tens fcsJ REESE LIBRARY fHE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. Deceived ... && ..... ^ Q 3 . . ^Accessions SYLLABUS ON THE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY BY DR. ALFRED GUDEMAN JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY Genera gustamus non bibliothecas excutimus. QuiNTlLlAN THt EBSITt BOSTON, U. S. A. PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY 1892 PRESS OF THE FRIEDENWALD CO. BALTIMORE. PREFATORY NOTE. This Syllabus was originally prepared for a course of lectures on the history of classical philology, given at the Johns Hopkins University; it is now published with the hope that, in the absence of a compendious manual such as I have in preparation, it may prove helpful to a wider circle of classical students. JUNE i, 1892. A. G. CONTENTS. PAGE A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. I. $iAo/loyof, "Ypafifj-ariKO^, KptTiKog, ....... I II. PHILOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES, . 4 III. METHODS OF TREATMENT 4 B. HISTORY OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. I. GREEK PERIOD, 5 1. Pre-Alexandrian, 7 2. Alexandrian, ......... 7 3. The Stoics, 17 4. School of Pergamum, 17 II. GRAECO-ROMAN PERIOD, 18 1. Post-Alexandrian, ........ 18 List of extant Scholia, ....... 20 Critical Signs, ......... 21 2. Roman Period, 22 III. MIDDLE AGES, 27 1. Byzantian Period, ........ 27 2. Middle Ages in W. Europe, 30 List of Oldest MSS, 30 IV. REVIVAL OF LEARNING IN ITALY, 31 1. Greek Immigrants, 31 2. Italian Humanists, ........ 32 List of Editiones Principes, 35 V. FRANCE, 36 VI. THE NETHERLANDS, ........ 38 1. First Period, 38 2. Second Period, 38 3. Third Period, 40 4. Fourth Period, ......... 41 VII. ENGLAND, 42 VIII. GERMANY, 43 (A). Ante-Wolffian Period, 43 (B). The New School, 45 1. Grammatico-critical School, . ... 46 2. Historico-antiquarian School, . . . . .48 SYLLABUS ON THE HISTORY OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY. A. General Introduction. I. a. $d6Xofoz its original meaning and semasiological develop- ment. First met with in Plato (e. g. Theaet., p. 146 a ; Laches, p. 188 ; Rep., p. 582 ; Leges, p. 641 e). Opp. to juio-o'Xoyop, Equivalent to TroXi'Xoyos 1 , (pihoa o(pos. /^. I, p. 309 : dcopos ('Aj/ToSwpoy?) 6 Ku/Liato? (unknown) rrp&Tos TOV KpiTtKOv yqcraro rovvo^a Kal ypajU/zariKo? Trpoo-rjyopfvdr). "Eviot de TOV Kvpr)valov (j)ao~lv eVeiS/) ee8a)Kv OVTOS /3i/3Xia dvo ypa\lsas a>vofj.do~6r] 8e ypap.p.aTiK.ds, ws vvv (3^. Cent.) irpwTOS HpagL(f)di>r)s (c. 300 B. C.). Tpap.fj.aTiK.ii aCC. tO DlOHysiuS T hrax : E/zTrctpia &)$ eVi TO TrXeto'roi' rear Trapa troi^ToLs re KOI avyypa- (peCo-i Xeyo/ieVcoz>. .SY^F subdivisions : 1. 'Ayayi/Gxris 1 eVrpt/3)y Kara TT poo ad lav 2. 'E^nyno-ty Kara TTOITJTIKOVS TOOTTOVS 3. rXaxro-wi/ KOI ia-TopiG>v Trpo^eipo? tiTroSoo-i? r ' X ' 5 AvaXoyias f 6. Kptcrt? noir]p.dTCi)v 6 $17 KaXXiorrd^ ua/cpa, TTCLVTtoV CV TTj | ) = r. Sext. Emp. adv. Gramm. I 4 (according to Apollonios Dys- colos ?) rpap-fnaTiKT)'. I. TCXVIKOV', 2. tcrropiKov; 3. t Stair e- pov. d. e^rjyrjTLKov ] u. KpiTKov } C. diop6o)TLKov. Roman Period: Sueton. de gram m., p. 103 Rf. : "Appellatio grammaticorum Graeca consuetudine invaluit sed initio litte- rati vocabantur. Cornelius quoque Nepos libello quo dis- tinguit litteratum ab erudito, litteratos vulgo quidem appellari ait eos qui diligenter aliquid et acute scienterque possint aut dicere aut scribere, ceterum proprie sic appellandos poetarum interpretes qui a Graecis grammatici nominentur." Cic. de orat. 142, 187: grammatica = poetarum pertractio, histori- arum cognitio, verborum interpretatio, pronuntiandi quidem sonus ; cp. also Orat. I 22; de div. In; Quint. I 4, II i, 4 (grammatica litteratura), and Sen. Ep. 88. c. Among the Greeks: First found in Ps. Plat. Axioch. 366 E: OTroTav de fls TTJV fTTTafTiav atpiKrjTai TTO\\OVS TTOVOVS diavTXrjcrav, Traida- ycoyol KOL ypap-pariaTOL KCU TraiSorptjSai Tvpavvovvres. av^ofjievov Se KpiriKOt, *yecoperpat, ra/criicot, TTO\V Tr\rjBos decmoTcov. KptrtKoy as a synonym of y pap.fj.ariK.os. Tpa/ujLiariK?; sometimes made subordinate to /cpirt^. Cf. Schol. ad Dionys. Thr.> p. 673, 19 ' emy&ypenrrcu yap TO napov o"uyypap.p,a Kara p.ev rwas Trepi ypap- fJLariKrjS) Kara de erepovs rrepl KpiTiKrjs re^rjs. KpiriKT) $e Xeyerai rj rex vr l eK TOV KaXXiVrou p.epovs. Bekker, Anecd. Gr., p. 1140; r6 irpo- Tfpov KpiTiKrj rXcycro (sc. r) ypafJLp.aTLK.Tj) /cat ot raur^v ftmovTfS Kpin/coi. DlO ChryS. 53 * ^ V-dvov Aptcrrap^oy Kal Kpar^r K.al erepoi 7T\fiovg TWV vo~Tepov ypafjLfjiaTiK&v KXrjOevTtov, irpoTepov de KpiTiKwv. Sext. Emp. adv. Gramm. y 248 I TavpiffKos yovv 6 Kpar^ros 1 aKovo~Tr]s &o-nfp ol aXXot KpiTiKoiy vTrordo-a-uv Tij KpiriKij Tfjv ypap.fj.aTiKrji', etc. Among the Romans: Cic. ad fam. IX 10, i (quoted by Suet., p. in): profert alter, opinor, duobus versiculis expensum Niciae ; alter Aristarchus hos o/SeXt^Vt. Ego tamquam criticus antiquus iudicaturus sum, utrum sint roO Trot^roO an 7rapf/i/3e/3- Xq/xeVoi. Hor. Ep. II i, 51 : ut critici dicunt. Apparently not found elsewhere in Latin, grammaticus being the word commonly used. For the distinction between the various termini, the locus classicus is found in Senec. Ep. 108, 29 : Cum Ciceronis librum de republica prendit hinc philologus aliquis, hinc grammaticus, hinc philosophiae deditus alius alio curam suam mittit. Philosophus admiratur contra iusti- tiam dici tarn multa potuisse. Cum ad hane eandem lectio- nem philologus accessit, hoc subnotat : duos Romanos reges esse, quorum alter patrem non habet, alter patrem : nam de Servii matre dubitatur. Anci pater nullus, Numae nepos dicitur. Praeterea notat eum, quern nos dictator em dicimus et in historiis ita nominari legimus, apud antiques magistrum populi vocatum. Hodieque id exstat in auguralibus libris et testimonium est quod qui ab illo nominetur, magister equitum est. Aeque notat Romulum perisse solis defectione, provo- cationem ad populum etiam a regibus fuisse ; id ita in ponti- ficalibus libris et alii putant et Fenestella. Eosdem libros cum grammaticus explicuit primum verba expressa, reapse dici a Cicerone id est re ipsa, in commentarium refert nee minus sepse id est se ipse, deinde transit ad ea quae consuetu- do saeculi mutavit tamquam ait Cicero . . ' ab ipsa calce . . revo- cati' hanc quam nunc in circo cretam vocamus, calcem antiqui dicebant. Deinde Ennianos colligit versus et in primis illos de Africano scriptos . . . Felicem deinde se putat quod invenerit unde visum sit Vergilio dicere, 'quern super ingens porta tonat caeli' Ennium, hoc ait, Homero subripuisse, Ennio Vergilium, esse enim apud Ciceronem in his ipsis de republica libris hoc epigramma Enni. Modern literature on this subject : /. Classen, De grammaticae Graecae primordiis; Bonn, 1829. Lobeck, Phrynichus, p. 392 ff. K. Lehrs, De vocabulis ^AdAoyof, ypa/nuariKog, uptrends (Appendix to Herodiani Scripta Tria, Berlin, 1857). Grdfenhan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, I 336 ff.; Ill 4 ff. Steinthal, Gesch. d. Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griech. u. Rom. II 2 , p. 14 ff. Susemihl^ Gesch. der Alexand. Literal. I, p. 327 (see below). II. PHILOLOGY IN MODERN TIMES : Its various definitions, subdivisions and its scope. In a narrower sense Grammar, Lexicology, Textual Crit- icism, Hermeneutics, aesthetic or literary criticism (' Higher Criticism'). In a wider sense, it includes the study of ancient life in all its various, political, social and intellectual phases, as handed down to us in the literary, epigraphic and monumental docu- ments of Greece and Rome. Fr. Ast, Grundriss der Phil. 1808. A. Bockh, Encyclopaedic und Me- thodologie, etc., ed. by Klussmann ; Leipzig, 1886. Fr. Ritschl, Opusc. V i ff . Fr. Haase, Ersch u. Gruber, III, sec. 23, pp. 374-422. H. Reich- ardf, Die Gliederung der Philologie; Tubingen, 1846. E. Hubner, Ency- clop., p. 3 ff. III. METHODS OF TREATMENT. 1. The SYNCHRONISTIC or ANNALISTIC METHOD. a. History of a single period. E. g. the Alexandrian, the Renaissance. b. Philological history of a single author. E. g. Homeric criticism ; Aristotle, history of his works (Shute). c. History of an individual scholar and his influence (Biog- raphy and Bibliography). E. g. Monk, Life of Bentley ; O. Ribbeck, Ritschl, 'Ein Beitrag zur Gesch. der class. Philologie'; D. Ruhnken, Elogium Hemsterhusii ; Wyt- tenbach, Elogium Ruhnkenii ; M. Pattison, Casaubon. 2. The EIDOGRAPHIC METHOD. a. e. g. The science of Greek Grammar (Bernhardy, Steinthal). b. e. g. The history of Hermeneutics and Textual Criticism (Blass), Epigraphy (G. Hinrichs, E. Hiibner, Th. Momm- sen). 3. The ETHNOGRAPHIC or GEOGRAPHIC METHOD. a. History of a particular school, e. g. at Alexandria or in Pergamum (Parthey, Wegener). b. Philological history of a single nation, e. g. the Germans (Bursian), the Dutch (L. Muller). B. History of Classical Philology. General bibliography: /. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Graeca, ed. Harles ; 12 voll., 1809. Id., Bibliotheca Latina, ed. Ernesti; 2 voll., 1774. E. Hiibner, Bibliographic der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft ; Berlin, Urlichs,\T\ I. Muller's Handbuch, I I, pp. 126. I. THE GREEK PERIOD (5 cent.-i46 B. C). Bibliography: Grafenhan, Gesch. der class. Philologie, 4 voll.; Bonn, 1843-50. Lersch, Sprachphilosophie der Alten, 3 voll., 1841. Steinthal, Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei den Griechen u. Romern, 2 vols.; Berlin, iSgi 2 . E. Egger, Essai sur 1'Histoire de la Critique chez les Grecs; Paris, i886 2 , pp. 570. i. THE PRE-ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD, 5 cent.-322 (f Aristotle). a. The alleged recension of Homer by Peisistratus. Cf. Wilamowitz, Homer. Untersuch., p. 235 ff. Flack, Peisistratus u. seine literarische Thatigkeit; Tubingen, 1885. Also Ritschl, Opusc. I, pp. 31-60, 123 ff., 160-67, 196 ff. b. The Sophists. Cf. W. 0. Friedel, De sophistarum studiis Homericis, Diss. Hallens. I, 1873, p. 127 ff. Griifenhan, I, pp. 124-41. L. Spengel, 2waywy^ rexvuv, 1828. Westermann, Griech. Beredsamkeit, 1832. Blass, Griech. Bered- samkeit, Vol. I. Cope, Aristotle's Rhetoric, Vol. I, Introduction. a. Gorgias of Leontini (arrived at Athens 427 B. C.). Ilepi ovofJLaTwv cruj^tVecos tcroKcoXa Trupicra o^oioreAeura. Oral instruction. A treatise on rhetoric falsely attributed to him by Dionysius, Diogenes Laertius and Quintilian. Cf f the literature cited above. 3. Protagoras of Abdera (t 411 B. C.). iiepi opdowfLas P. the first to distinguish grammatical moods and genders. Cp. Aristoph. Clouds, vv. 659 ff. Cf. Classen, 1. c., p. 28; Lersch, 1. c., p. 18 ff.; Spengel, p. 52 ff., and the citations given above. y. Pr odious of Ceos (older contemporary of Socrates). Founder of synonymies. Cf. Spengel, 1. c., p. 46 ff.; Lersch, p. 15 ff.; Welcker, Rh. Mus. I, pp. 1-39. 563-643 (=K1. Schr. II, pp. 393-540- c. Literary Criticism in Attic Comedy. Cp. Egger, 1. c., pp. 37-Sg- d. Plato (427-347) as a philologist. (1) Grammar (ovo/za, p^a). (2) Etymology (esp. in the Cratylus). (3) Exegesis (Poem of Simonides in the Protagoras). (4) Aesthetic or Literary Criticism (esp. in the Republic}. Cf. Steinthal, I 2 , pp. 41-152 (on the Cratylus). e. The official copy of the three dramatists. Cf. O. Korn, De publico Aesch., Soph., Eurip., fabularum exemplar! Lycurgo auctore confecto, Bonn, 1863; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XIV 151 ; Eurip. Heracl. I, p. 130. e. Aristotle of Stagira, 384-322. DlO Chrysost. LIII, p. 553 : 'ApiororeXj/s-, d(p' ou . (1) Edition of Homer (r\ dno ro\> vdpdijKos', cf. Plut. Alex. 8: Strabo, XIII 594; Schol. Iliad. 21, 252; Schol. Theocr. I 34 npopXfoaTa (?'). (2) Grammar, style, rhetoric (Poet. c. 24 ff.; Rhet., bk. III). (3) Aesthetic criticism (Poetics, nepl nonjTwv). (4) Aiflao-icaXiai, C. I. G. I 349 sqq.; C. I. A. I 971-77. Ranke, Vita Aristophanis (in Thiersch, Plutus, 1830), p. 83 ff.; Richter, Arist. Wasps, Introd.; U. Kohler, Mittheil. d. Athen. Instit. Ill (1878), p. 112 f., 129 ff. /. The Peripatetic School a. Heracleides Ponticus, pupil of Plato and Aristotle. Cf. Grafenhan, II, p. 63; Unger, Rh. Mus. 38, p. 481 ff.; L. Cohn, Comment. Reiffersch., Breslau, 1884. /3. Theophrastus of Eresos, 372-287/6. (1) ne/H KapaKas (Athen. 261 d). (2) nepl Xc'6o>s> (Dionys. Hal. de Lys. c. 14). Cf. H. Usener, De Dionysii Hal. imitatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889. (3) Ilep), /nerpcai/, Trept (ro\oiKi(rfj.)v, probably parts of (2). Cf. the catalogue of his writings given by Diog. Laert. (from Hermippos) V 42-50. y. Aristoxenus o povaiKos, of Tarentum. Ilcpi rpaywdoTToiwv (esp. On Soph.), rrepl rpaytKrjs opxy- o-cwy, 2t)ftfUfcra virop.vijp.aTa zrepi /J.OVO-LKTJS, Trepl peXoTrouas Bioi (philosophers and tragedians). Cf. W. L. Mahne, Dia- tribe de A., 1793, pp. 220. d. Dicaearc/ms, 347-287. 'YTTodearfis TO>V Evpnridov KOI SocpoKXe'ouy p-udw (hypothesis to Eur. Medea still extant). nepi /jLovaiKow aywvwv (Schol. Arist. Ran. 1335; Vesp. 1290). Cf. F. Osann, Beitr. zur griech. u. rom. Litteraturgesch. II, 1839, P r ff-J Pauly, R. E. II 996 ff. g. Praxip.hanes of Rhodes or Mytilene, floruit c. 300. 'npcoros- ypa/jifjLaTiKOf 1 ; vid. Clem. Alex, cited above. Teacher of Aratus and Callimachus. Works : Hepi TTOI^TCOJ/, Trept iaropias, Ttepl Troiq/uaTooj*. L. Preller, De Praxiphane (Ausgewahlte Aufsatze, Berlin, 1864); Suse- mihl, I, p. 144 ff.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XII, p. 326 ff.; R. Hirzel, Hermes, XIII, p. 46 ff. h. Antigonos of Carystos, born c. 295. (1) Lives of contemporary philosophers. (2) I^ives of Greek sculptors and painters. Cf. Wilamowitz^ Antigonos von Carystos (Philol. Unters. IV, pp. 356) ; Susemihl, I, pp. 468-75, 519-23; II 675. 