PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS. ABRIDGMENTS OF RELATING TO SUGAR. A.D. 1663-1866. PRINTED BT ORDER OF THE COMMISSIONERS OP PATENTS. LONDON: PRINTED BY GEOKGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODB PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. PUBLISHED AT THE OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS FOB, INTENTIONS, 25, SOUTHAMPTON BUILDINGS, HOLBOBN. 1871. . . PKEFACE. THE Indexes to Patents are now so numerous and costly as to render their purchase inconvenient to a large number of inventors and others, to whom they have become indis- pensable. To obviate this difficulty, short abstracts or abridgments of the Specifications of Patents under each head of inven- tion have been prepared for publication separately, and so arranged as to form at once a Chronological, Alphabetical, Subject-matter, and Reference Index to the class to which they relate. As these publications do not supersede the necessity for consulting the Specifications, the prices at which the printed copies of the latter are sold have been added. The number of Specifications from the earliest period to the end of the year 1866 amounts to 59,222. A large proportion of the Specifications enrolled under the old law, previous to 1852, embrace several distinct inventions, and many of those filed under the new law of 1852 indicate various applications of the single invention to which the Patent is limited. Considering, therefore, the large number of inventions and applications of inventions to be sepa- rately dealt with, it cannot be doubted that several properly belonging to the group which forms the subject of this volume have been overlooked. In the progress of the whole work such omissions will, from time to time, become apparent, and be supplied in second or supplemental editions. s. a 2 6Q1G79 jy PREFACE. This volume contains Abridgments of Specifications to the end of the year 1866. From that date the Abridgments have not been published in classes, but will be found in chronological order in the " Chronological and Descriptive Index " (see List of Works at the end of this book). It is intended, however, to publish these Abridgments in classes as soon as the Abridgments of all the Specifications from the earliest period to the end of 1866 have appeared in a classified form. Until that takes place, the reader (by the aid of the Subject-matter Index for each year) can continue his examination of the Abridgments relating to the subject of his search in the Chronological and Descriptive Index. This series of Abridgments embraces not only the in- ventions which relate to the making, purifying, and refining of all kinds of sugar commercially in use, but also those which relate to the preparation and revivication of animal charcoal and its substitutes. The apparatus required for nipping or otherwise breaking up sugars are likewise included in this series, but not inventions which relate to the use of sugar in manufacturing lozenges and other art iles of confectionary or for medicinal purposes. The Abridgments marked thus (* *) in the following pages were prepared for another series or class, and have been transferred therefrom to this volume. B. WOODCROFT. August, 1871. INDEX OF NAMES. [The names printed in Italic are those of the persons by whom the inventions Lave been communicated to the Applicants for Letters Patent.] Page Adams, J 323 Aitchison, J 40 Alexander, W. R 251 Alliott, A 126 Allman, F 215 Anderson, A. W 217 , M. F 374 Andre', C. E 290 Ansens, A .224 Archbald, W. A 48, 52, 55, 186 Archibald, C. D 153 Aspinall, G 149, 183, 387, 198, 207, 252, 255, 262 Auxv, G. C. A., Marquis ...386 uxy, of... Baird, J 27 Bancroft, P 65 Banfield, T. C 156 Barclay, A 2 Barlow,J 32 Barry, P. G 210 Barton, J 212 Bates, J 40,50 Batley, B ;...9 Baucq, A... 257 Bea,M. 352 Beanes, E...180, 310, 340, 347, 348, 358, 392 Bell, J 13,14 Bellford, A. E. L 167 Bellhouse, D 74 Belton, P, M 280 Bensen, G. J. 194, 232, 233, 245, 357 Page Bentall, E. H 268 Bernard, L. C 295 Berry, M 63,412 Bertholomey,E 350 Bessemer, H 105, 121, 127, 140, 144, 153, 155, 156, 170, 172, 173, 179 Bethune, D 215,217 Birkmyre,W 115 Blackwell, F. E 209 Blair, T 311 BlancTiard, T. 237 Boddrell,G.J.. 336 Bonneval, E, " Marquis de Ruffo 325 Bordone, P. J. T 180 Borrie,P 76 Botturi, S 231 Bour, J 184 Bousie, W * 5 Boutigny, C. C. 160 Bowman, F 412 _____ j "\\r 93 Brandeis, J. . . . .'.'.'. 14^ 149,' 164 Brearley,T 278 Brinjes, J. F 346, 355, 362 , J. F., the younger 235 Britten,J... 84 Brocksopp, T 28 Brooman, R. A...109, 137, 145, 157, 191, 196, 210, 228, 232, 275, 285, 290, 293, 306, 319, 329, 338, 345, 353, 361 Brown, D. S 150 , I .182 , J 182 INDEX OF NAMES. Page Browne, H. N S3 finite, A. M 244 Brunton, T 51 Bryant, J 233 , J ., the younger 211 Buchanan, G '. .242, 323 Burq, V 360 Cameron, J 247 Campbell, T 370 Canu, A. J 287 Carey, S 297,351 Carr, T 268,318 Casartelli, J. L 229 Castelot,E. P 194 Cavaillon,F. J. de 108 , J. de 24 Challeton, J. F. F 177 Champion, C 81 Chantrell, G.F...176, 199, 248, 252 Chauvin, F. J 379 Child, W. D 83 Chrysel, C 3 Church, W 407 * Clark, M 35 , W...374, 296, 319, 370, 373 Claypole, H. K 97 Cleland, W 31, 34, 401, 404 Clement, W. H 102 Coignet Pere et Fils et Com- pagnie, Societe*. 313 Collette, C. H .181 Collinge, J 8,29 Collins, H. J 235 Condroy, L. G. A 301 Constable, J 73 Constant, L. H. H. G 15 Cooper, J 72 Corby, J 337,350 Cormack, W 3/4, 382, 389 Coste, J. M. G 185 Coster, P. A. de 228 Courson de la Villeneuve, L. M. A. A. de 305 Courtot, H.,. 279 Cowan, J 270,2 , P 270, 304, 331 Cowing,H 115 Cowper, C 113, 114 Cramer, G. A 414 Crosley, H 60, 64, 70, 85, 104,411 Cuisinier, J. F. J. 306, 318 Curtis, J 11 ,W.J 117 Danek, V 352 Danguy, 275 Daniel, J. F 29 Davies, G 254,293,352 Davis,J 36, 39 Dawson, J 272,367 De Cavaillon, F. J 108 , J 24 De Coster, P. A 228 De Courson de la Villeneuve, L. M. A. A 305 DeDouhet, G. F 159 De Fontainemoreau, P. A. Le Comte 138, 332 De Gemini,E. 296 , E. T 296 De la Villeneuve, L. M. A. A.deC 305 De Lisle, A. T 263 De Massy, L. P. R....343, 344, 363, 382 , L. R 343, 344 De Mercato, D 1 De Mornay, E 134 De Ruffo Bonneval, E. Mar- quis 325 De Villeneuve, T. C 321 De Wyldd, F 36,334 Decoster, P. A 189 Delabarre, C. F 197 Denison, G 213 Derosne, C.. 42,47,77 Dihl, C 398 Dimsdale,T. 1 177 Dixon, G 159 ,T 352 INDEX OF NAMES. vn Page Dolyoruki, P. S 249 Douhet, G. F. de 159 Druke, J. G 22 Drummond, G. A 308, 309 Dubrunfaut, A.P 329 Duff,C 243 Duncan, J 272,299 Duquesne, A 317 Duquesne, E. F 188 Dureau,J.B 285 DuRieu,F.J.P 393 Ebingre, J. D.... ....148 Edwards, J. S 223 Egan,J.F 143 Elers,W 249 Elliott, E. D 378 Ellis, J 201 Ensley,J. 1 387 Esquiron, X. T 240 Fairrie, J... 63, 193 Favell, T. V 205 Fawcett,W 35,405 Field, J. J ........239,291 Fink, L 249 Finken, G 305 Finlayson, C 141 Finzel, C. W. 112, 212, 348, 358 Finzel, W. C 167,233 Firmin, G. J 392 Fleming, J 3 Fletcher, J 276,316,368 Fontainemoreau, P. A. le Comte de 138,332 Fordyce, G 4 Fourmeaux, E '. . .282 Fradet,J. 289 Francis, E 258 Fraser, J. M 125 Freund, C 32 Fryatt, H. N. 267, 278, 299 Fryer, A. 280, 314, 348, 361 Furness, R. H 24 Gaade, C. J. 370,373 Gadesden, A. W 78 Pajre Galloway, R 147, 170 Galy-Cazalet, A 231 Gamble, J. C .". 403 Gardissal, C. D 215 Gardner, E. V 208 Garnett, A 45 Garton, C 321, 324, 335 Geauchez, L 338 Gedge, W. E 295, 324, 376 Gemini, E. O, de 296 , E. T 296 Gilbee, W. A 236,273 Gits, J. F 325 Goessling, F. W. 358, 359 Goodlet, G 416 Golding, G. G 207 Gordon, G 380,390 Gossart, F. L 168 Goulson, B 41 Green, W 261,284 Greenwood, T 166 Guillou, A 361 Gutteridge, W 53 Gwynne, G 59, 116 ,J.........130, 173, 1/4 , J. E.A.... 174 Gye,F .:....:; 84 Hague, J 23,26,39 Hamoir,P 317 Hanrez,P 325 Hansell, C. 332 Harczyk,B 150 Harding, W 1 Hardman, L 72 Hare, Sir J 296 Haseltine, G 358, 359 Havemeyer, T. A 319 Hawes,W 163 Heather,J 189 Hebert, L 99 Henry, M 246,313 Herapath, W. B 320 > Herring, M 129 ! Heusner, K. L 327 1 Herz, A. C., Von ...142 | Higgineon, G. 1 168 INDEX OF NAMES. Page Higham,W 74 Hill, L., junior 97 ,T .' 335 Hills, F. C 120, 163 , G 120, 163 Hoard,F 60 Howard, E. C 17, 19 Howard de Walden and Seaford, C. A., Lord 164 Howe,G 244 Huggins, H. J 271 Hughes, E. T 256,393 HuiUard, A 231 Hyde, L., Lord 1 Ingham, J 10 Jacquier, J. 352 Jasper, G. A 372, 383 Jay,C 96 Jennings, H. C 33, 89 Johnson, J. H. 152, 325, 379, 381 , W 397, 402 Johnston, J 79, 93 Jones, D 345 Jordan, J 167 Jouan, A 254 Jouannet,M. V. 315 Kanig, W.A. von 264 Keddy,T ; 226 Kempen, P. von 414 Kerr, R 196 Kessler,J. L 330 King,T 218 Kirk, R 30 Kissack, J 366 Kite, J.(secundus) 214 Knab,D.C 162 Knaggs, W 384 Kneller, W.G 38 Knight, R 30 Kohn,F 393 Kuntsmann, R 389 Labayen,S 345 Lagard, J. A 246 Lambert, R. S Langenard, F.P 341 Lavignac,H 293 Lawrence, M. W 34, 62 Lebaudy, J 357 Ltgal,F.M 379 Leitch, J 204, 205, 208 Leplay, A H 306, 318, 371 , H. 255 Leon, J. A ....366, 371 Lequime, A 353 Leuchs,J. G 273 Lewsey, C. J ..217,220 Lichtenstadt, D 243 Lisle, A. T. de 263 Lodge, E 200 Lombard, J. B. A 240 Longbottom, J 220 Loos, E..; 63 Lowndes, C. S 158,167 Loysel,E 192 Lyons, J. J ..265 McEwan, J 365 Macfie, R.A... 121 Maclnnes, J 65 Macintosh, J 145, 148 Mackizday, L 245,307, 335 McOnie, A 222 Manbre, A... 239, 260, 266,342 Manifold, J.T., 158, 167 Manwaring, W 69 Margesson, P. D 244 Mams, J 326 ,W 326 Marshall, G 200 ,J.junr 257 Martineau, J., the younger... 21 , P., the younger... 21 Massy, L. P. R. rfe....343, 344, 363, 382 , L. R. de 343, 344 Maumene, E. J 175 Mayelston, J 169 Melvill, J 3 Mennons, M. A. F.....289, 305, 315, 317 INDEX OF NAMES. ix. Page Mercato, D. de 1 Michel, L. A 178 Miller, W....230, 311, 328, 340 Minchin, R G. V 376, 393 Mirrlees, J. B 133 Moliueux, F 81 Moinier, J. B 160 Montclar, J. M. A 375 Montaigue, L. 357 Moreau-Darluc, C 200 Morley,P.A 68 Mornay, E. de 134 Moult, W 398 Mountford,G 224 Mouren, J 325 Mucklow, E.: 223 Muir,W 327 Midler, R 364 Murdoch,J 108 Murray, R 5 Myers,' M 378 Napier, J. M 282 Nash, J 151, 185 Needham, W 212,214 Neilson,W 365 Nesmond, P. C 160 Newman, H. C. C 11 Newnam, J 328 Newton, A. V...88, 110, 267, 278,321,356 , W 54,98 , W. E...213, 253, 299, 305, 343, 344, 350, 363, 382 Nind, P 124 Norman, J , 377 Norton, J 244 Ogston, G. H 364 Oliver, J 60,63 Orr, W 307 Oxland, J 106, 132 ,BL..106, 132, 195,266 Paine, J. M 183 Parker,F 413 ,W 54,408 Page Parsons, C. F .................. 234 Partz, A. F. W ................ 222 Paterson. J ......... 308,309, 349 Patrick, W. B ........... 307, 385 Pearse,H ......................... 83 Peek, A ......................... 322 Perkins, A. M ................. 408 -- , J ...................... 409 Perrier, Sir A .................. 400 Pertins, M. E. A ............... 49 Pesier,E ........................ 273 Picciotto, J ..................... 1 74 Pidding, W .................... 162 Pierce, W. M .................. 297 Pillans, J ........................ 194 Playfair, P ....................... 97 Pontifex,E ....................... 56 Poole, M .......................... 44 Possoz, L. A ................... 263 Pouchaut, D. P ................. 70 Powell,,! ......................... 37 -- ,J.F .................... 364 _ rp 07 j * ........................ Of Prentice, M./; .................. 283 Price, A. P ..................... 106 Prince,A ........................ 249 Purbrick, R. B .................. 80 Qufruel, J. B. J. C 293 Radcliffe, J ..................... 205 Reece, R ........................ 106 Reed, C ......................... 315 Reeder, J ........................... 7 Reid, F .......................... 333 ReyburnR ............... 179,187 Reynolds, H ............ 250,259 Richard, L. J ....... . .......... 211 Richardson, C .................. 89 283 .237 Rieu, F. G.P. du ............. 393 Riley, H .................. . ..... 198 Ritter.W .................... ?....71 INDEX OF NAMES. Page Robbins, J 11 Robertson, P 300,312 Robey, J 379 Robinson, J. H. 75, 166, 265, 270 ) v *** t -* DO , M 46,52 , R. A.... 271 Roettger,E 393 Rohde, M 28 Ronald, J 78 Ross,W,H 310 Rostand, C 356 Rotch, T. D 119 Rousseau, E 253 Rowland, R 383 Ruffo Bonneval, E. Marquis de 325 Rumsey, J 396 Salembier, H. L. F 83 Saunders, J. F , 55 Savage, A 203, 288 Schiele,C 201 Schramm,H.R.L 264 Schroder, F. H 66, 132, 304 Schwarz,H 334 Scoffern, J 98, 115 Scott, A 272 , J. junior 165 Serret, G 317 Seymour, G 255 Shand, W 43,404 Shannon, R 396 Sharp, J.B 405 Shears, D. T 122,188 Shepherd, G 334 ,W. T 334 Shorland, W 7 Siemens, C. W 204 Sievier, R. W 94, 219, 225 Sillem, H. J 238 Slatter,J 394 Smith, A 262,355 , A. F 1 , J 30 , W....139, 262, 333, 355 Page Societe Coignet Pere et Fils et Compagnie 313 Sovereign, L. L 387 Spencer, T 242 St. Glair, B 82 Steele, J 198 Steiner,F 95 Steinkamp, J. A 101 Sterihouse, J 203, 216 Stevens, C 282 , G 53, 70 Stokes, J 35 Stolle, E 61 Sutherland, J 21 Symes,W 83 Symington, W 141 Target, F. N... ...69 Taylor, J 22, 182 , P 329,400 Terry, A. R 221,260 , C 54 Tessimond, G 366 Therese, S. J. 256 Thomas, R. G. 42 Thomson, J 188 Tickell, H 397 Tizack, J 1 Tow, G 139,312 Townsend, J 286,287 Travis, E 229 Trevithick, R 415 Trolliet, J. -B. F 345 Turner, E 43 Ure, A 49,406, 409,410 Vanderfeesten, J. M 337 Van Kempen, P 414 Varillat, J. J 121 , W. J. J 135, 212 Varley, W 24 Vaughan, G 12 Vauville, E 281 Vickess,S 388 Villeneuve, L. M. A. A. de C. dela 305 Villeneuve, T. C. de 321 INDEX OF NAMES. XI Page Vion, H. C 161 Vivian, A 415 VonKerz, A. C 142 VonKanig,W. A 264 Wagener,J 392 Wagner, J. H. G. D 254 Wakefield,T 9 Walker, J 275,287 , J. junior 142 Waller, R 300 Ward,H 237 Warner, H. S 241 Watson, W 57 Way,J. T...: 175,183 Weld, A. T 364 Wells,J. 381 Welsh, J 190 White, G 273 , T 363 Pape White, W. C 323 Williams, C. W 286 , G 289 Willis, A 13 Willoughby, F 1 Wilson, D 25, 26 , J. C 291,302 Wittman, F 324 Wood, S. T 6 Worssam, G. J 346 Wray,L 192 Wright, R...84, 87, 281, 313, 354 Wyatt, C 9,26 Wylde, F. de 36,344 Yonge, J. G 2 Young, J 59 ,J. H 153 Ziegler, E 227 INTRODUCTION. SUGAR is a substance which extensively abounds, but it is found more especially secreted in different parts of a variety of plants, in some plants in their stems, in some in their fruit, >nd in others in their roots ; indeed, there are but few vegetable substances, which do not contain it in more or less quantity. Still there' are only a very few substances, and these are vegetable, which' have hitherto been found to yield it in so large a quantity as to make its manufacture from them remunerative. Although the qualities of sugar are very numerous and varied, according to their mode of production and to the nature of the substance from which they are derived, still, -it may be^said that, practically, there are only two kinds of sugar which have com- mercially any great importance, and these are commonly known under the names of cane sugar and grape sugar, more recently called glucose, but the latter sugar, although science has now taught us of its contemporaneous existence with the^ former, is a substance of a comparatively modern manufacture. In the first century, sugar (no doubt the sugar from the cane) was described by Dioscorides and Pliny as " resembling~salt, and " only used in medicine," whilst Strabo, Theophrastus, Arrian, and others speak of it as a sort of honey produced from a reed growing in Arabia and India, but although sugar must have been known in the East from a very early date, it is said that it was not known in Europe as an article of food until the time of the Crusades, sugar canes having been found in abundance by^ the Crusaders when in Syria. The sugar cane appears to have been transplanted from Cyprus to Madeira and from thence to the West Indies in 1506, where, the climate and soil both proving favourable to its cultivation, in the same century a great number of works were put in opera- tion for making sugar ; and from that time, and for some con- xiv INTRODUCTION. siderable time afterwards, the West India Islands were the chief sources of supply of sugar to Europe and afterwards to America, for it was not until towards the middle of the eighteenth century, about 1751, that the sugar cane was brought into and cultivated in America upon the banks of the Mississipi near New Orleans. The sugar cane alone was known as the source for obtaining this description of sugar until the year 1747 when M. Margraff, of Berlin, demonstrated that cane sugar was present in the juice of the birch, also in the parsnip, carrot, and white and red beet ; and in 1796 M. Achard, of Berlin, obtained from beet root 5 per cent, of white sugar and 3 per cent, of molasses. The price of cane sugar being high, towards the end of the eighteenth or early in the beginning of the nineteenth century, a factory was established at Cunern, in Lower Silesia, for extracting sugar from beet root, but no other attempt was made to prosecute this manu- facture on a large scale until the time of the first Napoleon, who, bent upon ruining the colonial trade of this country, excluded our colonial products from France, and offered at the same time a premium of one million of francs for the best method of pro- ducing sugar from native products. The effect of this policy was that very soon factories were established in France for making sugar from beets, and these gradually extended to Belgium, Germany, Austria, and Russia, in all of which countries the manufacturing of beet-root sugar is now prosecuted on a most gigantic scale, the manufacture having been encouraged and fos- tered from its commencement in each of these countries by a protective duty. Many endeavours have from time to time been made in this country to manufacture sugar from the beet, but it would appear that, up to a few years ago, not much success attended any of them. However, from a letter from Mr. James Caird to the Times, which was afterwards copied into the Journal of the Society of Arts of 25th November 1870, it would appear that the manufac- ture of sugar from beet is now being worked successfully by Mr. Duncan at Lavenham in Suffolk, where, it is said, about 400 tons of roots are weekly converted into sugar, and it is further added, that " this is now the third year of the Lavenham " factory and of the growth and manufacture of English beet " root sugar on a considerable scale a scale equal in extent to " that of continental factories." It may likewise be here stated that the cultivation of the beet for the manufacture of sugar INTRODUCTION. xv appears now to be seriously engaging the attention of a number of the farmers of this country, and a most useful and instructive paper upon " The cultivation and use of sugar beet in England " has lately been read before the Society of Arts by Dr. Voelcker, and will be found in the Society's Journal, 10th of March 1871. Dr. Voelcker has evidently bestowed much thought and labour upon this subject which appears to have puzzled the British nation more than it seems to have done our continental neigh- bours, for that gentleman says, " that there are at present over " 500 beetroot sugar factories and distilleries in France, nearly " 200 in Belgium, about 300 in Prussia, and a goodly number " in Austria, Russia, and other continental states," and finally he concludes by saying that " probably the number of continental " beet root factories and distilleries does not fall much short of " 2,000, and according to reliable reports most of them do a " lucrative business." It may be said that the processes for the production of sugar from the juice of beets are materially the same as those for pro- ducing sugar from the juice of the sugar cane. Grape sugar, or as it is now frequently called glucose, although it is also known under a variety of other names, such as starch or fruit sugar, &c., &c., was first recognized in 1792 by Lowitz as a distinct species of sugar, differing in many of its properties from cane sugar, as for instance, it does not so readily crystallize as cane sugar, and when it does crystallize, it does so in confused masses ; it is much less soluble in water, cane sugar requiring for its solution only about one-third of its weight of cold water, whereas grape sugar requires about one and a half times its weight, and it is also much less sweet to the taste. Cane sugar likewise differs in other respects from grape sugar, as for instance, in forming salts with the alkalies and alkaline earths, and also as tvill be shewn further on. Grape sugar although found in a great number of substances, especially fruits, is not known to exist in any one of them in such quantity as to render its manufacture from fruits of any value ; but chemistry has stepped in, and supplied this deficiency, and the production of grape sugar or glucose, by acting upon starch or such like substances with a dilute acid and heat, has now become a manufacture of some considerable importance, especially on the continent, and this has arisen partly from the fact that this article can be brought into this market (as nearly as may be) xvi INTRODUCTION. colorless a,nd without any flavour but its sweet taste, and these properties make it highly valuable for confectionary purposes, and likewise from the important fact, that, malt liquors to which a portion of cane sugar has been added do not keep so well as those to which a like portion of grape or glucose sugar has been added; consequently it has now come into considerable favor with brewers who are in the habit of using sugar along with malt in the brewing of their beers. One of the best modes of distinguishing grape sugar from cane sugar is by adding to the solution of sugar to be tested in a flask a few drops of an alkaline solution of tartrate of copper and gently boiling ; if any grape sugar is present a bright red metallic looking precipitate of suboxide of copper is shortly thrown down from the liquid, if no grape sugar is present no red precipitate takes place, and the solution remains clear with a slight blue tinge from the addition of the copper solution. In a solution of a mixture of the two sugars a quantitative examination may thus be made ; the grape sugar is first esti- mated in one portion of the solution of the sugar by a standard solution of the alkaline tartate of copper, and the quantity noted ; then another portion of the original solution of the two sugars is boiled for a short time after having added to it a few drops of an acid, say sulphuric acid ; this boiling with the acid converts the cane sugar that may have been present into grape sugar, when the whole of the sugar is again estimated, by adding the copper solution from time to time to the boiling solution so long as a precipitate takes place, the increased quantity of the copper solution required over the first experiment will give the amount of cane sugar in the mixture. The value of this test will be better understood when it is stated that, owing to the mode in which sugars, but especially those known as low sugars, are manufactured, they contain in many instances grape sugar; and likewise from the fact, that large quantities of grape sugar or glucose are used for the purpoae of adulterating brown cane sugars, thus improving their color, but at the same time deteriorating their sweetening or saccharine properties to a material degree. In the process given above for testing the value of samples containing both cane and grape sugar it will be noticed that cane sugar is converted into grape sugar by boiling its solution with a few drops of an acid, sulphuric acid recommended, and INTRODUCTION. xvii this action of acids upon cane sugar has formed the subject of a patent which will be found abridged in this volume (Garton's patent). The product so obtained is manufactured on a large scale by Messrs. Hill & Co., of Southampton, and sold under the name of "saccharum;" it has found considerable favour with a large number of brewers in England, who employ a portion of it along with the malt, and by so doing are said to obtain from this mixture a malt liquor of a more permanent character than when brewed with malt alone or a mixture of malt and any cane sugar, however pure the cane sugar may have been. If the process has been properly conducted the product should be grape sugar or glucose, with a certain per-centage of water, but in many samples which have been examined from time to time very few have been found in which the cane sugar has been perfectly converted, and most of the samples have exhibited a considerable per-centage of unconverted sugar. SUGAR. SUGAR. A.D. 1663, February 4. N 141. WILLOUGHBY, FRANCIS, Lord, HYDE, LAWRENCE, and " DE MARCATO, DAVID. Makeinge and frameinge of sugar " mill?." [No Specification enrolled. Letters Patent printed, price 4d.] A.D. 1691, August 22. N 271. TIZACK, JOHN. "A way by an engine to be worked by one " or more men for the well and more easy oyling and dressing of " leather and cloath." This apparatus, it is said, "may be of " great use to all such as doe worke at those and some other " trades, and may be also applicable to the raiseing of water, " washing of cloathes, milling of sugar canes, pounding of " mineralf, and pounding and bruising of all sortf of seedf, *' pounding charcoale to make powder of, and pounding and " making raggf fitt to make paper and the like." [No Specification enrolled. Letters Patent printed, price 4cZ.] A.D. 1692, March 24. N 310. SMITH, ANTHONY FORESTER. " Boyling and heating waters ft and all other liquors, as alsoe for melting and refineing sugars " and all other things that are done by fire, with lesse charge " and greater expedition than is now used in our dominions," and also " communicating the heat of a small quantity of any " hot or boyleing liquors in a short time to any greater " quantities." [No Specification enrolled. Letters Patent printed, price 4eJ.] A.D. 1721, July 12. N 433. HARDING, WILLIAM." Sugar mills, engines, and wormes." These, it is said, have hitherto suffered by imperfections "from f f being chiefly made with large timber and wooden coggs, only S. A 2 SUGAR. " having a case of iron on the timber and an iron gudgeon " through -them, which often breaks by the imperfeccon of the " rollers." .Now models have been made of " sugar mills, engines, " and.wo'rraie^/' .the "rollers and coggs, and gudgeons, whereof ". are all iron, cast'an.d wrought in a different manner and from '**; a\l.'th(!