SB 5/5 8 " 07? LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RECEIVED BY EXCHANGE Class TECHNICAL EDUCATION SERIES, No. 6. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION: TECHNICAL EDUCATION BRANCH F. BRIDGES, Superintendent. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS, BEING :INTS ON THE CONSERVATION AND CULTIVATION OF WATTLES TOGETHER WITH PARTICULARS OF THEIR VALUE. ( A & >V J. H. MAIDEN, F.L.S., F.C.S., N &e., CURATOR OF THE TEUIXOI/M i ICA I, .MUSKUM, SYDNEY; CONSULTING MOTANIST TO THE FOREST DKI-AKT.MKNT OF x.s.sv. ; WiESlUENT OF TllK FIELD NATURALISTS' SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. AUTHOR OF "THE USEFUL NATIVE PLANTS OF AUSTRALIA," &c., &c., WITH TEN ILLUSTRATIONS. SEOOJSTID SYDNEY : GEORGE STEPHEN CHAPMAN, ACTING GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1891. i* 76-91-A [Is.] DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION-TECHNICAL EDUCATION BRANC SYDNEY TECHNICAL COLLEGE. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE : Agriculture, Botany, Woolsorting. DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING : Mechanical Drawing, Machine Col tion, Applied Mechanics, Patternmaking, Blacksmithing, Boilermaking, Fitting and Tu % Carriage Building. DEPARTMENT OF SANITARY ENGINEERING : Sanitary Engineering of Building, Sal Plumbing (Practical and Theoretical). DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE : Architecture, Building Construction, Carpentry! Joinery, Bricklaying, Masonry, Stone and Marble Carving, Cabinetmaking House Pail Plumbing (Practical), Use of the Slide Rule. DEPARTMENT OF MANUAL TRAINING : Manual Training. DEPARTMENT OF ART : Geometry, Practical Plane (Art), Solid and Descriptive (Science), I and Object Drawing, Freehand Drawing, Perspective, Design, Modelling, Art Decoratuf DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY : Chemistry (Practical and Theoretical), Lithography DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCIAL ECONOMY :-Book-keeping, Caligraphy and Correspond Shorthand, Typewriting, French, Latin, Mathematics. DEPARTMENT OF DOMESTIC ECONOMY : Household Management, Cookery, Scientific J cutting, Tailors' Cutting. DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, MINERALOGY, AND MINING .-Geology, Mineralogy. M! DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACY : Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChenJ Dispensing, Anatomy and Physiology, Practical Sick Nursing in the Home, MecbJ Dentistry. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS : Physics, Electricity, Telegraphy. Scale of Fees (Payable to the Registrar in Advance). No. of Lessons in the week Seniors (per term) . Fees : One Term. Second and Third Terms. Taking- the Course vi'l Three Terms. 1 8/ / 2 16/ 8/ 3 20; ip/ 1 12/ 'gna. S( ed saturated with water at 212, July 22ud ; seeds began to burst, July 29th. Experiment 4. Acacia pycnantha July 22nd, boiled for 1 minute. -s ,, 3 minutes. / All the seeds germinated ,,5 C August 9th. (d.) THE BAMBOO METHOD OP PLANTING. Mr. J. E. Brown advocates the raising of wattles in bamboos. The raising of trees by this means is so common in India, has been so successfully carried out in South Australia* by Mr. Brown, and is withal so simple, that I give a brief account of the method here, compiled from that gentleman's evidence before the Victorian Eoyal Commission on Vegetable Products, and published in the Fourth Progress Eeport. In India the true bamboo is used because it is abundant. In South Australia a large South European reedf (Arundo Donax, Linn.), which locally bears the name of " bamboo," is used instead. The reed is cut to 4 inches in length, by means of a small circular saw driven by hand or water- power. Endeavours are made not to include joints in the pieces cut, but if one should occur it is bored through. The pieces are packed together upright, filled with soil, the seed put in and allowed to remain there till the * It has also been tried to a limited extent in Few South Wales, f Sometimes known as the Danubian reed. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BAKKS. 11 planting season. The seedling is transplanted in the "bamboo" just as it stands, and in cases where the bamboo is not sufficiently rotted, they are split up, in order to allow the roots to expand. Hundreds of trees thus start their careers, and can be transported in one small box a brandy case for instance. A. full description of the bamboo method (with diagrams) will be found in Brown's Tree Culture in South Australia. Following is a more detailed account of the way to prepare and fill tlie bamboo tubes, taken from a report to the Agricultural Bureau of South Australia, by Mr. A. Niemann, of the Forest Department of the same Colony: " The tubes, which should be from 4 inches to 6 inches long, are cut on a bench made as follows : Take a piece of deal or hardwood about 4 feet long, inches broad, and 1-| inches thick. From the right-hand corner of this, saw out a piece the length the tubes are required and about 2 inches deep. On the same end from which the piece has been cut, nail or screw on a piece of 1 inch deal, the end of which piece should stand out flush with the edge of the bench, and about f of an inch above the level of the top. Along the bench fasten a cleat 1 inch in thickness and 2 inches broad, standing in about 1|- inches from the back edge of the bench. Fix the whole to a stand about 18 or 20 inches high, and the bench is complete (of course the cleated side of the bench being the top.) For cutting the tubes, a 16-inch tenon saw is used sharp, but not too coarsely set. The operator takes the bamboo, pushes it tight against the piece of deal nailed on to the end of the bench which forms a stopper, and holding it firmly against the cleat with the left hand cuts off the tube with one downward stroke of the saw r , the guide for length being the inside edge of the piece as described. "With this guide there should be no trouble in keeping the tubes of uniform length, w r hich they should be, a lot of time and trouble being thereby avoided when placing for filling and sowing. "Where a plentiful supply of bamboo is available, all the knots should be cut out and only the clear tubes used. If the knotted pieces have to be used, they can be bored clear with along thin-bladed knife. The tubes being cut, the next operation is to place them, in position for filling and sowing. A bed suitable for this purpose can be made of clay, well beaten or rolled level, smooth, and hard, and enclosed in an edging of paling or any other available material, which, if possible, should be the same height as the tubes. Into this bed the tubes are packed as closely as possible on end, the bed being any length, but not more than 4 feet wide. The tubes are then filled with soil, which should be of a light sandy nature (but not pure sand), per- fectly dry, and passed through a very fine "riddle'' to take out all the 12 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. lumps, &c., which are apt to stick in the tubes and prevent them from being properly filled. The soil is then thrown into the bed and scraped backwards and forwards with a piece of board, used edgewise, until all the tubes are filled, when the whole should be well watered and allowed to stand for about an hour. Then throw on more soil and sweep the bed w r ell with a stiff stable broom, thus leaving each tube clearly defined. Drop into each tube two seeds the seed having been previously prepared by soaking and sweat- ing. The bed is then covered with a mixture of two parts soil and one part well-rotted stable manure or wood-heap refuse. The cost of cutting, filling, and sowing 500 tubes amounted to 2s. Gd., the work being performed by one of the cadets on this reserve, a youth who had no previous experience in this work, and was further handicapped by having to use a very bad saw ; so that I do not think it would be an under-estimation to put down the cost at 5s. per 1,000. The most advisable time to sow would be February, planting out about July or August if the season were a late one." A wattle-planter in New South Wales substitutes little twists of brown paper for the " bamboos," and doubtless other simple expedients are in use. The brown paper is rolled round a stick, screwed at the bottom, filled with earth, and the seeds planted therein. The paper attracts w r ater to the soil during the dry season, and prevents too much water getting at it during the rainy season. As the industry gets established on a firmer footing, " bam- boos " will be available (they grow like weeds in damp localities not too cold) ; meantime, any ingenious man can get over the lack of them. (e.) BROADCAST SOWING. Mr. Gr. S. Perrin, State Conservator of Forests, Victoria, recommends half a bushel of sand to be mixed with each pound of seed sown, and after treating the seed with hot water, as before described, to broadcast thoroughly, as in sowing wheat. He justly remarks that, if done with discretion, much after -labour will be saved in the thinning process. Mr. F. Abbott recommends that the seed be soaked and simply sown broadcast on ploughed ground. In soaking seed (as directed) for sowing, sufficient only should be pre- pared for one day's sowing at a time. Where seed has been soaked and sown, it must be covered immediately with soil, say by means of light harrows. In planting with wattles that wretched desert country near the Melbourne- Adelaide Eailway, from Bordertown to Murray Bridge (hitherto considered useless for any purpose), Mr. J. E. Brown, in giving evidence before the abovementioned Commission, stated his intention simply to roll the scrub WATTLES AND WATTLE- BARKS. 