2. THE ALEXANDRIAN PERIOD, 322 (or 305)-i43 (f Aristar- chus). Chief work: F. Susemihl, Gesch. d. griech. Literat. in der Alexand. Zeit, 2 vols., 1892, pp. 907, 771. General characteristics of the period. The great Library and Museum. Cf. ^tat, pp. 1-50; Sitsemihl, I, p. 335 ff.; Parthey, Das Alexandrin. Museum, Berlin, 1838; Ritschl, Opusc. I, pp. 1-70, 123-72, 197-237; Bernhardy, Gesch. d. griech. Literat. I 4 , pp. 509-43, II 699 ff.; Wilamo- witz, Euripides' Heracles, I, p. 121 ff. a. Philetas of Cos, 339-289/5. "Arc/era ("Ara/croi yXwcro-ai, TXSxraai). The first attempt at a Homeric lexicon. Cf. Aristarchus, JJpos ^tX^rai/. On Philetas as a poet, vide Couat, La Poesie Alexandrine, Paris, 1882, p. 68 ff.; Susemihl, I, p. 174 ff. b. Zenodotus of Ephesits, c. 325-c. 260. Pupil of Philetas. First librarian of Alexandria. (1) Collection of the works of the epic and lyric poets. Cf. Schol. Plautinum ; Ritschl, Opusc. 1. c. (2) rXwao-ai 'Op.T7pt*ai (Schol. Od. 3, 444; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. II 1005). (3) A i op ceo- 1? (or K8a>aii) 'o/^pov, the first scientific edi- tion of the Iliad and the Odyssee. Published shortly before 274 B. C. 8 On his critical method, cf. F. A. Wolff, Proleg. c. 43 ; Sengebusch, Diss. Horn. I, p. 21 ff.; Duntzer, De Zenodoti studiis Homericis, Gottingen, 1848; Rdmer, Ueber die Homerrecension des Zenodot (Munchner Acad. I, Cl. XVII, pp. 639-722 (1885); Susemihl, I, pp. 327-35. c. Alexander Aetolus, floruit c. 285 B. C. Collection of the Greek tragic poets in the Alexand. Library. Cf. Ritschl, 1. c., pp. 2-4, 199 f. On his poetry: Meineke, Anal. Alex. p. 215 ff.; Susemihl, I, pp. 187-90; Couat, p. 105 ff. d. Lycophron of Chalets, c. 285 B. C. (1) Collection of the comic poets in the Alexand. Library. Cf. Ritschl, 1. c. (2) nepi Kypaoypa(pioii>. Cf. Diels, Rh. Mus. 31, p. i ff.; Niese, Hermes, XXIII 92 ff. (3) 'oAu/z7rioi>tKcu. Cf. Bernhardy, Eratosthenica, p. 247 ff. (4) nepi T^S apxaias Kco/xwSt'as-, in at least 12 books. "A philological masterpiece." Cf. Strecker, 1. c.; Wilamowitz, Hermes, XXI 597 f.; Bernhardy, 1. c., p. 203-37, and Susemihl, I 409-28. g. Aristophanes of Byzantiiim, c. 257-c. 180. Librarian, successor of Eratosthenes or Apollonius Rhodius. The greatest philologist of antiquity. (1) Invention (?) of accents, punctuation (ace. to Arcadius, p. 186 ff.). Cf. Nauck, p. 12 ff.; Wilamowitz, 1. c., 127 f.; Susemihl, I 432, 901 ; Use- ner ap. eundem, II 672. (2) Kpirt/ca o-?7/Liera. Cf. Nauck, pp. 15-18. On the sym- bols themselves see below. (3) Editions with critical signs to a. Homer (Aidp<9a>o-i? 'Qpipov). Cf. Wolff, Proleg. c. 44 ; Nauck, 1. c., 25-58. Close of the Odyssee, 23, 296. On his method of criticism see Wilamowitz below. /3. Hesiod, Theogony (cf. Schol. Theog. 68). y. AlcaeuSy Anacreon, Pindar and perhaps Simonides (Dionys. de comp. verb. 26). d. Euripides (Schol. Or. 714, 1287; Hipp. 172). Cf. Nauck, p. 62 f. e. Aristophanes (Schol. Av. 1342; Thesm. 162, 917; Ran. 152 f.; Nub. 958). Cf. Nauck, pp. 18, 63-66. r). Menander (?). Cf. his saying: <( o> MeWdpe KCU /3te, Trorepos ap v/j.a>v rrorepov aTre/LH/i^a-aro ; " (4) c Y7ro0eo-ff to Soph. Eur. Arist. and perhaps Aesch. (probably prefixed to his editions). Contents : Argu- ment of the play, its sources, didascalia, aesthetic judg- ment. The following extant fragments of vnoQea-eis are probably ultimately based upon those of Aristophanes : Aeschylus: Persae, Sept. adv. Theb., Agam., Eumen., Prom. Sophocles: Oed. Col., Philoct., Aiax, Oed. Rex (metrical). Euripides: Hecuba, Orest., Phoen., Medea, HyppoL, Alcest.) Androm., Troad. [Rhesos~\, Ion, Iphig. Taur., Bacch., Heracleid., Helena, Hercul. Fur., Cyclops (none extant to Suppl., Iph. Aul., Electra). Aristophanes: Acharn. I, II (metrical); Equit. I, II, III (met.) ; Nub. I, II, III, IV (met.), V, VI, VII ; Vesp. I, II (met.); Pax, I, II, III, IV (met.); Aves, I, II, III, IV (met.); Lysist. I, II (met.); Ranae, I, II (met.), ; Eccl. I, II (met.); Plut. I, II, III, IV, [V], VI (met.). Cf. F. W. Schneidewin, De hypothesibus tragoed. Grace. Aristoph. Byz. vindicandis (Abh. der Gott. Gesell. der Wiss., Vol. IV, 1853-55); Nattck, 1. c., p. 255 ff.; Trendelenburg, Grammat. Grace, de arte trag. iudi- ciorum reliquiae, Bonn, 1867. 10 (5) HapaXX^Xoi Mfvdvdpov re KCU o^>' obi/ e/cXe^ez'. (6) Hep i 7rpoo-a>7rtti> (perhaps the ultimate source of Pollux, IV 133-54). Cf. Nauck, p. 275 ff. ; Rohde, De I. P. . . fontibus, Lpz. 1870. (7) napoipiai (jjLeTpiKal and fyierpoi) in 6 books. Cf. Nauck, p. 235-42; Leutsch, Philol. Ill 566. (8) Ilept dva\oyias, Nauck, p. 264 ff. (9) nepl TTJS dxvvpfvris o-KvrdXrjs, a treatise on a passage in Archilochus (fragm. 89, 2). Nauck, p. 273 ff. (10) Aeeu Ilepl rS>v vTroirrfvo/Jiei/cov pr) flprjadat rots naXaiols, Trepl ovofjiairias ^Xi/cta^, rrepi (rvyyeviKtov ovop-drcov 'ATTIKCU Xe^ety, Aa/cawKai yXuorcrai. The first scientific work on lexicog- raphy. About 100 fragments preserved. Cf. Nauck, 1. c., p. 69-190; Rh. Mus. VI 322-51 ; Fresenius, De Aefewv Aristophanearum et Suetoniarum excerptis Byzantinis, Wiesbaden, 1875 ; Z. Cohn, Jahrb. f. Philol. Suppl. XII 283-374. (u) npos TrlvaKas KaXXt/ia^ou. Of this supplement to the great catalogue of Callimachus, the extant distribu- tion of the Platonic Dialogues into trilogies (Diog. Laert. Ill 61 f.) formed probably a part. (12) Kdvovfs or lists of 'best authors.' Cf. Quint. X i, 54: "Apollonius in ordinem a grammaticis datum non venit quia Aristarchus atque Aristophanes neminem sui temporis in ordinem redegerunt "; vid. also X i, 59 and 14,3- For extant ancient lists cf. Usener, Dionysii Halic. librorum de imi- tatione reliquiae, Bonn, 1889. On the probable character and contents of these canones, cf. Ranke, Vita Aristoph., p. 104 ff.; Steffen, De canone qui dicitur Aristophanis et Aristarchi, Lpz. 1876; Brzoska, De canone decem oratorum, Breslau, 1883; P. Hartmann, De canone decem orato- rum, Gottingen, 1891, and Susemihl, I 445, 484; II 674 f., 694-97. On Aristophanes of Byzantium in general cf. A. Nauck, Aristophanis Byzantii Fragmenta, Halle, 1848, pp. 338; Susemihl, I 428-48; Wilamo- witz, Eur. Heracles, I 137-53. h. Aristarchus of Samothrace, 217/5-145/3. 'OfjirjpiKOS, 6 KpiriKos TTuvv (ipiaTOs jpa/ji/jiaTiKOf (Schol. Hom. B 316) 6 avrip (Herodianus in Schol. B 153) pdvns (Athen. XIV 634). 8OO VTro/i^ora. Difference betW. vTro/^/zara and o-uyypa/z/iara. The latter more highly esteemed than the former. Cf. Didymus (Schol. B in): ei yap ra a-vy- ypd^p-ara T&V virop-vr)iJidT(ov Trporarro/uei/. (i) Edition of Homer. Two editions. Cf. Lehrs, p. 23; Ludwig, I 17 ff. Cp. Schol. K 397: Ammonius, the II successor of Aristarchus, the author of a treatise TOV pr/ ytyovfvcu n\LOvas (SC. TK>V dvo) endocreLS TTJS 1 (2) "Svyypdpp ara Ilepi 'iXiaSos K.OL 'OSucro-eia? (Schol. I 349), IIpos- $i\rjrav (Schol. A 524, B III), Ilpbs Kw/zaroV (Schol. A 97, B 798, Q, IIO), IJpof TO Sevvvos Trapddognv (Schol. M 435 and Susemihl, II 149 f.), n-pi TOV vavo-radpov with a map or duiypappa (K 53, M 258, o 449, A 1 66, 807). On his critical method cf. Wolff, Proleg., p. 226 ff.; Le/irs, De Aristarchi studiis Homericis, Konigsberg, i882 3 (I833 1 ); Sengebusch,T>\ss. Horn. I 24 ff.; Ludwig, Aristarch's Homerische Textkritik nach den Fragmenten des Didymus, 2 vols., Lpz. 1885; Wilamowitz, Homer. Unters., p. 383 ff.; Eurip. Heracles, I 154; Susemihl, I 451-63; Jebb, Homer, Glasgow, 1887, p. 92 ff. (3) C Y TTO pv 77 p a ra 'commentaries' and eK.d6creis 'editions' with ' critical signs ' to a. Hesiod. Cf. Flack, Jahrb. f. Phil. 