/^e no\v in, vjsd, and such equal proporcons and dimensions " that if by any accident a gudgeon or any other part of the " rollers should be disordered it maybe repaired without the help " of any other workmen than those about the mill, for one-eighth ie part of the charge it vsed to cost, and be set to work againe " in four or five houres time ; the engine for supplying the said " mills with water having an iron pinion or small wheel of a f( peculiar form and manner, with works circular within an iron " double or endless rack, toothed all round, so contrived within " as to command one sucker or forcer, performing both offices at " the same in a single barrel or cilinder, making a purchase of " any length required, which being wrought by the power of the " mill, or otherwise, will supply all the works with a continual " stream of water without intermission, and the wormes being " cast and made on a core of mettle, so particularly contrived as " to be taken out after the worms or pipes are cast thereon, with " much more ease and conveniency than any ever before made Cf vse of by any artificer whatsoever, by which meanes the wormes " and water pipes will be compleatly finished without sorder or " being bent after casting, as those now in vse generally are, and " being kept cool by a constant supply of water will prevent " yearly the loss or spoiling many thousand gallons of rum, and " by removeing the waters from those places where it super- " abound^ 1 to places where it is extremely wanted will greatly " encrease the value of many hundred thousand acres of land in " all those our dominions in America." [No Specification enrolled. Letters Patent printed, price 4d.] A.D. 1766, November 21. N 862. BARCLAY, ALEXANDER, and YONGE, JOHN GREENHILL. " A new method of constructing sugar mills by the application of " friction wheels to diminish the resistance arising from friction." This consists in " applying the said friction wheels in such manner "'as that the axis of one wheel revolves on the periphery of " another." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] SUGAR. 3 A.D. 1773, August 5. N 1051. MELVILL, JOHN. "A new machine or stove engine, which " can be made of any form whatever, for the more easy, cheap, " and expeditious mode of either boiling sugar, soap, or other " articles which require to be boiled in large vessels, or distilling " all kinds of liquors." No description is given of the above apparatus, but there is a drawing, in which are set forth a num- ber of different shaped vessels, and in which three of these are united together and appear to be bowl-shaped, having each a jacket ; these jackets communicate the one with the other, and contain in their lower part hot water ; the water in the first jacket is heated by a fire underneath, any steam escapes by a pipe fixed close to the top of the jacket of the last vessel. [Printed, 10A Drawing.] A.D. 1773, November 7. N 1056. (* *) CHRYSEL, CHRISTOPHER. "Method of constructing and set- " ting boilers of any dimension for the use of fire engines, salt " works, brewhouses, distillers, soap-houses, sugar-houses, and " sugar works." This consists, first, in changing " the boilers, " coppers, and pans, containing four or more feet deep of water " or liquors," " into shallow boilers of about one foot in depth " and of a convenient length and breadth," to hold the same quantity, " or double or treble the quantity, which will make no " difference in the quantity of fuel required." In fire engines " the shallow boilers must be about two feet and an half, whereof " half a foot is assigned to the depth of the water, and two feet " for the confinement of the steam." Second, " setting the said " shallow boilers upon a small furnace, and serpentine flue, " contrived in such manner that the fire goes out of the furnace " in full flames under the whole bottom of the shallow boiler for " about a hundred feet, ascending to the top of the chimney." There are two regulators, " one for regulating the access of the (t free air, and the other for regulating the exit of the fire flames " and smoak." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Rolls Chapel Reports, 6th Report, p. 162.] A.D. 1773, December 18. N 1057. FLEMING, JOHN. " An entirely new and particular kind of " machine or engine for pressing sugar canes and squeezing the A 2 4 SUGAR, " juices therefrom, which actuated by wheels upon a peculiar and " much more simple construction than any invention of the like " nature hitherto found out, and, as I humbly conceive, would " be much more useful and advantageous to the publick than " any invention or discovery of the like nature." This consists of two rollers fixed perpendicular, between them is " the spindle, " a center roller," these are all cased with iron, " and are turned " -g- of an inch hollow to prevent their touching and wearing " smooth when the cane is taken in ;" there are " two wheels of " the same iron fixed on the head of the rollers. The inside that " goes over the wood is in an octagon form ; they have four " tenons that project two inches from the center of every other " square of the octagon. These tenons keep the wheels firm " when let in the wood. There is a set of coggs on each of thess " wheels which connects with a set of wallerers that are placed on " a wallerer wheel that goes over the spindle, and is brought (f down to answer with the roller wheels." There is a small roller fixed close to the "wallerer wheel," for " passing the cane (f after it is once squeezed to the roller that squeezes it a second " time. This small roller is turned by a set of coggs on the lower " part of the wallerer wheel that is fixed on the spindle. There " are eight iron plates, two inches shorter than the iron cases, " fixed in the small roller, which project about three inches. " The rollers must be placed so as the plates may come within " four inches of the center roller and within two of the roller that " passes the cane a second time, there is an iron pivot at each " end of this roller which revolves in two brasses fixed for that " purpose." A piece of wood is placed oblique from the roller. " The cane first passes to the plates in the small roller. This " piece of wood directs the canes to the plates which takes and " forces it between the rollers which squeeze it a second time." [Printed, 8cZ. Drawing. Rolls Chapel Reports, 6th Report, p. 139.] A.D. 1774, January 24. N 1061. FORDYCE, GEORGE. " Preparation of blood, which is prepared " so as to preserve those qualities which will render it useful for " the making of sugar for a great length of time, and in any " climate." This consists as follows : " Take the blood of oxen, " or any other animals, separate from it the gluten, and to the " remainder add residuum of ether in greater or smaller quantity, SUGAR. 5 " according to the state of the blood, so as to check putrefaction " during the operation. If the blood is in such putrefiscent state " as to require it, then evaporate the aqueous particles in a regu- " lated heat, and for use dissolve the preparation in water, and " apply it in the same manner as fresh blood would be applied." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Rolls Chapel Reports, 6th Report, p. 162.] A.D. 1784, April 17. N 1428. BOUSIE, WILLIAM. "The refining of sugar, and the making " of sugar from the cane juice, and by means of which muscavado " or brown sugar may be made to yield a considerably greater " proportion of refined sugar, and better in quality than can be " obtained by the methods usually practised." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1784, August 20. N 1448. MURRAY, ROBERT. "For the refining of sugar and the " making of sugar from the cane juice, and by means of which " muscavado or brown sugar may be made to yield a consider- " ably greater proportion of refined sugar, and better in quality " than can be obtained by the method usually practised." For making sugar from cane juice the juice from the mills is imme- diately run through linen into two or three copper cauldrons with flat bottoms, from 60 to 66 inches diameter of a certain weight, thickness, and height and made of three sheets of copper jointed and soldered in a certain manner, to a depth of 12 or 13 inches only, when it is quickly, boiled, skimmed, and concentrated until drops allowed to fall form small sheets, when the fires under the cauldrons are put out or suppressed, the liquor from two or three cauldrons are passed through a woollen strainer fixed on wicker work into one or more cauldrons, called boilers, about nine inches deep ; when it is again boiled until it is " ready to crystallize in " large distinct grains." The fire is then covered or extinguished and the mass put into a wood cooler five feet square with an elevation of eight inches lined with pure white metal " similar to " Smith's patent metal," in which it is frequently stirred with a wooden spatula until crystallization is completed when the mass is placed in a draining trough of wood four feet long, three wide, one high, with three rails in the bottom, on which is placed an osier hurdle ; under this is a trough for the drainings. which are 6 SUGAR. treated again as above. The sugar in the trough is removed into hogsheads, as raw sugar, or clayed as afterwards described when refining raw sugar. " If any animal syrup can be procured (and " whites of eggs are preferable to any other), an admixture thereof " in the cauldron will assist in getting rid of the extractive part " and render the raw sugar most beautiful." For refining raw sugar it is put into cases or boxes to the height of about eighteen inches, levelled without any compression, covered with about three quarters of an inch of white clay the consistence of thick pap. When the water from the clay has filtered' into the mass of sugar the dry clay is removed from the surface and a second coating of the same clay about an inch thick is applied. When " the white clay begins to retreat and " rack upon the surface, from 100 to 106 F. of heat is intro- " duced into the warehouse/' "this dissolution infilters itself " through the mass into a recipient below such as was used in the " former process for boiling the cane juice only deeper. The " clay when dry is removed and the heat continued until the " draining ceases. The purified or bleached sugar is taken from (t the case." The black and bitter molasses no longer suscep- tible of chrystallization may be fermented for " spirits fit for " varnishing but which is disagreeable to the palate if drank." " The raw sugar clayed, purged, or purified by this process is " then in a proper state to be refined, an operation which " nearly " resembles that which is commonly practised by refiners; it " differs only in not making use of lime to dissolve the sugar, " according to the usual process, but of common pond or river " water, and in the clarifying with white of eggs in place of " using bullock's blood which is the practise of the present " refiners." [Printed, 4fZ. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 4, p. 289.] A.D. 1785, July 27. N 1492. (* *) WOOD, SUTTON THOMAS. " Distilling, rectifying, refining, and " preparing spirits, oils, sugars and salts, and other substances " and solutions, by the power and application of steam, and *' certain discoveries in the application of steam to the carrying " on and to the varioiis purposes of trades and manufactures." This consists " in making use of steam instead of fire." Some modes of doing this are shown : in one instance a steam jacket SUGAR. 7 surrounds the still ; in another the vessel or still containing the liquor to be distilled surrounds a boiler. Hot plates and ovens on the above principles are described, but it is stated it is of no consequence in what shape or form the vessels, &c. may be made, " or in what manner the heat of the steam is communicated," " provided the effect is produced upon the principle aforesaid." [Printed, Is. Drawing. Carpmael's Reports on Patent Cases, vol. 1, p. 182 ; Rolls Chapel Report, 6th Report, p. 172.] A.D. 1786, October 6. N 1559. REEDER, JOHN. " New invented coppers or vessels." This consists of a copper vessel for clarifying cane juice with a slightly convex bottom, a pipe with a tap is fixed just at the bottom " for " conveying -the liquor from the vessel instead of leading it out d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 28 (second series), p. 70 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 107.] A.D. 1816, February 3. N 3978. DRUKE, JOHN GEORGE. " A certain method of expelling the " molasses or syrup out of refined sugars in a shorter period than SUGAR. 23 " is at present practised with pipe clay." This consists as fol- lows : " Sulphates of lime, natural and artificial combinations " of calcareous earths, with suitable acids or other fit substances," plaster of Paris preferred, is mixed with " any fit liquid, by pre- " ference cold water," adding one pound of the plaster of Paris to three pints of water, stirring it well, and when it is brought to the consistency of a thickish paste, so that a finger dipped into it to the depth of one or two inches below the surface, and drawn along, the impression or channel caused by the " finger will re- " main, or not be closed up readily." This substance is to be used in the same manner as when using clay. In preference, a piece of calico or pieces of damp calico are placed between the upper part of the loaf of sugar and the above clay substitute. " The operating mass and intermediate substance before-described " may be applied with equal utility and success to sugars in " whatever vessels or receptacles they may be placed for the " purpose of being separated from the molasses." [Printed, 4>d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 29 (second series), p. 321 ; Bolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 112.] A.D. 1816, July 27. N 4048. HAGUE, JOHN. " Certain improvements -in the method of " expelling molasses or syrup from sugars." These are " either " by withdrawing the air from the under surface, or by com- " pressing the air on the upper surface of the sugar." "A trough " or box (open at the top) either square, round, or any other " shape," in preference, larger at top than at bottom, is used. In this trough is placed a false bottom, (in preference of sheet copper), perforated with many small holes, on this is a cloth or web of hair or other material, on which the sugar, previously regularly moistened " with water, lime water, or some other " liquid," is placed. To the real bottom or sides is fixed a pipe which leads to a receiving vessel placed below for the reception of the molasses. The real bottom is in communication with an air pump, worked by water, wind, steam, animal, or other power, the passage of the air through the sugar separates and expels the molasses, which falls on the real bottom, and runs into the vessel below. The other method, namely, by compressing the air on the upper surface of the vessel is effected in a trough or box, covered on the top and furnished with a false bottom and cloth or web, as by the first method, and having spread the moistened sugar on 24 SUGAR. the cloth or web, as by the former method, the air is compressed " by means of a force pump, bellows, or some other contrivance, " worked by some power, either natural or artificial," on the upper surface of the sugar, which produces the same effect on it as the operation first described." [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 31 (second series), p. 328 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 116.] A.D. 1816, November 1. N 4072, VARLEY, WILLIAM, and FURNESS, ROBERT HOPWOOD. " An improved method of obtaining or producing saccharine " matter or substance from wheat, rye, oats, and barley, bear or " bigg." This consists as follows : The flour obtained from any of these serials, but, by preference, barley flour, and, by preference, separated from the bran by " the well known methods," is gradually added, with stirring, to water acidulated with sulphuric acid, 3 Ibs. of " concentrated sulphuric acid or good oil of vitriol " of commerce " to every 45 gallons of water, brought to a tem- perature of 130, to one hundredweight of the flour. The vessel, by preference, of fir timber, has a lid, which is then put on, and the joints having been made steam tight, a stop cock connecting it with a steam apparatus is opened and the whole brought to the temperature of 212 F., and continued (at or as nearly as pos- sible at) for the space of thirty hours or so, the insoluble matter is then removed by filtration, and the saccharine solution, either before or after concentration, has the acid nearly neutralized by lime, and the neutralization finished by the addition of carbonate of lime or pulverized chalk, limestone, marble, oyster shells, &c., and on standing the sulphate of lime precipitates and is removed. The concentration of the saccharine fluid is conducted in a leaden vessel surrounded with an iron jacket, into which steam is admitted. " The syrup " is drawn off for use. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Rolls Chapel Report, 8th Report, p. 120.] A.D. 1817, January 23. N 4093. DE CAVAILLON, JOSEPH. " Certain improvements in the " preparing, clarifying, and refining of sugar, and other vege- " table, animal, and mineral substances, and in the machinery " and utensils used therein." These are, first, the several charcoals, animal or vegetable, such as "bone charcoal, ivory SUGAR. 25 " black, blood charcoal, vegetable or wood charcoal, or that sub- " stance known under the name of residue of Prussian blue, " which are all used in a state of powder for clarifying and bleach- " ing syrups and other liquors or substances, are generally " considered of no use or value when they have been once used, " but are thrown away as completely refuse." It is here proposed to collect them, and burn them in close vessels, except one small orifice for the escape of any elastic or other vapour. They "must " be exposed in proper furnaces to a white heat, until no further " steam or vapour " arises from them. When cold, they are taken out of their vessels and they are carefully sifted, washed, and filtered in preference making the funnel or support of the " fil- " tering bag square like the hopper of a mill, and with a flat " bottom." " The hopper or f unnell of the filter may be of wood, " iron, copper, tin, or other metal, and of any convenient size," in which is applied " the wicker basket, and linen, woollen, or cotton bags usually made use of." Second, " in the boiling and boiler, which instead of making a " fixture over the fire," the boiler is " to be so hung or suspended " in three or more chains or slings," so as to be raised or lowered " from the fire that is " contained in a fixed furnace with a flue " beneath it," the pan can be thus adjusted with the greatest nicety ; the pan has a lip. [Printed, 4>d. No Drawings. Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 117.] A.D. 1817, January 23. N 4095. WILSON, DANIEL. " Certain improvements in the process of " boiling and refining sugar." These are, in place of a vessel heated by an open fire, applying the heat necessary for the boiling or evaporating of syrup " by means of a current of heated fluid, " which passes under and round the sides of the pan containing " the sugar to be so boiled or evaporated, and the fluids which " are thus used " are " above the heat of boiling sugar, but below " the degree of heat necessary for burning or decomposing it, so " that it can never be injured from an excess of heat." The pans are double, with a space between them ; in the inner is the syrup, and the outer pan communicates with a vessel in which "the " fluid (forced by a pump from the boiler) for conveying the heat " is heated." The substances employed as the medium for con- veying the heat are "whale, spermacetti, cod, seal, herring, f < pilchard, or other fish oil, linseed, rape, hemp, olive, nut; palm, 26 SUGAR. ." sunflower seed, poppy seed, and castor oils, tallow, lard, butter, " grease, animal fat, and wax." [Printed, GcL Drawing. Repertory of Arts, vol. 32 (second series), p. 69 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 117.] A.D. 1817, June 3. N 4130. WYATT, CHARLES. " Method or methods for preventing any " disadvantageous accumulation of heat in manufacturing and " refining sugar." This consists te in bringing the heated particles " of cane juice or of a solution of sugar into contact with the air " in a very extended surface," so as to promote "a copious " evaporation" at a "temperature below the boiling point of " the liquor." In deep vessels the operation is performed "by a " number of thin sheets of metal or other convenient substance " attached to a handle, and moved up and down by the hand, or " by any other power." " But when shallow, and particularly " when hemispherical vessels are used," " a number of discs or " circular plates placed on a horizontal axis " are 'preferred ; and the exposure of the liquor to the air " is performed by the revolu- " tion of the said discs." Or a number of tubes are " bent to the " shape of the internal part in the vessel, and fastened by their " extremities to an axis or handle ; " and an extensive surface is produced " by means of spheres or segments of spheres, cones, " frustums of cones, prisms, ellipsoids, cylinders, or an endless " series of plates or sheets loosely connected together, suspended " and acting round two axes like the common jack chain, the " lower part always passing through the liquor." Copper is preferred "to any other substance for the execution of these " contrivances, although cloth, silk, linen, cotton, canvas, earthen- " ware, wood, and other bodies may be used with inferior effect." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Rolls Chapel Report, 8th Report, p. 118.] A.D. 1817, November 28. N 4181. HAGUE, JOHN. " Certain improvements in the method of ex- " pelling molasses and syrup from sugars, and also in the refining " of sugars." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1818, February 3. N 4220. WILSON, DANIEL. " Certain improvements in the process of " boiling and refining sugar." These are, first, separating from SUGAR. 27 juice or raw sugar solutions their chemical impurities, the most abundant of which " is called by chemists extractive matter, the " others are tannin and gallic acid." "These substances possess " the property of forming insoluble compounds with the salts and " oxides of tin and zinc." The sulphate of zinc is preferred. In refining of sugar the pan is charged with strong lime water and the sugar added in the usual manner, and the fire set; to every hundredweight of sugar a solution of four ounces of sulphate of zinc in a minimum of water is added, and the whole well stirred ; a precipitate of sulphate of lime and tannate and gallate of zinc takes place. " There is in the lime water employed for dissolving " the sugar a quantity of lime more than sufficient to neutralize " the sulphuric acid of the sulphate of zinc : but when the raw " sugar employed contains much acid, and a strong grain is " required," one ounce of lime in powder is made into milk of lime and well mixed "with the sugar in the pan about five " minutes after the addition of the solution of zinc." The solu- tion, after being treated, is brought to the boiling point, run through a filter, and boiled to a proof. " Where the use of lime " water is exceptionable," precipitated oxide of zinc, prepared by adding lime water or lime in substance to a solution of sulphate of zinc, is preferred ; the precipitated oxide'' is used in the same manner as the sulphate. For every hundred gallons of cane juice eight ounces of sulphate of zinc and two ounces of lime are employed. Second, the improvements in apparatus, described in No. 4095, consist in the employment of the medium (one of the oils, fats, or waxes) there named. The sugar is contained in a single pan, on the bottom of the inside of which is a coil of pipe ; this pipe com- municates at both ends with the boiler in which the medium is heated, having a force pump attached to one of them, so as to drive the heated oil through the coil of pipe. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. M (second series'), p. 134; Bolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 125.] A.D. 1818, July 11. N 4276. BAIRD, JOHN. "New invented boiler for evaporating the juice " of the sugar cane or syrup derived from thence." This consists in making or casting cast-iron " sugar boilers thin ; and by the " process of annealing, which was formerly applied only to small ." vessels, they are rendered less brittle and more durable^" This 28 SUGAR, annealing is accomplished in a kiln or furnace as follows : The outer walls of a large round furnace are made of fire-brick, surrounded and bound together by a case or ring of cast-iron; in the inside of this furnace is a chest, also made of fire-brick, in which the boilers or pans meant to be annealed are placed. There is a moveable dome arched upon a cast-iron ring, to which eight chains are attached. The dome is raised when required by a crane ; around the kiln are eight fire-places, having flues under- neath and surrounding the chest. There is a passage " from the " furnace to the chimney, part of which, by being built on a plate " protected by bricks against the fire, is so constructed as to be sl moveable, and is taken away before the dome is removed." The crane is used also for putting in and taking out the boilers or pans. These boilers are cast of the usual shape, "but only " about one half the usual thickness." [Printed, lOdt. Drawing. Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 125.] A.D. 1819, February 23. N 4344. BROCKSOPP, THOMAS. "The application of certain ma- " chinery to the purpose of breaking or crushing of sugar." This consists of a frame with standards supporting a pair of rollers, the sugar in its rough state is fed into a hopper at the top and falls down between the rollers which " devolve against each " other by means of the pinion and cog wheel" attached to their axles being put in action ; " but as the pinion and cog wheel are " of [different diameter, the rollers will necessarily turn with " different velocities, and consequently rub against each other. " There are also grooves in one roller, and pins in the other." A box covers the rollers and supports the hopper. A knife or scraper is placed under the roller that receives the cogs. There " is a fly wheel attached to the axle of the pinion, and turned by " by the handle designed to regulate the motion." There is a " box under the rollers which receives the sugar after it has " passed through the rollers and becomes broken or powdered." [Printed, 6d Drawing. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 1, p. 13; Rolls Chapel Reports, 8th Report, p. 131.] A.D. 1820, April 15. N 4447. ROHDE, MAJOR. " A method of separating or extracting the " molasses or syrup from muscovado or other sugar." This is SUGAR. 29 effected by absorbing these substances into " linen or some other " substance of absorbing quality, assisted by mechanical or manual " motion and friction," as follows : Any lumps are broken, so as to admit of the sugar being passed " through a sieve of sufficient " texture or size without breaking the grains or chrystals ;" the sugar is spread in thin layers on the absorbing substance, and " having folded it, place it in bags or other packages, and apply " manual or other mechanical power to put it in motion, so as to " afford the friction necessary to separate the molasses or syrup " from the sugar." The molasses or syrup is absorbed into the material used, and e< the purer chrystals remain on the surface, arid " are separated by brushing, shaking, or scraping them off." The molasses or syrup is afterwards extracted from the absorbing sub- stance by means of water or steam. Or any means are employed " by which an absorbing substance " comes in contact with the sugar, " so as to allow of its absorbing the molasses or syrup, " whilst it leaves the chrystals on its surface." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 40 (second series), p. 78 ; London Journal (Netvton's), vol. 1, p. 413.] A.D. 1821, January 15. N 4528. DANIELL, JOHN FREDERICK. "Certain improvements in " clarifying and refining sugar." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1821, August 14. N 4583. COLLINGE, JOHN. " An improvement in cast-iron rollers for " sugar mills, by more permanently fixing them to their gud- " geons." This consists, " in casting the rollers or cases of sugar " mills upon wrought-iron axes or gudgeons, by which means " they will be more permanently fixed than can be effected by " any method hitherto known or made use of for this purpose." It is stated that permanent tightness and fitting can never be obtained by driving wedges into the bearings. In carrying out the above it is stated " that the gudgeons at each end of the axis, " being properly and truly turned in a lathe, care must be taken " to place it exactly perpendicular in the mould, that the case " or roller, when cast, may be as true to its centres as possible." When quite cold it is taken from the mould and " the gudgeons " are again placed in the lathe, and the cylindrical surface of the 30 SUGAR. " roller or case is turned in the usual way until it is perfectly " true with its bearings." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 4, p. 303.] A.D. 1822, May 9. N 4674. KNIGHT, RICHARD, and KIRK, RUPERT. "A process for the " more rapid crystallization, and for the evaporation of fluids, at " comparatively low temperatures, by a peculiar mechanical " application of air." This consists as follows : " A quantity of " air is propelled by means of a blowing engine, bellows, or other " machine used for propelling air through a pipe or pipes made " of lead, copper, iron, or other fit material into the lower part of " the copper, pan, or vessel containing the heated syrup," " coiled " or otherwise shaped " at the bottom of the vessel " being per- ' ' forated with a number of small holes." "In lieu of the perforated " pipe, a shallow metallic vessel of the nature of a cullender within " the boiler may be connected, the air pipe and the cullender " being perforated with small holes, the heated air may be driven " through this perforated cullender." The air "may be heated " by forcing it through metallic or other pipes surrounding the " inside or bottom of the same vessel which contains the matter " to be acted on or by an arrangement of pipes included between " an inner and outer vessel, and heated by fire, water, steam, or " otherwise, or by causing the air to pass through heated iron, " lead, copper, or other pipes or tubes, or by means of flues, " ovens, chambers, retorts, or other similar apparatus." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 5, p. 295 ; CarpmaeFs Reports on Patent Cases, vol. 1, p. 504 ; "Webster's Letters Patent, p. 55.] A.D. 1823, June 19. N 4805. SMITH, JAMES. "An apparatus for the applying of steam to the " boiling and concentration of solutions in general, crystallizing " the muriat of soda from brines containing that salt, melting " and refining of tallow and oil, boiling of sugar, distilling, and " other similar purposes." This consists of an oblong steam boiler having " a flat top or upper surface " which forms " the bottom " of the pan or vessel required to perform the various operations " set forth." Fire is applied to the bottom of the boiler " in any " of the ordinary ways now in use." Each end of the pan projects over the boiler. At the upper part of one end of the SUGAR. 31 boiler is a funnel and feed pipe by which water is introduced into it to the depth of about two inches ; at the other end of the boiler "is a gage cock by which to ascertain when the water " attains that depth." Below the feed pipe is "a cock for giving " vent to the rarified air when necessary/' and below that again is another " cock for the purpose of drawing off the water again " when occasion shall require." [Printed, GcZ. Drawing. Repertory of Arts, vol. 44 (second series}, p. 74; London Journal (N&ivton's), vol. 7, p. 190; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 2, pp. 39 and 104 ; also vol. 3, p. 58; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2, pp. 10, 17, and 89; Engineers and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, P.212J A.D. 1824, May 6. N 4949. CLELAND, WILLIAM. "An improvement in the process of " manufacturing of sugar from cane juice, and in the refining " of sugar and other substances." This consists in the use as filters of long narrow bags " about six feet in length (more or " less) and from five to six inches in breadth when flat and " empty, and when full and extended from three to four inches " in diameter," made of any fit material, but preferring " that " kind of linen cloth called English duck;" the tops are cased for " two or three inches downwards with stout woollen cloth," and likewise " affix a fillet or edge of double woollen cloth about " half an inch broad round the top of the mouths of the bags, to " form a sort of flanch or rim to them." Fitting inside the mouths of these bags and " somewhat less at the bottom than the " top so as to correspond with holes bored or made in the bottom " of a cistern or head," are mouth-pieces or funnels with a bow or handle fixed to and over them, open both at the top and bottom fixed perfectly tight. " The bags are open at the bottom for " the convenience of cleaning, and are tied close with twine tf about an inch from the bottom when used, for which purpose " they are let down through the said holes formed in the bottom " of the cistern or head." The funnels or mouth-pieces " are " forced into the said holes by means of a key or winch, so as to " render the said cistern or head tight and prevent the liquor ct under operation escaping anywhere except through the funnels " or mouth-pieces." The cistern or head is kept filled with the liquor to be filtered, and the liquor filtered through the bags passes into a proper receptacle beneath. The above mode of fixing the bags to the bottom of the cistern is preferred, although 32 SUGAR. they may be fixed by screws or other means. The head or cistern is supported by some means ; when it is necessary to retain the heat such head or cistern is supported over a close case of non- conducting material. [Printed, 6d. Drawing. Repertory of Arts (third series), p. 139 ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 9, p. 81 ; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 2, p. 212.] A.D. 1825, March 15. N 5127. BARLOW, JOSEPH. " A method or process for bleaching and " clarifying, and for improving the quality and colour of sugars, " known by the name of bastard and piece sugars." This consists in the employment for the above purpose " of molasses instead of " clays or other contrivances which have been heretofore employed " for that purpose," as follows : Instead'of purifying these sugars by the usual practice by claying, by which process a part of the sugar itself becomes dissolved by the water passing from the clay into and through the sugar, pouring ( ' upon the top of the sugar " in the mould a quantity of the ordinary West Indian molasses, " which after a few hours will have filtered through the sugar " in the mould, and ultimately run off at the bottom, carrying " the colouring matter with it." The quantity of molasses used varies with the quality of the sugar and " of the molasses itself, " which if too thick a consistency, may be diluted with water." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 3 (third series), p. 65 ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 10, p. 190 ; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 3, p. 156.] A.D. 1825, July 26. N 5222. FREUND, CHARLES. " An improvement or improvements in " the process of refining sugar." This, it is said, " consists, not " in the form or construction of any of the different cisterns or " vessels" used, "but entirely in the application of any suitable " vegetable alkali, combined with fuller's earth, in proper pro- " portions, by the use of which in the manner and way " after- wards described, " a considerable improvement will be produced " in the quality of the sugar so refined, and a great saving will " also be effected when compared with the usual method of " refining with blood or other albuminous articles." While the pan is hot, "84 gallons of water and 15 Ibs. of American pearl or " potash " are put into it, and when the alkali is thoroughly SUGAR. 33 dissolved 18 cwts. of raw or Muscovado sugar, which should be free from lumps, are added, and the whole thoroughly mixed and then allowed to rest " from two to four hours, as may be most " convenient." 20 to 30 Ibs. of the lightest coloured fullers' earth previously made dry are made into a cream with water, and added to the ingredients in the pan, and the whole well mixed, after which the contents are left at rest till next morning, which is the usual practice, and the pan cleared the following morning, " or the fire may be applied and the pan cleared without further " loss of time." The fire being lighted the syrup is brought by water to a proper consistency and the scum removed in the usual manner of the old process of refining with blood, when it is transferred to a settling cistern, which is a vessel having three cocks at different heights from the bottom, the clear liquid is drawn off at different periods from the different taps, and the dirt in the bottom is taken out through an aperture secured by a screw cap. The dirt or sediment, scums, &c. are afterwards dealt with. [Printed, Gd. Drawing. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 13, p. 327; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 4, p. 30, also vol. 1 (new series), p. 148.] A.D. 1825, October 22. N 52/2. JENNINGS, HENRY CONSTANTINE. " Certain improvements " in the process of refining sugar." These are, "the application " of rectified spirits, being principally alcohol," for the refining of sugar. In carrying out this, raw or Muscovado sugar is put into a " conical vessel holding from 500 Ibs. to 1,000 Ibs., having " a wire copper gauze or perforated bottom," and the process is assisted " by using all and every of the well known means, whereby " the liquids are made speedily to percolate through solid sub- " stances, whose parts are not in actual contact ; these means " are hydrostatic, hydraulic, or hydropneumatic." The spirits used may be " rectified spirits of wine, rum, brandy, or any liquor, " being principally alcohol, which has very little affinity for " saccharine matter or sugar, and a great affinity for coloring " matter, water treacle, &c." " When any spirit is passed through " the mass of sugar so as to drop no more," to remove all or " nearly all the spirit," " about 30 gallons of saturated syrup " is passed through the mass, this " leaves the sugar only moistened " by the syrup and ready for putting into the hogsheadT" The s. c 34 SUGAR. spirit or wine, &c. percolated " may be used again over inferior " sugars, and after it is very thick it may be rectified, and " the spirit re-obtained in an uncombined state without much " loss." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 6 (third scries), p. 335; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 11, p. 370; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 4, p. 118.] A.D. 1827, April 28. N 5488. LAWRENCE, MORTON WILLIAM. " Improvement in the f< process of refining sugar." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1827, July 4. N 5520. CLELAND, WILLIAM. " Certain improvements in the process " of preparing, refining, and evaporating sugar." These are said " to consist in the exposing of fresh surfaces of fluid in continual " succession to the evaporating power of air by means of a ft revolving coil of metal pipe heated with steam." Beneath the pan or boiler containing the fluid to be evaporated is a boiler for water which is heated by fire " applied in any of the ordinary " manners." There is " a hollow tube formed of pewter, copper, " tin, or tinned copper or iron, or other suitable metal bent or " wound in a screw-like form, so as to have the appearance " of a cylinder." This cylinder formed of tube as aforesaid is supported, mounted, or fixed upon a central axis " above the " pan or boiler containing the flued to be evaporated," by means " of arms or radii placed at proper distances upon such central " axis to render the whole stiff and firm, and the central axis " has proper turned bearings at two ends, upon which that axis te with its cylinder of tube fixed as aforesaid may revolve on its " proper centre." The two ends of the central axis are made hollow for a few inches at each end, and the two ends or terminations of the tube cylinder are " introduced and fixed d. No Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 10 (third series), p. SI ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 8 (second series), p. 31 ; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 5 (new series), p. 35 ; Engineers and Mechanics' Ency- clopaedia, vol. 1, p. 489.] A.D. 1829, December 14. N 5878. DEROSNE, CHARLES. (A communication.} " Certain improve- " ments in extracting sugar from cane juice and other substances " containing sugar, and in refining sugar and syrups." [No Specification enrolled.] A.D. 1830, March 6. N 5916. THOMAS, RICHARD GUPPY. "A new apparatus for granu- " lating sugar." An ordinary sugar pan is set in brick work and heated by a fire or steam below, an inverted vessel or receiver is supported over the pan by two supports resting upon the brick- work at the bottom of the receiver, and fixed within it is a perforated plate. The receiver may be of the same material as the pan, and a pipe leads from the top of the receiver to an exhausting apparatus. In order to use this apparatus the pan is heated by fire or steam, the pan should be fed with liquor, and the exhausting apparatus kept at work, " a constant supply of " atmospheric air will be drawn under the receiver, and being " distributed by the perforated plate will pass into and through " the liquor contained in the receiver till it reaches the dome " head, or air chamber at the upper part of it, whence it will be " drawn out by the exhausting apparatus, while fresh portions of SUGAR. 43 e< air supply its place from below ;" and thus the liquid boils at any temperature required, " according to the height of liquor in " the receiver," and also that temperature is maintained " by " continuing a supply of liquor to the pan equal in quantity tffi " the diminution by evaporation and exhaustion, which supply * f keeps the column of liquor in the receiver always at the same " height." [Printed, Qd. Drawing. Repertory of Arts, vol. 10 (third series), p. 279 ; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 7 (second series), p. 326; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 5 (new series), p. 135.] A.D. 1830, June 29. N 5945. TURNER, EDWARD, and SHAND, WILLIAM." A new method " of purifying and whitening sugar or other saccharine matter." This consists of a mode " of employing pressure by means of a " column of liquid to impel water or other convenient fluid " rapidly through sugar, in order to displace and remove the " molasses and any other matter from the crystalline part of the " sugar " as follows : A conical mould is formed of dry wood, made water-tight, and carefully secured by iron hoops. The surface of the rim of the mould is made very flat and smooth ; and about an inch below the rim there is attached securely a thick iron ring, with holes to admit screws. "A circular plate of " cast iron, made smooth to lie flat on the rim of the mould," projects " an inch or two beyond it, being to the same extent as " the ring." The plate has holes for screws corresponding to those in the ring, " for the purpose of fixing the plate tight upon " the rim of the mould." In the centre of the iron plate is an aperture in which is fixed an upright tube or pipe, " to the upper " extremity of which is attached a funnel." The sugar allowed to crystallize in the ordinary manner is purified by pouring water nearly freezing or other proper fluid into the funnel. The length of the tube " may be varied in order to increase or diminish the " pressure, as may be desirable. The pressure of the column of d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, February 26. N 487. BRANDEIS, JOSEPH. " Improvements in the manufacture and " refining of sugar." These are said to be " the application of " shale or schist charcoal, for separating the excess of lead, tin, " zinc, or bismuth from solutions of sugar which have been " defecated by salts or compounds of such metals," as follows : to a solution of the raw sugar dissolved in water, from one to two per cent, of " the sugar or subacetate of lead " dissolved in water is added, the precipitate removed by a bag filter, and the filtered liquid passed " through a bed or beds of charcoal from " five to six feet deep (more or less), obtained by carbonizing " shale or bituminous schist," until the solution tested in the ordinary way shows no traces of lead, when it is crystallized in the ordinary manner. " The process is the same when other salts " of lead are employed, or when salts of tin, zinc, or bismuth are employed to defecate the solution of sugar." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, March 14. N 633. HOWARD DE WALDEN AND SEAFORD, CHARLES AUGUS- TUS, Lord. (Provisional protection only.) "Whitening and " cleansing sugar by the application of steam and hot air in a SUGAR. 165 " centrifugal sugar machine." There is " a furnace in which a " coil pipe, coming from any steam pipe of the factory, is heated " to a high degree of temperature and expansion. A pipe " extends from this coil pipe to the centrifugal machine," passes through an opening in the cover and projects the steam into the centre of the revolving drum, while the proper quantity of air is admitted through a hole in the cover, " to form, with the hot " steam, the proper temperature and moisture for cleansing the " sugar." To force the hot air vertically through the sugar " there is a concave annular ring fixed on the exterior plate of the " border of the revolving drum, in which is suspended nearly to " the bottom of this concave ring, a circular leather strap fixed " to the immoveable upper part of the receiver, which forms a " flexible joint, and prevents the steam and air from passing over " the revolving drum without acting on the sugar." [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, March 14. N 639. SCOTT, JOHN, junior. " Improvements in the treatment or " manufacture of animal charcoal." These are, " arranging the " kilns, ovens, or furnaces used for re-burning and cleansing " the animal charcoal used in sugar refineries, that the burned " material may be cooled by a continuous process without the use " of water." The kiln is arranged with a series of vertical tubes surrounded by fire or hot air flues, and into these tubes the char- coal is placed to be burned. Immediately beneath this set of tubes or retorts is a second set of smaller content, also set verti- cally, the axis of each tube of this lower set being coincident with that of a corresponding retort. When a charge has been burned, the attendant opens a slide in the bottom of the retort, and dis- charges about one-third of the charcoal in it, letting this quantity fall down into the tube below. When this discharge is effected, the lower tube being filled, or nearly so, the operator shuts up the tube, and allows the contained charcoal to cool by an external circulation of air. The upper part of the retort then receives a fresh supply of the unburned charcoal to fill up the emptied space, and thus the operation goes on throughout the whole series in the kiln. A good current of cold air is kept circulating round the cooler tubes, and this air is then passed up in its partially heated state to the retort furnaces above, where its heat is made 16 SUGAR. available for securing further economy in its action upon the " furnaces from which the original re-burning or charring heat " is derived." [Printed, IQd. Drawings.] A.D. 1853, April 8. N 851. ROBINSON, HENRY OLIVER. " Improvements in machinery " for crushing sugar canes." These are, first, " constructing a " steam engine with the gear to connect it to a sugar cane mill in " such a manner that the engine and gear are placed together " upon a base plate common to both of them, and also in such a " manner that the end of the said base plates may be connected " with the base plate of any sugar cane mill. by screw bolts and " nuts, whether the latter be specially adapted to it or not," so that a steam engine and gear so constructed " may be attached to " any sugar mill already in existence by screw bolts and nuts, " whether to replace a worn-out steam engine, a water wheel, or " other motor." Second, a " coupling or clutch, consisting of a disc of iron " formed with a groove on each of its flat sides at right angles to " each other ; the one groove receives the end of the connecting " gear shaft, which is formed in a tongue to fit into it, and the " other groove receives a tongue formed upon the shaft of the top " roller of the mill." [Printed, Gd. Drawing.] A.D. 1853, April 12. N 878. GREENWOOD, THOMAS. " Improvements in evaporating " saccharine fluids." These are, " arranging or combining and " working the heating apparatus of vacuum pans used for boil- " ing saccharine fluids," " in such manner as to admit of being " brought into action in succession as the pan becomes more and " more filled." For this purpose it is preferred " to use a series " of coils of pipes fixed one above the other in a vacuum pan, " each such having its own stop cock or valve for the admission " of steam, and its own stop cock for the exit of con- " densed water, so that it may not become a heating apparatus " till the charging of the vacuum pan brings the saccharine fluid " to cover it." In place of coils of pipes, " arrangements of SUGAR. 167 " heating pipes or other surfaces may be employed." In carrying out the arrangements as above, the vacuum pan is made with a jacket. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, May 2. N 1062. BELLFORD, AUGUSTS EDOUARD LORADOUX. (A communi- cation.) " Improvements in the extraction and manufacture of " sugar and of saccharine matters." These are, " the application " of the apparati " afterwards described " or of any other similar " apparati, -to the clarifying of sugar, and the extraction of " saccharine matters contained in beet root, either fresh or dried, " as well as the application of the same apparati to the extraction " of malt for the manufacture of beer." " These apparati con- " sist of vessels of a conical form," in which is placed the material to be exhausted. This vessel is supported by axles or bearings, on which it turns to facilitate the operations, it is furnished with a perforated metallic sheet, fit for retaining the crystals of sugar, at its upper part a forcing pump is attached of a tube several yards in height, is furnished with a cock for the pur- pose of bringing upon the mass a column of clarifying matter, and afterwards to force through it air from above. Other " apparati " are described which differ little from this. [Printed, 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1853, May 7. N 1131. FINZEL, WILLIAM CONRAD. "An improvement in refining " sugar." This consists "in the melting of sugar in vacuo." An ordinary vacuum pan is employed and there is no limit to the form or size of the pan, and it is said that " a much less quantity " of treacle is produced, and the sugars are of a better color than " those melted in the ordinary manner." [Printed,^. No Drawings.] A.D. 1853, May 19. N 1243. MANIFOLD, JOHN THORNBORROW, LOWNDES, CHARLES SPENCER, and JORDAN, JOHN. " Improvements in the method " of extracting the juice from the sugar cane." These are, '' reduc- " ing the raw canes to the condition of saw dust or minute particles, 168 SUGAR. " disintegrated by the action of circular or other saws or by other " convenient reducing agents," and extracting " the juice from " the solid portions of the canes " by " continuous or duplex " action hydrostatic presses," or otherwise, and " to aid the dis- " charging action, steam, is passed through the reduced material." [Printed, Sd. Drawing.] A.D. 1853, May 25. N 12/8. HIGGINSON, GRORGE IRLAM. "Improvements in machinery " or apparatus for evaporating or concentrating liquids." These are, *' the general arrangement of apparatus," the application and use of rotatory or partially rotatory screw spiral steam chambers or discs, " and the system or mode of evaporating and concen- " trating liquids by means of hollow heating screw blades or " discs dipping into the evaporating liquid," as follows : The arrangement preferred, " is that of a hollow screw or spiral blade " of great breadth, carried upon a horizontal tubular spindle " revolving upon bearings above or upon the containing vessel " of the liquid." The "steam is passed into and through " it by means of a thoroughfare in the tubular shaft," and is " finally discharged at the opposite end of the shaft into an " external pipe, which conveys it away to the external casing " or steam heating chamber of the evaporating vessel." This apparatus is " specially applicable to the concentration of cane " juice or syrup." " The constant dipping into and emerging " from the evaporating liquid of the heated surface of screw " threads or discs presents a very extensive evaporative area." " Hollow discs or surfaces of other forms may likewise be used " instead of screw blades," and instead of revolving "con- " tinuously, reciprocatory rotation may be employed," whilst the steam may be first passed " through the outer casing of the " containing vessel, and afterwards through the screw blades." [Printed, Qd. Drawipg.] A.D. 1853, June 3. N 1363. GOSSART, FERDINAND Louis. "A system of permanent " circulation of caloric intended to produce and overheat steam, " gas, and liquids." The applications it is said of this apparatus are numerous, among which is named, in reference to this subject, " the manufacture of sugar," and it is said that " the apparatus SUGAR. 169 " is composed of three essential parts " namely : ie a heating pipp, " receiving the waste heat by the condensing tube, through which " comes with a certain pressure the liquid that is to be converted " into steam, or the gas to lie heated. Secondly, one or several " pipes, cylinders, boilers, or generating tubes, or heaters, " receiving directly or indirectly the action of the fire. Thirdly, " a condensing tube, in which the steam or gas is cooled by " communicating its heat or caloric to the heating pipe." " The <( principles upon which this invention are based," are, first, to multiply in the interior of the tubes the heating or condensing surfaces by the use of conducting surfaces (fragments of metal). " Secondly, to establish a continuous circulation of the caloric by " using, either by double pipes or by conducting liquids serving " as intermediate agents, the heat that the steam or gas retains d. Drawings.] A.D. 1856, June 12. N 1395. STENHOUSE, JOHN. " Improvements in the preparation of a " decoloring material suitable for the treatment of acid, alkaline, " and neutral solutions." These are, a substance to " be used " as a substitute in neutral and alkaline solutions for common " bone black, and in acid solutions for what is called purified " animal charcoal." This "porous vegetable charcoal is pro- " duced chiefly as follows : I form a very intimate mixture of " either hydrate of lime, unslacked lime in the state of the finest " powder, calcined magnesia, or the light subcarbonate of mag- " nesia of the shops, with certain vegetable substances, such as " maize, wheat, and other kinds of flour, common resin, or colo- " phonium, pitch, wood tar, asphalt, or bitumen, coal tar, and " coal tar pitch." This mixture is then heated to redness in " covered crucibles or cast iron retorts until the vegetable matter " is entirely carbonized. The mixture when cold is then digested " with hydrochloric or sulphuric acids, according as lime or " magnesia has been employed, and repeatedly edulcorated with " water on a filter until everything soluble has been removed. " The porous charcoal remaining on the filter is the decolorizing " agent." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] SUGAR. 217 A.D. 1856, June 12. N 1396. LEWSEY, CHARLES JOHN. (Provisional protection only.} " Improvements in sugar cane mills." These are in place " of the " large and massive ' side frames ' or standards of cast iron here- " tofore used (whether with or without wrought-iron tie rods)," employing SUGAR. Ninth, " revivifying animal charcal or similar matters by the combined action of centrifugal force, chemical agents, and of high pressure or superheated steam, also cleansing and revivify- ing animal charcoal or similar matters while in the ordinary filtering cylinder or vessel." Tenth, " coating of crystals of sugar, by mechanically agitating the same while in contact with the syrups or other matters with which they are coated." [Printed, Gd. No Drawings.] A.D. 1859, June 2. N 1355. SMITH, ALEXANDER and SMITH, WILLIAM. (Provisional protection only.) " Improvements in machinery for curing sugar " and for separating solid and liquid substances by centrifugal " force." These are, in place of a wire gauze cylinder revolving on its axis with great rapidity " a series of narrow bars or rings, " placed edgeways are employed, these are packed as close " together as may be desired, and form a very strong and com- " paratively smooth surface, which can be cleaned with great " facility. The bars or rings may be tapered or thicker at one " edge than the other, if desired, to facilitate the escape of the " liquid." [Printed, 4A No Drawings.] A.D. 1859, July 28.-N 1752. ASPINALL, JOHN. " Improvements in evaporating and in " apparatus for the same, especially applicable to the evaporation " of syrup. These are, first, " evaporating substances by means " of pipes being situated at or near the surface of the substances " to be evaporated, or in other words such pipes being wholly or " partially (by preference wholly) immersed in the substances but " not allowed to reach the bottom of the same. Second, " constructing apparatus for evaporating with movable " steam pipes, hot air pipes, or other pipes so arranged that they " the said pipes may be caused to rise and fall as may be required '' according to changes of level in the substances evaporated in " order that the said pipes may be kept always at or near the " surface of the said substances," [Printed, 6d. Drawing.] SUGAR. 263 A.D. 1859, August 6. N 1816. DE LISLE, ALFRED THEODODE. " Improvements in clarifying " and decolorizing solutions of sugar and other liquids." These are, in reference to this subject, as follows : " Mix with the " solution of sugar or other liquid powdered animal charcoal in a " heated state, and afterwards separate the charcoal by filtration. " I have found that the more finely the charcoal is powdered, and " the higher its heat when mixed with the solution or liquid the "' better is the effect produced." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1859, August 12. N 1861. POSSOZ, Louis ANTOINE. "Improvements in the manu- " facture and baking of sugars. These are, " purifying the " saccharine juice produced from beet root, sugar cane, maple, te sorgho, and all other saccharine vegetables, as well as the " syrups or solutions of sugar, raw or impure, by processes which " dispense with the employment of animal charcoal or blood, " both in the manufacture and refining of sugar. These processes " have for basis the employment of successive additions of lime " and carbonic acid in fixed proportions," and such processes are carried into practice " by the aid of certain particular arrange- " ments of machinery and apparatus. The proportions of lime to be used vary. " For the first addition of lime with beet root " there should be used (on an average) ten parts in weight of " real lime for one thousand of raw juice to be purified. The mode of mixing the lime is given. It is preferred to add the lime to the juice at a temperature between 50 and 86 F. The clear juice is drawn or not from the precipitate and carbonated by carbonic acid avoiding an excess of gas so as to leave the juice alkaline. After standing or by centrifugal force the clear liquor is separated from the precipitate. The juice is treated as above three times with lime and the lime finally com- pletely saturated by carbonic acid and the whole carried up to boiling to drive off " excess of carbonic acid and precipitate the " carbonate of lime which might be held in solution;" after which the juice is " clarified by the centrifugal machine, filtered, " evaporated, and immediately baked without interruption or " any other filtration being necessary." This process may be varied. [Printed, 2*. Drawings.] 264 SUGAR. A.D. 1859, August 31. N 1980. (* *) VON KANIG, WILHELM ADOLF." Improvements in the manu- " facture of starch and compounds of starch, and in extracting " gum dextrine and grape sugar therefrom." These are, first, " I take the sago of commerce, either whole, in which case " it must be ground fine, or I use flour of sago and proceed to " wash and cleanse it from impurities in cold water, and then mix " therewith a purified solution of chloride of lime made by dis- *' solving one pound of chloride of lime in three gallons of water, " and I stir the whole together until well mixed, and leave it to " bleach and settle for three hours more or less. The liquid is " then separated from the solid portion, and the solid residue " or starch well washed with cold water until all traces of lime " are removed therefrom. This residue is then left to dry, and " is fit for use. By this invention it will be seen that I convert " sago into a soluble starch, and can obtain therefrom as com- " raonly practised in the manufacture of starch, gum dextrine " and grape sugar." Second, in making compounds of starch by mixing the " improved starch with ordinary starch during its manufac- ture, "by which it is refined and improved and rendered " soluble. I also propose to combine the improved starch with " gum, by which it is rendered useful for printing and for other " purposes for which gum is now used ;" and 3, in the use of a solution of chloride of lime in the manufacture of ordinary starch for the purpose of separating the gluten therefrom and for making soluble starch, and for converting insoluble into soluble starch. [Printed, 4 A.D. 1855, placing two springs, one on each " side of the lever," sufficiently apart that the said lever may not touch them, "also substituting for said lever and knives a " knife or knives moved in right lines in or on suitable guides, " and projecting to without said guides," this, in preference, is " effected by fixing two cylindrical iron bars or guides on an " iron base, so that the knife or knives, or the part of the appa- " ratus to which they are attached, may slide freely on said " bars or guides," and connecting " said knife or knives with a " revolving or partially revolving crank by attaching the rod or " other connecting material to such knives within such guides,'* in preference, this is effected " by forming the part which slides " on the said bar or guides with an opening to receive a con- " necting rod between the two sockets in the sliding piece or SUGAR. 289 " part which slides in the said guides," also, the supports for the loaves to be cut up, by " casting in metal a bed " with " projecting " supports on its upper surface, not more than two of which " projecting supports shall be in the same plane, the third or " third and fourth supports being the bed itself," so that the " loaf of sugar may fallen each of the said supports in succession " after the required portion or portions are cut off said loaf of " sugar." [Printed, 4>d. No Drawings.] 1861. A.D. 1861, February 5 N 29?. WILLIAMS, GEORGE. " Improvements in the construction of " charcoal and other kilns." These are, first, in distilling bones or spent charcoal, "hollow brick blocks or tile chambers are " fitted the one above the other and socketted into each other " by projecting ledges and sunk spaces at the inner surfaces, so " that when built up an air-tight shaft is formed, which I bind '' together by dowals or other arrangement at the ends or sides " and coat over with a non-absorbent of sulphur." Second, " constructing at or near the bottom of these shafts, " and at or near the top of the coolers cavities or chambers to " collect the gases from the charcoal/' &c. and providing said cavities or chambers with plugs, cocks, or other moveable or opening apparatus to allow the gases to escape at intervals." Third, " constructing coolers with small permanent openings to " allow the gases to escape at intervals into cooling tubes." Fourth, the arrangement and construction of kilns as above. [Printed, lOtf. Drawing.] A.D. 1861, February 11. N 339. MENNONS, MARC ANTOINE FRANCIS. (A communication from Julien Fradet.} " Improvements in the construction of " steam generators employed for heating, drying, evaporating " and other purposes." These are, in reference to this subject, first, " steam is supplied in the different processes of sugar manu- 8. T 290 SUGAR. " facture, a number (say two, three, or more) of iron tubes bent in " a serpentine form, are passed into the generator, and are there " secured by brackets, or other convenient support, in such a posi- " tion as to expose the largest amount of surface to the action of " the steam and hot water." In general, the tubes are distributed longitudinally, but they may be vertically, or at any desired angle. " The free extremities of each tube are carried through the sides " of the generator at any desired point, and are connected with " branch pipes leading to the different chambers or recipients of " the factory to which steam is to be supplied." Second, a superheating apparatus composed of serpentine tubes is set behind the register in such a position as to be exposed to the flame of the furnace. " The steam distributed, as above " described, to the different points of the manufactory, is led " on its return through this auxiliary apparatus, and being " there superheated passes on to the serpentine mounted within " the generator, so that loss from condensation is entirely " avoided." [Printed, I0c7. Drawing.] A.D. 1861, February 26. N 493. BROOMAN, RICHARD ARCHIBALD. (A communication from Charles Emile Andre fy Co.) " Improved materials for and " improvements in the manufacture of sugar moulds." It is said that hitherto sugar moulds " having been made of sheet iron " which have become oxidized in parts have produced yellow " stains on that part of the sugar coming in contact with the " oxydized metal," and to remedy this defect it is proposed to construct " the moulds of materials which will not oxydize, such " as of organic products, cardboard, pasteboard, leather cuttings, " caoutchouc, vulcanized or not, and various rigid fabrics ren- " dered impermeable by certain coatings." As an example, when the moulds are made of cardboard, a strong sheet of this material is divided into four parts, and the parts are united together round a core in the hape of a sugar loaf by means of glue, when dry, a ring of iron is fixed round the exterior " with " a rib at or about the centre, on which the next mould rests " when the moulds are piled over one another;" other rings are attached. The moulds may be made in three pieces, and three pieces of thin cardboard may be applied in the interior ; they may be made in one piece by moulding them in the state of pulp. SUGAR. 291 The glue preferred "is made of gelatine, rye flour, and fecula;" the varnish, of " essence of turpentine, well boiled oil, and " copal varnish, but any ordinary glue or varnish of commerce '' may be employed." In some cases metal moulds are lined with cardboard and are painted, as are the moulds made entirely of cardboard, and " leather, paper, caoutchouc, or other suitable " material may be used instead of cardboard." [Printed, 4id. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, March 30. N 781. FIELD, JAMES JOHN. (Provisional protection only.) "Im- " provements in apparatus for evaporating in vacuo." These can, it is said, be carried out " with an ordinary vacuum pan " by making certain additions thereto," but it is preferred "to ' employ a vacuum pan having a head or cover of different form " and construction to those ordinarily used." The cover, head, or " upper part of the vacuum pan is refrigerated sufficiently to condense the vapour arising from the fluid or within the upper part of the apparatus, some form of surface condenser may be used in substitution or in addition to the refrigerated head or cover itself. In either case the fluid resulting from the condensing action is prevented from returning to that operated in the lower part of the apparatus by one or more internal channels or gutters from which it is conducted '" by means of a pipe or pipes opening " from the channels or gutters, passing from thence out of the " apparatus, and terminating in a receiving vessel kept in the " same state of atmospheric exhaustion as the vacuum pan itself. " This method of conducting evaporation in vacuo is particularly " applicable to the concentration of saccharine solutions and the " preparation of medicinal extracts." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, May 2. N 1095. WILSON, JOHN CHARLES. (Provisional protection only.} . " Improvements in machinery or apparatus for the manufacture " of sugar." These are, first, in a steam sugar cane mill, the mill and engine are both fastened together, either directly or by means of intervening girders or base plates, a boiler being em- ployed requiring no brick setting and having an iron chimney, and burning wood or "megass " fuel. T 2 292 SUGAR. Second, employing a boiler with a circular top and straight or curved sides which terminate in a flat base for it to rest upon. The fire-place is in a large internal flue suited to burn wood fuel. To increase the vaporizing power of the boiler without increasing its size, placing a water tube or tubes in the main flue. Third, employing wholly or in part of " ' bevil ' gearing instead " of the ' spur ' heretofore adopted," also constructing " gearing " of whatever kind used for sugar cane mills of wrought iron or " steel in lieu of cast iron as heretofore." Fourth, making rollers of sugar cane mills entirely of wrought iron or steel or of both in place of cast and wrought iron as hitherto, also forging or casting solid "with the shaft the pinion " which actuates or drives the roller, instead of making it in a " separate piece and keying it on as heretofore." Fifth, constructing side frames or standards which support the rollers of sugar cane mills of wrought iron or steel or a combi- nation of both, with the lower rollers " adjusted in the direction " of a line passing through the centres of the top and lower rolls, " and are drawn out in a direction at right angles to the same ;" also substituting in lieu of the adjusting screw a solid wedge " placed between the brass of lower bearing and the seat on the " side frame, the latter being at right angles to the line of thrust.'* " This wedge may be drawn out or pushed in by any convenient " mechanism, and the roller elevated or depressed accordingly." Constructing " the trash turner of sugar cane mills " with " a " steel spring which shall constantly press against the lower " roller in whatever position it may be adjusted." " Instead of " attaching a spring to the trash turner the latter may be so " constructed as to act a similar part itself, and the same arrange- " ment may be applied to the ' trash ' as well as the ' front ' " lower roll." Sixth, in sugar cane mills driven by water power, " placing the " water wheel in an iron trough or breast so as to dispense with " the present brickwork breast or foundations and to attach the " cane mill to the same." Seventh, " in regard to the cattle power or gear for transmitting " the power of animals to a sugar cane mill." In driving " a " bell or pan shaped casting for carrying the gearing " and when " desired to increase the speed of the horizontal driving shaft," employing " what is termed * internal ' gearing." Eighth, in evaporating, &c, saccharine fluids " passing heated SUGAR. 293 " air over their surface" and " gradually removing the upper " stratum of the liquid as it becomes concentrated" in place of boiling. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, May ?. N 1155. DAVIES, GEORGE. (A communication from Hector Lavignac. ) (Provisional protection only.} " Improved apparatus for boil- " ing sugar." These are, first, in place of the fire passing below the 5 to 8 boilers employed in the colonies for evaporating sugar liquids the fire passes through the boilers. Second, " an apparatus called a ' simoon ' or hot blast, placed " either in front of or behind the boilers, or partly in front and " partly behind, which is for the purpose of drying the * bagasse ' " or * cane trash,' and feeding the furnace therewith." " Each boiler comprises within it a second boiler, called a " ' multi boiler.' " " The liquid to be evaporated is contained " between the two boilers, and is heated by the interior wall of (f the multi boiler, which terminates at a lower elevation than " that of the exterior boiler, in order that the greater part of the " liquid may be placed above it. The top of the ' multi boilers ' " is corrugated." The cane trash is moved along an endless chain over a perforated arch or vault above the furnace, by which it becomes dry and falls into the furnace by a trap door at the end ; the vapor is condensed and carried off by gutters or spouts. The first two or three boilers have level tubes outside, and covers with pipes which pass through two or more of the succeeding boilers, and thence into smaller pipes which pass through the cold cane juice and then into a vessel " where the vapor is con- " densed, producing a sufficient vacuum in the covered vessels." Below the two last boilers " are dampers, consisting of shallow " vessels of water covered with trellis or perforated metal and " moving on friction rollers or wheels. The flue leading from 41 the boilers to the chimney is surrounded by an air chamber, " the heated air from which is withdrawn by a fan or otherwise " and fed into the furnace." [Printed, 4*1. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, May 14. N 1228. BROOMAN, RICHARD ARCHIBALD. (A communication from Jean Baptist Joseph QuerueL) " Improvements in working 294 SUGAR. " sugar refineries and in sugar moulds, and apparatus for " trimming the loaves therein." These are, " placing the pan " or copper from which the sugar for filling the moulds is to be " taken at the bottom or lower part of the building," and a shaft with a "hoisting and lowering apparatus," "communicating " with each of the floors on which the moulds to be filled are " kept ;" fitting the pan with a valve commanding an outlet pipe in the bottom, " from which the sugar is run into a jacketted " filling pot formed, by preference, with a spout and provided " with a cover. The filling pot, after being charged, is run upon " a truck into the shaft and hoisted to one or other of the floors " where the moulds to be filled are placed ; it is then put upon " another truck, and is suspended from a tackle and blocks in such " a manner that it may be tilted and the contents poured into the " moulds." The moulds are formed at bottom with a threaded aperture, closed by a pointed metal spile which rises a slight distance inside the mould, forming a hole in the head of the loaf of sugar ; the spike terminates inside the mould in a button, on which a washer rests to make a tight joint. " The moulds with " the spikes screwed in are held in frames constructed of wood, " with apertures for the moulds to be supported in ; double lines " of rails are laid on each floor, and the frames for the moulds " are run about, for the purpose of filling, and otherwise, in " carriages." For trimming the base of the sugar loaf placing " a dome-shaped frame over the mould, which frame carries on " the end of a spindle cutters or scrapers which, on being rotated " make the base of the sugar loaf even, and at the same time " give a bevel edge thereto." [Printed, IQd. Drawing.] A.D. 1861, June 26. N 1640. COWAN, JOHN. " Improvements in apparatus for re-burning " animal charcoal." These are, " preserving it from the atmo- " spheric air when it is to be removed from the cylinder or retort," by forming in the front or discharge end or cover a small opening closed by a door, lid, or plate, also supporting the cylinder or retort on wheels or rollers, on which it turns, preferring " two ft such wheels or rollers at each end of the cylinder, and forming " the front end or cylinder cover with a flange broader than the " rim of its supporting wheels to allow for expansion ;" also, SUGAR. 