THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 ' 11 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 READ BEFOBE 
 
 I ^|f #? ifill Itrflffologirsl SExsoriation 
 
 GEORGE LAMBERT, F.S.A. &c. &c. 
 
 (COVENTRY STREET, LONDON), 
 
 B A R B E R » - S JJ R G E O N S' HALL, 
 
 >!ONls:WELL STREET, LONDON, 
 
 On SATURDAY, OCTOBER 15th, 1881, 
 
 /-■/)>? of the visit to London of the so-called 
 "B Hngent,^* the West of England Members of 
 
 the Ass&eiatlon, Octoher lUh to ISth, 1881. 
 
 [S?E€OND EDITION.
 
 Barbers' Hall, Monkwell Street, London.
 
 THE BARBERS' COMPANY. 
 
 naaazsaooiiEaiBB 
 
 A PAPER 
 
 RBAD BEFORE 
 
 t^^? "^f ifi^5 SErr^DPolfogiralf ^ssorialion 
 
 GEORGE LAMBERT, F.S.A. &c. &c. 
 
 (COVENTRY STREET, LONDON), 
 AT 
 
 BARBER SURGEON S' HALL, 
 
 MONKWELL STREET, LONDON, 
 
 On SATURDAY, OCTOBER 15th, 1881, 
 
 Oil the occasion of the visit to London of the so-called 
 
 "Bristol Contingent," the West of England Members of 
 
 the Association, October l-ith to 18th, 1881. 
 
 [SECOND EDITION.]
 
 WO 
 
 FE5 
 U1731? 
 
 Satyra VII. Q. Horatii Flacci. 
 
 Omnibus et Lippis notum et tonsoribus. 
 
 Nota id temp — 
 
 " Hominibus otiosis ac loquacibus." 
 " Apud Tonsores multas diei horas " 
 
 " Conterunt Loquaces." 
 
 Nota Job. Min.-Ellii, Naples. 1752. 
 
 Illi imperitius et agrestius detonso capillisque ejus 
 
 inaequaliter decurtatis. 
 
 Nota Satyra III. lib. 1, 30. 
 
 The facts adduced by Antiquaries are the milestones of 
 history, landmarks in the progress of social life, collected to 
 vindicate the Study of Antiquities and redeem it from the 
 sneer of the supercilious sciolist. 
 
 Owen & Blakeway's History of Shrewsbury, Vol. I. p. 308.
 
 Barber Surgeons. 
 
 I N days of remote antiquity, the Art of 
 Surgery and the Trade of a Barber 
 were always combined, and the connec- 
 tion began, by the custom of the former 
 to assist in the baths and in the use of 
 them, in the application of unguents, as 
 early as the time of the Greeks, who 
 were the first to use public baths, the 
 earliest mention of which, we have in 
 Athenoeus, who, in the First Book 
 towards the end of Chapter 14, tells us, that in his age 
 7rpoa(})dTOi<; ra /3d\avela iraprjKrat, rrjv ap-^r]v ovSev evBov t^? 
 7r6X,e<w9 icovTcov avrd (they were but lately come into use, 
 and that formerly no such places were allowed in the city). 
 These balneos contained the following rooms : — 
 
 1. 'ATToBvTrjpiov, wherein the bathers put off their 
 clothes, aTreBvovTO ra IfiaTia ; 
 
 2, 'TTTOKavarov or 7rL'/3iaT7;pioz/(sudatorium), a room most 
 commonly round, provided with fire irvp aKairvov, so contrived 
 that it should not smoke, for the benefit of those who desired 
 to sweat; also called Lacouicum, from the frequent use of this 
 way of sweating in Laconia ;
 
 4 THE BABBEES COMPANY. 
 
 3. BaiTTLaTrjpLov, a hot bath ; 
 
 4. Aovrpwv, a cold bath ; 
 
 5. 'AXeiTTTTjpiov, the anointing room. 
 
 After bathing they always anointed, which was especially 
 necessary after the use of hot baths lest the skin should 
 become rough after the water was dried off. The Roman 
 system of bathing is described thus : — 
 
 Balneum sive Balineum avro twv ^aXdvcov, a glandibus, 
 
 quae in balneis olim succendebantur. Auctores fere Balnea 
 
 sive Balneas de publicis usurpant cedificiis. Balnea erant bina 
 
 aedificia conjuncta, alteram ubi viri, alteram ubi Mulieres lava- 
 
 bantur. In Balneis erant tria quasi Coenacula: "Summum," 
 
 plenum erat aeris calidi, "Laconicum" dictum. In "Medio" 
 
 ccenaculo erant Aquae calidae, inlmo frigidae. Balneis frequenter 
 
 usi sunt Romani ante coenam post ambulationes aut exerci- 
 
 tationes, saepe necessitatis, non rare voluptatis causa. Commo- 
 
 dus Imperator in die octies lavisse legitur. De Balneis ita 
 
 disserit Joseph. Laurent, lib. I. Polymath. Dissert. 38. 
 
 Partes Balneorum quinque, I. pars erat conclave, ubi aer 
 
 calidior, in quo vestes ponebantur : hiuc dictum Apodyterium 
 
 seu Spoliatorium. 2. Pars testudinis instar constructa 
 
 aerem calidum igne accenso sine fumo continens, dicta 
 
 vTTOKavarov sive Sudatorium. 3. Pars cella caldaria, quae 
 
 lavacrum dicta ; in ea homines considentes lavabantur unde 
 
 Labrum, quasi Lavabrum dictum. 4. Pars erat frigidarium 
 
 seu frigidaria cella, ubi aqua frigida, piscina. 5. Ubi sudor 
 
 detergebatur ungebaturque dicta Detersorium aXetim^piov. 
 
 Tria vasa ad lavandum : Calidarium, ubi calida Aqua. 
 
 Tepidarium ubi tepida. Frigidarium ubi frigida. Utensilia 
 
 Balneorum, 1. Solium seu Labrum e ligno aut marmore in 
 
 quo residentes lavabantur. 2. Guttus, vas guttatim oleum 
 
 fundens. 3. Strigilis a stringendo, instrumentum, quo 
 
 utebantur ad sudorem corporis et sordes abradendas. 4. 
 
 Lintea Sudariave quibus corpora detergebantur. Praeterea 
 
 erant Pilicrcpi pilos avellentes, Aliptre ungentes. His Balneis 
 
 usi Romani partim sanitatis, partim munditife, partim etiam 
 
 voluptatis gratia, imprimis convivas legimus seu hospites in 
 
 Convivatoris aedibus a quo invitati et excepti fuerant, lavari 
 
 atque ungi solitos, balneis a convivatore paulo ante convivium
 
 THE BAEBERS COMPANY. 5 
 
 paratis. Balneatoribus balneorum prsesidibus quadrans pretium 
 vulgo persolutum.* 
 
 According to Pliny in his "Natural History," Book III. 
 Chap. 1, they used oil, perfumed with odoriferous herbs and 
 roses; this is also mentioned in the "Iliad," book xxiii., 
 line 186, where Venus anoints the dead body of Hector, t 
 
 Amongst the Romans, in great families, there were slaves 
 for dressing the hair and shaving; these were called Tonsores.j 
 Ovid in his " Metamorphoses," xi. 182, and Martial also 
 in his 6th epigram, line 52, and Aulus Plautius mention 
 that these slaves also cut the nails, and sometimes 
 female barbers were employed, called " Tonstrices." For the 
 poorer people, public barbers' shops, called " Tonstrins," 
 (where females also used to officiate), were much frequented. 
 This is stated by Terence in his play of " Phormio," 
 i. 2, 39, and Martial ii. 17, mentions about women being 
 engaged in this employment. The Romans regarded the 
 cutting of the hair so much, that they believed, that no person 
 died till Proserpina, either in person or by the ministration 
 
 *Antiquitates Romanse (IT-iO) p. 51 & 52. Fiid. Hiklebrandi P. Cces. GjTnn. 
 Martisl. p. t. Rectoris. 
 
 + Potter's " Antiquities of Greece," Vol. II. p. 372. 
 
 { In a Columbarium on the Appennine Way there is a memorial stone to 
 one " Sextus Palyx," who was hair cutter to Sextus Pompeius thus " Sex 
 Pompeius Sex Palyx Sex Pompeio Tonsor," Montfaucon, who mentions this, 
 vol. 5, p. 54, part 9, says, " Celui qui se nomme Tonsor avait soin de fairs 
 les Cheveux de son Maitre." And there is in another Cohimbarium just outside 
 the Capena Gate of Rome, an inscription to the Tonsor of Augustus Ctesar, 
 byname Chrestus Arpus, and also to "Pandas Caesaris Unctor," this Coliun- 
 barium is especially for Augustus' servants, for says Montfaucon, " Videntur 
 autem esse saltem plerique eoriun Augustalis Artificias atque Ministri inter alius 
 Unus comae ejus curam haberet : Alius Unctor qui Corjnis imguit." 
 
 " The site of the ancient Porta Capena where the A^jpian Way commenced 
 is about 1380 metres within the Porta di San Sebastiano, between the Orto di 
 San Gregorio and the Vigna ModiUi, this has been exactly determined from a 
 discovery- made in 1584, of the first milestone of the Via Appia in the Vigna 
 Naro, 114 milUa passus, 17 from the porta St. Sebastiano. The arch of 
 Drusus, the Hypogsum of the Scipio's and the Columbarium stood between the 
 kingly and the imperial line of walls. The Appian Way was commenced a.v.c. 
 441, B.C. 312, by Appius Claudius Cscus, the Censor : at first it only went 
 as far as Capua, but was afterwards prolonged to Briudisi. 
 
 " qua limite noto 
 
 " Appia longarum teritur Regiua Viarum." 
 
 Stat. Sylvo. 11, 2.
 
 6 THE BAEBEKS COMPANY. 
 
 of Atropos, cut a hair from the head, which was considered 
 as a kind of first fruit of consecration to Pluto.* 
 
 From these remarks we can easily see that the attendants 
 who used these oils and the depilatories for removing the hair 
 from the face were, in one word, hoth Surgeons and Barbers, 
 who in their vocation, rubbed, cut hair, drew teeth, and bled, 
 for there is in evidence these lines — " Vacuis committere 
 venis nil nisi lene decet," thus telling these attendants how, 
 after blood-letting, they should act. 
 
 The monks also, (as evinced by their herbals,) early 
 practised the art of healing, by the imbibing of drugs and 
 potions, as also in the shaving of their own heads, for the so- 
 called " Tonsure,"! and in surgical operations; and the Jews 
 also from the earliest period, up to the tenth and twelfth 
 century, were almost the only practitioners of the healing art, 
 evidence of which, is to be found in Elisha raising the widow's 
 son, Hezekiah, being directed to place a lump of green figs 
 upon his boil, or rather carbuncle, which is always very 
 dangerous when on the spine, and later on, in the parable told 
 by our Lord, of the Good Samaritan, when he took up the 
 injured man, who had been assaulted by thieves and poured in 
 wine and oil, oil as a healing measure and an emollient, and 
 wine, down the man's throat, as a stimulant. These prac- 
 titioners were called Chirurgeons, from the two Greek Avords 
 %etp the hand and epyov a work, and when combined meant 
 one, whose profession or occupation is to cure diseases or 
 injuries of the body, by manual operation, (in fact bone setters 
 and rubbers, more familiarly called shampooers,) but who 
 extended his Art into the use of medicines internally, which had 
 for its principal object the cure of external injuries. 
 
 * Virgil ^neid, iv. G98 ; Hor. Odes, I. xxviii. 20. 
 
 + " The liaving the liair clijiped in such a fashion as the ears may be seen 
 and not the forehead, or a shaved spot on the crown of the head. A clerical 
 tonsure was made necessary about the fifth or sixth century. No mention is 
 made of it before, and it is first spoken of with decided disapprobation. The 
 ancient tonsm-e of the western clergy by no means consisted of shaven crow^ls : 
 this was expressly forbidden them lest they should resemble the priests of Isis 
 and Serapis who shaved the crowns of their heads. But the ecclesiastical tonsure 
 was nothmg more than polling the head and cutting the hnir to a moderate 
 degree." — Dean Hook's " Church History," p. 754. Ed. 1867.
 
 THE barbers' company. 7 
 
 In 1163 the Council of Tours having prohibited the clergy 
 from undertaking any bloody operation, the practice of surgery 
 fell into the hands of the barbers and the smiths, of whom 
 the former soon became the more important class, and it was 
 this assumption of the practice of the art of surgery by these 
 smiths, quacks, and non -practitioners which caused the 
 barbers to form themselves into a voluntary association. In 
 England also the barbers and the surgeons combined the two 
 arts, (or in those days trades,) and following the example of 
 their French brethren, founded a like association, with 
 Thomas Morsted, Esquire,* Chirurgeon to Henry IV., V., 
 and VI., one of the sheriffs in 1436, at their head. He 
 died in the year 1450, and the grant of a corporation, 
 which had been solicited for by him, was at last granted 
 to Jacques de Fries, the Physician, and John Hobbes, the 
 Surgeon to King Edward IV. by that monarch and his 
 brother Gloucester (afterwards the Lord Protector to Edward 
 V. and who was ultimately Richard III.), in the names of 
 St. Cosmo and St. Damianus, brethren, physicians and 
 martyrs in the year 1461, which was called the Company of 
 Barber- Surgeons of London, receiving authority over all 
 others practising the same arts in and about the metropolis. 
 Their authority extended to the right of examining all 
 instruments and remedies employed, and of bringing actions 
 against whosoever practised illegally and ignorantly, and 
 none were to be allowed to practise who had not been 
 previously admitted and judged competent by this body. 
 This association prospered, and their right was confirmed by 
 the succeeding kings ; yet in spite of it many persons outside 
 their pale practised surgery. 
 
 Now let us see what class of persons these quacks and 
 non-practitioners were. 
 
 Quoting and copying from Pennant, p. 229 — It will be 
 curious to turn back from these times to those of Henry VIII. 
 to compare the state of surgery when there were but few, says 
 Gale, worthy to be called by that name, and his account of 
 
 * Buried iu St. Olave's Jemiy, where "he builded a faire new lie, to the 
 enlargement of this Chuixh on the north side thereoi."
 
 8 THE barbers' company. 
 
 the surgeons attached to the army is so ludicrous that it is 
 worthy of a place here. 
 
 " I remember," says he, " when I was in the wars at 
 Muttrel (Montreuil,) in the time of that most famous prince, 
 Henry VIII., there was a great rabblement, that took upon 
 themselves to be surgeons, some were sow gelders, and some 
 horse doctors, with tinkers and cobblers. This noble sect did 
 such great cures that they got themselves the name of dog- 
 leaches, for in two dressings, they did commonly make their 
 cures whole and sound for ever, so that their patients, felt neither 
 heat nor cold, nor any manner of pain after. But, when the 
 Duke of Norfolk, who was then the General, understood, how 
 the people did die, and that of small wounds, he sent for me 
 and certain other surgeons, commanding us to make search 
 how these men came to their deaths, whether it was by the 
 grievousness of their wounds, or by the lack of knowledge of 
 these so-called surgeons, and we, according to our command- 
 ment, made search through all the camp, and found many of 
 the same good fellows, who took upon them the name of 
 surgeons, not only the names, but the wages also. We asking 
 of them whether they were surgeons or not ? they said they 
 were. We demanded, with whom they were brought up ? and 
 they, with shameless faces, would answer either with one cun- 
 ning man or the other, who were dead. Then, we demanded of 
 them, what chirurgery stuff they had to cure men withal ? and 
 they would show us a pot or a box, which they had in a budget, 
 wherein was such trumpery, as they did use to grease horses' 
 heels withal, and laid upon scabbed horses' backs, with rewal 
 and such like. And others that were cobblers and tinkers 
 used shoemakers' wax, with the rust off old pans, and made 
 therewithal a noble salve, as they did call it. But in the end 
 this noble rabblement were committed to the Marshalsea, and 
 threatened, by the duke's grace, to be hanged for their worthy 
 deeds, except they would declare the truth, what they were, 
 and of what occupations, and in the end they did confess 
 themselves to be as I have declared to you before."* 
 
 In the third year of Henry VIII. it was enacted that no 
 person within the City of London or within seven miles of the 
 
 * See Aiken's " Memoirs of Medicine," p. 99.
 
 THE BABBERS COMPANY. y 
 
 same, should take upon him to exercise or occupy as a physician 
 or surgeon except he be first examined, approved, and ad- 
 mitted by the Bishop of London, or by the Dean of St. Paul's 
 (for the time being,) calling to his aid four doctors of physic, 
 and for surgery, other persons of discretion, experts in that 
 faculty. All who came under this act, obtained a license to 
 practise, and were of course equally qualified, whether mem- 
 bers of the Barbers' Company or the Company of Surgeons. 
 These two Companies were by an Act of Parliament passed 
 in the thirty- second year of Henry VIII. cap. xli. united and 
 made into one body corporate by the name of the Barber- 
 Surgeons of London, and it is to this occurrence that the 
 great painting hanging on the wall in this hall now alludes 
 and perpetuates. 
 
