UNIVERSITY OF CA RIVERSIDE, LIBRARY 3 1210 01981 1023 Ref Z "^ S36 Topical Studies and References 1919 on the Economic History of American Agriculture By LOUIS BERNARD SCHMIDT Professor ol History in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts THE McKINLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA 1919 P0t3 NUI UIKCUUTg Topical Studies and References on the Economic History of American Agriculture By LOUIS BERNARD SCHMIDT Professor of History in the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts THE McKINLEY PUBLISHING COMPANY PHILADELPHIA 1919 VI; PREFACE The following topical studies and references have been prepared in connection with a course of lectures on the economic history of American agriculture which I have been giving at the Iowa State College of Agri- culture and Mechanic Arts during the past six years. They are now presented in published form with the hope that they may serve to encourage the further establishment of similar courses of instruction in other institutions of learning, and thereby stimulate a more active interest in a most important, though hitherto neglected, phase of our national develop- ment. Louis B. Schmidt. Ames, Iowa. July 15, 1919. THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE AS A FIELD FOR STUDY^ The New History. History, like all other studies, has repeatedly undergone significant changes in point of view and in methods of interpretation. Formerly, it was re- garded as a narrative of past events, and its chief purpose was to interest and amuse the reader, rather than to contribute to a well considered body of scien- tific knowledge. This conception of history, how- ever, has been greatly changed during the past fifty years by the introduction of the scientific method in historical investigation. The main objective of this method is the critical study of the past life of human- ity, not only for its own sake, but also for the sake of enabling us to understand better the present life of the times of which we ourselves are a part. It has led students to search beneath the surface of passing events and to study the institutional life of society ; in other words, the common every-day life of human- ity. It has brought about a reconstruction of the whole field of history with the result that all phases of human progress are being studied and presented in a new light. It conceives of history as a social science whose concern is the scientific study of the past life of human society in its economic, social, re- ligious, political, military, aesthetic, and intellectual phases. 1 This paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, lield in Washinjyton, D. C, December 28, 1915. Reprinted from The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. Ill, No. 1, June, 1916, pp. 39-49. ]Maro:inal headinps have been added and sub-topics num- bered and italicized. Importance of Economic Forces in the Study of American History. The application of the scientific method of the study of American history has brought out more clearly the significance of the economic forces under- lying our national development. It has been only a few years since the histories of the United States treated merely the political, military, and religious phases of American life, while the economic and social were neglected, if not altogether ignored; and this in spite of the fact that the latter have been constantly gaining in importance with our material progress and have formed, further, the real essence of our most crucial political questions. We need only refer to the slavery question with its many complications, or con- sider the debates on the public lands, internal im- provements, the United States bank, the tariff, the currency, immigration, the organization of labor, and the regulation of corporations, to show what an im- portant part economic questions have played in American politics. The Need for the Study of American Economic History. To-day, economic and social problems are pressing for solution ; and questions of government are becom- ing, to an ever-increasing extent, economic rather than political. The scientific spirit is making new demands upon the past. It wants to know a thousand things concerning which analysts in former times were not curious. \Vhereas historians have hitherto interro- gated the past concerning the doings of generals, politicians, and churchmen, they are now coming to search for information concerning such matters as the tenure of public and private land, the migrations of settlers and of crop areas, the rise of trades unions and farmers' organizations, the growth of corpora- tions, the status of the negro, and the advance of edu- cation. The rising school of economic historians is 6 responding to the demands of a new age and the his- tory of our countr}' is being reexplored and rewritten in order that we may better understand the present with its complex economic and social problems : in other words, that we may better interpret our own times in the light of economic and social evolution. Fundamental Significance of the History of American Agriculture. Of fundamental significance in the scientific study of American develoi)ment is the economic history of our agriculture. This phase of our history has not liitherto received the attention at the hand of histor- ians which its importance merits. It is time, there- fore, first, to define the economic history of American agriculture as a field of study ; second, to review some of the reasons why special attention should be di- rected to this field ; and, third, to suggest some of the more important problems which this field offers for investigation. The economic history of American agriculture in- cludes much more tlian a mere account of progress in the technique of agriculture. It is concerned with all the facts, forces, and conditions which have entered into the development of agriculture in the United States, from the founding of Jamestown to the Pan- American exposition. It deals with the influences affecting the evolution of agriculture and of agricul- tural societies in different sections; the problems en- gaging the attention of the rural population in vari- ous periods ; the relation of agriculture to other in- dustries ; the contributions of the agricultural population to the professions, to politics, and to leg- islation; and the influences of our agricultural devel- opment on our national life. It includes the study of the whole life of the rural population, economic, social, moral, religious, intellectual, and political. Viewed in one way the history of the United States from the beginning has been in a very large measure the story of rural communities advancing westward by the con- 7 quest of the soil^ developing from a state of primitive self-sufficiency to a capitalistic and highly complex agricultural organization. Reasons for the Study of the Econoaiic History OF American Agriculture. These preliminary considerations show the broad scope of the economic history of American agricul- ture as a field for study. What, then, are some of the more important reasons for directing attention to this field.? 1. Agriculture is the fundamental basis of our pros- perity. The greater portion of our population has always dwelt in rural communities. According to the census, the rural population in 1790 represented ninety-six and seven-tenths per cent, of the total ; in 1880, seventy and five-tenths per cent.; and in 1910, fifty-three and seven-tenths per cent. ; thus it still constitutes more than half of the whole population. Jn 1910, thirty- four and six-tenths per cent, of the population was engaged directly in the cultivation of the soil, a greater proportion than is engaged in any other occujoation. The value of farm property as compared with that of manufacturing, transportation, forestry, and mining industries also emphasizes the great prominence of agriculture; and finally, the study of cycles in business prosperity indicates that our general well-being has always been dependent on this industry. 2. The economic history of American agriculture is indispensahle to a correct understanding of much of our political and diplomatic history. A considera- tion of the effect of cotton and slavery on the whole history of party politics from the adoption of the con- stitution down to the civil war. or of the rapid growth of the wheat industry in its relation to the organiza- tion of a farmers' party and the effect of this party movement on national legislation, as evidenced, for instance, by the interstate commerce act of 1887 and the Sherman anti-trust act of 1890, will give anyone S an ajipreciation of the fact that in order to under- stand our political history, no little attention must be given to the economic history of agriculture. A con- sideration of the influence of the agricultural indus- try on our foreign relations and the making of com- mercial and other treaties will further emphasize this same fact. It was the demand of the southwestern farmers for the free and unrestricted navigation of the Mississippi which led directly to the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon. It was the interfer- ence with American shipping and the seizure of American food j^roducts which led to the war of 1812. It has been generally conceded that England's need of cotton was chiefly responsible for that country's sympathetic attitude toward the South during the civil war; it is equally significant that her imperative need of northern wheat operated effectively to keep England officially neutral. These illustrations are sufficient to suggest the importance of our agrarian history in the study of American diplomacy ; our na- tion's historians have been too much inclined to take a provincial view of the national past — the " short- view," as the late Rear-Admiral Mahan has expressed it. It is time to abandon this attitude, and to take the larger or the " long-view " of the forces which have shaped our destinies. 3. Our agricultural history offers an excellent op- portunitij for the study of the lives and services of eminent men xvho have profoundly affected American economic development. Consider tlie influence of Eli Whitney on the history of the cotton industry, or that of Cyrus Hall ]\IcCormick on the history of the cereal production. It is not too much to say that the tri- umph of the north over the south in 1865 was the triumph of the reaper over the cotton gin, and that McCormick and Whitney deserve as great a place in American history as U. S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. Or consider the influence of Franklin. Washington. and Jefferson on the early formation of agricultural societies ; of Thomas H. Benton and Galusha A. Grow 9 on the movement of free homesteads for actual set- tlers; of Senator Morrill on the establishment of col- leges of agriculture and mechanic arts ; of O. H. Kelly on the granger movement; of General James B. Weaver on the organization of a farmers' party ; and of P. G. Holden, " the corn wizard," on the develop- ment of rural extension work and the popularization of better farming methods. These names will sug- gest at once a host of other Americans who have con- tributed to the development of the farming industry ; our agrarian history is rich in the personal element. 4. It further furnishes a background for the study of agricultural economics. It is recognized that eco- nomic science bears about the same relation to eco- nomic history that political science bears to political history. The value of political history to the politi- cal scientist is so obvious as to require no defense. It is equally evident that agricultural economics, a science which is of recent origin, must have a his- torical foundation and background. The agricultural economist needs to be familiar with the economic life of man in the past in order to realize and appreciate the organic nature of society. He should be his- torically minded if he would deal most efficiently with the problems of the present. With the introduction of the science of agricultviral economics into the land grant colleges and universities of the country, there- fore, comes a new motive for productive work in the field of agricultural history. 5. The history of American agriculture, then, is essential to the development of a sound and far- sighted riiral economy. The great problems of rural communities are human rather than merely material- istic. That is to say, they are economic, social, and educational, and cannot be understood except in the light of their historical evolution. Government action involving: agricultural interests should be based on a broad knowledge of rural economic history. Ques- tions of land tenure, tenancy, size of farms, markets (including the complex problems of distribution and 10 exchange)^ capitalistic agriculture, the rise of land values, rural credits, farmers' organizations with their economic, social, intellectual, and political functions, the rural school, the rural church, and good roads : these are only a few of the vital problems which should be considered from a historical and compara- tive as well as from a purely technical point of view. Rural problems will henceforth demand a superior type of statesmanship, for we are to-day rapidly passing through a great transition period of our his- tory. We have emerged from the period of coloni- zation, of exploitation, of extensive development, and have entered the period of intensive development. There is a greater need than ever for calling upon the wisdom and experience of the past in the work- ing out of a sound and farsighted ruxal economy. We are in need of a scientific treatment of the economic history of agriculture in this country to help supply this need. Indications of an Awakening Interest in Our Agrarian History. The subject, thus outlined, presents an inviting field for study and investigation. Although it has been neglected, not to say almost entirely ignored, by our nation's historians, it is encouraging to note an awakening interest in this direction. Some of the leading institutions of the country, particularly Harvard, Wisconsin, and Columbia, are directing re- search work in this field, and a few of these institu- tions have begun to offer courses on the subject. At the Iowa State College, for example, such a course is offered, and it is required in the various departments of the division of agriculture, in addition to the course in agricultural economics. ^Mention should also be made of the work now being undertaken by the de- partment of economics and sociology in tlie Carnegie institution at Washington, under whose auspices a rumber of published and unpublished monograplis in the economic history of American agriculture have 11 already been prepared. Under its direction, the materials are being collected for a comprehensive his- tory of American agriculture which will serve as an encyclopedia on the subject. These contributions, however, represent merely the pioneer undertakings, which will need to be supplemented by niuuerous studies if the economic history of American agricul- ture is to be properly emphasized and recorded. The limits of this paper will permit only a brief consid- eration of some of the more important problems which await the labors of the historian. Some Problems which the Ecoxomic History of American Agriculture Offers for Investigation. 