13 clown, scatter the seed, and then set fire to the scrub. This rolling is effected by making a team of bullocks draw an old boiler ; the larger saplings are previously cut with an axe. " Five years ago I put in 50 acres of wattles in a very sandy portion of Mount Burr Forest, and next year I intend stripping it, and I have no doubt I shall receive 5 tons per acre from it. The country is very sandy almost pure sand the seed was sown broadcast, a flock of sheep run over it to trample it in, and the crop was so thick that we have had to thin it twice." (J. E. Brown.) Mr. Brown informs me that the first thinning gave I ton of bark per acre, and there then remained about 1,200 trees per acre. Calculating the small average of 10 Ib. of bark to each tree, this would give a further amount of 5| tons of bark, and thus the original estimate (made in 1888) was more than realised. Seed is preferably sown immediately the winter season has set in. " Mr. F. Krichauff, of South Australia, caused wattle seeds to be sown upon some sandy land in the Bugle E/anges during May and August. Those sown in August made much greater progress than those sown in May. The seeds were sown upon a young barley crop, and then trodden in by sheep." (Journal of S. A. Bureau of Agriculture, Nov., 1889.) ADDENDUM. Following are extracts from a leaflet, giving a few simple directions in regard to wattle cultivation, which has been issued by the Superintendent of Technical Education, under the direction of the Minister of Public Instruction. Some of the points have already been touched upon : " Nursery. If there be only a small area to be planted with wattles it is best to raise seedlings in a nursery. Whilst young they can be easier looked ater and protected. Wattles will not stand transplanting at every season of the year with any degree of success ; therefore they should be planted in small flower-pots or bamboos, in which they can be readily taken to the open ground. If grown in flower-pots, three or four seeds in each will be sufficient. When the plants are up, weed out all but the strongest one. After they are a few weeks old the pots will be found to be full of root ; they should then be removed to their permanent home. To take them out of the pots turn them upside down, and by placing a finger in the drainage hole at the bottom of the pot the plant with its roots can be easily taken out, and will suffer nothing by removal. In the State Nursery at Gosford the seeds are sown in boxes containing peaty loam, mixed with clean sharp sand, the soil being kept always moist. When the seedlings are sufficiently established they are transferred to the open ground. 14 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. " To sou broadcast or in drills. If the seeds liavo been assisted in their germination by means of hot ashes, rake or sift out the larger coals and sow the ashes with the seeds. If the germination has been commenced by the hot water process, mix the seed thoroughly with dry ashes or sand this will prevent the seeds from sticking together then sow broadcast or in drills in the usual way. If the seeds are to be dibbled they must be freed from the ashes. "Whichever method be adopted for sowing, the seed should be well covered, and in the case of those that have been soaked in water this is essential, for a few hot and dry days would effectually check all further growth. Three or four seeds at about three feet'* apart is the distance required ; this will allow for thinning. " Do not cover the seeds too deeply ; about an inch underground will be ample. "Sow sparingly; this will save a lot of thinning afterwards." The Tree and its Bark. (a.) PRUNING AND THINNING. AVattle-trees are sometimes recommended to be pruned. " The advantages of this are larger dimensions of individual trees, and hence more bark in proportion ; cleaner stems, easier stripping at less expense, less liability to disease, and quicker returns, because the tree will arrive at the stripping stage sooner by having its vitality confined chiefly to the stem. The best period for pruning is during the months from January to March." (J. E. Brown). Mr. A. L. Thrupp, however, deprecates pruning in warm northern exposures, as too much sun would be admitted to the stem of the tree. If wattles be not planted too far apart, nature does her own pruning of the lower branches. In a plantation of Acacia decurrens, for instance, the trees obstruct the light from each other, inanition of the lateral branches takes place, which wither and fall off, and thus a long clean stern is produced, from which the bark can be readily stripped. Mr. F. Abbott recommends that wattle seedlings be thinned out, as soon as they are big enough to handle, to 10 feet apart.f This is perhaps a fair distance, but authorities do not agree as to the precise distance. It rather * Acacia pycnantha is here alluded to. They will thin out to 4 or 6 ft. apart. Of, p. 22. t This advice refers to rather large trees, such as decurrens, and net to small wattles, such as pycnantha. Cf. page 55. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 15 resolves itself into a matter of common sense, for one must, on the one hand, avoid having wattles too close to each other, otherwise "leggy" trees are the result ; and, on the other hand, trees too bushy are not desirable. Wattle-trees should be transplanted with a moderate amount of care, as they are not the hardiest of plants to stand moving. . TIME OP YEAR, EOR STRIPPING. Wattle-barks are often gathered all the year round, whereas they should only be stripped for three or four months in the year (the months usually recommended being September, October, November, and December)* ; out of that season there is usually a depreciation of tannin in the bark. In these months, also, the sap usually rises without intermission, and the bark is easily removed from the tree. The impression appears to have prevailed amongst bark-strippers that whenever the bark would strip it possessed full tanning properties, but this is erroneous. After a few days of rain during other seasons of the year, a temporary flow of sap will cause the bark to be easily detached from the trunk, but then it is greatly inferior in quality. (Report Victorian Board). (c.) HOW TO STRIP. A cut in the bark should be made about 3 or 4 feet from the ground, and a sheet pulled on 2 downwards. In this way bark is saved, even to that which is found on the large roots, and bark stripped close to the ground is usually the thickest and richest in tannic acid. It is well known that strippers often neglect the bark to. which allusion has just been made. Some people fell their wattles before stripping, and use the wood for fire- wood. Bark-strippers as a rule leave about a third of the bark on the tree, besides leaving unsightly dead trees. It should also be borne in mind that dead and decaying trees are a source of danger to the plantation, owing to the harbour they give to insect pests. The matter of utilising the bark on the twigs, &c., will be alluded to under " Extracts." (d.) AGE AND SIZE OP TREES. "Wattle bark should only be procured from mature trees, i.e., from those whose bark possesses the full natural strength. The Victorian Board states, as has already been noted, that bark-stripping (decurrens) may profitably commence at the end of the fifth year, and returns undoubtedly commence * No fixed time, applicable to all parts of New South "Wales and to varying seasons, can be given. Farmers and others will have to find the best time from their own experience, supplemented, of course, by assays of bark stripped at various periods. 16 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. not later than this period. Mr. J. E. Brown strips his wattles (pycnantha) at about 6 years of age, but the exact period can only be decided by the cultivator's common sense. Mr. A. Bucknall mentions that wattle trees mature in seven years in the Majorca plantation, Ballarat. Mr. "W. Ferguson, of Victoria, makes the general statement that none (decurrens) should be cut under 5 inches in diameter a reasonable suggestion which might be enforced, on Crown lands, by legislative enactment. Mr. Thrupp states, as his experience, that greater weight of bark can be produced in five years when cultivated, as against 8-year-old bark grown in its natural state (Journ. S. A. Bureau Agric., April, 1890). It is to be hoped that farmers and others will institute some experiments with the view to estimate the improvement in quantity and quality of wattle bark under cultivation, but such experiments, to be conclusive must have the data carefully checked, in order to make sure that the comparisons of wild and cultivated trees are as fair as possible. ( Brighton (sic) 20 ft. to 30 ft. above sea-level Clay soil 6 0'21 Trunk 28'7 53 '4 Do do 6 0-03 Twigs 25'3 41/6 Mount Q ambier Calcareous sand.. 7 0-13 Trunk .... 31-7 52'0 I am of opinion that these analyses under-rate the value of Acacia pycnantlia bark, and are open to other objections. Mr. J. E. Brown, when in South Australia, cultivated this species very largely in districts found suitable for it, and his general remarks on wattle cultivation (ante) were chiefly written with this species in view. "Except in very dry localities, this species is common to nearly all districts of South Australia north of Encounter Bay, and is occasionally to be met with along the coast from Kingston to the Grlenelg lliver. Its principal habitat, however, and the one where the thoroughly typical botanical form and the largest trees of the species are found, is in the Adelaide hills and plains, from Encounter Bay to Clare. For propagation purposes seed should, if possible, be obtained from trees grown within these limits. In some parts of the north of the Colony there is a narrow-leaved variety, with the stem and branches covered with a whitish substance, which is desirable should not be propagated, as the tree is of slow growth, and does not attain payable dimensions." (J. E. Brown. Eeports.) Average height of typical form 20 to 25 ft., and diam. 6 to 10 in. (Brown.) 42 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. Mr. Brown gives the life o this tree at from ten to twelve years, and states that it may be stripped from the sixth to the ninth year, according to circumstances. It lives longer in sandy soils than in clay ones. The following six barks of this species, were forwarded to the Museum by Mr. A. L. Thrupp, Ballannah, South Australia. They form a very interesting series, consisting as they do of samples of the best bark obtain- able, together with very inferior and ordinary specimens, grown under varied influences of soil and climate : No. 1 is a splendid sample of the bark of this wattle, it is thick, fairly smooth, and was taken from a tree of large diameter, it was grown at Mount Torrens, South Australia ; analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 42'1 per cent, tannic acid, and 67'75 per cent, extract. No. 2. This is also a good specimen of bark, it was grown at Oakbank, South Australia ; analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 41'75 per cent, taunic acid, and 7l'38 per cent, extract. No. 3. Grown at Millicent, South Australia, in sandy soil, it was taken from a tree of fair size ; analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 35'5 per cent, tannic acid, and 68'9 per cent, extract. No. 4. This is an inferior looking bark, scaly and fibrous ; it was taken from trees growing in scrub country near Bluuiberg, South Australia ; analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 30 per cent, tannic acid, and 59 '6 per cent, extract, which result must be considered good from such an unpromising looking bark. No. 5. Grown at Melrose, South Australia. The bark is from young trees, and not at all promising in appearance. It was analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 21*2 per cent, tannic acid, and 42'3 per cent, extract. No. 6. This is a thin, fibrous, scaly and very inferior looking bark, taken from trees growing at Carruson, South Australia, where, owing to insufficient rainfall, they are stunted in growth ; analysed August, 1890, and found to contain 15' 1 per cent, tannic acid, and 32'75 per cent, extract. Mr. G-. S. Perrin summarises the advantages of this species over A. decur- rens by stating that the former species is more amenable to culture, and can be pruned to a better shape, occupies less space in the plantation, and is much better stripped. Baron Mueller (Select Exlra-iropical Plants} says: "It is of rapid growth, content with almost any soil, but is generally found in poor sanely ground near the sea-coast, and thus also important for binding rolling-sand." In an earlier portion of this work I have gone into the question of soil, &c. G-enerally speaking, it loves a warm climate, with only a moderate rainfall. It therefore will not usually flourish at elevations over 2,000 ft. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 43 I Lave already dealt with the matter of localities. It is essentially a South Australian species, though it extends into both Victoria and New South Wales. So-called delicate plants, such as this species, may be successfully grown in rather cold districts, e.g., Blue Mountain, Moss Yale, &c., in New South "Wales, by taking advantage of a fact well known to gardeners, viz., they should be planted with a westerly aspect, so that the sun will not shine on them to early after a severe frost. A New Zealand correspondent writes : " Pycnantha trees, 4 years old, are 6 feet high, and 2 inches in diameter at 3 feet from the ground, in the Auckland district of New Zealand. Land rather strong, with sand in it, and on a clay sub-soil." In another instance in this district, the scrub was cut, the land ploughed in strips, 10 feet apart, and the seed drilled in at the rate of 1 Ib. to the acre. Since then the trees have been allowed to grow wild, never having been thinned or the land cleared, or, in fact, having one penny spent on them. In 6 years the best trees are over 10 feet high, and 3| inches in diameter, and the decurrens trees are over 20 feet high, and 5 inches in diameter. 15. Acacia amcena, Wendl., B.FL, ii, 366. This tall shrub yields a good bark, which would be valuable if it were of large size. As it is, when dried, it is of the size of cassia-bark or coarse cinnamon. It is smooth, and yields a pale-coloured, rather fibrous powder. A sample f rom Tantawanglo Mountain, near Candelo, N.S.AV., from shrubs 8 to 12 feet high, with a diameter of 2 to 4 inches, and grown in granite soil, afforded 23'5 per cent, of tannic acid, and 45'85 per cent, of extract. It was collected July, 1889, and analysed April, 1890. Pound in New South Wales and Victoria ; a coast and mountain species. Its most northern limit in the former Colony appears to be the Moruya district. 16. Acacia saUcina, Lindl., B.M., ii, 367. " COOBA," or " KOUBAIL" " NATIVE WILLOW." " MOTHERUMBA." Following is a condensed account of the analyses of two specimens of this bark recorded by me in Proc. ft.S., N.S.W., 1888, 268 : a. Tarella, Wilcannia. Height, 20 to 25 feet ; diameter, 12 to 18 inches. Collected' August, 1887 ; analysed August, 1888. A coarse, flaky bark, not so fibrous, more compact, and altogether more promising looking than most of the dry-country barks. Average thickness, up to f inch, taonic acid, 13-21 per cent. Extract, 35'28 per cent. 44 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 1). Momba, Wilcannia. Height, 30 to 40 feet ; diameter, 12 to 18 inches. Collected August, 1887 ; analysed September, 1888. Not flaky on the out-- side like No. 1, but a harder, bonier bark, more rugged, but obviously a promising bark. Thickness, up to 1 inch. Tannic acid, 13*51 per cent, extract, 33 '1 per cent. A sample from the Lachlan River, New South Wales, which has been in the Technological Museum five years, is a good specimen of this bark, being fairly smooth, close, compact, and containing comparatively little fibre. It was analysed May, 1890, and found to contain 15' 1 per cent, of tannicacid, and 3275 per cent, of extract. This species is undoubtedly worthy of conservation, and even culture, in the dry interior when it is found, particularly as the barks there are usually so poor in tannic acid. The blacks are aware of the value of this tan-bark, as they use it for tanning wallaby and other skins. An interior species, found in all the colonies except Tasmania. Habitat, chiefly on banks of creeks and watercourses. 17. Acacia linifolia, Willd., B.FL, 371. A "SALLY." (See A. prominens.) Dr. T. L. Bancroft, of Brisbane, was kind enough to send me bark of this tree from Enoggera, near that city, and furnished the following note : " In gullies this species grows to the height of 20 feet or more, but on dry ground is only a whip-stick ; the same remarks also apply to A. complanata. Both these species grow on the edge of the scrub, and there thrive well." Height, 20 feet ; diameter, 6 inches. [Memo. : The tree never attains this size within 200 or 300 miles of Sydney.] Stripped in May ; analysed in July; and found to contain 11'13 percent, of tannic acid, and 2S'15 percent, of extract. The bark analysed was poor, thin, and flaky externally. It is inclined to be fibrous, the thickness is under -|- inch, and altogether it is not a promising bark. Found in New South Wales and Queensland, usually in the coast districts. 18. Acacia prominens, A. Cunn., B.FL, ii, 371. Eeduced by Baron yon Mueller to a variety of A. linifolia, Willd. This is called " G-rey " and "Black Wattle" near Sydney, but dealers will not have it, and it hardly pays to cut up and pass with better bark. A WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 45 sample of a black bark, stained, leopard-like, with whity-green patches, and bearing lichens, yielded the writer 18 '03 per cent, of taniiic acid, and 42*35 per cent, of extract. It was from Penrith, N.S.W. A sample from Penshurst, Illawarra line, near Sydney, gave the author (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 209) 39'98 per cent, of extract, and 14'42 of tannic acid. Height of tree, 10 to 15 feet ; diameter, 1^ to 2 inches ; collected September, 1887 ; analysed August, 1838. Alight-coloured bark, very thin, of the thickness of stout brown paper, and reminding one strongly of that of A. longifolia. A very promising-looking bark obtained from the same locality in February and analysed the same month, gave 19' 75 per cent, of taniiic acid, and 4G'95 per cent, of extract. It is fairly thick, pale in colour, has little fibre, and its low percentage of tannic acid is certainly disappointing. I doubt whether a finer sample of this bark is obtainable ; if this surmise is correct, the value of this bark is fixed at under 20 per cent, of tannic acid. A specimen from trees 15 to 20 feet high, and having a diameter of from 4 to 8 inches, was collected in February, 1890, at Krackenback Mountain, Jindabyne, N.S.W., and analysed January, 1891. It was found to contain 11 per cent, taunic acid, and 29'75 per cent, extract. This bark is deceptive in appearance, being smooth, breaking short, with little fibre, and altogether a fair-looking bark. Found in Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland. On the Snowy Mountains it occurs at elevations from 4,000 to 5,000 feet. It is an eastern spscies, found principally in the coast districts. 19. Acacia brachybotrya, Benth., B.EL, ii, 373. A "BLUE BUSH." Two samples of this bark were forwarded to the Museum by Mr. A. L. Thrupp, Balhannah, S.A., with the intimation that it is used in the adulte- ration of golden wattle bark (Acacia pycnanthd) in South Australia. The bark had been chopped, and from its general appearance it certainly would be somewhat difficult to detect when mixed with some samples of Acacia pycnantha bark. "With the better samples of Acacia pycnantha the detection of admixture should not be difficult. The barks are thin, inclined to be scaly, are somewhat fibrous, and of a reddish colour. They were stripped and analysed August, 1890, one with the result of 21'1 per cent, tannic acid, and 47'3 per cent, extract ; the other gave 18 per cent, tannic acid, and 46*15 per cent, extract. 46 WATTLES AND WATTLE- BARKS. The first specimen caine from Hammond, S.A., the exact locality of the other is unknown. A dry-country species, found in the interior of New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. 20. Acacia poclalyricefolia, A. Cunn., B.PL, ii, 374. Sometimes called "SILVER WATTLE." The bark is used in tanning, giving a light colour to leather. The following analysis is given by the Queensland Commissioners, Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 188G : Tannin, 12*40 per cent. ; extract, 29'50 per cent. (Bailey). Northern New South Wales and Queensland. 21. Acacia vestita, Ker, B.PL, ii, 375. Bark from near Bombala, N.S.W., yielded the author 5OS2 per cent, of extract, and 27'98 per cent, of tannic acid (Proc. R.S., At.S.W., 1887, p. 89) . It grew on limestone country, and was from a tree 18 inches in diameter. Analysis of a second sample from the same district gave an even better result, viz. : 83*2 per cent, of tannic acid, and 61'51per cent, of extract. This is very similar in appearance to the bark of A. decurrcns, for which it might be substituted without detriment. It is a most useful bark, but, un- fortunately, not of wide distribution. It is at the same time one of the most beautiful of wattles, and therefore I feel the responsibility of pointing it out as a fit subject for the bark-stripper. Southern New South Wales and Northern Victoria. It is a highland species in the Monaro, N.S.W., and there very rare. 22. Acacia pravissima, P. v. M. 3 B.FL, ii, 375. This tall shrub has a thin, dark-grey to blackish bark, which yields a light- coloured powder, containing an unusually small proportion of fibre. But the expense of stripping it would bar its use practically, even if the percentage of tannic acid caused it to be a temptation to the stripper. A sample from Jindabyne, Snowy River, collected January, 1890, and analysed the following April, gave tannic acid 10'GG per cent., and extract 3T75 per cent. It was grown on granite soil, and was from shrubs 8 to 12 feet in height, and having a diameter of 1 to 3 inches. Southern New South Wales and Victoria. A highland species, found on the banks of the Snowy Eiver. dcacia, PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE SYDNEY. NEW SOUTH WALES. hF| CE. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARES. 47 23. Acacia subporosa, P. v. M. (supporosa in Muell., Eragm. iv., 5), B.EL, ii, 382. " RIVER WATTLE." A sample of bark from a Victorian locality yielded Baron Mueller 6*8 per cent, of tannic acid, and 1/2 per cent of gallic acid. (Cat. Technological Museum, Melbourne). A sample from Colombo, Candelo, N.S.W., was collected in June, 1889, and analysed by me April, 1890. It is a smooth, thin, fibrous, light-coloured bark, strongly resembling that of A. longifolia. It is from trees 20 to 30 feet in height, and with diameters of 6 to 15 inches. It was grown in granite country. My analysis gave 6'6 per cent, of tannic acid, and 22'55 per cent, of extract, peculiarly coincident with the determination already given. I may mention that I have made determinations of gallic acid and impurities in all my analyses, and I shall be happy to give particulars in the case of individual barks to anyone who applies for them. They are not of sufficient practical importance to Australian tanners to print here. In this particular instance my determination of gallic acid was 1/16 per cent. Pound in coast districts in New South "Wales and Victoria, on the banks of creeks and rivers. Its most northern extension for New South Wales appears to be the Shoalhaven River. 24. Acacia homalophylla, A. Cunn., B.EL, ii, 3S3. ' 'CURLY or NARROW-LEAVED YARR AN." A "Myall." Called also " Gidgee." A specimen of this bark gave the following result : Tannic acid, 9'06 per cent., and extract, 21'51 per cent. (Proc. JR.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 189.) It was from an old tree, full of flakes, and could be pulled to pieces with the fingers. A dry-country bark, but hardly a fair specimen of that. Found in the interior of South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queens- laud. 25. Acacia pendula, A. Cunn., B.EL, ii, 383. " BASTARD GIDGEE" or " NILYAH." Usually known as "Myall." A sample of this bark from Yandarlo, "VVilcanuia, afforded the author (Proc. E.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 269) 3'25 per cent, of tannic acid, and 14/52 per cent, of extract. Height of tree, 10 to 12 feet ; diameter, 4 to 6 inches ; collected September, 1887 ; analysed August, 1888. A typical representative of the dry-country wattle barks. It seems to consist of nothing but flakes and layers of fibre. An inland and desert species of New South "Wales and Queensland. 48 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. . Acacia pendula, var. gldbrata. A YAEKAN." Bark from this variety, obtained from near Hay, N.S/W., yielded the author 715 per cent, of tannic acid, and 17*91 per cent, of extract. (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 89.) A moderately deeply-fissured bark from rather an old tree, containing abundance of poor fibre. A dry-country wattle, and apparently of no promise. 26. Acacia Osivaldi, P. v. M., B.FL, ii, 384. " MILJEE." " KAKAOATTA." Often called " Umbrella bush," as it is a capital shade tree. The bark from an oldish tree has been examined by the author, with the following result : Tannic acid, 9*72 per cent. ; extract, 20*7 per cent. This much resembled the sample of AJiomalophylla bark. (Proc. U.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 189.) In all the colonies except Tasmania ; an inland desert species. 27. Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunn., B.EL, ii, 385. A sample of bark from this wattle, obtained from Tantara, Milparinka, N.S.W., gave the author (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 270) 9*49 per cent. of tannic acid, and 24*46 per cent, of extract. Height of tree, 15 to 20 feet diameter, 6 to 12 inches ; collected, November, 1887 ; analysed, September, 1888. A rugged-looking, coarsely-fissured bark, possessing the character- istic appearance of those of the dry-country wattles. Average thickness, I inch. A dry-country species ; found in all the colonies except Tasmania. 28. Acacia melanoxylon, H. Br., B.FL, ii, 388. The " BLACKWOOD," but also known as " Light wood " and occasionally as " Black Sally," " Hickory," " Silver Wattle." The bark of this highly valuable timber has usually gone to waste after the wood has been obtained from the logs. " The bark is, however, rich in tannic acid, and ought not to be left unutilised, though no trees of this species should be sacrificed for the sake of their bark alone." (Mueller.) A sample of bark from Monga, near Braidwood, N.S.W., yielded the author 11/12 per cent, of tannic acid, and 20*'63 per cent, of extract. (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 31). It was apparently from an old tree, of a dirty brown WATTLES AND WATTLE -BARKS. 49 colour, with whitish patches, giving the whole a silvery appearance ; has irregular vertical fissures, and this circumstance, with the small horizontal cracks, causes the outer bark to be readily detached in small flakes. The inner bark or bast is very strong, and would form an excellent coarse tying material for local use. I have not been able to get a more favourable speci- men for tanning purposes. All the colonies, except Western Australia and Queensland ; chiefly a highland and mountain species, but also on the coast. 29. Acacia implexa, Benth., B. PL, ii, 389. I have analysed a sample of this bark (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 270). It gave 7*82 per cent, of tanuic acid, and 20-54 per cent of extract. It is slightly bitter to the taste, owing to the presence of a saponin, but this sample is from an old cultivated tree, and the bitterness is less noticeable ; hoary-looking, in layers and flakes ; average thickness, i inch. Bark of this species from Deception Bay, has been sent to me by Dr. T. L. Bancroft, of Brisbane, and found to contain 14/16 per cent, of tannic acid, and 33'51 per cent, of extract. It was from a tree 15 feet in height and 4 inches in diameter. It was stripped in May, and analysed in July. Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland ; chiefly a coast species, and on eastern mountain slopes. 30. Acacia harpophylia, P. v. M., B.EL, ii, 389. The common "BRIGALOW ;" so called because it forms the scrubs of that name ; the meaning of the word is unknown. This tree yields a considerable amount of tan-bark of inferior quality. A Queensland correspondent informs me that a sample analysed in London gave 11/59 per cent, of tannic acid. For a popular account of this too plentiful Queensland wattle, see a paper by the late Eev. J. E. Tenison- Woods, in Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., vii, 570. Central Queensland. 31. Acacia excelsa, Bentli., B.PL, 390. "IRON WOOD," sometimes (though erroneously) called "BRIGALOW." Called " Bunkerman" by the aboriginals of thn Cioncurry River, 2?6rbh Queensland. A Queensland correspondent informs me thab a sample of this bark, analysed in London, yielded 16 09 per cent, of tannic acid. It is confined to the northern colony. 50 WATTLES AND WATILE-BAEES. 32. Acacia complanata, A. Cumi., B.EL, ii, 390. Dr. T. L. Bancroft lias teen kind enough to send me some bark of tins- species from Enoggera, near Brisbane. It yielded 10'2S per cent, of tannic acid, and 31*1 per cent, of extract. It was from a tree 20 ft. in height and 6 in. in diameter. Stripped in May, and analysed in July. It is exceedingly thin (under % in. when dry), smooth externally, Tery fibrous, and apparently of no promise as a tan-bark. This species is confined to Xew South Wales and Queensland. 33. Acacia binervala, DO., B.EL, ii, 390. Illawarra " BLACK WATTLE" or HICKOKY." "Mjimbarr" of the aboriginals of Illawarra (New South Wales). This is a valuable bark ; specimens from Cambewarra, N.S.W., yielded me up to 58'03 per cent, of extract, and 30.4 per cent, of tannic acid. The colour of this sample w r as dark-brown ; the inner bark warm red-brown ; the outer bark deeply-fissured or flaky, which makes it more or less pul- verulent ; the inner bark contains abundance of strong fibre; diameter, 12 inches; height, 20 to 25 feet ; locally called "Black Wattle." (Proc.E.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 90.) A second sample from the same locality gave 28'2 per cent of tannic acid, and yielded 51'5 percent, of extract. I have examined a specimen from Tomerong, near Jervis Bay, N.S.W. (between Nowra and Milton), which was collected February, 1888, and and analysed the following September. (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 273.) As received, it had had its first crushing in the mill, nevertheless it was possible to pick samples showing a fair proportion of inner and outer bark. The outer bark is somewhat scaly, and the inner bark is light reddish-brown and very fibrous. It cannot be mistaken for A. decurrens bark owing to its fibrous nature. It gave tannic acid, 19'3 per cent. ; extract, 37'S per cent. This sample was taken from bulk actually used by a tanner, and it will be found, in general, that barks containing 20 per cent, of tannic acid are commonly used by country tanners ; in fact, if bark of a species gives as high as 15 per cent of tannic acid, it is worthy of inquiry whether richer specimens are available. The above are southern localities, following are from northern : Bark from Booral, county of Gloucester, stripped in July, and analysed in August, gave 28 per cent, of tannic acid, and 51*55 per cent, of extract. It was from a tree 30 feet high, and 8 inches in diameter. Acacia Jbtrierrstca BtacA Wattle PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE QOVT. PRINTING OFFICE SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. jcacia Sydney CoUte* WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 51 A further sample from Stroud (in the same neighbourhood) collected in January, gave 27*75 per cent, of tannic acid, and 48'9 per cent of extract. This a coast species of New South Wales and Queensland. It does not extend further south in our Colony than the Ulladulla district. It is frequently a large tree and yields much bark. Memorandum. This wattle maybe easily recognised by the two prominent veins on the leaf. 31. Acacia flav csc ens, A. Cunn., B.PL, ii, 391. This bark contains 10'2 per cent, of tannin. (Staiger.) Queensland. 35. Acacia longifolia, WillcL, B.P1. 5 ii, 897. Sydney, " GOLDEN WATTLE," " White Sallow or Sally," Hickory," &c. The bark of this tree is considered in Queensland to be only half as good as that of A. decurrens. It is used chiefly for sheepskins. The following is an analysis of this bark : Tannin, 12*67 per cent. ; extract, 32 05 per cent. (Staiger.) A specimen from Canibewarra, N.S. W., yielded the author 18'93 per cent, of tanuic acid, and 30*55 per cent, of extract. (Proc.~R.S.>N.S.W., 1877, p. 90.) Other specimens (a) from Oatley's grant, near Sydney, and (5) Hyde, near Sydney, yielded the author (loc. cit., p. 190), 15*34 and 15'99 per cent, of tannic acid respectively, and 24*91 and 23'53 per cent, of extract respectively. Both were from much younger trees than the specimens from Cambewarra. Speaking generally, this is a smoothish, thin, sub-scaly bark, not in high repute. It yields a light-coloured powder. A sample from Tantawanglo Mountain, near Candelo, N.S.W., and locally known as "Hickory," was examine! by me, and found to contain 5 per cent, of tannic acid, and only 14 per cent, of extract. It was collected in July, 1889, and analysed in April, 1890. It was from trees 20 to 50 feet high, with diameters of 4 to 12 inches, growing on chocolate soil. The trees of this species attain rather large dimensions in this district. The bark becomes coarser and larger, but it is one mass of fibre, and practically useless to the tanner. South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, N"ew South "Wales, Southern Queensland. 35. The bark of the variety SopJioroe is used for tanning light skins in Queensland, but as it is comparatively weak in tannin it fetches but a low price. It is there called " Black Wattle." (Bailey.) Mr. W. Adam informs me that Sydney fishermen often tan their sails and nets with this bark, and are well pleased with it, the articles being pliable after use. 52 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. Sob. A second variety of A. longifolia,' viz., floribunda, obtained from Cambewarra in August, 1886, yielded the following result in April, 1890: Tannic acid, 6'09 per cent. ; extract, 14'95 per cent. It was from trees 20 to 50 feet high, locally known as " Sally," or "Sallow." 3 he bark is very like that of the normal species, but from an older tree, and also full of fibre. A specimen of " Sally " from Bolong Swamp, Nowra, collected in July, 1888, and analysed also in April, 1800, gave only 2'54 per cent, of tannic acid, with 13'07 per cent, of extract. It is a useless, fibrous bark, yielding a substance like chopped grass when passed through the mill. It was from trees 20 to 40 feet high, with diameter of 6 to 18 inches, and grown on alluvial soil which the species in general usually favours. 36. Acacia aneura, E. v. M., B.M., ii, 402. " MULGA." The chief ingredient of Mulga scrub, so called from the Mulga, or long, narrow shield of wood made by the aboriginals out of Acacia wood. A specimen of the bark of this tree from Ivanhoe,tuVz Hay, 1ST.S.W., yielded 478 per cent, of tannic acid, and 10 per cent, of extract. A narrow-leaved variety from the same neighbourhood yielded 20*72 per cent, of extract, and 8'G2 per cent, of tannic acid. The former is a deeply-furrowed, flaky, pulverulent bark, apparently from an old tree ; average thickness, -jj- inch. The bark of the narrow-leaved variety is a thin, poor bark, not exceeding i : * G inch in thickness, moderately fissured, of a dark-grey colour, sometimes nearly black. (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 32.) A second sample of the normal species gave {Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 271), 2'32 per cent, of tannic acid, and 12'12 per cent, of extract. It was from Tarella, Wilcannia; collected August, 1887; analysed August 1888. A useless, flaky, dry-country bark. An inland, desert species, found in all the colonies except Tasmania. 37. Acacia glaucescens, Willd., B.FL, ii, 91. A "MYALL" and "BOREE" of Southern N.S.W. Called also "BRIGALOW," "ROSEWOOD," &c. Bark from near Bombala, N.S.W., yielded 810 per cent, of tannic acid, and 14'29 per cent, of extract. (Proc., R.S., N.S.W., 1887, p. 91.) It was locally termed " Myall," and was grown on limestone. Height, 20 to 25 feet ; diameter, 6 to 12 inches. A deeply fissured bark of a dark-grey colour. I would like to get better samples of this bark. From Victoria to Queensland ;^a favourite situation being high river banks amongst rocks. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 53 38. Acacia Cunningliamii, Hook., B.EL, ii, 407. "BLACK WATTLE," "BASTARD MYALL" of Northern New South Wales. " KOWARKUL " of the Queensland aboriginals. A specimen of this bark received from Dr. T. L. Bancroft, of Brisbane, and obtained from Deception Bay, gave 12'32 per cent, of tannic acid and 26'95 per cent, of extract. It is known locally as " Black Wattle." It was from a tree 30 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter, stripped in May, analysed in July. Dr. Bancroft says, " This is the only tanning wattle which grows near Brisbane in any great abundance." The inner bark consists largely of fibre, while the outer is furrowed and scaly, of a dark-brown colour ; the thickness of the bark analysed averaged | inch under the outer scaly portion. The colour is dark-reddish brown,, and altogether it looks a poor tan bark. As a rule this tree carries a heavyish bark. Following is an analysis of another Queensland sample of this bark : Tannin, 9'13 per cent. ; extract, 16*15 per cent. (Queensland Comm., CcL and Indian Exli., 1886.) Central New South Wales to Central Queensland, 39. Acacia leptocarpa, A, Cunn., B.EL, ii, 407. The following is an analysis of this bark: Tannin, 10'20 per cent.; extract, 26'41 per cent. (Staiger.) Queensland. 40. Acacia polystachya, A. Cunn., B.FL, ii, 407. This bark contains 7'59 per cent, of tannin. (Staiger.) Queensland and Northern Australia. 41. Acacia aulacocarpa, A. Cunn., 13. EL, ii, 410. < 'HICKORY WATTLE." (Bailey.) "Dilka" of the Port Curtis blacks. (Hedley.) This tree yields a tan-bark, used in Queensland to some extent. A specimen received from Dr. T. L. Bancroft, who obtained it from Deception Bay, near Brisbane, gave 7*34 per cent, of taunic acid, and 13'9 per cent, of extract. Height of tree 30 fest ; diameter, 1 foot, stripped in May, analysed in July. Locally, it is a very common species. The bark analysed had an average thickness of f inch. ; the interior consists largely of yellowish fibre, while the exterior is greyish, deeply 54 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. furrowed, and consists of large flakes useless for tanning purposes. It, however, cuts solid, and its general appearance would lead one to suppose that it is richer than it is. Central and Northern Queensland. 42. Acacia elata, A. Cunn., B.PL, ii, 413. A "MOUNTAIN HICKOEY." I am informed that this species is known as " black wattle," in the Kurra- jong district. It looks strikingly like the frequently cultivated pepper-tree (Scliinus molle), as regards its foliage and habit. It is one of the most beautiful of the arboreous Acacias, and it frequently attains a large size, e.g., a corres- pondent of mine obtained fifteen 4-bushel sacks of bark from one tree. A specimen of bark of this tree was analysed (Proc. R.S., N.S.W., 1888, p. 271), and yielded 20'11 per cent, of tannic acid, and 36*2 per cent, of extract. Height, 50 feet ; diameter, 8 inches. Flaky and somewhat rugged on the outside, but often blackish, and stained with lichens, on account of its habitat (gullies). This sample reminds one of that of A. decurrens when young. This is a tree of local distribution, and were it more abundant it would come into notice as a tanner's bark, since the sample examined (obtained from Springwood, Blue Mountains), was hardly up to the average quality obtainable. Two samples of this bark were received at ^the Technological Museum May, 1890, from Kanimbla Valley, Blue Mountains ; one from a large tree 30 to 50 feet high, diameter, 15 inches ; the other from a small tree. The bark of the larger tree contained much scaly material on the outside of a dark-brown colour, which, being deficient in tannic acid, detracts from the value of the bark. The thickness of this bark is 1 inch, half of which represents the inner bark, which is fibrous, very astringent, and of a light colour. Analysis of this bark (a fair section of outer and inner, being taken), was made in June, 1890, and it was found to contain 28'5 per cent, of tannic acid, and 51*15 per cent, of extract. The liquor is of too dark a colour to be first-class, but would be improved by removing the outer scaly bark before grinding, if that were possible. The bark from the younger tree was solid, slightly scaly on the outside, and i inch in thickness. When powdered, it was hardly to be distinguished from some specimens of dectirrens bark, being light coloured, and altogether a promising bark. Analysis shows this to contain 31 f l per cent, of tannic acid, and 55*35 per cent, of extract. Acacia, a I at a. /J Hickory Acacia, decurrens Btacfi Htettle WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 55 A specimen from Kobertson, about 20 miles from Mittagong, stripped in January, yielded 28 per cent, of tannic acid, and 49'75 per cent, of extract. This also gave a light-coloured liquor. It is a of an inch thick without the scaly exterior ; the bark is pale-coloured, and worthy of some attention, although it is inclined to be fibrous. Found on the Blua Mountains and its spurs (chiefly in gullies and along water-courses), and in mountainous country no great distance south of Sydney, c.r/., West Bargo gullies, Picton, Mittagong, S 2 c'lrg'- but n he var ^i|i: 2 ^ ^Is^iss so gol .5 s'-s IJ^JS *-^ S ^'H^-S UMV Pubes so a 8>^ll 5 ^l.1>l-s| 02 43 o S 0) ^^-^.^i s t a | I s .S g I e ^H CO !>, M ^ | S CJ GJ O S N f y ill 3 t-.J= '3(N "-2 " O jf II X r^ "^ S^"" >s 2 1 I Ifrl Hills i S i S y- MOLLIS. 1 1 M s. " C 0^43 g y h y h gre ure aliage tom bescen e in assuming a gold tinge on the yo (B) ; foliage fi ish, soon subtle vesti so (U ^ O ^ 'p 8 fc> - S ^S)^-s S *a ^^ -^^I iN! k 1 ity s ^JS 11=111 | JJ a u a en ng ar S 3 1^ sg g P "-rt O O 0) X c ^, C p E-i 3 Q -^ O g J^^l 9 ^. of o S*a la|ri s o O jj >>, 3 g^ts a &3 I^S'B.II* Uii*J i.ll"rsll g 5'S^jd sA .Sog?^ flg-S^^S^ ^H ^ > > ^ ^ OH PH^J 43 j_i bfi y NOH HI A LIS. &D^T "P 1 ^ - 111 |H FQ 70 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. . i ll 1 tn co i 53 o S^5 a3 CQ o o f 3 CD^.2 s 2 >> -*J .S-j 8 1 . c3 , *y 1 _ o 0) g O> 15 ^ I ~ H "w -^ K^J 5Q O S "S ^ co >> 2 03 _s hu 1 || -M ' ' ~ >"" 53 ^ S ~ PAUC. i jj Not cilia Midrib others ^) ^ 02 ^j k . a> TJ r\ <-< S ^ & 5 "C ^ s 11 *"c3 o oT **^ | rj i*. fl t>5'^ *"** -^2 w w c3 ,C! ^ r^ - gtj< >,s O " ^^ ^'S .1 ^^r^ ^ 2 > s 03 -^ i X ^ P,o Is "^ p. 8. K>^ s^ g ? 02 5 0> o O t *OQ ^ ^ J s s| 1 I .> a r^ m^^^^ fl R ^ J_o O CD "-' P< JB o c ^ ^' S 35| ?H -M . ^2 oj | fcC"-i S ^ ^^ o ? >-a J ^ S^ W fl Sj^ h ^ .2 S3 J> C^ it O ^ r ^ C -^ o PEJ '^ CD t c^ ^ >} Q "^-^ tR ^^"rt f^ Q ^> o r^ 5j r^H 02 > II i .st.2 s Jill 81 S 02 N M v !fl || Sfl -S^^ ^ S 25 g 5 I j^f2 II lf ^ "^ g | vi o 'w S s c3 ^ 4^ 1 l *M O 1 1.2 w I'll 8 J o ^s- -^ o^o ^ l ^ 3 ^ Variety JN DO 1 1 About 25 in ej O -^ Slightly depre J J 53 g .a ^8 rf * 'eirgci co | 0r S M ^- +J a O I s5 ^~ 111.. ^'g a, PH^ " m _"A t** rn Q. . J/5 C3 ^ -J cT S .2 -42 b-S 5 lire 2^^ ?^^> H << | r2 ^ -S a nerous. 3 1 Sa 'o . i SI'S 111 ACACIA DECUR (.Willd). Flower heads smal ular, in axillary mes, the uppe forming a t panicle. Flowers, 20-30 : t r2 || 'M 'o f 1 "S PH P O M S^ 43 ii 02 fH II! .1 * s OJ 8 S c3 Section. normalis Section. Leichhardtii Gland Section pauct^landulosa Section. < moLlis of of /fcacia cCecurrens PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHED AT THE GOVT. PRINTING OFFICE SYDNEY, NEW SOUTH WALES. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BAEKS. II II o o I! o o a -2 II S 3 .3 o I o -^ O ^ O >g r2 ,2 ^ ^ rP P O 3 nd II - ,, J> 55 Q. N.S.W. j> 35 5> 5 }l )> Q' V. Q. S.A. 55 5> 55 J> 51 35 55 W.A. N.S.W. (Cultivated in.) 55 Sydney black wattle decurrens. var. normalis inollis.. Leichhardtii pauciglandulosa ... 5, ... data Green "Wattle A mountain hickory Exhibition Commissioners. Mountain hickory penninenis 55 J5 t, ......... pycnantlia S. A. Broad-leaved wattle.. W. A. Weeping wattle Mueller Exhibition Commissioners. * sali qua Mueller vestita Where no authority is stated the analysis is mine. WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. 73 (!>J m WATTLE-BARKS OF SECONDARY VALUE. Local Name. Species Name. Percentage of Tannic Acid. Authority. Where grown. amoena* 23-5 N.S.W A blue bush bracliyboirya 21-1, 18-0 S A. Black wattle Cunninglitttnii ,.. 12'32 O 9-13 Exhibition o. Silver wattle dc alb at a , .... 25'9 25-5 Commissioners. NSW 24-13, 24'0 24'0 21*22 20-3, 17-1 16-5 A brigalow excclsti i , 16'09 JiarpopTiylla 11-59 14-16 7*82 NSW Asallv linifolia 11-13 O Golden wattle lotiqi folia ,., 16-93, 15-99 NSW 15-34 1267 O 5-0 N.S.W. varfloribunda 6-09, 2-54 melanoxylon . 11-12 A black wattle neriifolid 13-91 A silver wattle poddluriccfolid 12-40 Commissioner. Grey wattle prowinens ... 19-75, 18'03 NSW 14-42, 11-0 pTuinosa 24-25, 23'0 Cooba, or native willow stilicino/ 15-1 1351 13-21 * This table refers to barks only, and not to size of trees. This species, for instance, is too small to be available for bark stripping, as may be seen by reference to the proper page. These small shrubs, whose bark is of good quality, may, however, eventually be used in extract-making. 74 WATTLES AND WATTLE-BARKS. (c) WORTHLESS * WATTLE BAUKS, Local Name. Species Name. Percentage of Tannic Acid. Authority. Where grown. Mulga aneura , 478, 2-32 N.S.W. Kangaroo thorn arinata 3-0 Hickory . . . aulacocttTpct ... 7-34 Q. Wait a while ... colletioides 4-4 N.S.W. complcinatci 10'28 Q. flavescens ,.. 10'2 Staiger Q. A. myall or boree qldiicescBtis 8-10 N.SW. Curly or narrow leaved yarran Jioinci-lopliyllcfi 9-06 leptoccirpci ,, .... . 10-20 Q- Mili ee . . , , Oswaldi 972 N.S.W. Bastard sideree pendula .. 3-25 A. y arran . ,,1.1 .... .... . , ,, var gldbrata 715 polystachya ...... 7'59 Q. pravissima ...... 10*66 N.S.W. Nealie or needle bush .... rigens . . 6'26 sent is 10-26, 6-32 siculifovmis 7*87 stcnopTiyUlci 9-49 subporosa 6-G Mueller Y. 6'6 N.S.W. Dead finish , t t tctfo-oonopTiyllci .. 5-59 vBrnicifluct , . ... 3-16 * Some of the best of these may, however, find use in extract-making, in the future. I N DEX. Abbott, Mr. F., on profits of wattle PAGE. PAGE. Acacia rigens 32 culture 19 salicina . . 43 Abbott, Mr. F., on supply of Tas- sdligna 38 manian wattle barks 2 sentis 34 Acacia amcena 43 siculiformis 3J cine lira 52 var 52 subporosa 47 armata 33 aulacocarpa 53 tetrar/onopJiylla 32 binervata 50 verniciflua , 34 brachybotrya 45 vestita . . 46 calam,ifolia 32 Acacias, number of in Australia 30 collctioidcs 31 N S Wales 30 complanata 50 Adulterations or substitutions 19 Gunninglia.mil 53 Age and size of trees 15 dealbata 64 of wattle trees 15 decurrcns 55 ,, Botanical table ... 69, 70 ",, and height of wattle trees .. ., 15 , , group 67 ,, size of wattle trees 15 ,, var. Leichhardtii... 61 Analyses of wattle barks... 72,73 74 ^ n mollis 57 Arundo Donax 10 ,, ,, normalis ,, ,, pauciylandulosa 56 62 Australian wattle bark, diminution of 2 j , table, time of flowering . . elata . . 71 54 Bamboo method of wattle planting 10 excelsa 49 Bark demand of by British and falcata 34 Continental tanners 2 flavescens 51 Bark wattle 14 glaucescens , 52 Bastard Gidgee 47 harpophylla 49 Bastard Myall 34 53 homalophylla 47 Black or green wattle . 39 implexa 49 ,, sally 48 leptocarpa 53 wattle 35 38 44 50 53 56 57 lin ifolia 44 Blackwood 35 48 longifolia 51 Blue bush . . . 45 , , var. Jloribunda 52 Book-kerr iking 56 , , ,, SophorcB .. 51 Boree 52 melanoxylon . 48 Botanical notes on the genus Acacia 66 mollissima 57 neriifolia . 38 Brands of wattle bark 17 Oswaldi 48 Brio-alow 49 52 pendida .. 47 British and Continental tanners' , , var. glabrata 48 requirements of bark 2 penninervis 35 Broad-leaved wattle 39 ,, var. (narrow-leaved. ) 36 Broad-cast sowing 12 podalt/riafolia 46 Broom wattle 32 polystachya 53 , pravissima 46 supply of wattle bark 1 , prominens 44 Brown Mr J E on profits of , pruinosa 55 wattle culture 19 , pycnantha 39 Bunkerman 49 , retinodes . 38 Bush seedlings of wattle ... 63 7 6 INDEX. PAGE. Caclell, Mr. A., on growth of wattles on manured land 6 Cadell, Mr. A., on soils suitable for wattles 5 Callicoma serratifolia 1 Carting 21,22,23 Chopped wattle bark 18 Coast wattles 37, 63 Coglan, Mr. D., Government Statis- tician, on imports and exports of Australian wattle barks 3 Commerce in wattle seed 7 Conservation of wattles 2, v Continuous supply of bark required by European tanners 2 Cooba 43 Cost of bark 2 ,, land per acre for wattle growing ... 21,22,23 Cultivation of wattles 5 ,, ,, profits of ... 24 Cultural notes 62 Curly or narrow-leaved yarraii 47 Damp wattle bark , 17 Dangers to wattle plantations 25 Dead finish 32 ,, trees 6 Demand and supply 1 Desert country for wattle planting. . 12 Destruction of wattles , 2 Detailed expenditure on cultivation of wattles 21,22,23 Detailed estimates 21, 22, 23 , , returns from wattle bark 21 , 22. 23 Dilka 53 Diminution of Australian wattle barks 2 Donovan, Mr. F., on supply of Victorian wattle bark . . , 2 Dry country wattles 31, 32, 46, 48 Drying of wattle bark 17 Dunn, Mr., on supply of bark in Melbourne = 2 Encouragement towards replanting wattles 2 Estimates of receipts and expendi- ture in wattle cultivation 21 Exhaustion of soil by wattles 5 Experiments on wattle seeds 10 Exports and imports, wattle bark, New South Wales 3 Exports and imports, wattle bark, New Zealand 3 Exports and imports, wattle bark, Queensland 3 Exports and imports, wattle bark, South Australia 3 Exports and imports, wattle bark, Tasmania 3 Exports and imports, wattle bark, Victoria 3 Export, packing, &c 18 Extract Hemlock bark, preparation of .. , 28 PAGE. Extract, hickory 28, 29 ,, green wattle 29 ,, wattle bark 25 Extracts 25 Extraordinarily rich bark 39 Feathery wattle 67 Fencing per mile 22, 23 Ferguson, Mr. W., on profits of wattle culture 20 Fibre in wattle barks 16 Finish, Dead 32 Fire an aid in the germination of wattle seed 10 Fire-breaks for protection of wattles 23 Firewood , 15 First Australian wattle not an acacia 1 Galls, wattle 29 Garrong 57 General considerations 5 Germination of wattle seeds 9 Gidgee 47 ,, bastard 47 Glen Innes district, Wattle growing in 5 Golden \vattle 39, 50 Gosford State nursery, wattle grow- ing at 13 Government Statistician 011 imports and exports of Australian wattle bark 3 Grading of wattle bark ... 17 Green or black wattle 39, 57 wattle 61, 62 ,, wattle extract 29 Grey wattle 44 Gum, Wattle 29 Hallenstein, Mr. I., on profits of wattle culture 20 Hardness of wattle seeds 9 Heat to assist germination of wattle seeds 9, 10 Height and age of wattle trees 15 Hemlock bark extract, preparation of 28 Hickory 34, 35, 48, 50, 51 or black wattle 50 ,, extract 28, 29 ,, mountain 35, 54 ,, wattle 53 How to strip wattle bark 15 Imports and exports, wattle bark, New South Wales 3 Imports and exports, wattle bark, New Zealand 3 Imports and exports, wattle bark, Queensland 3 Imports and exports, wattle bark, South Australia 3 Imports and exports, wattle bark, Tasmania 3 Imports and exports, wattle bark, Victoria .. 3 INDEX. 77 PAGE. Income from wattle bark 24 Increase of bark on slitting the growing bark 16 Increase of tannic acid in cultivated trees 16 Interest on money 21, 22, 23, 24 Iron wood 49 Irrigation farm, Islington, planting wattles at 20 Kangaroo thorn 33 Karagata 48 Kent, Mr. T., 011 mimosa bark extract 26 Koubah 43 Kowarkul 53 Leather spotted by using damp bark 17 Lightwood 48 Lignum vitse 34 Limestone formations 5 Local requirements of wattle barks 4 Lowenthal's method of analysis 30 Manufacture of wattle bark extract 25 Manured land for wattles % 6 Market for wattle bark 2 Meaning of word wattle 1 Method of propagation of wattles in bamboos 10 Method of sowing wattle seed 11, 12 Miljee 48 Mimosa bark 26 ,, price in London 2 Moisture in wattle bark 17 Moore, Mr. C., on profits of wattle culture 19 Moruya district, wattle extract from 28 Most valuable wattle barks 72 Motherumba , 43 Mountain hickory 35, 54 Mount Burr Forest, wattle planting at 13 Mucilage in tannage 27 Mulga 52 Myall _ 47, 52 ,, bastard 34, 53 Myimbarr 50 Narrow-leaved y arran 47 Native willow 43 Nealie or needle bush 32 Needlebush 32 Neilley, Mr. VV., on natural germina- tion of wattle seed 9 New South Wales imports and ex- ports of wattle bark 3 New South Wales wattle seed 7 ,, ,, weekly sale of wattle bark 4 New Zealand imports and exports of wattle bark 3 New Zealand wattle bark 62, 65 5 , ,, growing 62,65 IS iemann, Mr. A., on bamboo method of wattle planting 11 PAGE. Nilyah 47 Northern wattle bark 60 Number of acacias in Australia 30 N. S. Wales... 30 ,, wattle seeds in a pound.. 8 Objections to wattle growing con- sidered 24 Orr, Mr. W. M., on weekly sales of wattle bark 4 Over-supply of wattle bark 1 Packing wattle bark 18 Perrin, Mr. G. S., on treatment of wattle seed 12 Phyllodia , 66, 67 Planting of wattles 10 ,, ,, at irrigation farm, Islington 20 Ploughing land for wattles 21, 22, 23 Preparation of seed for germination. 9 ,, wattle bark extract... 25 ,, for export 18 theland 6 Preparing land for wattles 6 Price of bark in Sydney 2 ,, Mimosa bark in London ... 2 Profit and loss, and minor industries 19 Profits in cultivation of wattles 19 ,, to be derived from wattle cultivation 21, 22, 23, 24 Protection of wattles, fire-breaks for 23 Pruning and thinning 14 Quantity of wattle bark per acre 21, 22, 23 ,, ,, required by large firms 2 Quantity of seed required to the acre 8 Queensland imports and exports of wattle bark .., 3 Queensland wattle barks 3 ,, ,, bark extract 29 ,, weekly sale of wattle bark : .. 4 Rainfall necessary for wattle growing 6 Rent per acre 21, 22, 23 Requirements of home consumers ... 2 Returns from bark of thinnings...... 20 ,, when available 21 Rich bark 39 River wattle 47 Rosewood 52 Sallow, whita 51 Sally 34, 44, 51 black 48 ,, or sallow 51 Sand mixed with wattle seed 12 Sandy soil ... 5,13 Scarifying 22,23 Secondary value of wattle barks ... 73 Seeds, sowing and germination of ... 9 Splection of wattle seed 7 Silver wattle 46, 48, 57, 64 bark... , 64 IXDEX. PAGE. Size of trees for cutting 15 Slitting of bark of wattle trees to increase quantity 16 Soil for wattles 5 South Australian imports and exports of wattle bark 3 South Australian wattle bark 3, 39 ,, ,, weekly sale of wattle bark 4 Southern coast wattles 63 ,, wattle bark 58 Sowing and germination of thew r attle seed 9 State nursery, Gosford, wattle grow- ing at 13 Stripping per ton 22, 23 ,, wattle bark, time of year for 15 Stripping wattles, age of trees for.. 15 Succession of wattle crops 011 same land 5 Superiority of wattle bark from cul- tivated trees 63 Supervision 21,22,23 Supply and demand 1 Sydney bark, price of 2 ,, golden wattle 51 ,, wattle 58 Tabular statements of wattle bark analyses 72, 73, 74 Tannage 26 Tannic acid contained in wattle barks 72 The soil 5 ,, seed 7 ,, tree and its bark 14 Time of year for stripping 15 To increase bulk of bark 16 Tasmanian imports and exports of wattle bark 3 Tasmanian wattle barks, supply of. . 2 ,, ,, seeds 7 Tate, Professor, experiments on wattle seeds 10 Temperature to which wattle seed may be subjected 9 The most valuable wattle barks 72 Thinning and pruning 14 Thorn, kangaroo 33 Thorny wattle 34 Thrupp, Mr. A. L., on slitting bark of trees to improve quantity of bark 16 Time of flowering, Decurrens group 71 ,, year for stripping 15 ,, ,, to sow wattle seed ,., 13 Time taken for wattle seeds to ger- minate naturally 9 Transplanting wattles 63 Treatment of wattle seeds 9 Umbrella bush 48 Value of wattle bark ... 4, 21, 22, 23, 24 Various kinds of wattle bark 30 Victorian imports and exports of wattle bark ............ . . ..... , ...... Victorian wattle bark, supply of ... ,, ,, culture ............... ,, seed .................. ,, weekly sale of wattle bark Wait-a- while . ............................ Wallowa ........ .. .............. ........... Warraworup ............................. Wat-tah .................................. Wattle bark analyses ............ 72, ,, brands of ................. ,, chopped ............... , ,, detailed return from... dry ing, packing, export, &c ...................... ,, extract .................... ,, ,, manufacture of ,, ,, Queensland .. grading of ........... : ... , , how to strip . . ......... ,, over supply of ........ ,, time of year for strip- ping ..................... ,, tons yielded per acre ........... 21,22, , , various kinds of ......... ,, weekly sale of ... ...... Wattle barks, adulteration of ........ . , , fibre in ................ ,, good, bad, and in- different ........... ,, most valuable ......... . >, New Zealand ......... ,, Northern ............... ,, Queensland ............ , , secondary value ______ , , South Australian . . . ,, Southern ............... ,, worthless ............... Wattle, black ......... 35, 38, 39, 44, , , , , or green ............ ..... ,, broad-leaved .................... ,, broom ............................. ,, cultivation, profits to be derived from ...... 21, 22, ,, feathery ........................ ,, galls ...... ....................... ,, golden .......................... growing at State nursery, Gosford ... ................. growing in New Zealand ... growing, objections to ...... gum .............................. hickory .......................... meaning of word ............... plantations, dangers to ..... planting .......................... planting at Mount Burr forest plantation ......... planting, bamboo method .., planting in desert country . . . Eiver .............................. seed, commerce in ............ PAGE. 3 2 20 7 4 31 32 57 57 73, 74 17 18 21 18 25 25 29 17 15 1 15 23,24 30 4 19 16 30 72 62, 65 60 3 73 3,39 58 74 50, 53 39 39 32 23, 24 67 29 39, 50 44 13 62,65 24 29 53 1 25 10 13 10 12 47 7 INDEX. 79 PAGE. Wattle seed, New South Wales 7 selection of 7 sowing and germina- tion of 9 Tasmanian 7 time of year to sow ... 12 treatment of 9 Victorian 7 silver .....46, 48, 57, 64 ,, sowing in desert country ... 12 Sydney 56 ,, golden 51 ,, trees, age and height of 15 ,, ,, size of 15 ,, ,, for stripping 15 ,, weeping 38 W T attles, coast 63 cultivation of 5 ,, detailed expenditure on cul- tivation of 21 ,, dry country 32 manured land for 6 ,. on limestone formation 5 PAGE. Wattles, on sandy soil 5 ploughing land for 21,22,23 preparing land for 6 recommended to be planted v soil for 5 southern coast .. 63 transplanting of 63 Wee-tjellan , 34 Weeping wattle 38 Weight of wattle seeds 8 White sallow 51 Willow , , 32 ,, native 43 ,, or broom wattle 32 Witch 39 Woolls, Rev. Dr.-, on meaning of word "wattle" 1 Worthless wattle barks 74 Yarran... 48 ,, curly 47 ,, narrow-leaved 47 Yield per acre 21, 22, 23, 24 [10 Plates.] Sydney : George Stephen Chapman, Acting Government Printer. 1891 205721 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRA: BERKELEY THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DA STAMPED BELOW Books not returned on time are subject to a fin 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increa to $1.00 per volume after the sixth day. Books no demand may be renewed if application is made be expiration of loan period. DEC 20 1916 N V 19 I9J7