109 (1874), p. 815 ff.; 115 (1877), p. 433 ff.; Waeschke, De Aristarchi studiis Hesiodiis (Acta Sem. Lips. 1874) ; Schd- mann, Opusc. II 510 ff.; Ill 47 ff. |3. Commentary to Archilochus (Clem. Strom. I 326 D). y. Edition of Alcaeus (Hephaest., p. 136) and perhaps of Anacreon, certainly a commentary on this poet (Athen. XV 671 f, f^yovpevoi). d. Pindar (edition and commentary). Feine, De Aris- tarcho Pindari interprete (Diss. lenen. II 253-327) ; Horn, De Aristarchi studiis Pindaricis, Greifswald, 1883; Susemihl, I 460 ff.; Lehrs, Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1873. e. Commentary to Aeschylus, at all events to the AvKo{5p- yos (Schol. Theocr. X 18). Ion, at least to the '0/^0X77 (Athen. XIV 634 c). . Commentaries to Sophocles (cf. M. Schmidt, Didymi fragmenta, Lpz. 1854, p. 262). Aristophanes (<9. Gerhard, De Aristarcho Aristophanis interprete, Bonn, 1850 ; Schneider, De Aristophanis schol. font., p. 86 f.). (4) A.'s contributions to grammar. The first to distin- guish eight parts of speech. Cf. Quint. I 4, 20 ; Scho- mann, Redetheile, p. 12; Steinthal, 1. c. Plato i. ovopa. and 2. ft pa ; cf. Classen, 1. c., pp. 43- 52. 12 Aristotle (and Theodectes) i. 6Vop.a, 2. p^a, 3. 'article,' 4. ow^o-pos 'conjunction,' ibid., p. 55 if. Ac- cording to Dionysius, De comp. verb. 2 (= Quint. I 4), the article was not as yet recognized by these as a sepa- rate part of speech, but see Classen, p. 59 f. Stoics (Chrysippus) i. oi/o/za, 2. Trpoa-rjyopia 'appellatio,' 'proper names,' 3. ft pa, 4. crvvfeo-p-os, 5. XpSpov 'article and pronoun,' 6. ^a-orrjTa (navdcKTrji) 'adverb' added by Antipater. Aristarchus i. ovopa, 2. p^a, 3. avr^w^ia 'pronoun,' 4. mppr]p.a 'adverb,' 5. peroxn 'participle,' 6. apdpov, 7. 0-wSeo-p.oV, 8. Trpo'^o-i? 'preposition.' 1 Cf. Classen ; Lersch ; Steinthal, vol. II ; Schomann, 11. cc.; R. Schmidt, Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839; Th. Rumpel, Casuslehre, Halle, 1845, pp. 1-70. (5) Analogia (Aristarchus and his school) vs. Anomalia (Crates and the Stoics). Cf. Lersch; Steinthal, I 357- 74; II 71-159. z. Hermippos 6 KaXXt/ia^eio?, of Smyrna. Bioi TT e p i reap e v TT a i e i a Xap.^ai/ra)^. Of this voluminous work : Trepi TVV vo^oderuv, Trept dov\a>v, Trepi rfftv errra V dno (piXooofpias els TVpavviSas KOI juetfeorqKorooi/ generally cited as separate books, formed only so many subdivisions. One of the chief sources of Diogenes Laertius, and of Plutarch's Lycur- gus, Solon, Demosthenes, and indirectly, through the medium of Caecilius, of Pseudo-Plutarch, Vitae X ora- torum. Cf. Susemihl, I 492-95. k. Apollodorus of Athens (pupil of Aristarchus), flor. c. 150. ATToXXoScopta Trept rraaav iarropiav dvdpl Seii/co " (Ps. Heracl. Alleg. Homer. 7). (i) Xpoju/ca in comic trimeters, from the fall of Troy, (u84)-i44 B. C. 2d. edition, to about 119 (death of Boethos the Academic mentioned). The inexhaustible 1 The ancients, accustomed to see in Homer the fountain of all wisdom, sup- posed these eight parts of speech to have been well known to him, citing in proof of this the following lines: Iliad, I 185: avrbg \uv K/uGiqvde TO abv yepag o^p' ev Iliad, XXII 59: Trpof Je /us rbv dvarrjvov STL (f>poveovT^ E 13 storehouse of chronological information throughout antiquity. Calculation of the a/e/wj. Cf. Diels, Rh. Mus. 31 (1876), pp. 1-54; also G. F. Unger, Philol., 40 (1882), pp. 602-51. (2) rupt TOV ve&v KdTaXoyov, 12 books. An exhaustive commentary to the Homeric Catalogue of the Ships. Cf. Niese, Apollodor's Commentar zum SchirTscataloge als Quelle Strabo's, Rhein. Mus. 32 (1877), pp. 267-307. (3) Tlepl Swfppovos, 4 books. (4) On Epicharmus, 10 books. (5) Hept TWV A.Qr)vr) o~ iv eraipSus. Xw Hepi TV p. oX oy ijv. (7) Tlepl Oecbv, 24 books. A work of stupendous erudi- tion, freely and extensively pirated by later writers. Cf. Muenzel, De Apollodori nepl 6tZ>v libris, Bonn, 1883. On A. in general cf. Susemihl, II 33-44; Pauly, R. E., I 1300. /. The first Manual of Mythology, written between 100-50 B. C., the source of Diodorus, Hyginus, Pseudo- Apollodori Bibliotheca, Proclus. Cf. Bethe, Quaestiones Diodoreae mythographae, Gottingen, 1887, and Hermes, 26 (1891), pp. 593-634 ; Sttsemihl, II 45-52. m. Ammoniiis, pupil and successor of Aristarchus. (l) Tlepl TOV p.r) yeyovevat 7r\Lovas (SC. T&V dvo) eKdoaeis rr/s ' rap^et'ov SiopOuorews. See above under Aristarchus. (2y Hep! TO>V inro TlXdrctivos (3) ITpo? 'A^;j/o/cXea avyypa/j.fj.a. (4) Commentary to Pindar. (6) TIfpl rwv 'Adrjvrja-iv eratpi'Scoj/. (7) Ilepi rrpocrcpdias Or Ilepi 'ATTIKTJS rrpoocpdias. Cf. Blaii, De Aristarchi discipulis, Jena, 1883; A. Roemer, Die Werke der Aristarcheer im Cod. Ven. A, Milnch. Acad. II, p. 241 ft". (1875); La Roche, Horn. Textkritik, pp. 68-78. n. Dionysius Thrax of Alexandria, born c. 166 B. C. (i) Te'xi/j; ypa^^aTiKi], the first attempt of its kind and the standard work on the subject for more than 1500 years. Cf. Uhlig's edition, with exhaustive Prolegomena, Lpz. 1884. On the numerous commentators, among whom Choe- roboscus (6. cent.), Stephanos (7. cent.), Heliodorus, Me- lampus, Moschopulos are the most noteworthy. Cf. Hoerschelmann, De Dionysii Thracis interpretibus veteribus I, Lpz. 1874, and especially Hilgard, Heidelberg Gymn. Progr., Lpz. 1880. (2) Commentaries to the Iliad and Odyssee (28 fragm.). Following Aristarchus, D. regarded Homer as an Athenian. (3) Commentaries to Hesiod's Works and Days. (4) TIpos KpdrrjTa. (5) Ilepl TTOO-OTT/TCOy. (6) A work on Rhetoric. (7) MeXcrai. Cf. Mor. Schmidt, Philol. VII 360-82, VIII 234-53, 510-20; Susemihl, II 168-75, 687 f. o. Didymus Chalcenteros of Alexandria, c. 65 B. C.-c. 10 A. D. Said to have written 3500-4000 books. XaX/cez/Tepos- (Amm. Marcell. 22, 16, 16). Cf. Quint. I 8, 19, Didymo, quo nemo plura scripsit, accidisse compertum est, ut cum historiae cuidam tamquam vanae repugnaret, ipsius pro- ferretur liber qui earn continebat. Athen. IV 139: KaXet de TOVTOV ArjfjLTjTpios 6 Tpoityvios (Bi(3\io\d6av dia TO 7r\r)6os o)j/ fK.de8a)K a-vyypa/JLjj.dTcoi' ' eVrt yap rpio-^i'Xtu npos rots Trei/ra- Koa/ois-. Macrob. Sat. V 18, 9 : grammaticorum facile eruditissimus. 22, 10: grammaticorum omnium . . . in- structissimus. Masterly discussion and estimate of D.'s work by Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 157-68. (I) Lexicographical. (2) 'ATropou/xej/j; Xe'|t?, 7 books. (3) TpoiriKrj \%is. (4) Kco/xiK^ Xe^is-. 1 The chief source of all the lexico- (5) TpayiKrj Xe|is-. /graphical erudition of the ancients preserved in lexica, scholia, Athe- naeus, Hesychius, Photius, etc. (6) Lexicon to Hippocrates (?). (II) Didymus as editor of texts and as commentator. (1) Ilepi TTJS Apiardp^ov di opdaxrz cos. (iCXt and commentary to the Homeric poems.) See above. (2) Commentary to Hesiod; cf. Schmidt, p. 299 f. (3) C. to Pindar \ id., pp. 214-40. 