1. Among these subjects, that of the public lands commands primary consideration. The entire land area of continental United States amounts to 1,903,- 289,600 acres. Of this area forty-six and two-tenths per cent., or 878,798,325 acres, have been carved out into farms. The remainder consists of forests and mineral holdings and reserves, land occupied by towns and cities, railroads' rights of way, public high- ways, mountainous country, and arid and swamp lands. There remain unreserved and unappropriated only 290,000,000 acres, the great portion of which will never be available for agricultural purposes. The transference of the originally vast heritage from public to private ownership is of fundamental significance ; its history should include a considera- tion of early French, Spanish, and English land grants to individuals and to colonial corporations, of colonial systems of land disposal, and of the various methods by which the national and state governments have disposed of public lands to the settler, to the " land grabber ", and to the speculator. A review of the federal land policy presents the story of a long and bitter contest between the east and west, cul- minating in the triumph of the latter in the enactment of the preemption law of 1841, and the homestead 12 act of 1862. This struggle was involved with other public questions : the protective tariff, New England's primary concern; and slavery, the major interest of the South. The ascendency of the slavery issue after the Mexican war brought the east to the support of the west in opposition to slavery extension, and in the demand for free homesteads which was inserted in the republican platform of 1860. Representative Lovejoy, of Illinois, is authority for the statement that without this plank Lincoln could not have been elected. With the secession of the southern states, the enactment of the homestead law was assured. But Congress and the land office, in devising the lib- eral land policy, did not guard the right of the actual settler against land pirates. Ruthless spoliation was practiced until all the best land M'as gone. Recent tendencies in land legislation indicate an intention on the part of the government to revert to the original purpose of the law of 1862, and to assign free home- steads only to actual settlers. The rapid disposal of the swamp land grants, the internal imj^rovement and railway grants, the section grants for common schools, and the land grants for colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts under the Morrill act of 1862, as well as the location and final disposition of these lands, suggest important studies to be made in public land history. The history of the forest lands (including forest reserves and na- tional parks), and of the mineral and the saline lands also is waiting to be written. Finally, the disposi- tion of lands under the timber culture act, the desert land act, the timber and stone act, the Carc}^ act, the reclamation act, and the Kinkaid act, may be men- tioned as profitable subjects for investigation. Fifty years ago there was little or no occasion for careful consideration of the land question. Land was to be had for nothing, and there was plenty of it. Congress was not much concerned as to how rapidly or how unwisely the vast national heritage was spent. The speculative spirit seems to have become in- 1.3 grained as one of the chief American characteristics; it has contributed to an inflation of land values, and to the present high rate of tenancy. The land ques- tion has therefore entered upon a new and complex phase. In undertaking an equitable solution of this problem, the history of the land under both public and private ownership should be investigated. In essaying this task, it should be kept in mind that the disappearance of the public lands is closely linked with the rapid increase in population, the change from extensive to intensive farming, and the in- creased cost of living. 2. The history of specific leading industries also remains to he written. As examples of what may be done in this direction we may indicate Hammond's " Cotton Industry " and Thompson's " Rise and De- cline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin." Similar studies should be undertaken for cereal and live stock production, the latter including dairy- ing and meat packing. The tobacco, poultry, and beet sugar industries should also be mentioned as profitable fields for research. The history of the range should be a particularly interesting subject for investigation. Such a study should give special at- tention to influences affecting the rise and growth of the industry, such as soil and climate, early trade and commerce, labor, tenancy, the use of improved ma- chinery, markets, prices, transportation, and the tariff; and the relation of the industry to such indus- tries as transportation, manufactures, mining, and lumbering should be considered. The westward movement of the center of production should be studied in its relation to the westward movement of population and the accessibility of markets. The in- fluence of agricultural prices on production, and the influence of grain markets on national politics and finance should receive careful study. Mr. Turner has called attention to the importance of the study of the wheat industry, in the following terms : " If, for example, we study the maps showing the 14 transition of the wheat belt from the East to the West, as the virgin soils were conquered and made new bases for destructive competition with the older wheat states, we shall see how deeply they affected not only land values, railroad building, the movement of population and the supply of clieap food, but also liow the regions once devoted to single cropping of wheat Vv'erc forced to turn to varied and intensive agriculture and to diversified industry, and we shall see also how these transformations affected party politics and even the ideals of the Americans of the regions thus changed." ^ 3. The economic history of agriculture in particu- lar states or in given regions should also be written. Such studies should include the consideration of agri- cultural geography, Indian agricultiire. early trade and travel, relations of the white race to the Indian, pioneer population and agriculture, nearness to the markets, transportation of agricultural products, de- velopment of specialized and diversified farming, systems of land tenure, agricultural labor, use of im- proved farm machinery, size of farms, price of lands, and rentals, and laws governing inheritance of real estate in lands. These studies would naturally in- clude also the consideration of the sources of immi- gration, the type of farmers, the methods of agricul- ture, and the social phases of life, including religion, education, amusements, and entertainments. Atten- tion should be given to currency and banking facili- ties, rural credit, rates of interest, and the relation of the farming population to national monetary legisla- tion and to the tariff. The subject of agricultural education should receive extended treatment ; a study of state agricultural societies and fairs, the agricul- tural press, and the agricultural colleges and experi- ment stations, including rural extension departments and recently introduced courses in agriculture in the 2 F. J. Turner, " Social Forces in American History," in The American Historical Review, Vol. XVI, 1911, pp. 220, 230. 15 high schools. Finally, the economic history of agri- culture of any state should present an historical and comparative analysis of the problems confronting the farming class. INIr. E. V. Robinson's " Economic History of Agriculture in Minnesota," just pub- lished, suggests the possibilities and the value of this type of study. Similar studies might indeed profit- ably be made of larger areas, as, for example, a given region like the middle west. i. The history of the farmers' organizations should be given considerable attention in view of the recent active interest xvhich is being awakened in the vari- ous forms of farmers' cooperative unions < id enter- prises. Studies of this kind may be dividi ' into two groups: First, those dealing with organiza. is Avhich seek to combine the farmers as a class, as illustrated by the grange ; and, secondly, those treating of or- ganizations which serve some special end or indus- try, as, for example, the cooperative creameries, and farmers' elevators. For such a study it would be necessary to investigate the origin, purpose, growth, difficulties, successes, and failures of the various or- ganizations. European ideals and methods intro- duced by the immigrant farmer should be studied. The influence of the organization on state and na- tional politics and legislation should be given due weight. The recent appearance of Mr. S. J. Buck's monograph on " The Granger Movement " marks a distinctive contribution to the history of farmers' organizations. Studies of this kind will contribute very materially to a proper understanding of the farmers' cooperative movement in this country, and will point the way to more successful and fruitful efforts along that line in the future. 5. Other problems awaiting the labors of the his- torian are readily suggested. INIention may be made of the history of farm machinery, foreign immigration and its influence on the development of agriculture, agricultural labor, transportation of agricultural products, markets and prices, the relation of agricul- 16 ture to financial legislation, taxation and the tariff, and agricultural education. The relation of agricul- ture to other industries, the relation of the state to agriculture, and the work of the Department of Agriculture may also be suggested. The Economic History of American Agriculture A Constituent Part of the History of Our Nation. After all is said, however, the fundamental reason why the economic history of American agriculture should be studied is that we may ultimately have a well-balii <ced history of our nation. For it must be remembe d, as I have already tried to show, that our ugrariar .Astory is to be viewed not in the strict or narrow ^ense, but in the broad sense so as to include the whole life of the rural population, the influences which have affected its progress, and the influence its progress has in turn had on the course of events. Tiius defined, the economic history of American agri- culture is a constituent part of the history of the en- tire people, closely interwoven with other phases of our national progress; and to define it is to emphasize a new point of view in the study of American develop- ment. " The marking out of such a field is only a fresh example of the division of scientific labor; it is the provisional isolation, for the better investigation of them, of a particular group of facts and forces," in order that a true history of our national progress and development may finally be written. Louis Bernard Schmidt. The Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames. 17 A LIST OF TOPICS ON THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICAN AGRI- CULTURE. Introduction. I. The Study of Economic History. II The Economic History of American Agriculture. Part I. THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 1607-1783. III. Geographic Influences in American His- tory. IV. Indian Agriculture in America. V. Land Systems of the American Colonies. VI. Agriculture in the American Colonies. VII. Trade and Commerce of the American Colonies. Part II. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF PIONEER AND PLANTER INTO THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 1783-1860. A. The Revolution to the War of 1812. VIII. The Public Lands. IX. Agriculture in the Early National Period. X. Beginnings of Internal Trade. XL Foreign Commerce and Shipping. B. The War of 1812 to the Civil War. XII. The Settlement of the New West. XIII. The Public Lands. XIV. Agriculture in the Northern States: Pioneer Farming. XV. Agriculture in the Southern States: Economics of Slavery. XVI. Internal Trade and Transportation. 18 XVII. Agriculture in Relation to Currency and Banking. XVIII. Foreign Commerce and Shipping. XIX. Agriculture in Relation to the Tariff. XX. Pioneer Life and Ideals. Part III. THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION AND THE OPENING OF THE FAR WEST. 1860-1900. XXI. General Features of the Agrarian Revo- lution. XXII. The Public Lands. XXIII. Agriculture in the North Atlantic States. XXIV. Agriculture in the South Atlantic States. XXV. Agriculture in the North Central States. XXVI. Agriculture in the South Central States. XXVII. The Range and Ranch Cattle Industry. XXVIII. Agriculture in the Western States. XXIX. Grov/th of Internal Trade and Domestic Markets. XXX. Expansion of Agricultural Exports and Foreign Markets. XXXI. Rise and Growth of Farmers' Organiza- tions. XXXII. The Farmer as a Factor in Politics and Legislation. XXXIII. The Relation of the State to Agricul- ture. Part IV. THE REORGANIZATION OF THE AGRICCLTURAL INDUSTRY. 1900-1920. XXXIV. The Public Lands. XXXV. The New Agriculture. XXXVI. Recent Developments in Internal Trade. XXXVII. Recent Changes in Foreign Commerce. XXXVIII. x\griculture in Reconstruction. m INTRODUCTION. I. THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC HISTORY. 1. Ashley, W. J. — Surveys: Historic and Economic (1900), pp. 1-30. 2. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Government (1914), Vol. I, pp. 620-625. 3. Callender, G. S. — The Position of American Eco- nomic History, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XIX, No. 1, October, 1913, pp. 80-87. 4. Cunningham, W. — The Growth of English Indus- try and Commerce During the Early and Middle Ages. Fifth edition (1910), pp. 6-27. 5. Day, Clive. — Commercial and Industrial His- tory in Secondary Schools, in The History Teacher's Magazine, Vol. V, January, 1911, pp. 11-16. 6. Farnum, H. W. — The Economic Utilization of History (1913). 7. Robinson, J. H. — The Next' History (1912). 8. Seligman, E. R. — The Economic Interpretation of History (1902). 9. Turner, F. J. — Social Forces in American His- tory, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XVI, No. 2, January, 1911, pp. 217-233. 10. Wright, C. D. — An Economic History of the United States, in Publications of the Ameri- can Economic Association. Third series. Vol. VI (1905), pp. 390-429. II. THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE AS A FIELD FOR STUDY. I. Bolles, A. S. — Industrial History of the United States, 1878. Book I, pp. 1-181 on Agricul- ture and Horticulture. An hif^torical survey 21 BIO-AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE, CALIFORNIA 925( of American agriculture from the beginning of the Colonial period to 1876 in fifteen chapters. 2. Brewer, W. N. — History of American Agricul- ture, in Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. Ill, Report on Cereal Production, pp. 131-141. 3. Browne, D. J. — Progress of Agriculture, in An- nual Report of the Commissioner of Patents. Agriculture (1857), pp. 1-50. 4. Bullock, E. J. — Selected Readings in Economics (1907), Chapter IV, American Agriculture. 5. Carver, T. N. — Historical Sketch of Modern Agriculture, in the author's Principles of Rural Economics (1911), Chapter II. Historical Sketch of American Agriculture, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV (1909), pp. 39-71. 6. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh edition. Vol. I, pp. 388-416. The history of agriculture in ancient, medieval, and modern times, with special emphasis on English and American agriculture. 7. Flint, C. L. — Agriculture in the United States (1607-1860), in Eighty Years' Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 19-102." 8. Holmes, G. K. — Progress of Agriculture in the United States, in Year Book of the Depart- ment of Agriculture (1899), pp. 307-334. 9. Poore, B. P. — History of Agriculture in the United States, in Annual Report of the Com- missioner of Agriculture (1866), pp. 498-527. 10. Sanford, A. H. — The Story of Agricidture in the United States (1916). 11. Schmidt, L. B. — The Economic History of Amer- ican Agricidture as a Field for Study, in The Mississippi J'alley Historical Review, Vol. Ill, No. 1 (1916), pp. 39-49. Reprinted in The Historical Outlook, Vol. X, No. 1, Janu- ary, 1919, pp. 8-12. 22 12. Smith, J. R. — Industrial and Commercial Geog- raphy, Chapter II. 13. Trimble, W. J. — The Agrarian History of the United States as a Subject for Research, in Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley His- torical Association, Vol. VIII (1916), pp. 81- 90. 14. Turner, F. J. — The Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association (1893), pp. 199-227. Reprinted in Bullock's Selected Readings in Economics, pp. 23-59. The Frontier in American Development, in McLaughlin and Hart's CycloiDcdia of Ameri- can Government (1914), Vol. II, pp. 61-64. The Problem of the West, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 78, pp. 289-297. 15. Walker, F. A. — The General Characteristics of American Agriculture, Tenth Census, Vol. Ill, pp. xxxi-xxxiii. 23 Part I. THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 1607-1783. in. GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. Blodgett^ J. H. — Relation of Population and Food Products in the United States, 1850- 1900, United States Department of Agricul- ture, Division of Statistics, Bulletin No. 21-. 2. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised Edition of 1912), Chapter I. 3. Bowman, I. — Forest Physiography. 4. Brigliam, A. P. — Geographic Infltiences in Amer- can History (1903). Physiography of North America, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Govern- ment (1914-),VoL II, pp. 687-690. 5. Davenport, 'Ej.-^Influence of Conditions on Agri- cultural Practice, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 90-97. 