 This Act partook of a twofold nature, for while it united 
 the two crafts or mysteries as they were called, yet it separated 
 them. The barbers were not to practice surgery other than 
 bleeding or drawing teeth, while the surgeons were not to 
 practice the art of barbery or shaving. 
 
 The surgeons were allowed yearly to take, at their discre- 
 tion, the bodies of four persons after their execution for 
 felony, " for their further and better knowledge, instruction, 
 insight, learning, and experience in the said science or faculty 
 of surgery : they were moreover ordered to have an open sign 
 on the street side, where they may happen to dwell, that all 
 the king's liege people there passing might know at all times 
 whither to resort for remedies in time of their necessity." 
 Four governors or masters, two of them surgeons and two of 
 them barbers, were to be elected from the body corporate who 
 were to see that the members of the two crafts exercised their 
 callings in the city agreeably to the spirit of this Act. 
 
 Another Act was passed and charter granted by James I. 
 which gave to the surgeons of the company the exclusive 
 right of practising within three miles of Loudon. Another 
 Act was passed and a charter obtained (5 Ap. 5 Chas. I.) from 
 Charles I. to exclude every person from practising surgery in 
 or within seven miles of London, unless he had been 
 examined by the proper examiners of the company. 
 
 But the Act of the thirty-second of Henry YIIL was
 
 10 THE BARBERS* COMPANY. 
 
 never repealed, and the members of the company were obliged 
 to obtain the testimonials of the ordinaries before they could 
 lawfully practise in London, or any of the other dioceses of 
 the kingdom, and it was not until the year 1745 that it was 
 discovered that the two Acts which the company professed 
 were foreign to and totally independent of each other. In 
 the eighteenth year of George II. an Act was passed by 
 which the union of the barbers and the surgeons was dis- 
 solved, and the surgeons were constituted a separate company, 
 and since have obtained the very highest honors and become 
 practitioners of this scientific art : by this Act the surgeons 
 were granted all the privileges of the former united companj' 
 in virtue of the Act of thirty second Henry VIII. and letters 
 patent of James I. and Charles I. 
 
 It therefore virtually repealed the power of the Bishop of 
 London and the Dean of St. Paul's of licensing surgeons, 
 while giving the fullest power to practise within London and 
 Westminster and seven miles round, and the privilege of 
 practising in every part of the kingdom. 
 
 It has been said that it is capable to drive a coach and 
 four through any Act of Parliament, and that the united 
 learning of the Houses of Lords and Commons is not equal to 
 the common sense of a charity school boy, for be it known, 
 that this corporation, thus instituted, became dissolved or 
 suspended (see Willcock, 12 c. opinion on the laws of the 
 medical profession) by the death of its master, on the day of 
 election, and their consequent incapacity of electing a suc- 
 cessor. Nevertheless its affairs were as regularly carried on 
 as if its constitution had not been affected, but it was not 
 until the fortieth year of George III. that a new charter was 
 granted, confirming all their former privileges confirmed by 
 the Act of George II. 
 
 Thus much for the surgeons, but now to revert to the 
 barbers, in whose hospitable hall we are meeting to-day — 
 firstly, let me call your attention to the great picture, on this 
 wall, of the granting of the charter to the barbers and 
 chirurgeons reunited, in the thirty-second year of King Henry 
 VIII. 's reign: it contains eighteen figures, and it is considered 
 to be one of the very best works of Holbein. The well-known
 
 THE BARBEKS' COMPANY. 11 
 
 print engraved by B. Baron in 1736, and the names of those 
 represented will be found in the "Gentleman's Magazine" 
 for April, 1789, and I think while in this hall, and in the 
 face of the magnificent painting, I cannot do better than 
 quote this admirable account to be found in vol. 59, part 1, 
 page 290. 
 
 The king is i-epresented in his robes, sitting on a chair 
 of state with the crown on his head and a ring on his 
 right thumb, and other rings on the first and fourth fingers 
 of his left hand, with which he holds his sword of state erect 
 resting on his knee, and the members of this company before 
 him, three kneeling on his left and eight on his right, and 
 seven more standing behind them. 
 
 The three on his left band are — 1, John Chambers, with 
 a cap and fur gown, and monstrous sleeves in which his hands 
 are wrapped ; from his countenance one would be led to 
 suppose that the company's charter had been (or w^as) his death 
 warrant. 2, WilHam Butts, with a skull cap on his head, and 
 gold chain appearing over the shoulder of his gown. 3, J. 
 Alsop, with his own lank hair uncovered, and with a counten- 
 ance which reminds me of some coal porters. On the king's 
 right hand are 4, Thomas Vicary, with a gold chain over the 
 shoulder of his gown ; the king is giving the charter, which 
 he holds in his right hand, into Vicary's hand, whence it 
 has been inferred that Vicary was the master at the time of 
 the grant ; 5, John Aylef, with a ring on his finger and a 
 gold chain about his neck ; 6, Nicholas Symson ; these three 
 and two others have skull caps, all the rest have their lank 
 hair uncovered. 7, E. Harmau, with a gold chain about his 
 neck. 8, J. Monforde. 9, J. Pen. 10, N. Alcoke. 11, R. 
 Jerris, a good contrast to the knight of the woful counten- 
 ance first mentioned. Of these eight, five of the most visible 
 appear to have flowered embroidered robes, and five of them, 
 also 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, as well as the king have their whiskers and 
 beards growing. Of the seven standing figures, 12, 13, 15, 
 16, & 18, are unnamed. No. 14 is Will Tylley, and although 
 I am very sensible that /ronti nulla fides, I cannot help taking 
 notice that he looks almost too stupid for a barber, how much 
 BO then for a surgeon (chyrurgeon). No. 17 is X. Samson.
 
 12 THE barbers' company. 
 
 Against the wall John Chamhre or Chambers, Physician to 
 Henry VIII. : he is clothed in the before-mentioned long 
 sleeves to his fur-trimmed gown and cap. He was dean of St. 
 Stephen's Chapel, attached to Westminster Hall. He hailed 
 from Merton College, Oxford, of which he had been fellow and 
 warden. In a letter signed by him and five other physicians 
 addressed to the privy council, concerning the dangerous state 
 of Queen Jane after the birth of Prince Edward, he styles 
 himself priest. He was (in addition to his deanery) Arch- 
 deacon of Bedford, and one of the convocation in 1536, when 
 the " Articles of Heligion " were framed. With Linacre and 
 a few others he is to be looked upon as a founder of the college 
 of physicians in 1518. He held several clerical preferments, 
 being also Canon of Windsor and Prebendary of Comb and 
 Harnham of Salisbury. He died in 1549. 
 
 The Dr. Butts mentioned as being the second person in 
 the picture is the same as spoken of in Shakespeare's play of 
 Henry VIII. as the physician who enters on the memor- 
 able scene where the Komish party, in 1544, having 
 attempted to overthrow Cranmer, he is cited to the council 
 chamber and kept waiting outside. Butts enters opportunely 
 and proceeds to acquaint the king of the insult to the 
 Archbishop. Butts says : — 
 
 " I'll show your Grace the strangest sight .... 
 The high promotion of his Grace of Canterbury : 
 Who holds his State at door, mougst pursuivants, 
 Pages and foot boys." 
 Upon which the king is made to exclaim — 
 ''Ha! 'tis he indeed! 
 Is this the honour they do one another ? 
 'Tis well, there's one above them. Yet. — I had thought 
 They had parted so much honesty among 'em 
 (At least good manners) as not thus to suffer 
 A man of his place and so near our favour. 
 To dance attendance on their lordship's pleasures. 
 And at the door too, like a post with packets. 
 By Holy Mary ! Butts, there's knavery. 
 Let them alone, and draw the curtain close : 
 We shall hear more anon." Act V. Scene 2.
 
 THE BARBEES' COMPANY. 13 
 
 And it maj he here remarked that the dramatizer has followed 
 very closely to the particulars of this interesting fact which 
 has heen narrated by Strype in his memorials of Cranmer, 
 pages 177 — 181, ed. Oxford, 1812, see appendix. Dr. Butts 
 wears a skull cap and gold chain. He attended Anne Boleyn 
 in a very dangerous illness ; and he was expressly sent by 
 King Henry to Esher to attend on Wolsey when he lay sick 
 there, after his disgrace. Butts was a firm friend to Cranmer 
 and the Reformation. Henry VIII. bestowed upon his 
 favourite physician in 1537, the manor and advowson of 
 Thornage, in the county of Norfolk, which remained in the 
 family until Anne, only daughter and heiress of Sir William, 
 third son of Edmund Butts, brought it by her marriage to 
 Sir Nicholas Bacon, the first person who was created a 
 baronet May 22nd, 1611 ; and their fourth son. Butts Bacon, 
 was ancestor of the present premier Baronet Bacon of 
 Redgrave. 
 
 Dr. Butts' three sons — Wilham of Thornage, Thomas of 
 Risborough, and Edmund of Barrow — married three coheir- 
 esses — Joane, Bridget, and Anne, daughters of Henry de 
 Bures and his wife Anne,daughter of Sir William Waldegrave.* 
 
 Dr. Butts died and was buried in Fulham Church, and his 
 monumental inscription is supposed to have been written 
 by Sir John Cheke, who, it is said, was, by the interest of 
 Butts, tutor of King Edward VI. and runs thus : — 
 
 " Epitaphium D. Gulielmi Buttii equitis aurati et Medici 
 Henrici Octavi Qui obiit Ao. Dni. 1545, 17o Novemb. 
 " Quid medicina valet, quid honos, quid gratia regum, 
 Quid popularis amor, mors ubi saeva venit ? 
 Sola valet pietas quse structa est auspice Christo ; 
 Sola in morte valet, cetera cuncta fluunt. 
 Ergo mihi in vita fuerit quando omnia Christus. 
 Mors mihi lucrum vitaque Christus erit. 
 
 " Epitaphium hoc primitus inscriptum pariete et scitu 
 jam pene exesum sic demum restituit Leonardus Butts 
 Armiger Norfolciensis. Oct. 30, 1637, Amoris G." 
 
 It was (prior to the despoliation and now rebuilding) on 
 the south side of the interior of the old church, and may we 
 
 * " Shakspeareana Genealogica," p. 270, by G. E. French, Esq.
 
 14 THE BARBEES' COMPANY. 
 
 express a hope that it may there remain a monumental 
 remembrance of a great man who in his clay " played many 
 parts." 
 
 John Ayliffe, the fifth figure, was a surgeon and merchant 
 living at Blackwell Hall in Basinghall Street. He was master 
 of the company in 1539. In Aubrey's collection for Wilts, 
 part I. page 41, under the head " Gryttenham," is the 
 following : — " In the parish of Brinkworth, anciently belong- 
 ing to the Abbey of Malmsbury, King Henry VIII. was 
 dangerously ill of a virulent tumour which Dr. Ayliffe, 
 a famous chirurgeon at London, cured, for which he had 
 this great estate given, and I think all the rest of his estate 
 here about." He was sheriff 1548, then alderman ; and 
 died much respected on the 24th of October, 1548, and 
 buried in the church of St. Michael, Bashishaw.* The 
 Epitaph on his tomb ran thus : — 
 
 "In Chirurgery brought up in youth, 
 
 A Knight here lyeth dead ; 
 
 A Knight and eke a Surgeon such 
 
 As England seld hath bred. 
 
 For which so soveraigne Gift of God 
 
 Wherein he did excell. 
 
 King Henry VIII. call'd him to Court, 
 
 Who lov'd him dearly well. 
 
 King Edward for his service sake, 
 
 Bade him rise up a Knight ; 
 
 A Name of Praise and ever since 
 
 He, Sir John Ailiffe hight. 
 
 Right Worshipful, in name and charge 
 
 In London lived he than. 
 
 In Blackwell Hall the merchant chiefe 
 
 First Sheriffe, then Alderman. 
 
 The Hospitals bewaile his death 
 
 The Orphan children mone, 
 
 The chiefe Erector being dead. 
 
 And Benefactor gone. 
 
 Dame Isabel who lived with him, 
 
 * St. Michael, Basings. An ancient marble tomb in the Church.
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 15 
 
 His faithful Wife and :\rake, 
 With him (as clearest after death) 
 Doth not her Knight forsake. 
 The Knight the 24 of October, 
 Yeelded up his breath, 
 And she soone after followed 
 To live with him in death." 
 
 Thomas Vicary, the fourth figure, was a citizen of London 
 and the king's serjeant-surgeon (Henry VHI.). He was the 
 head of the Barber- Surgeons' Company no less than five 
 times — in 1531, 1542, 1547, 1549, and 1558. He was a man 
 of great celebrity in his day, and was serjeant-surgeon during 
 the reigns of Henry VHI., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 
 and was chief surgeon at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and 
 author of the first anatomical work published in the English 
 language, entitled " The Englishman's Treasure." 
 
 On this side of the king is this inscription in Roman 
 capitals : — 
 
 " Henrico octavo opt. max. Regi Angliae 
 
 Franciseet Hiberniae fidei Defensori ac Anglicanae Hibernicseq. 
 
 Ecclesiae proxime a Christo supremo 
 
 Capiti societas chirurgorum communibus votis haec consecrat 
 
 Tristior Anglorum pestis \'iolaverat orbem 
 
 Infestans animos corporibusque sedens 
 
 Hanc Deus insignem cladem miseratus ab Alto 
 
 Te medici munus jussit obire boni 
 
 Lumen Evangelii fulvis circumvolat alis 
 
 Pharmacon adfectis montibus illud erit 
 
 Consilioq. tuo celebrant monumenta Galeni 
 
 Et celeri morbus pellitur omnis ope. 
 
 Non igitur supplex medicorum turba tuorum 
 
 Hanc tibi sacramus religione domum 
 
 Muneris et memores quo nos Henrice beasti 
 
 Imperio optamus maxima quoque tuo." 
 
 At the bottom, in the centre are the arms of the Earl of 
 Bui-lington, with a Talbot gorged with a ducal coronet, for the 
 sinister supporter, and the following inscription : —
 
 16 THE barbers' company. 
 
 " Nobilissimo D.D Kicardo Boyle Comiti de Burlington 
 et Cork, &c. illustrissimi Orclinis Periscelidis Equiti, ob 
 amphitheatrum anatomicum summo artificio a celeberrimo 
 architecto Inigo Jones ante centum annos extructum vetustate 
 labefactum pari ingenio summa munificentia, suis sumtibus 
 restitutum, banc Holbenii tabulam donationem diplomatis ab 
 Henrico VIII. Rege Angliae, &c. Societati Cbirurgorum 
 Londinensium sua manu dati exprimentem in eorum aula 
 adservatam, 
 
 " Humiliter D.D.D 
 " Societas Cbirurgorum Londinensium." 
 
 Tbis company is the seventeenth in the list of the City 
 Guilds. 
 
 Having already called attention to the great picture of 
 King Henry VIII. granting the Charter, I must remark 
 that there are several other pictures that adorn the walls of 
 the Court Room. Over the fire place is a full length portrait 
 of Sarah Countess of Richmond, attributed to Sir Peter Lely, 
 presented by John Paterson, Esq., a former clerk of the 
 company, and M.P. for Ludgershall, Wilts. A portrait of Sir 
 Charles Scarborough, the acquaintance of Pepys, he is repre- 
 sented in a red gown marking his doctor's degree, with hood 
 and cap, with Edward Arris, Esq., master in 1651, as 
 demonstrating surgeon, by Walker (the English Vandyke). 
 There is also a full length portrait of Edward Arris in robe 
 and chain of office, as sheriff of London and alderman. 
 Inigo Jones, by Vandyke (presented by Mr. Alexander 
 Geske); who was the architect of the Anatomical Theatre. 
 Sir Charles Bernard, serjeant-surgeon to Queen Anne, master 
 of the company 1703. A portrait of Charles II., purchased 
 by the company in 1720, for the sum of £7 5s. Sir John 
 Frederick, alderman, master 1654 and 1658. Doctor Tyson, 
 but of this worthy there is no record ; he was a fellow of 
 Christi Corpus, Cambridge. Mr. Thomas Lisle, master 
 of the company in 1662, and who was barber to King 
 Charles II ; Mr. Ephraim Skinner, an assistant ; Mr. Henry 
 Johnston, serjeant-knight and surgeon to King Charles II.; 
 and two pictures of a Spanish Gentleman and Lady.
 