15 (4) C. to the Epinikia of Bacchylides. (5) C. to Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides (in part). The extant vitae are in all essential details Didymean. Prejudicial and partial criticism of Soph, to the dispar- agement of Euripides. (6) C. to Ion and perhaps to Achaeos ; cf. Schmidt, pp. 301-5- (7) C. to Cratinus and Eupolis', Schmidt, pp. 307-9. (8) C. to Aristophanes\ Schmidt, pp. 246-61; Schnei- der, De fontibus A. schol., pp. 59-63. [Aristophanes of Byz. Didymus Symmachus extant scholia.] (9) C. to Menander and to Phrynichus (Kronos) ; Schmidt, p. 306 ff. (10) Editions and Commentaries to Antiphon, Isaeus, Hyper eides, Aeschines and Demosthenes Schmidt, pp. 310-19 Isocrates (?), Deinarchus (?). (n) Edition of Thucydides. The extant life by Mar- cellinus (esp. 1-45) was almost entirely taken from Didymus' introduction. Cf. Susemihl, II 203 f., note 3H. (12) 'PrjropiKa vTToiJ.vrjfji.ar a, in at least io books ; Schmidt, p. 321. Exegetical parerga to the Attic orators. (13) Ilepi TOV SeKoreCo-at; Schmidt, p. 317 f. (III) Grammatical works : (1) rupl 7rada>v (on inflections) ; Schmidt, p. 343 ff. (2) Ilepi 6p6oypa(pia$. (3) Ilepi TIJS rrapa Pco/zat'ois' dfaXoytay. Doubtful. (IV) Historical, antiquarian, literary treatises : (1) 8c vi) la-Topia; cf. Schmidt, pp. 356-63. (2) De morte Aeneae ; \ (3) De patria Homeri; vcf. Schmidt, pp. 384-6. (4) On Anacreon and Sappho ; ) Cf. Seneca, Ep. 88, 37 : quatuor milia librorum Di- dymus grammaticus scripsit ... in his libris de patria Homeri quaeritur, in his de Aeneae morte (matre, MSS) vera, in his libidinosior Anacreon an ebriosior vixerit, in his an Sappho publica fuerit. (5) Hepi TrotT/rcoz/; Schmidt, pp. 386-96. (6) npos- *ia>va avrcgriyrio-eis. (Along extract on the i6 musical instruments used in lyric poetry preserved by Athen. XIV 634 .) Perhaps a part of (5). (7) Ilepi Tutv d^ovwv rStv SoXoovoy dvriypacpr] rrpos 'Aj>, Trepi rpoTrwi/, Trepi cr^/zarwi/. (2) On the dialects of Greece, on th'e dialect of Homer and the lyric poets. (3) Hepi ATTIKTJS TrpoawSias 1 , Trepl ovop.acnwv y Trepl opdoypafpias Kal TO>V Iv avrfj ^TITOV^VODV (=itS problems), ?repi 'E\\r]vio-fj.ov (on idiomatic speech), ircpl dpxatas ditayvavtus (on style). (4) Ilfpl rrvevfjidTtov, Trepi rrjs ev fioj/ocTvXXd/Sots 1 dva\oyias, Trepi rfjs eV K\lcrctriv (declensions) ai/aXoyiaff, Trepl ap^ptoi/, Trept piaii' (pronouns), Kcpl Trpoa-a)n(t>v (persons), Trepi nerox ticiple), Trepi 7rpo$ecrea>i/ (prepositions), Trept v, Trippi)p,dTOi)v (adverbs), Trepi pr)fj.dT(uv eyK.\iTiKS)V (moods), pr)p.dTv Xe'^ecov (inflections). (5) &vrS)v lorrop/a, Trepi a>a)*>. Cf. A. v. Velsen, Tryphonis grammatici Alexandrini fragmenta, Berlin, 1854; Susemihl, II 210-13, 689. q. Theon of Alexandria, i. cent. A. D. "The Didymus of the Alexandrian poets." (1) Commentaries to Lycophron, Theocritos, Callimachus' Airta, Apollonius Rhodius, Nicandros. (2) Commentary to the Odyssee and perhaps to Pindar. (3) Ae'i? KtofJUKT). (4) Ae'i? rpayiKTj (doubtful, but probable). Cf. Giese, De Theone grammatico eiusque reliquiis, Munster, Diss., 1867; Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 156 ; Susemihl, II 216 ff. 3. THE STOICS AS PHILOLOGIANS. Allegorical exegesis of Homer. Contributions to the Sci- ence of Grammar. Cf. Grafenhan, 1. c., I 440 ff., 505 ff., II 23, III 236: R. Schmidt, De Stoicorum grammatica, Halle, 1839; Steinthal, 1. c.; Strieker, De Stoico- rum studiis rhetoric-is, Bresl. Abh. I 2 (1886). 4. CRATES OF MALLOS (flor. 168 B. C.) AND THE SCHOOL OF PERGAMUM. A follower of the Stoics. Passionate opponent of Aristar- chus and his school (SutdaS S. V. 'Apiarap^ou : K a\ Kpdrqri TOO ypa/Lt/xariKW TrXcurra dtq/uXXqo-aro). Bibaculus ap. SuetOn. de gramm. u. En. iecur Cratetis. Advocate of dvv vvp.a}v 7roir)T<0v re v Se/ca prjTopaiv* Chief source of Ps. Plut. Vitae X orat. On the canon of the ten orators, see under Aristophanes. (2) Comparison between Demosth. and Aesch., Demosth. and Cicero. (3) Flepi fyovs (cf. Ps. Longinus, Ilepi fyovs i). (4) EicXoy^ Ae'^eeoj/ Kara (rroi^eloj/ (^KaX\ippr}p.oo'vvTj). On Dionysius and Caecilius, the most noteworthy representatives of literary criticism in antiquity, cf. F. Blass, Gesch. der griech. Beredsam- keit von Alexander bis auf Augustus, Berlin, 1865, pp. 169-221. c. Atoi/uo-i'ov 77 Aoyyivov iiepi fyovs (probably composed in the i cent. A. D.). Cf. Buchenau, De scriptore libri Ilepi vipovg, Marb. 1849; Martens, De libello TLepl vt}>ov, Bonn, 1877; Egger, 1. c. pp. 426-39, "Aesthetic Criti- cism." d. APOLLONIOS DYSCOLOS, 6 re^^o? (2 cent. A. D.). Founder of scientific syntax. " Svvragis dvayKaioTarrj npbs fgyyrjo-iv ra>v TrotjyjuaTOj/." " Maximus auctor artis grammaticae " Priscian. (1) 'OvopariKov (declension). (2) 'PrjuariKov (conjugation). (4) Ilept eVtpp^/zarcDV > extant (5) Ilepi avvdea-fjLwv J rov \6yov. (6) Ilcpl avvrdgfat, 4 bks., extant. Cf. Grdfenhan, III 109 ff ; L. Lange, Das System der Syntax des A. D., Gottingen, 1852; E. Egger, A. D., Essai sur 1'histoire des theories gram- maticales dans 1'antiquite, Paris, 1854, pp. 354 ; Steinthal, II pp. 220-345 5 Opera ed. R. Schneider et G. Uhlig, Corp. Gramm. Grace. I I (1878). e. AELIUS HERODIANUS (son of A. D.). The greatest grammarian of antiquity. (l) Ka0oXtKj) Trpoo-wSi'a, 21 bks. a. Bk. 119 7rpocra>5icu, roVoi. /3. Bk. 20 XP VOL (' quantity ') y. Bk. 21 On accents, enclitics, diastole, synaloephe. Excerpts preserved by Theodosios and Arcadius. (2} Uept opdoypcKpias, Trepl nadav, nepl oz/o/zartBy, nfpi /cXiVea)? Trepi p^arcoi', TTfpl (Tvvyia>v ('conjugations'), Trepi fpl /uovooruX\d/3o)i/. Originals all lost ; con- tents known through excerpts in later grammarians. (3) nepi povr/povs Xe|ec? (on peculiar, anomalous gram- matical forms). Extant. Cf. Aug. Lentz, Herodiani technici reliquiae, 2 vols., Lpz. 1870 (pp. ccxxviii-j- 564, vii-f- 1264, with indexes); Lehrs, Herodiani scripta tria, Konigsberg, 1848; Pauty, R. E., Ill 1236-40; E. Hiller, Jahrb. f. Philol. (1871) pp. 505-32, 603-29, Quaest. Herodianae, Bonn, 1866. /. EPITOMATORS, LEXICOGRAPHERS. a. luba, king of Mauretania, "tmavruv laropiK^raros /Sao-iXfW," Plut. Sertor. c. 9. Author of the Scarping far opt' a, one of the indirect sources of Pollux. Cf. Rhode, De Pollucis fontibus, Lpz. 1870; Bapp, Lpz. Stud. VIII noff. j8. Pamphilus, iifpl yXcoo-awy fjroL \cgca>v (A.fippoz/ra>i/). (1) 3>iXoXoyoi op-iXtai at least 21 bks.; fragm. (2) ATTIK&V Xe^ewi/ eK^ocrfis. ~\ ,(,-'., , [ , ^3J AnoprjuaTa Op.rjpiKa, LLpopAnfJUira O/zj^pov KO.I Xvcrfis, ( lOSt. ' 6i rrepl Apicrrap^ei'ov diopdwarzais, TWO. NtKai/opos- n-e pi 0-7-17/^779. " Viermanner Scholien," cf. above. Cf. Ludwig, 1. c., Friedlander, Aristonicus; id. Nicanor ; Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. I pp. 440-56 (index auctorum). 21 2. Aristophanes. Subscriptio to the Clouds and Wasps : /ce/cwXtarat e'/c TOU 'HXtoScopou, Trapayeypanrai CK TOV 3>ciivov KOI Su^/ud^ou /eat Cf. 0. Schneider, De Veterum in Arist. scholiorum fontibus, 1838 ; Wilamowitz. Eur. Hercul. I 179-88 ; Fabricius II, pp. 392-404 (index auctorum). 3. Apollonius R ho dins. Subscriptio in the Cod. Mediceus : napaKeirai ra Aou/ctXXou Tappat'ov /cat SfXpo/cXeous- /cat Cf. Weichert, Apollon. Rhod. p. 400 ff. ; Bernhardy, Griech. Literat. II 1 p. 370 ff. ; 'Susemihi, I 662, II 46, 686. 4. Pindar. Cf. K. Lehrs, Die Pindarscholien, Lpz. 1863; Fabricius II 81-4. 