6. Farrand, L. — Basis of American History, in The American Nation, Vol. II, 1904, pp. 1-70. 7. Jefferson, ]\I. — The Anthropogeography of North America, in Bulletin of the American Geo- graphic Society, Vol. XLV, p. 161. 8. Johnson, Emory. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States (1915). Vol. I, Chapter I. 9. Marshall. L. C. ; Wright, W. W., and Field, J. A. — Materials for the Study of Economics (1913), pp. 58-104. ID. Mill, H. R. — International Geography (1899). pp. 664-678, 715-750. 11. Powell, J. W. — Physiographic Regions of the United States (1896). Printed in Physiogra- 25 phy of the United States. A series of mono- graphs edited by Powell and others, pp. 65- 100. The map is essential, 12. Semple, E. C. — American History and Its Geo- graphic Conditions (1903). InfiUence of Geographic Environment (1911). 13. Shaler, N. S. — The Effect of the Physiography of North America Upon Men of European Origin, in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of the United States, Vol. IV, Intro- duction, pp. x-xxx. Reprinted in Bullock's Selected Readings in Economics (1907), Chapter I. The United States of America, J'ol. I (1894), Chapters I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX. Nature and Man in America (1891). 11. Shimck, B. — The Pioneer and the Forest, in Pro- ceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. Ill (1909-1910)," pp. 96-105. 15. Turner, F. J. — 7* Sectionalism in America Dying Away? in The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. XIII, March, 1908, pp. 661-675, 811- 819. Sectionalism in the United. States, in ^IcLaugh- lin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Gov- ernment (1911), Vol. Ill, pp. 280-285. 16. Van Hise, C. R. — Conservation of Natural Re- sources of the United States (1910), pp. 208- 211, 268-277. 17. The Geographical Review. A valuable source of information. 18. Thirteenth Census of the United States, Vol. V,^ Appendix A, pp. 893-900. IV. INDIAN AGRICULTURE IN AMERICA. 1. Bruce, P. A. — Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. I (1895), Chap- ter III. 26 2. Catlin, G. — Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Conditions of the North Ameri- can Indians (1814). 3. Cook, O. F. — llie American Origin of Agricul- ture, in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 61, October, 1902, pp. 492-505. 4. Farrand, L. — Basis of American History, in The American Nation, Vol. II, 1904), pp. 70-262. Especially Chapters VI and X to XVII, in- clusive. Chapter XVIII gives a good bibliography. 5. Fiske, John. — Discovery of America, Chapter I. 6. Frederici, G.—Indianer und Anglo-Amerikaner. 7. Holmes, G. K. — Aboriginal Agriculture: The North American Indians, in Bailey's Cyclo- pedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV (1909), pp. 24-39. 8. Palmer, Edw. — Food Products of the North American Indians, in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 404- 428. 9. Powell, J. W.- — The North American Indians, Shaler's The United States of America, Vol. I, Chapter IV. 10. Prescott, Philander. — Farming Among the Sioux Indians, United States Patent Office Report. 1849, pp. 451-455. 11. Schoolcraft, H. R. — Historical and Statistical Information Respecting the History, Condi- tion and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States (1851). 12. Smith, Capt. John. — Descriptinyi of Firginia, in Narratives of Earh' Virginia (Original narra- tives of Early American History, edited by J. F. Jameson), pp. 90-97. 13. Roosevelt, Theodore.- — Winning of the West, Vol. I, Chapters III, IV. 14. Will, G. F.; Hyde, G. E.— Corw Among the Indians of the Upper Missouri (1917). 15. Willoughb}'', C. C. — The J'irginia Indians in the 27 Seventeenth Century. American Anthopolo- gist, Vol. XI, No. 13. Gardens of the Xew England Indians. Ameri- can Anthopologist, Vol. VIII, No. I. 16. Tivelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. V, pp. Tiy-TiO. A review of agriculture on Indian reservations. 17. Handbook of the North American Indians, in Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, No. 30. V. LAND SYSTEMS OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 1607-1783. 1. Ballagh, J. C. — Introduction to Southern Eco- nomic History: The Land System, in Annual Report of the American Historical Associa- tion, 1897, pp. 101-129. 2. Bogart. E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), pp. 48-50. 3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C, M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States (1916), pp. 22-27. 4. Bond, B. W. — The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies, in The American Histori- cal Reviezv, Vol. XVII, April, 1912, pp. 496- 516. The Quit-Rent System in the American Colonies, in Yale Historical Publications. Miscellany, Vol. VI, 1919. 5. Bruce, P. A. — Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Centuri/. Vol. I, 1895, Chap- ter VIII. 6. Carver, T. N. — Principles of Rural Economics, pp. 64-70. Historical Sketch of American Agriculture, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture. Vol. iV, pp. 41, 42. 7. Coman, Katherine.— Industrial History of the United States (Revised edition of 1910), pp. 32-38. 28 8. Donaldson, T. — Public Domain (Washington, 1884), pp. 465-476. 9. Eggleston, E. — The Land Systems of the New England Colonies, in Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Studies, Fourth Series, 1886, pp. 449- 600. 10. Eggleston, E. — Transit of Civilization (1900), Chapter VI. 11. Ford, Amelia C. — Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System, as it Existed in 1800, in Bulletin of University of Wisconsin, 1908. 12. Gould, C. P. — The Land System in Maryland, 1720-1765, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Series XXXI, No. 1, 1913, pp. 9-106. 13. Osgood, H. L. — The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century. Vol. I, Part II, Chap- ter II. 14. Shepherd, W. R. — The Land System of Provin- cial Pennsylvania, in x\nnual Report of the American Historical Association, 1895, pp. 117-125. 15. Treat, Payson J. — National Land System, 1785- 1820 (1910), pp. 23-26. 16. Weeden, W. B. — Economic and Social History of New England, Vol. I, 1890, pp. 47-68. VI. AGRICULTURE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 1607-1783. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), pp. 36- 48, 65-75. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, 1916, pp. 28-41. 82-96, 106-114. 3. Brewer, W. N. — History of American Agricul- ture, in Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. Ill, Report on Cereal Production, pp. 133-137. 29 4. Bolles, A. S. — Industrial Historij of the United States, 1878. pp. 1-45. 5. Bruce, P. A. — Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, 1895, Vol. I, Chap- ters IV, V. VI, VII. VIII; Vol. II, Chapters X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV and XXI. 6. Callender, G. S.- — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1909, pp. 6-28, 44-51, '69-77. 7. Carter. Landon. — Landon Carter's Crop Book, in William and Mary's Quarterly, Vol. XX, pp. 280-285; Vol. XXI, pp. 11-21. 8. Carver, T. N. — Historical Sketch of American Ar/rictdture, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of Ameri- can Agriculture, Vol. IV (1909), pp. 39-50. 9. Channing. E. — History of the United States, Vol. I (1905), Chapter XIX; Vol. II (1908), Chapter XIII. 10. Coman, K. — Industrial History of the United States (Revised edition of 1910), pp. 41- 46. 48-63. 11. Eggleston, E. — Husbandry in Colony Times, in The Century Magazine, New Series, Vol. V, January, 1884, pp. 431-449. 12. Flint, C. L. — Agriculttire in the United States, 1607-1860, in Eighty Years' Progress (1861), Vol. I, pp. 19-102. Also in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1872, pp. 274-304. 13. Greene, E. B. — Provincial America, in The American Nation, Vol. VI (1905), Chapter XVI. 14. Holmes, G. K. — Progress of Agricultiire in the United States, in United States Department of Agriculture Yearbook, 1899, pp. 308-312. 15. Jacobstein, M. — The Tobacco Industry in the United States, in Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, 1907, pp. 273-293. 16. O'Callaghan, E. B. — Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York, 30 1607-1778. (10 volumes.) See Index Vol- ume under Agriculture, Wheat, Corn, Cattle, etc. 17. Sanford, A. H. — Story of Agriculture in the United States, 1915, Chapters II, III, IV, V, VI, VII. 18. Weedon, W. B. — Economic and Social History of New England, 1890. See Index under Agri- culture. 19. Wright, C. W. — Wool-Growing and the Tariff, in Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, 1910, Chapter I. 20. Anonymous. — American Husbandry. (2 vols., London, 1775.) VII. TRADE AND COMMERCE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 1607-1783. 1. Andrews, C. M. — Colonial Self -Government, in The American Nation, Vol. V (1904), Chap- ter XIX. 2. Ashley, W. J. — Cominercial Legislation of Eng- land, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XIV, pp. 1-29. Also: Surveys: Historic and Economic, 1900, pp. 309-335. 3. Beer, G. L.- — Commercial Policy of England toward the American Colonies, in Columbia University Studies, Vol. Ill, 1893, No. 2. 4. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), Chapters VI, VII. 5. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 69-81, 96-106, and Chapters IV, V. 6. Bruce, P. A. — Economic History of rirginia in the Seventeenth Century, 1895, Vol. II, Chap- ter XIX. 7. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic 31 History of the United States, pp. 6-28, 51- 68, and Chapters III, IV. 8. Channing, E. — History of the United States, Vol. II (1908), Chapter XVII; Vol. Ill (1912), Chapter XIII. 9. Coman, Katharine. — Industrial History of the United States (Revised edition of 1910), pp. 73-88. 10. Cunningham, W. — The Growth of English In- dustry and Commerce. Third edition. Vol. II, 1903, pp. 331-360, 471-483, 583-588. 11. Dav, Clive. — History of Commerce. (New edi- tion, 1914.) Chapters XVIII, XXIII. 12. DuBois, W. E. B. — The Suppression of the African Slave Trade, in Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. I, 1896, Chapters I to V, inclu- sive. 13. Elliott, O. L.—The Tariff Controversy in the United States. Leland Stanford Junior Uni- versity Monographs in History and Economics, No. 1, 1892, Chapter I. 14. Greene, E. B. — Provincial America, in The American Nation, Vol. VI, 1905, Chapter XVII. 15. Hill, ^ViUiam.— Colonial Tariffs, in The Quar- terly Journal of Economics, Vol. VII, pp. 78- 100. IQ. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, Vol. I, Chapters I, II, III, IV, V, VI, X, XI. 17. Osgood, H. L. — American Colonies in the Seven- teenth Century, Vol. Ill, Chapter VII. 18. Schmoller, Gustav. — The Mercantile System. 19. Weeden, W. B. — Economic and Social History of New England, 1890, Vol. II, Chapters XII, XIV, XV, XVI, XIX, XX. .32 Part II. THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT of PIONEER and PLANTER INTO THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 1783-1860. VIII. THE PUBLIC LANDS. 1783-1820. 1. Adams, H. B. — Maryland's Influence Upon Land Cessions to the United States, in Johns Hop- kins University Studies, Third Series, 1885, pp. 7-54. Washington's Interest in Western Lands, Ibid., pp. 55-77. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 237-239. 3. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, pp. 666-672. 1. Colgrove, K. W. — The Attitude of Congress tozoard the Pioneers of the West, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VIII, No. 1 (1910), pp. 3-129. 5. Donaldson, T.—The Public Domain (1884). See Table of Contents. 6. Ford, Amelia C. — Colonial Precedents of Our National Land System as it Existed in 1800. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1908. 7. Hart, A. B. — -The Disposition of Our Public Lands, in The Quarterly Journal of Eco- nomics, Vol. I, January, 1887, pp. 169-183. Printed also in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 254-266. 8. Hibbard, B. U.—The Settlement of the Public Lands in the United States, in International Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, January, 1916, pp. 19-117. (A review of 33 federal land disposal rather than an account of the settlement of the public lands.) 9. Hill, R. T. — The Public Domain and Democracy, in Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII (1910), No. 1, Chapter II. 10. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. Ill, Chapter XVI. 11. Pelzer, Louis. — The Public Domain as a Field for Historical Study, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XII (1914), pp. 568-578. 12. Sato, Shosuke. — History of the Land Question of the United States, in Johns Hopkins Univer- sity Studies, Fourth Series (1886), pp. 5-60; 77-150. 13. Treat, P. J. —The Public Lands and the Public Land Policy, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Government (1914), Vol. Ill, pp. 93-97. (See also bibliography appended to this article.) The National Land System, 1785-1820. Espe- cially chapters I, II, IV, V rnd XIV. For the Land Act of 1785, see pp. 395-400. 14. Welling, J. C. — The States Rights Conflict Over the Public Lands. Papers of American His- torical Association, Vol. Ill, No. 2, 1889, pp. 411-432. 15. American State Papers: Public Lands. (Eight volumes). 1 785-1 o37. Exceedingly valuable. IX. AGRICULTURE DURING THE EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD. 1783-1815. 1. Adams, Henry. — History of the United States, Vol. I (1889), Chapters I, II and VI. 2. Bassett, J. S. — Federalist System, in The Amer- ican Nation, Vol. XI, Chapter XIII. 3. Bidwell, P. W. — Rural Economy in Nexv Eng- land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Cen- tury. Transactions of the Connecticut Acad- em}' of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 20, April, 1916, pp. 319-353. 4. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), Chapter X. 5. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. L. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, 1916, pp. 219-237. 6. Brooks, W. E. — The Agricidtural Papers of George Washington, 1919. 7. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, 1909, pp. 180- 182. 8. Channing, E. — History of the United States, Vol. IV, Chapter I. 9. Coxe, Tench. — Viezv of the United States of America, 1787-1797. See Table of Contents. 10. Dwight, T. — Travels in New England and Nerc York, 1796-1815. 11. Flint, C. L. — Agricidture in the United States, in Eighty Years' Progress (1861), Vol. I, pp. 19-102. Also article on Cotton Culture, pp. 102-124. 12. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry. Publi- cations of the American Economic Association, New Series, Part I, 1897, Chapter I. 13. Haworth, P. L. — George Washington: Farmer (1915). 14. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. I, Chapter I; Vol. II, Chapter XII. 15. Purcell, R. J. — Connecticut in Transition, 1775- 1818 (1918), Chapter IV. 16. Sanford, A. H. — The Story of Agriculture in the United States, Chapters VII, VIII, IX, X, XI. 17. Schouler, J. — History of the United States, Vol. I, pp. 240-246. 18. Tayior, R. G. — The Importance of the Agricul- tural Revolution, in The History Teacher's 35 Magazine, Vol. VIII, No. 10, December, 1917, pp. 342-314. 19. Wilstach, P.— George Washington as a Planter and Country-Gentleman. Country Life in America, Vcl, XXX, June, 1916, pp. 31-33. 20. Washington, George. — Letters from His Excel- lency, George Washington, to Arthur Young, Esq., F.R.S., and Sir John Sinclair, Bart, M.P., containing an account of his opinion on various questions in Agriculture, many par- ticulars of the rural economy of the United States. Published by Cotton and Stewart, Alexandria, Va., 1803. 21. Wright, C. W. — Wool-Growing and the Tariff. Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, 1910, Chapter II. 22. Anonymous. — American Husbandry. (London, 1775.) 23. For a partial list of references on agriculture published in the United States before 1815, see: Bidwell, P. W. — Rural Economy in New Eng- land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Cen- tury, in Transactions of the Connecticut Acad- emy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, April, 1916, pp. 392, 393. X. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL TRADE. 1783-1815. 1. Bidwell, P. W.— Rural Economy in New Eng- land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Cen- tury, in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, April, 1916, pp. 251-293, 306-318. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, 1916, pp. 210-251. 