 
 487. Alpheias 5 this patronymic is given to Arethusa, from the fan- 
 cied relation to the river-god Alpheus. See n. on 409. 
 
 491. Tlbi, dat. limiting fidae ; terrae, dat. limiting irascere. 
 
15. PROSERPINE. 181 
 
 492. Meruit, here in a bad sense, no ill-desert 
 494. Pisa ; see n. on Pisacac, 4.09. 
 
 499. Yfcnietj etc. ; there shall come a seasonable time for my narrative 
 (about this), when, etc, 
 
 504. Liibor, not labor, and so is the verb, not the noun. Wltilc I was 
 gliding. The pres. with dum, as a kind of historical present, occurs also 
 in prose, especially in Livy. 
 
 505. Visa taaj etc. Your Proserpine was seen there by these eyes of 
 mine. 
 
 507. Sed — tamen follows up Ilia quidem. She was indeed sad — but 
 yet queen. So also with the following sed, and sed tamen. 
 
 509. Ceu — saxca, as if turned to stone, petrified. Then the following 
 altonitae has here its full meaning from tono ; was for a long time like one 
 thunderstruck. 
 
 512. Nubila ; an adj.; lowering. In the next line invidiosa, full of 
 hale. 
 
 517. Illius, for her. Nostro, i. e., non Junonis ; because she zcas 
 
 born of me. 
 
 519. Si repfcrire, etc. If you call it finding, to lose with the more cer- 
 tainty. 
 
 521. Praedonc — non est; these words, and especially praedone ma- 
 rito, follow closely reddat ; and then the pronouns tua and mea are em- 
 phatic. The sense is : my daughter does not deserve to have a robber 
 for her husband, and, of course, yours does not. 
 
 523. Excepit, took up her words, i. c., immediately answered her thus. 
 
 525. Injuria is the predicate, as well as amor ; this act is not a wrong, 
 it is love. 
 
 528. Quid, quod, as usual, introduces here something stronger than 
 what has been said before. He has just said, even tliough the other things 
 be wanting ; but now he says, the other things are not wanting. What 
 (say you to this), that the other things are not wanting, nor does he give 
 way to me, except by lot. Jupiter will persuade the mother that it is a 
 pre-eminently good match for her daughter. 
 
 531. Lege — certii, on the fixed condition. 
 
 532. Foedere. Foedus, as a thing fixed by agreement, is here used 
 in the sense of a law. 
 
 534. Jejuni a — solvcrat, had broken her fast. 
 
 535. Dum — crrat. See n. on dum — labor, 504. Of these cultivated 
 gardens (cultis—hortis) in the lower world, Haupt quietly remarks, that 
 they seem to be a discovery of Ovid's. 
 
182 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145. 
 
 536. Poeniceum — pomnm, purple-red fruit, i. e., a pomegranate. The 
 
 color gives the name Punica to the kind of fruit to which it belongs. 
 
 Curva, bent, i. e., under the weight of the fruit. 
 
 540. Avernales ; from Avernus, which is used for the waters of the 
 lower world, and then, as here, for the lower world itself. It is supposed 
 to be the same as the Gr. "Aopvos, without birds, as the name was applied 
 to places whose poisonous air was fatal to birds, and especially to the 
 lacus Avernus in Campania, which Vergil, Aen. vi. 237, represents as the 
 entrance to the lower world. 
 
 541. Achfcronte, name of a river, and then of a river-god in Hades. 
 The word is Gr. 'Axepav, the stream of woe, or as Milton describes it in 
 a passage in Paradise Lost, B. ii. 5*79, " Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black 
 and deep." See the passage for like descriptions of the Styx, Cocytus, 
 Phlegethon, and Lethe. 
 
 544. Avem 5 the bird was the owl, in Latin, bubo, as below, 550. 
 
 546. SiM ablatns, i. e., robbed of his former self. 
 
 552. Ach$loides, daughters of Achelous (an Aetolian river-god) and 
 the Muse Melpomene, the Sirenes. The fable was that these were the 
 companions of Proserpine, when she was carried away by Pluto. In 
 seeking her all in vain, they wished they might have wings, and there- 
 after they had, with the faces and voices of maidens, the plumage and 
 wings and feet of birds, as described in succeeding lines. 
 
 555. Doctae, skilled (in song). 
 
 557. Curam, careful search. 
 
 559. Faciles, compliant. 
 
 563. Remansit, agrees with vox, the nearer noun ; and the verb in plu- 
 ral understood with the other nom. vultus. 
 
 564. Mcdins, mediating between his brother, etc. 
 
 565. Volventem — annum, the rolling year ; as in Thomson's line in 
 his *' Seasons," " The rolling year is full of Thee." 
 
 566. Duoranij i. e., the upper world, and the lower. 
 
 16. Araciine, or the Spider's Web. 
 VI. 1-145. 
 
 1. Tritonia 5 a name of Pallas, from Triton, a stream in Boeotia, the 
 fabled place of her birth. Some writers take the name from Tritonis, a 
 lake in Africa, and for a similar reason. 
 
 2. Aonidnm 5 the Muses were so named from the Boeotian hill Heli- 
 con. Aonia was a district in Boeotia: sec n. i. 313. 
 
16. ARACHNE, OR THE SPIDER'S WEB. 183 
 
 3. Laudarc ; she had praised the Muses, but that was too little (pa- 
 rum) ; her own merits (ipsae) needed to be vindicated against the preten- 
 sions of Arachne. 
 
 5. Maeftniae. See n. ii. 253. 
 
 6. Sibi. Pallas was conceived as the inventress of weaving and cm- 
 broidery. 
 
 9. Murfce ; the murex was a shell-fish from which an extract was 
 gotten for a purple dye ; it was taken at different places, here at Pho- 
 caea, a town of Ionia, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 11. Aequa, i. e., in origin and rank. Ilia, i. e., Arachne. 
 
 12. Studio, by diligence in her art. 
 
 13. Hypaepis. Hypaepa (neuter) was a town in Lydia. 
 
 15. Timoli. Timolus or Tmolus was a mountain in Lydia, famous for 
 its vineyards. The river Pactolus had its rise on one of the heights of 
 Tmolus. 
 
 18. Cam ficrent, when they were making. They took delight in watch- 
 ing the weaving through all its processes, as Arachne handled all with 
 such grace {decor). The poet's own touch of description in the succeed- 
 ing lines may well yield an equal delight. 
 
 19. Rndem ; as we say, in its raw state. The orbes arc the balls of 
 wool, made ready for the colus, distaff. 
 
 20-23. Here the poet briefly alludes to the drawing out with the fin- 
 gers (digltis subigebai) of the fibres of wool from the distaff, then the soft- 
 ening them and making them finer by the fingers or the carding-comb 
 (repetitaque — tractu), then the twisting them into threads by the spindle 
 (I8vi—fusum), and finally the embroidering of the fabric with the needle 
 (pingebat acu). 
 
 20. Snbigebat is more special than tractabat would be : plied the work. 
 
 21. YellSra, the flocks ofioool. By nebulas aequantia he compares the 
 flocks with clouds, as we say in English, the fleecy clouds ; they vied with 
 such fleecy clouds in softness and fineness. 
 
 22. Tferetem — fasnm, twirled the smootlwcorn spindle. The distaff, 
 loaded with the wool,, was held with the left hand, and then the fibres 
 were drawn down with the right to the spindle, which was set twirling 
 with the thumb and finger, and so twisted the fibres into a thread. See 
 the illustration in Smith's " Dictionary of Antiquities/' under Fusus. 
 
 24. Tan til que ; she took it as an offense that she was thought a pupil 
 of Pallas, and yet Pallas was so great a teacher in the art. 
 
 29. Quae fugiamus, for us to shun ; the subj. expresses purpose. 
 
 Csus means experience. 
 
184 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145. 
 
 31* Maxima $ in translation to be taken with inter mortales. 
 
 34. Toryis, sc. oculis, as is clear from aspicit. 
 
 36* Obscuram refers to the disguise of the goddess. 
 
 38. Istas — voces, those words of yours. 
 
 41. Profecisse, that you have gained anything. Eadem, i. e., the 
 
 same that I had before you gave your advice. 
 45. Nurus ? used here in the sense of puellae. 
 
 53. Consistunt. The earliest looms were upright ones, and so the 
 posture was a standing one. Thus in iv. 275, stands telae. 
 
 54. Telas 5 tela, contracted from tex-la (from texo), means first the 
 web itself ; then, as in 55, the warp, and, in this sense, hardly differing 
 from stamen, from stare ; then, as here, the loom. 
 
 55-58. The jugum (literally yoke, as it joined the two uprights of 
 the loom) was the beam from which hung the warp (tela in this line), and 
 substantially the same as stamen, the fibres being thought of as standing, 
 or as the material for weaving. The harundo, the reed, is a rod which 
 separates (sccernit) the threads of the warp, passing in and out, before 
 and behind each alternate thread, thus separating the whole into two 
 parcels, and forming a passage for the shuttle, radius, 56. The sublemen 
 is the ivoof, the threads of which are passed in by the shuttle, and then 
 driven home by the pecten, or comb, the teeth of which, insccti — denies, in- 
 serted between the threads of the warp, drive the woof-threads close to- 
 gether. Properly it is the pecten which is insectus, but here the teeth arc 
 said to be cut into the comb. 
 
 60. Studio — laborcm, their interest beguiling the toil. 
 
 61. Tyrium — aenum, the Tyrian vat, as the best purple dye was made 
 at Tyre. The purpura here expresses the wool, which has thus felt the 
 Tyrian dye, and is now wrought into the woof of the texture. The dye 
 was yielded by a fish called murex. See note, vi. 9. 
 
 62. Tenues — umbrae 5 the fine shades of the colors, their difference so 
 slight, suggest the simile of the rainbow. 
 
 63. Solibus 5 when the sun's rays are struck by the rain-drops (ab im- 
 bre percussis). 
 
 66. Transitus, the transition from one color to another. Fallit, 
 
 escapes the notice of. 
 
 67. Usque, etc. ; so is (that), which touches, the same ; every color is 
 so like the one next it ; yet the remotest, the first and the last, are quite 
 unlike. 
 
 68. Lentum, flexible. Immittitur, is let in. 
 
 69. Tela here means all that has been woven, the web. See above, 
 
16. ARACHNE, OR TIIE SPIDER'S WEB. 185 
 
 n. 1. 54. Argamentuni, as of a poem, is here the subject of the 
 
 work. 
 
 70. Scopuluin Mavortis, the hill of Mars, or the Areopagus, which was 
 near the Acropolis of Athens ; though the poet rather loosely says in arce. 
 
 71. Litem. The contention was between Neptune and Pallas, which 
 was to give a name to the city when it was built. The agreement was 
 that whichever should make the more useful present to mankind should 
 be the victor in the contest. While Neptune created the horse, Pallas 
 created the olive, and won the prize. 
 
 72. Bis sex 5 the twelve celestial gods, or Dii Superni ; as given in 
 two verses from Ennius (quoted by Haupt), Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, 
 Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, JovP (Jovis = Juppiter), Neptunus, Vul- 
 canus, Apollo. 
 
 74. Inscribit, makes the inscription ; the face so perfectly wrought 
 into the texture, that no name needs to be inscribed. 
 77. Ferum, sc. equum. See n. 71. 
 
 79. Acglde, the famous aegis, having on it the Medusa's head, origi- 
 nally forged by Vulcan for Jove (Homer, II. 15, 310), and afterward worn 
 as a coat of mail by Pallas. 
 
 80. Simiilat, represents. 
 
 82. Victoria, here put for that which won the victory (see n. on 71), 
 the olive ; compare below 1. 101. 
 
 84, Ausis. As a lesson to Arachne, the goddess weaves into the four 
 corners of the work illustrations of presumptuous mortals who ventured 
 (like Arachne) to compare themselves with the gods. 
 
 86. Distincta, set off. The sigilla, diminutive of signa, are little pic- 
 tures. 
 
 89. Nomina. Rhodope and Haemon, sister and brother, were wont 
 to call one another Zeus and Hera, Jupiter and Juno ; afterwards changed, 
 as the poets fabled, into mountains. 
 
 90. Pygmacae. It is a story as old as Homer (II. 3, 5) that the Pyg- 
 mies (Uvyixatoty irvyfi^, Tom Thumbs) and the cranes were at war with 
 one another. Ovid here touches a story of a Pygmaean woman, Gerana 
 (the Gr. for crane), or Oenoe, as sometimes called, who for presumption 
 was changed by Juno into a crane, and also made an enemy to the Pyg- 
 mies (mis — populis). Juvenal has a passage on these ancient Liliputians 
 in Satire xiii. 167-170. 
 
 93. Antigdnen ; daughter of Laomedon, who in conceit of her long 
 flowing hair compared herself with Juno, and was turned by the goddess 
 into a stork (eiconia). 
 
186 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312. 
 
 98. Clnyran. The daughters of Cinyras, an Assyrian king, were 
 turned into the steps of a temple of Juno. 
 
 101. Pacalibus ; peaceful, as the olive was a symbol of peace. 
 
 103. In this line, and the following ones to 114, the poet describes 
 the subjects of Arachne's work. They all illustrated, in dishonor of the 
 gods, transformations, by means of which Europa, Asterie, Leda, and 
 others were abducted by Zeus. 
 
 111. Nycteida, Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of Boeotia. 
 
 Gemino — fetu ; i. e., Amphlon and Zethus. 
 
 112. Amphitryon was king of Tirynth ; and Tirynthia refers to Alk- 
 mena, his wife. 
 
 113. Asoplda ; Aegina, the daughter of the river-god Asopus. 
 
 114. Deoida $ Persephone, the daughter of Ayd, a name for Demeter. 
 
 129. Carpere, carp at 
 
 130. Virago \ from vir, used of Pallas, from her masculine appear- 
 ance and qualities. Here Minerva's feeling of resentment, and its results 
 in action in the next line, seems to make a transition to the bad sense of 
 the word in the English, virago. 
 
 131. Crimina. The excellence of the work seemed to criminate, or 
 cast a reproach upon the goddess. 
 
 132. CytorIaci 9 from Cytorus, in Paphlagonia, which abounded in box- 
 trees ; the radii, shuttles, were made of box-wood. 
 
 137. Ne sis secura, i. c., to keep her anxious about the future ; oth- 
 erwise there might be a hope of being changed back again. 
 
 138. Dicta — generi ; the penalty was to act upon her posterity just 
 the same as upon herself. The poet uses 7icpotibus, as he is thinking of 
 the transformation from a human being. 
 
 139. Hecateidos, of Hecate, because with the ancients she was the 
 mistress of all magical charms and spells. ,So also Shakspeare, in " Mac- 
 beth," makes Hecate preside over the witch-scenes. 
 
 145. Telas. See n. on telas, 54. Antiquas and rcmittil are playfully 
 used, as the aranca now spins and weaves, even as before Arachne. 
 
 IV. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge. 
 VI. 146-312. 
 
 147. Rumor, i. e., of the fate of Arachne. 
 
 148. Illam refers to Arachne. Thalamos is here=nuptias. 
 
 149. Maeoniam 5 the Homeric name for Lydia and Phrygia. Si- 
 
 pylum 5 the name of a hill and town in Phrygia. 
 
17. NIOBE, OR LATONA'S REVENGE. 187 
 
 150. Popiilaris, her countrywoman, as they both lived in Phrygia. 
 
 152. Sed cnim. The sed qualifies the idea contained in multa dabant 
 animus, i. e., but nothing gave her such proud feelings (animos) as her 
 children ; the cnim qualifies sic placucrc, etc. ; for neither her husband's 
 
 arts, nor the race — and the poiccr — pleased her so much, etc. ArtCS 
 
 refers to Amphion' s skill in music and song. 
 
 153. Genus ambornm. Amphion and Tantalus were both sons of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 156. Si — fuissetj if she had not seemed such to herself ; in allusion to 
 her pride. The sentence reminds one of Tacitus's words concerning Gal- 
 ba : omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperassct, Hist. i. 49. 
 
 157. Manto was a famous prophetess. The word is Greek, from fxav- 
 T€i>€(T&ai, vaticinari. 
 
 159. Ismenides, for Thebaides, from Ismenus, a river near Thebes. 
 
 160. Duolms, her two children, Phoebus and Artemis, or Apollo and 
 Diana. 
 
 161. Lanro $ because the laurel was sacred to Phoebus. 
 
 165. Celebcnima carries the idea of great numbers; encompassed 
 with a crowd of attendants. 
 
 166. Vestiims, dat., limiting intexto. 
 
 167. Movcnsquc — capillos, in expression of haughty anger; and shak- 
 ing, together with her head, her hair, which flowed down on either shoiddcr. 
 
 169. Alta, to be translated adverbially, loftily. 
 
 170. Anditos — visis 5 the gods were only heard of, but others, as her- 
 self, seen. 
 
 173. Mcnsas ; the story was, that Tantalus was a guest at the table 
 of the gods. 
 
 174. Gfcnfctrix 5 Dionc, one of the Hy&des, who, with the Pleiades, 
 were daughters of Atlas. 
 
 176. Sticero; see n. above, onl. 152. 
 
 177. Regia Cadnii, i. e., the arx or citadel of Thebes, of which Cad- 
 mus was the founder; see below, 1. 217, Cadmeida arcem. Of the city 
 itself Amphion was the reputed founder. 
 
 178. $Qmm\§§ii=exstructa, built up. It was fabled that the walls of 
 Thebes rose up under the magic influence of Amphlotfs song and lyre. 
 
 182. Septem, Homer, II. 24, 603 seqq., puts the number at six. 
 
 185. Ncscitt quoquc=:et nescio quo ; and quo agrees with Coco. JSTcscio 
 quis, literally, I know not who, is used contemptuously for an obscure, 
 unknown person. 
 
 186, 187. Maxima — cxiguam 5 great as it was, the earth refused her a 
 
188 METAMORPHOSES, YI. 146-312. 
 
 small place. Juno, in her jealousy of Latona, bound every spot on earth 
 by an oath, not to give Latona a place for the delivery of her children ; 
 but Neptune provided her a place on the island of Delos. 
 
 101. InstaMlem. The island had before floated about in the Ae- 
 gean, but it was now made stationary. 
 
 195. Possit. The cui=ut mihi, greater than that Fortune can hurt 
 me ; i. e., too great for Fortune to hurt. See Gr. 503, II. 3. 
 
 196. Ut is concessive ; though she may take away. Gr. 515, III. 
 198. Hnic — popnlo ; a proud expression for her family, as though 
 
 they made a people, this people of mine, in comparison with the two chil- 
 dren of Latona. Populo is in the dati/e, by Gr. 385, 4. 
 
 200. Qua refers to turbam ; as though with only two children she 
 was hardly better than with none at all, orba. 
 
 201. Infectis properate sacris. This reading I prefer, with Siebelis, 
 to the many conjectural readings adopted instead of the MSS. reading, 
 ite satis propere sacris. Merkel reads, ite, satis pro prole sacri est, and 
 Haupt, ite, satis, propere ite, sacri est. Infectis agrees well with infecta 
 in the next line, and ponite with deponunt. 
 
 203. Quodque licet ; their worship is silent, as that alone is allowed 
 them {licet) by their queen. 
 
 204. Cynthi ; Cynthus, a mountain in Delos, where Apollo and Diana 
 were worshiped. 
 
 206. Animosa expresses her maternal pride ; proud of having borne you. 
 
 208. An dea sim, in allusion to Niobc's words in lines 1^0, 171. 
 An, as used here in a simple question, is poetic, and so is dubitor instead 
 of dubitatur. 
 
 212. Quod — reeddat, may it fall bach upon herself ; i. e., that she 
 calls me childless (o?*bam). 
 
 213. Patcrnam, like her father's, Tantalus. 
 
 215. Mora is the predicate nom., and longa agrees with qucrella. 
 Poenae limits mora. 
 
 217. Niibilms, in the abl. and limits tecti ; cloud-clad. 
 
 219. Assiduis, used adverbially. 
 
 222, 223. Tyrioquc suco ; see n. above on 1. 61. The trappings of 
 the horses were purple. Terga premere, in the sense of sit or ride, is not 
 uncommon. So in Ov. viii. 34, 35 : Stratis insignia pictis Terga preme- 
 bat ; where also compare the stratis— pictis with the expression here, ru- 
 bentia suco. 
 
 224. Sarciua is here nom. pred. ; but the words may be rendered, 
 ivhom first his mother had borne. 
 
17. NIOBE, OR LATONA'S REVENGE. 189 
 
 229. Deflnit is more special than decidit would be, sinks down; it 
 expresses the weakness of the dying men. So in Livy, ii. 20, mori- 
 bundus (eques) — ad terram defluxit. In latus, on the side, or side- 
 ways. 
 
 230. Per inane ; see n. iv. 718. 
 
 232. Rector, sc. navis ; the master of the ship, 
 
 233. Deducit, lets down, i. e., unfurls. 
 
 233. Qua, sc. parte, anywhere. Levis, light ; observe the quantity ; 
 that not anywhere (even) a light breeze be lost. 
 
 234. Dantem ; with this reading, cum must here be supplied. 
 
 235. Cervice, used here with chief reference to the back of the neck ; 
 but gutture, in next line, the front. 
 
 237. Pronus, leaning forward ; as he was riding fast. Admissa in 
 
 form agrees with colla, but in sense refers to the horse itself ; over the 
 neck of the horse who was let go ; admittere equum is like immittcre habe- 
 nas. The rider had to lose hold of the reins, and so the horse was let go 
 at full speed. 
 
 211. Nitidae ; i. e., with the oil, with which in the palaestra their 
 bodies were anointed. 
 
 247. A spondaic line. 
 
 254. Intonsnm, sc. comas, as the Grecian youth wore their hair long 
 till they reached manhood. 
 
 258. Pennis, abl. with tenus, up to the feathers ; i. e., to the very ex- 
 tremity of the arrow. 
 
 263. Xon omnes \ i. c., only Apollo. 
 
 265. Miiuino ; the wound was lessened by the pity of the archer. 
 
 269. Potnisse. Supply superos for the subject, and hoc for the 
 object. 
 
 271. Nam explains why only Niobe is now mentioned ; for the father 
 had already killed himself in despair. 
 
 276. lnvidiosa, on account of her fortunes an object of envy even to 
 her own friends. 
 
 280. Pasccre ; passive imperative, in reflexive sense ; feast yourself. 
 
 282. Eflftror ; I am carried out to burial. 
 
 286. Ab arcu ; i. e., of Diana, who now slays the daughters of Niobe. 
 
 289. Deinisso, in token of mourning, as also atris in the preceding 
 line. 
 
 293. Dnplieataqnc, bent double ; by the umeen (cacco) wound. 
 
 296, Trepidarc opposed to latet ; you might see one hiding herself 
 another hurrying about in tremulous fear. 
 
190 METAMOKPHOSES, VI. 313-400. 
 
 301, Or»a } etc. These lines Byron has in mind in his picture of 
 fallen Rome : 
 
 " The Niobe of nations ! there she stands, 
 Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe." 
 
 311. la patriam; Phrygia, as above in line 149. In the time of 
 Pausanias, people still fancied they could see the petrified figure of Niobe 
 on Mount Sipylus. 
 
 18. The Ltcians; Marsyas. 
 VI. 313-400. 
 
 313. Cnncti, here in its full force of conjuncti from which it is con- 
 tracted ; all together. 
 
 315. Numina, in the plural, because referring to various manifesta- 
 tions (by no d, as it were) of the power of the goddess. 
 
 319. IgnoMlitate ; because it was only country people who were pun- 
 ished. 
 
 322. Impatiens, not able to bear, because very aged, grandior aevo. 
 
 323. Illius 5 i. e., of the Lycians ; ducem, a guide. 
 325. Nigra; and so agrees with ard. 
 
 327. Faveas, a common form of prayer. 
 
 329. Tamcn limits rogabam ; I ashed, however. 
 
 332. Regia conjunx ; Juno, who in her jealous anger against Latona 
 denied her any spot of earth whereon to rear her twin children. 
 
 333. Erratica. Delos was then a floating island ; the word as put 
 with errantcm seems to represent the fate of the island and of Latona as 
 alike. 
 
 336. Noverca 5 Juno, as the wife of Jupiter, is the stepmother of La- 
 tona's twins. 
 
 339. Chimacriferae. It was said that the fire-breathing monster 
 Chimaera was native to Lycia. It was slain by Bellerophon. 
 
 346. Pftsitoquc — pressit 5 i. e., kneeled upon. 
 
 351. Loqnentis, sc. mei; as I speak. 
 
 357. Dederitis. The long % of the penult is here, and elsewhere in 
 classic Latin, a return to the quantity of 1 in the early Latin. 
 
 366. Coei 5 Latona was the daughter of the Titan Coeus. 
 
 367. Snstinct ultra, does she endure longer. 
 
 368. Minora, less than became her as a goddess, too humbling words. 
 370. Juvat, sc. rusticos ; these rustic Lycians, who are now turned 
 
 into frogs. 
 
19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 191 
 
 372. Snmino, on the surface of 
 
 376. The line seems in its sound to imitate the croaking of the frogs. 
 
 384. Tritoniaca, of Tritonia, or Minerva (s. note ii. 782), who invented 
 the flute. 
 
 385* Me, humorously said for cutem mcam; as if, in being flayed 
 alive, he was pulled off from himself. 
 
 386. Non — tanti ; i. e., so much, that I should thus suffer for its sake. 
 
 393. Tniic quoque, even then; i. e., when in the agony of death. 
 Olympus is here the name of a youth whom Marsyas taught to play on 
 the flute. 
 
 398. £misit, sc. aquam, sent it forth, like a spring. 
 
 399. Pctcns ; aqua to be supplied, as subject, from the preceding line. 
 
 400. Marsya, the Latin form, instead of Marsyas ; but the nominative 
 in apposition to nomen is unusual. So also i. 169, lactca nomen habet ; 
 and xv. 96, cui fecimus aurca nomen. 
 
 19. The Golden Fleece. 
 
 VII. 1-158. 
 
 I. Minyae $ the Argonauts were called Mi?iyans, from their ancestor 
 Minyas, a king of Thessaly ; and the ship Argo was called Pagasaean, 
 from the Thessalian town Pagiisa, where it was built. 
 
 3. Yisus erat, from viso ; had been visited. The Argonauts stopped 
 at Salmydessus, a Thracian town, to consult Phincus as to the way of 
 getting through the Symplegades, two rocks at the mouth of the Euxinc. 
 Phincus was blind, hence perpetua sub node ; and the Harpies (volucrcs) 
 snatched the food from his mouth whenever he sat down to eat. Milton 
 mentions him in Paradise Lost, iii. 35 : 
 
 " Blind Thamyris and blind Maeonides, 
 And Tircsias and Phineus, prophets old." 
 
 3. Javcnes $ Calais and Zetes, sons of Aquilo, or Boreas. 
 
 6. Ph asides. The Phasis was a river in Colchis. 
 
 T. Plirixea, of Phrizus, son of Athamas, who, in escaping from his 
 stepmother Ino, was carried through the air, as it was fabled, on the 
 back of a ram that had a golden fleece. 
 
 8. Lexque — horrenda ; the condition was to tame to the yoke two fire- 
 breathing bulls, to sow a field with serpents' teeth, and to elude the 
 dragon which guarded the fleece. 
 
 9. Aeetias, the daughter of Aectes ; i. e., Medea. 
 
 II. This whole passage, to the 70th line, gives us in very skillful 
 
192 METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158. 
 
 touches the conflict between the heart and the reason of Medea. At first, 
 13-16, she confesses the sway of love, but then, 17-21, strives by force of 
 reason to overcome it. 
 
 18. Possenij if I were able. The imperfect gives the sure answer to 
 excute — -Jlammas ; she knows she is not able. 
 
 20* Video meliora, etc. An expression famous in antiquity, as also 
 in modern literature. Horace has a similar one in Epp. i. 8, 11, Quae 
 nocuere, sequar ; f ugiam quae prof ore credam. It is found, too, in the 
 Greek of Euripides, Hippol. 380. 
 
 21, 22. She blames herself for loving a stranger and a foreigner (alieni). 
 
 23. Potest — dare, can give (something — some one) for me to love. 
 
 25. Sine amore \ she will convince herself that it is only humanity, 
 not love, that makes her wish to save him. 
 
 28. Ore 7 5 i. e., by his beautiful countenance. 
 
 30. Suae precedes segctis for emphasis' sake ; his oivn, because the 
 serpent's teeth were sown by his own hand. 
 
 32, 33. Hoc ego, etc. She condemns herself as brutally cruel not to 
 save him from such a fate. 
 
 34-41. Yet why should she save him, and imperil herself, that he 
 then may wed another ? 
 
 37. Non — precanda. The words di — velint were a prayer, and yet it 
 is not praying (precanda) which is necessary, but action (facienda). 
 
 41. Poenae, dative; for (the) punishment which her father would in- 
 flict for her unfaithfulness to him. 
 
 43-50. But he can not be so ungrateful as to wed another ; his looks 
 give the lie to that. All must be safe with him. 
 
 4T. Tutii, feminine, agreeing with subject of times. 
 
 51, 52. Yet ought she to abandon home and country? 
 
 53-68. Yes, she will gain a better home, a better country. With 
 Jason she will be happy and honored and secure. 
 
 54. Stant mecnm, are on my side ; perhaps because her sister Chal- 
 ciope had married Phrixus, who was a Greek. 
 
 55. Dens, i. e., Amor. 
 
 59. Qncmqne — velim. The relative precedes the antecedent Aeso- 
 niden ; and son of Aeson, for whom I would be willing to exchange. 
 
 61. Ferar=efferar, / shall be extolled. The final syllable mfcrdr is 
 lengthened in the arsis of the foot. So above, ii. 247, Taenarius. 
 
 61. Sidera tangam. So in Horace, 0. i. 1, 36, sublimi fcriam sidera 
 vertice. 
 
 63. Montes 5 see note above, on line 3. Charybdis and Scylla, in the 
 
19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 193 
 
 Sicilian Straits, the former a whirlpool on the Sicilian, and the latter a 
 rock on the Italian side. 
 
 69. Conjugiumnc, etc. The mention of conjuge in the preceding line 
 awakens the doubt whether she would really be the wife of Jason, and so 
 she arouses herself at last to resist the temptation before her. 
 
 71. Perseidos. Hecate was the daughter of the Oceanid Perse. 
 
 80. Scintilla is the subject of sold. The order is : utque scintilla sold 
 ventis alimenta assumcre, d quae — laluit, crcscere, etc. 
 
 81. SoUto 5 ablative after the comparative formosior. 
 85. Luce= die. 
 
 91. Promissa dato 5 you shall fulfill your promises ; the future form 
 
 of the imperative corresponds to servabere. Triformis; Hecate was 
 
 also called triceps, as below, vii. 194. 
 
 95. Quod minion ; i. c., per numen quod—foret. 
 
 96. Patrem soceri $ i. e., Helios, the sun-god, the father of Acetes. 
 98. Cantatas, charmed, over which some formula of incantation had 
 
 been pronounced. Observe that our word charm and the Latin canto are 
 of the same origin. Thus Milton (in " Comus ") ; u How charming is divine 
 philosophy ! — Musical as is Apollo's lute." 
 
 101. Mavortis. Mavors is an old name for Mars, as also Marmar, 
 Marmor, and the Oscan Mamers. 
 
 101. Adamanteis, from adamas, Gr. a priv. and dd/xaco, unconquerable, 
 adamantine. 
 
 107. Aut uM 5 etc. ; i. e., aut ut silices — ierrena resonare solcnt, ubi 
 concipiunt, etc. Soluti, loosened of their hardness, made brittle. 
 
 111. Truces agrees with the subject of verier e ; venicntis, sc. ejus, and 
 limiting ora. 
 
 116. Mcdicamina; i. e., the cantatas herhas of line 96. 
 
 122. Dentes 5 the teeth of the dragon, which Cadmus slew, and which 
 Minerva had given to Aeetes. The vencno, in line 123, is the poison of 
 the dragon. 
 
 126. Mmerfts 5 i. e., members, as these are parts of the whole body. 
 
 132. Elncnidnii ; i. e., Jason, as Haemonia is an old name for Thes- 
 saly, from King Ilacmon, father of Thessalus. 
 
 137. Gramma; the herbae of line 96, and the medicamina, 116; car- 
 men auxiliare, some magic formula, a charm to come in aid of the charmed 
 plants. 
 
 151. Arlitirfs aurfcae ; i. c., the tree on which hung the golden fleece. 
 Aureae is here a dissyllable. This is the reading of Mcrkel from the 
 MSS., though others read arietis aurei. 
 10 
 
194: METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259. 
 
 152. Lethael. The juice of the plants is Lethaean, or like the waters 
 of the river Lethe of the lower world, in that both induce sleep and for- 
 getfulness. 
 
 155. Sibi ; i. e., Somno ; these eyes were till now unknown to him, 
 had never been closed in sleep. 
 
 20. The Death of Icarus. 
 VIII. 183-259. 
 
 186. Obstriiat, sc. Minos. 
 
 190. Longam brfcviore sgqnenti. If he began with the smallest (a 
 minima coeptas), it would seem that a long one would follow the shorter 
 every time. Haupt suggests that it should perhaps read a summa coeptas. 
 
 206. Btiotcn; see note ii. 176; for Helice= kvcios, see note ii. 132. 
 The name Helice was taken from the town Ilelice, the birth-place of Cal- 
 listo, who was changed into the constellation. 
 
 207. Orittnis; also in the northern heavens, and in the form of a 
 man with a drawn sword. 
 
 215. ErMit $ sc. eum ; erudire, like doccre, is followed by two accu- 
 satives. 
 
 219. Quique; the que connects credidit and obstipuii ; and believed 
 that those who could, etc. 
 
 220. Junoaia ; of Juno, because Samos was a sanctuary of Juno. 
 222. Dextra \ nominative with Lebinthus, though laeva occurred just 
 
 before. 
 
 227. tfndos 5 sc. alis, bereft of the wings. 
 
 230. Aqua : nomen. The water got from him the name of Icarian 
 Sea, between Chios and Cos. 
 
 233. Diccbat, kept saying. 
 
 234. Devovitque, and cursed his arts. 
 
 235. Tellus ; i. e., the island Icaria. 
 
 236. With this line begins the story of Perdix, the nephew of Daeda- 
 lus, whom Daedalus had destroyed in jealousy of his skill in art. He was 
 changed by Minerva into a bird, Perdix, the partridge. The Perdix has 
 now his revenge. 
 
 239. Cnka ; the only one of its kind. 
 
 243. Bis, etc. Bis qualifies scnis, twice six, senis agreeing with natali- 
 bus. Tuerum, by apposition to progenicm. 
 
 246. Serrae, of a saw ; \. e., he used the spine of a fish as a pattern, 
 and invented the saw. 
 
21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 195 
 
 247. Primus et, etc. ; he was also the first to invent the compasses. 
 249. Dueeret orbem, drew a circle. 
 255. Quod et ante, sc. fucrat. 
 
 21. Philemon and Baucis. 
 
 VIII. 616-724. 
 
 616. Talia dicta. Pirithous had just said that the gods had not the 
 power to change persons and things from one form to another. 
 
 621. Phrygiis. This Phrygian story reminds one of the incident re- 
 lated of the Lycaonians in the Acts, xiv., who called Barnabas, Jupiter, 
 and Paul, Mercurius, saying, " The gods are come down to us in the like- 
 ness of men." 
 
 622. Pfcltipeia Pittheus. Pittheus was son of Pelops, and Lelex had 
 once been a guest of Pittheus in Troezen. 
 
 627. Atlantiades. Mercury, the son of Maia, who was the daughter 
 of Atlas. The syllable ant is long, but the vowel a before nt is naturally 
 short. 
 
 636. Idem, nominative plural for iidem. 
 
 639. Pflsito — jussit. Translate by two verbs, set a chair and bade, etc. 
 
 640. Textum, from tcxerc, to weave ; and so iextum with rude=a cloth 
 of coarse texture. 
 
 612. Hesternos $ i. e., the embers of yesterday's fire. 
 
 646. Suus. We might expect ejus; but the possessive expresses 
 better the near relation. 
 
 648. Sordida ; i. e., with the smoke. Suls, not the pronoun, but 
 
 the genitive of sits. 
 
 655. Tdrum, the mattress, and lecto, the couch, or bedstead. Sponda 
 and pedibus modify lecto as ablatives of characteristic, the former the 
 frame as part of the lectus. 
 
 662. CliYum, the slope, which was taken away by the testa. 
 
 664. Bicdlor, dark green. The olive, however, was black when it was 
 quite ripe, but was eaten green. 
 
 665. Condita, put away; i. e., preserved. But observe that it is con- 
 dlta from condo, not condita from condio ; from con and do, dere, to put. 
 
 666. Lactis — eoacti, curdled milk. 
 
 668. Eodem, humorously said; the same sort of silver as the omnia ; 
 i. e., all earthenware. The word caelatus also in jest, as it is properly 
 used of highly artistic work on metals. 
 
 671. Epulas. So far the poet has been describing the first course 
 
196 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 1-97. 
 
 of the meal ; now comes what the Romans called the caput cenae (the 
 French piece de resistance), the suis mentioned above, in line 648. 
 
 672. Nee longae=^ non I., the wine of not long age ; i. e., the new 
 wine, as that only might be had at a poor man's table. The referuniur 
 means, arc set back, or put aside, to make room {locum in next line) for 
 the mensae secundae, the dessert. 
 
 675. Mala \ observe the quantity of the penultimate. How is it with 
 malus, evil ; malo, I had rather; malus, a mast? 
 
 677. Yultus — fotini, kindly looks ; as in Proverbs, xv. 17: "Better is 
 a dinner of herbs, where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith." 
 
 678. The nee belongs to both adjectives ; neither niggardly nor poor. 
 680. Succrescfcre ; observe the force of the preposition ; the wine kept 
 
 growing up from below ; it sprang up, as from a hidden perennial source. 
 The poet's words make us think of the prophet Elijah and the poor widow 
 of Zarephath, I Kings, xvii. 16: "And the barrel of meal wasted not; 
 neither did the cruse of oil fail." The pious old people might well believe 
 that they had gods at their table. 
 
 684. Custodia, for custos, as with the Romans the goose was a 
 proverb for vigilance. Comp. Ovid, Met. ii. 538, and xi. 599. The poet 
 has, perhaps, in mind the good service done by the cackling of the watch- 
 ful geese of the capitol, as told by Livy, B. v. 47. 
 
 689. Poenas ; i. c., for their want of hospitality, as above, in lines 
 628, 629. 
 
 690. InnuuiiibDS, the predicate adj. in the dative. Sec Gr. 536, 2, 3). 
 
 699. Dftminis limits parva ; small even for its two owners. 
 
 700. Fnrcas, the forks, or fork-like props which supported the gables ; 
 these become pillars. 
 
 711. Fides means here fulfilment, because it carries with it faithful- 
 ness to the promise. 
 
 719. Thymbreius comes from Thymbris, the name of a river in 
 Phrygia. 
 
 724. Cura, etc. "Them that honor me, I will honor." I Samuel, 
 ii. 30. 
 
 22. The Wooing of Deianira. 
 
 IX. 1-97. 
 
 1. Deo, Achelous. Deo depends upon sit understood, which has causa 
 for its subject. Neptunius heros refers to Theseus, the fabled son of 
 Neptune. 
 
 2. Calydoiuus, Actolian, as Calydon was an Aetolian town. 
 
22. THE WOOING OF DElANIRA. 197 
 
 3. Ha ru inline It was usual in art to represent river-gods with horns, 
 and their heads crowned with sedge and reed. The vowel u is short 
 here, though the syllable is long. Gr. 651, VII. 
 
 8. Si qna, and llso tandem, ever, are enviously said in disparage- 
 ment, as if Deianira were a prize of no account. 
 
 Hi Intrata est, sc. a me; was entered by me ; when I entered. 
 
 12. Parthattnc nate $ Oeneus, king of Calydon. 
 
 14. Dire se, that he would give ; i. e., would bring (to her) as a kind 
 of dowry. 
 
 15. Referebat, declared. Novercae refers to Juno, and jussa to the 
 labors imposed upon Hercules through the agency of Juno, and overcome 
 (supcrata) by him. 
 
 19. Hospes, appositive to gener ; this is said in depreciation of Her- 
 cules, who was not Aetolian. It thus means stranger, though originally 
 host. It is formed of hos=r(Ghas), the root of hos-tis, and pes, from pa, 
 the root also of pasco, to feed ; and as hostis originally means a stranger, 
 hospes = qui hostem pascit, means first a host, then a guest (Ghas, Ger- 
 man Gast), and so a stranger, in distinction from a native. From what 
 does our word host = multitude, come, and also host= victim ? 
 
 28. Spectat, sc. Hercules. 
 
 29. Tot ; i. e., just so many, and no more ; meaning that Hercules 
 would not contend in words, but only in deeds. Observe that it is dexter a 
 and lingua ; in what case each ? 
 
 32. YMdem; because he is a river-god; so of the Nereids in ii. 12, 
 virides— capillos. The wrestlers contended with bodies naked and rubbed 
 with oil. Hence the throwing of dust (as in 31) in order to get a hold of 
 the otherwise slippery body. 
 
 33. Tfcnui \ verb ; and held. Varas, bent, and in statione, in (firm) 
 posture. 
 
 43. Certi, determined. 
 
 49. Qneni. We should expect utrum. Why ? 
 
 51. Reicere. The wrestlers keep close to one another, each striving 
 to keep his adversary from a free use of his limbs. This embrace (am- 
 plexus) Hercules strikes off (ezcutil), and then loosens the closc-draicn 
 arms of Achelous, and so turns him sideways, and clasps him from be- 
 hind, hanging upon him with mountain pressure (prcssus — monte). 
 
 57. Inserni. Achelous manages, by inserting his arms between his 
 chest and the arms of Hercules, to loosen his adversary's grip ; but hardly 
 (viz) has he done this when Hercules is on him again (instat). 
 
 61. Uareuas, etc. So Horace 0. ii. 6, 12. Solum tetigere mento. 
 
198 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272. 
 
 66. Tirynthius ; Hercules, from Tiryns, in Argolis, where he was 
 brought up. 
 
 67. Cunarum, etc. The first achievement of Hercules was to strangle 
 two serpents in his cradle. 
 
 69. Unus is emphatic, as the Lcrnaean hydra was hundred-headed. 
 
 71. Centum, sc. capitum. 
 
 72. GemiJio 5 in reference to the two heads, which every time grew 
 up from the one head, which was cut off. 
 
 74. Vetuique. Hercules seared every new wound with a red-hot iron, 
 and so prevented any new growth. 
 
 81. Tauro, abl. of price. H. 422, note 2. 
 
 82. Toris means the dew-lap, or brawn of the animal, which hangs 
 down from the throat. This Hercules wraps round his arms (literally, 
 with the dew-lap clothes his arms), and then drags (traJiens) him with it 
 as he comes on at full speed (admissum), and thus pulls his head down 
 and buries his horns in the ground (cornua — humo). On admissum see n. 
 vi. 237. 
 
 88. The horn of Achelous, as a symbol of blessing, is used in art 
 with Bona Copia as the goddess of abundance ; hence cornucopia. The 
 Naides are toater-nymphs, from vdeo, Latin no, nare, literally the swim- 
 mers. 
 
 89. Snccincta. Diana, as a huntress, is represented in art and in 
 poetry with tunic girt up to the knees. 
 
 93. Lux subit. So the night had been passed in feasting and dis- 
 course. 
 
 94. JiiYenes 5 i. e., Theseus and his companions, as mentioned earlier, 
 viii. 566. 
 
 96. Opperiuntur agrees with a pronoun referring to juvencs. 
 
 97. Cornu, in abl. and limiting lacerum. 
 
 23. The Death of Hercules. 
 
 IX. 134-272. 
 
 While Hercules and Deianira, on their way to Tiryns, are crossing the 
 river Evenus, the centaur Ncssus attempts to carry off Deianira. Hercules 
 shoots the centaur, who gives to Deianira a blood-stained robe, telling her 
 that it will revive Hercules' love if it should ever grow cool. 
 
 135. Odium, also object of implerant. 
 
 136. Hercules had captured Oeclwlia (with ab), a city in Euboea, and 
 was on his way to the Cenaean promontory, to offer sacrifices to Jove. 
 
23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 199 
 
 140. Idles. Iole was the daughter of Eurytus, king of Oechalia. 
 
 157. Det depends upon mandat, ut omitted. 
 
 161. Vis — mali$ i. e., that powerful poison. 
 
 165. Oeten ; here masculine, but usually feminine. 
 
 167. Ilia, subject both of trahitur and of trahit. 
 
 169. Detfcgit ; because the skin and the flesh cleave to it. 
 
 HI. Lacu. Lacus here is for a tank of water, in which heated metals 
 were cooled, as here lammina candcns, the plate of metal at white heat. 
 Ovid has the same figure in Met. xii. 276, ut dare ferrum Igne rubcns, 
 quod forcipe curva cum faber eduxit, lacubus demittit. Strldit, in third 
 conjugation; hisses. 
 
 174. Caeca, blind, in the sense of unseen, as in Met. vi. 293. 
 
 176. Saturnia, Juno, the daughter of Saturn, on whom he calls, be-. 
 
 cause it was she through whose agency he is made thus to suffer. 
 
 Pascfcre, passive imperative, with reflexive sense ; feast yourself on my 
 sufferings ; so the word was used above in Met. vi. 280, where also (281) 
 the same word satia is used as here ; glut thy cruel heart, bitterly express- 
 ing Juno's delight in his pains. 
 
 179. Tibi is emphatic, as in hosti Juno herself was meant. 
 
 180. Laboribus, dative; for labors. 
 
 1 83-197. In these lines Hercules recounts some of these famous labors 
 of his : the slaying of Busiris, the Egyptian king ; his victory over An- 
 taeus, the giant wrestler ; the carrying off of the oxen of Geryon (pastoris, 
 184), the king in Spain; bringing of the monster dog Cerberus (185) up 
 from Hades; the capture of the Cretan bull (tauri, 186); cleansing the 
 stables of king Augeas, in Elis (18V) ; the destruction of the birds on the 
 lake Stymphalis, in Arcadia ; fetching the golden apples of the Ilesperi- 
 des ; his victorious fight with the centaurs in Arcadia ; the capture of the 
 Arcadian stag on Mount Parthenius (188) ; the seizure of the gold-embossed 
 girdle of the Amazonian queen, on the river Thcrmodon, in Cappadocia 
 (189); the destruction of the Erymanthian boar, in Arcadia (192), and of 
 the Lcrnacan hydra ; the capture of the horses of the Thracian Diomedcs 
 (194), and the strangling of the huge Nemacan lion (197). 
 
 183. Parentis; i. e., his mother Earth, from whom by every contact 
 he gained new strength. 
 
 198. Caelum tuli ; in place of Atlas, while the latter was getting for 
 him the golden apples. 
 
 203. Et sunt, etc. ; and (yet) there are some who can believe that there 
 are gods I In his despair at the idea of Eurystheus prevailing in bringing 
 upon him all these labors, he denies for a moment the existence of the gods. 
 
200 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272. 
 
 204. Oetcn, here also masculiue (altum), as in 1. 165. 
 
 205. Hand aliter, not otherwise ; i. e., as swiftly as (quam si). He 
 compares the swift pace of Hercules with that of some hunter who has 
 wounded a bull, and then fled from the beast when he has turned upon 
 him in the rage of his pain. The bull is carrying (gerat) the spear, the 
 hunter has fled (refugcrit). For the subjunctive in both verbs, Gr. 
 513, II. 
 
 209. Videres ; potential subjunctive ; yon might have seen. Gr. 485, 
 note 3. 
 
 210. Montibus, in dative, limiting irascentem. 
 
 216. GSnibus — adhibcre, to clasp his (Herculcs's) knees, the usual atti- 
 tude of a suppliant. 
 
 218. Torniento, ablative after the comp. fortius. The tormentum (in 
 this sense) was an engine for hurling missiles, so called (from torqueo) 
 because they were worked by the force of twisted ropes, or horse-hairs, 
 or other fibres. Lichas was projected from Ilcrcules's hands with more 
 force than he could have been from one of these engines. 
 
 220. Imbres — corpus. Concrescere with gelidis (gelu) expresses our 
 word congeal. In the simile he describes the rain congealing into snow, 
 and then the snovj-flakes (nivibus) as they whirl about in the air are con- 
 tracted by the astringent cold, and so condense into the ball-like hail- 
 stones. Nivibus is in the dative, and limits aslringi. 
 
 225. Prior — aetas ; i. e., the afore-time, or antiquity. 
 
 232. Sagittas. The oracle had declared that without the arrows of 
 Hercules Troy could never be destroyed; and so Ulysses was sent to 
 Lemnos to bring Philoctctes (Poeante satum), the son of Pocas, with them ; 
 this is the subject of the Philoctetcs of Sophocles. 
 
 232. Iternm. Once Hercules himself had used them in conquering 
 Troy, when it was under the rule of Laomedon. 
 
 233. Quo — ministro, abl. abs., and = cujus ministerio. 
 
 234. Subdita, sc. pyrae est. 
 
 235. Cong6riem — summam, the top of the pile. Congeries s. and agger, 
 from the same root in gero, mean here the same thing. 
 
 237. Conviva, etc. Horace has a similar comparison in Sat. i. 1, 119 
 — uti conviva satur ; and also Lucretius, iii. 951, ut plenus vitae conviva. 
 
 241. Yindlce. Hercules is so called because he freed the earth from 
 so many evils. 
 
 245. MSmtiris 5 i. e., of the many beneficent acts done by Hercules. 
 
 248. Sed enim. See n. i. 530. But do not fear, for he will come off 
 conqueror. 
 
24. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 201 
 
 251. Materna; i. c, so far as he is mortal, as bora of a human 
 mother (Alcmena). 
 
 257. Deo ; i. e., shall take offense at his being made a god. Nblet, with 
 what follows, makes the apodosis of the sentence. 
 
 261. Ndtatam, marked for censure ; i. e., by the preceding words of 
 Jupiter. 
 
 265. Jovis vestigia $ i. c., traces of (likeness to) Jove. 
 
 24. Orpheus and Eurydice. 
 X. 1-11. 
 
 I. Inde$ i. e., from the wedding, just before related, of Iphis and 
 Ianthe. 
 
 3. Orphea. Hymenaeus comes from Ianthe's wedding to that of Or- 
 pheus, but to no purpose (nequiquam), as the marriage is to have a sad 
 end in the loss of Eurydice. 
 
 7. Motions ; move about the torch as he might, it would not burn 
 bright ; a bad omen for the marriage. 
 
 II. Ad — auras deflevit. We say praised to the skies; but here, in 
 Latin, it is wept to the skies; i. c., raised to the skies his mourning voice. 
 
 14. Leves, because disembodied, and so only umbrae. So Horace, 0. 
 i. 16, 18, uses levem turbam of the shades. 
 
 14. Simulacra — sepulcro 5 so also iv. 435, simulacra functa sepulcris. 
 It is = simulacra funciorum sepulcro, the ghosts of the buried. 
 
 22. Tcrna — monstri, in allusion to Cerberus and his three heads. 
 Also allusion is made in vincircm to the feat of Hercules in binding and 
 carrying away Cerberus. 
 
 28. Raplnae ; i. e., of Proserpine by Pluto. 
 
 31. Retexlte, in allusion to the spinning (or weaving) by the Parcae 
 of the thread of human destiny. Here it is to unweave, and so reverse 
 the destiny of Eurydice. 
 
 33. Serins — citius. So Horace, 0. ii. 3, 25, versatur— serius ocius ; 
 and in the Ars Poetica, 63, Debemur morti nos. 
 
 36. Haec 5 i. e., Eurydice. Justos, due her, allotted. 
 
 37. Pro muiierc, instead of a gift ; opposed to usum., which is a law- 
 term for something only used, in usufruct, and not one's own in fee simple. 
 
 42, 43. Refngam 5 an unusual word. It expresses, with undam, a 
 part of the punishment of Tantalus, that while he was always suffering 
 from a raging thirst, and was always in the middle of a lake, the water 
 was always escaping from him (in a fearfully tantalizing way) when he 
 
202 METAMORPHOSES, X. 1-77. 
 
 would fain drink. " Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink." 
 
 Ixlon was punished by being tied to an ever-revolving wheel. The 
 
 word jecur refers to Tityus, whose punishment it was to have vultures 
 
 {volucres) ever preying on his liver. The Belid&S, granddaughters of 
 
 Belus, daughters of Danaus (and therefore called Danaides), were con- 
 demned, in Tartarus, to be always drawing water from perforated, sieve- 
 like urns. For the quantity of the last two syllables in Belides, Gr. 587, 
 
 II. 1, and foot-note ; and 581, VI. 3.- Sisyphus was doomed to roll a 
 
 huge stone up a hill, which always rolled down again the moment it 
 touched the top. These are some of the ancient images of endless pun- 
 ishment ; but the poet represents these sufferers as having a respite from 
 their toils when Orpheus sang. Horace has a similar passage in 0. ii. 
 14, 33-40. 
 
 46. Eumfcnidum. Eumenides is the Greek euphemistic name for the 
 Furies, the Avenging Deities of crime and sin. Even these are now over- 
 come by the song of Orpheus ; they feel compassion, and their cheeks arc 
 %oet with tears. 
 
 47. Neither the queen {rcgia conjunx) nor the king of Hades can hold 
 out (sustinet) in saying No (negare) to his prayer (pranti) ; and they call 
 Eurydice. 
 
 50. Rhodopei'ns, from Rhodope, a mountain in Thrace. 
 
 51. Ne flectat retro, etc. Forward, not backward ; a confident going 
 straight on, not a timid looking back, was the inexorable condition (lex) 
 for Orpheus' success ; as always in achieving any good, or shunning any 
 evil. The tenses, present injlectat and perfect in exierit, because in de- 
 pendence upon accipit ; the direct prohibition would be ne flcctas donee 
 exieris. 
 
 55. Afufcrunt, from absum ; the penult here short, though it is usually 
 long. 
 
 56. Hie is here an adverb of place, referring to the preceding line. 
 Dcficeret agrees with a pronoun referring to Eurydice, and it depends 
 upon metuens ; lest she should fail in strength (sc. viribus), and so be lost 
 to him. So in Met. xii. 518, deficit, and ib. xiv. 484, deficiunt (sc. animo) ; 
 and Tacitus, Agric. 43, deficientis, and 45, deficientem. 
 
 , 63. Acciperct, subj. with quod after an indefinite antecedent. Com- 
 pare note on possent, ii. 161. 
 
 64. Stupnit. The poet compares the amazed Orpheus first with some 
 one petrified at the sight of Hercules carrying off Cerberus, and then to 
 Lethaea and her husband Olenus, who (for some crime) were both turned 
 to stone. 
 
25. HYACINTHUS.— 26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 203 
 
 73. PortKtor, from the root por, per, as also the word portus, and the 
 Gr. iropQficvs ; ferryman of the Styx ; Charon. 
 
 25. IIyacinthds. 
 X. 162-219. 
 
 The story of Hyacinthus the poet represents as told by Orpheus. 
 
 162. Te qnoque ; you also, as the poet has been singing of the trans- 
 lation of Ganymede to Olympus. Amyclide, the fabled son or grandson 
 
 of Amyclas, the Laconian king. In aethere is = here to in caelum. 
 
 167. Genitor; Apollo. 
 
 169. Immunitam. Sparta was not a walled city till 206 b. c. 
 
 1T5. Noctis, limiting, in the genitive, medius ; usually it would be 
 inter — noclem ; so above, v. 409. 
 
 177. Disci ; quoit, circular, and made of metal or stone, or of wood. 
 
 184. Reperensso — verbere, by the rebound. 
 
 186. Aeque qu&m=aequc ac, as much as. 
 
 191. Lignis. Another reading is virgis, which, though a more special 
 word than lignis, yet refers, as does lignis, to the stalks of the flower ; these 
 have a pale-yellow color in contrast with the whiteness of the leaves. 
 Other readings are Unguis and liguis. 
 
 192. Demittant, with ut, is potential subjunctive, and makes the con- 
 clusion to the condition si quis — infringat. 
 
 196. Oeballde. Hyacinthus was the son of Oebalus, king of Sparta. 
 
 198. Dtiltir — faclnnsqne meum ; i. e., the object of my grief and 
 crime. Dextera, etc. ; my right hand must be inscribed upon = desig- 
 nated as the cause of— your death; i. e., inscribed on the tombstone. 
 
 206. Scripto, in writing ; by the letters written, as it were inscribed 
 on the leaves of the flower, as explained below, in line 215. 
 
 207. Heros ; that is, Ajax, from whose blood, as related in xiii. 196, 
 sprang the same flower as from that of Hyacinthus. 
 
 213. His — illis, these; i. c., hyacinths are nearer to the present 
 thought of the speaker, illis, those, in reference to the lilies. 
 
 215. AI AI, the Gr. ala?, as seeming to be inscribed on the leaves 
 of the flower AIAI ; not, however, our hyacinth, but perhaps the lark- 
 spur, Delphinium Ajacis. 
 
 26. Atalanta's Race. 
 X. 560-680. 
 
 564. Scitanti, sc. oraculum. She consulted the oracle. By dens, 
 
 Apollo is meant. 
 
204 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680. 
 
 566. Ipsa viva ; join ipsa with te, but viva with the subject of carebis. 
 In genuine oracular tone she. is told that though she will live, yet it will 
 be without herself ; whether in allusion to the loss of independence by 
 marriage (?), or to the transformation by and by to be undergone, in 
 being changed into a lioness, as related in x. 698 scqq. 
 
 567. Sorte, by the response, as sors is always the word (literally, lot) 
 for an oracular response. 
 
 578. Yelamine ; i. e., her outer garment, the palla, or i^anov, as she 
 would run in her tunica, or x iT & v ' 
 
 579. Tuum ; i. e., Adonis, as the poet represents Venus (meum) as 
 telling this story to Adonis. 
 
 583. Bfc follows both optat and timet. He desires that none of the 
 runners may outrun Atalanta, and in his jealousy he is afraid some one 
 may. 
 
 588. Setius, derived from secitus, and more correct than seems; in 
 either form, from seq or sec of sequor ; not otherwise than, i. e., as 
 swiftly as a Scythian arrow. The Scythians excelled with the bow and 
 arrow. 
 
 589. Idnlo; see n. i. 313. 
 
 597. Meta. See note on ii. 142. 
 
 605. Onchestius, of Onchesius. The Boeotian town Onchcstus was 
 so called from the so-named son of Neptune, and father of Megareirs. 
 
 609. Schoeneia ; she was the daughter of the Boeotian king Schoc- 
 neus. 
 
 611. Formosis, dative, and limits iniquus. 
 
 618. Cdnubia; the antepenultimate (it) long here, and also xi. 226; 
 but it is short in vi. 428. 
 
 619. lit percat, following tanti, expresses result. 
 
 623. Tamen. She now changes her tone, and tries to get rid of 
 what seems weakness ; and hence the change to the third person in 
 viderit ; but the weakness is back again directly in utinam — velles. 
 
 624. Viderit, in perf . subj., let him look to that ! The perf . subj. 
 gains in such instances an imperative force, as especially in vidcris, look 
 you to that ! 
 
 628. jVoh must be joined with ferendae, and invidiae ferendac expresses 
 a characteristic or quality of the victoria, and also with erit makes the 
 predicate ; will be of an odium not to be borne ; i. e., will bring me an in- 
 tolerable odium. 
 
 ( 633. Eras \ we might expect the subjunctive, esses, but the indicative 
 is more emphatic ; you were the one. 
 
27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 205 
 
 637. Fa>it ; the indicative here is so strange a construction that it is 
 hard to explain it. Does Ovid mean so to sympathize with Atalanta as 
 not to know what he is saying ? 
 
 639. Sollieita used in all its original meaning of sollus-cita (fr. cieo), 
 thoroughly aroused. On proles JV., see above, lines 599, 600. 
 
 652. Carcfcre limits emicat ; darts out from the barrier, 
 
 668. Speetacula, here the place of the show, the theatre, 
 
 27. The Death of Orpheus. 
 XI. 1-84. 
 
 1. Carmine $ i. e., the narratives sung by Orpheus, as those of Hya- 
 cinthus, Atalanta, and others, in x. 148-680. 
 
 2. Saxa. Compare Horace, 0. i. 12, 7, Undc vocalem tcmere insecu- 
 tae Orphea silvae, etc. 
 
 4. Pcctora ; adverbial ace. The Bacchae were wont at the Bacchic 
 festivals to clothe themselves with doe-skins. 
 
 8. Apolliiicl. Orpheus was the fabled son of Apollo and the Muse 
 Calliope. 
 
 9. Foliis. The thyrsus-staff (hastam) was twined at the top with ivy 
 and vine-shoots ; these protect Orpheus, and though the thyrsus makes a 
 spot (nota) there is no contusion. • 
 
 11. Yictus. There was "music in the air," and it quite vanquished 
 the stone, which, falling at the feet of the musician, seemed to ask par- 
 don {veluti supplex) for its rudeness. 
 
 13. Sed cnim. Comp. i. 530; but in vain, for, etc. 
 
 14. Abilt. See n. on subiit, i. 114. Erlnys here not in the sense of 
 the avenging deity, but of one who excites to crime and frenzy. 
 
 15. Cunctaqne, etc. ; i. e., all the missiles had been subdued but for 
 " the barbarous dissonance of Bacchus and his revelers." Compare Mil- 
 ton, " Paradise Lost," vii. 32. 
 
 IT. Bacchei. Observe the hiatus in the fifth foot, and see note ii. 244. 
 
 20. Primum prepares the way for inde in 1. 23. Etiamnum, even 
 
 now ; i. e., during the clamor of the Bacchic rout. 
 
 22. Titulum, the honor ; appositivc to volucres angucs, agmen ; and 
 all these are thought of as making a triumphal procession for Orpheus. 
 
 25. Bfoctis avem $ the owl is meant. The words structo — thcatro make 
 the Latin for the Greek amphi-theatre. 
 
 26. Matatina, because the combats with wild beasts were wont to 
 take place in the morning, and with these the games began. 
 
206 METAMORPHOSES, XI. 85-193. 
 
 37. FSrae ; i. e., the Maenades, frenzied women. 
 41. Sacrilegaej so called because they are assailing the priest and 
 bard of Apollo. 
 
 54. Invectae agrees with lyra and lingua. Populare, because Thra- 
 cian, as it were the countryman of Orpheus. 
 
 55. Lesbi. Lesbos was the home of the poets Alcaeus and Sappho ; 
 and also of Arion, who was a native of the Lesbian town Methymna. 
 
 62. Arva piornm \ one of the expressions in the Latin writers for the 
 abodes of the good after death, like sedes—piorum in Horace, 0. ii. 13, 
 23 ; sedes beatas in Vergil, Aen. vi. 639 ; Elysium, Verg. v. 735, and many 
 others. It is conceived as a part of the lower world, and opposed to sedes 
 scelerata, Ovid, iv. 456. 
 
 65. Anteit; a word of two syllables, as usual in verse, the e not 
 being pronounced. 
 
 67-84. The poet tells in these lines the story of the change of Or- 
 pheus's murderers into trees. 
 
 68. Sacrorum ; see below, xi. 92, 93. 
 
 71* In. — secnta est, so far as each (i. e., they severally) followed Or- 
 pheus. The poet says that just at the place to which they had followed 
 Orpheus they were thrust by Bacchus (detrusit) into the ground. 
 
 72. Traxit, to be joined with in terrain, as well as detrusit ; and the 
 subject of both verbs, as of ligavit, is a pronoun understood, referring to 
 
 Bacchus. Acumina, appositive to digitos. But both these lines, 71, 
 
 72, seem to be a gloss rather than Ovid's words. 
 
 73. S u urn, reflexive to volucris, and volucris is the subject of commisit 
 and sensit. 
 
 75. Plangitur, beats itself with its wings. 
 
 76. Harum refers back to matres. 
 
 78. Exsultantem expresses the effort to spring up. 
 
 79. Digiti — pes — ungues. The poet represents the change as begin- 
 ning with the feet, at the roots, as it were, of the trees. 
 
 82. Fiunt agrees in number with the nearer and the predicate noun. 
 
 28. Midas. 
 XI. 85-193. 
 
 Finely has Hawthorne told this story in English in his "Wonder- 
 Book." 
 
 85. Hoe ; i. e., the punishment of the Thracian Bacchae. Not con- 
 tent with this, Bacchus now leaves their country (agros), and goes to 
 
28. MIDAS. 207 
 
 Lydia, and to the vineyards of his Timolus there (or Tmolus, a mountain 
 in Lydia), and to the river Pactolus. 
 
 87. Aureus ; see below, line 142. 
 
 88. Invidiosus, envied for its precious sands; liarenis, ablative. 
 
 93. Cum to be joined with Orpheus in translation ; Orpheus together 
 with — Eumolpus ; as Eumolpus was a pupil of Orpheus, and afterwards 
 settled in Attica ( Cecropio, from Cecrops, the mythic founder of Athens), 
 and was the founder of the Attic family of the Eumolpidae. 
 
 97. Coegerat $ cogo is here used from its military meaning, to bring 
 up the rear. The stars are thought of as an army marching off the field 
 of the heavens, and Lucifer, as the morning star, brings up the rear. So 
 also in Ovid, ii. 114. 
 
 100. Optandi is to be joined with muneris, and the two words limit 
 arbitrium. Midas is to have his choice of a gift ; that is agreeable, but 
 useless, as the sequel will show. 
 
 103. Vertatur ; subjunctive after effice, with omission of ut. 
 
 104. Solvit ; this verb is used in like manner with dona, ix. 794. The 
 expression is like pecuniam solvere, because the gift as fulfillment of 
 a promise is like paying a debt. 
 
 105. Petisset. Why is the subjunctive used ? 
 
 107. Polliciti fidem, the trustworthiness of the promise. Fidem limits 
 temptat, and singula limits tangendo. 
 
 112. Massa; i. e., of gold; a nugget. 
 
 117. Dauacn ; in allusion to the story of Danae being deceived by 
 Jupiter in the form of a shower of gold. 
 
 125. Auctorem muneris 5 Bacchus, by metonymy for vinum. 
 
 133. Spfccioso (from specio), used like splendida (line 131), of the 
 glitter of the gold; from (this) splendid curse. Why not our word 
 specious ? 
 
 134. Rumen, appositive to Bacchus. 
 
 135. Restituit 5 i. e., to his human touch. 
 
 135. Factique, etc. The reading factifide is doubtful; but it may 
 mean in confirmation of the act, facti referring to rcslituit. Data muncra 
 solvit ; (dissolved, i. e.) took back the gifts he had bestowed; changed them 
 back to what they were before. But this meaning of solvo with muncra 
 is unusual ; and especially as solvit muncra, in one of its ordinary uses, 
 has been given above, in line 104. Harper's Diet. (Andrews's, revised by 
 Lewis and Short) translates thus: freed the gift from the obligation of an 
 accomplished fact ; i. e., revoked the gifts, 
 
 137. Amnem 5 the Pactolus. 
 
208 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193. 
 
 144. Venae means the vein of gold, and scmine the seed or golden 
 sand brought down by the river into the surrounding fields. 
 
 146-1 93. Midas and Apollo. Midas ventures to declare Pan's music 
 to be better than Apollo's ; and, to punish his stupid ears (175), the god 
 of song changes them into the ears of an ass. 
 
 148. Mansit ; i. e., just as dull as in the wish for the golden touch. 
 
 150. Nam, etc. The poet goes on to explain what he has just said of 
 the pingue ingenium of Midas. 
 
 152. Sardis, in Lydia, was on the northern slope of Mount Tmolus, 
 and Hypacpa on the southern. 
 
 154. Observe that the first e in leve is short, lave ; what then is its 
 meaning ? Also cerata has the last syllable long, ccratd ; in what case 
 then ? 
 
 156. Judice ; Tmolus is conceived here as the god of the mountain, 
 and so is to be the umpire in the musical contest. So, too, in the next line 
 the poet, by a singular fancy, transfers the trees (arboribus) that crown 
 the mountain to the mountain-god. 
 
 162. Barbarico ; Phrygian, and so not Greek, foreign. 
 
 163. Post nunc; i. e., after his singing the god turns his face (ora) to 
 the face of Phoebus ; os used as part for the whole. 
 
 164. Sua refers to vullum ; see H. 449, 2. 
 
 165. Caput; accusative, as in H. 378. In these lines, 165-168, the 
 poet describes Phoebus as in the dress of the citharoedus, or cithern- 
 player, as he was represented in ancient statues, one of which is extant 
 in the gallery of the Vatican. It was the costume, too, in which per- 
 formers appeared in Rome in the poet's time. 
 
 165. On Para aside, see note i. 316 ; on murice, note on vi. 61. 
 
 167. Fidem, from fides, meaning a string, and then a lyre ; Indis, of 
 India ; i. e., of ivory from the tusks of Indian elephants. 
 
 169. Stamina (from stare), originally for what stands in the loom, the 
 warp, thread, and here the strings of the lyre. 
 
 174. Delias ; Apollo, so called from Delos, his birthplace. Aures is 
 the subject, and figuram the object of retinere. So, in the next line, a 
 pronoun referring to aures is the obj. of trahit. 
 
 178. In unam partem, in reference to cetera means on (this) one part. 
 
 179. Aures ; in ace. by H. 378. 
 
 180-193. The servant who dressed King Midas's hair, not daring to 
 tell men of the strange ears of his master, whispers the secret in the 
 earth ; by-and-by reeds spring up from the spot, and these, as they sway 
 in the wind, murmur the story to all the air. 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 209 
 
 181. The tidra was a Fhrygian head-dress, pointed at the top, and 
 covering the ears, and fastened under the chin. 
 
 184. Cnpiens is equivalent to a concessive clause ; though he wanted 
 (to bring it out into the air, i. e.) to utter it, to make it known, yet (la- 
 men), etc. 
 
 192. Agrlcttlam ; the famulus is thought of as a farmer, who has in- 
 trusted the secret to the earth, just as he would sow seed in it. 
 
 29. Ceyx and AlcySne. 
 
 XL 410-748. 
 
 Ceyx, king of Trachis in Thessaly, is drowned while on a voyage to 
 Claros. His body is washed ashore, and is discovered by his wife Alcy- 
 one, who is anxiously awaiting his return. As she throws herself into 
 the sea to reach her husband, she is changed into a king-fisher or halcyon ; 
 and Ceyx is changed in like manner. So they mate and live together. 
 They build their nest, as the fable has it, on the sea ; and the seven win- 
 ter clays, when Alcyone broods over her nest, are " Halcyon days," when 
 a calm broods over the 
 
 " Ocean, 
 Who now hath quite forgot to rave, 
 While birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave." 
 
 Milton's "Hymn to the Nativity." 
 
 410-143. Alcyone endeavors, but all in vain, to dissuade her husband 
 from the voyage. 
 
 410,411. Pectora, in the ace. limits turbatus by II. 378. Fratris 
 limits prodigiis, and secictis agrees with prodigiis. Daedalion, the brother 
 of Ceyx, had been changed into a hawk ; and after his death a wolf, which 
 had attacked the flocks of Peleus, had been turned to stone. 
 
 413. Clarinm, of Claros, near Colophon, in Asia Minor, where was a 
 celebrated oracle of Apollo. 
 
 414. PlilSgyis ; the Phlegyae were a Boeotian people, and Phorbas 
 was their king. 
 
 417. Bnxo 5 see note iv. 134. 
 
 425. At puto, etc. She thinks to herself, that if it were a journey by 
 land, then she should only suffer from the grief of parting ; but the sea is 
 what she fears. 
 
 428, 429. Tabulas ; i. e., planks from shipwrecks ; and sine corpore 
 refers to empty tombs, cenotaphs, when people have been lost at sea. 
 
210 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 431. Hippotades 5 i. c, Aeolus, the god of the winds, whose daughter 
 Alcyone was. Sec note iv. 663. 
 
 432. Placet 5 the long a points to what verb ? and what would placet 
 mean? 
 
 436. Concursibns; see note i. 56. 
 
 442. Nisi — patiar* If she were not with him, her fears might be 
 greater, because imaginary ; but if she is with him, then she will fear 
 only what she really suffers. 
 
 444-477. The departure. 
 
 445. Sidereus, in reference to his descent, as the son of Lucifer. 
 
 449. Non tamen, etc. Causam refers to the whole thing of which 
 he is talking to her ; and with probat (sc. Ceyx) ei is understood, referring 
 to Alcyone ; literally, he does not approve the thing to her ; i. e., with all 
 that he says, yet he does not convince her of the thing. 
 
 452. Patrios, in allusion to Lucifer. 
 
 455. NavallbuSj in connection with the poetic aequore Unguis seems to 
 mean what we call a dry dock ; indeed, in iii. 661, Ovid uses the expres- 
 sion siccum navalc. 
 
 462. Gcminis ; they sat on both sides of the ship, where the banks of 
 oars were arranged, so as to be opposite each other. The pinus, or ship, 
 was thus a biremis. 
 
 475. Pendentes 5 this would be the position of the oars during the 
 rowing ; hanging down into the sea ; but now, with a breeze filling the 
 sails, the sailor lays the oars across the side of the ship. The vowel e is 
 by nature short before nt and nd ; but the syllable is long by position. 
 
 476. Corona means, first, the (horn-like) extremities to the yard of 
 the ship {antenna) ; then, as here, the ropes which passed from these ex- 
 tremities to the top of the mast (summa — arbore). 
 
 478-573. The shipwreck, and the death of Ceyx. 
 
 478. Amplins 5 quam is omitted. H. 417, 1, note 2. 
 
 481. Euros, a contrary wind for a voyage from Greece to Asia Minor. 
 
 487. Ventis — ncgare 5 to reef the sails. 
 
 495. Clamore, etc. So Vergil, i. 87, Insequitur clamorque virum stri- 
 dorque rudentum. 
 
 496. Fndarom — unda. The words are purposely repeated, as in xv. 
 181, unda impellitur unda. 
 
 506. Suspicere, to look up, as contrasted with despicere in 1. 404. The 
 ship, when on the crest of a sea, seems to look down into its very 
 depths (Ac7ieronta, the lower world), and when it has gone down into the 
 troughs (voiles) of the sea, it seems thence to look up to the heights of the 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 211 
 
 sky. Acheron is first the name of a river in the Lower World, meaning, 
 as a Greek word, the stream of woe, and then the name of the Lower 
 World itself. 
 
 50T. Latus. H. 378. 
 
 508. Qnam, etc. The order of the words as follows : qnam cum olim 
 ferreus aries ballistave concutit laceras arces. The battering-ram arics, 
 and the ballist (a machine for throwing projectiles) were used in the sieges 
 of cities. 
 
 512. Se admiscrat ; admlttcre with equum means to let a horse run, 
 as in vi. 237,'where see note ; so, too, admisso passu, i. 532 ; and here it is 
 used figuratively of unda ; when it had given itself free course. Thus the 
 se admiserat corresponds in the simile to incursu. As the lion is wont by 
 running to gather up its strength for the assault, ire in arma, etc., so the 
 wave, after having given itself full course, ibat in arma, etc. 
 
 514. The cunei were the wedge-like plugs by which the planks of the 
 keel were held together ; cera, wax, was used as well as pitch in protect- 
 ing the joinings of the ship. 
 
 525. Omni nnmero, all the number ; i. c., all the rest (of his fellow- 
 soldiers). 
 
 530. Dccimac — nndae 5 i. e., the fluctus decumanus, as the Romans 
 called it, every tenth wave, which they thought to be the strongest and 
 most perilous. 
 