5. Aeschylus. ]. Richter, De Aesch. Soph. Eur. interpretibus Graecis, Berlin, 1839. 6. Sophocles. Bernhardy, 1. c. II 2, p. 378 ff. 7. Euripides. Bernhardy, 1. c. II 2, p. 498 ff. ; ed. E. Schwartz, 2 vols. 1891. 8. Theocritos. Ed. Ahrens. 9. Lycophron. (I. Tzetzes.) 10. Plato. L. Cohn, J. J. Suppl. 13, 773. Th. Mettauer, De Platonis scholiorum fontibus, Zurich, 1880 (pp. 122). 11. Aristotle. Commentaries of Alexander of Aphrodisias, Simplicius, Philoponus. CRITICAL SIGNS (2e/zeia, notae). Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetonii Reliquiae, pp. 137-44. jSeXo? ( ). ' irpos TO. v66a /cat atferov/uej/a. Legendary origin of name, 1. c. p. 138. an f pi ort/co? Kadapd (> ). ( Trapci/cftrat '. I. Trpos TTJV aVa^ elprjp,Vi]v Xe'^ti/ ) 2. Trpos rrjv TOV noirjTov avisrjdfiav (inconsistency) ] 3- npos TOVS Xeyoyras, fir) et^ai TOV avTov TTOIT/TOU 'iXtaSa /cat 'O5u(r(7taj/ /rey) J 4- Trpos TO? Tail/ TraXatcoj/ ttrropi'a? ; 5 Trpo? ra? T>V veav ', 6. TTpO? Tl^f J A.TTLKY]V (TVVTaglV ', J . 77 pOS TT)V TToXuo-^JUOI' Xt^tV. 4 Usus est ea in multis Aristarchus, nunc ea quae praeter con- suetudinem tarn vitae nostrae quam ipsius poetae apud eum invenirentur adnotans, nunc proprias ipsius figuras, interdum ea in quibus copiosus est rursus quae semel apud eum poneren- tur. Similiter in nostris auctoribus Probus.' ' Primus Leogoras 22 Syracusanus apposuit Homericis versibus ad separationem Olympi a caelo.' AiTrXf) Trepif&Tiyncvr) (>-*). ' rrpbs ras ypa(pas ras Zrjvodoreiovs KOI Kpdrrjros KOL avrov 'Apiorap^ou KOL ras diop6 ort ovrot not aXXaxov c'prjvrat.' ' Aristophanes apponebat illis locis quibus sensus deesset, Aristarchus autem ad eos [versus] qui hoc puta loco [recte] positi erant, cum aliis scilicet non recte ponerentur, item Probus et antiqui nostri.' Cf. however schol. 771. 'Acre pi tr KOS /wer o/3eXoi) (^F }. ' ev6a etov(rai (ravroXoyei), TOU TroirjTov -yeypa^oroy dpfpuTepas, OTTCO? rr\v (Tepov eXrjTai,' aiypa Aristopll. ariyp.^ Aristarch. Cf. B IQ2. Kfpavviov (T) Rare. c d^Xot TroXXa? r}T]'io-is irpos rat? irpo^ipr]p.evais. J ' Ponitur quotiens multi versus improbantur ne per singulos obelentur.' Ancient authorities : Aristonicus (see above), Diogenianos (?) Trepl ruv ev rolq pi/3hioi(; crj^eiuv (Suid.), Diog. Laert. Ill 65, Suetonius = Isidorus^ Origg- I 2I ff-> ^ e notis scripturarum. See below. Anecd. Roman Osann, Anecd. Venetum. ed. Villoison, Anecd. Paris, ed. Cramer (all col- lected in Reifferscheid 1. c.). Modern treatises: Grdfenhan II 92 f. ; Sengebusch, Horn. Diss. I p. 22 ff. ; Nauck, Aristoph. Byzant. p. 17 ff. ; Ludwig, I 20 ff. ; Susemihl, I p. 432 ff. ; and H. Schrader, De notatione critica a veteribus grammaticis in poetis scaenicis adhibita, Bonn, 1863. 2. ROMAN PERIOD. Bibliography: Suetonius, de grammat. et rhetor. ; W. H. D. Suringar, Historia Critica scholiastarum Latinorum, 3 vols., Leyden, 1835 ; Gra- fenhan, II p. 261 ff. IV; Teuffel-Schivabe, Rom. Literat. 2 vols. i8qo s 41 ; H. Nettleship, Journ. of Phil. XV p. 189 ff. a. L. Accius (lyo-c. 86). Didascalica (cf. Aristotle's AiSaaicaXtai). A history of Greek and Roman poetry, with special reference to the drama. Written chiefly in Sotadean verse. Cf. T. S. 134, 7, and 94, 2. G. Ribbeck, Rom. Dichtkunst, I 267. 23 b. L. Aelius Praeconinus Stilo (flor. c. 100 B. C.). The first Roman philologian, teacher of Cicero and Varro. Cic. Brut. 205 : eruditissimus et Graecis litteris et Latinis antiquitatisque nostrae et in inventis rebus et in actis scriptorumque veterum litterate peritus, quam scientiam Varro noster acceptam ab illo. Varro ap. Gell. N. A., I 18, 2: litteris ornatissimus memoria nostra, id. X 21, 2 doctissimus eorum temporum. (1) Commentaries to Carmina Saliorum, cf. Suringar I 26. f. (2) Interpretation of the XII tables. Suringar I p. 39 ff. (3) Edition of Plautus with critical signs. Gell. N. A., Ill 3, 12 : L. Aelius XXV (comoe- dias) eius (Plauti) esse solas existimavit ; Quint. X i, 99, " Licet Varro Musas, Aeli Stilonis sen- tentia, Plautino dicat sermone locuturas fuisse, si Latine loqui vellent." Cf. Ritschl, Parerga 91 ff., I26f., 238, 366. (4) Contributions to etymology and grammar. Cf. T. S. 148, i. F. Mentz, De L. Aelio Stilone, Uiss. lenens. IV i. c. M. Tullius Cicero, 106-43. (1) Literary or aesthetic criticism. Cf. Ch. Causeret, Sur la langue de la rhetorique et de la critique litte- raire en Cic., Paris, 1887 ; /. Kubik, De Cic. poetarum lat. studiis, Diss. Vindob. I 237 ff. (2) Edition of Lucretius. Cf. Munro, Lucretius, vol. II p. 2 ff. ; T. S. 203, 2. d. C. lulius Caesar, 100-44. De analogia (Suet. Caes. c. 56). . Cf. F. Schlitte, De C. lulio Caesare grammatico, Halle, 1865. e. M. TERENTIUS VARRO Reatinus, 116-27. ' Vir Romanorum eruditissimus' (Quint. X 1,95). ' Vir doctissimus undicumque Varro, qui tarn multa legit ut aliquid ei scribere vacasse miremur, tarn multa scrip- sit (620 bks.) quam vix quemquam legere potuisse cre- damus' (Augustin. Civ. Dei. 6, 2). Plut. Rom. 12 avdpa 'Pco/im'uv cv io-Topiq /3i/3\ia/raroi/. Esp. Cic. Acad. post. I, 9. Cf. Ritschl, Die Schriftstellerei cles Varro, Opusc. Ill 419-505, p. 70 ff.; T. S. 166 f. 24 (i) Antiquitatum libri XLI. (3) Annalium libri III De vita populi Romani (cp. Di- caearchos BiW 'EXXa'So?) ; De gente populi Romani, in 4 bks. (43 B. C.) ; de familiis Troianis ; Aetia (cp. AiVta of Callimachus) ; rerum urbanarum libri III ; Tribuum liber. (3) De bibliothecis libri III ; de proprietate scriptorum ; de poetis ; de poematis ; de lectionibus ; de compositione saturarum ; de originibus scaenicis ; de scaenicis actioni- bus; de actis scaenicis (Didascalica) ; de personis (masks) ; de descriptionibus ; quaestiones Plautinae ; de comoediis Plautinis. (4) Disciplinarum libri IX (Artes liberales : i. gram- matica ; 2. dialectica ; 3. rhetorica ; 4. geometria ; 5. arithmetica ; 6. astrologia ; 7. musica ; 8. medicina ; 9. architectura). (5). De Lingua Latina, XXV Ibb. (V-X extant). V-XXV, dedicated to Cicero, hence published before 43 B. C. Contents: Bk. I (introd.),-bk. II-VII (etymology), VIII-XVI (inflection, analogy and anomaly), XVII- XXV (syntax). Cf. O. Spengel's edition, 1885, Berlin. (6). De sermone Latino libb. V ; de similitudine verborum libb. Ill (analogy); de utilitate sermonis; nfp} x a p^^ip^v (? = descriptiones); de antiquitate litterarum ; de origine linguae latinae. Cf. Wilmanns, de M. T. V. libris grammaticis, Berlin, 1864. /. Ateius Praetextatiis Philologus (t c. 29 B. C.) Cf. Suet. de gramm., 10 T. S., 211. g. Noted philologists and grammarians of the Empire. First Century. 1. Asconius Pedianus, Commentator of Cicero's speeches. Cf. T. S., 295 ; Madwig, de Q. Ascon. Fed. ... in Cic. oratt. commen- tariis, Kopenhagen, 1828. 2. Fenestella (t 19 A. D.) ; 'diligentissimus scriptor,' Lac- tantius. Annales in at least 22 bks. A repository of information for later writers. Fragments ap. H. Peter, Fragm. histor. 272 ; T. S., 259. 