3. Coxe, Tench.- — J'iezc of the United States of 36 America, 1787-179^. (Philadelphia, printed in London, 1794.) See Table of Contents. 4. Gallatin, Albert. — Report on Roads and Canals. American State Papers, Miscellaneous, Vol. I, p. 724. 5. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry, in Pub- lications of the American Economic Associa- tion, New Series, Part I, 1897, Chapter VIII. 6. Hulbert, A. B. — Historic Highways of America. (In sixteen volumes. See Index volume.) 7. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States. Vol. I, pp. 202-212. 8. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States. Vol. Ill, Chapter XXII. 9. Meyer, B. H. — History of Transportation in the United States before 1860. Chapters I, II, III. 10. Ogg, F. A. — The Opening of the Mississippi. 11. Pelzer, Louis. — Economic Factors in the Acquisi- tion of Louisiana. Proceedings of the Missis- sippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. VI (1912-1913), pp. 109-128. XI. FOREIGN COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. 1783-1815. 1. Adams, Henry. — History of the United States. See Index to Volume IX. 2. Babcock, K. C. — Rise of American Nationality. The American Nation, Vol. XIII, Chapter III. 3. Bidwell, K. C. — Rural Economy in Neio England at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, April, 1916, pp. 294-305. 4. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States. (Revised edition of 1912.) Chapters VIII, IX. 37 5. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States^ Chapter VI. 6. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, pp. 239-260. 7. Channing, Edward. — History of the United States, Vol. IV, Chapters II, V, XIV, XIX, XX. 8. Channing, Edward. — The Jeffersonian System, in The American Nation, Vol. XII, Chapters XIII, XV, XVI. 9. Day, Clive. — History of Commerce, Chapters 45, 46, 47. 10. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eiqn Commerce of the United States, Vol. II. Chapters XXII, XXIII. 11. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States. Vol. l\ Chapter III; Vol. II. Chapter VIII; Vol. Ill, Chapters XVIII. XIX. 12. Pitkins, Timothy. — Statistical View of the Com- merce of the United States. Its Connections with Agriculture and Manufactures. (New York, 1817, Second Edition.) XII. THE SETTLEMENT OF THE NEW WEST. 1815-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States. (Revised Edition of 1912.) Chap- ter XIV. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States. Chapter XI. 3. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States. Chapter XII. 4. Clark, D. E. — The Westward Movement in the Upper Mississippi J alley Duritrg the Fifties. Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Histori- 38 cal Association, Vol. VII (1913-1914), pp. 212-219. 5. Coman, K. — Economic Beginnings of the Far West, 1912. Especially Vol. II on American Settlers. 6. Dodd, W. E.—Tke Fight for the Northwest, 1860, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XVI, July, 1911, pp. 774-788. 7. Faust, A. B. — The German Element in the United States, Vol. I, Chapters XII, XIII, XIV, XV. 8. Flom, G. F. — The Coming of the Norwegians to Iowa, in The Iowa Journal of History and Politics^ Vol. Ill, pp. 347-383. The Early Swedish Immigration to Iowa. Ibid, Vol. Ill, pp. 583-615. The Danish Contingent in the Population of Early Iowa. Ibid, Vol. IV, pp. 220-224. The Growth of the Scandinavian Factor in the Population of lozca. Ibid, pp. 267-285. 9. Garrison, G. P. — Westward Extension, in The American Nation, Vol. XVII, Chapters I, II. 10. Commons, J. R. — Documentary History of the American Industrial Society, Vol. II. See Table of Contents, under iSIigration, Frontier Settlement, Frontier Society. 11. Harriott, F. — Whence Came the Pioneers to Iowa, in Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VII, pp. -367-379, 446-465. 12. Hibbard, B. H. — History of Agriculture in Dane County, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Chapter III. 13. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. IV, Chapter 33; Vol. VII, Chapter 75; Vol. VIII, Chapter 95. 14. Pooley, W. Y .—The Settlement of Illinois, 1830-1850. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1908, especially chapters III, IV, XI, XV. 39 15. Rowland, Dunbar. — The Mississippi Valley in American History, in Proceedings of the Mis- sissippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. IX, Part I (1915-1916), pp. 59-74. 16. Semple, E. C. — American History and Its Geo- graphic Conditions, Chapter IX. 17. Shambaugh, B. F. — The History of the West and the Pioneers, in the Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1910, pp. 133-145. 18. Turner, F. J. — The Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, pp. 199-227. Reprinted in Bullock, Selected Readings in Economics, pp. 23-59. The Frontier in American Development, in McLaughlin and Harts Cyclopedia of Ameri- can Government, Vol. II, pp. 61-64. The Problem of the West, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 78, pp. 289-297. The Significance of the Mississippi Valley in American History. Proceedings of the Mis- sissippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. Ill, 1909-1910, pp. 159-184. The Colonization of the West, 1820-1830, in The American Historical Revierc, Vol. XI, No. 2, January, 1906, pp. 303-327. The Rise of the New West. (The American Na- tion, Vol. XIV), Chapters V, VI, VIII. 19. Van der Zee, J. — The Opening of the Des Moines J' alley to Settlement, in the loxca Journal of History and Politics, Vol XIV, pp. 479-558.' The Hollanders of Iowa. The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1912. The Coming of the Hollanders to Iowa, in The loxca Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, pp. 528-574. 20. Statistical Atlas of the United States (1914), pp. 13-19 for distribution of population by decen- 40 nial periods from 1790-1860. See also plates Nos. 1 to 10. 21. Thirteenth Census of the United States: Ab- stract of the Census, pp. 24-, 25 (1913). This gives the population and rank of all the vari- ous states from 1790-1910. XIII. THE PUBLIC LANDS. 1820-1862. 1. Ballagh, J. C. — Introduction to Southern Eco- nomic History : The Land System, in Annual Report of the American Historical Associa- tion, 1897, pp. 101-129. Southern Economic History: Tariff and Public Lands, in Annual Report of the American His- torical Association, 1898, pp. 223-263. 2. Bogart, E. L.^ — Economic History of the United States. Revised Edition of 1912, pp. 263-266. 3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 446-464. 4. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, pp. 673-692. 5. Commons, J. R. — Horace Greeley and the Work- ing Class Origins of the Republican Party. Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, pp. 468- 488. Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Vol. VII, pp. 29-36, 285-364; Vol. VIII, pp. 21-78. 6. Colgrove, K. W. — The Attitude of Congress toward the Pioneers of the West, 1820-1850, in the Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. IX, 1911, pp. 196-302. 7. Donaldson, Thomas. — The Public Domain (Washington, 1884). See Table of Contents. 41 8. Du Bois, J. F., and Mathews, G. S. — Galusha A. Grow: The Father of the Homestead Law, 1917. A superficial study. 9. Esarv, Logan. — A History of Indiana (1918), Vol. I, Chapter XV. 10. Ford, W. C. — Public Lands of the United States, in Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Science, Po- litical Economy, and of the Political History of the United States, 1884., Vol. Ill, pp. 460- 479. 11. Haney, L. H. — A Congressional History of Rail- zvays in the United States to 1850. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1908. Chap- ters XIV, XV, XVI, XVII. XVIII, XIX. A Congressional History of Rail-ways in the United States, 1850-1887. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin. 1910. Chapters II, III, VI. * 12. Hibbard, B. H. — History of Agriculture in Dane County, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Chapter III. 13. Hill, R. T. — The Public Domain and Democracy, Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1, 1910, Chapter II. 14. Macy, Jesse. — Institutional Beginnings in a Western State (Iowa), in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. II, 1884, pp. 347- 380. 15. Middleton, T. J. — Andrexa Johnson and the Homestead Law, in The Sewanee Review, Vol. XV, July, 1907, pp. 316-320. 16. Sanborn, J. B. — Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways. Bulletin of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, 1899. Introduction and Chapters I, II, III, IV. Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation, American Historical Review, Vol. VI, pp. 19-37. 42 17. Sato, Shosuke. — History of the Land Question in the United States. Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1886, pp. 1 18-181. 18. Sioussat, St. G. L. — Andrew Johnson and the Early Phases of the Homestead Bill, in The Mississippi Valley Historical Revieiv, Vol. V, No. 3, December, 1918, pp. 253-287. 19. Shambaugh, B. F. — History of the Constitutions of loxca, pp. 30-65. Frontier Land Clubs or Claim Associations. An- nual Report of the American Association_, 1900, Vol. I, pp. 69-84'. Also: Constitution and Records of Claim Association of Johnson County, lozca. 20. Stephenson, George M. — Political History of the Public Lands, 1840-1863 (1917). 21. Van der Zee, Jacob. — The Oldest Land Titles in lozca, in The lotca Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XIII, pp. 416-428. 22. Welling, J. C. — The Land Politics of the United States, 1888. 23. Wellington, R. G. — The Political and Sectional Influence of the Public Lands, 1828-1842. The Tariff and the Public Lands from 1828 to 1833, in Annual Report of the American His- torical Association, 1911, Vol. I, pp. 179-185. 21. Extended bibliographies on the public lands are given in Wellington, R. G. — The Political and Sectional Influences of the Public Lands, 1828-1842 (1914), pp. 119-125, and Stephen- son, G. W. — The Political History of the Public Lands from 1840-1862 (1917), pp. 251-277. 43 XIV. AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTHERN STATES: PIONEER FARMING. 1815-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Econoviic History of the United States. (Revised Edition of 1912), pp. 266- 274. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 464-484.. 3. Caird, James. — Prairie Farming in America, 1859. Special attention given to prairie farming in Illinois, with brief surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. 4. Esary, Logan.— .J History of Indiana, 1918, Vol. II, Chapter XXVIII. 5. Flint, C. L. — Agriculture in the United States, 1607-1860. Eighty Years' Progress, Vol. I, pp. 19-102. 6. Fuller, G. N. — Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan (1916). See Index under Agri- culture. 7. Gue, B. F. — History of lozca. Vol. I, Chapter XXX. 8. Hibbard, B. H. — History of Agriculture in Dane County, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Bulletin, 1904, Part I, Chapters IV, V, VI. 9. Pooley, W. V.— Settlement of niinois, 1830- 1850. Bulletin of University of Wisconsin, 1905, Chapter XIV. 10. Robinson, E. V. — Economic History of Agrictd- ture in Minnesota. Studies in Social Science, No. 3, 1915, Chapter III. 11. Sanford, A. H. — The Story of Agricidture in the United States, Chapters XII, XIII, XIV, XV. 12. Thompson, J. G. — Rise and Decline of the Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1909, Part I, 44 Chapter II; Part II, pp. 112-116, 121-130, 159. 13. Turner, F. J. — Rise of the Xeto West, in The American Nation, Vol. XIV, Chapters II, III, VI. 14. Wright, C. W. — Wool-Growing and the Tariff. Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, Chapters III, IV, V. 15. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol- ume on Agriculture published in 1864. Intro- duction pp. viii-cxxix. Exceedingly valuable for the following: Agricultural Implements, pp. viii-x; Cereals (wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar- ley, and buckwheat), pp. xi-lxxiv ; ]Minor CrojJS (peas and beans, Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes), pp. Ixxiv-lxxxii; Dairy products, pp. Ixxxii-lxxxvi ; Wool, pp. Ixxxvi-lxxxix ; Flax, pp. Ixxxix-xciii ; Cotton, pp. xciii, xciv ; Rice, pp. xciv, xcv ; Hops, pp. xcv, xcvi ; Tobacco, pp. xcvi-xcviii ; Cane sugar, Maple sugar. Sorghum jSIolasses, and Honey, pp. xcix-ci ; Beet sugar, pp. ci-cviii ; Live stock (horses and mules, cattle, sheep, and swine), pp. cix-cxxix. Study especially the distribu- tion of products according to geographic sec- tions, and note the growing differentiation be- tween northern agriculture under a system of small farms and free labor and southern agri- culture under a system of large plantations and slave labor. 16. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1839 to 1862. The Agricultural reports of the government were printed as a part of the reports of the Commissioner of Patents during this period. 17. Annual Reports of the State Departments of Agricnlture to 1860. For Iowa, see the Re- ports of the lo-wa Agricultural Society, from 1854 to I860. 45 18. State Census Reports to 1860. For Iowa, see J. A. T. Hull's Historical and Comparative Census of Iowa, 1836 to 1880. 19. An English Settler in Pioneer Wisconsin: The Letters of Edwin Bottomley, 184-2-1850. Edited by Milo M. Quaife, in Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Collections, Vol. XXV, 1918. 20. The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. An Agri- cultural Journal published in Philadelphia from 1818 to 1857 (nine volumes). Continued under the name of the Farmers' Magazine, from July, 1857. Valuable for a study of northern and southern agriculture in the fifties. XV. AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES: ECONOMICS OF SLAVERY. 1815-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised Edition of 1812), Chapter XXI. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 4.76-484, and Chapter XVII. 3. Cairnes, J. E.—The Slave Poiver (1862), Chap- ters II, III, IV, V. 4. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, Chapter XV. 5. Commons, J. R. — Documentary History of the American Industrial Society. Volumes I and II on Plantation and Frontier. See Table of Contents to each volume. See especially In- troductory Chapter by U. B. Phillips (editor of these Wo volumes). Vol. I, pp. 69-104. 6. De Bow, J. E. B. — The Industrial Resources of the Soiithern and Western States. (3 volumes, 1852.) See Table of Contents under appro- priate headings. Vol. Ill contains also a 46 good index. See especially Vol. II, pp. 205- 263 on Negro Slavery. 7. Flint, C. L. — Agrinilture in the United States, in Eighty Years' Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 19-102. See Table of Contents, under appro- priate headings. 8. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry. Pub- lications of the American Economic Associa- tion, New Series, No. 1, 1897, Chapters II. III. Printed also in Carver: Selected Read- ings in Rural Economics, pp. 267-301. 9. Hart, A. B. — Slavery and Abolition, in The American Nation, Vol. XVI, Chapters IV, V, VI, VII. 10. Helper, H. R. — The Impending Crisis (1860), pp. 11-122, 281-413. 11. Ingle, Edward. — Southern Sidelights. A Pic- ture of Social and Economic Life in the South a Generation before the Civil War, 1896. 12. Jacobstein, M. — The Tobacco Industry in the United States, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. 3, 1907, Part I, Chapter II. 13. ]\IcCay, C. F. — Cotton Culture, in Eighty Years' Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 103-124.. " 14. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. VII, Chapter 76. 15. Olmsted, F. L. — Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom. (Two volumes, London, 1861.) A traveler's observations on cotton and slavery in the American Slave States. These two volumes are based on earlier vol- umes on journeys and investigations in the Southern States, by the same author. 16. Page, T. ^ .—The Old South (1892). 17. Phillips, U. B. — The Economic Cost of Slave Holding in the Cotton Belt, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XX, pp. 257-275. 47 The Southern Black Belt, in The Americaw His- torical Revieic, Vol. XI, pp. 257 and follow- ing, pp. 798 and following. The Economics of the Plantation, in The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. II, jop. 231 and fol- lowing. The Plantation as a Civilizing Factor, in The Sexcanee Reviexo, Vol. XII, pp. 257 and fol- lowing. 