 536. Trepidare depends upon solet. Tenentibus intus, said of such of 
 the enemy as are already inside (intus), corresponds to pars maris intus, 
 in 1. 534. 
 
 539. Vocat — mancant 5 because it was supposed that the spirits of 
 the unburied wandered restless on this side the Styx. 
 
 542. Subennt illi, occur to his mind. So in vii. 170. 
 
 543. Pignflrfbus ; i. c., the children. 
 
 550. Dnplicata \ explained by line 521, the darkness of the night, and 
 of the storm. 
 
 552. Regimen, guiding, something that guides, and so means, as here, 
 the rudder. Spoliis ; i. c., the mast, and the rudder, which are, as it 
 were, the spoils of the wave ; proud of her spoils, like a conquo'or, rising 
 up (superstcs) and high-arched, looks down upon (the other) waves. 
 
 554. Athon, a mountainous peninsula in Macedonia; Pindum, the 
 mountain-range which parts Thessaly from Epirus. 
 
 558. Fato fnncta 5 the abl. in fato by II. 421, 1. ; reached their destined 
 end. 
 
 561. Sdeernmqne patremqne; i. c., Aeolus and Lucifer. 
 
212 METAMORPHOSES, XI. 410-748. 
 
 562. Plurima; an adjective agreeing with Alcyone, but here ad- 
 verbial in meaning; Alcyone's name is very much (i. e., saepissime) on 
 his lips. 
 
 563. ReTert ; again and again he utters her name. 
 
 564. Illius ; the penultimate here short. The word, as the first in the 
 line, is emphatic ; before her eyes he longs that the waves may bear his 
 body. It is she, above all others, by whose friendly hands he would fain 
 be buried. 
 
 568. Niger — aquarnm. Arcus seems to express the arched, bow-like 
 shape of the wave ; the expression arcus aquarum is thus much like our 
 word billow. 
 
 570. Posses ; the subjunctive by II. 503, I. 
 
 571. Excederc eaelo. See note ii. 115. Lucifer, though the father 
 of Ceyx, yet as leader of the stars, may not leave his post in the sky. 
 
 573-709. At the bidding of Juno, through her messenger Iris, Mor- 
 pheus is dispatched by Somnus to make known to Alcyone in a vision the 
 death of Ceyx. 
 
 573. AedJIs. Alcyone, the daughter of Aeolus. 
 
 574-576. Induat— gerat. Subj. of purpose, H. 497. 
 
 578. Juno was worshiped as the goddess of marriage, and the guar- 
 dian deity of married women. 
 
 579. Nnllus, a strong expression for no longer among the living ; who 
 toas no more. 
 
 583. Morte, abl. as above, 559, by II. 421, 1., andfunclo morte, another 
 euphemistic expression for mortuo. 
 
 583. Rogari, used as the object of sustinet ; does not endure being 
 asked. 
 
 584. Dianas fiinestas, unclean hands ; i. e., ceremonially ; in accord- 
 ance with the idea that a house and family were unclean so long as a 
 member of it who had died still lay unburied. 
 
 585. Tri. See note, i. 271. 
 
 587. Mittat, in subjunctive with jube, and ut omitted. See II. 535, II., 
 note, and 499, 2. 
 
 587. Imagine seems to limit somnia, as a descriptive abl. or abl. of 
 quality. H. 419, II. 
 
 589. Velamina ; ace. by II. 378. 
 
 590. Arcuato, in two syllables, as when written arquato. 
 
 591. Jnssi ; i. e., to whom she was ordered to go. So above, xi. 142. 
 
 592. Cimmerios, a word meaning, perhaps, as Haupt suggests, " the 
 Dark," and the name of a mythical people, mentioned also by Homer (as 
 
29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 213 
 
 in Od. xi. 14), as living in the remote West, by the ocean. Here, then, 
 it is that the poet fancies the abode of Somnus to be, in a region envel- 
 oped by perpetual mists and darkness. 
 
 593. Penetralia, a word of the same origin as penates, penilus, penetro, 
 and expressing the idea of somewhat inner, and so secret and sacred. 
 Through the word pevus, an inner chamber for a store-house, it is thought 
 to be allied to pasco and kindred words, and to come from a root pa. 
 
 594. (Mens — C&densve ; i. e., at 1m rising, mid-course, or setting. 
 
 596. Dubiaeque — liieis, and the dimness of twilight. Indeed, twi- 
 light, as a compound, is just the same as dubiae lucis, as hoi is the Saxon 
 tweon, doubt, and light the Saxon leoht. As dubius comes from duo, 
 may not tweon be allied to twi, or twa, the Saxon for two ? 
 
 597. Vigil alfcs, etc. It is worth while to compare other passages in 
 Ovid, which give expression to the wakefulness of the cock, and to the 
 early hour of cock-crowing, Horace's Sub galli cantum, Sat. i. 1, 10, 
 which is here poetically given in Evocat Auroram. Thus, in the Fasti, i. 
 455, cristatus ales, quod tepidum vigili provocet ore diem ; also Fasti, ii. 
 767, lam dederat cantus lucis praenuntius cdes. These Latin passages 
 are matched in English in Milton's " Allegro," " While the cock with 
 lively din Scatters the rear of darkness thin." 
 
 599. Sagatfor anser. On the sagacity of the goose, Ovid has also a 
 passage, Met. ii. 538, scrvaluris vigili Capitolia voce — a?isenbus, in allusion 
 to the preservation of the capitol through the cackling of the geese when 
 the city was taken by the Gauls ; Livy, v. 47. 
 
 603. Rivus — Lethes, etc. Comp. n. vii. 152. The river is similarly 
 described by Milton in "Paradise Lost," ii. 584: "A slow and silent 
 stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls her watery labyrinth." 
 
 610. Medio agrees with antro, and ebeno limits sublimis ; ebeno for 
 the bedstead made of ivory, and so = spondcl cbenind. In the middle of 
 the cave is a bolster, raised high (sublimis) on an ivory bedstead. 
 
 616. Virgo; Iris. 
 
 618. Sacra, because the dwelling of a god. 
 
 619. Relabens ; he will, on raising his heavy eyes, raise himself up, 
 but again and again slips back, and his nodding chin strikes the top of his 
 breast. 
 
 621. Sibi se ; he shakes himself out of himself; i. e., out of sleep. 
 
 625. Makes reminds us of Young's familiar line: "Tired nature's 
 sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! " 
 
 626. Quae— aequent ; subjunctive of result, Gr. 500 ; such as may 
 resemble ; i. e , representing real forms. 
 
214 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748. 
 
 627. Trilclrine ; we should expect the ace. of place instead of the abl. 
 (Herculeam Trachina) after adeant. Herculea, so called because in Tra- 
 chis, a town in Thessaly, Hercules was said to have lived in the last part 
 of his life." 
 
 630. Vaporis, in allusion to the poppies and other plants mentioned 
 in line 605. 
 
 632. Arcns ; i. c., the rainbows, as described vi. 63. 
 
 633-635. Pater, Somnus. Morphea, from Morpheus, from poptfii 
 
 the god of dreams ; so called from the forms which he calls up before the 
 sleeper. The words artificem—figurae thus explain the Greek word. 
 
 638. Alter; i. e., a second one, whose names are given in the next line. 
 
 640. Iceion — Phobetora, Greek words, meaning, the former, similis, 
 like ; the latter, one who terrifies. 
 
 642. Phantasos, the god of appearances or apparitions, from the 
 same Greek root as our words fancy, phantasm, fantastic, and the like. 
 
 647. Thanmantldos ; i. e., of Iris, the daughter of Thaumas, son of 
 Pontus and Gaea. 
 
 652. Ilaemoniam. Trachis was a city of Thessaly, which was called 
 Hacmonia, from Haemon, father of Thessalus. 
 
 662. Me ; i. e., meum reditum, as above, in 1. 576. Fcdso is an ad- 
 verb, qualifying promitterc, the two words expressing a false expectation ; 
 do not cherish a false expectation of my return. 
 
 669. Lugubria, used substantively for lugubria vestimenta ; put on 
 mourning. 
 
 678. Illic, join with sit, if he is there, iv7io seemed just now to be 
 (there). 
 
 607. Fuit ; it would have been. See II. 476, 5. 
 
 698. De — qnicquam, any of my life-time. 
 
 699. Non simul, not with you ; i. e., without you. 
 
 700. In her sense of one-ness with him, she feels that in his dying 
 she has died herself, and that parted from him (sine te) it is the same as 
 if she too had been drowned in the sea. 
 
 706. Littera, meaning the inscription on the tomb. 
 
 710-748. On awaking from sleep Alcyone hastens to the shore, whence 
 she sees the form of her husband, and, in springing forward to meet him, 
 is changed, together with him, into a bird. 
 
 713. Hoc — litflre, at this spot on the shore. 
 
 719. Online ; she looks at it as a new omen of the death of her hus- 
 band, that just here and now she sees this body of a shipwrecked man 
 (naufragus). 
 
30. THE nOUSE OF FAME. 215 
 
 722, 723. Quo — mentis, the more she looks upon it, the less and less 
 has she of her senses ; i. e., the more and more is she beside herself. The 
 repetition of the comparative minus expresses the gradual loss of con- 
 sciousness; compare the repetition, in the next two lines, of jam. 
 
 721. Qaod — posset, the subjunctive expresses result; now so near 
 that she could — 
 
 729. Facta manu, made by man's hand ; hence our word manufac- 
 ture, and its cognates. 
 
 731, 735. Maesto — rostro ; macsto, sc. sono. Tenui describes the 
 slender shape of the halcyon's beak. The mournful notes of the bird are 
 mentioned by other writers, as Homer, Iliad, 9, 561 ; Propertius, iii. 10, 9. 
 
 711, 712. S ii peris; Vergil makes the bird the favorite of Thetis, as 
 in Georg i. 399, Dilectae Thctidi alcyones. For the construction in abl. 
 alite, see II. 422, note 2. 
 
 712 — 711. Fatis isdem ; i. e., in both of them being changed into 
 birds Obnoxius, subject. Cocnnt, they mate. 
 
 715. Hibcrno, etc. So Pliny, Hist. Nat. 10, 99 — bruma, qui dies hal- 
 cyonides vocantur, placido mari per eos. The tenacity of the story is 
 illustrated by our own expression, " halcyon days," as used in literature 
 as well as in life. So Denham says of Augustus, "His halcyon days 
 brought forth the arts of peace." As to the nests, the halcyons or king- 
 fishers build on cliffs or in holes in the rocks ; but, from these nests be- 
 ing often washed off by the waves, there probably arose the story of their 
 building on the surface of the sea, pendentibus aequorc ; sea-hanging nests. 
 
 30. The House of Fame. 
 XII. 39-63. 
 
 This description, by the poet, of the House of Fame, is incidental to 
 his mention of the intelligence having reached the Trojans that the Greeks 
 were ncaring their shores. From this house it is, as the poet fancies it, 
 that the intelligence has issued. For a description of Farna herself, sec 
 Vergil, Aen. iv. 173. 
 
 39. Orbc, here and in line 63, for the circle of the universe ; like the 
 Scripture expression of the earth, " It is He that sitteth upon the circle 
 of the earth." Isa. xl. 22. The same idea is in the next line, mundi ; 
 so, too, the orbis includes earth, sea, and sky — terras, f return, caelestes 
 plagas. 
 
 11. Regionibus is an abl. of specification. 
 
 12. Penetrat depends also upon unde. 
 
216 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897. 
 
 46. Tota agrees with domus, to be supplied. 
 
 49. Murmiira, in connection with f remit, line 47, seems to express a 
 kind of hum, like Thomson's "ceaseless hum" in the "woods at noon," 
 or, as the poet has it here himself, of the far-off waves, or the distant 
 thunder. 
 
 53, 54. LSvc, a light crowd, appositive to milia rumorum. Com- 
 rnenta agreeing with milia instead of rumorum ; he might have written 
 milia commentorum rumorum. 
 
 57, 58. Mensuraqne, etc. Like Vergil's description in Aen. iv. 195, 
 Mobilitate viget, vircsque acquirit eundo. Comp. also Ovid himself, in ix. 
 137. 
 
 61. Dnbioque auctore, abl. of characteristic. 
 
 31. Acis and Galatea. 
 XIII. 750-897. 
 
 750-777. Galatea tells the story of her love for Acis, and her hatred 
 of the Cyclops, and of the love of the Cyclops for herself. 
 
 750. Fanno \ the name of an old king of Latium, who, after his 
 death, was worshiped as the god of fields and flocks : afterward identified 
 
 with the Greek god Pan. Symaethide ; Symaethis, the daughter of the 
 
 river-god Symaethus ; the river was on the east coast of Sicily, near Mt. 
 Aetna. For the ablative with cretus, Gr. 415, II. 
 
 752. Me, i. c., Galatea, who is speaking. 
 
 753. Natalibus, ablative of quality, Gr. 419, II. ; and the whole ex- 
 pression octonis — actis is a circumlocution for age ; he had passed twice 
 eight birthdays, 
 
 754. Malas ; observe the long penult. The word, meaning check, is 
 allied to the verb mando, to chew. 
 
 755. Cyclops, from the Greek word meaning round-eyed ; Polyphemus, 
 like all the Cyclopes, was represented as having but one eye, and that in 
 the middle of the forehead. 
 
 755. Fine' is here feminine, though generally masculine ; Gr. 107, I. 
 
 758. Pro, interjection with Venus. 
 
 759. Alma, from alo, and a constant epithet for Venus as the source 
 of life and growth in nature ; nourishing. 
 
 760. Silvis, dative limiting horrendus ; the rude Cyclops was a terror 
 even to the tvoods. Horrendus is a common epithet with silva or ncmus. 
 So also Sylvanus, the god of the woods, is called horridus or horrendus, 
 from horreo in its primary meaning. 
 
31. ACIS AND GALATEA. 217 
 
 761. Join cum dis with Olympi, of Olympus and its gods. Compare 
 below, lines 843 and 857. 
 
 765. Rastris. Such a monster needed a rake for a comb, and a scythe 
 (falec) for a razor. 
 
 770. Telfcmus ; Tclemus, the son of Eurymus, the soothsayer of the 
 Cyclops, and one whom no bird had deceived, i. e., who always read aright 
 the omens. 
 
 773. I'lixes ) in allusion to Homer's story in the Odyssey, that Ulysses 
 put out the one eye of Polyphemus. 
 
 775. Altera — rapiiit. Love makes the rude Cyclops quite fine in his 
 wit. He says, the other (meaning Galatea, as the other of the two) has 
 already robbed me of my sight, thus confessing how love has blinded 
 him. 
 
 776. Gradiens — passu. Hoping to sec his love, who is a Nereid, and 
 so a sea-nymph, he stalks along the shore with huge step ; litora the object 
 alike of gradiens and degravat. 
 
 778-809. Galatea goes on to tell how Polyphemus turns minstrel, 
 through the influence of his love, and how he lauds her charms in song, 
 and also bewails her coldness to him. 
 
 778. The poet describes here a tvedgc-like {cuncaius) promontory 
 stretching far out into the sea. 
 
 780. Medius ; he sat sat down on the middle of the hill, so as to com- 
 mand a view of the sea on both sides. 
 
 783. Antcmnis, etc. The pine-wood staff was big enough to carry a 
 sail-yard, 
 
 784. Centum ; the shepherd's pipe {fistula), usually made of (composita) 
 seven reeds, is made of a hundred for the Cyclops. 
 
 785. SIbila, pipings. 
 
 789. Ligustri, a white plant, the privet, Vergil's album Ugustrum, 
 Eel. 2, 18. 
 
 791. Lascivior, more playful. The line is imitated in the English 
 song: "0 nymph more bright Than moonshine night, Like kidlings, 
 blithe and merry." 
 
 792. Levior, smoother. What would levior mean ? 
 
 795. tva ; in the English song, " Ripe as the melting cluster." 
 798, Eadem 5 yet the same Galatea is also, etc. ; in the English song 
 again : " Yet hard to tame As raging flame, And fierce as storms that 
 bluster." 
 
 800. Lentior — salicis, etc. The willow, because so pliant and flexi- 
 ble, is hard to break ; and so when used of character, as here of a coy 
 11 
 
218 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897. 
 
 maiden, comes to mean inflexible. The vitis alba is a creeping vine, called 
 (from the Greek) bryony. 
 
 803. The tribnlns is a prickly plant, the caltrop. Feta, with young, 
 from the root fu, fe (as in fu-i, fe-lix); the bear is then most fierce. 
 
 810 — 83T. In illustration of si — noris {if you only knew me well) he 
 goes on to tell how much he has to offer her. 
 
 810. Pars montis expresses how great his cave is, and vivo — saxo, 
 hanging with living stone, describes the cave as arched with living 
 stone. 
 
 816. Fraga leges ; see note i. 104, and for coma, ib. 105. 
 
 819. Deer nut, dissyllable, as in i. 77. 
 
 821. Multae, sc. pecudes, as suggested by the generic word pecus. 
 
 826. Ft means here how ; you yourself can see how. Then ubcr is the 
 object of circumeant, and the preposition (circum) is quite in place to 
 describe the movement of the legs around the amply filled udders ; how 
 on both sides of the distended udder they can scarcely move their legs. But 
 Siebelis makes ut — circumeant the result after disicntum sc. ita, and ubcr 
 the object of videre, a forced and unnatural construction. 
 
 830. Partem is the object of durant, and coagula the subject. Coagu- 
 lum (from cogo) means, first, something that coagulates or curdles, as 
 here, and then (passively) something which is coagulated, as curdled 
 milk. Thus it is like our Saxon word rennet or runnet, which is also 
 used in the passive sense as well as in the active. The coagulum, rennet 
 (which is prepared from the stomachs of calves), when softened in water 
 {liquefacta), hardens or curdles the milk, so as to make cheese. 
 
 833. Parve' ; i. e., par and ve, or a pair. 
 
 838-858. The Cyclops goes on to describe his own personal attrac- 
 tions. 
 
 844. Torvos, here in a good sense, earnest. 
 
 853. Orbis, in the sense of oculus ; yet the sun has but a single (round) 
 eye. 
 
 854. Geuitor ; i. e., Vulcan, the father of Galatea. 
 
 859-869. He would not take it so hard of Galatea, if she were just 
 as indifferent to all others. 
 
 859. ContemptuSj genitive (of fourth decl.), limits patientior. 
 
 863. Quod nollem refers only to tibi ; it is the pleasing Galatea (tibi) 
 that he wouldn't like ; he may please himself as much as he likes. 
 
 864. Sentiet, etc., is the conclusion to the condition to placeat licebit ; 
 but modo — dctur is interposed. Only let the chance be given me, or let 
 me only get the chance! Pro means here in proportion to. 
 
32. THE EPILOGUE. 219 
 
 868. Cuinqnc — Aetnam. It seems to him as if he were carrying in 
 his breast all the raging violence of Aetna's fires. It was fabled that 
 Vulcan's forge was under Aetna. 
 
 870-884. All at once the Cyclops catches sight of Galatea and her 
 lover, and forthwith hurls at Acis a huge rock. 
 
 874. The que really belongs to exclamat, and shouts. 
 
 875. Sit depends upon faciam, ut omitted. / will make that the 
 last, etc. 
 
 876. Tantaqne, etc. ; and such a voice as the Cyclops ought to have 
 had, that he had ; he had just such a vcicc as you would fancy such a 
 creature to have. 
 
 884. Angulns is only another expression (the corner) for 'partem e 
 monte ; though it was only the very edge of the piece of rock that reached 
 him, yet it dashed Acis quite to pieces. 
 
 885-897. Galatea does her utmost for her poor lover ; she turns him 
 into a stream, which flows from under the rock. 
 
 886. Avitas, of his grandfather, the river-god Symaethus. 
 
 887. Intra — exignnm \ iemporis limits exiguum ; in a short time. 
 890. Mora, with delay ; i. c., gradually. 
 
 894. Corona cannis ; as in ix. 3, so here, horns wreathed with the 
 reed that grows by the river-side arc with the poets characteristic of the 
 river-gods. 
 
 895. Caerulns, because the color of the sea ; so also, with the poets, 
 of the sea-gods 5 as in i. 275, of Neptune. 
 
 32. The Epilogue. 
 
 XV. 871-879. 
 
 In these concluding lines of the poem, Ovid proudly predicts his own 
 immortality as a poet. He has given expression to the same sentiments 
 in his " Amores," iii. 15, 7; ib. 20 ; and also in his " Ars Amatoria," iii. 
 339, 340. Compare with these passages of Ovid, the celebrated ode of 
 Ilorace, iii. 30, Exegi monumentum acre perennius, with the introduction 
 and notes to it in my edition of Ilorace. 
 
 871. Jftvis ira, by metonymy for fulmen, lightning. Compare in xv. 
 811, fulminis iram. 
 
 872. Edax, devouring, as in xv. 234, tempus Zdax rcrum. From what 
 verb is 8dax (observe the short 8) derived ? Horace has Od. iii. 30, 3, 
 imbei* edax. 
 
 873. Corporis — jus. Jus with the genitive, as in ii. 48, power over. 
 
220 AMOBES, I. 15. 
 
 875. Parte tamen, etc. So in Horace, multaque pars mci. Od. iii. 
 30, 6. The better part he counts to be his poetic genius and fame. 
 
 8T6. liideleblle ; a briefer expression for Horace's crescam laude 
 recens. 
 
 818. Ore* legar, etc. Compare the poet's words in his "Tristia," 
 iv. 10, 127; iii. 7, 50; iii. 14,19. 
 
 AMOEES. 
 
 1. The Poet's Defense. 
 I. 15. 
 
 The poet celebrates the praises of the great bards, Greek and Roman, 
 and the noble offices they have discharged — in answer to the carpings of 
 envious dullards. Horace has a parallel passage in his " Ars Poetica," 
 391-407. Wordsworth expresses a similar sentiment in his "Personal 
 Talk " : " Blessings be with them, and eternal praise, Who gave us nobler 
 loves, and nobler cares, The poets, who on earth have made us heirs Of 
 truth and pure delight by heavenly lays ! " 
 
 1. Quid. Why ? See Gr. 454, 2. On edax see note, Met. xv. 872. 
 
 Livorj which literally means a bluish color, is figuratively used, as 
 
 here, for envy ; perhaps because the face takes on a bluish complexion 
 when the heart is suffering from envy or malice. 
 
 3. Me, with sequi, dependent upon obicts. Indeed, these three accu- 
 satives with their infinitives seem to be used appositively, to illustrate 
 obicts annos and vocas carmen. The poet resents the inference, that be- 
 cause he has not, like most Romans, given himself to arms (militiae)^ 
 or to legal learning (leges), or to public life (ford), therefore his years are 
 inactive, and his poetry the work of an idle mind. 
 
 6. Prostltuisse ; not in so bad a sense as our derived word to prosti- 
 tute, though it is used disparagingly ; from its literal meaning, to put a 
 thing forward (pro and statuo), it comes to mean, to make a show of any- 
 thing, and so to offer it for sale or for hire. So Juvenal, Sat. vii. 149, 
 mercedem pdnere linguae. 
 
 7. Mo it ale — pcrennis ; the contrast of the two words is well expressed 
 by their being put, the one in the first place in the line, the other in the 
 last. 
 
 9. Maeuirides \ of Maeonia, or Lydia, of which Homer, who is here 
 referred to, was supposed to be, a native. Of the seven cities, which 
 
1. THE POET'S DEFENSE. 221 
 
 claimed the honor of giving Homer birth, two were in Maconia, viz., 
 Smyrna and Colophon. 
 
 9, 10. TfcnSdos — Idc — aquas. Tencdos, an island off the Trojan 
 coast. To this Vergil refers in Aen. ii. 21, Est in conspectu Tenedos, 
 etc. Ida is the name of the mountain range around Troy, and the Simois 
 and the Scamander were the two famous Trojan rivers. 
 
 11. Aseraens, the Ascraean, i. e., the poet Hesiod, so called from As- 
 cra, in Boeotia, where he lived. Sec Epist. ex Ponto, iv. 14, 31. He 
 wrote a didactic poem called "Kpya kcl\ "H^epai, " Works and Days," to 
 which Vergil alludes in his Gcorgics, ii. 176, Ascracumque cano Romana 
 per oppida carmen. It treated, among other subjects, of the vintage 
 (icva), and of farming (Ceres). 
 
 13. Battiades, the son of Battus, i. e., Callimachus. It may be, how- 
 ever, that the patronymic means that he was a native of Cyrcne, a city 
 founded by Battus. He wa3 a writer of elegies. 
 
 14. Quanivis — non valet. The corresponding clause is, arte valet ; 
 though not in genius, yet in art. 
 
 15. The cothurnus, the thick-soled, high-heeled shoe, the buskin, worn 
 by tragic actors to help give them the heroic stature, befitting the char- 
 acters in tragedy. It is here, as often, used for tragocdia, as buskin in 
 English for tragedy. So soccus, the name of the low shoe worn by comic 
 actors, is used for comedy. Sophocles was the greatest of the three 
 great Greek tragic writers. 
 
 16. Aratus ; a Greek poet who had lived at Soli, in Cilicia (circa 260 
 b. a), author of a poem called " Phaenomena." Cicero translated it into 
 Latin verse. The Apostle Paul quoted from this poem in his Mars-Hill 
 address to the Athenians, in Acts, xvii. 28, " For we are also his offspring." 
 
 18. M&nandros. The first in merit of the writers of the so-called 
 New Comedy in Greek literature ; he was born at Athens 321 b. a, and 
 died there 291 b. c. Terence made free use of his plays in his Latin 
 comedies. The tricky slave, the harsh father, the base procuress, and the 
 flattering harlot always were found among Menander's dramatis per sonac. 
 
 19. Ennins, called "noster Ennius" by Lucretius, i. 119, was the 
 founder of Roman literature, and the author of a celebrated epic, called 
 " Annales," the history of Rome in verse. We have extant fragments of 
 his poetry, which have been collected from quotations from Cicero and 
 other writers. Cicero called him Summus poeta noster (Pro Balbo, 22). 
 The expression arte carens is illustrated by Ovid in another passage 
 (Tristia, ii. 259), Ennius ingenio maximus, arte rudis. Horace alludes to 
 him in several passages, Ars Poetica, 58, 258, and Sat. i. 10, 53. 
 
222 AMORES, III. 9. 
 
 19. Actins, a Latin writer of tragedies, born l'/O b. c, died 103 
 b. c. The epithet animosi, spirited, is well illustrated by Horace, Ep. ii. 
 1, 55, famam senis Accius alii. 
 
 21, 22. Varronem— duci. Publitis Terentius Yarro, called AtacI- 
 nus, from the river Atax, on the banks of which he was born, wrote a 
 poem on the voyage of the Argo (ratem), and on the fortunes of Jason, 
 the son of Aeson {Aesonio), and the leader {duci) of the Argonauts. 
 Aurea of course refers to the golden fleece, that the expedition went 
 in quest of. But Varro's poetry was far inferior to his learning. St. 
 Augustin well calls him " doctissimus Romanorum Varro ; " " Civitas 
 Dei," vii. 
 
 23. Carolina — Lucreti ; the celebrated poem, " De Rerum Natura," 
 of Lucretius, who died 55 b. c. Ovid's praise of him is amply deserved ; 
 and it is significant of his judgment of his poetic merits that, while he 
 conceives of the fame of the Aeneid (just below, in lines 25, 26) as co- 
 eval with the duration of Rome's supremacy, he predicts here that the 
 Lucretian poetry will perish only when the world itself perishes. In the 
 words exitio — una dies, he evidently has in mind the lines of Lucretius, 
 v. 93 seqq., and especially (96) Una dies dabit exitio, etc. 
 
 28. Tibulle. Albius Tibullus, a contemporary and friend of Ovid, 
 wrote elegies, and also love-poetry {ignes—Cupidinis). It is his death 
 which is the subject of the next selection from the " Amores." 
 
 29. Gallns 5 another Roman elegiac poet of Ovid's times. Lycoris 
 was the name of his love, who was celebrated in his elegies. Gallus was 
 a friend of Vergil, who celebrates him in his Tenth Eclogue. 
 
 31. Ergo, etc. From this brilliant list of poets Ovid now argues, in 
 his defense, the undying nature of poetry (morte carent). 
 
 34. Tagi ; the river in Spain, celebrated also by Vergil, Aen. x. 141, 
 Juvenal (xiv. 299), and other poets, on account of its golden sands. 
 
 36. Castalla plena. Castalia, the name of the famous spring on Par- 
 nassus, and associated ever with Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 2. The Death of Tibullus. 
 III. 9. 
 
 1. Memnona. Memnon was the son of Eos or Aurora {mater) and 
 Tithonus. He was the nephew of Priam, whom he assisted in the Trojan 
 war. He was killed by Achilles. 
 
 1. Achillcm 5 the son of Thetis. He was killed by Paris, the son of 
 Priam. 
 
2. THE DEATH OF TIBULLUS. 223 
 
 3, 4. FleMIIs — erit. Elcgeia, here personified for elegiac verse ; the 
 word itself is probably derived from Greek words expressive of the cry 
 of grief. Hence ex vero, as by the death of the elegiac poet Tibullus the 
 name proves quite too trice. 
 
 5. Tfii — tua, of thy work — thy fame, because the work is elegy, and 
 the fame is elegiac. For a mention of Tibullus, see note, Amorcs, i. 
 15, 28. 
 
 7. Puer Y&neris $ Cupido, the son of Venus. As Tibullus wrote love- 
 poetry also, Cupido is here represented as present at the funeral with 
 quiver reversed, his bows broken, his torch unlighted, his icings drooping 
 {demissis cdis), and himself sobbing loudly (singultu sonant), and beating 
 his breast for grief. 
 
 13# Fratris. As Aeneas was fabled to be the son of Venus, he was 
 the brother of Cupido. lulus, the son of Aeneas, from whose dwelling the 
 funeral procession of his father went out 
 
 16. Juvcm, in allusion to Adonis, beloved of Venus, who was killed 
 by a wound from the tusks of a wild boar (fcrus aper). The word juveni 
 is in the dative, limiting rupit, and ingucn is the direct object. 
 
 17. At, etc. But, the poet exclaims, we are called sacred poets and 
 the care of the gods ; and yet, he implies, Tibullus, the sacred poet, is 
 dead. 
 
 19. Sacrum is here well opposed to profaned. Sacrum, from the 
 root sa, as also the English word safe, save, and hence something in the 
 care of a divinity, and so sacred. Profanat, from jw-o and fanum (fa), 
 before the fane ; i. e., outside of it, profane. Thus death puts everything 
 sacred, as it were, outside the fane or consecrated place ; profanes it. 
 
 20. Obscuras, perhaps = nigras, as the darkness of the lower world 
 (Hades) was associated with death. Obscurus is derived from the root 
 sku, scu, meaning to cover. So with the preposition ob, the hands of 
 death cover over ; covering over, or darkening. 
 
 21. Ism ario ; i. e., Thracian, from Ismarus, a mountain and city in 
 Thrace. Orpheus was a poet of Thrace, the fabled son of Apollo and 
 the Muse Calliope; according to other poets, however, his father was 
 Oeagrus. 
 
 22. Victas — feras. As in Metam. x. 41, seqq., Ovid sings of the 
 wondrous influence of Orpheus's music as bringing a respite to the con- 
 demned in the lower world, so here, as often among the poets, he con- 
 quers wild beasts with his lyre. So also Horace, in describing the civilizing 
 influence of Orphean music, says : Dictus ob hoc lenire tigres rabidosque 
 leones. 
 
224 AMORES, III. 9. 
 
 23. Idem p&ter; i. e., Apollo, the father also of Linus, the other 
 Thracian bard ; Aelinon, the Greek word (at Aiz/os), " woe is me for 
 Linos," Apollo's lamentation for his son. 
 
 25. Maeftniden. See note, Amores, i. 15, 9. 
 
 26. PifcrfiS. Pieria, a country between Macedonia and Thessaly, was 
 the fabled haunt of the Muses ; hence Pierian waters is a figurative ex- 
 pression for poetry. 
 
 27. Averno ; here figurative for death, as lake Avernus, in Campania, 
 was thought of as an entrance to the lower world. So also in Mctam. v. 
 510; x. 51. 
 
 29, 30. Only the poets' work endures, as the Aeneid of Vergil, Trojani 
 — labo?is, and the Odyssey of Homer (tela retexta). The last expression 
 refers to the story in the Odyssey of Penelope's robe or web woven over 
 and over again. In Ulysses's long absence, she was beset by suitors, 
 whom she put oif by saying that she could not marry till she had finished 
 the robe she was weaving. By an ingenious device (dolo) she unwove by 
 night (nocturno) what she had woven by day. Odyssey, ii. 93-110. 
 
 31. Nemesis — Delia $ names familiar alike to the poetry and to the 
 heart (cura, amor) of Tibullus. 
 
 34* Sistra 5 the sistrum was a kind of rattle used in the worship of 
 the Egyptian Isis, during the praying and singing. Isis had many wor- 
 shipers also in Rome. 
 
 35. Fasso, from fateor, sc. mihi. lie would fain be pardoned for 
 confessing to his temptation to skepticism, when he sees that ill fates 
 befall the good as well as the bad. 
 
 39. Jacfct 5 here in the sense of lying dead. Ecce, see t A good 
 
 illustration of the view, that ecce has the same root, ok, ac, as oculus, the 
 root meaning to see. 
 
 41. Rftgales. See note on rogo, line 6; also note, Metam. iv. 166. 
 The urna in the preceding line refers to the same rite of burning the 
 bodies of the dead, as the ashes of the dead were collected in an urn and 
 deposited in the sepulchre. English poetry is full of allusions to this 
 ancient rite; as in that fine word of "the great of old," in Byron's 
 Manfred : " The dead but sceptred sovereigns, who still rule our spirits 
 from their urns." 
 
 44. Quae, referring to flammae. Sustinuerc, from meaning bore up, 
 comes to mean here ventured (to do). 
 
 45. Quae; i. e., Venus, who was worshiped in a celebrated temple 
 on the top of Mount Eryx, in Sicily. 
 
 46. IVfcgant 5 for the indicative, see Gr. 503, I., note 3. 
 
8. FAREWELL TO LOVE-SONGS. 225 
 
 47. Phaeaefa. Corcyra, the fancied abode of Alcinous and the Phae- 
 acians of the Odyssey. Tibullus had gone to Corcyra for his health. The 
 soil (solo) is called vile (vili) because Homer represents the Phaeacians as 
 lovers of sensual pleasures. 
 
 49# Hinc ; i. e., from Home (and not Corcyra), and from his dying at 
 
 Rome. Oecllos, poetic for oculos. Pressit, closed; and fugientis 
 
 (ace. plural, Gr. 62), dying. 
 
 52. Cftmas, the ace. of specification ; Gr. 378. 
 
 53* Prior $ i. c., Delia, as above, 32, primus amor. The first que = 
 both. 
 
 5T. Tibi— dolori. Gr. 390. 
 
 62. Calvo, a poet who wrote elegies and love poems, none of which, 
 however, have come down to us. Cicero speaks of him as an orator, in 
 "Brutus," 81, 82 ; Horace, as Ovid here, in connection with,Catullus, as a 
 poet, Sat. i. 10, 19. Catullus (87-54 b. c.) excelled in lyrics and other 
 kinds of poetry ; many of his poems are preserved to us. He is called 
 doctus from his familiar acquaintance with Greek literature. 
 
 64. Galle ; see note, Amores, i. 15, 29. The clause si falsum, etc., 
 modifies prodige. Gallus lost the favor of Augustus because suspected of 
 treason (temerati — amici), and therefore committed suicide in his fortieth 
 year. 
 
 65. Si qua est modo, etc., if only there is any shadow of the body ; 
 i. e., if you live at all ; in allusion to the ordinary belief that the de- 
 parted still existed, but in quite unsubstantial forms, umbrae or imagines. 
 
 68. Non dnerosa. The peace of the dead is often prayed for in such 
 words as these. It was a common form of sepulchral inscription, sit tibi 
 terra levis. 
 
 3. Farewell to Love-Songs. 
 III. 15. 
 
 2. Raditur. JRado, literally to scrape, or scratch, is often used of 
 the race-course in the sense of just touching, grazing, the metae t or turn- 
 ing-posts. On Meta see note, Metam. ii. 142. 
 
 3« Peligni. Sulmo, the poet's birthplace, was in the country of the 
 Peligni, in Central Italy. 
 
 5. A prdavis. He claims that he is of equestrian rank by ancestry, 
 not by the whirling round (turbine) of military promotion. And that, 
 perhaps, is worth boasting of, fit quid id est. 
 
 10. Sftrias — arma, the so-called Social war (90, 89 b. a), sometimes 
 called Italian, of the allied Italian nations against Rome. The Peligni 
 
226 FASTI, II. 383-422. 
 
 were one of these nations. Libertas, because the allies were contending 
 for the Roman franchise. 
 
 11. Aqudsi ; so called because the neighborhood abounded in springs 
 and streams. 
 
 15. Ainathilsia ; Venus, who was so called from Amathus, a town in 
 Cyprus, where she was worshiped. 
 
 16. Aurea — signa $ figurative for breaking with love-poetry, as the 
 Roman soldiers pulled up the standards from the ground when they broke 
 up the camp and left a place. 
 
 17. Lyaeus, a Greek epithet of Bacchus, corresponding to the Latin 
 Liber, the deliverer from care. Bacchus was often represented as a bull 
 (corniger). 
 
 17. Incrfepuit, sc. me, has chided me ; thyrso graviore ; the thyrsus was 
 the ivy-twined Bacchic staff, which by its stroke was thought to incite 
 the " fine frenzy " of the poet. Here the word, with graviore, means a 
 more dignified style of poetry. He should turn from love-poems to trage- 
 dies ; perhaps he at that time turned to the writing of his tragic poem 
 
 FASTI. 
 
 1. Romulus and Remus. 
 
 II. 383-422. 
 
 In the context Ovid has been treating of those holy-days of the Ro- 
 man Calendar which were called the Lupercalia. The inquiry into their 
 origin and the etymology of the word brings him here to the story of the 
 birth of Romulus and Remus. 
 
 383. Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus ; known also by the 
 name of Ilia, and of Rhea, and of Rhea Silvia. She was a Vestal, or 
 priestess of Yesta. Caelestia, because the fabled offspring of Mars. 
 
 384. Patruo ; i. e., Amulius, the brother of Numitor. 
 
 385. In amnc. Livy tells the story (Book i. 4) of the children's ex- 
 posure, and its result. 
 
 387. Rfccusantes. The obsolete simple verb cuso has the same root 
 (skav) as the verb caveo, and so, in all its forms, carries the notion of a 
 cautious, deliberate procedure. Here the compound word implies that 
 the servants go through with the orders reluctantly. 
 
 389« Albula. Livy also (i. 3) gives this name for the river, and in the 
 
1. ROMULUS AND REMUS. 227 
 
 same chapter mentions Tiberinus as an Alban king, who was drowned in 
 the Albula, and so gave the name Tiber to the river. 
 
 391. Videres ; you might have seen. See Gr. 485, note 1. 
 
 392. Valles. The valley between the Palatine and the Aventinc ; in 
 the olden time, the Vallis Murtia (or Murcia) ; in Ovid's day, the Circus 
 Maximus. 
 
 395. The At expresses their admiration. 
 
 398. Susplcer, potential ; / should (or may) suspect; but some MSS. 
 read suspicor. Vobis dat with esse. It seems, he means, as if they may 
 be of a divine origin. And yet (as in lines 399, 400) if a god were their 
 father ', then would he lend aid in so perilous a time. 
 
 405. Vagierunt. For the quantity of the penult, see Gr. 586, II. 4. 
 
 On putares f see note above on 1. 391. Scnsissc, that t/tey were aware of 
 
 their peril ; i. e., from their wailing cry. 
 
 40T. Alveus is the vessel in which they were put. Meaning first hol- 
 lowness, it next means the hollow of the body, the alvus ; then the chan- 
 nel of a river, as hollowed out by the stream ; then the hollow or hold of 
 a ship ; and finally, as here, a hollow vessel, whatever it was, which served 
 the children for a cradle. From its being called, in the next line, tabella, 
 a little board or plank, we may fancy it a rude piece of wood, hollowed 
 out for the purpose. 
 
 412. Rumina — Rom ft] a » These words, as well as Roma itself, arc 
 probably all from ruma, rumis, rumen, and these from the root sru, to 
 flow, break forth. Ruma means the breast that gives suck ; hence Ru- 
 mina, the goddess of nursing mothers ; also Ruminalis, of the fig-tree, as 
 fruitful. So Rumon is an old name for the river Tiber, and then Roma 
 ( = Srouma, Rouma), the city of the river, and Romulus, the child of the 
 city. See Vanicek, Lat. Etym. Worterbuch. Livy, i. 4, gives the same 
 account as Ovid of the names of the fig-tree, Ruminal and Romular. 
 
 416. Sustlnuere. See note, Amores, iii. 9, 44. 
 
 417. Cauda ; i. e., by (wagging) her tail. 
 
 418. Fingit lingua — sua ; fashions with her tongue; i. e., by licking 
 them ; she licks them into shape ! So, too, Vergil, Aen. viii. 635, Mul- 
 ccre alternos et corpora fingere lingua. 
 
 420. Xec = et non ; Et — aluntur ope lactis non sibi promissi. 
 
 421. Now the poet comes to the origin of the words Lupercal and 
 Luperci. Ilia refers to lupa. 
 
228 FASTI, II. 475-512. 
 
 2. The Deification op Romulus. 
 II. 475-512. 
 
 475. Proxima. He has been treating of the Luperealia, which fell on 
 the 15th of February; the next day {lux) is free ; i. e., no holy-day. But 
 the third (at tertia\ i. e., the 17th of February, is consecrated to Quiri- 
 nus. 
 
 477. Sive, etc. The poet now gives the various derivations of the 
 word Quirinus: 1, from curis or quiris, the Sabine spear; 2, from Qui- 
 rltcs ; 3, from the town Cures. 
 
 481. Pater; Mars, the father of Romulus. 
 
 484. Sanguinis mei ; i. e., my son Romulus. 
 
 485. Intercidit alter ; i. e., Remus, who had been killed. He would 
 thus have Romulus (erit qui — rcstat) to represent both himself and the 
 lost Remus. 
 
 487. Unns, etc. ; a line quoted from Ennius, both here and in Metam. 
 
 xiv. 814, and prophetic of the deification of Romulus. In eacrnla 
 
 caeli, " to the blue of the heavens," poetic for caerulum caelum, as in 
 English the azure heavens. 
 
 491. Capreae paludem; a place in the Campus Martius. So also 
 Livy, i. 1 6, ad Caprae paludem ; a chapter in which Livy, in a vein no 
 less poetic than Ovid's, narrates the translation of Romulus to the skies. 
 
 496. Astra — eqnis. So Horace, 0. iii. 3, 15: Quirinus, Martis cquis 
 Acheronta fugit. 
 
 497. Falsaeqne, etc. ; for falso in crimine caedis ; were falsely charged 
 with murder. Livy, in B. i. 16, refers to this as a report on the part of 
 some; disccrptum regem patrum manibus. 
 
 501. Sinistrae. As the Roman augurs faced the south, the omens 
 from the east were on their left, and so the word sinister (unlike our 
 English word sinister), and also laevus, came to be used for favorable. 
 With the Greeks, the augur's position was just the reverse ; and that 
 made the omens on the right the favorable ones. 
 
 502. Ilorrnernnt. On the quantity of the penult, see note on Fasti, 
 ii. 405. On the meaning of horrco, sec note on horrendus, Metam. xiii. 
 760 ; here render stood on end. 
 
 508. Militia mqne cdlant. So Livy, i. 16, with more force, and with 
 a diction no less poetic : rem militarem colant, sciantque et ita posteris 
 tradere, nullas opes humanas armis Romanis resistere posse. 
 
 510. Populos ; i. e., the Romans and the Sabincs. 
 
3. LUCRETIA. 229 
 
 3. Lfcretia. 
 
 II. 110-168. 
 
 710. Moenia ; of Gabii, the conquest of which the poet has just nar- 
 rated. Suis agrees with ducibus, and ducibus, abl., limits nuda. Gr. 
 414, III. 
 
 713. Phoebns $ i. c., the oracle at Delphi, which king Tarquin sent 
 his two sons, with Brutus, to consult. So Livy, i. 56. 
 
 714. Dederit. Why in the future perfect here? Livy says, in like 
 manner, imperium Romae habebit, qui vestrum primus osculum matri 
 tulerit. Ovid's victor erit is explained by Livy's imperium habebit ; the 
 question of supremacy, as well as of the prodigy, had been submitted to 
 the oracle. 
 
 717. Stulti — imitator; so in Livy, ad imitationcm siultitiae. Sapiens, 
 because he had put on the semblance of being under-witted, in order to 
 escape Tarquin's plots (insidiis). Hence the word Brutus, the Dullard. 
 
 720. Offenso — pede. The participle is here used in the literal sense. 
 OffcndOy ob and fendo, means to strike against something, and so to 
 stumble. 
 
 721. Ardcii $ a town of the Rutuli in Latium. 
 
 726. Rege, in ablative by Gr. 415, II. ; the Jcing^s son. 
 
 729. Ecquid, fom ecquis, used here, as often, simply as an interroga- 
 tive particle. Socialis is used by Ovid for conjugalis, and the whole ex- 
 pression for conjugium, and then as here for conjunx. 
 
 731. Quisqne, as an enclitic, usually follows suus. 
 
 733. Cui — nomen ; i. e., Tarquinius Collatinus, the nephew of the 
 king. 
 
 738. Nullus. The absence of the janitor from the door is the first 
 indication of something wrong indoors. 
 
 740. Posito, in the sense of apposito. As Livy has it, they found the 
 princesses in convivio luxuque cum aequalibus, but Lucretia, as here in 
 lines 741, 742, deditam lanae inter lucubrantes ancillas. 
 
 744. Tenui — sono; the expression reminds one of Shakespeare's 
 words : " Her voice was ever soft, gentle, and low ; an excellent thing in 
 woman." 
 
 746. Laeerna; a cloak usually worn over the toga; sometimes, as 
 here, used as an army cloak. 
 
 749. Restas, in the sense of resistis, you are withstanding those supe- 
 rior to yourself. 
 
230 FASTI, IV. 809-862. 
 
 751. Tantnm, etc. ; only let them come back, JSed, but (they may not 
 come back) enim, for rash is that (husband) of mine. 
 
 758. Facies ammo digna — par \ her face was in keeping (digna—par) 
 with the feelings of her heart ; i. e., her sorrow was real, and it showed 
 itself in her tears. 
 
 4. The Building op Rome. 
 
 IV. 809-862. 
 
 810. Gemlno $ i. e., Romulus and Remus. 
 
 815, 816. So Livy, i. 6, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum, ad 
 inaugurandum templa capiunt. 
 
 818. Statiir, sc. iis in the dative ; they stand by the agreement. 
 
 819. Signet, sc. ille. Subjunctive of purpose ; on which to mark the 
 line of the walls with the plow. The ground was to be plowed, according 
 to usage, with a snow-white ox and a white cow, yoked together (jugicm 
 tulit), (826) and then earth from the neighborhood and the fruits of the 
 country were thrown into the furrow (821). 
 
 820. Palis, the name of the divinity (Pales) that presided over flocks 
 and herds. 
 
 824. Fangitnr, sc. officio, or some such word ; docs its duty. 
 
 825. Stivam, the plow-handle, probably derived from sto, stare, sta-iva, 
 stiva. 
 
 82T. €ondentij sc. mihi, limiting ades. 
 
 833. Laevo. See note on sinistrae, Fasti, ii. 501. 
 
 838. Ista, i. e., fundamina. Curae, sc. tibi. 
 
 841. Quod, relative pronoun, and the object of ignorans. 
 
 842. His, sc. muris, in abl. With these — f 
 
 843. Mora, sc. est. Rutro \ from the same root as ruo ; a spade 
 
 or like farming instrument. 
 
 850. Pietas, his affection for his brother. 
 
 852. Inyito, sc. mihi, limiting adempte. 
 
 854. Cdmas, ace. of specification. 
 
 856. Ultima, used adverbially ; at last 
 
 860. Pluris, ace. plural. 
 
1. THE POET'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME. 231 
 
 TRISTIA. 
 
 1. The Poet's Departure from Rome. 
 1.3. 
 
 The poet describes the misery which befell himself and his family, 
 when ordered suddenly by the emperor to quit Rome, and live in exile at 
 Tomi, a place on the shore of the Euxine. 
 
 1. Illius ; for the quantity of the penult, see Gr. 577, I. 3. 
 
 5. Lux ; following noctem (3), this word seems to show that it was at 
 daybreak that he was to set out from Rome. 
 
 6. Finibns, dative, though with discedere we might have expected in 
 fines. Ausonia came to be used for Italia, and, as here, for the whole 
 empire, though it applied originally to the country near Beneventum, 
 where lived the Ausones, one of the oldest tribes of Italy. 
 
 9. Servorimi ; legendorum to be supplied, as legendi agrees with 
 comitis. 
 
 16. Modo, etc. Before, his friends were many ; now, one or two. 
 
 19. Nata $ his daughter Perilla, to whom the next elegy (iii. 7) is ad- 
 dressed. She was at this time far away in Africa (Libya), and so in an 
 opposite direction (diversa) from that in which his journey lay. 
 
 22. Intus. Indoors, he means to say, was all the seeming of a noisy 
 (non taciti) funeral ; men, women, and boys, too, ail as the hired mourners 
 at a funeral wailed over his departure. 
 
 29. Suspicions, looking up to. Ab hac, from this = (post hanc) and 
 then looking to the capital. 
 
 30. Frustra. He lived near the capitol, where were the temples of 
 Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, the very sanctuary of Roman religion ; but 
 all in vain for him was such a sacred vicinity. 
 
 34. Este salutati = salvete. Both salve and vale originally mean " be 
 well," though usually the former is the salutation at meeting, and the lat- 
 ter at parting. Here the poet with este salutati says his last farewells 
 to the temples and the gods of Rome. 
 
 35. Sero, etc. To take the shield after being wounded came to mean 
 to do a thing too late ; and so the poet would say that he would gladly 
 defend his conduct from odium, too late though it is, as his banishment 
 is already ordered. 
 
 37. Caelesti viro, i. e., Augusto. The expression illustrates the ex- 
 alted conception the Romans of the time had of Augustus, or, if one must 
 
232 TRISTIA, I. 3. 
 
 take that view, the language of adulation which the poets used in all their 
 allusions to him. Error used here and elsewhere by Ovid, in explanation 
 of his banishment, to show that it was owing to some mistake, and if to 
 a wrong, at least not an intentional one ; in next line it was a culpa not 
 a scelus. 
 
 40. Deo, still in allusion to Augustus. If only he be pacified, the 
 poet can not be wretched 
 
 41. Plnribus, sc. precibus. 
 
 44. Extinetos — focos. The extinction of the fire on the family hearth 
 was thought of as the desertion of the home, the going out of the family's 
 life. 
 
 45. Adversos, literally turned toward her ; in front of her. 
 
 48. Parrhasis, the Greek form, and poetic in Greek, for Parrhasia, 
 and then, as the Parrhasii were an Arcadian tribe, for Arcadian. Areas, 
 whose mother Callisto was the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, was 
 changed into a bear (Arctos), and then, as the fable has it, was transferred 
 to the skies, and became the constellation of that name. Versaquc ab 
 axe, turned away from the axis ; only a circumlocution for turned toward 
 its setting, which is toward the morning. It seems to be turned to the 
 side opposite to that on which it was at the beginning of the night. The 
 axis here is the north star, which seems to be fixed, while the stars turn 
 round it. 
 
 53. Sum mentitns ; he means that he often (oh, how often !), in excuse 
 for his delaying, pretended that he had a certain hour as the fitting one 
 for his departure. 
 
 62. Ftraqne, both a just cause for delay ; in reference to the place he 
 was to leave, and the place to which he was to go. 
 
 66. Thesea. In allusion to the fidelity of Theseus, of Athens, for his 
 friend Pirithous ; with a Tliesean fidelity. 
 
 72. Lncifer, the name for Venus when it appears as the morning 
 star ; a compound Latin word, like the Greek Phosphorus. 
 
 75. Metns, also written Mettus ; the name of the Alban general who 
 was torn asunder by horses, in punishment for his bad faith to the Ro- 
 mans. See Livy, i. 28. 
 
 86. Pietas. From its generic meaning of dutiful disposition, this 
 word means here affection for a husband, as in Fasti, iv. 850, it meant 
 affection for a brother ; also, as often, filial affection. 
 
 86. Caesar erit, shall be a Caesar to me ; her affection as a wife just 
 as imperial a rule for her as Caesar's to her husband for his exile. 
 
 88. Dedit — inanns $ a familiar figurative expression in Latin for giving 
 
2. TO HIS DAUGHTER PERILLA. 233 
 
 up, or submitting, to a victor or a captor. It is originally used for a cap- 
 tive, when he gives up his hands to be fettered. 
 
 89. Sive, etc. ; as if he had said, Sive effcror, which is the regular 
 word for being carried out to burial ; only now he was living and not dead. 
 
 92. Semlanlmis ; to be pronounced as a word of four syllables here. 
 
 2. To his Daughter Perilla. 
 
 hi. i. 
 
 This is one of the most touching of all these elegies, one of the Tris- 
 iissima of all the Tristia of Ovid's elegiac Muse. And now it is not so 
 much the capital itself, rich and gay Rome, with its cherished associations 
 of place, delicious climate, and literary and social companionships, of which 
 the poet plaintively sings ; but it is his own home, that lost home near 
 by the capitol, and under the shadow of its august and venerable temples 
 (Tristia, i. 3, 29-34), and his wife and daughter there, from whom he is 
 hopelessly parted — all this it is, to which, from his forlorn exile on the 
 Euxine, he casts back his longing eyes and heart ; and it is the expression 
 of this " home-sick passion " which gives its singular pathos to the poem. 
 There is, however, another source of interest to this elegy. We learn 
 from it that it was Ovid's good fortune to have a daughter who inherited 
 her father's poetic gifts, and who elicited from him glad words of praise 
 for her own efforts in verse (11-32). There is also a calm dignity im- 
 parted to the closing lines, in the exiled poet's expression of his sense of 
 the exalted worth of " the good things of heart and mind," and of the 
 inalienable possessions of poetic gifts and fame. It was a great lesson 
 which he taught his daughter in those words (43, 44) : 
 
 Nil non mortal e tenemus 
 Pectoris execptis ingeniique bonis. 
 
 I. Pgrarata. This figure of plowing (arare) is derived from the ac- 
 tion of the stilus on a waxen tablet. So Cicero uses the word exaro in Ad 
 Att. xii. 1, Hoc litterarium exaravi. 
 
 6. IVec nidra, sc. est; a common expression with Ovid, having the 
 force of an adverb like statim. 
 
 8. Nee malS, — mftra; levata, sc. esse, in the same construction as 
 vivere. 
 
 II. Eequfd inhaeres, a strong expression for devotion to literary pur- 
 suits ; whether you cling to ; or our word from the Latin, adhere, may 
 express it. 
 
234: TRISTIA, III. 7. 
 
 12. Non patrio *, not according to your father's custom. The meaning 
 is not obvious ; perhaps he will say that her poetry is less free and more 
 serious in tone than her father's. 
 
 15. Hoc refers to ingenium. Fegasldas ; Pegasides, from the name 
 
 of the winged horse Pegasus, is a name for the Muses, because the foun- 
 tain Ilippocrene, the Greek word for horse's well, was said to have sprung 
 forth where the hoof of Pegasus struck the earth. The fountain was on 
 Mount Helicon, in Boeotia, and was sacred to the Muses. 
 
 16. Male qualifies periret. 
 
 19. Ignes — idem; i. e., of poetic inspiration; the same fires of gen- 
 ius. 
 
 20. Lesbia 5 i. e., Sappho, the celebrated poetess of Lesbos. 
 
 25, 26. Aut — autj either — or. The father cither lent his ears to the 
 verses his daughter h.2L&just composed; or, if she had been inactive in her 
 art, then he would chide her, and so bring the blush of shame to her 
 cheek. 
 
 27. Exemplo — meae. Instead of facta ruina, another reading is fata 
 sccuta, and there are also conjectural readings. The idea of the poet is 
 probably substantially the same as in line 21, only more fully expressed. 
 He thinks that perhaps from the precedent of her father's suffering such 
 a penalty on account of the books he has written, the daughter may be 
 fatally deterred from continuing her poetical career. The me laescre 
 libelli evidently refers to the poet's exile ; exemplo, too, with pocnac — 
 meae, has in it the same reference. 
 
 29. Tantumm5d5 — non. We might have expected ne instead of non. 
 See Gr. 483, 3. 
 
 30. Discat amare 5 in allusion to his own poems on love, which had 
 done mischief to others as well as to himself. 
 
 36. Stratum — faciente 5 i. e., xoith an imperceptible, because noise- 
 less, step. 
 
 37. Fuit, was, with its full aoristic force ; her beauty was a thing only 
 of the past. 
 
 38. Qufcrerfc 5 from the quantity of the penult, in what tense ? 
 
 40. Censibus, riches. Census from censeo, registered property, cen- 
 sus, then property in general, possessions. 
 
 42. Iras — Croesus 5 proverbial for a poor, and for a rich, man. 
 
 45. Cum ; concessive ; though. 
 
 46. Rapta — adlmi 5 rapio expresses the taking away (adimi) as a 
 sudden, violent act ; have been snatched away (sc. ea, those things), which 
 it was possible to take away. 
 
3. THE POET'S LIFE. 235 
 
 48. In hoc, i. e., ingenio. The poet has a proud assurance that his 
 genius was a possession beyond even Caesar's rapacious power. See the 
 introduction to the notes on this piece, toward the end. 
 
 3. The Poet's Life. 
 IV. 10. 
 
 I. Qui fuerim ; dependent upon ut noris in the next line. Lusor, 
 like ludo, is often used of poems of a light, sportive nature ; and amorum 
 is meant for his love-poems. 
 
 6. Consul uterque. The o in consul is naturally long. He refers 
 here to the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who both fell at the battle of Mu- 
 tina, now Modena, in the year 43 b. c. 
 
 7. Si quid, etc. The same line as above, in Amores, iii. 15, 5 ; and 
 the next line is nearly the same as in Amores, iii. 1 5, 6. Sec notes on 
 these lines. 
 
 10. Qnater qualifies ti ilms ; four limes three montJis before. 
 13. Festis— Mlnervac ; the Quinquatria, the five days festival, 19th- 
 23d of March. 
 
 II. Pugna prima cruenta. Observe, for the construction, the quan- 
 tity of the final syllables. There were gladiatorial combats on the sec- 
 ond, third, fourth, and fifth days, but none on the first day. Thus the 
 first which {prima quae, etc.) is wont to be made bloody is the second of 
 the five days, and the first of the last four ; and the whole expression 
 is only a circumlocution for the 20th of March as his birthday. 
 
 15. Protinus, forthwith ; teneri, in nom. plural. 
 
 16. Ab arte. Ars here in the general sense of knowledge, learning ; 
 and ab shows from what the distinction (insignes) comes ; distinguished 
 for their learning, 
 
 19. Caelestia, heavenly ; used, as so often divina y for the exalted pur- 
 suits of poetry and letters. 
 
 24. Sol fit a nitidis, freed from measures ; i. e., prose. 
 
 25. Spontg sua. So Pope says of himself, in imitation of these 
 words : " I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came." 
 
 28. Libgrior, only another expression for virllis, the robe of man- 
 hood, which brought more freedom with it. 
 
 29. The latus clavus, or broad stripe of purple on the tunic, was prop- 
 erly the distinction of senators ; then it was allowed by Augustus to the 
 sons of senators, and finally to the sons of cquites, or knights, who pos- 
 sessed the fortunes of senators. 
 
236 TRISTIA, IV. 10. 
 
 34, Vlris — tribuS. He means that he was sometimes one of the tri- 
 umviri. There were different offices which had this name, as Triumviri 
 Capitales, Nocturni, Monetales, commissions of three, which had charge 
 respectively of capital punishments, of the night police, and of the Mint. 
 
 35. Curia, i. e., the senate-house, used here, as often, for the senate 
 itself. The poet means that it only remained for him to be a senator ; 
 but, as he goes on to say, he waived that, and so assumed the angustus 
 clavus, the narrow stripe of purple, the usual equestrian badge. This was 
 customary with those sons of wealthy knights who did not aspire to pub- 
 lic office. Coacta est here means narrowed. 
 
 38. Ambitionis $ for the genitive, see Gr. 399, II. 
 
 39. Itiniac. Aonia was another name for Boeotia, where was Mt. 
 Helicon ; the Muses thus were Aonian siste7's. 
 
 43, 44. Suas vflliicres, his birds. Aemilius Macer wrote a poem on 
 birds, serpents, and plants. 
 
 45. Propertius. Sextus Aurclius Propcrtius, an elegiac poet, older 
 than Ovid, younger than Tibullus ; his poems have come down to us in 
 four books of elegies. 
 
 47. Heroo, sc. versu. Ponticus i3 mentioned by Propertius, i, 7, 1, 
 as an epic poet. Bassus is also mentioned by Propertius, but nothing 
 more is known of him as a poet. 
 
 50. Ausftnia, for Italica or Latina, as in Tristia, i. 3, 6, where see note. 
 It was the boast of Horace that he was the lyric poet of Rome, especially 
 that he was the first to illustrate in Latin the Greek lyric measures. See 
 the last ode of Horace in the third book. 
 
 51. Tantum qualifies vidl. Vergil died b. c. 19, when Ovid was at 
 the age of twenty-four. Vergil lived mostly at Naples the last years of 
 his life, which is probably the reason that Ovid only saw him, and was 
 not well acquainted with him. 
 
 51. Tlbnlio. See note, Amores, i. 15, 28. Tibullus died the same 
 year as Vergil. 
 
 53. Galle. See note, Amores, iii. 9, 64, and on Propertius, above, 1. 45. 
 
 56. Thalia, properly the muse of comedy ; here used generally for 
 poetry, and with mca, his own muse. 
 
 5T. Legi ; referring to public readings of his poetry, or recitationcs as 
 they were called (above, 1. 45, recitare). These readings were common at 
 Rome, not only for poets, but for prose writers. It was in this way that 
 writers became known to the public. 
 
 66. Quod — mttverfct. Subjunctive of result, with quod after an in- 
 definite antecedent. 
 
3. THE POET'S LIFE. 237 
 
 67, 68. Hic 5 in the sense of talis, such a person as this ; i. e., so very- 
 susceptible; yet there was no town-talk (fabula) of scandal about his 
 name. 
 
 75. Filia ; the daughter, to whom the elegy, Tristia, iii. 7, was ad- 
 dressed. 
 
 78. Lustra 5 here in the sense of a period of five years. But, as de- 
 rived from luo, it originally meant the expiatory sacrifice, or lustration, 
 made by the censors for the Roman people, on th? completion of the 
 census, at the end of every five years. The addition (addiderat) of a 
 second {altera) period of nine lustra thus makes the age of Ovid's father, 
 at his death, to be ninety. 
 
 79. Me fietnrus — fuit, ivould have wept for me. 
 
 80. Jnsta, in the sense of regular or lawful, means here, with tuli, 
 performed the last duties. 
 
 88. Stygio, from the river Styx, the fabled river of the lower world, 
 Stygian comes to mean of the lower world. The word (from the Greek) 
 means originally hateful; as Milton expresses it, "Abhorred Styx, the 
 flood of deadly hate." By crimina Ovid means the offense for which he 
 was banished ; and he would have the shades of his parents know that it 
 was a mistake (errorem), not a crime (scclus), that was the cause of his exile. 
 
 91. Studiosa, sc. mei, with pectora, means the hearts of those who 
 were fond of him ; and it would appear from qui — quaeritis, in the next 
 line, that this poem was written at the instance of his friends at Rome. 
 
 95. Pisaea — tiliva ; in allusion to the Olympic games at Olympia, 
 near Pisa, in Elis ; these took place every four years. With decies, the 
 simple meaning is that ten periods of four years, or ten Olympiads, had 
 gone by in his life when he was exiled. But he is only using a round 
 number, as he was fifty-one years old at the time of his exile. Perhaps 
 he uses the Olympiad, like a Roman lustrum, for five years. 
 
 96. Eqnns. Horace has two passages illustrative of the crowning of 
 the victorious horse at the Olympia. In 0. iv. 2, 1 8, pugilcmve equum- 
 vc ; and Ars Poetica, 85, equum certamine primum. 
 
 97. Tomitas ; the accusative of Tomitae, the name of the inhabitants 
 of Tomi, or Tomis, the town on the western shore of the Euxine, to which 
 Ovid was banished. 
 
 102. Ipsa multa — leviorsi fnga. The quantity shows the construc- 
 tion? 
 
 103. Indignata — est 5 here used in the literal sense of dignor with 
 the negative in, deigned not, or disdained. 
 
 106. Temporis arma. The meaning of temporis is not clear ; per- 
 
238 TRISTIA, IV. 10. 
 
 haps the time or the situation in which he now found himself. The arms 
 seem, from the three preceding lines, to mean figuratively his submission 
 and resignation to his misfortune. Insolitd, of course, agrees with manu. 
 
 110. Sarmatis (gen. idis), an adjective agreeing with ord. The coun- 
 try called Sarmatia was bounded on the south by the Euxine ; and the 
 land of the Getae was on the east, bounded by the Euxine. 
 
 113. Qnod has its antecedent in carmine. 
 
 119, 120. Ab Histro — E&llcone. The poet's genius thus withdraws 
 him from the Ister, and its barbarous surroundings, and gives him place 
 on the center of Helicon, and amid all its chosen haunts of Apollo and the 
 Muses. 
 
 124. NostriSj sc. operibus, any one of my ivories. 
 
 128. In toto orbe. It was a lofty prediction of the poet, that he 
 should be very much read in the whole world of the Roman Empire ; but 
 when we think of the extent of that whole icorld in which he has since 
 been read, and is still read, how much loftier the prediction becomes ! 
 
ABUURY 
 
ABBREVIATIONS IN THE VOCABULARY. 
 
 K. 
 
 Only this sign is used in marking quantity, and it marks the vowels which are 
 long by nature, all vowels not marked being considered as naturally short. 
 If the naturally long vowels are followed by two consonants (except a mute 
 and liquid), or a double consonant, the long mark is still retained for the 
 vowels, and there the syllable is long by nature ; but where the naturally 
 short vowels are so followed, the syllable is long only by position. 
 
 stands for the Indo-European Koot, and, generally, as given in Vanicek's 
 (Alois) " Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch," 2 vols., 8vo, 
 Leipzig, 1877. To the R. are added the successive growths out of which 
 issues the given Latin word ; as, for example, audeO, K. av, to be eager for., 
 av-e-re, avi-du-s, eager, av-d, au-d, au-d-e-o, aud-g-re, to dare. 
 
 adj., adjective, 
 adv., adverb, 
 conj., conjunction, 
 comp., comparative, 
 superl., superlative, 
 pron., pronoun, 
 prep., preposition. 
 
 m., masculine, 
 f., feminine. 
 n., neuter, 
 pi., plural, 
 fr., from, 
 dep., deponent, 
 def.. defective. 
 
 pass., passive, 
 subst., substantive, 
 ace, accusative, 
 abl., ablative, 
 interj., interjection, 
 part., participle, 
 unc, uncertain. 
 
VOCABULARY. 
 
 AB 
 
 ab, a, abs, prep, with abl. (Gr., 
 airo ; Eng., of, off), from, away from, 
 on, by, on account of. 
 
 a, ah, interj., ah! ah me! 
 
 Abantiades, ae, son or descendant 
 of Abas, king of Argos ; Perseus, great- 
 grandson of Abas. 
 
 ab-do, didi, ditum, 3 (fr. do, to put), 
 to put away, hide, conceal. 
 
 ab-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to lead away. 
 
 ab-eo, il, itum, Ire, to go away, 
 disappear, pass over (by change), be 
 changed, go forth. 
 
 ab-lu5, lul, lutum, 3, to wash away 
 or off, to wash. 
 
 ab-oleo, evl, itum, 2, ab and oleO, 
 o^scO, to grow (to grow away from) ; 
 then v. a., to stop the growth of, abolish. 
 
 ab-rump5, rupl, ruptum, 3, to 
 break off. 
 
 abs-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go 
 away, withdraw. 
 
 ab-scindo, cidl, cissum, 3, to tear 
 away, separate. 
 
 absens, entis, part, of absum, ab- 
 sent. 
 
 ab-sum, afuT, abesse, to be away 
 from, be absent, be not at hand, be want- 
 ing, be removed from. 
 
 ab-sumo, mpsl, mptum, 3 (ab, 
 sumo, sub-im-(em)ere), to take away, 
 exhaust, consume. 
 
 ab-undS, 1 (ab, und-, unda), to flow 
 over (as a wave), abound (B. ud, und, 
 wet. vS<ap, wave). 
 
 Acca (Larentia), wife of the shep- 
 12 
 
 ACHILLES 
 
 herd Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus 
 and Remus. 
 
 ac-cedS, cessT, cessum, 3 (ad-cedo), 
 to come to, approach, be added. 
 
 ac-cend5, cendl, censum, 3 (ad and 
 candeo, cando), to be white, glisten ; 
 then transitive, as here, to make shine, 
 kindle, light. 
 
 ac-cingo, nxT, nctum, 3 (ad-cingo), 
 form a circle ; to gird, gird around, 
 gird up. 
 
 ac-cio, ivl, Itum, 4 (ad-ciO), to move, 
 call ; to call to, summon. 
 
 ac-cipi5, cepl, ceptum, 3 (ad and 
 capio), to take, receive, perceive, hear. 
 
 ac-clivis, e, adj. (ad and cllvus), 
 gradually ascending, sloping. 
 
 ac-commodo, 1, (mod-u-s), (ad- 
 commodo), to Jit, to measure ; to adjust, 
 ft. 
 
 ac-cumbo, cubul, cubitum, 3 (ad- 
 cumbo), to recline (at table). 
 
 acer, Scris, acre, adj., sharp, hot, 
 fierce, impetuous (R. same as in acie^). 
 
 acervus, i, m., a heap. 
 
 AcheloidSs, um, the daughters cf 
 Achelous ; the Sirens. 
 
 Achelous, a river separating Aeto- 
 lia from Acarnania ; the god of tlie 
 river. 
 
 Acheron, ntis ('Axepcov, stream of 
 woe), a river in the lower world ; by 
 meton., the lower world. 
 
 Achilles, son of Peleus, king of 
 Phthia in Thessaly, and the Nereid 
 Thetis. 
 
242 
 
 AOHIYUS 
 
 AEGAEUS 
 
 Achivus (fr. Achaeus), Achaean, 
 Grecian. 
 
 ach"s, ei, f. (R. ak, to be shar]i), 
 sharpness, sharp point, point ; sharp- 
 ness of sight, keen glance ; (sharp edge 
 of army in line), line of battle, army in 
 battle-line, battle of army in line ; gen- 
 eral engagement, pitched battle. 
 
 Acis, idis, m., son of Faunus and the 
 nymph Symaethis. 
 
 aconitum, I, n., a poisonous plant, 
 aconite. 
 
 acrius, adv. comp. of acriter, more 
 fiercely. 
 
 Actius, I, a Latin tragic writer. 
 
 actum, I, n. (ago), that which is 
 done ; act, deed, event. 
 
 acumen, inis, n. (R. ak), point, 
 jwinled end. 
 
 acus, us, f. (R. ak), a needle. 
 
 acutus, a, um, adj. (R. ak), sharp, 
 I>ointed, shrill. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace, to, up to, for, at. 
 
 adactus, a, um, part., driven. 
 
 adamant eus, a, um, adj. (adamas), 
 of hard steel, adamantine. 
 
 ad-do, didl, ditum, 3 (do, to put), to 
 put near to or by the side of, to add to. 
 
 ad-diico, xl, ctum, 3, to lead to, 
 draw to. 
 
 ad-edo, edl, Ssum, 3, to eat at, to 
 begin to eat, (then hy consequence) to 
 eat up, consume. 
 
 ad-eo, adv., up to this, to such a 
 degree, so much. 
 
 ad-fect5, 1 (facto, faciO), to make 
 for ; to strive after, aspire to. 
 
 ad-fero, attull, allatum, 3, to bring 
 to, bring, bring with, afford. 
 
 ad-ficio (facio), fScI, fectum, 3, to 
 affect with, inflict (punishment) upon. 
 
 ad-flgo, fixi, fixum, 3, to fix to, fasten 
 to. 
 
 ad-flatus, Us, m., a blowing on, 
 breathing upon, breath. 
 
 ad-flo, 1, to blow upon, breathe upon. 
 
 ad-for, f situs, 1, to speak to, address. 
 
 ad-haere5, haesT, haesum, 2, to hang 
 to, cleave to. 
 
 ad-hibeo (habeo), ul, itum, to hold 
 towards, bring to, apply to, invite, em- 
 ploy, 
 
 ad-hue, adv., till now, as yet, still. 
 
 aditus, us, in., an entrance. 
 
 ad-icio (adjicio, jaciO), 3, jeci, jec- 
 tum, to throw to, apply to, add to, direct 
 to. 
 
 ad-imo (emO), eml, emptum, 3, to 
 take away, deprive of. 
 
 ad-juvo, jfivi, jutum, 1, to help, 
 support. 
 
 admlrabilis, e, adj., worthy of ad- 
 miration, admirable. 
 
 ad-miror, atus, 1, v. dep., to wonder 
 at, admire. 
 
 ad-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to send 
 to, let go, give loose reins to. 
 
 ad-mone5, ul, itum, 2, to remind of, 
 admonish, admonitor, Oris, m. 
 
 ad-moveo, mOvI, motum, 2, to move 
 to, biding near. 
 
 ad-nuo, nul, nutum, 3, to nod to, 
 give assent to, grant. 
 
 ad-oleo, olul, ultum, 2, to burn (in 
 sacrifice), consume. 
 
 ad-operio, operul, opertum, 4, to 
 cover, cover over. 
 
 ad-oro, 1, to speak to, pray to, wor- 
 ship. 
 
 ad-sterno, ere, to throw one's self 
 down by, to lie prostrate by. 
 
 ad-sto, stitl, 1, to stand by. 
 
 ad-sum, ad-fuT, ad-esse, to be present, 
 be at hand, aid, help. 
 
 adulter-ium, 2, n. (ad-ulter. alter, 
 R. alja, another), adultery. 
 
 ad-uncus, a, um, adj., bent to, curv- 
 ed, hooked. 
 
 ad-uro, ussl, ustum, 3, to set fire to, 
 burn. 
 
 ad-veho, xl, ctum, 3, carry to, bear. 
 
 ad-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come 
 to, arrive. 
 
 ad-ventus (venio), Us, m., arrival. 
 
 ad-versus, a, um, adj., vertO, turned 
 to, turned against, opposite, in front, 
 adverse. 
 
 ad-verto, tl, sum, 3, to turn to. 
 
 ad-voco, 1, voc-O, to call to, call to 
 one's aid. 
 
 ad-vol5, 1, vol-O, to fly to. 
 
 Aeeta, Aeetes, king of Colchis, 
 son of Sol and Persa, the daughter of 
 Oceanus. 
 
 Aeetias, daughter of Aeetes, M5dSa. 
 
 Aegaeon, Onis, m., a sea-god, son of 
 Pontus and Terra. 
 