25 3. M. Valerius Flaccus (floruit 10 B. C.) a. De verborum significatu. Second half preserved in a mutilated epitome oiFestus, who in turn was epitomized by Paulus. Inexhaustible fountain of information on Roman antiquities and archaic Latin. Edited by E. Thewrewk, 1891. . Fasti, partly preserved (C. I. L. I 295). Used by Ovid. Cf. H. Winther, De fastis V. F. ab Ovidio adhibitis, Berlin, 1885. Cf. T. S., 261 ; Hiibner, Grundr. der lat. Lit., 83 (i878 3 ); H. Nettle- ship^ Lectures and Essays, 201 ff. 4. M. Valerius Probus Berytius (flor. 80 A. D.) The greatest Roman philologist. 'Nee Probum timeto' (Mart. 3, 2, 12). (i). Editions with critical signs (cf. Suetonii reliq., p. ' 138 R). a. Virgil (Suringar, II, p. 8 ff.; Kiibler, De P. comment. Verg., Berl. 1881). j3. Horace, Lucretius, Terence. (2). De notis singularibus, ed. Mommsen, Gram. Lat. IV 271. Cf. I. Steub, De Probis grammaticis, Jena, 1871 ; T. S., 300 f. 5. C. Plinius Secundus, the Elder, 23-79. (i). Libri dubii sermonis (cf. Pliny, Ep. Ill 5, i). (2). De grammatica (Pliny, N. H., praef. 28). 6. Fabius Quintilianus of Calagurris in Spain, c. 35-95. Literary criticism, esp. in bk. X of the Institutio Ora- toria. Pupil of Remmius Palaemon (T. S., 282) and teacher of Pliny the Younger and Cornelius Tacitus (cf. Liebert, de doctrina Taciti, Wiirzburg, 1868, p. 4 ff.). 7. C. Suetonius Tranquillus, 75-160. Cf. Suidas s. v. Tpdy/c^/l/iof. Cf. Reifferscheid, Suetoni reliquiae praeter Caesares, Lpz. 1860 (fragments, pp. 3-360; quaest. Suetonianae, pp. 363- 538; indexes, pp. 541-65). (i). De viris illustribus (de poetis, de oratoribus, de historicis, de philosophis, de grammaticis et rhetoribus). (2). Elepl Ttov fv rols /3i/3AuHS- (rrjiJieitov fliftXiov a (Suidas) = de notis (cf. above). % . (3). Pratum (de anno Romanorum, Reiff, pp. 149-92; de naturis rerum, pp. 193-265 ; de genere vestium, pp. 26 26672 ; TTfpl dvar(prj/j.(ov Xegew fjrot jS fKaarrj (cf. Etym. Magnum, s. v. 'Ap X o\i7rapos and Eust. ad Iliad. II 234, VIII 488). Verborum differentiae, pp. 274-96. (4). Ludicra historia (Trepi r&v nap "EXX^o-i Tra&i&v), pp. 322-45. (5). De lusibus puerorum. (6). De institutione officiorum. (7). Ilept rrjs Kinepavos TroXirei'a? ; a/mXe-yet de rw Aidt'/i6> (see above). Second Century. Aemilius Asper (T. S., 482, 3), Flavius Caper (T. S., 343. 3)> Q- Terentius Scaurus (T. S., 352, i), Arrun- tius Celsus (T. S., 357, 3), lulius Romanus (T. S., 379, i), A. Gellius, Noctes Atticae (T. S., 365). Third Century. Censorinus, de die natali (T. S., 379). Fourth Century. 1. Nonius Marcellus, Compendiosa Doctrina (T. S. 404*). 2. Charisius and Diomedes (T. S., 419). 3. Marius Victorinus (T. S., 408, i). 4. Aelius Donatus (floruit c. 350). (i). Grammatica. (2). Commentary to Terence. (3). Commentary to Virgil. Cf. Grafenhan, IV 107 ff.; Suringar, I 78-86, II 31-59; T. S., 409, 3 f. 5. Maurus Servius Honoratus. Commentary to Virgil. Cf. Suringar, II 59-92 ; T. S., 431. Fifth Century. 1. Macrobius, Saturnalia. T. S., 444. 2. Isidorus. T. S., 496. 3. Priscian of Caesarea. Institutions grammaticae, 18 bks. The most im- portant and exhaustive work on Latin grammar made by the Romans. An inexhaustible fountain of infor- mation for grammatical theories of earlier writers, especially Greek, now lost. The standard work on the subject throughout the Middle Ages. About 1000 MSS known. Cf. T. S., 481, and Encyclop. Britan. s. v. 2; III. THE MIDDLE AGES. i. THE BYZANTIAN PERIOD. K. Krumbacher, Grundriss der byzantinischen Literatur (I. Muller's Handbuch der class. Alterthumswissenschaft, vol. IX, I), Characteristic of the period, pp. 214-17 ; Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracles, I 193-219. a. Hesychios of Alexandria. Lexicon (rXwo-o-at). Based upon the neptepyoTreV^res- of Dio- genianos. b. Hesychios Illustris of Miletus (6. cent.) OvopaToXoyos $1 TTLVO^ Twv ev Traifiei'a ovop.a(TT(ov. (Only preserved in excerpts.) (Chief sources ; Aelius Dionysius' MOUO-IK?) iVropi'a, and Herennios Philon.) Cf. Kr., p. no ff. c. Photios, c. 820-c. 891. (i). Bi/3Xio0J7K?7 or Mupid/3t/3Xoi/ (written before 857). Contains the excerpts and criticisms of 280 books read by the author while ambassador to Assyria. (2). Ae^ecuv awayayf] (based on Harpocration, Diogeni- anos, 'ATTIK&V oi/o/iara>j/ Xdyoi of Aelius Dionysius, Pausan- ias' Ae'^iKoj/ /tara oroi^eto^, Platonic lexicon of Timaeus, and Boethos, Homeric lexica of Apion, Heliodorus and Apollonius. Cf. Kr., pp. 223-33 I Fabricius, Bibl. Gr. X 678-775 d. Constantinos Porphyrogennetos, em peror ( 9 1 2-59, resp. 945). Encyclopaedia of History, arranged according to subject- matter (e. g. Tlepl npea/3eieoi/, ?repi eVi/SouXooi/ Kara f3av yeyov- vttov, Trepi o-rparT/y^/xarooj/, Trepl 8rjfj.r)yopt>v), With the original chapters of earlier historians bearing upon the respective subjects. Cf. Kr., pp. 59-69. e. Suidas. Lexicon (compiled not later than 976 A. D. First cited by Eustathius). A colossal monument of erudition, not- withstanding many instances of gross carelessness. The sources of Suidas have as yet been determined with only partial accuracy, but he seems to have derived, though generally only at second hand, the bulk of his material from the following : a. Lexica : Harpocration, Aelius Dionysius, Pausanias, Helladios, Eudemos, rXwao-at to Herodotus, and above all, Hesychios (cf. Suidas S. V. 'ov eVtroyu); eVn rovro r6 /'), Lexica to Euripides, Menander, Callirnachus. 28 j3. Scholia and Commentaries to : Aristophanes (in a more complete form than the extant scholia), Sophocles (Oed. Col., Oed. Tyr., Aiax), Homer (similar to those of the Venetus B), Thucydides, Philoponus and Alex- ander of Aphrodisias to Aristotle. y. Histories : Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon's Ana- basis, Polybius, Josephus, Arrian, Aelian (probably from Constantinos' Encyclopaedia), Lucian. d. Literary and Biographical material: Hesychios (see above), Athenaeus (bks. I and II in their unepitomized form). Whether the colossal work of Philon of By bios (see above) was known to Suidas at first hand is very doubtful. Strabo is completely ignored. Cf. Fabridus, Bibliotheca Graeca, VI 389-595; G. Bern hardy, Suidae Lexicon, I, Prolegomena, pp. 25-95 ; Kr., pp. 261-67. f. Johannes Tzetzes, c. iiio-c. 1185. (i). Bi'/3Xos lo-Topi&v (Chiliades), in 12,674 political verses. (2). Allegories to the Iliad and Odyssee, 10,000 verses. *O "Op.i]pos 6 TTiivcrofyos, f] daXao'tra raw Xoyooi/. Homeric myth- ology interpreted allegorically after the manner of Euhemerus. (3). Commentary to the Iliad. (4). Carmina Iliaca (Antehomerica, Homerica, Postho- merica). (5). Scholia to Hesiod's Works and Days, and the Shield of Heracles. (6). Scholia to Aristophanes' Plutos, Clouds, Frogs, and arguments to the Knights and Birds. Cf. Ritschl (Keil), Opusc. I 1-172, 197-237. (7). Scholia to Lycophrorts Alexandra. Invaluable as the only extant key to the understanding of this enigmatical poem. (8). Scholia to the Halieutica of Oppian, and the Theriaca and Alexipharmaca of Nicandros. (9). Epitome of the Rhetoric of Hermogenes. (lO). Ilept TO)V V TOLS (TTL^OIS p.Tp(tiV aTTU.VT(>V, (TTL^Ol 776/31 &ia(f)Opa.S noirjTtov, 'ia/jiSoi. Tj(tftKoi Trept Kco/^cwSi'ay, Trepi rpnyiKrjs KOirjo-toas. Cf. Kr., pp. 245-43. g. Eustathios, Archbishop of Thessalonice (floruit 1175). (i). Commentary to the Iliad and Odyssee. Invaluable repository of ancient learning. 