18. Rhodes, J. F. — History of the United States, lSoO-1877, Vol. I, Chapter IV. 19. Smedes, Susan D. — A Southern Planter. A re- view of social life in the Old South (1887). 20. Stone, A. H. — Some Problems in Southern Eco- nomic History, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XIII, No. 4, July, 1908, pp. 779-797. Exceedingly valuable study of slavery as an economic institution. 21. Von Hoist, H. — Constitutional History of the United States, Vol. Ill, Chapter XVII. 22. The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. An Agri- cultural Journal published in Philadelphia from 18-18 to 1857 (nine volumes). Continued under the name of the Farmers' Magazine, from July, 1857. Valuable for a study of northern and southern agriculture in the fifties. 23. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol- ume on Agriculture published in 1864. Intro- duction, pp. viii-cxxix. Exceedingly valuable for the following: Agricultural Implements, pp. viii-x ; Cereals (wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar- ley and buckwheat), pp. xi-lxxiv ; minor crops (peas and beans, Irish potatoes, sweet pota- toes), pp. Ixxiv-lxxxii ; Dairy products, pp. Ixxxii-lxxxvi ; Wool, pp. Ixxxvi-lxxxix ; Flax, pp. Ixxxix-xciii ; Cotton, pp. xciii, xciv ; Rice, pp. xciv, xcv ; Hops, xcv, xcvi ; Tobacco, pp. xcvi-xcviii; Cane sugar. Maple sugar, Sorg- hum molasses and Honey, pp. xcix-ci; Beet sugar, pp. ci-cviii ; Live stock (horses, and 48 mules, cattle, sheep and swine), pp. cix-exxix. Study especially the distribution of products according to geographic sections, and note the growing differentiation between northern agri- culture under a system of small farms and free labor and southern agriculture under a sys- tem of large plantations and slave labor. 24. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 1830 to 1862. The Agricultural reports of the government were printed as a part of the reports of the Commissioner of Patents during this period. 25. Annual Reports of the State Departments of Agriculture to 1860. 26. State Census Reports to 1860. XVI. INTERNAL TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION. 1815-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States. (Revised Edition of 1912.) Chap- ter XV and pp. 228-235. See map opposite page 232, showing railroads, canals, stage lines, and Cumberland road in 1850. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, Chapter XII. 3. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, Chapter VIII. 4'. Cleveland, F. A., and Powell, F. W. — Railroad Promotion and Capitalization in the United States, Chapters I to XV, inclusive. 5. Cotterill, R. S. — Southern Railroads and West- ern Trade, 181,0-1850, in The Mississippi Val- ley Historical Reviexv, Vol. Ill, No. 4, March, 1917, pp. 127-441. 6. Day, Clive. — History of Commerce. New Edi- tion of 1914, Chapter 48. 49 7. Esar}^, Logan. — A History of Indiana, 1910, Vol. I, Chapters XI, XVI; Vol. II, Chapter XXV. 8. Gephart, W. F. — Transportation and Industrial Development in the Middle West. The Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, 1909. Chapters I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII. 9. Haney, L. H. — Congressional History of Rail- xcays in the United States to 1850. Bulletin of University of Wisconsin, 1908. 10. Hibbard, B. H. — History of Agricidture in Dane County, Wisconsin, in Bulletin of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin (1904), Part I, Chapter VI, Section II, pp. 134-142. 11. Hulbert, A. C— Historic Hiqhxcays, Vols. XIII, XIV. 12. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States. Vol. I, pp. 212-223 and Chapter XIV. 13. MacDonald, W. — Jachsonian Democracy, in The American Nation, Vol. XV, Chapter VIII. 14. Mc:Master, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. IV, Cliapter 33; Vol. V, Chapter 44. (See maps opposite page 148, showing roads, canals, and steamboat routes in the United States in 1825; Vol. VII, Chap- ter 74.) 15. Meyer, B. H. — History of Transportation in the United States before 1860. (Washington, 1917.) Chapters IV to XVII, inclusive. 16. Philli^^s, U. B. — History of Transportation in the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860. 17. Smith, T. C. — Parties and Slavery, in The Amer- ican Nation, Vol. XVIII, Chapter V. 18. Rii^ley, W. Z. — Railroads : Rates and Regula- tion, Chapter I. 19. Robinson, E. V. — Economic History of Agricid- ture in Minnesota. Studies in the Social Sciences, No. 3, 1915, Chapter II. 50 20. Turner, F. J.— Rise of the Nezo West, in The American Nation, Vol. XIV, Chapters VII and XIII. 21. Way, R. B. — The Mississippi Valley and Inter- nal Improvements, 1825-18JfO. Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley Historical Associa- tion, Vol. IV, 1910-1911, pp. 153-180. 22. United States Census of 1860. Volume on Agri- culture, Introduction, pp. cxxix-cxxxiv, cxliv- clxix. 23. Van der Zee, J. — Roads and Highways of Terri- torial Iowa, in The lorca Journal of History and Politics, Vol. Ill (1905), pp. 175-225. 24. Niles Register (75 volumes, 1812-1849). See Table of Contents to each volume. XVII. AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO CURRENCY AND BANKING. 1816-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States. (Revised Edition of 1912.) Chap- ter XVII. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. ]M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, Chapter XV. 3. Babcock, K. — Rise of American Nationality, in The American Nation, Vol. XIII, Chapter XIII. 4. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, Chapter 11. 5. Catterall, R. C. — Second Bank of the United States (1902), pp. 33-35, 61-57, 61-67, 83- 84, 89-91, 95-99, 101, 114-117, 130-131, 137- 163, 167-169, 175, 183-185, 194, 235, 239- 240, 289, 296, 316-317, 329-331, 347-348, 363-364. 6. Dewey, D. R. — Financial History of the United States (Fourth Edition, Revised 1912), pp. 51 143-161, 165-171, 197-237, 239-247, 252-262, 267-270. 7. Esary, Logan. — A History of Indiana, 1918. Vol. I, Chapter XVII. 8. Garrison, G. P. — Westivard Extension, in The American Nation, Vol. XVII, Chapter XII. 9. Hart, A. B. — Slavery arid Abolition, in The American Nation, Vol. XVI, Chapter XX. 10. Holdsworth, J. T., and Dewey, D. R.—The First and Second Banks of the United States. Re- port of National Monetary Commission, 1910. 11. MacDonald, Wra.^ — Jaclxsonian Democracy, in The American Nation, Vol. XV, Chapters VII, XIII and pp. 285-291. 12. McMaster. J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. Ill", pp. 379-390; IV, 235- 239, 286-318, 484-510; V. 161-165. 413; VI. 1-10, 131-141, 146, 183-219, 308-310, 321- 324, 337-340, 356-358, 378, 389-419, 530- 547, 624-630; VII, 1-33, 42-49; VIII, 283- 302. 13. Smith, T. C. — Parties and Slavery, in The Amer- ican Nation, Vol. XVIII, Chapter XIII. 14. Turner, F. J. — 7??*^ of the New West, in The American Nation, Vol. XIV, Chapter IX. 15. Niles Register (75 vohmies, 1812-1849). See Tahle of Contents to each volume. XVIII. FOREIGN COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. 1815-1860. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States. (Revised Edition of 1912.) Pp. 222-228. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. ]M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, Chapter XIII. 3. Day, Clive. — History of Commerce, Chapters 49, 50. 52 1. De Bow, J. D. B. — Industrial Resources of the Southern and Western States. (3 volumes, 1852, 1853.) See Table of Contents to each volume under appropriate headings. Also Index to Volume III. Review (40 volumes, 18i6-1870). 5. Depew, C. M. — One Hundred Years of Ameri- can Commerce, 2 volumes, 1895. 6. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry, in Pub- lications of the American Economic Associa- tion, New Series, No. 1, 1897, Chapters IX and X. 7. Johnson, Emory. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States (1915), Vol. II, Chapter XXIV. See also pp. 356- 859, 363-369, and 376-381 for Bibliography on the foreign commerce of the United States from 1789 to 1914. 8. Meeker, Royal. — History of Shipping Subsidies, in Publications of the American Economic As- sociation, Third Series, Vol. VI (1905), No. 3, pp. 150-157. 9. Pitkin, Timothy. — A Statistical Viezv of the Commerce of the United States of America. (Second Edition, 1835.) 10. Shaler, N. S.—The United States of America, Vol. I, pp. 536-558. 11. Sterns, W. P. — The Foreign Trade of the United States, 1820-J840, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. VIII, 1900, pp. 34-57, 452- 490. 12. Turner. F. J. — The Rise of the Nezv West, in The American Nation, Vol. XIV, pp. 294-298. 13. Webster, W. C. — A General History of Com- merce, 1903, pp. 355-387. 14. Eighth Census of the United States. Volume on Agriculture, Introduction, pp. cxxxvi-cliv. 15. Hunt's Merchants' Magazine. 16. Niles Register. (75 volumes, 1811-1849.) See Table of Contents to each volume. 53 17. Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. (Annual since 1820.) Prepared from 1820 to 1866 in office of the Register of Treasury. XIX. AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO THE TARIFF. 1816-1860. 1. Babcock, K. — Rise of American Nationality, in The American Nation, Vol. XIII, Chapter XIV. 2. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised Edition of 1912), pp. 172- 173, 185-187. 3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, Chapter X. 4. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, pp. 487-490, 498-503, 552-563. 5. Dewey, D. R. — Financial History of the United States (Fourth Edition, Revised 1912), pp. 161-165, 172-196, 237-239, 248-252, 262-267. 6. Garrison, G. P. — Westtvard Extension, in The American Nation, Vol. XVII, Chaioter XII. 7. MclNIaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. IV, pp. 319-340; V, Chap- ter 46; VI, pp. 134-138, 167-169; VII, 58-66. 8. ]\IacDonald, Wm. — Jacksonian Democracy, in The American Nation, Vol. XV, Chapters V and IX. 9. Rhodes, J. F. — History of the United States, Vol. Ill, pp. 27-60.' 10. Stanwood, E. — American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century, Vol. I, pp. 136-157, 166-290, 349-410; II,' 14-37, 38-82. 11. Taussig, F. AV. — Tariff History of the United States, Part I, Chapters I, 11 and III. State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff (1893), pp. 252-385. 54 12. Turner, F. J. — Rise of the New West, in The American Nation, Vol. XIV, pp. 143-14-7, 236- 244., 314-332. 13. Wright, C. W. — Wool Growing and the Tariff. Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V. See In- dex under Tariff. 14. Annals of Congress. — 16th Congress, 1st Ses- sion, Vol. II, pp. 2034-2041 (Clay's Speech, April 26, 1820). 18th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. II, pp. 1964-1980, 1997-1998 (Clay's Speech, March 30, 31, 1824), Also p. 2370 (Randolph), and pp. 2403-2412; 2423-2424 (McDuffie). 15. Congressional Debates. Vol. IV, Part 2, pp. 2098, 2105-2109. Buchanan's speech, April 2, 1828, on relation of tariff to molasses and western grain interests. 16. Niles Register. (75 volumes, 1811-1849.) See Table of Contents to volumes dealing with the principal tariff bills of the period. Especially Volumes XXV, XXVI, on the Tariff of 1824. 17. Tariff Acts from 1789 to 1909. Sixty-first Con- gress, Second Session, Document No. 671. (1909.) See Table of Contents for Tariff Acts of this i^eriod. XX. PIONEER LIFE AND IDEALS. 1830-1860. 1. Aurner, C. R. — lozva Stories, Book I, 1917; Book II, 1918. 2. Baird, E. T. — Reminiscences of Life in Terri- torial Wisconsin, in Wisconsin Historical Col- lections, Vol. XV, pp. 205-26*^. 3. Brigham, Johnson. — Frontier Life in Iowa in the Forties, in Magazine of History, Vol. XVIII, pp. 23-28. 55 4. Brunson, Alfred. — A Methodist Circuit Rider's Horseback Tour from Pennsylvania to Wiscon- sin, 18S5, in Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 261-291. 5. Brunson, Mrs. C. C. — Sketch of Pioneer Life Among the Indians, in Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 161- 163. 6. Buck, S. J. — Some Materials for the Social His- tory of the Mississippi J alley in the Niiie- teenth Century, in Proceedings of the Missis- sippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. IV (1910-1911), pp. 139-151. 7. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic History of the United States, pp. 617-665. 8. Carr, C. b.—The Illini: A Story of the Prairies, 1904. 9. Cole, F. E. — Pioneer Life in Kansas, in Kansas Historical Society Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 353-358. 10. Coman, Katherine. — Economic Beginnings of the Far West, Vol. II, Chapter II. 11. Coe, E. D. — Rock River Pioneering (Wisconsin), in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1907, pp. 189 and following. 12. Commons, J. R. — Documentary History of the American Industrial Society, Vol. VII, Intro- duction. 13. Coolbaugh, F. C. — Reminiscences of the Early Days of Minnesota, 1851-1861, in Minnesota Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 479-196. 14. Douglass, F. O. — The Pilqrims of lotva (1911), Chapters I to VII. 15. Duffield, G. C. — An lorva Settler's Homestead, in The Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VI (1903-1905), pp. 206-215. Frontier Church Going, 1837. Ibid, pp. 266- 275. Youthtime in Frontier lozca. Ibid, Vol. VII (1905-1907). 347-360. 50 16. Dunbar, S. — History of Travel in America. 4 volumes. 17. Esary, Logan. — A History of Indiana^ 1918. Vol. I, Chapter XVIII; Vol. II, Chapters XXII, XXIV. Pioneers of Morgan County, in Indiana Histori- cal Society Publications, Vol. V, No. 5. 18. Flagg, Gershom. — Pioneer Letters, in Illinois State Historical Society Transactions (1910), pp. 139-183. 19. Fuller, J. N. — Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan, 1916, pp. 482-488. See also Bibliography on Pioneer Life, pp. 572, 573. 20. Garland, Hamlin. — Son of the Middle Border, 1917. 21. Gue. B. F. — History of Iowa, 1903. Vol. I, Chapter XXX. 22. Hart, A. B. — American History as Told by Con- temporaries. Vol. Ill, pp. 463-467, 520-523. 23. Ingham, W. H.— Hardships of Pioneers in Northzvestern Iowa, in The Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. V (1901-1903), pp. 135- 142. 24. Johnson, C. B. — Every Day Life iti Illinois Near the Middle of the Nineteenth Century, in Illi- nois State Historical Society Transactions, ,1912, pp. 44-53. 25. Lacher, J. H. A. — Taverns and Stages of Early Wisconsin, in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings, 1914, pp. 118-167. 26. Laut, A. C. — Pioneer Women of the West, in Outing, Vol. 51, pp. 686-698; Vol. 52, pp. 271-286, 413-423. 27. McCormack, T. J. (Editor). — Memoirs of Gus- tav Koerner. 28. McMaster, J. B. — History of the People of the United States, Vol. Vl'l, Chapter 75. 29. Mathews, L. K. — Expansion of New England, Chapters VII, VIII, IX. 57 30. Norton, J. M. — Early Schools and Pioneer Life, in Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collec- tions, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 107-110. 31. Palmer, S. M. — Western Wisconsin in 1836, in Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 297-307. 32. Poolcy, W. V. — The Settlement of Illinois from 1S30 to 1850, Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin (1908), Chapters I, XIV. 33. Rodolf, Theodore. — Pioneering in the Wisconsin Lead Region, 183Ji,-18Jf.8, in Wisconsin His- torical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 338-389. 31. Schoiiler, James. — History of the United States, Vol. Ill, pp. 507-531; IV, pp. 1-31. 35. .Shaw, A. H.-^Story of a Pioneer, 1905. Chap- ter II. 36. Sparks, E. E. — Expansion of the American Peo- ple, pp. 238-248. 37. Thompson, O. C. — Observations and Experiences in Michigan Forty Years Ago, in Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 395-402. 38. Thwaites, R. G. — Wisconsin in Three Centuries, 1906. Vol. II, Chapter XI. 39. Todd, John. — Early Settlement and Grorvth of JV ester Ji lozca, 1906. 40. Turner, F. J. — Significance of the Frontier in American History, in Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1893, pp. 199-227. Reprinted in Bullock's Selected Readings in Economics, pp. 23-59. The Colonization of the West, 1820-1830, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XI (1906), pp. 303-327. Dominant Forces in Western Life, in The Atlan- tic Monthly, Vol. 79, pp. 433-436. 41. Vogel, W. F. — Home Life in Early Indiana, in Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. X, pp. 1- 29, 284-320'. 58 42. Walker, T. B. — Memories of the Early Life and Development of Minnesota, in Minnesota His- torical Society Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 455- 478. 