 Aegaeus, a, um, adj., Aegean, name 
 
AEGER 
 
 ALIQUANDO 243 
 
 of the sea between Greece and Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj. (R. ig, trem- 
 blt ■•), sick, ill, troubled, sad. 
 
 Aeglna, ae, f ., daughter of the river- 
 god A8opus. 
 
 aegis, idis, f . (euyi's, aegis), the shield 
 of Minerva ; n. Met. VI, 79. 
 
 Aegyptius, a, urn, adj., Egyptian. 
 
 aelinos, I, m., a dirge ; sec n. Am. 
 Ill, 9, 23. 
 
 aemulus, T, m. (R. ik, aik, aik-ma, 
 ac-mu, like), one who will do the like, 
 em ulous, a rival. 
 
 Aeneius, a, urn, adj., of Aeneas. 
 
 aeneus, a, am, adj. (acs), (R. ajas, 
 metal}, of brass. 
 
 Aeolis, idis, f., the daughter of 
 Aeolus, Alcyone. 
 
 Acolius, a, um, adj., belonging to 
 Aeolus, the god of winds, Aeolian. 
 
 Aeolus, T, m. son of Hippotes ; the 
 god of winds. 
 
 aequalis, e, adj. (R. ik, aik, aik-a, 
 like), equal, like. 
 
 aequo, adv., equally, alike ; for R. 
 see aequalis. 
 
 aequo, 1 (for R. see aequalis), to 
 make equal, equal. 
 
 aequor, oris, n. (same R. as aequa- 
 lis), an even surface, the level (of the 
 sea), the sea. 
 
 aequoreus, a, um, adj., belonging 
 to the sea. 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj. (R. ik, aik, aik- 
 a). even, equal, favorable, equitable, just. 
 
 aer, eris, m., a^p, the air ; R. av, to 
 blow, av-er, il-Sr. 
 
 aeratus (aes), a, um, adj., covered 
 with bronze or copper ; of bronze. 
 
 aeripes (aes, pes), pedis, bronze- 
 footed. 
 
 aerius, a, um, adj. (tlSr), pertaining 
 to the air, aerial, airy. 
 
 aes, aeris, n. {JR. ajas, metal), bronze, 
 copper, brass. 
 
 aesculeus, a, um, adj., of oak. 
 
 Aesonides, ae, the son of Aeson ; 
 Jason. 
 
 Aesonius, a, um. adj., Aesonian. 
 aestas, iltis, f. (R. idh, burn, aid, 
 aid-tat-i, aes-ta-s), summer. 
 
 aestivus, a, um, adj. (aestas), of 
 summer. 
 
 aestuo, 1 (acs-tu-s, same R. as aes- 
 ta-s), to boil up, rage with heat, grow 
 hot, glow. 
 
 aestus, Vis, m. (same R. as aestas), 
 boiling, swell of the sea, heat of fire, 
 glow, ardor. 
 
 aetas, atis, f. (R. i, ai, ai-va (Eng., 
 ever, aye), ac-vu-m, aevi-tas, aetas), 
 time, age of life, generation, age. 
 
 aeternus, a, um, adj. (aevi-ternu-s), 
 eternal, endless, perpetual. 
 
 aether, eris, m., ether, heaven. 
 
 agna, ae, f., a lamb. 
 
 agnosco, nOvT, nitum, 3, to know. 
 
 ag5, egl, actum, 3, to drive, lead; 
 agito, 1, to agitate; agitabilis, e, adj., 
 light. 
 
 agrestis, e, adj. (ager), of the coun- 
 try, rustic, rude ; subst., a farmer, 
 peasant. 
 
 agricola, ae, m. (ager, colO), a culti- 
 vator of land, farmer, in Met. 8, 192 ; 
 fig. of one who, as it were, sowed words 
 in the soil. 
 
 ai (at), inter j., ah! alas! 
 
 aio, v. defect., to say, Gr. 297, II (R. 
 agii, to say, ag, a-j-o, ag-i-o). 
 
 51a, ae, f. (R. ag, ag + s=ax=lur/i ; 
 ax-u-la, ax-la, as-la, a-la), a wing. 
 
 Alba, ae, f ., a city in Latium, Alba 
 Longa. 
 
 albeo, ere (R. albiia, albu-s, white), 
 to be iv hit e. 
 
 albesco, ere, to grow white. 
 
 albidus, a, um, adj., white. 
 
 Albula, ae, f., river in Latium. 
 
 albus, a, um, adj. (R. albha, white), 
 white. 
 
 Alcldes, ae, m., son (or descendant) 
 of Alcaeus ; Hercules. 
 
 Alcyone, gs, f., daughter of Aeolus 
 
 ales, itis, adj. and subst. (ala), wing- 
 ed, bird, birds. 
 
 alienus, a, um, adj. (alius, R. al»ta, 
 ali, other, ali-Cnu-s), belonging to an- 
 other, another's, strange, foreign. 
 
 alimentum, I, n. (alo), means of 
 nourishment, food. 
 
 alio, adv. (alius), else-whither, else- 
 where. 
 
 alipes, pedis, adj. (ala, pSs), wing- 
 footed. 
 
 aliquando, adv. . at some, time, fir 
 natty (ali, so?ne, quando, when). 
 
244 
 
 ALIQUIS 
 
 ANGO 
 
 aliquis, indef. pron. adj. and subst., 
 (ali-quis), some one, some, somebody or 
 something or other. 
 
 aliter, adv., other- way, otherwise. 
 
 alius, a, urn, adj. (alja, another, 
 aliu-s), another, other, some, the others. 
 
 alligo, 1, ad, ligo, to bind to, fasten. 
 
 alloquor, locutus sum, 3, v. dep., 
 ad-loquor (R. ra, ra-k, lak, loqu-i), to 
 speak to, address. 
 
 almus, a, urn, adj. (alo), nourishing. 
 
 alnus, I, f., alder. 
 
 alo, ul, itum and altum, 3 (R. ar, al, 
 make grow, nourish), to nourish, bring 
 vp. 
 
 Aloidae, 1, m., the Aloidae, sons of 
 Iphimedia, the wife of Aloeus. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f., the Alps. 
 
 Alpheias, adis, f., the nymph of the 
 fountain Arethusa, which unites its 
 waters with the river Alpheus. 
 
 Alphenor, oris, m., son of Niobe. 
 
 Alpheus (os), I, m., a river in the 
 Peloponnesus ; the river-god Alpheus. 
 
 altaria, ium, n. (altus), something 
 put upon the ara, on which the offerings 
 were burned, then the altar itself. 
 
 alte, adv. (altus), high, on high; 
 deep. 
 
 alter, tera, terum, adj. (R. alja, al, 
 al-tero), the other, one of two. 
 
 alternus, a, um, adj. (alter), one 
 after the other, alternate. 
 
 altrix, Kis, f., a nurse. 
 
 altus, a, um, adj. (R. ar, al, to raise), 
 high, exalted, deep; subst., the high, 
 height ; the deep, depth. 
 
 alumnus, T, m. (alo), foster-son. 
 
 alveus (alvus), I, m., a hollow (like 
 that of the alvus), the bed of a river. 
 
 alvus, I, f. (R. ar, al, to nourish, 
 al-o, al-vu-s), the body, ivomb. 
 
 amarus, a, um, adj. (R. am, raw), 
 bitter. 
 
 Amathus, untis, f., a town on the 
 south coast of Cyprus. 
 
 Amathusia, ae, f ., see n. Am. 3, 15. 
 
 ambages, um, f. pi., evasions. 
 
 ambigo, 3, amb-ago, (RR. ambh, 
 (amb) and ag), to go about ; impers., 
 ambigitur, it is uncertain (ambiguous). 
 
 ambiguus, a, um, adj. (amb-igO, 
 ago), ambiguous, doubtful. 
 
 ambio, TvT and iT, Itum, 4, amb, eo. 
 
 (RR. ambh, amb, round, and i, to go), 
 to go around, compass, solicit, pray. 
 
 ambitio, Onis, f. (ambio), a going 
 around, canvassing, ambition. 
 
 ambo, ae, 0, both (R. ambh, amb). 
 
 ambrosia, 1, f., ambrosia. 
 
 amburo, ussT, ustum, 3, amb-uro, 
 (RR. ambh, amb, around, and vas, aus, 
 Os, (is, to burn, ur-ere, us-si), to burn 
 around, consume. 
 
 aniens, mentis, adj. (a, mSns), out 
 of mind, beside one's self, distracted. 
 
 amentia, ae, f . (aniens), madness. 
 
 am-icio, icul and ixT, ictum, 4, am 
 (R. ambh) and jacio, to throw around, 
 en wrap. 
 
 amictus, us, m. (amicio), clothing, 
 garment, veil. 
 
 amicus, a, um, adj. and subst., !, m. 
 (amo), fHendly, a friend. 
 
 a-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to lose. 
 
 amnis, is, m., a stream, river. 
 
 amo, 1 (R. kam (k). am, to love), to 
 love ; amans, tis, m., a lover. 
 
 amor (amO), Oris, m., love. 
 
 Amor, Oris, m., god of love. 
 
 Amphion, onis, m., son of Jupiter 
 and Antiope, husband of Niobe. 
 
 Ampbitrite, 6s, f., daughter of 
 Nereus, wife of Neptune ; by meton., 
 the sea. 
 
 Amphitryon, Onis, m., son of Al- 
 caeus, and husband of Alcmene. 
 
 Amphitryoniades, ae, m., Her- 
 cules, as stepson of Amphitryon. 
 
 am-plector, plexus, 3, v. dep. (plec- 
 to), to twine round, compass, embrace. 
 
 am-plexus (amplector), us, m., a 
 surrounding, embracing. 
 
 amplius, adv. (amplG), further, 
 longer, besides. 
 
 Amyclides, ae, m., son of Amyclus, 
 king of Laconia ; Hyacinthus. 
 
 an, R. an, ana, interrog. particle, 
 or, ivhether not. 
 
 ancora, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, crook), 
 anchor. 
 
 Andromeda, ae, f., daughter of 
 Cepheus and Cassiope, rescued by Per- 
 seus, and then married to him. Met. 4, 
 671. 
 
 ango, anxT, anctum and anxum, 3 
 (R. angh, ang, to straiten), to strangle, 
 distress, make anxious, 
 
ANGUI-COMUS 
 
 ARANEA 
 
 245 
 
 angui-coinus, a, um, adj. (anguis, 
 coma), with snaky hair, snake-hawed. 
 
 angui-fer, a, um, adj. (ferO), serpent- 
 beartng. 
 
 angui-pes, edis, adj., snake-footed. 
 
 unguis, is, m. (R. angh, ang, to 
 straiten), a serpent, snake. 
 
 Anguis, is, m., constellation of the 
 Dragon. 
 
 angulus, T, m. (same R. as angO), a 
 corner, angle. 
 
 angustus, a, um, adj. (ango), nar- 
 row. 
 
 anhelitus, T, m. (anhelO), panting 
 breath, breath. 
 
 an-helo, 1 (helO), to breathe with 
 difficulty, pant. 
 
 anilis, e, adj. (anus), of an old 
 icoman. 
 
 anima, ae, f. (R. an, to breathe), 
 an-i-ma), breath, air, life, the soul. 
 
 animal, Rlis, n. (anima), a living 
 being, animal. 
 
 animans, antis, part, and adj., a 
 living being, living. 
 
 animosus, a, um, adj. (anima), full 
 of spirit, spirited, eager. 
 
 animus, T, m. (R. an, to breathe), 
 the rational soul, spirit, heart, sense, 
 mind ; pride, anger, purpose. 
 
 annus, I, m. (R. ak, ank, to bend), 
 a-nu-s (for ac-nu-a), an-nus, year. 
 
 annosus, a, um, adj., aged. 
 
 Annus, I, m. (as person), the year. 
 
 annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), yearly, 
 annual. 
 
 anser, eris, m. (R. ghan, to grate, 
 hiss, ghans-a ; Ger., Gans), a goose. 
 
 Antaeus, I, m., name of a Libyan 
 giant, son of Earth. 
 
 ante, R. an (an-ta, abl. anti-d, anti, 
 ante), 1, adv. of place and of time, 
 before, sooner than—, earlier ; 2, prep, 
 with ace, before (of place, time, or 
 rank). 
 
 antc-eo, il, itum, 4 (eO), to go before. 
 
 antemna, ae, f., sail-yard (akin to 
 
 avareivu) ?). 
 
 AnthSdSn, onis, f., a city in Boco- 
 tia, opposite to Euboea. 
 
 Antigone, es, f., daughter of Lao- 
 medon. Met. G, 93. 
 
 antiquus, a, um, adj. (ante), of the 
 af ore-time, ancient, old, antique. 
 
 antrum, I, n. (R. an, ana, h>4, in, 
 an-tara, antru-m), a cave, den, grotto. 
 
 anus, us, f . (R. an (same as of ante), 
 ana, originally an a-stem noun, then 
 an-u-s ; so Ger., Ann, ancestor), an old 
 woman, matron. 
 
 anxius, a, um, adj. (angO), anxious. 
 
 Aonis, idis, f., of Aonia, Aonides, 
 the Muses, as dwellers in Aonia. 
 
 Aonius, a, um, adj., Aonian. 
 
 aper, aprl, m. (R. ap, to breed, ap-ro, 
 ap-e-r), a wild boar. 
 
 a-perio, perul, pertum, 4 (ab and 
 pariO), (R. par, to bring, par, par-i), to 
 bring from, uncover, open, disclose. 
 
 Apollineus, a, um, adj., of Apollo. 
 
 Apollo, inis, m., son of Jupiter and 
 Latona. 
 
 ap-pareo, uT, itum, 2 (ad-pareO), to 
 be visible, appear. 
 
 ap-pello, poll, pulsum, 3 (ad-pello), 
 to drive to, drive forward. 
 
 ap-pello, 1 (ad-pello), to go to or 
 drive to for the purpose of addressing, 
 to speak to, address, accost, name. 
 
 Appennlnus, a, um, adj. (the radical 
 syllable penn probably Celtic, mountain- 
 top), Apenrdne, the Apennines. 
 
 ap-plico, avl and uT, atum and itum 
 (ad-plico) (to fold to), 1, apply, put to. 
 
 ap-pono, posul, positum, 3 (ad- 
 pono), to place near, near to. 
 
 apto, 1 (f rcq. fr. apo), to fit to, place 
 upon, furnish. 
 
 aptus, a, um, adj. (apC), fitted, fitting, 
 suitable. 
 
 aqua, ae, f . (R. ak. swift), water, pi. 
 waters, streams. 
 
 aquila, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, dark), 
 (aquilus, dark color), dark bird, the 
 eagle. 
 
 aquilo, Onis, m. (same R. as aquila), 
 bringing dark, lowering weather, north 
 wind. 
 
 aquosus, a, um, adj. (aqua), full of 
 water, full of rain. 
 
 ara, ae, f . (R. as, to sit, iis-a, ilr-a), 
 altar. 
 
 Xra, ae, f., the constellation of the 
 Altar. 
 
 Arachne, es, f., the Lydian maiden 
 in the story of Met. 6, 5, seqq. 
 
 aranea, ae, f., the spider (R. Ail, fit, 
 spin). 
 
246 
 
 ABATOR 
 
 ASCENDO 
 
 arator, Oris, m. (aro), plower. 
 
 aratrum, T, n. (aro), plow. 
 
 Aratus, T, m., a Greek poet of Soli ; 
 see n. Am. 1, 15, 16. 
 
 ar-bi-ter, trl, in. (ar = ad, and bi, f r. 
 R. ga, gua, ba, to go), one that goes to; 
 i. e., witness, observe?\ arbiter. 
 
 arbitr-iu-m, I, m. (arbiter-ium), 
 decision, choice, will. 
 
 arbor (arbOs), oris, f . (R. ardh, arf-, 
 arb-, to raise, lift), tree, mast. 
 
 arboreus, a, um, adj. (arbor), of a 
 tree. 
 
 arbustum, I, n. (arbOs), (arbos-e- 
 tum, arbus-tu-m), a plantation of trees, 
 trees. 
 
 arbut-eus, a, um, adj. (arbutum), 
 of the strawberry-tree, of the arbute. 
 
 arb-u-tum, T, n. (arbor), the wild 
 strawberry-tree, arbute, arbutus. 
 
 Arcadia, ae, f., a province of the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 arceo, ul, ctum, 2 (R. ark, to keep 
 strong, keep off), to keep off, hinder, 
 keep back, keep away. 
 
 arci-tenens, entis, adj. (arcus), bow- 
 holding, epithet of Apollo. 
 
 Arctos, I, f., the constellation of the 
 Great and the Lesser Bear (R. ark, to 
 attack, injure). 
 
 arcuatus, a, um, adj. (arcuO), bow- 
 formed, arched. 
 
 arcus, Us, m. (R. ar, to bend), a 
 bow ; bow (as half-circle), rainbow. 
 
 Ardea, ae, f., chief city of the Ru- 
 tuli in Latiurr. 
 
 ardeo, arsT, arsum, 2 (R. ar, to burn, 
 dry, are-re, ari-du-s, aridi-tas, 5rid-ere ; 
 ard-ere), to burn, be afire, burn vp, 
 glow. 
 
 ardesco, arsT, 3 (ardeO), to take fire, 
 glitter. 
 
 ardor, Oris, m. (ardeO), heat, glow, 
 ardor. 
 
 arduus, a, um, adj. (R. ardh, ardh- 
 va, ard-uu-s, to raise high), steep, high ; 
 hard to reach, arduous. 
 
 area, ae, f. (R. ar, dry), a (dry) free 
 place, open field, area. 
 
 areo, ere (see R. of ardeO), to be dry, 
 arid. 
 
 Arethusa, ae, f., name of a nymph 
 in Elis, and of the celebrated fountain 
 in Sicily ; see note Met. 5, 409. 
 
 argent eus, a, um, adj. (argentum), 
 of silver, silver-bright, silver. 
 
 argentum, I, n. (R. arg, to shine, 
 arge-nt-u-m), silver. 
 
 Argos, n. (Lat., Argi, orum, m.), a 
 city in Argolis, Peloponnesus. 
 
 argumentum, I, n. (arguO), subject- 
 matter, subject (for representation in 
 art), argument. 
 
 arguo, ul, utum, 3 (R. arg, argu, to 
 shine, be clear), to make clear, argue, 
 prove, reprove, censure. 
 
 aridus, a, um, adj. (areO), dry, arid. 
 
 aries, etis, m. (R. unc, V. gives ar, 
 to hurt, ari, ari-e-s), 1, a ram ; 2, the 
 constellation of the Ram. 
 
 arista, ae, f . (R. ak, sharp, acr-ista, 
 ar-ista, ista superlative), a beard of 
 grain, ear, harvest (of ears). 
 
 anna, Orum, n. (R. ar, to fit, cf. ar- 
 mu-s, joint), shoulder, arm, something 
 fitted to the body, arms, armor ; (for 
 the field), tools, utensils, armipo- 
 tens, tis, valiant. 
 
 arm amenta, Orum, n. (anna), (for a 
 ship), tackle, armament. 
 
 armentum, I, n. (arma, AR-men-tu- 
 m, in the sense of being put together ; 
 but perh. fr. ar, to plow), herds, cattle 
 (as oxen, horned cattle, or horses). 
 
 armi-fer, fera, ferum, adj., arms- 
 bearing, armed. 
 
 armi-ger, gera, gerum, adj., arms- 
 carrying, armor-bearer. 
 
 armus, I, m. (R. ar, to fit), joint, 
 shoulder, arm. 
 
 aro, 1 (R. ar, to plow), to plow. 
 
 arripio (ad-rapiO), ul, reptinn, 3, to 
 lay hold of. 
 
 ars/artis, f. (R. ar, to fit), art. 
 
 arti-fex, icis, m. (faciO), artist, arti- 
 san, maker, author, contriver. 
 
 artus, a, um, adj. (arceo), narrow, 
 close ; as subst., a strait. 
 
 artus, fis, m. (R. ar, to fit), a joint of 
 the body, pi. joints, limbs ; body, bodies. 
 
 arvum, I, n. (aro), plowed or arable 
 land, field, fields. 
 
 arx, cis, f. (R. ark, to make strong), 
 a stronghold, castle, citadel, a high 
 place, height, summit. 
 
 Ascalaphus, I, m., son of Acheron 
 and Orphne, changed to an owl. 
 
 ascendo (ad and scando), scendl, 
 
ASCENSUS 
 
 AUGUSTUS 247 
 
 scensum, 3, to climb up, ascend, go up 
 into. 
 
 asoensus, us, m. (ascendo), an as- 
 cent. 
 
 Ascraeus, I, m., of Ascra, a village 
 in Boeotia ; the Ascraean (used of 
 Hesiod). 
 
 asellus, T, m., dim. (asinus), a little 
 ass, an ass's colt. 
 
 Asopis, idis, f., daughter of AsOpus; 
 AegTna. 
 
 asper, era, erum, adj., rough, uneven. 
 
 aspergo, inis, f. (ad-spargO), a 
 sprinkling, besprinkling, spray. 
 
 a-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3 (ad, 
 epeciO), to look to, look upon, behold, 
 consider. 
 
 a-spiro, 1 (ad, spIrO), to breathe to, 
 favor. 
 
 assensus, us, m. (assentio), agree- 
 ment, assent. 
 
 as-sentio, sSnsI, sSnsum, 4 (ad, sen- 
 tiO), to agree with, assent. 
 
 as-sero, serul, sertum, 3 (ad, serO), 
 to join to, claim, appoint to. 
 
 assiduus, a, um, adj. (ad, sedeO), 
 unremitting. 
 
 as-silio, siluT, sultum, 4 (ad, saliO), 
 to leap to, spring upon. 
 
 as-suesco, suevl, sugtum, 3 (ad, 
 BueecO), to accustom one's self to ; part., 
 assuetus, accustomed to, wonted. 
 
 assuetudo, inis, f., custom, habit, 
 intercourse. 
 
 as-sum, s. ad-sum. 
 
 as-sumo, sumpsl, sumptum, 3 (ad, 
 sumO), to take to, receive. 
 
 Assyrius, a, um, adj., Assyrian. 
 
 Asterie, es, f., daughter of Coeus ; 
 Met. 6, 108. 
 
 Astraea, ae, f . ('Aorpcua, goddess of 
 stars), goddess of justice. Met. 1, 150. 
 
 a-stringo, strinxT, striatum, 3 (ad, 
 BtringO), to bind to, bind fast. 
 
 astrum, I, n. (R. star, to strew 
 (sterno), ster, ster-u-la, stel-la (aarpov, 
 avTTJp, <rrep), a-stru-m), a star, constel- 
 lation ; by meton., the heavens. 
 
 at, conj. (ast), (R. a, pron. stem, 1st 
 and 2d pers., e-n, a-t), but, yet, yet at 
 least. 
 
 Atalanta, ae, f., d. of king Schoe- 
 neus, of Boeotia ; Met. 10, 565, seqq. 
 
 ater, atra, um, adj. (R. idh, to burn, 
 aid, aid-tro (?), a-tro, a-ter, burnt black), 
 black, dark, gloomy. 
 
 Athos (Onis), CA0<i>v), mountain in 
 Macedonia ; Met. 2, 217. 
 
 Atlantiades, ae, m., son or de- 
 scendant of Atlas ; n. of Mercury as son 
 of Maia, Atlas's d. ; Met. 8, 627. 
 
 Atlas, antis, m., s. of lapetus, father 
 of the Pleiades, and grandf. of Niobc; 
 Met. 2, 296 ; 6, 174. 
 
 at-que (ac), conj. (ad-que), and-too, 
 and also, and even, and ; as. 
 
 atrium, T, n. (ater), (R. idh, to 
 burn), the room in which was the hearth 
 (" atrum ex f umo " ?), the entrance-room 
 in the house, family-room, reception- 
 room; hall ; by meton., the house, home. 
 
 at-tamcn, and yet, yet. 
 
 at-tollo, ere (ad-tollO), to lift vp. 
 
 at-tono, uT, itum, 1 (ad, tonO), to 
 thunder at or upon, stun, amaze, 
 charm. 
 
 au-ceps, cupis, comm. (avi-ceps, fr. 
 avis, capio), a bird-catcher, fowler. 
 
 auctor, Oris, m. (augeo), the author, 
 promoter, doer ; cause, occasion ; giver, 
 lender ; producer, father ; founder ; 
 relater ; authority. 
 
 audax, acis, adj. (audeO), daring, 
 bold, spirited, audacious, rash. 
 
 audeo, ausT (ausim), ausus sum, 2 
 (R. av, to like, be eager for, av-Cre, 
 avi-du-s, av-d, au-d, au-d-e-re), to dare, 
 be bold, venture. 
 
 audio, ivl or il, Itum, 4 (same R. as 
 au-d-e-re), to hear, perceive, to know by 
 hearing, to give heed to. 
 
 au-fero, abstull, ablatum, 3 (ab 
 (abs), ferO), to carry away, take away, 
 rob of, destroy. 
 
 augeo, xl, ctum, 2 (R. vag, ug, to 
 be strong, wax, aug), to increase, en- 
 large, heighten. 
 
 augurium, I, n. (au-gur, fr. avi-gur, 
 R. av, to blow, wave, avi-s + R. gar, 
 to call), interpreting of the flight of birds, 
 inU rpretation, augui~y. 
 
 au-guror, 1, v. dep. (augur), to in- 
 terpret omens, surmise, augur. 
 
 august us, a, um, adj. (augeo), exalt- 
 ed, august. 
 Augustus, I, m., 1, the August, Ma- 
 
248 
 
 AULA 
 
 AXIS 
 
 jestic, Majesty, Imperial Majesty, title 
 of honor of Octavian on his attainment 
 of sovereign power ; 2, adj., of Augustus, 
 Augustan, imperial. 
 
 aula, ae, f. (Gr., avKrj, free, airy, 
 place, fr. R. av, to blow), court (of a 
 building), hall (of a palace). 
 
 aulaeum, I, n. (aula), pi. aulaea, 
 hall-hangings, curtain (of a theatre). 
 
 aura, ae, f. (R. av, to blow, av-ra, 
 au-ra), air, draught of air ; pi. breezes, 
 breath of life. 
 
 auvatus, a, um, adj. (aurum), gilded, 
 adorned ivith gold. 
 
 aureus, a, um, adj. (aurum), of gold, 
 golden. 
 
 auri-fer, fera, ferum, adj., gold- 
 bearing. 
 
 aurlga, ae, comm. (aurl-ga, f r. auri- 
 jug-a ; auri- fr. R. ar, to run, avpo-g, 
 arvu-s, a horse ; and jug fr. R. ju, 
 ju-g, to bind, cf. jug-u-m), a chari- 
 oteer. 
 
 auris, is, f . (R. av, to be eager for, 
 av-s, au-s-i-s, au-r-i-s), the ear. 
 
 Aurora, ae, f . (R. vas, avs, aus, to 
 burn, shine, aucr-os), aus-os, aus-os-a, 
 Aur-or-a), goddess of the rosy morn, 
 dawn, Aurora ; by meton., the East. 
 
 aurum, I, n. (R. same as Aurora, 
 VAS r aus, aus-o, aur-u-m), the (shining) 
 gold. 
 
 Ausonia, ae, f., poetic name for 
 Italy, fr. the Ausones. 
 
 Ausonius, a, um, adj. (Ausonia), 
 Ausonian. 
 
 auspex, spicis, comm., fr. avi-spex, 
 avis, specio (see augurium for avis), 
 specio fr. R. spak, to see, spec, spec-s), 
 one who observes the birds, augur, 
 diviner. 
 
 auspicium, I, n. (avi - spicium), 
 (auspex), observation of the birds, au- 
 spice. 
 
 auster, strT, m. (R. vas, aus, to 
 burn, aus-ter), the (hot) south-wind, 
 Auster. 
 
 australis, e, adj. (auster), in the 
 direction of the south-wind, southerly. 
 
 ausum, I, n. (audeO), a daring at- 
 tempt, venture, design. 
 
 aut, conj. (fr. au-te-m, au-t, the t 
 repr. tern, the demon, pron. stem of 3d 
 pers., au repr. pron. st. as adv. and = 
 Gr. Sv, aSre, and aut = rje, %), or, or 
 rather, or even, either— or. 
 
 autem (au-te-m), conj. (see aut), but, 
 hoivever. 
 
 autumnalis, e, adj. (autumnus), of 
 the autumn, autumnal. 
 
 autumnus, I, in. (R. av, to satisfy, 
 be full, au-ta, au-t-u-mnu-s), the season 
 that brings fullness, the autumn ; by 
 meton., the fruits of the autumn ; per- 
 sonified Met. 2, 29, Autumn. 
 
 auxiliaris, e, adj. (auxilium), bring- 
 ing help, helping. 
 
 auxilium, I, n. (augeo, q. d., aug- 
 to, aug-tu-lo, aug-su-lo, aug-sul-io, aux- 
 il-io), help, aid ; by meton., helper. 
 
 a-vello (vclll), vulsl, vulsum, 3, to 
 tear away, rend from. 
 
 avena, ae, f . (R. same as autumnus, 
 av, av-as, avasa, av-as-na, av-es-na, av- 
 e-na), a stalk of grain, of straw, a 
 reed. 
 
 Aventmus, a, um, adj. and subst., 
 Aventine (hill), the Aventine. 
 
 Avernalis, e, adj., of (lake) Aver- 
 n us ; see note Met. 5, 540. 
 
 Avernus, a, um, adj., same as Aver- 
 nalis. 
 
 aversor, 1, v. dep. (averto), to turn 
 away. 
 
 a-verto, tl, sum, 3, to turn from, 
 away, avert. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. (aveo), desirous, 
 eager, greedy. 
 
 avis, is, f. (R. av, to blow, avi-s), 
 bird, as bird of omen, by meton. for 
 omen. 
 
 avitus, a, um, adj. (avus), of a 
 grandfather, grandfather 's, ancestral. 
 
 avius, a, um, adj. (a or ab, via), out 
 of the way, remote ; subst. pi., out-of- 
 the-way places, by-ways. 
 
 avus, T, m. (R. av, to like, protect), 
 grandfather ; in pi., ancestors. 
 
 axis, is, m. (R. ag, to drive, ag + s= 
 ax, axi-s), axle ; by meton., carriage, 
 chariot ; the axis, of the earth, of tJie 
 heavens ; by meton., the heavens. 
 
BABYLONIUS 
 
 BRUTUS 
 
 249 
 
 Babylonius, a, urn, adj., of Babylon, 
 Babylonian. 
 
 baca, ae, f. (dabka), a berry, berry 
 of Minerva ; i. e., the olive. 
 
 Bacchae, Brum, pi., female attend- 
 ants of Bacchus. 
 
 Baccheus, a, urn, adj., belonging to 
 Bacchus ,• Bacchic. 
 
 Baccliiadae, pi. m., the BaccMads, 
 an ancient princely family of Corinth, 
 descended from Bacchis. 
 
 Bacchus, I, m., s. of Jupiter and 
 Semele, foster-son of Silenus, Met. 11, 
 99. 
 
 baculum, T, n., and baculus, T, m. 
 (B. ga, to go, ha, ba-k, ba-c-ulu-m), 
 something used for going ; a staff. 
 
 Balearicus, a, urn, adj., Balearic, 
 of the Baledres, islands in the Mediterra- 
 nean (/3aAAw). 
 
 ballaena, ac, f., a whale. 
 
 ballista, ae, f. (pd\\u>), a machine 
 for throwing missiles, ballist. 
 
 balteus, I, m., a belt, girdle. 
 
 barba, ae, f. (B. bard ha), beard. 
 
 barbaricus, a, um, adj., foreign, not 
 Greek or Roman, barbarian. 
 
 barbarus, a, um, adj., foreign, bar- 
 barous ; subst., foreigner, barbarian. 
 
 Bassus, T, m., name of an epic poet, 
 Tr. 4, 10, 47. 
 
 Baucis, idis, f., wife of rhilcmon, 
 Met. 8, G31, seqq. 
 
 beat us, a, um, adj. (beo), made 
 happy, happy. 
 
 Belides, um, pi. f., granddaughters 
 of Bclus, usually called Danaides, fr. 
 their f. Danaus. 
 
 bellicus, a, um, adj. (bellum), of 
 war, warlike. 
 
 bellum, T, n. (B. dva, dvi, two, 
 duc-llu-m, bcllu-m), war, contest, duel. 
 
 belua, ae, f. (R. bargii, to break, 
 tear, balgh, balh, belli, bel-), a {tearing, 
 fierce) beast, a monster. 
 
 bene, adv. (B. dvi, du, to honor, 
 bone, bene), well, exactly, right. 
 
 benignus, a, um, adj. (bene-gTgnO, 
 beni-n-gnu-s, gnu fr. B. gan, gen, gna, 
 gnu), kindly by nature, benignant. 
 
 Berecyntius, a, um, adj., of (Mt.) 
 Berecyntus, Berecynthian. 
 
 bibo, bibl, itum, 3, to drink. 
 
 bibulus, a, um, adj., bibulous. 
 
 biceps, cipitis, adj. (bis, caput), two- 
 headed. 
 
 bi-color, Oris, adj. (bis, color), two- 
 colored. 
 
 bicornis, c, adj. (bis, cornu), two- 
 Iiorned. 
 
 bi-foris, e, adj. (bis, foris), having 
 two doors. 
 
 bi-niaris, c, adj. (bis, mare), lying 
 on two seas, two-seaed. 
 
 binl, ae, a, distrib. pronom. adj. 
 (bis), two by two, two each. 
 
 bis, adv. (B. dva, dvi, dvi-ies, dbi- 
 ies, bi-ies, bis), two times, twice. 
 
 bi-sulcus, a, um, adj. (bis, sulcus), 
 two-furrowed, two-cleft, cloven. 
 
 blandior, v. dep., 4 (blandus), to 
 say or do bland (soft) things, flatter, 
 fondle. 
 
 blanditia, ac, f. (blandus), bland 
 (soft) speeches, flattery. 
 
 blandus, a, um, adj. (B. mar, mal 
 {rub, make soft), mal-d, mlad, mla-n-d, 
 bla-n-d-), bland, flattering. 
 
 Boedtia, ae, f., a country in central 
 Greece, Met. 2, 239. 
 
 bonus, a, um, adj., melior, optimus 
 (B. dvi, du, honor), good, good-natured, 
 kindly; of better kind, best; subst., 
 bonum, i, n., a good, a blessing; pi., 
 goods, excellences, blessings. 
 
 Bootes, ae, m., the constellation 
 Bootes (B0CUT179, ox-driver). 
 
 Boreas, ae, m., 1, the N. wind; 2, 
 the god of the N. wind. 
 
 bos, bovis, comm. (B. gu, to sound, 
 guov, vov, bov), an ox, a bull, a 
 cow. 
 
 bracchium, I, n. (R, BARGn, ppax, 
 ppax-iotv), the arm, the fore- or lower 
 arm ; claw, pi. the claws. 
 
 brevis, e, adj. (B. bargii {break, 
 tear), bragh, bregh-u-i, breh-u-i, bre-v- 
 i-s), broken off, brief, short, small. 
 
 breviter (brevis), briefly, shortly. 
 
 Brutus, I, m. (B. gar, heavy, gam 
 (gravis), gur, gru, bru-), L. Junius (who 
 feigned dullness), the deliverer of Rome 
 fr. the Tarquins, and fr. regal govern- 
 ment ; Fasti, 2, 717. 
 
250 
 
 BUBO 
 
 OANDESCO 
 
 bubo, Onis, m. (R. bu, scream), an 
 owl. 
 
 bucerus, a, um, adj. (/3ov*cep&>s; ox- 
 horned, horned (cattle). 
 
 biiciua, ae, f . (R. bu, sound), bu-k, 
 buc-a, buc-ina), a horn or trumpet, sig- 
 nal-trumpet. 
 
 Buslris, idis, m., mythical king of 
 Egypt, Met. 9, 183. 
 
 bus turn, T, n. (burO = urO), place of 
 burial (burning), tomb. 
 
 buxum, I, n., box-tree, wood of the 
 box-tree. 
 
 cacumen, inis, n. (R. kuad, kud, 
 to drive (shoot) forth, by redupl. ka + 
 kud, ca-cu-men), peak, summit, top ; 
 point. 
 
 Cadmeis, idis, f., of Cadmus, Cad- 
 mean. 
 
 Cadmus, I, m., s. of Phoenician 
 king Agenor. 
 
 cado, cecidl, casum, 3 (R. kad, to 
 fall), sink, set. 
 
 caduci-fer, fera, ferum, adj. (cadu- 
 ceus), bearing a herald's staff. 
 
 caducus, I, adj. (cado), (something) 
 that falls, falling, fallen, liable, ready, 
 tofall. 
 
 caecus, a, urn, adj. (R. ska, cover, 
 hide, sea, sca-i-co, ca-i-co, caeco), dark, 
 hidden, blind. 
 
 caedes, is, f. (caedo), a cutting down, 
 killing, murder, carnage, bloodshed. 
 
 caedo, cecidl, caesum, 3 (R. sak, 
 ska, to cut, cleave, ska-d, ski-d, scae-d, 
 caed-), to make fall, to fell, slay, kill. 
 
 caeles, itis (caelum), adj., in heaven, 
 pi. masc, the heavenly (ones), the gods. 
 
 caelestis, e, adj. (caelum), belonging 
 to heaven, heavenly, divine ; subst. pi., 
 the heavenly (ones), celestial (beings). 
 
 caelicola, ae, comm. (caelum), 
 dweller in heaven. 
 
 caelo, 1 (same R. as caedo, ska, to 
 cut, caed-, cael-, cael-u-m, burin or 
 chisel), to represent in relief, to engrave, 
 to adorn with reliefs. 
 
 caelum, T, n. and m. (R. ku, kua-n, 
 to be hollow, kau, kav, cavi-lu-m, cai- 
 lu-m, caelum), the (hollow) vault of 
 heaven, heaven, the heavens. 
 
 caeruleus, a, um, adj., caerulus 
 (same R. as caelum, caelu-lu-s), heaven- 
 blue, blue, dark-blue, dark. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m., C. Julius, assas- 
 sinated b. c. 44. 
 
 caespes, itis, m. (caedo), sod, turf. 
 
 Calcus, I, m., river in Tenthrania, 
 Mysia. 
 
 Calais, idis, m., one of the winged 
 sons of Boreas. 
 
 calamus, I, m. (xaAa/xoy, R. kar, 
 to project), a reed. 
 
 calathus, I, m. (icdkaQos, R. karatho, 
 basket), a wicker-basket, flower-basket. 
 
 calco, 1 (calx, heel), to tread with 
 the heel, stamp. 
 
 calco, ul, 2 (R. skal, to glow, cal), 
 to be warm, glow. 
 
 calesco, ul, 3 (caleO), to grow warm. 
 
 calidus, a, um, adj. (caleO), warm. 
 
 caligo, inis, f . (R. skal, kal, cover), 
 misty darkness, gloom. 
 
 callens, ntis, part. (fr. calleO, R. 
 kar, to swell) (of bark), callous, hard. 
 
 callidus, a um, adj., cunning. 
 
 Calliope, es, f . (KaAAi6jri7, the fine- 
 voiced), the Muse of epic song. 
 
 calor, Oris, m. (caleo), warmth. 
 
 Calvus, T, m., see n. Am. 3, 9, 62. 
 
 Calydonius, a, um, adj., of Calydon, 
 a town in Aetolia ; Calydonian. 
 
 Calymne, es, f., an island in the 
 Aegean. 
 
 Camenae, arum, f., pi. (R. kas, 
 sing, cas, cas-mena, goddess of song), 
 the Camenae, Muses. 
 
 caminus, I, m. (R. ak, sharp, aieix- 
 ivos, Sansc. ac-manta, Kaix-ivos, caml- 
 nu-s, Vanicek, p. 5), a smelting furnace, 
 forge, stove (Eng., chimney). 
 
 campus, I, m. (R. skap, dig y 
 sca-m-p, ca-m-p), a level ground, an 
 open field, a plain, a battle-field. 
 
 cancer, erf, m. (R. kan, hard, kar, 
 ka-n + kar, ca-n-cer), a crab, the sign of 
 Cancer in the zodiac. 
 
 candeo, ul, 2 (R. skand, to light, 
 shine, kand, cand), to shine, glisten. 
 
 candesco, ul, 3 (candeO), to grow 
 shining (white), begin to glow. 
 
CANDIDUS 
 
 CAVEO 
 
 251 
 
 candidus, a, um, adj. (candeO), 
 shining, shining-white, brilliant. 
 
 candor, Oris, in., a shining white- 
 ness, brightness, candor. 
 
 cilneo, nT, 2 (canus), to be grayish 
 white, hoary, gray. 
 
 canescd, ul, 3 (canus), to grow 
 hoary, gray. 
 
 canis, is, comm. (R. ku, kvi, kvan, 
 to be strong, can-is, Kvutv ; Fr., chien ; 
 Eng., hound), a dog ; the dog (Cerbe- 
 rus), the Gallic = hunting dog. 
 
 canistra, ae, f. (canna), a basket 
 made of reeds, a fruit-basket. 
 
 canities, em, e\ f. (canus), gray 
 hairs. 
 
 canna, ae, f., a reed. 
 
 cano, cecinl, cantnm, 3 (R. kan, to 
 sound, tone), to produce a melodious 
 tone, sing, sing (in prophecy), to predict, 
 sound (a signal). 
 
 canor, oris, m. (canO), song. 
 
 can5rus, a, um, adj., tuneful. 
 
 canto, 1 (canO), to sing, sing of, 
 celebrate in song. 
 
 cantus, us, m., song, singing. 
 
 canus, a, um, adj. R. (kas, to be 
 white, gray), gray-tvhite, gray, in pi. 
 cani (sc. capilli), gray hairs. 
 
 capax, ads, adj. (capiO), that can 
 take, capacious, susceptible for, apt for. 
 
 capella, ae, f., a she-goat, the Ca- 
 pella. caper, prT, m., a goat. 
 
 capillus, I, m., dim. (caput), hair of 
 the head (in distinction from the beard), 
 hair. 
 
 capio, cepT, captum, 3 (R. kar, 
 take), to seize, take, comprehend, under- 
 stand (take), ivin, gain. 
 
 Capitolium, T, n. (caput), the Capi- 
 tol. 
 
 caprea, ae, f . (capra, R. kvar, 
 kuap, to smell, cap, Van., but Curtius 
 f r. karp, krap, to spring, capr), a wild 
 goat. 
 
 Caprea, ae, f. (capra), (the marsh) 
 of Caprea. 
 
 captlvus, a, um, adj. (capio), taken, 
 captive. 
 
 capto, 1 (capiO), to take (eagerly), to 
 strive to take. 
 
 caput, itis, n. (R. kar, take, com- 
 prise, cap), the head, (of a river) the 
 head, source. 
 
 carbasus, I, f., pi. carbasa, a texture 
 of fine Spanish \hix,Jine linen (robes). 
 
 career, eris, m. (R. skar, to keep, 
 skar(s), kar, car-cer), a prison, barrier 
 (of the race-course). 
 
 card5, inis, m. (R. skard, to swing, 
 kard, card), the hinge (of a door). 
 
 careO, ul, 2 (R. sxar, to cut off, 
 car-Ore, to be cut off), to be without, be 
 free from, want, lose. 
 
 carica, ae, f. (sc. ficus), a Carian 
 (fig), a dried jig, dried figs. 
 
 carina, ae, f. (R. kar, to be hard, 
 car), the keel (of a ship) ; by meton., a 
 ship. 
 
 carmen, inis, n. (R. kas, sing, kas- 
 man, car-men), a song, song, a poem. 
 
 caro, carnis, f. (R. kru, to become 
 rough, raw, car), flesh, piece of flesh, 
 meat. 
 
 carpo, psl, ptum, 3 (R. skarp, to 
 ait, tear, scarp, carp-O), to jiluck, break 
 off, browse, eat, enjoy, carp at; (with 
 viam), to go ; (with aethera), to cleave, 
 to fly through. 
 
 cams, a, um, adj. (R. ka, to love), 
 dear, precious, loved by. 
 
 casa, ae, f. (R. skad, cover, scad, 
 cad, cad-ta, cas-ta, cas-sa, casa), a hut. 
 
 Cassiope, es, f., wife of Cepheus 
 and Andromeda's mother. 
 
 cassus, a, um, adj., empty, icorth- 
 less. 
 
 Castalius, a, um, adj., Castalian. 
 
 castanea, ae, f., chestnut-tree. 
 
 castra, Orum, n. (R. skad, to cover, 
 cad, cad-tro, cas-tru-m), a camp. 
 
 casus, lis, m. (cado), fall, accident, 
 fortune, misfortune. 
 
 catena, ae, f. (R. kat, make to fall), 
 a fetter, chain. 
 
 Catullus, T, m., a poet ; s. Am. 3, 
 15,7. catulus, I, m., a cub. 
 
 cauda, ae, f. (R. skud, to spring 
 forth), tail of an animal. 
 
 causa, ae, f. (R. skav, be on one" 8 
 guard, guard, kav, cav, cav-es, cav-es- 
 ta, cau-s-ta, cau-s-sa, causa), a matter 
 guarded, a cause, reason, ground, occa- 
 sion, an affair. 
 
 cautes, is, f. (R. ka, kan, to 
 sharpen), a pointed rock. 
 
 caveo, dvl, cautum, 2 (R. skav, 
 guard), to take care, to make provision. 
 
252 
 
 CAVERNA 
 
 CHORDA 
 
 caver na, ae, f. (cavus), a hollow, a 
 cavern. 
 
 cavo, 1 (cavus), to holloiv out. 
 
 cavus, a, um, adj. (R. ku, kvi, kvan, 
 to be holloiv, cav), hollow, hollowed out. 
 
 Cecrops, opis, m., mythical king of 
 Athens. 
 
 Cecropius, a, um, adj., of Cecrops, 
 Cecropian. 
 
 cedo, cessT, ccssum, 3 (JR. same as 
 cad-O, cad, ce-cid, ce-id, ced-), to go 
 forth, yield, give way, go over. 
 
 celeber, Celebris, e, adj. (R. kar, to 
 go, go to, kal, eel, eele-ber, gone to), 
 (much gone to), frequented, numerous, 
 celebrated. 
 
 celebrO, 1 (celeber), to frequent, to 
 Ml with one's presence, to solemnize, 
 celebrate, praise. 
 
 celer, eris, adj. (same R. as celeb ro, 
 go swiftly), quick, swift. 
 
 celer, prop, name (R. kar, be prom- 
 inent, cer, eel), one of the king's body- 
 guard ; cf . Celsi. 
 
 celo, 1 (R, skal, eel, to cover), to 
 conceal, hide. 
 
 celsus, a, um, adj. (cello), (R. kar, 
 kal, eel, to be prominent), raised high, 
 lofty. 
 
 CSnaeus, a, um, adj., of Cenaeum, 
 Cenaean. 
 
 census, us, m. (censeO), (R. kas, 
 sing, formally declare ; but Harpers 1 
 Diet, derives it fr. centum, centere, to 
 hundred, number), the registering and 
 taxing of the R. people, census, prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Centaurus, T, m., Centaur, pi. Cen- 
 taurs, a Thessalian people ; Met. 2, 636; 
 9, 191. 
 
 centum, num. adj. (R. dak an, ten, 
 dakan x da, kanta), hundred. 
 
 Cepheus, el, m., s. of Belus, and 
 father of Andromeda ; Met. 4, 738. 
 
 Cepheus, a, um, adj., of Cepheus, 
 Cephean. 
 
 Cephlsis, idis, fern, adj., of Cephi- 
 sus. 
 
 Cephisus, T, m., a river in Phocis ; 
 Met. 3, 19. 
 
 cera, ae, f . (R. skar, kar, to sepa- 
 rate), wax. 
 
 ceratus, a, um, adj. (cera), of wax, 
 waxed, waxen. 
 
 Cerberus, I, m., the three-headed 
 dog of the lower world, offspring of 
 Echidna, Echidnea canis, also mon- 
 strum Medusaeum, as Echidna was de- 
 scended f r. Medusa. 
 
 Cerealis, c, adj. (Ceres), of Ceres, 
 cereal (cereals). 
 
 Ceres, eris, f., daughter of Saturn 
 and Rhea, mother of Proserpine ; Met. 
 5, 338-571. 
 
 cerno, crevl, cretum, 3 (R. skar. kar, 
 separate, cer, ere-), to separate, divide, 
 distinguish, see clearly, discern. 
 
 certamen, inis, n. (certo, cerno), a 
 contest, a prize-fight. 
 
 certe, adv. (certus), certainly, surely, 
 at any rate, at least. 
 
 certo, 1 (cerno), to contend, decide by 
 a contest, vie ivith, struggle. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. (cerno), deter- 
 mined, fixed, sure, unerring, resolved, 
 assured of. 
 
 cerva, ae, f . (R. kar, hard, cer), a 
 hind. 
 
 cervix, Tcis, f . (R. kar + R. vi, kar, 
 prominent, and vi, vi-k, vi-N-K, bind), 
 the neck. 
 
 cervus, T, m. (same R. as cerva), the 
 (horned) stag, deer. 
 
 cesso, 1 (cedo), to fall back, delay, 
 linger. 
 
 ceterus, a, um, adj. (R. ki, kai, 
 demon, pronom. stem, kai-tara), the 
 other {that which is over), the others, the 
 rest. 
 
 ceu, adv., ccve (fr. R. ki, as in 
 ceterus, + R. ve, fr. var, val, vol 
 (vol-o), to will), or thisithia if you will); 
 (in comparison) just as, like as. 
 
 Ceyx (dissyl.), ycis, s. of Lucifer, 
 husband of Alcyone. 
 
 chaos, nom. and ace. n., abl. chaO, 
 chaos ; see n. Met. 1,7; for the (vast) 
 lower tcorld. 
 
 Charybdis, is, f., a whirlpool in 
 the strait of Sicily. 
 
 Chimaerifera, ae, adj., f., epithet of 
 Lycia, as the Chimaera- or monster- 
 bearing. 
 
 Chiron, onis, m., the Centaur, son 
 of Saturn and Philyra. 
 
 chorda, ae, f., a string, chord (R. 
 guar, to be flexible, x°P> X°P 5r 7> chor- 
 da). 
 
CHORUS 
 
 COEPI 
 
 253 
 
 chorus, I, m., a dance in a ring, a 
 band of dancers and singers, a chorus. 
 
 chrysolith- us or os, I, m. and f., 
 chrysolite or topaz. 
 
 cibus, T, m. (R. rap, to take, cip, cib, 
 c'ib-xi-8), food. 
 
 Cibyreius, a, nm, adj., of Cibyra, a 
 city in Phrygia, Cibyreian. 
 
 Cicones, ura, m., a people in Thrace ; 
 Met. 10, 2 ; 11, 3. 
 
 ciconia, ae, f., a stork (R. ran, to 
 bend, con-). 
 
 Cilix, icis, ad'].,ofCilicia, Cilician. 
 
 Cimineril, Drum, m., see note, Met. 
 11, 592. 
 
 cingo, nxT, ctum, 3 (R. rar, to be 
 bent, ka-n + k(ar), c-i-n-g-ere), to com- 
 pass in a circle, surround, gird, gird 
 about, wreathe. 
 
 cinis, eris, m. (R. rnu, cnu, cun-, to 
 scratch, to scrape), ashes. 
 
 Cinyras, ae, m., 1, name of an As- 
 syrian king, Met. 6, 98 ; 2, of a Cyprian 
 prince, s. of Pygmalion. 
 
 circa, adv. and prep. (R. rar, to be 
 bent, kar + k(ar), cir-ca), around, round 
 about, circu-eo, 4. to go around. 
 
 circuitus, us, m. (circueO), circuit. 
 
 circum, adv. and prep, (same R. as 
 circa), around, round about. 
 
 circum-do (do), dedl, datum, dare, 
 to surround, encompass. 
 
 circum-fero, tull, latum, 3 (fero), 
 to carry around, cast around. 
 
 circum-fluo, fluxT, 3, to flow around. 
 
 circum-fluus, a, um, adj., flowing 
 around, surrounded by water. 
 
 circum-fundo, fadl, fflsum, 3, to 
 pour around, press around. 
 
 circum - lino, litum, 3 (lino), to 
 smear around, besmear, embellish. 
 
 circum-sono, are, to sound about. 
 
 circumsonus, a, um, adj., barking. 
 
 circum-spicio (specie), spexl, spec- 
 turn, 3, to look about, to look about one's 
 self. 
 
 circum - sto, stetT, 1, to stand 
 around, surround. 
 
 Circus, I, m. (same R. as circa), the 
 Circus Maximus, in the valley between 
 the Palatine and Aventine. 
 
 cithara, ae, f., the cithern, guitar. 
 
 citius, adv. comp. (cito), more quick- 
 ly, sooner. 
 
 citra, adv. and prep. (R. ri, dem. 
 pron. stem, ci-ter-tra, ci-tra, abl. fern., 
 on this side), on this side, nee virtus 
 citra genus, nor is (my) merit this side 
 of—\. e., lower than— {my) birth. 
 
 citus, a, um, adj. (cieO), quick, swift. 
 
 civllis, e, adj. (civis), of a citizen, 
 civil. 
 
 civis, is, m. (R. ri, lie down {abide), 
 Kel-fxai, kei, kei-va, a house, cei-vi-s, ci- 
 vi-s, one in the house, at home, in opp. 
 to a foreigner), a citizen, a fellow-citi- 
 zen. 
 
 clades, is, f. (R. rar, to thrust, 
 slay, kal, cal, cla-), a throwing down, 
 overthrow, defeat, disaster. 
 
 clamo, 1 (R. rar, to sound, call, 
 kal, cal, cla-), to shout, cry aloud, to call 
 by name. 
 
 clamor, Oris, m. (clamO), a shout, 
 a shout of applause, a shout of joy. 
 
 Clarius, a, um, adj., of Claros, Cla- 
 rian. 
 
 Claros, T, a city in Ionia, celebrated 
 for its temple of Apollo. 
 
 clarus, a, um, adj. (R. same as 
 clamo), (loud), clear, bright, illustrious. 
 
 classis, is, f. (R. same as cljImO, 
 cla + t), a calling together, 1, of citizens 
 to vote), {classis) ; 2, to arms ; then 3 (to 
 naval warfare), a fleet. 
 
 claudo (dsi), si, sum, 3 (R. sriat, to 
 shut, klu, clan-), to close, shut in, shut, 
 inclose, shut up. 
 
 clava, ae, f. (R. rar, to thrust, kal, 
 cal, cla-), a stick, club. 
 
 clavus, I, m. (R. srlu, shut, klu, 
 clan-, clav-), a nail. 
 
 clipeatus, a, um, adj. (clipeus), (R. 
 RiA-p), steal, hide, clc-p, clip-), shield- 
 armed ; clipeus, I, m., a shield. 
 
 cllvus, I, m. (R. riu, to lean), an 
 acclivity, a slope, declivity. 
 
 Clymene, es, f., d. of Tethys, Met. 
 1, 750. 
 
 Clymeneius, a, um, adj., of Cly- 
 mene. 
 
 co-argu5, ul (con, arguo), to convict, 
 expose. 
 
 coctilis, e, adj. (coquO), burned, of 
 brick. 
 
 co-eo, iT, itum, 4 (con, eO), to go to- 
 gether, assemble, unite. 
 
 coepT, perf., coeptum, coepissc (fr. 
 
254 
 
 COEPTUM 
 
 CON-CAVO 
 
 R. ap, bind, ap-e-re (aptus), co-ap-e-re, 
 coep-ere), to ft, together, on all sides, 
 begin, undertake. 
 
 coeptum, I, n. (coepl), something 
 begun, undertaking. 
 
 co-erceo, ercul, ercitum, 3 (arceO), 
 to keep together, inclose, restrain, con- 
 fine. 
 
 Coeus, I, m., father of Latona. 
 
 co - (con)gnatus (nBtus, nSscor), 
 (born with), related, kindred. 
 
 co - (con)gnosco, novl, nitum, 3 
 (gnOsco, nOscO), to come to know, to 
 become acquainted with, to know, recog- 
 nize, perceive. 
 
 cogo, coegl, coactum, 3 (con, ago), to 
 drive together, bring up (mil. with ag- 
 men), force, compel. 
 
 co-haereo, haesl, haesum, 2, to hang 
 together, cohere. 
 
 co-liors, hortis, f . (hors, fr. R. ghar, 
 seize, inclose, har, hor-tu-s (an inclos- 
 ure), then (of men) co-hor-ti, cohors), a 
 cohort, troop, multitude, retinue. 
 
 Colchus, a, um, adj., of Colchis, 
 Colchian. 
 
 col-iabor, lapsus, v. dep., 3 (con, 
 labor), to fall together, sink in, fall in 
 ruins (collapse). 
 
 col-ligo, leg!, lectum, 3 (con, lego), 
 to gather together, assemble, collect, 
 gather up. 
 
 collis, is, m. (R. kar, kal, eel, 
 be prominent, high), a hill. 
 
 col-luo, lul, lutum, 3, to moisten. 
 
 collum, I, n. (R. kar, bend, kal, 
 cal), the neck. 
 
 colo, ul, cultum, 3 (R. kar, go, 
 move), to till, cultivate, dwell in, inhabit, 
 honor, worship. 
 
 colonus, I, m. (colO), a tiller of the 
 ground, farmer, peasant, tenant, inhab- 
 itant. 
 
 Coloplionius, a. um, adj., of Colo- 
 phon, a city in Ionia. 
 
 color, oris, m. (R. skal, kal, cover, 
 col-), color, complexion. 
 
 colubra, ae, f. (same R. as color, 
 (dark) color), a female serpent, snake. 
 
 columba, ae, f. (of same R. as 
 color), a dove. 
 
 columna, ae, f . (R. kar, prominent, 
 kal, cal), a column. 
 
 coma, ae, f . (R. kas, rub (car-ere, to 
 
 comb), co-ma, hair (considered as an 
 ornament). 
 
 com-bibo, bibl, 3 (con, bibO), to 
 drink together, to drink in, absorb. 
 
 comes, itis, m. (con, eO), (one who 
 goes with), a companion, partner, at- 
 tendant. 
 
 comito, 1 (comes), to accompany, 
 attend. 
 
 comitor, atus, v. dep., 1, to accom- 
 pany, attend. 
 
 com-memoro, 1 (con, memoro), to 
 make mention of, commemorate. 
 
 commentus, part. pass, of com- 
 miniscor, contrived, invented. 
 
 com-inereo, ul, Hum, 2, to merit, 
 deserve. 
 
 comminus, adv. (con, manus), hand 
 to hand, in close contest. 
 
 com-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to 
 bring together, join, begin, put together, 
 commit, give up to. 
 
 communis, e, adj. (con, mtlnus), 
 common, in common. 
 
 como, compsi, comptum, 3 (R. am, 
 take, co-am, co-em, com-, to put togeth- 
 er), to arrange, dress, comb, adorn. 
 
 compages, is, f. (compingO, con, 
 pango), a joining together, union. 
 
 compesco, pescul, 3 (R. park, to 
 bind), to hold in check, confine. 
 
 com-plector, plexus sum, v. dep. 
 (con, plector), to twine around, clasp, 
 embrace. 
 
 com-pleo, GvT, etum, 2 (con and 
 pleo), to make full, fill full, fill, fulfill, 
 
 complexus, Us, m. (complector), a 
 clinging about, surrounding, embrace. 
 
 com-pono, posul, positum, 3 (con 
 and pono), to put together, arrange in 
 order, put to rest, compose, compare. 
 
 com-precor, 1, v. dep., pray earnest- 
 ly (con and precor). 
 
 com-prendo (con and prehendo), 
 prendT, prensum, 3, to seize together, on 
 all sides, grasp ; comprehend. 
 
 com-primo (con, premO), press!, 
 pressum, 3, to press together, compress, 
 suppress. 
 
 coalmen, inis, n. (conor), an exer- 
 tion, struggle, effort. 
 
 con-cavo, 1, to make hollow, bendy 
 curve. 
 
CONCENTUS 
 
 CONSPICIO 255 
 
 concentus, tis, m. (concino), a har- 
 mony, symphony. 
 
 concha, ae, f., a bivalve, shell-fish, 
 mussel. 
 
 con-cin5, cinul, 3 (con, canO), to 
 sing or play together, sing harmonious- 
 ly, sing of. 
 
 con-cipio, cepl, ceptum, 3 (capiO), to 
 lay hold of, catch, to receive into one's 
 self, conceive, compose, utter. 
 
 concitus, part. fr. concieO, aroused, 
 stormy, stirred. 
 
 con-clamo, 1 (clamo), to shout, call 
 together. 
 
 concolor, Oris, adj., of like color. 
 
 concordo, 1 (concors), to agree to- 
 gether, harmonize. 
 
 concors, cordis, adj. (cor), concord- 
 ant, harmonious. 
 
 con-cresc5, crOvT, crgtum, 3, to grow 
 together, cleave together, thicken, hard- 
 en, congeal. 
 
 con-curro, currT, cursum, 3, to run 
 together, engage in combat, to fight. 
 
 con-cursus, Us, m., a running to- 
 gether, concourse, an encounter (in bat- 
 tle). 
 
 con-custodi5, 4, to guard together, 
 to guard carefully. 
 
 con-cuti5 (quatiO), cussl, cussum, 3, 
 to strike together (to bring into concus- 
 sion), shake violently, shatter. 
 
 condicio, Onis, f. (condicO), an 
 agreement, a condition. 
 
 con-do, didT, ditum (do, dere, to 
 put), to put together, build, put away, 
 put in, pnt in (the grave), bury. 
 
 conditor, Oris, m., a builder. 
 
 con-duc5, xT, ctum, 3, to draw to- 
 gether, unite, bind. 
 
 c5n-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to bring to- 
 gether, try one's strength with, in fight, 
 try with. 
 
 con-fici5, feci, fectum, 3 (faciO), to 
 finish ; part., confectus, a, um, ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 confldo, fisus sum, 3, to trust, con- 
 fide in. 
 
 confinium, I, n. (conflnis), in pi. 
 confinia, the common boundary, con- 
 fine. 
 
 c5nfiteor, fessus sum, 2 (fateor), to 
 confess, to make known. 
 
 con-fugio, fOgl, 3, to flee for refuge. 
 
 con-fundo, ffldl, fflsum, 3, to pour 
 together, mix together. 
 
 con-gelo, 1, trans, and intrans., to 
 thicken, harden, stiffen. 
 
 con-geries, Ci, f . (congerO), what is 
 brought together, a lieap, mass, pile. 
 
 con-gero, gessl, gestum, 3, to bring 
 together, heap up, unite. 
 
 con-gredior (gradior), 3, to melt 
 together, engage together, in fight, at- 
 tack. 
 
 conici5 (coniiciO, conjiciO), jGd, 
 jectum, 3, to throw together, hurl. 
 
 conjugialis, e, adj. (conjugium), 
 relating to marriage, conjugal. 
 
 conjugium, I, n., union, marriage. 
 
 con-jungo, junxl, junctum, 3, to 
 join together, unite. 
 
 conjunx (conjux), jugis, comm. 
 (conjungO). a spouse, wife, husband. 
 
 conor, v. dep., 1 (R. perhaps kam, 
 trouble one's self, con), to undertake, 
 endeavor. 
 
 con-queror, questus sum, v. dep., 
 to complain, bewail. 
 
 con-scelero, 1, to cause to share a 
 crime, to dishonor. 
 
 con-scendO, dl, sum, 3 (scando), to 
 mount, go on board of, together. 
 
 con-scius, a, um, adj. (sciO), one 
 who knows together with, privy to, 
 conscious. 
 
 con-senesc5, senul, 3, to grow old 
 together. 
 
 consensus, t5s, m. (consentiO), an 
 agreement, consent. 
 
 con-sequor, cfitus sum, v. dep., to 
 follow up, come up with, overtake. 
 
 con-sidero, 1 (fr. sldus, B. sum, to 
 be smooth, bright, sld-us, a (bright) 
 constellation, considerate, to observe 
 the stars), to consider, observe. 
 
 con-sido, sSdl, sessum, 3, to set one's 
 self down, to be seated. 
 
 consilium, i, n. (consulO), counsel, 
 purpose, wisdom. 
 
 con-sisto, stitl, 3, to cause to stand, 
 to place one's self, to put in jwsition, to 
 take, have, a place. 
 
 consolor, v. dep., 1, to console. 
 
 consors, tis, adj. (con, sors), sharing 
 lot with, consort, wife. 
 
 conspiciO (specio), spexl, epectum, 
 3, to look at, behold. 
 
256 CONSPICUUS 
 
 CORNU 
 
 c5nspicuus, a, um, adj. (conspiciO), 
 conspicuous, stately. 
 
 con-sterno, avi, atum (strengthened 
 form of consterno, 3), to throw into con- 
 fusion, consternation. 
 
 con-sto, stitl, statum, 1, to stand, to 
 remain standing. 
 
 con-suesco, suevl, suetum, 3, to 
 accustom one's self, be accustomed. 
 
 consulo, sului, sultum, 3 (salio), (R. 
 sab, go, spring, sal, sol, sul, con-sul-o, 
 to come together), to meet in consulta- 
 tion, to consult, deliberate, to consult (an 
 oracle). 
 
 con-sumo, sumpsT, sumptum, 3 
 (sumo, fr. sub and emO, sub-im-ere, su- 
 mere, It. am, to take), to consume, ex- 
 haust, devour, destroy. 
 
 con-surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 3, to 
 raise one's self, rise. 
 
 contactus, us, m. (contingO), contact. 
 
 con-temno, tempsl, temptum, 3, to 
 contemn, despise. 
 
 contemptor, Oris, m. (contemno), a 
 despiser. 
 
 contemptrix, icis, f ., a woman who 
 despises, a despiser. 
 
 con-tendo, tendl, tentum, 3 (tendo, 
 to stretch), to stretch, strain, to compare 
 one's self with, 
 
 conterminus, a, um, adj. (con, ter- 
 minus), bordering on, near by. 
 
 con-terreo, terruT, territum, 2, to 
 terrify. 
 
 oon-ticesco, ticui (taceO), 3, to be 
 silent, keep silent. 
 
 contiguus, a, um, adj. (contingo), 
 touching upon, contiguous. 
 
 con-tineo, tinul, tentum (teneo), 2, 
 to hold together, hold fast, to contain ; 
 part., contentus, limited, bounded ; con- 
 lent. 
 
 con-tingo, tigi, tactum, 3 (tangO), to 
 come in contact with, touch, reach, to 
 happen to one, to fall to one's (good) for- 
 tune. 
 
 con-torque5, torsi, tortum, 2, to 
 hurl violently, hurl, brandish. 
 
 contra, adv., cum, con (R. sak, 
 sakam, skvom, skom (follow, be ivith), 
 con, con-ter-tra, contra, abl. fern., over 
 against, on the contrary. 
 
 con-traho, xl, ctum, 3, to draw to- 
 gether, contract. 
 
 contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra), set 
 over against, lying opposite, opposite, 
 contrary. 
 
 conubium, i, n. (the u before b - (u) 
 in Met. 1, 480, but short (ii) in 6, 428, 
 also proniiba in same line ; short ii in 
 Verg. seven times, and once in Lucret. 
 3, 777) ; (con, ntibo), intermarriage, 
 marriage. 
 
 conus, i, m. (xwro?, R. kan, sharp- 
 en), a co?ie, the (cone-like) top, or apex, 
 of a helmet, crest. 
 
 con-valesco, valul, 3, to get well, 
 convalesce, gain strength. 
 
 con-vello, vulsi, vulsum, 3, to pull 
 violently, tear up, grind. 
 
 con-venio, veni, ventum, 4, to come 
 together, assemble. 
 
 con-verto, vertl, versum, 3, to turn 
 round, turn against, convert, change. 
 
 convexus, a, um, adj. (conveho), 
 arched, convex. 
 
 convicium, I, n., con, vicium (R. 
 vak, cry out, vOc (vox), vie, a crying 
 out together), a loud noise, wrangling, 
 quarreling, abusive speech. 
 
 convictus, us, m. (vivo), a living to- 
 gether, intimacy, social life. 
 
 conviva, ae, comm. (vivo), one who 
 lives with, a guest. 
 
 con-voco, 1, to call together, con- 
 voke. 
 
 co-orior, ortus sum, 4, to rise to- 
 gether, break forth together. 
 
 eopia, ae, f. (co-ops, is), abundant 
 means, abundance, wealth, riches, sup- 
 plies. 
 
 Copia, ae, f., personif., the goddess 
 of plenty. 
 
 coquo, coxl, coctum, 3 (R. pak 
 (bake), (or R. kak, Corssen), cook, kap, 
 pok, coc, coqu-), to cook. 
 
 cor, dis, n. (R. skard, spring, swing, 
 skard (icapSia), kard, cord, cord-i), the 
 heart. 
 
 Corinna, ae, f., a feigned name of 
 the object of Ovid's love (fr. the name 
 of the celebrated Gr. poetess). 
 
 Corinthus, I, f., a city on the isth- 
 mus between Peloponnesus and Hellas, 
 Corinth. 
 
 corniger, era, erum, adj. (cornu, 
 gerO), horn-bearing, horned. 
 
 cornu, us, n. (R. kar, hard, car, 
 
CORNUM 
 
 CUM 
 
 257 
 
 cor), a horn, horn ; wing (of an army) ; 
 (used of) apoijit of land; also cornum,n, 
 
 cornum, I, n. , the cornel-cherry. 
 
 corona, ae, f. (R. kar, to be bent, 
 kor, Koputvr}, cor, corona), a wreath, 
 garland, crown. 
 
 corporeus, a, urn, adj. (corpus), of 
 body, flesh, meat. 
 
 corpus, oris, n. (R. kar, to make, 
 kar-p, cor-p, cor-p-us), what is made, 
 body, substance, a body, flesh, corpse. 
 
 cor-rigo, rexT, rectum, 3 (regO), to 
 set right, correct. 
 
 cor-ripi5, ripuT, rcptum, 3 (rapiO), 
 to seize violently, lay hold of, hasten 
 over, ruin, destroy, attack. 
 
 cortex, icis, m. (R. skak, rub, skor, 
 cor-), the bark of a tree, shell (of fruit). 
 
 coruscus, a, urn, adj. (coruscO), (R. 
 skak, to spring, leap, move tremulously, 
 coruscate), vibrating, glittering. 
 
 Corycides, urn, f. (sc. Nymphac), 
 of the promontory COrycus, in Cilicia. 
 
 costa, ae, f., a rib. 
 
 cothurnus, T, m. (noOopvos), a high 
 Grecian shoe ; the high-heeled, thick- 
 soled shoe of Gr. tragic actors), buskin ; 
 see note, Am. 1, 15, 15. 
 
 crater, eris, m. (KpaT-qp, KprjTrjp, a 
 mixing-vessel (for the mixing of wine 
 with water, bowl; a (bowl-like) open- 
 ing, abyss, crater. 
 
 creber, bra, brum, adj. (R. kau, 
 make, create, kra, ere, creo, cresc-0 ; 
 + varah fr. R. kvar, var, ber, bent, 
 stretched), outspread, numerous, fre- 
 quent, abounding in. 
 
 cre-do, didl, ditum, 3 (fr. R. krat, 
 confidence, cret, crcd-, + R. dha, put 
 (do, dere), cred-dere, cre-derc, put con- 
 fidence), to trust, believe, think. 
 
 credulitas, atis, f. (credo), credu- 
 lity. 
 
 credulus, a, um, adj. (credo), cred- 
 ulous. 
 
 cremo, 1 (R. kar, cook, seethe, kar, 
 ere-), to burn. 
 
 creo, 1 (R. kar, make, kra, creja, 
 crea-), to produce, create. 
 
 crepito, 1 ^crcpO, R. krap, make a 
 noise, crep-), to rattle, clatter, clash, 
 gnash. 
 
 crepusculum, T, n. (dimin. of 
 creper, creperus, R. skap, cover, dark- 
 
 en, c-nep, c-rcp), dusk, evening, twi- 
 light. 
 
 crescS, crcvl, cretum, 3 (creO, cre-sc- 
 ere), to grow, increase ; part, cretus, a, 
 um, sprung from, born of. 
 
 crimen, inis, n. (R. skar, kar, dis- 
 tinguish, cer, cer-nO, cer-ni-meu, cri- 
 men), a judgment, charge, reproach, 
 guilt, crime. 
 
 crinis, is, m. (R. kar, jut out, kri, 
 cri-), hair. 
 
 crlnitus, a, um, adj. (crinis), hair- 
 ed, with angue, snake-haired, Met. 10, 
 349. 
 
 crista, ae, f. (same R. as crinis), 
 crest. 
 
 cristatus, a, um, adj. (crista), crest- 
 ed. 
 
 croceus, a, um, adj. (crocus), of 
 saffron , saffron-colored. 
 
 Croesus, I, m., see note, Trist. 3, 7, 
 42. 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. (crucio, crux), tor- 
 ture. 
 
 crudelis, e, adj. (crudus), rough in 
 character, cruel. 
 
 crudus, a, um, adj. (cruor, cruidus), 
 raw, crude, unfeeling. 
 
 cruento, 1 (cruor), to stain, cover 
 with blood. 
 
 cruentus, a, um, adj. (cruor), bloody, 
 blood-stained. 
 
 cruor, Oris, m. (R. krit, to become 
 rough, raio), blood. 
 
 crus, crOris, n. (R. kar, go, move), 
 the leg, shank, shank-bone, foot. 
 
 cublle, is, n. (cumbo, cubi), a couch. 
 
 cubitus, I, m., cubitum, I, n. (cubO), 
 the elbow, for lying or leaning upon; (as 
 a measure), a cubit. 
 
 cub5, ul, itum, 1 (cumbo, 3), (R. 
 kup, go up and down, kub, cub-), to 
 lie down. 
 
 culmen, inis, n. (R. same as crinis, 
 skar, kar, eel, cul-), top, point ; (of a 
 building), gable. 
 
 culpa, ae, f. (R. skarp, scratch, 
 skalp, sculp, culp), injury, guilt, fault, 
 blame. 
 
 culpo, 1 (culpa), to blame, censure. 
 
 cultor, oris, m. (colO), tiller, cultiva- 
 tor, of the soil ; a worshiper. 
 
 cultus, Us, m. (colO), worship* 
 . cum, prep. (R. sak, follow, be with, 
 
258 
 
 CUM 
 
 DANAE 
 
 sakam, skom, com, cum), with, together 
 with, at same time with. 
 
 cum, conj. (R. pronom. stem ka, 
 which, kva. qua, quo abl., quo-m ace, 
 cu-m, when, as, while, as often as, as 
 soon as ; since, inasmuch as (causal), 
 though, although, while (concessive). 
 
 rumba, ae, f. (R. kubh, hollow), a 
 boat, skiff. 
 
 cunae, arum, f. pi., a cradle. 
 
 cunctor, v. dep., 1 (K. kak, kank, 
 to be anxious, cane-, cunc-ta-ri), to delay 
 (wisely), hesitate. 
 
 cunctus, a, urn, adj. (conjunctus), 
 joined together, all together, all. 
 
 cuneus, T, m. (R. kan, sharpen), a 
 wedge. 
 
 cupido, inis, f. (R. kap, swell up, 
 cup-, enp-ere), a desire, wish, for. 
 
 Cupido, inis, m., the god of love, 
 Amor, s. of Venus. 
 
 cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupio), desir- 
 ous, eager for. 
 
 cupio, IvI or iT, Itum, 3 (R. as cu- 
 pido), to tvish, desire. 
 
 cur, adv. (R. pron. stem ka, qua, 
 interrog. abl. qua-re, qua-r, quo-r, co-r, 
 cur), wherefore, why. 
 
 cura, ae, f. (R. skav, beware, kav, 
 cav, cov, cov-i-ra, co-i-ra, coe-ra), care. 
 
 curalium, I, n., coral. 
 
 curia, ae, f. (R. sku, cover, skav, 
 cav-ro, cov-os-ia, cov-s-ia, cu-s-ia, cflria, 
 house ; but perh. fr. vas, dwell), the 
 curia, senate-house. 
 
 euro, 1 (cura), to care for, be anxious 
 for. 
 
 curro, cucurrT, cursum, 3 (R. kar, 
 go, cur, cur-jere, cur-r-), (of hasty mo- 
 tion), to run, fly, sail, flow. 
 
 currus, us, in. (curro), a chariot. 
 
 cursus, us, m. (currO), a running, 
 course, prize-race, flight, sail, journey. 
 
 curvamen, inis, n. (curvus), a bend, 
 curve. 
 
 curvatura, ae, f . (curvus), a round- 
 ing, rim. 
 
 curvo, 1 (curvus), to crook, bend, 
 curve. 
 
 curvus, a, um, adj. (R. kar {to be 
 bent), kvar, cur, cur-vu-s), crooked, bent, 
 curved. 
 
 cuspis, idis, f., etym. unc, a point, 
 pointed end ; by meton., a lance, 
 spear. 
 
 custodia, ae, f . (custos), a watching, 
 guard ; by meton., guardian. 
 
 custos, Odis, m., comm. (R. kudh, 
 guard, cud-to, cus-to-s), a guard, pro- 
 tector, protectress ; by meton., a safe, a 
 (safe) quiver. 
 
 cutis, is, f. (R. sku, cover, scu, cu), 
 the skin. 
 
 Cyane, es, f., a fountain near Syra- 
 cuse. 
 
 Cybele, es, f., a goddess worshiped 
 in Phrygia and in Home ; mother of 
 Midas. 
 
 Cyclades, um, f., islands in the 
 Aegean, the Cyclades. 
 
 Cyclops, opis, in., see note, Met. 13, 
 755. 
 
 eyenus, T, m. (R. kan, sound (cano), 
 cinu-s, eyenu-s, kvkvo-s), the swan ; for 
 its dying song, Cic. Tusc. I, 30, 73. 
 
 Cycnus, I, m., s. of Sthenelus, turned 
 into a swan ; Met. 2, 367. 
 
 Cynthus, T, m., a mountain in Delos, 
 birthplace of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Cyprius, a, um, adj., of Cypms, 
 Cyprian. 
 
 Cytlierea, ae, f., name of Venus, fr. 
 Cythera, an island where she was wor- 
 shiped ; Cytherea. 
 
 Cytoriacus, a,um, adj., of Cytorus, 
 a mountain in Paphlagonia, Cytorian. 
 
 D 
 
 Daedal as, T, m., ficu'SaAos (R. dar, 
 hew, work in art, 5aA, by redupl., 5at- 
 5aA-), worker in art, Daedalus. 
 
 damma (dama), ae, f. (etym. unc, 
 perh. fr. dam, tame), a deer, buck, doe, 
 antelope, gazelle, chamois. 
 
 darn no, 1 (damnum), to occasion loss 
 to, damage ; to condemn, censure. 
 
 damn at us, a, um, adj., injurious, 
 hurtful, damaging. 
 
 damnum, I, n. (R. da, share, da-p, 
 dap-s, dap-no, dam-nu-m), a sharing 
 (giving) in vain, a loss, damage, injury. 
 
 damnosus, a, um, adj., ruinous. 
 
 Danae, es, f ., d. of Acrisius, mother 
 of Perseus. 
 
DAPHNE 
 
 DENSUS 
 
 259 
 
 Daphne 1 , cs, f., d. of the river-god 
 Pcneus ; changed into a laurel-tree, 
 8d<f>vrj. 
 
 daps, apis, f . (R. da, see damnum), 
 a feast, banquet, food, meat. 
 
 de, prep, with ahl. (fr. pronom. stem 
 da, de),//w», down from, up from, out 
 of (made) ; from (causal) ; about, in ac- 
 cordance with. 
 
 dea, ac, f . (K. same as deus, which 
 see), a goddess. 
 
 de-beo, ui, itum, 2 (de-habeO), to 
 have something f . some one, to owe, be 
 in debt, be bound, be under obligation, 
 be under the necessity. 
 
 decern, num. (K. dakam), ten. 
 
 de-cerpo, cerpsl, cerptum, 3 (carpO), 
 to pluck off, pluck. 
 
 decct, uit, 2 (R. dak, honor, dec), 
 {it) is seemly, becoming. 
 
 de-cido, cidT, 3 (cado), to fall down. 
 
 decies, num. adv. (dakam), ten 
 times. 
 
 decimus, a, urn, num. adj. (decern), 
 tenth. 
 
 de-cipio, cepT, ceptum (capio), to 
 deceive, de-clino, 1, to turn. 
 
 declivis, e, adj. (clivus), inclining 
 downwards, sloping. 
 
 decor, Oris, m. (decet), comeliness, 
 grace ; ornament. 
 
 decorus, a, um, adj. (decor), becom- 
 ing, fitting, decorous, beautiful, stately. 
 
 de-cresco, crevl, cretum, 3 (crescG), 
 to decrease, grow less, shorter, smaller. 
 
 decus, oris, n. (decet), ornament, 
 grace, honor, glory, rank. 
 
 dS-decet, uit, 3 (decet), it is unbe- 
 coming. 
 
 dedecus, oris, n., dishonor, disgrace, 
 shame. 
 
 de-diico, duxT, ductum, 3, to bring 
 doivn, draw down, carry away, to 
 weave (in tela). 
 
 dS-fendo, dl, sum, 3, to ward off, 
 defend, protect. 
 
 de-fer5, tull, latum, 3, to carry 
 aunty, bring. 
 
 de-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (facio), to 
 fail, be wanting, leave, desert. 
 
 de-figo, fixl, fixum, 3, to fasten, fix, 
 down. 
 
 de-fleo, flcvl, Actum, 2, to weep over, 
 lament. 
 
 de-fluo, fluxl, fluxum, 3, to flow 
 down, fall down. 
 
 df- for in is, e, adj., ill-formed, ugly. 
 
 de-f remit us, a, um, adj. (frenO), 
 unbridled. 
 
 de-fungor, functus sum, v. dep., 3, 
 to bring to an end, to finish (with terra) 
 one's earthly course. 
 
 de-gravo, 1, to weigh down. 
 
 Deianlra, ae, f ., d. of Oencus, sister 
 of Mel eager. 
 
 deicio (jaciO), jeel, jectum, 3, to hurl 
 down ; part, fig., dejected. 
 
 deinde, adv., pron. stem da, de, 
 inde, from there, afterwards, then. 
 
 de-labor, lapsus sum, v. dep., 3, to 
 glide down, fall down. 
 
 de-lenio, ivl, Itum, 4, to soften 
 down, soothe, charm. 
 
 de-leo, levl, letum, 2, etym. unc, to 
 destroy. 
 
 Delia, ae, f., see note, Am. 3, 9, 31. 
 
 deliciae, arum, f. (R. lak, lac, 
 entice, lic-ere, de-lic-ia, iae), enticing 
 things, delights. 
 
 de-lictum, I, n. (delinquo, to fail), 
 a failing, fault. 
 
 Delius, a, um, adj., of Delos, the 
 Delian ; name of Apollo, as born in 
 Delos. 
 
 Delos, T, f., an island in the Aegean, 
 Delos. 
 
 Delphi, Orum, m., city of Apollo's 
 oracle, in Phocis, Delphi. 
 
 Delphicus, a, um, adj., of Delphi, 
 Delphian, the Delphian. 
 
 delpliin, Inis, m , a dolphin. 
 
 delubrum, I, n. (lu-e-re, R. lu, lou, 
 lo, Ifl, wash, cleanse, lu-c-rc, lfl-bru-m, 
 de-la-bru-m, place for cleansing), a tem- 
 ple, shrine. 
 
 de-mens, tis, adj.,o«< of one's mind, 
 denwn ted, foolish. 
 
 de-mitto, mlsT, missum, 3, to let, 
 send, down, drop, plunge, sink. 
 
 demo (de, emO), dempsi, demptum, 
 3, to take from, remove, take off, away. 
 
 denique, adv. (pron. stem da, de, 
 de-no-que), and then, finally , at length. 
 
 dens, tie, m. (R. ad, eat, ed-eiv. ed- 
 e-nt, den-s), a tooth (elephant's tusk), 
 ivory. 
 
 densus, a, um, adj. (R. das a, thick), 
 dense, thick, thick-set, surrounded. 
 
260 DEOIS 
 
 GREDIOR 
 
 Deois, idis, f., d. ofDeo(A^<o, Deme- 
 tcr) ; Persephone, Proserpine. 
 
 de-pello, pull, pulsum, 3, to drive, 
 chase, aivay. 
 
 de-pendeo, ere, to hang down, 
 from. 
 
 de-perdo, did!, ditum, 3, to destroy, 
 ruin, utterly ruin. 
 
 de-pereo, ii, itum, 4, de, per, eO, to 
 perish utterly, go to ruin. 
 
 de-ploro, 1, to deplore, lament. 
 
 de-pono, posui, positum, de, po-, 
 sino. 3. to lay down, away, lay aside, 
 subst., dGpositum, a thing laid down, 
 deposit, trust. 
 
 de-precor, v. dep., 1, to pray away, 
 turn away by prayers, deprecate. 
 
 de-prendo (prehendo), prendT, pren- 
 siim, 3, to snatch away, seize, catch, per- 
 ceive. 
 
 de-primo, press!, pressum, 3 (pre- 
 mo), to press down, depress. 
 
 de-rigesco, rigul, 3, only the perf. 
 in use, to become stiff, fixed. 
 
 de-scendo, dT, sum, 3 (scando), to 
 descend. 
 
 de-sero, uT, sertum, 3, to desert. 
 
 de-sidero (see consldero), 1, to de- 
 sire, long for, miss, regret. 
 
 desidia, ae, f. (de-sldo), a sitting 
 down, idleness. 
 
 de-signo, 1, to mark out, design, 
 depict. 
 
 de-sino, Ivi, ii, itum, 3, to leave off, 
 cease, end. 
 
 de-sisto, stitT, stitum, 3, to desist, 
 cease. 
 
 desolatus, a, um, adj. (desOlO), left 
 alone, desolate. 
 
 de-sperno, ere, to despise. 
 
 de-spicid, spexl, spectum, 3 (speciO), 
 to look down upon, disdain, despise. 
 
 de-stituo, uT, utum, 3 (statuo), to set 
 down, leave alone, fwsake. 
 
 de-sue tus, a, um, adj., unaccus- 
 tomed. 
 
 de-sum, f ui, esse, to fail, be want- 
 ing. 
 
 detegS, xT, ctum, 3, to uncover, lay 
 bare, detect. 
 
 deterior, ius, adj. comp. (fr. pro- 
 nom. stem da, de, down, downwards, 
 obs. de-ter), lower, infeHor, worse, 
 
 de"-tero, trivl, trltum, 3, to wear away. 
 
 de-terreo, uT, itum, 3, to frighten 
 from, keep from, deter. 
 
 de-tralio, xT, ctum, 3, to drawfro-m 
 or down, draiv off. 
 
 de-trecto, 1 (tracto, traho), to draw 
 down, to lower, detract, decline. 
 
 de-trudo, si, sum, 3, to thrust from, 
 drive down. 
 
 Deucalion, Onis, m., s. of Prome- 
 theus ; Met. 1, 318, seqq. 
 
 Deus, I, m. (R. same as div-us, di, 
 div, to be bright, bright heavens, dju, 
 djau, djav, djo, daiva, divu-s, dlus, dius, 
 deus), God, deity. 
 
 devius (via), a, um, adj., out of the 
 way, retired, devious. 
 
 de-volvo, volvT, voltltum, 3, to roll 
 doivn, roll off from. 
 
 de-vor5, 1, to swallow, check. 
 
 de-voveo, vovi, vOtum, 2, to curse. 
 
 dexter, tra and tera, trum, adj. (R. 
 dak, to seize, take, dak-s, dex, dex-ter), 
 to the right, right ; subst., the right 
 hand, sc. manus. 
 
 Diana, ae, f . (same R. as deus, div, 
 div-, deiv-ana, Diana, Diana), Gr. Arte- 
 mis, d. of Jupiter and Latona ; Diana ; 
 also as goddess of the moon, Luna. 
 
 dlco, xl, ctum, 3 (R. da, show, teach, 
 da-k, doc, di-k, die, deic, dlco), to say, 
 speak, relate, determine, be called. 
 
 dies, Si, m. and f . (same R. as deus, 
 div, diva-s, dia-s, die-s), day, daylight, 
 day (in sense of time). 
 
 Dies, day, personified, Day. 
 
 dif-fero, dis-tull, di-latum, 3 (to put 
 apart), (of time) to put off, defer, make 
 forget, Met. 6, 366. 
 
 difficilis, e, adj. (facilis), difficult, 
 hard. 
 
 dif-fldo, fTsus sum, 3, to distrust. 
 
 dif-fugio, fugl, 3, to flee apart, 
 to scatter. 
 
 dif-fund5, fttdl, ftisum, 3, to pour 
 forth, to spread, diffuse. 
 
 digitosus, a, um, adj. (digitus), 
 many-fingered. 
 
 digitus, I, m., a finger, a toe. 
 
 di-gnosco, gnovl, 3, to know apart. 
 
 dignus, a, um, adj. (R. dak, to 
 honor, die, dic-nu-s, dig-nu-s), worthy, 
 deserving, worth. 
 
 di-gredior (gradior), 3, gressus sum, 
 v. dep., to go apart, separate, go away. 
 
DI-LANIO 
 
 dx-lanio, 1, to tear apart, rend. 
 
 di-lig5, lexT, lectum, 3 (legO), to 
 choose out, esteem, value, love. 
 
 di-luvium, I, n. (luO), (a washing 
 away), a flood, deluge. 
 
 dl-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to send 
 away, send down, let go, give up. 
 
 di-moveo, mOvI, mOtuin, 2, to move 
 apart, put aside, dispel. 
 
 Dindyma, Omni, n., a mountain in 
 Mysia. 
 
 Dirce, es, f ., a fountain near Thebes. 
 
 direptus, a, um, part, (di-ripiO), torn 
 off. 
 
 di-rigo, rexT, rectum, 3 (regO), to set 
 straight, direct; part, adj., dlrectus, 
 straight. 
 
 dirimo (dis, emo), ernl, emptum, 3, 
 to take apart ; decide. 
 
 dims, a, um, adj. (R. dvi, to fear, 
 dl-), fearful, cruel, dire. 
 
 Dis, Dltis, m. (dives, fr. R. div), 
 name of the ruler of the lower world, of 
 Pluto. 
 
 dis-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go 
 apart, part from, go away, disappear. 
 
 dis-cerno, crevl, cretum, 3, to dis- 
 tinguish, set apart, divide, separate. 
 
 discidium, I, n. (scindO), a rending 
 apart, a separation. 
 
 disco, didicT, 3 (R. da, da-k, to shoio, 
 ]X)int out, di-k, die, die, di-sc-ere, to 
 begin to show — to learn), to learn. 
 
 discordia, ae, f. (dis, cor), discord. 
 
 discors, dis, adj., discordant. 
 
 discrlmen, iuis, n. (discernO), a dis- 
 tinction, test. 
 
 discus, T, m. (Si'o-kos), a quoit. 
 
 dis-cutio, ssl, ssum, 3, to strike 
 asunder, scatter. 
 
 dis-icio, jecT, jectum, 3 (jacio), to 
 throw apart, scatter. 
 
 dispar, aris, adj., unequal. 
 
 di-spergo (spargO), spersl, spersum, 
 3, to scatter about, disperse. 
 
 di-spicio (specio), xl, ctum, 3, to see 
 distinctly, distinguish. 
 
 dis-pono (po-sinO, pOnO), ul, itum, 3, 
 to set apart, dispose. 
 
 dis-saepio, psl, ptum, 4, to part off 
 by a hedge, separate, divide. 
 
 dis-sideo (sedeo), sedT, sessum, 2, to 
 sit apart, be at variance. 
 
 0-MUS 
 
 261 
 
 dis-similis, e, adj., dissimilar, un- 
 like. 
 
 dis-simulo, 1, to dissemble, disguise. 
 
 dis-socio, 1, to disjoin, to part. 
 
 dis-suadeo, suasl, suasum, 2, dis- 
 suade. 
 
 di-stinguo, nxT, nctum, 3 (stinguo, 
 R. stig, stig, to prick, mark by prick- 
 ing, sti-n-gu-ere), to distinguish. 
 
 di-sto, are, 1, to stand apart, be dis- 
 tant, remote, different. 
 
 diii, adv. (dies, wh. sec for R.), a 
 long time, long. 
 
 diurnus, a, um, adj. (dies, dius-nus), 
 of the day, daily. 
 
 di-vello, vulsl, veil!, vulsum, 3, to 
 tear apart, rend. 
 
 diversus, a, um, adj. (diverto), turn- 
 ed a different way, opposite, diverse, 
 separate, different. 
 
 di-vertor, dep., to turn aside, turn. 
 
 dives, itis, adj. (same R. as deus, 
 divus), rich. 
 
 di-vido, vTsT, visum (R. vid, see, 
 know, di-vid-ere, to see one thing from 
 (mother), to distinguish, divide. 
 
 divlnus, a, um, adj. (dTvus), divine. 
 
 divus, a, um, adj. (same R. as deus), 
 divine, godlike ; also subst., a god. 
 
 do, dedi, datum, 1 (R. da, Skr. da, da, 
 give), to give, grant, give over. 
 
 doceo, uT, ctum, 2 (same R. as 
 disco, wh. see), to teach, shoiv ; part., 
 doctns, taught, clever, practiced. 
 
 documentum, I, n. (doceo), proof, 
 lesson, example. 
 
 doleo, ul, 2 (dolor), to feel pain, to 
 grieve, mourn. 
 
 dolor, Oris, m. (R. dar, to cleave, 
 break, dal, dol), pain, grief, sorrow. 
 
 dolus, I, m. (R. dar, have an eye 
 to, aim at, dal, dol), deceit, cunning, 
 fraud. 
 
 domiua, ae, f. (domus), mistress (of 
 the house), lady. 
 
 dominor, Sri, v. dep. (dominus), to 
 lord it, to mile, govern. 
 
 do mo, ul, itum, 1 (R. dam, to tame, 
 subdue, dom), to tame, overcome, subdue, 
 conquer. 
 
 domus, us, f. (same R. as domo, 
 Vanicek ; but Curtius, fr. dam, to build), 
 a house (as dwelling), dwelling, home, 
 
 9 
 
 dis-silio (saliO), ul, 4, to leap apart. family, houselwld. 
 
 Si 
 
 i 
 
262 
 
 DONEC 
 
 EGEO 
 
 donee, conj. (same R. as dies, div, 
 diva-s, dia-s, die-s ; then fr. dju, diu-s, 
 dio ; abl., do, on the day, do-ni-cum ; 
 literally, on the day not when, mark- 
 ing the time of ceasing, until ; then (fr. 
 the falling away of um) doni-c-, done-c-, 
 donee; Vanicek, p. 359 ; Corssen, Beitr., 
 p. 435), until, so long as, while. 
 
 dono, 1 (donum), to present, bestow. 
 
 donum, I, n. (R. da, give, do), a 
 thing given, a gift, present, offering. 
 
 dos, dotis, f. (do, do-s), a marriage 
 gift, a dowry ; a gift ; pi., gifts (of 
 mind). 
 
 do talis, e, adj. (dOs), belonging to a 
 dowry ; dotal. 
 
 doto, 1 (dOs), to endow, portion. 
 
 draco, Onis, m., a serpent, dragon. 
 
 Dryades, nm, f. (ApvaSes), wood- 
 nymphs, Dryads. 
 
 dubito, 1 (R. dva, two, duo, du-b- 
 iu-s (dubi-tus), dubito), (to be two-\x\<g), 
 turn in two directions, doubt, ivaver, be 
 undecided, hesitate. 
 
 dubius, a, um, adj. (duo, see dubi- 
 to), moving in two directions, dubious, 
 doubtful, uncertain. 
 
 diico, xT, ctum, 3 (R. du, go, du-k„ 
 dou-k, du-c, dfic-o), to lead, draiv, 
 bring fonvard, induce, allure, take on, 
 deduce, derive, hold, consider. 
 
 dulcedo, inis (dulcis), sweetness, 
 charm. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. (R. gar, swallow, 
 gul, glu, gul-c-is, dul-ci-s), sweet, lovely, 
 charming. 
 
 dum, conj. (fr. dies, wh. see, dju, 
 diu, diu-s, diu-m ; ace, du-m, the day 
 long, all day, dum), while, so long as ; 
 until. 
 
 dummodo, conj. (dum, modo), if 
 only, provided that. 
 
 duo, ae, o (R. dva, two), two ; both. 
 
 duplico, 1 (duplex), to double, en- 
 large. 
 
 duritia, ae, f. (durus), hardness. 
 
 duro, 1 (dflrus), to make hard, hard- 
 en ; intrans., endure, continue. 
 
 durus, a, um, adj. (R. dhvar, dhur, 
 to hurt, dur), rough, hard, harsh, hard- 
 ened, insensible, oppressive. 
 
 dux, ducis, comm. (R. du, go, du-k, 
 due), a leader, guide, army-leader, gen- 
 eral (Eng., duke). 
 
 E 
 
 e, see ex. 
 
 ebenns, T, f., the ebony-tree, ebony. 
 
 e-bib5, bib!, bibitum, 3, to drink 
 out, exhaust. 
 
 ebur, oris, n., ivory. 
 
 eburnus, a, um, adj. (ebur), of 
 ivory. 
 
 ecce, interj. (perhaps a strengthened 
 form for e-ce, of which e is thepronom. 
 stem i in locative, and ce the demonst. 
 pron. particle ; the meaning being, 
 there ! see there !), lof see there! 
 
 Echion, onis, a Theban, husband of 
 Agave ; Met. 3, 126. 
 
 ec-quis, quid, pron. interr. adj. and 
 subst. (formed fr. ec-ce, e-ce, as hie fr. 
 hi-ce, see ecce), is there any one who, or 
 thing which ?—ecquid, interr. particle, 
 whether. 
 
 e-disc5, didicl, 3, to learn by heart. 
 
 edo, edl, Csum, 3 (R. ad, eat, ed-ere), 
 to eat. edSx, acis, adj., devouring. 
 
 e-do, didT, ditum, 3 (e, do, dare), to 
 give out, bring forth, produce ; to give 
 out, declare. 
 
 Kdonis, idis, adj. f., Edonian, be- 
 longing to the Thracian people EdOni. 
 
 e-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to draw out, 
 lead forth, bring up. 
 
 ef-fero, extull, glatum, 3 (e, ferO), 
 to carry out, raise up, lift up, bring 
 forth. 
 
 ef-ferv€sc5, bui, 3, e, ferveO (of the 
 stars), to shine out. 
 
 ef-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (e, facio), to 
 b?ing to pass, accomplish, bring forth. 
 
 effigies, 61, f . (fingo), an image. 
 
 ef-fl5, 1, to breathe out. 
 
 ef-flu5, xl, 3, to escape. 
 
 ef-fodio, fOdT, fossum, 3 (e, fodiO), to 
 dig out, dig up. 
 
 ef-fugi5, fugT, 3 (e, fugio), to fee 
 awav, escape, shun. 
 
 effulgeS, fulsi, 2 (e, f ulgeO), to shine 
 forth, or upon. 
 
 ef-fundo, fud!, fflsum, 3, to pour 
 out, or forth ; part., effusus (of comae), 
 loosened, disheveled. 
 
 egeo, uT, 2 (R. agh, to need, eg-), to 
 need, be in want of be without. 
 
E-GERO 
 
 ERRATICUS 263 
 
 e"-ger5, gcssT, gcstum, 3, to get out, 
 throw out, your forth, exhaust. 
 
 ego, pers. pron. (R. giia, a pron. 
 stem ho), I ; pi., nos, we. 
 
 5-gredior, gressus sum, 3 (gradior), 
 to go forth, go up. 
 
 egressus, Gs, m., a going forth, 
 egress. 
 
 eheu, interj., alas! ah! 
 
 ei (hei), interj., ah (me) ! 
 
 e-jaculor, 1, v. dep., to hurl forth, 
 shout out (ejaculate). 
 
 g-icio, jecl, jectum, 3 (e, jaciO), to 
 cast out or forth, eject. 
 
 ejecto, 1 (eiciO), to throw out vio- 
 lently. 
 
 S-labor, lapsus sum, 3, v. dep., to 
 glide forth, slip out, escape. 
 
 electrum, I, n. (rjKeicTpov, fr. R. 
 ark, to fash), amber ; in pi., amber- 
 drops. 
 
 elegus, I, m. (e-Aey-os, fr. R. ra, to 
 sound, ra-k, la-k, Aey-, e-leg-), an el- 
 egy- 
 
 elegeius, a, um, adj. ; see note, Am. 
 3, 9, 3. 
 
 element a, Orum, n., the elements. 
 
 Eleus, a, um, adj., of Elis, Elean. 
 
 e-lid5, si, sum, 3 (laedO), to strike 
 out, shatter, strangle. 
 
 e-lig5, legT, lectum, 3 (legO), to 
 choose out, elect. 
 
 Elis, idis, f ., a district of the Pelo- 
 ponnesus. 
 
 el oq uium, I, n., eloquence. 
 
 e-ludo, ludl, lusum, 3, to ivinfr. in 
 play ; to elude, parry ; to delude, de- 
 ceive. 
 
 e-luo, lul, liitum, to wash out, or 
 away. 
 
 Elysius, a, um, adj., of Elysium, 
 Elysian. 
 
 emends, 1 (menda), (R. ma, fail), to 
 clear of failure, to improve, amend, 
 purify. 
 
 e-mico, uT, atum, 1, to dart forth, 
 mount up, project. 
 
 eminus (e, manus), adv.,/«wi a dis- 
 tance. 
 
 5-mitt5, mlsl, missum, 3, to send 
 out or forth, give loose to. 
 
 5n, interj. (etym. unc), lo ! there ! 
 (see ! there !). 
 
 enim, conj. (e, nam, e fr. pron. stem 
 
 i, and nam fr. R. gna, na, know, na-m, 
 ace. sing, fern.), (namely), for, indeed. 
 
 Enlpeus, I, m., river in Thessaly ; 
 also a river-god. 
 
 e-nltor, nixus, nisus, sum, 3, v. dep., 
 to work one's way out, struggle, strive. 
 
 Ennius, I, m., name of the earliest 
 Roman epic poet ; Am. I, 15, 19. 
 
 ensis, is, m. (R. as, throw, as-i), a 
 
 SWOJXl. 
 
 eo, ivi, il, itum, 4 (R. i, go), to go, go 
 away, go against, jiass away. 
 
 eodem (Idem), adv., to the same 
 (place), to that, thereto. 
 
 Eons, a, um, adj., of ^a>?, Eos, the 
 dawn, eastern. 
 
 Epaphus, I, m., s. of Jupiter andlo. 
 
 Ephyr?, es, an old name for Corinth; 
 fr. a nymph of the name. 
 
 Epimethis, idis, f., d. of Epime- 
 theus. 
 
 e-poto, avl, potum, 1, to drink out, 
 swallow up. 
 
 epulae, arum, f. (etym. unc), costly 
 food, a banquet. 
 
 eques, itis (equus), a horseman, 
 knight. 
 
 equidem, adv. (comp. of interj. e, 
 qui (abl.) and dem fr. R. da, 3d pers. 
 pron. stem, de, de-m, ace), indeed, by 
 all means. 
 
 equus, I, m. (R. ak, to be sharp, 
 swift, ac, ec, equ-), a horse, steed. 
 
 Erebus, T, m.,*Epe/3o? (R. rag, to 
 color), the dark, darkness, (the dark) 
 lower world, Erebus. 
 
 erg5, adv. (fr. e and regO). (R. rag, 
 reach, extend, e-reg-o, e-rg-O), from the 
 direction, on account of, consequently, 
 therefore. 
 
 £ rid anus, T, m., the legendary name 
 of the river Po ; Met. 2, 324. 
 
 e-rig5, rexl, rectum, 3 (regO), to raise 
 up, rise up. 
 
 erilis (herilis), e, adj. (erus), belong- 
 ing to the master or the mistress of a 
 family, the master's, the mistress's. 
 
 Erinys, yos, f., Greek name for the 
 goddess of vengeance, corresponding to 
 the Latin Euria. 
 
 S-ripiO, ripul, reptum, 3 (rapio), to 
 snatch out or away, tear off, take away. 
 
 erraticus, a, um, adj. (errO), wan- 
 dering, erratus, Gs, m., a wandering. 
 
264 
 
 ERRO 
 
 EX-HALO 
 
 erro, 1 (R. ar-s, wander), to wander, 
 go astray, err. 
 
 error, oris, m., wandering, going 
 astray, error. 
 
 Error, oris, ra. (personified), Error- 
 
 erubesco, ul, 3 (ruber), to turn red, 
 blush. 
 
 erudio, 4 (rudis), to instruct, teach. 
 
 e-ruo, ml, rutum, 3, to pluck out. 
 
 erus, I, m. (improp. lierus), (R. as, 
 to be^ es, cs-u-s, es-a ; Ger., Herr), (the 
 one that is ?), master, lord, owner. 
 
 Erycina, ae, f., of Eryx, name of 
 Venus, worshiped at Eryx. 
 
 Erymanthus, I, a river in Arca- 
 dia, 
 
 Eryx, cis, m., a mountain in Sicily, 
 on which was a temple of Venus. 
 
 et, conj. (R. a, pron. stem of 1st and 
 3d pers., a + ta, a + ti, en, a-t, e-t), and, 
 and indeed, and so, also, both — and. 
 
 etenim, conj. (et, enim), (and — for), 
 for. 
 
 etiam, conj. (et, iam = jam, jam fr. 
 ja, pron. stem of 3d pers., ja-smin, 
 locative, ja-m), also, and also, and 
 even. 
 
 etsl, conj. (et and si fr. reflex pron. 
 sav, sva, sva-i, et), and if, if also, 
 though. 
 
 Euboicus, a, urn, adj., of Euboea, 
 Euboean. 
 
 Eumenides, um, f. ('Evjueptfe?), the 
 euphemistic word for the Erinyes (\vh. 
 see), the well-minded, well-disposed, 
 gentle. 
 
 Eumolpus, T, m., aThracian singer, 
 pupil of Orpheus. 
 
 Euphrates, is, m., river in Baby- 
 lonia. 
 
 Europa, ae. f., d. of Agenor ; Met. 
 6, 104. 
 
 Eurotas, ae, m., a river in Laconia. 
 
 Eurus, T, m., 8. E. wind, E. wind. 
 
 Eurystheus, el, m., s. of Sthenelus; 
 Met, 9, 203. 
 
 Eurytus, I, m., king of Oechalia, 
 father of Iole. 
 
 Euxmus, a, um, adj., the Euxine 
 (sea). 
 
 e-vado, vasl, vasum, 3, to go out, 
 pass out of, over. 
 
 e-vanesco, vanul, 3, to disappear. 
 
 evanidus, a, um, adj., vanishing. 
 
 e-veho, vexl, vectum, 3, to carry Gut, 
 to be borne on or up. 
 
 e-vello, vulsl, vulsum, 3, to pull, tear, 
 out or up. 
 
 eventus, us, m. (evenio), issue, event, 
 consequence. 
 
 everto, vertl, versum, 3, to turn 
 about, overturn, throw down ; part, 
 pass., inverted. 
 
 evitabilis, e, adj., avoidable. 
 
 evoco, 1, to call out, bring in, evoke. 
 
 e-volo, 1, to fly out, fly away. 
 
 e-volvo, volvl, vol utum, 3, to roll 
 out, unroll. 
 
 ex, or e, prep, with abl. (R. ag, eg, 
 out) t out of oy from, from, in consequence 
 of, according to. 
 
 ex-animis, e, adj., lifeless. 
 
 ex-animo, 1, to deprive of life; part, 
 perf., lifeless. 
 
 ex-audio, 4, to hear (distinctly). 
 
 ex-cedo, cessl, cessum, 3, to go out 
 from, retire, depart, exceed, be be- 
 yond. 
 
 ex-cido, cidT, 3 (cado), to fall out, to 
 fail. 
 
 ex-cio, civl, cltum, 4, to call forth, 
 to frighten, start from. 
 
 ex-cipio, cepl, ceptum, 3 (capio), to 
 take out, except, receive, catch, take up 
 the word. 
 
 ex-clam5, 1, to cry out, exclaim. 
 
 ex-cludo, clusi, clusum, 3 (claudo), 
 to shut out, exclude. 
 
 ex-colo, colul, cultum, 3, to improve, 
 educate. 
 
 ex-cuso, 1 (causor, fr. R. skav, kav, 
 cav, caves, cav-es-ta, cau-s-ta, cau-s-sa, 
 causa, causa-ri, to bring causes, grounds 
 for),* to excuse. 
 
 ex-cuti5, cussT, cussum, 3 (quatiO), 
 to strike, shake out, to shake violently, 
 drive out. 
 
 exemplum, T, n. (eximO), something 
 taken out, an instance, example, proof, 
 manner. 
 
 ex-eo, il, itum, 4 (eo), to go out, come 
 out, go away, leave, mount up. 
 
 exequiae, arum, f. (ex, sequor),/o/- 
 lowing out, a funeral procession, obse- 
 quies. 
 
 ex-erceo, ul, itum, 2 (arceO), to set 
 in motion, employ, exercise, vex, trouble. 
 
 ex-halo, 1, to breathe out, exhale. 
 
EX-IIAURIO 
 
 EXTRA 
 
 2G5 
 
 ex-haurio, hausT, haustum, 4, to 
 draw out, exhaust. 
 
 ex-hibeo, uT, itum, 2 (habeo), to hold 
 forth, exhibit, show. 
 
 ex-horresc5, ul, 3 (horreo), to shud- 
 der. 
 
 ex-hortor, 1, v. dep., to exhort, en- 
 courage, spur. 
 
 ex-ig5, Ggl, actum, 3 (ago), to drive 
 forth, drive, exact, to finish. 
 
 exiguus, a, um, adj. (exigO), small, 
 short, weak. 
 
 exXlis, e, adj. (exigo, ex-ig-ili, ex-ig- 
 li, exllis), thin, lean, weakly. 
 
 eximius, a, um, adj. (eximO, take 
 out), taken out from the crowd, select, 
 distinguished. 
 
 ex-imo, OmT, emptum, 3 (emO, to 
 take, buy), to take out. 
 
 exitiabilis, c, adj. (exitium), de- 
 structive. 
 
 exitium, I, n. (exeO), destruction, 
 ruin. 
 
 exitus, fls, m. (exeO), (out-go), issue, 
 end. 
 
 exoner5, 1 (onus), exonerate, free 
 from the burden of, free. 
 
 ex-or5, 1 (to beg out), to move by 
 entreaties, prevail upon. 
 
 exosus, part, (odl), filled with hate, 
 detesting. 
 
 ex-pallesco, uT, 3, to grow pale at, 
 pale. 
 
 expedio, 4 (pes), (to get one's feet 
 from), to set free, let loose, disen- 
 gage. 
 
 ex-pell5, pull, pulsum, 3, to drive 
 out, expel. 
 
 experior, pertus sum, 4 (fr. ex and 
 B. par, pass through, try, par, per), 
 (put to a pass through), to try, put to the 
 test. 
 
 cxpers, tis, adj. (ex priv. and pars), 
 without share in, destitute, not having 
 expeHence. 
 
 ex-peto, IvT, Itum, 3, to seek out, seek 
 after, desire. 
 
 ex-ploro, 1 (plOro, B. pru, to flow, 
 plav, plov-, plor-, make to flow), (to 
 make flow out), to bring out, search, 
 explore, discover. 
 
 ex-pono, posul, positum, 3 (pOnO ~ 
 po-sino), to set out or forth, to land, ex- 
 pose. 
 
 13 
 
 ex-primO, press!, pressum, 3 (pre- 
 mo), topress out, express, give expression 
 to. 
 
 ex-sanguis, e, adj. (ex priv.), with- 
 out blood, bloodless, pale. 
 
 ex-ser5, serul, sertum, 3, to thrust 
 forth, put forth. 
 
 ex-silio, ul, 4 (saliO), to leap forth, 
 spHng out or up. 
 
 exsilium, I, n. (exsul), banishment, 
 exile. 
 
 ex-sisto, stitT, stitum, 3, to stand 
 forth, come forth, appear. 
 
 ex-spatior, 1, v. dep., to go out of 
 the track, wander. 
 
 ex-specto, 1, to look out, wait for, 
 expect. 
 
 ex-splro, 1, to breathe out, expire. 
 
 ex-sterno, stravl, stratum, 1, to 
 drive (out of) beside one's self, to af- 
 fright. 
 
 ex-stingu5, stinxl, stinctum, 3, to 
 put out, extinguish, destroy. 
 
 ex-st5, are, 1, to stand forth, be con- 
 spicuous, extant. 
 
 ex-struo, struxl, structum, 3, to heap 
 up, pile up. 
 
 exsul, ulis, comm. (B. sar, go, sal, 
 sal-o, sul), one who has gone out, is 
 banished, an exile. 
 
 ex-sult5, 1 (ex-silio), to leap forth, 
 exult. 
 
 exta, orum, pi. n. (B. (Europ.) ank- 
 sta, enksta, eksta, exta, iyKara (ev)), 
 what is within, the inwards (the nobler, 
 as heart, lungs), entrails. 
 
 extemplo, adv. (ex, tempulo, tem- 
 plo, tempus), in a moment, instantly. 
 
 ex-tendo, tendl, tensum, tentum, 3, 
 to stretch out, extend. 
 
 ex-tenuo, 1 (tenuis), to thin out, 
 make thin, reduce, absorb, extenuate. 
 
 externus, a, um, adj. (B. ao, eg, 
 ec, ecs, ex, ex-ter(us) ; comp., out, out- 
 er, exter-nu-s), on the outside, outward, 
 foreign, strange. 
 
 ex-terre5, uT, itum, 2, to frighten, 
 terrify. 
 
 ex-timescp, timuT, 3 (timeO), to fear 
 greatly, 
 
 extimus, a, um, adj. (superl. U> 
 ex-ter, see externus), outermost. 
 
 extra, adv. (fr. ex-ter, extra; abl. t 
 extra-d, £. C. de Bacch. 16), zcithput. 
 
zm 
 
 EX-TRAHO 
 
 FECUNDUS 
 
 ex-traho, traxl, tractum, 3, to draw 
 out, extract. 
 
 extremus, a, um, adj. (superl. of 
 ex-ter, see externus), outermost, ex- 
 treme, last. 
 
 ex-uo, ill, titum, 3 (R. av, put on, 
 ex-uv- (as in ex-uv-iae), ex-u-ere, to put 
 
 off), to draw out, put off, unclothe, dp 
 vest. 
 
 ex-iiro, ussl, ustum, 3, to burn out, 
 burn up, destroy. 
 
 exuviae, arum, f. pi. (see exuo), 
 what is taken off, clothing ; equipments, 
 
 fabrico, 1 (faber, fr. R. dhabh, 
 dhab, to Jit, fab-, faber, f abri, fabri-ca, 
 f abrica-re), to frame, fashion, fabricate. 
 
 fabula, ae, f. (fari, fr. R. bha, ap- 
 pear, show, fa, fa-ri, shoiv, reveal (by 
 the voice), speak), tale, narrative, fable. 
 
 facies, el, f . (R. bha, appear, bha-k, 
 fac), the face, figure, beautiful foivn, 
 look. 
 
 facilis, e, adj. (facio), to be done, 
 easy to do, easy. 
 
 facinus, oris, n. (f acio), a deed, a bold 
 or evil deed, a crime. 
 
 facio, feci, factum, 3 (R. dha, put, 
 do, fa, fa-c-ere, fe-fac-T, fe-fic-I, fe-ic-I 
 =fect), to make, do, build, create, give, 
 occasion ; pass., flo, fieri, f actus sum, 
 to be made, become. 
 
 factum, I, n. (facio), a deed. 
 
 faex, cis, f. (etym. unc), the dregs. 
 
 fagus, I, f., a beech-tree. 
 
 falcatus, a, um, adj. (falx), sickle- 
 shaped) hooked. 
 
 fallax, acis, adj. (fallo), deceitful, 
 fallacious. 
 
 fallo, fefellT, falsum, 3 (R. spal, 
 waver, Skr. sphal, fal-), to deceive ; in 
 pass., deceive one^s self, beguile. 
 
 falsus, a, um, adj. (fa,\\0), false, de- 
 ceitful, unreal, fictitious. 
 
 falx, cis, f . (R. park, to crook), a 
 sickle, pruning-hook. 
 
 fama, ae, f. (same R. as fabula), 
 what is said, fame, report, renown, good 
 name. 
 
 fames, is, f. (R. gha, be empty, 
 want), hunger, famine. 
 
 famula, ae, f . (R. bhag, take posses- 
 sion of, fag-ma, fa-ma, house, property, 
 famulus, familia), a maid-servant, fe- 
 male attendant. 
 
 famulus, I, m. (same R. as famula, 
 allied to Oscan famel), a house-servant, 
 attendant. 
 
 fas, indecl. n. (R. as in fabula, bha, 
 fa, fa-ri), the divine word, right, jus- 
 tice. 
 
 fastidium, I, n. (R. dhars, be bold, 
 fars, fas-tu-s, fastu-taedium, fastu-tld- 
 ium, fastidium), disdain, disgust. 
 
 fastigium, I, n. (R. bhars, be stiff, 
 bhars-ti, a point, top, fast + igium, fr. 
 ag-ere), something carried upward, a 
 gable, roof, top. 
 
 fa talis, e, adj. (fatum), determined 
 by fate, fatal, fated. 
 
 fateor, fassus sum, 2, v. dep. (same 
 R. as fabula), to confess, allow. 
 
 fatidicus, a, um, adj. (fatum, dTco), 
 prophetic, fatifer, death-dealing. 
 
 fatigo, 1 (R. same as fames, gha, 
 fa, to be empty, want, fa-ti, want, weari- 
 ness, f a-ti-sce-re, grow weary, then f at- 
 ig-are, ig fr. agere), to make weary, to 
 fatigue. 
 
 fatum, I, n. (fari, see fabula), what 
 is uttered, fate, destiny, ruin, death. 
 
 Faunus, I, m., ancient king of Lati- 
 um, then honored as god of fields and 
 woods ; like the Greek Pan. 
 
 Faustulus, I, m., see Fasti, 4, 854. 
 
 fautrix, Tcis, f. (faveo), one that 
 favoys, protectress. 
 
 fauces, f. plural (faux), (R. BiitfKA, 
 an opening), throat, mouth. 
 
 faveO, favl, fautum, 2 (R. bha, 
 shine, appear, bha-v, fav-), orig., to 
 shine upon, to favor, stand by. 
 
 favilla, ae, f . (faveo), glowing ashes, 
 ashes. 
 
 favor, oris, m. (faveo), favor, ap- 
 plause. 
 
 favus, T, m. (R. bhu, to grow, fu, 
 fau, fav), a honey-comb. 
 
 fax, facis, f. (same R. as faveO, 
 bha-k, fac-, fac-s), a fire-brand, torch- 
 light, torch. 
 
 fecundus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 
FELIX 
 
 FLAGELLUM 267 
 
 favus, fau, fav, feu, fev-Gre, to bear), 
 fruitful, fel, fellis, n., gall. 
 
 fellx, Icis, adj. (same B. as fScun- 
 dus), fruitful, fortunate, happy, lucky, 
 pro mining. 
 
 femina, ae, f. (B. dha, suck, give 
 suck, fe), female, a woman, woman. 
 
 femineus, a, um, adj. (fgniina), of a 
 icoman, womanly. 
 
 femur, oris, n., a thigh. 
 
 feralis, e, adj. (ferO), pertaining to 
 the dead, death-bringing, deadly. 
 
 ferax, acis, adj. (fero), fruitful. 
 
 ferS, adv. (B. dhar, hold, hold 
 firm, far, f er, fere, firmly), close upon, 
 nearly, about, almost. 
 
 feretrum, I, n. (ferO), a bier. 
 
 ferinus, a, um (ferus), of wild ani- 
 mals. 
 
 ferio, Ire (B. dhvar, dhur), to stHke. 
 
 feritas, atis, i., fierceness. 
 
 fero, ferre, tull, latum, 3 (B. bhar, 
 carry, fer, fer-o), to carry, bear, bnng, 
 carry away, bring forth, relate, praise. 
 
 ferox, Oris, adj. (ferus), wild, fierce, 
 ferocious, raging. 
 
 ferreus, a, um, adj. (ferrum), of 
 iron, hard-hearted. 
 
 ferrug5, inis, f . (ferrum), iron-rust. 
 
 ferrum, I, n. (B. bhars, stiffen, fers, 
 fers-u-in, ferrum), iron ; by meton., an 
 iron instrument, knife, weapon. 
 
 fertilis, e, adj. (ferO), fruitful, fer- 
 tile. 
 
 fertilitas, atis, f., fertility. 
 
 ferus, a, um, adj. (B. dhvar, dhur, 
 disturb, fer-), wild ; fera, a wild a)ii- 
 mal ; cruel. 
 
 ferveo, ferbuT, fervT, 2 (B. bhar, 
 bhur, swell, brew, boil, bhru, fru, frev, 
 ferv), to rage (for heat), be hot, foam. 
 
 fervor, Oris, m. (ferveo), heat, rage, 
 fervor. 
 
 fessus, a, um, adj. (same B. as fatl- 
 gO, gha, fa, fe), weary. 
 
 festlno, 1, B. (dhan, strike, storm, 
 dhan-d, -fend, -fend-tu-s, in-fes-tu-s, 
 fed-tl-no, festlno), to hasten, hastily 
 get ready, prepare. 
 
 festus, a, um, adj. (same B. as faveo, 
 bha, bha-s, fes-), festive ; subst., fes- 
 tum, a feast, festival. 
 
 fetus, a, um, adj. (B. same as fecun- 
 fius), fruitful. 
 
 fetus, Us, m., the bringing forth, the 
 offspring ; also fetilra, ae, f. 
 
 flbra, ae, f . (B. bhid, cleave, fid, fid- 
 bra, flbra), a fiber, filament. 
 
 fie tills, e, adj. (fingO), earthen. 
 
 ficus, I, Us, f., a fig-tree. 
 
 fidSlis, e, adj. (fides), faithful, true. 
 
 fides, eT, f . (B. bhadh, bind, bhidh, 
 fid, fid-e-s), faith, truth, credit, con- 
 firmation, warrant. 
 
 fides, fidis, f . (B. spa, span, span, 
 stretch, spi, spi-d, sfi-d, fid-), a string, 
 chord, a stringed instrument, cithern, 
 lyre, lute. 
 
 fidiicia, ae, f. (fidus), confidence, a 
 pledge, security. 
 
 fidus, a, um, adj. (sameB. as fides, 
 feid, fid, fidus), faithful, true. 
 
 flgo, fixl, fixum, 3 (B. dhagh, 
 dhigh, to touch, mold, to fix, fig, fi-n-g, 
 fig), to fix in or upon, fasten, strike in, 
 pierce. 
 
 figura, ae, f. (fingO), a figure, form, 
 beautiful form, beauty. 
 
 filia, ae, f. (B. perhaps same as fS- 
 mina, fe, fl, a suckling), a daughter. 
 
 filius, I, m. <B. as filia), a son. 
 
 fllum, I, n. (B. ghar, to wind, twist, 
 har, hir, hllu-m, fllu-m), a thread, 
 string. 
 
 undo, fidl, fissum, 3 (B. bhid, to 
 cleave, fid, fi-n-d), to cleave, split, rend. 
 
 fingo, finxl, fictum, 3 (B. same as 
 flgo), to form, mold, form to one's self, 
 imagine, invent. 
 
 finio, 4 (finis), to limit, bound, end, 
 finish, bring to an end. 
 
 finis, is, m. (B. same as findO, fid- 
 ni, finis), something that divides off, a 
 boundary, limit, end. 
 
 finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis), bound- 
 ing, adjoining, bordering upon, neigh- 
 boring. 
 
 firm us, a, um, adj. <R. same as 
 fere, dhar, hold firm, far, fir), firm, 
 strong. 
 
 fistula, ae, f . (B. spu, blow, breathe, 
 spu + s(pu), pu-s, fus-ta, fus-tu-la, fis- 
 tula), something to blow through, a 
 reed, shepherd's pipe, pipe. 
 
 flagellS, 1 (flagellum\ to scourge. 
 
 flagellum, I, n. (B. bhlagh, to 
 strike, flag, flag-ru-ra, fiagel-lu-m, di- 
 min.), a ichip, scourge. 
 
268 
 
 FLAGRO 
 
 FORTUNA 
 
 flagrS, 1 (B. bharg, to light, burn, 
 bhlag, flag), to burn, glow, burn with 
 jmssion. 
 
 ilamen, inis, n. (B. bhal, bhla, to 
 blow, flow, fla, fla-re, flo), blowing of 
 the wind, a blast. 
 
 flamma, ae, f . (B. same as fiagro, 
 flag, flag-ma, flam-ma), aflame, blazing 
 light, blaze, flash of lightning, flame of 
 love. 
 
 flammifer, fera, ferum, adj. (flam- 
 ma), flame-bearing, flaming. 
 
 flatus, tls, m. (flo, E. same as flamen), 
 blowing, breath, breeze. 
 
 Havens, ntis, part. adj. (flaveO), gold- 
 en-yellow, gold-colored. 
 
 flavesco, ere, 3 (flaveO), to become 
 yellow or gold-colored. 
 
 flavus, a, um, adj. (B. guar, to be 
 green or yellow, ghal, fla-), yellowish, 
 yellow, blond, fair. 
 
 flebilis, e, adj. (fleo), to be wept over, 
 lamented, lamentable, tearful. 
 
 flecto, flexT, flexum, 3 (B. park, to 
 bend, falc, flee, flec-t-), to bend, curve, 
 turn. 
 
 fleo, 2 (B. same as flo, flamen), to 
 shed tears, weep, cry, lament. 
 
 fletus, us, m., weeping, tears, stream 
 of tears. 
 
 flexilis, e, adj. (flectO), flexible. 
 
 floreS, ul, 2 (flos), to bloom, blossom. 
 
 floridus, a, um, adj., flowery. 
 
 flos, floris, m. (B. same as flatus, fla, 
 flu, flou, flo, flo-s), that which is blown, 
 blossom, flower. 
 
 fluctus, tls, m. (fluo), flowing, stream- 
 ing, flood, wave. 
 
 fluito, 1 (fluo), to float, flow. 
 
 lliimeii, inis, n. (fluo), flowing water, 
 a stream, flood, river, god of a river, 
 river-god. 
 
 flumineus, a, um, adj. (flflmen), of 
 a Hver. 
 
 fluo, fluxl, fluxum, S (B. same as 
 flo, flatus, flu, flu-ere), to flow. 
 
 flu vial is, e, adj., of a river, 
 
 fluvius, T, m. (fluO), a river. 
 
 focus, I, m. (B. same as fax, bha, 
 shine, bha-k, fac, foe-), fire-side, hearth. 
 
 fodio, fOdl, fossum, 3 (B. bhadh, 
 dig, fod-), to dig, dig up or through. 
 
 foedS, 1 (foedus), to make foul, defile, 
 pollute, deform. 
 
 foedus, a, um, adj. (B. dhu, to blow, 
 kindle, smoke, fu, fou, fov, foe-du-s, 
 smoked), foul, base, ugly, loathsome. 
 
 foedus, eris, n. (B. bhadh, bhidh, 
 to bind, fid, foid, foed, foed-u-s), some- 
 thing that binds, a compact, league, 
 treaty, bargain, law. 
 
 folium, T, n. (B. same as flos, bhal, 
 blow, swell, fol-), a leaf, foliage. 
 
 fons, fontis, m. (B. ghu, pour, fu, 
 fou, fov, fov-ont, font), a spring. 
 
 foramen, inis, n., an opening. 
 
 for-ceps, lpls, m. (BB. for, fr. 
 guar, glow, far, for, for-mu-s, adj., 
 warm, forma, things that are warm, 
 ceps fr. kap, seize, take, cap (as in cap- 
 ere), formu-cape-s, forcipes), that wh. 
 takes what is warm, glowing, tongs, 
 fire-tongs, pincers. 
 
 forem, = essem, fr. v. sum ; fore = 
 f uturum esse ; I woidd be, were ; will 
 be, about to be ; B. of both, bhu, be- 
 come, fu, fu-re, fo-re, fu-rem, fo-rem. 
 
 foris, is, f . (B. dhu (as in foedus), 
 blow, dhva-ra), a door ; in pi., the leaves 
 or folds of a door, folding-dows ; en- 
 trance. 
 
 forma, ae, f. (E. dhar, hold, make 
 firm, far, fer, for, for-ma), a form, 
 shape, figure, beautiful form, beauty. 
 
 formidabilis, e, adj. (formidare, 
 formldo. inis). formidable, fearful. 
 
 formTdo, inis, f. (B. mar, frighten, 
 mor, mov + in(or), mor-mi, mor-ml-re, 
 for-ml-re), fear, horror, fright. 
 
 for mo, 1 (see forma for B.), to form, 
 fashion, represent. 
 
 formdsus, a, um, adj. (forma), well- 
 formed, handsome, beautiful. 
 
 forn-ax, acis, f. (B. ghar, glow), 
 (see forceps), a furnace, oven. 
 
 fors, tis, f. (B. bhar, carry, bring, 
 fer, for-ti, for-s, that wh. brings itself 
 about, happens, comp.f ors, fert), chance, 
 hap, fortune. 
 
 forsitan = fors sit an, adv. (chance- 
 maybe-whether). perchance, perhaps. 
 
 fortis, e, adj. (B. dhargh, to hold 
 out, forgh, for-tis), one that holds out ; 
 firm, strong, brave, courageous. 
 
 fortiter, adv. (fortis), bravely, vigor- 
 ously. 
 
 fortiina, ae, f. (fors), fortune, deci- 
 sion, prosperity ; goddess of Fortune. 
 
FORUM 
 
 FUNGOR 
 
 269 
 
 forum, T, n. (B. same as foris, dhu, 
 to blow, dhva-ra, prop., a place where 
 it blows, an open place), the Forum at 
 Rome. 
 
 fossa, ae, f. (fodio), a ditch, pit. 
 
 foveo, fovT, fotum, 2 (B. dhu, kindle, 
 warm, fu, fou, fov, foveo), to warm, 
 cherish. 
 
 fragilis, e, adj. (frangO), easily 
 broken, fragile, frail. 
 
 fragmen, inis, n. (frango), a frag- 
 ment, ruin. 
 
 fragor, Oris, m. (frango), a breaking, 
 crackling, rustling. 
 
 fragum, I, n. (B. ghra, to smell, 
 f ra ; the word f ragra-re fr. ghra + ghra 
 = fra-gra-, to be fragrant), strawberries. 
 
 franco, fregl, fractuni, 3 (B. var, 
 draw, bend, break, var-k, vrag, fra-n- 
 g-0), to break, break to pieces, fracture. 
 
 frater, fratris, m. (B. bhar, carry, 
 support (fer-, fer-o), bhra-tar, <f>prj rrjp, 
 fra-ter, one that supports ; i. e., in rela- 
 tion to the sister), a brother. 
 
 fraternus, a, um, adj., of a brother, 
 fraternal, brotherly. 
 
 frauds, 1 (fraus), to defraud, cheat. 
 
 fraus, fraudis, f. (B. dhvar, dhur, 
 hurt, break, dur (durus), fru, frn-d, 
 frau-s), fraud, deceit, deception. 
 
 freino, nl, itum, 3 (B. bhar, sound, 
 bhra-m, frem-ere), to roar, rage, mur- 
 mur, hum. 
 
 frend5, frSsum, fressum, 3 (B. guar, 
 rub, ghar-dh, fre-n-d-ere), to bruise, 
 crush, gnash. 
 
 freno, 1 (frCnum), to bridle, curb. 
 
 frenuin, I, n. (B. dhar, dura, hold 
 firm, far, fre-nu-m), a bridle, curb, bit. 
 
 frequens, ntis, adj. (B. shark, 
 •press, fare, frac, free, frequ-cre, fre- 
 qu6n-s), frequent, numerous, rich in, 
 full of. 
 
 frequents, 1, to frequent, to visit in 
 numbers, to celebrate. 
 
 fretum, I, n. (B. bhar, move quick, 
 swell, rage, bhra, fre-t-u-m), a strait, 
 a channel. 
 
 frigidus, a, nm, adj. (frTgus), cold, 
 frigid, stiff. 
 
 frigus, oris, n. (B. bhars, stiffen, be 
 stiff, bhars-k, firk, frik, frlk, frig), cold, 
 frost, coolness, coldness of death, shud- 
 der. 
 
 frondeo, Crc (frOns), to be in leaf, to 
 have leaves. 
 
 frons, dis, f. (ctyra. unc), a leaf, 
 leafage, foliage, a garland of leaves. 
 
 frons, tis, f. (B. bhar, bhur. of 
 quick movement, quiver, bhru (<t>pv), 
 fru (Eng., brow, eyebrow), fru-ont, 
 front, frons), the brow, forehead, front. 
 
 fructus, us, m. (fruor), fruit, pro- 
 ceeds, profit. 
 
 fruor, fructus, frnitus sum, 3 (B. 
 bhug, enjoy, fug, frug, frugv-i, fru-i), 
 to enjoy, rejoice in. 
 
 frustra, adv. (B. same as fraus, 
 dhur, fru, fru-d, fru-d-tru-s, fru-s-tru-s, 
 abl. fern., frustra, prop., erroneously), 
 in vain, to nopurpose. 
 
 frutex, icis, m. (B. bhar, bhur, 
 fru, to swell), a sh? % ub, bush, shrubbery. 
 
 fruticosus, a, um, adj., bushy. 
 
 frux, frugis, f. (B. same as fruor, 
 bhug, bhrug, enjoy, use, fug, frug, frug- 
 i-s), fruit, fruits of the earth. 
 
 fuga, ae, f. (B. brugh, bend, turn, 
 flee, t 'ug), flight, exile. 
 
 fugax, acis, adj. (fuga), inclined to 
 flee, fleeing, swift. 
 
 fugio, f agl, fugitum, 3 (fuga), to flee, 
 shun, disappear. 
 
 fug5, 1 (fugio), to put to flight. 
 
 fulgeo, fulsl, 2 (B. bharg, to light, 
 shine, bhalg, falg, fulg-ere), to shine, 
 lighten, glitter. 
 
 fulgor, Oris, m. (fulgeO), effulgence. 
 
 fulica, ae, f., a coot. 
 
 fulmen, inis, n. (fulgeO), lightning. 
 
 fulmineus, a, um, adj., of lightning, 
 brilliant, splendid. 
 
 fulvus, a, um, adj. (B. ghar, green 
 or yellow, ghal, ful-vu-s), deep yellow, 
 reddish yell&w, gold-colored. 
 
 ftimft, 1 (ftlmus), to smoke, fume. 
 
 fumus, I, m. (B. dhu), smoke. 
 
 funda, ae, f ., a sling. 
 
 fundamen, inis, n. (fundo), 1 (fun- 
 dus, B. bhu, grow, make grow, fu, 
 fu-d, fu-d-no, fundO), a foundation. 
 
 fundo, fddl, ffisum, 3 (B. ghu, jxntr. 
 fu, fu-d, fu-n-d-ere), to ]X)ur, pour out, 
 scatter, extend. 
 
 funestus, a, um, adj. (funus), death- 
 bringing, deadly , fatal . 
 
 fungor, functus sum, 3 iB. Bnuo, 
 use, enjoy, fug, fu-n-g-i, have use of), 
 
270 
 
 FUNUS 
 
 GLAEBA 
 
 to discharge, perform, fulfill, end (with 
 morte), die. 
 
 fiinus, eris, n. (B. same as fumus, 
 dhu, to smoke, f u, f u-n-us, smoke from 
 burning a body), funeral procession, 
 burial, funeral, death. 
 
 furca, ae, f. (B. bhab, to cleave, 
 split, for, fur), a fork. 
 
 furialis, e, adj. (furiae, R. same as 
 f urO), of the Furies, raging, mad. 
 
 faro, ul, 3 (B. bhab, bhue, to 
 rage, quiver, fur), to rage, be mad. 
 
 furor, Oris, m. (furo), rage, madness, 
 fury. 
 
 furtim, adv. (fur, fr. B. bhab, car- 
 ry, carry away), stealthily. 
 
 furvus, a, um, adj., bhab, bhue (as 
 in furo), the idea of rapid motion (e. g., 
 quivering) being mingled with that of 
 color), dark-colored, dusky, gloomy. 
 
 fusilis, e, adj. (f undo), fluid, molten. 
 
 fusus, I, m. (B. spad, spand, move 
 violently, swing, fund-to, fil-su-s), a 
 spindle. 
 
 G 
 
 galea, ae, f . (B. skal, kal, cover, 
 cal, gal, gal-ea), (a covering for the 
 head), a helmet (of leather). 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, adj., of Gaul, Gal- 
 lic, 
 
 Gallus, T, m., see n. Trist. 4, 10, 53. 
 
 garrulus, a, um, adj. (B. gab, to 
 sound, gar + s, gar-s-u-s, gar r-u-s, gar- 
 r-u-lus), garrulous, talkative. 
 
 gaudeo, gavlsus sum, 2 (B. gav, to 
 rejoice, gau-), to rejoice, enjoy. 
 
 gelidus, a, um, adj. (gelfl), cold, icy ; 
 gelu fr. B. gab, be bright, shine, gal, 
 gel. 
 
 gemellipara, ae, f . (gemellus), twin- 
 bearing. 
 
 gemellus, T, m. (gdfciinus), twin- 
 born, twin. 
 
 gemino, 1 (geminus, I, m.), to double, 
 repeat. 
 
 geminus, T, m. (B. ga, gan, produce, 
 beget, gam, gem), twin-born, double, 
 two-fold. 
 
 gemitus, us, m. (gemO), a sighing, 
 groan, complaint. 
 
 gemma, ae, f . (gemO) a bud, the eye 
 (of the grape) ; figuratively, fr. resem- 
 blance in shape, a gem, precious stone. 
 
 gemo, ul, itum, 3 (B. gam, press, be 
 full, sigh, gem), to sigh, groan, cry, 
 lament. 
 
 gena, ae, f. (R. ganu, cheek, gen), 
 the cheek. 
 
 gener, erl, m. (glgnO, gen-ul), a son- 
 in-law. gener5sus, a, um, ad]., fine. 
 
 genetrix, Icis, f. (gigno), she that 
 produces, a mother, producer. 
 
 genialis, e, adj. (genius, glgnO, gen-), 
 what belongs to the Genius, genial, 
 glad, delightful. 
 
 genialiter, adv. (genialis), genially, 
 gladly. 
 
 genitor, oris, m. (glgnO, gen-), one 
 that produces or begets, parent, father, 
 sire. 
 
 gens, tis, f. (glgnO, gen), that which 
 is united by birth, a race, clan, people. 
 
 genu, lis, n. (B. ga, to bend, curve, 
 ga-nu, ge-nu), the knee. 
 
 genitalia, um. n. (gena), knee-bands, 
 garters. 
 
 genus, eris, n. (gigno, gen-), birth, 
 offspring, race, kind. 
 
 germ anus, a, um, adj. (germen, fr. 
 B. kab, make, create, car, cer, gar, ger, 
 ger-men, and so Eng., germ, germ-ane), 
 full, own, true (of birth), real, genuine, 
 germane. 
 
 ger5, gessT, gestum, 3 (B. gas, go, 
 come, make go or come, carry, ges, ger- 
 ere), to carry, bring, bear, carry out, 
 execute, wage. 
 
 gestamen, inis (gerO), something 
 carried, a burden. 
 
 gestio, 4 (gero, ges-tu-m), to use 
 gestures), to desire (demonstratively) 
 eagerly, long for. 
 
 gesto, 1 (gero), to bear, carry, wear. 
 
 gestus, us, m. (gero), carriage (of 
 the body), gesture. 
 
 Getae, arum, pi. m., see note, Tris- 
 tia, 4, 10, 110. 
 
 giganteus, a, um, adj. (gigas), of the 
 giants, gigantic. 
 
 gigno, genul, genitum, 3 (B. ga, 
 ga-n, prQduce, beget, gen, gi-gen, gi- 
 gn-ere), to give birth to, beget, bear. 
 
 glacialis, e, adj. (glacigs), icy. 
 
 glacies, el, f., ice. 
 
 glaeba, ae, f. (B. gab, gue, to 
 
GLANS 
 
 HARUNDO 
 
 271 
 
 round, gar-g, glo-g, gle-(glac)b-a), a clod 
 or lump of earth, land, soil, mass. 
 
 gliins, dis, f . (B. gar, fall, gal, gal- 
 an = paA-ay-o-s, glan-s), an acorn. 
 
 glomerS, 1 (glomus, fr. same K. as 
 glaeba, glo-b-mo, glo-m-us), to form into 
 a ball, press together, thicken. 
 
 gloria, ae, f . (B. kru, hear, sound, 
 klu, clou-os, glov-os, glo-os, glOs), re- 
 nown, glory. 
 
 glOrior, 1, v. dep. (gloria), to boast 
 one's self, glory in. 
 
 gliibO, ere (B. skalbh, calbh, clabh, 
 glab, scratch, peel, gltib-ere), to shell, 
 peel. 
 
 Gorg5, onis, Medusa, d. of Phorcys ; 
 Met. 4, 743. 
 
 gracilis, e, adj. (B. kark, to be lean, 
 kar + kar, kra + kal, gra-cil-i-s), slend- 
 er, thin, fine. 
 
 gradior, gressus sum, 3, v. dep. (B. 
 gardh, strive after, stride, grad), to 
 step, walk, go. 
 
 gradus, us, m. (gradior), step, pace, 
 course, position, step (of a tem- 
 ple). 
 
 gramen, inis, n. (B. gar, swalloiv, 
 eat, gra-s, gra-men), grass, turf, plant, 
 herb. 
 
 gramineus, a, um, adj. (gramen), of 
 grass, grassy. 
 
 grandis, e, adj. (B. gar, be heavy, 
 strong, gra, gra-ndi-s), great, grown up, 
 advanced (in age). 
 
 grand 6, inis, f. (B. ghrad, to sound, 
 rattle, grad, gra-n-d-o), hail. 
 
 granum, I, n. (B. gar, wear away* 
 gra-), a grain, kernel. 
 
 grates, pi. f. (B. guar, glow, desire, 
 ghra,gra), thanks. 
 
 gratia, ae, f. (same B. as grates), 
 favor, friendship, grace, thanks. 
 
 grator, 1, v. dep. (same B. as gra- 
 tes), to wish {one) joy. 
 
 gratus, a, um, adj. (same B. as gra- 
 tCs), dear, agreeable, gracious, thankful. 
 
 gravidus, a, um, adj. (gravis), load- 
 ed, great with child, pregnant. 
 
 gravis, c, adj. (same B. as grandis), 
 heavy, dull, covered with, heavy (to 
 bear), sad. 
 
 gravitas, atis, f. (gravis), weight, 
 gravity, weariness, dignity, worth. 
 
 gravo, 1 (gravis), to make heavy, 
 load, oppress. 
 
 gremium, I, n. (B. garbii, grabh, 
 to seize, hold, grab-mo, greb-mo, gre- 
 mo), the lap. 
 
 gressus, us, m. gradior), a step, 
 course. 
 
 grex, egis, m. (B. gar, come togetlier, 
 gar + g(ar), gre-g), a herd, flock, swarm, 
 crowd. 
 
 grus, uis, comm. (B. gar, sound, 
 garu, gru-s), a crane. 
 
 gurges, itis, m. (B. gar, swallow, 
 gar + gar, gur-g-e-s), a whirlpool, abyss, 
 depth. 
 
 gutta, ae, f . (B. skju, sku, flow 
 out, fall, sku-t, gutt-a), a drop. 
 
 guttur, uris, n. (B. same as gutta), 
 throat. 
 
 H 
 
 habena, ae, f. (habeO), thong, rein, 
 reins. 
 
 habeo, uT, itum, 2 (etym. unc, but 
 in Corssen, Krit. Beitr. 106, fr. B. gha, 
 gha-p, ha-p, holdfast), to have, hold, 
 possess, show, hold for, consider. 
 
 habitabilis, e, adj. (habito, habeO), 
 habitable. 
 
 habito, 1 (habeO), to have, possess, 
 inhabit. 
 
 h&c, adv. (hie), abl., here. 
 
 haedus, T, m., a kid. 
 
 II ae mo n i us, a, um,adj., Ilaemonian. 
 
 Haemus, I, m., a mountain in Thrace. 
 
 liaereo, haesl, haesum, 2 (B. ghais, 
 
 haes, haer-ere, hang, cling), to cling to, 
 stick fast in, to keep firm, adhere, hesi- 
 tate. 
 
 luilitus, us, m. (halo, 1, halitO, 1), 
 breath. 
 
 hamatus, a, um, part, adj., hooked. 
 
 bamus, I, m. (B. gham, bent), a hook. 
 
 harena, ae, f. (B. buas, bruise, 
 crush, has, har-ena), sand, sand-floor, 
 arena (of the amphitheatre). 
 
 harundo, inis, f . (B. ab, grow, ar- 
 und-o), a reed, sedge ; by meton., a 
 wreath of reeds, shaft of an arrow, ar- 
 row ; fishing-rod, a comb of reed (in 
 weaving). 
 
272 
 
 HASTA 
 
 HOKRIDUS 
 
 hasta, ae, f. (B. ghas, strike, has-), 
 a spear, lance, thyrsus-staff. 
 
 hastile, is, n. (hasta), the shaft of a 
 spear. 
 
 liaud, adv. comp. of ho + au (as in 
 au-fero) + d = de (as in unde), not, not 
 at all. 
 
 haurio, hausl, haustura, 4 (B. ghtt, 
 pour, ghu-s, hau-s, hau-r-ire), to draw 
 up or out, drain, drink up. 
 
 haustus, us, m. (haurio), a draught, 
 drink. 
 
 hebeto, 1 (hebes), to dull, weaken. 
 
 Hebrus, I, m., river in Thrace. 
 
 hedera, ae, f . (B. ghad, seize, had, 
 hed), ivy. 
 
 Heliades, urn, f., the three daugh- 
 ters of Helios, who were changed into 
 . poplars, Met. 2, 340, amber. 
 
 Helice, es, f., the constellation of 
 the Great Bear, Met. 8, 207. 
 
 Helicon, Onis, m., a mountain in 
 Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. 
 
 Hennaeus, a, um, adj., of Henna or 
 Enna, a city in Sicily. 
 
 herba, ae, f . (B. bhar, carry, sup- 
 port, bhar-bh, her-b-a), green stalk or 
 blade, grass, plant. 
 
 Hercules, is, m., son of Jupiter and 
 Alcmene. 
 
 Herculeus, a, um, adj. (Hercules), 
 of Hercules, Herculean. 
 
 here's, edis, m. (B. ghar, take, seize, 
 har, her, her-e-re, here-s), an heir, suc- 
 cessor. 
 
 heros, Ois, m. (rjpcos fr. B. vira, 
 man, Frjpo), hero. 
 
 herous, a, um, adj. (heros), heroic. 
 
 Hesperides, um, f., daughters of 
 Night, or of Atlas, and Hesperis ; Met. 
 11, 114. 
 
 Hesperius, a, um, adj. (Hesperus), 
 Hesperian, western. 
 
 Hesperus, T, m., the evening, even- 
 ing-star. 
 
 hesternus, a, um, adj. (heri fr. B. 
 ghjas, yesterday, hies, hes, hes-i, her-i), 
 of yesterday, yesterday's. 
 
 heu, inter j., alas ! ah ! oh ! 
 
 hiatus, us, m. (B. gha, be empty, 
 yawn, ghi, ghi-a, hia-sc-ere, hia-re), a 
 yawning, opening, cleft, mouth. 
 
 hibernus, a, um, adj. (hiems), win- 
 try. 
 
 Hiberus, a, um, adj., Iberian, of 
 Iberia. 
 
 hie, adv., here, in this thing, on this 
 occasion. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, pron. demonst. (R. 
 gha, ho, ho-ka (ka = pron. stem inter- 
 rog. indef.), hi-ce, hie), this, the latter 
 (in reference to the nearer, or the last 
 mentioned). 
 
 hiemps, hiems, emis, f. (B. ghi, 
 throw {\i.-(av, snow, as thrown fr. the 
 heavens), ghj-am, hj-am, hiem), winter, 
 storm, stormy weather. 
 
 hinc, adv. (hin-ce, hie), from here, 
 hence, hereupon, in consequence of. 
 
 hinnitus, us, m. (hinnio fr. B. ghar, 
 sound, ghir, hir-ni-s, hin-ni), a neighing. 
 
 Hippomenes, is, m., son of Mega- 
 reus ; Met. 10, 575. 
 
 Hippotades, is, m., son of Hippo- 
 tes, i. e., Aeolus ; Met. 4, 663. 
 
 hirsutus, a, um, adj. (B. ghar, 
 ghar-s, make rough, hirs, hirs-u), 
 rough, shaggy, hirsute. 
 
 hirtus, a, um, adj. (B. same as hir- 
 sfltus), rough. 
 
 hisco, ere (B. gha, be empty, yawn, 
 ghi, ghi-a, hi-sc-erej, to open, yawn, 
 gape. 
 
 Hister, strT, m., the Hister, the 
 Danube. 
 
 holus, eris, n. (B. ghar, be green, 
 ghal-as, hol-us), vegetables. 
 
 homo, inis, n. (B. ghama, earth, 
 gham-an, the earthly, son of earth, hom- 
 o-n), man, human being. 
 
 honestus, a, um, adj. (honor), hon- 
 ored, honorable. 
 
 honor (honos), Oris, m. (B. GnvA, 
 praise) ho + suffix nas), honor, place of 
 honor, honorary gift, prize. 
 
 honor o, 1 (honor), to honor. 
 
 hora, ae, f . (borrowed fr. dipa, B. ja, 
 go, comp. Lat. i), hour, time; pi., Horae, 
 the Hours. 
 
 Horatius, Q,. Flaccus ; sec n. Trist. 
 4, 10, 50. 
 
 horrendus, a, um, adj. (horreo), 
 dreadful, fearful, horrible. 
 
 horreo, ul. 2 (B. ghar, ghar-s, to 
 be rough, stiff, hors, hors-5-re, horr-e-re), 
 to bristle ; shudder, be afraid of. 
 
 horridus, a, um, adj. (horreo), 
 rough, bristling, dread. 
 
IIORRIFER 
 
 ILLIO 
 
 273 
 
 horrifer, fera, ferum, adj. (horreO, 
 fero), horror-bringing, dreadful. 
 
 hortamen, inis, n. (hortor), an en- 
 couragement, incitement. 
 
 hortor, 1, v. dep. (R. dharoh, to 
 hold to, f orgh, forcta-ri, horta-ri), to en- 
 courage, urge on. 
 
 hortus, T, m. (R. ghar, take, har, 
 hor, hor-tu-s), a garden. 
 
 hospes, itis, comm. (fr. hosti-pet-s, 
 hosti fr. R. ghas, to injure, hos, hos- 
 ti-s, and pet- fr. R. pa, protect, pat, 
 pe-t), one who protects a stranger, or is 
 protected by a stranger, a guest, a host, 
 stranger. 
 
 hospita, ae, f., see hospes. 
 
 hostis, is, comm. (R. ghas, injure), 
 one that injures, a stranger, enemy, 
 enemy (to the state). 
 
 hue, adv. (hjc), hither. 
 
 hfimamis, a, um, adj. (hom6), of 
 man, human. 
 
 humilis, e, adj. (humus), what lies 
 on the ground, low, humble. 
 
 humus, I, f. (R. giiama, earth), 
 earth, ground, soil. 
 
 Hyacinthia, Orum, n., festival in 
 honor of Hyacinthus ; Met. 10, 219. 
 
 Hyacinthus, I, m., son of Amyclas ; 
 Met. 10, 162. 
 
 hydra, (vSpa), ae, f., water-serpent, 
 hydra. 
 
 hydras, T, m. (v&pos), a water-ser- 
 pent, snake. 
 
 Hymen, enis {vfirjv), or Hymenacus, 
 god of marriage, Hymen. 
 
 Hypaepa, Orum, n., a city in 
 Lydia. 
 
 Iambus, I, m. (!a/x/3o?) ; Trist. 4, 10, 
 
 Iapetus, I, m., father of Prometheus. 
 
 las on, onis, son of Aeson, the king 
 of Iolcos. 
 
 ibl, adv., R. i (pron. stem 3d pers.) + 
 bi (local ending), i-bl, in that place, there. 
 
 Icarus, I, m., son of Daedalus. 
 
 Icelos, T, m., a god of dreams, son 
 of Somnus. 
 
 ico, IcT, ictum, 3 (R. ik, strike), to 
 strike, hit. 
 
 ictus, fls, m. (IcO), a stroke, blow. 
 
 Ida, ae, Ide", Cs. f., Mt. Ida in Phry- 
 gia. 
 
 idcirco, adv. (id-circa), on that ac- 
 count. 
 
 idem, eadem, idem (i + idem, the 
 former a pronom. stem, the latter the 
 demonstr. suffix dem from da), the same. 
 
 ideo, adv. (id and eo), for that rea- 
 son, therefore. 
 
 Idmon, Onis, m., the father of Arach- 
 ne. 
 
 Idmonius, a, um, adj., belonging to 
 Idmon, Idmonian. 
 
 igitur, adv. (the pron. stem i + (the 
 particle) ge, = je, + (the suffix), tus, i- 
 ge-tus, i-gi-tur), therefore, accordingly. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, adj. (in and gnarus), 
 not knowing, ignorant, unacquainted 
 with. 
 
 Ignavus (in and gnavus), a, um, adj., 
 not active, inactive, lazy. 
 
 Ignis, is, m. (R. ag, drive, ig-), fre, 
 flash, glow, heat, splendor. 
 
 Tgnifer, a, um, adj., f re-bearing. 
 
 Tgnobilitas, atis, f. (in and nobili- 
 tas), low birth. 
 
 Ignorantia, ae, f. (ignOrans), igno- 
 rance. 
 
 ignoro, 1 (i(n)gnOra-re), (R. gna, 
 know, gna-ru-s (gnO-ru-s), gnOra-re), not 
 to know, be ignorant of. 
 
 IgnoscS, nOvi, nOtum, 3 (in-gnOscO, 
 same R. as ignOrO), to take no knowl- 
 edge of, to pardon. 
 
 ignotus, a, um, adj., unknown. 
 
 ilex, icis, f., the holm-oak, scarlet- 
 oak, ilex. 
 
 Ilia, ium, n. pi., the lower part of the 
 abdomen, the groin. 
 
 Ilion, T, n., and Ilios, I, f., poetic 
 name of Troy, Ilium. 
 
 Ilioneus, ei, m., son of Niobe. 
 
 iliac, adv. (ille, wh. see, and -ce, fr. 
 pron. stem ki, cei, -ci, -ce, ille-ce), in 
 that way, on that side, there. 
 
 ille, a, ud, pron. dem. 3d pers. (fr. 
 pron. stem ana, ana-la, ono-lo, on-lo, 
 ol-lo, ollu-8, illu-s, ille), that, that (one) 
 there, that well-known ; he, she, it. 
 
 illlc, adv. (see iliac and ille), in that 
 place, there. 
 
274 
 
 ILLINO 
 
 IMPORTUNUS 
 
 illino (in, lino), illeyl, illitum, 3, to 
 smear, spread, over. 
 
 illudo, in, lildO, illflsl, illflsum, 3, to 
 play at, make sport of, jeer at. 
 
 ill ust ris, e, adj. (lux, il-lus-tri-s), 
 light, lustrous, illustrious. 
 
 Illyricus, a, um, adj., of lllyria, 
 Illyrian. 
 
 imago, inis, f. (R. ik, be like (ima- 
 re), imi-ta-ri. ima-go), an image, copy, 
 form, conception, thought. 
 
 imbellis, e, adj. (in, bellum), un- 
 warlike. 
 
 imber, bris, m. (R. abh, ambu, to 
 sivell, break forth, imb-, imb-e-r), pour- 
 ing forth, rain, rain-storm. 
 
 imbuo, ul, Gtum, 3 (in, and R. pa, 
 drink, po, pu, bu (bu-a, a drink), im- 
 bu-ere), to wet, moisten ; imbue. 
 
 imitamen, inis, n. (imitor), imita- 
 tion, resemblance. 
 
 imitator, Oris, m. (imitor), imita- 
 tor. 
 
 imitor, Sri, v. dep. (see imago), to 
 imitate, resemble. 
 
 im-madesco, madul, 3 (in, inades- 
 co), to grow moist or wet. 
 
 immanis, e, adj. (in and manis, fr. 
 manus, old Latin for bonus, and fr. R. 
 ma, to measure), (measureless), im- 
 mense, monstrous, violent, fierce. 
 
 immedicabilis, e, adj. (in, medica- 
 bilis), incurable. 
 
 immemor, oris, adj. (in, memor), 
 unmindful. 
 
 immensus, a, um, adj. (in, metior), 
 unmeasured, immense, boundless. 
 
 immeritus, a, um, adj. (in mcritus), 
 undeserving, innocent ; undeserved. 
 
 im-mineo, Sre (in and mineO, f r. R. 
 man,j«< out, min, min-ere), to project 
 over, lean toward, hang over, to be close 
 to, to strive for. 
 
 im-mftis, e, adj. (in, mltis), not 
 mild, unmerciful, cruel. 
 
 im-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3 (in, mit- 
 to), to send in, let loose upon or in, let 
 loose, hasten ; part., immissus, hanging 
 down, loose. 
 
 im-mo, adv. (fr. pron. stem ana, en, 
 in, in-mo, im-mo, superl. abl.), in in- 
 most, by no means, no indeed. 
 
 immobiiis, e, adj., immovable. 
 
 im-morior, mori, mortuus sum, 3, 
 
 v. dep., to die in, or upon, or over, die 
 aivay. 
 
 im-motus, a, um, adj. (in, moveo), 
 unmoved, immovable, calm. 
 
 immunis, e, adj. (in and mQnis, fr. 
 R. mu, bind), not bound, free from 
 service, exempt from. 
 
 im-miinitus, a, um, adj. (in, munio, 
 4), unfortified. 
 
 im-murmuro, 1, to murmur, or 
 whisper in or upon. 
 
 impar, paris, adj. (in, par), un- 
 equal. 
 
 im-patiens, ntis, adj. (in, patiens), 
 not able to bear, or suffer, impatient. 
 
 impedio, 4 (in and pes), (in-foot, get 
 the foot in), impede, hinder, obstruct, 
 stop. 
 
 im-pell5, pull, pulsum, 3 (in, pello), 
 to set in motion, drive on or in, impell, 
 strike. 
 
 impense, adv. (in and pendO), at or 
 with expense, richly ; eagerly. 
 
 im-perfectus, a, um, adj. (in, per- 
 flciO), incomplete, imperfect, undevel- 
 oped. 
 
 imperium, T, n. (im-per5, -parO), 
 command, dominion, dominions, em- 
 pire. 
 
 im-pero, 1 (in, parO, prop, to bring 
 or get into ; e. g., terrae seges irnpera- 
 tur, Tac. Germ. 26), to enjoin, command, 
 govern. 
 
 impetus, us, m. (in, petO), a press- 
 ing, or falling, upon, attack, assault, 
 press ; impulse ; impete, old abl. 
 
 impiger, gra, gram, adj. (in, piger), 
 not indolent, active. 
 
 impius, a, um, adj. (in, pius), with- 
 out a sense of duty, undutiful, ungodly, 
 ruthless. 
 
 im-pleo, plevT, plgtum, 2 (in, pleO), 
 to fill in or up, fill full, fill, make full, 
 fulfill. 
 
 im-plico, uT, itum, or avi, atnm, 1 
 (in, plicO), to infold, embrace, clasp, 
 twine about. 
 
 im-p5no, posuT, positum, 3 (in, 
 pon5), to place -upon, or into, or in, set 
 in, lay upon, impose, ascribe to. 
 
 importunus, a, um, adj. (in and 
 -portu-nu-s, fr. same R. (por) as por- 
 tu-s, not op-portune, inopportune, unfit, 
 grievous, impudent, importunate. 
 
IM-PPwIMO 
 
 INDIGENA 
 
 275 
 
 im-primo, pressl, pressum, 3 (in, 
 premO), to press upon, impress, strike 
 into. 
 
 improbus, a, urn, adj. (in, pro- 
 bus), not good, bad, mischievous, 
 wicked. 
 
 im-priidens, ntis, adj. (in, prQdSns, 
 not foreseeing), improvident, impru- 
 dent. 
 
 impulsus, Qs, ra. (impellO), a push- 
 ing against, thrust, impulse. 
 
 impune, adv. (impflnis), without 
 punishment, with impunity, safely. 
 
 impunis, e, adj. (in and poena), un- 
 punished. 
 
 im-puto, 1 (in, puto), to reckon, to 
 impute, ascribe. 
 
 in, prep. (fr. ana, pron. stem, 3d 
 pers., en, in), with ace. —into, to, to- 
 ward, till, for, according to ; with abl., 
 in, among, on, under, within. 
 
 Inachides, ae, m., descendant of 
 Inachus, Inachide ; used of Epaphus, 
 Met. 1. 753 ; of Perseus, ib. 4, 720. 
 
 in-aequalis, c, adj., unequal. 
 
 in-amoenus, a, um, adj., unlovely, 
 disagreeable. 
 
 inanis, e, adj. (R. ak, to reach to, 
 ac-na, acn-ua, a measure of land, in- 
 acni-s, in-ani-s), empty, void ; lifeless, 
 vain, useless. 
 
 in-aratus, a, um, adj., unplowed. 
 
 in-ardesco, arsl, 3, to burn, kindle, 
 glow. 
 
 in-calesc5, calul, 3, to grow warm, 
 to glow, kindle. 
 
 in-cedo, cessl, cessum, 3, to step, 
 march. 
 
 incendium, I, n. (incendO), a fire, 
 conflagration. 
 
 in-certus, a, um, adj., uncertain, 
 untrusticorthy ; undecided, doubtful. 
 
 incessus, Us, m. (incedO), a step, 
 gait, walk, manner of walking. 
 
 in-cido, cldl, clsum, 3 (caedo), to cut 
 into, inscribe, carve on or in. 
 
 in-cipio, cSpI, ceptum, 3 (capiO), to 
 take in hand, to begin ; subst., incep- 
 tum, beginning, undertaking. 
 
 inclitus, or inclutus, a, um, adj. 
 (clueO), in intensive, very much heard 
 of, renowned. 
 
 in-cludo, clOsI, clflsum, 3 (claudo), 
 to shut in, inclose, shut, close. 
 
 in-cognitus, a, um, adj. (cognOsco), 
 unknown. 
 
 incola, ae, in. (colo), an inhabitant, 
 dweller. 
 
 in-commendatus, a, um, adj., un- 
 recommended, given up, abandoned. 
 
 in-cGnsolabilis, e, adj. (consolor), 
 inconsolable, incurable. 
 
 incrementing I, adj. (crSsco), in- 
 crement, increase. 
 
 in-crep5, ul, itum, 1 (crepO), to let 
 sound, sound ; chide, reprove. 
 
 in-cresco, crevl, crgtum, 3, to grow 
 upon, increase. 
 
 in-cub5, ul, itum, 1, to lie upon or in. 
 
 in-culpatus, a, um, adj. (culpo), 
 unblamed, blameless. 
 
 in-cumbo, cubul, cubitum, 3 (cum- 
 bo), to lay one's self upon or in, lean 
 upon, bend to. 
 
 in-cunabula, Orum, pi. n. (cflna), 
 swaddling-clothes, hence cradle ; birth- 
 place ; childhood. 
 
 in-curro, currl, cursum, 3, to run 
 into, incurso, 1, to run against. 
 
 incursus, Us, m. (curro), an incur- 
 sion, assault. 
 
 in-curvo, 1, to bend, crook, curve. 
 
 incurvus, a, um, adj., crooked, bent.r 
 
 iii-custortitus, a, um, adj. (custo- 
 dio), unwatched. 
 
 indagS, 1 (indages), (to drive in, of 
 game), to trace out, search for. 
 
 indago, inis, f. (R. ag, drive, ind- 
 ag-o), (an in-driving as of game in hunt- 
 ing), an incircling, inclosing. 
 
 inde, adv. (fr. RR. ana (pron. stem 
 of 3d pers.), an, in, and pron. stem da, 
 the, that one), from there, from that 
 place, there ; from that time ; thence, 
 in consequence of that. 
 
 in-defessus, a, um, adj., unwearied. 
 
 in-dejectus, a, um, adj., not cast 
 down. 
 
 in-deploratus, a, um, adj., unde- 
 plored, unwept. 
 
 indicium, T, n. (dico, R. da, da-k, 
 show, teach), a showing, discovery, evi- 
 dence, proof, indieo, 1, to show. 
 
 in-dlco, dixl, dictum, 3 (dico, fr. da, 
 da-k, dik, deic, dTc), to declare. 
 
 indigena, ae, comm. (indu = in and 
 gigno), one boi'ti in a country, native, 
 indigenous ; a native. 
 
276 IN-DIGESTUS 
 
 INNOCUUS 
 
 in-dlgestus, a, urn, adj. (digerO), un- 
 digested, unarranged. 
 
 in-dign5, 1, v. dep., to consider as 
 unworthy, to be indignant at, to be 
 angry. 
 
 in-dignus, a, um, adj., unworthy, 
 undeserving, undeserved. 
 
 in-dolesco, dolul, 3 (doleO), to feel 
 pain, be grieved. 
 
 in-duco, duxl. ductum, 3, to lead or 
 bring in, draw over ; part, perf ., spread 
 over. 
 
 indulged, sT, turn, 2, etym. unc, to 
 indulge, be indulgent to, yield to. 
 
 induo, ui, tltum, 3 (inde and u 
 (ind-u), fr. R. av, clothe), to put on, 
 assume, clothe with, invest. 
 
 in-duresco, ui (dtirus), to grow 
 hard, harden. 
 
 in-duro, 1 (durus), to make hard, 
 harden. 
 
 Indus, I, Indian, of India. 
 
 in-eo, il, itum, 4, to go into, enter ; 
 begin, enter upon. 
 
 inermis, e, adj. (arma), unarmed. 
 
 iners, ertis, adj. (ars), unskilled, in- 
 active, idle, dull. 
 
 in-expugnabilis, e, adj. (expugnO), 
 ^impregnable ; (of gramen) that can not 
 be rooted out. 
 
 infans, ntis, adj. and subst. (in-for, 
 fari), one that can not talk, infant, 
 young ; an infant. 
 
 fnfaustus, a, um, adj., unfortunate, 
 unpropitious, unlucky. 
 
 infectus, a, um, adj. (facio), not 
 done, unfinished. 
 
 in-felix, icis, not happy, unfortu- 
 nate, unlucky. 
 
 infernus, a, um, adj. (inferos), that 
 which is below, of the lower world, in- 
 fernal. 
 
 In-fero, tull, illatum, 3, to carry, 
 bring, into or to. 
 
 Inferus, a, um, adj. (pron. stem a + 
 dha ; adha + ra (eompar. suffix), a-n- 
 dhara, i-n-feru-s), the lower, that which 
 is below, of the lower world ; comp., in- 
 ferior, lower (in place) than, inferior ; 
 superl., Imus, or Inflmus, lowest, deep- 
 est, innermost. 
 
 in-festus, a, um, adj. (fr. in-fend- 
 tu-s, fend the same root as in de-f end-o, 
 fr. dhan-d, to strike), hostile. 
 
 in-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (faciO), to 
 put upon, to stain, dye, color ; to infect, 
 taint. 
 
 In-fitior, 1 (fateor), not to confess, 
 to deny, disown. 
 
 fn-flectO, exl, exum, 3, to bend, 
 curve. 
 
 In-flo, 1, to blow into or upon, to 
 inflate. 
 
 infra, adv. (inferus), abl. sc. parte or 
 via, in the lower part, below ; comp., 
 Inferius, lower. 
 
 in-fringo, f regl, f ractum, 3 (frango), 
 to break in or off, bruise. 
 
 in-f undo, fudl, f usum, 3, to pour in 
 or upon, infuse. 
 
 in-gemo, ui, 3, to groan, sigh over. 
 
 ingenium (gigno, gen), what is in- 
 born, natural quality of mind or heart. 
 
 ingens, tis, adj., great. 
 
 in-gero, gessl, gestum, 3, to put 
 into or upon, throiv or heap upon. 
 
 in-gratus, a, um, adj., unpleasant, 
 unthankful, ungrateful. 
 
 in-gredior, gressus sum, 3, to go 
 into, enter, enter upon. 
 
 inguen, inis, n, (R, agh, angh, to 
 narrow), (narrowing), the groin. 
 
 in-haereo, haesl, haesum, 2, to hang 
 to or upon, oleave, adhere, inhere. 
 
 in-hibeo, uT, itum, 2 (habeo), to 
 have in, restrain, check, hinder. 
 
 in-icio, jCcI, jectum, 3 (jaciO), to 
 throiv upon or into, to lay upon. 
 
 inimicus, a, um, adj. (amicus), un- 
 friendly, inimical ; subst., an enemy, a 
 foe. 
 
 iniquus, a, um, adj. (aequus), not 
 even, uneven ; unfair, unjust, unfa- 
 vorable: hostile. 
 
 injuria, ae, f. (injurius, in-jus), in- 
 jury, wrong, injustice. 
 
 injuste, adv., unjustly, unfairly, 
 wrongly. 
 
 in -Justus, a, um, adj., unjust, 
 wrongful^ unjustly gained. 
 
 innabilis, e, adj. (in-no), that can 
 not be sivum in. 
 
 in-natus, a, um, adj. (in-nascor), 
 born in, inborn, innate. 
 
 in-necto, xul, xum, 3, to tie to or 
 upon, to bind, encircle. 
 
 innocuus, a, um, adj. (noceO), harm- 
 less, innocent. 
 
INNUBUS 
 
 INTER-DUM 277 
 
 innubus, a, um, adj. (in-nflbo), 'un- 
 married. 
 
 in-numerus, a, urn, adj., unnum- 
 bered, numberless. 
 
 in-nuptus, a, um, adj. (nabo), un- 
 married. 
 
 in -ops, opis, adj. (in-(ops), opis), 
 without help, helpless, poor, needy, 
 scanty, weak. 
 
 in-ornatus, a, um, adj., unadorned. 
 
 inquam, v. defective, (K. syllable 
 qua (in-qua-m), cognate to Sansc. khjn, 
 to view, Vanicek), I say, say I (always 
 used after one or more words in a 
 direct quotation). 
 
 inquiro, qulslvl, qnTsItum, 3 (quae- 
 ro), to seek after or into ; to inquire, 
 examine, into. 
 
 In-sanus, a, um, adj., not sound, 
 unsound in mind, insane, mad. 
 
 Inscius, a, um, adj., not knowing, 
 ignorant of. 
 
 In-scrib5, psT, ptum, 3, to write 
 in or upon, inscribe, ascribe, desig- 
 nate. 
 
 In-seco, ul, ctum, 1, to cut into or 
 in ; insecti, notched. 
 
 In-sequor, secfltus sum, 3, to follow 
 after or upon, follow, pursue. 
 
 In-ser5, uT, rtum, 3, to put into, in- 
 sert, involve, mingle. 
 
 Insidiae, f . plural (insideO), (a sitting 
 in), lying in wait, ambush, ambuscade, 
 deceit, plot, snare. 
 
 insignis, e, adj. (slgnum), distin- 
 guished by a mark, remarkable, signal; 
 subst., insigne, a sign, badge ; (in plu- 
 ral), costume, attire. 
 
 Iii-silio, silul, 4 (salio), to leap into 
 or upon, spring upon. 
 
 In-sisto, stitl, 3, to step upon, tread; 
 in Met. v, 558, with alarum-remis, to 
 hover, poise, the oar-like wings keeping 
 them from sinking. 
 
 Iii-solitus, a, um, adj. (soleO), un- 
 wonted. 
 
 In-somnis, c, adj. (somnus), sleep- 
 less. 
 
 in-sono, uT, itum, 1, to sound in, 
 sound loudly, resound. 
 
 Tn-sopTtus, a, um, adj., not lulled to 
 sleep, sleepless. 
 
 in-spicio, exT, ectum, 3 (specie), to 
 look into, inspect, examine. 
 
 In-splrd, 1, to breathe into, blow into, 
 inspire. 
 
 In-stabilis, e, adj. (stO, sta), that 
 does not stand firm, unsteady, un- 
 stable. 
 
 Instar, indecl. (etym. unc), image, 
 form ; ad instar, or simply instar with 
 gen. after the image of, like, as, as 
 good as. 
 
 InstigS, 1 (stig, stig ; stigO, not used, 
 to be sharp, sharpen), to incite, urge, in- 
 stigate. 
 
 in-stituo, ul, titum, 3 (statuO), to 
 establish, institute. 
 
 In-sto, stitl, 1, to stand upon, press 
 upon ; draw nigh, impend ; press, in- 
 sist upon, urge. 
 
 lii-stringo, nxl, ctum, 3, to bind 
 upon or around; part., instrictus, set 
 (sc. gemmis). 
 
 In-struo, xl, ctum, 3, to furnish, pro- 
 vide ; instruct. 
 
 In- suet us, a, um, adj., unaccustom- 
 ed, unused. 
 
 Insula, ae, f., island. 
 
 insults, 1 (Insilio), to spring at or 
 upon, dance. 
 
 In-sum, f ui, esse, to be in or on, or 
 upon. 
 
 in-super, adv., over and above, be- 
 sides. 
 
 In-surgo, surrexl, surrectum, 3, to 
 rise upon or up to. 
 
 in-tabesco, bul, 3, to waste away, 
 pine, melt, dissolve. 
 
 in-tactus, a, um, adj. (tango), un- 
 touched, intact. 
 
 intellego (inter-legO), exl, ectum, 3, 
 to see into, understand. 
 
 in-temptatus, a, um, adj., untried. 
 
 in-tendo, dl, turn, 3, to stretch upon 
 or out, extend, stretch out, cover. 
 
 inter, prep, with ace, pron. stem an 
 + tara, comp. suffix, an-tara, in-ter), 
 between, among, in the midst of, during. 
 
 inter-cido (cadO), idl, 3, to fall be- 
 tween, perish, die. 
 
 inter-cipio (capiO), cCpI, ceptnm, 3, 
 to take away between, seize upon, inter- 
 cept, carry away, rob. 
 
 inter-dico, xl, ctum, 3, to speak be- 
 tween, interpose, forbid, interdict. 
 
 inter-dum, adv., now and then, at 
 times, sometimes. 
 
278 
 
 INTER-EA 
 
 IS 
 
 inter-ea, adv., meanwhile, in the 
 mean while. 
 
 inter-eo, il, itum, Ire, to perish, go 
 to ruin, die. 
 
 interior, ius, Oris, adj. comp., inner, 
 interior ; superl., intimus, a, um, inner- 
 most. 
 
 interius, adv., within. 
 
 inter-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to 
 leave off, intermit, omit. 
 
 inter-nodium, ii, n. (nodus), the 
 space between two knots or joints, an 
 internode or joint. 
 
 in-territus, a, um, adj., unterrified. 
 
 inter-rump5, rupl, ruptum, 3, to 
 interrupt. 
 
 inter-sero, uT, rtum, 3, to put in be- 
 tween, interpose. 
 
 inter-texo, ul, xtum, 3, to weave in 
 between, interweave. 
 
 inter-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to 
 come in between, intervene, interrupt. 
 
 in-texo, ul, xtum, 3, to weave into 
 or in, inweave, interweave. 
 
 intibum, i, n., endive. 
 
 in -ton 5, ul, 1, to thunder. 
 
 in-tonsus, a, um, adj. (tondeo), un- 
 shorn. 
 
 intra, prep, with ace. (for R, see 
 inter), abl. intra-(d) = intera parte, with- 
 in. 
 
 in-tremo, ul, 3, to tremble, quake. 
 
 in-tro, avl, atum (R. tar, tra, to 
 move, tra-re, tra-n-s, part, pres., in- 
 trare), to enter, go into, tread. 
 
 intror^hm, adv. (intrOversus), to- 
 tvard the inside, inward. 
 
 iiitus, adv. (in, tus), within, into. 
 
 in-utilis, e, adj., useless, injurious. 
 
 in-vado, si, sum, 3, to go into, fall 
 upon, invade. 
 
 in-veho, xT, ctum, 3, to carry into 
 or to, to ride, drive, sail, fly. 
 
 in-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come 
 upon, find, meet with, find out, invent. \ 
 
 in-vergo, ere, to turn, incline to, 
 pour upon. 
 
 in-victus, a, um, adj. (vincO), uncon- 
 quered, unconquerable. 
 
 in-video, vldl, visum, 2, to look 
 askance at, to envy, be envious, refuse, 
 grudge. 
 
 invidia, ae, f., envy, hate, dislike, 
 odium. 
 
 invidiosus, a, um, adj., envious, in- 
 vidious, envied, hated. 
 
 i nvid us, a, um, adj., envious, unfa- 
 vorable. 
 
 invisus, a, um, adj. (invideO), hated. 
 
 invit5, 1 (R. vak, voc, voc<3, vocita- 
 re, invoci-tare, invici-tare, in-vic-tare, 
 in-vi-tare, to call), to invite, entertain. 
 
 in vitus, a, um, adj. (R. vak, to will, 
 vie, in-vic-(i)tu-s, in-vl-tus), unwilling, 
 reluctant, contrary to one's will. 
 
 invius, a, um, adj. (in-via), impassa- 
 ble, impenetrable. 
 
 in-voco, 1, to call upon, invoke, call 
 to one's assistance. 
 
 lolciacus, a, um, adj., of Iolchos, 
 lolchian. 
 
 Iole, Ss, f., d. of Eurytus, king of 
 Oechalia. 
 
 ipse, a, um, pron. (RR. i, pron. stem 
 3dpers. + pse, self, fr. pa-t, po-t, poti-s, 
 one who is able, master), he himself, in 
 person, the very one,' then with pro- 
 nouns of other persons, and all genders, 
 herself, itself, myself, thyself. 
 
 ira, ae, f . (R. ir, to be angry, injure), 
 anger, wrath, angry feeling, assault of 
 anger. 
 
 irascor, i, 3 (for R. see ira, ira-sc-i), 
 to be angry, get angry. 
 
 Iratus, a, um, adj, (ira, ira-tu-s), an- 
 gry, enraged. 
 
 Iris, is, f ., goddess of the rainbow, d. 
 of Thaumas, messenger of Juno. 
 
 ir-requietus, a, um, adj. (in, re, 
 quies, quietus), unquiet, restless. 
 
 ir-rideo, si, sum, 2, to laugh at, ridi- 
 cule, laugh to scorn. 
 
 irritamentum, i, n. (irrlto), an in- 
 citement. 
 
 irrito, 1 (R. ra, rai, to sound, ir-rl- 
 re, ir-rl-ta-re), to move to passion, to ex- 
 cite, incite, provoke, irritate. 
 
 irritus, a, um, adj. (in, ratus), not 
 determined, invalid, void, in vain, in- 
 effectual. 
 
 irr5ro, 1 (rOrO), to bedew, moisten, 
 sprinkle. 
 
 irrumpo, rupl, ruptum, 3 (in, rum- 
 pO), to break in or into, or upon. 
 
 Irus, I, m., name of a beggar in 
 Ithaca. 
 
 is, ea, id, demons, pron. (pron. stem 
 i), he, she, it, that, this ; such an one. 
 
ISMARIUS 
 
 JURO 
 
 279 
 
 Ismarius, a, um, adj., of Ismaros, a 
 mountain in Thrace, Ismarian ; Thra- 
 cian. 
 
 Ismenos, I, m., 1, a river in Boeotia, 
 near Thebes ; 2, son of Niobe. 
 
 Isse, Cs, f., d. of the Lesbian Maca- 
 reus. 
 
 iste, a, ud, fr. i, pron. stem + TA pron. 
 stem i-s (is-tu-s), is-te, is-ta, is-tu-d, 
 demonstr. pron., Mis, that (pointing to 
 the 2d pers.), that one of yours, that one 
 near you. 
 
 ita, adv., fr. i + ta, ita, so, thus, in 
 this icay. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. (fr. i, R. of eo, i- 
 
 tu-m, it-es, it-in-es, it-er, it-in-er-is), 
 a going, a way, journey, march, road, 
 street. 
 
 iter<5, 1 (for R. see itcrum), to do a 
 second time, repeat, reach again. 
 
 iterum, adv. (fr. pron. stem I (is), 
 with comparative as adv., ace. sing, n., 
 i-teru-m), the other, a second time, once 
 more, again. 
 
 lulus, I, m., son of Aeneas, also 
 called Ascanius. 
 
 Ixion, onis, m., king of the Lapithae 
 in Thessaly, punished in Tartarus by 
 being bound fast to an ever-revolving 
 wheel. 
 
 jaceo, uT, itum, 2 (for R. see jaciO), 
 (intrans. of jaciO, to be thrown, hence), 
 to lie down, recline, rest, lie in the grave, 
 lie in ruins. 
 
 jacio, jecl, jactum, 3 (R. ja, ja-k, to 
 go, cause to go), to throw, lay, throw 
 out (in speaking). 
 
 jactG, 1 (jacio), freq., to throw, hurl, 
 shake, throw out, fling out, boast. 
 
 j act fir a, ae, f., a throwing away, a 
 loss, damage. 
 
 j actus, us, m. (jaciO), a throiv, cast, 
 throw (of dice). 
 
 jaculatrix, Tcis, f.,she that throws, 
 shoots (of Diana), the huntress. 
 
 jaculor, dep., 1 (jaciO), to throw. 
 
 jaculum, I, n., a javelin. 
 
 jam, adv. (R. ja, pron. stem 3d pers., 
 jasmin, ja-m, locative), now, just now, 
 already ; only now. 
 
 jam-dudum, adv. (jam, du-dum, fr. 
 diu-dum, see dum), now fo?' some time, 
 some time ago, long since. 
 
 janua, ae, f . (R. ja, ja, to go), a pas- 
 sage-way, entrance, door, house-door. 
 
 jecur (jocur), jecoris, jecinoris, jo- 
 cinorie, n. (fr. jak-an), the liver. 
 
 jejunium, i, n. (jejflnus, etym. 
 unc), fasting, hunger. 
 
 juba, ae, f. (etym. unc), the mane of 
 a horse, Met. v, 403. 
 
 jubar, aris, n. (R. niv, dju, to shine, 
 ju-bar), brightness, radiance, of the sun, 
 of a star. 
 
 jubeo, jussl, jussum, 2 (R. ju, ju-g, 
 ju-dh, ju-b, to bind, make binding), to 
 order, bid, command. 
 
 judex, icis, m. (jus-dex, jus same 
 R. as jubeo, dex same as dlcO, which 
 see), a judge ; an umpire. 
 
 judicium, I, n. (judex), a judgment, 
 judicial sentence, decision. 
 
 jugalis, e, adj. (jugum, wh. see), of 
 a yoke ; of a marriage-union ; nuptial, 
 matrimonial. 
 
 jugerum, I (is), n. (same R. as ju- 
 gum), a piece of land, 240 feet long by 
 120 wide, a juger; acre (though much 
 smaller than the English acre). 
 
 jugulo, 1 (fr. jugulum, which has 
 same R. as jugum), to cut the throat, 
 slay, murder. 
 
 jugulum, I, n., the throat. 
 
 jugum, I, n. (same R. as jubeo, 
 wh. see), a yoke, collar ; a team ; span ; 
 the beam of a weavers loom ; a moun- 
 tain-ridge (or yoke), height. 
 
 junctura, ae, f ., a ligament. 
 
 j uncus, T, m., a rush, a bidrush. 
 
 jungo, nxl, nctum, 3 (R. ju, ju-g, 
 ju-n-g, to bind), to join, unite, yoke ; 
 unite in marriage, wed, marry. 
 
 Junonius, a, um, adj. (JunO), of 
 Juno, Junonian. 
 
 Juppiter, jovis, m. (R. div, dju, 
 djau, djav, to shine ; djov, Jov-i-s ; Ju- 
 piter (pater), then with doubling of con- 
 sonant, Ju-ppiter, father of light • but 
 Cic. in De Nat. D. II, 25, 64, derives 
 from juvo, "juvans pater " ; juva-re, 
 however, is fr. same R. div) ; Jupiter, 
 or Jove, Gr. Zev's, son of Saturn and 
 Rhea, chief god of the Romans. 
 
 jurO, 1 (R. ju, to bind, ju-s, ju-r-is, 
 
2S0 
 
 JUS 
 
 LANUGO 
 
 jflra-re), to swear, take an oath, swear 
 by some person or thing. 
 
 jus, jQris, n. (R. ju, to bind, ju-s, 
 that which binds), right, law, justice ; 
 duty ; justness; power, authority. 
 
 juste (Justus), justly, with right. 
 
 Justus, a, urn, adj. (jfis),just, right- 
 eous, rightful, true, lawful, equitable, 
 legitimate. 
 
 juven&lis, c, adj. (juvenis, and fr. 
 same R. as juvO), youthful, juvenile. 
 
 juvenaliter, adv. (juvenalis), youth- 
 fully, after manner of youth. 
 
 juvenca, ae, f . (juvencus, contr. fr. 
 
 juvenicus, fr. juvenis), a young cow, 
 heifer. 
 
 juvencus, I, m. (juvenis), a young 
 bullock, bullock. 
 
 juvenis, is, adj. and subst. (fr. same 
 R. as juvO), youthful, young, a youth, 
 a young man. 
 
 juventa, ae, f. (juvenis), youth, the 
 goddess of youth. 
 
 juventus, fltis, f. (juvenis), age of 
 youth ; youth, young persons. 
 
 juvo, javl, jutum, 1 (R. div, dju, 
 juv-), to help, aid, assist ; to delight, 
 please, rejoice. 
 
 labefacio, feci, factum, 3 (labo, fa- 
 cio), to cause to fall, shake, weaken. 
 
 labo, 1 (R. rab, to hang down, fall, 
 lab (labi), lab, laba-re), waver, totter, 
 give way. 
 
 labor, lapsus sum, dep., 3 (see labo), 
 to slide, slip, glide, fall, sink. 
 
 labor, Oris, m. (labos), (R. rabh, 
 rab, lab, to seize, undertake), effort to 
 reach anything, labor, exertion, trouble. 
 
 laboro, 1 (labor), to labor, take pains, 
 be in trouble. 
 
 lac, ctis, n. (R. galakt, glakt, lac), 
 milk ; milk of plants. 
 
 lacer, era, erum, adj. (R. var, to 
 draw, tear, var-k, vlak, lac-), torn, lace- 
 rated, lacerating. 
 
 lacerna, ae, f . (see lacer ; f r. lacinia, 
 apiece of cloth), a mantle worn over the 
 toga, as a dress-robe, or worn on jour- 
 neys, or in wet or cold weather. 
 
 lacero, 1 (lacer), to lacerate, mangle ; 
 to distress, trouble. 
 
 lacerta, ae, f ., a lizard. 
 
 lacertosus, a, urn, adj. (lacertus), 
 muscular, powerful. 
 
 lacertus, I, m. (R. lak, to bend), 
 the upper arm, from the elbow to the 
 shoulder ; the arm ; lacerti, the claws 
 of the scorpion ; the arm of a river. 
 
 lacesso, IvT, Itum, 3 (laciO, R. lac, 
 to allure), to excite, provoke, attack. 
 
 lacrima, ae, f . (R. dak = lac, to 
 bite, Gr. Sdicpv), a tear. 
 
 lacrimo, 1 (lacrima), to shed tears, 
 weep. 
 
 lacrimosus, a, urn, adj. (lacrima), 
 tearful, full of tears ; lamentable. 
 
 lacto, 1 (lac), to give milk. 
 
 lacus, us, m. (R. lac, to bend ; hol- 
 low), a hollowing out, deepening ; a 
 basin, vessel, tank ; a cooling-trough. 
 Met. ix, 171 ; a lake ; pool. 
 
 laedo, si, sum, 3 (R. sridh, to in- 
 jure, slidh, lid, laid, laed-ere), to hurt, 
 injure, wound ; to trouble, annoy, grieve. 
 
 laetabilis, c, adj. (laetus), joyful, 
 glad. 
 
 laetor, dep., 1 (laetus), to rejoice, be 
 glad. 
 
 laetus, a, um, adj. (R. pri, to rejoice, 
 prai, plai, plae, lae-), joyful, glad,pleaS' 
 ing, delightful, laetitia, ae, f.,joy. 
 
 laevus, a, um, adj., laiva, laivo, left; 
 subst. (manus understood), left hand. 
 
 lambo, mbl, bitum, 3 (R. lap, to 
 lick, lab, la-m-b-), to lap, lick ; reach. 
 
 lamina, ae, f., a thin plate, especial- 
 ly of metal ; also of wood or marble. 
 
 L.ampetie, 6s, f., one of the Helia- 
 des ; Met. ii, 349. 
 
 laria, ae, f. (R. lac, to bend, lac-na, 
 15-na), wool. 
 
 lancea, ae, f. (R. lanka), a lance. 
 
 langueo, Gre (R. lag, to be soft, 
 la-n-g), to be faint, inactive, languid. 
 
 languor, Oris, m. (langueO), faint- 
 ness, languor. 
 
 lanificus, a, um, adj. (lana-faciO), 
 'that works in wool, of ivool-working. 
 
 laniger, gera, gerum, adj. (lana- 
 gerO), toool-bearing, fleecy. 
 
 lanio, 1 (R. same as lacer), to rend 
 in pieces, lacerate, to tear. 
 
 lanugo, inis (lana), f., down of the 
 beard. 
 
LAOMEDON 
 
 LETIFER 
 
 281 
 
 IAomedon, ontis, m., king of Troy, 
 son of II us, father of Priam. / 
 
 lapidosus, a, urn, adj. (lapis), st6n^f. 
 
 lapillus, I, m. (lapis), a little stone. 
 
 lapis, idis, m. (B. lap, to peel), a 
 (hare) rock. 
 
 lapsus, As, m. (labor), a falling, fall. 
 
 laqueus, I, m. (B. same as laciO, 
 lac, to allure), a noose, snare. 
 
 la*, laris, m. (B. ra, la-la-s, la-r, to 
 stop, rest), originally a place of rest, 
 house, home ; then the deity of the 
 household, tutelary deity. 
 
 largus, a, um, adj. (etym. nnc, 
 perhaps from same B. as lasclvus), 
 abundant, rich, large. 
 
 lasclvus, a, um, adj. (B. same as 
 lar), playful, sportive. 
 
 lasso, 1 (lassus), to weary, fatigue, 
 tire. 
 
 lassus, a, um, adj. (etym.imc), weary, 
 tired. 
 
 late, adv. (latus), widely, broadly, to 
 a great extent. 
 
 latebra, ae, f . (lateO), a hiding-place, 
 retreat. 
 
 lateo, uT, 2 (B. radh, to forsake, 
 ladh, lat-), to be hidden, hide one's self. 
 
 lat i to, 1, reg., to hide. 
 
 JLatlnus, a, um, adj., Latin. 
 
 Latius, a, um, adj., of Latium, 
 Latin. 
 
 Latona, ae, f ., d. of the Titan Coeus 
 and Phebe, mother of Apollo and 
 Diana. 
 
 LatSnigena, ae, comm. in pi., 
 children of Latona, Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Latous, T, m., son of Latona, Apollo. 
 
 latro, 1 (B. ra, to sound, ra-t, lat, 
 latra-re), to bark. 
 
 latro, Onis, m. (B. lu, to win, plun- 
 der, lau, lav, la-tr-o), a robber. 
 
 latus, a, um, adj. (B. star, to 
 strew, spread, stra, stla, la-tu-s), out- 
 spread, broad, wide, extended. 
 
 latus, eris, n. (B. prat, to broaden, 
 plat, lat-), breadth, the side, flank, of 
 animals, men, things. 
 
 laudo, 1 (laus), to praise, count hap- 
 py- 
 
 laurea, ae, f. (laurus), laurel-tree. 
 
 laurus, tis, m. (B. du, to burn, dau-, 
 lau-ro), laurel-tree, laurel, c?vwn, vic- 
 tory. 
 
 laus, dis, f. (B. kru, to hear, sound, 
 klu, clu- (clu-ere), lau-s), praise, renown, 
 fame ; words, deeds, of fame. 
 
 Iav5, lavl, lotum, lautum, lavAtum, 1 
 (B. lu, to wash, luv, lau, lav), to wash, 
 bathe. 
 
 lea, ae, f . (leO), a lioness. 
 
 leaena, ae, f . (Ae'cu^a), a lioness. 
 
 Lebinthus, or os, I, f., one of the 
 Sporadic isles, S. W. of Asia Minor. 
 
 lectus, I, m. (B. lagh, to lie down, 
 leg, lec-tu-s), a couch, bed ; a bier ; by 
 meton., marriage. 
 
 Leda, ae, f., d. of Thestius, wife of 
 Tyndareus, mother of Castor and Pol- 
 lux. 
 
 lego, leg!, lectum, 3 (B. rag, to 
 gather, read, lag, leg), to gather, collect, 
 read ; choose. 
 
 Lelex, egis, m., one of the Calydoni- 
 an hunters of Naryx, in Locris. 
 
 lena, ae, f . (lenO, B. lag, to be soft, 
 leg, leg-na, lSna), a bawd, procuress. 
 
 Lenaeus, a, um, adj. (kr^voi), a name 
 of Bacchus. 
 
 lenimen, inis, n. (leniO), a soothing 
 remedy, a solace. 
 
 lenis, e, adj. (B. lana, soft, lGni-s), 
 mild, soft, gentle. 
 
 lente, adv., slowly. 
 
 lentus, a, um, adj. (same B. as 
 Ignis; lan-ta, len-tu-s), pliant, soft, 
 tough ; insensible, sluggish, slow. 
 
 Leo, Onis, m. (R. liv, to be grayish- 
 yellow, laiv-an, le-o(n)), a lion ; the 
 Lion in the zodiac. 
 
 lepus, oris, m. (R. lap, to be bright, 
 light, lep-us, the light, the gray), a 
 hare. 
 
 Lerna, ae, f., a marsh in Argolis. 
 
 Lesbos, or As, I, f., an island in the 
 Aegean. 
 
 Lesbius, a, um, adj., of Lesbos, Les- 
 bian. 
 
 IS talis, e, adj. (lgtum), deadly. 
 
 Lethaea, ae, f., wife of Olenos ; 
 changed into stone on Mt. Ida. 
 
 Lethaeus, a, um, adj. (LethC), of 
 Lethe, Lethean. 
 
 LethS, 68, f. (same B. as lateO, Gr. 
 \r)9y)),forgetfulness, oblivion ; name of 
 a river in the lower world. 
 
 letifer, era, crum, adj., death-bring- 
 ing, deadly. 
 
282 
 
 LETO 
 
 LITUS 
 
 leto, 1 (letum), to put to death. 
 
 letum, I, n. (B. ri, to let run, dis- 
 solve, li, lS-tu-m), death, ruin. 
 
 levis, e, adj. (B. ragh, to run, 
 lagu-i, legu-i, legv-i, levi-s), light. 
 
 levis, e, adj., smooth. 
 
 levitas, 5tis, f . (levis), lightness. 
 
 leviter, adv., lightly. 
 
 levo, 1 (same B. as levis), to make 
 light, lighten, relieve, lift up, soften, 
 moderate. 
 
 lex, legis, f . (same B. as lectus, leg, 
 leg-s, lex, what is laid down), a law, 
 rule, order, decision, condition. 
 
 liber, HbrT, m. (B. lap, to peel, lib, 
 lib-ro, lib-er), the bark of a tree. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj. (B. lubh, to 
 desire, please, libh, lib, loub, loib, loeb, 
 lib-er), free, frank, open. 
 
 Liber, erl, m. (B. ri, to let run, pour, 
 lib, lib-er), originally an Italian deity, 
 who presided over all that is fruitful ; 
 then the name transferred to the Gr. 
 Bacchus. 
 
 Hbero, 1 (liber, free), to free, libe- 
 rate. 
 
 libertas, atis, f. (liber), liberty , free- 
 dom. 
 
 libet, uit, impers. v. (fr. same B. as 
 liber, free), it pleases, is agreeable ; 
 with mihi, Hike. 
 
 libo, 1 (same B. as Liber, Bacchus), 
 to draw, pour out, to make a libation ; 
 figuratively, to touch lightly, skim. 
 
 libro, 1 (B. kri, to lean, bend, cli, 
 cle-bra, li-bra, libra-re), to balance, 
 iveigh, poise, siving. 
 
 libum, I, n. (B. kar, to cook, mix, 
 kri, cli-, cli-bu-m, li-bu-m), a cake, pan- 
 cake. 
 
 L.ibycus, a, um, adj., Libyan. 
 
 Iiibye, es, f., Libya; Africa. 
 
 licentia, ae, f. (fr. licere), freedom, 
 license. 
 
 licet, uit, licitum est, 2, imp. v. (B. 
 rik, to let, let go, ric, lie, lic-ere, it is for 
 sale, it is free), it is allowed, permitted, 
 one may (or) can. 
 
 Licbas, ae, m., servant of Hercules. 
 
 lignosus, a, um, adj. (lignum), 
 tvoody, of wood. 
 
 lignum, I, n. (B. rag, to gather, leg, 
 lig, lig-nu-m, what is gathered), wood, 
 timber. 
 
 ligo, 1 (B. varg, to press, confine, 
 valg, vilg, vlig, lig, liga-re), to bind, bind 
 fast. 
 
 ligo, Onis, m. (B. laghan, ligon), a 
 spade. 
 
 figures, um, the Ligurians, a people 
 in northern Italy. 
 
 lilium, I, n. (Gr. \eipiov). a lily. 
 
 Lilybaeon, I, n., the western prom- 
 ontory of Sicily. 
 
 limbus, I, m. (B. rab, to hang 
 down, lamb, limb-), a border, edge, 
 fringe. 
 
 Hmen, inis, n. (same B. as limes), a 
 threshold ; entrance, door, house. 
 
 limes, itis, m. (B. lak, to bend, turn, 
 lie, lic-mit, limes), a cross-path, path, 
 limit, boundary. 
 
 limosus, a, um, adj. (limus), slimy, 
 muddy. 
 
 limus, I, m. (B. ri, to let run, pour, 
 li, li-mu-s), slime, mud. 
 
 lingua, ae, f . (B. dangua, dingna, 
 lingua, tongue), speech, language, utter- 
 ance ; tongue of land ; anther of a lily, 
 Met. X, 191. 
 
 linter, tris, f. (B. pru, to swim, 
 float, plu, plun, lun-, lin-ter), a trough, 
 vat ; a boat, skiff. 
 
 linteum, I, n. (linum), a linen cloth; 
 a sail. 
 
 linum, I, n. (B. linum, flax), linen. 
 
 liquefacio, feci, factum, 3, to make 
 liquid, to dissolve, melt. 
 
 liqueo, liqul, 2 (B. ri, to pour out, 
 li, lie, liqu-), to be liquid or fluid ; to be 
 clear, distinct. 
 
 liquesco, licul, 3 (liqueo), to become 
 liquid. 
 
 liquid us, a, um, adj. (liqueo), fluid, 
 liquid ; bright, clear. 
 
 liquor, oris, m. (Y\qne6), fluidity ; a 
 fluid, liquid (clear) water. 
 
 liquor, liqul (liquet)), to be fluid, 
 liquid ; to dissolve, disappear. 
 
 lis, litis, f . (B. star, to disturb, stir, 
 stri, strei-ti, stlei-ti, stli-ti, li-s), a dis- 
 pute, quarrel ; lawsuit. 
 
 llttera, ae, f. (B. ri, to pour, spread 
 over, 11, li-ttera), (what is spread over, 
 marked), a letter (of the alphabet), a 
 mark or sign ; collect., writing ; an in- 
 scription (as writing on a tomb). 
 
 litus, oris, n. (fr. same B. as littera), 
 
LIVEO 
 
 LYCORMAS 283 
 
 something marked out, a shore, beach, 
 shut ikI. 
 
 Ilve5, Cre (fr. same R. as leo), to be 
 lead-colored, bluish, livid ; to envy. 
 
 llvor, Oris, m. (liveO), a leaden color, 
 taint, spot ; envy. 
 
 loco, 1 (locus), to place, put, set. 
 
 locus, I, m. (R, star, to strew, cover, 
 stark, stra-k, stlo-c, lo-c-u-s), a place, 
 spot, situation ; space ; room ; social 
 position. 
 
 lolium, I, n., darnel, tares. 
 
 longe, adv. (longus), long, in length, 
 far ; for a long period. 
 
 longus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), 
 long ; tail ; vast ; long-continuing. 
 
 loquax, acis, adj. (loquor), loqua- 
 cious, talkative. 
 
 loquor, locfltus sum, dep. v., 3 (R. 
 ra, to sound, ra-k, lak, loqu-), to talk, 
 speak, say, mention, relate, declare. 
 
 lorica, ae, f. (lorum), a leather 
 cuirass, coat of mail. 
 
 lorum, i, n. (R. var, to wind, turn, 
 val, vol, vlo, lo-ru-m), a thong, strap, 
 reins, bridle. 
 
 lotos, I, f., lotus-tree. 
 
 liibricus, a, um, adj. (R. gla, to be 
 slippery, glu, glu-b, lu-br-o, lu-bri-cu-s), 
 slippery. 
 
 luceo, x, 2 (for R. sec lflx), to shine, 
 gleam. 
 
 lucidus, a, um, adj. (lflx), bright, 
 shining, clear. 
 
 Lucifer, erl, m. (lflx, fero), light- 
 bringing, the morning-star. 
 
 Liicretia, ae, f., the wife of Calla- 
 tinus ; Fasti, II, 741. 
 
 Lucretius, I, m., the poet, T. Lucre- 
 tius Carus, author of the poem "De 
 rerum natura "; Am. I, 15, 23. 
 
 lucrum, I, n. (R. lu, to win, gain, 
 lou, lu, lu-cru-m), gain, lucre. 
 
 luctor, art, 1, v. d. (R. ru, ru-g, to 
 break, bend, lug, luc-tari), to wrestle, 
 struggle, take pains. 
 
 luctus, tls, m. (lflgeO), mourning, 
 sorrow, distress, grief. 
 
 lucus, T, m. (lnx), the shining as in 
 an open place in a wood, a grove, sacred 
 to some deity, a wood. 
 
 ludo, sT, sum, 3 (R. krid, to play, 
 crid, croid, cloid, loid, lfld), to play, 
 sport, mock, play off, foil, parry. 
 
 lfulus, T, m. (Ifldo), a game, sport, 
 play ; in pi., public games, sports. 
 
 lugeS, xl. 2 (from same R. as luctor), 
 to mourn, gHeve, bewail ; be in mourn- 
 ing. 
 
 lugubris, e, adj. (lugeO, fero, luge- 
 ferO, lugu-ferO, lug-u-bri-s), belonging 
 to mourning, mournful, sad. 
 
 lumen, inis, n. (lflx), a light, light, 
 ray of light, light of the eyes ; by me- 
 ton., the eye ; light of life. 
 
 Luna, ae, f . (R. ruk, to shine, luc, 
 louc, lflc, luc-na, luna), the moon ; the 
 goddess of the moon, Diana. 
 
 luo, lul, latum, 3 (R. lu, to loose, lu, 
 lu-e-re), to wash, loose ; atone for, expi- 
 ate. 
 
 lupa, ae, f. (lupus), a she-wolf. 
 
 Lupercus, I, m. (RR. ark (and see 
 lupus), to keep off (arc-e-re)), (one that 
 keeps off wolves), the Roman name of 
 Pan, a priest of Pan. 
 
 lupus, T, m. (R. var, to tear, var-k, 
 vlak, vluk, lup-u-s), a wolf. 
 
 luridus, a, um, adj. (R. ghar, to be 
 green or yellow, ghvar, var, lfl-ri-dus), 
 pale yellow, pale, lurid. 
 
 lusor, Oris, m. (Ifldo), one who plays, 
 a player ; a playful writer, Trist. IV, 
 10,1. 
 
 lustro, 1 (lflstrum), to purify by an 
 offering ; to go around (as the priest, in 
 sacrifice, went around the object sac- 
 rificed), to traverse ; to review (mili- 
 tary). 
 
 lustrum, I, n. (R. lu, to wash), a 
 marsh, morass, bog. 
 
 lusus, fls, m. (Ifldo), playing, sport. 
 
 lutulentus, a, um, adj. (lutum, fr. 
 lu, to wash), muddy, slimy. 
 
 lux, lflcis, f . (R. ruk, to shine, Ink, 
 luc, louk, lflc, luc-s, lflx), light, day- 
 light, day, light of the eye ; life. 
 
 luxurio, 1 (R. rik, to let go, give 
 up, lflc, luc-tu-s, luxus, luxur-ia.luxuria- 
 re), to be rank, luxuriant, to swell, 
 shine. 
 
 Lyaeus, a, um, adj. (Avaios), one 
 that loosens, frees ; epithet of Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 Lycia, ae, f ., a district in southern 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Lycius, a, um, adj. (Lycia), a Ly- 
 cian. 
 
284 
 
 LYCORIS 
 
 MANO 
 
 Lycormas, ae, m., a river in Aetolia. 
 
 Iiycoris, idis, f. (also called Cythere), 
 a freedwoman, mistress of Cornelius 
 Gallus, Am. I, 15, 30. 
 
 Lydia, ae, f., a district in western 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Lydus, a, um (Lydia), Lydian. 
 
 lympha, ae, f. (R. lap, to shine, 
 lamp, lump, limp, lymph-a), clear water, 
 spring-water. 
 
 lymphatus, a, um, adj. (lympho, 
 lympha), frenzied. 
 
 lyra, ae, f. (Avpa), a lute, lyre ; a 
 strain, tune. 
 
 M 
 
 Macareis, idis, f., daughter of the 
 Lesbian Macareus. 
 
 Macer, Aemilius, name of a poet ; 
 Tr. IV, 10, 44. 
 
 macies, 6T, f . (R. smak, smik, to be 
 small, mac, macia-re, macie-s), leanness, 
 meagerness. 
 
 macula, ae, f. (R. sma, to rw&, 
 smear, ma, mac-), a stain, spot. 
 
 madefacio, feci, factum, 3 (madeo, 
 facio), to make wet, moisten. 
 
 madeo, uT, 2 (R. mad, to swell, drop, 
 drip, mad-ere), to be wet, moist. 
 
 madesco, ul, 3 (madeO), to grow wet, 
 moist. 
 
 madidus, a, um, adj. (madeO), wet, 
 moist. 
 
 Maeandros, I, m., river in western 
 Asia Minor. 
 
 Maeonia, ae, f., an old name of 
 Lydia. 
 
 Maeonis, idis, f., the Maeonian, 
 Arachne. 
 
 Maeonius, a, um, adj., Maeonian. 
 
 maereo, ere (R. mi, to injure, dis- 
 turb, mi-s, mais, maer-ere), to mourn, 
 lament, be sad. 
 
 maestus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 maereO), mournful, full of sorrow. 
 
 magis, adv. (R. mak, mag, to be 
 great ; comp. (mag-ius), mag-is), more, 
 rather, in greater degree. 
 
 magister, trl (same R. as magis) ; 
 double comp., magis-ter, the higher, 
 greater, master, teacher. 
 
 magistra, ae, f . (magis), a directress, 
 school-mistress. 
 
 m agnan imus, a, um, adj. (mSgnus, 
 animus), great-sovled, magnanimous. 
 
 magnus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 magis), great ; major, greater (in age), 
 older, maximus, greatest (in age), oldest; 
 great (of persons), powerful, famous. 
 
 male, adv. (malus), ill, badly. 
 
 maledico, xT, ctum, 3 (male, dlco), 
 to speak ill, slander. 
 
 mallgnus, a, um, adj. (maligenus, 
 fr. male and g(e)n-o, fr. gen, gan, see 
 gigno), of an evil disj)osition, ill-dis- 
 posed, malignant. 
 
 malu, maluT, malle (magis-volo), to 
 have rather, prefer. 
 
 malum, T, n. (R. malo), an apple. 
 
 malus, a, um, adj. (R. "mar, mal, 
 to rub, rub to pieces, grind = soil, 
 blacken," Yanicek), hateful, ugly, de- 
 structive, bad, evil; unfortunate; subst., 
 malum, T, n., anything evil or hurtful, 
 evil, mischief, harm, suffering, misfor- 
 tune. 
 
 maiulo, 1 (manus, do, both wh. see), 
 to give in hand, charge, commend, en- 
 joy, instimct ; subst., mandatum, I, n., 
 direction, commission, instruction, or- 
 der. 
 
 man do, dT, sum, 3 (R. mad. to sir ell, 
 drip, moisten, man-d-0), to cheiv, eat, 
 bite. 
 
 mane, adv. (R. ma, to measure, ma, 
 ma-tu, time, matu-ru-s, timely, mane), 
 early, in good season, at early morn- 
 ing. 
 
 maneo, nsl, nsum, 2 (R. ma, ma-n, 
 to think, man-Sre (like Gr. /uteV-w), to 
 bethink one^s self, to stop, wait, stay, 
 remain ; await, wait for. 
 
 manes, ium, m. (same R. as mtlne, 
 ma, to measure, form, manus, an (old) 
 adj., conformable, good ; mfines, the 
 souls of the good), the souls of the 
 departed, the manes ; the deities of the 
 lower world ; the lower world. 
 
 manifestus, a, um, adj. (manus and 
 festus, fr. R. dhan-d, to strike, seize, 
 fend-, f end-tu-s, f ensu-s, manu- = mani- 
 festus, seized ivith the hand), manifest, 
 palpable, plain, evident. 
 
 mn.no, 1 (same R. as madeO, mad, to 
 
MANTO 
 
 MEMOR 
 
 285 
 
 drip, mad-Ore (mad-nu-s), mS-na-re), to 
 Jloiv, run, drop, trickle. 
 
 Man to, fls, f., a Theban prophetess, 
 d. of Tiresias. 
 
 manus, fls, f. (B. ma, to measure, 
 form, ma, ma-nus, that which measures, 
 forms), the hand ; (hand- fight), box- 
 ing ; ultima manus, the last touch. 
 
 marcidus, a, um, adj., withered. 
 
 mare, is, n. (B. mar, to rub, grind, 
 ruin, die, mar-e, Vanicek, II, 708 ; but 
 others, as Curtius and Corssen, refer it, 
 and better, in meaning, to B. mar, to 
 shine, sparkle), the sea (as opposed to 
 the land), a sea ; sea-tvater. 
 
 margo, inis, m. (B. marg, to touch, 
 graze), a brink, edge, border, margin. 
 
 marltus, I, m. (for B. see mas, 
 male), a married man, husband. 
 
 marmor, oris, n. (same B. as mare, 
 mar, to shine, mar + mar, mar-mor), 
 marble, a marble, marble statue. 
 
 in armor eus, a, um, adj. (marmor), 
 of marble, like marble, marble-white. 
 
 Mars, rtis, m. (same (B. as mar- 
 mor ; the splendor-bringing god ; also 
 Mar-mar, Mamers), son of Jupiter and 
 Juno, god of war; by meton., war, 
 battle. 
 
 Marsya (or -as), ae, m. (fr. the Gr.), 
 the name of a Satyr ; Metam. VI, 382- 
 400. 
 
 Martius, a, um, adj. (Mars), of 
 Mars, warlike, martial. 
 
 mas, maris, m. (B. ma, ma-n, to 
 think, man-s, ma-s, Eng. man), male, 
 masculine, manly, man. 
 
 massa, ae, f. (B. mak, to knead, 
 mac, fr. Gr. /xa£a, dough), a lump, mass, 
 mass of gold, of marble, of milk ; used 
 of Chaos, Metam .1. 70, 
 
 mater, tris, f . (B. ma, to measure, 
 to form, ma-ter, like genetrix in mean- 
 ing), a mother, of men, of animals ; also 
 used of the earth, as producing all 
 things ; of fountains, as the source of 
 waters ; of Cybele, as the mother of the 
 gods. 
 
 materia, ae, and materiSs, Ci, f . (fr. 
 same B. as mater, as that of which any- 
 thing is formed), matter, materials, 
 stuff; object. 
 
 mater nus, a, um, adj. (mater), of a 
 mother, maternal, motherly. 
 
 matrona, ae, f . (mater), a married 
 woman, wife, matron. 
 
 matiiresco, tflrul (matflrus), v. inch., 
 to grow ripe, ripen. 
 
 maturus, a, um, adj., ripe. 
 
 matutlnus, a, um, adj. (fr. same 
 B. as matflrus, mane, and Matfl-ta, the 
 goddess of the morning), of the morn- 
 ing, morning. 
 
 Mavors, ortis, m. (BB. magii, mah, 
 to cut (Gr. fjiax-i?), and vor-t-ere, vertere, 
 the battle-turner), an old name of Mars ; 
 by meton., war, battle. 
 
 Medea, ae, f. (Mijficia, wise woman, 
 fr. B. ma), Medea. 
 
 medeor, 5ri, v. dep. (B. ma, to think, 
 ma-dh, to learn, to be wise, Gr. fiaOe, 
 mede-ri), to help, heal, cure. 
 
 medicamen, inis, n. (medicor, me- 
 deor), a remedy, a drug, means of sor- 
 cery. 
 
 medicina, ae, f. (medicor), medi- 
 cine; art of healing . 
 
 mediocris, e, adj. (medius), mid- 
 dling, moderate, ordinary. 
 
 meditor, 1 (v. dep., fr. same B. as 
 medeor, which see), to think of, reflect 
 upon, meditate. 
 
 medius, a, um, adj. (B. madhja, 
 the middle), that is in the midst or the 
 middle, middle; subst., medium, t/ie 
 middle ; tlie midst of all, the public. 
 
 medulla, ae, f. (medius), the (mid- 
 dle) or interior of bones, or of plants, 
 marrow, pith. 
 
 Medusaeus, a, um, adj., of Medusa 
 (one of the Gorgons), Medusan. 
 
 Megareius, a, um, adj., of Mega- 
 reus (Hippomenes), Megareian. 
 
 mel, mellis, n., 1 (B. mar, to rub, 
 mal, to be soft), honey. 
 
 Melanth5, fls, d. of Deucalion. 
 
 Melas, anis, m., a river in Thrace. 
 
 membrum, I, n. (B. ma, mi, to les- 
 sen, mi-n, mi-nu, min-bro, mem-bru-m), 
 (a small thing), a limb, member, part, 
 of animals, then of things generally. 
 
 meminl, isse (same B. as mCns, \vh. 
 see), to bear in mind, remember. 
 
 Memnon, onis, m., son of Tithonus 
 and Aurora. 
 
 memor, oris, adj. (B. smar, to mark, 
 think, mar, mor, me-mor-ia, memor), 
 mindful, remembering. 
 
286 
 
 MEMORO 
 
 MINUO 
 
 memoro, 1 (same K. as memor), to 
 bring to remembrance, commemorate, 
 to speak, remark. 
 
 Menandros, or-er, I, m. ; see note 
 on Amores, I, 15, 18. 
 
 mendacium, I, n. (mendax), a lie. 
 
 mend&x, acis, adj. (same K. as 
 mSns, men-ti-ri, mendax), lying, menda- 
 cious, false, hypocritical. 
 
 mens, ntis, f . (B. ma, to think, ma-n, 
 men, men-ti, mens), the mind, disposi- 
 tion, soul, heart, feeling, sentiment ; 
 thought, reason, presence of mind ; pur- 
 pose. 
 
 mensa, ae, f. (R. ma, to measure, 
 form, ma, ma-n, men-sa), something 
 measured off, a table ; by meton., a 
 meal, feast, course. 
 
 mensis, is, m. (same B. as mensa), 
 me-n-s-I-s, measure of time, a month, 
 
 mensor, Oris, m., a measurer. 
 
 mensura, ae, f . (same K. as mensa), 
 a measure. 
 
 menta, ae, f . (B. mat, to turn), mint 
 (the plant so called). 
 
 mentior, 4, v. dep. (see mendax), to 
 lie, deceive, impose upon. 
 
 mentum, T, n. (B. man, to jut, pro- 
 ject, men, men-tu-m), the chin. 
 
 Mercurius, T, m. (merx, it. B. smar, 
 mer, mer-ere), Gr. Hermes, son of Jupi- 
 ter and Maia, Mercury. 
 
 mereo, 2 (B. smar, mer, to mark, 
 share), to merit, deserve, earn, get. 
 
 meretrlx, Icis, f. (mereO), one that 
 earns money, a harlot. 
 
 mergo, sT, sum, 3 (B. masg, merg-, 
 to sink), to dip, plunge, sink, im- 
 merse. 
 
 mergus, I, m. (mergo), a diver, name 
 of a water-fowl. 
 
 meritum, I, n. (mereO), a service, 
 benefit ; reward. 
 
 merits, adv. (mereO), deservedly, 
 justly. 
 
 Merops, opis, m., king of Aethiopia. 
 
 inerus, a, urn, adj. (B. mar, to shine), 
 mer, mer-u-s, bright, clear, pure, un- 
 mixed, mere. 
 
 merum, T, n. (merus), unmixed 
 wine; wine. 
 
 messis, is, f . (metO), the harvest. 
 
 meta, ae, f. (B. mi, to sink in the 
 earth, set up), mai-ta, meta, the conical 
 
 pillar set up at either end of the spina 
 of the race-course, the mark, goal; 
 limit, boundary. 
 
 Methymnaeus, a, um, adj., of Me- 
 thymna, Methymnean. 
 
 metior, me"nsus sum, 4, v. dep. (B. 
 ma, to measure, me, m5-ti, me-tl-rl), to 
 measure, to pass over, traverse. 
 
 metuo, ul, 3 (metus), to fear, be in 
 fear of, revere ; part., metuendus, a, 
 um, fearful; metuens, fearing. 
 
 metus, us, m. (B. ma, to think, me, 
 me-tu-s),/<?ar, dread, apprehension; by 
 meton., what creates fear, a terror. 
 
 meus, a, um, adj. (pron. stem, 1st 
 pers., ma, me), mine, my own. 
 
 mic5, ul, 1 (etym. unc), to quiver, 
 glitter, flash forth. 
 
 Midas, ae, m., a Phrygian king, son 
 of Cybele. 
 
 miles, itis, m. (B. mil, to join, come 
 together, meile-t, meile-s, miles), soldier, 
 warrior ; (collective) soldiery. 
 
 militia, ae, f. (miles), military ser- 
 vice, war. 
 
 mille, num. adj. (B. mil, as of 
 miles), a thousand ; subs, plural, milia, 
 thousands. 
 
 Mimas, antis, m., a promontory in 
 Ionia. 
 
 minae, arum, f. (B. man, to put 
 forth, project, min), threats, menaces. 
 
 minax, acis, adj. (minae), threaten- 
 ing, menacing. 
 
 Minerva, ae, f. (B. ma, to think, 
 men, min, Min-er-va), the goddess of 
 wisdom, d. of Jupiter, Minerva. 
 
 minister, strl, m. (B. ma, mi, to 
 minish, diminish, mi-n, mi-nu, (min- 
 or, min-us, less), min-ius-tro, double 
 comp. suff., min-is-ter), the lesser, ser- 
 vant, subordinate, minister. 
 
 ministerium, I, n. (minister), ser- 
 vice, ministry. 
 
 ministra, ae, f. (minister), a servant. 
 
 ministro, 1, to serve, wait upon, 
 hand. 
 
 minitor, 1, v. dep. (minae), to threat- 
 en. 
 
 minor, 1, v. dep. (minae), to threaten. 
 
 Minos, Ois, m., son of Jupiter and 
 Europa. 
 
 minuo, ul, 3 (same B. as minister), 
 to diminish, impair, weaken. 
 
MINUS 
 
 MORDEO 
 
 287 
 
 minus, adv. (see minister for B.), 
 less. 
 
 Minyae, 5rum, m., the Minyans, so 
 called from Minyas, a king in Thessaly. 
 
 mirabilis, e, adj. (mlror), wonder- 
 ful, admirable. 
 
 miraculum, I, n. (mlror), a wonder- 
 ful thing, marvel, miracle. 
 
 mlror, 1, v. dep. (for K. see mlrus), 
 to wonder at, admire. 
 
 mlrus, a, um, adj. (B. smi, to laugh, 
 wonder, smai-ro, smi-ro, mi-ru-s), won- 
 derful, strange, marvellous. 
 
 misceo, ul, mixtum, mistum, 2 (B. 
 mik, to mix, mic-sc-, mi-sc-ere), to mix, 
 mingle, unite. 
 
 miser, era, um, adj. (B. mi, to dis- 
 turb, mis, mis-er), miserable, wretched, 
 unhappy. 
 
 miserabilis, e, adj. (miser), miser- 
 able, pitiable. 
 
 misereor, itus, sum, v. dep., 1 (mi- 
 ser), to pity. 
 
 miseror, v. dep., 1 (miser), to lament, 
 bewail. 
 
 mltis, e, adj. (etym. unc.), mild, 
 gentle, friendly. 
 
 mitto, mlsl, missum, 3 (B. mat, to 
 turn, set in motion, mit, mit-t-ere), to 
 send, let go, throw, hurl. 
 
 Mnemosyne, es, f., mother of the 
 nine Muses. 
 
 moderamen, inis, n. (modus), a 
 means, of ruling, of guiding ; direction, 
 management. 
 
 moderate, adv. (modus), with mod- 
 eration, moderately. 
 
 moderator, Oris, m. (modus), one 
 who directs, manager, ruler, governor. 
 
 moderatus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (modus), moderated, governed ; mod- 
 erate. 
 
 moderor, 1, v. dep. (modus), to mod- 
 erate, direct, govern, rule. 
 
 modestus, a, um, adj. (modus), 
 modest, kind. 
 
 modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), mod- 
 erate, measured. 
 
 modo, adv. (modus), only, if only ; 
 just now ; now— now. 
 
 modulor, 1, v. dep. (modus), to sing 
 and play with due measure, to modulate, 
 tune. 
 
 modus, T, m. (B. ma, to measure, 
 
 mo, mod-), measure ; melody, harmo- 
 ny, tune ; way, manner. 
 
 moenia, ium, n. pi. (B. mu, to bind, 
 make firm, mun-, moe-ni, old sing., 
 moe-ne, moe-ni-a), walls, defenses, forti- 
 fications ; by meton., a city, town. 
 
 molaris, e, m. (fr. mola, B. mar, to 
 rub, crush, mal, mol, mol-a), of a mill, 
 a millstone, stone. 
 
 moles, is, m. (B. mak, makh, mag, 
 magh, mah, to be great, mah-li, mo-li, 
 mo-le-s), a great mass, weight ; a mas- 
 sive building, pile ; a dam, pier, mole ; 
 fig., labor, trouble. 
 
 molimen, inis, n. (molior), a great 
 effort, exertion. 
 
 molior, 4, v. dep. (B. same as mole's), 
 to set in motion something heavy, to 
 hurl, to exert one's self, strive, toil. 
 
 mollis, 4 (mollis), to make soft, soft- 
 en, tame, check. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. (B. mar, to rub, make 
 soft, mal, mal-d, moll-), soft, mild; 
 weak. 
 
 moneo, uT, itum, 2 (B. ma, ma-n, 
 men, mon-, mon-ere, causal of men), to 
 remind, admonish, advise, warn. 
 
 monimentum, I, n. (moneO), a 
 monument, memorial. 
 
 monitum, I, n., an admonition, ad- 
 vice, counsel. 
 
 monitus, Us, m., a reminding, 
 warning, admonition. 
 
 mons, tis, m. (B. man, to project, 
 jut out, men, min, mon, mon-s), a 
 mountain, range of mountains ; by 
 meton., the god of a mountain. 
 
 mon strum, I, n. (same B. as moneO, 
 mOn-s-tru-m = quod nos monet), an evil 
 omen, portent ; a wonder, marvel ; a 
 monster. 
 
 m on t anus, a, um, adj. (mons), of a 
 mountain, mountainous. 
 
 monticola, ae, m. (mOns, colO), in- 
 habitant of a mountain. 
 
 mora, ae, f. (B. smar, to 7nark, be- 
 think, mar, mor, mor-a), bethinking, 
 stopping, a delay, hindrance. 
 
 moratus, a, um, adj. (mOs), of man- 
 ners, mannered, constituted, condi- 
 tioned. 
 
 mordeo, momordT, morsum, 2 (B. 
 smard, to hurt, mard, mord, mord-Cre), 
 to bite, morsus, Cs, m., a bite. 
 
288 MOEIBUNDUS 
 
 NAMQUE 
 
 moribundus, a, um, adj. (morior), 
 
 morior, morl, mortuus sum, 3 (B. 
 mar, to rub, mor, vex one's self, mor-i), 
 to die. moror, 1, dep., to delay. 
 
 mors, tis, f . (morior), death ; by 
 meton., the dead. 
 
 mortalis, e, adj. (mors), mortal, 
 liable to die ; human ; subst., mortal, a 
 man. 
 
 mo rum, I, n. (fiS>pov), a mulberry. 
 
 morus, T, f., a mulberry -tree. 
 
 m5s, mOris, m. (B. ma, measure, 
 form, mo, mO-s), a custom, manner, 
 usage, habit ; in pi., manners, habits, 
 character. 
 
 motus, tis, m. (moveo), a moving, 
 movement ; emotion. 
 
 move5, mOvI, mOtum, 2 (B. mu, to 
 push, move, mav, mov, mov-6re), to set 
 in motion, move, remove ; break up ; 
 excite, cause ; arouse. 
 
 mox, adv. (B. probably same as of 
 magnus), soon, presently, soon after, 
 then. 
 
 mucro, Onis, m. (B. muk, to prick, 
 muc-r-o), the point of a sword ; by 
 meton., sword. 
 
 miigltus, us, m. (mugiO), (R. ma, 
 mi, to sound), a lowing, bellowing. 
 
 Hiulceo, mulsT, mulsum, 2 (B. mark, 
 to touch, mule-), to touch lightly, stroke ; 
 soften, soothe, quiet. 
 
 mulciber, eris or erT, m. (mulceO, 
 and perhaps ferrum (a molliendo ferro, 
 Paul D., p. 144 ; or fr. bhar, fer, fer-o), 
 a name of Vulcan ; by meton., fire. 
 
 mult if id us, a, um, adj. (muitus, fin- 
 do), cleft into many parts, many-cleft. 
 
 multo, adv. (muitus), by much, much. 
 
 uiultum, adv. (muitus), much, very. 
 
 muitus, a, um, adj. (B. managha, 
 much, monogo-s, mologo-s, molgo-s, 
 mulgu-s, mulgl-re, then the part. pass, 
 perf ., mulgl-tus, mul-tu-s), much, many, 
 great, wide ; comp. plus, more; superl., 
 plurimus, most, very many. 
 
 mundus, I, m. (B. mand, to adorn, 
 mund), order (cf . kootaos), beauty ; the 
 universe, world. 
 
 uiunio, 4 (mtlnus), to make firm, 
 strong, to fortify. 
 
 munus, eris, n. (B. mu, to bind, 
 strengthen, mil, moi, moe), something 
 which binds, service, office, function ; 
 favor, gift, reward, offering. 
 
 miirex, icis, m. (B. sma, to tvipe, 
 smear, sma-r, mur, mur-o, muri-co, 
 muri-c), the purple {shell-) fish, purple 
 dye, purple. 
 
 murmur, uris, n. (B. marmara, mur- 
 mur, murmuring, whispering ; roaring, 
 growling ; rushing sound. 
 
 murmuro, 1 (murmur), to murmur, 
 rustle. 
 
 murra, ae, f . (perhaps f r. same B. as 
 miirex), myrrh-tree, myrrh. 
 
 miirus, I, m. (same B. as miinus), a 
 wall ; by meton., city, town. 
 
 musa, ae, f. (fr. the Gr.), a, the, 
 Muse ; pi., the (nine) Muses. 
 
 muscus, I, m. (B. musa, mus-cu-s), 
 moss. 
 
 mustum, I. n. (B. mud, fresh, young, 
 mud-to, mus-tu-s), new wine, must ; by 
 meton., vintage. 
 
 mutabilis, e, adj. (mutO), mutable, 
 changeable. 
 
 invito, 1 (B. mu, to set in mo- 
 tion, mav, mov, mov-ta-re, mu-ta-re), 
 to move away from, change, alter ; ex- 
 change. 
 
 mutus, a, um, adj. (B. mu, as of 
 munus, to bind, close (the mouth)), mute, 
 dumb, silent. 
 
 miituus, a, um, adj. (mutO), changed, 
 borrowed, lent; mutual, reciprocal. 
 
 Mycale, e"s, f., 1, name of a promon- 
 tory in Ionia ; 2, name of a Thessalian 
 sorceress. 
 
 Mygdonis, idis, adj., o/^ Mygdonia = 
 Lydia ; Mygdonian, Lydian. 
 
 myrtus, I and tis, f., a myrtle, myr- 
 tle-tree. 
 
 N 
 
 Naias, adis, f . = Nais, idis (from no, 
 to swim), a Naiad ; in pi., the Naiads. 
 
 nam, conj. (B. gan, gna, to know, 
 na-man, na-ma, na-me (nomen), ace. 
 
 sing, fern., na-m ; or (Corssen) fr. pron. 
 stem, na), namely, for, indeed, certainly. 
 namque, conj. (nam, a strengthened 
 nam), for, verily, indeed. 
 
NANCISOOR 
 
 NEX 
 
 289 
 
 nanciscor, v. dep., nactns sum, 3 
 (R. nak, to reach, get, nac-ni-sc-i, na- 
 nci-sc-i), to reach, attain, get, find. 
 
 naris, is, f. (R. sna, snu, to flow, 
 swim, na-s, na-s-i, na-r-i-s), a nostril; 
 the nose ; in pi., the nostrils. 
 
 narratus, us, m. (narrO), narration, 
 relation. 
 
 narro, 1 (R. gna, to know, gna-ru-s, 
 narrO-re), to make known, narrate, re- 
 late. 
 
 nascor, natus sum, v. dcp., 3 (R. ga, 
 ga-n, to beget, produce, gna, na-sc-o-r), 
 to be born, begotten ; to spring forth, 
 arise, grow ; part., natus, born ; and 
 subst., one born, a son ; and nata, a 
 daughter. 
 
 natalis, e, adj. (nascor), relating to 
 birth, natal, native ; sc. dies, birthday. 
 
 nato, 1 (fr. no, nare), to swim. 
 
 natura, ae, f . (nascor), nature ; be- 
 ing, creature ; element ; natural quality 
 or disposition. 
 
 naufragus, a, um, adj. (navis, f ran- 
 ge), shipwrecked ; wrecked, ruined ; 
 subst., a shipwrecked person. 
 
 navigium, i, n. (navis, -agium, fr. 
 ago, nav-ig-iu-m), a sailing, navigation ; 
 a ship, boat, vessel. 
 
 navigo, 1 (navis, ago), to sail, go by 
 sea ; sail over, navigate. 
 
 navis, is, f. (R. sna, to flow, swim, 
 na-vi-s), a ship. 
 
 na vita, nauta, ae, m. (navis), a sailor, 
 seaman. 
 
 navo, 1 (R. gan, gna, to know, gna, 
 na (g-)na-vu-s, nava-re), to perform in- 
 telligently, accomplish. 
 
 ne, encl. interrog. particle (R. na, 
 negative particle), (but weaker than ne) ; 
 enclitic to other interrogatives for em- 
 phasis. 
 
 ne, neg. adv. (R. same as ne), that 
 not, in order that not ; not, with imper. ; 
 only not, in order not to. 
 
 ne, inter j. (R. na, pron. stem, nae, 
 nG), truly, vei'Hy, indeed. 
 
 nebula, ae, f. (R. nabii, to swell, 
 break forth, neb, neb-ula), mist-cloud, 
 mist, fog, vapor. 
 
 nee, see neque. 
 
 neco, 1 (nex), to put to death, kill. 
 
 nectar, aris, n., drink of the gods, 
 nectar ; by meton., wine, milk. 
 
 u 
 
 nefas, n, indecl. (ne and fas, wh. 
 see), not right, wrong, sin, crime, a 
 wicked deed. 
 
 neg5, 1 (RR. ne, neg. part., and 
 agii, ag, a-j-o = ag-i-o, aio, to say), to 
 Bay no, to deny, refuse, decline. 
 
 Nemeaeus, a, um, adj,, of Nemea in 
 Argolis ; Nemean. 
 
 Nemesis, is and ios, f. (Ne'/meats), the 
 avenging goddess of justice, Nemesis. 
 
 nemo, neminjs, comm. (nS-homo), 
 no man, no one, nobody. 
 
 nemorosus, a, um, adj. (nemus), 
 woody, full of woods. 
 
 nempe, conj. (nam, wh. see, nem + 
 pe = que, wh. see), namely, truly, surely, 
 certainly. 
 
 nemus, oris, n. (R. nam, to allot, 
 jx>ssess ; to pasture, nem, nem-us), a 
 wood with places in it for pasture-land, 
 a ivood, grove. 
 
 neo, 2, nevi, netum (R. san, sna, to 
 spin, (s)ne-), to spin ; to weave. 
 
 nepos, Otis, m. (R. napat, son, 
 grandson, nepOt-), grandson ; nephew; 
 descendant. 
 
 Neptunius, a, um, adj.,©/ Neptune, 
 Neptunian. 
 
 Neptunus, T, m. (R. same as of 
 nebula, neb, Nep-), the god of water, 
 the sea, the clouds, son of Saturn, Nep- 
 tune. 
 
 neque, and nee, conj. (ne, que), and 
 not, also not, neque (nee)— neque (nee), 
 neither— nor, not only not— but also, and 
 besides, and indeed. 
 
 nequeO, 4 (ne, queO), not to be able, 
 to be unable, I can not. 
 
 nequiquam, nOquTcquam, nGquid- 
 quam, adv., to no])urpose, in vain. 
 
 nervus, I, m. (R. snar, to turn, 
 weave, ner-, ner-vu-s), a sinew, nerve ; 
 bow-string ; string of the lyre or simi- 
 lar musical instrument ; in pi., the 
 stnngs. 
 
 nescio, 4 (ne, scio), not to knoio, to 
 be ignorant of; nescio quis, I know not 
 who, somebody or other. 
 
 nescius, a, um, adj. (nescio), not 
 knowing, ignorant of, unable. 
 
 neu, see neve. 
 
 nS-ve, conj. = et ne, and not, nor, 
 and that not, and lest. 
 
 nex, necis, f. (R. nak, to disappear, 
 
290 
 
 KEXILIS 
 
 NOX 
 
 destroy, nee, nec-is), a violent death, 
 murder ; death. 
 
 nexilis, e, adj. (necto), tied together. 
 
 nexus, us, m. (necto), a fastening, 
 clasping ; in pi., coils, folds. 
 
 111, conj. and adv. (same R. as ne, 
 ne), unless, if not. 
 
 nidus, I, m. (R. nas, to go, dwell, 
 nis, nis-do, nl-du-s), a nest. 
 
 niger, nigra, nigrum, adj. (same R. 
 as nex, nox, nic-ro), of night, dark, 
 black. 
 
 nihil, nihilum, nllum, nil, n. indeel- 
 (ne, hilum ; hilum (fr. R. ghar, to 
 bend), a thread, something of no con- 
 sequence), not a thread, nothing, not the 
 least thing. 
 
 Nilus, I, m., the Nile, a river in 
 Egypt. 
 
 nimbus, I, m. (same R. as nebula, 
 ne-m-b, ni-m-bu-s), a violent rain, rain- 
 stoi y m ; rain-cloud, storm-cloud, cloud. 
 
 nimis, adv., too much, very (fr. 
 nimius). 
 
 nimium, adv. (nimius), by far, too 
 much, exceedingly. 
 
 nimius, a, um, adj. (RR. ne, ni, and 
 ma, to measure), not in measure, beyond 
 measure, too great, too much. 
 
 Ninus, I, name of an Assyrian king, 
 Ninus. 
 
 Niobe, es, f., d. of Tantalus and 
 Dione, Niobe. 
 
 nisi, conj. (ni, si), if not, unless ; ex- 
 cept, only, save, except that. 
 
 niteo, 2 (R. ski, to shine, skint, 
 knit, cnit, nit-Sre), to shine, glitter, 
 glisten. 
 
 nitidus, a, um, adj. (niteo), shining, 
 glittering, brilliant. 
 
 nitor, Oris, m. (niteo), splendor. 
 
 nltor, nlsus, nlxus, 3, to strive ; lean. 
 
 niveus, a, um, adj. (nix), snowy, 
 snow-white. 
 
 nix, nivis, f. (R. snig, snigh, to 
 wash, rinse, nigh-v, nigh-s, nih-s, nix), 
 snow, snowflake. 
 
 no, 1 (R. same as navis), to swim. 
 
 nobilis, e, adj. (nosco), known, well 
 known, famous ; of noble origin ; no- 
 ble. 
 
 nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis), noble 
 origin, nobility, noble rank ; nobleness. 
 
 noceo, ui, 2 (R. same as nex, nak, 
 
 nee, noc), to injure, do harm to, be a 
 hindrance to ; part., nocSns, hurtful, 
 guilty. 
 
 nocturnus, a, um, adj. (nox), night- 
 ly, by night, nocturnal. 
 
 nodus, I, m. (R. ghadh, to seize, 
 hold, hed, he-n-d ; ghand, ghnad, 
 gnOd-o, nOd-u-s), a knot, girdle ; circle 
 (of the equator) ; knob, fold ; a knotty 
 point. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolul (non, volo), not to 
 Willi to be unwilling. 
 
 nomen, inis, n. (nOscO), a name ; 
 title, fame. 
 
 nomiiiG, 1 (nOmen), to name, call by 
 name. 
 
 non, adv. (fr. na, neg. part, ne, and 
 pron. st. 3d pers., i, ai, ai-na, oi-no-s, 
 u-nu-s, ne oenu-m, noenum, nOn), not. 
 
 nondum, adv. (non, dum), not yet. 
 
 nonne, non, ne (interr. part.), not ? 
 (expecting the answer, yes). 
 
 nosco, nOvI, nOtum, 3 (R. gan, gna, 
 to know, gnO, nO-sc-0), to come to know, 
 to become acquainted with, get a knowl- 
 edge of (so the perf., novi, I have come 
 to know = I know) ; to recognize, under- 
 stand. 
 
 noster, stra, strum, pron. poss. (nOs), 
 our, our own, of us. 
 
 nota, ae, f. (nosco), something which 
 makes known, a mark, sign, character. 
 
 notitia, ae, f ., acquaintance. 
 
 no to, 1 (nosco), to make known, a 
 mark, indicate, note, censure, brand. 
 
 notus, I, m. (votos), (same R. as no, 
 nare), the rain-bringing wind, the south 
 wind. 
 
 novem, num. adj. (R. navan), nine. 
 
 noverca, ae, f . (same R. as novus), 
 a step-mother. 
 
 novies (noviens), num. adv. (novem), 
 nine times. 
 
 novitas, atis, f. (novus), newness, 
 novelty, news. 
 
 novo, 1 (novus), to make new, renew, 
 find out anew, change, alter. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj. (R. pron. st. nit, 
 nom, nu-n-c, nava, novu-s), new, fresh, 
 recent, strange, unusual ; superl., novis- 
 simus, the newest, the last ; the lowest. 
 
 nox, ctis, f. (R. same as nex), nak, 
 nee, noc, noc-ti, nocti-s, nox), night ; 
 darkness, blindness. 
 
NUBES 
 
 OBLIVIUM 
 
 291 
 
 niibes, is, f . (R. nabh, to swell, nub, 
 nub-e-s), a cloud. 
 
 nubifer, fera, f crura, adj. (niibes, 
 fero), cloud-bearing. 
 
 nubilus, a, um, adj. (nflbSs), cloudy, 
 lowering, clouded, darkened. 
 
 nubilutn, T, n. (niibes), a cloud. 
 
 nubo, nupsT, nuptum, 3 (same R. as 
 niibes), to cover, veil ; to marry (of the 
 bride, to veil herself), be married; part., 
 nupta (veiled), a married woman, bride. 
 
 nudo, 1 (nudus), to make naked or 
 bare ; strip, uncover. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. (R. nag, naked, 
 nag, irag-du-s, nudus), naked, bare, un~ 
 covered, exposed. 
 
 nullus, a, um, adj. ; gen., Tus ; dat., i 
 (ne, ullus), not any, no one, none, nobody. 
 
 num, an interr. part. (fr. pron. stem 
 nu, now, nu-m, originally of time, now), 
 expecting the answer, no ; in ind. ques- 
 tion, whether. 
 
 numen, inis, n. (nuo), a nodding, 
 nod • will, divine will ; by meton., 
 deity, divinity. 
 
 numer5, 1 (numerus), to number, 
 count ; reckon. 
 
 numerosus, a, um, adj. (numerus), 
 numerous ; harmonious, melodious. 
 
 numerus, I, m. (R. nam, to allot, 
 count, num, num-e-ru-s), a counting, 
 count, number ; multitude, crowd ; 
 numbers (of song). 
 
 Numitor, Oris, m. (Noma, R. nam, 
 as of numerus), son of the Alban king 
 Proca : Numitor. 
 
 nunquam, adv. (ne, unquam), not 
 ever, never. 
 
 nunc, adv. (fr. pron. stem nu, nu + 
 demonst. ce, nu-n-ce, nu-nc), now, at 
 present. 
 
 nuntia, ac, f. (same R. as nunc, 
 novus, nove-nt-io, nov-nt-io, nou-nt- 
 iu-s, ntintius), one that brings news, 
 messenger, reporter. 
 
 nuper, adv. (fr. nu (pron. stem as in 
 novus) + per, fr. par, irapa), newly, late- 
 ly, recently, in recent times. 
 
 nurus, us, f. (R. su, to beget, bear, 
 sunu-sa, snu-sa, snu-ra, then by tran- 
 sition to the u decl., nu-ru-s), a daugh- 
 ter-in-law ; a young woman, married 
 woman. 
 
 nusquam, adv. (ne, usquam), not 
 anyicliere, nowhere. 
 
 nuto, 1 (nuo), to nod with the head, 
 command with a nod ; waver, hesi- 
 tate. 
 
 nutrio, 4 (same R. as no, nare, sna, 
 snu, to flow, nu, nu-t-rl-re (fr. the flow 
 of milk)), to suckle, nourish, feed, bring 
 up. 
 
 nutrlx, Tcis, f. (nutrio), a (wet) 
 nurse, nurse. . 
 
 nutus, us, m. (nuo), a nodding, nod, 
 sign. 
 
 nux, nucis, f. (R. knu, knuk, to 
 scrape), a nut. 
 
 Nycteis, idis, f., daughter of Nyc- 
 teus ; Antiope. 
 
 Nympha, ae, f., -e, es, a nymph, 
 Nymph. 
 
 O, interj., O ! oh ! 
 
 ob, prep, with ace. (R. apa, prep., 
 op, ob). to, toward ; on account of. 
 
 ob-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw, or 
 cover over; part., obductus, clouded, 
 darkened ; contracted. 
 
 ob-eo, il, itum, 4, to go to ; go around, 
 draw around, spread over. 
 
 ob-icio, jecT, jectum, 3 (jacio), to 
 throw before or toward, bring before ; 
 throw out against, to reproach icith ; 
 lay to one's charge ; object. 
 
 obitus, us, m. (obeO), a going down, 
 setting ; death. 
 
 ob-ject5, 1 (jacto), to reproach with 
 or for. 
 
 oblectamina, um, n. pi. (oblecto), 
 delights ; sources of consolation. 
 
 oblenimina, um, n. pi. (lenio), 
 means of soothing, remedies. 
 
 ob-ligo, 1, to bind to, oblige. 
 
 ob-lino, levl, litum, 3, to smear over, 
 besmear. 
 
 obliquus, a, um, adj. (ob and liquus, 
 fr. R. lak, to bend, lie, lic-u-us), side- 
 long, slanting, oblique ; crooked, curved. 
 
 ob-liviscor, oblltus sum, 3 (ob and 
 R. i.iv, to be grayish-yellow, lai-va, liva 
 (lividus), ob-liv-i-sc-i), to grow pale ; to 
 forget, be forgetful. 
 
 oblivium, I, n. (same R. as obllvis* 
 cor), forgetfulness, oblivion. 
 
292 OB-NOXIUS 
 
 OMNIPOTENS 
 
 ob-noxius, a, urn, adj., subject to, 
 liable to, obnoxious. 
 
 ob-orior, ortus sum, 4, v. dep., to 
 arise, spring up, break forth. 
 
 ob-ruo, rul, rutuin, 3, to overthrow, 
 cover over, bury, sink, 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. (fr. ob and 
 R. sku, to cover, scu, ob-scil-ru-s), cov- 
 ered, dark, gloomy, obscure. 
 
 ob-sequor, secutus sum, 3, to com- 
 ply. 
 
 ob-servo, 1, to observe, give atten- 
 tion to, watch, tend. 
 [obsidio, 5nis, f . ( obsideO), a siege. 
 
 ob-sisto, stitl, stitum, 3, to set one's 
 self before or against, oppose. 
 
 ©b-situs, a, um, part., sown, covered. 
 
 ob-stipesco, stipul, 3, to be stupefied, 
 amazed, astonished, confused. 
 
 ob-sto, stitl, statuni, 1, to stand 
 against or in the way of ; oppose, hin- 
 der, withstand. 
 
 ob-strepo, uT, itum, 3, to make a 
 noise at, shout against or at. 
 
 ob-strusus, a, um, adj. (obstrudo, 
 obtrudo), veiled, bordered. 
 
 obtusus, a,um, adj. (tundo), blunt, 
 dull, obtuse. 
 
 ob-verto, vcrtl, versum, 3, to turn 
 toivard or against, to direct. 
 
 obvius, a, um, adj. (via), in the way 
 of, meeting ; with ire or venire, go or 
 come to meet ; obvious. 
 
 occasus, us, m. (ob, cado), the going 
 down or setting of the sun ; the land of 
 the setting sun, the west. 
 
 oc-cido, cidl, casum, 3, to fall or go 
 down, sink in death ; fall, die, perish. 
 
 occiduus, a, um, adj. (cado), going 
 down, failing, decaying. 
 
 occulo, ul, turn, 3 (ob and culo, fr. 
 R. skal, kal, to cover, hide, cal, ob-cal- 
 ere, oc-cul-ere), to hide, conceal. 
 
 occupo, 1 (ob, capio), to take posses- 
 sion of, lay hold of, occupy ; fall upon ; 
 surprise ; get the start of, anticipate in 
 doing a thing. 
 
 oc-curr5, currl, cursum, 3, to run 
 to meet, meet. 
 
 ocellus, I, m. (oculus), a little eye, 
 eyelet ; (dear) eyes. 
 
 ocior, us, adj. comp. (R. ak, to be 
 sharp, sivift, oc, oc-ior), swifter, quick- 
 er, sooner. 
 
 ocius, adv. (ocior), quicker, sooner, 
 swifter. 
 
 oculus, T, m. (R. ak, to be sharp, to 
 see, oc-u-lu-s), an eye ; sight ; a lumi- 
 nary, world-eye, god of the sun, an eye 
 (of a plant). 
 
 odi, isse, praet. def. v. (R. vadh, to 
 strike, thrust, vad, od-, od-io ; perf., 
 Od-T), to be vexed at, not like, hate. 
 
 odium, I, n. (OdT), hate, odium. 
 
 odor, Oris, m. (R. ad, to smell, od-, 
 od-or), smell, odor, fragrant odor; a 
 bad smell. 
 
 odoro, 1 (odor), to fill with fra- 
 grance ; part., odoratus, sweet-smelling, 
 fragrant. 
 
 odorus, a, um. adj. (odor), sweet- 
 smelling, odorous. 
 
 Oeagrius, a, am, adj., of (the Thra- 
 cian king) Oeagrus. 
 
 Oeclialia, ae, f., a city in Euboea. 
 
 Oetaeus, a, um, adj., of Oeta, Oe- 
 tean. 
 
 Oete, 5s, f., a range of mountains in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 of-fendo, di, sum, 3, to strike 
 against ; to hit upon ; to stumble ; to 
 offend, injure. 
 
 omcium, T, n. (opificium, fr. opus 
 and facio), (a work-making), a service, 
 favor, a service of love ; ceremony, of- 
 fice ; obligation, duty. 
 
 olea, ae, f., an olive ; olive-tree. 
 
 O I onos, I, m., Met. X, 69. 
 
 olens, ntis, part., fr. oleO, smelling, 
 fragrant ; foul, rank. 
 
 olim, adv. (fr. pron. stem ana, 3d 
 pers., ana-la, ono-lo, on-lo, ol-lo ; illu-s, 
 ille ; oli-m), at that time, once, former- 
 ly ; at times, sometimes. 
 
 olTva, ae, f., the olive, olive-tree ; 
 olive-berry. 
 
 ollvum, T, n., poetic = oleum, oil. 
 
 olorinus, a, um, adj., of the swan, 
 swanlike. 
 
 Olympus, T, m., 1, mountain in 
 northern Thessaly, the seat of the gods, 
 Olympus; by meton., heaven; 2, a 
 pupil and friend of Marsyas. 
 
 omen, inis, n. (R. av, to observe, 
 mark, au, au-d, aus, os-men, o-men), a 
 sign, token, omen. 
 
 omnipotens, ntis, adj. (omnis, po- 
 tens), all-powerful, omnipotent. 
 
OMNIS 
 
 OSTENDO 
 
 293 
 
 omnis, c, adj. (B. AMBn, to hold to- 
 gether, ambi, amb-, an, om-ni-s), all, 
 every ; omnes, all men ; omnia, all 
 things. 
 
 Onchestius, a, um, adj., of Onches- 
 tus, a city in Boeotia. 
 
 onerS, 1 (onus), to load, lade, burden. 
 
 onerosus, a, um, adj. (onus), burden- 
 some, heavy, onerous. 
 
 onus, eris, n. (B. an, to breathe, 
 sigh, on-, on-us (whereby one sighs)), a 
 burden, weight ; trouble, pains. 
 
 opticus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), 
 shady, shaded ; dark, darkened. 
 
 operio, ul, pertum, 4 (B. par, to 
 Jill, share, prepare, par-i, ob-par-i, o-per- 
 i-re), {to prepare for), cover, shut. 
 
 operosus, a, um, adj. (opus), full of 
 work, pains taking, laborious, difficult ; 
 effective. 
 
 opifer, era, erum, adj. (ops-ferO), 
 aid-bringing, helpful. 
 
 opifex, icis, m. (opus, faciO), work- 
 maker, worker, maker, artisan, artist. 
 
 opperior, Ttus and pertus sum, 4, v. 
 dep. (ob and -perior), to wait, wait for, 
 await. 
 
 oppidum, T, n. (B. pad, to tread, 
 ped (pes, pedis), pedu-m, what is trod- 
 den, the soil, op-pedum, oppidum, what 
 lies on the soil), town, city. 
 
 op-pono, posuT, positum, 3 (ob, 
 pono), to set or place befwe or against, 
 oppose, hold before. 
 
 op-primo, pressl, pressum, 3 (ob, 
 premo), to press under or doivn,o])press, 
 overcome. 
 
 opprobrium, i, n. (ob, probrum), a 
 reproach, scandal, opprobrium ; shame, 
 disgrace. 
 
 op-pugno, 1 (ob, pugnO), to fight 
 against, storm. 
 
 ops (in sing, only, opis, opem, ope, pi. 
 entire), f . (B. ap, to bind, possess), op, 
 op-s, help, might, power ; means of any 
 kind, property ; helper. 
 
 op to, 1 (B. same as ops), to choose, 
 wish, desire. 
 
 opus, eris, n. (B. ap, to work, op-, 
 op-us), a work, labor, work of art, 
 workmanship; deed. 
 
 opus, indecl., adj. (same B. as opus, 
 work), need, necessity, needful, want- 
 ing ; it is (est) needful, there is need of. 
 
 ora, ae, f. (B. as, to breathe, live, bet 
 Os, Os-Gris, Ora), the lip, edge, brim, 
 border, margin, coast, land, district. 
 
 oraculum, I, n., onlclum (OrO), 
 oracle. 
 
 orbis, is, m. (etym. unc), a circle, 
 disk, orbit, ring, circle of tlie world, orb, 
 the earth ; wheel. 
 
 orbo, 1 (orbus), to deprive, bereave. 
 
 orbus, a, um, adj. (B. arbii, to give 
 over, deprive, orb-u-s), bereft, deprived, 
 fatherless, childless ; orphaned. 
 
 ordior, orsus sum, 4 (B. ar, to lift 
 up, arise, begin, or, ol, ord-I-ri), to begin. 
 
 ordo, inis, m. (same B. as ordior), a 
 beginning, row, order, line, regular 
 order, regularity. 
 
 orgia, Orum, n., noisy feasts of Bac- 
 chus, orgies. 
 
 origo, inis, f. (same B. as ordo, ar, 
 ol, or, or-ig-o), a beginning, origin, de- 
 scent ; by meton., author, ancestor. 
 
 orior, ortus sum, 4 (same R. as or- 
 dior), to rise, go up, go forth, descend 
 from ; originate ; oriens, sc. sol, the 
 rising sun, the east, Orient. 
 
 orno, 1 (B. var, to cover, surround, 
 orna-re), to fit out, furnish; adorn, 
 deck. 
 
 or5, 1 (Os), to speak, beg, entreat, 
 plead, pray. 
 
 Orontes, is and ae, m., a river in 
 Syria. 
 
 Orpheus, el, m., a Thracian singer, 
 son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope. 
 
 Orpheus, a, um, adj., of Orpheus, 
 Orphean. 
 
 Orphne, Os, f. (op^nj, darkness), a 
 nymph of the lower world. 
 
 ortus, tis, m. (orior), a rising, sun- 
 rise, east ; origin, beginning. 
 
 os, Oris, n. (B. as, to breathe, live, be, 
 Os), the mouth, tJie lips ; bits ; jaws ; 
 beak; by meton., speech ; face, coun- 
 tenance ; head. 
 
 os, ossis, n. (B. as, to throw away, 
 os, something thrown away), a bone ; 
 in pi., bones, body ; bones of the dead. 
 
 osculum, I, n. (Os), a little mouth, a 
 kiss. 
 
 Ossa, ae, f., a mountain in Thessaly. 
 
 ostendo, dl, sum, and turn, 3 (ob, 
 tendo), to show, stretch out. 
 
 ostentum, I, n., a sign, prodigy. 
 
294 
 
 OSTIUM 
 
 PAPAVER 
 
 ostium, T, n. (<3s), mouth of a river. 
 
 os t rum, I, n., the juice, blood of the 
 sea-snail, purple. 
 
 Othrys, yos, m. } a mountain in 
 Thessaly. 
 
 otium, I, n. (R. av, to be glad, to 
 protect, au, au-tio, o-tio, o-tiu-m), pro- 
 tection, security, peace, leisure. 
 
 ovlle, is, n. (ovis), a sheepfold. 
 
 ovis, is, f . (R. same as otium, av, ov, 
 ov-i-s, prop., one that is protected), a 
 sheep. 
 
 ovum, I, n. (R. av, to blow, au ; au- 
 ra, av-er, a-er, air ; av-i, avi-s, a bird ; 
 Ovu-m (as coming from a bird)), an 
 egg. 
 
 pabulum, T, n. (ptlsco), food, nour- 
 ishment, fodder ; grass. 
 
 pa.ca.lis, e, adj. (pax), peaceful. 
 
 paciscor, pactus, sum, v. dep., 3 (R. 
 pak, to make strong, put together, pac, 
 pac-i-sc-i), to make a contract, agree, 
 stipulate ; part., pactus, agreed upon, 
 settled. 
 
 paco, 1 (pax), to bring to quietness, 
 to peace, pacify. 
 
 Pactolis, idis, adj., of Pactolus, Pac- 
 tolian. 
 
 Pactolos, or us, I, m., a river in 
 Lydia. 
 
 pactum, I, n. (paciscor), an agree- 
 ment, covenant, compact. 
 
 Padus, I, m., the Po, a river in Upper 
 Italy. 
 
 Paean, Snis, m., Paean, a name of 
 Apollo ; the song to his honor, paean. 
 
 paelex, pelex, icis (R. palavaka, a 
 maiden, pellex, paelex), a mistress, con- 
 cubine ; rival. 
 
 paenc, adv. (etym. unc), almost, 
 nearly. 
 
 paenitet, uit, 2, v. impers. (R. ki, 
 to seek, pay, punish, kvi, pi, poi, pae, 
 paenit-ere, to repent —feel pain, pun- 
 ishment), it repents one ; (I, you, etc.) 
 repent, grieve, rue ; one is discontented, 
 dissatisfied. 
 
 Paeones, um, m., the Paeonians ; a 
 people in Macedonia. 
 
 Paeonis, idis, a woman of Paeonia. 
 
 palam, adv. (R.par, to pass through, 
 bring forward, para, before, pala-m, 
 adverb, ace), before the peojrte, openly, 
 publicly. 
 
 Palatium, T (iT), n. (R. pa, to nour- 
 ish, guard, pa-1, pal-at-iu-m)* the first, 
 in time, of the seven hills of Rome, the 
 site of the earliest Rome ; then, as Au- 
 gustus had there his residence, the im- 
 perial residence, palace. 
 
 palatum, T, n. (etym. unc, perhaps 
 fr. same R. as palatium, pasco, pater), 
 the palate. 
 
 palear, aris, n. (etym. unc), the 
 skin that hangs from the neck of an 
 ox, the dew-lap. 
 
 Palici, orum, m., twin sons of Jupi- 
 ter and Thalia. 
 
 Pales, is, f . (R. pa, to feed, pa-1, 
 pali), the guardian deity of shepherds 
 and flocks, Pales. 
 
 palla, ae, f. (R. spa, spa-n, to spin, 
 weave, pann-, pann-u-s, panu-la, palla), 
 the long upper garment of Roman wo- 
 men, the palla, robe, mantle. 
 
 Pallas, adis, f., the Greek name of 
 Minerva, Pallas. 
 
 palleo, ul, 2 (R. pala, gray, pal-va, 
 pal-lu-s, pal-le-rc), to be pale, sallow ; 
 part., pallens, pale ; dark-colored ; dis- 
 colored. 
 
 pallesco, ul, 3 (palleo), to grow pale, 
 pale. 
 
 pallidas, a, um, adj., pale, sallow. 
 
 pallor, Oris, m. (palleo), paleness, 
 pallor. 
 
 palma, ae, f. (R. palma, the open 
 hand), 1, palm of the hand ; hand ; 2, 
 a palm-tree, palm ; a palm-wreath ; by 
 meton., wctory, palm ; a date, dates. 
 
 palmes, itis, m. (palma, 2), a palm- 
 shoot, vine-shoot. 
 
 pal lis, fidis, f., a marsh. 
 
 paluster, stris, marshy. 
 
 Pan, Panis, m., the god of shepherds 
 and woods ; of nature ; Pan. 
 
 pando, ndl, passum, 3 (R. pat, to 
 spread out, pa-n-t, pa-n-d, pand-e-re), to 
 spread out, expand, unfold; passae 
 comae, disheveled hair. 
 
 Panope, 6s, f., an ancient city in 
 Phocis, Panope. 
 
 papaver, eris, n. (R. pap, pamp, to 
 swell up, pap-a-ver), the poppy. 
 
PAR 
 
 PAUCUS 
 
 295 
 
 par, paris, adj. (R. par, to come to, 
 be like, pari, par), equal ; substantively, 
 a iratch for ; a pair. 
 
 Parcae, arum, f. (R. park, to weave, 
 spin, Parc-a, Parc-ae, spinner, spinners 
 (spinsters ?) of the thread of fate), the 
 Fates (three), Clotho, Lachesis, and 
 Atropos. 
 
 pared, pepercT, parcitum, and par- 
 sum, 3 (parens, to spare, be sparing of; 
 refrain from ; guard. 
 
 parous, a, um, adj. (R. spar, to 
 refuse, shrink from, spar-u-s, paru-m ; 
 ace. as adv., too little, parcu-s), sparing, 
 frugal, thrifty. 
 
 parens, ntis, comm. (pario), afatJier 
 or mother, parent. 
 
 parentalis, e, adj. (parens), of par- 
 ents, parental. 
 
 pareo, ul, itum, 2 (R. par, to allot, 
 f 11, prepare, be ready, parS-re), to be 
 at hand or appear, to obey, sub?nit to, 
 comply with. 
 
 paries, etis, m. (R. i, to go, and par, 
 per, around or through, something that 
 goes around), a wall, yartition-waU. 
 
 parilis, e, adj. (par), {poetic), equal, 
 like. 
 
 pario, peperi, partum, 3 (R. par, to 
 bring, bHng forth, par-i-O), to bear, 
 bring forth, beget ; produce. 
 
 pariter, adv. (par), equally, in like 
 manner, alike, together, at the same 
 time. 
 
 ParnSses, idis, adj., Parnassian, of 
 Parnassus. 
 
 Parnasus, I, m., Parnassus, a moun- 
 tain in Phocis, sacred to the Muses 
 and Apollo. 
 
 parO, 1 (R. par, to allot, prepare), to 
 get ready, prepare, provide. 
 
 Paros, I, f., one of the Cycladcs in 
 the Aegean ; Paros. 
 
 Parrhasis, idis, f., Parrhasis, Par- 
 rhasia ; Arcadia. 
 
 pars, rtis, f . (R. par, to allot, share, 
 par-ti, par-s), apart of a whole, portion, 
 share ; a party, faction ; a place, re- 
 gion, part ; a task, duty, part. 
 
 Parth&on, onis, m., king of Caly- 
 don, Parthaon. 
 
 Parthenium nemus, Parthenius, 
 I, m., a mountain between Arcadia and 
 Argolis. 
 
 parti m, adv., ace. of pars, in part, 
 partly. 
 
 partus, as, m. (pariS), a bringing 
 forth, birth ; offspring, child. 
 
 pnrum, adv. (R. spar, to refuse, 
 spar-u-s, paru-m), too little, not. 
 
 parvus, a, um, adj. (R. pava, little, 
 small, pau, pau-ru-s, par-vu-s), (minor, 
 minimus), small, young ; little, low, 
 mean, weak. 
 
 pasco, pavl, pastum, 3 (R. pa, to 
 feed, pa-sc-ere), to feed, pasture, nour- 
 ish ; maintain ; feast ; gratify, feast 
 one's self. 
 
 pascuum, I, n., a pasture. 
 
 passim, adv. (pando), everywhere. 
 
 passus, Us, m. (pandO), a step, pace, 
 foot-step, track. 
 
 pastor, Oris, m. (p&scO), a shepherd. 
 
 Patareus, a, um, adj., of Pat ar a. 
 
 patefacio, feci, factum, 3 (pateO, 
 faciO), to make or lay open, open. 
 
 pateo, ul, 2 (R. pat, widen), to be 
 open. 
 
 pater, patrls, m. (R. pa, to feed, sup- 
 pori), father ; pi., fathers of the state, 
 patricians, senators ; elders. 
 
 patera, ae, f. (pateO), an open dish 
 or saucer, used in libations ; a pa- 
 tera. 
 
 paternus, a, um, adj. (pater), of a 
 father, paternal. 
 
 patientia, ae, f. (patior), patience, 
 endurance. 
 
 patior, passus sum, v. dep. (R. spa, 
 spa-n, to strain, exert one's self, spa-ti, 
 pa-ti, pa-ti-o-r), to suffer, endure, bear, 
 hold out ; allow, permit. 
 
 patria, ae, f. (pater), fatherland, 
 country, home. 
 
 patrius, a, um, adj., of a father, 
 fatherly, of the fathers ; of the father- 
 land, of home ; old, ancient. 
 
 patruelis, e, adj. (patruus), of or 
 from a father's brother ; subst.,s<w of 
 a father's brother, cousin. 
 
 patruus, T, m. (pater), a father's 
 brother, paternal uncle. 
 
 patulus, a, um, adj. (pateO), stand- 
 ing open, open ; broad, wide, wide- 
 spread. 
 
 paucus, a, um, adj. (same B. as par- 
 vus, pava), little, few ; in pi., a few, 
 few, few things, little. 
 
296 
 
 PAULATIM 
 
 PER-CURRO 
 
 paulatim, adv. (same R. as pau- 
 luin), by degrees, gradually. 
 
 pauiuiii, adv. (R. pava, little, pau, 
 pau-1-lu-s), a little, a short time. 
 
 pauper, eris, adj. (BR. pava, little, 
 and par, to bring, get, pava-par(o), pav- 
 per, pau-per, one that brings, gets little), 
 poor ; subst , a poor man, a pauper. 
 
 paveo, pavl, 2 (R. pu, to strike, pav, 
 pave-re, to be struck down, be anxious), 
 to be struck with fear, to tremble, quake, 
 be afraid. 
 
 p avid us, a, urn, adj., fearful. 
 
 pavo, Onis, m., a peacock. 
 
 pavor, Oris, m. (paveo), a trembling, 
 anxiety, fear, panic. 
 
 pax, pads, f. (R. same as paciscor, 
 pak, pac, pax), reconciliation, tranquil- 
 lity, peace, quiet. 
 
 pecco, 1 (R. pad, to step, tread, ped, 
 pes, foot, pedi-cus, pec-cu-s, pecca-re), 
 to step over, transgress, to do amiss, to 
 commit a fault, to sin. 
 
 pecten, inis, m. (R. pak, to comb, 
 pec, pec-t-en), a comb. 
 
 pecto, pexl, pexum, 3, to comb. 
 
 pectus, oris, n. (Vanicek gives R. 
 same as pecus), the breast, heart, feel- 
 ings, spirit, soul, sense. 
 
 pecus, oris, n. (same R. as paciscor ; 
 Vanicek), cattle, herd, flock. 
 
 pecus, ndis, f., a single head of cat- 
 tle, one of a herd or flock. 
 
 pedes, itis, m. (pes), one that goes 
 on foot ; afoot-soldier. 
 
 Pegasides, um, f. pi., of Pegasus ; 
 the Muses. 
 
 pelagus, T, n. (n-e'Aayos, fr. R. PAR, 
 to strike, ir\a-y), the sea, the open sea. 
 
 Pelasgl, Oram, m., a people, living 
 in early times in Greece ; so, poetic for 
 the Greeks; adj., Pelasgus, a, um, Pelas- 
 gian. 
 
 Pelignus, a, um, adj., of the Peligni, 
 Pelignian. 
 
 pellis, is, m. (R. par, to fill, cover, 
 pel, pel-ni, pellis), a skin, hide. 
 
 pello, pepull, pulsum, 3 (R. spar, 
 to hinder, drive, spal, pel (pol, pul), pel- 
 je-re, pel-le-re), to beat, strike, thrust, 
 drive, drive away, expel. 
 
 penates, ium, m. (R. pa, to nourish, 
 pa-n, pen, pen-u-s, pantry, Pen-at-es), 
 the guardian deities of the household ; 
 
 of the state ; by meton., house, dwell- 
 ing. 
 
 pendeo, pependl, 2 (R, spad, spand, 
 to move one^s self violently, pend, pend-e, 
 intrans. to pendo), to hang, hang doivn, 
 be hung or suspended ; to hover, float, 
 in the air ; to toaver, be uncertain. 
 
 pendo, pependl, pensum, 3 (transi- 
 tive to pendeo, wb. see), to cause or 
 make to hang, to weigh ; to pay. 
 
 pendulus, a, um, adj. (pendeo), 
 hanging down, pendent. 
 
 Peneis, idis, f. adj., 1, of Peneus, 
 Penean ; 2, a nymph, daughter of the 
 river-god Peneus. 
 
 Peneius, a, um, adj., Penean. 
 
 penetralis, e (penetro), penetrating; 
 inward, interior; pi., penetralia, the 
 inner rooms, penetralia ; a sanctuary. 
 
 penetro, 1 (R. pa, pa-n, pen-u-s, 
 pantry, penes, within, + R. tra, to 
 move), to press, tra-re (in-tra-re), to press 
 within, penetrate, enter, reach. 
 
 Peneus (os), I, m., a river in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 penitus, adv. (same R. as penus), 
 within, deep within, inwardly. 
 
 penna, ae, f . (R. pat, to move quick- 
 ly, pet, pet-na, pes-na, pen-na), a feath- 
 er ; wing. 
 
 penso, 1 (pendo), to weigh, weigh 
 carefully ; make good, compensate. 
 
 pensum, T, n. (pendo), something 
 weighed out for spinning or weaving ; 
 a task ; a work ; lesson. 
 
 per, prep, with ace. (R. par, to press 
 through or over, para, per), through, 
 over, throughout, during, by means of. 
 
 per-ago, egl, actum, 3, to carry 
 through, to finish, complete, go through 
 with. 
 
 per-aro, 1, to plow through ; to 
 scratch over ; to write carefully, fr. 
 scratching with the stilus on the waxen 
 tablets. 
 
 per-bibo, bibT, 3, to drink up. 
 
 per-censeo, ul, 2, to count up, enu   
 merate ; survey, travel over, traverse. 
 
 per-cipi5, cSpT, ceptum, 3, to take 
 up or through ; to receive, obtain, get ; 
 receive, feel, perceive. 
 
 per-curro, cucurrl and currl, cur- 
 sum, 3, to run through or over, hasten 
 over. 
 
PERCUTIO 
 
 PHILOCTETES 297 
 
 percutiS, cussl, cussum, 3 (quatiO), 
 to strike through, thrust through, pierce. 
 
 Perdlx, Icis, comm., 1, a bird, (per- 
 haps) partridge ; 2, the nephew of 
 Daedalus, turned into a bird, Perclix. 
 
 per-do, didl, ditum, 3 (to put 
 through), to ruin, destroy, throw away, 
 waste, lose. 
 
 per-dom5, uT, itum, 1, to subdue 
 thoroughly, overcome. 
 
 peregrlnus, a, um, adj. (per, ager, 
 peregre), that comes from abroad, for- 
 eign, strange ; subst., a foreigner, stran- 
 ger. 
 
 perennis, e, adj. (per, annus), that 
 continues through the year, perpetual, 
 perennial. 
 
 per-eo, iT, itum, 4, to go or run 
 through, perish, go to ruin ; die. 
 
 per-erro, 1, to wander or roam 
 through. 
 
 per-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to carry 
 through, bring, bear, suffer, endure, to 
 the end. 
 
 per-fundo, f adl, f dsum, 3, to pour 
 over ; drench ; scatter over ; flood. 
 
 Fergus, T, m., a lake in Sicily. 
 
 per-liorresco, nil, 3, to tremble. 
 
 periculum, T, n. (B. par, to go 
 through, per, peri-ri, ireipav, perl-tus, 
 perl-cu-lum), a trial, test ; peril, danger. 
 
 Perilla, ae, f., name of Ovid's 
 daughter. 
 
 perimo, 3, eml, emptum (per, emO), 
 to take atvay, destroy, put to death. 
 
 per-luceO, luxT, 2, to shine through, 
 illumine ; to be transparent. 
 
 per-maneo, nsl, nsum, 2, to stay 
 through, hold out, to remain. 
 
 per-matiiresco, turul, 3, to become 
 fully ripe, mature. 
 
 per-mitto, mlsT, missnm, 3, to let 
 go, cast, hurl ; allow, permit. 
 
 per-mulceo, si, sum, 2, to stroke 
 gently ; soften ; charm. 
 
 perosus (per-Odl), a, um, adj. and 
 part., haling greatly, full of hate ; tired 
 of; hateful. 
 
 per-petior, pessus sum, 3, v. dep. 
 (patior), to bear steadfastly, endure, suf- 
 fer, allow. 
 
 perpetuus, a, um, adj. (B. pat, to 
 go, pat, per-pe-s, per-pet-is), going 
 through, continuous, perpetual. 
 
 Perseis, idis, daughter of the Titan 
 Perses. 
 
 PerseplionC, es, f., the Greek name 
 for Proserpine. 
 
 per-sequor, sectltus sum, 3, to fol- 
 low through or after, to follow further, 
 pursue ; to report fully. 
 
 Persis, idis, f., Persia. 
 
 per-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3, to see 
 through, look into, examine; observe 
 carefully. 
 
 per-sto, stitT, statum, 1, to continue 
 standing, to remain unchanged, hold 
 out, endure. 
 
 per-terreo, uT, itum, 2, to frighten, 
 terrify, very much or thoroughly. 
 
 per-ur5, ussT, ustum, 3, to burn 
 through and through, consume. 
 
 per-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come 
 (through) to, arrive at, reach. 
 
 per-vigilo, 1, toivatch, or be awake, 
 all night ; keep watch. 
 
 pervigil, ilis, adj., ever watching, 
 watching through the night. 
 
 pervius, a, um, adj., having a pas- 
 sage through, passable. 
 
 pgs, pedis, m. (JR. pad, to tread, step, 
 ped, ped-is), afoot, of man or of beast. 
 
 pestifer, era, erum, adj., bringing 
 ruin, baneful, pestiferous. 
 
 pestis, is, f. (fr. per-de-re, per-d-ti, 
 per-s-ti, pes-ti-s, something that de- 
 stroys), a plague, pest, pestilence. 
 
 peto, TvT and il, Itum, 3 (B. pat, to 
 move swiftly, fall upon, pet, pet-ere), to 
 fall upon, attack, strive for ; go to, 
 reach ; desire, request, ask for. 
 
 Pliaeacius, a, um, adj., belonging to 
 Phaeacia, the island of Scheria, in the 
 Aegean ; a Phaeacian. 
 
 Phaethon, ontis, m., son of Phoe- 
 bus and Clymene, Phaethon. 
 
 Phaethusa, ae, f., one of the Helia- 
 des, sister of Phaethon. 
 
 Pliant asos, I, m., the dream-god, 
 Phantasvs. 
 
 pliaretra, ae, f., <f>aperpa (B. bhar, 
 to ca?Ty), something that carries, a 
 quiver. 
 
 pnar^tratus, a, um, adj., quivered. 
 
 Phasis, idis and idos, m., a river in 
 Colchis. 
 
 PhiloctStSs, ae, m., son of Poeas, 
 Met. IX, 243. 
 
298 
 
 PHINEUS 
 
 PLAUDO 
 
 Phineus, el, m., 1, brother of Ce- 
 pheus, king of Aethiopia ; 2, king of 
 Salmydessus in Thrace. 
 
 Phlegethontis, idis, adj. f., of 
 Phlegethon. 
 
 Phlegyae, arum, m., a people of 
 Thessaly or Thrace, who plundered the 
 temple of Delphi. 
 
 Phobetor, oris, m. (<f>oj8>jTa>p), the 
 frightener, the dream-god, son of Mor- 
 pheus. 
 
 phoca, ae, and phoce, es, f., a seal, 
 sea-calf. 
 
 Phocaicus, a, um, adj., of Phocis, 
 Pkocaean. 
 
 Phocis, idis, f ., a country in Central 
 Greece. 
 
 Phoebe, Os, f., sister of Phoebus ; 
 Diana ; also goddess of the moon, Luna. 
 
 Phoebeus, a, um, adj., of Phoebus, 
 Phoebean. 
 
 Phoebus, i, m. (<£oZ/3os, the bright- 
 shining)^ Gr. name of Apollo. 
 
 Phoenix, Icis, m., Phoenlcas. ncc. 
 pi., a Phoenician. 
 
 Phrixeus, a, um, adj., of Phrixus, 
 Phrixean. 
 
 Phryges, um, m. pi., the inhabitants 
 of Phrygia ; Phrygians. 
 
 Phrygia, ae, f., a country in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Phrygius, a, um, adj., of Phrygia, 
 Phrygian. 
 
 piceus, a, um, adj. (pix, fr. pi, to 
 swell, pik, pix), of pitch, pitch-black. 
 
 Pierides, um, the daughters of 
 Pierus ; the Muses ; the Pierides. 
 
 Pierius, a, um, adj., of Pieria, Pie- 
 rian. See n. Am. Ill, 926. 
 
 pietas, atis, f. (pius), dutifulness, 
 dutiful conduct ; sense of duty ; piety ; 
 filial piety ; truth, mercy. 
 
 piger, ra, mm, adj. (R. par, to 
 make firm, hinder, pig, pig-er, hinder- 
 ed), heavy, dull, sluggish ; unwilling. 
 
 piget, uit, 2, v. impers. (R. pi, pi-k, 
 to grieve), it grieves, is irksome. 
 
 pignus, oris and eris (R. pak, to 
 make firm, pig, pign-u-s, what is made 
 firm), a security, pledge ; token, proof. 
 
 pigre, adv. (piger), slowly, reluc- 
 tantly. 
 
 Pindus, T, m., a mountain in Thes- 
 saly. 
 
 ping5, plnxl, pictum, 3 (R. pik, to 
 pierce, adorn, pi-n-g-efe), to represent 
 in art, to paint, embroider, embellish. 
 
 pinguis, e, adj. (R. same as of pa- 
 ciscor, iraxvs, fat), fat, rich, heavy, 
 coarse. 
 
 pinna, ae, f. (R. spa-n, to draw, 
 sharpen, spi, pi-t-na, pi-n-na), a feather, 
 wing, pinion ; point. 
 
 pinus, (is and I, f . (R. pi, to swell, 
 pi-nu-s), a pine, pine-tree ; anything 
 made of pine, a ship. 
 
 Pfsa, ae, f., a city in Elis. 
 
 PIrSnis, idis, adj., of Pirene. 
 
 Pfsaeus, a, um, adj., of Pisa, Pisae- 
 an. 
 
 piscis, is, m. (R. paska, a fish), a 
 fish ; in pi., pisces, the name of a con- 
 stellation. 
 
 Pittheus, el, m., son of Pelops, 
 grandfather of Theseus. 
 
 pius, a, um, adj. (R. ki, to s&ek, 
 honor, kvi, pi, pai, paio, pio, piu-s), 
 dutiful in sentiment and conduct, pious, 
 affectionate, loyal. 
 
 placeo, uT, Hum, 3 (R. park, to ask, 
 seek, beg, plak, plac-ere), to please ; 
 placet, impers., it is agreeable, seems 
 good. 
 
 placidus, a, um, adj. (placcO), pleas- 
 ing, gentle, mild, agreeable, peaceful, 
 quiet. 
 
 placo, 1 (R. same as placeo), to quiet, 
 soften, reconcile, appease. 
 
 plaga, ae, f. (R. park, to weave, 
 fold, plak, plag), a net, toil, snare ; a 
 tract, region, quarter. 
 
 plaga, ae, f . (R. par, to strike, pra-k, 
 pla-g, plag-a), a blow, stroke, cut, thrust. 
 
 plango, nxl, nctum, 3 (R. same as 
 plaga, pla, pla-n-g-ere), to strike, beat ; 
 to beat one's head, breast, in grief ; to 
 lament, bewail. 
 
 plangor, Oris, m. (plangO), a noisy 
 striking, beating, loud mourning, wail- 
 ing. 
 
 planta, ae, f. (R. prat, to spread 
 out, plat, pla-n-t-a), anything spread 
 out, a plant, sprout, shoot, sucker ; sole 
 of the foot. 
 
 planus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 plaga, pla-k, fiat), level, plane. 
 
 platanus, I, f., a plane-tree. 
 
 plaudo, si, sum, 3 (etym. unc), to 
 
PLAUSTRUM 
 
 POPULOR 
 
 299 
 
 clap, strike ; to clap the hands, to ap- 
 plaud, approve. 
 
 plaustrum, I, n. (B. pru, flu, to 
 swim, sail, flow ; rain, plav, plov, plo- 
 s-tru-m, plau-s-tru-m, fr. the idea of 
 traveling by water (sail), to the more 
 general one of conveyance in any way 
 by land), a vehicle, carriage, wagon ; 
 the name of a constellation, the Wagon, 
 Charles's Wain. 
 
 Plausus, us, m. (plaudo), clapping 
 of hands, applause. 
 
 plebs, plebis, f . (B. par, to Jill, pal, 
 pla, ple\ ple-b-s or ple-be-s, a multitude), 
 a crowd of people, the common people, 
 the commons, the plebeians. 
 
 plectrum, I, n. (B. par, to strike, 
 pra, pra-k, wAo-y, 7tAt}k-, plec-tru-m, 
 something to strike with), a quill, boiv, 
 plectrum (to strike the strings of a 
 musical instrument). 
 
 Pleias, adis, a daughter of Atlas 
 and Pleione, a Pleiad. 
 
 planus, a, um, adj. (same B. as 
 plebs), full, filled, complete. 
 
 ploro, 1 (B. pru, plu, to swim, 
 rain, flow, plav, plov, plov-ero, ploro, 
 to cause to flow (tears)), to weep, cry, 
 cry out, wail, lament, deplore. 
 
 pluma, ae, f. (same B. as ploro, 
 plov-ma, plou-ma, plfl-ma), a soft feath- 
 er, down, feathers, plumage. 
 
 plumbum, I, n. (B. mluva, lead, 
 mlu-m-vo, plu-m-vo, plu-m-bo, plum- 
 bu-m), lead, a bullet of lead. 
 
 plumeus, a, um, adj. (plflma), full 
 of down, downy. 
 
 pluvius, a, um, adj. (fr. pluo, B. 
 pru, plu, to rain), of rain, rainy, rain- 
 bringing. 
 
 poculum, T, n. (B. pa, pi, to drink, 
 po, po-to, po-culu-m), a drinking '-vessel, 
 cup, goblet. 
 
 Poeas, antis, m., father of Philoc- 
 tetes. 
 
 poena, ae, f. (B. ki, to seek, pay, 
 punish, kvi, pi, poi, poe-na), penalty, 
 punishment, vengeance. 
 
 Poeniceus, a, um, adj. (Panicus), 
 Punic ; red, purple-colored. 
 
 polenta, ae, f., barley, peeled barley. 
 
 pollens, ntis (part. fr. polleO, fr. B. 
 pa, to protect, guard, pa-1, polle-re), 
 powerful. 
 
 pollex, ids, m. (polliceor), the 
 thumb. 
 polliceor, pollicitus sum, v. dcp., 2 
 
 (BB. PAR, PRATI, PORTI, por-, pol-, tO- 
 
 ward, forth, and rik, to give over, al- 
 low, lik, lie (lie-Ore), pol-liceor), to hold 
 forth, promise, offer. 
 
 polluo, ul, Gtum, 3 (1st pt. of the 
 B. same as in polliceor, pol-, 2d pt. lu, 
 to wash, pol-luo), to pollute, soil, defile ; 
 desecrate, violate. 
 
 polus, I, m., ir6Ao9 (fr. B. kar, to 
 move, turn, that about wh. something 
 turns), the pole, axis ; the globe, earth, 
 the heavens. 
 
 Polyphemus, T, m., a Cyclops. 
 
 pompa, ae, f., nofjurrj, a procession. 
 
 pomum, T, n. (B. pu, to produce, 
 pau, pav, pov, pov-mo, po-mO), fruit 
 (of trees), apples, nuts, berries, etc. 
 
 pondus, eris, n. (B. spad, spand, to 
 move violently, swing, pand, pend-ere, 
 pond-us), a weight, weight, heaviness, 
 a burden ; weight, importance. 
 
 pond, posuT, positum, 3 (fr. porti, 
 por-t, por-, pol-, po (prep.), before, to- 
 ward, and B. sa, to plant, set, lay, si, 
 si-n-ere, po-sino, pos-no, pOnO), to put, 
 place, set, lay, arrange, build, plant ; 
 set away, put aside. 
 
 Ponticus, I, m., name of a poet ; 
 Trist. IV, 10, 47. 
 
 Pontus, I, m. (kovtos, fr. B. pat, to 
 go, originally a path, then the open sea), 
 1, the sea, the deep ; a wave ; 2, the 
 Black Sea ; 3, a country in Asia Minor, 
 Pontus. 
 
 poples, itis, m. (B. spar, to move 
 tremulously, move, spal + spol, po-pol, 
 po-pol-o, pO-pl-o, pO-pli-to, po-pli-t, po- 
 ples, a part of the body much moved), 
 the ham of the knee, ham-string ; the 
 knee. 
 
 populabilis, e, adj. (populor), that 
 may be laid waste, destructible. 
 
 popularis, e, adj. (populus), of the 
 people, of the same people, belonging to 
 the people, for the people ; popular ; 
 subst., a fellow-countryman ; a popular 
 man, a people's man ; a democrat, dem- 
 agogue. 
 
 populifer, era, eram (pOpulus, f., fr. 
 same B. as poples), poplar-bearing. 
 
 populor, 1, v. dep. (B. skar, to cut. 
 
300 
 
 POPULUS 
 
 PRAESAEPE 
 
 hurt, skal, spal, spol, spo-spul, po-pul- 
 ari), to lay waste, destroy. 
 
 populus, T, m. (R. par, to Jill, pal, 
 pol, pul, po-polo, po-pulu-s), a multi- 
 tude, people, crowd, population; the 
 people ; populace. 
 
 porrigo, rexl, rectum, 3 (fr. porti, 
 pro, por, po, and regO, pro-regO), to 
 stretch forth or out, extend, spread out, 
 reach, offer, lengthen. 
 
 porta, ae, f . (R. par, to go through, 
 por, por-ta), a gate, door, a city-gate, 
 entrance. 
 
 porto, 1 (R. par, to Jill, bring, pro- 
 duce, por, por-ta-re), to carry, bring, 
 convey, bear. 
 
 portus, us, m. (R. same as porto), 
 a place to bring to, a harbor, haven, 
 port. 
 
 posed, poposcT, 3 (R. park, parsk, 
 to ask, demand, porsc-, pose-), to de- 
 mand, request, beg, challenge. 
 
 Possideo, sedl, sessum, 2 (fr. porti, 
 por-t, pro, por, pol, pos- (as in porrigo), 
 and sedeo, to sit), to be in j)Ossession, 
 possess, have. 
 
 possidd, sedl, sessum, 3 (fr. pos- 
 (as in possideo) and sldo, to set), to 
 take in ])ossession, possess one's self of. 
 
 possum, potul, posse, v. irreg. (fr. 
 potis and sum, potis-sum, pos-sum), to 
 be able, have power, influence, capacity ; 
 to be powerful ; possum, I can, and so 
 in the other persons. 
 
 post (B,. pas, behind, pos, pos-t), 1, 
 prep, with ace, behind, after, of place, 
 and of time ; also of rank, next after, 
 inferior to ; 2, adv., back, backwards ; 
 after, afterward. 
 
 posterities, atis, f. (posterus), after- 
 comers, posterity. 
 
 posterus, a, um, adj. (post), coming 
 after, following, future. 
 
 postis, is, m. (etym. unc, but per- 
 haps fr. post), a post, door-post ; by 
 me ton., door. 
 
 post-modo, adv., afterward, soon 
 after. 
 
 post-pond, posul, positum, 3, to put 
 after, place after. 
 
 postquam, conj., after that, after, 
 as soon as. 
 
 potens, adj. and part. (R. pa, to pro- 
 tect, pa-t, po-t, pote-ns), having power 
 
 over, ruling over, master of; powerful, 
 mighty. 
 
 potentia, ae, f. (potens), power, 
 might, authority, dominion ; effect. 
 
 potior, 4 (same R. as potens), to 
 have power over, to become master of ; 
 to get, obtain; possess, be in possession of. 
 
 potd, avT, atum and potum, 1 (R. 
 pa, pi, to drink, po, po-to), to drink. 
 
 prae, prep, with abl. (R. par, para, 
 pra, pro, prae, before), before, in front 
 of, in comparison with. 
 
 praeacutus, a, um, adj. (acuO), 
 sharpened before, at the end, sharpened, 
 pointed. 
 
 praebeo, uT, itum, 2 (prae-habe5), to 
 reach out, offer, afford; grant, give, 
 render. 
 
 prae-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go 
 before, precede. 
 
 praeceps, cipitis, adj. (prae and 
 caput), head first, headlong ; steep. 
 
 praeceptum, I, n., a rule. 
 
 praecipitd, 1 (praeceps), to throw 
 headlong, precipitate ; to fall headlong, 
 destroy one's self 
 
 praecordia, Drum, n. pi. (prae-cor), 
 the breast, heart. 
 
 praeda, ae, f . (R. ghadii, to seize, 
 hed, he-n-d, prae-hed-a, praed-a), plun- 
 der, booty, spoils. 
 
 prae-de-lasso, 1, to weary out be- 
 forehand. 
 
 prae-dives, itis, adj., very rich. 
 
 praedd, Onis (praeda), a robber \ 
 plunderer. 
 
 prae-ferd, tull, latum, 3, to carry 
 before, to prefer. 
 
 prae-figd, xT, xum, 3, to fix or set up 
 in front ; to point, tip. 
 
 praemium, I, n. (R. am, to take, 
 em-e-re, prae-im-iu-m, praem-iu-m), 
 something taken away from, profit, ad- 
 vantage, reward, prize, premium. 
 
 praepes, etis, adj. and subst. (R. 
 pat, to move swiftly, fly, pet, pet-is, 
 prae-pe-s), very swift, swift of flight, 
 fleet ; a bird. 
 
 prae-pono, posul, positum, 3, to 
 place before, prefer. 
 
 praesaepe, praesepe, is, n. (R. sak, 
 sag, to make strong, stop, suak, sek-i, 
 sep-i, saep-e-s, prae-saep-e), an inclos- 
 ure, stall, fold, hut, hovel. 
 
PRAESAGIUM 
 
 PROCELLA 
 
 301 
 
 praesagium, T, n. (R. same as prae- 
 saepe, sak, sag, to seek after, sag-ire, 
 sagium, praesagium), a presentiment, 
 foreboding, presage. 
 
 praesagus, a, um, adj. (praesagium), 
 foretelling, divining, prophetic. 
 
 praescius, a, um, adj. (sciO), know- 
 ing beforehand, foreknowing, prescient. 
 
 praesens, ntis (part. fr. praesum), 
 one who is before or at hand, present, 
 at hand, in person ; efficient, able. 
 
 praeses, idis, adj. and subst. (prae, 
 sedeO, one who sits before), presiding, 
 protecting ; a protector, defender, ruler, 
 chief, president. 
 
 praesignis, e, adj. (slgnum), distin- 
 guished before others, excellent. 
 
 prae-sto, stitl, staturus, 1, to stand 
 before or in front, be supeHor, excel ; to 
 answer for, be good for ; part., prae- 
 stans, antis, superior, distinguished. 
 
 prae-suo, ul, titum, 3, to sew in 
 front, to sew over or up ; cover over. 
 
 prae-tempto, 1, to try beforehand. 
 
 prae- ten do, dl, turn, 3, to stretch 
 before or forth; to pretend. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace. (compara- 
 tive of prae, prae-ter), past, beyond, 
 above, more ; except, save. 
 
 praeter, eo, il, itum, 4, to go by or 
 beyond, or past ; in trans, sense, to over- 
 take ; pass by, omit, mention of. 
 
 praetinctus, a, um, part, of prae- 
 tingo, dipped in or moistened before- 
 hand. 
 
 prae-uro, ussT, ustum, 3, to bum at 
 the edge or end, singe, scorch. 
 
 prae-vius, a, um, adj., going before, 
 leading the way. 
 
 pratum, T, n. (R. prat, to become 
 wet, prat-u-m, the wet), meadow, mead- 
 ow-land. 
 
 precarius, a, um, adj. (prex, precis), 
 gained by prayers or entreaties, precari- 
 ous. 
 
 precor, v. dep., 1 (prex), to pray, 
 beg, entreat, implore. 
 
 pre-hend5, prendO, dT, sum, 3 (R. 
 ghadh, to seize, hed, he-n-d, pre(prae)- 
 he-n-d-ere, prehendere, prendere), to 
 seize, lay hold of, catch. 
 
 prem5, press!, pressum, 3 (R. pram, 
 to press, prem-), to press, press down ; 
 burden, oppress, press together or to, or 
 
 into ; impress ; to stop ; pursue, press 
 close, insist upon. 
 
 pretiosus, a, um, adj. (pretium), pre- 
 cious, costly. 
 
 pretium, T, n. (R. par, to exchange, 
 buy, trade, per, pre, pre-tiu-m), worth, 
 price, value ; wages, reward. 
 
 prex, precis, f., nom. and gen. not 
 in use (R. park, parsk, prak, prec-s, 
 prex*, a prayer, entreaty, request, good 
 wish. 
 
 primo, adv. (primus), at first, at the 
 beginning. 
 
 prlmum, adv. (primus), at first, at 
 the first time, in the first place. 
 
 primus, a, um, adj. superl. (for R. 
 see prior), the first, first, foremost, ear- 
 liest, chief. 
 
 princeps, cipis, adj. and subst. (pri- 
 mus and capio), first, in order or in 
 time; the first, chief; as subst., the 
 first man, the chief, the head ; prince. 
 
 principium, I, n. (princeps), the 
 beginning, origin. 
 
 prior, us, adj. comp. (R. par, para, 
 pra, pro, prae, before, pra-ior, pr-ior), 
 former, pnor ; first ; subst., priores, 
 predecessors, forefathers, ancestors. 
 
 priscus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 prior, pra-ius, prius-, pris-, pris-cu-s), 
 olden, ancient, of former or ancient 
 times. 
 
 pristinus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 prior and priscus, pris-tinus), former, 
 original, pristine. 
 
 prius, adv. (prior), before, earlier, 
 sooner, previously. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl. (R. par, para, 
 pra, pro, before), before, in front of, for, 
 instead of, in behalf of, according to, in 
 proportion to. 
 
 pr5 (proh), interj., Of ah! alas! 
 alas for ! 
 
 proavus, I, m. (pro, avus), forefather, 
 ancestor. 
 
 probo, 1 (etym. unc), to prove, judge 
 of, approve, praise, recommend, make 
 acceptable or credible, show, represent, 
 demonstrate, accredit. 
 
 pro-ced5, cessl, cessum, 3, to go 
 forth or forward, proceed. 
 
 procella, ae, f. (fr. pro, before, and 
 cello, fr. R. kar, to move quickly, cal, 
 eel, cello, pro-cella, as storm-wind, as 
 
302 
 
 PROCER 
 
 PROPERO 
 
 one driving forward), a violent wind, 
 storm, tempest. 
 
 procer, eris, m., chiefly in pi., pro- 
 <;eres, um (f r. pro and R. kar, to jut 
 forth, be prominent, cer, pro-cer-es), 
 those who are prominent, chiefs, princes, 
 leaders, heads of the state. 
 
 procerus, a, um, adj, (from pro 
 and R. kar, to make, create, cer, pro- 
 cerus, made, grown up), highball, 
 slender. 
 
 procul, adv. (same BB. as procella, 
 eel, cul), pro-cul (forward driven), far, 
 at a distance, at some distance, far 
 away, from afar. 
 
 Proculus, I, m., a Roman, to whom 
 Romulus is said to have appeared ; Fas- 
 ti, II, 499. 
 
 pro-cumbo, cubuT, cubitum, 3, to 
 fall forward, fall down, sink down. 
 
 procus, I, m. (R. park, parsk, to 
 ask, prak, proc-u-s), one who asks, a 
 wooer, suitor. 
 
 prod-eo, il, itum, 4 (pro-eO), to go 
 forth, come forth, appear. 
 
 prodigium, i, n. (fr. pro and R. 
 agh, to say, ag, ag-i-o, S-j-o, aio, ag- 
 iu-m, prod-ig-iu-m, something said be- 
 forehand, foretold), a prophetic token, 
 omen, wonder, prodigy. 
 
 prodigus, a, um, adj. (fr. pro and 
 ag, to lead, drive, ag-a, ag-0, prod-igu-s, 
 driving away), wasteful, lavish, prodi- 
 gal. 
 
 proditio, onis, f. (prOdO), betrayal, 
 treason. 
 
 pro-do, didT, ditum, 3, to put forth 
 or out, disclose, betray, surrender. 
 
 pro-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to bring or 
 lead forward, bring to ; produce. 
 
 profano, 1 (prof anus), to profane. 
 
 profanus, a, um, adj. (pro and f5- 
 num, that ivhich is before or outside the 
 fane or temple), profane, unholy, not 
 sacred ; unconsecrated ; impious, god- 
 less ; ill-omened, of ill omen. 
 
 profectus, us, m. (proflciO), ad- 
 vance, progress, gain, success. 
 
 pro-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to bring 
 forward, carry forth or out, stretch out, 
 extend, widen. 
 
 pro-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (pro, faciO), 
 to go or come forward, advance, make 
 progress; to profit. 
 
 proflciscor, fectus sum, v. dep. 
 (proflciO), to make forward or forth, set 
 out, depart. 
 
 profugus, a, um, adj. (profugio), one 
 that flees or has fled, fugitive, escaped 
 from, banished, exiled. 
 
 pr5-fundo, ffidl, f usum, 3, to pour 
 forth or out, shed profusely. 
 
 profundus, a, um, adj. (fundus), 
 deep, profound ; subst., the deep, the 
 deep sea. 
 
 progenies, ei, f. (pro-gignO), race, 
 family, offspring, progeny ; a descend- 
 ant. 
 
 prohibeo, uT, itum, 2 (pro, habeO), 
 to hold before, to hold or keep back, pro- 
 hibit, hinder, prevent. 
 
 pro-icio, jeel, jectum, 3, to cast or 
 throw forth, throw away, drive away. 
 
 proles, is, f. (fr. pro and olesco), 
 that which grows forth, progeny, off- 
 spring, child ; son, daughter ; race ; 
 generation, age. 
 
 Promethiades, and PromSthldes, 
 ae, m., son of Prometheus ; Deucalion. 
 
 pro-mitt5, mlsl, missum, 3, to send 
 forth, let grow, grow, spread forth ; 
 promise. 
 
 promo, mpsl, mptum, 3 (pro-emo), 
 to take or draw forth, produce; part, 
 and adj., promptus, a, um, drawn forth, 
 ready, at hand, prompt, evident, clear. 
 
 promptus, us, m. (promo), the being 
 visible, in readiness ; in promptu est, it 
 is clear, plain, easy. 
 
 pr on epos, Otis, m., a great-grand- 
 son. 
 
 pronus, a, um, adj. (R. par, para, 
 pra, pro, before, pra-va-na, pro-vo-no, 
 pro-v->no, pro-nu-s), inclined forward or 
 downivard, leaning down, running for- 
 ward ; easy, prone. 
 
 propago, inis, f . (R. pak, to make 
 firm, join, pag, pag-o, pro-pag-o), a 
 layer of a plant, slip, shoot ; then gen- 
 erally, a descendant, child ; offspring. 
 
 prope, adv. (R. park, to braid, bind, 
 proc-, prop-, prope), near, near by, 
 nearly, almost ; prep, with ace, near to, 
 near by, hard by, near. 
 
 propere, adv. (properO), hastily, in 
 haste. 
 
 propero, 1 (R. par, por, to bring, 
 make, get, per, peru-s, pro-peru-s, get- 
 
PROPERTIUS 
 
 PULVIS 
 
 303 
 
 ting forward), to hasten, get ready 
 quick, make haste. 
 
 Propertius, T, m., Sextus Aurclius, 
 name of a Roman elegiac poet. 
 
 proplnquus, a, um, adj. (same R. 
 as prope, propi-n-co, propi-n-quu-s), 
 near, neighboring. 
 
 propior, us, adj. compar. (prope), 
 nearer ; later ; more like ; more inti- 
 mate ; prOximus, a, um, superl., nearest, 
 next. 
 
 prO-pCnS, posul, positum, 3, to put 
 forth, set out or fo?*th, exhibit ; propose 
 to one's self, undertake, propose. 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj. (etym. unc., 
 perhaps fr. prope), one's own, special, 
 peculiar ; proper. 
 
 propter, prep, with ace. (prope, 
 propi-ter, propter), near by, at hand, 
 close by ; also adv. with same meaning. 
 
 pro-scind5, scidl, scissum, 3, to tear 
 vp, cleave. 
 
 Proserpina, ae, f., daughter of Ju- 
 piter and Ceres ; Proserpine. 
 
 pro-silio, uT, 4 (saliO), to leap forth, 
 spring up. 
 
 pro-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3 (spe- 
 cie), to look forth or forward, to look at, 
 look, survey. 
 
 pro-stern5, striivT, stratum, 3, to 
 cast or strew in front of, to throw down, 
 p? % ostrate. 
 
 prostituo, stituT, stitfltum, 3 (stat- 
 us), to place before, expose publicly, 
 prostitute. 
 
 pro-sum, pro-fuT, prod-esse, v. n., 
 to be of use or profit, do goody benefit, 
 profit. 
 
 pro-tendo, tend!, tentum, 3, to 
 stretch forth or forward. 
 
 pro-tero, trlvT, trltum, 3, to drive 
 forth, tread down. 
 