295 preferring, "to cause the flange at the back end of the cylinder to " turn in a groove in its supporting wheels, to keep the end in " gear with the driving arrangements." Likewise, driving or turning " the cylinder or retort by forming or fixing teeth, or a " cogged or toothed wheel, rim, or a flange on the end which I " drive by a pinion or equivalent on a driving shaft, so that by " having a number of pinions or wheels at intervals on a main " driving shaft lying horizontally along the back ends of a row " of cylinders or retorts placed side by side, and having toothed " wheels or flanges on such ends, any desired number of cylin- " ders may be driven by the same shaft. The cylinders or retorts " are mostly formed with double plates or covers at the ends " having a space between those of each end." Filling such space with fire-brick, or other non-conducting media, to prevent the radiation of heat. "Instead of employing a furnace to each " moving or revolving cylinder or retort," sometimes constructing an arch or chamber to contain more than one such cylinder or retort ; or a series or set of two or more arches or chambers so connected one with the other that the fire of one furnace may impart its heat to more than one such cylinder or retort. [Printed, lOrf. Drawing.] A.D. 1861, July 24. N 1856. GEDGE, WILLIAM EDWARD. (A communication from Louis Constant Bernard.) (Provisional protection only.) " Improve- " ments in the preparation and clarification of the saccharine " matters obtained from beetroot, sugar cane, indian millet, and " other sacchariferous vegetables or plants." These are, ex- tracting sugar from solutions from the above substances "without " the use of bone black or animal charcoal," using " alumina in jelly " or viscious state " and subacetate of lead, as follows : the alumina in a solution of about 2^ ozs. of alum is precipitated by ammonia, washed, and pressed, the juice, say about 2 Ibs. from beet root " is then poured cold and by degrees into the jelly of alumina, " and well stirred, then passed through a hair sieve," so as to thoroughly mix it with the juice, the whole is boiled for one or two minutes, thrown on a cotton filter, and the deposit pressed, and the solution " precipitated without heating, by subacetate of " lead, prepared as follows: "litharge 100 parts, acetate of lead " 300 parts, boiling water 900 parts, leaving it at the tempera- " ture of the bath until the litharge is completely dissolved;" 296 SUGAR. small leaden shot are added which precipitate any copper which may be in solution. By these means a clear solution of juice is obtained containing traces of lead which are precipitated by adding " forty or fifty grains of carbonate of ammonia, filter and " evaporate." " Either of the two preparations, alumina and " subacetate may act alone," but " their combined action leaves " nothing to be desired." " Certain very aluminous clays may " be used in some cases as an economical substitute for the " alumina." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, July 27. N 1886. HARE, SIR JOHN. (Provisional protection not allowed.) "Im- " provements in the manufacture of sugar." These are, " manu- " facturing and baking sugar in blocks, either square, round, " oval, hexagon, octagon, or other regular shape, and of various (( sizes, and of uniform weight, according to the purpose for " which they are intended, and casting them in moulds of metal, " glass, china, or other suitable material, when they may be " colored to any desired tint as fancy may suggest, the object " being to produce sugar in suitably given sized blocks of uniform " weight, more particularly adapted for domestic purposes." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, August 6. N 1956. CLARK, WILLIAM. (A communication from Edouard The'ophile de Gemini and Edmond Oswald de Gemini.) " Improvements in '* bleaching & clarifying saccharine matters, & in apparatus for " the same." These are, first, adding to the juices and syrups " fuller's earth or other clay or earth mixed with fine black, and " subjecting the whole to a violent agitation either in a hot or " cold state." Second, adding " fuller's earth or other clay or earth mixed " with the black, and employing one or several jets of steam for " producing agitation of the mass " as afterwards described. Third, employing " fuller's earth or other clay or earth mixed " with fine black, together with one or several jets of steam " in combination with a mechanical agitator for stirring up the " mass." Fourth, the following apparatus for operating the treatment : One apparatus consists of a vat, near the bottom of which, upon SUGAR. 297 the sides, are fixed a series of prongs or pallets, an agitator passin g down through the centre of this vessel is made to rotate by any suitable gearing or by strap, and it has prongs or pallets fixed to it near the bottom, which pass between the fixed prongs or pallets on the sides of the vessel. Another apparatus is described which is a vat with a pipe of steam, to which is attached a series of pipes for conveying the steam nearly to the bottom of the vat. It is said that although only two forms of apparatus have been represented, " they may be greatly varied in order to produce the " desired effect without departing from the principle thereof." [Printed, 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1861, August 15. N 2029. CAREY, STEPHEN, and PIERCE, WILLIAM MORGAN." Im- " provements in apparatus for re-burning animal charcoal." These are, constructing a long cylinder or retort " of an octagon " or other polygonal form with ribs or fillets bevilled on each " side, and formed or cast upon the inner longitudinal angles of " the said cylinder or retort; these ribs run nearly the whole " length of the cylinder or retort," the " two lower ribs are made " shorter in front near the door to facilitate the discharge of the " contents. The cylinder is built in brickwork with arch over " and heated by a furnace beneath. An iron plate is fitted on or " into the back edge of the cylinder or retort and another plate is " fitted a short distance within the same. A hollow trunnion or " spindle is formed or cast on this inner plate through which a " pipe or tube is passed and turned up inside the cylinder, with " an aperture near the top for the purpose of carrying off the gas, " steam, or vapour generated in the cylinder into a box below, " and by flues into the main chimney. At each end of the " cylinder or retort a ring or pulley wheel is fitted to receive an " endless chain, the said chain passes round the same and over " an upper and smaller pulley wheel, fixed over each; these " pulley wheels carry the cylinder or retort and give it motion. " The two upper wheels are connected together by a transverse " shaft, running from front to back over the top, and are set in " motion by an endless worm or screw keyed on to the said " transverse shaft ; a clutch with lever handle is fitted by the " side of the worm to put the machinery in and out of gear. " The machinery is set in motion by cog wheels, bands, or other " ordinary means worked by steam or other power." Instead of 298 SUGAR. suspending the cylinder or retort as above sometimes casting or fitting " a trunnion or spindle to one or both of the inner " plates of the cylinder or retort," and carrying " the same thereby ; " the said trunnion or spindle would be sometimes used at the " back of the cylinder and sometimes at the front, and sometimes " to both back and front. The said trunnion or spindle would " run through the outer plates and be carried by a journal outside, " and supported by a bearer or other ordinary means." When the trunnion or spindle is used at the back end of the cylinder it is made hollow for a pipe to pass through to carry off gas, steam, or vapour generated in the cylinder. A plate cap or covering is fitted over the back end of the cylinder to keep the heat in. [Printed, Is. Drawings.] A.D. 1861, August 20. N 2074. LAMBERT, RICHARD SYDNEY. "An improved f skipping " ' dipper ' or vessel for removing sugar and other liquids from " boiling pans." This consists, first, in constructing a 'dipper ' with " external ribs or guards so applied as to prevent the contact " of the exterior surfaces of the vessel with the interior surfaces te of the pans from which it is intended to dip up the contents, " whereby the heated Surfaces of these latter, 6ven whilst the " improved dipper is actually within them, charged with a por- " tion of their contents ready for removal remain covered with " liquid matter, in quantity always sufficient to prevent injury " from charring or scorching." Second, in constructing a dipper with "a cover (by preference " a dome or elevated cover) which enables the operator to ' charge " ' over ' or take into the pans in action, and befofe the improved " dipper is in any degree lifted out or removed therefrom, suffi- " cient liquid to replace that taken into the improved dipper for " removal, so that when this vessel and its charge are actually " lifted away the pan is found to be already replenished. By " these means all possibility of injury from the destructive effects " of large overheated surfaces acting on small quantities of highly " inspissated substances is wholly avoided:" The upper part of the dipping vessel has a cone or dome shaped cover or inclosure having an opening at the upper part of the passage of the valve rod, and when the dipping vessel is lowered " into the teache or " boiling pan, and the valve has been closed, afresh supply is " run into the teache or boiling pan." [Printed, 4cT. ~SSo Drawings.] SUGAR. 299 A.D. 1861, August 26. N 2129. NEWTON, WILLIAM EDWARD. (A communication from Horatio Nelson Fry aft.) (Provisional protection only.} " Improved ma- " chinery for filtering liquids, decolorizing saccharine and other " juices, and rectifying alcoholic liquors." This consists of a centrifugal machine "with a concentric annular compartment " outside of a central chamber, and closed at top and bottom," all the sides of which are formed of perforated metal so as to contain pulverized charcoal or other filtering or decolorizing or deoderizing substance, so that the liquid, introduced into the central chamber by centrifugal action, is forced through the pervious sides into the space between the filtering chamber and the outer case, from whence it escapes through an opening into a receptacle below. In combination with the annular filtering chamber a cap extends having a central opening for the intro- duction of the liquid, downward from this cap is an annular hoop, which leaves a " passage between its lower edge and the bottom " of the central chamber for the passage of the liquid to be " filtered, so that a body of such liquid may accumulate against " and inside of the inner periphery of the filtering chamber " without the danger of its escape through the central feed hole " in the cap plate." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, August 28.- N 2146. DUNCAN, JAMES. (Letters Patent void for want of Final Specification.) " Improvements in the manufacture of sugar, and " in the apparatus employed therein, also in the apparatus em- " ployed in re-burning animal charcoal." These are, first, in a vacuum pan arranging and constructing " a series of discs, either " solid or hollow tubes, or other generally similar surfaces," so as "to admit of rotary or other motion being communicated " thereto," the object, it is said, being to keep down "the " temperature during the boiling operation." Second, "counteracting the alkalinity of the sugar solution " by means of sulphurous acid, which is added in sufficient " quantity to neutralize the amount of alkali contained in the " saccharine solution." Third, in re-burning charcoal, " the retort or vessel in which " the charcoal is contained is fitted with a central longitudinal 300 SUGAR* " rod or bar having a series of scrapers or vertical discs fitted to " it " the rod with its scrapers, by means of suitable gearing, " is " caused to move both longitudinally and vertically, and so cause " the charcoal to be pressed forward," rendering the process of " burning continuous." [Printed, 4rf. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, September 3. N 2196. ROBERTSON, PATRICK. (Provisional protection only.) " Improvements in treating yeast, and in the manufacture of " ammoniacal salts, and a substitute for animal charcoal." These are, in reference to this subject, in using yeast to manufacture " a " substitute for animal charcoal. The yeast in a moist state is " mixed with clay and carbonate of lime or chalk ; the mixture " is to be dried and then calcined. It is preferred that the " mixture of the matters above mentioned should be such that " the calcined product may contain at the rate of ten parts of " carbon, eighty parts of clay, and ten parts of chalk, but these (f proportions may be varied. When the substitute for animal " charcoal is to be used for filtering acids, the chalk may be left " out, and only yeast and clay employed." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, September 14. N 2288. WALLER, RICHARD. " Improvements in machinery and appa- " ratus for manufacturing and refining cane juice and other " saccharine substances." These are, first, " the use of heated " cylinders in combination with belts, webs, or straps " as after- wards described. Second, "the hollow discs constructed with internal dia- " phragms " as afterwards described, and " the several arrange- " ments and combinations of machinery and apparatus." Pans or troughs for evaporating saccharine solutions, of any size or shape, may be cupped or corrugated, and arranged one above the other or otherwise combined, and if required, inclined so as to deliver their contents into a trough or receptacle of suffi- cient size to contain the same. The liquid is to be pumped into the pan or trough into which it was first introduced, and then again conducted through the series of pans or troughs. The pans have partitioned jackets or the pans are constructed of tubes SUGAR. 301 placed side by side for hot water or other heating media to pass through. Flexible belts of metal or of textile or felted fabrics pass over hot cylinders and through the saccharine solution carries a film of it upon them into the air, they then pass between pressing rollers, and the saccharine matter is completely dried by passing over the heated rollers. In some cases "a perfo- " rated pan or trough sieve or filtering bag or other suitable " receptacle " is placed below the pressing rollers for the re- ception of the saccharine matter, those matters passing through the filtering medium are returned again into the trough. Hollow compound discs composed of two portions of a large sphere or spheroid united at their peripheries or edges, mounted on a hollow tube. Within such hollow disc and mounted concentrically there- with on the said hollow shaft is a thin diaphragm of metal, and steam is passed through this arrangement. A modification of this arrangement with hollow discs on a small scale is described. [Printed, 6d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1861, September 19.--N 2333. CONDROY, Louis GABRIEL AUGUSTE. "An improved cen- " trifugal apparatus, intended for purifying, washing, drying, " moulding, or extracting from liquids, substances, or materials " of various kinds, which are deposited or poured for this pur- " pose in moveable baskets or boxes fitted in the said apparatus." These are, in reference to this subject, " in sugar manufactories " by pouring in the baskets equal quantities, either by weight or " bulk, of raw sugar, or sugar skums are poured into the baskets rf ** A.D. 1862, October 2?.-N 2894. PEEK, ALFRED. "Improvements in apparatus for evaporating " saccharine and saline solutions." These are, applying heat in such a way " that the temperature of the solution cannot be " raised beyond the boiling point of water, but it may be kept to " any required degree below that temperature." " Where steam *' is available " using e< a hollow disc or agitator revolving slowly " in the pan containing the solution to be evaporated, the " agitator is half full of water, and it is .supported on hollow " trunnions, through- one of which steam is admitted by a pipe " bent partly into the water, and through the other the. overflow " water makes its escape." To modify the above, under the above arrangement, is a boiler, heated as required, " a pipe from " the upper part of the boiler communicates with one of the <' trunnions of the agitators, and with a cistern above the level of " the agitators, and another pipe passes from the other trunnion " of the agitators to the lower part of the boiler." " The cir- " cumferences of the agitators are connected by horizontal pipes." " The form of the agitators can be greatly varied." The above apparatus " may be used when the solutions to be evaporated are " in open or covered pans having a chimney or fan to produce a " draught or in vacuum pans." When the heating surface of the revolving agitators is not sufficient, a series of steam pipes are inserted in the vessel containing the solution, such pipes being SUGAR. 323 " surrounded by other pipes containing water, the water pipes " being open at one point at least to the atmosphere." [Printed, IQd. Drawing.] A.D. 1862, November 28. N 3196. ADAMS, JAMES, and WHITE, WILLIAM CORNWELL. "Im- " provements in apparatus for boiling and evaporating." These it is said, among other purposes which are named, are " appli- " cable to the manufacture of sugar," and consist of a copper or other metal pan with a false bottom, in the interior of the pan is a coil of perforated tube supplied with steam or hot air which enters at one of the trunnions of the pan formed hollow for the purpose. " From the bottom and interior of the hollow pan a " pipe ascends to the opposite trunnion in order that the water " of condensation may be forced up the pipe by the pressure of " the steam and driven out of the pan." When a great heat is required applying a coil of pipe in the hollow space between the pans or vessels, the coil being perforated and supplying super- heated steam. " Below the coil, and intervening between it and " the bottom of the outer pan, a curved or bent plate, according " to the shape of the vessel, is to be fixed in order to concentrate " the heat upon the upper or false bottom." " The pan is balanced " or borne on a fulcrum " made " of a V or pointed form," resting on a groove in the standard or framework ; the short arm of a lever is held down by a rod connected to a regulated spring balance indicator, and other arrangements are made "so that " when the pan is supplied with liquid to be boiled or evaporated " the weight thereof may be known by the indicator, and the " amount of evaporation or loss by weight continually shown." [Printed, 8e inner vessel impure molasses, syrups, or saccharine juices, and 330 SUGAR, in the outer or reservoir water, salts pass through the membrane into the water ""to the almost complete exclusion of the sugar and (i colouring matter." " The analytical effect which eliminates the " salts diminishes as the density of the molasses decreases and d. Drawings.] A.D.1863, November 14.-N 2gSS. MACKIRDAY, LAUCHLAN. "Improvements in saturating, " washing, and cleansing charcoal and other matters, applicable 336 SUGAR. " also to the separation of syrups from sugar." These are, first, " the saturating of charcoal in charcoal filters," as follows : By withdrawing the ah* from charcoal in air-tight cistern before the liquor is run into the cistern, on opening the "brown liquor " cock" the " liquor will enter into instant and complete con- " tact with the charcoal." When the liquor is thoroughly purified it is drawn off either in the ordinary way or into an air- tight cistern. In either case air is allowed to enter in at the top of the cistern. For " inferior or tough liquors," besides exhausting the air as above, an air-pump is employed to force air into the cistern on the top of the liquor, and " drive the liquor through " the charcoal most thoroughly and effectively." When the liquor cistern has done its work and remains full of charcoal saturated with liquor the process of washing commences by opening a hot water tap at top and drawing the liquor from the bottom of the cistern ; this is called " sweet water." Second, " washing and cleansing of charcoal," as follows : " After the sweet water has been drawn off, a vacuum pump " which is in connection with the bottom of the cistern is brought " into action, and a copious supply of hot or cold water is intro- " duced to the top of the cylinder," and the water is continued until it runs pure, when " the supply is cut off, and by opening " an air valve air is drawn through the mass of charcoal and " dries it." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1863, December 1. N 3010. DODDRELL, GEORGE JOHN.-" Improvements relating to the " manufacture or refining of sugar." These are, " the disposing " of the concentrating vacuum pans of a sugar refinery at a " higher level than that at which the goods are worked off or " finished," so as save the labour and expense of elevating them as is now the case. " The concentrated fluid or semifluid may " be transferred from the concentrating pans or vessels by gravita- " tion by means of pipes or ducts, or partly by pipes and partly " by means of basins or filling vessels." If the filters deliver the liquor below the level of the vacuum pans it " is pumped up " through suitable piping to the elevated level at which the " vacuum pans are placed according to this invention." " The " passing of the concentrated fluid or semifluid into granulating " vessels or receivers, and thence into centrifugal machines by " gravitation," is not claimed " when the concentrating vacuum SUGAR. 337 " pans are situated at the ordinary low level,'* but is claimed when elevated " according to this invention." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1863, December 11. N 3123. CORBY, JOHN. " Improvements in centrifugal machines for " extracting the syrups from sugar." These are, first, dispensing with "the usual amount of multiplying gear, such as driving " wheels, drums, wall brackets, supports, axles, springs, and " leather belts," and replacing the whole " by a single horizontal " shaft imparting motion to the vertical spindle of the drying " cylinder through a pair of bevel friction wheels working in the " lower portion of the framework." Second, " in rendering the vertical axle of the receiver, with its " friction pinion, capable of being moved up and down in a per- " pendicular direction, which movement is obtained by construct - " ing the vertical spindle to slide in suitable plummer blocks and " actuated by a lever carrying a footstep, into which the lower " end of the spindle is fitted, this arrangement being for the " purpose of rendering the starting and stopping of the whole " machine more simple and effective than usual." Third, " the whole machine, including its driving gear, being " erected and attached to one sole plate or bed, is thereby " rendered of a steady, compact, and portable character, being " completely self-contained in construction, having all its parts " accessible to for the purposes of lubrication and lightening up " whilst the machine is in motion." [Printed, lOd. Drawing.] A.D. 1863, December 29. N 3294. VANDERFEESTEN, JEAN MICHEL. "Improvements in " apparatus for heating, boiling, evaporating, and distilling." These relate to apparatus for the above purposes " whether per- " formed in vacuo or otherwise and whether for the manufacture " of sugar or other purposes," and the apparatus consists of a close or open vessel in which are a number of coils \ " these coils " instead of forming a single worm or coil rising in curved spirals " as is usual consist of a number of separate straight coils," that is " each coil consists of a certain number of straight or " rectilineal horizontal pipes (of circular or other transverse 8, Y 338 SUGAR. " section) connected by curved junctions." "The coils are " arranged side by side and can be removed from the receiver " and replaced therein through openings in the front of the " receiver closed by doors or plates secured by bolts and nuts. " The coils of steam pipes are supported on rods or frames with " hollow rollers. The ends of the coils are fastened and unfastened " by exterior hollow nuts which work on pipes cast on the " outside of the receiver, forming the joints or junctions between " the coils and the steam inlet, and outlet for drawing off the " waters of condensation therefrom, and to tighten the coils " against the sides of the vessel to the required extent. The " coils when required to be cleaned are removed into a vessel " containing acid or other solution, other coils supplying their " places." "The [steam joints may be'fitted. with nuts." A modification of the above apparatus is shown in which the ends of the coils instead of leading into horizontal passages communi- cate through junctions with vertical pipes. [Printed, Sd. Drawing.] 1864. A.D. 1864, January 19. N 144. BROOMAN, RICHARD ARCHIBALD. (A communication from Leon Geauchez.) " Improvements in machines for sawing and " cutting sugar." These are, constructing such a machine that performs " three operations which have hitherto not been effected " without the employment of two or three separate machines or " apparatuses." At one side of the machine is "a fly wheel " worked by hand or otherwise, and with teeth cast on its inner " circumference acting on a bevil wheel fixed on an axle. This " axle carries one of two pulleys, round which an endless band " saw passes kept in place by a guide. The revolution of the fly " wheel thus imparts motion to the saw which divides the loaf of " sugar into slices of the desired thickness. Instead of an " endless band saw a saw with a to-and-fro movement may be " employed. Other teeth on the axis of the fly wheel gear into d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1864, March 2. N 519. MILLER, WILLIAM. (Provisional protection only.} "Im- " provements in the manufacture of sugar and in the apparatus " employed therein." These are, first, " evaporating saccharine " solutions at temperatures below those at which they boil under " the ordinary pressure of the atmosphere," and such solutions never coming " in contact with metallic or other surfaces heated " by fire or high pressure steam nor are subjected to any tem- " perature which cannot be regulated to or below that of boiling " water or 212 F." This invention it is said has reference to No. 525, A.D. 1862, and " consists of a cylinder composed of curved " blades arranged like the floats of a water wheel only overlapping " each other considerably so as to increase the evaporating " surface. This is made to revolve in the saccharine solution to " be evaporated." The cylinder does not dip far into the pan ; the pan has large flat or slotted tubes passing through it. The pan is surrounded by an outer casing or jacket the lower part of which is covered by water heated either by direct fire heat or by high pressure steam passing into it, an overflow pipe for carrying off condensed water and a pipe open to the atmosphere carries off any steam. In the colonies the cylinder may revolve open to the air, but if desirable to get rid of steam, it is covered with a hood attached to which is a fan. SUGAR. 