43. Whitney, A. B. — Some Western Border Condi- tions in the 50's and 60's, in Kansas Historical Society Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 1-10. 44. Wilkinson, W. S. — A Pioneer Settlement in Madi- son County, in The Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VI (1903-1905), pp. 447-454. 45. An English Settler in Pioneer Wisconsin: The Letters of Edwin Bottomley, 1842-1852. Edited by M. M. Quaife. Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin Col- lections, Vol. XXV, 1918. 59 Part III. THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION AND THE OPENING OF THE FAR WEST. 1860-1900. XXI. GENERAL FEATURES OF THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION. 1860-1900. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), Chapters XXII, XXIII. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readincjs in the Economic History of the United States, 1916, pp. 613-629. 3. Brewer, W. N. — History of American Agricul- ture, in Tenth Census of the United States, Vol. Ill, Report on Cereal Production, p. 141. 4. Carver, T. N. — Historical Sketch of American Agriculture, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of Ameri- can Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 64-70. Rural Economics, 1911, pp. 92-116. 5. Coman, Katherine. — Industrial History of the United States (Revised edition of 1910), Chapter IX. 6. Dewey, D. R. — National Problems in The Amer- ican Nation, Vol. XXIV, 1907, Chapter I. 7. Fowler, F. H. — Abandoned Farms, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 102-106. 8. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, Vol. I, Chapter XV. 9. Kinley, David. — The Center of Agricultural Pro- duction, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol.IV, 1909, pp. 119-125, 61 10. Ross, J. B. — The Agrarian Revolution in the Middle West, in The North American Reviezv, Vol. 190, 1909, pp. 376-391. Agrarian Changes in the Middle West, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXV, 1910, pp. 625-637. 11. Sanford, A. H. — The Story of Agriculture in the United States, 1915, Chapters XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII. 12. Sparks, E. E. — National Development in The American Nation^ Vol. XXIII, 1907, Chap- ter II. 13. Thornton, W. B. — Revolution by Farm Ma- chinery, in The World's Work, Vol. Vl, pp. 3766-3779. 14. Quaintance, H. W. — The Influence of Farm Ma- chinery on Production and Labor, in Publica- tions of the American Economic Association, Third Series, Vol. V, No. 4, November, 1904, pp. 1-103. Reprinted with omissions in Car- ver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 32-100. The Influence of Machinery on the Economic and Social Conditions of the Agricultural Peo- ple, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agri- culture, Vol. IV, *1909, pp. 108-113. 15. Wright. C. D. — Industrial Evolution of the United States, 1897, Chapter XII. 16. Wright, C. \Y .—Wool-Grotcing and the Tariff, in Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V (1910), Chapters VI, VII, VIII, IX. 17. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). Vol. I, pp. 414-421. On agriculture in the United States. Good survey of agriculture for the period following the Civil War. 18. Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia, 1861-1902. Ap- pears under the title of American Annual Cyclopedia for 1861 to 1875. 19. Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, Chapters V, VI, VII, VIII, IX. 62 20. Eighth Cens2is of the United States. Volume on Agriculture, Introduction. 21. Tenth Census of the United States, Volume III. See special reports on " The Cereals," " Flour Milling," " Meat Production," and " Tobacco." 22. Tzvelfth Census of the United States, Volumes V, VI. See especially Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxvii for a review of "Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850-1900." 23. United States Department of Agriculture. An- nual Reports from 1862 to 1900 and Year- books from 1891 to 1900. See especially An- nual Report of the Statistician printed in the Annual Report of the Department. See also Table of Contents under appropriate headings in both the Annual Reports and Yearbooks. The Yearbook for 1899 contains a number of papers presenting a resume of the development of agriculture in the United States in the Nineteenth Century and its conditions at the close of the century. 24. State Departments of Agriculture. Annual Re- ports from 1860 (or from beginning of publi- cation if later than 1860) to 1900. 25. Agricultural Periodicals. See periodicals listed in Buck's The Granger Movement, in Harvard Historical Series, Vol. XIX, 1913, pp. 321- 329. XXII. THE PUBLIC LANDS. 1862-1900. 1, Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 610-643. 2. Best, E. Y.—The Utilization of the Vacant Pub- lic Lands, in The National Geographic Maga- zine, Vol. VIII, 1897, pp. 49-57. 63 3. Commons, J. R. — Documentary History of the American Industrial Society, Vol. IX, pp. 46- 51. 4. Donaldson, T. — The Public Domain (Washing- ton, 1884). See Table of Contents. 5. Haney, L. H. — A Congressional History of Rail- icai/s in the United States, 1850-1SS7. Bulle- tin of the University of Wisconsin, 1910. Book I, Chapters II, II L 6. Hill, R. T. — The Public Domain and Democ- racy, in Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII, 1910, Chapters VII, VIII. See also General Bibliography, pp. 241-249. 7. Ise, John. — A Chapter in the Early History of the United States Forest Policy, in The Ames Forester. Published by the Iowa State Col- lege, Vol. Ill, 1915, pp. 33-66. 8. McLaughlin, A. C, and Hart, A. B. — Cyclopedia of American Government, Vol. III. pp. 95-97. 9. Puter, S. A. D. — Looters of the Public Domain (1908). See Table of Contents, pp. 492-495. 10. Sanborn, J. B. — Congressional Grants of Land in Aid of Railways, in Bulletin of the Uni- versity of Wisconsin, 1899. Chapters V, VI, VII, VIII. See also Appendix A on " The Use of Railroad Lands by States and Corpora- tions," and Appendix B on " Bibliography." 11. West, Max. — The Public Domain of the United States, in Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1898. pp. 325-354. 12. The Public Domain, in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1868, pp. 454- 471. 13. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the Gen- eral Land Office, 1860 to 1900. (Department of the Interior.) 14. Annual Reports of the State Land Offices, 1860- 1900. 15. Land Laws of the United States. (2 volumes, Washington, 1884.) 64 XXIII. AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC STATES. 1860-1900. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- setts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. 1. Fowler, F. H. — Abandoned Farms, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 102-106. 2. Hartt, R. L. — The Regeneration of New Eng- land, in Outing^ Vol. 64- (1900), pp. 501-509. 3. Hibbard, B. H. — Tenancy in the North Atlantic States in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVI, pp. 105-117. Reprinted in Car- ver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics (1916), pp. 498-507. 4. Morgan, Philip, and Sanborn, A. F. — The Prob- lems of Rtiral Nexo England, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 79 (1897), pp. 577-598. 5. Sanborn, A. F. — The Future of Rural New England, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 80 (1897), pp. 74-83. 6. Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850-1900, in Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 7. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). For states composing the North Atlantic Group. 8. Farming in New England^ in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 255-267. 9. Disastrous Effects of the Opening of the West on New Hampshire Agriculture, in Annual Report of the New Hampshire Board of Agri- culture, 1887. 10. United States Census Reports for I860, 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900. See volumes on " Population " and " Agriculture," for reports 65 on the states composing the North Atlantic Group. 11. Annual Report of the Statistician, printed in the Annual Reports of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. 12. Annual Reports of the State Departments of Agriculture of the States Composing the North Atlantic Group. The Massachusetts and New York reports are especially valuable. 13. Agricultural Periodicals. XXIV. AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. 1860-1900. Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, North Caro- lina, South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. 1. Arnold, B. W.—The History of the Tobacco In- dustry in Virginia from 1860 to 189^, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1897. 2. Brooks, P. E. — The Agrarian Revolution in Geor- gia, 1865-1912. Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1914. 3. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry, in Pub- lications of the American Association, New Series, No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chapters IV, V, VI, VII. 4. Hibbard, B. H. — Tenancy in the Southern States, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVII, 1913, "pp. 482-496. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Eco- nomics, pp. 523-535. 5. Jacobstein, M. — The Tobacco Industry, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXVI (1907), No. 3. Part H, Chapters I to VII. in- clusive. 6. Status of T'irginia Agriculture in 1870, in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 267-291. 06 7. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). For states composing the South Atlantic Group. 8. Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850-1900, in Twelfth Census of the United States, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 9. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual RejDorts of the United States Department of Agriculture. 10. Annual Reports of the Departments of Agricul- ture of the States Composing the South Atlan- tic Group. 11. United States Census Reports for 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900. Volumes on "Popula- tion " and "Agriculture." Consult these re- ports for the states of the South Atlantic Group. 12. Agricultural Periodicals. 13. For General Bibliography on The New South, 1870-1895, see Channing, Hart, and Turner's Guide to the Study and Reading of American History (Revised edition, 1912), pp. 536-538. XXV. AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL STATES. 1860-1900. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota. 1. Bentley, A. F. — Condition of the Western Farmer as Illustrated by the Economic History of a Nebraska Township, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. 11, pp. 285-370. 2. Brooks, E. 'C.—The Story of Corn and the Westward Migration, 1916. 3. Casson, H. N. — The Romance of the Reaper, 1908. Cyrus Hall McCormick: His Life and Work, 1909. 67 4. Coulter, J. L. — Industrial History of the Valley of the Red River of the North, in Publications of the State Historical Society of North Da- kota, Vol. Ill, pp. 28-115. 5. Dondlinger, P. T.—The Book of Wheat, 1916. An economic history and practical manual of the wheat industry. 6. Edgar, W. C. — The' Story of a Grain of Wheat, 1903. 7. Fite, E. D. — Agricultural Development of the West during the Civil War, in The Quarterly Jotirnal of Economics, Vol. XX, 1906. pp. 259-278. Reprinted in substantially tlie form as Chapter I in the same author's Social and Industrial Conditions in the Xorth during the Civil War, 1910. 8. Grinnell, J. B. — Sheep on the Prairies, in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1862, pp. 300-312. 9. Harger, C. M. — The Nexo Era in the Middle West, in Harper's Magazine, Vol. 97, July, 1898, pp. 276-282. 10. Hedrick, W. O. — Social and Economic Aspects of Michigan History, in ^Michigan Historical So- ciety Collections." Vol. XXXlX. pp. 327-342. 11. Hibbard, B. H.- — History of Agrictdture in Dane County, Wisconsin. Bulletin of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, 1904, Part II, Chapters I to VII, inclusive. Tenancy in the Xorth Central States, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXV, 1911, pp. 710-729. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, 1916, pp. 508-522. 12. Mappin, W. F. — Farm Mortgages and the Small Farmer, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. IV, 1889, pp. 433-451. 13. Merk, Frederick. — The Economic History of Wisconsin during the Civil War Decade, in 68 Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, li. MacDonald, James. — Food from the Far West, or American Agriculture with Special Refer- ence to the Beef Production and Importation of Dead Meat from America to Great Britain. (London, 1878.) 15. Robinson, E. V. — Economic History of Agricul- ture in Minnesota, in University of Minnesota Social Science Studies, No. 3, 1915, Chapters IV, V. 16. Ross, J. B. — The Agrarian Revolution in the Middle West, in The North American Review, Vol. 190 (1909), pp. 376-391. Agrarian Changes in the Middle West, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXV, 1910, pp. 625-637. 17. Smalley, E. V. — TJie Isolation of Life on Prairie Farms, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 72 (1893), pp. 378-382. 18. Thompson, C. W. — Movement of Wheat-Grow- ing, in Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XVIII, 1904, pp. 570-584. 19. Thompson, J. G. — The Rise and Decline of the Wheat-Growing Industry in Wisconsin. Bul- letin of the University of Wisconsin, 1907, Part II, Chapters II to X, inclusive. 20. Thwaites, R. G. — Cyrus Hall McCormick and the Reaper, in Proceedings of the State His- torical Society of Wisconsin, 1909, pp. 234- 259. 21. Turner, F. J.— The Middle West, in The Inter- national Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 794-820. 22. Webster, E. H. — Fifty Years of Kansas Agricul- ture^ in Kansas Historical Society Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 60-64. 23. Wright, C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff', in Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, 1910, Chapters VI, VII, VIII. 69 24'. Brewer, W. H. — Cereal Production (special re- port), in the Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Vol. Ill, pp. 381-553. 25. Xeftel, Knight. — Flour-Millincj (special report), in Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Vol. Ill, pp. 561-582. 26. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). For states of North Central Group. 27. Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850-1900, in Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 28. United States Census Reports of 1S60. 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900. Volumes on " Popula- tion " and " Agriculture." Consult reports on states of the North Central Group. 29. Statistical Atlas of the United States (1914), pp. 18-19 for distribution of population by decen- nial periods. See also maps showing distribu- tion of population. 30. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. 31. Annual Reports of the State Departments of Agriculture for the States of the Xorth Central Group. 32. Agricultural Periodicals. XXVI. AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. 1860-1900. Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas. 1. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson. C. ]M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 605-608, 627-629. 2. Coman, Katharine. — Industi-ial History of the United States (Revised edition of 1910), pp. 307-312. 70 3. Gamer, J. W. — Reconstruction in Mississippi (1901), Chapter IV. 4. Grady, H. W. — Cotton and Its Kingdom, in Har- per's Magazine, Vol. 63, 1881, pp. 719-73i. The Nezo South, 1890. 5. Haaimond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry, in Pub- lications of the American Economic Associa- tion. New Series. No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chapters IV, V, VI, VII. The Southern Farmer and the Cotton Question, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XII, 1897, pp. 450-175. 6. Hart, A. B.—The Southern South, 1910. 7. Hibbard, B. H. — Tenancy in the Southern States, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVII, pp. 482-496. 8. Holmes, G. K. — Peons of the So7ith, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. IV, 1893, pp. 265-274. 9. Jacobstein, M. — The Tobacco Industry in the United States, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXVI, 1907, No. 3, Part II, Chai^ters I to VII, inclusive. 