 Proteus, eT, m., a sea-god, who 
 changed readily his form ; Proteus. 
 
 protinus, adv. (pro, tenus), before 
 one's self, forward, forthwith, on the 
 spot. 
 
 pro-turbo, 1, to drive forward, to 
 thrust away. 
 
 pruinSsus, a, um (pruTna, of unc. 
 etym., perhaps fr. R. par, to sprinkle, 
 pru, pru-s, prus-ina, pru-Tna, prop, cold 
 sprinkling), full of hoar-frost, frosty. 
 
 prunum, T, n., a plum ; fr. the Gr. 
 
 pfibSs, is, f. (B. pu, to beget, pu- 
 be-s), signs of manhood, puberty ; 
 grown-up males, youth, young men ; 
 men. 
 
 publicus, a, um, adj. (fr. populus ; 
 populicus, poplicus, publicus), belong- 
 ing to the people, or state, or commu/rif un- 
 common to all, public. 
 
 pudet, uit, 2, v. impcrs. (B. ru, to 
 strike, strike down, be dejected), it 
 strikes down, makes ashamed, is or 
 feels ashamed, shames; one is ashamed 
 of. 
 
 pudlcus, a, um, adj. (pudet), bashful, 
 modest, chaste. 
 
 pudor, Oris, m. (pudet), shame, sense 
 of shame, modesty, chastity, innocence ; 
 shame, disgrace. 
 
 puella, ae, f . (puer, puerula, puella), 
 a girl, maiden, 
 
 puellaris, e, adj. (puella), of a 
 maiden, maidenly. 
 
 puer, erl, m. (B. ru, to beget), a 
 child ; a male child, boy, lad, youth. 
 
 puerilis, e, adj. (puer), of a child or 
 boy, childish, boyish ; youthful. 
 
 puerpera, ae, f. (puer, pario), a 
 woman that brings forth ; a woman in 
 child-bed. 
 
 pugna, ae, f . (B. pak, to strengthen, 
 join, puk, pug, pug-nu-s, a fist, pug-na, 
 prop., a fist-fight), a fight, battle. 
 
 piigno, 1 (pflgna and piignus), to 
 fight with the fist, to fight, contend, do 
 battle ; to strive, struggle. 
 
 pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, adj. 
 (B. spark, to sprinkle, scatter, sparg, 
 palk, polc-ro, pulch-er), bright, fair, 
 beautiful ; noble, fine, glorious. 
 
 pullus, a, um, adj. (B. pala, gray, 
 dark gray, pal-va, pul-vu-s, pul-lu-s), 
 dark-colored. 
 
 pulmo, onis, m. (B. pu, to pu- 
 rify, to blow, plea, plu, pul-mo), the 
 lungs. 
 
 pulso, 1 (pellO), to strike violently, 
 beat, stamp ; knock ; drive. 
 
 pulvereus, a, um, adj. (pulvis), 
 dusty. 
 
 pulverulentus, a, um, adj. (pulvis), 
 full of dust. 
 
 pulvis, eris, m. (B. spar, spal, pel, 
 pul, to swing, to shake, pul-vi-s), dust ,* 
 by meton., the race-course. 
 
304 
 
 PtJMEX 
 
 -QUE 
 
 pumex, icis, m. (R. spju, to spit, 
 foam, spu (spu-ma,/oam), pu, pu-me-x), 
 a pumice-stone. 
 
 puniceus, a, um, adj. (Panicus), red, 
 purple-red. 
 
 puppis, is, f. (etym. unc), the 
 hinder part of a ship, the stern. 
 
 purgo, 1 (R. pu x ag, pur-ig-o), to 
 clean. 
 
 purpura, ae, f . (nop-<f>vp-a), the pur- 
 ple-fish ; purple color ; purple ; by me- 
 ton., purple wool. 
 
 purpureus, a, um, adj. (purpura), of 
 purple, red ; shining ; clad in purple. 
 
 purus, a, um, adj. (R. pit, to cleanse, 
 purify), clean, pure, unstained, stain- 
 less ; free. 
 
 puto, 1 (R. ru, to cleanse, make 
 
 right), to reckon, consider, value; be- 
 lieve, think. 
 
 Pygmaeus, a, um, adj. (irvy/ut^), 
 Pygmaean; Pygmaei (Fistlings, Tom 
 Thumbs), the Pygmies. 
 
 pyra, ae, f., a funeral-pile, pyre. 
 
 Pyramus, T, m., Pyramus. 
 
 Pyrols, entis, m. (Ilvpdeis), the fiery; 
 Pyrois. 
 
 pyr5pus, I, m., a mixture of bronze 
 and gold, gold-bronze, gold. 
 
 Pyrrha, ae, f., daughter of Epime- 
 theus, and wife of Deucalion. 
 
 Pythia, Orum, n., pi., the games in 
 honor of the Pythian Apollo; the Pythi- 
 an games. 
 
 Python, Onis, m., a dragon killed by 
 Apollo on Parnassus ; Python. 
 
 qua (abl. fem. of qui, wh. see), sc. 
 parte, via, where, by which way ; so far 
 as, anywhere, 
 
 quadrijugus, a, um, adj., quadru-s, 
 jugum (BR. quadro, ju, ju-g, quadri- 
 jug-u-s), of or belonging to a team of 
 four ; with four ho?*ses, sc. currus ; 
 quadrijugi, sc. equi, a team of four 
 horses. 
 
 quadrupes, edis, adj., quadru-s, 
 pes tKR. quadro and pad, to tread, 
 ped, pes), four-footed. 
 
 quaere, quaeslvl, quaesltum, 3 (R. 
 ki, to seek, kvi, kvai, kvai-s, quae-s, 
 quaer-ere), to seek, miss, desire, reach, 
 attain, strive after, inquire. 
 
 qualis, e, pron. relative (R. ka, as 
 of qui, wh. see, ka-li, qua-li-s), how 
 made, of what quality, kind, what. 
 
 qualis-cumque, pron. rel., of what 
 quality soever, of whatever kind. 
 
 quam, adv. (ace. fem. of qui, wh. 
 see), how, how much, than, as. 
 
 quam-libet, adv., as it pleases, how 
 much soever, ever so much. 
 
 quam-prlmum, adv., as soon as 
 
 quam - quam, adv., though, al- 
 though. 
 
 quam- vis, 1, adv., as you will, ever 
 so much, very much ; 2, conj. conces- 
 sive, although. 
 
 quando, adv., indef. (fr. qua-m and 
 
 R. di, div, fr. wh. dies ; thus : dju, 
 djau, djav, dio, abl. = do, quan-do, on 
 what day), when, at any time ; also 
 adv. interr., when? 
 
 quando-cumque, adv. indef., at 
 some time or other. 
 
 quantus, a, um, adj. (fr. qui, R. ka, 
 ka-nta, qua-ntu-s), how great ; with 
 tantus, tantus-quantus, so great— as ; 
 neut., quantum, how much, as much, 
 as much — as ; adv., as much as, so 
 much as ; abl., quanto, by how much 
 as, according as. 
 
 quantulus-cumque, a, um, adj. 
 (quantus), however small. 
 
 quare (qua rG), adv. relat. and of 
 indirect question, uherefore, on what 
 account, why. 
 
 quartus, a, um, num. adj. (R. kat- 
 var, katur, four, quatur-tu-s, quatr- 
 tu-s, quar-tu-s), the fourth. 
 
 quasi (qua, si), as if, as it were. 
 
 quater, adv. (same R. as quartus, 
 quatur-iens, quatr-iens, quatr-ies, quatr- 
 is, quatr-s, quater-s, quater), four 
 times. 
 
 quatio, quassl, quassum (R. skju, 
 sku, sku-t, quat-io, to cause to move, 
 stir), to shake, shatter, swing. 
 
 quattuor, adv. (R. katvar, katur), 
 four. 
 
 -que, conj. enclitic (fr. qui, R. ka, 
 = re), joining things in themselves 
 
QUEO 
 
 QUONIAM 
 
 305 
 
 closely connected, and, and indeed, 
 and in general, and yet, yet ; que— que, 
 partly— partly, not only— but also, and 
 at the same time. 
 
 queo, qulvl, quitum, 4 (R. kit, kvi, 
 kva-n, to be strong, qiii-o, queO), to be 
 able. 
 
 quercus, tls, f . (R. kar, to be hard), 
 an oak, oak-tree ; by meton., wreath of 
 oak. 
 
 querela (-clla), (queror), ae, f., a 
 plaint, complaint. 
 
 queror, questus sum, 3, v. dep. (R. 
 kvas, kus, to sigh, ques-tu-s), to com- 
 plain, bewail ; with talia, to make such 
 complaints. 
 
 querulus, a, um, adj. (queror), com- 
 plaining, plaintive. 
 
 questus, us, m. (queror), a com- 
 plaint, plaint. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, 1, pron. rel. (R. ka, 
 pronom. stem, fr. the indef. meaning 
 all, every ; originally demonst., kva, 
 qua, quo, quo-i, qua-i, qui), who, which, 
 that, what ; after idem,=a# ,* in joining 
 sentences, = a demonstr. with and, but, 
 now, then ; also demonstratively used 
 in clauses of purpose or of result ; 2, in- 
 terrogative, both as substantive and as 
 adjective, who? which? what? what 
 kind of? 
 
 quia, conj. (nnc, but perhaps from 
 qui, abl. sing. + jam, as explained by 
 Corssen, II, 850 ; B. 503), because. 
 
 qui-cumque, quae-cumque, quod- 
 cumque, pron. indef. rel., whoever, 
 whatever, every one who, all who. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam (and 
 subst. quiddam), (RR. ka (qui) and 
 da, pronom. stem, 3d pers., de, da-m, 
 ace, qui-da-m), pron. indef., a certain 
 one, some one, somebody, something. 
 
 quidem, adv. (qui and da, de, de-m, 
 see quidam), indeed, truly, too, also ; 
 used concessively, e. g., ille quidem, to 
 be sure, it is true. 
 
 quies, etis, f. (R. ki, to lie down, 
 kia, quie-sc-ere, quie-s), rest, quiet, re- 
 pose ; sleep ; place of repose. 
 
 quiescS, CvT, Gtum, 3 (for R. see 
 quies), to rest, repose, keep quiet. 
 
 quietus, a, um, adj. (quiescO), quiet, 
 calm, at rest. 
 
 qui - libet, quae-libet, quod-libet, 
 
 and subst., quid-libct, every one you 
 please, who you please, every one, who- 
 ever, ivhatever. 
 
 quin, conj. (same R. as qui, ka, 
 qul-n, fr. qui + ne, how not), 1, inter- 
 rog., how not? why not? nay, nay 
 even ; 2, rel., so that not, but that, that ; 
 from— after verbs of hindering. 
 
 quliil, ac, a, num. adj., distrib. (for 
 R. see quinque, quinc-nl, qul-nl), Jive 
 each. 
 
 quinque, num. adj. (R. tanka-n, 
 penque, quenque, quinque), five. 
 
 quintus, a, um, adj. (see quinque, 
 quin(c)tu-s, quin-tu-s), the fifth. 
 
 quippe, adv. (qui-ppe, pe=que, then 
 quippe instead of qulpe), indeed, truly, 
 doubtless ; forsooth, for. 
 
 Quirlnus (Curltis, Cures), name of 
 Romulus, as deified. 
 
 Quiris, Itis, m. (Curgs), of Cures, 
 usiially in pi. the Quirites. 
 
 quis (qui), quae, quid, pron. (R. ki, 
 weaker form for ka, R. of qui, ki, kvi, 
 qui-s), 1, interrog., who? what? what 
 sort of? neut., quid, what? why? 2, 
 indef., any one, anything, some one, 
 something. 
 
 quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or 
 quidquam, pron. indef., any one, any- 
 thing. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quidquc or quod- 
 que, pron. indef., each one, every one, 
 every, everything; used of several, 
 while uterque is used of only two. 
 
 quisquis, quidquid (quicquid), pron. 
 rel. indef., whoever, ivhatever. 
 
 qui- vis, quae-vls, quod- vis, quid- vis, 
 pron. indef., who you please, any one 
 you please, any one. 
 
 quo (qui), adv., old dat. for quo-i, 
 whither; for what purpose, to what 
 end. 
 
 quod (qui), (fr. ace), 1, adv., as to 
 which, as to that, that, and so if, and 
 so ; 2, conj., because, that, in that. 
 
 quondam, adv. (fr. qui, quo-m, 
 quon, and dam, old ace. fr. de, da, a 
 pronom. stem), (at a certain time), once, 
 formerly ; one day, by and by, some- 
 times. 
 
 quoniam, fr. quom,=cum. and jam 
 (iam), conj., when now, now that, since, 
 inasmuch as. 
 
306 
 
 QUOQUE 
 
 RECTOR 
 
 quoque (qui, que), conj., also, as 
 well, even. 
 
 quot, num. adj. (R. ka, ka-ti, quo-t), 
 how many. 
 
 quotiens, num. adv. (same R. as 
 
 quot, gns), how many times, how 
 often. 
 
 quotus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 quot, kati-ta, quoti-to, quotu-s), of what 
 number, how many. 
 
 R 
 
 rabidus, a, um, adj. (rabies), raving, 
 raging, furious. 
 
 rabies, em, e, f. (R. rabii, to seize, 
 rage, rab, rab-ere, rab-ie-s), rage, mad- 
 ness, fury, savageness. 
 
 radio, 1 (see radius), to shine, be ra- 
 diant. 
 
 radius, I, m. (R, vardh, vard, vrad, 
 rad, to heighten, grow), a staff, rod ; 
 spoke (of a wheel) ; a shuttle (in weav- 
 ing) ; a ray, beam, in pi. the rays. 
 
 radix, Icis, f . (same R. as radius), a 
 root ; the lowest, as the foundation, the 
 foot (of a mountain) ; radish. 
 
 rado, rasl, rasum, 3 (R. ead, to 
 scratch, rad-ere, rad-si, rftsl), to scrape, 
 scratch ; to graze (radere freta). 
 
 ramale, is, n. (ramus), a branch, 
 shoot ; gen. pi. shoots, brushivood. 
 
 ramosus, a, um, adj. (ramus), full 
 of branches, branching. 
 
 ramus, T, m. (same R. as radius, rad, 
 rad-mo, ramo), a branch, bough, twig. 
 
 rana, ae, f. (R. ra, to sound, ra-k, 
 rac-na, rana), a frog. 
 
 rapax, acis, adj. (rapio), grasping, 
 greedy of plunder, rapacious, tearing. 
 
 rapidus, a, um, adj. (mp\6), seizing, 
 tearing, fierce ; rapid, swift. 
 
 rapina, ae, f. (rapiO), plunder, ra- 
 pine. 
 
 rapio, rapuT, raptum, 3 (R. rap, to 
 seize, rob), to seize, snatch, tear away, 
 hurry of, rob, tear to pieces. 
 
 rapto, 1 (rapio), to seize with violence, 
 drag aivay, carry off. 
 
 raptor, oris, m. (rapio), a plunderer, 
 plundering. 
 
 rarus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), loose, 
 thin, scattered ; rare (of endowments) ; 
 rarely. 
 
 rastrum, T, n. (same R. as riidO, 
 rad-tru-m, ras-tru-m), a heavy hoe, mat- 
 tock ; pi., rastri. 
 
 ratio, Onis, f. (R. ra, to reckon, 
 think, ra-tu-s, ra-ti-0), a reckoning ; re- 
 
 lation, account, method, plan, means; 
 intelligence, reason. 
 
 ratis, is, f. (R. ar, to ploio (of the 
 sea), to row, by metathesis, ra, ra-ti-s), 
 afloat, raft ; a boat, ship. 
 
 raucus, a, um, adj. (R. ru, to sound, 
 rau, rau-cu-s), deep-sounding, hoarse, 
 harsh, roaring. 
 
 re-bell5, 1 (same R. as bellum, dvi, 
 duT, due, dbcllu-m, bellu-m), to make 
 war again ; to rebel. 
 
 re-candesco, duT, 3 (candeO), to 
 grow white again ; (with unda), to grow 
 while with foam ; to grow hot again, 
 glow. 
 
 re-cedo, cessT, ccssum, 3, to move 
 back, retire, withdraw, recede, retreat. 
 
 recens, tis, adj. (R. ran, to begin, 
 participial form, beginning), new, fresh, 
 recent, newly arisen, just made. 
 
 receptus, us, m. (capio), a retreat. 
 
 recessus, us, m. (cedo), a withdraw- 
 ing, retreat ; a retired spot, a retreat, 
 recess. 
 
 re-cido, reccidi, reciisurus, 3 (cadO), 
 to fall back, retire, relapse ; to fall upon, 
 reach. 
 
 re-cido, cldT, cTsum, 3 (caedo), to 
 cut off, cut away, cut down. 
 
 re-cingo, cinctum (no perfect), to 
 ungird, unbind, loosen. 
 
 re-cipio (capio), cCpT, ceptum, 3, to 
 take back, lake again, receive, recover, 
 retake ; with se, to retire, withdraw. 
 
 recito, 1 (R. ki, to sharpen, arouse, 
 excite, ci-jo, ci-e-re, citus, re-citO), to 
 read in public, read out ; recite. 
 
 re-cludo (claudo), sT, sum, to un- 
 close, open, lay bare, disclose ; pierce. 
 
 re-cognosco, nOvT, nitum, 3 (nOsco), 
 to review, examine ; recognize. 
 
 re-condo, didi, ditum, 3, to put 
 away, hide, hide away ; of the eyes, to 
 close again ; to conceal. 
 
 rector, Oris, m. (regO), a leader, 
 ruler, director ; a pilot, steersman. 
 
RECTUS 
 
 RE-MITTO 
 
 307 
 
 rectus, a, um, adj. (regO), direct, 
 straight ; subst., right. 
 
 re-cubo, 1, no pcrf. or supine, to fall 
 back, lie down, lie on the back. 
 
 re-cumb5, cubuT, cubitum, 3, to lie 
 down, sink down, recline. 
 
 re-curro, currl, cursuni, 3, to run 
 back, hasten back. 
 
 recursus, us, m. (rc-currO), a return. 
 
 re-curvo, 1, to bend back ; part. 
 with undae, many-winding. 
 
 recurvus, a, um, adj. (re-curvo), 
 bent backward, curved backward. 
 
 recus5, 1 (causa, causor), to make ob- 
 jection, excuse one's self, refuse, decline. 
 
 red-do, dere, did!, ditum, 3, to give 
 back, restwe, return, render, give in 
 return ; bestow. 
 
 red-eo, il, itum, 4, to go back, return, 
 come back, come again. 
 
 red-igo, egl, actum, 3 (re, ago), to 
 bring back, reduce. 
 
 rcdimio, il, Itum, 4 (etym. unc), to 
 bind around, encircle, wreathe. 
 
 red-imo, eml, emptuin, 3, to buy 
 back, redeem, ransom, rescue. 
 
 reditus, tls, m. (redeO), a return. 
 
 red-oleo, olui (no supine), to be fra- 
 grant, redolent. 
 
 re-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to bring, lead, 
 back, draw back, reduce. 
 
 redux, ucis, adj., returning; re- 
 turned. 
 
 re-fello, fell! (no supine), (re-fallO), 
 to refute, answer. 
 
 re-fero, tull (rettull), latum, 3, to 
 bear back, carry back, turn again, re- 
 store, repeat ; give in return ; answer ; 
 relate. 
 
 rS-fert, rStulit, rCferre (re's and fert), 
 it concerns, it matters, it is important. 
 
 re-flecto, flexl, flectum, 3, to bend 
 back, turn back ; reflexive, bend itself 
 back ; longos reflectitur ungues, bends 
 itself back into long claws, i. e., gets 
 its nails lengthened into claws. 
 
 re-foveo, fovl, fotum, 3, to warm 
 again, revive, restore. 
 
 refring5 (re and f rangO), fregT, frac- 
 tum, 3, to break open ; tear open. 
 
 re-fugio, fflgl (no supine), to flee 
 back, withdraw, give way ; avoid, shun. 
 
 re-fundo, f adl, fasum, 3, to pour 
 back, pour out. 
 
 regalis, e, adj. (rCx, regO), kingly, 
 regal, royal, princely. 
 
 regaliter (regalis), adv., like a king, 
 regally ; tyrannically. 
 
 re-gero, gcssl, gestum, 3, to bring 
 back, throw back. 
 
 regimen, inis, n., the rule, direction, 
 guidance ; a rudder. 
 
 regina, ae, f., a queen, princess. 
 
 regio, onis, 
 region, distnct. 
 
 regius, a, um, adj. (reg, rug, rex), 
 regal, royal, princely, queenly. 
 
 regno, 1 (reg, rSg-s (rex), regn-arc), 
 to reign ; part., regnatus, reigned over, 
 ruled. 
 
 regnum, I, n. (rCgno), regal rule, 
 reign ; power, might ; kingdom, realm. 
 
 rego, rexl, rectum, 3 (R. kao, to 
 direct, reg, reg-cre), to lead, direct, rule, 
 govern. 
 
 re-icio (reiicio), jecT, jcctum, 3 (ja- 
 cio), to throw or hurl back, throw off ; 
 reject, despise. 
 
 re-labor, lapsus sum, 3, v. dep., to 
 glide back, sink back. 
 
 re-Ianguesco, languT, 3, to grow 
 weary, sink fainting. 
 
 re-laxo, 1, to stretch out or widen 
 again ; to loosen, open. 
 
 re-lego, legl, lectum, 3, to run 
 through again, review, repeat. 
 
 re-levo, 1, to lift up again, relieve, 
 lessen. 
 
 re-ligo, 1, to bind to, fasten ; moor. 
 
 re-linquo, liquT, lictum, 3, to leave 
 behind, leave, abandon, forsake, give 
 up, relinquish. 
 
 re-luceo, luxT, 2, to shine again, 
 blaze vp. 
 
 re-lucesco, luxT, to flame up again, 
 shine again. 
 
 re-maneo, mansT, mimsum, 2, to 
 remain behind, stay, be left. 
 
 re-meo, 1, to go or turn, back. 
 
 remex, igis, m. (rcmus and ago), an 
 oarsman, a rower. 
 
 remigium, T, n. (rSmcx), oars, oar- 
 age ; rowing ; poetically, for icings. 
 
 reminiscor, 3, v. dep. (B. ma, man, 
 to think, men, me-min-i, re-min-i-sci), 
 to call to mind again, recall, remember. 
 
 re-mittO, mlsT, missum, 3, to send 
 back, let go (back) ; send forth, give 
 
308 
 
 RE-MOLIOR 
 
 RE-TEXO 
 
 out ; (of the spider), to spin the threads 
 (of its web) ; remit, allow. 
 
 re-molior, 4, v. dep., to press or 
 push back, or away. 
 
 re-mollesco, 3, to become soft again, 
 be softened, yield. 
 
 re-moror, 1, v. dep., to linger or 
 stay behind ; transitive, in remorata, 
 delayed, Met. X, 671. 
 
 re-moveo, movl, mOtum, 2, to move 
 back, remove, separate; stroke back, 
 put aside. 
 
 Remus, T, m., the brother of Romu- 
 lus. 
 
 remus, T, m. (R. ar, to plow (plow 
 the sea), to row, eret-mos, ret-mo-s, re- 
 mu-s), an oar ; figuratively, with ala- 
 rum, oarlike ivings. 
 
 re-narro, 1, to tell or narrate again. 
 
 re-nascor, nasci,. 3, v. dep., to be 
 born again, spring up or grow again. 
 
 re-nideo, 2, to shine forth, shine. 
 
 re-novo, 1, to renew. 
 
 reor, ratus, 2 (R. ra, to join, reckon), 
 to think, believe. 
 
 repagula, Orum, n. pi., barriers. 
 
 re-par o, 1, to repair, renew. 
 
 re-pello, -ppull, pulsum, 3, to let go. 
 
 repens, tis, sudden. 
 
 repercussus, part. (re-per-quatiO), 
 reflected, rebounding. 
 
 re-perio perl, pertum, 4, to dis- 
 cover. 
 
 re-peto, TvT, il, Itum, 3, to seek again, 
 repeat ; heave. 
 
 re-pleo, plevl, pletum, 2, to fill 
 again, fill, satisfy. 
 
 re-pono, posuT, positum, 3, to put 
 back or away, lay aside, lay down ; re- 
 store, replace. 
 
 re-primo, press!, pressum, 3, to 
 press back, repress, suppress. 
 
 re-pugno, 1, to fight against, resist, 
 struggle ; to be repugnant to, oppose. 
 
 repulsa, ae, f. (repellO), a repulse, 
 refusal, denial. 
 
 requies, Otis, f., ace. requiem, abl. 
 requiS (quigs fr. R. ki, to lie down), 
 rest, repose, quiet. 
 
 requiesco, quievT, quietum, 3, to 
 rest, repose. 
 
 re-quiro (quaerO), quTsTvT, qulsltum, 
 3, to seek out, search for, seek, call for, 
 ask for, desire, require. 
 
 res, rel or rel, f. (R. ra, to lend, 
 give, ra-I, ra-T, ra-s, re-s), a thing, mat- 
 ter, object, affair, circumstance, event ; 
 in pi., realm, state, the world, nature, 
 universal dominion ; a fact, a deed. 
 
 re-seco, secuT, sectum, 1, to cut off 
 or away, cut. 
 
 re-sequor, resecutus sum, v. dep., 
 to follow, in discourse, answer. 
 
 re-sideo, sedl, sessum, 2 (sedeO), to 
 remain sitting, sit down, sit ; reside. 
 
 re-sido, sedl, 3, to seat one's self ; 
 subside, settle down. 
 
 re-silio (saliO), ul, 4, to leap or spring 
 back. 
 
 re-sisto, stiti, 3, to remain stand- 
 ing, stand ; to resist. 
 
 re-solvo, solvT, solQtum, 3, to un- 
 loose, loosen, break through, relax, dis- 
 solve. 
 
 re-sono, 1, to sound again, resound. 
 
 respectus, us, m. (respicio), a look- 
 ing back ; a refuge, retreat ; respect, 
 regard. 
 
 re-spicio (speciO), spexT, spectum, 
 3, to look back or about, look at or to- 
 ward ; have regard for, respect. 
 
 re-spondeo, spondT, sponsum, 2, to 
 reply, answer, respond ; to correspond 
 or answer to ; to be fitting. 
 
 re-stituo (statuo), stitui, stitutum, 
 3, to restore ; to put in (his) former 
 condition, Met. XI, 135. 
 
 re-sto, stitT, 1, to remain, be left; 
 be wanting to. 
 
 re-sumo, sumps!, sumptum (re, sub, 
 emo), 3, to take again, win, or gain 
 again ; resume. 
 
 resupinus, a, um, adj., bent back, 
 lying on the back, on the back. 
 
 re-surgo, surrexT, surrectum, 3, to 
 rise, or raise one's self, again ; to arise, 
 rise again, return. 
 
 re-tard5, 1, to hinder, retard. 
 
 rete, is, n. (R. svar, to bind, join, 
 ser, sre, re, re-te), a net. 
 
 re-tego, texl, tectum, 3, to uncover, 
 lay bare, open ; take away ; disclose. 
 
 re-tempto (tento), 1, to try again, 
 try anew. 
 
 re-tex5, texuT, textum, 3, to un- 
 weave ; lessen, or diminish, again, to 
 alter, change, annul ; weave again, 
 renew, repeat. 
 
RE-TICEO 
 
 ROSTRUM 
 
 309 
 
 re-ticeo (taceo), to be silent, keep 
 silent, refrain from ansioering, be ret- 
 icent. 
 
 retinaculum (retineO, re, teneO, 
 ten-Sx, tenac-u-lu-m), something that 
 holds back, a cable, rope, fastening. 
 
 retineo (teneO), retinul, retentum, 
 2, to hold back, stop, detain, retain, re- 
 strain ; keep. 
 
 re-torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2, to 
 twist, or turn, back, or around. 
 
 re-tract5, 1, to review. 
 
 re-traho, traxl, tractum, 3, to draw 
 back, withdraw ; draw again. 
 
 retro, adv. (see intro), backward, 
 back. 
 
 re-vell5, vulsl, vulsum, 3, to tear, or 
 pull, away, drag from. 
 
 reverentia (re, vereor), timidity, 
 shyness ; reverence ; shame. 
 
 re-vertor, vertT, versus sum, v. dep., 
 to turn back, return. 
 
 re-vivisco, vixT, 3, to come to life 
 again, live again, revive. 
 
 revocabilis, e, adj. (revoco), that 
 may be recalled or revoked, revocable. 
 
 re-volvo, volvl, volutum, 3, to roll 
 back, sink back ; renew, repeat. 
 
 rex, rggis (R. reg, r£g, reg-s, to 
 rule), a king, prince, leader. 
 
 Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine, the river 
 parting Gaul from Germany. 
 
 Rhodanus, I, m., the Rhone, river 
 in Gaul. 
 
 Rhodope, 0s, f., 1, a mountain in 
 Thrace ; 2, a Thracian woman, who 
 was changed into a mountain of this 
 name. 
 
 Rhodopeius, a, urn, adj., of Rho- 
 dope, Rhodopeian ; Thracian, used of 
 Orpheus, Met. VI, 87. 
 
 rictus, tls, m. (R. rik, to cleave, tear 
 apart, ric, rig, ri-n-gi (infin. pass.), ric- 
 tu-s, part., then rictus, subst., cleft, 
 opening), the opening of the mouth, the 
 mouth wide open ; in pi., mouth, jaws. 
 
 rideo, rTsT, rlsum, 2, etym. unc, to 
 laugh, smile ; to laugh at ; to ridi- 
 cule. 
 
 rigeo, 2 (same R. as rex, rectus, rag, 
 to direct, make straight, reg, rig, rig- 
 Cre), to be stiff, to stand stiff or upright ; 
 to harden. 
 
 rigesco (rigeo), 3, to grow stiff , stiffen. 
 
 rigidus, a, um, adj. (rigeO), stiff, 
 hard, rigid, rough. 
 
 rigor, Oris, m., stiffness, hardness, 
 rigor ; Hgid cold. 
 
 riguus, a, um, adj. (rigO), watered, 
 irrigated. 
 
 lima, ae, f . (same R. as rictus, rik, 
 ric, ric-ma, rlma), a cleft, crack, fissure. 
 
 rlpa, ae, f. (R., according to Vani- 
 cek, same as rlma, rik, rig, rip-a ; but 
 according to Corssen, fr. R. ri, to flow, 
 same as rlvus), a bank (of a river). 
 
 rlsus, us, m. (rldeO), laughter, laugh. 
 
 rltus, us, m. (R. same as ratus, ra, 
 re, rl-tu-s), something established, a re- 
 ligious usage, rite, ceremony, form. 
 
 rlvus, T, m. (R. ri, to flow, ri, rl- 
 vu-s), a stream, brook, river, rivulet. 
 
 robig5 (rubTgO), inis, f. (R. rudh, 
 to be red, rud, rub, roub, rflb, rOb-T-gO), 
 rust (on metals) ; mold or deposit on 
 the teeth. 
 
 robur, oris, n. (R. rabh (same as 
 rabies), to seize), rab, rob-ur), trunk- 
 wood, hard wood; in pi., trunks of 
 trees ; especially oak-wood, oak ; figura- 
 tively, strength, hardness, force, cour- 
 age, military might. 
 
 rogalis, e, adj. (rogus), belonging to, 
 orof, a funeral pile. 
 
 rogo, 1 (R. same as rectus, rag, to 
 set straight, reg, rog, roga-re, to put 
 straight, to reach after, as in legem 
 rogare, to try for, try to get by asking, 
 ask), to ask, beg, sue for. 
 
 rogus, I, m. (same R. as rectus, rag, 
 reg, rog, rogu-s, something set up), a 
 funeral pile, a pyre. 
 
 Roma, ae, f . (R. sru, to flow, srou, 
 sro, ra, rO, Ko-ma, the stream-city), 
 Rome. 
 
 Romulus, a, um, adj., of Romulus. 
 
 Romulus, i, m. (Roma), Romulus, 
 son of Mars and Rhea Silvia or Ilia. 
 
 rOrS, 1 (ros), to bedew ; to drop or 
 distill dew ; to trickle, d?'ip. 
 
 ros, rOris, m. (R. ras, to trickle, to 
 besprinkle, rOs), dew ; trickling water, 
 spring-water, moisture, spray ; ros ma- 
 rlnus, rosemary. 
 
 rosa, ae, f . (etym. unc), a rose. 
 
 rostrum, T, n. (rOdO, wh. is fr. R. 
 rad, to scratch, gnaw, rad, rod, rod-ere, 
 to gnaw, corrode, rod-tru-m, ros-tru-m, 
 
310 
 
 ROTA 
 
 SAGAX 
 
 something that scratches), a beak, bill ; 
 snout, muzzle ; beak of a ship. 
 
 rota, ae, f . (B. saine as remus, ar, 
 ra, re, ro, ro-ta), a wheel ; by meton., a 
 chariot, wagon, cart. 
 
 roto, 1 (rota), to turn as a wheel, to 
 whirl, whirl about. 
 
 rubefacio, feci, factum, 3 (rubeO, 
 facio), to make red or ruddy, to redden. 
 
 rubeo, ui, 2 (B. rudh, to be red, rud, 
 rub, rub-e*re), to be red. 
 
 rnbens, tis, part, and adj. (rubeO), 
 red, ruddy ; blushing. 
 
 rubesco, rubul, 3, to grow red. 
 
 rubeta, Orum, n., bramble-thickets. 
 
 rubor, Oris, m. (rubeO), redness. 
 
 rudens, tis, m. (B. ru, to sound, 
 ru-d, rud-ere, rud-e-ns, whistling sound, 
 clamor sibilus (rudentum)), a (ship's) 
 rope, hawser, line, sheet, cordage. 
 
 rudis, e, adj. (B. vardh, to rise up, 
 to grow, vrad, vrud, rud, rud-i-s, grown, 
 overgrown), rough, rude ; uncultivated, 
 inexperienced, unknown, a stranger 
 to. 
 
 ruga, ae, f . (E. varg, to turn, vurg, 
 vrug, rug-a), a wrinkle. 
 
 rugosus, a, um, adj. (ruga), full of 
 wrinkles, wrinkled ; dried. 
 
 ruina, ae, f . (ruo), a fall, crash ; 
 ruin, destruction ; ruins. 
 
 Bfunina, sc. flcus ; see n. Fasti, II, 
 412 ; of Eumina. 
 
 Rumor, Oris, m. (B. ru, to sound, 
 ru, rflm-or), a rumor, report, common 
 talk ; personified, RumOres, Rumors. 
 
 rumpo, ru.pi, ruptum, 3 (B. rap, 
 Rup, to break, ru-m-p-ere), to break, 
 burst, break down, burst through ; to 
 split, bore or cut through, cleave, tear 
 apart ; destroy. 
 
 ruo, rul, rutum, 3 (B. dar, to cleave, 
 burst, dru, ru, ru-ere), to rush, run, 
 rush in, fall in, fall in ruins. 
 
 rupes, is, f. (B. same as rumpO, 
 rlip-e-s, something broken off or cleft), a 
 cliff, a precipitous rock. 
 
 ruricola, ae, m., adj. and subst. 
 (rfls and colO), one that tills the field, or 
 that lives in the country ; rustic ; peas- 
 ant. 
 
 rursus, adv. (re-vorsu-m, fr. re and 
 vertO, vort, vors, fr. B. vart), (turned 
 backward), back, again, anew. 
 
 rus, ruris, n. (B. rav-as, the wide, 
 the free, rov-os, rus, the free, open, land), 
 the country ; land ; field, fields. 
 
 rustic us, a, um, adj. and subst. 
 (rus), rustic, rural ; boorish ; a rustic ; 
 a boor. 
 
 rutilus, a, um, adj. (same B. as 
 rubeO, rudh, rud, rud-tu-lo (Ru-tu-li), 
 ru-ti-lu-s), red, bright-red, flaming-red. 
 
 Butull, Orum, m. pi. (B. same as 
 rutilus), a people in Latium ; the Rutu- 
 li or Rutulians. 
 
 Sablnl, Orum, m., a people in Cen- 
 tral Italy ; the Sabines. 
 
 Sabinus, a, um, adj., Sabine. 
 
 sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. (B. sak, 
 sag, to make firm, ordain, sac-er), con- 
 secrated to a deity, sacred, holy. 
 
 sacrum, i, n. (sacer), something 
 sacred, a sanctuary ; in pi., sacred 
 rites ; sacrifices, offerings. 
 
 sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacer and 
 lego), plunderer of things sacred, sacri- 
 legious, impious. 
 
 sacro, 1 (same B. as sacer), to con- 
 secrate, make sacred. 
 
 saeculum, I, n. (B. sa, to strew, 
 sow, se, se-r-ere, se-vl, sG-men, se-(sae)- 
 culu-m, sowing, increase), (saeclum), a 
 generation, race of men, men ; an age, 
 
 century, lifetime ; in pi., Saecula, the 
 Ages. 
 
 saepe, adv. (same B. as sacer, sak, 
 suak, saep-e-s, saep-i-s, saepe, ace. n.), 
 often, oftentimes, frequently. 
 
 saepes (sepes), is, f. (see saepe), a 
 hedge, inclosure, fence. 
 
 saeta (seta), ae, f. (etym. unc), the 
 short, coarse hair of an animal, a bris- 
 tle, bnstling or shaggy hair. 
 
 saevio, IvI (il), Itum, 4 (saevus), to 
 rage, be angry, be furious. 
 
 saevus, a, um, adj. (B. savja, skav- 
 ja, left, unlucky (scaevus, laevus), saiva, 
 saevu-s), fierce, wild, raging, furious ; 
 cruel, savage. 
 
 sagax, acis, adj. (B. sagio, fr. B. 
 sak, sag (same as sacer), to seek after, 
 
SAGITTA 
 
 SCILICET 
 
 311 
 
 be of keen perception), of keen percep- 
 tion, acute, sagacious ; sharp-sighted, 
 keen-scented ; quick of hearing. 
 
 sagitta, ae, f. (same R. as sagio), an 
 arrow. 
 
 sagittifer, -era, erum, adj. (sagitta, 
 fero), arrow-bearing, armed with ar- 
 rows. 
 
 salignus, a, um, adj. (salix), of wil- 
 low. 
 
 salio, ul (il), turn, 4 (R. sar, to go, to 
 flow, sal, sal-Ire), to spring, leap, hop, 
 dance. 
 
 salix, icis, f. (same R. as salio), a 
 willow-tree, willow. 
 
 saltern, adv. (same R. as salvus 
 (salti-m), sal-te-m), at least, at any rate. 
 
 saltus, fis, m. (salio), 1, a leaping, 
 leap, spring; 2, an uprising place, a 
 nawow pass ; an opening, a forest-pas- 
 ture, woodland, wood. 
 
 salus, litis, f. (same R. as salvus), 
 welfare, health, safety, rescue ; by 
 meton., a greeting. 
 
 saluto, 1 (salvus), to wish one's wel- 
 fare, to salute, greet. 
 
 salve, imper., fr. salveO, be well, 
 hail ! 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj. (R. sar, to pro- 
 tect, heal, sal, sal-vu-s, healed, safe), 
 unharmed, safe, well. 
 
 Samos, I (-us), f., 1, an island on the 
 W. coast of Asia Minor ; 2, an island in 
 the Ionian sea ; Samos. 
 
 sanabilis, e, adj. (sanO), curable. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 sacer, sak, sac, sa-n-c-Ire), part. fr. 
 sancio, sacred, holy, inviolate ; pure ; 
 unsullied. 
 
 sanguineus, a, um, adj. (sanguis), 
 of blood, bloody. 
 
 san gui a u lent us, a, um, adj. (san- 
 guis), bloody, sanguinary. 
 
 sanguis, inis, m. (R. sak, sag, to 
 drop, drip, taste, sa-n-gu-i-s), blood (in 
 the body) ; bloodshed ; by meton., race, 
 blood, family. 
 
 sanus, a, um, adj. (R. sava, sound, 
 well, sav, sav-no, siX-nu-s), sound, 
 healthy ; of sound understanding, ra- 
 tional, sane. 
 
 sapiens, tis (sapio), part, adj., hav- 
 ing taste, sensible ; wise, discerning, 
 shrewd. 
 
 sapienter (sapiens), adv., 
 sensibly. 
 
 sapio, IvI, il, 3 (R. same as sanguis, 
 sak, to taste), to taste, to have taste or 
 sense ; to be wise, intelligent. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f., a burden ; see note, 
 Met. VI, 294. 
 
 sarculum, I, n. (fr. sar-(sarr)Ire, R. 
 sar, to weed), a light hoe. 
 
 Sardes, ium (Sardls), f. pi., capital 
 of Lydia. 
 
 Sarmatis, idis, adj., of Sarmatia, 
 Sarmatian ; see note, Trist. IV, 10, 
 110. 
 
 satio, 1 (see satis for R.), to satisfy, 
 satiate, glut. 
 
 satis and sat, adv. (R. sa, to satisfy, 
 sa-t, sat-i-s), enough, sufficiently. 
 
 satur, ra, rum, adj. (satis), full, sa- 
 tiated ; rich. 
 
 Saturnius, a, um, adj. (Saturnus), 
 of Saturn, Saturnian ; subst., the Sa- 
 turnian, Jupiter ; Satumia, the daugh- 
 ter of Saturnus, Juno. 
 
 Saturnus, I, m. (R. sa, to sow, sa- 
 tur, Sa-tur-nu-s, god of sowing, of Ag- 
 riculture), son of Uranus and Gaea, and 
 father of Jupiter and Juno. His reign 
 was the golden age, and his dethrone- 
 ment by Jupiter was followed by the 
 silver age ; Met. I, 113. 
 
 saturo, 1 (satis), to satiate, saturate. 
 
 Satyrus, I, m., a Satyr. 
 
 saucius, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), in- 
 jured, wounded, smitten, struck. 
 
 saxeus, a, um, adj. (saxum), of 
 stone, stony. 
 
 saxum, I, n. (R. sak, ska, to cut, 
 sac, sac-so, saxu-m), something cut or 
 split, a detached fragment of rock, a 
 rock, a stone, a crag, a broken rock ; a 
 cave, cavern. 
 
 sceleratus, a, um, adj. (scelus), 
 wicked, guilty, infamous, accursed, im- 
 liious. 
 
 scelus, eris, n. (R. skar, to turn 
 quickly, sway, err, skal, scel-us), <xn 
 error, crime, evil deed ; evil word. 
 
 sceptrum, I, n. (R. skap, to sup- 
 port (aK^nrpov)), a sceptre, royal staff ; 
 by meton., regal rule, dominion. 
 
 Schoeneius, a, um, adj., of Schoe- 
 neus, king of Boeotia ; Schoeneian. 
 
 scilicet (sci, imper. of sciO and licet), 
 
312 
 
 SCINDO 
 
 SENATUS 
 
 adv., no doubt, certainly, forsooth, in- 
 deed, namely. 
 
 scindo, scidl, scissum, 3 (R. game as 
 saxum, sak, to cut, ska, sci, skid, scid, 
 sci-n-d-ere), to cleave, split, cut, tear 
 aj>art, tear off. 
 
 scid, scivl, scltum, 4 (same R. as 
 scindo, sak, ska, sci, to cut, part, de- 
 cide), to know, experience. 
 
 scitor, v. dep., 1 (scIscS, sciO), to 
 seek to know, to search into, inquire. 
 
 sci t us, a, um (part. adj. fr. sciscO), 
 experienced, skilled, versed in. 
 
 scopulus, I, m. (Gr. o-Koirekos), a 
 projecting rock, a cliff, a crag. 
 
 Scorpius (-os), I, m. (o-Kopirtos), the 
 constellation Scorpion. 
 
 scribo, scripsl, scriptum, 3 (R. 
 skarp, skarbh, to cut, engrave, scrabh, 
 scritfh, scrlb-ere), to write; subst., scrip- 
 tum, the writing, writing. 
 
 scrobis, is, m., scrobs, bis (same R. 
 as scribo), a pit, trench, ditch, hole. 
 
 Scylla, ae, f., a rock in the Strait of 
 Sicily or Messina, opposite the whirl- 
 pool of Chary bdis ; originally fabled as 
 a sea-monster ; or, in another myth, as 
 a nymph. 
 
 Scythia, ae, f., the land of the 
 Scythians, a general name for the north- 
 ern lands of Europe and Asia from the 
 lower Danube to the Caspian Sea ; 
 Scythia. 
 
 Scythicus, a, um, adj. (Scythia), 
 Scythian. 
 
 se-cedo, cessl, cessum, to withdraw, 
 go aside, retire. 
 
 se-cerno, crSvI, cretum, 3, to set 
 apart, separate ; part., secrgtus, sepa- 
 rate, retired, remote ; secret, hidden. 
 
 seco, secul, sectum, 1 (R. sak, sec, 
 to cut), to cut, cut off, cleave, separate, 
 part, cut through. 
 
 se-cumbfl, cubul, cubitum, 3, to lie 
 apart, lie alone. 
 
 secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor, fol- 
 lowing), the second, next following, in 
 time, rank, or degree ; favorable, sec- 
 onding. 
 
 securis, is, f. (same R. as secO, 
 sec, to cut, sec-ti-ri-s), an axe, a battle- 
 axe. 
 
 se-curu-s, a, um, adj. (se, apart, 
 without, and ctlra, cQra fr. R. skav, 
 
 kav, cav, cov, cov-i-ra, ctl-ra), without 
 care, secure ; free from care. 
 
 secus, adv. (R. sak, to follow, sek 
 (sequ), sec, comparative sectius (sak-ta- 
 jans), setius, secus, originally, follow- 
 ing, secus fluvios, Plin. 23, 15), other- 
 wise ; generally with negatives (nOn), 
 not otherwise, no less. 
 
 sed, conj. (R. sava, sva, reflex pro- 
 nom., sovo, svo, suu-s, sua-d, sva-d, sed, 
 of itself, for itself apart), but, but yet, 
 yet. 
 
 sedeo, sedl, sessum, 2 (R. sad, to 
 sit, sed, sed-ere), to sit, sit down ; settle. 
 
 sedes, is, f . (sedeo), a seat, dwelling, 
 residence ; a place, spot, foundation, 
 soil, ground. 
 
 seditio, Onis, f. (R. i, to go, e-o, 
 i-tu-m, sed-itiS, a going apart), a sedi- 
 tion, uprising, faction, mutiny. 
 
 sedo, 1 (same R. as sedeO, sSd-es, 
 seda-re), to cause to sit, settle ; to still, 
 quiet, calm, allay. 
 
 se-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw aside, 
 to separate, part. 
 
 sedulus, a, um, adj. (R. sad, to go, 
 sed, se*d-ulu-s, inclined to going hither 
 and thither), active, busy; sedulous. 
 
 seges, etis, f . (R. sak, sag, to make 
 firm, nourish (same R. as sacer), sag- 
 Ina, seg-e-s, the nourishing cro]j), the 
 seed or grain from the planting to the 
 harvest, grain, growing grain, crop ; 
 grain-field ; seed, growth. 
 
 segnis, e, adj., same R. as seges, 
 seg-ni-s. 
 
 semel, adv. (R. sa, insep. particle, 
 meaning union or likeness ; with, to- 
 gether with, at once, sama, semo, semo-1, 
 seme-1), once, at a single time, the first 
 time. 
 
 semen, inis, n. (R. same as ser<3, sa, 
 sa, sC, to sow), a seed, seed (of grain) ; (of 
 men and beasts), seed, young ; principles. 
 
 semesus, a, um, adj. (semi-edO), half 
 eaten. 
 
 semper, adv. (scm-per, sem fr. 
 same R. as simul, sa, sama, semo, the 
 whole, all, per fr. R. par, para, per, 
 through (to pass through) ; through the 
 whole, ever), always, at every time, 
 ever. 
 
 senatus, us, m. (R. sana, old, sen, 
 sen-e-c, sen-e-x, senec-tu-s, sen-u-s, 
 
SENECTA 
 
 STCULUS 
 
 313 
 
 sena-re, sena-tu-s), council of elders, the 
 senate. 
 
 senecta, ae, f. (for R.see scnatus), 
 age, old aye. 
 
 senectus, utis, f. (same R. as sena- 
 tus), age, old age. 
 
 senex, senis (see senatus for R.), 
 adj. and subst., old, aged ; an old man. 
 
 seni, ae, adj., plural distrib. (same 
 R. as sex, svaks, saks, sechs, seks, sex, 
 seos-ni, ses-ni, sen!), six each, six at a 
 time. 
 
 senilis, e, adj. (senex), of ox belong- 
 ing to old people, aged, senile. 
 
 sensus, tis, m. (sentIO), feeling, sen- 
 sation, perception, sense, taste ; in pi., 
 the senses, feelings ; mind. 
 
 sententia, ae, f . (sentio), a feeling, 
 opinion, thought, sentiment ; determi- 
 nation, decision, mew. 
 
 sentio, sensl, sensum, 4 (R. sant, 
 to take a direction or tendency, sent-Ire), 
 to feel, perceive, by any one of the senses; 
 to trace, expeHence, observe, have intel- 
 ligence of. 
 
 sentis, is, m. (etym. unc), a thorn, 
 thorn-bush, brier. 
 
 se-paro, 1, to separate, part. 
 
 sepelio, IvT, pultum, 4 (R. SAK, to 
 follow, sap, to strive for, be dependent 
 upon, Vedic saparj, to honor, sepelT-re), 
 to bury (honor by burying), to inter ; 
 part., sepultus, buHed. 
 
 se-pono, posul, positum, 3, to put 
 aside, withdraw, put away, separate. 
 
 septem, adv. num. (R. saptan, 
 seven), seven. 
 
 sepulcrum, T, n. (sepelio), place of 
 burial, grave, sepulchre. 
 
 sequor, sequl, secutus sum, 3, verb 
 dep. (R. sak, sec-, sequ-or, to follow), 
 to follow, folloiv after ; pursue ; go after 
 or behind ; accompany. 
 
 sera, ae, f . (R. svar, to bind, join, 
 ser, ser-ere (serul), ser-a, something to 
 bind or make fast with), a bolt. 
 
 serenus, a, um, adj., clear. 
 
 series, eT, f . (same R. as sera), a row, 
 line, train, senes. 
 
 sermo, Onis, m. (same R. as sera, 
 serfi), discourse, conversation, talk, 
 speech. 
 
 sero, adv. (serus), late, too late ; se- 
 rius, later. 
 15 
 
 sero, sevl, satum, 3 (R. ha, to sow* 
 si-s-ere, si-r-ere, se-r-erc), to sow, plant ; 
 produce, bring forth, beget; part., satus, 
 sown, planted ; sprung from, born, de- 
 scended ; subst., son of, descendant of. 
 
 Serpens, ntis (fr. scrpo, R. harp, to 
 creep, serp), (a creeping thing), a ser- 
 pent, snake, dragon ; the constellation 
 l)ragon. serpo, psl, ptum, 3, to creep. 
 
 serra, ae, f. (R. sak, ska, to cut, 
 sec, sec-ra, serra), a saw. 
 
 serta, Orum, n. pi., fr. sero, seruT, 
 sertum, garlands, wreaths. 
 
 serus, a, um, adj. (R. sa, to bring 
 to an end, se-se-rus), late, too late. 
 
 servator, oris, m., a preserver, de- 
 liverer. 
 
 servatrlx, Icis, f., a protectress, pre- 
 server. 
 
 serviO, IvT, il, Itum, 4 (servus), to be 
 a servant or slave, to serve, to be in ser- 
 vice ; to be enslaved to, be serviceable to. 
 
 servitium, I, n. (servus), service, 
 servitude, slavery. 
 
 servo, 1 (servio, servus), to watch 
 over, preserve, keep ; preserve, spare. 
 
 servus, T, m. (R. sar, to protect, ser- 
 vu-s, one that is protected or kept), a 
 servant, slave. 
 
 setius (secius, see secus for R.), 
 otherwise. 
 
 sex, num. adj. (R. svaks, six, saks, 
 sechs, sex), six. 
 
 si, conj. (R. sa, pronom. demons., 
 3d pers., sa, sT, cf. sT-c), in that case, in 
 case, if, if indeed ; since, seeing that ; 
 when, whether. 
 
 slbilo, 1 (slbilus), to hiss. 
 
 slbilus, T, m. (R. sip, sir, to be hol- 
 low, to whistle, sib, sib-ilus), hissing, 
 whistling ; piping ; also n., sibila. 
 
 sic, adv. (R. same as si, sa, sa, sl-ce, 
 sl-c), in this way, thus, so ; in like 
 manner, even so ; in such a degree, so 
 very. 
 
 SIcania, ae, f., poetical for Sicilia ; 
 Sicily. 
 
 sicco, 1 (siccus), to dry, dry up, 
 drain ; stanch. 
 
 siccus, a, um, adj. (R. sik, sic, to 
 dry), dry ; dried up, parched. 
 
 SIcelis, idis, adj. f., Sicilian. 
 
 Siculus, a, um, adj. (Sicilia), Sicil- 
 ian ; Sicvlian. 
 
314 
 
 SIC-UT 
 
 SIRENES 
 
 sic-ut, comp. adv., so as, as, just as. 
 
 sidereus, a, um, adj. (sldus), belong- 
 ing to the stars, starry, star-like ; be- 
 longing to the sun. 
 
 sldo, sldl, 3 (R. same as sedeo, sad, 
 sed, sld, to sit), to seat one's self, to sit 
 down. 
 
 Sidon, Onis, f., a city in Phoenicia. 
 
 STd cuius, a, um, adj., Sidonian. 
 
 sldus, eris, n. (R. svid, to sweat, to 
 smelt (of metals), sld, to be molten, 
 smooth, bright), a constellation, star ; 
 in pi. mostly, the stars ; by meton., the 
 heavens. 
 
 sigillum, I, n. (dimin. fr. slgnum), a 
 little sign, an image, a little figure, pic- 
 ture. 
 
 signo, 1 (slgnum), to set a mark or 
 sign upon, to mark, designate; to trace; 
 to color. 
 
 slgnum, I, n. (R. sak, to show, sec, 
 slg-nu-m), a sign, mark, trace, indica- 
 tion ; a (memorial) sign ; a statue, pic- 
 ture ; a sign in the heavens, sign (of the 
 zodiac). 
 
 silentium, I (il), n. (sileo), silence, 
 stillness. 
 
 Silenus, I, name of a Satyr; Silenus. 
 
 sileo, ul, 2 (R. sil, to be silent), to be 
 silent, still, quiet ; part., silentes, the 
 silent (shades of the lower world). 
 
 silex, icis, m. (R. sar, to protect, 
 make whole, sal (sal-vu-s), sol (soli- 
 du-s), sile-x), a hard stone, flint, stone. 
 
 silva, ae, f . (R. svar, to shine, sval, 
 sil, sil-va), a wood, forest ; woodland, 
 wood; by meton., forest-trees. 
 
 silvestris, e, adj. (silva), of a wood, 
 woody, wild. 
 
 Silvia, ae, f ., the mother of Romulus 
 and Remus ; Silvia. 
 
 si mills, e, adj. (R. same as semel, 
 wh. see, sa, sama, semo, semo-li, simi- 
 lis), similar, like, resembling, the same. 
 
 Simois, entis, m., a river near Troy; 
 the Simois. 
 
 simplex, icis, adj. (R. sa, same as 
 of semel, similis, sama, semo, simo, 
 sin-gull, single, one, and R. park, to 
 fold, plak, plec, = sem-plic, sim-plex, 
 one-fold), single, simple, pure, plain. 
 
 simplicities, atis, f. (simplex), sim- 
 plicity ; naturalness. 
 
 simul, adv. (same R. as semel, 
 
 simul, at the same time ; simul ac 
 (atque), as soon as), at once, together ; 
 immediately. 
 
 simulacrum, T, n. (simulo), a like- 
 ness, image ; a ghost, phantom ; imita- 
 tion. 
 
 simulamen, inis, n. (simulo), imi- 
 tation. 
 
 simulator, Oris, m., imitator. 
 
 simulo, 1 (see similis for R.), to 
 make similar, imitate ; to counterfeit ; 
 to pretend, feign. 
 
 sincerus, a, um, adj. (R. same as 
 the first part of simplex, sa, sama, sam, 
 sin, whole, all, and R. skar, kar, to 
 part, divide, cer, sin-cer-u-s, all sepa- 
 rated, quite pure), unmixed, pure, gen- 
 uine, sincere ; sound, unhurt. 
 
 sine (si and ne, if not, since not, 
 separated from), prep, with abl., with- 
 out. 
 
 singulT, ae, a, adj. (see semel, simi- 
 lis for R.), single, one by one, singly. 
 
 singultus, fis, m. (R. sa, sama, sam, 
 sin- (as in singull) + R. gar, to swallow, 
 hiccup, gal, gul ; = sin-gul-tu-s), a sob- 
 bing, speech interrupted by sobbing ; 
 hiccup ; rattling in the throat. 
 
 sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, adj. (R. 
 sana, old, sin, sin-is, then with repeated 
 compar suffix, sin-is-ter, properly older, 
 worthier, with the Romans, lucky, as 
 the augur faced the south, and so had 
 the east on his left ; with the Greeks, 
 unlucky (sinister), as the Greek in ob- 
 serving auspices faced the north), left, 
 on the left side or hand ; perverse, awk- 
 ward; (with manus understood), subst., 
 sinistra, the left hand. 
 
 sinS, sivT, situm, 3 (R. sa, to sow, si, 
 to plant, set, to lay, lie), to let take place, 
 allow, permit ; part., situs, laid away, 
 buried; situated. 
 
 sinuo, 1 (sinus), to bend like a bow, 
 fold, twist, curve, arch. 
 
 sinus, lis, m. (R. sanu, ridge of a 
 mountain, sinu-s, a rounding, bending), 
 a fold of the dress on the breast, a bend, 
 curve, coil of a serpent ; by meton., the 
 breast, bosom ; lap ; also fr. the bend of 
 a shore, a bay, a gulf. 
 
 Sipylus, I, m., 1, a mountain in 
 Lydia ; 2, son of Niobe. 
 
 Sirenes, um, sing. Siren, enis, f., 
 
SISTO 
 
 SOMNIUM 
 
 315 
 
 the Sirens, a Siren, daughters, daughter, 
 of the river-god AchelOus ; fabled to 
 have women's heads and bodies of 
 birds, and to entice by their song the 
 mariners who passed their islands off 
 the bay of Naples. 
 
 sisto, stitl, statum, 3 (B. sta, to 
 stand, si-sta-re, si-ste-re, to cause to 
 stand), to place, set, put ; to bring to a 
 stand-still, to stop, stay ; to bring to 
 rest, to quiet ; to put one's self, to stand, 
 remain, stay. 
 
 sistrum, I, n. (Gr., trharpov), the 
 metallic rattle used in the service of 
 lsis. 
 
 Sisyphus, I, m., son of Aeolus, and 
 notorious for his cruel robberies, and 
 punished in the lower world by ever 
 rolling a huge stone up hill, which ever 
 rolled down again. 
 
 sitis, is, f . (B. sati, to desire, siti-s), 
 thirst ; drought. 
 
 si ve, sl-ve (seu), conj. (see B. for si; 
 ve fr. B. val, vol, vol-o, to will), if you 
 will, or if ; either— or, whether — or. 
 
 smaragdus, I, m. and f., a precious 
 stone of a bright-green color ; smarag- 
 dus. 
 
 socer, socerT, m. (fr. B. sava, sva 
 (sa + va), sovo, suo. sua, one's oivn, + H. 
 ku, kvi, kva-n, to be strong, to lord it, 
 ku, ku-ra ; = sva-kura, so-cerO (Gr., 
 e-Kvp6-s), one's own lord), father-in-law; 
 pi., parents-in-law. 
 
 socialis, e, adj. (socius), companion- 
 able, sociable, social ; conjugal, nuptial. 
 
 socio, 1 (socius), to associate, make 
 in common, unite, join, share with. 
 
 socius, T. m. (B. sak, to follow, sec, 
 soc, soc-iu-s, a follower), adj. and subst., 
 associated, joined, social, united, in com- 
 mon ; companion, ally, associate, com- 
 rade ; shipmate. 
 
 sodalis, is, comm. (B. sva, sua, one's 
 o?n;. + DHA, to make ;=sva-dha, making 
 one's own, custom, habit, so-da-li-s), a 
 companion, comrade. 
 
 sodalicius, a, um, adj. (sodalis), of 
 or belonging to a comrade ox friend. 
 
 sol, solis, m. (B. svar, to shine, sval, 
 sol), the sun, sunlight, heat of the 
 §un ; in pi., rays of the sun, sun- 
 beams • personified, SOl, the Sun-god, 
 the Sun. 
 
 solarium (solatium), I, n. (sOlor), 
 solace, comfort, consolation . 
 
 soleo, 2 (etym. unc), to be wont, be 
 accustomed ; solitus, part, and adj., 
 wonted, customary, usual. 
 
 solidus, a, um, adj. (B. sar, to pro- 
 tect, make whole, sal (solu-s), soli-du-s, 
 properly, whole, complete), firm, solid, 
 strong, entire ; subst., solidum, T, n., 
 the solid ground. 
 
 solium, I, n. (B. same as sedeO, sad, 
 sed, then with (1 instead of d, cf. odor, 
 ol£re), sol-iu-m, a seat), a throne. 
 
 sollemnis, e, adj. (sollennis), (B. 
 same as solidus, sar, sal, sol, sollu-s, 
 whole, all, + B. of an-nu-s, ak. ank, to 
 bend) round, ac,ac-nu-s, an-nu-s, around, 
 circle ;=soll-emnis), all-yearly, annual ; 
 stated ; then, fr. sacred rites occurring 
 annually, solemn, festal, sacred. 
 
 sollers, rtis, adj. (B. sar, soil (see 
 sollemnis), + B. ar, to join, fit, ar-s ; = 
 soll-ers, all-art), skillful, well skilled, ex- 
 pert, inventive. 
 
 sollerter, adv., skillfully(so}]ere). 
 
 sollertia, ae, f . (sollers), skill, inven- 
 tiveness. 
 
 sollicito, 1 (B. soil, as in sollers, + 
 B. ki, to call, move, ci, ci-jo, ci-e-re, ci- 
 tu-s, cita-re ; solli-citus, solli-cito, to 
 wholly move), to move strongly, stir up, 
 agitate ; to disturb, harass, make solici- 
 tous. 
 
 sollicitus, a, um, adj. (for B. see 
 sollicito), strongly moved, troubled, so- 
 licitous, anxious. 
 
 so lor, 1, v. dep. (B. same as salvus, 
 solidus, sar, to make whole, heal, sal, 
 sol, soia-rl), to console, comfort. 
 
 solum, adv. (solus), only, alone. 
 
 solum, T, n. (B. sad, to go, sod, then 
 (d changed to 1) sol, sol-u-m ; but Cors- 
 sen takes it fr. B. sar, same as solidus, 
 wh. see), the ground, foundation ; the 
 soil ; land. 
 
 solus, a, um, adj. (B. same as soli- 
 dus), whole ; alone, only, single, the 
 only ; unattended, solitary. 
 
 solvo, solvl, solatum, 3 (B. lu, to 
 loose, se-lu-ere, so-lv-ere), to loose any- 
 thing wh. is bound ; to open ; to pay, 
 fulfill ; to discharge ; to dissolve, see 
 note. Met. XI, 135; to free from. 
 
 somnium, T (il), n. (for B. see som- 
 
316 
 
 SOMNUS 
 
 SPIRA 
 
 nus), a dream ; Somnia (by personifica- 
 tion, Breams, dream-gods. 
 
 somnus, T, m. (B. svap, to sleep, 
 svop, sop, sop-nu-s, soni-nu-s), sleep, 
 slumber; a dream; Somnus, the god of 
 sleep, Sleep. 
 
 sonitus, us, m. (sonO), sound, noise, 
 roar, din. 
 
 sono, uT, sonitum, 1 (sonus), to sound, 
 resound, m,ake a noise ; to rattle, ring, 
 twang, tvhiz. 
 
 sonus, I, m. (B. svan, to sound, son, 
 son-u-s), a sound, tone, noise ; a ring ; 
 a din, a crash, a roar. 
 
 Sophocleus, a, um, adj., of Sopho- 
 cles, Sophoclean. 
 
 sopio, Ivi (il), Itum, 4 (sopor), to lull 
 to sleep. 
 
 sopor, Oris, m. (B. same as somnus, 
 sop, sop-or), deep sleep. 
 
 soporifer, fera, ferum, adj. (sopor), 
 sleep-bringing, drowsy. 
 
 sorbeo, uT, rptum, 2 (B. svakbii, to 
 swallow, sorb, sorb-ere), to swallow, 
 suck in ; swallow up ; absorb. 
 
 sordidus, a, um, adj. (from sordes, 
 wh. is fr. B. svar. to be foul ; dark, 
 svar-da, sorde-s, is), foul, filthy; sordid. 
 
 soror, Oris, f . (B. vas, to dwell, sa- 
 vas-tar, dwelling ivith, sa-s-tar, sa-s-sar, 
 sa-sar, so-ror, originally one ivho dwells 
 tvith her brother), a sister ; a near rela- 
 tion (wife), as in Met. I, 351 ; sister- 
 nymph. 
 
 sors, sortis, f . (B. svar, to join, bind, 
 ser (ser-ere), sor-s), a lot, a part ; an al- 
 lotment, oracle ; oracular saying, fate ; 
 destiny. 
 
 sortior, 4, v. dep., sortltus, to gain 
 by lot, gain, reach, obtain. 
 
 sospes, itis (B. sava, whole, well, 
 sov-os, sos- + pa, to protect, keep, pa-t, 
 pat, pet-s, pe-s ;=sos-pe-s, well protect- 
 ing; pass., well protected), unhurt, safe, 
 saved, sound. 
 
 spargo, sparsT, sparsum, 3 (B. 
 spark, to sprinkle, sparg (k to g), sparg- 
 ere), to sprinkle, scatter, strew, spread, 
 bespread, diffuse. 
 
 S parte, es, Sparta, ae, f., the city of 
 Sparta in Laconia. 
 
 spatior, 1, v. dep. (spatium), (to 
 space it), to go back and forth, wander; 
 spread one's self, spread. 
 
 spatiosus, a, um, adj. (spatium), 
 wide, great, roomy, spacious ; far ex- 
 tended, long continuing, 
 
 spatium, I (il), n. (B. spa, spa-n, to 
 span, extend, spa-ti-iu-m), span, reach, 
 space, room ; extent, greatness; interval 
 of space or of time ; time. 
 
 species, el, f . (K. spak, to see, spec 
 (spec-ere), spec-ie-s), an appearance, a 
 look or sight, form ; vision. 
 
 speciosus, a, um, adj. (species), 
 fine-looking, beautiful, shining, bril- 
 liant. 
 
 spectabilis, e, adj. (spectO), visible; 
 splendid ; fine. 
 
 spectaculum, I, n. (spectO), a spec- 
 tacle, sight, an exhibition. 
 
 spectator, Oris, m. (spectO), a specta- 
 tor. 
 
 specto, 1 (B. same as species, spak, 
 to see, spec (spec-ere), spec-ta-re), to be- 
 hold, gaze upon, look at or on ; to con- 
 sider, mew ; part., spectatus, looked 
 upon, tried, approved. 
 
 speculum, I, n. (same B. as species, 
 wh. see, spec-u-lu-m), a looking-glass, 
 mirror. 
 
 specus, Us (R. same as speculum, 
 wh. is a dimin. of specus), m. f . n., a 
 cave, cavern, hollow, den. 
 
 spelunca, ae, f. (fr. Gr., <rirrj\vyg), a 
 cavern, cleft ; grotto. 
 
 Sperclieis, idis, adj. f., belonging to 
 the Sperchius, a river in Thessaly ; Met. 
 II, 250, ripae Sp. 
 
 spern5, sprevl, spretum, 3 (B. spar, 
 to keep off (spur ?), separate, sper-n-ere), 
 to spurn, disdain, despise. 
 
 spero, 1 (fr. spe-s, wh. is fr. B. spa, 
 to stretch, span, spe-rare), to hope. 
 
 spes, el, f. (see sperO), hope, expecta- 
 tion ; a hope (the thing hoped for). 
 
 spiceus, a, um, adj.,fr. spica, wh. is 
 fr. same B. as spes, span, to span, 
 stretch, spl, spl-ca, a point, then an 
 ear (of grain), a spike, a beard), of ears 
 or beards of grain, bearded. 
 
 spina, ae, f . (B. same as spica, spi- 
 na, something pointed), a thorn; the 
 spine. 
 
 spinous, a, um, adj. (spina), of 
 thorns, thorny. 
 
 spira, ae, f . (B. spar, to wind, splr-a, 
 a winding), the coil of a snake. 
 
SPIRITUS 
 
 STILLO 
 
 317 
 
 spirit us, iis, m. (spTro), breath (of 
 air), breath, breathing ; life; spirit. 
 splro, 1 (R. bpas, to breathe, blow, 
 
 spasa, splsa, spira-rc), to breathe, blow ; 
 breathe forth ; live. 
 
 spissus, a, um, adj. (R. spi, to unite, 
 ;>/«. s,v, spi-t-tu-s, spi-s-tu-s, spi-s-su-s), 
 thick, close-pressed, close, dense. 
 
 splendeo, 2 (R. skard, to shine, 
 Bkrad, splad, spied, sple-n-d-ere), to 
 shine, glisten, be bright. 
 
 spleudesco, splenduT, splendescerc, 
 to grow splendid, to shine. 
 
 splendid us, a, um (splendeo), 
 bright, glistening, splendid. 
 
 spolio, 1 (R. skar, to cut, strip off, 
 skal, Bpal, spol-iu-m, skin stripped off, 
 memy stripped of armor, spolia-re), to 
 rob, of clothing, armor, to despoil ; to 
 plunder. 
 
 spolium, I (il), n. (for R., see spo- 
 liO) ; the skin of an animal stripped off; 
 spoil, spoils, booty. 
 
 sponda, ae, f. (R. spa, spa-n, to 
 stretch, span, span-d, spond-a), a bed- 
 stead ; a bed, couch. 
 
 spondeo, spopondl, sponsum, 2 (R. 
 skad, skand, to please, to offer, spond- 
 cre), to agree, promise in marriage, be- 
 troth ; promise. 
 
 sponte, abl. f., fr. lost nom. spon-s 
 (R. same as spolium and spatium, spa-, 
 spa-n, to stretch, make efort, of one's 
 own effort), voluntarily, of one's own 
 accord, spontaneously ; of one's self. 
 
 spuma, ae, f. (R. spju, spu, spu-ere, 
 to spit, spew), foam, froth ; scum. 
 
 spiimans, tis (part, v., spumo, fr. 
 spiio, see spuma), foaming, foamy, 
 frothy. 
 
 spumiger, era, erum, adj. (spuma 
 and gerO), foam-carrying, or -making, 
 foaming. 
 
 squaleo, uT, 2 (R. skar, to cover, 
 clothe, seal, sqmll-6re), to be rough or 
 stiff ; to be rough f r. dirt, or f r. slovcn- 
 liiicss ; to be dirty or slovenly. 
 
 squalidus, a, um, adj. (squaleo), 
 st'/ff, rough fr. dirt, dirty, foul, squal- 
 id ; in mourning (as persons in 
 mourning were dressed in squalid gar- 
 ments). 
 
 squama, ae, f. (R. skad, to cover, 
 scad, squa-ma), a scale, of a fish or ser- 
 
 pent, scaly covering ; in pi., scales or 
 plated in armor. 
 
 squainiger, era, mini, adj. (squama 
 and gerO), scale-bearing, scaly. 
 
 squaniosus, a, inn, adj. (squama), 
 full of scales, scaly. 
 
 stabulor, 1, v. dep. (stabulum, fr. 
 sto), to be in dull or stable, to stable, 
 kennel, be stalled. 
 
 stabulum, I, n. (sto), a standing- 
 place, viable, stall, fold. 
 
 stagno, 1 (stagnum), to be covered 
 with standing water, to be stagnant, to 
 stagnate. 
 
 stagnum, I, n. (fr. sto, wh. see, sta, 
 sta-k, sta-g), standing water, a pool, 
 pond, marsh ; lake. 
 
 stamen, inis, n., fr. sto, sta, stfi-re, 
 stfi-men, the standing tiwends or fibres 
 of the warp, in weaving ; the warp ; 
 the thread, threads (in spinning) ; see 
 note, Met. VI, 55 ; then the threads of 
 fate (as spun by the Parcae) ; the 
 threads or strings of the lyre or other 
 stringed musical instrument, as in Met. 
 XI, 169, where see note. 
 
 static, Onis, f. (fr. sto), a standing, 
 standing-place, a station, position ; post, 
 watch. 
 
 statuo, statu!, statfitum, 3 (sta-tu. f r. 
 sto, sta, statu-cre), to cause to stand, 
 to set in position, to set, set up ; to set 
 firm, determine, ordain. 
 
 status, as, m. (statuO), a standing, 
 a position, condition, state, status. 
 
 stella, ae, f. (R. star, to cover, 
 strew, ster (ster-n-ere), ster-u-la, stel-la 
 (cf . astrum)), a star (single one in dis- 
 tinction fr. sldus, a co?istellation). 
 
 s tell at uk, a, um, adj. (stella), cov- 
 ered or studded with stars; starred, 
 starry. 
 
 sterilis, e. adj. (R. same as sto, 
 sta-r, ster, ster-ili-s), sterile, barren, 
 unfruitful. 
 
 sterno, stravl, strtltum, 3 (for R. see 
 stella), to spread, spread out, strew, 
 cover over, throw down. 
 
 Stheneleius, a, um. adj., of Sthene- 
 lus. king of Lignite ; Stheneleian. 
 
 stillo, 1 (fr. same R. as sto, sta-r, 
 stir, stir-ia, stil-la, standing, firm, a 
 drop, stilla-re, to drop), to drop, drip, 
 trickle, distill ; to let drop. 
 
318 
 
 STIMULUS 
 
 SUB-IOIO 
 
 stimulus, I, m. (JR. stig, to prick, 
 goad, stig-mo, sti-mu-lu-s), a goad, a 
 spur ; an incentive, incitement ; a spur, 
 stimulus. 
 
 stipes, itis, m. (same R. as sto, sta, 
 stip, stlp, stlpe-s), the trunk of a tree, a 
 post, stock, log. 
 
 stipula, ae, f. (same It. as stipes, 
 stip-a, stip-u-la), a stalk ; straw ; a 
 blade. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, f. (same R. as sterno, 
 star, star-p, stirp-e-s, stirp-s), a stock, 
 stem, root ; figuratively, slock, race, 
 family. 
 
 stiva, ae, f. (same R. as sto, sta, sta- 
 i-va, stl-va), a plow-handle. 
 
 sto, stetl, statum, 1 (R. sta, to stand, 
 make to stand, sta, sta-re), to stand, 
 stand by, stand fast, remain standing, 
 to stay quiet ; to stand by, come to one's 
 aid. 
 
 stolid us, a, urn, adj. (same R. as 
 sto, sta, sta-1, sto-1, stoli-du-s, standing, 
 immovable) ; dull, slow, coarse ; stolid. 
 
 stra-meu, inis, n. (fr. sterno, star, 
 stra), straw. 
 
 stratum, I, n. (sterno), something 
 spread out or upon a couch, bed, bed- 
 ding, blanket ; a covering (for a table), 
 cover. 
 
 strenuus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 sterilis, sto, sta, sta-r, ster, stre, stre-nu- 
 u-s), quick, busy, active, strenuous. 
 
 strepitus, tls, m. (strepO, etym. 
 unc). a noise, rushing sound ; din, roar. 
 
 strideo, stridl, 2, and strido, strldl, 
 8 (R. star, to sound, star-g, star-dh, 
 stra-dh, stri-dh, strld-ere, ere), to make 
 a harsh sound, to hiss, whiz, creak, rush, 
 roar, rattle, buzz. 
 
 stridor, Oris, m. (strTdeO), a harsh 
 sound or noise, a hissing, whizzing, 
 creaking, rattling, roaiing. 
 
 stridulus, a, um. adj. (strldeO), to- 
 ing, whizzing, rattling. 
 
 stringo, strinxl, strictum, 3 (R. same 
 as sterno, star, stra-g, strig, string, 
 stri-n-g-ere), to touch lightly, graze ; to 
 wound slightly ; to draw (of weapons), 
 as to draw a sword. 
 
 struo, xl, ctum, 3 (R. same as stringO, 
 star, stra, stri, stru, stru-ere), to pile, 
 heap up ; to join or Jit together ; to build, 
 construct. 
 
 Strymon, on is, m., a river in 
 Thrace ; the Strymon. 
 
 studiosus, a, um, adj. (stadium), 
 full of zeal or desire; zealous, eager, 
 desirous. 
 
 studium, I (il), n. (R. spa, spa-n, to 
 make effort, spa-d, spu-d, stu-de-re, 
 stud-iu-m), intense effort, zeal, eager- 
 ness, earnestness, studious fondness,, 
 study ; an occupation, a pursuit. 
 
 stultus, a, um, adj. (same R. as 
 stolidus, wh. see, sta-1, sto-1, stul-tus), 
 stupid, dull, foolish, fool. 
 
 stupeo, uT, 2 (same R. as stultus, 
 stu-p, stiip-ere), (to be stupid), to be 
 dazed, amazed, dazzled, from terror or 
 other strong emotion. 
 
 Stygius, a, um. adj. (Styx), Stygian; 
 hateful, abhorred. 
 
 Styinphalis, idis, adj., Stympha- 
 Han, of the river or lake Stymphalus, 
 in Arcadia, 
 
 Styx, ygis, f. (2tv'£), the river of 
 hate, '" abhorred Styx,' 1 name of a river 
 in the lower world, the Styx. 
 
 suadeo, suasl, suasum, 2 (R. svad, 
 to please, taste, suad, suad-u-s, suad-ere, 
 to make pleasing), to persuade ; to ad- 
 vise, counsel, encourage. 
 
 sub, prep. (R. upa, under (vn-d), 
 sub), 1, with the abl., under, under- 
 neath, below, beneath, close under ^ under 
 in or within, close by, under the nde of, 
 under the influence of, in consequence or 
 by occasion of; 2, with the ace, upon, 
 up to, toward, under, against, close by, 
 about, forth. 
 
 sub-do, didl, ditum, dere, 3, to put 
 or lay under, bring under. 
 
 sub-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw un- 
 der or away, draw up ; to draw in ; to 
 withdraw. 
 
 sub-eo, IvT, il, itum, 4, to go under 
 or beneath, to go into, undergo, take 
 upon one's self ; to go toward ; to take 
 the place of, to follow ; to occur to, come 
 into the mind of. 
 
 sub-igo, egT, actum, 3, to drive or 
 force under, to compel, force, subdue ; 
 to work through, plow. 
 
 sub-icio, j5cT, jeetum. 3, to throw or 
 cast under, to subject ; part., subjectus, 
 cast under, lying under ; to throw 
 (from under), on high (into the air). 
 
SUBITUS 
 
 SUPER 
 
 319 
 
 subitus, a, um, adj. (subeO), that 
 comes unexpectedly or stealthily ; sud- 
 den, unexpected. 
 
 sub-jungO, junxl, junctum, 3, to 
 attach or join to ; add to or unite with. 
 
 sub-lev5, 1, to lift up from beneath, 
 hold up, support. 
 
 sublimit), c, adj. (fr. sub and llmis, 
 fr. R. lak, to bend, lac, lie, lie, lic- 
 mu-s, He-men, H-men, head-piece or top 
 of a door- way, sub-llmis, under the 
 top of a door, high), lifted up, high, 
 lofty, uplifted, on high ; sublime, noble ; 
 subst., subllmia, the lofty, the sublime. 
 
 sub-merg5, mersl, mersum, 3, to 
 sink under, submerge. 
 
 sub-mitto (summ-), mlsl, missum, 
 3, to send or sink under, sink, let down ; 
 to submit, lower ; to yield to, give up to. 
 
 sub-move5 (summ-), mOvI, mOtum, 
 2 (to move from under), to move away, 
 remove, carry or drive away. 
 
 sub-necto, nexul, nexum, 3 (to bind 
 from beneath), to bind under, bind 
 around, fasten under. 
 
 suboies, is (sub-olescO), something 
 that grows after, an after-growth, a 
 new race, offspring, progeny ; a de- 
 scendant ; descendants. 
 
 sub-sequor, sequi, sectltus sum, v. 
 dep., to follow upon or after. 
 
 sub-sido, seal, sessum, to set one's 
 self down, sink down ; to sink, settle ; 
 subside. 
 
 sub-sum, ful, esse, to be under, lie 
 under, underlie ; to be near by. 
 
 subtemen, inis, n. (fr. sub and texo, 
 fr. R. tak, to order, arrange, tak-s, 
 tax, tex, tex-ere, sub-tex-men, sub-te- 
 men), the woof ; see note, Met. VI, 55. 
 
 subter (fr. sub), prep, with ace. or 
 abl., under, beneath. 
 
 succedo (sub, cgdO), cessl, cessum, 
 3, to go or pass under, or into, step in 
 one's place, succeed, follow after, follow ; 
 to succeed, be successful. 
 
 suc-cendo (sub, candO, candeo, fr. 
 R. skand, kand, to shine, burn, cand- 
 Cre), cendT, censum, 3, to set on fire from 
 under, to inflame, burn. 
 
 successor, Oris, m. (succCdO), a suc- 
 cessor ; an heir. 
 
 successus, tls, m. (succGdO), fortu- 
 nate result, success. 
 
 succingo, cinxT, cinctum (sub and 
 cingO), to bind under or about, to gird 
 about, gird up ; to bind up ; part., suc- 
 cinctus, girt. 
 
 succumbo (sub and cumbO), cubuT, 
 cubitum, 3, to fall under ; to give way 
 to, succumb. 
 
 suc-curro (sub and currO), currT, 
 cursum, 3, to ?*un to the aid of, help, suc- 
 cor. 
 
 succutio (subc-), (sub and quatiO), 
 cussl, cussum, 3, to throw or fling up, 
 fling on high, toss up. 
 
 sucus, I, m. (R. sak, sag, to drop, 
 flow, svak, sflc-u-s), juice, moisture, 
 sap ; flavor ; vigor. 
 
 sudo, 1 (R, svid, to sweat, sad, 
 suda-re), to sweat ; to be wet with. 
 
 sudor, Oris, m. (sfldO), sweat ; poi- 
 son. 
 
 sufficio (sub and faciO), feci, fectum, 
 3, to suffice, be enough for; to be at one's 
 service, be ready. 
 
 suftundo (sub and fundo), ftldl, fa- 
 sum, 3, to pour in or upon ; to suffuse. 
 
 sui, reflex, pron. 3d pers. (R. sava, 
 sva, sovo, svo, sovo-s, suu-s, sui), one's 
 self, himself, herself, itself, themselves, 
 each other, one another. 
 
 sulco, 1, etym. unc., to furrow ; to 
 plow. 
 
 sulcus, T, m., a furrow. 
 
 sulphur (sulpur), uris, n., etym. 
 unc., sulphur . 
 
 sum, ful, esse (R. as, to be, es, es- 
 u-m, s-u-m), to be, exist, live ; to stand, 
 find one's self, to be really; with dat., to 
 have, possess ; with gen., to be of, to be- 
 long to, to pass for; with dat. of end, to 
 serve for, be for, to cause; part., futarus, 
 futarum, about to be, the future. 
 
 summa, ae, f. (fr. summus, fr. R. 
 upa, upa-ma, up-mu-s, s-up-mu-s, sum- 
 mu-s, summa), the uppermost thing, the 
 chief thing, the conclusion of the whole, 
 the sum, the whole. 
 
 summus (R. as in summa ; for 
 meaning, see superus). 
 
 sumo, sumpsT, sumptum, 3 (sub- 
 emO), to take, take up, bear, wear, put 
 on, lay hold of, receive, choose. 
 
 super (R. same as sub, upa, upari, 
 above, over (vndp), super), adv. and prep., 
 above, over, upon, over above, in addi- 
 
320 SUPERATOR 
 
 TABES 
 
 Hon to, besides ; furthermore ; from 
 above; concerning, about, of. 
 
 superator, oris, m. (supero, super), 
 (an overcomer), a conqueror. 
 
 superbia, ae, f. (super), pride, 
 haughtiness. 
 
 superbus, a, um, adj. (super), one 
 that raises himself above another, haugh- 
 ty, high-spirited, proud; Superbus, epi- 
 thet of the younger Tarquin. 
 
 super-in-icio, jecT, jcctum, 3, to 
 throw or cast over or above or upon. 
 
 super5 (same R. as super, upa, 
 above, supe-ru-s, supera (sc. parte, su- 
 pra), supera-re), to be above, rise above ; 
 to get the better of, overcome, surpass; to 
 exceed, rise above, project beyond ; to 
 conquer. 
 
 superstes, stitis, adj. (super and 
 sto), standing over, projecting over ; 
 surviving, outliving ; a survivor. 
 
 super-sum, fui, esse, to be over, re- 
 main over ; to survive, abound. 
 
 superus, a, um, adj. (for R. see 
 supero), being above, on high, high ; 
 heavenly ; in pl M superl, the heavenly 
 ones, the gods, the gods above ; superl., 
 1, supremus, a, um (probably also fr. 
 supero, super), the highest, extreme, 
 last ; 2, summus, a, um (see summa), 
 the highest, top of, uppermost, head of ; 
 supreme, most distinguished, chief, 
 greatest ; subst., summum, n., the 
 chief thing, chief point, the end. 
 
 supinus, a, um, adj. (fr. sub, \vh. 
 see. sup, sup-lnus), bent back, laid on 
 the back ; (of the hands), turned back, 
 upturned, in supplication. 
 
 suppleo (sub and pleo), plevl, ple- 
 tum, 2, to fill out or up, to supply. 
 
 supplex, icis, adj. (sub and plex fr. 
 R. park, parsk, to ask, demand, plak, 
 plic ; = sup-plicare, sup-plex, sup-plic- 
 is), asking humbly, begging, entreating, 
 suppliant, as a suppliant, in supplica- 
 tion. 
 
 supplicium, I (if), n. (see supplex, 
 supplic-iu-m), the bending or kneeling 
 down, in punishment ; supplication ; 
 
 punishment ; heavy penalty ; capital 
 punishment ; torture. 
 
 supplico, 1 (see supplex for R.), to 
 ask humbly, supplicate. 
 
 suppuno (sub and pOnO), posul, 
 positum, 3, to put ox place under; to put 
 in place of, substitute. 
 
 supra (supera, sc. parte, sec supero), 
 above, over. 
 
 sura, ae, f., the calf of the leg. 
 
 surdus, a, um, adj., deaf. 
 
 surgo (sub and rego), surrexl, sur- 
 rectum, 3, to raise on high, lift up ; to 
 raise one's self ; to arise, rise ; to join 
 on, Jit to. 
 
 sus, suis, comm. (R. su, to produce, 
 beget, su-s, a sow), a boar, pig, soiv, swine. 
 
 suscito (fr. sub and cito), 1, to stir 
 up, arouse. 
 
 suspends (sub and pendo), to hang 
 up, hang, suspend; to leave in suspense. 
 
 suspicio (sub and specio), to look up 
 (from under), to observe, notice ; part., 
 suspectus, suspected. 
 
 suspicor, 1, v. dep. (sub and specio, 
 spicari), to suspect, conjecture. 
 
 suspirium (sub and -splrium fr. 
 splro), to breathe up from below), a 
 sigh, sighing. 
 
 sustine5 (sub and teneo), to hold up, 
 support, sustain ; to bear, carry, hold ; 
 to withstand, hold out. 
 
 susurrus, I, m. (R. svar, to sound, 
 sar, sar-sar, sur-sur, su-surr-u-s), a 
 whisper, whispering ; a murmur; per- 
 sonified, SusurrI, the Whispers. 
 
 suus, a, um, reflex, pron. possessive, 
 3d pers. (for R. see sul), one's own, his 
 own x her own, its own, their own ; fa- 
 vorable, propitious ; pi., sul, substan- 
 tively used, his (her, their) friends, com- 
 panions. 
 
 Symaethius, a, um, adj., of or 
 descended from Symaethus ; Symae- 
 thian. 
 
 Symplegades, um, f. pi (fr. Gr.), 
 the Symplegades, two islands in the 
 Euxine, that dash against (av/xn-A^o-o-w), 
 one another. 
 
 tabella, ae, f. (R. ta, to extend, 
 broaden, ta-bola, tabula), aplank,board, 
 a little board ; a tablet (covered with 
 
 wax, to write upon with a stilus) ; a vo- 
 tive tablet ; by meton., a letter. 
 tabes, is, f . (R. tak, to run, flow, ta- 
 
TABESCO 
 
 TECTUM 
 
 321 
 
 bes), a flowing away, wasting, pining, 
 consumption ; a corrupting moisture, 
 corruption ; iioison. 
 
 tabesco (tabes), tabul, 3, to waste 
 away ; to dissolve, waste away, melt. 
 
 tabula, ae, f. (for R. sec tabella), a 
 tablet, a painting. 
 
 tabu in, I, n. (tabes), wasting, mois- 
 ture, corruption ; wasting disease, con- 
 sumption. 
 
 taceo, ul (R. tak, to be silent, tac- 
 ere), to be silent (not to speak), keep 
 silent, be still. 
 
 taciturnus, a, um, adj. (taceO), rf- 
 Unt, si Ul ; taciturn. 
 
 tacitus, a, um, ad^'. (taceO), silent, 
 quiet, still. 
 
 tactus, lis, m. (tango), touch, con- 
 tart. 
 
 tarda, ae, f . (R. tu, to swell, grow, 
 tau, tav, tav-i-da, ta-i-da, tae-da), a pine- 
 tree, pine-wood, a pitch-pine, a pine- 
 torch, torch ; (from torches being used 
 at marriages), a wedding-torch, a wed- 
 di/ir/, marriage, marriage union. 
 
 taedium, I (il), n. (R. same as taeda, 
 tu, tau, tav, ta-vido, taedo, taede-t, it 
 swells, over-swells), it disgusts, wearies, 
 is irksome, one is weary of. 
 
 Taenarides, ae, one from Taena- 
 rus, a promontory in Laconia ; a Laco- 
 nian, Hyacinthus, in Met. X, 183. 
 
 Taenarius, a, um, adj., of Taenarus. 
 
 taeter, tra, trum, adj., foul. 
 
 Tagus, I, m., a river in Spain ; the 
 Tagus. 
 
 till aria, um, adj., n. pi. (talus), of 
 the heel, the talaria, the winged sandals 
 of Mercury. 
 
 talis, e, adj. (R. ta (?) as in tantus, 
 pron. stem, 3d pers., ta-lis), such, of such 
 kind or sort ; subst., talia, such things, 
 things of that kind. 
 
 talus, T, m. (R. tak, to cut, hew, ar- 
 range, tak-s, tax-lu-s, tas-lu-s, ta-lu-s), 
 the ankle-bone, ankle. 
 
 tarn, adv. (R. ta, pron. stem, 3d 
 pers., ta + me; loc. f em., ta-m, originally 
 referring to time, then to manner), so, so 
 much, so very, so far ; with quam, so — 
 as, as well— as. 
 
 Tamasenus, a, um, adj. (-sGnus), of 
 the city of Tamasus, in Cyprus; Ta- 
 masean. 
 
 tamen, conj. (R. same as tarn, 
 ta-m, ta + pron. sma ; locat., ta+smi- 
 n,= ta-mc-n), for all that; yet, net' 
 ertheless, still, however, after all, at 
 least. 
 
 tarn quam (tanq-), adv. (tam-quam, 
 for RR. see tarn and quam), so as, just 
 as, as if, as when. 
 
 Tanais, is, m., a river in Scythia ; 
 the Don. 
 
 tandem, adv. (fr. ta, pron. stem, 3d 
 pers., ta-m, ta-n + da, pron. stem de, 
 ace. de-m,=tan-dem, so far (in time), 
 to that), at last, finally, at length, yet 
 again. 
 
 tango, tetigl, tactum, 3 (R. stag, to 
 grasp, tag, ta-n-g-ere), to touch, come in 
 contact with ; to tread ; to impress, 
 touch ; to lay hold of, seize. 
 
 Tantalis, idis, daughter of Tantalus; 
 Niobe, Met. VI, 211. 
 
 Tantalus, T, m., 1, son of Jupiter, 
 father of Pelops, and of Niobe ; see 
 notes on Met. VI, 173, X, 41 ; 2, grand- 
 son of the T. just mentioned, and son 
 of Niobe, Met. VI, 240. 
 
 tan turn, adv. (tantus), so much, only, 
 merely, with ne, only that not, with non 
 and verum, not only— but, not only — but 
 also. 
 
 tantum-modo, adv., only, merely. 
 
 tantus, a, um, adj. (R. same as tarn, 
 ta, ta-ntu-s), so great, so much, such, 
 such great; neut., tantum, so much, so; 
 gen. of price, tanti, of so much, such a 
 price, used with sum, to be worth so 
 much. 
 
 tarde, adv. (tardus), slozvly, tardily. 
 
 tardus, a, um, adj. (R. tar, tra, 
 to move, tar-du-s), slow-moving, slow, 
 sluggish, dull, tardy, late. 
 
 Tartarus, I, m., pi. Tartara, Orum, 
 n. (R. (fr. Gr.), tar, tremble, make 
 tremble, terrify), terrible, the terrible 
 (terrO-re fr. same R.), a deep abyss 
 fabled to be under the infernal regions; 
 Tartarus, as the abode of the lost ; by 
 meton., the lower world. 
 
 Taurus, I, m., 1, a range of moun- 
 tains in Asia Minor ; the Taurus ; 2, 
 (R. same as sto, sta, sta-vara, stau-ru-s, 
 oravpd?, tau-ru-s, a steer), a bull, steer ; 
 3, the constellation Taunts. 
 
 tectum, I, n. (tegfi), a covering ; a 
 
322 
 
 TEGIMEN" 
 
 TERGUM 
 
 roof ; ceiling ; by meton., a dwelling, a 
 house, an abode, a home, a hiding-place, 
 a room. 
 
 tegimen, inis, n. (tegum-, synco- 
 pated to tegmen, fr. tegO), a covering, 
 garb, clothing, protection, defense, ar- 
 mor, a skin (a tegument). 
 
 tego, texi, tectum (R. stag, to cover, 
 steg, teg, teg-ere), to cover, cover over, 
 clothe; to surround, attend, defend, 
 adorn, veil, to hide, conceal ; part., tec- 
 tus, covered, protected, sheltered, hid- 
 den, secret. 
 
 tela, ae, f. (fr. texO (texla), tela), the 
 web; the warp; the loom; see note, 
 Met. VI, 54. 
 
 Telemus, T, m., son of Eurymus, a 
 seer ; Met. XIII, 770. 
 
 tellus, Oris, f . (R. tar, tal, to lift, 
 weigh, to make like or level, tal, tel, tell- 
 u-s, level or surface of the earth), the 
 earth, land, soil, ground ; a land, dis- 
 trict, country, region. 
 
 telum, i, n. (R. tak, to cut, hew, 
 tec, tec-lu-m, te-lu-m), a weapon, mis- 
 sile, javelin, dagger, sword. 
 
 teinerarius, a, urn, adj. (temere, fr. 
 R. tam, to be stunned, be beside one's 
 self, tem-ere, temer-arius), inconsid- 
 erate, thoughtless, heedless, rash. 
 
 temero, 1 (temere, see temerarius), 
 to treat rashly, to defile, stain, pollute ; 
 part., temeratus, stained, unclean, im- 
 pure. 
 
 teino, Onis, m. (R. tak, to hew, cut, 
 tec, tec-mOn), the pole of a chariot ; 
 beam of a plow. 
 
 temperies, el, f . (tempus, wh. see), 
 a right mingling of heat and cold, a 
 mild climate, an agreeable temperature ; 
 moderation. 
 
 tempers, 1 (tempus), to mingle in 
 right proportion, to rule, moderate, gov- 
 ern ; to temper. 
 
 tempest! vus, a, um, adj. (tempus, 
 (wh. see), tempes-tas, tempestat, Ivu-s, 
 tempest-Ivu-s), suited to the time or 
 occasion, timely, seasonable, opportune, 
 fitting. 
 
 tempestive" (tempest! vus), adv., sea- 
 sonably, opportunely ; happily. 
 
 templum, i, n. (R. tam, to cut off, 
 tem, tem-u-lu-m, tem-lu-m, tem-p-lu-m), 
 a place cut off, set apart, for uses of 
 
 augury, a free space, then a sacred 
 place, a sanctuary, temple. 
 
 tempto (tento), 1 (fr. tendO), to put 
 to a trial, attempt, prove ; tempt. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. (R. ta, tan, to 
 stretch, span, tan-p, tam-p, temp-us, 
 time as a span ; but others take it fr. 
 tam, tem, to cut off, same R. as tem- 
 plum), a time, opportunity, season ; a 
 period ; a right time, an occasion ; the 
 time, the age ; the times, circumstances ; 
 the temple on the head, the temples. 
 
 tendo, tetendl, tentum, tensum, 3 
 (R. same as tempus, ta, tan, ten-do), to 
 stretch, span, extend, stretch out ; tend, 
 strive for, hasten. 
 
 tenebrae, arum, f . pi. (R. same as 
 temere, tem, then (m to n), ten-e-brae), 
 darkness, gloom ; terror. 
 
 tenebrSsus, a, um, adj. (tenebrae), 
 full of darkness, dark ; gloomy. 
 
 Tenedos, I, f., an island in the Ae- 
 gean, off the Trojan coast. 
 
 teneo, ul, tentum, 2 (R. same as 
 tendO, ta, tan, ten-ere), to hold, hold 
 fast, grasp, bear, keep ; to possess ; to 
 reach ; to hold back, restrain. 
 
 tener, era, erum, adj. (R. same as 
 teneO, ta, tan, ten, ten-er), soft, tender ; 
 weak; youthful. 
 
 tenor, Oris, m. (teneo), a course, 
 progress, tenor. 
 
 tenuis, e, adj. (R. same as tener), 
 thin, fine, narrow, weak, tender. 
 
 tenuo, 1 (R. same as tenuis), to make 
 thin, to thin, to make weaker, weaken. 
 
 tenus, prep. (R. same as tendO), as 
 far as, up to. 
 
 tepeo, 2 (R. tap, to be warm,, tep, 
 tep-ere), to be warm. 
 
 tepesco, 3 (tepeO), to grow warm. 
 
 tepidus, a, um, adj. (tepeO), warm, 
 tepid. 
 
 ter, num. adv. (R. same as trSs, tri, 
 tirs, ters, ter), thrice, three times. 
 
 terebro, 1 (R. tar, to move, to rub, 
 ter, ter-ere, terebra-re), to bore, to bore 
 through or into. 
 
 teres, etis, adj. (terO), (rubbed, worn), 
 rounded, smooth, well rounded. 
 
 tergeo, tersl, tersum, 2 (also tergO), 
 (R. same as sternO, star, star-g, ster-g, 
 terg-ere), to wipe off, to clean. 
 
 tergum, T, n. (R. targh, to move, 
 
TERGUS 
 
 TIMIDUS 
 
 323 
 
 hasten, terg-u-m), the back ; the rear ; 
 a hide, buWs-hide. 
 
 tergus, oris, n. (tergum), the back ; 
 a hide. 
 
 term, ac, a, num. adj. (ter), three by 
 three, three each ; threefold. 
 
 terd, trlvl, trltum, 3 (for R. see tere- 
 brO), to rub, to rub smooth ; to wear 
 away ; to touch lightly, graze. 
 
 terra, ae, f . (R. tars, to be dry, ters, 
 ters-a, terr-a), dry land, as opposed to 
 the sea, the earth ; earth, land, main- 
 land, region ; soil ; the Earth. 
 
 terrenus, a, urn, adj. (terra), of the 
 earth, earthy, earthen ; belonging to 
 the earth, earthly. 
 
 terreo, ul, itum, 2 (R. tar, to trem- 
 ble, make tremble, tars, ters-ere, terr-ere), 
 to terrify, frighten. 
 
 terribilis, e, adj. (terreo), terrible, 
 frightful. 
 
 terrigena, ae, comm. (terra, gigno), 
 one born of earth, earth-born. 
 
 terror, Oris, m. (terreo), terror; a 
 terror ; fright. 
 
 tertius, a, um, adj. (ter), the third. 
 
 tesca, Orum, n. (tuska, tesqua, 
 empty, worthless, tesca), rough, wild 
 regions, deserts, wilds, wilderness. 
 
 testa, ae, f . (R. same as terra, tar, 
 tars, ters, ters-ta, tes-ta), baked clay, 
 pottery, a tile, potsherds. 
 
 testis, is, m. (R. tars, to hold, sup- 
 port, ters, ters-ti, tes-ti-s), a witness. 
 
 testor, 1, v. dep. (testis), to testify, 
 bear witness to, declare ; to summon as 
 a witness, call upon. 
 
 Tethys, yos, f., a sea-goddess, wife 
 of Oceanus, and mother of Clymene. 
 
 texo, texul, textum, 3 (R. tak, to 
 cut, to set in order, tak-s, tax, tex-ere), 
 to put together, to weave, braid. 
 
 textum, T, n. (texO), something 
 woven, a fabric, texture. 
 
 thalamus, T, m. (0aAa/uos. fr. R. 
 dhar, dhra, to hold), a room, cham- 
 ber, a bed-chamber; by meton., mar- 
 riage. 
 
 Thalia, ae, f., one of the Muses, the 
 Mnse of Comedy ; Thalia. 
 
 Thaumantis, idos, daughter of 
 Thaumas ; Iris. 
 
 theatrum, I, n. (0ea-o-/u.<n, to see), a 
 theatre ; by meton., the spectators. 
 
 ThSbae, arum, f., Thebes, capital of 
 Boeotia. 
 
 Thebals, Tdis, f. (ThGbae), a woman 
 of Thebes ; in pi., Thebaides, the wo- 
 men of Thebes. 
 
 Themis, idis, f ., daughter of Uranus, 
 and goddess of order and justice. 
 
 TherniOdon, ontis, m., a river in 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 Thermodontiacus, a, um, adj., of 
 the Thermodon. 
 
 Theseus, el (eos), son of king Ae- 
 geus of Athens, Theseus. 
 
 Thisbe, es, f., the maiden loved by 
 Pyramus ; Met. IV, 55. 
 
 Thracius, a, um, adj. (Thracia), of 
 Thrace ; a Thracian. 
 
 Thrax, acis, adj. (Thracia), a Thra- 
 cian. 
 
 Threicius, a, um, adj., the Thra- 
 cian ; Orpheus. 
 
 Thynibreius, a, um, adj., Thym- 
 breian, of the river Thymbris. 
 
 thyrsus, I, m., a stalk of a plant ; a 
 staft twined round with ivy ; the Bac- 
 chic staff, the thyrsus. 
 
 tiara, ae, f., or tiaras, ae, m., an 
 Eastern head-dress, worn by Orientals 
 of rank, a turban, a tiara. 
 
 Tiberis, is, or idis, m. (Tibris, Ty- 
 bris), the river Tiber, in Latium, now 
 the Tevere ; the Tiber. 
 
 tibia, ae, f . (R. sta, to stand, make 
 to stand .firm, sta-bh, tib, tlb, tlb-ia, 
 the shin-bone, as something standing 
 firm) ; by meton.. a pipe or flute, be- 
 cause made of bone. 
 
 Tibullus, I, m. ; see note, Am. I, 
 15, 28. 
 
 lignum, I, n. (R. tak, to hew, tig- 
 nu-m), a beam, rafter. 
 
 tlgris, idis, and is, m. and f., a tiger. 
 
 tilia, ae, f . (R. pat, to spread out, 
 be open, pat-ere, patul-ia, patil-ia, ptil- 
 i-a. til-ia), the linden. 
 
 timeo, ul, 2 (R. same as temerarius, 
 tam, to be stunned, to be beside one's 
 self, tem, tim, tim-or, tim-Ore, prima- 
 rily, to be disturbed in one's mind), to 
 fear, be afraid, to have fear of. 
 
 timide, adv. (timeO), timidly, fear- 
 fully. 
 
 timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), timid, 
 fearful, frigh tened. 
 
324 
 
 TIMOR 
 
 TRAHO 
 
 timor, Oris, m. (for R. see timeo), 
 fear, fearf ulness ; by meton., object of 
 fear, a terror. 
 
 tingo (tinguO), tinxi, tinctum, 3 (R. 
 tvak, to wash, tak, tag, tig, ti-n-g-ere), 
 to wet, dip, bathe, color ; tinge. 
 
 tin us, I, m., a tree resembling the 
 wild laurel, and having bluish berries. 
 
 Tiresias, ae, m., a Theban seer. 
 
 Tiryntliius, a, um, adj., of the city 
 Tiryns, in Argolis ; Tirynthian ; the 
 Tirynthian. 
 
 Titan, anis, m., the Sun-god (Sol), 
 son of Hyperion. 
 
 Titania, ae, f., and Tltanis, idos, 
 daughter of a Titan ; 1, Pyrrha, as 
 grand-daughter of Iapetus ; 2, Latona, 
 as daughter of Coeus. 
 
 titubo, 1 (etym. unc.), to reel, stum- 
 ble, stagger. 
 
 titulus, I, m. (R. ki, to notice, honor, 
 ti, ti-tu-lu-s, means of honor), a name 
 of honor, honor ; a mark of honor, a 
 title. 
 
 Tityos (-us), I, m., a giant-son of 
 Earth ; see note, Met. X, 43. 
 
 Tmolus (TImolus), I, name of a wine- 
 growing region in Lydia. 
 
 toga, ae, f . (fr. tegO, fr. R. stag, to 
 cover, steg, teg, tog-a), the toga, the 
 gown-like, outer garment of the Roman 
 citizen. 
 
 tolero, 1 (R. tar, tal, to lift, carry, 
 tel, tol, tol-lo (tol-es, toler-u-s), tol-era- 
 re), to bear, carry, tolerate. 
 
 tollo, sustull, sublatum, 3 (for R. 
 see tolero), to lift or take up, to raise 
 up ; to carry away, to remove ; to put 
 aside. 
 
 Tomltae, arum, name of a town ; 
 see note, Tr. IV, 10, 97. 
 
 tondeo,, totondT, tonsum, 2 (R. tam, 
 tan, to cut, ton-d-ere), to shear, cut, 
 trim, strip. 
 
 tonitrus, Us, m. (tono), thunder. 
 
 tono, tonuT, 1 (R. ta, tan, to stretch, 
 sound, ten, ton, ton-arc), to sound, to 
 thunder; part., tonans, sc. Juppiter, 
 the Thunderer. 
 
 tormentum, T, n. (torqueo), an in- 
 strument of torture, the rack ; torture ; 
 also an engine for throwing missiles, 
 so called because thrown by means of 
 twisted (torqueO) ropes. 
 
 torpeo, 2 (R. takp, to be stiff, torp, 
 torp-ere), to be stiff ; to stiffen. 
 
 torpor, oris, m. (torpeO), stiffness, 
 numbness, torpor. 
 
 torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2 (R. tark, 
 to turn, tar+k, torqu-ere), to turn, twist, 
 wind ; to throw, hurl. 
 
 torreo, torrul, tostum, 2 (R. same as 
 terra, tars, ters, tors, tors-ere, torr-ere), 
 to dry ; to roast, to parch. 
 
 tortilis, e, adj. (torqueo), twisted 
 around, encircling. 
 
 torus, T, m. (R. star, to strew, 
 spread, ster, stor, tor-u-s, something 
 spread out or spreading), a mattress, 
 couch, bed, marriage-bed ; by meton., 
 marriage ; a bolster, cushion ; a bier ; 
 also the (spreading) swelling muscles, 
 especially of the neck ; the dew-lap or 
 brawn ; see note, Met. IX, 82. 
 
 torvus, a, um, adj. (R. targ, to 
 threaten, torg-vu-s, tor-vu-s), gloomy, 
 grim, fierce, savage ; angry; earnest. 
 
 tot, num. adj. (R. ta, 3d pers. prbn. 
 stem ta + ti, to-t), so many. 
 
 totidem, adj., fr. tot, toti-dem (ta + 
 da), just so many, just as many, as 
 many. 
 
 totiens, adj. (toties), tot-iens, so 
 many times, as many times, so often. 
 
 totus, a, um, adj., lus in gen., I in 
 dat. (R. tu, to swell, groiv, tau, tav, 
 tou, to, to-tu-s, full, whole), entire, 
 ivhole ; wholly ; all, all together. 
 
 trabea, ae, f . (R. tarpja, a cloak, 
 mantle, trab-ea), a robe woven in 
 stripes, and worn by magistrates, a 
 trabea, a robe. 
 
 trabs (trabes), -is, f. (R. tark, to 
 turfi, tarp, tarb, trab-es, trab-s), a beam, 
 timber ; the trunk of a tree ; a tree. 
 
 Trachin, Tnis, a city in Thessaly. 
 
 Trachinius, a, um, adj., of Trachin, 
 Trachinian. 
 
 tracto, 1 (traho), to touch, handle. 
 
 tractus, Us, m., a drawing ; a stretch. 
 
 trado (trans-dO), -didl, ditum, -dere, 
 3, to give over, hand over, surrender; to 
 communicate, teach. 
 
 traho, traxT, tractum, 3 (R. targh, 
 to move, set in motion, tragh, trah-ere), 
 to draw, drag, carry away, to carry 
 with or behind or after one's self; to 
 attract ; to receive, get ; to draw in, 
 
TRATCIO 
 
 TRUNCUS 
 
 325 
 
 breathe ; to draw up, heave ; to draw 
 out ; to extend ; to spend ; white away. 
 
 traieio (trans, jaciO), jecT, jectum, 3, 
 to pierce through . 
 
 trames, itis, m., a cross-way, path. 
 
 trans, prep, with ace. (B. tar, tra, 
 to move, move one's self, tra-re, tra-ns, 
 part, present, passing over), over, across, 
 through. 
 
 trans-co, il (Tvl), itum, 4, to go or 
 pass over, cross, pass or go by, pass 
 over to, change one's self ; to spring over. 
 
 trans-ferC, tull, latum, 3, to carry 
 over. 
 
 transilio, Tvl or ul, 4, to leap over. 
 
 transitus, Us, m. (transeO), a pas- 
 sage over or across ; a transition. 
 
 trans-mitto, mlsT, missum, 3, to 
 carry or send over or across, send. 
 
 tremebundus, a, urn, adj. (for B. 
 see tremO, and -bundus, see Grammar, 
 333, note 2), trembling, quivering. 
 
 tremefacio (tremO and faciO), feci, 
 factum, 3, to make tremble, to shake. 
 
 tremo, ul, 3 (B. tar, to quiver, 
 shake, tar-m, trem, trem-ere), to tremble, 
 quiver, quake, shake with fear. 
 
 tremor, Oris, m. (tremO), a trem- 
 bling, quivering, tremor. 
 
 tremulus, a, um, adj. (tremO), trem- 
 bling, tremulous. 
 
 trepido, 1 (B. tark, to turn, hurl, 
 tarp, trep, trep-i-du-s, trepida-re, mean- 
 ing hasty (tripping?) movement, through 
 fear), to hurry to and fro in fear, to 
 move tremulously ; to tremble, quake, 
 quiver. 
 
 trepidus, a, um, adj. (for B. see 
 trepidO), in tremulous movement, hur- 
 rying, hastening, trembling ; fright- 
 ened, fearful. • 
 
 tres, tria, adj. num. (B. tri, three, 
 treis, trgs), three. 
 
 tribulus, T, m. (rpt/SoAos), 1, an in- 
 strument used against the approach of 
 cavalry, having three prongs, on which it 
 rested, and a fourth thrown upward ; a 
 caltrop ; 2, a species of thorn, land- 
 caltrop. 
 
 tribuo, ul, fltam, 3 (B. tri, three, + 
 BHU, to grow, become, be, bu,=tri-bu, 
 tri-bu-s (tri-be), meaning three- (or tri-) 
 being, one of three stocks or races of free 
 Roman citizens (Ramnes, Tities, Lu- 
 
 ceres) ; then tribu-ere), to divide, dis- 
 tribute, bestow, allow, grant. 
 
 tricuspis, idis, adj. (tri and cuspis, 
 etym. unc), three-pointed, three-tined. 
 
 tridens, ntis, adj. (tri and dens), 
 three-toothed, three-pronged. 
 
 trifidus, a, um, adj. (lindO), three- 
 cleft, three-forked. 
 
 triforinis, e, adj. (forma), three- 
 formed, threefold, triple. 
 
 trio, Onis, m. (B. same as tero, ere, 
 tar, ter, tir, tir-o(n), tri-O(n)), an ox, a 
 steer; in pi., TriOnes, the constellation 
 of the Wain, having seven stars— five 
 for the wagon and two for the steers, or 
 the team ; see note, Met. I, G4 ; but Max 
 Miiller makes trio originally striO,TA ka, 
 Skr. star, meaning a star ; by nieton. 
 (Met. I, 64, septem-triO), the north. 
 
 triplex, icis, adj. (B. tri + park, plak, 
 plec, plec-s, plex, see sim-plex), three- 
 fold, triple ; three. 
 
 tristis, e, adj. (B. same as tremO, 
 tar, ters, tris, tris-ti-s), sad, mournful, 
 gloomy, sorrouful. 
 
 triticeus, a, um, adj. (trlticum, fr. 
 same B. as tero, tar, ter, ter- ere, trT-vT, 
 trl-tu-m, tri-ti-cu-m, from the rubbing 
 or threshing of the grain ; wheat), of or 
 pertaining to wheat, whealen. 
 
 Triton, Onis, m., a sea-god, son of 
 Neptune and Amphitrite ; Triton. 
 
 Tritonia, ae, f., a name of Minerva; 
 see note, Met. II, 782. 
 
 Tritoniacus, a, um, adj., of Tri- 
 tonia, Tritonian. 
 
 Tritonis, idis, f., same as TrltOnia ; 
 also as an adj., of Tritonia, Tritonian. 
 
 triumpho, 1 (for B. see triumphus), 
 to triumph, celebrate a triumph ; exult, 
 triumph over or in. 
 
 triumphus, I, m. (B. TRiAMro, a 
 shout of joy, triumpu-s, triumphu-s), 
 the triumph, triumphal 2^'ocession ; a 
 triumph, victory. 
 
 Trojanus (Troja), a, um, adj., Tra- 
 jan ; the Trojans. 
 
 truculentus, a, um, adj. (B. tru, 
 to threaten, tru-co, tru-c, tru-cu-lentu-s, 
 truc-s, tru-x),^ra?, savage, wild. 
 
 truncus, a, um, adj. (B. tauk, turk, 
 to break, tear, tru-n-cu-s), broken. 
 
 trunco, 1, to strip (haves of). 
 
 truncus, I, m. (B. same as the adj. 
 
326 
 
 TRUX 
 
 ULTERIOR 
 
 truncus), the trunk of a tree, the trunk 
 of a human body, a headless trunk. 
 
 trux, trucis, adj. (for R. see trucu- 
 lentus), savage, wild, grim, fierce, defi- 
 ant. 
 
 tu, tul, pers. pron. (R. tva, tu), 
 thou ; pi., vos, ye or you. 
 
 tuba, ae, f . (R. same as tibia, sta, 
 to stand, make firm, sta-bh, stab, tib, 
 tob, tub-a ; a reed, a tube), a trumpet. 
 
 tueor, tuitus (tutus), v. dep. 2 (R. 
 tu, to behold, protect, tu-o-r, tu-e-or), to 
 behold, contemplate, consider ; to pro- 
 tect, defend, guard. 
 
 turn, adv. (R. ta, demon, pron. 
 stem, 3d pers., tu-m, ace.), at that time, 
 then ; in that case ; thereupon, then 
 again, then. 
 
 tumefacio (tumeo and facio), -feci, 
 factum, 3, to cause to swell, to swell. 
 
 tumeo, 2 (R. tu, to swell, tu-mo, tu- 
 rn e-re), to swell, be swollen ; to be puffed 
 up. 
 
 tumesco, tumul, 3 (tumeo), to begin 
 to swell, to swell. 
 
 tumid us, a, um, adj. (tumeO), swell- 
 ing, tumulus, I, m., a mound. 
 
 tunc, adv. (R. same as turn, tu, 
 tu-m, tum-ce, tun-c). 
 
 tundo, tutudl, tunsum, and tusum, 
 3 (R. stu, to thrust, stu-d, tud, tu-n-d- 
 erc), to beat, strike, thrust. 
 
 tunica, ae, f., etym. unc, the under- 
 garment of the Komans, a tunic, frock. 
 
 turba, ae, f. (R. stvar, stur, to 
 press forward, tvar-va, tur-ba), apress, 
 confusion, disturbance ; a crowd, 
 throng. 
 
 turbo, inis, m. (R. same as turba), 
 a whirl, whirling, eddy, whirlwind, 
 storm, hurricane; a round, a circle. 
 
 turbo, 1 (R. same as turba), to dis- 
 turb, confuse, agitate, alarm. 
 
 turpis, e, adj. (R. tark, tarp, to be 
 ashamed, turp, turp-i-s), shameful, base, 
 foul, unseemly, disgraceful. 
 
 turris, is, f. (R. tursi, a lower, 
 turri-s), a tower. 
 
 tus (thus), turis, n. (R. dhu, to 
 smoke, to offer sacrifice, tus, thus, fr. 
 Gr. 0u-os), incense, frankincense. 
 
 tutela, ae, f. (tueor), protection ; de- 
 fense ; by meton., protector, guardian. 
 
 tiito, adv. (tutus), safely, securely, 
 without danger. 
 
 tutus, a, um, adj. (tueor), safe, se- 
 cure, protected, without danger, un- 
 harmed. 
 
 tuus, a, um, possessive pron. (for R. 
 see tu), thine, thine own, your, your 
 own ; in pi. as subst., tul, your friends 
 {yours). 
 
 Tyaneius, a, um, adj., of Tyana, a 
 city in Cappadocia. 
 
 tympanum, I, n., a drum, timbrel, 
 used in the service of Bacchus, and of 
 Cybele. 
 
 Typhoeus, el, m., a giant-son of 
 Earth ; see note, Met. V, 347. 
 
 tyrannus, I, m. (Gr. Tvpavvoi), a 
 sovereign ; a ruler, a king. 
 
 Tyrieius, a, um, adj., of Tyriaeum, 
 a city in Phrygia. 
 
 Tyrius, a, um, adj., Tyrian, of Tyre. 
 
 Tyros (-us), I, Tyre, a city in Phoeni- 
 
 U 
 
 uber, eris, n. (R. vadii, udii, to 
 make fwitful, ub, ub-er), an udder ; 
 the breast. 
 
 uber, eris, adj. (see preceding word 
 for R.), fruitful, rich, fertile, produc- 
 tive. 
 
 ubi, adv. (R. ka, pron. stem indef., 
 kva, qua, quo + bi = quo-bi, cu-bi, u-bi), 
 where ; when, after, as soon as. 
 
 xidus, a, um, adj. (R. vag, ug, to be 
 damp, ugv, ugvu-s, uvu-s, Hve-re, uvi- 
 dus, uv-du-s, tl-du-s), damp, wet, moist. 
 
 ulciscor, ultus sum, v. dep., 3 (R. 
 VAit, to guard, protect, var-k, volc-i-sc-i, 
 
 ulc-i-sc-i), to avenge one's self, take 
 vengeance ; to punish, recompense. 
 
 ullus, a, um, gen. lus, dat. I, adj. 
 pron. (R. i, pron. stem, 3d pers., ai, 
 ai-na (oi-no-s, early Latin), u-nu-s, uni- 
 cu-s, dimin. unu-lu-s = ul-lu-s), any, 
 any one, mostly in negatives, e. g., 
 haud ullus, not anyone. 
 
 ulmus, I, f . (R. ar, to lift up, grow, 
 al, or, ol, ul, ul-mu-s), an elm, elm-tree. 
 
 ulna, ae, f. (R. ar, to bend, al, ul, 
 ul-na), elbow ; by meton., arm ; as a 
 measure, an ell. 
 
 ulterior, us, adj. comp. (R. ana. 
 
ULTOR 
 
 UT 
 
 32? 
 
 pron. stem, 3d pers., ana-la, ollu-s 
 (illu-s, ilk'), ul s, on that side, ul-ter, 
 era, erum, ulter-ior, ul-tinm-s, ultra, sc. 
 parte, ultro), (over there), farther, on 
 the farther side ; (ulterior) ; super}., 
 ultimue, a, am, farthest, extreme (ulti- 
 mate). 
 
 ultor, oris, in. (ulciscor), an avenger; 
 avenging* 
 
 ultra, prep., and adv. (.see ulter), be- 
 yond, farther, on the other side ; fur- 
 ther, more, besides. 
 
 ultro, adv. (see ulter), beyond, fur- 
 thermore, besides ; also (when nothing 
 more is required), of one's own accord, 
 voluntarily, without solicitation. 
 
 ululatus, us, m. (ululO), a howling, 
 howl, shriek. 
 
 ululo, 1 (R. tjl, to howl, ul-ul-a, 
 ulula-re, ulula-tu-s), to howl, shriek, 
 cry out. 
 
 ulva, ae, f . (R. same as ulmus, \vh. 
 see, ul-va), coarse grass, sedge. 
 
 umbra, ae, f. (R. amb, to envelope, 
 umb-ra), shadow, shade ; darkness, 
 gloom ; shading ; a shade, a ghost ; the 
 Shade, the Shades. 
 
 umbrosus, a, um, adj. (umbra), 
 shady. 
 
 umeo (humeo), 2 (R. same as ndus, 
 wh. see), to be damp, to be wet. 
 
 umerus, I (hum-), (R. am, to be 
 strong, am-e-so-s, om-e-ro-s, um-e-ru-s), 
 the shoulder. 
 
 umldus (hum-), (for EL. see ndus), a, 
 um, adj., wet, damp. 
 
 unior, oris (hum-), (see fldus), moist- 
 ure, dampness ; juice. 
 
 unquam (umquam), adv. (un-qi>am, 
 un fr. unus, quam fr. qui, both wh. 
 see), (any one time), at any time, ever. 
 
 una, adv. (Onus), (by cue way), at 
 once, together, along with. 
 
 uncus, a, um, adj. (R. ak, ank, to 
 bend, unc-u-s), bent, crooked, hooked. 
 
 unda, ae, f. (R. vad, ud, vfiwp, to 
 well up, bathe, u-n-d-a), a wave, billow, 
 sea ; by meton., water, the waters, the 
 sea. 
 
 uncle, adv. (R. ka + R. da ; f r. ka, 
 qua, quo, qui, quo-m, cu-m, cu-n, then (e) 
 un ; fr. da, de ; = (c) un-de),/rom what 
 place, whence ; from whom, from what. 
 
 undecimus, a, um, num, adj. (unus 
 
 and decimus, for RR. see those words), 
 the eleventh. 
 
 undique, adv. (fr. unde and que), 
 from all sides, from every quarter, 
 everywhere. 
 
 unguis, is, m. (R. agii, angh, to 
 strangle, bind, join, ungu-i-s), a nail, a 
 claw. 
 
 unguo (ungO), xl, ctum, 3 (R. ao, 
 ang, to anoint, ung, ungu-ere), to anoint. 
 
 ungula, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, to bend, 
 crook, unc-, ung-u-s, ungu-lu-s), a claw, 
 hoof. 
 
 unicolor, oris, adj. (anus, color), of 
 one color. 
 
 unicus, a, um, adj. (unus, fr. R. i, 
 pron. stem, 3d pers., ai, ai-ua (oinos, 
 early Latin), u-nu-s, (ini-cu-s), (one, one- 
 ly), only, single, the only one ; singular, 
 remeirkable, unique. 
 
 unus, a, um, gen. unlus, dat. uul 
 (for R. see unicus), one, the one, single, 
 a, the single ; only one, alone, one and 
 the same. 
 
 urbs, urbis, f. (R. vardh, to grow, 
 vardh-i, flrdh-i, urb-s, = something 
 grown), a city ; by meton., for the in- 
 habitants of a city, the city. 
 
 urgeo (urgueO), ursl, 2 (R. vakg, to 
 turn, press, urg, urg- (urgu)-ere), to 
 press, to press hard or close ; pursue, 
 attack ; urge, urge on. 
 
 urna, ae, f. (R. vas, to shine, burn, 
 aus, Os, tls, tis-ere, tlr-ere, ur-na, a ves- 
 sel of burnt clay), an urn, a jar ; a 
 cinerary urn. 
 
 tiro, ussT, ustum, 3 (for R. see urna), 
 to burn, singe, burn up, consume. 
 
 ursa, ae, f., a she-bear. 
 
 usquam, adv. (fr. R. ka, qua, quo 
 (qui), cu, u- + bi, u-bi, ubi-s, s being 
 locative, ub-s, us + quam, us-quam), 
 anywhere, at or in any place. 
 
 usque, adv. (for R. see us-quam, us 
 fr. ub-s + que = qued, old abl. of quis), 
 all the way to, even to, as far as ; all 
 the time, ever, quite, even. 
 
 usns, tls, m. (dtor), the using, use, 
 employment, application ; use, advan- 
 tage; experience, habit, intercourse; 
 usufruct, see note, Met. X, 37. 
 
 ut, utl (fr. pron. stems, ka + ta, cu- 
 te! (tei being locative), u-ti, ut), 1, adv., 
 how, as, since ; just as, ut-sic, as— so = 
 
328 
 
 UTER 
 
 VE-CORS 
 
 though— yet ; offer that ; 2, conj., that, 
 in order that, so that ; supposing that. 
 
 uter, utra, utrum, gen. lus, dat. I, 
 pronom. adj. (fr. R. ka (qui), ka-tara, 
 quo-tero, cu-tero), u-ter), which of the 
 two. 
 
 uterque, utraquc, utrumque, pro- 
 nom. adj. (nter-que), each of two, both. 
 
 uterus, I, m. (R. ud, upon, out, ut- 
 teru-s, n-teru-s), the womb ; fruit of the 
 womb, child, young. 
 
 utilis, e, adj. (fltor), useful, service- 
 able, advantageous, profitable. 
 
 utilitas, atis, f. (utor), utility, ad- 
 vantage, profit, service. 
 
 utiliter, adv. (titilis), usefully, with 
 advantage. 
 
 utinam, adv., oh that ! would that! 
 
 utor, uslls sum, 3, v. dep. (R. av, to 
 like, help, av-ere, av-ta, av-a-ti, av-a-ti-s, 
 ov-i-t-i-s, o-i-ti-s, u-ti-s (in early Latin, 
 oitier, oisus)), to help with, to use, make 
 use of, enjoy, employ, take advantage 
 of 
 
 utrimque, adv. (uterque), on both 
 sides, on each (of two) side, from both 
 sides. 
 
 iiva, ae, f. (R. vag, ug, to be ivet, 
 ugvu-s, uvu-s, uve-re, ugv-a, uva\ the 
 grape, grapes, cluster or bunch of 
 grapes. 
 
 uxor, Oris, f . (R. yak, to desire, 
 love, vac, voc-tor, early Latin voxor, 
 uxsor, uxor), a wife (the loving one). 
 
 vacca, ae, f . (R. vak, to sound, vak 
 (vaca). vacca, the lowing), a cow. 
 
 vaco, 1, etym. unc, to be empty, free 
 from, to be without ; to be without oc- 
 cupation, at leisure. 
 
 vacuus, a, um, adj., empty, free, at 
 leisure ; op?n. 
 
 vatlo, vasum, 3 (R. ga, to go, gva, 
 va-d, va-d-u-m, a place where one may 
 go (a going-place), ford, vad-e-re), to go 
 firmly, to go, jiass. 
 
 vadum, I, n. (for R. see vado), a 
 ford, shoal, shallow. 
 
 vagio, 4 (R. vak, to sound, vag, vilg- 
 Ire), to cry, wail ; ivhimper. 
 
 vagor, v. dep., 1 (for R. see vagus), 
 to rove about, roam, wander, stray. 
 
 vagus, a, um, adj. (R. vagh, to 
 move to and fro, vag, vag-u-s, vaga-re, 
 rT), rambling, roving, roaming, stray- 
 ing ; uncertain, vagrant. 
 
 valeo, ul. itum, 2 (R. bal, to breathe, 
 be strong, val5-re), to be strong, sound ; 
 to be well ; vale, farewell ; to be power- 
 full, vigorous ; to avail, have influence; 
 part., valens, ntis, as adj., strong, stout, 
 vigorous (valiant). 
 
 validus, a, um, adj. (valeo), strong, 
 vigorous, violent (valid). 
 
 vallis (-es), is, f . (R. var, to cover, 
 surround, val, val-le-s, val-li-s, a cov- 
 ered, protected, place), a valley, vale. 
 
 valva, ae, f . (R. var, to wind, roll, 
 fold, val-v), a folding-door. 
 
 vanus, a, um, adj., etym. unc, emp- 
 
 ty, void, vain; null, groundless, without 
 success ; deceptive, untrustworthy. 
 
 vapor, Oris, m. (R. kvap, to smoke, 
 steam, vap, vap-os, -or), steam, vapor ; 
 warmth, heat. 
 
 vario, 1, etym. unc, to make vanous, 
 variegate ; to vary ; to diversify ; to 
 make one's self different. 
 
 varius, a, um, adj., various, varying, 
 manifold, diverse, different. 
 
 Varro, Onis ; see note. Am. 1, 15, 21. 
 
 varus, a, um, adj. (R. kau, bent, 
 crooked, kvar, cvar-u-s, var-u-s), bent 
 outward, bent. 
 
 vastator, Oris, m. (vastus), one that 
 laijs waste, a ravager, destroyer ; deso- 
 lating, 
 
 vast?, adv. (vastus), vastly, immense- 
 ly, violently. 
 
 vastus, a, um, adj. (R. vasta, waste, 
 desolate, vastu-s), waste ; then with the 
 idea of extent, vast, immense, huge, 
 powerful. 
 
 vates, is, comm. (R. ga, to sing, gS, 
 gva, va, va-te-s), a soothsayer, seer ; 
 singer, bard, poet. 
 
 vaticinor (vates, canO), to announce 
 as seer ; to prophesy ; to sing. 
 
 -ve, conj. (R. var, to choose, val, vol, 
 vol-O, vl-s, vi-s,=ve), or (you will or you 
 please), or — or, either— or. 
 
 ve-cors, rdis, adj. (ve fr. R. dva, 
 dvi, two, dva, dva-i, va-i, ve, too little, 
 not very, not, +cor, not very intelligent 
 ^■unintelligent), not having sense or in- 
 
VEIIO 
 
 VERUS 
 
 329 
 
 telligence, senseless, silly, foolish, mad, 
 Insane. 
 
 veho, vexl, vectum, 3 (B. vagii, to 
 move, vag, veh, veh-ere), to carry, bear; 
 to drive ; in pass., vehl, to be borne, to 
 ride, sail, journey. 
 
 vel, conj. (fr. volO, vel-le, sec ve), or 
 (you will or please), either — or ; even. 
 
 velamen, inis, n. (velO), a veil, cov- 
 ering ; garment. 
 
 vello (velll), vulsT, vulsum, 3 (B. 
 var, to draw, pull, vel, vel-1-ere), to 
 pull, pluck ; to tear out or up. 
 
 vellus, eris, n. (fr. vello, as some- 
 thing pulled off), wool shorn off, a fleece; 
 a sheep-skin, fell ; a hide. 
 
 velo, 1 (for B. see velum), to cover, 
 surround, veil, clothe. 
 
 velociter, adv. (vglox), swiftly, rap- 
 idly. 
 
 velox, Ocis, adj. (B. val, to go, move 
 one's self, vel, v6l-ox), swift, fleet. 
 
 velum, I, n. (B. vagh, to move, vag, 
 veh, veh-s-lu-m, vec-s-lu-m, ve-s-lu-m, 
 velum, something moving), a sail ; by 
 meton., for a ship, a sail ; a covering, 
 awning. 
 
 velut, velutl, adv. (for B. see ve, 
 vel, vel-utl), as if, as when, just as, as, 
 as it were, as though. 
 
 vena, ae, f . (B. same as velum, vagh, 
 vag, veh, veh-na, vC-na), a vein, an ar- 
 tery ; a vein of water, a stream; also a 
 vein of metal. 
 
 venabulum, T, n. (vSnor, fr. B. vi, 
 to chase, vai, ve-na-rl), a hunting-spear. 
 
 vendo, vendidl, venditum, 3 (vSnum- 
 dr>, vennndo), to give for sale, to sell. 
 
 venenifer, fera, ferum, adj., poison- 
 bearing, poisonous. 
 
 venSnum, I, n., etym. unc., poison. 
 
 veneror, 1, v. dep. (B. van, ven, to 
 desire, value, ven-ia, Yen-us, ven-es-u-s, 
 vene-ra-rl), to value, honor, venerate. 
 
 venia, ae, f. (for B. see veneror), 
 grace, permission, favor, indulgence, 
 pardon. 
 
 veniO, vCnT, ventum, 4 (B. ga, to go 
 or come, gva, va, ga-n, ve-n, ve-n-Ire), to 
 come, to reach, arrive at, to come near, 
 approach. 
 
 venter, ventris, m. (B. gatara, 
 belly, ge-n-ter, gve-n-ter, vc-n-ter), the 
 belly ; stomach. 
 
 ventus, I, m. (B. va, to blow, va-nt, 
 ve-ntu-s), wind. 
 
 Venus, eris, f. (B. same as veneror), 
 grace, beauty ; the goddess of love, 
 Venus ; love. 
 
 vSr, veris, n. (B. vas, to shine, ves, 
 ves-er, ve-er, vGr), the spring, spring- 
 time, Spring. 
 
 verbenae (verbena), arum, f. (B. 
 vardh, to grow, verb, verb-es-na, vcrb- 
 S-na), vervain ; herbs or branches from 
 a sacred place. 
 
 verber, eris, n. (B. same as preced- 
 ing, vardh, vardh-as, verb-es, verb-er, a 
 bough, branch), a whip, a lash ; a thong. 
 
 verbero, 1, to strike, beat. 
 
 verbosus, a, um, adj. (verhnm), full 
 of words, wordy; prolix, verbose. 
 
 verbum, I, n. (B. var, to speak, var- 
 dha, ver-bu-m), a word, words. 
 
 verecundus, a, um, adj. (vereor), 
 modest, bashful ; respectful. 
 
 vereor, veritus sum, v. dep., 2 (B. 
 var, to guard, protect, ver, ver-erl), to 
 feel awe, be awed ; to fear, dread. 
 
 Vergilius, I (il), Publius Ycrgilius 
 Maro ; Vergil. 
 
 vernus, a, um, adj. (vOr), of or per- 
 taining to spring, vernal. 
 
 vero, adv. (verus), in truth, truly, 
 assuredly ; but. 
 
 VerSna, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine 
 Gaul ; Verona. 
 
 verro, verrl, versum, 3 (B. var, to 
 draw through, drag, var-s, vers, vcrr- 
 ere), to sweep ; draw. 
 
 verso, 1 (vertO), to turn again and 
 again, to turn. 
 
 versus, us, m. (verto), a turn, turn- 
 ing ; a line, a verse ; verse, poetry. 
 
 vertex (vor-), icis, m. (vertO), a turn, 
 whirl, whirlpool, an eddy ; the crown 
 of the head ; head, top. 
 
 vertigo, inis, f. (verto), a turning, a 
 whirling, of the water ; a whirling of 
 the head, vertigo. 
 
 verto (vor-), vertl, versum, 3 (B. 
 vart, to turn, vert-ere), to turn, to turn 
 away or around, or about, to turn up, 
 overturn ; to change ; to overthrow. 
 
 verum (verus), conj., but, yet, how- 
 ever, still. 
 
 verus, a. um, adj. (B. var, to be- 
 lieve, ver, v6r-u-s), credible, true ; real. 
 
330 
 
 VESPER 
 
 VILIS 
 
 genuine; subst. neut., the true, the 
 truth ; truthful, veracious. 
 
 vesper, -eris, and -erl, m. (R. vas, 
 to clothe, envelope, ves, ves-ti-s, ves-per 
 (k to p), ecnrepos), the evening (vespers) ; 
 land of the evening ; land of the setting 
 sun, the west. 
 
 Vesta, ae, f. (R. vas, to light, shine, 
 burn, ves, ves-ta, cori'a, the (burning) 
 hearth; Vesta, as the goddess of the 
 hearth, of home, of domestic purity and 
 order ; in mythology, the daughter of 
 Saturn ; the perpetually burning fire in 
 the temple of Vesta, as the goddess of 
 the national home or household, a sym- 
 bol of the perpetuity of the national 
 life, of Rome, as the Eternal City. 
 
 vester, vestra, vestrum, possess. 
 pron. (fr. R. tva, tu, pi. sva, svo, vo-s, 
 nom. and ace., te-vo-s, tuu-s, vos-, ves- 
 ter), your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, I (il), n. (R. stigh, to 
 step, stlg, preceded by ve, wh. see, ve- 
 stTg-iu-m), a trace, a track, footprint, a 
 vestige ; footstep, step, the foot. 
 
 vestigo, 1 (vestigium), to trace, to 
 track, follow one's track ; to search for, 
 investigate. 
 
 vesti5, Tvl (il), Itum, 4 (for R. see 
 vestis), to clothe ; cover. 
 
 vestis, is, f. (R. vas, to clothe, ves, 
 ves-ti-s), a clothing, garment, robe ; 
 drapery, hangings, tapestry, carpet. 
 
 veto, vetuT, vetitum, 1 (R.vat, year, 
 adj. old, vet, veta-re (inveterare, -turn, 
 inveterate), to let grow old, let go for 
 nothing, not to let take place}, to do 
 away with ; to forbid, prohibit, re- 
 fuse. 
 
 vetus, eris, adj. (R. same as preced- 
 ing), long standing, old, former, earlier, 
 early. 
 
 vetustas, atis, f. (vetus), age, long 
 time, lapse of time ; old age. 
 
 vexo, 1 (veho, vectum, vex-0, to car- 
 ry, chase to and fro), to chase, shake ; 
 to annoy, vex. 
 
 via, ae, f . (R. same as veho, vagh, 
 vag, veh, veh-ja, veh-ia or veha, vea, 
 via), a way, road, street ; a course, jour- 
 ney, passage, voyage. 
 
 viator, Oris, m. (via), a traveler, 
 wanderer. 
 
 vibro, 1 (R. vir, to quiver, tremble, 
 
 vib, vib-ru-s, vibra-re), to put into quiv- 
 ering or swinging motion ; to brandish, 
 shake ; quiver, wave ; to gleam. 
 
 vicinia, ae, f. (viclnus), nearness, 
 vicinity, neighborhood. 
 
 viclnus, a, um, adj. (R. vik, to 
 come, reach, voik, vie, vlc-u-s, vlc-Inu-s), 
 (come to, reached), near, neighboring, 
 close by, in the vicinity or neighborhood ; 
 subst. neut. pi., vlclna, the neighbor- 
 hood. 
 
 vicis, gen., nom. not in use, vicem, 
 vice, pi. vices, vlcibus, f. (R. vik, to 
 change, vie-, vic-is), change, changes, 
 chances, vicissitudes ; in vicem, in turn; 
 a (changing in succession) place, office, 
 duty, function. 
 
 victor, oris, m. (vincO), a victor, con- 
 queror ; adj., victorious. 
 
 Victoria, ae, f. (vincO), victory, con- 
 quest ; Victoria, goddess of victory. 
 
 victrix, Icis, f . (vincO), a conqueror ; 
 adj., victorious. 
 
 victus, us, m. (vivo), means of living, 
 subsistence, sustenance, food. 
 
 video, vldl, visum, 2 (R. vid, to see, 
 know, vid-Sre), to see, look upon ; pass., 
 videri, to be seen, to seem ; part., vlsus, 
 seen, looked upon, videndus, visible, to 
 be seen ; subst. pi. neut., visa, the sight, 
 vision (the seen) ; to experience, to visit, 
 go to see. 
 
 vietus, a, um, adj. (vieo, fr. R. gi, 
 to overcome, gvi, vi, vi-s, vi-u-s, vio, vio- 
 late, vie, vie-tu-s, overcome with age), 
 old, withered, weak. 
 
 vigeo, 2 (R. vag, to be strong, veg, 
 vig, vig-ere), to be strong, vigorous ; to 
 bloom, to live. 
 
 Vigil, ilis, adj. (R. same as preceding 
 word, vag, veg, vig, vig-il), wakeful, 
 awake, watchful, lively, vigilant ; 
 subst., a ivatchman, sentinel, guard. 
 
 vigilax, Scis, adj. (vigil), watchful, 
 vigilant. 
 
 vigilo, 1 (vigil), to watch, tobe watch- 
 ful, vigilant. 
 
 vigor, Oris, m. (vigeo), strength, ac- 
 tivity, force, vigor. 
 
 vilis, e, adj. (same R. as veho, vagh, 
 vag, veh-0, veh-i-culu-m, veh-ili-s, vc- 
 ili-s, vi-ili-is, vlli-s, something that ir 
 vehicle-full, and so is cheap), cheap, com- 
 mon, worthless ; vile. 
 
V1LL0SUS 
 
 I VIVO 33 
 
 villosus, a, um, adj. (villus), hairy. 
 
 villa, ae, f., a farm-house, villa. 
 
 villus, I, m. (B. same as vail is, var, 
 to surround, val, val-na, vil-lu-s), coarse 
 hair, hair of animals. 
 
 vlmen, inis, n. (vieo, B. oi, gvi, vi-, 
 vi-inen), a twig, osier; coll., bushes. 
 
 vinciO, vinxl, vinctuin, 4 (B. vi, to 
 wind, braid, vi-k, vi-n-k, vine-Ire), to 
 wind around, bind, join, make firm; to 
 twine, encircle. 
 
 vinco, vlcl, victnm, 3 (B. vik, to 
 fight, strike, vi-n-c-ere), to conquer, 
 overcome, be victorious ; to surpass, ex- 
 cel, prevail. 
 
 vinculum, vinclum, I, n. (vinciO), a 
 bond, fetter, band, a bond of union or 
 of relationship. 
 
 vindex, icis, comm. (B. same as 
 venia, van, ven, vin, + B. da, to show, 
 learn, speak, di-k, die (+dex), die-is, = 
 vin-dex, -die-is, a speaker in one's favor 
 or behalf), a defender, protector; an 
 avenger. 
 
 vindico, 1 (same B. as the preced- 
 ing, vindex-dic, vindic-u-s, vindica-re), 
 to claim, defend, protect, vindicate; to 
 avenge, punish. 
 
 vindicta, ae, f . (vindico). vengeance. 
 
 vlnetum, i, n.. a vineyard. 
 
 vlnum, I, n (B. same as vlmen, vi, 
 to ivind, vi, vl-ti-s (a winding plant, a 
 vine), vT-nu-m, cf. otros), wine. 
 
 viola, ae, f . (B. same as preceding, 
 vi, vio, vio-la), a violet. 
 
 violentus (f r. violo, wh. see), a, um, 
 adj., violent fierce, wild, threatening. 
 
 violo, 1 (B. gi, to overcome, gvi, vi, 
 vis, vi-u-s, vio-, vio-la-re, vio-lere, vio- 
 lent-u-s), to violate, injure, do violence 
 to ; to wound ; to stain, outrage. 
 
 vlpera, ae, f . (fr. B. of vivo, wh. see, 
 + B. of pariO, wh. see, = vivi-paru-s, 
 that brings forth live young, vivi-pera, 
 vT-pera), a viper, snake. 
 
 vlpereus, a, um, adj. (vlpera), of 
 vipers or snakes ; venomous. 
 
 vir, virl, m. (B. vira, man, hero, 
 viro, vir), a man ; a hero ; in pi., men, 
 people ; a husband. 
 
 virago, inis, f . (B. same as vir), an 
 heroic or a masculine woman ; used of 
 Minerva, Met. VI, 130, where see note. 
 
 vireo, ul, 2 ( B. guar, to be green, 
 
 331 
 
 ghvar, var, viri-di-s, viri-du-s, virida-re, 
 virc-re), to be green, grow green, to flour- 
 ish; part., virGns. fiouHshing. 
 
 virga, ae, f. (B. vaug, to push, swell 
 (urg-urgGre), virg-a), a (swelling) shoot, 
 twig, sapling ; a rod, a wand. 
 
 virgineus, a, um, adj. (virgS), (B. 
 same as preceding), of a virgin. 
 
 virg5, inis, f., a virgin, maiden. 
 
 viridis, e, adj. (for B. see vireO), 
 green. 
 
 virtus, Otis, f. (fr. vir), manliness ; 
 manlwod ; force, strength ; courage ; 
 merit ; excellence ; virtue. 
 
 virus, I, n. (B. vis, to work, to be 
 active, vis-u-s, vlr-u-s), poison, venom ; 
 virus. 
 
 vis, gen. and dat. not used, vim, vi ; 
 pi., vires, -ium, ibus, f. (B. gi, to over- 
 come, gvi, vi, vi-s), force, strength, 
 power, might ; in pi., forces, 2>owers, 
 virtues. 
 
 viscus, oris, n. (B. viska, soft, visc- 
 us, the soft parts of the body), the in- 
 wards ; entrails ; viscera ; the flesh ; 
 the vitals ; the vital point in anything. 
 
 vlso, visT, visum, 3 (video), to go to 
 see, to behold ; to visit ; to examine. 
 
 vita, ae, f . (B. same as vivo, giv, to 
 live, vlv, vlv-u-s (early Latin, veiv-o-s), 
 vlvi-du-s, vlv-ax, vlv-ere (vivita), vl-ta), 
 life ; the living or vital principle ; way 
 of life, living. 
 
 vitio, 1 (B. same as vlnum, vi, to 
 wind, wind around or into, vi-t-iu-m, 
 something that winds into one, vice, 
 vitia-re), to vitiate ; to injure, destroy, 
 ruin. 
 
 vitis, is, f. (B. same as vlnum, wh. 
 see), a vine, a grape-vine. 
 
 vitium, I (il), n. (for B. see vitiol, a 
 defect, fault, blemish ; an injurious 
 thing ; vice, a vice. 
 
 vi to, 1 (B. vik, to separate, to sepa- 
 rate one's self, vie, vlca-re, vici-ta-re, vT- 
 ta-re), to shun, avoid. 
 
 vltrum, I, n. (B. same as video, vid, 
 to see, vid-tru-m, vl-tru-m, something to 
 see with or through), glass. 
 
 vitta, ae, f. (B. vi, to bind, vi-ta, 
 vitta). a band, fillet. 
 
 vivo, vixl, victum. 3 (for B. see vita), 
 to lire, be alive; to subsist; to keep alive, 
 continue in life. 
 
332 
 
 YIVUS 
 
 ZONA 
 
 vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo), alive, living; 
 quick ; fresh, flowing, natural. 
 
 vix, adv. (R. same as vincD, vik, vic-s, 
 vix), with difficulty, with pains, hardly, 
 scarcely. 
 
 vocalis, e, adj. (R. same as vocO, 
 vak, to sound, voc, voca-re, voca-bili-s, 
 voc-ali-s), sounding, sonorous ; weal. 
 
 voc5, 1 (see vocalis for R.), to call, 
 to call upon, invoke ; to name, to call by 
 name. 
 
 volatus, as, m. (volo, 1), a Jlying, 
 Mght. 
 
 volito, 1 (volo, 1), to fly to and fro, 
 to flit, flutter. 
 
 volo, 1 (R. val, to go, move one's 
 self, vol, voia-re), to fly. fly about, flit. 
 
 volo, velle, volul (R. var, to will, 
 vel, vol, vol-O, 6 before 11 and I becomes 
 g, volis, vilis, vils, vis, vol-t early Latin, 
 vul-t ; vol-u-mu-s, vol-tis, vul-tis, vol-u- 
 nt; subj., vel-ie-m, vel-i-m; inf., vel-se, 
 viel-le ; imperf., vol6-bam ; subj., vel- 
 se-m, vel-le-m; int., vol-a-m; perf., vol- 
 ul ; part., vol-S-ns), to will; to wish; to 
 be willing, to consent, allow, choose ; to 
 have in view, to purpose. 
 
 voltus, see vultus. 
 
 volubilis, e, adj. (volvo), rolling, 
 whirling. 
 
 volucer, volucris, volucre, adj. (R. 
 same as volo, are, val, vol, vol-u-cer), 
 flying, winged. 
 
 voiucris, f. (see preceding), a flying 
 creature ; a fowl ; a bird. 
 
 volumen, inis, n. (fr. volvO), a roll- 
 ing, winding, coiling, coil ; a roll of 
 writing ; a volume, book. 
 
 voluntas, atis, f . (from volo, velle), 
 will, wish, desire ; purpose ; good will. 
 
 voluptas, atis, f . (R. same as pre- 
 ceding, val, vol, val-p, vol-o-p, vol-u-p, 
 \o\\\y-t%$\ pleasure, enjoyment, delight; 
 lust. 
 
 voliito, 1 (volvO), to keep rolling; 
 
 to roll to and fro ; to revolve in one's 
 mind. 
 
 volvS, volvl, volutum, 3 (R. var. to 
 wind, whirl, val, vol, val-v, vol-v-ere), 
 to roll, roll over, whirl ; to be rolled; to 
 revolve ; of time (as annus), part., vol- 
 vens, rolling, the rolling year. 
 
 vomer, eris, m. (R. vasmi, plow- 
 share, vosmi, vomi-s, voin-er), a plow- 
 
 vomo, uT, itum, &(R.vam, to spew, 
 vom, vom-ere), to vomit, belch forth. 
 
 votum, T, n. (voveO), a thing vowed; 
 avow; prayer, wish, promise; a votive 
 offering. 
 
 voveo, vovT, votum, 2 (R. git, to 
 sound, to sj)eak out, gvov, vov, vov-ere), 
 to make known by speaking, to promise, 
 voio, wish ; to devote, dedicate. 
 
 vox, vOcis. f . (R. vak, to sound, voc, 
 vOc, vox), a sound, a voice, the voice, a 
 song ; a cry ; a tone ; a word, words, 
 discourse. 
 
 Vulcanius, a, um, adj., of or per- 
 taining to Vulcan. 
 
 Vulcanus, I, m., son of Jupiter and 
 Juno, Vulcan, the god of fire ; by 
 meton., fire. 
 
 vulgaris, e, adj. (valgus), general, 
 common, ordinary ; vulgar. 
 
 vulgo, 1 (vulgus), to make common, 
 publish abroad, make known ; to di- 
 vulge. 
 
 vulgus (volgus), T, n. (R. varg, to 
 press, to include and exclude, valg, 
 vulg, vulg-us), the crowd, the great mul- 
 titude, the common people ; the rabble. 
 
 vulnus (volnus), eris, n. (R. var, to 
 pull, tear, wound, vel, vol, vul, vul-nus), 
 a wound, a stroke, blow ; a bite. 
 
 vultus, us, m. (volnus), (R. var, to 
 will, wish, val, vol, val-tu, vul-tu-s, ex- 
 pression of wilt), expression, mien, as- 
 pect, countenance, face ; a look, form, 
 appearance. 
 
 Xanthus, I, m., a river near Troy, also called Scamander. 
 
 Zephyrus, I, m., the west wind, the 
 Zephyrus, Zephyr. 
 
 Zetes, ae, m., one of the winged sons 
 of Boreas ; Zetes. 
 
 zona, ae, f., Gr. {(ovy, a girdle, a 
 belt; a zone of the earth or of the 
 heavens. 
 
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