2 9 Principal sources : Homeric scholia, Athenaeus,Strabo, Stephanus of Byzantium, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Heraclides of Miletos, and two works by Suetonius (written in Greek) ; Aelios Dionysius, Pausanias, and rhetorical lexica, Suidas and the Etymologicum Magnum. (2). Paraphrase and scholia to Dionysius Periegetes. (3). Commentary to Pindar (only a valuable preface pre- served). Cf. Kr., pp. 242-47; Fabricius, 1. c., I 457-501. h. Maximus Planudes, 1260-1310. (l). Ilepi ypa/jifj.aTiKJ]s, Trepl (rvvrd^fcos. (2). Scholia to Theocritos and Hermogenes. (3). 2uj/ayo>y7/ exAe-yeto-a inro diari?/Liara yp a/z/zariKa. Of vast pedagogical influence toward the spread of Greek studies in the Renaissance. The famous grammar of Melanchthon is essentially a reproduction of the 'E/xar^/zara. Cf. L. Voltz, Jahrb. f. Phil., 139 (1889), p. 579 ff. 30 0. Scholia to the Iliad, bks. I and II. Hesiod, Pindar's Olymp. Odes, Euripides, Theocritos. Cf. K. Hartf elder, Philipp Melanchthon, Berl. 1889, p. 225 ; M. Treu, 1. c., pp. 208-12 ; Kr., p. 251 f. k. Thomas Magister (contemporary of/). (l). ExXoyi) ovop-ardiv KOL pr}p.aTd)v ATTIKWV. (2). Scholia to Aesch., Soph., Eurip., to three comedies of Aristophanes. Cf. Fr. Ritsckl, Thomae Magistri ecloga, Halle, 1832, with exhaustive Prolegomena ; Kr., p. 253 f. /. Demetrius Triklinios (beginning of 14. cent.) The foremost text critic among Byzantian philologians. Notable contributions to Greek versification. Cf. Wilamowitz, Eur. Heracl. I 194 f.; Hermes, 25, pp. 161-70. (i). Scholia to Pindar, and two metrical dissertations, and one of the extant paraphrases to Pindar (Lehrs, Pindar- scholien, p. 78). (2). Text edition, with scholia to Sophocles. (3). Scholia to five plays of Aeschylos (except Choephoroe and Supplices). Preserved in Triklinios' own hand- writing. (4). Scholia to Hesiod, Aristophanes and Theocritos. Cf. Kr., p. 256 ff. 2. THE MIDDLE AGES IN W. EUROPE. Copying of MSS in monasteries. Cf. A. H. L. Heeren, Gesch. des Stud, der class. Literal, seit d. Wieder- aufleben d. Wissensch., vol. I, Introduct., pp. 1308; IV. Wattenbach, Schriftwesen im Mittelalter, i875 2 ; Anleit. z. griech. Palaeographie, i877 2 ; Anleit. z. lat. Palaeog. i886 4 ; Th. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen, Berlin, 1882 ; A. Ebert, Allgem. Gesch. der Liter, des Mittelalters, 3 vols., i887 2 ; Bernhardy, I 4 , p. 716 ff.; E. Hiibner, Encyclop., pp. 56-64. LIST OF SOME OF THE OLDEST CLASSICAL MSS. Greek. a. Fragments of Euripides' Antiope and Plato's Phaedo, 250 B. C. (Flinder's Petrie Papyri, ed. Mahaffy, Dublin Acad. 1890.) The oldest specimens of a classical text known. b. A few lines of the XL Iliad (ante-Aristarchean and non- Zenodotean), 240 B. C. Most of the following dates are only conjectural. c. Louvre fragments of Euripides, 2. cent. B. C. d. Alcman, 2.-i. cent. B. C. Symonds, p. 247 ff.; H. Vast, Le Cardinal Bessarion, Paris, 1879. (4). Theodorus Gaza, c. I4OO-C. 1478. a. r panp.ariK.rj t (ray 2 vols., 1873. g. Die Verfassung u. Verwaltung des rom. Staates. Complete list of his works in Wochenschr. f. class. Philol. IV (1887) p. 285. Cf. Heiberg, Biogr. Jahrb. IX (1886) pp. 202-21. 2. Historical- antiquarian School. Bibliography : Greek and Roman Literature, Gi-ammar, Poetics, etc. (Hilbner, Encycl. pp. 140-75), Religion (pp. 175-84), Greek and Roman Antiquities and History (pp. 184-215, 359-88), Geography (pp. 215-85), Chronology (pp. 286-90), Archaeology (pp. 290-342), Metrology and Numismatics (pp. 342- 51), Epigraphy (pp. 351-59). Cp. also Sal. Reinach, Manuel de philologie classique, vol. II, Appendice, Paris, 1884 (pp. 310). (1) Barthold Georg Niebuhr, 1776-1831. a. ROMAN HISTORY, 3 vols., iSu 1 . b. Lectures on Roman History, 3 vols. (Engl. 1843, Germ. 1846). c. Lectures on Ancient History, 3 vols., 1851. d. Edition of Fronio, 1816, Fragmm. of Cicero's Speeches. e. Kleine Schriften, 2 vols., 1828. Cf. S. Winkworth, The Life and Letters of B. G. N., 3 vols., Lond. 1852 ; Bursian, pp. 647-63 ; F. Eyssenhardt, B. G. N., Gotha, 1886. (2) August BOECKH, 1785-1867. a. De Graecae tragoediae principibus, 1806. b. Edition of PINDAR, 4 vols., 1811-22. c. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM GRAECARUM, 4 vols. d. PUBLIC ECONOMY OF ATHENS, 12 vols., 1817', 1886'. 49 e. Philolaos, 1818. f.~ Metrologische Untersuchungen, 1838; Manetho u. die Hundsternperiode, 1845; Zur Gesch. der Mondcyclen, 1856; Opuscula, 7 vols., 1874. g. Encyclopaedic u. Methodologie der Philol. ed. Kluss- mann, 1886* (pp. 884). Cf. E. von Leutsch, Philol. Anz. XVI (1886) p. 224 ff. ; Bursian, pp. 687- 705. (3) Friedrich Gottlieb Welcker, 1784-1868. a. Die Aeschyleische Trilogie Prometheus, 1824. b. Theognis, 1826. - c. Der Epische Cyclus, 2 vols., 1849 (i882 2 ). d. DIE GRIECH. TRAGOEDIEN, 3 vols. (pp. 1614), 1841. e. Alte Denkmaler, 5 vols., 1849-64. f. Griech. Goiterlehre, 3 vols., 1863. g. Kleine Schriften, 6 vols. (on Sappho, Prodicus, etc.). Cf. Reinh. Kekule, F. G. W.'s Leben, Lpz. 1880 (pp. 591) ; Bursian, pp. 1029-46. (4). Karl Ottfried Miiller, 1797-1840. a. Die Dorier, 1824; Die Etrusker, 1828 (i878 2 ). b. Archaeologie der Kunst, 1830 (i878 4 ). c. Aeschylus Eumemden, 1833. d. Varro, de lingua Latina, 1833. e. Festus, 1839. f. History of the Literature of Ancient Greece, Lond. 1840, 3 vols. (i876 3 in 3 vols., ed. E. Heitz). Cf. Bursian, pp. 1007-9; % Hillebrand, in the French transl. of (d), vol. I, pp. xvii-ccclxxx, Paris, 1865. (5) Franz BOPP, 1791-1867. Founder of the science of comparative philology. Cf. B. Delbruck, Einl. in das Sprachstudium, Lpz. 1880 ; Lefman, F. B., 1892. (6) Gottfried Bernhardy, 1800-75. a. Eratosthenica, 1822; Dionys. Perieg., 1828; Wissensch. Syntax, 1829; SUIDAS, 2 vols., 1834-57. b. Griech. Liter aturgeschichte, 2 vols., 1836-45 (1880). c. Romische Literaturgesch., 2 vols., 1830 (.i872 6 ). Cf. R. Volckmann, G. B., Halle, 1887 (pp. 160); Bursian, p. 776. (7) O.Jahn, 1813-69. a. Edition and commentary of PERSIUS, 1843 ; Juvenal, 50 1851 ; Cic. Orator, 1851 ; Florus, 1852 ; Livii Periochae, 1853; Soph. Electra, 1861' (i8y2 2 ) ; Plato, Symposium, 1864 (1876*); Ps. Longinus iiepi fyovs, 1867 (i88y 2 ). b. Pausaniae descriptio arcis Athen., 1860 (i88o 2 ). f. Numerous treatises on archaeology and literature (e. g., On the subscriptions in Latin MSS. ' Ueber den Aber- glauben des bosen Blicks '). Cf. Bursian, pp. 1070-80. (8) Theodor MOMMSEN, 1817 . a. Rom. Munzwesen, 1850; ROMAN HISTORY, Vols. I-IIP, V 3 (transl. by Dickson) ; Romische Chronologic, 1859; Rom. Forschungen, 2 vols., ROM. STAATSRECHT, 3 vols. (pp. 708, 1171, 1336), i888 3 . b. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM LATINARUM, Vol. I, III, VIII, IX, c. Monumentum Ancyranum, 1865'. d. Zur Lebensgesch. des jungeren Plinius, Hermes III, pp. 31-139, etc., etc. For a full list of his works up to 1887 cf. C. Zangemeister, Theodor^. Mommsen als Schriftsteller, Heidelberg, 1887 (pp. 60). YC 00106 U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES