UC-NRLF CTRK*^ PA.R8HA.LL. iml i>r? GRADED EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, AND FALSE SYNTAX, WITH AN EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE OF THE CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES AND CLAUSES, AND A 3LE OF DIACRITICAL J |f IV BE WITH QUESTIONS. BY . 0. PARSHALI, "ft is constant use and practice, under never failing watch and correction, tliat make* oood writers and speakers." Prof. W. D. WHITNEY, Yale College. ROCHESTER, N. Y. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, 1878. I ? . Entered according- to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by X. C. PARSHALL, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washing-ton E. R. ANDREWS, Printer, Rochester, N. Y. TO HIS FORMER PUPILS, WHOSE ZEAL IN THE STUDY OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR HAS GREATLY STIMULATED AND MADE MORE EFFECTIVE HIS HUMBLE EFFORTS IN THEIR BEHALF, THIS WORK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDI- CATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. I. J%e design of this book is to supply the long existing need of an Exercise Book to facilitate and make attractive grammatical study. It claims to be neither an English Grammar nor a substitute for one, but i* intended as a practical working book for the use of all who teach or study the subject. II. Its chief contents comprise fifty graded Exercises, each of which is divided into three sections. The first treats, principally, of Analysis, or separating into parts; the second, of Synthesis, or forming- wholes from parts, and the third, of False Syntax, in which the pupil is required to discern, criticise, and correct the wrong use of language. III. The terms employed are such as are in general use in the best text-books on the subject, and for convenience of reference are presented at one view, with many others, under the head of Equivalent Terms. IV. The selections for Analysis are from the best specimens of English, and have been chosen as well on account of their intrinsic beauty and force, as for their fitness in illustrating the purest diction and idiom of the language. V. Mere parsing, as an expert performance, is nearly valueless, and has been superseded by a system of pointed questioning, directed to the salient points alone, thus testing and developing the student's knowledge without waste of time. In general, but a single answer is required to each question proposed, which will greatly add to precision in answering the questions, as well as in making up the percentage of results. VI. The grading has been made a special object of care, and it is believed that the first Exercise will be found so simple that it may be undertaken by the student almost at the outset of his grammatical course. VII. Synthesis is given a co-ordinate place with Analysis as they are in their nature inseparable. All the practical value of Analysis 6 PREFACE. and Parsing is exemplified only in the constant practice of Synthesis; and yet, as a systematic study, Synthesis is unknown in the great majority of schools. The Synthetic Exercises are very copious, and cover the most important points of the entire grammatical course, and serve not only as tests of the student's proficiency in Grammar, but also afford him an excellent drill in practical composition. VIII. The False Syntax has been prepared with great care, mostly from original sources. The aim has been to reflect the common errors as observed in the current speech and literature of the day, while excluding the vulgar slang as well as the excessively fine, and the mooted points of usage. IX. An Exemplified Outline of the Classification of Sentences and Clauses is given, not to teach that subject, but to afford a convenient model of reference for the use of both teacher and pupil. X. A Table of Diacritical Marhs with Questions is added as a special feature, which it is hoped will commend itself to teachers generally. This subject, as I believe, has not hitherto appeared in any text-book, as a separate object of study; and that its great importance deserves this distinction, will hardly be questioned, when it is remembered that but few persons can consult a dictionary intelligently in this respect. XI. These Exercises have had their inception, their growth, and their completion, in the school room, where they have been tested in the author's own classes with the most satisfactory results. XII. This work is respectfully submitted to my fellow teachers in the hope that it may prove itself a valuable auxiliary in the practical study of English Grammar. N. C. PARSHALL, Principal of Wadsworth Grammar School, Rvcliester, N. Y., August, 1878. SOUKCE OF SELECTIONS. SOURCE OF SELECTIONS. WHITTIER. GRAY. PLUTARCH. HUGO. WILLIS. CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH. BLACK HAWK. BYRON. MRS. BROWNING. OSSIAN. LONGFELLOW. BUNYAN. WORDSWORTH. ANDERSEN. BEATTIE. DIMOND. CAMPBELL. POPE. LAMB. EMERSON. DRAKE. MORRIS. GOLDSMITH. COW PER. EVERETT. SHELLEY. IRVING. MRS. HEMANS. SCOTT. SHAKSPEARE. HAWTHORNE. ^ESOP. BACON. CHANNING. KNOWLES. ADDISON . MOORE. FROM THE GERMAN. CARLYLE. DICKENS. SOCRATES. MACAULAY. WOLF. MILTON. RUSKIN. GILPIN. THACKERAY. . TENNYSON. TABULAR VIEW. CLASSIFIED OUTLINE OF SENTENCES. Tabular View. f Declarative. I Interrogative. ] Imperative. ^ Exclamatory. SIMPLE. f ONE CLAUSE PRIN'L. FORM^ COMPLEX f ^ ONE OR MORE SUBOR- DINATE. f Subject-nomina- tive. Substantive^' Predicate-nomi- native. Object. I Apposition. Adjective Adverbial -j 'Time. Place. Cause or Reason Manner. Degree. COMFD^ ! Condition or Ex- ception. Concession. Purpose, End, or Motive. TWO OR f Copulative. MOKE I Disjunctive or Alternative. \ "pTJiArn'T. '. A j : PRINC'L 1 Adversative. -KIIN^ i, I Adversa [CLAUSES [ Illatiye EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. EXAMPLES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. Words Added. 1. Birds sing. Simple subj. and pred* 2. Bees make honey. Object. 3. Tall and beautiful poplars lined the bank. 4. The air was soft and balmy. 5. The blood runs cold. 6. Heat me the iron hot. 7. This is tliQ forest primeval. 8. Tom struts a soldier. 9. The corporal was chosen captain. 10. I heard the king's command. 11. Our thoughts, our angels are. 12. Milton, the poet, was blind. 13. Tis I, Hamlet the Dane. 14. Slowly and sadly they laid him down. 15. They are now here studying very diligently. Adjectives. Pred-nom. > Possessives. > Apposit 1 ives. Adverbs. Phrases Added. 1(>. The blue face of ocean smiled. 17. We saw a noble stag scaling yonder cliff. Adj 18. Leaves have their time to fall. 19. The dying notes still linger on the string. 20. The waves mount up to kiss the Adv'l blushing morn. 21. He fell grasping his sword. Adv.-Adj. -{ Participial. Simple. f Prepositional -j Participial. [ Infinitive. f Prepositional. ' 1 1nfinitive. 10 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. Simple. 22. Toward the rising sun is called east. [ Prepositional. 23. John's sawinq wood so fast is r> / ? f v , Substantive.^ Participial foolish. 24. To Z>0 #00^ is to be happy. [ Infinitive. 25. Generally sneaking, it is true. , ! Participial. ^ , 7 ' T J-J.-X Independt.^, r . ... 26. To say truly, I cannot credit it. [ Infinitive. Complex. 27. He strode haughtily into the thickest of the { _, Prepositional, group. 28. Gaily chattering to the pattering of the brown nuts downward clattering, leapt the squir- G ICI P U rels red and gray. 29. The miser strives to live poor to die rich. I Infinitive. Compound. 30. The hunters rode through the meadow and ( T , , 7 . Prepositional, by the mill. 31. Who can tell the triumph of the mind \ By truth illumined and by taste refined? I Partlci P lal 32. The girls once learned to knit, and to sew. [ Infinitive. Compound Principal Parts. 33. There health and plenty cheered the laboring swain. 34. Twilight lets her curtain down and pins it with a star. 35. She plucked the daisies white and violets blue. 36. Cats and dogs catch and eat rats and mice. A Simple Sentence. The applause of listening senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land, And read their history in a nation's eyes, EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 11 Their lot forbade : nor circumscribed alone Their glowing virtues, but their crimes confined ; Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne And shut the gates of mercy on mankind ; The struggling pangs of conscious truth to hide, To quench the blushes of ingenuous shame, Or heap the shrine of Luxury and Pride With incense kindled at the Muse's flame. GRAY'S ELEGY. COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTAINING Adjective Clauses. 1. The man who feels truly noble will become so. 2. He was a man of whom the world was not worthy. 3. Those that think must govern those that toil. 4. I will assist such pupils as require my aid. 5. Happy and worthiest of esteem are those whose 'words are bonds, whose oaths are oracles. 6. He who buys the things which he does not need will often need the things which lie can not buy. ,~ ^r4jj A 1 is undone by passion 1 . W .LLICH reason weaves The metal is not TH A T 8 T\rTT "^^ \Y UlCH it was supposed to be. 9. We cannot cure what we must endure. i Some grammarians treat "What reason weaves," and similar constructions, as substantive clauses. 12 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 10. Whoever is so anxious with respect to what he is charged with, as not to mind what others are doing, or have to do, is what might be called a sensible .man. 11. Whatever purifies, fortifies also the heart. 12. Whosoever will, may come. 13. Whatsoever he doeth, shall prosper. 14. Give it to whomsoever you may select. 15. The gentleman kindly lent what money was required. 16. WJw steals my purse, steals trash. 17. His praise is lost who waits for all to oommend. 18. The bill was rejected by the Lords, which excited much comment. 19. The lad tells the truth, which you do not. 20. The servant is faithful, which you are not. 21. I know a bank whereon the wild thyme grows. 22. Those that fly may fight again, Which he can never do thafs slain. 23. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot O'er the grave where our hero was buried. 24. All claims, whatever their nature may be, are referred to the committee. 25. All claims, of whatever nature they may be, are referred to the committee. RESTRICTIVE. 26. The evil that men do lives after them. Note. The antecedent of the relative is usually preceded by some limiting-, word ; as, a, an, the, or that. ADDITIVE. 27. A glass was offered to Mannering, who drank it to the health of the reigning prince. 28. I thrice presented him a kingly crown, which he did thrice refuse. 29. The servant closed the blinds, which darkened the room. Note. See examples 18, 19, 20 and 22, above. EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 18 COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTAINING Substantive Clauses. 1 . That you have wronged me, doth appear in this. TT ( ihat, when. ) , . 2. How < -, ^ } an acorn becomes an oak. is a mystery. ( where, why, j 3. Can he hold the fort? is the question. 4. The opinion is, that the moon is not inhabited. 5. We cannot tell how (when, where, ivhy,) an acorn becomes an oak. 6. The footman, in his usual phrase, Comes up with, "Madam* dinner stays" 7. The hope that he might win the prize greatly stimulated him. 8. It is well known that the Egyptians embalmed their dead. 9. See what a rent the envious Casca made. 10. One truth is clear, ivhatever is, is right. 11. What reason weaves, by passion is undone. 1 COMPLEX SENTENCES With Adverbial Clauses referring to TIME. {when, while, whilst, 1 j as, after, ere, till, 1. They kneeled before <( until, since, whenever, }- they fought. I as soon as, as often as, j [ as long as, J i See No. 7, complex sentences containing- adjective clauses. 14 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. PLACE. ~ ( where, ivherever, whither, i ^. (jro -j , . , 7 V crtort/ twwtfs fhee. ( whithersoever, as far as, whence, \ " CAUSE OR REASON. ( because, ivhereas, } 3. A# < since, inasmuch as, > Ccesar loved me, I weep for him. ( seeing that, ) 4. Rise, for the day is breaking. 5. I am proud that / am an American. MANNER by Comparison. 6. He lived as mothers wish their sons to live. 1. As you speak, so should you think. 8. The honey-bee builds its cells just as it did at first. 9. The beaver built his dam at first as well as he does to-day. 10. I will shoot three arrows on this side as I shot at 7 I a$ if* a mark. 11. The little girl acted as bravely as her brother. 12. The nightingale sings better than the thrush. By Effect. 13. The young man acts so, that all his friends are proud of him. 14. The conditions were so expressed, that they were accepted at once. By relating to the assertion in the nature of a modal adverb. 15. It was, as I have said, a fine autumnal day. 16. He returned, as he told me, on the last steamer. 17. She praised the singing of the young rustic, as she called him. DEGREE By Comparison. 18. That maple is as tall as that oak. 19. The pine is taller than the oak. EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 15 20. The maple is mure beautiful than the oak. 21. As Washington is loved for his patriotism, so Arnold is despised for his treachery. 22. Hampden was as good as he was great. 23. Some men are loved for their benevolence, as others are despised for their selfishness. 24. Tlie higher up the mountain we climb, the cooler will be the air. 25. Tlie deeper the well, the cooler the water. Note. By expanding- the above, the..- principal proposition becomes appar- ent : The water is cooler in the degree in which the well is deeper. The cooler = cooler in the degree. The deeper = deeper in which. Strike out the reciprocal adjectives and The = in the degree. The = in which. By Effect. 26. The night was so cold, that water froze in the buckets. 27. The terms of the treaty were such, that they were accepted at once. CONDITION OR EXCEPTION. 28. If I were not Alexander, I would be Diogenes. 29. Were I not Alexander, I would be Diogenes. 30. I will go provided you remain. 31. Except I be by Silvia by night, there is no music in the nightingale. 32. The vessel will be lost unless the.storm abates. 33. Could we ascend the mountain, a beautiful sight would greet us. 34. Is any one in ivant, charity shall relieve him. CONCESSION. 35. Though the man is poor, he is wise and honorable. 36. Though (although) he slay me \ yei > I will trust . ' v I nevertheless, in Him. 16 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. { opiwr TTTj i \ may oppose that man, he is sure to succeed. 38. However he is baffled, the general is always hopeful of victory. 39. However powerful may le the enemy, he cannot take the fort. 40. Poor as the young man was, he gave most liberally to the cause. PUKPOSE, END, OR MOTIVE. 41. Awake your senses that you may the better judge. 42. Love not sleep lest thou come to poverty. 43. Kegulus gave up his life in order that Rome might be saved. 44. We have been the more careful, that we might not do him an injustice. A Complex Sentence. 45. If the constitution of our state, now and always, has declared that no right of conscience, and no form or mode of reli- gious worship, shall be controlled or interfered with, and requires, in offices of the highest trust, no religious quali- fication but a belief in the existence of a Supreme Being, and His power to punish or reward our actions, we proudly remember that this glorious principle is foremost in the earliest of our laws, voluntarily proclaimed by Penn before he left the shores of England ; and that he, among all legislators, was the first to guarantee, by the enact- ments of his civil code, the full enjoyment of this Chris- tian liberty to every one living in his province, "who should confess and acknowledge one Almighty God to be the creator, upholder, and ruler of the world." H. D. GILPIN. EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 17 COMPOUND SENTENCES. Copulative Clauses. 1. The vine still clings to tne mouldering wall, And Sit every gust the dead leaves fall. 2. The maidens left their weaving ; The lads forgot their play. 3. Not only was the division repulsed but the entire corps was routed. 4. The young man, as well as his friends, was hopeful. 5. The lady is a fine artist; furthermore^ she sings beautifully. 6. I really do not sing ; besides, I have a cold. 7. The rain came down in torrents ^ moreover, the bridge was not safe. 8. The terrific flashes of lightning and the heavy claps of thun- der frightened the women quite out of their wits ; even, (likewise, also,) the men were far from being unmoved. 9. The fort was taken by storm; and that, too, without the loss of a single man. Disjunctive or Alternative. 1. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn, Or busy housewife ply her evening care. 2. We cannot go, nor should you. 3. Either you must submit, or I shall dismiss you. 4. Yield, or else I'll hew thee piece-meal. 5. You must study hard; otherwise a failure will be the result. Adversative. 1. I go but I return. 2. I have but little faith ; however, I will make the effort. 2 1.8 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLI.N I . 3. His offence was very grave; yet, \ sfi ' U > ^^ \ l all inclined to overlook it. ' notwithstanding, f 4. He is a talented man; though he does not seem so. 5. He would be a soldier ; only he is too young. Illative. 1. The fort is yours, then defend it. 2. The angles are equal ; therefore the sides are equal. 3. He blushes; and hence he is guilty. 4. The morning was dark and rainy , so we remained at home. 5. Showers come frequently; consequently, the grass grows rapidly. 6. The soil is rich ; accordingly, the trees grow tall. 7. The moon is very bright, and so I shall remain longer. 8. The storm is abroad in the mountain; wherefore, it will soon sweep over the valley. A Compound Sentence. The mountain wooded to the peak, the lawns And winding glades high up like ways to Heaven, The slender coco's drooping crown of plumes, The lightning flash of insect and of bird, The lustre of the long convolvuluses That coiled around the stately stems, and ran Ev'n to the limit of the land, the glows And glories of the broad belt of the world, All these he saw ; but what he fain had seen He could not see, the kindly human face, Nor ever hear a kindly voice, but heard The myriad shriek of wheeling ocean-fowl, The league-long roller thundering on the reef, The moving whisper of huge trees that branch 'd EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. 19 And blossomed in the zenith, or the sweep Of some precipitous rivulet to the wave, As down the shore he ranged, or all day long Sat often in the seaward-gazing gorge, A shipwrecked sailor, waiting for a sail ; No sail from day to day, but every day The sunrise broken into scarlet shafts Amoug the palms and ferns and precipices ; The blaze upon the waters to the east; The blaze upon his island overhead ; The blaze upon the waters to the west ; Then the great stars that globed themselves in Heaven, The scarlet shafts of sunrise but no sail. TENNYSON, Enoch Arden. EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO USE. Declarative. 1. A mist rose slowly from the lake. Interrogative. 2. Is your name Shylock ? 3. Who was the author of Junius's letters ? 4. How does an acorn become an oak ? 5. You find it strange, sir f 6. Art thou he that should come, or do we look for another ? 7. Is it amusing ? you find it strange f 20 EXEMPLIFIED OUTLINE. Imperative. 8. Heat me the iron hot. Exclamatory. 9. How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank ! 10. What sad scenes were once enacted here! 11. How could you be so cruel! 12. Quit the bust above my door! 13. How merrily the waves dance on ! and how beautiful they all appear! Declarative-In terrogative. 14. So Heaven decrees ; with Heaven who can contend ? Declarative-Imperative. 15. Act well thy part; there all the honor lies. Declarative-Exclamatory. 16. The lights burn blue; how dreadful is this place! Exclamatory-Interrogative. 17. From the vale on they come ! and will ye quail ? Imperative-Interrogative. Bid every man on deck ; and the skipper, where is he ? Exclamatory-Imperative. 19. How wondrously beautiful is the night ! then let us hasten on our journey. DIACRITIC MARKS. 21 Table of Diacritic Marks. The Macron (-). 1. a long as in ale. '2. G long as in eat. 3. I long as in Ice. 4% o long as in old. 5. ii long as in use. 0. y long as in my. 7. e as in they, heinous. 8. oo asin moon. 9. g as in get. 10. 11 as in linger, ink. 11. tli as in thine. 12. -e hard as in -eap. 13. h as in echo. The Breve (~). 1. a short as in at. 2. e short as in 6tid. 3. I short as in ink, 4. 5 short as in 5n. 5. ii short as in iip. 6. y short as in abyss. 7. o^ short as in good. The Dieresis (). 1. a as in far. 2. a as in ail. 3.' "i like long e, as in police, 4. o like long oo, as in do. 5. ii preceded by r, as in ru.de. The Period ( ). 1. a as in ask. 2. a as in what. 3. 6 like short u, as in love. 4. o like short oo, as in wolf. 5. u like short oo as in pull. t>. g soft like j, as in gem. The Circumflex ( A ). 1. a as in care, air. 2. e like a in care, as in 6 re. 3. 6 like a in all, as in orb. 4. u as in urge. The Cedilla (,). 1. c soft like g, as in cede. 2. ch like *//, as in chaise. 1. g like z, as in hng. 2. $ like gz, as in e$isi. The Tilde (~). 1. e as in her. 2. I like , as in sir. Equivalents. a as in ale = e as in they. a as in air = 6 as in ere. a as in all = 6 as in 6rb. e as in eve = 'i as in police. e as in verge =1 as in sir. as in do = u as in rule = ob as in moon. a as in ^vhat = 6 as in ii5t. 1 as in sit = y as in hymn. o as in wol f =u as in put= do as in book. 6 as in love = ii as in luck. NOTE 1. The Tilde is placed over some Spanish words, as canon, to indi- cate that, in pronunciation, the sound of the following vowel is to be pre- ceded by that of initial y. NOTE 2. Those consonants whose sounds are indicated by a short, straight, horizontal mark, are placed under the head of the macron, although strictly speaking, its use is confined to the long sound of the vowels. 22 DIACRITIC MARKS. Questions on the Table of Diacritical Marks. 1. Write a word containing the long or name sound of a prop- erly marked. 2. Properly mark the sound of a as in cat. 3. Of a as in far. 4. Of a as in call. 5. Of a as in glass. 6. Of a as in share. 7. Of a as in what. 8. Write a word containing the long or name sound of e prop- erly mar Iced. 9. Properly mark the sound of e as in met. 10. Of e as in her. 11. Write a word containing the long or name sound of i prop- erly marked. 12. Properly mark the sound of i as in in. 13. Write a word containing the long or name sound of o prop- erly marked. 14. Properly mark the sound of o as in on. 15. Of o as in do. 16. Of o as in wolf. 17. Write a word containing the long or name sound of u prop- erly marked. 18. Properly mark the sound of u as in up. 19. Of u as in full. 20. Of u as in rude. 21. Properly mark the sound of y as in my. 22. Of y as in abyss. 23. Of e as in they. 24. Of i as in police. 25. Of oo as in good. 26. Of i as in sir. 27. Of g as in get. DIACRITIC MARKS. 23 28. Of n as in ink. 39. Of oo as in moon. 30. Of o as in orb. 31. Of u as in urge. 32. Of th as in thy. 33. Of c as in cat. 34. Of c as in cell. 35. Of o as in shove. 36. Of ch as in chaise. 37. Of s as in has. <58. Of g as in gem. 49. Of x as in exist. 40. Of e as in ere. 41. Of ch as in echo. Write ten words illustrating the use of the macron ["]. Ten of the breve \ ~ ] . Ten of the dicer esis [ " ]. Ten of the period [']. Ten of the cedilla [ ' ]. Ten of the circumflex [ A ]. Ten of the - [ * ]. Ten of the tilde [~ ]. Properly syllabicate and accentuate the following words and indicate by diacritic marks their elementary sounds: 1. Army, 10. useful, 19. thyself, 2. alspice, 11. irrefragable, 20. technic, 3. idioc) r , 12. psychology, 21. shovel, 4. ambuscade, 13. abyss, 22. wolfishness, 5. careless, 14. benison, 23. intercede, 6. emerge, 15. heinous, 24. post-chaise, 7. inveigh, 16. acoustics, 25. finger, 8. asking, 17. machine, 26. ruminate, 9. what-not, 18. exact, 27. gingerly, EXEKOISES. EXERCISE XXY. 1. Beside yon straggling fence that skirts the way 2. With blossomed furze unprofitably gay, 3. There, in his noisy mansion, skilled to rule, 4. The village master taught his little school. 5. A man severe he was and stern to view, 6. I knew him well, and every truant knew ; 7. Well had the boding tremblers learned to trace 8. The day's disasters in his morning face ; 9. Full well they laughed with counterfeited glee 10. At all his jokes, for many a joke had he ; 11. Full well the busy whisper circling round, 12. Conveyed the dismal tidings when he frowned. Goldsmith. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above extract? 2. Classify the first one. 3. Name its principal clause. 4. Name the entire principal subject of this sentence. 5. Name the entire principal predicate. 6. Give the subject-nominative and the predicate-verb of the principal clause. 7. Give the same of the dependent clause. 8. Give all the modifiers of "fence." 9. Classify the last sentence. 10. How many co-ordinate propositions has it ? 11. Name one not co-ordinate. 12. How many propositions has this sentence ? 13. How many clauses ? EXERCISES. 87 14. Is a clause always a proposition ? 15. Is a proposition always a clause ? 16. Is the clause in line 10, co-ordinate, or subordinate f 17. Select a conjunctive adverb, and state what it connects. 18. Give all the modifiers of "jokes." 19. Give its modifications, or properties. 20. Of what number and gender is " school"? Classify and give the syntactical office of the following elements: 21. "Beside"; %l."yon"; %5."with"; Z."gay"; 25. "there"; 26. "in," line 3; 27. "skilled to rule"; 2$."man"; 29. "stern"; 30, "to view"; 31. "well," line 7; 32. "to frrace"/ 33. "/w"; 34. "/ofce"; 35. "well," line 11; 36. "circling." 37. Designate a verb having its object suppressed. 38. By vrb&i figure of speech is this omission known ? 39. Supply the omitted word. 40. What is the tense of " had," line 10 ? 41. What mood is used throughout the extract ? 42. Name the tenses represented. 43. Represent the phonetic spelling of "busy." 44. Expand " circling round" into a clause. 45. Change line 4 into its corresponding passive form. 46. Is "many a" & singular or & plural expression? 47. Select a word having a prefix and a suffix. 48. Select a noun having no singular form. 49. Define mood. 50. Define voice. Synthesis. Write separate sentences embracing, 1. A verb in the indicative present. 2. In the potential present. 3. In the indicative past, emphatic form. 4. In the subjunctive present. 5. In the indicative present perfect. 6. In the potential past. 7. In the indicative past perfect. 8. In the potential present perfect, passive form. 9. In the indicative future, progressive form. 88 EXERCISES. 10. Iii the subjunctive past. 11. In the potential past perfect. 1.2. In the indicative future perfect, ancient form. 13. Write a sentence containing the perfect infinitive. 14. One having the compound perfect passive participle of recite. 15. Write a sentence containing an intransitive verb made passive by combination with a preposition. False Syntax. 1. Take such specimens as seems proper. 2. Three and three are six, and one is seven. 3. How are each of the pronouns classified ? 4. Time flies, whether we take heed or no. 5. Canteens were issued to the soldiers with short necks. 6. This will be in accordance to your ideas. 7. We should be more anxious to practice charity than of boasting of it, 8. I do not doubt but he will succeed. 9. A boy with a ripe watermelon don't speculate much on the con- servation of energy. NEWSPAPER. 10. Sometimes the editors of our papers fall from ignorance into absurd mistakes. DEAN ALFORD. EXERCISE XXVI. 1. How beautiful this night! the balmiest sigh 2. Which vernal zephyrs breathe in evening's ear, o. Were discord to the speaking quietude 4. That wraps this moveless scene. Heaven's ebon vault 5. Studded with stars unutterably bright 6. Through which the moon's unclouded grandeur rolls, 7. Seems like a canopy which love has spread 8. Above a sleeping world. Shelley. EXERCISES. 89* Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above extract ? 2. Classify the first sentence ? 3. How many propositions in the first sentence ? 4. Give the first proposition of the extract. 5. Name all the modifiers of " sigh." 6. Name all the modifiers of "quietude." 7. What is the object of " breathe "? 8. Select an adjective in the superlative degree. 9. Give the mood of "were." 10. Give its tense. 11. Classify "discord." 12. Give its syntax. 13. Give its person and number. 14. Can "moveless" be compared? 15. Classify the last sentence. 16. Give the subject-nominative and the predicate-verb of its prin- cipal proposition. 17-18. What does each subordinate clause modify f 19. Give all the modifiers of "vault." 20. Give the entire predicate of the principal proposition. 21. Select an adverbial phrase. Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 22. "studded"; 23. "with"; 24. " unutterably "; 25. "bright"; 26. "through"; 27. "moon's"; 28. "like"; 29. "above." 30. Give the gender of "world." 31. Is "world" singular, or plural? 32. Of what gender is "moon's "? 33. Give the degree of comparison of " bright." 34-38. Give the other tense forms, same mood, of "has spread." 39. What words might take the place of "'were "? 40. In what mood would the verb then be ? 41. Give the plural possessive of " canopy." 42. What kind of adverb is " how "? 43. Select an adjective singular number. 44. Change the last proposition to fche corresponding passive form.. 45. Select a word having a proper diphthong. 90 EXERCISES. 46. Select two words, each having three liquids. 47. Is " w" a vowel, or a consonant, in " ivraps ? 48. Define the potential mood. 49. Define tense. 50. Define a co-ordinate connective. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence in which the verb agrees with two singular subjects connected by and. 2. With two singular subjects connected by or or nor. 3. Write a sentence containing an adverb of time. 4. An adverb of place. 5. Of degree. 6. Of manner. 7. Of affirmation. 8. Of negation. 9. Of doubt. 10. Of cause. 11. An adverb modifying a predicate adjective. 12. Modifying a passive verb. 13. Another adverb. 14. Modifying a phrase. 15. A. proposition. False Syntax. 1. The girl could not spin, but desired to be taught very much. 2. I was to Boston last week. 3. Who is there in whom I can rely ? 4. Kid yourself from such bad habits. 5. The tax on tea was nothing else but robbery. 6. Few cities are as grand as Paris. 7. He cannot either read nor write. 8. The oath was administered to such persons that were elected. 9. We speak that we do know. 10. A dangerous cow tossed several persons, and also plunged and tossed about the street in a formidable manner. NEWSPAPER. EXERCISES. 91 EXERCISE^ XXYII. When it was winter and the snow lay all around, white and sparkling, a hare would often come jumping along and spring right over the little fir-tree. Oh! this made him so angry. But two winters went by, and when the third came ? the little tree had grown so tall that the hare was obliged to run round it. Analysis. 1. State the number of sentences in the Exercise. 2. Give the last word with which each proposition ends. 3. How many propositions in all ? 4. How many clauses ? 5. Give the principal proposition of the first period. 6. Give the simple subject of this proposition. 7. Give the entire predicate. 8. Name the co-ordinate connective in the first sentence. 9. Name the subordinate connective. 10. Classify the last sen- tence. 11. Give its co-ordinate propositions. 12. Give its subordinate propositions. 13. Give the co-ordinate connective. 14. What propositions does it join ? 15. Give the subordinate connectives. 16-17. What does eachjom? 18. What is the syntactical office of " but"? 19. Select from the Exercise an adverbial phrase. 20. What does it modify ? 21. Select a cardinal numeral adjective. 22. An ordinal numeral. 23. A predicate-nominative. 24. A subject-nominative. 25. An object of a preposition. 26. Of what gender is ' ' hare " ? 27. ' [fir-tree " f 28. What word is without syntax f ? EXERCISFS. 29. Give the four principal parts of " lay." 30. Of "come." 31. Of "was." 32. Of "run." 33. Of "went." 34, What part of speech is "all"? 35. What does it modify ? 36. What part of speech is " spar Jd ing "? 37. What does it modify ? 38. What part of speech is "jumping" ? 39. Give its full syntax as here used. 40. What part of speech is ' < righ t"? 41. What does it modify ? 42. Classify ' ' along. " 43. What does it modify $ 44. What derivative noun may be formed from "right"? 45. Select a verb having the passive form. 46. Change the last line to an interrogative proposition with same mood and tense. 47. Change "But two winters went by " to the corresponding par- ticipial construction. 48. Define a conjunctive adverb. 49. Define an adverb of place. 50. Define an adverb of manner. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing a conjunctive adverb referring to time. 2. A conjunctive adverb referring to place. 3. A conjunctive adverb referring to manner. 4. A conjunctive adverb connecting its clause to a preceding noun. 5. A conjunctive adverb connecting a noun-clause in the objective case, to the predicate of the principal proposition. 6. Compose a sentence having an interrogative adverb. 7. Having an adverb used independently. 8. Write a sentence containing a dissyllabic adverb. 9. A trisyllabic adverb. 10. A polysyllabic adverb. 11. An adverb derived from an adjective. 12. An adverb derived from a noun. 13. An adverb used in, the comparative degree. 14. An adverb used in the superlative degree. 15. Write a sentence using the word "there" but not as an adrcrl* of place. EXERCISES. 93 False Syntax. 1. Which of the two girls was the oldest ? 2. It never would have availed nothing. 3. The mouth of a river is where it empties itself into some other body of water. 4. She told us they wore black ruchings a good deal now. 5. She has always been just so, ever since I knew her. 6. That wouldn't hardly do. 7. Has the last school-bell of the morning rang ? 8. The two girls are of about the same age. 9. I was one day sitting on a log when I nearly fell to sleep. 10. I remember when the French band of the " Guides " were in this country reading in the Illustrated News. DEAN AL.FORD. EIERCISE IIYIII. 1. On that pleasant day of the early fall, 2. When Lee marched over the mountain wall, 3. Over the mountains winding down, 4. Horse and foot into Frederick town, 5. Forty flags with their crimson bars, 6. Flapped in the morning wind ; the sun 7. Of noon looked down and saw not one. Whittier. Analysis. 1. Classify the above sentence. 2. How many clauses has it ? 3. Give the predicate-verb of the first co-ordinate clause. 4. Give the simple subject of the second co-ordinate clause. 5. Name the dependent clause. (>. Give its connective. 7. What does this clause modify ? 94 EXERCISES. 8. Which lines contain no verb ? 9. Which line contains a present participle / 10. Parse "on," syntactically. 11. What kind of adjective is " that "? 12. Give its plural form. 13. Compare *' pleasant" by prefixes. 14. Compare " early " by suffixes. 15. What part of speech is " ivhen "? 16. Give the mood and tense of " marched.'' 17. Has this verb voice ? 18. Give your reason for your answer to the above. 19. Parse " over" third line. 20. What kind of phrase is " winding down " as to form f 21. As to its use or office ? 22. What part of speech is " doivn "? 23. As what other part of speech is " down " frequently used ? 24. Of what gender is " horse "? 25. Of what number ? 26. In what case ? 27. What is meant by the term "foot" as here used ? 28. Give the plural possessive of "foot." 29. Parse "into." 30. Classify "Frederick." 31. What kind of adjective is "forty "? 32. What verb has a compound subject ? 33. What subject has a compound predicate ? 34. Classify "owe." 35. Give its syntax. 36. What does "not" modify? 37. Select an adjective phrase. 38. Select an adverbial phrase. 39. Can "crimson" be compared? 40. In what mood are all the verbs ? 41. In what tense ? 42. Is " looked" transitive / 43. Change the verb in the second line to the form of the future perfect tense. 44. Change the last proposition to the corresponding interrogative form. 45. Give the rule for doubling the " p " in "flapped." 46. Select a word having three liquids. EXERCISES. 95 47. What is the singular nominative of the pronoun "their" as used in the Exercise ? 48. Define mood. 49. Define a defective verb. 50. Define an auxiliary verb. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing an adverb modifying a participle. 2. An adverb modifying an infinitive. 3. Construct a sentence containing a preposition having a coin- pound object. 4. A sentence having a complex (or compound) preposition. 5. Write a sentence having a preposition following its objective noun. 6. Write a sentence containing a preposition whose antecedent term of relation is a proper noun. 1. Whose antecedent term is an adjective. 8. Whose antecedent term is an adverb. 9. Whose antecedent term is a pronoun. 10. Whose subsequent term (object) is an abstract noun. 11. Whose subsequent term is a relative pronoun. 12. Whose subsequent term is a transitive infinitive. 13. Whose subsequent term is a participial noun. 14. Whose subsequent term is a clause. 15. Write a sentence containing two prepositions governing the same substantive. False Syntax. 1. I cannot by no means accept your kind offer. 2. They did not differ so much with each other in the beginning. 3. Every little girl of the party was dressed alike. 4. We cannot succeed without we try. 5. When will you get done with it ? 6. It was done in a quiet sort of a way. 7. What have you got here ? 8. Proportion is simple and compound. 9. Forbid the children enter the room. 10. The Greeks fearing to be surrounded on all sides, wheeled about and halted, with the river on their backs. GOLDSMITH. 96 EXERCISES. ) EXERCISE XXII. Scaling yonder peak I saw an eagle wheeling near its brow ; O'er the abyss, his broad expanding wings 4. Lay calm and motionless upon the air, 5. As if he floated there without their aid, 0. ' By the sole act of his unlorded will. 7. That buoyed him proudly up. Instinctively 8. I bent my bow, yet kept he rounding still 9. His airy circle, as in the delight 10. Of measuring the ample range beneath, 11. And round about; absorbed, he heeded not 12. The death that threatened him. I could not shoot. 13. 'Twas liberty. I turned my bow aside, 14. And let him soar away. Knowles. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the extract ? 2. Name the simple sentences. 3. What kind are those not simple ? 4. What is the entire subject of the first proposition ? 5. What is the entire predicate ? 6. What are the first three words together called ? 7. Expand them into a proposition equivalent in meaning. 8. What would the proposition so formed modify ? 9. Expand "wheeling near its brow " into an equivalent proposi- tion. 10. Would this proposition be adjective or adverbial in office ? 11. What does " o'er the abyss" modify? 12. Give the syntax of "motionless." 13. Of " upon the air" EXERCISES. 97 14. Give the connective of the second and third clauses. 15. What does the phrase in the fifth line modify ? 16. What are the modifiers of " will "f 17. Give the antecedent of "his." 18. Of "their." 19. Give the syntax of ' proudly." 20. Give the syntax of the last clause of the first sentence. 21. Classify the second sentence. 22. Can " motionless " be compared with propriety ? Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 23. "Instinctively"; 24. "yet"; 25. "rounding"; 26. "still"; 27. "circle"; . 28. "delight"; 29. "as," ninth line; 30. "measuring"; 31. "beneath"; 32. "round"; 33. "about"; 34. "absorbed"; 35. "that"; 36. "soar"; 37. "aside"; 38. In what fe/ise are all the verbs ? 39. Select a verb in the potential mood. 40-42. Give its other tense-forms of the same mood. 43. Give the subject of "soar," if it has one. 44. Change "'Twas liberty" to the corresponding interrogative- negative form. 45. Classify the letters in "away" as vowel, or consonant. 46. What rule, remark, or note applies to "soar"? 47. Give the rules for the capitals of the Exercise. 48. Define the imperative mood. 49. Define the preseni tense. 50. Define, or tell how the passive form of a verb is made. Synthesis. Write separate sentences illustrating the use of conjunctions, as follows : 1. A co-ordinate (copulative) conjunction. 2. A subordinate conjunction. 3". A co-ordinate conjunction joining two nouns. 4. The same joining two pronouns. 5. The same joining two adjectives. 6. The same joining two adverbs. 7. A conjunction joining two prepositional phrases. 8. A conjunction joining two participial phrases. 9. A conjunction joining two infinitive phrases. 98 EXERCISES. 10. A conjunction joining two complex phrases. 11. A conjunction joining two compound phrases. 12. Write a sentence containing a corresponsive conjunction. 13. Write a simple sentence containing "both and," as corre- sponsive conjunctions. 14. A compound sentence containing the correlatives "not only but also." 15. Write a complex sentence using the correlatives "so that." False Syntax. 1. The difference in the two brothers was slight. 2. They were expelled the society. 3. What went you out for to see ? 4. I was afraid lest he would not come. 5. This book is preferable and cheaper than the other. 6. There is no doubt but the earth is spherical. 7. The river banks are much overflown. 8. It was a jewel fair and sat in gold. 9. The traveler by this time had took his seat by the lady. 10. When I hear a person use a queer expression, or pronounce a name in reading differently from his neighbors, it always goes down, in my estimation of him with a minus sign before it. ALFORD. EXERCISE XXX. 1. Two boys would play at chess. As there was a knight 2. short, they put a mark upon a pawn, and so made a knight 3. of him. "Hey," exclaimed the other knights, "where do 4. you come from, Mr. Clodhopper?" The boys heard the 5. scoff. "Hold your tongues," said they, "does he not per- 6. form for us just the same service as you do ?" From the German. EXERCISES. 99 Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above selection? 2. How many propositions ? 3. Classify the first sentence. 4. Classify the second sentence. 5. Select a declarative proposition. 6. An imperative proposition. 7. An interrogative proposition. 8. Give the entire or logical predicate of the second sentence. 9. Give the entire or logical subject of the third sentence. 10. Select a clause used as a noun. 11. Give the case of this clause. 12. Select an adjective clause, if there is one. 13. What part of speech is " hey "? 14. Abridge "As there iva* a knight short" into its equivalent participial construction. 15. Change "The boys heard the scoff" to its equivalent passive form. 16. Give the principal proposition of the last sentence. 17. What is the syntactical office of " same"? State whether the following phras.es are adjective or adverbial in office, and on what each depends : 18. "at chess"; 19. "upon a pawn"; 20. "of him"; 21. "for us." Mention the part of speech and give the syntactical office of each of the following words : 22. "As" first line; 23. "there"; 24. "short"; 25. "so"; 26. "where"; 27. "from"; 28. "as" sixth line; 29. "knight" first line; 30. "hold"; 31. "just." 32. Of what person and number is " hold " ? 33. In what mood is " would play " ? 34. In what tense? 35. What feminine terms correspond to " Mr." f 36. In what case is "Mr. Clodhopper"? 37. What gender is * knight " ? 38. What gender is "you" last line ? 39. Give the gender of "pawn." ^S^P^^Gff ' 100 EXERCISES. 40. Give the number of "you" third line. 41. Represent the spelling of " tongues 1 ' by its elementary sounds. 42. Select a word from the first line containing a proper diphthong. 43. Is " y " a vowel, or a consonant in " boys "? 44. Is " w " a vowel, or a consonant in " ivhere"? 45. What letters represent the sound of " x." in " exclaimed"? 46. Form a derivative word from " scoff." 47. Form an abstract noun from "just." 48. Define the nominative case. 49. Define the possessive case. 50. Define the objective case. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence having as connecting words in apposition. 2. Write a simple sentence with " neither nor " as correlatives. 3. Write a sentence containing a conditional clause. 4. One containing a causal proposition. 5. One containing a concessive proposition. 6. Write a sentence of two clauses connected by whether. 7. Combine into a sentence two clauses connected by seeing. 8. Two clauses connected by notwithstanding. 9. Give an example of a sentence having two clauses subordi- nately connected. 10. Give one whose members are co-ordinately connected. 11. Connect two members of a compound sentence by an adversa- tive (disjunctive) conjunction. 12. Combine in a sentence " if then." 13. Construct a sentence containing a conjunction merely introduc- tory in office. 14. Construct a sentence containing a comparative conjunction. 10. Write a compound sentence containing four conjunctions. False Syntax. 1. I have had a letter wrote since yesterday. 2. Do you prefer to sing or playing ? 3. I had done the problem before the teacher come in the room. 4. Try to have learned your lesson before I return. EXERCISES. 101 5. The tired lambs laid down to rest. 6. The old man was setting in his easy chair. 7. Lost, a Scotch terrier, by a gentleman, with his ears cut close. 8. If I was him, I would certainly go. 9. I was just going to go. 10. The loafer seems to be created for no other purpose but to keep up the ancient order of idleness. IRVING. EXERCISE XXXI. 1. " Let the poison be prepared, for it is best not to linger." 2. Crito asked : " How should you like to have us bury you ? " 3. Socrates replied with a smile : " Anyway you wish if you 4. can only get hold of me. Have I not shown you, Crito, 5. that I who have been talking to you, am not the other 6. Socrates who will soon be a dead body? Do not say, then, 7. at my funeral, ( Let us bury Socrates/ for such words are 8. not only false, but they infect the soul with evil." Socrates. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above extract ? 2. Classify the first sentence. 3. Which is its principal clause ? 4. Classify the second sentence. 5. Which clause is used substantively ? 6. Give the entire predicate of the second sentence. 7. Classify the third sentence. 8. Give the simple subject and predicate of its principal clause. 9. Select a phrase expressing manner. 10. Classify the fourth sentence. 11. How many clauses has it ? 12. Name its leading or principal clause. 13. Which one is substantive in office ? 102 EXERCISES. 14. Name the ones that are subordinate. 15. State whether they are adjective, or adverbial in office. 16. What is the direct object of " have shown "? 17. Select a noun used independent! >/. Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 18. "Let"; 19. "be prepared" ; 20. "for"; 21. "to linger"; 22. "hoiv"; 23. "to /i-a-yc"; 24. "bury"; 25. "anyway"; 26. "'*/"; 27. "AofcT/ 28. ' tyow, " fourth line ; 29. "toa<"; 30. "who" fifth line; 31. "Socrates" sixth line; 32. "who" sixth line; 33. "body"; 34. "then"; 35. "bury," 7th line ; 36. "/or," 6th line. 37. What is the syntax of the clause "?/ow i^is^ "? 38. In what mood is the y?rs ver6 of the Exercise ? 39. Select a verb in the potential past. 40. Select a verb in the present perfect tense. 41. Select a verb progressive form. 42. Select a conditional conjunction. 43. Give the complete connective of the last two clauses. 44. Select a verb in the potential present. 45. Decline "other." 46. Change the last proposition so that the verb shall be in the potential past perfect and in the progressive form. 47. Select a predicate-nominative and decline the same. 48. Define the passive voice. 49. Define the present perfect tense. 50. Define person and number as applied to verbs. Synthesis. Write separate simple sentences giving the synopsis of the verb teach with 7", through each tense of all the finite moods, using the passive- negative form, and thoii, with the imperative. 1. Present tense, 2. Present perfect tense, 3. Past tense, _> . J- Indicative mood. 4. Past perfect tense, 5. Future tense, 6. Future perfect tense, j EXERCISES, 103 7. Present tense, ") 8. Present perfect tense, V Potential mood. 9. Past tense, 10. Past perfect tense, 11. Present tense, 12. Past tense, I Subjunctive mood. 13. Past perfect tense (if any), J 14. Present tense, Imperative mood (with thou). 15. Write a sentence containing the negative, passive, present infin- itive. False Syntax. 1. I accuse him with dishonesty. 2. The boy looks like to his father. 3. An officer on European and Indian service are in very different situations. 4. We found the mill-stream entirely froze over and the wheel broke. 5. Our teacher said air had weight. 6. I knew him since boyhood. 7. I have been to the Exposition last year. 8. If the hat were on the hook, some one must have taken it. 9. Where did you say Pike's Peak was ? 10. The lad cannot leave Ms father, for if he should, he would die. BIBLE. 104 EXERCISES. EXEECISE^ XXXIL 1. Diogenes happened to be lying in the sun ; and at the 2. approach of so many people he raised himself up a little^ 3. and fixed his eyes upon Alexander. The king addressed 4. him in an obliging manner, and asked him if there was 5. anything he could serve him in ? " Only stand a little 6. out of my sunshine," said Diogenes. Alexander, we are 7. told, was struck with surprise at finding himself so little 8. regarded, and saw something so great in that calmness, 9. that while his courtiers were ridiculing the philosopher as 10. a monster, he said, " If I were not Alexander, I should 11. wish to be Diogenes/' Plutarch. Analysis. 1. State the number of sentences in the extract. 2. Classify the first sentence. 3. Give the entire predicate of its first proposition. 4. Give the entire predicate of its second proposition. 5. Is " happened" transitive ? 6. Compare "many." 7. What part of speech is "up"? 8. Classify the second sentence. 9. How many propositions has it ? 10. Which proposition is substantive in office ? 11. Which is adjective in office ? 12. By what is the adjective clause connected to the preceding clause? 13. In what mood and tense is the verb in this clause ? 14. What is the object of "in "? 15. What kind of conjunction is "if" as here used ? 16. What other conjunction might be used in place of "if"? 17. Classify the third sentence. 18. Name its principal propositions. 19. What part of speech is " only "? 20. What is the nominative of "stand"? EXERCISES. 105 21. Classify the last sentence. 22. How many propositions has it ? Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following elements : 23. "to.be lying"; 21. "at"; Z5."up"; 26. "little" second line; 27. "upon "; 28. " in," fifth line; 29. " little" fifth line; 30. "sunshine"; 31. "at," seventh line; 32. "finding"; 33. "little," seventh line; 34. "regarded"; 35. "that," ninth line; 36. "monster"; 37. "*/"; 38. "no." 39. What is the object of "said," tenth line ? 40. In what mood and tense is "were"? 41. Give the case of "Alexander." 42. Give the mood and tense of the verb in the last line. 43. In what case is "Diogenes "? 44. Is "should wish" transitive ? 45. Decline "which." 46. Give the person and number of "Diogenes." 47. What is the syntactical use of "as "? 48. Define the indicative mood. 49. Define the active voice. 50. Define an infinitive (verb in the infinitive mood). Synthesis. Write separate simple sentences giving the synopsis of the verb, sing, with thou, through all the tenses of the finite moods, using the progressive-interrogative form. 1. Present tense, 2. Present perfect tense, 3. Past tense, 4. Past perfect tense, 5. Future tense, 6. Future perfect tense, 7. Present tense, Present perfect tense, Past tense, Past perfect tense, Present tense, 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Past tense, - 13. Past perfect tense (if any), 14. Present tense, Indicative mood. Potential mood. Subjunctive mood. Imperative mood. 106 EXERCISES. False Syntax. 1. All the mens' and the boy's names were taken. 2. The bad boy hadn't ought to do it. 3. We set with our friends at the table for over an hour. 4. Had you not better lay down a while ? 5. Heft it and tell me what it weighs. 6. I calculate it will rain soon. 7. That will illy accord with my notions. 8. He has fetched up agin a snag. 9. Mr. John Smith, Esq. , was here this morning. 10. The Professor soon saw that the intellectual qualities of the youth were superior to those of his raiment. MEMOIR OF JOHN LEYDEN. EXERCISE XXXIII. 1. The skirts of the wood seemed lined with archers, 2. although a few are advanced from its dark shadow. 3. "Under what banner?" asked Ivanhoe. "Under no 4. ensign of war which I can observe/' answered Kebeccu. 5. "A singular novelty/' muttered the knight, "to advance 6. to storm such a castle without pennon or banner dis- 7. played! Seest thou who they be that act as leaders?" 8. " A knight clad in sable armor, is the most conspicuous/' 9. said the Jewess; "he alone is armed from head to heel 10. and seems to assume the direction of all around him." 11. "What device does he bear on his shield? 7 ' replied 12. Ivanhoe. "Something resembling a bar of iron, and a 13. padlock painted blue on the black shield." Scoit, Ivanhoe. EXERCISES. 107 Analysis. 1. How many sentences ? 2. Classify the first. 3. What is the syntax of "under what banner"? , 4. Of "under no ensign"? 5. Give the full syntax of " which." 6. Decline "which" and give its case. 1. What is the object of "answered"? v 8. Give the part of speech and the syntax of " novelty. " 9. Give the modifiers of " novelty." 10. Has " to advance" case, and if so, in what case is it? 11. What interrogative word in line three ? Give the part of speech, the grammatical properties (modifications or accidents), and the syntax of the following words : 12-14. "Knight"; 15-17. "castle"; 18-20. "seest"; 21-23. "who "; 24-26. "act"; 27-29. "leaders"; 30-32. "is armed"; 33-35. "does bear"; 36-38. "something. " 39. Name all the present participles in the Exercise. 40. Name the perfect (past) participles. 41. What is the object of " seest "? 42. Expand "clad in armor" into an equivalent clause. 43. To what does " around him " belong? 44. Is "he alone is armed" adjective, or adverbial in office ? 45. Give the part of speech and the syntax of " blue." 46. Of "what," eleventh line. 47. State when a collective noun takes a singular, and when a plural verb. 48. Define the past tense. 49. Define the future tense. 50. Define a preposition. Synthesis. Represent impassive-negative form of the sentence, "They invite the children," in all the tenses of the finite moodSj using the appro- riate subject for the imperative. 108 EXERCISES. 1. Present tense, ^ 2. Present perfect tense, 3. Past tense, ^ Indicative mood. 4. Past perfect tense, 5. Future tense, 6. Future perfect tense, 7. Present tense, 8. Present perfect tense, TJ > Potential mood. 9. Past tense, 10. Past perfect tense, 11. Present tense, 12. Past tense, j- Subjunctive mood. 13. Past perfect tense (if any), 14. Present tense, . Imperative mood. 15. Write a sentence containing a compound perfect passive par- ticiple. False Syntax. 1. Pity the poor widow woman. 2. The three friends were all of them much attached to each other. 3. Oil and water will not unite together. 4. This book is equally as interesting as the other. 5. "Who first discovered the law of gravitation ? 6. Please add "tion " to the end of the word. 7. He was completely covered over with snow. 8. My uncle presented me with a pony phaeton. 9. We saw the little flowing rivulet flowing in and out among the knolls. 10. Among all the animals upon which nature has impressed deformity and honor, there is none whom he durst not encounter. JOHNSON. EXERCISES. 109 EXERCISE XXIIV. 1. "Will you give my kite a lift? ;? said my little nephew 2. to his sister, after trying in vain to make it fly by drag- 3. ging it along the ground. Lucy very kindly took it up 4. and threw it into the air ; but her brother neglecting to 5. run off at the same moment, the kite fell down again. 6. " Ah, now, how awkward you are ! " said the little fellow. 7. " It was your fault entirely," answered his sister. " Try 8. again, children," said I. "There is an old proverb which 9. says, ' Perseverance conquers all things. 5 " Charlotte Elizabeth. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above extract? 2. Classify the first sentence. 3. Give the simple subject of its principal clause. 4. Give the entire predicate of the first sentence. . 5. What is the object of * ' said " ? 6. Classify the second sentence. 7. What word connects the clauses of this sentence ? 8. In what case is "brother"? 9. Give its modifiers. . 10. Classify the third sentence. 11 . What part of speech is "now " 1 12. Give the rule of syntax applying to "now" 13. Classify the fourth sentence. 14. Which is the principal proposition of this sentence ? 15. Classify the last sentence. 16. How many propositions in this sentence ? 110 EXERCISES. Give the part of speech and the syntactical office of the following words : 17. "Kite"; 18. "lift"; 19. "said," line 1 ; 20."a/ter"; 21. "trying"; 22."tomake"; <2&."fly"; ^."dragging" ; 25. "very"; 2Q."up"; 27. "to run"; 28. "off"; 29. "down"; 30. "again"; 31. "said," 6th line; 32. "entirely" ; 33. "fry/ 34. "te"; 35. "which; 36. "conquers." 37. What noun in the Exercise is independent in syntax? 38. What other word has no syntax ? 39. What adverb might be substituted for ' ' m vain "? 40. What noim does the first " my " in the first line represent ? 41. Answer the same question with reference to the second "my." 42. Is the noun which this pronoun represents, its antecedent ? 43. Give the mood and number of " try. " 44. Why is not the second word in the last line spelled "Persevere- ance" ? 45. Change this line to its equivalent having the verb in the passive voice. 46. Why does "Perseverance" begin with a capital? 47. Give the special rule, note, or remark for the omission of "to" before "fly." 48. Define a compound adjective. 49. Define comparison. 50. Define the positive degree. Synthesis. Write in separate sentences the six participles from the verb recite, designating the special name of each according to the gram- mar used. 1. Simple . 2. Simple . 3. Compound . 4. Compound . 5. Compound 6. Compound EXERCISES. Ill Write in separate sentences the several infinitives (verbs in the infinitive mood) as indicated below, using the verb recite. 7. Present active. 8. Present passive. 9. Perfect active. 10. Perfect passive. 11. Present progressive. 12. Perfect progressive. 13. Write a sentence containing a simple participle and a perfect infinitive. 14. A compound participle ,and a present progressive infinitive. 15. A compound passive participle and a perfect passive infinitive. False Syntax. 1. The boys they all went into the house. 2. We saw the new moon about the latter end of the week. 3. A squirrel can climb a tree quicker than a boy. 4. I enjoy rowing a boat about as well as anything. 5. Corporeal punishment was forbidden. 6. James was there among the rest. 7. The two first days of the week are gone. 8. I counted over five hundred diicks on the river. 9. May I get some water ? I am very dry. 10. I defy any candid and clear thinker to deny in the name of inductive science either of these six propositions. KEY. JOSEPH COOK. EXERCISES. EXERCISE XXXY. 1. That day I oft remember, when from sleep 2. I first awaked, and found myself reposed, 3. Under a shade, on flowers, much wondering where 4. And what I was, whence thither brought, and how. 5. Not distant far from thence a murmuring sound 6. . Of waters issued from a cave, and spread 7. Into a liquid plain, then stood unmoved, 8. Pure as the expanse of heaven ; I thither went 9. With unexperienced thought, and laid me down 10. On the green bank, to look into the clear 11. Smooth lake, that to me seemed another sky. 12. As I bent down to look, just opposite 18. A shape within the watery gleam appeared, 1-4. Bending to look on me; I started back, 15. It started back ; but pleased I soon returned, 16. Pleased it returned as soon, with answering looks 1 7. Of sympathy and love. Milton' } s Paradise Lost. Analysis. 1. How many sentences ? 2. Classify the first one. 3. Give its entire subject. 4. Give its entire predicate. 5. Name all its subject-nominatives. 6. Name all its predicate-verbs. 7. All its objects. 8. Name all its connectives. 9. Its adjective modifiers. 10. Name its adverbial modifiers. 11-13. What does each of its prepositional phrases modify ? 14. What word in this .sentence would not be in good taste to use in writing prose ? EXERCISES. 113 Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 15. "What"; 16. "wondering"; 17. ' where"; 18. " thither," line 22. What line contains only a phrase ? 23. What does this phrase modify $ 24. Contract it into a simple phrase. 25. Abridge to a simple phrase, "in the playtime of the others." 26. Select the verbs having the progressive form. 27. How is the progressive form made ? 28. What verb has the emphatic form ? 29. Does this verb express emphasis ? 30. In what case is * ' mother's "? 31. What does it possess ? 32. Give the gender of "lambs." 33. Of" their." 34. Of "fawns." 35. What does ' ' but " connect ? 36. In what case is " children," ninth line? v 37. Select an adjective phrase. 38. What part of speech is "weeping "? 39. To what does it relate ? EXERCISES. 119 40. Select an interjection (exclamation). 41. An adverb of manner. 42. An adverb of negation. 43. What is the name of the participle in "ing" f 44. Select a word having two improper diphthongs. 45. Of what person is " brothers " 9 46. Represent the spelling of "of" by its elementary sounds. 47. Decline "others" in the singular and the plural. 48. Define the nominative case. 49. Define the possessive case. 50. Define the objective case. Synthesis. 1. Write in a sentence the pronoun whoever. 2. The pronoun whichever. 3. The pronoun whatever. 4. The pronoun whomsoever. 5. The pronoun whichsoever. 6. The pronoun whatsoever. 7. The pronoun whosesover. 8. The nominative and the possessive case of one, singular number. 9. The possessive and the objective case of other, singular number. 10. The nominative and the possessive case of one, plural number. 11. The pronoun, himself, in the nominative caae. Z 12. The pronoun, herself, in the objective case. 13. The pronoun, itself, in the objective case. 14. The pronoun, themselves, in the nominative case. 15. Write a compound sentence containing two relative and three personal pronouns. False Syntax. 1. The lady was an administrator. 2. The canary is a very fine songstress. 3. A dissyllable is where two syllables are united. 4. She is the best poet of the lady writers. 5. He was necessitated from participating. 6. Either the young man or his friends has acted with imprudence. 1.20 7. I reckon that is a right smart chance. 8. Cyrus did not wait for the Babylonians coming to attack him. ROLLIN . 9. Adversity both taught you to think and to reason. STEELE. 10. The greatest masters of critical learning differ among one another. SPECTATOR. EXERCISE XXIYIIL 1. Now there was not far from the place where they lay a 2. castle called Doubting Castle, the owner whereof was 3. Giant Despair, and it was in his grounds they now were 4. sleeping; wherefore he, getting up in the morning early, 5. and walking up and down in his fields, caught Christian 6. and Hopeful asleep in his grounds. Then with a grim 7. and surly voice, he bade them awake, and asked them 8. whence they were, and what they did in his grounds. 9. They told him they were pilgrims, and that they had lost 10. their way. Then said the Giant, "You have this night 11. trespassed on me by trampling and lying on my ground, 12. and therefore you must go along with me/' John Bunyan. Analysis. 1. Classify the first sentence. 2. How many propositions has it ? Classify and give the syntax of the following elements : 3. "Now"; 4. "there"; 5. "was," line 1; 6. "not"; 7. "jfu-'\~ 8. "from the place" ; 9. "where"; 10. "castle"; 11. "called"; 12. "Doubting Castle"; 13. "ivhereof"; 14. "Giant Despair"; 15. "in his grounds, "line 3; 16."wherefore"; 17. "getting"; 18. "up," fourth line; 19. "down"; 20. "early"; 21. * 'in" fifth line ; 22. ' 'asleep" ; 23. ' 'in his grounds, " sixth line. EXERCISES. 121 24. Classify the second sentence. 25. Give the number of propositions in it. 26. Give the simple subject and predicate of the first one. 27. Classify "awake" and give its syntax. 28. Give the direct object of "asked." 29. Give the rule for parsing "them," seventh line. 30. Give the syntax of "Then" line 6. 31. Give the principal parts of "bade." 32. What is the syntactical office of "whence they were"? 33. What part of speech is "what"? 34. Give its syntax. 35. What does "and" connect, eighth line? 36. Classify the third sentence. 37. What is the object of "told "V 38. Classify the last sentence. 39. What is the object of "said"'/ 40. Give the syntax of "night." 41. Give the syntax of "lying." 42. What connects the last clause to the one preceding V 43. What is the syntax of * ' therefore " $ 44. Why is " You" (tenth line) capitalized ? 45. Give the mood and tense of the last verb of the Exercise. 46. Give the syntax of "along". 47. Select a verb in the present perfect tense. 48. Define an intransitive verb. 49. Define a principal verb. 50. Define an auxiliary verb. Synthesis. 1. Write a simple sentence having the verb transitive. 2. Add to this sentence an adjective clause modifying the subject. 3. To the sentence last formed, add an adverbial clause. 4. Make the last sentence compound by adding one co-ordinate member. 5. Further develop the sentence by adding to the second co-ordi- nate member an adjective clause. 6. Write a sentence containing " methinks." 7. Write a sentence in which a is a preposition. 122 EXERCISES. 8. In which a modifies a possessive noun. 9. In which all is an adverb. 10. In which also is an adverb. 11. In which also is a conjunction. 12. In which as is a pronoun. 13. In which as is a preposition. 14. In which as is an adverb. 15. In which as is a conjunction. False Syntax. 1. Give the balance of our dinner to Tommy, our cat. 2. I carried the corn to mill in the horse and waggon. 3. He sent a good deal of fat cattle to New York. 4. The bird flew out the window. 5. Was I to inform the teacher you would be punished. 6. His future prospects are right good. 7. Tom's a brick with a gilt edge. 8. The young man's anticipations of the future were of the gloom- iest character. 9. Two or more sentences united together is called a compound sentence. DAY'S GRAMMAR. 10. That fertile source of mistakes among our clergy, (is) the mis- pronunciation of Scripture proper names. DEAN ALFORD. EXERCISES. 123 EXEEC1M XXXIX. 1. Ah ! who can tell how hard it is to climb 2. The steep where Fame's proud temple shines afar; 3. Ah ! who can tell how many a soul sublime 4. Has felt the influence of malignant star, 5. And waged with Fortune an eternal war ; 6. Check'd by the scoff of Pride, by Envy's frown, * 7. And Poverty's unconquerable bar, 8. In life's low vale remote has pined alone, 0. Then dropt into the grave unpitied and unknown ! 10. And yet the languor of inglorious days, 11. Yet equally oppressive is to all ; 12. Him, who ne'er listened to the voice of praise, 13. The silence of neglect can ne'er appal. 14. There are, who, deaf to mad Ambition's call, 15. Would shrink to hear the obstreperous trump of Fame, 16. Supremely blest, if to their portion fall, 17. Health, competence and peace. Nor higher aim 18. Had he, whose simple tale these artless lines proclaim. Beattie. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above stanzas ? 2. Classify the firs t one. 3. How many clauses does it contain ? 4. Classify and give the syntax of the following words : 5. " Who," line 1; 6. "hard"; 7. "to climb"; 8. "where"; 9. "afar"; 10. "Checked"; 11. " bar"; 12. "remote"; 13. "dropt"; 14:."unknoivn"; 15. "languor"; 16."him"; 17. " are"; 18. "who," line 14; 19. " deaf"; 20. "to hear"; 21. "blest"; 22. " if"; 23. "peace"; 24. "aim"; 25. "whose"; 26. "tale" 124 EXERCISES. 27. What classes of words are compared ? 28. Give an example of each class, and compare the example given. 29. Make a list of all the proper nouns in the exercise. 30. Why are these nouns proper / 31. Give the gender of "Fortune." 32. Of "Ambition's." 33. What moods are represented ? 34. What tenses? 35. Give the antecedent of " their" line 16. 36. What is the object of " can tell" line 3 ? 37. Give the properties (modifications) of " soul." 38. Give all the modifiers (adjuncts) of " soul." 39. Give the tense of " waged." 40. Change the last proposition to its equivalent passive form. 41. Select a word having a silent consonant. 42. Classify and give the syntax of "yet" line 10. 43. Give the syntax of "yet," line 11. 44. Explain why the sentence beginning with " who" does not end with an interrogation point ? 45. Give all the perfect participles in the Exercise, used alone as such. 46. Select an adjective from which an abstract noun may be formed, and decline this noun. 47. Select a polysyllabic adjective, from its primitive form a noun and write its possessive plural. 48. Define an adverb of place. 49. Define an adverb of manner. 50. Define an adverb of degree. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing a descriptive and a definitive adjective. 2. A common, a proper, and a collective noun. 3. An adjective element, and an adverbial element. 4. A word modifier, a phrase modifier, and a clause modifier. 5. An adjective phrase, an adverbial phrase, and a substantive phrase. EXERCISES. 125 6. A prepositional phrase, a participial phrase, and an infinitive phrase. 7. A simple, a complex, and a compound phrase. 8. Write a sentence accompanied by an independent phrase. 9. "Write a complex sentence with the verb in the principal clause in the potential mood ; the other verb, in the subjunctive. 10. Write a sentence having a noun in apposition with a propo- sition. 11. Write a simple sentence containing all the parts of speech. 12. Write a simple sentence containing the words to, too, and two. 13. Write a sentence containing a day of the week, a month of the year, and a season of the year, being careful to capitalize correctly. 14. Write in a sentence the words, city, county, and state, prefix- ing to each an appropriate proper noun or let the name come after, being connected by the word of. 15. Write a simple sentence containing a comparative adjective, and also but as a preposition. False Syntax. 1. We attackted the army, at daylight, and the charge was very effective. 2. How many spoonsful make two cupsful ? 3. He is a kinder good feller after all. 4. In sunshine, storm, and in tempest, he was always the same. 5. It is a general time of plenty and crops are excellent. 6. The settler there the savage slew. 7. The opera will be here about the latter end of the week. 8. Ere you remark another's sin, Bid thy conscience look within. GAY. 9. He is wiser than me. DEANALFORD. 10. If with your inferiors, speak no coarser than usual ; if with your superiors, no finer. J D 126 EXERCISES. EXEECISE XL. 1. Then the servants, at Captain John Hull's command, 2. heaped double handfuls of shillings into one side of the 3. scales, while Betsey remained in the other. Jingle, jingle, 4. went the shillings, as handful after handful was thrown 5. in, till plump and ponderous as she was, they fairly 6. weighed the young lady from the floor. 7. "There, son Samuel," said the honest mint-master, 8. resuming his seat in his Grandfather's chair, " Take these 9. shillings for my daughter's portion. Use her kindly, and 10. thank Heaven for her. It is not every wife that's worth 11. her weight in silver." Hawthorne. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above extract ? 2. Classify the first one. 3. Give its principal clause. 4. What is the syntactical office of the dependent clause ? 5. What part of speech is th e last word of the first sentence ? 6. Give the syntax of ({ at Captain John Hull's command." 7. Of "into one side of the scales." 8. Classify the second sentence. 9. How many subordinate clauses has it ? 10. Is the second subordinate clause adjective or adverbial in office? 11. What does "after handful 11 modify ? 12. Give the tense and voice of " was thrown." 13. Is " weighed " transitive ? 14. Classify the last sentence. 15. How many clauses has it ? 16. What is the object of " said "f EXERCISES. 127 17. In what 'mood and tense is " use"? 18. What is the subject of "thank "? 19. Give the rule for parsing (s ivife." 20. Give the rule for parsing " worth." 21. Has " it" an antecedent ? Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 22. "Then"; 23. "double"; 24. "while"; 25. "jingle"; 26. ' 'ew, "fourth line; 27. "plump"; 28. "cw," fifth line; 29. "from"; 30. "there"; 31. "ow"; 32. "Samuel"; 33. "m," eighth line; 34. "/or," ninth line; 35. "worth." 36. Express the feminine plural of " servant. " 37. Is the plural of "handful" properly formed in the Exercise? 38. Give the part of speech of " in," fourth line. 39. What two words in the Exercise express corresponding oppo- site genders ? 40. Of what gender is "Heaven"? 41. Select a plural adjective. 42. When is a collective noun of other than the neuter gender ? 43. Of what gender is a collective noun when it is plural inform f 44. Give a list of all the proper diphthongs in the language. 45. What moods are represented in the Exercise ? 46. Wha>t tenses? 47. Give the possessive plural of " attorney -general" 48. Define the emphatic form of a tense. 49. What are forms of a tense ? 50. Define a participle. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing the comparative than. 2. Write a sentence containing than as a preposition. 3. Write a complex sentence containing two adverbial clauses of time. 4. Form an interrogative sentence with the pronoun in the object- ive case. 5. Form a complex sentence whose subordinate proposition shall express cause. 128 EXERCISES. 6. Form a sentence containing an indirect object. 7. Form a question-sentence, with the interrogative pronoun in the possessive case. 8. Write a sentence containing the possessive plural of mother- in-law. 9. Of aid-de-camp. 10. Of billet-doux. 11. Of habeas-Gorpus. 12. Of half-penny. 13. Of sloop-of-war. 14. Write a simple sentence that cannot be put into the interrog- ative form without changing the mood of the verb. 15. Write a sentence containing the moods that may be used in interrogative sentences. False Syntax. 1. I do not know who you mean. 2. Hoist me down in the coal mine. 3. Whether you conform to the rule, we cannot admit you. 4. The committee's rebuke had the effect intended. 5. Of a pleasant morning we often walk out in the fields. 6. The farmer grows his own cattle and drives them to market. 7. If twenty-four cents will buy six oranges, how much will forty- eight cents buy ? 8. The foreigner could neither read nor write. 9. The defects in our present system are apparent. UNIVERSITY STUDENT. 10. No monstrous height, or length, or breadth appear. POPE. EXERCISES. 129 EXEECISE ILL 1. Heaven from all creatures hides the book of fate, 2. All but the page prescribed, their present state ; 3. From brutes what men, from men what spirits know ; 4. Or who could suffer being here below ? 5. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, 6. Had he thy reason would he skip and play ? 7. Pleased to the last, he crops the flowery food, 8. And licks the hand just raised to shed his blood. 9. Oh, blindness to the future ! kindly given, 10. That each may fill the circle marked by Heaven 11. Who sees with equal eye, as God of all, 12. A hero perish, or a sparrow fall, 13. Atoms or systems into ruin hurl'd, 14. And now a bubble burst and now a world. Pope's Essay on Man. Analysis. 1. Classify the first sentence. 2. How many propositions has it ? 3. What word supplies the ellipsis in the third line ? 4. What kind of pronoun is * ' ivhat " ? 5. To what is it equivalent f 6. What part of speech is the antecedent part of "what"? 7. Give the part of speech of "all" in the first and in the second line. 8. Give the number and gender of "all," second line. Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 9. "From," first line; 10. "A ^/'second line; \l."but"; 12. "prescribed"; I3."state"; 14. "from," third line- 15. first "ivhat"; 16. first "men"; 17. "Or," line 4. 18. "being"; Id." here"; 20." below." 130 EXERCISES. 21. Classify the second sentence. 22. Give its leading or principal clause. 23. In what case is " lamb "? 24. What is the object of " dooms "t 25. In what case is " to-day"? 26. Is the proposition in the fifth line adjective or adverbial \\\ office? 27. Answer the same of the first proposition of the sixth line. 28. Give the mood and tense of "would skip." 29. Give the mood and tense of "Had." 30. Classify the third sentence. 31. Give its entire subject. 32. Give its entire predicate. 33. Select from this sentence a participle and an infinitive. 34. Classify each of them. 35. Classify the last sentence. 36. Give its principal clause. 37. Give its subordinate clauses. 38. Are any words understood in this sentence ? 39. Give the syntax of "blindness." 40. Of" given." 41. Classify "Heaven." 42. Give its gender. 43. Give the part of speech and syntax of "God. " 44. Of "sparrotu." 45 Of "fall." 46. Between what does " into " show the relation ? 47. Give the syntax of " burst." 48. Define a modifier. 49. An adjective modifier. 50. Define an adverbial modifier. Synthesis. 1. Write a simple sentence containing two predicate adjectives. 2. With a compound word as the object of a preposition. 3. Compose a simple sentence containing the words I and O. 4. One containing two primitive dissyllables. 5. Write a simple sentence containing a modified objective ele- ment. 6. Containing two phrase objective elements. 7. An adjective clause connected by when. 8. A substantive clause as the object of a participle. EXERCISES. 131 9. A substantive clause as the object of an infinitive. 10. A substantive clause as the object of a preposition. 11. Write a sentence with worth as a noun. 12. With worth as an adjective. 13. With worth as a preposition. 14. Write a sentence, expressing a threat or determination, using / as subject. 15. Write a sentence containing an adjective modifying two nouns. False Syntax. In this and in the following exercises, one sentence of the last Jive iff COKBECT. 1. The old warrior was bred and born in New Hampshire. 2. As far as I can see, the point is well taken. 3. No less than fifty dollars were paid for what was not worth twenty. 4. We cannot afford such another victory. 5. You may call upon me at about three o'clock in the afternoon. 6. I want to go to the concert the worst way. 7. The vessel is off Cape Ann or thereabouts. 8. Wanted to adopt two children, who will be treated as one of the family. 9. May they not perform the task equally as well ? 10. Scotland and thee did each in other live. DRYDEN. 1 1. You had best not anger me, if you would go in peace. 12. He had traveled both in Europe, in Africa, and in America. 1.3. 'Twas Love's mistake who fancied what it feared. 14. The world will rest content with such poor things as you and me. MAGAZINE. 15. "You are always coming to tea now-a-days, Kobert," he said. " I should think you had drunk enough tea in China." HENRY JAMES, JR. 133 EXEKCISES. EXEECISE XLIL 1. Flag of the brave ! thy folds shall fly, 2. The sign of hope and triumph, high. 3. When speaks the signal trumpet-tone, 4. And the long line comes gleaming on ; 5. Ere yet the life-blood, warm and wet, 6. Has dimmed the glistening bayonet, 7. Each soldier eye shall brightly turn 8. To where thy sky-born glories burn ; 9. And as his springing steps advance, 10. Catch war and vengeance from the glance. 11. And when the cannon-mouthings loud 12. Heave in wild wreaths the battle-shroud, 13. And gory sabres rise and fall 14. Like shoots of flame on midnight's pall, 15. Then shall thy meteor glances glow, 16. And cowering foes shall sink beneath 17. Each gallant arm that strikes below 18. The lovely messenger of death. Drake. Analysis. 1. Classify the first sentence. 2. Classify the second sentence. 3. Classify the third sentence. 4. Give the number and case of "flag.' 1 5. Give the grammatical properties of " brave." 6-17. Write all the subject-nominatives of the stanza, and immedi- ately after each give its predicate-verb. EXERCISES. 1:5:5 Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 18. ' 'Sign"; 19. * 'high"; 20. ' ' When, " line 3 ; 21. ' 'gleaming"; 22. "on," line 4; 23. "-Ere"; M."yet"; 25."jG?ac^,"line7; 26. " 7b"; 27. "where"; 28. 'Mnd," ninth line; 29. "from"; 30. "when," eleventh line; 31. "like"; 32. "on," fourteenth line; 33. "Then"; 31 "beneath"; 35. "below"; ^."messenger" 37. In what mood are all the verbs ? 38. What tenses are represented ? 39. What is the syntax of the clause in the ninth line ? 40. Of what gender is " line"? 41. In what tense is " catch"? 42. What is meant by " Ae lovely messenger of death "? 43. Select an adjective clause. 44. Select all the participial adjectives of the Exercise. 45. Give the antecedent of " thy" fifteenth line. 46. What preposition has a compound object ? 47. What verb has a compound object ? 48. Define the perfect (or past) participle. 49. Define the past perfect tense. 50. Define conjugation. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing what as a double relative, in two cases nominative and objective. 2. Write a simple sentence with what as a predicate- nominative, and at the same time as the object of a preposition. 3. Accompany a simple sentence with what as an interjection. 4. With what as an anverb. 5. Write a simple sentence containing the adjective beautiful mod- ifying the subject. 6. Change the proposition thus formed into a complex sentence by expanding the adjective into an equivalent clause. 7. Express in a sentence the superlative degree of an adjective of irregular comparison. 8. Write in a sentence an adjective having no positive degree. 9. An adjective having no comparative. 134 EXERCISES. 10. An adjective having neither positive nor superlative. 11. One of the superlatives of out. 12. Write a sentence having a suitable infinitive following ought considered as a past tense. 13. Write a sentence in which there is an ellipsis of ivhich. 14. Write a sentence in which two negatives are correctly use,d to express an affirmative. 15. Write a sentence in which four rules for capitals shall be illus- trated. False Syntax. 1. This will not do by any manner of means. 2. Give it to the six successful students or either of them. 3. She displayed a mighty destitution of capacity. 4. I expect he must have arrived last night. 5. When did you come in town ? 6. Next week a Thursday is the Fourth of July. 7. Tell me in sadness whom is she you love ? SHAKESPEARE. 8. Whereunto the righteous fly and are safe. BARCLAY. 9. Their intermediate forms must be looked only for in the poets. OSCAR SCHMIDT. 10. lago. He's married. Cassio. To who? SHAKESPEARE. 11. The prisoner was not only accused of robbery but of treason. 12. Father and I dug potatoes from early morn till eve. 13. Those persons who but speak to display their wisdom are unworthy of attention. 14. He dare not touch a hair of Catiline. 15. I am the general who command you. EXEKCISES. 135 EXERCISE XLII1. 1. A story, in which native humor reigns, 2. Is often useful, always entertains ; 3. A graver fact, enlisted on your side, 4. May furnish illustrations well applied ; 5. But sedentary weavers of long tales 6. Give me the fidgets, and my patience fails. 7. 'Tis the most asinine employ on earth, 8. To hear them tell of parentage and birth, 9. And echo conversations, dull and dry, 10. Embellished with" He said," and So said L" 11. At every interview their route the same, 12. The repetition makes attention lame; 13. We bustle up with unsuccessful speed, 14. And in the saddest part cry " Droll indeed ! " 15. A great retailer of this curious ware, 16. Having unloaded and made many stare, 17. " Can this be true ? " an arch observer cries, 18. "Yes (rather moved), I saw it with these eyes." 19. " Sir ! I believe it on that ground alone ; " 20. I could not, had I seen it with my own." Cowper. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above Exercise f 2. Classify the first one. 3. Give the entire subject of ihe first principal clause. 4. Give its entire predicate. 5. Give the entire subject of the second principal clause. 6. Classify the second sentence. 136 EXERCISES. 7. Give its entire subject. 8. Give its entire predicate. Give the part of speech and the syntax of the following words : 9. "Employ"; 10. "Tohear"; 11. "echo"; 12. "Embellished"; 13. "route"; 14. "same"; 15. "lame"; 16. "indeed"; 17. "made"; 18. "stare"; 19. "rather"; 20. "?//.oved"; 21. "alone"; 22. "oitw." 23. Name all the substantive clauses in the Exercise, expressed or implied. 24. Is either "said" transitive ? 25. What does the prepositional phrase in line 11 modify? 26. What kind of adverb is "so"? 27. Classify the last sentence. 28. Select its subordinate proposition. 29-31. Mention each verb of this sentence, and give its simple sub- ject and its object, if it has one. 32. Give the rule for parsing "retailer." 33. Give its modifications, or properties. 34. Give its modifiers. 35. Give the mood and tense of the last verb in the last line. 36. Give the same of the first verb in the last line. 37. Give the part of speech and modifications of "Sir." 38. Parse " Yes" and give the rule or note. 39. Select a compound participle. 40. Select a plural objective pronoun and give its antecedent. 41. Give the modifiers of "conversations." 42. Select three adjectives each representing a different degree of comparison. 43. Give the synopsis of the last verb of the Exercise, preserving itii mood and using your own name as subject. 44. Select an adjective of the superlative degree and change it into- an adverb of the same degree. 45. What ellipsis may be supplied in the sixth line ? 46. Form a compound perfect passive participle from a noun selected from the Exercise. 47. What noun in the Exercise is shortened by poetic license ? 48. Define the future perfect tense. 49. Define a preposition. 50. Define ellipsis. EXERCISES. Synthesis. 1. Modify the subject of a simple sentence by wise. 2. Be- write the sentence expanding the adjective wise into an equivalent phrase. 3. Expand the phrase into an equivalent clause-modifier of the subject. 4. Write a sentence containing the adverb silently. 5. Expand this adverb into an equivalent phrase modifier of the predicate. 6. Write a sentence containing an infinitive of purpose. 7. Re-write the sentence expanding the infinitive into an equiva- lent clause. 8. Write two simple sentences about "Grammar.'" 9. Properly combine these into a compound sentence. 10. Write a sentence containing a verb in the subjunctive without an indicating word. 11. Construct a negative-interrogative sentence having the verb in the past-perfect potential, passive. 12. Write a simple sentence in which do shall be auxiliary to itself. 13. Illustrate in a simple sentence the use of had as auxiliary. 14. Of had as principle verb. 15. Write a sentence containing a participial predicate adjective. False Syntax. 1. The comparative degree can only be used with reference to two objects. GOULD BROWN, p. 164. 2. Tell if the conjunctions are co-ordinate, subordinate, or cor- relative. SWINTON'S GRAMMAR, 3. Wisdom or folly govern us. FISK'S GRAMMAR. 4. When a verb governs a relative pronoun, it is placed after it. CHAMBERS' GRAMMAR. 5. This mode of expression rather suits familiar than grave style. MURRAY'S GRAMMAR. 6. A letter is a character that denotes one or more of the element- ary sounds of language, and is the least distinct part of a written word. KERL'S C. S. GRAMMAR, p. a r >. 138 EXERCISES. 7. These rules should be kept in mind as aids either for speaking, composing, or parsing correctly. MORRELL'S GRAMMAR. 8. The Syntax and Etymology of the language is thus spread before the learner. BULLION'S GRAMMAR. 9. The passive Verb denotes Action received by the person or thing which is its Nominative. KIRKHAM'S GRAMMAR. 10. A noun or pronoun, used as the predicate of a proposition, is in the nominative case. HARVEY'S GRAMMAR. 11. I wish you would go back to the letter in which I told you of papa and me calling at Mr. Lemuel's. WM. BLACK. 12. It seemed that to waylay and murder the King and his brother was the shortest way. MACATJLAY. 13. Have you seen anything of our friends since they left? MAGAZINE. 14. Nor is it less pleased with its first successful endeavors to walk, or rather to run, which precedes walking. PALEY. 15. This kind of wit is that which abounds in Cowley, more than in any author that ever wrote. ADDISON. EXERCISES. 139 EXERCISE XLIY. 1. " What is your name, my good woman ? " asked he. 2. "Judith Gardenier." 3. " And your father's name ? " 4. " Ah ! poor man, Rip Van Winkle was his name, but it's 5. twenty years since he went away from home with his gun, 6. and never has been heard of since his dog came home 7. without him ; but whether he shot himself or was carried 8. away by the Indians, nobody can tell. I was then but a 9. little girl." 10. Rip had but one question more to ask ; but he put it 11. with a faltering voice : 12. " Where's your mother ? " 13. " Oh, she too had died but a short time since ; she broke 14. a blood-vessel in a fit of passion at a New England peddler." 15. There was a drop of comfort, at least, in this intelligence. 16. The honest man could contain himself no longer. He 17. caught his daughter and her child in his arms. "I am 18. your father," cried he "young Rip Van Winkle once old 1'J. Rip Van Winkle now ! Does nobody know poor Rip Van 20. Winkle?" Washington Irving. Analysis. 1. Classify the first sentence; 2. Give the principal proposition. 3. What is the syntax of the dependent clause ? 4. Give the subject-nominative of "is." 5. Classify " ivhat " and state whether it has an antecedent. 6. Give the rule for parsing " woman." 140 EXERCISES. 7. Write its possessive plural. * 8. What is the syntax of "Judith Gardenier"? 9. Supply the ellipsis iu the third line. 10. Classify the fourth sentence. 11. How many propositions has it ? 12. Select from this sentence an adverbial clause. 13. A substantive clause. 14. A verb in the present perfect tense. 15. Is its nominative expressed or understood ? 16. What independent words has this sentence ? 17. Distinguish the difference between "since" in the fifth and in the sixth line. 18. Change "I ivas then but a little girl" to its corresponding interrogative-negative form. 19. Give the part of speech and syntax of "but," line 8. 20. Give the part of speech and syntactical difference between the two buts in the ninth line. 21. Give the subject and the object of " can tell." 22. Give the part of speech and syntax of "more." 23. Give mood and tense of the verb in the same clause. 24. Classify the sentence comprising the thirteenth and fourteenth lines. 25-26. Write each verb of the sentence and give its subject and its object, if it has one. 27. Give the syntax of " time." 28. Of "since," line 13. 29. Of "too." 30. What does "in a fit of passion " modify ? 31. Classify " there" and give its syntactical use. 32. Classify "at least," and state what it modifies. 33. Select from the extract an adverb, comparative degree. 34. How many simple sentences in the extract ? 35. State the syntactical difference between "Kip Van Winkle," line 18, and the same, lines 19 and 20. 36. What is the syntax of " in his arms"? 37. What do "once" and "now" respectively modify ? 38. Compare " old," as applied to persons. 39. Select a verb in the potential mood and give its synopsis in that mood using your own name as subject. EXERCISES. 141 40 6 Give all the participles, active and passive, of "know." 41. Change the last sentence to its corresponding passive-declara- tive form. 42. What figure of orthography occurs in the twelfth line ? 43. Select a simple word and form its derivative. 44. Give the opposite gender of "daughter," and the possessive plural of "child." 45. Classify "w" and "y" in "away." 46. How many proper diphthongal sounds in the English language ? 47. Select from the Exercise words to exemplify these sounds. 48. Classify and give the syntax of "at least." 49. Define the future perfect tense. 50. Define the present participle. Synthesis. 1. Write a complex sentence having an interrogative clause. 2. Write a complex sentence having an imperative clause. 3. Write a complex sentence whose clauses shall be connected by a relative pronoun in the objective case. 4. By a relative pronoun in the possessive case. 5. Write a sentence containing a clause in apposition with an objective noun. 6. Write a sentence containing an objective clause illustrating direct quotation. 7. Containing an appositive clause illustrating the same. 8. Change the latter to the form of indirect quotation. 9. Write a sentence having an adverbial clause of place and of time. 10. Write a sentence, introducing the subordinate clause by whether. 11. Write a sentence, connecting the two clauses by the correlatives no sooner than. 12. Write a compound interrogative sentence with a dependent clause denoting time. 13. Write a complex sentence with a dependent clause denoting cause. 14. With a dependent clause denoting purpose. 15. Write a sentence having a concessive clause. 142 EXERCISES. False Syntax. 1. Scott's works were, many of them, published in short intervals. 2. The committee was divided in their judgment. 3. We may be assured there was more discoverers than him. 4. He proposed to either largely decrease the appropriation or to- do away wholly with it. 5. The merchants have on hand a large assortment of the latest styles, and are offered at the lowest prices. 6. Tell the gentleman, if he is in the hall, that I do not care to see him. 7. We must insist upon every man doing his duty. 8. I am very pleased to see you, Mr. Deronda 1 . GEO. EL.IOT. 9. My days are in the yellow leaf, The flower and fruit of life is gone. 10. I could heartily wish there was the same application and endeavors to cultivate and improve our church music as have been bestowed on that of the stage. ADDISON. 11. How jocund did they drive their team a-field. 12. Sailing up the river, the whole town may be seen. 13. There is an impenetrable veil between the visible and invisible world. 14. I was so tickled that I nearly died with laughter. 15. No one had exhibited the structure of the human kidneys ; Vesalius had only examined them in dogs. 1 Query as to whether the sentence is good English. The expression is fre- quently used by good writers. EXERCISES. 143 EIEECISE XLY. 1. Rom. It is my love that calls upon my name ! 2. How silver-sweet sound lovers' tongues by night, 3. Like softest music to attending ears ! 4. Jul. Romeo! 5. Rom. My sweet! 6. Jul. At what o'clock to-morrow 7. Shall I send to thee ? 8. Rom. At the hour of nine. 9. Jul. I will not fail ; 'tis twenty years till then. 10. I have forgot why I did call thee back. 11. Rom. Let me stand here till thou remember it. 12. Jul. I shall forget, to have thee still stand there, 13. Rememb'ring how I love thy company. 14. Rom. And I'll still stay, to have thee still forget, 15. Forgetting any other home but this. 16. Jul. 'Tis almost morning ; I would have thee gone 17. And yet no further than a wanton's bird ; 18. Who lets it hop a little from her hand, 19. And with a silk thread plucks it back again, 20. So loving-jealous of its liberty. 21. Rom. I would I were thy bird. 22. Jul. Sweet, so would I ! 23. Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. 24. Good night, good night ! Parting is such sweet sorrow 25. That I shall say Good night, 'till it be morrow. Shakespeare. 144 EXERCISES. Analysis. 1. Classify the first sentence. 2. Name the first compound sentence. 3. Name the first adjective clause. 4. Name the first substantive clause. 5. Name the first adverbial clause. 6. What is the entire subject of the sentence beginning with "/ shall forget"? 1. Give its entire predicate. 8. Should line 13 be classed as a phrase or as a clause ? 9. Classify the sentence beginning with ' Tis almost morning. " 10. Mention the co-ordinate clauses of this sentence. 11. What is the syntax of the clause "who lets it hop," &c.? 12. Classify the last sentence of the Exercise. 13. What is its entire predicate ? 14-15. Give the syntax of each subordinate proposition. 16. Select an imperative sentence. 17. Select an exclamatory proposition. 18. Give the mood of "remember." Classify and give the syntax of the following elements . IS. "Silver-sweet"; ^Q." by night"; 2l."Like"; 22. "to attending ears"; 23. "At," line 6; 24. "what"; 25. "o'clock"; 26. "At the hour of nine"; 27. "then"; 28. "why"; 29. "to have," line 12; 30. "stand," line 12; 31. "Forgetting"; 32"Ao^'"; 33. "but"; 34. "gone"; 35. "further"; 36. "bird," line 17; 37. "hop"; 38. "little"; 39. "loving-jealous. " 40. Give the syntactical difference between "till," in the ninth line, and in the eleventh. 41. Of "forget" in the twelfth and in the fourteenth line. 42. Give the syntax of "to have," line 14. 43. Classify "sweet," line 5, and give the rule for parsing it. 44. Classify "would" in full, line 21. 45. Give its object, if transitive. 46. Give its mood and tense. 47. Give the mood and tense of " were." EXERCISES. 145 48. Parse "night," line 24. 49. What is the syntactical use of the expression, ~" Good night" last line ? 50. Give the mood and tense of the last verb of the Exercise. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing an infinitive following so as. 2. An infinitive following than. 3. An infinitive following such. 4. An infinitive as the object of a participle. 5. Write a sentence containing a compound passive participle. 6. A present participle, transitive, with a phrase-adjunct. 7. A compound passive participle as adjunct of a nominative- absolute. 8. Write a sentence containing a complex preposition. 9. Write a sentence containing an English idiom. 10. Write a sentence containing a direct and an indirect object. 11. Write three simple sentences about trees. 12. Correctly combine them into a compound sentence. 13. Write a complex sentence with the subordinate clause intro- duced by when. 14. Contract this sentence to a simple one by converting the dependent clause into a nominative absolute ivith a participle. 15. Write a simple interrogative sentence containing all the parts of speech. False Syntax. 1. The hunter came into the room accompanied by his gun. 2. My uncle gave me not only the boat, but also taught me to row it. 3. They brought in the bouquets to the ladies in the evening in a large basket. 4. The first project was to shorten discourse by cutting polysylla- bles into one. SWIFT. 5. Such fruit is seldom or ever seen in this climate. 6. Who first discovered Martha's Vineyard ? Gosnold, during 1602. 146 EXERCISES. 7. Seated on an upright tombstone, close to him, was a strange unearthly figure, whom Gabriel felt at once, was no being of thin world. DICKENS. 8. We all went to the sea-shore for a little fresh air, from the city. 9. Nor want nor cold his course delay. DRYDEX. 10. Who would not have let them appeared ? STEELE. 11. Were you not affrighted, and mistook your own shadow for the robber ? 12. Thy beauty shines in Autumn unconfined, And spreads a common feast for all that lives. THOMSON. 13. The sun looketh forth from the halls of the morning, And flushes the clouds that begirt his career, w. G. CLARK. 14. I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. SHAKESPEARE. 15. A vision came before him as constant and more terrible than that from which he had escaped. DICKENS. EXERCISE- ILYI. 1. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed* 2. and some few to be chewed and digested : that is, some 3. books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but 4. not curiously ; and some few to be read wholly, and with 5. diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by 6. deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that 7. would be only in the less important arguments, and the 8. meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like com- 9. mon distilled waters, flashy things. Keading maketli a 10. full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact 11. man; and, therefore, if a man write little, he had need of 12. a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a 13. present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much 14. cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories "15. make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; 16. natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave ; logic and rhetoric. 17. able to contend. Bacon. EXERCISES. 147 Analysis. 1. State the number of sentences in {he extract. 2. Classify each sentence. 3. How many clauses has the first sentence ? 4. Has this sentence a dependent clause ? 5. Give the syntax of "to be swallowed." 6. Of "to be cheived." 7. Of " to be read." 8. Classify and give the syntax of * ' that is. " 9. Select a compound phrase from the first sentence. 10. Represent the phonetic spelling of "philosophy." Classify and give the syntax of the following elements : 11. " Others," line 1; 12. "few," line 2; 13. "only," line 3 ; 14. "but," line 3; 15. first "and," line 4; 16. "extracts"; 17. "else"; 18. "things"; 19. "writing"; 20. " cmd," line 11 ; 21. "therefore "; 22. "*/," line 11 ; 23. " little," line 11 ; 24. "to seem "; 25. " to know "; 26. "that"; 27. " not," line U ; 28. "poets"; 29. ' ' my "; 30. ' to contend. " 31. Name and classify the second predicate-verb, line 11. 32. Give its mood and tense. 33. Name the predicate-verb in "he had need have much cunning. " 34. Give its mood and tense. 35. Classify and give syntax of "have " in same sentence. 36. Why is " o " not expressed before "have"? 37. What part of speech immediately precedes "have"? 38. Name all the adverbial clauses of the extract. 39. Name a substantive clause. 40. What words might be used instead of "had," line 11 ? 41. Name all the verbs in the subjunctive mood. 42. Name those in the potential mood. 43. Mention a case of "false syntax," if there is one, in the Exercise, and correct the error. 44. Give the rule for doubling the "I" in "distilled. 45. Why is " writing " not spelled writeing ? 46. Select a noun having the same form for either number. 148 EXERCISES. 47. Mention four words in the extract each having a silent con- sonant. 48. Change "histories make men wise" to the other tense forms, passive, of the same mood . 49. Define pleonasm. 50. Define enallage. Synthesis. 1. Write a simple sentence containing three prepositions. 2. Write a complex sentence with an adjective clause connected by a conjunctive adverb. 3. Write a compound sentence containing an interrogative and an imperative clause. 4. Containing a declarative and an interrogative clause. 5. Write a sentence that shall illustrate the figure enallage. 6. Compose two simple sentences and one complex sentence about 7. Combine these into a compound sentence. 8. Write a sentence containing an adverb of manner. 9. He-write the sentence expanding the adverb into a manner phrase. 10. Write a sentence in which "and" shall connect a word and a phrase. 11. Write a complex sentence having a relative pronoun whose antecedent is a possessive pronoun. 12. Write a complex sentence properly using the words, should and would. 13. A present participle as a predicate adjective. 14. A perfect participle as a predicate adjective. 15. Write a sentence containing a word illustrating the l*ule for doubling the final consonant. False Syntax. 1. I think if I am not mistaken that you are wrong. 2. It is not fit for such as us To sit with rulers of the land. SCOTT. 3. It was remarked by Noah Webster that he had never ventured to coin but one word. HAVEN'S RHETORIC. EXERCISES. 149 4. A large stock of these short words are understood by nearly all who speak the English language, and are first learned by children. ID. 5. Both minister and magistrate is compelled to choose between his duty and his reputation. JUNIUS. 6. The richness of her arms and apparel were conspicuous in the foremost ranks. GIBBON. 7. These (the commas) are inserted by the compositors without the slightest compunction. DEAN ALFORD. 8. In all abstract cases where we merely speak of numbers the verb is better singular. Ii>. 9. The farmer after having fallen the tree, found it had fell upon a setting hen that had lain her eggs under its branches. 10. Channing's mind was planted as thick with thoughts as a back wood of his own magnificent land. 11. We have now a new school house in the town large enough to hold four hundred pupils, three stories high. 12. He then addressed the crowds who were returning from the riot. 13. Where all must fall or not coherent be, And all that rises, rise in due degree. POPE. 14. She began to extol the farmer's, as she called him, excellent understanding. 15. At the crossing, my foot slipped, and I pretty near fell down. 150 EXERCISES. EXEECISE_ XLYII. 1. Besides, naturally speaking, a man bids fairer for great- 2. ness of soul who is the descendant of worthy ancestors 3. and has good blood in his veins, than one who is come of an 4. ignoble and obscure parentage. For these reasons, I think 5. a man of merit who is derived from an illustrious line is 6. very justly to be regarded more than a man of equal 7. merit who has no claim to hereditary honors. * * * * 8. My Lord Froth has been so educated in punctilio that 9. he governs himself by a certain ceremonial in all the ordi- 10. nary occurrences of life. He measures out his bow to the 11. degree of the person he converses with. I have seen him 12. in every inclination of the body, from a familiar nod to 13. the low stoop in the salutation sign. I remember five of 14. us who were acquainted with one another, met together 15. one morning at his lodgings, when a wag in the company 16. was saying it would be worth while to observe how he 17. would distinguish us at his first entrance. Accordingly, 8. he had no sooner come into the room, but casting his eye 19. about, "My Lord Such-a-one," says he, "your most hum- 20. ble servant. Sir Richard, your humble servant. Your 21. servant, Mr. Ironside. Mr. Ducker, how do you do? 22. Hah ! Frank, are you there ? " Addison. Analysis. 1. How many sentences in the above selection ? 2. Classify the first sentence. 3. Give its entire subject. 4. Give its entire predicate. 5. Select from this sentence the adverbial clause, and state what it modifies. EXERCISES. 151 6. What correlative words occur in the first sentence ? 7. Give the part of speech and syntactical office of "besides " f 8. Of "speaking." 9. Of "fairer." 10. Of ' ' one, " line 3. 11. Is " is come " in the passive voice ? 12. Give all the modifiers of "man," line 1. 13. Classify the second sentence. 14. Mention its principal clause. 15. Give the simple subject and predicate of each dependent clause. 16. Has "for these reasons " a conjunctive force ? 17. "What word might be appropriately substituted for this phrase ? 18. What correlative connectives occur in the second sentence ? 19. Give the part of speech of each of them. 20. What is the object of " think "? 21. Classify the third sentence. 22 Name its correlative words. 28. 3f what part of speech are these correlatives ? 24. Give the subject-nominative of the principal clause. 25. Give the mood, tense, and form of its predicate-verb. 26. Classify the fourth sentence. 27. Give its dependent clause and state whether this clause is adjective or adverbial in office. 28. Give the connective and state its full syntactical office. 29. What is the syntax of "from a familiar nod"? 30. Classify the sentence beginning with "I remember." 31. Of how many subordinate clauses does it consist? 32-36. Give the simple subject and predicate of each. 37. Give the part of speech and syntax of ' ' worth. " 38. Of" while." 39. Of "to observe." 40. Oi"ivhen." 41. Classify the sentence beginning with " accordingly." 42. Give the part of speech and syntax of "accordingly. " 43. Of "but." 44, Of "casting." 45. Of "Such-a-one" 46. Of "servant," line 20. 47. Mention the correlative words of this sentence and give their part of speech. 48. Correct this sentence, if faulty in any respect. 49. Which "do" is auxiliary f 50. Define punctuation. 152 EXERCISES. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence in which the entire predicate shall comprise all the words expressed in the sentence. 2. Write a sentence containing three nouns denoting joint pos- session. 3. Denoting separate possession. 4. Write a sentence containing all the cases, including the nomina- tive independent and the nominative absolute. 5. An adjective belonging to a subject-phrase. 6. An adjective belonging to a subject-clause. 7. Write a sentence containing a participle used as a pure adverb. 8. An adjective comparing two nouns as to some quality possessed by both. 9. An adjective relating to an adjective and a noun as one com- pound term. 10. Write a sentence containing a verb in the imperative mood, first person plural. (Need not be original. ) 11. Write a sentence illustrating poetic license. 12. Illustrating a figure of Orthography. 13. A figure of Syntax. 14. A figure of Rhetoric. 15. Write a sentence containing an illative clause modified by a conditional clause. False Syntax. 1. A's income is equal to half of B's, which is a thousand dollars. 2. A servant will obey a master's orders whom he loves. 3. This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, is, or shall be published. 4. Literary and scientific men hastened to the court of Charle- magne, anxious to secure the favor of the greatest monarch of his age. 5. We rested beneath the umbrageous sha<2 sentence. Give the syntax of its first clause. How many clauses has this sentence ? 26. Classify and give the syntax of "what," line 8. 27. Of "still." 28. Of "entered." 29. Of " and," line 10. 30. Of "what," line 11. 31. Of "Hachesonian" 32. Of "wftV'line U- 33. Of "Belles-letters." 34. Of "divinity." 35. Of "saw." 36. Oi " on all hands." 37. Classify the fourth sentence. 38. Give the subject and the object of '* began. " 39. Classify the last sentence. 40. How many propositions are contained in this sentence ? 41. Classify and give the syntax of * young as he was." 42. Give the part of speech and the syntax of "young" 43. Of "as." 44. Of "afterwards." 45. Give the syntax of the clause "that he commenced compo- sition. " 46. What is the syntax of the last clause of the Exercise ? 47. What is the part of speech and the syntax of "wherein " ? 48. Select from the Exercise a noun modified by a participle, and by a p&rticipial adjective. 49. Classify and give the syntax of "speculating." 50. What parts of speech neither modify, nor are modified f 156 EXERCISES. Synthesis. 1. Write a sentence containing the sign to of the infinitive, omitted after the present participle. 2. A sentence having an infinitive used as a modifier of a participle, 3. Write sentences illustrating far, as an adjective, as an adverb,. and as a noun. 4. Illustrate the same with like. 5. Write a sentence containing an infinitive, - a participle, and a noun made proper by personification. 6. A clause expressive of purpose (or end), modified by an adverb- ial clause of place. 7. Write a sentence containing a direct quotation. 8. An indirect quotation. 9. Write a sentence containing the expletive there. 10. Write a sentence having a compound progressive participle. 11. An interrogative clause in the nominative case. 12. An interrogative clause in apposition. 13. Write a sentence containing a relative pronoun of four syllables. 14. Write a complex sentence of two clauses connected by or else. 15. Write a sentence containing an adversative clause. False Syntax. 1 . They returned back again to the city from whence they came forth. 2. Had they intended to have returned, they would have been here before now. 3. The language with which Bask was dealing was one of all others wherein the difference in question required to be accurately drawn. DR. LATHAM. 4. Did you observe the moon's appearance last night to be any different than usual ? NEWSPAPER. 5. "I am far from a very inquisitive man by temperament," said Kenelm. BULWER. 6. I do not remember that I ever spoke three sentences together in my life. SPECTATOR. 7. At this point the party met with quite an unexpected accident, A NOVEL. EXERCISES. 157 8. " ' Got any luck ? ' says I. ' No, ' says lie. * Well, ' says I, * I've got the finest string of trouts ever was seen. ' " Cited in GILMORE'S u ART OF EXPRESSION." 9. I am so much surprised by this statement that I am desirous of resigning, that I scarcely know what reply to make. Cited in ABBOTT'S " How TO WRITE CLEARLY." 10. But that did him no more good than his afterward trying to pacify the Barons with lies. DICKENS. 11. Since he, miscalled the morning star, Nor man nor fiend hath fallen so far. BYRON. 12. The evidences of sin and vice are seen all about me. A FASTIDIOUS YOUNG LADY. 13. I shall supply you with money now, and I will furnish you with a reasonable sum from time to time, on your application to me by letter. GEO. ELIOT, Middlernarch. 14. We are at peace with all the world, and seek to maintain our cherished relations of amity with the rest of mankind. PRESIDENT TAYLOR. 15. He loved the boy so clearly, and alas ! he loved him not. SEAVOKTH. 158 EXERCISES. EXERCISE XLIX. 1. (a). Hampden, with his head drooping, and his hands 2. leaning on his horse's neck, moved feebly out of the 3. battle. The mansion which had been inhabited by his 4. (b). father-in-law and from which in his youth he had car- 5. ried home his bride, Elizabeth, was in sight. There 6. (c). still remains an affecting tradition, that he looked for a 7. moment toward that beloved house, and made an effort 8. to go thither to die. 9. (d). The news of Hampden's death produced as great a 10. consternation in his party, according to Clarendon, as 11. if their whole army had been cut off. The journals of 12. (e). the time amply prove that the Parliament and all its 13. friends were filled with grief and dismay. Lord Nugent 14. (f). has quoted a remarkable passage from the next Weekly 15. Intelligencer. "The loss of Colonel Hampden goeth 16. near the heart of every man that loves the good of his 17. (g). king and his country; and makes some conceive little 18. content to be at the army now that he has gone. The 19. (h). memory of this deceased colonel is such that in no age 20. to come but it will more and more be had in honor and 21. esteem ; a man so religious, and of that prudence, judg- 22. men, temper, valor, and integrity, that he hath left 23. few his like behind him." Macaulay. Analysis. 1. How many simple sentences in the above selection ? 2. How many complex sentences ? 3. Give the entire subject of sentence (a). 4. Give the entire subject of sentence (6). 5. Select a noun antecedent to two relative pronouns, n. Classify sentence (c). 7. Give its princ ipal clause. EXERCISES. 15f> 8. What is the syntactical difference between the two " thats" ? 9. Give the modifiers of "tradition." 10. What is the syntax of "to die " 11. Classify sentence (d). 12. Give itfl entire predicate. 13. Give the syntactical office of its dependent clause. 14. Parse the connective. 15. Give the syntax of "according to Clarendon." 16. Give the gender of "army." 17. Classify sentence (e). 18. Give the points in which its two verbs correspond. 19. Give the synopsis of the verb in line 13. 20. Classify sentence (/). 21. Classify sentence (g). 22-23. Give the syntax of its two dependent clauses. 24. Mention the connective of the last one. 25. Classify sentence (h) 26. Give its entire predicate. 27. Give the syntax of the clause immediately following " but. " 28. Is the last clause adjective or adverbial in office, and on what does it depend ? 29. Name the last preposition of sentence (a) and state what it connects. 30. Give the part of speech and the syntax of " leaning. " 31. Oi"home." 32. Of "Elizabeth." 33. Of" thither" 34. Give the third preposition in sentence (d) and state what it connects. 35. What is the syntax of "their whole army had been out off," and by what and to what is this clause connected ? 36. Classify and give the syntax of "conceive" 37. Of now." 38. Of "such" 39. Of "but" 40. Of "man." 41. Parse the adverb in line 20. 42. What correlative words occur in the last sentence ? 43. Give the possessive plural of the feminine of "father-in-law." 44. What comparative clause might be supplied in sentence (d) ? 45. How do * 'party and * 'Parliament' ' differ with respect to gender ? 46. Classify " like" and give its syntax. 47. What does "and" connect, line 21? 48. Give the syntax of "in no age to come." 49. Correct any portion of the Exercise that may not be conforma- ble with present usage. 50. Define Personification. 160 EXERCISES. Synthesis. 1. Write a complex sentence containing five clauses. 2. Write a sentence having four independent clauses, one inter- rogative. 3. Having a noun-clause in the objective case. 4. Write a sentence containing an alternative clause. 5. A copulative clause with the connective understood. 6. An adversative clause connected by some conjunction other than but. 7. An illative or inferential clause. 8. Write a sentence containing a nominative absolute before a participle. 9. A nominative absolute after a participle. 10. Expand the absolute phrase of question 8 into a clause. 11. Write a simple sentence containing an adjective and an adverb, each in the superlative degree. 12. Write a complex sentence having six prepositions, two of them being understood. 13. Write a complex sentence containing a simple, a complex, and a compound phrase. 14. Containing which as an adjective. 15. Containing a prepositional, a participial, and an independent phrase. False Syntax. 1. The genii who was expected to be present was deaf to every call. 2. I like Hawthorne better than Irving's style. 3. He then got into the carriage to sit with the man whom he had been told was Morgan. 4. I had studied grammar previous to his instructing me, but to 110 purpose. 5. Did you never bear false witness against thy neighbor? DRAPER. 6. Neither of these two definitions do rightly adjust the genuine signification of this tense. JOHNSON'S GRAMMAR. 7. One can scarce help smiling at the blindness of a certain critic. KAMES. EXERCISES. 161 I They were within three miles from Kiiiston. x. Y. HERALD. 8. -, These papers I have not incorporated in the present volume. (^ SWINTON, Rambles amojiy Wonla. 9. It is the business of an epic poet to copy after nature. BLAIK. 10. Man feels his weakness, and to numbers run Himself to strengthen, or himself to shun. CHABHK. 11. My robe and my integrity to heaven Is all I dare now call my own. SHAKSPEKE. 12. Early to bed, and early to rise, Makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. FRANKLIN. 13. With a freedom more like a milk-maid of the town than she of the plains, she accosted him. SCOTT, as quoted in Hill's Rhetoric. 14. The returns, official and otherwise, foot up as follows. THACKERAY: ID. 15. We have the power of ascertaining, altering, and compounding those images which we have received, into all the varieties of picture and vision. WEBSTER. EXERCISES. EXEECISE L. I. 1. And therefore, first of all, i tell you earnestly and author- 2. itatively (I know I am right in this), you must get into the 3. habit of looking intensely at words, and assuring yourself 4. of their meaning, syllable by syllable, nay, letter by letter. - # * * jf y OU reac | t en p a g e s of a good book, letter by G. letter, that is to say, with real accuracy, you are for 7. evermore in some measure an educated person. * * * 8. A well educated gentleman may not know many languages 9. may have read very few books. But whatever language 10. he knows, he knows precisely; whatever word he pro- 11. nounces, he pronounces rightly; above all he is learned in 12. the peerage of words ; knows the words of true descent and 13. ancient blood, at a g]ance, from words of modern canaille ; 14. remembers all their ancestry, their intermarriages, distant 15. relationship, and offices they held at any time and in any 16. country. Ruskin in Sesame and Lilies. II. 1. "It's only our sister, Joseph," said Amelia laughing, 2. and shaking the two fingers which he held out. "I've 3. come home for good, you know ; and this is my friend, 4. Miss Sharp, whom you have heard me mention." "No, 5. never, upon my word," said the head under the neck-cloth, 6. - shaking very much, " that is, yes, what abominably 7 cold weather, Miss ; " and herewith he fell to poking the 8. fire with all his might, although it was in the middle of 9. June. Thackeray in Vanity Fair. EXERCISES. 163 Analysis. FIRST EXTRACT. 1. Classify the first sentence. 2. How many propositions has it ? 3. Give the predicate-verb of each of its principal propositions. 4. Give the simple subject and predicate of each subordinate clause. 5. What is the object of the verb " tell"? 6. What is the syntax of "I am right in this"? 7. Give the modifiers of "habit." 8. Of "assuring." 9. Give the syntax oi first "syllable," line 4. 10. Give the part of speech and the syntax of " nay. " 11. What is the syntactical office of " letter by letter"? 12. Classify the second sentence. 13. How many clauses has it ? 14. Which clause is principal ? 15. What modifiers has "read"? 16. Give its mood and tense. 17." Give the syntactical office of " that is to say"? 18. Is this clause dependent, or independent ? 19. Classify and give the syntax of "to say." 20. Is the subject of "may have read" expressed, or understood : t 21. Classify the a,s sentence. 22. How many propositions has it ? 23. How many subordinate propositions has it ? 24. Classify these propositions (if you find more than one) as to whether they are adjective or adverbial in office. 25. Give the object of each verb in line 10. 26. How are the first two clauses of the last sentence connected ? 27. Classify and give the syntax of "tvhatever." 28. Of "above all." 29. Give the object of "held," if it has one. 30. What is the syntax of the first "he knows"? 31. Select a simple, a complex, and a compound phrase, from the last sentence and state what each modifies. 32. Give the part of speech and the syntax of "evermore." 33. Represent the spelling of "language " by its elementary sounds. 164 EXERCISES. SECOND EXTRACT. 34. Classify the first sentence. 35. Give the entire subject of this sentence. 36. Give the syntax of its subordinate clauses. 37. Classify the second sentence. 38. Give the syntax of each of its modify in