10. Loring, F. W., and Atkinson, C. J. — Cotton Cul- ture and the South Considered zvith Reference to Emigration, 1869. 11. Paxson, F. L. — The Netu Nation, in the River- side History of the United States, Vol. IV, 1915, Chapter XII. 12. Scherer, J. A. B. — Cotton as a World Power, 1916, Book VI. 13. Stone, A. H. — Some Problems in Southern Eco- nomic History, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XIII, No. 4, 1908, pp. 779-797. Studies in the American Race Problem, 1908, Part II, Chapters III, IV, V. 14. Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850-1900, in Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 71 15. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). For states of the South Central Group. 16. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. 17. United States Census Reports of 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900. Volumes on " Popula- tion " and "Agriculture." Consult these vol- umes for the states of the South Central Group. 18. Annual Reports of the State Department of Agri- culture for the States of the South Central Group. 19. Agricultural Periodicals. 20. General Bibliography on The Xexa South, from 1870 to 1895, is given in Chauning, Hart, and Turner's Guide to the Study and Reading of American History (Revised edition, 1912), pp. 536-538. XXVII. THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE INDUSTRY. 1860-1900. 1. Barker, R. M. — The Economics of Cattle-Ranch- ing in the Southxcest, in The Review of Re- views, Vol. XXIV, 1901, pp. 305-313. 2. Chapman, Arthur. — The Last JVar for the Cattle Range, in Outing, Vol. 46, 1905, pp. 668-675. 3. Cunniff, M. G.—The 101 Ranch, in The World's Work, Vol. 11. 1906, pp. 7219-7228. 4. Gordon, Clarence. — Meat Production, in Tenth Census of the United States (1880), Vol. Ill, pp. 965-1116. 5. Harger, C. M. — Cattle Trails of the Prairies, in Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XI, pp. 732-742. 6. Hough, Emerson.^ — The Story of the Coivhoy, 1898. 7. Howard. R. R.— T/ie Passing of the Cattle King, in The Outlook, Vol. 98. 1911. pp. 195-204. 8. Laut^ A. C. — The Passing of the Ranch, in Col- lier's, Vol. 43, 1909, pp. 18-19. 9. Love, C. M. — History of the Cattle Industry in the Southwest, in The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX, No. 4, April, 1916, pp. 370-399; Vol. XX, No. 1, July, 1916, pp. 1-18. 10. McCoy, J. G.— Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and Southwest, 187^. 11. Nimmo, Joseph. — Report in Regard to the Range and Ranch Cattle Business of the United States, in Annual Report on the Internal Com- merce of the United States, 1885, pp. 95-294, with five maps. United States Treasury De- partment, Bureau of Statistics. Reprinted without the maps as House Executive Docu- ment, No. 267. Forty-eighth Congress, Sec- ond Session, 1884-1885. An exceedingly valuable and indispensable rejjort. ]Map No. 1 is essential. 12. Roosevelt, T. — In Cowboy Land, in TJie Outlook, Vol. 104, 1913, pp. 148-172. A Sheriff's Worh on a Ranch, in The Century Magazine, Vol. XXXVI, 1888, pp. 39-51. 13. Steger, H. P. — Photographing the Cowboy as He Disappears, in The World's Work, Vol. XVII, 1909, pp. 11111-11124. 14. Strother, T. — The Last of the Cattle Kings, in The World's Work, Vol. XVI, 1908, pp. 10680-10683. 15. White, S. E. — Round-up Days, in Outing, Vol. 51. 1907, pp. 45-52, 127-140, 321-329. 16. Wyeth, N. C. — Day with the Round-up, in Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XXXIX, 1906, pp. 285-290. 17. The Pastoral Lands of America, in Annual Re- port of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870. pp. 301-310. 18. The Texas Cattle Trade, in Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 3t6-352 73 XXVIII. AGRICULTURE IN THE WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. 1860-1900. Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, California, Oregon, and Washington. 1. Brigham, A. P. — Geographic Influences, Chap- ters VIII, IX, X. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. ^l. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 622-627. 3. Bowman, Isaiah. — Forest Physiography. See Table of Contents. 4. Berglund, A. — The Wheat Situation in Washing- ton, in The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXIV, pp. 489 and following. 5. Coman, Katherine. — Economic Beginnings of the Far West (1912), Vol. II, pp. 291-306. 6. Davis, A. P. — Reclamation of the Arid West by the Federal Government, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. XXXI, pp. 203-218. 7. Dunn, H. D. — California: Her Agrictdtural Re- sources, in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1866, pp. 581-610. 8. Hibbard, B. H. — Tenancy in the Western States, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVI (1912), pp. 363-376. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Eco- nomics, pp. 536-546. 9. Hill, J. J." — Highzcays of Progress. 10. Mead, Elwood. — Rise and Future of Irrigation in the United States, in Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 591-612. 74 11. Newell, F. H. — Irrigation and Irrigated Lands, in McLaughlin's and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Government, Vol. II, pp. 2ii9-2ii. Irrigation in the United States (1906). 12. Paxson, F. L.- — The Last American Frontier (1910). 13. Pyle, J. G. — The Life of James J. Hill (1917). l-i. Schafer, Joseph. — The Pacific Northwest. 15. Smalley, F. V.—The Future of the Great Arid West, in The Forum, Vol. XIX, pp. 467-475. Our Sub-Arid Belt, in The Forum, Vol. XXI (1896), pp. 486-493. 16. Smythe, W. E. — The Conquest of Arid America (1905). 17. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). Articles on the states composing the Western Group. 18. Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, lSoO-1900, in Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 19. Agricidtiiral Resources of Wyoming Territory, in Annual Report of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 548-559. 20. Agricidtural Topography and Resources of Mon- tana Territory, in Annual Report of United States Department of Agriculture, 1871, pp. 431-448. 21. From Cattle Range to Orange Grove, in Southern California Historical Society Publications, Vol. VIII, Part 3, pp. 145-157. 22. Early Farming in Umatilla County, in Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. XVI, pp. 343-349. 23. United States Censtis Reports for 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890 and 1900. Volumes on " Popula- tion " and " Agriculture " for reports on the western states. 24. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual Reports of tlie United States Department of Agriculture. 2o, Annual Reports of the State Departments of Agriculture in the Western States. 26. Agricultural Periodicals. XXIX. CROWTH OF INTERNAL TRADE AND DOMESTIC MARKETS. 1860-1900. 1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United States (Revised Edition of 1912), Chapters XXIV, XXV. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. ]\I. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 6it-651, 655-686. 3. Coulter, E. M. — Effects of Secession Upon the Commerce of the Mississippi J'alley, in The Mississippi J'alley Historical Review, Vol. Ill, No. 3 (1916), pp. 275-300. Commercial Intercourse with the Confederacy, 1861-1865, in The Mississippi J'alley Histori- cal Revietv, Vol. V, No. 4 (1919), pp. 377- 395. i. Fite, E. D.- — Social and Industrial Conditions in the North During the Civil JVar (1910), Chapter III. 5. Johnson, E. R. — History of the Domestic and Foreign Commerce of the United States (1915), Vol. I, pp. 270-282. 6. Lord, Daniel. — TJie Effect of Secession on the Commercial Relations between NortJi and South (1861). 7. Merk, F. — Economic History of JVisconsin Ter- ■ ritory During tlie Civil JVar Decade. Publi- cations of the State Historical Society of Wis- consin. Studies. Vol. I, 1916. Chapters VIII, IX, X. XI. XIII. XIV, XV. See also map at the beginning of the volume. 8. Ripley, W. Z. — Railroads: Rates and Regulation. 9. Sparks, E. E. — Xational Development, in The American Nation, Vol. XXIII (1907), Chap- ter XVIII. 10. Veblen, T. B.—The Price of Wheat Since 1867, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. I, 1892, pp. 68-103. 11. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. Consult those portions of the Statistician's Reports which treat of the growth of the grain, live-stock, and cotton mar- kets. See especially the Report of the Sta- tistician for 1876. 12. Annual Report on the Internal Commerce of the United States. United States Treasury De- partment. Bureau of Statistics. Issued from 1876 to 1891, as Part II of the Annual Re- port on Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States during this period. These reports contain a large amount of valuable historical material. The report for 1887 is especially valuable for the statistical informa- tion concerning the trade in the Mississippi River. No statistics on internal trade were compiled between 1892 and 1899, except G. G. Tunnell's Lahe Commerce (1899). 13. Annual Report of the Chicago Board of Trade (1858-1900). 14. Annual Report of the New York Chamber of Commerce (1855-1900). 15. The Commercial and Financial Chronicle (1865-1900). 16. The Journal of Commerce (1827-1900). 77 XXX. EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AND FOREIGN MARKETS. 1860-1900. 1. Austin, O. P. — Imports and Exports of Agricul- tural Products, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 18-22. 2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings in the Economic History of the United States, pp. 651-65.5. 3. Chapman, S. J. — History of Trade Betxoeen the United Kingdom and the United States (1899). 4. Day, Clive.- — History of Commerce (New Edi- tion, 191 i). Chapters 51, 52, 53. 5. Evans, C. H. — Domestic Exports from the United States to All Countries, 1789-1882 (188i). 6. Hammond, M. B. — The Cotton Industry, in Pub- lications of the American Economic Associa- tion, New Series. No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chap- ters X, XI. 7. Jacobstein, ]\I. — The Tobacco Industry in the United States, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXVI (1907). No. 3. Part 11, Chapter VI. 8. Huebner, G. G. — Agricultural Commerce (1915). pp. 371-373. 9. Johnson. E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States (1915), Chapters XXV. XXVI. See also pages 356-359, 363-369, and 376-. 81 for Bibliogra- phy on the foreign commerce of the United States from 1789 to 1914. 10. Schmidt, L. B.—The Influence of Wheat and Cotton on Anglo-American Relations During the Civil War„ in The Iowa Journal of His- tory and Politics, Vol. XVI (1918), pp. 400- 439. 78 11. Slialer, N. — The United States of America. Vol. I, pp. 558-569. 12. Webster, W. C. — General History of Commerce (1903), Chapter XXIX. 13. Annual Report of the Statistician, in the Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. Consult these portions of the Statistician's Reports which treat of the ex- port trade in grain, live stock products, and cotton. 14. Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Prepared from 1820 to 1866 in the office of the Register of the Treasury and from 1866 to 1903 by the Bureau of Statistics which was conaected with tlie United States Treasury Department. 15. Statistical Abstract of the United States (An- nual since 1878). Bureau of Statistics. 16. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance (Monthly since 1896). The following mono- graphs are especially valuable: "American Commerce, 1821-1898" (June, 1899). " The Grain Trade of the United States " (Jan- uary, 1900). " The Provision Trade of the United States " (February, 1900). " The Cotton Trade of the United States " (March, 1900). XXXI. THE RISE AND GROWTH OF FARMERS^ ORGANIZATIONS. 1865-1900. 1. Adams, C. F. — The Granger Movement, in The North American Revierc, Vol. 120 (1875), pp. 394-424. 2. Adams, H. B. (Editor). — History of Co-opera- tion in the United States, in Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. VI (1888), 540 pp. Monographic studies by geographic divisions. 79 3. Atkeson, T. C. — Semi-Centennial History of the Patrons of Husbandry (1916). 4. Bemis, E. W. — The Discontent of the Farmer, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. I (1893), pp. 193-213. 5. Buck, S. J.- — The Granger Movement, in Har- vard Historical Studies, Vol. XIX (1913). The best treatment of this subject. 6. Butterfield, K. L. — Farmers' Social Organisa- tions, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 289-297. The Grange, in The Forum, Vol. XXXI (1901), pp. 231-24-2. 7. Detrick. C. R. — Effects of the Granger Acts, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol, II (1903), pp. 237-256. 8. Emerick, C. Y.—An Analysis of Agricultural Discontent in the United States, in The Po- litical Science Quarterly, Vol. XI (1896), pp. 433-463, 601-639; XII (1897), pp. 93-127. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 699-763. 9. Martin, E. W. — History of the Grange Move- ment (1874). 10. Periam, Jonathan. — The Groundsicell (1874). 11. Pierson, C. W. — The Rise of the Granger Move- ment, in Popidar Science Monthly. Vol. XXXII (1897), pp. 199-208. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Eco- nomics, pp. 645-657. The Outcome of the Granger Movement, in Popular Science Monthly, Vol, XXXII (1888), pp. 368-373. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 658-665. 12. Condition of Agriculture in the Cotton States, in Annual Report of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture (1874), pp. 215-238. 80 13. History of Our Rural Organizations, in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture (1875), pp. i37-i68. 14. Bibliography on the Granger Movement is given in Buck's The Granger Movement, Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. XIX (1913), pp. 315- 351. Extensive and well classified. Contains references to related subjects such as The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Move- ment. Indispensable. XXXII. THE FARIIER AS A FACTOR IN POLITICS AND LEGIS- LATION. 1860-1900. 1. Ashley, N. B.—The Riddle of the Sphinx. A discussion of the economic questions relating to agriculture, land, transportation, money, taxation, and cost of interchange. A consid- eration of possible remedies for existing in- equalities, and an outline of the position of agriculture in the industrial world with a com- prehensive history of the leading farm organi- zations, their constitutions and by-laws. (Des Moines, Iowa, 1890.) 2. Chamberlain, H. R.- — Farmers' Alliance and Other Political Parties, in The Chautauquan, Vol. XIII (1891), pp. 338-312. The Farmers' Alliance: What it Aims to Accom- plish (1891). 3. Dewey, D. R. — Financial History of the United States (Fourth Edition, Revised, 1912), Chap- ters, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX. 4. Drew, F. M. — The Present Farmers' Movement, in Political Science Quarterly, Vol. VI (1891), pp. 282-310. 5. Dunning, N. A. (Editor). — The Farmers' Al- liance History and Agricultural Digest (1891), pp. 742. 81 6. Haynes, F. E. — Third Party Movements Since the Civil War xcith Special Reference to Iowa (1916). James Baird Weaver (1919). 7. Hormell, O. C. — Populist Party, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Govern- ment, Vol. II, pp. 757-758. 8. Libby. O. H. — A Study of the Greenback Move- ment, in Wisconsin Academy Transactions, Vol. XII, Part II, pp. 530 and following. 9. McVey, T. L. — The Populist Movement, in Eco- nomic Studies, Vol. I, No. 3 (1896), pp. 131- 202. Bibliography, pp. 202-209. 10. Merk, F. — Economic History of Wisconsin Dur- ing the Civil War Decade. Publications of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin Studies, Vol. I (1916), Chapter XII. 11. Noyes, A. D. — Forty Years of American Finance, 1865-1907. 12. Paxson, F. L. — The Nexv Nation, in the River- side History of the United States (1915), Chapters II, IV, XI, XIII, XIV. 13. Peffer, W. A. — The Farmers' Defensive Move- ment, in The Forum, Vol. VIII (1889), pp. 463-473. 14. Ruggles, C. O. — The Economic Basis of the Greenback Movement in Iowa and Wisconsin, in Proceedings of the ^Mississippi Valley His- torical Association, Vol. VI (1912-1913), pp. 142-165. 15. Stanwood, E. — History of the Presidency, Vol. I, Chapters XXX, XXXI. 16. Turner, F. J. — The Problem of the West, in The Atlantic Monthly^ Vol. 78, pp. 289 and follow- ing. 17. Walker, C. S. — The Farmers' Movement, in An- nals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. IV (1894), pp. 790-798. 18. Wildman, M. S. — Money Inflation. 82 19. Woodburn, J. A. — Political Parties and Parti/ Problems in the United States (Second edi- tion, 1914), Chapter VIII. 20. Magazines and Periodicals. XXXIII. THE RELATION OF THE STATE TO AGRICULTURE. 1862-1900. 1. Aurner, C. R. — History of Education in Iowa, Vol. IV (1916), Part II. An account of the Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me- chanic Arts from date of establishment in 1858 to 1916. 2. Bailey, L. H. — Relations of Government to Agri- culture, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Government, Vol. I, pp. 19-20. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, Chapter VIII: " Education by Means of Agri- culture," and Chapter IX : " Governmental and Legal Aid and Control." Chapter IX consists of fifteen articles by different authori- ties on selected phases of this subject. The State and the Farmer (1908). 3. Encyclopedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition), pp. 420-421, 422. 4. James, E. J. — Origin of the Land Grant Act of 1862, University of Illinois Studies, Vol. IV, No. 1, 1910. 5. Greathouse, C. H. — Historical Sketch of the United States Department cf Agricidture. United States Department of Agriculture Bulletin Xo. 3. 6. Learned, H. B. — The President's Cabinet, pp. 292-345. 7. Moore, Charles. — Department of Agriculture, in McLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of Ameri- can Government, Vol. I, \t\). 15-19. 83 8. True, A. C, — Agricultural Education in the United States, in Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture (1899), pp. 157-190. Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States. Ibid, pp. 513-548. 9. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agricul- ture, 1862 to 1888, printed in the Annual Re- port of the United States Department of Agri- culture for the years indicated. 10. Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture^ 1889 to the present, printed in the Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture for the years indicated. These reports present in consecutive form a history of the activities and services of the United States Department of Agriculture from its es- tablishment in 1862 to the present. See especially the Annual Report of Secretary James Wilson printed in the Annual Report of the Department of 1912. This report pre- sents a history of the Department's service for the sixteen years of I\Ir. Wilson's incumbency. 11. Proceedings of the Association of American Agri- cultural Colleges and E.rperiment Stations. 12. United States Statutes at Large: ISIorrill Act of 1862; Hatch Act of 1887; Second Morrill Act. 1890; Adams Act of 1906; Smith-Lever Act of 1914.; Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. Part IV. THE REORGANIZATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY. 1900-1920. XXXIV. THE PUBLIC LANDS. 1900-1920. 1. Coman, Katlierine. — Industrial History of the United States (Revised Edition of 1910), pp. 407-413. 2. Hill, R. T. — The Public Domain and Democracy, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII (1910), Chapters VII, VIII, IX. 3. Laut, A. C. — The End of the Free Land, in Col- lier's, Vol. 47, pp. 15 and following. 4. Puter, S. A. D. — Looters of the Public Domain (1908). See Table of Contents, pp. 492-495. 5. Treat, P. J. — Public Lands and the Public Land Policy, in ^IcLaughlin and Hart's Cyclopedia of American Government, Vol. Ill, pp. 97. 6. American Year Book. 1910 and succeeding years to date. 7. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the Gen- eral Land Office. See especially Reports for 1904, pp. 51-57, and 1905, pp. 42-52, for " Partial Report of the Public Lands Com- mission." 8. Report of the Public Lands Commission (1905). 9. Report of the National Conservation Commis- sion (1909). 10. Annual Messages of Presidents Roosevelt and Taft. 11. Congressional Record. See Index volumes under " Public Lands." 85 XXXV. THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 1900-1920. 1. Blakey, R. G. — The United States Beet Sugar Industry and the Tariff, in the Columbia Uni- versity Studies, Vol. i7, No. 2 (1912), pp. 269-524. 2. Collins, T. B. — The New Agriculture. 3. Coulter, J. L. — Agricultural Development in the United States, 1900-1910, in The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVII, pp. 1-26. Reprinted in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 317-336. Industrial History of the J^alley of the Red River of the North, in Publications of the State Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. III, pp. 116-142. 4. Crookes, Sir W.—The Wheat Problem (Third Edition, Revised, 1917). 5. Robinson, E. V. — Economic History of Agricul- ture in Minnesota. Studies in Social Science, No. 3, 1915, Chapter VI. Changes in Minnesota Agriculture, in Bulletin of the American Statistical Association, 1910. 6. Sanford, A. H. — The Story of Agriculture in the United States (1915), Chapters XXIII to XXIX, inclusive. 7. Stone, A. H. — Studies in the American Race Problem (1908), Part II, Chapters III, IV, V. Some Problems in Southern Economic History, in The American Historical Review, Vol. XIII, No. 4, 1908, pp. 779-797. 8. Taussig, F. W. — Some Aspects of the Tariff Question (1915), Chapter VII on Beet Sugar. 9. Thompson, J. G. — The Rise and Decline of Wheat-Groxoing Industry in Wisconsin, Bulle- tin of the University of Wisconsin (1907), Part II, Chapter XI. 86 10. Wallace, D. D. — Southern Agriculture : Its Con- ditions and Needs, in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 6i (January, 1904), pp. 245- 261. 11. Wiest, Edward. — The Butter Industry in the United States, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. 69, No. 2 (1916), pp. 235-488. 12. Wright, C. W. — Wool-Grozcing and the Tariff, in Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V (1910), Chapters VIII, IX. 13. Plantations in the South, in Thirteenth Census of the United States (1910), Vol. V, pp. 877- 889. 14. Irrigation, in Thirteenth Census of the United States (1910), Vol. V, pp. 827-876. 15. Report of the Industrial Commission (1910), Vol. 10, Agriculture and Agricultural Labor. 16. Twelfth Census of the United States (1900). Volumes on " Population " and " Agriculture." Consult Tables of Contents of these volumes. 17. Thirteenth Census of the United States (1910). Volumes on " Population " and "Agriculture." Consult Tables of Contents of these volumes. 18. Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture. 19. Annual Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture. 20. Agricultural Periodicals. 21. The materials on recent phases of economic his- tory lack organization. The student of this period will find the following aids of consid- erable value: Writings in American History, The Annual Library Index, Supplement to Poole's Index, The Reader's Guide, The United States Catalogue and The American Catalogue. 87 XXXVI. RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN INTERNAL TRADE. 1900-1920. 1. Adams, A. B. — Marheting Perishable Farm Products, in the Columbia University Studies, Vol. 72, No. 3 (1916), pp. 373-536. 2. Bassett, C. E. — Co-operative Marheting, in Year Book of tlie United States Department of Agriculture, 1914, pp. 185-210. 3. Huebner, G. G. — Agrictdtiiral Commerce (1915). 4. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States (1915), Vol. I, Chapter XVIII. 5. King, C. L. — Can the Cost of Distributing Food Products be Reduced? in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 48 (1913), pp. 199-221. 6. Weld, L. D. H. — Marketing of Farm Products, 1917. 7. Report of the Industrial Commission (1900- 1902), Vol. VI: Distribution of Farm Products; Vols. IV. IX: Transportation; Vol. XIX: Final Report. 8. Montldij Summary of Commerce and Finance. United States Treasury Department, Bu- reau of Statistics. Report for ^Nlarch, 1901: " Internal Commerce." 9. Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, in Annual Report of th: United States Department of Agriculture (1900- 1919). 10. Statistical Abstract of the United States. (An- nual.) 11. Annual Report of the Chicago Board of Trade. 12. Annual Report of the Nexc York Chamber of Commerce. 13. The Commercial and Financial Chronicle. 14. The Journal of Commerce. 88 XXXVII. RECENT CHANGES IN FOREIGN COMMERCE. 1900-1920. 1. Bogart, E. L,.— Economic History of the United States (Revised edition of 1912), Chapter XXXII. 2. Day, Clive. — History of Commerce. (New edi- tion, 1914.) Chapter 54. 3. Huebner, G. G. — Agricultural Commerce (1915), pp. 374-386. See also Bibliography, pp. 386, 387. 4. Johnson, E. R. — History of Domestic and For- eign Commerce of the United States (1915), Vol. II, Chapter XXVII. See also pages 379- 381 for United States Government Publica- tions on recent development of the foreign commerce of the United States. 5. Robinson, E. V. — Commercial Geography, pp. 196-242. 6. Smith, J. R. — Industrial and Commercial Geog- raphy (1913), Part II: "Commercial Geogra- phy." Consult Table of Contents under ap- propriate chapter headings. 7. Stead, W. T. — The Americanization of the World, pp. 342-381. 8. Whelplev, J. D.— ZVie Trade of the World, 1913, Chapter XIV. 9. Magazines and Periodicals. 10. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 11. Annual Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Sta- tistics, in Annual Report of the United States Department of Agriculture. 12. Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 13. Monthly Sufumary of Commerce and Finance. 14. Daily Trade and Consular Reports. Issued bv the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com- merce. Department of Commerce. Tliese reports date from January 1, 1898. 8!) XXXVIII. AGRICULTURE IN RECONSTRUCTION. 1. Bailey, L. H. — Country Living in the Next Gen- eration, in The Independent, Vol. 85 (^March 6, 1916), pp. 336-338. The Forthcoming Situation in Agricultural Worh, in Science, Vol. 4.1 (February 26, 1915), pp. 297-306; Vol. 43 (January 21, 1916), pp. 44-87. 2. Boyle, J. E. — The Agrarian Movement in the Xorthzvest, in The American Economic Re- view, Vol. VIII (September, 1918), pp. 505- 521. 3. Brand, C. J. — Distribution of Agricultural Products, in Friedman, E. H.: American Problems of Reconstruction, 1918. The J^ital Concern of Agrictdture in Foreign Trade, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 83 (May, 1919), pp. 35-47. 4. Bickerdike, C. J. — Economics and the Xexv Agri- cultural Policy, in The Economic Journal, Vol. XXVII (December, 1917), pp. 471-485. 5. Camp, W. R. — The North Carolina Credit Union, in The American Economic Review, Vol. VI (September, 1916), pp. 689-693. 6. Carver, T. N. — The Farmer's Interest in For- eign Trade, in Report of National Foreign Trade Convention, 1917. 7. Davenport, E. — The Outlook for Agricultural Science. Science (New Series), Vol. 45 (February 16, 1917), pp. 149-160. Wanted: A National Policy in Agricidture. Proceedings of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions, 1919, pp. 52-68. Also printed sepa- rately (Urbana, Illinois, 1919). 90 8. Ely, R. T., and Galpin, C. J. — Tenancy in An Ideal System of Land Ownership, in The American Economic Review, Sui^plement (March, 1919), pp. 180-232. 9. Grantham, A. E. — Lessons in Solving Labor, Credit, and Other Production Problems, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 71 (November, 1917), pp. 210-223. 10. Hall, A. D. — Agriculture After the War (Lon- don), 1917. 11. Harger, C. M. — The Middle West's Peace Prob- lems, in The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 123 (April, 1919), pp. 555-560. 12. Hibbard, B. H. — Agriculture After the War, in Wallace's Farmer (Des Moines, Iowa), Vol. 43, No. 51, December 20, 1918, pp. 1058, 1059. Effects of the Great War Upon Agriculture in the United States and Great Britain. Pre- liminary Economic Studies of the War, No. II, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1919. 13. Hildreth, M. D. — Farmers Capture North Da- kota, in The World's Work, Vol. XXXII (Outlook), 1916, pp. 678-689. 14. Howe, F. C. — The Problem of the American Farmer, in The Century Magazine, Vol. 94 (August, 1917), pp. 625-632. 15. Houston, D. G. — Today and Tomorrow in Ameri- can Agriculture. United States Department of Agriculture. Need of Strong Departments of Agriculture in the States. U. S. Dei^artment of Agriculture. Agriculture After the War Tasks, in Weekly News Letter, Vol. VI (December 7, 1918), pp. 1, 5-11. 91 16. Houston, D. R.; Pearson, R. A., and Others. — The Business of Agriculture During the War and After. United States Department of Agriculture, 1918. 17. Jordon, W. H. — The Future of Agricultural Education and Research in the United States, in Science (New Series), Vol. 47 (February 8, 1918), pp. 125-13i. 18. Kent, William. — Land Tenure and Public Pol- icy, in The Yale Reviezc, Vol. VIII (April, 1919), pp. 56i-579. 19. Keir, R. ]\I.. — Resources of the United States and Their Relation to Opportunity, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 59 (May, 1915), pp. 6-18. 20. Lipson, E. — Agricidture After the War (Eng- land), in The Fortnightly Reviezc, Vol. 107 (January, 1917), pp. 100-113; Vol. 109 (April, 1918), pp. 618-626. 21. MacRae, H. — Vitalizing the Nation and Con- serving Human Units through the Develop- ment of Agricultural Communities, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 63 (January, 1917), pp. 278-286. 22. Maiden, W. J. — Greater Agriculture, in Nine- teenth Century. Vol. 81 (January, 1917), pp. 171-192. 23. Morman. J. B. — TJte Place of Agriculture in Reconstruction, 1919. A collection of the so- lutions which other countries have found for the problem of land settlement, for discharged soldiers, sailors and marines. 21. Nock, A. J. — The West Faces the Land Question, in The Century Magazine, Vol. 95 (Decem- ber, 1917), pp.' 295-301. 25. Nourse, E. G. — The War and the Bach-to-the- Land Movement, in The North American Re- viezc, Vol. 203 (February, 1916), pp. 216- 255. 92 The Revolution in Farming, in The Yale Re- viexv, Vol. VIII (October,' 1918), pp. 90-105. Agriculture in the Reconstruction Period, in Wallace's Farmer (Des Moines, Iowa), Vol. 51 (December 20, 1918), 1861. The Place of Agriculture in Modern Industrial Society, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XXVII (June, 1919), pp. 466-i97; (July, 1919), pp. 561-577. 26. Putnam. G. E. — Agricultural Credit Legislation and the Tenancy Problem, in The American Economic Reviexc, Vol. V (December, 1915), pp. 805-815. Land Tenure Reform and Democracy, in Politi- cal Science Quarterly, Vol. XXXI (March, 1916), pp. 53-65. 27. Price, T. N. — Industrial Reorganization of Agri- culture, in The Outlook, Vol. 117 (October 3, 1917), pp. 176, 177. 28. Russell. E. J. — Agricultural Reconstruction After the War, in Nature, Vol. 101 (August 1, 1918), pp. 426-428. 29. Spillman, W. J. — The Efficiency Movement in Its Relation to Agriculture, in Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 59 (May, 1915), pp. 65-76. 30. Vrooman, Carl. — The Agricultural Revolution, in The Century Magazine, Vol. 93 (November, 1916), pp. 111-123. 31. Wheeler, R. J. — The Farmer and Reconstruc- tion. Intercollegiate Society, Vol. VII (Oc- tober, 1918), pp. 8-11. 32. Wolff. H. ^V.—The Future of Our Agriculture (London), 1918. 33. Wolseley, Viscountess. — The Spirit of Co-opera- tion, in The Contemporary Review, Vol. 109 (May, 1916). pp. 611-619. 34. Wright, L. H. — Agriculture, in Proceedings of the Indiana Conference on Reconstruction (1918), pp. 58-66. 93 35. Zon, R. — Reconstruction and Natural Resources, in The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. XXVII (April, 1919), pp. 280-299. 36. Galpin, C. J., and Cox, A. B. — Rural, Social and Economic Problems of the United States. American Association for Agricultural Legisla- tion. Bulletin No. 3, June, 1919. 37. Making Over the Nezv England Farm, in The Reviezv of Reviews, Vol. 59 (March, 1919), pp. 278-280. 38. Back-to-the-Land, in The North American Re- viexc, Vol. 205 (May, 1917), pp. 655-661. 89. Farmers' Reconstruction, in The Survey, Vol. 41 (January 25, 1919), pp. 557-558. 40. Marketing and Farm Credits. A collection of papers read at the third annual session of the National Conference on Marketing and Farm Credits in Joint Program with the National Council of Farmers' Co-operative Association in Chicago, 1915. 41. Conferences on National Agricidtural Policies and on Land Settlement for Ex-Service Men, in Proceedings of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions, 1919. 94 Ref Z HDl^l-ll Schmidt, Louis Bernard S36 1919 Topical studies smd refer- ences on the economic history of American UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 001 389 142 9