I THE HEBREW GRAMMAR, COMPILED FROM SOME OF THE MOST CONSIDERABLE HEBREW GRAMMARS; AND PARTICULARLY Adapted to Bythners Lyra Prophetica : COMPLETE PARADIGMS OF THE VERBS, Calbks of i\)t ^oiins!* WITH A PREFACE AND ADDITIONS, BY T. YEATES. FIFTH EDITION, CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED. LONDON: PRINTED FOR WILLIAM BAYNES AND SON, PATERNOSTER ROW ; AND H. S. BAYNES AND CO. EDINBURGH. 1823. Macintosh, Printer, 20, Great New Street, Loudon. DEDICATED (by permission) to the right reverend THOMAS, LORD BISHOP OF ST. DAVID'S. My Lord, If to copy from the best examples is not only highly commendable in all writers on science and literature, but also exhibits, in some manner, the modesty of the compilers, the remark may apply to the editors of Grammars and Dicti- onaries in any language ; who, availing themselves of the labours of their predecessors, add to the completion and general utility of their work. This has been attempted in the present improved form of the following Manual of Hebrew Grammar, in useful Additions and New Tables, hitherto so much wanted in all compilations of the kind : and for this reason, your Lordship's patronage is solicited, whose just discernment and experience is so well known in this as in other departments of literature. O '? >'■/ Macintosh, Printer, 2U, Great New Street, London. DEDICATED (by permission) to the right reverend THOMAS, LORD BISHOP OF ST. DAVID'S. My Lord, If to copy from the best examples is not only highly commendable in all writers on science and literature, but also exhibits, in some manner, the modesty of the compilers, the remark may apply to the editors of Grammars and Dicti- onaries in any language ; who, availing themselves of the labours of their predecessors, add to the completion and general utility of their work. This has been attempted in the present improved form of the following Manual of Hebrew Grammar, in useful Additions and New Tables, hitherto so much wanted in all compilations of the kind : and for this reason, your Lordship's patronage is solicited, whose just discernment and experience is so well known in this as in other departments of literature. 4 DEDICATION. Your Lordship's sentiments respecting the Hehrew Points are known to be truly Tiber al; nor do I know that I at all diiFer from your Lordship's opinion in regard oi any divine au- thority attached to them, esteeming that a mere Jewish device, and an imposition too gross to be admitted. The copies of the Jewish Law, used in their synagogues, is an indubitable proof, that they a7^e no part of the original text. Then* antiquity may, nevertheless, be admitted, and their utility claims some consideration. For more than half a century past, the study of the Hebrew Scriptures has been progressively increasing by the exertions of several eminent Prelates and Professors, whose venerable names have not ceased to influence ; and your Lordship has given fresh energies to their example and labours in the revival of the sacred Hebrew Language, so far at least, as may contribute to the more general and perfect knowledge of the original text of the Old Testament, and to the yet more perfect understanding of the New. And in co-operation with such laudable and pious efforts, your Lordship's indulgence will allow me to remark, that the Rev. Dr. Claudius Buchanan, the learned Author of Christian Researches in India, has much contributed to represent the expediency and necessity of cultivating a know- ledge of the Hebrew and its dialects, whose valuable notices on the state of the Christians DEDICATION. 5 and Jews in the East, give weight to the argu- ment, and show how importantly it may serve the cause of Christianity in those distant and ex- tensive regions. In promoting the study of the Hebrew, con- fessedly allowed the Janiia Linguarum Orien- talium, your Lordship's views are more exten- sively calculated than to insulate scholars by any narrow system: the elements of the first being acquired, and necessary proficiency made, many will advance on to the study of Syriac and Arabic, and thus the most promising and happy conse- quences may be expected, to the great advantage of Christianity at home and abroad, in promoting the conversion of Jews and Mahometans, and to the restoration of the ancient churches in Asia and Africa. Relying on your Lordship's condescension and indulgence. Permit me to subscribe myself. Your J^ordship's Most Humble and Obedient Servant, THOMAS YEATES. Advertisement to the Fourth Edition. The Editor having the satisfaction to know that his former improved Edition of Ashworth's Hebrew Grammar has met with approbation, hopes that his further Improvements and Additions will be found no less acceptable, especially with teachers and students of the sacred language. It is sufficient to say, that several Gentlemen, pursuing the plan suggested in the Preface, have attained to great proficiency in the knowledge of Hebrew ; and it is sincerely wished, that many others may follow their example with equal success. Advertisement to the Fifth Edition. In preparing for republication, the Hebrew Grammar has been subjected to a careful revision, and freed from numerous errors which had crept into former impressions. Considerable attention has been given to secure typographical accuracy; a more beautiful style of printing, and a paper of very superior quality have been adopted ; and no pains have been spared by the publishers to render the Work increasingly worthy of the preference which it has long enjoyed. SUITABLE DIRECTIONS FOR SUCH AS ARE ABOUT ENTERING ON THE STUDY OF THE HEBREW LANGUAGE. AFTER the learner has acquired a perfect knowledge of the Hebrew alphabet, and the characters and sounds of the vowel points, he may commence with the reading of the language. The easiest method to acquire a facility in this, will be to read such parts of the Hebrew text where most proper names occur, or such other words as have an exact translation in the Roman letter, in which the EngUsh version of the Bible will best assist him ; for there he will find every Hebrew letter and point rendered as they should be pronounced. Then he may proceed in reading any Hebrew that falls in his way ; and by frequent exercise, attain to a just and elegant pronun- ciation. The more easy parts of the Hebrew text are the historical. The poetical and prophetical books are less proper for learners to begin with, as they abound with a variety of rhetorical figures, and many anomalies, not common to the prosaic style, which is more fixed and regular ; for which reason, the Hebrew Psalter is not to be preferred 8 DIRECTIONS FOR THE STUDY by beginners in the language ; though it is found more convenient in regard of the several helps designed to teach the language, such as Bythner's Lyra Prophetica, and similar compilations. If the learner is furnished with a Hebrew Bible, I would recommend him to commence his reading in the five books of Moses, which possess a sur- prising degree of beauty and sublimity, and can hardly be equalled for purity and fluency of language, excepting in the prophetical books. In the choice of a version, the English Bible affords the best assistance, as it is every where strictly literal, serving almost every purpose as to the acquirement of the language. As you continue reading on, with your Grammar in your hand, you will soon become familiar with both the language and its Grammar. To learn the one without the other, will profit you little, which is the cause why so many are unsuccessful in learning Hebrew — they learn the rules of the Grammar, and neglect the reading of the language. And it is this that accounts for the objections many make ; — " The Hebrew Grammar (say they) is, of all others, the most difficult." The reason is, they study the dry rules, which none can understand without the language they concern. When you have so far succeeded, as to know the different parts of speech, let your first at- tention be directed to the derivation, formation, and structure of the Hebrew nouns, as pointed OF ^IIE HEBREW SCRIPTURES. 9 out in the rules, viz. number, gender, case, &c. and also that of the pronouns peculiar to them. Tables of these, arranged according to the in- herent principles of the language, have long been a desideratum; and I flatter myself to have effected this desirable purpose, so long wanted in all Grammars of the kind extant. Herein the scholar will find a detei-mination of the Hebrew cases on the original principle, and that now, for the first time, the grammatical theory of the nouns is clearly and intelligibly taught, con- formably to that of the verbs ; and its advantage, it is presumed, will be found abundantly manifest in the experience of all who consult them. And although it has been suggested by some gramma- rians, that the cases of Hebrew Nouns are not so determinately distinguished as in Latin and Greek, I have hereby demonstrated the contrary, and that the cases of nouns in this language are much more determinate, copious, and expressive, than in the Latin and Greek languages. Having attained a tolerable acquaintance with the forms and accidence of the noun, you will then pass on to the verb. The paradigms of the verbs subjoined to the grammar, may present, at first sight, a formidable appearance to you as a learner; but after a little examination, they will cease to deter you. The paradigm of perfect verbs, given in the example of "TP/ lamad, is the first to be attended to, as it is the foundation of the whole system. 10 IMRVCTIONS KOR THE STl DY In this }v\radigin, tho verb in Kal. with its }x\SJ!iive ivnjngiuion Niphal. should tir^t of all Iv oan^tiiUy oomiuitttxl to memojv. The pro- nominal detltx*tions and tonus of these, are ivnnnon with thi\>e of the other oonjuirations and ttf th^\ie ii\ the sucveeiling parailigiiis, which Knng once obtained, the rvst will easily tbllow. Uavinir thns dont\ purine the same course with the other ^viradigms in KliI and Niph;d» which you will tind to be by tiir the easiest methoil to attain the elementary Ibrius therein i::ive«. Atlern'^irds go through the conjugatiotts of l^hel. and Puhal. ;iikI Hiphil and Hophal. in the Svune regidar maimer; and. lastly, that of Hith].v\hel. Then, turn to the fimdamental para- lUgiu of "^-''. and trevpieutly exervise ytxirself in it, until yeu are per^vi in all the ^nns peculiar to eat.4i cvmjug^tion. By earetulK ainl attentively reading the Helwew text, you will impereeptibly aceiunulate a gtxxl st».vk of worxls, ainl becvHiK' gradually acquunteii >v::h the ndes aiKl genius oi the feingitage. vw,:hvHit the aid of a Jew. With rt^garvl to the promuKHitka of the I -, -, -vvrvUng to the points, you wiU aT^ \\Hir!*xt" of this, iK< all at once, but aft^f a nKHierate cvHirse of leadk^ aad a iiew mQudis' tiate: feur as thks hppa^ k so widdr dfifieiait in its imftisMr fircm tiie European lan^fua^^es vliexe llie words are writteti Ml. and with their vowek, wiifteh the Hebrew does not adsttt of. but in their oi' iin: iii;i5Ri:w sckii'Iuiiks. II ])lacc adopts the ])oints, so you cannot rc^ason.ihly expect to ])ecoine master of its pronunciation and reading immediatc^ly. Should tli(i learner have any scruph.'s as to the autliority of the Hebrew punctuation, extant in the ])rinted (!0])i(!s of tli(; J5il)l(^ suffice it to of)serve, tliat the usage and anti([uity of tfi(; points have been traced so far l)ac]^, that no writer hatli yet been able to ascertain the j)re(;is(; period when they first originat(;d ; and thougli they are charged witli novelty, yet no one; can confute th(;ir anticjuity. All the [)rincipal C'opies of tli(,' Ifel)rew fJible, j)rinted from the (>arli(;st times, hav(i tin; j)oints. 'I'lie earliest lexicons, vvritt(fn by tfi(; learned amongst Christians, as those of l^'orster,* Aven- arius,f and others, have tlie j)oints ; and many of the pious and learned Reformers, who en- gaged in the first translations of t})e JIe])rew Bible into the lujropean tongues, made no scruple at the IIel)rew punctuation ; but on the contrary, maintained its utility and integrity. The Jews, dispersed throughout Kurope, A.sia, * Vide Dictioii;iriiirn Hel>rair:urn Novum, noii ex Raljl/moriirii Comm«;ntis, riec iiostrutiurn I)0<^ Resh — ^ 2 2000 The distinction between several letters, which resemble each other, should be carefully re- marked, V. g. 3D, ::, -ni, nnn, ^ir], dddd, ;;^f, ^^'j:;, ^, n, n, and J', (the letters of the technical word aJichang) are called gutturals, as being pronounced in the throat. ^y n, 1, and \ {ehevi) are called quiescents, because they often are not sounded, i. e. when they have no vowel vmder them. '' indeed some- times becomes a diphthong with the preceding vowel, as *'^ ei, and "> at the end of a word is sounded like v, as l"'^ piv. 2. The points and marks, about or within the letters are, vowels, mappik, dagesh, maccaph, or accents. * These long letters are merely ornamental, and are found at the beginning, middle, or end of words. ^ and "^ rarely occur. f This form of Caph, Mem, &c. is called ^wa/, because they only assume it at the end of words. X If in the ancient Hebrew copies of the Bible, numeral letters were used, as it is said they were, the likeness of several letters may account for some mistakes where numbers are concerned, and the careless making or reading a tittle upon a letter might change units into thousands. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 15 3. There are ten vowels (besides slieva, sect. 4.) five long, and five short. Their sound is here expressed by the correspondent vowels in some English words. Kametz* Ji^ .... a .... wall Pathah ^ .... a ... . ram T Tzere Ji^ . . . . e heal Segol ^ . . . . e men Lonof hirek ,. "^J^ ... i .... mile Short hirek .... J which is thought , to make the word more em phatical. There is no nPI/lJi'V^^P "' Jj-U^It^i all. Psalm iii. 2. 20 HEBREW GRAMMAR. . and the plural, by adding D';* im, as 0"i\ r^ c/«y ; ^^yt^i^t dual, C^DV ^i^o daijs; plural, D"'P^ r/«i/*. / Feminines form the f/z^fljZ Hkewise, by adding .pt^l'v^^^'-y but those which end in i^, change it into ^, as n3Ji^ shanah, a year, 0"!^^^ slienathaim, two years. Feminines which end in i^, or ^, form ihepluraL by changing the last syllable into ^i as nnin / -^^ « law, riinin; others add ^\ as V^l^. dema, a tear, ^^ ^^riiyp^ demaoth, tears. Some nouns which have a masculine or feminine termination in one number, have the contrary, * Besides the change in the termination, the vowels are often altered. The rules for this will be given chap. x. Some examples however, may be useful here, as a kind of a standard of all words with the same points. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. PLURAL. iQ-r) a word Onn-n np death .... Q^r^IlD j'^rj a river '^^hh Jl.'^T an olive .... Q^n^T -irjp a book D^H^D n^^S^SJll liberty .. ni^'ti'an ;;^Tl a tear Twb^^ niD^ a kingdom ni'^D^i |r;p'ip a handful .. D^'V^F? ^^^}^ a garment flid'?!^ '7^^ a work D'''7i/2 ^^"111 reproach.. niSin na a kid D^n3 nn>:''j/ joy nlnc'ci' Some derivatives drop a letter of the radical word. When such defectives increase at the end (as by declining, &c.) a dagesh is put in the latter radical letter, and the preceding vowel, if a long one, is changed into the correspondent short one. Q^ a people, from D^J/ pi. Q^^^ \ [(•)•» the common sub- '±) the heart, from Hq'? pi. Ql^^ ( sl>'"te for ( •• ) and ( •. ), _•" e . e ^J.Z. 1 ^. ■ ■ i orkamelz-hatephfor(l) ain perfect, from Q^n pl- D^;^^ ) or(i).] Sometimes { - ) is in this case changed into (• ), though both are short vowels, as DDD a circuit, from 33(0 pl* D'^SpD- N. B. The change of ("j ) into (^) is an irregularity peculiar to the word Qp. HEBREW/ GRAMMAR. 21 or both, in another ; as 35^ ah, a father, pi. ^ ; riini?, «6ojf/i ; nj.sr, r/ /^, pi. d^3s;;i ; xnv, 6?^"/^^ /^^ , ^ If) army, pi. ■Hi^SV and D^^^^V, /«o^^^, armies. ,^^1/1^^.'^'^ 3. A noun expressing quality, with the particle IP or ^, (vide ch. ix. sect. 1.) before, or in com- parison of prefixed to another noun, expresses the comparative degree, e. g. ]?^P 1^*^ D''3i0 /J yi^^i ii^'i < thy love is good in comparison with wine, i. e. is n i ip'^y^^ better. The superlative is made---l, By the . adverb *Ti^p z;er^, exceeding, as *TSp 3itD very good, / /^ A ^*< ' ^-^Isp ^^^l^n «/26? /^/i^?/ /^«rec? greatly.— 2, By the prefix 3, blessed ^"^^^"^ among women. — 3, By the ^^'^^'''*'^^'^' name of God, the trees, mountains, ^c. of God. — 4, By the repetition of a word, alkgood good. — 5, By two synonymous words, as P'^^iJl ""^V poor ^ i-A^tu^ and needy. — 6, By the genitive case plural of the //^^;^y^^. same or a synonymous word, as C?/? "^79 King 07; , J,, ic^^LCy of kings. ^jn / 4. The cases of nouns are not so determinately ^ '^'^^ '^ ^ distinguished as in Latin and Greek;* yet the following rules may be of some use in discovering them. n is prefixed most frequently to the genitive or vocative, or the accusative after a verb. ^^., especially in Rabbinical Hebrew, and before the affixes, is the sign of the genitive. 7 is sometimes prefixed to the genitive, but more frequently to the dative. ^^ is a word, which usually precedes the accu- sative case, or the nominative of passive verbs. * See Preface, page 9. 22 HEBREW GRAMMAR. 19 written as a distinct word, or the prefixes or 3, denote the ablative. 5. \VTien two words are so related, that in Latin the latter would be put in the genitive or ablative case, they are said to be in regimen. If the former of two words in regimen is a feminine ending in >^, that termination is changed into ri, as Hnin a law, niH"! nnin the law of Je- ho?: ah. If the former of two words in regimen is a plural masculine, or a dual of either gender, the termination C. or D"!. is changed into \. as D'J/P9 plantations, ^1.^ ^i^.^^ plantations of vine. ■ r *- . CHAPTER V. Of Pronouns. 1. Pronouns are either distinct words, or affixes : of the former kind these are the chief; RINOULAR. PLURAL. ^5JiJ«r-^Jht I, com. 13r;i3^ We, com. T]T\^ Thou,m, DHJ^ Ye,you,m. t^^ Thou, f. jfji^ Ye, You, f. ^l^^ Hf, m. on They, m. S\l She, f. \T\ They, f. nr This, m. Hvl^ These, m. n»^T Thih, f. ^^ These, f. HEBREW CiKAMMAU. 2;{ "^P^ wliQ, wliich, that, relatirc. ^P wlio ? np and HD what ? itt^ iin;)< Wf , us. D^ap °?r*^ n?i- DpS::^ cnK You, til. PPP ip^^ P^ P/'^ 1^^?^ Vt)U, ('. cnp cniK Dn'7 ^^^^ on 'riR;y,t,lK:tii,tu. lOP ]ni« .1?^ \i7'^ in Thfv, thiMn, f. 2. The following examples sfiew the affixes, and the mamier of affixing tliem to nouns.* * Affixes lo vtrbh ;ir<- trtisUed ol, «,hup. Mil. KoLe 1. C^' \'2ii 3n> y'»d in, »i<'C «."ll«;«l f^rave ujfixitit, li<€:au>«, they alter the puuctuatioti of the word to whuii th«-y an; jojttftd jn the same luauner as rej;iuu;n do«'h. 2. Noutih in th«- dual ami plunil miinljers liave ^ bflon.- all th«-- aHixes «'x«;»-pt '' . 3K ufatUrr, pJK a Oruilier, and QH a Jal/wr-^n-law, inwjrt the "< though sm^^ularx, a*^ ^^^K l/tyfaHter: uud aUo tlursx; .st^vi'ii partirh-h, nHK '{/""r, /H to, YH i>tltv«-eii, "y^ vnlo, 7j^ «;>(;«, Jinjl umlt't , and "jn"; iQ^tihit 24 HEBREW GRAMMAR. i EMININE NOUN. I 01^ torahy a law. Singular. Plural. "^nlnin • T ?f^ni-iin Tjipnin "^^niniii •^nnin rninin Innin n^p1-)ln nmin T T irni-i1n i^n-jin Dp^ninin D^r^-iin |5''r^i"iiri ]3rn.in Dn^ni"ii;i onnin in-^jni-iii^ innin A MASCULINE NOUN. "lin dabar, a word. T T Plural. Singular. - T : • T ; My Ti;i ^i;i Thy, m. ■^^"!;ii 1-)31 Thy, f. i-1^1 His. '^^l^l ^1^1 Her. l^^l.n'n 13-131 Our. 2p^"in^ D.?151 Your, m. ]5'")3'n. 13131 Your, f. 3'?^">.?1 D-!?1 Their, m. ]nn;i'\i \W Their, f. ivith. 3. 2 is sometimes inserted between the word and affix, espe- cially the affixes ?T, *!!, and H to nouns, and "ij me, and ^^ him, to verbs, which ^ is sometimes lost in a dagesh. 4. Jlji^ with, changes tzere into short hirek with dagesh, as ^]1J^ with me . before 1^ it has ( t ) as I^J^J^ with us ; so also "Q]) ^ith, as IJ^J/ with us. 5, pjf^ not, tlJlD behold, and "J")^ hitherto, instead of "j have 13 J and nouns that end in H take in* which are the affixes of the third person singular masculine to verbs, as 133^X ^*of he, IHTJ^ his leaf, from H/^ a leaf. 6. H (the affix) has commonly, but not always, mappik, and is thereby distinguished from the local, and feminine termination. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 25 CHAPTER VI. Of Verbs in general. 1. Every perfect verb has seven co?ij ligations, kal, niphal, piliel, puhal, hipliil, hoplial, hitli- pahel.* (See the paradigm '^0/ he learned, for the ilhistration of this and each following remark.) Kql is active. The root is generally the third singular of its preterite, as '^'Ql he learned. But of verbs whose second radical is ^ or \ the infi- nitive in kal, and not the preterite, is commonly to be found in lexicons. Niphal is the passive of kal. The charac- teristic is 2, as a preformant ; or, in those tenses where it has another preformant, a dagesh in the first radical, instead of ^+, as '^^i'^, *TQ7n. * The first is called kal ( 7p light) because the verb is there simplest and least encumbered, both in form and signiKcaiioii, In the first grammars, yj/J^ [he wrought) was the paradigm of perfect verbs, and the ^ not being- pronounced, or only as /t, the preterite of each conjugation would be '^i/srin hv,^r\ b'^i)^r\ h]}^ b]:,^ hv.'^^ hithpahel, liophal, liiphil, puhal, pihel, niphal. ■That paradigm was justly laid aside, as j/ being a guttural, will not admit the dagesh, which is the characteristic of some conjugations ; but they continued to be called -bj' those names, which, as they contain the vowels of verbs in each conjugation, give a general notion of their form. *Ip2 he visited, has been commonly used since, as the paradigm ; but as the initial letter ^ has sometimes a dagesh lene and sometimes .not, and this merely because it is one of begad kephath, (the dagesh not being common to all verbs in those conju- gations, in which "IpS ^^^s it,) *7^7 he learned, is here substituted in l-T - T its place. f This use of dagesh resembles the change made when in and D 26 HEBREW GRAMMAR. In Piliel and Puhnl the signification of a verb is strengthened ; tlius, to seeJe, in pihel is, to seek diligently. Pihel is active, Puhal passive. These conjugations have dagesh* in the second radical, as ^^S"?, 1^'?J?, 112h, &c. Iliphil is active, HopJial passive : they denote an effect upon another, (v. g. to cause to seeh, or to he sought), in most tenses H is a preformant, as Hit/fjjahel has commonly a reciprocal signifi- cation : i^r'^P he teas mad, in hithpahel, is i/^ri^P he made, or feigned himself mad. It has r^'T^t prefixed in most tenses, and always has dagesh in the second radical, as *TPyr^r^, he learned himself Sometimes a word occurs which has, in part, the form of two conjugations. It is to be remembered, there is not an uniform change in the signification of all verbs in the several conjugations, many having in one, a signi- fication very different from and almost contrary liiminate ave made into one word, illuminate ; .the like is done in innumerable instances in all languages. * On account of the dagesh, pihel, pnhel, and hithpahel, are called grave conjugations, the others light. t N. B. When the first radical letter is a sibilant (i. e. one of the la/'^D^) the preformant letter H is put after the sibilant, as aiiiripn foranlDnn- 1, The p^ thus transposed is changed into T if the sibilant is J, as 1^*1111 for 1^Tnn> he prepared himself: and into ^ if it is )i, as pn^Vn f""" P'^^OH' he justifed himself . 2, VVhen the first radical is "T, 0» or D» the preformant J^ is omitted, and its place supplied by dagesh, as nntSn for nnCDnnj he cleansed himself. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 27 to what they have in another; of this the lexicons give instances enough. See 77'7, ^^^, &c. 2. Verbs have several moods and tenses in each conjugation. The moods have much the same signification as in other languages. One pre- terite expresses all the kinds of past action, and the future what is yet to be done. It also signifies the continuance of any thing, or that it is customary, possible, lawftil, reasonable, or de- sirable, to do it. Instead of a present tense, the participle of the present is used, hence called Benoni, between, i. e. the past and future.* The tenses are often used promiscuously, especially in the poetic and prophetic books. CHAPTER VII. Of the various kinds of Verbs, with some particular Observations upon each. Verbs whose first radical is ^ or \ whose second is ^ or \ or the third ^ or '"J, are called quiescerhts : such whose first radical is ^, or whose second and third are the same letter, or whose last radical is ^ or ^, are called defectives, because such letters are dropt in some conjugation, mood, * The participle of the preterite Is called pahul, which is a tech- nical word, this participle of the old paradigm yJ/J^ being 7l_i;£) pahul. 28 HEBREW GRAMMAR. &c. These kinds of verbs are reckoned irregular ; all the rest are regular. Section I. — Of regular Verbs. Regular verbs are foniied like "7^^ ;* but Hj^? he took, is formed like ^'-s^, (sect. 4.) Section II. — Of Verbs whose first radical letter is J^. 1. In the first singular of every future the radical ^ is dropped, lest two alephs should come together; as "^3^^ for "f?^*^, I shall utterhj perish. 2. These five, "T3i^ ]ie perished, n3»S he urns loilUng, /pi;^ he did eat, "1^^ he said, ^^S he baked, form the future of kal thus, TiC«^ inPiSri "lp^^J n^.sn ^i2)k^ n,psSn -i;pkn (-) "ipk Sometimes '^T}'^ he loved, 'D*^ he jjossessed, and 1P^5 he gathered, are formed thus : sometimes like ^P'?. As the irregularity is small, there is no pa- radigm given. Section III. — Of Verbs whose first radical letter is ^. The paradigm 2?^*^ he sat, exhibits the formation of these verbSji" except in the following cases. 1. vD^ he was able, requires 1 in the future of * The points are not exactly the same in all verbs, the vowels which in the abstracts are put before the word, are in some verbs the alternative for the first vowel of the paradigm ; those that stand after the words, for the latter. + The grave conjugations are regular. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 29 kal, as 731 1^ / shall he able, &c. and some in hiphil have V. instead of \ 2. If the last radical is V, the infinitive of kal has two pathahs, as ^V^. to know : if it is J^, the two segols are contracted into tzere, as ri»SV to go out. 3. These four, HT he threw, VTl he knew, H^^ he argued, "ip^ he bound or chastened, in hith- pahel change "^ into 1, as H'Hinn. 4. These nine, (of which six have ^ for their second radical*) are formed like" t^^?^, (see the next section) nr he left, "IP^ he bound, Wl he compassed about, "^^^ and -^VJ he placed, I^V^ he spread, PK^ he poured, "IV^ he formed, ^T\ he burned. Section IV. — Of Verbs whose first radical is j. These are all formed like the paradigm ^^^ he drew near, except, 1. Those which have 1 for the second radical, which are formed like Dip, (sect. 5.) as DIJ he fled ; 2. Those that have ^ or V for the third radical, which have two pathahs instead of two segols, in the infinitive of kal ; as ririD to blow, from n^i]; and ^}!^ to plant, froml^C^J. N. B. ]0^ he gave, makes the infinitive ^^, with an affix ^^, as "Ti^, to give me. * They are all the verbs which begin with ^ and have )^ for the second radical, except ^V^ ''^ ^^^f om^ 30 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Section V. — Of Verbs whose second radicalletter is 1 or ^. Of these, D'^p to arise, is the paradigm ; but, 1. Some of these in the grave conjugations double the first and third radicals, as ^13 to take, contain, makes 7573. 2. niD to die, in the preterite and benoni of kal makes riD. 3. W^l to be ashamed, in the future of kal has C •• ) under the preformants, like '^^71 ; as 5^"i3J<, &c. 4. Quiescents in "^ often omit the preformant ^ in the imperative of hiphil, as 1^3 consider, for 5. The T or "* in some verbs is not quiescent, but they are formed like "^P^, as i^W he cried. Section VI. — Of Verbs whose third radical letter is K. The third sing. fem. sometimes ends in ^ instead of H, as rikS^D instead of ^^^^, and some- times the ^ is omitted ; in other respects, all these verbs are formed Hke ^^V9 he found. Section VII.— O/" Verbs whose third radical letter is n« In general they are formed like i^?^ to reveal: but, 1. Some are formed like T^^, i. e. neither lose nor change ^. 2. Some double the two first radicals in the grave conjugations; as VWV^, fi'om HjL^J^ he de- lighted. 3. nna/ he bowed, and 'l/^ he was quiet, in HEBREW GRAMMAR. 31 some tenses change H into 1, at ^^y.^ I was quiet y lllirii^n they bowed themselves. 4. Verbs that end in ^, generally lose ^ by apocope, when they are joined in the imperative of pihel, hiphil, or hithpahel, with ^^, a particle of denying ; or in any future with 1, conversiviim futuri. ( Vide chap. ix. No. 4.) On this account, sometimes the preceding vowel is excluded, as t^J^H he made, for "^^ifH; sometimes it is transposed to the first radical, as l^'l he built, for ''^?.??1 ; and sometimes the pre- formants have ^ " \ as "^^H he wept, for i^^^^l. Some in hiphil have two segols, as "'^ll.l he made fruitful, for '"^l^H; if the first radical is a guttural, two pathahs, as 7j;/^l he made to ascend, for '"^ ^i^.!! ; or if the second is a guttural, a se2;ol and pathah, as HDII 7^ suffer not to be destroyed, for "^^P-D. ^^'l he was, and ^V^ he lived, with 1 conversive and sometimes without it, form the future of kal thus : n3\\7ri vr}\ vnn ""n^ ^r^t^ ^n] •'\-i:n V^ ^t\^. Section VIII. — Of Verbs whose second and third radical are the same letter. Some of these in the grave conjugations double the two first radicals, as ^t^^ from 77^ he rolled; all the rest are formed after the paradigm 330 he surrounded. Section IX. — Of Verbs whose third radical is 3 or ]^. These lose the last radical in a dagesh before the afformants 3 or r\, as "'^r^i / gave, for, ^^^^^ ; '^^1^ 32 HEBREW GRAMMAR. / cut, for ''^r*"!?. As they are in other respects regular, no paradigm is wanted. Section X. — Of Verbs which have two defects or irregularities. These are formed according to two paradigms, thus, n^3 he stretched, is formed like t^J? and n?^. CHAPTER VIII. Of Affixes to Verbs. Affixes to verbs signify the patient, i. e. the thing or person acted upon; except to an infi- nitive mood, which may signify either the agent or patient. Besides the affixes to nouns, there are some peculiar to verbs, as appears by the following table : SINGULAR. • "•J Me,* com. ?| Thee, m, •!| Thee, f. i Him,f IT). n Her,jf. PLURAL. ^3 Us, com. D5 p. D ^ Oil, ni. You, f. Them,§ m. Them, f. * The accusative sing, of the first pers. "ij, drops the ^ in verbs infinitive, and becomes ^. f The third masculine sing, admits of a paragogic H or J in many instances, and the "j pronominal is changed into "jj 1J^, 13 IH^ and ,*^, but the latter rarely happens. X The feminine H admits of J paragogic, and is formed with kametz as HJ, T § The pronoun J3 in poetical language is often changed into "j;^' HEBREW GRAMMAR. 33 In the imperative and infinitive of regular verbs in kal, the sheva and holem arc interchanged, and the holem becomes kametz-hateph, as "^^^^ with "•;! makes ''^.0^. Many other, though less frequent changes are made in verbs on account of affixes, and they are joined to different tenses by different vowels, as may be seen in the example at the end of the paradigms. CHAPTER IX. Of the Prefixes zhyi^ Ht^D. 1. Mem, ^, prefixed to nouns, signifies \Ofrom, out of, as ^'^^Ofrom a Jiouse, D*Ti^.P from the east, W^^DV^D Old of the depths. It is prefixed by hirek with dagesh, except before ^, i^, ^, V, and *^, when it has tzere, as "'^"'t^ the Lord, ^Y^'^^J^from the Lord. When ^ is prefixed to a noun following an adjective, it has the comparative sense, 1^^T^D ^2.^2 sweeter than honey. 2. ti' is the substitute for the relative "i^'^ icho, which, that, and is mostly prefixed by segol and dagesh, as ^^^ which also, ^'^V^'^ which they did. 3. n is the Hebrew article emphatic to nouns, as O^OJ^n the heavens, l'2?n the king, and is pre- fixed by pathah and dagesh. Before a participle it has the sense of "l^t? ivho, E 34 HEBREW GRAMMAR. which, that, as iPiv'n he that learneth, D'^jShH they that walk. Before ^, ^, H, V, and "», it is prefixed by kametz, as ^^^^ the man, 'Oi^^Wl^ the wiclced ; unless kametz follows it, and then it is prefixed by segol, as '^'^'^'^^ the wise man. The interrogative ^ is prefixed by ( " \ as ^'!J^, is it ? If the first letter of the word is a guttural with kametz, H takes ^•■■\ as O^i^n //as he failed? If the guttural has any other vowel than ^ ^ \ or if the first vowel is ^'■\ the ^ takes (- \ as CHH they? If any of the letters ^^3 are inserted after it, the interrogative H is prefixed, like the emphatic, by ( - ^ and dagesh : as 1? « son, ]^i to a son, l?/'^ lo a son ? 4. 1 may be translated and, but, notwith- standing, or, even so, seeing that. T is regularly prefixed by ^'•\ as T)iy and a way; if a labial (^'5p) or sheva follows, by shurek, as Z'^^r:^ and a seat; if a pause, by ('), as "^IIt, especially when it joins two words of nearly the same signification, as ^1^ ^"^11 afflicted and poor. T sometimes changes the preterite, as to its signification, into the future, and is called con- versivum preteriti.* ^ conv. pret. is prefixed as * On the conversive power of Vau the following- Rules have been given. Rule I. T prefixed to future tenses, converts them to perfect tenses ; and when prefixed to verbs in the perfect tense, it regularly converts theuA to the future tense. Rule II. Wlien 1 is prefixed to a verb, which iniuiediately follows HEBREW GRAMMAR. 35 the conjunction, but may often be distinguished from it by its throwing the accent to the last syllable : as ^l^'? thou hast learned, ^l^"?! thou ivilt learn, ox, and thou wilt learn* ^ sometimes changes the future, in signification, into a preterite; it is thence called conversivum futuri, and is prefixed by pathah and dagesh, as "'l^T. he will learn, Ti*^?."] he learned^: 5. 3 or "i^? signifies as, like, according to, about, and is prefixed by sheva ; /Ji'i^S as a ruler, HJi'O? lihe Moses, ''?/? according to my heart. 6. 7 is rendered to, unto, in, of, for, &c. and is another verb of the same tense, without a prefixed •), and in the same sentence, the T,"in that case, is merely conjunctive. Rule HI. A prefixed ^ does not affect or convert any verb in the imperative mood. 2. Nor any verb, or verbs, in the future tense, which follow an imperative mood in the same sentence. 3, But to perfect tenses the prefixed T is covversive without hindrance from the preceding imperative mood. Rule IV. After an interrogation either of the empliatical H or of the interrogatory relative 1^ or n!D' ^^^ prefixed T doth not influence any verb or verbs of ihe futiire tense, or the present tense; but in perfect tenses, the ") is regularly conversive, and is not influenced by a preceding interrogation. Rule V. If a future tense, put for a pieterperfect tense, with ") prefixed, precedes a prefer tense, having also a prefixed T, the T in the latter is merely copulative. — See three Tracts on the Syntax, &c. of the Hebrew Tongue, by G. Sharpe, Esq. * The van conversive is sometimes also a copulative, sometimes only conversive. ■|- The particle |Ji^ then before a future, has often a conversive use, as "I^T" *^ '/'^« he spake. .... T N. B. T conversivum fut. often changes the long vowel of the last syllable into a short one, as IlJi''^T for 3tl'''T he made to return, Dp'^T for Dlp''T he arose. 36 HEBREW GRAMMAR. prefixed by sheva, as /J!^l£^7 to Isnmel, "^/^7 to, of, for, the ling. If the word is a monosyllable, or if the two next syllables are of equal quantity, it is prefixed by kametz, as ^^( to a people, •"'P?^ in hope. 7. ^ prefixed to nouns signifies in, by, with, on, 2ipon, among, &c. as "i^^?^ in his house, 'fl^? in, on, upon, the earth, C^Ji'^S among women. 8. The letters ^72 exclude the n emphatic, and take its points, as "f 1^ chaff, p^S, for f i^^?, lihe chaff; ^:^^^2, for J^^^'!??, like that man. 9. The letters n'pDI before D^^'7^? God, have ( "'^ ; before ^\^\ Jehovah, and ^^"^^ Lord, they have ( - ) ; and the first letters of these words, for the most part, lose their proper vowels, as N. B. The letters C /23 are prefixed to verbs infinitive, when they form the Hebrew gerunds, as "^Ip ^3 ichen I have learned, Ps. cxix. 7. VJ2W^ (ab audiendo)//'o??^ hearing, &c. CHAPTER X. Of the Change of Vowels. I. The vowels are often changed ichen a ivord increases at the end. In this case the vowels of the ultimate and penultimate syllables are commonly exchanged for shorter. The following are general rules; HEBREW GRAMMAR. 37 the exceptions, though many, are too trifling to be mentioned. 1. ^^^ penultimate y in every increase and regimen, is changed into sheva, "1^1, 'i''?!; ^-^ antepenul- timate in verbs is changed in the same manner, T ; - T> ■-:-:• ( ^ ) ultimate, in regimen and before the grave affixes, is changed into (■), as '"'t'^'': "'^l; D^^l^^ from '"ll"!^. 2. ( ■) penultimate, in every increase and re- gimen, is contracted into ( = \ as D''3Pp from ^DD a circuit. ( ■ ) ultimate, in every increase, is changed into (•^, as D'^T'57 from *T^"i7 learning; in regimen into (").* 3. 1 penultimate, followed by ( ' ^ or ( • ), is some- times changed to ( \ but commonly into ("^ hateph, as being of a similar sound, as ^P[^ tlnj ear, from IJ^^. "i ultimate is always in verbs changed into ( ' \ and in nouns before the grave affixes, unless a sheva follows, when it becomes kametz-hateph. 4. ^'^penultimate, if another pathali follows, is in every increase changed into sheva, as ^HW a gate, pi. D^IJ^l^. Pathah ultimate, in declining a noun, is changed into kametz, as 0^")J7tf'^ and on account of the af- fixes, into sheva, as 5^51, ^J^'^1. In verbs that have n paragogic, pathah final is changed into sheva ; * It is not changed in monosyllables, or after ( t ) or { ; ]. 38 HEBREW GRAMMAR. and in those that have an affix into kametz, as niD)n from "TP^Pn, ^n-P"? from "I^). 5. Segol penultimate, in every increase, passes into sheva, as J^? a river, D^J;^. Segol ultimate, in forming the dual or plural number, is changed into kametz, as D^J/^ ; on account of an affix or a local ^, into sheva, as ""Vl^? and i^VI^ from \']'^. (See the next rule.) II. Some alterations of the points are occa- sioned hy simple or compound sheva. 1. If two shevas should come together in the beginning, or after a complete syllable in the middle of a word, the former is changed into pathah, segol, or Mr eh. (See ""Vl^ iii the last rule.) N. B. A consonant and long vowel, or a short vowel between two consonants, the latter of which has a dagesh or sheva, make a complete syllable . 2. In those cases in which other letters would have a simple sheva, the gutturals take a com- pound one. 3. A compound sheva generally causes the preceding letter to have that vowel with which it is compounded : for instance, hateph-pathah gives the preceding a pathah ; hateph-segol, gives a segol ; and hateph-kametz, a kametz. 4. Sometimes a compound sheva, in this case, loses the vowel, and becomes a simple sheva. Thus, •"'PO he tneditated, in third sing. m. fut. kal, regularly makes i^^'T.; but by rule 2d ^^ni, by rule 3d H^n;), and by rule 4th ^^\^\ 5. If a simple sheva follows a compound, the HEBREW GRAMMAR. 39 compound either drops the sheva, or the vowel with which it is compounded, as ^^S^^ thy worh, from n^^D, and ib^i^: for 1:3^^05 from "^?)n; U was turned. 6. The gutturals will not allow hateph-pathah before them, but change it into pathali. III. The points are altered on account of the ' gutturals. As the gutturals and 1 will not admit dagesh, they compensate the want of it by changing the preceding vowel into a long one: pathah into kametz, hirek or segol into tzere, and kibbutz or kametz-hateph into '' or \ as ]"i^''7^ frotu a multitude, for ]i^nQ. This compensation is some- times omitted. IV. The accents cause some alterations in the points. 1. 17, ''13, &c. become "^7, ^^, &c. on account of the pauses, silluh, athna, &c. 2. The pauses change a short vowel into a long- one, or one long vowel for another of a fuller sound, as ^^^^r\^ for ^).%^^, Ps. v. 3. 3. Sometimes the other accents do the same. V. Maccaph Commonly changes a long vowel of the former word into its correspondent short one : kametz into pathah, tzere into hirek, "i or ^ into kibbutz or kametz-hateph. VI. To improve the sound, A long vowel is sometimes changed into a short one, a short into a long one, and one long or short for another. 40 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CHAPTER XL Of Irregularities in Syntax^ 1. Nouns that signify dominion, and particu- larly the names of God, though plural, may be put in apposition with singular substantives; as n.xn '^y-lN u;^^n the man, the lords (lord) of the land: or they may be joined to a singular ad- jective ; as nti'i^ CJIH a cruel lords (lord.) 2. Numerals from one to ten of the singular number, frequently take plural substantives, thus U'W}^ *!/? a thousand men ; other numerals, even when plural, take singular nouns, as ^}^ Q"'"!Jfi;J twenty years* The cardinals from three to ten, which have a masculine termination, are used to feminine nouns, and the contrary; as '"12^ Wi0 three years^ D^D: r\r2h^ three days. 3. When two substantives are in regimen, the adjective or the verb which in sense belongs to one, sometimes agrees with the other in number and gender, as D^-Hn Dninj n:^p. the how of the mighty men are brohen ; ^''pi/.l^* "V^^ "'^l < "'P the voice of thy brother s bloods do cry. 4. An adjective singular joined to a plural substantive, a verb singular to a nominative * Most numeral adjectives may be placed before or after their substantives: but in all other cases the substantive stands before the adjective. If the adjective precedes the substantive, there is an ellipsis of the verb to he ; as T}t2'2T\ nnliO good (is) icisdom, i. e. wisdom is good ; nm^P HS* ^his (is) rest. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 41 plural, or a verb plural to a nominative singular, has a distributive signification, as ^''^i^^Q "^^^1 thy judgments are right, i. e. each of them is, right. 5. Sometimes a nominative feminine has a mas- culine verb, which is thought to express excel- lency ; and a masculine noun, a feminine verb, to express the contrary, as nnj/.in \iy'PV., ye {fern. though spoken of men) have clone abomination. Ezek. xxxiii. 26. 6. The pronouns are often redundant. Some- times both the separable pronoun and the affix are used for the same person; thus Numbers xiv. 32, Crit? D5^*]^5 your carcasses you, ^'c. Sometimes the relative and personal pronoun; thus in Psalm xvi. 3. HZSn n^2 '\m 'Q^m^^ to the saints that are in the earth, they, Sfc. CHAPTER XIL Of Finding the Root. An accurate acquaintance with the formation of nouns and verbs, will generally discover the root. — The chief difficulty is in regard to nouns, which are not ranged in the Lexicon in their places, according to the alphabet, as Latin and Greek nouns commonly are, but under their several roots. The following remarks may be useful. 1. If when the prefixes, affixes, heemantic, 42 HEBREW GRAMMAR. and paragogic letters, signs of the gender, num- ber, &c. are rejected, three letters remain, they commonly contain the root. 2. If only two letters remain, the root is some kind of defective verb, and may be found by prefixing "* or ^, inserting 1 or \ doublmg the last letter, or adding H to the end. In many cases it is not easy to see which of these methods is to be taken ; and till a person has some good acquaintance with the language, he may be forced to try several of them ; yet the following observations will in many cases assist him. If a noun begins with a heemantic letter, and the first radical has a dagesh, its root commonly begins with 3, as H^p a hed, from H^^ ; some- times with ^ (because some of these are like the others. See Chap. vii. sect. 3. No. 4.) as HD^P a statue, from ^V^ The roots of most of the nouns which begin with "i^ or i^ begin with '^, as Hlln a law, from nn^, and 3:i^iQ a seat, from ::^^l Many nouns which have a long vowel under the first radical letter, spring from verbs whose second radical is T or \ or whose third is H, espe- cially if the long vowel continues though some addition is made to the word, as D|^, ^^?„ from D^'p. But nouns which have a short vowel under the first radical, or upon having any addition at the end, admit dagesh in the second radical, com- monly have for their root a verb which doubles HEBREW GRAMMAR. 43 the second radical; as ^Q^ a circuit, from^^p; '"^/P a word, from '7?^. But ^^ anger, Q^^ &c.) comes from ^^^?, not ^?'i$. Nouns which end in "^ or 1\ are commonly de- rived from verbs that end in ^, as l^^H a vision, from nrn ; ^^^ fruit, from nnS).* 3. Sometimes only one radical letter remains ; the root of such will commonly be found by putting J to the beginning, and n to the end, as l^P thy rod, from HD:. Explanatio7i of the following Tables. Table I. exhibits the radical and heemantic forms of nouns, with the various application of the heemantic letters to the root, according to the analogy of the language. (See Chapters iii. and xii. of the Grammar.) All nouns derived from perfect roots are reducible to one or more of the forms of "12)D, ex. gr.l'?'^ HIj'pD H^lte n:D*7D2:, where, by changing the radicals, v'^ becomes "ISC'; hence, n-)2D n-nDD nnSiDD, &c. as in the Table. The seven letters Vn3D^^^ called heemantiv, produce these seven orders of nouns. Those of imperfect derivation, or such as drop an initial, medial, or final radical, are represented in the lower part of the Table. * N.B. When words of this form admit affixes, they are commonly changed thus, i'lnS his fruit. 44 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Tables II. and III. shew4:he Cases of Nouns at large, with or without the pronominal affixes, and are now iirst arranged in order and manner similar to the conjugations of the verbs. (See Chap. ix. of the Grammar.) Tables IV. V. and VI, delineate the Cases, &c. of the Pronouns and some Particles, after the same method as in Tables II. and III. and suffi- ciently explain themselves. N.B. 1. It may be a very profitable exercise for the learner, frequently to read over and translate into English or Latin the columns in the following Tables and Paradigms, and an exchange of the Novm or Verb will afford agreeable variety in the exercise. 2. In parsing a verb, first consider what conjugation, tense, and person it is, and what kind of verb ; form the proper paradigm into that conjugation, tense, and person, as above; then change the radicals of the paradigm into those of the Verb in question. For instance, "^yiTr^^^ is first sing, of fut. hithpahel, from l?'^ he walked, like T^7> which form thus, iJ^hr})^ Tp^« Tn)^ ir^b^ "T^'ps iDviij ■TiD'?jj Then, changing the radicals, it becomes "^/OOi^ the word sought for. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 45 a r^iH rn: ./n /it'- <:i /n- ./n r r r r r r r D Q. D • D*^ l-H a D D Q D^ D- D- ?= •;^: .^ /^^ iy ^ ^ * r- r r r f- p Ok D •— /*it- D D O D . S- ^"^ ^; .^ n n n p- 1—5 b. D D . Q Q D • Q- '^ n n n n n {I Q D Q Dh i; ^ r; d 1— ? I— ( »- C c i; x; r; £ ^H ^. ^. ^ - 1 cr ci'- §:: Q.^ '5- D r cr /n^ fH: > 1— 1 Q- O D- D- D- D D- /n /n- fA- c\- c\- c\- c\- r ri r f- r- r r " n £; £ — p Dk D n 151: Or Q;: rn: > 5C' 52' %' 52' 52' 52" 32' O- D D . D Q • D D /a" /51*- rn: /si 61 /n irn- «- f £ F F F P 52' 52 Q O n n 52' 52 52 52 ^.. Q: Dh D: r cr /hh <:n: > J3 J3 Q S3 J3 J3 J3' n Q Q.. D D O D ft> n^i- (i{.- m m (ii (i\- r r r p p. p= F Q*^ J3- n J3' Q Q Q ^:: qk d^ d:. p' cr ci^ CA: m G c n; e; m c D Q O. D D Q D 151.- /i!^ Ill: /n s a ex Q. D- D- o Q- Q Q- O- D- O- m- /:i c\ a. ci a ct c\ c\- c\- r- r ^ r r r- r r r" r- r^ *" IT- r- r- n p n n:- a " 1 n Q J3 n J3 Q a J3 n q Q Q- Q Hi- D- D- Q- Q. Q D- C\- CI" C\ C\- C\ CI C\ CI CI c\. r- r • r r r- r r • r r- r^ '' r- r- •*- n p n: n> a '— r r HEBREW GRAMMAR. 47 c ^ s 3 'be com. mas. fem. e o a ^ #1 .« CO a a em ph. relat. . W en CO en CO CO en ^ 'S CO VJ •> o o .2 o o o o o o o o O O O O *t o 2 ° o o A ^ Xi pQ o o 2 -^ ^ .Q -Q bi ^ t- u -Q rfi O O ^ >» >> CD b b 3 3 "v> 'S 01 - >< H H H H D Q. D- D- Q- D D Q. D D D D- n. •&:. /:n«- a- /n • /n • a /n CI /:i CI • CI Cl Cl- Cl^ Q.. r* r= r' r= r' r*- f-= r r r- r= J-: #- «- *- r r • r r r r r 0' a fp- r^ n^ *-\ O- Cl n n n n • n • n- n- n n n n n- n • •^:. o o Q. G. D D- D- Q Q D D- o- n. n- G\y c\- CA- G\- CA /n. /n- £n- Cl Cl Cl Cl 'H'- Clw r r r' r' r- #- *- J- • r*- r= r' r r r r r r 0- a r:- r^ ii^ r\ d n- E& n- n • n • n • n • n. n- n- n- n • n n- n . '^r. D D D D D o- D. D- D o D D- n- n: isi" a- /n £1 • /n • /n- /n- c\ Cl . Cl • Cl- Cl- Q - e! - r' r r- r= r' r" r r- r= r= r= r Clf d*- C^ #" *- *- *- » r r #- *- r r a rr- r^ n- *~\ n^- SE jv.. J-... j^--r-_r- J-— j^" j^.. j-^-j^" j^- j^.. D • D- D D Q- D D- D. o. Q Q. D- <51»- C\- /n • /;n . c\- c\- C\" CI" Cl • Cl • Cl- Cl- ci^ rn- r- r |-. |-:. ,-• r" r r= r r r- r= r r <- r r ' r r r r r r o rr r^ n- »n IT:- n; a a Q Q Q Q J3- Q Q Q Q Q J3 Q- Q ^: Q Hi- D. D Q- Q. Q- Q- Q D Q. Q- n. 13 CA- cx: c\- c\- c\- -^ (B ''I ?■ ., -O ,/> CO Cfi • X cn g > is [S !» cn ri !*r £ & S > S 5 5 rt « « & S o 5 _5 j2 ' C8 M — ,^ — — JS iS !K !/l J2 — — I. :_ ^ !- fe jj .-_ >> >^ .« t- ^ 3 3 0) O 0) 01 cs cs ^ -c -^ •i JJ 3 O O -= -C ^ ^ i-I ^ § H H EC S O ;^ >H H H H H g 5 g 5 m 5 .5 5 5 .5 5 5 n- &:. F .5 E r F F r r F !^ .^ f~ f~ £ .^ .p *E E E' E= E- E- E E= E= E= E= E= #- #- #- . r r r r r r r r:- r^ '" n- p n:- n:- n- n •^ a — a — n n n n n n n n • n • n • n • n • n ^:. i; c I^ c ^ c; r; c; c; r; C c n. n. •»— -r— •^— •y— •#"" '^~ •#"" •^~~ •^'~ 5 5 r r F F F r r f- r r r j- F F £ E E' E= E E- E E E= E= E: E: IT- r- r r r r r r r •" n-- P n: n: n: H: a "^ a " E E n • n n n n n n • n • n • n n • n • n •^:. C r; C C c; C r; n; C c; c C n. n. •^— •r~' *r~ •§ — •^~* •r- .»— •#- -r- •#— •»- •»— 5 '^ r r r r 1- r •" j^ .*~ r r P •»— •»— *f-~ *r~ *w^ F F j;. f:, 1 C' r;: C' E- E= E= E= E= E= E' i #- *- «- • r r r r r r r E E r^ r- *- n- p n: n: n: n: '" a — a — J-- J^ j^ j^-j-^- j~- .j->..j^. j^-jT^. .J^•.J-^.. -X- •^.. c c 5 .5 .^ l:; r; C r; i:; C r; .^— "r"" •g-— .^— "r"" *#"• •^~ *^^ '^~' e .5 r f~ F F F r r i~ i~ r r r r F j:; j:; C' r;: C' c. i:;: n; c;= r;: r; c= j «- #- *- • E E n- r- *- r- P n: n: H: H: "^ a — u — Q Q- jj n J3 Q O O O Q Q Q 13 ii= c; n; ^ .^ .^ .^ .^ .^ .^ ^ .^ .^ n. •»- -f— ^ 5 r r r r r F F F F F F F j:; j:; C 1:;= C- c;. c;: c; c;= c;: ^ ^ ^ *- *- • r; c r^ 1^ '~ Fh .p r\ h F: F: a — a '- H 50 HEBREW GRAMMAR. ao PRONOUN. Me, com. Thee, mas. Thee, fem. Ilrm. Her. U:«, com. You, mas. You, fem. Them, mas. Them, fem. 13 CO O % % % ^ 5C ^ JC % 3C % E, £ '£>^ *£ £>^ £- i^ £ '£^ c^ rr- r- *•- n p n: n: a -— j:; .% .% .52 .as .% .% .5C .% .% .% C C i;h e; r;. j:;. h; j;;. e,. r;. rr- r^ •«- n p n= n:- a — x- c. 5C- 5£- 5i 5i- 52- %• %^ 3C- «:• 52- rr- r- »- n p n: n: a — pq n n- r\" ri" n n»- ri'- r\^ r\^ ri>- n- r- rr- •»- n p n: n n rz- ni- rxy n»- n*- n»- n»- n- n- n- n- .P .p .^ .Q .^ .^ ^ .^ .^ .^ p- 'ir- r- fz E^ p n: n: *n:- "E: g k5 *" 17- r- ••- n p^ ^r n^ rt r> S: J3 13 Q- J3 o n J3 a Q= Q^ ^:. jg. J3- J3:. ^:. jj;. J3 . J3.. f^.. TZ- •^ n *- a — .s •^: •&: -^r '^: 'S: '&: "S:. •^: '&: '^^ JN. jN.. j%i- _r- j^t- j>i- jT-t- _r-f J^-*- -T-"- rr- r^ •'- iz p o: n rz. n '^ a — a — HEBREW GllAMMAil. 51 rt.. , s ^ 0) C3 ^ s E 1 1 CO a c ^ o 5 U S «Ji C ti! . ^ ^ ^ ^ rLt ^ •N j^ i» u> rt •4-> CB o ji .^« cd (u a; ,r; ^ <-: _c -C -G -c ^ ^ b* ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ n r rr- %: %= r. n- P^ P' P: J3 %: 'rt % ^ n n u * n n n r sir r ^ n. n. IT' n. r*^ n- n^ pH n r n. is- 5i= H: P: 5i: n- r- P^ 1H= p: P ss. u •— ' n n n r o j^H j^- j^H _r-.. j^i- j^»- j^f .r-H , r-t- .r- j--i Ti n % IX.- 3C: n: ITt jn*^ JL»: P: P %• 1 x; n n n n r si: r h5 Q Q O" Q: n= P: a o p n P s n sc 2i: Si! r- r: u*^ 13*^ p: p Sir i:; n ji n n *- ^: •& •^ ■^: •?^: Ti: •t^:- •?!:• Tl:- Tl: • It r r r- P: JNf J>. .fN. _r- .s CO % % n n n n r 52 HEBREW GRAMMAR. s en c 5 s '^ C t^ s ^ ^ nT oT ^ a E 4) a; S u 3 s u 4; c JZ . tZ a» » o o J= .C S H H ffi & >^ ;>^ H H 52: 5i: 5S: %: 5C: 5i: JC: 2ii- 3C.- ^i- %!• t J^ _r-»- J~-:- J^i- J^y J^:- J^: J--: J--: -P' J^: o r r #- . r r r r #~ -M |T- r^ flH r-\ r\ n: r. H: c ^ a a Y, 3C- ^• 3C Y.- %• '/.• 5C: 5C: 3C % j3 r; c; c; c,*^ ^ c;- n;- i:; c n;- c;- 13 r r- r^ n rn n: n: a *"" ? a c n: r\ n= nv p: rt: n: p: ri: p: p: 0) •— *T •-1.. '^: r-\ *~%t- »^: r-\: »n: »n: #T. r f^ r^ n r r n: r r a •"^ a PQ ^' ^ ^^•^ J^^ ^^ ^^ ^'■ ^* ^ t2^i r^vi • j^ J^i J^:. -P' J^i- J^:- J^: J^: J^: J^: J^: c r r r r r r r #- o r^ f^ *~ Hh r-% r\ n: r. fl: ^ a a :a v^- ^ ^• :^ ^ J^ ^ ^• ^• :^- 1 o ^- » S3- •^ la- J3^ 13^ S- ^- 2r r rr- r- n r-T n: a n: a j^. J^" J^" j-^" j^- j^" J-,.. j^. J^- ~r- j^- m Cl»^ ct- /Hk /n- ci- £!•- Cl- o- c\- c\ *-\: »-li »n:- *T rii- «^:- »-i: r\'- »-l: r-\: *-\: r r r #- • r r r r r r «2 IT- r^ r~ Hh r-\ r\ rv- r. H: pq a a 3C' iC- 52. 52- Y' %• iS' %■ ^• 52' 3C« ^ Ci Hi ci- Cr Hi c C' Cr c. Ci- Ci- a; r: r' r= r; r= r = r= r= r= r= r= <1 r #" ir- f^ *n n. rv n. HEBREW GRAMMAR. 53 a> c +J c • d 3 > X > 0) H H k^ b j» CC U ■£ H %: ^ •& 2i' C" •&• •&. •& m ^" c tl^ »ni J^ r- Q •&H n .Q & .&•- |- &■ n n &^ n n Hi < ^ ^ rt Si- ^ ^v^ %• n^ '^: •&: & n; ^= < OJ C' £;• J-- r 13= *& n- .J3 •&. .&:• O c; *- • a ^ ^ t=i ^A r 5C' ^ •^ %• Ci •&: •^ •&. m ^' C' »n: J~- r • Q= '^: n- .Q '& .&; '-»J r- ^: rl' •&:• c; ?:*• ri> 5^' r' u en 5i' C ^ &' i:; g C i:. J~- J3= n- 6 ^ & J^ • ^ -D , ^ ■*-> J= « • ■w C JZ ji c -t-> JZ ^ jz S2 V 15 9 «M t< > 0) be c c 1^ b c» H b b cc CO c^ !^ H r' ^: •^ r" Ci •& & •^. J^ ^^' < % r J^- 0- Q •^. n- Q ^. .^ M 0- ^ r r 0- r r 0~ r P £/l o r' •&: •^ r • Cr •^ •^ •^ m ^" c 2C r 1; ri- r J3 r r r 1— P 1; ^ r C c q C 54 HEBREW GRAMMAR. c !5 o i- X c > 3t) c 13 c tn 3 C s o .c o . E- H H b £ j» w u jS X H H ^ ^= •^ 52- C- •^ *& •& c;- J3: %: 5i' w^^ C o .&: .^ J^ r J3 '^- n- .Q '&• %- cr J^" 0) S3 E S o r a a rr- r a n CI' a +J rt o u ^ o fo^ qJ 6 0) $s ^ ^ c S -C ^ c s ^ s r-' o 1 1 • 1 > a; a; s- •S d a; > c 33 E- c a; § $0 ^ ^' •& ^ sc- C' •& :^. .^ m 5i' •& •^ c- m: -J~- r- J3 •&^ n .J3 "ta- C- r^l J^ r a ^■^ n>- •&H n B*^ #nt- tA- r a ^H 1 4> n &^ n n n n n . 1 '^1-^ HH 3 Q }—i M > SO i: g*^ .^»- ^"^ .^'- .&: S"^ .^H i; i .1: H r r r r r r r r r r r r 1-^ a o a H 52,' •& ti 5i' Ci '^: ■& & r; 5C' •^ *&- c- c;= j^ r 13= '^ n- XJ •?^- £■ c;- j-^ c j:; b ti rl' ^ ^ n :^ C &* ^ 'S *i .§■: .g: B: .§:: .§:: .§:: I: .g. .§:: i r i r- 1- i r r= r r= 1"= r r r= r= n n n n n n n n n r~ a a a HEBREW GRAMMAR. 55 - s 3 O 3 o oJ oJ 3' o H r- a: a? ?2 P« ^ H H o 5Ci ii- %. n r- ^' ^• %• H: H: p^ n c; % r 5i 13 1 r^ n»- n- r.^ Hh Hh rz: P:' r_y n^ H r 1- o n PL. r n;- r n n *n a £ rr- r n ^: n; n; *- • ri;- c; c; c; r • n • n; ^ H r- n- H; n.: n- n n- S fa r rl *- n' n n' rz- '^ > n ZJ n:: H: n;- H: n" n: n-: Hi: n- P- n-r > #- r ■^~ .^— •* — *^~~' 'C~~ •»— •^— '#^ •^— •^— 1+^ c c;- n; c; C^ 1:;= c c j:;^ C;; rr- '" n r-K rv a l-H n n n n- n- n- n n- rt- rt n- . n n n- n- n n n n n n- n- _ ^ #~ r r «- r r r r r 0- -u ,0 — •r— •r — 0) c ^ C 1:;= c r;- c c £ c*- c;; «^ r^ r^ ■*" n ry n:- rv a a n. n- n- n- n n- r\- n- n- n- n- ^* n n n- *- n- n- r n n p^ '#"■ '^~ •#~~ *r^ •#"■ •#"■ •r~ •^~" 40 ^ » ^ r r F ^ s ^ "^ ^ S •" *" .X">- j^t -T-*- -T'v- ~r">- j^t ~r" •-T"" J^»- 13- 13 13- 13- 13' Q 13- 13' 13- r r*^ r r r r r r r n fi,- i^ i:; *- n;= m p j^ • j^- .J~- j^- 13 13 13 13- F r ji F n -K, J^-^• J>»- J^-*• -K^ 5^ r r- I- "^ Q' 13 13' 13' 13' 13 13- 13- 13' r t-^ r r r • i- i- r r n I-- m m *- i; n;= ;? Q — n n- n- n- 13= 13^ O 13= r r r- r r r 13= r- J3' ^ ^ 1- r -T-' J--' J^» J^' 13 13 13 13= r r- 1- r n « 13 13' 13' 13' 13 13' 13' 13- |- r- r r r • f- i- r i- n m- n; i::; -- m r; p 3 3 3«; -p; Q pi- I- j^-j^ .j^ j^ -X- j^ :_r^- j^ j^ 13' 13 13- 0' 13' 13 13' 13' 13' r r^ I- i- r • r r r r- n i;- m c; »- ii; j:;= p - a. n- n. %• n. o- , J3 13= 13 13 13 i- >- r r r 2 £* Z 3 2 n- r- n- n- n- n- n- r n- j^ —r" • j^- j~- • j^ -T- ~r- j^ .j~- 13 Q Q' 13 13' 13 13- 13 13' i- f-K r r r f- r r r n- H' r- n. 13= 13 13 13= "2 "a, o n- n- Hh n- n^ n- n^ n*^ n^ 13' 13 Q' 13' Q' 13 13' Q' 13' I- r^ r r r r r r r n e- 1- e - e & p 1-H n n ^= r 13 t; r; r; r; c j^' j^' J^' -r-. J--' 13= 13= 13 13= J3= r r 1- r r w w w w ^ n n n- n n- n- n- n- n c; r; c r, en, c; r; c -j-^' j^. j^' j-^' j^i j^' J-' .j^' J--' 13= 13 13' 13- 13- 13 13- ^' 13- r r^ r r r r r r r n j:;- j- e; '- c c; ;;? n n n n r; c c c 13= 13 13 13= r I- r r n Paragogic Letters. n n — HRBREW GRAMMAR. 5/ Future. Benoni. Pallid. S 3 O O IXj "a be CM . 3 be b a be 3 C -^ fa J3 J3 i^ J3 y i3 r J3 F r^ F »- r ^ F^ F _r- j:: .j^ j^ j^ Q: Q S 5 Q I- r i-^ r r fj n ^ C O J3 J3 rr- rr- tr~ a n rr- r r I- ' r "^ r J- r- Qy Q- Q^ Q= Q' r r r^ r r & '^ ^ £ 9= J3= 13 r ^ r^ ^ r ^ r f- r- f- ' r I- I-" n r Q Q Q Q Q j^« j~-« j^" _r-' j-^> & n i; £ 0* J3 i3 r i3' f^ ^ r i3' '" r I- 1- i- "^ f- J^ r- n Q Q d -Q 13 13- 13- 13- 13= 13 t- I- f— 17= f- £, n c F 5C' c^' sz.' j^' J^' j^:. r^' S- n; J^ \x--_r- n ~r- ri— r- n- -r- 13 13 13 ^ 13 ^ 13 t: i3L r- t- r I- *^ r ^ >^- 13= 1- 13' Q' Q' 13' Q' j^ • j^ ..r-- JT— j-^- a 13 13 13 13 I- |- r- r= a n 13' Q' 13 r f- I- r 13 f? 13 F 13 r "^ t- 5- r n 13- r O- 13*^ 13- 13^ 13- Q*^ 13- 13- 13= 13 |- r r- r |- a »^ '^ E 5c c; n; £; m g; c; ^ . c -T-' j^' j^' jn 13 13= 13 F ^ t- r r I- n — ^ P 13 b' {31 n — — 13= r n 13 13 13 13 13 r; r; r; c c J-^' .-T-i .J^' J^' 13 13 13 13= 13 r f- r- r= r a n t; 58 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abslract. Preterite. Imperative, ■u Z t --t. -a -• Cu ^ iu ^ Cn p^ i J « s 33 >> J" ^ n- a* 2 2 5i = 2 a; 1 s . = = S .2 _S J= ^H ^01 H H t^ >* •fir •^= ^' '^^^ •- •£,*■ ^ - ^ q n n '5 "^ -7 #-f r y r y r y r y r y r •• r •• r y •&• -^r. •&. •^. ^. •&: •^. •^. fj. n v\y n n • n • n n n n n 1:;- m c; '- g ^ p n n- n n '2. J5 n n r n §• § §• § n n- n n n .p n- 2i: n- .p ^' '^ *&: '^t ^'^ '^ n n n n ■§' ■§ • ■§■ ■§• ■§' § ■§• •§■ •§■ n n^ n • n n n n • n n r 1:;- G x^ '^ c: n; p a — % 0^ •&: •&: .^: •&: P. n n &: n ^^ n n #-• /-• #-• r ' r ' r ' r • r • r • '^- ■^•- ■&. "^i *^' ■^- 'S)« *&. •^• n rr- n • n • n n n n n • n 1^- j:; c; »- c;t n;: p a — •^1 "li" :!>•• h n n- n n fZ i n n •^. •&•• •&. •&. SI. •& • •&. •&. -^^ n n^ n n n n n n • n- n c- 1; n; '- c;: ^ p n n .^ n q •§ §: § § § h ^2 h h h rzfZTzrzrzTZTzrzn § §• §• §. §- § §. ^. §. ^ p,. n n n p, n n n n n n r 1I n n n n Hophal . n n n n nnnnnnnnn §■ ^ §. §. §. § §• §. §. n n^ n . n n n n- n n n c;- 1:; m '^ c; n;: p a — V 2- n- n 52: n- q- ?; ?; F: ^: ?;= ■^: •&: ■&: '&: '^r n n n n n n- n iz n n n n n n C; C; c; c; c c; c; r; r; •^: •^.. -^i •^- •^; -^:. •^. •^; -'^i n n^ n n n n n •• n n n i:;k c; m »- j:; c;: p a — n n n n C; r; j:; f; n n n n n HEBREW GRAMMAR. 59 5 Future. 1 Benoni. Pahul. I. Thou, mas. Thou, fem. He. She. We. You, mas. They, mas. You, they, fem. Mas, singular. Mas. plural, ^ Fem, singular. Fem, plural. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. C Fein, singular, Fem. plural. ' i: •§: ^ a- ^ S f S"- g' TV i:; n n n- n: n & n i:; £ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ n n- n*- n- n & n r; £ r' «; n;; c; .^- m- p; C; .^^ c- ] n n n- n ^ n \r^ n n n _#n #n r-\ r-% r-\ '^»- '^t- ■&•■ '&:• '^H n. n- n*^ n^ n & n q £ n n r\-^ r\ ^ r\ \A r\ n n Q 13; Q; 13 13; •^: •^.. •^•. -jy:. •^.. n n- n- r\- n & "^ "^ E %'• e;- G" .c.-' j::;-: ^" G" .e.-' «^" n n n n '^ n " n n n -; Q; p;: p; Q ; p '&»■ '^H k" h- 'h>r n n- rtH n: n o n j^ £ % c m :^.c; .p n; e- n; ^ § § g § ^ §. g E. ii fi a "^ n '^ h P n n n r n 13 13 13 13 13 r r r r-\.. r n n- n^ P n & *= "^ £ ^mc;.^j!;pm.^j:!; n n n " n '^ n P n n n p p Q p Q ^•^ '§. ■§. •§: § n n- n- n: n a n E £ R c^; '^r c!' ci; ?■ ^ c'- t;; n n n n *^ n I^ n n - — . — . — , . n Q 13 13 13 13 i^; r; j:;; c; i; •&: •^- •^- •&:• •^•• n n- n^ n: n £, n i; £ 60 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abstract. Preterite. Imperative. 0^ a; 13 u Q. £ a; > see -" cc c S - !> fc ^ m 1 V i-r" 1 i 2 1 i i 32 H H «• H t^ J C5 C W C 3 S " •> O O S 3 -C J= O O H H >- >^ »nf »-!> ^ rri. 5S= .^: .^3 ^T\^ ^:. ^: ^ I^ ^ »-lv. r^^ rnt- rty. rxy r-\- *-\- *-\x *^\ »T *-\- C*' n r.' e c; - g r-i" rr- rTi, #71- r7i.. rri •^ ^ ^ ^ *- »7- r-| n 5c: n »7»l- »7*, #-!• *~l' »n» r-%- r^• »"». ,7».. »^, r7\% r7\\ r^- 'r\> n n,- r; c; - ^ ti ii 51 ^ n n n n rrit- rill- rrit- rri »n: r-^.. »-i.. r-^ #- r- rn n 0^ ^; g: S »7»: ri. »n. f-i- rn. rn- »-»• »T1- »71, r7\\ #7^1 ^.. ^1 n n;- 1; c; - ^ rn. f-i. r7it r7ii rii »ni r-ii rt r7»: »r%- r7i-. »ti ti tl '^ & n 15 a »7»1 •r— 13 #n.- rn.- »-».•• rn.- *-%■■■ r-%- r7\-. wv\' r:\, r7\i r^.. ar^i ^- ^ & fcl & ^ n j::;- m i:; *- r; J3 a. X r %• n- Q. ^ ^ ^ n r: n r:- n- n »71' #7^1 .T^l ^> r7\.. r7\) ^ n;*^ m m -- n^ n- H' n. n fTi: rry r:\. r7\ ^ ^ & '^ 1 o 13- n- n- n- n»^ n^ n^ r:^-. «T|i #7^1 rr»i »7|.. »tii n i;^ i:; ^ *- i:; a #711 »T11 C C C »-|i r-ii r-i' r. n n rz n n- tz- c r^ c c r; c r-ii rii r-ii rT rT rii r7i-- #7^1 rr^i »7ii »7|.. r7ii tJK fi • fj • '^ • si "^ n i;- J- m *- n; rrii »7ii n n n n- c c c c T r-», r-|, r^i rri-. rT\: r7\- rTi: '^ ■&• '^ tJ r #7- »-iv n HEBREW GRAMMAR. 61 1 - 1 Future. Benoni. PaJml. Thou, mas. Thou, fem. He. She. We. You, mas. They, mas. You, they, fem. i t s i Mas. plural. > Fem. singular. Fem. plural. Mas. singular. Mas. plural . Fem. singular. Fem. plural. >c: c; £; ;=,. m- ^, gr- ^:. jr. Z*' .^' .^" '^ .^' '1:1 '^ ■ *^ '^' n .J3 /-* r-» ri ^- &•- B:- Ji & r- c £ #-»(. #^•• »T« n.. «-i *^ '^ »-i a '^ j:; X. n;- n; ;;,; i:;;- ^^ c;- ;;,; n;- rnt- rrji- rrii- »-%: #T»t- »-s. rrit- »-t.. #71h ^ ^ ti *^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ri n »-%• r-%' r\- r\- r:\y try^. r7\f »7^i- a *= q jci n; j:; r,; c ^v r; r,; c; rii f^l #-ii »Ti. ,-|i r7\: r-%t r^- f-%i ?= ^' .^ ■ '^ '^= 'Ji ^" *^ ^^ 13 o Q a a £, n i; £ b ^ ^. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^• n 13 Q 13 13 r-\/ r\y r-%y r%.- §" §• •§: r & •: E f- §: g; .?• g: ?• s: ,?' Sl a -a L. =^ £. J* & ^ |. 'HI' r J3' 13' 13 13- 13- r7\. r7\. »r»:. r7\. h r. ^ ^ & jj a '^ a ^ a ^ &■ 13^ 13^ Q" 13- r7\y r7\y »71f *71l- h ^- c n j:; 13 13 13 13 13 t; C C C r\\ r^l »-ii »ni r.\.. r7\- *7\;- T' ■^- '^^ '^^ "^ h ^- ^ Z. 62 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abstract. Pre^ereVe. Iniperativ V . = 3 >. J „" — n C J= -G 0^ g u. ^S PQ Oh a:o2HHH4r>J>'>'5f H H >^ riJ: f2i- 3iK fi- nr ii- r^rrLtriiAiriirii-riiriin^ fi- n_ n. ~ t» S I^ 5 « 5 ^ a -- •r— '*~ CI J3- 13 13 13 13 13 J3 O n n,- II, c; *" ^= £;= p S p S )^ a -— '"-' -j*^ n 5i n p^ .^ 1^ ri- rx. .J^ #-!»■ »nv r-|.. m.. ri.. #-it- ri" »^.. *-ii- n n n ^^ n- ri- t-^ •c~ "^^ tr~ tr~ gT' *r~ #t~ #^~ '^— a 5 5 5 a a 13^ Q 13 13 13 13 13 13 '^ £- C £ *" C: C ^ 5 Q S J^ #" #r~ a — n- n^ 5ir ri. 13 ri. n^ r^ n. ri. n^- ri- n. r^ IX !>. IX 5 n ^ 5= .^ n 13 Q' 13" 13- 13 13- J3' 13- 13 5 13 'v a a 13= fj i3: a 13*^ 13 13 13 13 13 J3 13 a 13 13 cZ a n m- n; n; '^ 1;= c: p j3 — r- rr- (x. JCi- n_ J3 • r^-n-n-r^r^n-n^fi-n- Q. .^ 5' ^ ■^— •^— •^~ •i#'^ •^^ '^^ •#— 'C~ '^^ ■ ^ 13' 13 13' 13' Q. 13 13- 13' 13- Id p J3' a Q" a 13*^ 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 : "3 a n j::,- m n; '^ fw n;= p a *- n tz^ 22^ n*^ i3- H: Ht n. H" nv n- n; C' nv n- n- n- : fij: rx: r^ ri^ fii fi^iri^riir^n^ri^rxiri^rx: fx fx ru r r r r r r *- r r " Q £l ' "p- a a a a a a Q^ 13 13 13 13 a Q Q ^ ^H E £. '^ E £: p #"■ »:- ' X rj — n «; r: q nirnnnnnnn * •T~" #:~ #T~ 0r~ fT— #r~ #T~" #7~ #T~" #7— W^~' g^— 07~ a nj. m n^ ni: run^r^riirxiriiriirvirvi a a a a a 13^ 13 13 13 13 13 J3 13 n m- c. c '- m= m p X a '- n- n ^= n J3 n n n n r n- n n n- 1 n. n ir "3 m c; c c, c i:, r; j:; c; r; c; c c- c 1 j:; c; C -S r^ ri- r^ r^ n^ fi-ri-ri-ni-ri-ri-ri-rx-r^ IX ix ix Ti •^"" a^— 'r~ *r~ •#■" ''w~~ *^^ *r~^ *g~ •^~* *0~~ *r~ *w~ *0~~ •»— •»— •»— 0^ 13= J3= J3= J3= 33 13= 13 13- 13' 13- 13 13- 13' 13- 13= 13 13 a Q a a a a 13-13 13 13 J3 13 13 13 a 13 a s n 1^*^ m n. '- ti. x; p D — r #7- HEBREW GRAMMAR. 63 1 Future. Benoni. Pahul. Thou, mas. Thou, fem. He. She. We. You, mas. They, mas. You, they, fem. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem. plural. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem. plural. ^ c;- c- h: ^^ F*' c;- jv; n;- 1 5 S^ 5 a 5 P E.- - *" r^ »-«i- n 5 fiJr rijr Di- ri> CI CI u- a a r- £ ^ fi- D- r^ 5: c;- m hi ^ F" '^ J^ ^ 5 5 Q ° 5 a Q P 5" n -r- a »n>- r-%.. r-\.. r\.. r^ p^ n- p- 5 CJ ^y 5 a n £ ^ fi- fi- •*- n- .J^ r^. •»- r^ 3= Q & g & g & Q S. 3 a Q " a *-■ Q J?=' Q. n a fi- fi- r^ r-1- 5= a 5 a rj a Q^ c« h r. ^ 5' & Q g' Q. g' Q § & 3 a Q- " a *-* Q J?? Q n Q 13 13 13 'J=~ -^ .^ -^ 5^ Q- 5^ Q>^ a 13 Q- Q & '^ £ ^- c;*^ C- BT ^^ f^": ^' hi c;r a a Q^ a " Q P S; J3 Q a a p^ Hi; rijL fx fang r^ r- »:- flij. rr~ f\, rr- fXi: rr- □ CI Q " CI " Q ^ Q «- rr- r-v- n El a Q Q Q a & & Sir &: a 13 O. 13 a & 5 g Q g S g S^ a a Q " a " Q ^ Q *" rr- r-%>- n a Q 13 13 13 c; c f; c; rx. ii_ n- fx 5= Q S Q CI 13 Q*^ Q a r. £ 64 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abstract. Preterite, Imperative i i e x! • « 5 •C 2 2i --5 "c _• a ,4) ts 5 s ti = = s . •« CL *j t- C JZ . oj 2 o I* 5 = a;" o o ^ Plh >£ b .2 CQ Cu H H t>^ ► Q^ J3 %: S J3 Q- Q- Qt S3- S3- S3- Q- 2 S3 13^ S3 Q S3 i :^- >\^ S3 • >»- -IT. Jo ^ % jC ^ ^ >iH >».. >»>- >\- Mh ^a•• 55- >»- >\i- ^o- >» >i ; ri %%-5S25.5«;ai5C5j;% % 5C- % i CO us n q- c; c;. -- c^ c: - J ^ 5 g: J3- ja^ J3- g^ 5^ >n: >l: >n: g^ ^ % % % ^ #-!• ri. »-». »n. r-%- *-%• rt' rr m- r- P- P- 1 _. S3 S3 S3 SQ S3 S3 J3 S3 S3 J— J_ * — ■■ S3- S3*" SD*" ! s >1- 7A- 7A- tA: >\: >\- >\: >\: >\- 7A tA 'rA- ' % 51 54 ' n £,- n; j;; *- r;= c p a — J J3 J3' iC' Q' J3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3' S3' S3' , Jfl: Jfl: J3' y* J3' tA- >!» Jfl: y\- Ui tA >): ^ ^■ >n: Ja >». "oJ % 5i M % >n: %3C-52%%5i5S%52 % %. % _c Si - % n j^- i; c '- c c: p *" #:~ Pu 5 13 — 13 5Ci J3 Q S3 S3 Q S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 ^ >«'■ J3 Jfl^ Q >1- >H >n: >H tA: tA ^ >^ >\: 2 % >!»»- 5Si >^^ %5s;-%%%%%5s;5C 'a % - % n j:;- c; j:; *- c;= C: p pM 5 a — n H" %• n- Q. n- n- n n n n- n- n r n. n. n. ^* J3 Q J3 J3 Q S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 !^ >». >\- tA- >\- >\ >\- »• tA- :a-- >\- :a. >\: >»: >\. >\: :a- ». % % % ^ ^ -^ 5S % *^^ 1 n^ 52- n. c n- n- r- n- n- n- n- n- n- "rt ^ ^ 2 Oh S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 J= >lt- >\ :a: TA 7A: >\. tA: >»: >1: O %5C-%%%3&%%% ffi n j:;h i:; q *- j:;:. c P a — n n ii= n o n- n n n- n- n- n- r: n- r n n "a! i:; r^ c c i:; c r; r; c c c c c c n c c J3- J3' J3' 13- J3' S3' S3' S3' S3' S3- S3' S3 Q- S3' S3' S3' p- 2- tA- U\ tA' >^ >y tA :a- tA u\ tA >n M: >y '^ \A M rO • .a %%%'%% %%-%3C3C%%5i3i % 54^ X n j:;- m r; -^ f^: c= p HEBREW GRAMMAR. 65 1 Future. Benoni. P«A? Fem. singular. 3 s fa _5 bi) 3 'in Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem, plural. 5-: S S ^ ^ S §• ^ ^ 13 Q Q ^^ • '^ >i: IX.- ix.^ % a n i:; Q '>»•• .^ ^ Q- ^ % 13 13 13 >\ >\ >i *- 1 — •» — a '^ j:; a. 13- g- ^: g- yr g- h. g^ 13 »^. »-i- r-|. 13 S3 13 >\^ >v yx^ o n 1^ 3' J3. Q. U S' g: P- ^ O' n J3- J3' Q S3 g' Q- 13 13' >\- •f — 3 S3 i3 y. p 2 13 ^ . Q n 13 Q S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 p >r>i- >\y >!l- a J^ c i- m. m. ^: m' g-. m- ^:. c n 13 % J3 r % «• S3' S3 S3 a '^ Q' 13 r s- e;>^ i:;- p,r. j:^- r: m- r,:; J:^- n J3 % 13 ►^ f3 >\- J3»^ 53- 13- 13 i^^" S3 ^l- >!»- >«- & •: E s: m. c; ^:. n; g;. r; f^:. ^• - ■ C • C • o, C- r|, r," o> £■• 3' J3' O- y: J3' H J3' y . O- S ii JC ^' % ^' % ^ % 13 C 13. Jo: % Q 13- r, c 13' 13' 13 13- K 66 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abstract. Preterite. Imjjerativt Preterite. Imperative. Future. Infinitive. Benoni. Pahul. He. She. Thou, mas. Thou, fem. I. They. You, mas. You, fem. We. cb C cA s 3 .< 003 J= -c H H >< 15 r7%1r ^.. j^:. #T,.. #7^ ^h »74»- *7St- r7\y. »7»H »nh 'J^l- '^- '^- •^^• -r-»-j^-_r- j-^. _r- J^ _r"-r-.x-. r- ^tt ^ '^ ^ ^ ^ r7\-. r7\- r7\- _r-: J--. J~- ~ 15 'j5 ^ n « n ;^ j<^ 'Hit- 'Ilf ^<- j-s:- "i- J--: -X-: -T- f~ •^ n n n '- »n. *n. r-|. r-\. r\. r-\- r\. r\' r\- r-\.. r-\.. m-\- r-\.. m-\.. *-\-- r\- r\.. r\.. ^.^.^. J-: J^: J^. _p: J^: J-: *^ f n; j; i; "^ r;: C: p #71^ »7^>- »7^^ J^: -T-- J^ ~ '^^ '^' %!• '^' Q- Hon #7%- #71. »T^. #::i. C^. *T\. #7^. »7^. »71- J>f JN.-X^: J>- J>". J^- J^-: J^-: -T-: I— t~ \. r r r wr- r r r ^- f i:; j:; i:; r; i:; P .T», »T<, FTl, "5 »7i.- »7i/ »7^.- »7^.- #71 •■ »7<.- r:\.- rzys r:\.- -r-i- J> -jr-: JN: JN: JT- jr.; jr^. JN: 1 — r~ . r r r #7- r r r t— '-• *-« •-« ^-t' »-•■' #7- 'a, n n. 52' n. q- •-».. r\- *~i- *->»■■ »T- n n n n n n n n n- n n- n- n- n- »^.. r-S" m-\: r\.. m-\.. r-\.. r\.. »-|" r\" n ~r:^^ _p: J^: ^ J^: J^: J>: *- ^ r; m q. q: c;: p n. n- n* r^.. .T- .-»•• 15 o n^ n- Hh rr- n^- n- n- n^ r- »-»•• »-|- •-n- »-|.. «-j.. »-(.. »T. »-|.. »-j.. J~-H J^.. J~-: J-^: J~-: J^ J^: J^: J--: '^ f £;£;£; -^ £; c p C3 a, C c; i:; i:; c »rsi »TV. iTi, r7\i r7\> J>-H J>:- . J>:- J>:. J>»- II n n n n •g n n n n n- n- n- n n- c q r; i:; r; i; c q q Tsi «T»i »7», r:%i rr\\ »7%' »t^i »7|> *tii J^-'- J^^- _r-: jr-: J^-: J> ^r-: -T-: J^-: ^ ^' c; c r; q: c: ? n n n r; c q »T^l »71, #7^1 JN JN. J^- . HEBREW GRAMMAR. 67 Future. Benoni, Pahul Thou, mas. Thou, fem. He. She. We. You, mas. They, mas. You, they, fem. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem. plural. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem. plural. ^ m m i\. m n:. ^ ^ c; n '^ '- n '^ -=- r,H n n C *^ #r» »T^ ,7^ n £, n ^ »riv. #71- #a.. r7\: J^ J^ j~- _r- Ci' 1^' J^t- f^' nl ^' *^t- ^' i- ^ J- i- n ^ r,. n n #-1- »-i. r^. »n- •^.. »-%■• T- *-\- '^ tJ J^ i^ c c; ;^; m rij; c; ;^; m n n J3 13 J3 Q »^l •Til »T "Til JN:- J^- J^-'■ J^ *= £i ^ £ n 13 Q 13 13 r\.-- r\.- »^.•• ,-^.- .!>-■■ J>^- .J^-'■ jr- n £, n £ . ry- r\-S^-- •^■•_rJ:• »^••J-^ T- n Q- Q' Q' Q- »-j.. »-|.. »-,.. .-»•• '^ & *= e -i5-p '^-f n^ '"^: n 13^ 13-^ 13^ 13*- r\- r\- »->•• t-\- '^ a '^ £ n n J3 Q- J3 J3 C 1^ C C r;». r;i|. #ti,. r:^' n jj n j= 68 HEBREW GRAMMAR. Abstract. Preterite. Imperative SJ i i X ^• C3 £3 tn ii •-= . §i . ►" **" CO) .— c5 Qj 'j:^ ••" s ^ 3 t4 I- i- 1- li c — •s #v . •« *v « lU 5 '2 C 3 3 3 >>'-'- 3 3 •> "Sj ^ ♦^ tc 3 _C (U 4; 3 3 a5 3 cu, ^ b <^ n a, .^ -C H H ;>- D O' D %- D D Q*. Q« D- 0. D- D- O' Q- 0. O- D D D 1 '^ n P n n: P •*— •»— •»— 1 v\ r\ r\ \ '« ^ n n n J U5 1 a — ' J^*- J-- %:• I". riw »-lH ry^. «-!.. »n.. »^.. »-i., r^.. *n- r-i-- n n n- i Q- Q. D- 1 n n- n 1 ^ iJ' rj. Q, pv, Qf D- D. Q. D' O' Q. Q. D' O- Jz '^ n n n n n n^ n .n n n n n n .^ <" »^ i a a " J D D %r D J3 . p p p p p p p p p p p p Tv Tx .P n: , — ' n: "n ri' Tv "n- n *n. "n- ri' rx h n D n n rt: n n-- n n^ n • n n n n • n n • n n n 1 £ n n n n;-^ c; i:; »- c;: m ;3 J a — D HCS- D S3 DDDDDDDQD n. P n- .p "3 rr n n- n. rr n n- n- n. '3 n ri' n n^ n n»- n n n n n • n n n n n j:;- m m »- m: c ;3 a — r: n^ is- r- J3^ H: r= n- H" rj rz n- n' n. n^ n^ Hk 1 _• D D: D: O: Q: D- D= O- O- D- D: D. O- D. Q: Q: D: 1 IS n n n n n nn^nnnnnnn n n- n 1 n. ^- E^ E E "~ £ £ p <" n- ' S J HM a — fz % n 33 nnnnnnnnn ,__r #^^ *^~ #r~ #r~ t^~' 9T- f^ WT^ FT- — ■ 0-^ 9T- ^— C^ O- Q' D. D- D- 0. n. Q- 0. n- D. D- b- "H- n n ri n n rv n n n n n n n '^ £h £ £ *" £ £: p K^ a — n n %= r: q n n n n- n n- n n n n- n- n- j ^ D • fj D D • D • D Q • n • D D D- D D • D 1 rt C c; |- 1:, 1:; .^ .^ .^ .^ .15 .^ .^ .^ .^ ^ .^ .5 1 r^ •#— ■ »(j — •» — •# — •) — ^ n= fi' r\ n^ n ri T\ ri' n- ri- n ri' n- ri' rj: ;^.. ri.. \ .ti n n n n n n n-^ n n n n n n n n n rt r ►— < n j:.- j:; r^ - j:,: r;: ;^' i - n — HEBREW GRAMMAR. 69 , Future. ) Be?ioni, Pa/ml. I. Thou, mas. Thou, fem. He. She. We. You, mas. They, inas. You, they, fem. -to Mas. singular. Mas. plural. > Fem. singular. Fem. plural. Mas. singular. Mas. plural. Fem. singular. Fem. plural. ^- m- m- ^^ c^ ^- fi- £j^ j:; Q Q D N Q .P o .^ D n n n. ^ T\ ^ r\ ^ P= n p Ti p p p p p ft: fi fi • fi: fi n n n^ n n h r~ ^ ^ Q" Q^. D • Q . n n n n fi fi- n- fi & *: £ ^: i:;- c; ^; n; r^; c; g^: n; D' Q. Q. n ti- rt Q' n Q' n n ryf »n.. »-|.. #n.. Q- Q. Q. D. n n- n^ rt h r. f^ %i- c; j:; ^ m g r; £j c; n= Ft: h n fi: fj n n Fi^ n n n n *^ n J-" n n D n n Q J3 Q Q Q p p p p p fj: fi fi ft: fi n n- n^ n n & n j; £ Q D Q ^ Q P D ^ D n- R. n R' n. ff n R n, n n n n *• n It? n r rr- r-t>- n p "n- n Q a Q J3 p p p p fi" fin "n^ riH n n- n- n & *-- £ ^- m-^ m- ^r i^- S- ^^ q= '^^ n n n '^ n " n P n. r-Ky n n Q: J3 S3 S3 n n- n>- n p. Q- D- n' ^^' n & n' Q n n n- n ^ n >- n: «" rr- r n n n ^ p 2 ^ Qf n. o. Q. n n- n- n & "^ £ D D D ^ Q y Q C O ^ j::; i^ ^ j:; .g c; ^ ^ n n n n *^ n J- n n o. fi: n J3 J3 S3 S3 S3 D o o n- D • '^ ^ .^ .5 .5 fi: fi fi fi: n- n n- rt" n: n & n i; £ 70 HEBREW GRAMMAR. CO X < • l-H r-l Cm O H M PS w H He. She. Thou. I. They. Ye. a; 13^ 13- 13- 13' a- 13' f t-' r J- I- r— ? c m- m ;n. c; ^ p' r,. '^ ^. -C H 13- 13- 13- 13- 13. 13- 13- 13- I- • r-= f i-^ I- I- I- 1- 1 — t7:~ *" *" J"- * t^ t^ f^ ITT- 13 13. IT- r- X 1- 1-- r' r-' r: r t- t- r- r -^ n m i:; j^ c- j^ m p m P n '- n *- n 13' I-" n a; S J~s.. J^.. J--.. J--.. J-,.. J^.. 13- 13- 13' 13" 13- 13. r- r' 1- 1- r- r 13- r- E- U3 J-,.. j>... j^.. j;^.. J-,.. j^.. 13- Q- 13- 2' ^' ^' ^. r' r r: i- r- P I^ c,- c, ^ c^ P P P -- ^ 3 O 13- 13- 13 J3 13- 13. Q- 13- r r r' r' r " r i- r- a "^ n= n: p,: h, a il a a — 13 Q' n: n: a — S 4) H 13- 13- 13- 13- Q' Q. 13- 13' 13- 13- 13. r- r- f-- r- r r r r r i- n; ^ "^ S' £ S^ £^ ?^ S - 5 u u a *- 13- 13- O' r r I- n; p P HEBREW GRAMMAR. 71 u QJ U 4->. a; I-) J h-3 -: >- H J-^f J-- -T- -r-i-_r->- J3 S3 S3 S3 S3 r= r- r: S3- S3- r- r- *- 5-1. r{- r r ^ -1 %: %: %: n;- c; J^*-.S^"jry>- j~-.._r... j^ . J-,.. J-,.. S3 • S3'- S3: S3^ S3.^ S3'^ S3 S3 r f- r; r • I-: r= I- I- rr- rr r- r- r^ 1- - - -T-J^f Jr:^~ryj>- 52: %: JC: G' -C:"-?:- H Q- S3 S3 S3 S3 . S3 S3; >- f- r= r r f^ S3 • S3 S3 • S3 • H r^ r- M •'- n " fe ^ H r i-= \- r- t^ *- n •#- |- *T1 #:- !? '^ n H M r- P4 P-( J^ -T- •^ -J^- v^ Y, %:• n;- fH _r*i-_r-i-~r*t- J3- J3 S3 S3 j~- .x- -r-"_r- 'i^ S3 S3 S3 r" i^= r- r- S3 S3 • S3 • S3 • M r- r= r= tr '^v- n E^ ,— ,-: |-> j- *- '- n n^ n n- p^ j^»- -C:-!^- %: m- j--»- Q S3 S3 -T--- J^- S3 r- r- r S3 S3 r= »-i r= I- #-1 %: 5i: m- m- J^fJ^-.X— J^-J^- J^-J^. S3" S3'- S3^ S3^ S3^ S3 S3 r- 1- • r r~ ■ i~ • r- f- n.- n: n= r\: n 5r ^r a a '— a - a n; -T-i-J^*- J^- J--- 52: 52:- m- n;- j^t-~n'-j^»- S3 S3 S3 S3 J^JT— J^-.J^- S3 S3 • S3 r= r^- r* r- S3 S3 S3 S3 f;^ 5: '^'^ a — & 5 Q a — ^-N '^^ 1 ^_^ ■ »-^ CONTENTS. Chapter I. — Letters and Points 13 Letters, similar, gutturals, ehevi ; — Vowel-Points — Shcva ; — Palhah furlivum ; — Mappik ; — Dagesh forte and lene ; — Maccaph ; — Accents, tonic and euphonic. Chapter II. — Of Reading Hebrew 17 Order of Reading; — Sheva quiescent; — Karaetz-hateph ; — Dagesh- lene. t • ^ Chapter III. — Account of Hebrew words ..ilS The Roots ; — Formation of Nouns, simple and heemanlic ; — Prefixes ; — Affixes ; — Ehevinoth. Chapter IV. — Of Nouns , . . 19 Gender; — Number ; — Comparative Degree; — Regimen. Chapter V. — Of Pronouns 22 Separate Pronouns, personal ; — Demonstrative ; — Relative ; — Ex- ample declined ; — Jffixes, examples with Nouns. Chapter VI. — Of Verbs in general 25 Description of the Conjugations ;— of the Moods and Tenses. Chapter VII. — Various kinds of Verbs 27 Perfect Verbs ; — with first radical j^ or ^ or 3 ? with second radical T or ^; with third radical {^ or pj ' with second and third radical the same; with third radical J or J^ ; with two defects. Chapter VIII.— Affixes to Verbs .32 Chapter IX.— Of the Prefixes 33 jn, a preposition and comparative ; — H/ relative ; — H emphatic, relative, interrogative ; — T copulative and conversive ; — ^ or 1DD i—h ;~3;— Gerunds. Chapter X. — Of the changes of vowels 30 By increase at the end; — by simple or compound sheva; — by the Gutturals ; — by the Accents; — by Maccaph ; — to improve the sound. Chapter XI. — Irregularities of Syntax 40 Nouns of dominion; — Numerals; — Regimen; — Substantive with adjective ; — Noun and verb ; — Pronoun redundant. Chapter XII. — Of finding the Root 41 Table of Forms of Nouns 45 Tables of Nouns Masculine; — with Prefixes and Affixes 46 Tables of Nouns Feminine ;— with Prefixes and Affixes 48 Tables of Pronouns with Prepositions 50 Tables of Declined Particles 5S Tables of Numerals — cardinal and ordinal - - - 53 Tables of Verbs, rl^n-lDh-2t:/^~:L*}2-D^p-i^)if2-n^2-22D ^^ Macintosh, Printer, 20, Great New Street, London. ^\ a lOAN DEPT. Renewals may b^in^^-^l'/oi ^'""'^^'^ °°''': Renewed' Ks^'ar'^lU^T ^"'^ ^° ^^^^ due NOV 4197024 .General Library University of California Berkeley U. C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES III llllllll nil I CDS^7blDSS