341 Second, in dissolving sugar, making " use of cylindrical " shaped pans," having " a coil of pipe with a condense cock " passing round the lower part of the side of the pan, but suffi- " ciently high up that the sugar when thrown into the bottom of " the pan does not come in contact with the heated pipe except " when it is in solution." Also using an agitator in the form of a cross with knives attached to it and another cross with flat blades to keep the solution in constant agitation. [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1864, March 2. N 528. LANGENARD, FREDERIC PIERRE. "Improvements in cen- " trifugal machines for extracting juice of plants, or drying up " substances or materials of various kinds." These are, in reference " to this subject, when beetroots or any other material of the kind " have to be dried up," first, " a perforated or wire cloth cylinder " or box, formed as in similar apparatuses, but without bottom " and attached to the shaft by means of an armed ring, which is " tied to the flanged upper end of the cylinder," is employed. Second, " a funnel shaped upper cylinder fastened to the lower " one with which it revolves." Third, " a lower elastic or pliable bottom, made either of cloth, " leather, india-rubber, or any other similar material " attached at its outer and inner peripheries on rings and carried by arms hinged on a central nave, the arms being carried near the other end by rods, hinged on one side with tongues of the arms, and on the other side on a moveable sleave, so that the bottom of the appa- ratus can be made quite free. Fourth, the lower moveable sleave carrying a piece betwixt its shoulders, guided in its up and down motion by rods, and actuated by ropes winding up on pulleys", which contrivance is intended to move the sleave up and down for unfolding and folding up the pliable bottom., the upward motion of the sleave being assisted by a helical spring carried by a shoulder of the central shaft. Fifth, the shaft carrying the centrifugal machine and its ap- pendages is partly hollow, and is provided inwardly with a rod, capable of moving up and down into the shaft, which shaft carries it along in its rotary motion by means of two keys driven fast into the rod which moves up and down within the hollow shaft. 342 SUGAR. Sixth, the combination of an armed ring connected by a keyed sleeve to the rod which carries along in its up and down motion in the hollow shaft to rub off the dried material adhering to the periphery of the cylinder. Seventh, the following contrivance, to slide up and down in the hollow shaft. The rod at its upper end is fitted with a bullet, held betwixt two jaws, hollow shaped to fit the bullet without coming close together; the jaws are tied close together by screws. At the top part of the jaws, in the middle, there is an eye piece formed with a hole in which runs a rope, which is netted where passed through the eye, so that when pulled upward the rope wiJl draw the rod. The two jaws above are pierced through on each side with a small hole, through which runs a rope ; these ropes are wound round two pulleys fixed one on each side of the rod ; the ropes are continued further on to allow of their being wound around a drum. When the said ropes are pulled downwards they cause the rod to move down; the jaws are guided in their motion by a rod on each side fastened at their lowest end on the frame. [Printed, Is. Drawing.] A.D. 1864, March 4. N 552. MANBRE, ALEXANDRE. " Improvements in the manufacture " of glucose sugar." These are, first, effecting "the trans- " formation of starch or fecula into glucose sugar" by mixing them with 5 per cent, sulphuric acid and submitting them " to " the action of a high degree of heat not under 275 F., but pre- " ferring the temperature of 320 F. for quickening the process," and by this means producing " a pure glucose free from gum, " essential oil, and empyreumatic fatty matters." Second, employing in the process a strong wrought iron oblcng boiler with steam pipe inside along the bottom. The boiler is lined inside with lead and outside with a jacket between which and the converter is a space of 4 inches which is filled with sand or any other non-conducting matter. On the top is a pipe with a cock through which diluted starch may be gradually intro- duced, also " safety valves, steam gauge, water gauge, thermometer, " pipe for escape of steam, exit cock at bottom, and a worm or " distilling pipe through which the high pressure steam is allowed " to blow off." SUGAR. 343 Third, allowing " the high pressure steam to blow off out of " the vessel while the heat is maintained " at 320 F. "to distil off " and separate from the product the vegetable empyreumatic and " acrid oils." Fourth, the " use of superheated steam as an agent for heating " the mixture." This mode of heating is more convenient than other means but " is not essential to the success of the process " provided a sufficient degree of heat is obtained." Another method to obtain from starch glucose free from dextrine or gum is to use a much larger proportion of sulphuric acid ; up to the present time from 2 to 5 per cent, has been used and it has never reached 10 per cent., it is proposed to use at least 20 and as much as 60 or 70 per cent., heating in the ordinary manner, but this process is inferior to the first "although preferable to the " ordinary process now employed." [Printed, 8d. Drawing.] A.D. 1864, March 7. .N 568. NEWTON, WILLIAM EDWARD. (A communication from Louis Pierre Robert de Massy and Louis Robert de Massy.) "Im- " provements in refining sugar and molasses." These are, in reference to this subject, first, treating " syrup or saccharine " liquid with baryta or strontia whereby the syrup may be refined " with greater speed and economy and an increased yield obtained " than by the processes now in use." The juice "is first " defecated by simple or double saturation," with lime " with the " assistance of carbonic acid," treated with about sixty per cent, of caustic baryta, heated to form a saccharate of baryta which precipitates and is separated "by decantation, washing, or any " other suitable means." "This saccharate is put on one side " arid the liquid is treated either with a current of carbonic acid " or by sulphuric acid in order to precipitate the baryta which " is in excess in the process of saccharification." "The pre- " cipitate thus separated may be used over again in the same "' manner." The water may "run away or be sold or it may " be used as a manure for which it is peculiarly applicable." Second, "after saturating the syrup with lime it is to be " evaporated to any desired density and the caustic baryta then " added in the same proportions as before. Then proceed as in " the other process, but instead of throwing away the water or 344 SUGAR. " liquid after separating the insoluble salts, the liquid is to be " evaporated again in order to obtain the salts of potash or soda." " The saccharate which has been put on one side as before- " mentioned," when required " to be operated upon for sugar is * mixed with four times its weight of pure water and submitted ' to the action of carbonic acid under pressure until the baryta is t completely saturated. The sugar obtained in this manner is e chemically pure and the insoluble carbonate of baryta may be ' separated therefrom in the manner already mentioned. By ' decomposing the carbonate of baryta by means of sulphuric " acid carbonic acid may be obtained for the purpose above set " forth. The decomposition of the carbonate of baryta may also " be effected by means of sulphate of soda or sulphate of potash, " when an insoluble sulphate of baryta will be obtained and " soluble salts of the other bases." " Strontia may be used in " place of baryta thoughout the whole process, if preferred, and " will produce precisely the same result." Besides the foregoing there are several modes given for obtaining carbonic acid, also for obtaining some salts of potash, soda, and baryta, and it is stated " that in case any traces of baryta should " remain in the syrup, they must be precipitated by an addition " of sulphate of lime. There will then be a precipitate of sul- " phate of baryta which may readily be removed." [Printed, 4*. No Drawings.] A.D. 1864, March 8. N 580. NEWTON, WILLIAM EDWARD. (A communication from Louis Pierre Robert de Massy and Louis Robert de Massy.} " Improve- " ments in the manufacture or production of baryta of strontia." These are, in reference to the subject, as follows : The sulphates of baryta and strontia either natural or artificial, or " produced " from the sulphurous acid obtained by this process, or by other " means, or by double decomposition," are mixed with charcoal and roasted, this process, it is said, " is so well known that there " is no necessity for describing it ; when, however, a sugar manu- " factory or refinery is within reach, it is better to operate in " closed vessels, the reaction being more certain, and the carbonic " acid produced by the decomposition is utilized in order to " carbonize the saccharates of lime, baryta, and strontia." A solution of the sulphuret of barium or strontium thus made being SUGAR. 345 boiled with oxide of copper, insoluble sulphuret of copper is formed, and the hydrate of baryta or strontia is in solution, " the " baryta may be used direct in this state for the manufacture and " refining of sugar," &c. " The precipitated sulphuret of copper " is dried and then roasted," the gas produced (sulphurous acid) being conducted into lead chambers for the production of sul- phuric acid. " The deutoxide of copper is put on one side to " serve for the succeeding operation, so that with the same " quantity of copper, an indefinite quantity of sulphurets can be " decomposed." [Printed, 4cZ. No Drawings.] A.D. 1864, March 19. N 700. JONES, DAVID. (A communicaion from Simon Labayen.) (Provisional protection only.} " Improvements in sugar funnels " or moulds." These are, strengthening sugar funnels or moulds which consist of hollow cones of sheet iron open at top and bottom, by rivetting a hoop around the wide end " immediately above " the ordinary turned-over edge, in which a ring is inserted." It is preferred, to make the hoop " of a strip of iron, the edges of " which are bent into a trough-like figure, the said strip being " bent into a hoop, having the concave sides of the trough-like " edges in the inside of the ring." " The figure of the hoop may " be varied without departing from the nature of the said in- " vention. The narrow end of the mould may also be protected " and strengthened by a hoop similar to the hoop herein-before " described." [Printed, 4d. No Drawings.] A.D. 1864, March 26 N 754. BROOMAN, RICHARD ARCHIBALD. (A communication from Jean Baptiste Felix Trolliet.) "An improved method of, and im- " proved apparatus for, revivifying animal black." This consists " in progressively drying and heating animal black until revivified, " and then in cooling the same." The apparatus " consists of " an oven with retorts placed horizontally and superposed ; the " fire is inside the lower retort, and the upper retort is heated by " flues from the lower retort. The top of the apparatus serves u for drying the black, and it is progressively heated by passing " through passages provided for that purpose around the upper 346 SUGAR. " retort, and between it and the flues surrounding it, and then " around the lower retort and its flues. On leaving this passage " the black is revivified, and continues on into a cooling chamber " furnished with cold air flues, and traversed by air pipes below " the lower retort. At the bottom of this chamber doors are l< provided, through which the revivified black is withdrawn." [Printed, 8d. Drawings.] A.D. 1864, April 23. N 1024. WORSSAM, GEORGE JARVIS. "Improvements in machinery " and apparatus for expressing liquids or moisture from sub- " stances." These consist, of a screw or wprm, which is covered with a lining or casing " of copper, brass, iron, or any suitable " material, or wirework, being perforated, grooved, or ribbed to " admit of drainage ;" around this again is a case " in halves or " parts made of copper, brass, iron, wirework, or any suitable " material for the purpose," perforated recommended; between the outer and inner casings are placed " a cloth or cloths, also wirework, " if required, through which the substance to be operated upon " is pressed by the means of a force pump worked by hand or any " other suitable power " feeding the machine by four pipes in the lid of the machine. At the other end is a cover with a discharge door, " through which the material or matter after being pressed " is forced by means of the screw or worm." " In some cases " it may be necessary to use blades, scrapers, or knives in place " of the screw or worm," or together with it ; above the cover is a worm wheel fixed on end of a screw or worm, and a worm for working the worm wheel. There is a trough below the machine, " into which the liquid runs after being pressed." The machine is fixed between upright columns, and among a number of purposes named to which, it is said, it is applicable is for " filtering " s.ugar." [Printed, Is. Drawings,] A.D. 1864, April 23. N 1038. BRINJES, JOHN FREDERICK. " Improvements in apparatus " for the reburning of animal charcoal." These are, applying and using for the above purpose cylinders or retorts as follows, and a rotating cooling drum or chamber provided with an inner or outer skin, and supplied with water for the purpose of more SUGAR, 347 readily cooling its contents," as follows : The retorts of " a " cylindrical form are intended to revolve or reciprocate in a " circular direction backwards and forwards, a complete revolu- " tion, or nearly so, on their longitudinal axis, and to be in a " horizontal position. The motion of the retorts may be pro- " duced by means of a mangle wheel and pinion." In the interior of the retorts a series of flanges or rings are cast, or they may be bolted therein " about 4 to 6 inches deep, and 4 to 8 " inches apart " in the direction of the cylinders' length, each ring or flange having openings left through them, the several openings being in a line with or opposite each other. Between each of the flanges or rings, and opposite each of the openings above referred to, is provided a kind of door or vane mounted in the centre upon a spindle, and connected to a rod passing from one end of the cylinder or retort to the other, " and through its ends or " covers, which rod is intended to move backwards or forwards " in the direction of the cylinder's length, so as to actuate and " move the doors or vanes to their required positions simul- " taneously. The doors or vanes are moved from the outside of " the retort by any suitable self-acting contrivance." Another modification of fitting the vanes or doors is described. After the charcoal has traversed from one end of the chamber to the other ; " it is discharged into a cooling chamber fixed on the end " of the cylinder or retort, and rotating backwards and forwards " therewith ;" it is provided with a jacket for cold water passing through it. A pipe at one end of the cylinder conveys the steam or gases into the chimney. [Printed, 1#. Drawing.] A.D. 1864, May 4. N 1119. BEANES, EDWARD. (Provisional protection only.} "Improve- " ments in the treating animal charcoal." These are, " treating " animal charcoal which has lost its decolorizing and absorbtive " properties " with certain chemical compounds which have the <( power of removing or rendering soluble the lime and other " metallic, earthy, and alkaline substances with which it is ** contaminated, using for this purpose chloride of ammonium " (sal-ammoniac) in the liquid or solid state," also using " nitrate " of ammonia, nitrous acid, hyponitric acid, and carbonic acid. " The effect of these substances is to render the lime and other 348 SUGAR. " earthy, metallic, and alkaline impurities soluble, and which are " afterwards removed by washing." [Printed, 4. 27 <; London Journal (Newton's), vol. 1 (conjoined series), p. 418 ; llogistt-r of Arts and Sciences, vol. 6 (new series), p. 74; Engineers and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 2, p. 790.J A.D. 1830, November 29. N 6041. CHURCH, WILLIAM. " Certain improvements in apparatus " applicable to propelling boats and driving machinery by the " agency of steam, parts of which improvements are applicable to " the purposes of evaporation." These are, " the employment " of apparatus whatever may be its form for raising a current of " air, gas, or vapour to abstract heat from vapour generated in " boilers, stills, or other vessels used in raising substances by " means of heat to a gaseous vaporous or elastic state, and making " use of such air, gas, or vapour (when and after it shall have " thus abstracted heat) for the purposes of evaporation." No claim is made to any particular ** form of apparatus, as the form " may be varied in the construction of the steam engine or the " boilers or vessels of the brewer, chymist, distiller, rectifier, salt " or soap manufacturers or refiners of sugar, and so forth, as " may be found most convenient in their different processes of " vaporisation." No example is given of the application of the above to a pan for evaporation, but its application to a still is as follows : The still being heated by steam into a jacket or other, means, the vapour generated from the wash passes into a pipe and from thence into a spiral passage in a vessel, from whence it passes into a worm tub. At the same time that the hot vapour 408 SUGAR. is passing along the above spiral passage " atmospheric or other " air, gas, or vapour which supports combustion/' is driven into a corresponding spiral passage which travels in an opposite direc- tion, and from thence is conducted by a tube " in a heated state " to supply fuel with air or gas for its combustion." [Printed, 3s. 4d. Drawings. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 8 (second series), page 1 ; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 6 (new series), p. 106: Rolls Chapel Reports, 7th Report, page 131.] A.D. 1831, January 15 N 6061. PARKER, WILLIAM. "Certain improvements in preparing " animal charcoal." These are, in " revivifying animal charcoal " after it has been used in the process of refining sugar ; it is first washed, dried by air or otherwise, sifted, charged into iron cru- cibles, which are "closely packed and rammed, and until the " crucible be completely filled ;" these crucibles are then placed one above the other, covering the upper crucible of each set or column with a close fitting cover " luted with loom or clay," having a small hole to allow the escape of the gas evolved during theprocess. "Fish bones or any animal matter, or fatty or oily " matter, or any resinous or bituminous substances," are used " in admixture with the deteriorated material aforesaid/' but preferring, " the former on account of greater economy." The operation of baking or burning is continued until the flame from the top of the crucibles is nearly extinct, when the firing is stopped, as also any supply of air by closing the doors of the ash- pits. When the crucibles are of a dull red color the operation of revivifying is complete, the furnace is thrown open to cool the crucibles, when their contents are " ground, sifted, and prepared " for use in the usual or most convenient way suitable for its " intended use." [Printed, lOd. Drawing-. Repertory of Arts, vol. 11 (third series), p. 342 London Journal (Newton's), vol. 7 (conjoined series), \>. 357 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 15, p. 849 ; Roister of Arts jind Sciences, vol. 6 (ne w series), p. 101.] A.D. 1831, July 30. N 6146. PERKINS, ANGIER MARCH. "Certain improvements in the " apparatus or method of heating the air in buildings, heating " and evaporating fluids, and heating metal." These are, " circulating water in tubes or pipes which are closed in all parts, " allowing a sufficient space for the expansion of the water which SUGAR. 409 " is contained within the apparatus, by which means the water " will at all times be kept in contact with the metal, however " high the degree of heat, such apparatus may be submitted " to, and yet at the same time there will be no danger of " bursting the apparatus in consequence of the water having " sufficient space to expand." In reference to this subject, namely, in " the boiling of syrup in the making or refining of " sugar," " it will be seen that the heated water is made to cir- " culate through a series of tubes, and give off its heat to the " fluid contained in the boiler, or these tubes may be made to " pass into steam or other boilers, in a similar manner, and will " cause the liuid contained in such boilers to become heated and " evaporated." [Printed, Is. Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol. 13 (third series), p. 129 ; London Journal (Newton* t), vol.2 (conjoined series), p. 14; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 22, pp. 58,101, and 197 ; also vol. 23, p. 461; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 7 (new scries), pp. 30 and 70; Webster's Reports, vol. 2, pp. 6, 15, and 17. Extended lor 5 years (see No. 10,778.] A.D. 1831, August 27. N 6154. PERKINS, JACOB. "Certain improvements in my former " patent, dated the Second day of July, one thousand eight " hundred and thirty-one, making the same applicable to the ff evaporating and boiling fluids for certain purposes." These are, " in the application of certain apparatus or machines," on the following principle, " for the purpose of boiling worts, solu- " tions of sugar and salt or other substances." In a copper or boiler heated by a furnace or flues is an apparatus of a similar shape to the bottom of the boiler used, having a space all round between the apparatus and boiler for the flow t>f the liquid ; but it is open at the top, and there is also a space at the bottom, and it is supported by two small rods or legs. By this arrangement it is said that when heat is applied, the liquor will travel up between the pan and the apparatus to the surface, while at the same time there will be a constant flow of the liquid down the centre of the apparatus to become heated. [Printed, &/. Drawings. Repertory of Arts, vol.13 (third series), p. 198: London Journal (Newton's), vol. 11 (conjoined series), p. 41; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 17, pp. 91, 103, 158, and 316; also vol. 24, pp. 387 and 459 ; Engineers and Mechanics' Encyclopaedia, vol. 1, pp. 213 and 482. J A.D. 1831, September 22. N 6165. URE, ANDREW. "An improved apparatus for evaporating " syrups and saccharine juices." This is said to consist, first, in 410 SUGAR. " the combinations of apparatus," afterwards described for the above purposes, " by the heat of a saline bath, composed of a " strong solution of chloride of calcium or acetate of soda, which " boils at a temperature considerably above the boiling point of " water/' Second, " the application of one or other of the said saline " solution baths to sugar pans with corrugated bottoms or " corrugated bottoms and sides." A corrugated pan for evaporating the syrup has an outer vessel or jacket made of iron or other suitable metal for containing the saline solution, a pipe is led from the top of the jacket and passes in a zig-zag form through a cistern above, in which there is water. This pipe is terminated above the cistern by a safety valve. The water from the condensed steam flows into the bottom of the jacket by a small tube in which are a series of apertures. There is another tube which issues immediately from the bottom of the cistern named above, which is intended to supply water to the saline bath through a stop-cock or valve into a perforated distribution tube near the bottom of the pan. The action of that stop cock or valve of supply is regulated by what the Patentee calls a "thermostat," see No. 6014, Old Law. The manner in which the thermostat is applied is as follows : There are two pairs of compound thermostatic bars acting in concert, the under- most bar of which is fastened firmly by the middle to a bracket, bolted to the side of the iron pan, and the uppermost bar is connected at the middle to a rod passing upwards through a stuffing box in the top " moves up and down by the motion in " flexure of the said thermostatic bars, correspondent with the " increase and diminution of the temperature of the bath," and by this means moves the stop cock or valve so as to admit water into the saline bath when required. A mercurial thermometer is in " the saline bath ; it serves as a cheque on the thermostat," &c. There is a rake covered with a glove to assist the final discharge of the syrup along the corrugations of the pan. [Printed, IQd. Drawing. Repertory of Arts, vol. 14 (third series), p. 149; London Journal (Newton's), vol.1 (conjoined series), p. 1; Register of Arts and Sciences, vol. 7 (new series), p. 105 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 7th Report, p, 136.] A.D. 1833, June 20. N 6439. URE, ANDREW. " An improved apparatus for evaporating <( syrups and saccharine juices, which is also applicable to other SUGAR. 411 " purposes." This is said to consist, first, " the application of a " strong solution of caustic alkali as a bath to an evaporating " pan or still with a corrugated bottom." The above solution is put between the two pans ; the inner pan has its bottom or bottom and sides " amplified by corrugation with angular or curvilinear " ridges and furrows." Second, the bath space of the double pan should be provided with a safety tube for discharging any redundant steam; this tube should terminate in a water trap cistern charged with milk of lime. Third, " the application of the said alkaline solution, either as a *' bath to the external surface of a plane pan, as conducted from a " boiler, through pipes and conduits in order to supply a regu- " lated heat to various purposes." Fourth, " the application of sulphuric and phosphoric acids or " mixtures of them as baths or mediums for transmitting heat " at definite temperatures." Both the alkaline and acid baths are furnished with safety tubes, thermometers, and water supplying pipes for dilution. [Printed, 4cJ. No Drawings. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 3 (conjoined series), p. 285 ; Mechanics' Magazine, vol. 24, p. 405 ; Rolls Chapel Report, 7th Report, p. 145.] A.D. 1834, April 8. N 6590. CROSLEY, HENRY. "An improved method or process, " arrangement, and combination of apparatus with certain agents " used or employed therewith, whereby evaporation of fluids and " solutions may be effected advantageously, and also for other " beneficial purposes to which the said method or process is " applicable or can be applied." The apparatus is at follows : Open pans heated by steam or otherwise are charged with " the " fluid or liquid or solution to be evaporized ;" " the air pumps, " blowing cylinders, or other proper apparatus for forcing or " propelling air," heated or otherwise, are put in motion by any power, natural or artificial, and air forced into a condensing vessel or reservoir, whence it passes through one or more branches into pipes connected with a metallic hollow wheel or wheels immersed in the fluid, &c. in the open pans. The air finds egress through " perforations, holes, or apertures^ in the central hollow box or " nave and in the hollow spokes of the wheel ;" the air descends, then ascends through the fluid, &c. and carries off the aqueous 412 SUGAR. parts thereof and accelerates evaporation, which is further increased by the motion of the wheel. Scrapers may be affixed to one or more spokes of the wheel. Two wheels may be worked in an oblong pan. For " melting or dissolving sugar for clearance " steam is forced into the mass and knives or scrapers may be attached to the spokes of the wheel. [Printed, Is. Drawing. London Journal (Neivton's), vol. 19 (conjoined series), p. 30.] A.D. 1835, August 1?. N 6883. BOWMAN, FREDERICK.- "An improvement in the process of " renewing the virtues of animal charcoal when exhausted or " impaired." This is, in place of heating the charcoal for the above purpose in large bulks as in retorts as is now done, " exposing the animal charcoal in detail, either by spreading it in " thin layers, constantly moved or otherwise kept in motion, to " the heat of a succession of heating surfaces, disposed so that as " the charcoal is brought on to each successive surface it receives " more heat than from the preceding one, the hottest of such surfaces " being maintained at or a little above a red heat, and of keeping " the said animal charcoal as much as possible in motion while " being dried and carbonized ;" and " never suffering any part " of it to obtain a red heat if it is sufficiently recarbonized before " attaining that heat, or to retain such red heat longer than is " necessary for producing complete carbonization." Above a furnace is a brick arch, on the crown of which is a platform on which is a plate of iron upon hinged joints, the fire rises and goes horizontally away under a series of iron plates to the chimney. The plates nearer to the chimney are for drying the charcoal, upon which it is spread and raked at a depth of about four inches. It is gradually moved by rakes to the plate next the platform named above, where the carbonization is completed, when it is cleared from this plate into receivers or it is raked on to the platform and cleared from it. [Printed, lOd. Drawing. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 14 (conjoined series), p. 234.] A,D. 1836, June 13. N 7115. BERRY, MILES. (A communication.] "An improved apparatus " for terrifying, baking, and roasting vegetable substances which " with certain modifications and additions is also applicable to the SUGAR. 413 " evaporation and concentration of saccharine juices and other " liquids." These are, in reference to this subject, as follows : Neither " the application of an oil or other bath to the boiler, nor " the corrugated or fluted bottom of the boiler or evaporating " vessel, nor the evaporating of the aqueous parts of the solutions " or syrups by passing them over the surface of shallow trays from " one to another," are claimed, " as they are all old contrivances " and have been before carried into effect. But what I consider " novel under this application of the apparatus is, the manner of " effecting the vacuum by the two upper condensing vessels in " connection with the refrigerator or condenser and its ventilators " or rotary fans, and also the general arrangement and con- " struction of the apparatus." " The manner of producing the " vacuum : The steam or vapour from the evaporating vessel " rises into the upper part of the serpent or condenser, and " travelling along all the fluted chambers arrives at the left-hand " one of two condensing vessels/' " which is provided with two t( cocks, the one for. the introduction of steam and the other to " allow the exit of the air driven out by the steam. The con- " densing vessel is air-tight, and has no opening except at the " bottom, and is plunged in a tub or tank filled with water" and when the above vessel " is full of steam the air pipe is closed, and " the cock of another pipe placed in the lower part of the con- se denser is opened ; and a stream of water from a reservoi . " placed above the condensing vessels being ejected into the vessel " filled with steam, a condensation takes place, and the condensed " steam descends from the upper part of the refrigerator into the " lower part and falls through a pipe into a recipient together " with all the air it may have carried with it ; thus a vacuum is " produced in the apparatus/' &c. &c. [Printed, Is. Zd. Drawing. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 10 (conjoined series), p. 257 ; Rolls Chapel Reports, 7th Report, p. 176.] A.D. 1839, June 22. N 8123. PARKER, FREDERICK. " Improvements in revivifying or re- " burning animal charcoal." These are, so conducting the above process " that the retort, oven, or vessel shall not be required " to be cooled down, and yet at the same time the drawing and " cooling process shall not cause the charcoal to pass into the ** atmosphere when in a red hot* condition or in a state to be 414 SUGAR. " injured thereby." The charcoal to be revivified is placed in a vertical retort or vessel of iron or otherwise, which is surrounded by the flues of the fire-place or furnace below. A hopper or chamber above is kept filled with animal charcoal to be reburned ; the cooling vessel which is below is connected to the lower part of the retort, oven, or vessel by a sand.joint. The cooler is, in preference, of thin sheet iron and of considerable extent. The lower end of the cooler is closed by a slide, " there being a series of openings " in the bottom and slide, so that when it is desired to draw the " charcoal, the openings are made coincident in the slide and " bottom ; at other times they are to be slided." There " is an " apparatus for measuring the charcoal as it comes from the " cooler;" this "apparatus has a slide and perforated bottom " similar to that above described to the cooler." [Printed, 8d. Drawing. London Journal (Newton's), vol. 23 (conjoined series), p. 28 ; Inventors' Advocate, vol. 1, p. 179.] A.D. 1852, March 8. N 14,015. VAN KEMPEN, PETER. (A communication from Gerrit Abraham Cramer.} *' An improved refrigerator to be used in brewing, " distilling, and other similar useful purposes." This consists, first, " of a long continuous trough, along which the wort to be " cooled is caused to flow." The length depends on the average temperature of the worts, the degree of temperature to which it may be necessary to reduce them, and the cold water or liquor employed in connection with the apparatus. The apparatus con- sists of an external trough " of any kind of metal or any other " suitable material containing the cooling medium, and through " which it passes in an opposite direction to that in which the " wort flows." The inner trough is of thin copper tinned. The inner and outer troughs are composed of parts of the same length with vulcanized india-rubber packing. "The refrigerator is " placed at an incline of not less than one foot in two hundred " feet, and of an uniform inclination throughout." The water or cooling liquid is introduced at the lower end from a head of the same. Second, " preventing atmospheric influences taking effect on the " wort when in the refrigerator. For this purpose a strip of " zinc is placed throughout the entire length of the refrigerator," and covered by the fluid in it. Both ends of the strip are placed SUGAR. 416 in connection with two plates " deposited in the ground, one of which, of copper, attached by a copper strip reaching to the " refrigerator forms the positive pole, while the other earth plate " is of zinc, and forms the negative pole. Any atmospheric " electricity which during thunderstorms is liable to turn wort " sour is carried off by this arrangement. [Printed, Is. 2d. Drawings.] APPENDIX B. A.D. 1802, March 24. N 2599. TREVITHICK, RICHARD, and VIVIAN, ANDREW. " Methods " for improving the construction of steam engines, and the (t application thereof for driving carriages, and for other pur- 7. Brooman, 232. Gilbee, 236. Lombard and Esquiron, 840. Reynolds, 250. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Reynolds, 259. Townsend and Walker, 287. GeAfp (Constant), W6. Ross (Beanes),SlQ. Mennons (Jouannet), 315. Reed, 315. Brooman (Leplay and Cui- sinier), 318. Herapath, 320. Huesner, 329. Beanes, 347. Haseltine (Go0sslina),SS8. Muller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Clark (Gaude), 870. Le~on (Leplay), 371. Clark (C?aade),373. Gordon, 380. Knaggs, 384. Alkaline earths, preparing : Heusner, 327. Alkaline earths, use of: Batley, 9. Ingram, 10. Howard, 17. Howard, 19. Martineau, P. and J., 21. Taylor, 22. Drake, 22. Hague, 23. Varley and Furnace, 24. Wilson, 26. Stokes, 85. Hague, 39. Garvett, 45. Robinson, 46. Archbald, 43. Pertins, 49. Ure, 409 (Appendix). Ure, 410 (Appendix). Terry and Parker, 54. Saunders, 55. Watson, 57. Gwynne and Young, 59. Crosley, 60. Stolle, 61. Fairrie, 63. Constable, 73. Crosley, Sj. Wrigl Richardson, 89. Johnston, 93. Sievier, 94. i Steinkamps, 101. Clement, 102. Oxland, R. and, J., 106. 420 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Alkaline earths, use of cont. Reece and Price, 106. Newton, 110. Cowper, 113. C9wper, 114. Birkmyre, 115. Gwynne, 116. Curtis, 117. Shears, 122. Fraser, 125. Herring. 129. Oxland, R. and J., 132. Egan, 143. Bessemer, 144. Brooman, 145. Galloway, 147. Nash, 151. De Douhet, 159. Galloway, 170. Gwynne, 173. Way, 175. Bordone, 180. Collette, 181. Nash, 185. Stenhouse, 203. Richard, 211. Stenhouse, 216. Anderson, 217. Sievier, 219. Sievier, 225. Ziegler, 227. Brooman, 232. Gilbee, 236. Field, 239. Lombard and Esquiron, 246. Warner, 241. Newton (Rousseau'), 253. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Reynolds, 259. Possoz, 263. Von Kanig, 264. Manbre, 266. Newton (Fryatt), 267. Gilbee (Pesier), 273. Belton, 280. Townsend and Walker, 287. Robertson, 300. Broomaii (Leplay and Cui- Ross (Beanes), 310. Robertson, 312. Mermons (Jouannet), 315. Herapath, 320. Brooman (Dubrunfaut), 329. De Wylde" (Schwarz), 334. Newton (De Massy, L. P. R. and L. R.), 343. Newton (De Massy, L. P. R. and L. R.), 344. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Haseltine (Goessling), 359. Anderson, 374. Gordon, 380. Rowland, 383. Knaggs, 384. Hughes ffii Rien andRoettger), 393. Alumina and its salts, use of : Howard, 17. Freund, 32. Robinson, 46. Archbald, 48. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Watson, 57. Richardson, 89. Sievier, 94. Oxland, R. and J., 106. Reece and Price, 106. Cowper, 113. Birkmyre, 115. Oxland, R. and J., 132. Ebingre, 148. Nash, 151. Pidding, 162. Gwynne, 173. Way, 175. Dunsdale, 177. Way and Paine, 183. Archbald, 186. Stenhouse, 201. Ziegler, 227. Gilbee, 236. Warner, 241. Reynolds, 250. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Green, 261. Gedge (Constant), 295. Clark (De Gemini, E. T. and O. E.), 296. Robertson, 300. Robertson, 312. Burq, 360. Mtiller, Weld, and Powell. Clark (Gaade), 370. Clark (Gaade), 373. Montclar, 375. Knaggs, 384. Hughes es (Du Rien and Roett- ger), 393. Ammonia. See Alkalies. Asphalt. See Bituminous sub- stances. Bagass. See Megass. Bark of the West Indian Elm, use of for finings : Watson, 57. Bark of the wild elm tree : Stokes, 35. Beetroots, and products from, treating : Watson, 57. Crosley, 60. Derosne, 77. Cowper, 113. Shears, 122. Nind, 124. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Beetroots, &c. con/. Praser, 125. Varillat, 135. Fontainemoreau, 138. Von Hertz, 142. Banlield, 156. Nesmond, 160. Bellford, 167. G wynne, J. and J. A. E., 174. Way, 175. Bordone, 180. Loysel, 192. Castelot, 194. Richard, 211. King, 218. Sievier, 219. Sievier, 225. Ward, 237. Spencer, 212. Prince (Dolgoruki), 249. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Possoz, 263. Sehramm, 264. Duncan, Scott, and Dawson, 272. Clark (Lion), 274. Vauville, 281. Gedge (Constant), 295. Condroy, 301. Mennons (De Courson de la Villeneuve), 305. Kessler, 330. De Wylde (Seine/are), 334. Langenard, 341. Brooman (Lequine), 353. Wright, 354. Newton (De Massy), 363. Benson, 375. Newton (De Massy), 382. Bituminous substances, use of. See also Coal. Derosne, 4G. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Derosne, 77. Newton, 110. Curtis, 117. Ebingre, 148. Pidding, 162. Brandeis, 164. Dimsdale, 177. Brooman (Barry), 210. Stenhouse, 216. W T arner, 241. Bruere, 244. Richardson and Prentice, 283. Montclar, 375. Blood. See Albumen. Boilers. See Pans. Bone ash. See Charcoal. Bones, use of. See also Char- coal. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Hills, P. C. and G., 163. Bones, use oicont. Challeton, 177. Duquesm-, 188. Oxland, 195. Galy-Cazalct and Hibbard, 231. Warner, ML Bruere, 244. Henry (Layard), 216. Manbrc, 2t>i;. Richardson and Prentic. Townsend, 286. Williams, iN'.i. Ross (JBeanes).BlO. Torr, 312. Henry (Societe Coif/in < \ Filset Compagnic),313. Carey, 351. Clark (Gaade), 370. Montclar, 375. Breaking sugar. See Nippers. Canes, cutting, pressing or slicing. See Mills for sugar canes. Carbon, sulphide or sulphuret, use of in making sugar : De Douhet, 159. Carbonic acid. See Acids. Carob or locust pod, or St. John's bread : Edwards, 223. Mennons (Jouannet), 313. Centrifugal apparatus, making or using : Hardinan, 72. Playfair and Hill, 07. Crosley, 104. Brooman, 109. Newton, 110. Pinzel, 112. Curtis, 118. Rotch, 119. Bessemer, 121. Nind, 124. Alliott, 126. Herring, 129. Gwynne, 130. Brooman, 137. Bessemer, 144. Brooman, 145. Johnson, 152. Brooman, 157. Howard de Walden s\i:d Sea- ford, 164. Bessemer, 170. Wright (Reid), 184. Archbald, 186. Thomson, 188. Shears, 188. Decoster, 189. 422 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Centrifugal apparatus, making or using cont. Brooman, 191 Aspinall, 198. Aspinall, 207. Aspinall, 210. Allman and Bethune, 215. Bethune, 217. McOnie, 222. Brooman (De Coster), 228. Sillem, 238. Green, 261. Smith, A. and W., 262. Pqssqz, 263. Higgins, 271. Fryer, 280. Napier, 282. Newton (Fryatt), 299. Condroy, 301. Hanrez, 325. Miller, 328. Fontainemoreau (Hdnsell), 332. De Wylde- (Schwarz), 334. Doddrell, 336. Corby, 337. Langenard, 341. Corby, 350. Smith, A. and W., 355. Montaigue, 357. Fryer, 361. Jasper, 372. Ceratonia Siliqua : Edwards, 223. Meiinons (Jouannet),*$15. Cereals use of. See Glucose. Chambers drying. See Drying sugar. Charcoal : Applying or using ; Constant, 15. Martineau, P. and J. s 21. Stokes, 35. Derosne, 46. Archbald, 48. Terry and Parker, 54. Saunders, 55. Watson, 57. Gwynne, aud Young, 59. Crosley, 60. Fairrie, 63. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Derosne, 77. Crosley, 85. Wright, 87. Sievier, 94. Clement, 102. Brooman, 109. Newton, 110. Cowper, 113. Cowper, 114. Bessemer, 121. Charcoal cont. Shears, 122. Eraser, 125. Herring, 129. Gwynne, 130. Brandies, 149. Pidding, 162. Hawes, 163. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Brandeis, 164. Bessemer, 170. Reyburn, 179. Nash, 185. Reyburn, 187. Castelot, 194. Stenhouse, 203. Miller, 230. Bensen, 233. Warner, 241. Spencer, 242. Reynolds, 250. Green, 261. De Lisle, 263. Manbr6, 266. Oxland, 266. Higgin, 271. Duncan, Scott, and Dawson, 272. Gilbee (Pesier), 273. Belton, 280. Richardson and Prentice, 283. Green, 284. Clark (De Gemini, E. T., and E. O.), 296. Newton (Fryatt), 299. Sehwartz, 302. Paterson (Drummond), 309. Heusner, 327. Cowan, 331. Mackirday, 335. Newton (De Massy, L. P. E, and L. JR.), 343. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Bury, 360. Muller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Dawson, 367. Fletcher, 368. Clark L6on (Leplay),yi\. Beanes, 372. Clark (Gaade), 373. Bensen, 375. Montclar, 375. Beanes, 392. Drying. /See Revivifying. In fine powder, use of; Derosne, 46. Saunders, 55. Derosne, 77. Richardson, 89. Jay, 96. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 144. Castelot, 194. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. 423 Charcoal cont. Warner, 2.41. Green, 261. De Lisle, 263. Gilbee (Pesier}, 273. Clark (De Gemini, E. T. and E. O.), 296. Newton (Fryatt), 299. Haseltine (Goessling),S58. Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Leon (Leplay), 371. Making; Constant, 15. Martineau, P. and J., 21. Derosne, 46. Pertins, 49. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Crosley and Stevens, 70. Derosne, 77. Champion, 81. Sievier, 94. De Cavaillon, 108. Birkmyre, 115. Macfie, 121. Gwynne, 130. Ebingre, 148. Brandeis, 149. Knab, 162. Brandeis, 164. Gwynne, 173. Maumene", 175. Challeton, 177. Dinisdale, 177. Taylor and Brown, J. and J., 182. Way and Paine, 183. Duquesne, 188. Oxland, 195. Chantrell, 199. Lodge and Marshall, 200. Ellis, 201. Stenhouse, 203. Brooman (Barry), 210. Stenhouse, 216. Ziegler, 227. Galy-Cazalet and Hibbard, 231. Botturi, 231. Warner, 241. Spencer, 242. Lichtenstadt and Duff, 243. Bruere, 244. Henry (Layard), 246. Chantrell, 248. Chantrell, 252. Belton, 280. Richardson and Prentice, 283. Townsend, 286. Williams, 289. Robertson, 300. Torr, 312. Robertson, 312. Henry (Societe Coignet Pert et Filset Compagnie), 313. Beanes, 340. Paterson, 348. Charcoal cont. Carey, 351. Bringes, 362. Muller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Clark (<7oade),870. Clark (Gaade), 373, Cormack, 374. Cormack, 382. Ensley, 387. Revivifying ; De CavaiUon, 24, Pertins, 49. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Bowman, 412 (Appendix). Oliver, 60, 63. Parker, 413 (Appendix). Bancroft and Maclnnes, 65. Champion, 81. Bowman, 93. Sievier, 94. Gwynne, 130. Brooman, 137. Torr, 139. Nash, 151. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Scott, 165. Picciotto, 174. Chantrell, 176. Coste, 185. Oxland, 195. Chantrell, 199. Bryant, 211. Anderson, 217. Ziegler, 227. Finzel and Bryant, 233. Parsons, 234. Bringes and Collins, 235. Warner, 241. Spencer, 242 Bensen, 245. Henry (Layard), 246. Chantrell, 248. Chautrell, 252. Green, 261. Cowan, J. and P., 270. Duncan, Scott, and Dawson, 272. Brearley, 278. Williams, 289. Cowan, 294. Carey and Pierce, 297. Duncan, 299. Cowan, 304. Brooman (Leplay awl Cw*i- nier), 306. MacKirdy,307. Paterson (Drummo)id) , 307. Torr, 312. Brooman (Leplay And Cuin- nier), 818. Gits, 325. Mackirday, 335. Beanes, 340. Brooman (Trolliet),M&. Brinjes, 346. Beanes, 347. 424 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Charcoal cont % Fryer, 348. Davies (Jacquier atid Danek), 352. Brinjes, 355. White, 363. Ogston, 364. Muller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Fletcher, 368. Clark (Gaade), 370. Beanes, 372. Clark (Gaacfe),873. Cormack, 374. Norman, 377. Elliott, 378. Robey, 379. Gordon, 380. Cormack, 382. Jasper, 383. Knaggs, 384. . Patrick, 385. Cormack, 389. Gordon, 390. Charcoal substitutes. See Charcoal making. Charcoal substitutes revivify- ing. See Charcoal, revivify- ing. Chlorine, use of : Newton, 110. Nash, 151. Herapath, 320. Chloroform, use of : Clark (Lion), 274. Clay. See Alumina. Claying sugar methods of : Murray, 5. Vaughan, 12. Drake, 22. Bates, 40. Garnett, 45. Botch, 119. Bessemer. 170. Coals, use of. See also Bi- tuminous substances. Martineau, P. and J., 21. Crosley and Stevens, 70. De Cavaillon, 108. G wynne, 173. Challeton, 177. Oxland. 195. Spencer, 242. Heusner, 327. Burq, 360. Coke, use of. See also Bi- tuminous substances. Martineau, P. and J., 21. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Spencer, 242. Burq, 360. Colouring sugar : Green, 261. Ware, 296. Coolers. See Pans. Cold producing or using : Tickell, 397 (Appendix). Nesmond, 160. Vion, 161. Bessemer, 172. Green, 261. Garton and Hill, 335. Coral. See Alkaline earths. Creosote : Newton, 110. Crushing or cutting sugar. See Nippers. Crystallizing vessels. See Pans. Cylinders. See Pans. Dialysis, application of : Brooman (Dubrunfauf) , 329. Gedge (Minchin), 376. Diastase, use of : Manbr6, 260. Manbre, 266. Diffusion, use of. See Dialysis. Drying sugar, &c. : Wyatt, 9. Ingram, 10. Vaughan, 12. Ure, 406 (Appendix). Stokes, 35. Gutteridge and Stevens, 53. Crosley, 60. Hardman, 72. Constable, 73. Gye, 84. Newton, 98. Broornan, 109. Shears, 122. Herring, 129. Macintosh, 145. Macintosh, 148. Bessemer, 170. Archbald, 186. Delabarre, 197. Aspinall, 198. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Drying sugar, &c. cont. Moreau-Darluc, 200. Aspinall, 207. Gardner, 208. Benseri, 232. Margesson, 244. Howe and Norton, 244. Carr, 268. Clark (Lion), 274. Brooman (Lege and Danguy), 275. Mennons (Fradet), 289. Schwartz, 302. Shepherd, G. and "W. T., 334. De Wyld6 (Schwarz), 334. Montaigue, 357. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Haseltine (Goessling), 359. Brooman (Guillon), 361. Bensen, 375. Johnson (Chauvin and Legal), 879. Vickers, 388. Kuntsmann, 389. Earths, use of. See Alkaline earths. Electricity, application of : Van Kempen (Cramer), 414 (Appendix). Jennings, 89. Clement, 102. Finzel and Bryant, 233. Endosmose. See Dialysis. Ether, use of: Clark (Lion), 274. Exhausting liquids. See Va- cuum pans. Fats, use of. See Oils. Ferrocyanic acid or its com- pounds, use of: De Cavaillon, 24. Terry and Parker, 54. G wynne and Young, 59. Felt, use of. See Filters, wool- len. Filters : Artificial porous stone ; Burq, 360. (fleland, 31. Schroder, 66. Oxland, R. and J., 106. Brooman, 109. Filters cont. Gwynne, 116. Oxland, R. and J., 132. Brandeis, 164. Leitcb, 208. Anderson, 217. Miller, 230. Elers and Fink, 249. Reynolds, 250. Reynolds, 259. Stevens (Fourneaux), 282. Waller, 300. Schwartz, 302. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Haseltine (Goessling), 359. Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Cleansing ; Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Brooman, 196. Burq, 360. Cloth generally; Murray, 5. Howard, 17. De Cavaillon, 24. Cleland, 31. Derosne, 46. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Robinson, 75. Derosne, 77. Pearse and Child, 83. Richardson, 89. Sievier, 94. Steinkamp, 101. Pidding, 162. Brooman, 196. Finzel, Needham, and Barton, 212. Needham and Kite, 214. Sievier, 219. Edwards, 223. Sievier, 225. Higgin, 271. Stevens (Fourneaux), 282. Gedge (Constant), 295. Worssam, 346. Haseltine (Goessling), 3."S. Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Exhausting ; Crosley and Stevens, 70. Borrie, 76. Leitch, 205. Manbre, 239. Beneen, 245. Manbr, 260. Manbre, 266. Johnson (De Riiffo-Bonneval, andMouren), 325. Cowan, 331. Mackirday, 835. Davies (Jacquier and Danck), 352. Fletcher, 368. Elliott, 378. Patrick, 385. Wagener and Firmin, 392. 426 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Filters cont. Filters cont. Flannel. See Filters, woollen. Pressure ; Flexible ; Gwynne and Young, 59. Cleland, 31. Bates, 50. Robinson, 75. Hair cloth Nash, 185. Hague, 23. Finzel, Needham, and Barton, Poole, 44. Gwynne and Young, 59. Pearse and Child, 83. 212. Needham and Kite, 214. Johnson (De Buffo, Bonneval, and Mouren), 325. Heating ; MacMrday, 335. Constable, 78. Worssam, 346. Robinson, 75. Davies (Jacquier and Danek), Borrie, 76. 352. Wright, 87. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Leitch, 208. Wagener and Firmin, 392. Removing lead from ; Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Hollow frames, or boxes ; Marshall, 257. Revolving or moving ; Bates, 50. In general ; Clement, 102. Howard, 19. Sand or mineral ; Martirieau, P. and J., 21. Hague, 23. Derosne, 46. Crosley and Stevens, 70. "Wilson, 26. Derosne, 77. Hague, 39. Johnson, 79. Garnett, 45. Sievier, 94. Archbald, 48. Macintosh, 148. Crosley, 60. Brown, 150. Fairrie, 63. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Schroder, 66. Beanes, 180. Manwaring, 69. Sievier, 219. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Sievier, 225. Constable, 73. Rowland, 383. Robinson, 75. Wagener and Firmin, 392. Borrie, 76. "Wright, 87. Sawdust. See SAWDUST. Jay, 96. Sponge. See SPONGE. Newton, 98. Steinkamp, 101. Clement, 102. Steamed bones ; HiUs, F. C. and G., 163. Oxland, R. and J., 106. Taylor's ; Brooman, 109. Newton, 110. Gwynne, 116. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Shears, 122. _ Bessemer, 127. Reyburn, 179. J.OW 5 Sievier, 94. Fairrie, 193. Wickerwork ; Varillat, 212. Murray, 5. Finzel, Needham, and Barton, Constant, 15. 212. De Cavaillon, 24 Needham and Kite, 214. Robinson, 75. Gilbee, 236. Newton (Rousseau) 253. Anderson, 374. Wire gauze or perforated metal ; Jennings, 33. Hague, 39. In series ; Poole, 44. Pearse and Child, 83. Crosley, 85. Wright, 87. Garnett, 45. Derosne, 46. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Richardson, 89. Ritter, 71. Reyburn, 179. Hardman, 72. Nash, 185. Cooper, 72. Reyburn, 187. Leitch, 208. Robinson, 75. Derosne, 77. Varillat, 212. Richardson, 89. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. 427 Filters cont. Clement, 102. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Beanes, 180. Aspinal, 183. JBrooman, 196. Manbre", 239. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Marshall, 257. Schramm, 264. Manbre, 266. Higgin, 271. Johnson (De RuffoBonneval, and Mouren), 325. Worssam, 346. Newton (De Massy), 863. Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Le"on (Leplay), 371. Newton (De Massy'), 382. Wagener and Firmin, 892. With sloping or declivitous bot- tom and delivery cock ; Leon, Tessimond, and Kissack, 366. Wood. See WOOD. Woollen ; Murray, 5. Wakefield, 9. Howard, 17. De Cavaillon, 24. Cleland, 31. Stokes, 35. Derosne, 46. Bates, 50. Stolle, 61. Derosne, 77. Pearse and Child, 83. Herring, 129. Gwynne, 130. Bessemer, 144. Bordone, 180. Brooman, 196. Edwards, 223. Manbre", 239. Wagner, 254. Manbr6, 266. Johnson (De Buffo Sonneval and Mo^<,ren), 325. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Jasper, 383. Finings, making or using. See also Glucose. Constant, 15. Howard, 17. Howard, 19. Robinson, 46. Archbald, 48. Terry and Parker, 54. Watson, 57. Richardson, 89. Shears, 122. Egan, 143. Pidding, 162. Archbald, 189. Flour, use of : Green, 284. Stenhouse, 21('. Manbre, 23'.). Lombard and Esquiron, 240. ManbrtS, 260. Von Kanig, 264. Manbre, 266. Mennons (Secret, Hamoir, and Duquesne), 317. Manbrt, 342. Wright, 354. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Haseltine (Goes8lina),3&9. Rowland, 883. Fullers earth, use of : Freund, 32. Furnaces. See Retorts. Gallic acid. See Tannin. Gas, use of : Church, 407 (Appendix). Wagner, 254. Bruere, 244. Clark (Lion), 274. Davies (Jacques and Danek), 352* Newton (De Massy), 363. Cormack, 882. Gelatine, use of : Bessemer, 155. Clark (Goade), 370. Glucose, making or using : Varley and Furnace, 24. Goulson, 41. Derosne, 46, Derosne, 77. Bessemer, 155. Riley, 198. Lombard and Esquiron, 240. Manbr6, 260. Von Kanig, 264, ,_ Manbre", 266. Mennons (Jouannet),315. Mennons (Serret, Hamoir and Duquesne), 317. Brooman (Dubrunfaut), 329. Kessler, 330. Manbr<3, 342. Wright, 354. Haseltine (Goesslhig), 358. Haseltine (Goessling), 859. Rowland, 383. Glucose matters, separating. See Molasses, separating. Glutinous matters, use of : Ziegler, 227. Muller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Moutclar, 375. Grape sugar. See Glucose. 42S INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Grating Sugar. See Nippers. Greases. See Oils. Gum, use of : Ziegler, 227. Gutta percha, use of : Vion, 161. Tussaud, 181. Welsh, 190. Clark (Lion), 274. Holcus saccharatus or saccha- rutum, sugar, &c., from : Wray,192. Horse-radish, use of: Newton, 110. Hollow plates. See Pans. Hydrometers, making : Constant, 15. Ice. See Cold. Imphee, sugar, &c., from : Wray, 192. India rubber, use of : Von Kempen (Cramer), 414 (Appendix) . Bessemer, 105. Scoffern, 115. Broomau, 145. Bessemer, 155. Bessemer, 172. Tussaud, 181. Nash, 185. Welsh, 190. Marshall, 257. Francis, 258. Brooman (Andre and Co.), 290. Langenard, 341. Newton (De Massy), 363. Johnson (Chauvin and Legal), 379. Indigo, use of for bleaching sugar : Harczyk, 150. Ivory black. See Charcoal. Juice. See Syrups. Kilns. See Retorts. Lampblack. See Charcoal. Lead salts, using or removing : Gwynne and Young, 59. Sievier, 94. Scoffern, 98. Reece and Price, 106. Newton, 110. Scoffern, 115. Gwynne, 116. Hills, F. C. and G., 120. Brandeis, 143. Galloway, 147. Brandeis, 149. Nash, 151. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Brandeis, 164. Galloway, 170. Gilbee, 236. Gedge (Constant), 295. Rowland, 383. Leather, use of : Brooman (Andre and Co.), 290. Langenard, 341. Lignites. See Bitumous sub- stances. Lime or lime water. See Al- kaline earths. Loaves. See Moulds. Locust beans or pods : Edwards, 223. Mennons (Jouanent), 315. Lumps. See Moulds. Maize, use of. See Flour. Maple sugar : Possoz, 263. Megass, drying or using : Crosley and Stevens, 70. Constable, 73. Crosley, 85. Clement, 102. Delabarre, 197. Alexander, 251. Wilson, 291. Davies (Lavignac), 293. Mercury : Moult, 398 (Appendix). Ure,409 (Appendix). Metallic oxides or salts, use of : Martineau, P. and J., 21. Wilson, 26. Goulson, 41. Terry and Parker, 54. Gwynne and Young, 59. Richardson, 89. Sievier, 91. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Metallic oxides or salts, use of cont. Scoffern, 98. Clement, 102. Reece and Price, 106. Newton, 110. Cowper, 114. Scoftern, 115. Gwynne, 116. Hills, F., C., and G., 120. Shears, 122. Brandeis, 143. Galloway, 147. Brandeis, 149. Nash, 151. Pidding, 162. Hawes, 163. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Brandeis, 164. Galloway, 170. Coste, 185. Anderson, 217. Sievier, 225. Gilbee, 236. Spencer, 242. Reynolds, 250. Newton (Rousseau), 253. Reynolds, 259. Gedge (Constant), 295. Anderson, 374. Rowland, 383. Knaggs, 384. Milk, use of : Batley, 9. Castelot, 194. Mills for breaking, powdering, or sifting sugar. See also Nippers. Shorland, 7. Brocksopp, 28. Hebert, 99. Brooman (Guillori), 361. Myers, 378. Johnson (Wells), 381. Auxy, 386. Mills for sugar canes, making or using : Willoughby, Hyde, and De Marcato, 1. Tizack, 1. Harding, 1. Barclay and Yonge, 2. Fleming, 3. Rumsey, 396 (Appendix). Collinge, 8. Newman, 11. Trevithick and Vivian, 415 (Ap- pendix B). Collinge, 29. Fawcett and Clark, 35. Loos, 63. 429 Mills for sugar canes, making or using cont. Robinson, 68. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Constable, 73. Robinson, 75. Borrie, 76. Crosley, 85. Newton, 98. Clement, 102. Bessemer, 105. Newton, 110. Curtis, 117. Fraser, 125. Mirrlees, 133. De Mornay, 134. Bessemer, 140. Brooman, 145. Young, 153. Archibald, 153. Brooman, 157. Manifold and Lowndes,158. Robinson, 166. Manifold, Lowndes.and Jordan. 167. Bour, 184. Decoster, 189. Gardissal, 215. Lewsej-, 217. King, 218. Lewsey, 220. Richmond (SlancJiard), 237. Buchanan, 242. Margisson, 244. Prince (Dolganiki), 249. Hughes (Theresi), 256. Robinson, 265. Bentall, 268. Robinson, 271. Walker, 275. Stevens (Fourmeaux), 282. Canu, 287. Wilson, 291. Wilson, 302. Carr, 318. Buchanan, 323. Gedge (Minchin), 376. Kohn (Minchin), 393. Molasses : Elevating or raising. See SYRUPS. elevating or raising. Extracting from sugar ; Wakefleld, 9. Constant, 16. Howard. 17. Taylor, 22. Druke, 22. Hague, 23. Hague, 26. Rohde, 28 Jennings,"33. Stokes, 35. . Hague, 39. 430 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Molasses cont. Turner and Shand, 43. Poole, 44. TJre, 49. Crosley, 64. Wright, 87. Richardson, 89. . Clement, 102. Curtis, 117. Brooman, 145. Mayelston, 169. Bessemer, 170. Bessemer, 172. Aspinall, 183. Wright (Reid), 184. Nash, 185. Archbald, 186. Welsh, 190. Riley, 198. Moreau-Darluc, 200. Edwards, 223. Brooman (De Coster), 228. Cameron, 247. Green, 261. Higgins, 271. Schwartz, 302. Fryer, 314. Reid, 315. Fletcher, 316. Kessler, 330. ooo Fontainemoreau (Hansell), 332. Shepherd, G. and W. T., 334. De Wylde (Schwarz), 334. Worsam, 346. Davies (Jacquier and Daucfc), 352. Montaigne, 357. Haseltine (Ooessling), 858. Brooman (Guillen), 361. Newton (De Massy), 363. Making or using decolorized ; Barlow, 32. Derosne, 46. Crosley and Stevens, 70. Derosne, 77. Richardson, 89. Bessemer, 155. Zeigler, 227. Green, 261. Oxland, 266. Green, 284. Obtaining sugar from ; Wakefield, 9. Taylor, 22. Ritter, 71. Archbald, 186. Cameron, 247. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Schwartz, 302. Moulds and moulding sugar: Vaughan, 12. Bell, 13. Moulds and moulding sugar cont. Bell, 14. Constant, 15. Howard, 17. Howard, 19. Barlow, 32. Powell, T., W., and J., 37. Bates, 40. Turner and Shand, 43. Archbald, 48. Terry and Parker, 54. Watson, 57. Morley, 68. Ritter, 71. Constable, 73. Borrie, 76. Gye, 84. Richardson, 89. Johnston, 93. Brooman, 109. Cowper, 113. Birkmyre, 115. Rotch, 119. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 127. Gwynne, 130. Brooman, 137. Bessemer, 155. Pidding, 162. Mayelston, 169. Bessemer, 170. Bessemer, 173. Nash, 185. Archbald, 186. Welsh, 190. Brooman, 191. Steele, 198. Ansens, 224 Bensen, 233. MacKirdy, 245. Green, 261. Brooman (Atidre and Co.), 290. Brooman (Qwruel), 293. Hare, 296. Schwartz, 302. Newton (Finken), 305. Clark (Hnvemeyer), 319. Gedge (Wittmann), 324. Jones (Labayeri), 345. Dixon (Bea), 352. Wright, 354. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Haseltine (Goessling}, 359. Brooman (Guitton), 361. Bensen, 375. , Johnson (Chauvin and Leyal), 379. Vickers, 388. Mustard, use of: Newton, 110. Nash's finings : Green, 284. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER, Nippers for breaking sugar Willis, 13. Bell, 14. Constant, 15. Howard, 17. Howard, 19. Brocksopp, 28. Mohneux, 81. Symes, 83. Smith, 139. Bessemer, 155. Michel, 178. Heather, 189. Kerr, 196. Savage, 203. Roucliffe and Flavell, 205. Terry, 221. Mountford, 224. Keddy, 226. Brooman (De Coster), 228 Baucq, 257. Francis, 258. Terry, 260. Curtot, 279. Canu, 287. 431 Brooman (Queruel), 293. Orr, 307. Blair, 311. Harris, J., and W., 326. Smith, 333. Shepherd, G. and W. T., 334. Muir, 327. Brooman (Geauchez), 338. Sovereign, 387. Nitrous acid, use of: Newton, 110. Ochres, use of. See Alumina, and also Metallic oxides. Oil, use of: Moult, 398 (Appendix). Wilson, 25. Wilson, 26. Gamble, 403 (Appendix). Shand, 404 (Appendix). Parker, 408 (Appendix). Pidding, 162. Bordone, 180. Way and Paine, 188. Ziegler, 227. Brooman, 231. Lombard and Esquiron, 240. Oxyen gas, use of : Newton, 110. Knaggs, 384. Ozone, application of : Pans, construction of: Annealing; Baird, 27. Pans, construction of cont. Called Bascale ; Archbald, 186. Cast thin ; Baird, 27. Closed ; Cleland, 404 (Appendix). Lawrence, 62. Bessemer, 144. Garton and Hill, 335. Haseltine (Goes fling), 369. Conical bottoms ; Convex or corrugated bottoms ; -Keeder, 7. Perrier, 400 (Appendix). Robinson (Archbald), 52. Ure, 409 (Appendix). . Ure, 410 (Appendix). Berry, 412 (Appendix). Purbnck, 80. Crosley, 85. Green, 284. Orr, 301. Fletcher, 316. Newton (De Villeneuve), 321. Knaggs, 384. Cylindrical; Fletcher, 276. Diagonal sides ; Fletcher, 316. Divided. See Pans in series. Earthenware ; Sievier, 225. Electroty ped ; Curtis, 117. Enamelled ; Curtis, 117. Facilitating crystalization ; Murray, 5. Shannon, 396 (Appendix). Sutherland, 21. Kneller, 38. Farrie, 63. Robinson, 66. Better, 71. Cooper, 72. Constable, 73. Richardson, 89, Clement, 102. Rotch, 119. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 127. Herring, 129. De Mornay, 184. Varillat, 135. Bessemer, 140. Van Kempen (Cromer), 144 (Ap- pendix). Bessemer, 155. E E 432 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Pans, construction ofcont. Bessemer, 170. Bessemer, 172. Bessemer, 179. Archbald, 186. Fryer, 214. Cameron, 247. Fletcher, 277. Green, 284. Fletcher, 316. Lebandy, 357. Fryer, 361. Knaggs, 384. False or perforated bottoms; Reeder, 7. Bitter, 71. Herring, 129. Aspinall, 149. Bensen, 232. Cameron, 247. Aspinall, 352. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Reynolds, 259. Manbr6, 260. Manbre, 266. Waller, 300. Mennons (Serret, Hamior, and Duquesne) ,317 '. Brooman (Leplay and Cuisi- nier),3lS. Adams and White, 323. Le"on (Leplay), 371. Beanes, 392. Fluted. See Pans corrugated ; Forming the bottoms of; Robinson, 270. Galvanized iron ; Claypole, 97. Glazed metal ; Surrer, 225. Metal; Murray, 5. Moult, 398 (Appendix}. Open; Smith, 1. Newton, 54. Laurence, 62. Fairrie, 63. Jay, 96. Bessemer, 121. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 127. Bensen, 194. Bensen, 233. Newton (Bertholomew), 250. Crosley,411 (Appendix). Rectangular ; Purbrick, 80. Removing sugar ; Lambert, 298. Revolving ; Fryer, 361. Settling; Freurid, 32. 5 ans, construction of cont. Slate; Sievier, 225. Stone ; Sievier, 225. Tinned or coated with alloys ; Robinson, 66. With circulating channels and strainers ; Bessemer, 153. With floating covers ; Davies (Jonari), 254. With moving apparatus in them ; Crosley, 411 (Appendix). Ronald, 78. Gadesden.78. Crosley, 85. Newton, 88. Jennings, 89. Curtis, il7. Bessemer, 121. Nind, 124. Bessemer, 127. Schroder, 132. Brooman, 137. Bessemer, 140. Symington, Finlayson, and Reid. 141. Bessemer, 144. Macintosh, 145. Brooman, 145. Aspinall, 149. Bessemer, 153. Mouirier and Boutigny, 160. Higginson, 168. Bour, 184. Siemens, 204. Partz, 222. Mucklow, 223. Brooman (De Coster), 228. Miller, 230. Camei-on, 247. Fletcher, 276. Wright, 281. Green, 284. Duncan, 299. Waller, 300. Schroder, 304. Orr, 307. Paterson (Drummond), 309. Miller, 311. Peek, 322. Fletcher, 316. Miller, 328. Garton and Hill, 335. Miller, 340. Worssam, 345. Fryer, 361. Campbell, 370. Knaggs, 384. With pistons ; Wilson, 302. Newton (De Massy), 363. With rims or troughs round thorn Hoard, 60. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Pans, construction of cont. Robinson, 66. Manwaring, 69. Bessemer, 153. With rakes, scrapers, stirrers, &c. 5 Murray, 5. TJre, m (Appendix). Crosley, 411 (Appendix). Varillat, 135. Bessemer, 140. Egan, 143. Aspiuall, 149. Bessemer, 153. Bessemer, 179. Fairrie, 193. Miller, 230. Clark (De Gemini, K T. and E.O.), 296. Paterson (Drummond), 309. Miller, 311. Brooman (Lequine), 353. Newton (Rosland), 356. Brooman (Guillon), 361. Fletcher, 368. Patrick, 385. Gordon, 390. With valves. See VALVES. With ventilator or fan ; Nevil, 121. With wires near their bottom ; De Mornay, 134. Wooden. See WOOD. Pans, facilitating the discharge of: Reeder, 7. Cleland, 404 (Appendix). Robinson (Arch-bald), 52. Gutteridge and Stevens, 53. Fairrie, 63. Crosley, 64. Johnson, 79. Murdoch, 108. Gwynne, 116. Curtis, 117. Bessemer, 140. Egan, 143. Blackwell, 209. Travis and Casartelli, 229. Garton and Hill, 335. Doddrell, 336. Pans heated by : Burning pitch Curtis, 117. Fatty substances See OILS. Fused metals ; Lombard and Esquiron, 210. Hot air ; Sharp and Fawcelt, 405 ( Appen- dix). Kneller, 38. St. Clair, 82. Herring, 129. Pans, heated by cont. Gwynne, 130. Mirrlees, 133. Symington, Finlaysou,and Reid. 141. Bessemer, 141. Bessemer, lo.'I. Nash, ls- ; . Benson, 2:$:>. Aspinall, 253. Patrick, 307. Open flre ; Smith, 1. Chrysell, 3. Murray, 5. Curtis and Bobbins, 11. Shannon, 396 (Appendix) . Sutherland, 21. Perrier, 404 (Appendix). Johnson, 402 (Appendix). Cleland, 404 (Appendix}. Kneller, 38. Thomas, 42. Robinson (Arclibald) , 52. Crosley, 85. Richardson, 89. Claypole, 97. Clement, 102. Crosley, 104. Murdoch, 108. Manbre, 239. Manbre, 266. Davies (Lavignae), 293. Newton (De VilUneuvc), 111. Tubes or pipes ; Taylor, 399 (Appends). Taylor, 400 (Appendix). Wilson, 26. Perrier, 400 (Appendix). Cleland. 401 (Appendix). Robinson, 46. Perkins. 408 (Appendix). Arclibald. 48. Ure, 409 (Appendix). Pontifex, 56. Watson, 57. Goodlet, 416 (Appendix li.) Hoard, 60. Fairrie, 63. Crosley, 64. Constable, 73. Ronald, 78. Britten. 84. Crosley, 85. Richardson, 89. Steiner, 95. Jay, 96. Brooman, 109. Shears, 122. Schroder, 132. Varillat, 135. Walker, 142. Dixon, 159. Bessemer, 179. .Bensen, 191. Leitch, 205. E E 1? 434 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Pans, heated by cont. Longbottom, 220. Miller, 230. How and Morton, 244. Cameron, 247. Aspinall, 252. Aspinall, 262. Lyons, 265. Fletcher, 276. Green, 284. Brooman (Durcau), 285. Williams, 286. Clark (De Gemini, E. T. and E. O.), 296. Waller, 300. Schwartz, 302. Patrick, 307. Orr, 307. Patersoii (Drummond), 309. Miller, 311. Fletcher, 316. Garton, 321. Peek, 322. Adams and White, 323. Garton, 324. Newnam, 328. Vanderfeesten, 337. Miller, 340. Beanes, 347. Brooman (Lequine), 353. Newton (Rostand), 356. Beanes and Finzel, 358. Haseltine (Goessling), 358. Fletcher, 368. Campbell, 370. Pans, in series : Melvill, 3. Murray, 5. Shannon, S96 (Appendix). Curtis and Bobbins, 11. Taylor, 399 (Appendix). Taylor, 400 (Appendix). Johnson 402 (Appendix). Gamble, 403 (Appendix). Garnett, 45. Hoard, 60. Crosley, 64. Crosley, 85. Claypole, 97. Murdock, 108. Shears, 122. Nind, 124. Herring, 129. De Mornay, 134. Egan, 143. Brooman, 145. Banfield, 156. Greenwood, 166. Cameron, 247. Wagner, 254. Seymour (Leplay), 255. Robinson, 270. Davies (Lavignac), 293. Waller, 300. Mennons (Serrot, Hanwir, and Duquesne), 317. Pans, in series cont. Newton (De Villeneuve), 321. Kesser, 330. Pans, setting : Chrysell, 3. Curtis and Bobbins, 11. Sutherland, 21. De Cavaillon, 24. Thomas, 42. Bobinson, 66. Purbrick, 80. St. Clair, 82. Pearse and Child, 83. Cameron, 247. Bobinson, 270. Brooman (Quernel), 293. Newton (De Villeneuve), 321. Pans with alkaline bath : Ure, 410 (Appendix). Pans, with jackets of various materials : Acid jacket; Moult, 398 (Appendix). Hot water or steam jackets ; Melvill, 3. Wood, 6. Shannon, 396 (Appendix) . Johnson, 397 (Appendix). Howard, 17. Howard, 19. Dihl, 398 (Appendix). Taylor, 399 (Appendix). Varley and Furnace, 24. Wilson, 25. Wilson, 26. Taylor, 400 (Appendix). Smith, 30. Johnson, 402 (Appendix). Gamble, 403 (Appendix). Cleland 34. Fawcett and Clark, 35. Kneller, 38. Aitcheson, 40. Thomas, 42. Robinson, 46. Bates, 50. Bunton, 51. Perkins, 408 (Appendix). Perkins, 409 (Appendix) . Ure, 409 (Appendix). Gutteridge and Stevens, 53. Ure, 410 (Appendix). Crosley, 411 (Appendix). Berry, 412 (Appendix). Watson, 57. Higham and Bellhouse, 74. Robinson, 75. Borrie, 76. Britten, 84. Crosley, 85. Newton, 88. Steiner, 95. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. -135 Pans, with jackets of various materials cont. Jay, 96. Claypole, 97. Clement, 102. Bessemer, 105. Murdoch, 108. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 127. Herring, 129. Gwynne, 130. Schroder, 13* Mirlees, 133. Bessemer, 140. Von Kempen (Cramer), 414 (Appendix). Bessemer, 141. Aspinall, 149. Greenwood, 166. Bessemer, 179. Fairrie, 193. Siemens, 204. Leitch, 205. Fryer, 214. Miller, 230. Cameron, 247. Elers and Fink, 249. Aspinall, 255. Wright, 281. Green, 284. Bavies (Lavignac), 293. jl o\ D ? Gemini> E - T - and Waller^ 300. ' Schwartz, 302. Schroder, 304. Patrick, 307. Orr, 307. Paterson (Drummond), 309. Miller, 311. Wright, 313. Fletcher, 316. Garton and Hill, 335. Miller, 340. Newton (Rostand), 356. Brooman (Guillon), 361. Mercury jacket ; Moult, 398 (Appendix). Jackets of wood. See WOOD. Oil jackets. See OiL9. Salt jackets; Ure, 406 (Appendix). Ure,409 (Appendix). Sand jackets Manbre", 342. Pans with valves. See Valves. Peat, use of: Preparing or using ; Gwynne, 129. Challeton, 177. Peat, use of cont. Dimsflale, 177. Botturi, 231. Spencer. -2 IL>. Bruere, 2H, Belton, 280. Bury, 360. Pectin, or pectic acid, use of: Galloway, 170. Phosphorus, its acids or salts, applying : lire, 41Q (Appendt.r). Gwynne and Young, 59. Gwynne, 116. Oxland, R. and J., 132. Brandeis, 143. Nash, 151. Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Nash, 185. Stenhouse, 203. Richardson and Prentice, 283 Green, 284. Brooman (Leplay and Cuis- ,. Ross (Beanes), 310. Brooman (Leplay and Cuisi- nier), 318. Herapath, 320. Leon (Leplay), 371. Pitch. See Bituminous sub- stances. Plantain tree, juice : Egan, 143. Plates. See Pans. Porous vessels, use of in re- fining : Bates, 40. Presses for sugar cane. See Mills. Pressure, submitting sugar to. See Molasses, extracting. Pumicestone, use of : Saunders, 55. Warner, 241. Refining sugar generally : Smith, 1. Bousie, 5. Murray, 5. Wakefleld, 9. Batley, 9. Vaughan, 12. Bell, 13. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Refining sugar generally cont. Constant, 15. Howard, 17. Howard. 19. Martineau, P. and J., 21. Taylor, 22. De Cavaillon, 24. Wilson, 25. Hague, 26. Wilson, 26. Daniell, 29. Cleland, 31. Barlow, 32. Freund, 32. Jennings, 33. Laurence, 34. Derosne, 42. Berry, 63. Target, 69. Browne, 80. Symes, 83. Wright, 8-i. Macfle, 121. Resin or rosin, use of. See also Bituminous substances. Parker, 408 (Appendix). Pidding, 162. Stenhouse, 216. Ziegler, 227. Mtiller, Weld, and Powell, 364. Retorts, use of : Constant, 15. Sutherland, 21. Parker, 408 (Appendix-). Bowman, 412 (Apper,d'.v). Parker, 413 (Append Lr] Bowman, 93. Oxland, 195. Picciotto, 174. Chantrell, 176. Challeton, 177. Delabarre, 197. Chantrell, 199. Lodge and Marshall, 200. Ellis, 201. ."Rrvnnt, 211. Ziegler, 227. Galy-Cazalet and Hibbard, 231. Parsons, 234. Brinies and Collins, 235. Warner, 241. Spencer, 242. Henry (Layard), 246. Chantrell, 248. Alexander, 251. Chantrell, 252. Cowan, J. and P., 270. Duncan, Scotland Dawson, 272. Brearley, 278. Richardson and Prentice, 283. Townsend, 286. Williams, 289. Cowan, 294. Carey and Pierce, 297. Retorts, use of cont. Duncan, 299. Cowan, 304. Brooman (Leplay and Cuisi- nier),3Q6. Mac Kirdy. 307. Paterson (Drummond),30S. Torr, 312. Henry (Societe Coignet Plre et Fils et Compagnie) , 313. Gets, 324. Brooman (Trolliet), 345. Brinjes, 346. Carey, 351. Brinjes, 355. White, 363. Ogston, 364. Mtiller, Weld and Powell, 364. Norman, 377. Robey, 379. Cormack, 389. Gordon, 390. St. John's Bread, use of : Edwards, 223. Mennons (Jouannet), 315. Salts, removing from saccha- rine solutions : Nesmond, 161. Samples, means of drawing : Howard, 19. Richardson, 89. Sawdust : Richardson, 89. Hills, F., C., and G., 163. Maumene, 175. Dimsdale,l77. Longbottom, 220. Richardson and Prentice, 283. Eurg, 360. Rowland, 383. Sawing, sugar. See Nippers. Schale, or schist. See Bitumi- nous substances. Shells. See Alkaline earths. Sieves, generally, use cf : Ingram, 10. Hebert, 99. Steinkanvp, 101. Davies (Jouan), 25-i. Wagner, 254. Francis, 258. Schramm, 264. Gedge (Constant), 295. Waller, 300. Montaigne, 357. Haseltine (Goessling), 358 Myers, 378. Johnson (Wells), ^Sl Slatter, 394. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. 437 Silica, or its salts, use of : Sponge, use of : Cowper, 113. Birkmyre, 115. Pidding, 162. Crosley, 85. Sievier, 94. Rotch, 119. Gwynne, 173. Way, 175. Way and Paine, 183. Gwynne, 130. Starch, use of : Nash, 185. Warner, 241, Steinkamp, 101. Green, 261. Clark (Gaade),S7Q. Knaggs, 384. Starch sugar. See Glucose. Steam, use of : Wagener and Finnin, 392. Wood, 6. Size. See Glutinous matters. Trevithick and Vivian, 415 (Ap- Skimming sugar solutions : Johnson, 397 (Appen{.. Pontifex, 5<5. Berry, 412 (Appendix). Watson, 57. Laurence, 62. Fairrie, 03. 440 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. Vacuum pans, making or using Vacuum pans, making or using cont. cont, Crosley and Stevens, 70. Cooper, 72. Robinson, 75. Fletcher, 276. Newton (Fryatt), 278. Green, 284. Field, 291. jjorrie, /o. Gadesden, 78. Davies (Lavignac), 293. Johnston, 79. St. Clair, 82. Pearse and Cliild, 83. Britten 84. Duncan, 299. Schwartz, 302. Patrick, 307. Paterson (Dmmmond), 300. Richardson, 89. Johnston, 93. Steiner, 95. Peek, 322. Newman, 323. Kissler, 330. Claypole, 97. Murdoch, 108. Finzel, 112. Gwynne, 116. Shears, 122. Bessemer, 127. Herring, 129. Gvvynne, 130. Yarillat, 135. Reid, 333. Doddrell, 336. Vanderfeesten, 337. Beanes, 347. Lebaucly, 357. Beanes and Finzel, 358. Haseltine (Goessliny), 353. Haseltine (Gocssliny), 359. Fletcher, 368. Brooman, 137. Bessemer, 140. Valves, making or using : Walker, 142. Shannon, 396 (Appendix). Bessemer, 144. Brooman, 145. Macintosh, 148. Johnson, 397 (AppendLv) . Taylor, 399 (Appendix). Taylor, 400 (Appendix}. Aspinall. 149. Johnson, 402 (Appendix). Brown, 150. Ure, 409 (Appendix). Young, 153. Ronald, 78. Bessemer, 156. Steiner, 95. Brooman, 157. Scoffem,115. Nesmond, 160. Shears, 122. Pidding, 162. Varillat, 135. Greenwood, 166. Brooman, 137. Tinzel, 167. Macintosh, 148. Bessemer, 179. Bessemer, 156. BeaneSj 180. Banfield, 156. Collette, 181. Greenwood, 166. Aspinall, 183. Mayelston, 169. Wright (Eeid), 184. Aspinall, 187. Leitch, 205. Blackwell, 209. Fairrie, 193. Fairrie, 193. Lewsey, 220. Travis and Casartelli, 229. Delabarre, 197. Fletcher, 316. Schiele, 201. Newton (De Villeneuve), 321. Leitch, 205. Carey, 351. Golding, 207. Blackwell, 209. Fletcher, 368. Campbell, 370. Allman and Bethune, 215. Lewsey, 220. Vapours, exhausting. SeeVa Longbottom, 220. Edwards, 223. cuum pans. Travis and Casartelli, 229. Wassama, use of : Bensen, 232. Bensen, 233. Shears, 122. Manbr6, 239. BcnsGn 245 Water, use of : Cameron. 247. Newton (Bertholemey) , 250. Wagner, 254. Aspinall, 255. Shannon, 396 (Appendix). Tickell, 397 (Appendix). Constant, 15. Howard, 17. Manbr6, 260. Taylor, 22. Clark (Lion), 274. Hague, 23. INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. 441 Water, use ofcont. Johnson, 402 (Appendix). Shand, 404 (Appendix). Hague, 39. f aid, use or com. Manbr6, 266. Oxlaml, 2G<;. Bates, 40. Turner and Shand, 43. Poole, 44. Ure, 406 (Appendix). fr erk l n .' f 08 (APPOHMX). Newton (Fryatt), 2ti7. Belton, 280. Napier, 282. Richardson and Prentice, 2^. Green, 284. Ure, 410 (Appendix) *Toclt^c ( CsOHstctfif) 9 2D5. Berry, 412 (Appendix). Watson, 57. Coudroy, 301. Constable 73 Schwartz, 302. Gye, 84. Mennons (De Courson rA {/ Croslev, 85. Wright, 87. Villeneure), I'M:,.. Brooman (Leplay and Citisi- Newton, 98. mer), 306. Shears, 122. Patrick, 307. Orr, 307. Frnser,l25. Bessemer, 127. Varillat, 135. Van Kempen (Cromer),*!* (An. pendix). Bessemer, 155. Ban field, 156. Mennons (Jouannet), 315. Mennons (Serret, Hamoir, a;x' Duquesne), 317. Brooman (Leplay and < nier), 318. Herapath, 320. Garton, 321. Nesmond 160 Peek, 322. Pidding, 162. ' Hills, F. C. and G., 163. Brandeis, 164. Bellford, 167. Bessemer, 170. Bessemer, 179. Archbald, 186. Loysel, 192. Garton, 324. Heusner, 327. Newman, 328. Brooman (Dubranfattt) , 329. Fontainemoreau (Hdnsell), 332. Shepherd G. and W. T., 334. De Wyld6 (Schwarz), 334. Mackirday, 335. Beanes, 340. Castelo't, 194. Brooman, 196. Aspinall, 198. Moreau-Darluc, 200. Leitch, 204. Manbre, 342. Brinjes, 346. Beanes. 347. Newton (Xart!ioloicy),8oQ. Davies (Jacquier and Danek), Leitch, 205. Aspinall, 207. Finzel, JSeedham. and Barton. 212. 352. Brinjes, 355. Beanes ahd Finzel, 358. Haseltine (GoesslinrA , 353. Fryer, 214. Allman and Bethune, 215. Bethune, 217. Anderson, 217. Sievier, 219. Longbottom, 220. Haseltine (Gocssli }/).: Newton (De Mass//), :>G:?. 31 tiller, Weld, and Powell, 36 1. Fletcher, 368. Campbell, 370. Montclar, 375. Gedge (Minchin), S7G. Ziegler! 227.' Norman, 377. Jasper, 383. Finzel' and Bryant, 233. Patrick, 384. Gordon, 390. ManbrC', 239. Lombard and Esquiron, 240. Warner, 241. Hughes (Du JRieu and Roctf- ger), 393. Lichtenstadt and Duff, 243. Margesson, 244. Wax, use of : Benson, 245. Wilson, 25. Cameron, 247. Wilson, 26. Aspinall, 252, Seymour (Leplay), 255. Pidding, 162. Marshall, 257. Manbre, 260. Weighing contents of pan : Von Kanig, 264. Adams and White, 323. 442 INDEX OF SUBJECT MATTER. 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