 THE barbers' company. 17 
 
 Dr. ^ir Charles Scarborough, knighted 1669, was Physician 
 to Cliarles II. James II. and William IIL, and was by his strong 
 and lively parts, uncommon learning and extensive practice, 
 eminently qualified for that honourable station. He was one 
 of the greatest mathematicians of his time, and his memory 
 was tenacious to an extraordinary and incredible degree, able 
 to recite in order all the propositions of Euclid, A.rchimedes, 
 and other mathematicians, and as stated in the preface to the 
 second edition of the " Clavis Mathematicae," could apply 
 them on every occasion.* He assisted the famous William 
 Harvey f in his book " l5e""Geheratioue Animalium^" and 
 succeeded that worthy Doctor as Lecturer of Anatomy and 
 Surgery. A Dr. Richard Caldwell founded a lecture to be 
 read in Barber-Surgeons' Hall, and Dr. Sir Christopher 
 Scarborough read the lecture for sixteen consecutive years. 
 He in his course explained the nature of the muscles, and 
 
 * Grainger, Vol. iv. p. 1. 
 
 t The discoverer of the Circulation of the Blood was born at Folkestone 
 April 1, 1578 ; educated at the Grammar School at Canterbury ; Student at 
 Caius College, Cambridge, at the age of sixteen, whence he travelled to Padua 
 in Italy, famed at that time for its School of Medicine ; he attended the 
 lectures of Fabricius at Agnapendente on Anatomy ; of Minadous on Pharmacy ; 
 and of Casserius on Surgery. He was admitted Doctor of Medicine at the age 
 of twenty-four ; at tliirty he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians 
 and appointed to St. Bartholomew's Hospital in Smithfield. On the 14th 
 August, 1615, he delivered the Lumleian Lectures on Anatomy, and upon this 
 occasion brought forward his new views on the " Circulation," which he after- 
 wards fully established and published to the world in 1628. His opinions ivere 
 opposed by Piimisosius, Parisanus, Riolanus, and others The only man that 
 Harvey thought fit to answer was Eiolanus, Professor of Anatomy at Paris. In 
 1652 Harvey had the satisfaction to learn that Plempius of Louvain declared 
 himself a convert to this new doctrme. In 1623 Harvey was appointed Physi- 
 cian to .lames I., and on the lung's death to his son Charles I., with whom he 
 travelled during the Ci\il War. He took his degree of Doctor of Medicme of 
 England at Oxford, where the Kuig's army was quartered, and here he became 
 Master of Merton CoUege, which he held but a few months, being succeeded by 
 Dr. Brent. He had a country house at Lambeth, between which and his 
 brother's house at Richmond lie sjient the latter years of his Ufe. In 1654 he 
 was elected President of the College of Physicians, but he declined the honour 
 owing to age and infirmities, but he left them his library. Ho died June 3rd, 
 1657, in the eightieth year of his age, and was buried at; Hcmbtead in Essex, 
 where a monument remains to his memory. A bronze statue of this great mau 
 was erected at Folkestone, his birthplace, unveiled by Professor Owen on the 
 6th August, 1881, before an immense concourse of the celebrities of the Medical 
 Profession.
 
 18 THE barbers' company. 
 
 was the first that attempted to account for muscular strength 
 and^motion upon geometrical principles, and he very judiciously 
 and happily applied mathematics in other instances. His 
 " S^dlabus Musculorum " was printed together with " The 
 Anatomical Administration of all the Muscles," by William 
 Molins or Mullens, Master in Chirurgery. He was also the 
 author of several mathematical treatises, also " A Com- 
 pendium of Lilye's Grammar," and an elegy on his friend, 
 Mr. Abraham Cowley, who, about him, wrote these lines — 
 
 " Some hours at least, for thy own pleasure, spare, 
 Since the whole stock may soon exhausted be, 
 Bestow 't not all in charity. 
 Let nature and let art do what they please. 
 When all is done life's an incurable disease." 
 
 clearly showing that Scarborough kept too close an application 
 
 to study. 
 
 There was this inscription under his picture — 
 
 " Hsec tibi Scarburgi Arisius queis spiritus intus 
 
 Corporis humani nobile versat oj)us. 
 
 Hie opifex rerum tibi rerum arcana reclusit, 
 
 Et numen verbis jussit inesse tuis. 
 
 Hie Dator rerum tibi res indulsit opimas 
 
 Atque animum indultas qui bene donet opes. 
 
 Alter erit quisquis magna haec exempla sequetur, 
 
 Alterutri vestrum nemo secundus erit." 
 
 He was a man of amiable manners and of great pleasantry 
 in conversation. Seeing one day the Duchess of Portsmouth, 
 Louise Renee de Perrencourt de Querouaille (the mistress of 
 Charles II. and mother of Charles Lennox, the founder of 
 the family of the Duke of Richmond, who died November 
 1734, aged 89), eating to excess, he said to her with his usual 
 frankness, " Madam, you must eat less, use more exercise, 
 take physic, or be sick." Dr. Scarborough never entirely 
 recovered from the shock and cold which he suffered 
 at the wreck of the " Gloucester " frigate, on which 
 he was on board at the time when she struck on the 
 Well Sand, in attendance as surgeon to Admiral H.R.H. 
 The Duke of York, afterwards King James II. Mr. Pepys 
 
 1
 
 THE barbers' company. 19 
 
 writing to W. Hewer, under date Edinburgh, May 8th, 1682, 
 sa3's, — " The ' Gloucester ' was wrecked on Friday last, about 
 five o'clock in the morning, in consequence of the over- winning 
 of the pilot, one A\res, who in opposition to Sir J, Berry, 
 the captain, the master, mates, and even the duke himself, 
 would run close in shore, instead of keeping as he was 
 directed out to sea, all but the pilot being of opinion that she 
 was not clear of the Sands called the Lemon. I (Pepys) was 
 invited to accompany the duke, but preferred, for room's sake, 
 to keep my own yacht with Sir Christopher Musgrave and my 
 own servants. We were close to the " Gloucester " when she 
 struck, from which time barely an hour elapsed before she 
 finally sunk. The Duke of York was in bed, so was the 
 pilot. We had the good fortune to take up Dr. Sir Charles 
 Scarborough almost dead, spent with struggling in the water 
 and with cold." He died on the 26th February, 1693. 
 
 Edward Arris (1651), was King's Surgeon or Surgeon- 
 Serjeant, and in the picture wears his livery gown, and is 
 holding up the arm of a dead body lying on the table. He 
 was an alderman and master of the company, and was the 
 demonstrating surgeon to Dr. Scarborough and the company. 
 Arris presented the company with four silver standing cups or 
 goblets, weighing 33 ozs. 17 dwts. 
 
 Inigo Jones' picture now comes before us, and whose 
 portrait could better adorn the walls of this building ? the 
 creation of his brain ! the monument, although much curtailed, 
 to his memory! ! one might almost exclaim "si monumentum 
 requiris circumspice,'" for the court room is one of the 
 choicest little rooms of the kind in London (says Charles 
 Knight in his London, vol. iii. p. 182), and no wonder when 
 we consider whose work it is, for its agreeable proportions 
 and its exquisitely decorated ceiling are Jones'.* Vandyke 
 painted his portrait. He was an architect who would 
 have done honour to any age or nation ! he had a true 
 taste for whatever was great or beautiful in his art ! ! His 
 talent for design began to display itself early, and recommended 
 
 * Admirably restored and renovated in 1865 by Mr. Charles J. Shoppee, a 
 member of the Court, and Surveyor to the Company, and who placed the 
 elegant octagonal lantern or skylight as we see it to-day.
 
 20 THE barbers' company. 
 
 him to tbe notice of the Earl of Arundel, although some sa}' 
 that William Earl of Pembroke was his patron. He was a 
 Londoner, born and bred in close proximity of St. Paul's 
 Cathedra], where his father carried on the trade of a cloth- 
 worker. Of his youth and education very little is known, 
 except that he had a great talent for drawing, and this 
 brought him under the notice of the noble earl, who taking 
 up with him, sent him abroad to study for three or four years. 
 In Italy he found himself in a new world of art, for the ancient 
 orders were utterly unknown in architecture in England, neither 
 was the Italian style known except as exhibited in diminutive 
 columns, pilasters, entablatures, and pediments, applied 
 merely as adscititious ornaments patched upon a degenerate 
 style called Elizabethan, until Jones turned his attention to it. 
 Thus the time was propitious for Jones, for — 
 
 *' There is a tide in the affairs of men 
 Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune ; 
 And we must take the current while it serves. 
 Or lose our venture." 
 
 *' Julius Caesar," Act IV. Scene 3. — Shakespeare. 
 
 And he, (seizing the opportunity,) transplanted the Italian 
 style, after the school of Palladio, and thus obtained the 
 celebrity of an originator ; but it was not until many years 
 after his schooling in Italy that he fully adopted that which 
 we now call " classic " taste. It was about the year 1604 
 that he was invited by King Christian of Denmark to leave 
 Italy and sojourn in that northern country, for it is said that 
 he designed part of the buildings of the Castle of 
 Frederiksborg, and also the Chateau of Kosenborg, but if he 
 did, there is little to reflect credit on the taste of our English 
 Palladio. But the patronage of the King of Denmark, whose 
 sister Anne was married to our James I. did much to 
 ingratiate the architect in the mind of that monarch, and in 
 1605 Inigo Jones returned to England, and was soon 
 employed at court devising the machinery and costumes of 
 the costly masques and pageants then in vogue. He was 
 soon after appointed architect to Queen Anne and Prince 
 Henry, but none of his best works belong to this age. In
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 21 
 
 the year 1612 he again visited Italy, and on his return to 
 England he was appointed Surveyor-General of England, 
 when the rebuilding of the Palace of Whitehall was confided 
 to his care, and he began and completed the banqueting hall 
 at Whitehall as it now stands. At this time another project 
 entered into his brain, and that was "the origin and purpose 
 of Stonehenge in Wiltshire," with its rude amorphous stone 
 blocks, and which, could but have had little to captivate the 
 eye of a follower of Vitruvius and Palladio. 
 
 " More to the North outspreads Old Sarum's plains. 
 Where a strange sight the visitor detains ; 
 Kude heaps of massy stones confus'dly stand, 
 Their use unknown, as whose the raising hand, 
 Which oft the vain inquirer have amused 
 And the deep learned in various strife confused. 
 Here the checked muse, unable to pursue 
 Retires with th' exhaustless theme in view." 
 
 " Gentleman's Magazine," Lucius, May 1740. 
 
 Yet he appears to have prosecuted his researches with 
 an application worthy of a better purpose, but he left it, as he 
 found it, a monument for speculation and a mystery, the use of 
 which, up to the present day, no person has been able to fathom 
 or ascertain. Yet there it stands the wonder of the world, the 
 puzzle of the antiquarian and archaeologist.* Having in part 
 finished the building of the banqueting hall at Whitehall, he 
 undertook to build the back part of old Somerset House, and 
 also to build the portico of the west front of old St. Paul's. 
 Both of these were in their day highly extolled, but neither 
 remains for us to judge of their beauties other than the model 
 in wood which we saw when on our visit to the Cathedral, in the 
 library, only on Friday last, and the engravings in Campbells 
 
 * These huge unhewn stones are placed in foui* circles ; the outer is about 
 100ft. in diameter ; the stones are 12ft. high, 6ft. broad, and 3ft. thick. At 
 75ft within this circle is a range of lesser stones, 20ft. high, 6ft. broad, and 
 3ft. thick. These are coupled at top by large transome stones, 7ft. long, about 
 S^ft. thick. Within this circle is a range of lesser stones, 6ft. high. In the 
 inmost part is a stone 4ft. broad, 16ft. long, lying towards the East, and this 
 has been commonly called the Altar Stone. Suggestions have been made to 
 replace the fallen stones, but these have been abandoned. (1881).
 
 22 THE barbers' company. 
 
 Vitruvius Britannicus. But we have yet remaining to 
 us the portico in the front of St. Paul's Church in Covent 
 Garden ; York Stairs, the water gate to York House, and a 
 house originally built for the Earl of Lindsay on the west 
 side of Lincoln's Inn Fields, now divided into several houses, 
 and adjoining and over the arched gateway (1648) leading 
 into Duke Street, now called Sardinia Street, but which 
 gives no flattering notion of his good taste. He died on 
 the 21st July, 1650 or '51. 
 
 Of Dr. Johnston, serjeant-knight, a serjeant-surgeon to 
 King Charles II., little is known, and there appears to be 
 some mistake in his name betwixt Henry and John, but that 
 he was ex generosa et 'perantiqita Johnstonioruvi de Crogborn 
 familia, dc. Philosoph'ice et Mediciiue Doctor 1673, ALtat 70. 
 He appears to have settled abroad, and was the author of a 
 book entitled "A Description of the Nature of Four-footed 
 Beasts, with their figure engraven in brass, written in Latin 
 by Dr. Johnston, and translated into English by J. P. 
 Amsterdam, folio 1678;" it consists of 119 pages and 80 
 folio copper plates, many of which have been copied intp 
 " Hill's Natural History." 
 
 In the year 1852, on the 14th January, Dr. J. T. Pettigrew 
 read a most elaborate paper on the history of the Barber- 
 Surgeons' Company in this very Hall, and he gave a list of 
 the eminent men who had filled the great office of serjeant- 
 surgeon to the sovereign, and wbich is published in the 
 eighth volume of the " British Archaeological Journal," but as 
 this book may possibly not be in the possession of every 
 member of the society, I shall make bold to copy the list : — 
 
 Serjeant- Surgeons. 
 Thomas Vicary, 1531, 1542, I CharlesFrederick,1610&1617 
 
 1547, 1549, 1558 
 John Aylifte, 1539 
 George Holland, 1557 
 Richard Ferris, 1563 
 Robert Balthrop, 1566 
 William Gudrus, 1595 
 
 William Clowes, 1627 & 1638 
 Edward Arris, 1651 
 John Frederick, 1654 & 1658 
 Humphrey Painter, 1661 
 John Knight, 1663 & 1669 
 Richard Wiseman, 1665 
 
 George Baker, 1598 I James Pearse, 1675 
 
 I
 
 THE BARBEKS' COMPANY. 23 
 
 Henry (John) Johnston, 1677 
 Thomas Hobbs, 1687 
 Henry Rossington, [^^q^ 
 
 Charles Bernard, 1703 
 Ambrose Dickins, 1729 
 Claudius Amyand, 1731 
 
 Thomas Gardener^ 
 
 The King's Barbers. 
 
 Thomas Davyes, 1639 
 Thomas Lisle, 1662 
 Ralph Follihard, 1664 
 
 Nicholas Simpson, 1538 
 John Penn, 1540 
 Edward Harman, 1541 
 Thomas Caldwell, 1628 
 
 Mr. Pepys in his diary, under date 27th of February, 166|, 
 "About 11 o'clock Commissioner Pett and I walked to 
 Chyrurgeon's Hall. We being all invited thither, and 
 promised to dine there, where we were led into the theatre, 
 and bye-and-bye comes the reader. Dr. Tearne " (Christopher 
 Team, of Leyden, M.D. originally of Cambridge, Fellow of 
 the College of Physicians ; died 1673)* "with the master 
 and the company in a very handsome manner ; and all being 
 settled, he began his lecture ; and his discourse being ended, 
 we had a fine dinner and good learned company, many doctors of 
 physicque, and We, used with extraordinary respect. Among 
 other observables we drank the king's health out of a gilt cup 
 given by Henry VIII. to this company, with bells hanging at 
 it, which every man is to ring by shaking after he hath drunk 
 up the whole cup. There is also a very excellent piece of 
 the king done by Holbein, stands up in the hall, with the 
 of&cers of the company kneeling to him to receive their 
 charter " (this is the picture). " Dr. Scarborough took some 
 of his friends, and I went with them, to see the body of a 
 lusty fellow, a seaman that was hanged for a robbery. I did 
 touch the dead body with my bare hand ; it felt cold ; but 
 methought it was a very unpleasant sight." 
 
 In the centre of the court room is a long table, broader in 
 front of the master's chair, tapering to the lower end, which 
 
 * Who is said to have written this distich upon Christopher Bennett: — 
 
 " Hospitii, quicunque petis, quis incola tanti 
 
 " Spiritus ; egregia huue, cousule, scripta dabant. 
 
 " Chr. Terue, M.D.C.L." 
 
 Bennett was born at Raynton, Somersetshire, and was a distinguished Member 
 
 of the College of Physicians ; he died in May, 1655.
 
 24 THE barbers' company. 
 
 is the seat of the clerk of the company. This table is covered 
 with thick green baize hanging cloth, and this in days gone 
 by (George I.) was the identical decorating cloth which hung 
 upon the Barbers' and Surgeons' booth or stand when it was 
 erected round St. Paul's Churchyard or on Cheapside to permit 
 the master, wardens, and the company to view any great sight 
 or civic procession ; it is decorated with the civic arms, in front 
 of the clerk, and the arms, crest, and supporters of the 
 company before the master's chair. These are embroidered in 
 worsted crewels, and formed the decorations of the state barge 
 when the company used it to attend uj)on the Lord Mayor 
 when his lordship went from Blackfriars to Westminster to be 
 sworn in on the 9th November annually. 
 
 "In a November fog, 'stead of taking warm grog, 
 " He is forced to take water at Blackfriars stairs."* 
 All this is now at an end. The Lord Mayor no longer goes 
 by water on his progress, and very soon — too soon — only as 
 far as the Law Courts in the Strand in his state coach. 
 " Sic transit gloria munch." The state barge of the company 
 no longer exists, and the decorations and armorials bearings 
 are turned to other uses. The barge-master's silver badge for 
 his state coat is kept in the plate closet, while the arm-badges 
 of the rowers, which were of tin painted with the crest of the 
 company, are nailed on to the panels of the court withdrawing 
 room, and over other doorways. At the end of the court room 
 stands a large screen of gilt-painted leather, made in the 
 East, probably China. This screen bears also the arms of 
 the company ; it is about eight feet high, and so very heavy 
 that it has been made a fixture ; and hereby hangs a tale, 
 stranger than fiction, for it relates to a resurrection from the 
 dead, and which, if it could not be identified most accurately, 
 might be put down to being a "tremendous (in genteel par- 
 lance) thumper." Any how the facts are these (and I shall 
 again quote and write from the " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. 
 10, page 570, Nov. 24, 1740) : " On Monday last five malefactors 
 were executed at Tyburn — Thomas Clark, William Mears, 
 Margery Stanton, Eleanor Mumpman, for several burglaries 
 and felonies ; and William Duell, for ravishing, robbing, and 
 * Hood's Comicalities.
 
 THE barbers' company. 25 
 
 murdering Sarah Griffin, at Acton, Middlesex. The body of 
 this last was brought to Surgeons' Hall to be anatomized ; 
 but after it was stripped and laid upon the board, and as one 
 of the servants was washing it, in order to be cut, he perceived 
 life in it, and found the breath to come quicker and quicker, 
 on which a surgeon took some ounces of blood from it, and 
 in two hours the man was able to sit up in a chair, and in 
 the evening was again committed to Newgate." 
 
 This screen was the gift of William Duell, who changed 
 his name to Deverall, and report says lived to be a respected 
 and aged man. 
 
 The Barber Surgeons, by the 32nd of Henry VIII. 
 (1541) were allowed "four persons condemned, adjudged, 
 and put to death for felony, by the due order of the king's 
 laws of his realm, for anatomies, and to make incision of the 
 same dead bodies, or otherwise to order the same after 
 the said discretion at their pleasures for their further and 
 better knowledge, instruction, insight, learning, and experi- 
 ence in the said science of chirurgery"; and it was under 
 this Act that William Duell, came under the notice of the 
 Surgeons. 
 
 Of the theatre used for dissection and anatomization not a 
 vestige remains.* It was built by Inigo Jones, about the year 
 1636, and is reputed to have been one of his best works. 
 It escaped the great fire of London in 1666, and was 
 destroyed, razed to the ground, the materials sold, and three 
 houses built on its site (1782). It was in the form of an 
 ellipse, and furnished with four rows of seats in cedar wood. 
 The ceiling was ornamented with the twelve signs of the Zodiac 
 and other allegorical figures. It is said that there is no laiown 
 engraving of it; but Hogarth in his satirical picture, " The 
 Reward of Cruelty," has in his fourth stage delineated this 
 theatre, shewing the two skeletons on the wall, with the 
 names of their former tenants, James Field and Thomas 
 Maclean, two worthies (says the writer of the letterpress of 
 " Hogarth Restored," 1808) who quitted these regions with a 
 rope, the former an eminent pugilist and the latter a notorious 
 robber, both murderers. Beside these there was the skeleton 
 » The plan of it is still iireserved in the Library of Worcester College, Oxford.
 
 26 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 
 
 (with flexible and moveable joints) of J. Atherton, who was 
 hanged. This was the gift of a Mr. Knowles (1693) ; and 
 two other skeletons of unknown persons, executed in 1638, 
 facetiously called " Camberry Bess" and "Country Tom." 
 There was the frame of an ostrich, set up by Dr. Hobbs in 
 1682, two stufled human skins, said to be Adam and Eve, 
 set up in 1643. 
 
 It was in this theatre that two public and two private 
 lectures were annually given on the bodies of executed 
 malefactors, and Hogarth has seized the opportunity of 
 depicting such a lecture. The President, "Dr. Sir Charles 
 Scarborough,"* maintaining the dignity of insensibility, con- 
 sidering the corpse but as the object of a lecture. The 
 dissector, hardened by age to callousness, banishes every 
 tender feeling ; the assistant, who is scooping out the 
 criminal subject's eyes, and the young pupil, scarifying the 
 legs, seem wholly unaffected with the nature of the business. 
 
 SUNDEIES RELATING TO BARBERS. 
 
 Among the records, the property of the Dean and Chapter 
 of Canterbury, is the copy and probate of the will of Arch- 
 bishop Winchelsey, wherein he bequeaths a legacy to his 
 barber, who had followed him to Bordeaux, and attended to 
 him when ill during his persecution ; the date of the will 
 A.D. 1313. Also, under heading " The town of Sandwich," 
 the collector of that town, acting on behalf of the Convent of 
 Christ's Church, which shews that the connection of the 
 town with the Cinque Ports, involved the payment of fees 
 to officers and messengers, and among the items is one 
 relating to the death of a barber, thus : "In nuncio 
 portando ad Ballivum apud Romenam de Barbitonsore 
 occiso." Date 1289. 
 
 Among the records of the corporation of St. Albans, 
 there is a book called "Liber Electionum," in limp parchment; 
 it contains the earliest entry of the election of a mayor and 
 burgesses and assistants in common council, in the twenty- 
 eighth year of Elizabeth, 1586, and recites the various 
 companies in the town, commencing with the Barbers' • 
 * Died three years before Hogarth was born.
 
 THE barbers' company. 27 
 
 Company, thus shewing that even heyond the limits of 
 London, they were people of importance. 
 
 In 1627, Dr. Balcanquel, the Master of the Savoy, was 
 appointed to assist in the framing of the rules for the govern- 
 ance of the George Heriot Hospital at Edinbro', and inter 
 alia he appointed " One chirurgeon barber, who shall cut and 
 poll the hair of all the scholars in the hospital : as also to 
 look to the cure of all those within the hospital, who any way 
 shall stand in need of his art." 
 
 In the calendar of the House of Lords, under date August 
 30, 1645, there is an entry which runs thus : "Draft of ordi- 
 nance for seizing a debt due by the Company of Barbers and 
 Surgeons to Richard Watson, Surgeon, a papist and delin- 
 quent, and for applying the same for the service of Gloucester." 
 " Lords' Journal," vol. 7, p. 562. (This alludes to the siege 
 of that city where money was much wanted). 
 
 Amongst the collection of books — the property of the late 
 P. Wyckham Martin, Esq., at Leeds Castle, Kent, there is a 
 volume entitled, "A journal of what passed while I (Alexander 
 Smith) was in King William's Service," and begins thus : — 
 " Friday, 19th of September, 1695. Being in the 'Rummer 
 Tavern,' in Queen Street, I did there receive my warrant from 
 Charles Hargrave, then Clerk to the Barber and Surgeons' 
 Hall, for being Surgeon's Mate on board H.M.S. ' Vanguard; " 
 thus shewing that this company had the right of recom- 
 mending if not of selecting fit men to practise in the navy. 
 
 OFFENSIVE BARBERS. 
 
 " July 9, 1745. — Three master barbers were fined for 
 exercising their trade on Sunday, 7th of July, and refusing to 
 pay the fine were committed by the Justices at Hick's Hall 
 (now the Sessions House, 1881) to Clerkenwell, Bridewell." 
 
 " Tuesday, 20th August, 1745. — Several barbers were 
 tried before the commissioners of excise for using flour in 
 their business contrary to Act of Parliament, and fined £20 
 each." — " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. 15. 
 
 On the 20th October, 1745, fifty-one barbers were con- 
 victed before the commissioners of excise and fined in the 
 penalty of ^620 each, for having in their custody hair powder
 
 28 THE barbers' company. 
 
 not made of starch, contrary to Act of Parliament ; and on the 
 27th of same month, forty-nine other harbers were convicted 
 of the Hke offence, and fined in the like penalty. 
 
 November 11th, 1751, "Gentleman's Magazine," vol. 21, 
 p. 511. From the "Gazetteer." " If antiquity, usefulness, 
 or numbers bear any proportion of preference, I dare affirm, 
 that there is not a set of tradesmen in this metropolis that 
 can be reasonabb; thought at this time more deserving the 
 aid and assistance of the legislature to prevent their total ruin 
 than the barbers. What led me to these reflections was, 
 about three months' ago, having some business at the excise 
 office, and seeing a group of well looking men together, with 
 whitish coats and pale countenances, curiosity excited me to 
 enquire their business, when one replied, ' I am come here to 
 pay a fine for a villain's swearing that I used flour, though 
 for upwards of two years there has never been any in my 
 shop ' ; so from one to the other I heard their several tales 
 and complaints, which did really shock me to think that 
 honest men should be so harassed and (as they told me) have 
 no remedy but that which is worse than the disease. 
 
 " Thus did I see above thirty pay their different fines, some 
 of which by their dejected countenances, seemed to have more 
 need to pay it to the bakers and the butchers. The honest 
 manner in which some told their story, and the positive 
 sincerity with which they avowed their innocence, engaged me 
 as I went home to buy this famous Act (of Parliament) which 
 I have perused over and over, and I do not find any penalty 
 or prohibition of the use of flour for powdering wigs and 
 heads of hair. The penalty as I apprehend it, lies only on 
 the mixing of hair powder with any other ingredients ; for the 
 Act as it appears to me, was only intended to prevent frauds 
 in the makers and vendors of liair powders, and not to oppress 
 poor barbers and impoverish the many families that it has 
 done. 
 
 " If therefore, the barber was to keep two troughs, one with 
 flour and the other with good hair powder, and to put the 
 question to his customer, ' Do you please to have your wig 
 powdered or floured?' provided (always) that he did not mix 
 them, he could not incur any penalty in this Act, for it
 
 THE barbers' company. 29 
 
 expressly lays the penalty only on the mixing of any other 
 ingredient with hair powder. I see no clause in it, nor do I 
 know any law extant that prohibits my having my wig floured 
 if I choose. — The Fool." 
 
 HISTORICAL CHRONICLE. 
 
 Monday, 13th January, 1752 — " Gentleman's Magazine," 
 vol. 22, p. 41. " A petition of the Company of Barbers was 
 presented to the House of Commons, praying leave to bring 
 in a Bill for incorporating the peruke makers, as well within 
 as without the liberties of the city to a certain distance into 
 one fraternity with themselves." 
 
 " An apprentice to a barber (we decline to give names) 
 decoyed a newspaper boy who carries papers about Highgate, 
 decoyed him into Hornsey Lane, and on the boy's refusal to 
 deliver up his money, cut his throat with a razor, throwed him 
 into a hole and left him ; some drovers came by and dis- 
 covered his case, went after the villain and found him at 
 Holloway, who denied any intention to rob the boy. By the 
 care of a local surgeon, the lad is likel}' to recover." Saturday, 
 18th November, 1752. 
 
 The derivation of the word barber is from the Latin word 
 barha, a, a beard ; and the word applies equally to that of a 
 man as that of a beast. And Gav, the Poet, considering 
 this fact, compiled his well known fable of " The Goat and 
 his Beard." Fable XXII :— 
 
 " 'Tis certain that the modish passions 
 Descend among the crowd like fashions, 
 Excuse me then, if pride, conceit, 
 (The manners ot the fair and great) 
 I give to monkeys, asses, dogs, 
 Fleas, owls, goats, butterflies and hogs. 
 I say that these are proud ! What then ? 
 I never said they equal men. 
 A goat, as vara as goat can be. 
 Affected singularity ; 
 When e're a thymy bank he found, 
 He rolled upon the fragrant ground ; 
 And then with fond attention stood 
 Fixed, o'er his image in the flood, 
 I hate my frowsy heard, he cries ; 
 My youth is lost in this disguise. 
 Did not the females know my vigour,
 
 30 THE barbers' company. 
 
 Well miptlit they loathe this reverend figure. 
 
 Resolved to smooth his shaggy face, 
 
 He sought the barber of the place. 
 
 A flippant monkey, spruce and smart, 
 
 Hard by, professed the dapper art : 
 
 His pole with pewter basins hung. 
 
 Black rotten teeth in order strung ; 
 
 Ranged cups that in the window stood, 
 
 Lined with red rags, to look like blood: 
 
 Did well his three-fold trade explain, 
 
 Who shaved, drew teeth, and breathed a vein. 
 
 The goat he welcomes with an air, 
 
 And seats him in a wooden chair ; 
 
 Mouth, nose, and cheek the lather hides. 
 
 Light, smooth and swift the razor glides. 
 
 ' I hope your custom, sir,' says Pug, 
 
 ' Sure never face was half so smug ! " 
 
 The goat impatient for applause, 
 
 Swift to the neighbouring hill withdraws. 
 
 The shaggy people grinned and stared, 
 
 Heigh day ! what's here, without a beard ? 
 
 Say brother, whence this dire disgrace, 
 
 What envious hand hath rubbed your face ? 
 
 When thus the fop with smiles of scorn. 
 
 Are beards by civil nations worn ? 
 
 Ev'n Musco\'ites have mowed their chins : 
 
 Shall we like formal Capuchins, 
 
 Stubborn in pride retain the mode. 
 
 And bear about the heavy load ? 
 
 Whene'er we through the village stray. 
 
 Are we not mocked along the way ; 
 
 Insulted with loud shouts of scorn. 
 
 By boys our beards disgraced and torn ? 
 
 Were I no more with goats to dwell, 
 
 Brother, I grant you reason well. 
 
 Replies a bearded chief— beside. 
 
 If boys can mortify thy pride. 
 
 How wilt thou stand the ridicule 
 
 Of our whole flock ? Affected fool ! 
 
 Coxcombs, distinguished from the rest, 
 
 To all but coxcombs are a jest." 
 
 The Barber was anciently termed a poller, because in 
 former time#, as I have before stated, he was a poller of the 
 hair, notwithstanding the commands laid down in Leviticus, 
 chap. 19, V. 27, "Ye shall not round the corners of your 
 heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard." 
 He carried as a rule a case Avhich contained his looking- 
 glass a set of horn combs, a set of box combs, a beard- comb
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 31 
 
 for arranging the beard, a beard-iron for curling the same, a 
 set of razors, tweezers, earpicks, a toothrasp, a horn powder 
 box, a puff to powder the hair, a bottle for sweet water, 
 trimming cloths to put before his patient, and a glass to put 
 before him. His basin had a circle in the brim, and it is 
 familiarly known as Mambrino's helmet, from the use made 
 of it by that valiant knight, Don Quixote ; and this basin is 
 mentioned by Ezekiel. Now to his razors. Prior to the 
 English manufacture they were imported from Palermo and 
 razors are mentioned in Homer. And razors " Novaculse " 
 were known to the ancient Piomans, for we find this passage: 
 "Raporum summam novacula decerpito." Col. 12. 56. 1. ; and 
 Cicero mentions it as a knife as "novacula discissa," and again 
 as "culter tonsorius: " and Livy, speaking of a certain well, 
 says, " Puteo in quo novacula ilia deposita qua usus Accius 
 Naevius Augur cotem disciderat." * Novacula, a razor; a 
 novando, from novo, to make new. Quod faciem quodammado 
 novam facit. Because in a sense it makes the face new. The 
 "novacula" is mentioned by Cicero de Div. I. 17, "Cos 
 novacula discissa," " A whetstone cut through by a razor," 
 where he relates that Tarquinius Priscus resolved to try the 
 skill of Accius Naevius, an augur, and asked him whether what 
 he was then thinking of could be effected ? Nsevius having 
 examined his auguries, said that it might, "Why then," replied 
 the king, " I had thoughts of cutting this whetstone with a 
 razor " "Cut," said the augur, and the king cut it through. 
 Cicero pronounces this story fabulous and improbable. 
 It is to be borne in mind, however, that though the 
 "novacula" was an instrument used for shaving, it may not 
 have had a loose handle, like our razor, and consequently 
 was capable of doing more execution. 
 
 or \ a razor : 
 
 TO ^vpov] 
 
 from 
 
 £ ^/ or ^vco to shave, scrape. 
 ^vpeu> I ^ ' ^ 
 
 * " Hanc historian! apud Titum Liviun babes." 
 
 " MontfaucoQ," vol. 5, 315.
 
 32 THE barbers' company. 
 
 Homer, Iliad, X. 173 : 
 
 Nuv yap 8r) Trdvreaaiv iirl ^vpov icTTarat dK/xr]<i. 
 " For now we are all on the edge of a razor," or quite 
 literally, "(It) stands to (us) all on the edge of a razor;" 
 meaning, " We have all reached the critical moment," or 
 something of that kind. 
 
 Sophocles, Antigone, 996 : 
 
 (f)p6vei ^e/3oi^ al vvv iiri ^vpov rv^r]<;. 
 " Consider that thou art now again standing on the brink 
 (literally " razor ") of fortune." An old proverb. 
 
 The words ^vpov, razor, and ^vpeco, to cut, or shave, are 
 used to denote " imminent danger." 
 
 Sophocles, Ajax, 786 : 
 
 ^vpet yap iv %/3w tovto. 
 "It cuts close to the skin" ; meaning, "There is great danger." 
 
 The razor is mentioned by other Greek authors ; but I 
 have not the books. Shaving appears to have been a very 
 old custom ; it is mentioned in Gen. xli. 14. The first 
 place in which the word " razor" occurs in Holy Scripture, is 
 Numbers vi, 5. 
 
 The Barber carried a chafing dish or portable stove to 
 carry his towels hot and warm ; also scissors, long, broad, 
 and pointed ; curling or crisping tongs. 
 
 Now with respect to beards, the first which a man 
 begins to wear is called a " pick-a-devant " beard, because 
 it is sharp-pointed, worn like Charles I. ; then there 
 is the "cathedral " beard, which Mr. Handle Holme, of 
 Herald's College, writing in 1688, says was worn by bishops 
 and grave dignitaries of the Church; then the "British" 
 beard, as worn by the ancient Britons, with the moustachios very 
 heavy and hanging down either side of the chin, all the rest 
 of the face being bare ; then the " forked " beard. On 
 numerous Roman altars and on some stone coffins we may 
 learn that they wore the beard, and the military wore short and 
 frizzed beards as evinced by the engravings in Montfaucon's. 
 The first of the emperors who wore a beard was Hadrian, 
 who wore it to hide his wound. Antoninus Pius and Marcus 
 Aurelius wore a " philosopher's " bcai'd, thick and bushy, 
 not worn before the date 454 B.C. and this thick beard was
 
 THE BAEBEKS' COMPANY. 33 
 
 afterwards considered as an appendage that obtained for the 
 emperors a veneration from the people.* 
 
 The trimming of the beard was an object of attention in 
 all ages and countries, and the wearing of beards and 
 moustachios in various modes and fashions occur at different 
 periods as will be readily shown. Thus the early Briton 
 shaved his beard occasionally, yet wore it sometimes long, 
 but his moustachios always so. The Druid preserved his 
 gravity by encouraging the growth of both. The Anglo- 
 Saxon trimmed his beard and parted it into double locks. 
 Yet, the Normans in the invading army of William I., (if any 
 reliance is to be placed in the Bayeux Tapestry,) shaved quite 
 closely, and this close shaving was the prevailing custom 
 with young men during the fourteenth century ; their elders 
 wore the forked beard, as illustrated on a brass of the time of 
 Edward III. in Shottesbrook Church, Berkshire, to a 
 Franklin, thus illustrating the line in Chaucer, in the 
 Prologue to the Canterbury Tales — 
 
 "A merchant was there with a forked beard." 
 
 In Gloucester Cathedral the effigy of King Edward II. on 
 his tomb exhibits that monarch in a beard and moustachios, 
 carefully curled and trimmed. This reminds us of the 
 indignity offered to him by Maltravers, into whose custody 
 he was entrusted, and who ordered one of the keepers to 
 shave him with cold water from a ditch, while on his cruel 
 journey to Pomfret. The unhappy king, bursting into tears, 
 exclaimed, " Here is at least warm water on my cheeks, 
 whether you will or not." 
 
 Knights wore the moustachios long, as on the effigy of 
 John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, second son of Edward II. 
 on the tomb in Westminster Abbey, also on the brass of Sir 
 Roger de Bois in Ingham Church, Norfolk. 
 
 According to the eflSgy of King Edward III., on his tomb 
 in Westminster Abbey, his long and capacious beard is 
 forked, the moustache being carefully trimmed and arranged 
 over the upper lip and disposed on either side of the mouth. 
 King Henry IV., his effigy at Canterbury displays a similar 
 form of beard, but not so large. Richard II. also in his 
 
 * Fosbroke's " Encyclopsedia'of Antiquity." 

 
 34 THE barbers' company. 
 
 picture, which han^s within the communion-tahle railings on 
 the south side of the chancel at Westminster, has his heard 
 arranged in two tufts upon the chin ; hut hroad pointed and 
 forked heards were worn durinoj this king's reign, and con- 
 tinued in fashion for some years. In the reign of Henry V. 
 the fashion went the reverse way, and close shaving was the 
 order of the day ; and during the reign of Henry VI. whisker, 
 heard, and moustache entirely disappeared, and the hair on 
 the head was cropped close. Yet in the reign of Edward IV. 
 fashion yielded a little, and the hair was worn longer, hut the 
 heard close shaven, and it was not until the middle of the 
 sixteenth century that old men hegan to cultivate a heard 
 which developed itself fully during the reign of Elizaheth. 
 These remarks were fully exemplified at the Exhihition of 
 the National Portrait Gallery, at South Kensington Museum, 
 some few years ago, and can he verified hy the series of 
 photographs of the portraits (now on sale) puhlished by the 
 Council of Education. 
 
 Stuhhs, in his ''Anatomic of Abuses," 1583, says : "The 
 barbers have invented such strange fashions of monstrous 
 manners of cuttings, trimmings, shavings and washings, that 
 you would wonder to see. They have one manner of cut 
 called the French, another the Spanish ; one the Dutch, 
 another the Italian ; one the new cut, another the old ; one 
 the gentleman, and another the common ; one of the Court, 
 another of the Country ; with infinite the like vanities which 
 I overpasse. They have also other cuts innumerable ; and 
 therefore when you come to be trimmed, they will ask you 
 whether you will be cut to look terrible to your enemy, or 
 amiable to your friend ; grim and stern in countenance, or 
 pleasant and demure ; for they have divers kind of cuts for 
 all these purposes, or else they lye. Then when they have 
 done all these feats, it is a world to consider how their 
 mowchatours (moustachios) must be preserved, or laid out, 
 from one cheek to another, or turned up like two horns 
 towards the forehead." 
 
 Green, in his " Quip for an Upstart Courtier," 1592, 
 speaking of the barber, says: "He descends ns low as his 
 beard and asketh, whether he please to be shaven or not ?
 
 THE barbers' company. 86 
 
 Whether he will have his peak cut short or sharp ; amiahle, 
 like an * inamorata ' ; or broad pendant like a spade, to be 
 terrible, like a warrior or soldado ? Whether he will have 
 his ' crates " cut low, like a juniper bush ; or his ' suberche ' 
 taken away with a razor. If it be his pleasure to have his 
 appendices primed, or his moustacheos fostered or turned 
 about his ears like the branches of a vine, or cut down to the 
 lip, with the Italian lash, to make him look like a half-faced 
 baby in brass ? These quaint terms, barber, you greet 
 Master Velvet Breeches withal, and at every word a snap 
 with your cissors and a cringe with your knee ; whereas when 
 you come to poor Cloth Breeches, you either cut his beard at 
 your own pleasure, or else in disdain ask him if he will be 
 trimmed round like the half of a Holland's cheese." 
 
 In Lyly's '' Midas," Act iii. Scene 2 (1591), Motto, the 
 barber, thus speaks to his boy : " Besides, I have instructed 
 thee in the phrases of our eloquent occupation, as, How, sir, 
 will you be trimmed ? Will you have your beard like a spade 
 or a bodkin ; a penthouse on your upper lip, or an alley on 
 your chin ? A low curl on your head like a bull, or a 
 dangling lock like a Spaniard ? Your moustachios sharp at 
 the ends like shoemakers' awls, a-hanging down to your 
 mouth like goat's flakes ? " 
 
 Taylor, the Water Poet, in his " Superbiae Flagellum," gives 
 the following description of the great variety of beards worn in 
 his time but curiously enough has omitted to mention his own 
 beard, which he used to wear twisted in the form of a screw. 
 " Now a few lines to paper I will put, 
 Of men's beards' strange and varitible cut. 
 In which there's some that take as vain a pride 
 As almost in all other things beside. 
 Some are reap'd most substantial like a brush, 
 Which makes a natural wit known by the bush ; 
 And in my time of some men I have heard 
 Whose wisdom have been only wealth and beard ; 
 Many of these the proverb well doth fit. 
 Which says, ' Bush natural, more hair than wit ' ; 
 Some seem as they were starched stifi" and fine. 
 Like to the bristles of some angry swine ;
 
 86 THE barbers' company. 
 
 And some to set their love's desire on edge, 
 
 Are cut and pruned like a quickset hedge ; 
 
 Some like a spade, some like a fork, some square, 
 
 Some round, some mowed like stubhle, some stark hare ; 
 
 Some sharp, stiletto fashion, dagger-like, 
 
 That may with whispering a man's eyes out pike ; 
 
 Some with the hammer cut or Eoman T, — 
 
 Their beards extravagant, reformed must be ; 
 
 Some with the quadrate, some triangle fashion. 
 
 Some circular, some oval in translation ; 
 
 Some perpendicular in longitude ; 
 
 Some like a thicket for their crapitude ; 
 
 That heights, depths, breadths, triform, sqaare, oval, round. 
 
 And rules geometrical in beards are found." 
 
 The T-shaped beard and moustache was a fashion during 
 the reign of Charles I., for in the play of the "Queen of 
 Corinth," Act iv. Scene 1 — 
 
 " He strokes his beard, 
 The Roman T ; your T beard is in fashion." 
 
 The various changes of the shape of beards is noticed by 
 R. Middleton, " Epigrammes and Satyres," 1608. 
 
 " Why dost thou wear this beard ? 
 'Tis cleane gone out of fashion." 
 
 The Earl of Essex, in the time of Elizabeth, wore, as by 
 his portrait, a spade beard ; and Southampton, a so-called 
 stiletto beard ; and Lord Seymour of Sudeley is represented 
 as wearing a sort of inverted sugar-loaf beard. The so-called 
 *'tile" beard is mentioned in " Hudibras," Part i. c. 1. 
 line 243. 
 
 *' In cut and dye so like a tile, 
 A sudden view it would beguile." 
 And thereto the widow declares ; Part ii. c. 1. line 170. 
 "It does your visage more adorn 
 Than if 't were pruned and starched and launder'd 
 And cut square by the Russian stnndard." 
 In the notes to Dr. Grey's edition of " Hudibras " we are 
 told, "They were then so curious in the management of their
 
 THE barbers' company. 37 
 
 beards that some, as I am iiitbrmed, had pasteboard cases to put 
 over them in the night, lest they should turn upon them and 
 rumple them in their sleep. 
 
 In the life of Mrs. Elizabeth Thomas, entitled " Py lades 
 and Coriuna," p. 21 (1731), we have the following account of 
 Mr. Pilchard Shute, a Turkey merchant, who was her grand- 
 father : '* That he was very nice in the mode of that age, his 
 valet being some hours every morning in starching his beard 
 and curling his whiskers, during which time a gentleman, 
 whom he maintained as a companion, always read to him 
 upon some useful subject." 
 
 Beard combs and beard brushes were used by the gallants 
 of the day, for, quoting again from the play of the " Queen 
 of Corinth," we find these words in Act ii. Scene 4 — 
 
 " Play with your Pisa beard ; why, where's your brush, 
 pupil?" 
 
 " He must have a brush, sir." 
 
 And we may here mention that beard combs were in use 
 in the time of Elizabeth.* 
 
 We have now to touch upon wigs. Wigs or perriwigs are 
 first mentioned in the reign of Elizabeth, and Stowe informs 
 us that it was a French fashion, brought to England about 
 the time of the massacre of Paris, about the year 15 62^. 
 
 In 1595 it was dangerous for children to walk in the 
 streets alone, for they w^ere often enticed into secluded places, 
 their hair cut off and sold by the thieves for the manufacture 
 of wigs. In Hall's " Satires," 1598, mention is made of a 
 courtier who loses his "periwinkle" by a gust of wind in 
 lifting his hat to bow. In Middleton's play of "Mad World, 
 My Masters," dated 1608, it is stated that they were worn by 
 ladies. And that ladies used them, I quote the lines below — 
 "Her sumptuous periwig, her curious curies." 
 
 Micro-Cynicon, 1599. 
 
 In the play of the " Comedy of Errors," Shakespeare, 
 and which Malone believes to have been written about the 
 year 1593, translated by one William Warner from the 
 Menaechmi of Plautus, in Act ii. Scene 2, Drumio of Syracuse 
 says to Antipholus of Syracuse — 
 
 * Fairholt's Costume, pp. 427 — 432.
 
 38 THE barbers' company. 
 
 " There is uo time for a man to recover liis 
 hair that grows bald hy nature." 
 Antipholus answers — 
 
 " May he not do it by fine and recovery ? " 
 Dromio S. Yes, to pay a fine for a peruke, and recover 
 the lost hair of another man. 
 
 Antipholus S. Why is Time such a niggard of hair, 
 being, as it is, so plentiful an excrement ? 
 
 Dromio S. Because it is a blessing that he bestows on 
 beasts ; and what he hath scanted men in hair he hath given 
 them in wit. 
 
 And again, in the play of " The Two Gentlemen of 
 Verona," Act iv. Scene 4, presumably about the year 1598, 
 Julia, a lady of Verona, beloved by Proteus, a Veronese, 
 addressing Silvia, the Duke of Milan's daughter, beloved by 
 Valentine, also a Veronese, using these words — 
 
 " The painter flatter 'd her a little. 
 Unless I flatter with myself too much. 
 Her hair is auburn, mine is perfect yellow, 
 If that be all the diflerence in his love, 
 I'll get me such a colour'd periwig." 
 Thus clearly demonstrating that they were no novelties for 
 either men or women so soon after then- introduction from the 
 Continent. 
 
 In Beaumont and Fletcher's play of " Cupid's Kevenge " 
 there are these lines — 
 
 "I bought him a new periwig with a love lock at it." 
 In the time of Charles II. enormous wigs were worn, and 
 there is a letter extant from the Comte de Commines, 
 ambassador from France, in which he relates that that king 
 while at Chatham took ofl' his peruke, &c., owing to the heat 
 of the sun. Pepys writes under date Uth May, 16(38, " At 
 Mr. Jervas', my old barber, 1 did buy two or three borders and 
 perriwiggs, meaning to wear one, and yet I have uo stomach 
 for it, but that the pains of keeping my hair clean is so 
 great ; he trimmed, and at last 1 parted, but my mind was 
 almost alter'd from my purpose from the trouble which I 
 loresee will be in wearing them." 
 
 Also, again, on the iJUth ol October, 1(353, he writes,
 
 THE barbers' company. 39 
 
 *' At my perriwig maker's, and there showed my wife the 
 perriwig made for me, aud she likes it very well." Aud on 
 the 81st, he gives the price he paid for the wigs thus : " One 
 thereof cost me £3 and the other 40s. I have worn neither 
 yet, but will begin next week, tiod willing." 
 
 On the Brd of November, 1658, he writes : " Bye-and-by 
 comes Chapman, the perriwig maker, and (upon) my liking it, 
 without more ado I went up, and there he cut off my haire, 
 which went a little to my heart at present to part with it ; 
 but it being over, and my perriwig on, I paid him £'6 for it, 
 and away he with my own hair to make up another ot 
 
 Jane was terribly troubled for my parting of 
 
 my own hair, so was Besse." 
 
 Again, from this gossiping Pepy, we learn that perriwigs 
 were likely to go out of fashion, for (says he, under date 
 1665) nobody will dare to buy any haire for fear of the 
 infection, that it had been cut off' the heads of the people dead 
 of the plague raging in Westminster when he bought it ; and 
 in the year 1666, lith June, he says that " Ladies used 
 perriwigs with hats for all the world like mine," and then, 
 disapproving of women assuming men's garb, he adds : " An 
 odde sight, and a sight that did not please me." (What 
 would he have said of the fashions of the latter part of the 
 nineteenth century.) 
 
 In 1672, in Wycherley's play of "Love in a Wood; or, 
 St. James's Park " : " If she has smugged herself up for me, 
 let me prune and flounce my perruque a little for her." 
 
 In 1698, Whisson in his " Manners et Observations en 
 Angleterre," say of the gentlemen, " That their perruques 
 and their habits were charged with powder like millers." 
 
 Tom Brown in his "Letters from the Living to the Dead " 
 writes, " We met three Haming beaux of the hrst magnitude, 
 he in the middle made a most magnihcent tigure. His perri- 
 wig was large enough to have loaded a camel, and he 
 bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder, I warrant 
 you ! " 
 
 These mountains of hair were worn by all who could 
 afford to buy them, and a gentleman endeavoured to distin- 
 guish himself by the largeness of his wig and the elegance of
 
 40 THE barbers' company. 
 
 the comb which he carried about with him to church, theatre, 
 coffee-house, or park, to comb and arrange his wig. 
 
 To such a pitch of fashion had wig-wearing reached that 
 Schomberg, De Ginckel, Albemarle, and even William III. 
 wore them with their armour, and amongst the armour- 
 clothed effigies in the Tower of London is a portraiture of 
 James II. with a full-bottomed wig reaching half-way down 
 to his waist. 
 
 Dean Swift, writing of wigs, says — 
 
 " Triumphing Tories and desponding Whigs, 
 Forgot their friends and joined to save their wigs." 
 Gay also, in his '' Trivia ; or. The Art of Walking the 
 Streets of London," at line 125, says — 
 
 "When suffocating mists obscure the morn. 
 Let thy worst wig, long used to storms, be worn." 
 And at line 190— 
 
 " If you the precepts of the muse despise, 
 And slight the faithful warning of the skies.' 
 Line 201— 
 
 " In vain you scour ; 
 Thy wig, alas ! uncurled admits the shower. 
 So fierce Alecto i' snaky trespass fell, 
 When Orpheus charmed the rig'rous powers of Hell." 
 Again at line 53, Book ii.. Gay writes — 
 
 " You'll sometimes meet a fop of nicest tread. 
 Whose mantling peruke veils his empty head." 
 And at line 56, he goes on to say — 
 
 " Him, like the miller, pass with caution by 
 Lest from his shoulder clouds of powder fly." 
 And in Book iii. line 51 to 58 — 
 
 " Where the mob gathers, swiftly shoot along, 
 Nor idly mingle with the noisy throng. 
 Lured by the silver hilt (sword) amid the swarm. 
 The subtil artist will thy side disarm. 
 Nor is thy flaxen wig with safety worn ; 
 High on the shoulder in a basket borne 
 Lurks the sly boy : whose hand to rapine bred. 
 Plucks off the curling honours of thy head." 
 The short bob with locks and a hairy crown, and the
 
 THE BARBERS COMPANY. 41 
 
 long periwig came into fashion after the French style, with 
 a pole lock, the commencement of the pigtail. Then the 
 curled foretop wig, with the side locks tied up with ribands 
 and curled all over the top. Ladies aftected wigs and fronts 
 with long dangling curls, yet kept back by two combs. These 
 curls were sometimes mounted on wires, making these false 
 locks to stand oil" at a distance from the face. 
 
 A small article called the peruke was used in the latter 
 days of Charles 11., and called a travelling wig. Then the 
 campaigne wig, with its knobs or bobs, and a pendant twisted 
 curl on each side ; then the plain wig, made to look like a 
 real head of hair, and called a short bob. 
 
 A reference to the works of Hogarth will demonstrate the 
 usual form of wigs worn during the last century ; and here I 
 feel that I cannot do better than quote Mr. Hogarth's own 
 words in elucidation of his famous caricature upon the Five 
 Orders of Periwigs as they were worn at the coronation of 
 George III., and this print is said to have been a ridicule on 
 Steward's "Antiquities of Athens," in which, with minute 
 accuracy, are given the measurement of all the members of 
 Greek Architecture. Minute accuracy is the leading feature 
 of Steward's book ; minute accuracy is the leading feature of 
 Hogarth's satire. 
 
 The two orders are measured architecturally (archi- 
 tectonically), and, under their umbrageous shadow, Mr. 
 Hogarth has introduced several of remarkable character. Two 
 people in the upper row, under the title of episcopal or 
 Parsonic (alluding to the Tuscan order as being simple and 
 solid, and not surcharged with ornaments), are said to be 
 intended for Dr. Warburton, late Bishop of Gloucester, and 
 Dr. Squire, Bishop of St. David's. 
 
 The next row is inscribed, " Old Peirian, or Aldermanic." 
 The first face is Lord Melcombe, and may with equal pro- 
 priety represent some sagacious alderman of the day (17t)l). 
 At the opposite end of the same row we see the remarkable 
 periwig worn by Sir Samuel Fludyer, Lord Mayor. 
 
 The row beneath consists of the Lexonic, answering to 
 the Ionic; and under it is the Composite, or half-natural, 
 and the " Queerinthian, or Queue de Kenard." Even with
 
 4^ THE barbers' company. 
 
 them, we notice a barber's block, crowned with compasses, and 
 marked Athenian measure, this is intended for a caricature of 
 Mr. ytewart. A table of references appears above the block, 
 and facing it a scale divided into nodules or noddles, nasos or 
 noses, and minutes. 
 
 Without a perfect knowledge of the terms of Architecture 
 the drift of this whimsical print cannot be perfectly compre- 
 hended. 
 
 A portrait of Queen Charlotte, distinguished by the 
 simplicity, is in the corner, on the left ; and in the same line 
 we observe live Kight Honourable Ladies of the Bedchamber 
 in 1761 — the Duchess of Hamilton, the Countess of Effing- 
 ham, the Countess of Northumberland, and the Viscountess 
 Weymouth. 
 
 In the great dining hall of Lambeth Palace all the 
 portraits of the bishops and archbishops, to a time as lately 
 as Sumner and Howley, all are in wigs. Archbishop 
 Tillotson was the first to wear the round bottomed wig, not 
 unlike his own hair, and without powder. 
 
 Lawyers, in their vocation as pleaders, wear wigs, and the 
 status of a counsel could be known by his wig, thus some 
 have two pendant curls ; the serjeants-at-law, (^a status 
 lately abolished,) at the top of their wig wore a bit of 
 black cloth, with a frill of cambric round the black cloth, 
 and this illustrated his rank, and represented the coif, also the 
 tonsure ; then the queen's or king's counsel, when they 
 go in state or have to plead before the judicial members of 
 the House of Lords, wear full bottomed wigs, as also the 
 judges when they sit in their scarlet robes. 
 
 Copy of an opinion of the late eminent conveyancer, 
 Geo. Harrison, Esq., of Stone's Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, 
 on the question of the capacity of a man who ivore a beard 
 to enter into a contract. Given about 1880 to 1885 : 
 
 " As far as the statement goes, the question seems to me 
 to amount to this : Does compelency depend on fashion ? 
 Because, if so, a legal sage in Lord Coke's times might be a 
 lunatic in Lord Denman's ; a philosopher in Turkey might 
 be a Bedlamite in England. The question would soon 
 afterwards be started whether mustachios were evidence of
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 43 
 
 insanity, and, subbe»iuently, whether a huge pair of whiskers 
 were so. 
 
 "As one perfectly indifferent, and not abounding in any 
 of the three, i incline to think, from the samples which have 
 come in my way, that the exuberant cultivation of either of 
 the two latter is a greater proof of folly than that of a 
 venerable beard. 
 
 " The point, however, may be considered (1st) classically, 
 (2nd) legally, (8rd) politically, (ith) physiologically. 
 
 " (1st). The best authors have ever treated the beard with 
 the respect due to wisdom — 
 
 " 'His tawny beard was th' equal grace 
 Both of his wisdom and his face.' 
 Strange that the same emblem should create a suspicion of 
 an unsound mind ! 
 
 " (2nd.) As the proprietor of this dignified appendage 
 has given it so much law, it seems no less strange that this 
 very circumstance should be a proof of the illegality of his 
 acts. 
 
 " (3rd.) Were the question now submitted to a jury, when 
 every man feels it his duty to lean more or less to one or 
 other of the great parties in the State, the balance of justice 
 might incline one way or the other, according to the com- 
 position of the jury. The appendage under consideration 
 has certainly a consei'vative cast ; yet history is equally 
 balanced. Of that of the renowned hero already quoted it is 
 said — 
 
 ** ' This hairy meteor did denounce 
 The Jail of sceptres and of crowns.' 
 On the other hand, the author of ' Old Mortality ' informs 
 the world that Oeneral Dalziei remained unshorn in honour 
 of the Stewarts. 
 
 " The Wkiys (wigs), I fear, would deem such a production 
 an undue encroachment on their interests, and the economists 
 would certainly be unfavourable to that which, aft'ording a 
 supply so far exceeding the demand, necessarily sets all their 
 irrelragible maxims at defiance. But the Itadicals would 
 doubtless feel bound in honour to uphold that which has 
 unquestionably a radical origin. So that by the fortunate
 
 44 THE barbers' company. 
 
 coalitiou of the two extremes, Conservative and Radical, the 
 NazaritiLship would in all probability be preserved unhurt. 
 
 " (4th.) As the intellect is not considered to be perfectly 
 developed until possession of a beard, the length of the one 
 in question cannot but be viewed as a proof of the 'march of 
 intellect.' There is certainly an old saying of rather adverse 
 import, 'As mad as a March hare,' and there can be no 
 doubt that these hairs have stolen a march upon their fellow 
 citizens ; but I rely upon the contract being settled by the 
 1st of February, to get rid of this difficulty." 
 
 (From an original MS. copy of the opinion, in my late 
 father's handwriting. — R. R. Davis, 24th December, 1881.) 
 
 " By the length of His Beard can you measure a man ? 
 Bearded or Beardless I doubt if you can." 
 
 THE BARBER. 
 
 Muse ! sing, in numbers neat and trim, 
 
 The barber's praise ! Facetious ■whim. 
 
 At first, fame tells, unpolished shepherds, 
 
 With scjthes and shears, were wont to cUp beards, 
 
 And pummice used, as sharp as pins, 
 
 Kough tools, to smooth their wooDy chins ; 
 
 Eude trimmers who, with rakes and crooks, 
 
 Combed their plain locks, their glass the brooks ; 
 
 That ancient mirror that, heaven bless us 1 
 
 So fatal proved to jjoor Narcissus. 
 
 But when young Jove a wencher grew. 
 
 Shrewd Hermes (if tbe bards say true) 
 
 Invented razor, wash-ball, powder, 
 
 To make his fopling godship prouder, 
 
 Shaved him m some celestial arbour. 
 
 And was the first acknowledged barber. 
 
 From heaven, with the aetherial coal, 
 
 This art the filch, Prometheu!^, stole ; 
 
 And whatsoe'er mad poets feiyu 
 
 How he by thunder-bolts was slain, 
 
 And all these fabling thmgs they've said on't, 
 
 'Twas known he after made a trade on't ; 
 
 Took shop, his pristme pole erected, 
 
 Throve fast, lived snug, and well respected, 
 
 Made for green heads, as fame declares, 
 
 "Warm caps, of grey sagacious hairs, 
 
 Since nick-named by our modern prigs 
 
 Toupi'es and bobtail periwigs ; 
 
 And since his days this art divine,
 
 THE barbers' company. 45 
 
 By hireling rogiies for sordid coin, 
 
 Is quite profaned, who scrub men's hides 
 
 In ale house and by highway sides ; 
 
 And to the brotherhood's great offence, 
 
 In alleys shave for single pence. 
 
 Draw stumps, vend medicines, bleed, and blister, 
 
 &c all for ends sinister. 
 
 From this dear gentle occupation 
 
 The beau acquu-es his reputation. 
 
 Gains the smooth lip, clear shorn of hair, 
 
 So fit to press the tender fan- ; 
 
 The pig tail dangling to the waist, 
 
 "With the white crown bedaubed with paste ; 
 
 Or the broad bag o'er which appears 
 
 Snow-white, a length of staring ears. 
 
 The " Darby " Captain owes to thee 
 
 His whiskers quaint and KammiHe 
 
 That looks so stern, so raven-black on him 
 
 Would fright old Satan from attacking him 
 
 The rural squire, that puttish spark. 
 
 Shines signal by the barber's mark ; 
 
 By the trim mop, short curled and bob, 
 
 Close sticking to his empty nob ; 
 
 By the grey cue or formal tie 
 
 The dancing master we descry ; 
 
 The rich old citizen suppose 
 
 By the wig, smothering up his nose ; 
 
 And the huge bush of grizzled hairs 
 
 Through which the face sagacious stares, 
 
 With head erect, and seldom stirred. 
 
 Demure as sage Minerva's bird 
 
 When perched some ivy-tree or oak in 
 
 Does the grave judge forsooth betoken ; 
 
 The ladies too have oft, tis' said 
 
 Been debtors to the Tonsor's aid : 
 
 Semiramis, the Assyrian Queen, 
 
 Peruked like Bully Eake was seen ; 
 
 And Messalina, jilt egregious 
 
 (Historians with th' account oblige us) 
 
 A red haired tire was wont to use 
 
 Dress of lewd madame m the stews. 
 
 Even in our time, the fair 'tis known 
 
 Are graced with tresses not their own, 
 
 And bloom anew in native frizzle 
 
 When bald, or grown with age quite grizzle." 
 
 " Gentleman's Magazine," vol. 8, p. 157 ; 173. 
 
 The following is the Charter of the Company, the granting 
 of which forms the subject of the great picture. It is tnins- 
 lated from the Latin and runs thus : —
 
 46 THE BARBEBS' COMPANY. 
 
 Henry, by the grace of God, King of England and France 
 and Lord of Ireland : 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting : 
 We have inspected the letters patent of the Lord Henry 
 VII., late King of England, our most illustrious father, 
 concerning the confirmation made in these words : — Henry, 
 by the grace of God, King of England and France and Lord 
 of Ireland : To all to whom these presents shall come, 
 greeting : — We have inspected the letters patent of Lord 
 Edward the Fourth, late Kins^ of England, our Progenitor of 
 illustrious memory, made in these words : — Edward, by the 
 grace of God, King of England and France and Lord of 
 Ireland : To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting. 
 Know ye that we, considering how our beloved, honest, and 
 free men of the mystery of barbers of our City of London, 
 exercising the mystery or art of surgeons as well respecting 
 wounds, bruises, hurts and other infirmities of our liege men, 
 and healing and curing the same, as in letting blood and 
 drawing such our liege men's teeth, have for a long time 
 undergone and supported, and daily do undergo and support, 
 great and manifold labours and applications ; and also how, 
 through thft ignorance, negligence, and unsldlfulness of some 
 of the said barbers, as well of the free men of our said city 
 as of other surgeons who are foreigners and not free men of 
 the said city, and are not sufficiently skilled, whereby very 
 many, and almost infinite, evils have hitherto happened to 
 many of our liege men in their wounds, hurts, bruises, and 
 other infirmities by such barbers and surgeons on account of 
 their defect in healing and curing, from which cause some of 
 our said liege men have gone the way of all flesh, and others 
 from the same cause have been by every one given over as 
 incurable and past relief; and as it is to be dreaded that 
 similar or greater evils may in future arise on this head 
 unless proper remedy is by us speedily provided for the same. 
 We, therefore, affectionately weighing and considering that 
 such evils do happen to our liege men for want of the 
 examination, corrections, and punishments by a due superior 
 of snob birl^ersi and surgeons as are insufficiently skilled and 
 instructed in the said mystery or arts as aforesaid, have, at
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 47 
 
 the humble request of our heloved, honest, and free men of 
 the said mvstery of harhers in our said citv, jfranted to them 
 that the said mvsteries and all men of the said mystery of 
 the city aforesaid shall he in fact and name one hody and one 
 perpetual community ; and that two principals of the com- 
 munity shall, with the consent of twelve persons, or at least 
 eififht of the said community who are best skilled in the 
 mvsteries of surofeons, every year elect and make out of the 
 said community two masters or rulers of the utmost skill to 
 superintend, rule, and govern the mystery and community 
 aforesaid, and all men of the said mvsterv and of the busi- 
 nesses of the same for ever. And that the said masters or 
 rulers and community shall have a perpetual succession and 
 common seal to serve for the affairs of the said community 
 for ever ; and that thev and their successors for ever shall be 
 able and capable in law to acquire and possess in fee and 
 perpetuity, lands, tenements, rents, and other possessions 
 whatsoever to the value of five marks per annum, besides all 
 reprises ; and that they, by the names of masters or orovernors 
 of the mystery of barbers of London, shall be able to plead 
 and implead before all judo^es in all courts and in all actions, 
 and that the said masters or rulers and community and their 
 successors may lawfully and discreetly assemble themselves 
 and make statutes and ordinances for the wholesome cfovprn- 
 ment, superintendence, and correction of the said mvsteries 
 according to the exisfency of the necessity, as often and when- 
 ever it may be requisite lawfully and unpunishably, without 
 leave or hindrance of us, our heirs, or successors, justices, 
 collectors, sheriffs, coroners, or any other bailiffs or ministers 
 of us, our heirs or successors ; provided that such statutes or 
 ordinances are not in any way contrary to the laws and 
 customs of our kine^dom of Encjland. We further will and 
 pfrant for us and our heirs and successors, as far as in us lies, 
 that the masters or rulers of the aforesaid community, for the 
 time bein^f, and their successors for ever, shall have the 
 superintendence, examination, correction, and cfovernment of 
 all and sinsfular th^ free men of the said city, who are 
 surjsjeons exercisincf the mvstery of barbers within the said 
 city, and of all other foreign surgeons whomsoever in any
 
 48 THE barbers' company. 
 
 wise practising and using the said mystery of surgeons in 
 the said city and the suburhs thereof, and the punishment of 
 them, as well free men as strangers, for their offences in not 
 perfectly following, practising, and exercising the said 
 mystery ; and also the superintendence and inspection of all 
 kinds of instruments, plaisters, and other medicines and 
 their recipes by such said barbers and surgeons given, 
 applied, and used for our liege men for curing and healing 
 their wounds, bruises, hurts and such kind of infirmities, 
 when and as often as shall be requisite for the convenience 
 and utility of the said liege men ; so that punishment of 
 such barbers exercising the said mystery of surgeons and such 
 foreign surgeons, so offending in the premises, be executed by 
 fines, amercements, and imprisonment of their bodies, and 
 by other reasonable and suitable means. And that no barber, 
 exercising the said mystery of surgeons in the said city and 
 the suburbs thereof, or any other foreign surgeon whatsoever, 
 shall in future be admitted to follow, practice, and exercise 
 the said mystery of surgeons in any wise within the said city 
 or the suburbs thereof, unless he be first approved by the 
 said master or rulers or their successors, for this purpose, able 
 and sufficient as skilled in the said mystery ; and for his 
 plenary approbation in this behalf by the said master or 
 rulers presented to the mayor of the said city for the time 
 being. We also will and grant for us, our heirs, and suc- 
 cessors, as far as in us lies, that neither the said masters or 
 rulers and community of the said mystery of barbers, nor 
 their successors, nor any of them shall hereafter in any 
 wise be summoned or appointed within our said city 
 and the suburbs thereof, nor any one of them be sum- 
 moned or appointed on any assizes, juries, inquests, 
 inquisitions, attainders, or other recognizances within the 
 said city and suburbs thereof, for the time being, to come 
 before the mayor, or sheriffs, or coronors, of our said city, 
 for the time being, by any summoning officer or officers, or 
 by his or their servants, although the said juries, inquisitions, 
 or recognizances should be summoned on a writ or writs of 
 right of us or our beirs : but that the snid master or rulers 
 and community, of the said mystery, and their successors, and 
 
 *!/
 
 THE BARBEKS' COMPANY. 49 
 
 every of them, shall henceforth for ever be peaceabh- and 
 entirely exonerated towards us, our heh'S and successors, 
 and towards the mayor or sheriffs of our said city, for the 
 time being, and every of their officers and servants by these 
 presents; and further, we, in consideration of the premises, do, 
 of our special grace, for us, our heirs, and their successors, 
 grant to the said masters or rulers and community of the said 
 mystery of barbers, and their successors, this liberty, to wit, 
 that they in all further times may admit and receive persons 
 apt and sufficiently skilled and informed in the said mystery 
 of surgeons, and by the masters and rulers, and for the time 
 being of the said mystery in manner aforesaid approved, and 
 presented to the mayor of the said city for the time being as 
 aforesaid into the said mystery of barbers to the freedoms of 
 the said city to be held and enjoyed according to the customs 
 of the said city, and no other persons whomsoever, nor in any 
 other manner ; any mandate or requisition of us, our heirs 
 or successors, by written letters or otherwise, howsoever 
 made, or to be made, to the contrary notwithstanding. And 
 although the said masters, or rulers and community, and 
 their successors should contumaciously use this liberty in 
 future against any mandate or requisition of us, our heirs, or 
 successors, or any others whomsoever to be made in form 
 aforesaid, neither they nor any one of them shall in any wise 
 incur any fine, contempt, or loss towards us, our heirs, or 
 successors, or any damage or punishment in their goods or 
 bodies, or towards any other persons whosoever on that 
 account ; and this without fine or fee, for the sealing of these 
 presents to be done, paid or otherwise rendered unto us : any 
 statute, ordinance, or any act to the contrary, before this 
 time published, made, ordained, or provided notwithstanding. 
 In testimony whereof we have caused these our letters to be 
 made patent. Witness myself at Westminster, the twenty- 
 fourth day of February, in the first year of our reign. And 
 we, holding the aforesaid letters, and all and everything 
 therein contained valid and agreeable, do for us and our 
 heirs, as far as in us lies, accept and approve the same : and 
 to our beloved liegemen, Richard Hayward, James Holland, 
 John Robertson, and John Boteler, the present masters or 
 
 D
 
 50 THE BARBERS COMPANY. 
 
 rulers of the said mystery of barbers and surgeons in our 
 said city, and to their successors, do by these presents ratify 
 and confirm in manner as the said letters do reasonably 
 manifest. In testimony whereof, we have caused these our 
 letters to be made patent. Witness myself at Westminster, 
 this fifth day of December in the fifteenth year of our reign. 
 We also, holding the said letters, and all and everything 
 therein contained, valid and agreeable, do, for us and our 
 heirs, as far as in us lies, accept and approve them, and to our 
 beloved liegemen, John Peerson, William Kyrkeby, Thomas 
 Gybson, and Thomas Martin, the present masters and rulers 
 of the mystery of barbers and surgeons in oui- said city, 
 and to their successors, do by these presents ratify and con- 
 firm in manner as the said letters do reasonably manifest. In 
 testimony whereof we have caused these our letters to be 
 made patent. Witness myself at Westminster, the twelfth 
 day of March in the third year of our reign. 
 
 The earliest mention of a grant of arms to this company 
 appears from an emblazonment in " The Book of Ordinances 
 of the Worshipful Men of the Craft or Science of Chirurgie 
 in the Citie of London," dated May 10, 1435, the thirteenth 
 year of King Henry VI., and which book is in the possession 
 of the Barbers' Company ; but the emblazonment is later 
 than the book, for according to the researches made by Mr. 
 J. J. Howard, and published by him, it appears that these 
 arms and supporters were granted to the Company of Surgeons 
 in 1492, the seventh of Henry VII., and during the mayoralty 
 of Hugh Clopton. This monarch granted unto the Company 
 of Surgeons a coat and auxiliaries, which consisted of a rose, 
 double-seeded, surmounted by a Tudor Crown, pierced with 
 a spatta (Spatula)., with supporters on the sinister side ; a 
 surgeon with a box (presumably of unguent) in the right 
 hand and a Spatula in the left ; on the dexter side a doctor 
 holding in his right hand a water bottle, his left hand being 
 hidden by the shield : both figures are habited in full costume 
 and robes, and doubtless are intended to represent St. Cosmo 
 and St. Damianus. 
 
 The original grant of arms to the united companies of 
 the Barber Surgeons, and still retained (1881 ) by the Barbers'
 
 THE BARBEKS' COMPANY. 51 
 
 Company is from Gilbert Dethick, Garter, Robert Cooke, 
 Clarencieux, and William Flower, Norroy, Kings-at-Arms, 
 in 1569. It is on vellum, and has on its three sides a 
 floriated border. At the top are the arms of Queen Elizabeth, 
 between a Tudor Rose and a Fleur-de-Lys in gold, each in a 
 wreath coloured green. On the margin on the left side of 
 the grant are the arms of the company, with crest supporters 
 and motto — " De Prsescientia Dei," and on the right side a 
 gold portcullis, encircled in a green wreath. The great 
 initial letter at the commencement of the grant is of very 
 large size, and within it is a representation of Sir Gilbert 
 Dethick himself as Garter King-at-Arms in his Tabard, and 
 below is the date 1562, and it reads thus : — 
 
 " To all and singular as well Kinges Herehaultes, and 
 Officers of Armes, as nobles, gentlemen, and others to whome 
 these presentes shall come, be scene, her.rd, read, or under- 
 stand. Sir Gilbert Dethicke, Knight, alias Garter, principal! 
 Kinge of Armes ; Robert Cooke, Esquire, alias Norrey, 
 Kinge of Armes of the northe partes of Englande, send 
 greetinge in our Lorde God everlastinge. Forasmuch, as 
 anciently from the beginninge, the valiaunt and vertuose actes 
 of excellent personnes haue ben comended to the worlde and 
 posterite with sondrey monumentes and remembrances of 
 their goode deseartes. Emongst the which the chiefest and 
 most usuall hath ben the bearinge of signes and tokens in 
 shields, called armes beinge none other thinges then euidences 
 and demonstracions of prowesse and valour diversely dis- 
 tributed accordinge to the qualytie and deseartes of the 
 persons meritinge the same. To the entent that such as 
 have don comendable service to their prince or countrey 
 either in warre or peace or otherwyse by laudable and 
 courageouse enterprices or proceedinge of eny person or 
 persons in th' augmentacion of the estate or comon wealth of 
 their realme or countrey might thereby receyve due honor in 
 their lynes and also desyue the same successively to their 
 successors and posterite for ever, and whereas in the Citye of 
 London th' experience and practice of the science and facultie 
 of Chirurgery is most requisite and duty to be exercised and 
 experimented for the preservacion of meny, and by th' occasion
 
 52 THE barbers' company. 
 
 of the practise thereof meny expert persons he brought up 
 and experimented to the relief, succour, and helps of an 
 infinite number of persons : and for as much as within this 
 Citie of London there were two severall companyes, th' one 
 by the name of Barbours Chirurgeons and th' other by the 
 name of Chirurgeons onely ; the Barbours Chirurgeons being 
 incorporate and th' other not, and both occupyenge th' arte of 
 Chirurgery, whereupon great contention did arise ; and for 
 that it was most meete and necessary that the said comj)anyes 
 should be united and made one hole body, and so incorporated 
 to th' entent, that by their union and often assembly together 
 th' exercyse and knowledge of their science and mistery 
 might appeare as well in practise as in speculation, not only 
 to themselfes but to others under them. So that it was 
 thought most meete and convinent upon grave and greate 
 consideration to untye and joyne the said companyes in one, 
 which was don as may appeere by an Act of Parliament in 
 ano 1540, xxxii. Henry th' Eight in these wordes : — 
 
 "Be it enacted by the Kinge, our Sovereigne Lorde and 
 the lordes spirituall and temporall and the comons of the 
 same, that the sayde two severall and distinct companies, that 
 is to say bothe the Barbours Chugeons and the Sourgeons 
 and every parson of theam beinge a freeman of either of the 
 saide companyes after the custome of the sayde Citie of 
 London and their successors from henceforthe immediately be 
 unyted and made one entier and whole body corporate and 
 one societie perpetuall, which at all tymes hereafter shal be 
 called by the name of Maisters and Governours of the 
 mistery and comunalty of Barbours and Surgeons of London 
 for evermore, and by none other name. 
 
 " In consideracion whereof and for that it doth appeere a 
 thing most requisite for the unitiuge of these two companyes 
 together, and for that the occupation of the Barbour 
 Chirurgeons being incorporate hath, since the tyme of Kinge 
 Henry the Sixth, used and boren armes, that is to say Sables 
 a Cheveron, between three fleumes argent, which were unto 
 them assigned onely by the gifte and assignement of Claren- 
 cieulx, Kinge of Armes, as by the patent thereof doth and 
 may more plainly appeere, and since the unitynge of the said
 
 THE barbers' company. 63 
 
 t\\ companyes these armes of the said Corporation of Barher 
 Chirurgeons hath hen used and none other. 
 
 " Yet notwithstandinge the late King Henry th' Eighth 
 
 of famous memory assigned and gave unto the Companie of 
 
 the Chirurgeons onely a cognoysance which is a spatter 
 
 thereon a rose gules crowned golde for their warrant in fielde, 
 
 but no authoritie by warrant for the bearinge of the same in 
 
 shilde as armes, and for that it pleased the same Kinge 
 
 Henry th' Eighth not only to unite and incorporate these two 
 
 companyes together by Acte of Parleament, but also hath 
 
 ratifyed and cofirmed the same by his letters patents, under 
 
 the greate seale of Engiande, and so lately cofirmed by the 
 
 Queene's Majestie that now is. And whereas Thomas Galle, 
 
 in the thirde yere of the Queene's Majesties reigne that now 
 
 is, beinge maister ; Alexander Mason, John Standon, Eobert 
 
 Mudesley, Governors of the same corporation, mistery, and 
 
 comunaltie of Barbours and Chirurgeons, beinge desirouse to 
 
 have some signes and tokens of honor added and augmented 
 
 to th' olde and ancient armes of the Barbour Chirurgeons, 
 
 not onely for a perpetuall memorie as well of the famous 
 
 Prince, Kinge Henry th' Eighth, their founder and patrone, 
 
 but also for a further declaracion of th' unitinge of those two 
 
 copanyes togither, did instantly require the late Clarencieulx 
 
 Heruey to cosider the premisses and to show his endevor 
 
 therein ; who, findinge there request just and lawfull, did 
 
 graunt and give unto theim by his letters patentes, under the 
 
 hand and seale bearinge date the 5th of July (1561), in the 
 
 thirde yere of the reigne of the Queene's Majestie that now 
 
 is, an augmentacion in chief to their olde and aunciente 
 
 armes, with heaulme and creaste to the same, which chiefe 
 
 was paly argent and vert on a pale gules, a lyon passant 
 
 gardant golde, betweene two spatters, argent on eche, a 
 
 double rose gules and argent crowned golde and their creaste, 
 
 on a lorce silver and sables, an Opinicus golde mantelled gules, 
 
 doubled argent ; and further, in the tyme of Robert Barthrop, 
 
 Esquire, Sergeaunt of the Queene's Majesties Chirurgeons, 
 
 then being maister of the said misterie and comunalty of the 
 
 Barbours and Chirurgeons; and George Vaughan, Richard 
 
 Hughes, and George Corron, governors of the same corpora-
 
 54 THE barbers' company. 
 
 tion, the sayd Clarencieulx Heruey did graunt unto the sayd 
 corporation two supporters to those armes before given therein, 
 which were two linxe in their proper coulor, aboute their 
 neckes a crowne with a chayne argent pendent thereat, as by 
 the sayde letters patentes more plainly doth appeere. Yet, 
 notwithstandinge, for as much as it doth plainly appeere unto 
 us the seyd Garter Clarencieulx and Norroy, Kinges of Armes, 
 that the aforesayd armes in some respects were not onely 
 contrary to the wordes of the corporation of the sayd Barbours 
 and Chirurgeons, but that also in the same patent of armes 
 there are sondrey other thinges contrary and not agreeinge 
 with the aunciente lawes and rules of armes. 
 
 " We, the sayd Kiuges-of- Armes, by power and authorite 
 to us comited by letters patent under the greate seal of 
 Englande have confirmed and graunted the foresayde armes, 
 creast, and supporters heretofore mentioned to be boren in 
 maner and fourme heerafter specified. That is to say — 
 
 " Quarterly, the first, sables, a cheveron betweene three 
 flewmes argent. The second quarter, per pale, argent and 
 vert on a spatter of the first, a double rose, gules and argent, 
 crowned golde. The third quarter as the seconde, and the 
 fourth as the first. Over all, on a crosse gules, a lyon 
 passant, guardant golde ; and to their creast upon the 
 heaulme on a Torce argent and sables, an Opinicus* golde 
 mantelled gules doubled argent, supported with two linxe in 
 their proper coulour, about their necks a crowne with a chayne 
 argent pendant thereat, as more plainly appearith depicted in 
 this margent. 
 
 " Which armes, creast, and supporters, and every parte 
 and parcell thereof, we, the sayd Kinges of Armes have con- 
 firmed, ratified, given, and graunted, and by these presents 
 do ratify, confirme, give, and graunt vnto Kichard Thol- 
 mowed, Maister of the sayd Misterie and comunaltie ; 
 Nicholas Archenbolde, Thomas Burston, and John Fielde, 
 
 * Opinicus. — An iieraldic beast of a three-fold character, which never entered 
 into Noah's Ark, and has been ludicrously called, " The Barber's Flying 
 Jackass," and it is thus described by Burke : " Its body and fore legs are said to 
 be like a lion's ; head and neck like an eagle ; to the body wings are affixed 
 like unto a grifiin, with a short tail like unto a camel."
 
 THE barbers' company. 55 
 
 gouvernors of the sayd Corporation, Mistery, and Comunaltie 
 of Barbours and Chirurgeons, and to their successors by the 
 name of Master and Gouvernors and to the whole Assistantes, 
 Company, and Fellowshippe of the sayd Corporation, Mistery, 
 and Comunaltie of Barbours and Chirurgeons within this 
 city of London, and to their successors for evermore, and 
 they the same to have, holde, vse, bear, enjoy, and shew 
 forthe in shylde, seale, banner, or bannerolles, standard or 
 standards, penon or penons, pencell or pencelles, or otherwise 
 to their honors and worshippes at all tymes and for ever 
 hereafter at their libertie and pleasure without the impedi- 
 ment, let, molestation, or interruption of any person or 
 persons. 
 
 " In witness whereof, we the said Garter, Clarencieulx and 
 Norroy, Kings of Arms have signed these presentes with our 
 hands and affixed thereunto our severall seales of arms, the 
 second day of June, in the yere of the Nativitee of our Lord 
 Jesus Christ (1569), and in the eleventh yere of the reigne of 
 Our most dread Souvreyne Lady Elizabeth by the grace of 
 God Queene of Englande, Fraunce, and Irelande, Defender 
 of the Faith, etc. 
 
 " Gilbert Dethick, alias Garter. 
 
 " Principal Kinge of Armes. 
 
 " Robert Cooke, alias Clarencieulx, 
 " Roy D'Armes. 
 
 "p Moy Wylliam Flower, alias Norroy, 
 "Roy D'Armes. 
 " Entered, approved, and allowed in the Visitation made 
 1634. 
 
 " Hen. St. George, Richmond." 
 
 Note. — It is singular that Garter Sir Gilbert Dethick and 
 his Assistants did not know that these arms and supporters 
 had been granted to the Company of Surgeons by King 
 Henry VII.
 
 66 
 
 THE BARBERS COMPANY. 
 
 A comely 
 moni;ment in 
 the south wall 
 of the chancel, 
 St. Bartholo- 
 mew's Church. 
 
 BaItt|orp- 
 
 " Here Kobert Balthorp lies entomb'd, 
 To Elizabeth our Queene 
 Who Sergeant of the Chirurgeons sworne 
 Neere thirty yeeres hath beene. 
 He died at sixty-nine of yeeres, 
 December ninth the day. 
 The year of Grace eight hundred twice, 
 Deducting nine away. 
 Let here his rotten bones repose 
 Till Angel's trumpet sound. 
 To warn the world of present change, 
 And raise the dead from ground. 
 
 VrVET POST FUNERA VIRTUS." 
 
 ^ank(^s. 
 
 St. Michael- " Thomas Bankes, Barber Chirurgeon, 1598, Deputie of 
 Querue). this Ward, who had to wife Joan Laurence, by whom he had 
 
 issue seven sonnes and ten daughters." 
 
 Brtckcti 
 
 Bishopsgate " John Brickett, Citizen and Toothdrawer of London (by 
 Ward. ]^^g jj^g|. ^^11 ^^^ testament, dated the eleventh day of 
 
 February, 1554), gave for ever at the feast of Easter, twelve 
 sackes of Charcoales to the poore of this parish out of two 
 tenements, the one now in the occupation of Andrew 
 Partridge, Tallow Chandler, the other late in the occupation 
 of Andrew Seywell, Bricklayer, both joining together at the 
 south side of Bell Alley Gate in this Parish." 
 
 Ct^orncy, 
 
 St. Andrew, " Here lyeth the body of Thomas Thorney, late Citizen 
 comely monu- ^^^ Barber-Chirurgeon of London, who dyed the 4 of June, 
 merit in the 1614, and lived 71 yeeres, being twice Master of his Com- 
 the Church, in P^ny, and one of the Common Councell of this City : who 
 the wall. gaye it to the poore of this parish of St. Andrew, 10 pounds
 
 THE BAEBEES* COMPANY. 57 
 
 to be distributed on the day of his funerall, and ten pounds a 
 yeere afterward to ten poore Pensioners of this parish for 
 ever. And twenty shillings to the poore people of Acton 
 for ever ; who died without issue of his body, and made 
 Peter Thorney, Citizen and Barber- Chirurgeon of London 
 (his brother's sonne) his heire and sole Executor : who 
 kneeleth with him in this module, being finished and set up 
 in the month of December, An Dom. 1614, and at the onely 
 cost and charges of the said Peter Thorney, in memory of so 
 worthy a member, who lived in good credit, name, and fame 
 all the days of his life, and did many good offices and 
 memorable acts in this parish." 
 
 "John Bankes, Mercer, and Esquire, whose body lyeth st. Michael 
 here interred, the Sonne of Thomas Bankes, free of the Bassishaw. 
 Barber- Surgeans ; this John was aged 59, and expired the 
 ninth of September, Anno 1630. 
 
 *' His first wife was Martha, a widow, by whom he had one 
 onely sonne deceased : his second wife was Anne Hasell who 
 left unto him one daughter and heire called Anna, since 
 married unto Edmoud Waller, of Berkensfield, in Bucking- 
 hamshire, Esquire. He gave by his last will and testament 
 (written with his owne hand), to unbeneficed ministers ; to 
 decayed housekeepers ; to the poore of many parishes ; to all 
 (or the most) of the prisons, Bridewells, and Hospitals, in 
 and about London ; to young Beginners to set up their 
 trades ; to the artillery Garden, and towards the maintenance 
 thereof for ever ; very bountifully to his owne Compaiiy, both 
 in lands and money ; to his Friends, in tokens of remem- 
 brance ; to divers of his Kindred, and to other charitable and 
 pious uses, the summe of 6000 li. notwithstanding Noble and 
 sufficient Dower to his daughter reserved. A.nd all these 
 several legacies, by his carefull Executor Robert Tichbourne, 
 and his overseers, punctually observed, and fully discharged. 
 
 " Imbalmed in pious Arts, 
 Wrapt in a shroud
 
 58 THE BAEBEKS' COMPANY. 
 
 Of white innocuous Charity, 
 Who vow'd 
 Having enough 
 The world should understand 
 No deed of mercy 
 Might escape his hand. 
 Bankes here is laid to sleepe, 
 This place did breed him, 
 A president to all 
 That shall succeed him. 
 Note both his life 
 And immitable end. 
 Know he th' unrighteous 
 Mammon made his friend. 
 Expressing by his talents, 
 Kich Increase 
 
 Service that gained him praise 
 And lasting Peace. 
 Much was to him committed, 
 Much he gave. 
 Entering his treasure there, 
 Whence all shall have 
 Returne with use 
 What to the poore is given, 
 Claims a just promise 
 Of Reward in Heaven. 
 Even such a Banke 
 Bankes left behind at last 
 Riches stored up, which 
 Age nor Time can waste." 
 
 This company is rich in its beautiful plate, which is rare 
 of its kind. 
 
 The silver gilt grace cup and cover presented by king 
 Henry VIII. to this company, said to be designed by 
 Holbein.* This cup bears the hall mark of 1523. On the 
 stem and foot are chased, (repousse,) scrolls of the Tudor rose 
 
 * A self taught genius and celebrated historical and portrait painter.
 
 THE barbers' company. 69 
 
 and fleur-de-lys. The bottom of the cup is plain, with four 
 bands, from which hang as many small bells from lions' 
 heads, and an engraved border of the above badges together 
 with the portcullis alternately.* 
 
 The cover is flat and similarly engraved, surmounted by 
 the royal arms of England and France, with the greyhound 
 and lion as supporters, above which is a crown. It is 
 inscribed within the cover " Henrici R. munificentia ne 
 posteris ignota maneat Johannes Knight R + C + P (Regis 
 Chirurgus Princeps) 1678." 
 
 Pepys in his diary under date 27th February, 1662, 
 vol. ii. ed. 1857, p. 120, says : "We drunk the King's health 
 out of a gilt cup given by king Henry VIII. to this company, 
 with bells hanging at it, which every man is to ring by 
 shaking after he hath drunk up the whole cup." 
 
 This cup was not always, as it now is, entirely of silver, 
 the bowl was of crystal or glass, doubtless a poison cup, for 
 it was considered that if poison were put into crystal the 
 crystal would cloud over, and thus discover the poison, and 
 warn the drinker of the deadly contents of the cup. It 
 weighs 27 ozs. 5 dwts. 
 
 I have read somewhere, (although at this moment my 
 memory fails me where,) that this cup, with other pieces of 
 plate, were sold by the company to raise money to enable 
 Inigo Jones to build their hall. That this cup was re- 
 purchased by Dr. Arris and handed over to the company, for 
 which kind act it was ordered that he should have his picture 
 painted, and be hereafter styled " Our Loving Brother." 
 
 The vojal grace cup presented by king Charles II. is of 
 silver, in the form of an oak tree. On the cup are four 
 shields, on one is inscribed " Donum munificentissimi Regis 
 Caroli Secundi, anno 1676"; on the second the inscription 
 runs thus : " Irapetrantibus Chirurgis Regijs Johanne Knight 
 Chirurgo Regis Principalj et Jacobo Pearse, Eodem anno 
 
 * Made by Morett, who was goldsmith to king Henry VIII. who 
 employed Holbein as a designer, and made up most of his works in connexion 
 with one Hans Zurch, also a goldsmith of London, who was introduced and 
 recommended by Erasmus to Sir Thomas More, and by Sir Thomas to the 
 Kmg. (Holbein died looi, aged 56.) — Grainger, vol. i. p. 113, class x.
 
 60 THE BARBERS'^COMPANY. 
 
 S * Magistro" ; the other two shields are emblazoned 
 
 with the arms and crest of the company. From these shields 
 hang four gilt bells shaped like acorns. The whole of the 
 cup is profusely chased with leaves and garlands. On the 
 cover, which is surmounted by an arched crown, gilt, with 
 the royal arms and supporters, are bosses of the rose, thistle, 
 harp, and fleur-de-lys. The cup stands 16f inches high, and 
 weighs 68 ozs. 5 dwts. 
 
 Four loving cups in silver, with covers frosted, each 
 surmounted with a figure in armour, (said to be Mars,) 
 ornamented with the arms of the company and of the 
 donor ; the first bears this inscription : " Charisma Martini 
 Browne, Armigeri Nuper Senatoris Civitatis Londinensis, 
 & Praefecti Societatis Barbitonsor et Chirurgor, 1653." The 
 arms on the shield in the hand of the figure bears quarterly 
 first and fourth three mullets, second and third a bugle horn 
 between three escallop shells. 
 
 The second cup is engraved with this inscription : ' ' Ex 
 dono ThomaB Bowdeui, Chirurgi et hujus Societatis 
 Gubernatorum quarti. Anno Dni. 1654." On the figure's 
 shield the bearings are quarterly, Argent and Gules, in the 
 first quarter a lion passant guardant. 
 
 The third cup is inscribed : " The Guift of John 
 Frederiche, Alderman, and of this Societie Master, Anno 
 Dni. 1654 ; " the bearing on the shield thus, on a chief 
 three falcons. 
 
 The fourth cup is engraved : " The Gift of Thomas Bell, 
 Chirurgion, to the Worshipful Company of Barber-Chirirgions, 
 London, July 28th. 1663." On the shield it has, on a chief 
 three bells. 
 
 A silver flagon with the company's arms and those of the 
 donor, " Thomas Collins, Artis Chirurgicae professor 
 peritissimus ut symbolum amoris venerabili Chirurgorum 
 Societati hoc douavit." The crest is a demi-griffin collared. 
 The arms, on a bend three martlets within a bordure ermine, 
 in the sinister quarter a crescent. Weight 55 ozs.f 
 
 A tankard and cover, the gift of T. Fothergill, 1662. 
 
 * Supremo? 
 
 f Extracted from the Ironmongers' Company's Catalogue, pp. 4, 601, G02, 603.
 
 THE barbers' company. 61 
 
 Two rose water dishes, the gift of Rohert Andrewes, 1663. 
 Weight 141 ozs. 14 dwts. 
 
 Four silver goblets, weighing 33 ozs. 17 dwts. These are 
 the four goblets which were bought back of the thieves who 
 robbed the company by breaking into the hall on the 8th 
 November, 1615. On the 11th November Thomas Lyne, a 
 notorious Westminster thief, did confess how that he was the 
 plotter for breaking into this hall, and that the plate was 
 carried to his house by the thieves, Thomas Jones, Nicholas 
 Somes, and Walter Foster, and it was locked up in a trunk 
 where, by Lyne's confession, it was found intact. Jones was 
 captured shortly after, and, with Lyne, brought to Newgate, 
 and were executed in December for this fact. In January 
 following, 1616, Somes or Sames was taken and executed. 
 These four goblets were presented by Edward Arris, who 
 founded the Arrisian Lecture. 
 
 A large silver tureen, the gift of Queen Anne, dated 1704, 
 and weighing 160 ozs. in acknowledgment of the services 
 rendered by the company in examining the surgeons for the 
 army and the navy. 
 
 The ladle is of much later date, 1850, although the bowl 
 of it contains a medal of the date of Anne, " The Sous of 
 the Clergy." 
 
 Two beadle's staves' heads, the arms and crest of the 
 company, bear date 1710. 
 
 The waterman's badge, date 1735, bears the arms and 
 crest of the company. Now (1881) that all water progresses 
 of the Lord Mayor and City companies are done away with, 
 and are " a thing of the past," there are no watermen 
 attached to the company, and the badge is not used.* 
 
 A fine silver tea urn, date 1771, presented to the company 
 by Mr. William Wood in 1790. He served the company as 
 clerk. 
 
 Some fine sauce ladles, date 1766, and other table plate, 
 forks, spoons, &c. of early date too numerous to mention, 
 and not deserving special notice. 
 
 * This remark does not apply to the Vintners' or Dyers' Company. Both 
 of these have a waterman attached to the company, whose duty it is to attend 
 to the company on its progress of swan-upping up the Thames.
 
 62 THE barbers' company. 
 
 Four garlands or crowns, worn by the master and wardens 
 on election day. The master's cap is of crimson velvet, with 
 gold tassels, with a silver Ijand, bearing the arms, supporters, 
 and crest on one of the engraved shields, together with the 
 Tudor rose, crowned wathin a foliage of oak leaves and acorns 
 which are gilt. Two of the warden's caps are made of 
 crimson satin, and the third, of later date, is of green satin, 
 all similar in form to the master's garland, but the silver 
 mountings are without the supporters to the arms. One 
 garland only bears the motto "De praescientia Dei." 
 
 In a glass case on the side-board there are some good 
 specimens of so-called Lowestoft china. The ware itself is 
 oriental. They consist of some cups and saucers, and a 
 barber's shaving dish, with the side scooped out to fit the 
 neck of the shaved, and thus prevent water from spilling over 
 him during the operation of washing the chin and beard 
 
 The Dutch, who for years had the exclusive permission, 
 for one ship only, to visit Japan during the year, imported 
 these articles, cups, dishes, plates, &c. to Holland, whence 
 they were exported in all probability to Yarmouth, thence 
 taken to Lowestoft, or more properly speaking to Gunton, 
 where, about the year 1756, Mr. Hewlin Luson, of Gunton 
 Hall, had established a manufacture of porcelain.* 
 
 FERBKAS' CHARITY.— Mr. Robert Ferbras, Citizen and 
 Barber- Surgeon, by his will, dated 2nd December, 1470, 
 devised two freehold houses, in the parish of St. John, 
 Walbrook, London, to the company, upon trust, after 
 doing the repairs, to divide one moiety of the surplus 
 among poor members of the company, which are 
 
 * Although his experiments did not succeed yet another factory was 
 established in the following year by Messrs. Walker, Brown, Aldud, and 
 Rickman. The greatest prosperity of these works was between the years 1770 
 and 1800, but in the year 1802 the works were abandoned and the stock sold. 
 A portion of the factory is still standing. From certain pieces of Delft ware 
 bearing inscriptions and dates as early as 1752 it is probable that that ware 
 had been painted in this locality. It is easily told, as the blue colour is beneath 
 the glaze and the red and gold painted on the glaze, therefore it can be felt. 
 The ware is scarce and valuable.
 
 THE barbers' company. 63 
 
 distributed quarterly among twenty-eight poor freemen 
 
 and widows. 
 N.B. — The above houses have been taken down and sold, 
 and the proceeds invested in the purchase of a freehold house, 
 No. 69, Leadenhall Street, and £264 15s. lOd. 3 per cent, 
 consols, in the name of the Accountant-General of the Court 
 of Chancery, in the matter of the London Improvement Acts, 
 ex-parte The Barbers' Company, which last named sum has 
 been sold, and the proceeds, together with ^£115 8s. 8d. part 
 of £150 cash, received by sale of an ancient light belonging to 
 No. 69, Leadenhall Street, have been invested in the purchase 
 of a freehold house, No. 57, Lansdowne lioad, Notting Hill. 
 There is also a sum of £75 consols belonging to this charity 
 in the name of the company, being the proceeds of invest- 
 ments of balances in former years. 
 
 BANCKS' GIFT.— Mr. Thomas Bancks, by his will, dated 
 the 15th October, 1595, gave to the company an annuity 
 of Twenty Shillings, on condition that they should 
 yearly distribute equally, amongst twelve poor people of 
 the company, twelve twopenny loaves, six stone of beef, 
 and two shillings in money. And Mr. John Bancks, his 
 son, by indenture, dated the 20th May, 1619, also gave 
 an annuity of Twenty Shillings, to be distributed in the 
 same manner, and on the same day, as his father's 
 charity. 
 N.B. — The company further increased tbis charity to one 
 hundred and fifty pounds of beef, thirty-six threepenny loaves, 
 and six shillings in copper money, which were yearly dis- 
 tributed equally amongst thirty-six poor members of the 
 company, on the first Tuesday in May. This charity is now 
 administered by the Mercers' Company, under an order of 
 the Court of Chancery in the suit of Her Majesty's Attorney- 
 General, Informant, against the Mercers' Company and 
 others. Defendants. After sundry payments out of the 
 improved rents and profits, one- seventh part of the residue 
 was ordered to be paid to the Barbers' Company. The 
 property consists of freehold property at Holloway, but the 
 income has for some years been insufficient to pay the
 
 64 THE barbers' company. 
 
 expenses of the outlaj^ inciirred for making roads, &c., and 
 there heing due to the company a balance of <£66 19s. 9d. 
 the court, on 6th Msij, 1868, ordered payments to the 
 pensioners to be discontinued until the position of the 
 charity admitted of the same being renewed. 
 
 BAKER'S GIFT.— Mr. Alexander Baker, by his will, dated 
 the 25th of September, 1835, gave to the company an 
 annuity of Three Pounds, charged upon a freehold 
 house. No. 195, Upper Thames Street, to be yearly 
 distributed to six decayed freemen of the company, 
 which is done on the first Tuesday in July. 
 
 Mr. MICHAEL I'ANS' CHARITY.— Mr. Michael I'Ans, 
 
 by his will, dated the 21st of August, 1759, gave to the 
 
 company Two Thousand Pounds, the interest of which 
 
 he directed to be applied and distributed amongst twenty 
 
 poor liverymen's widows of the company. And Mr. 
 
 John Driver, by his will, dated the 15th of February, 
 
 1810, gave the sum of Ticenty Pounds to be applied in 
 
 addition to the said gift. 
 
 N.B. — This fund, with accumulations, now consists of 
 
 £4,759 18s. Id. consols, the dividends of which are 
 
 distributed half-yearly to twenty poor widows of liverymen of 
 
 the company, on the first Tuesdays in February and August. 
 
 DECAYED LIVERYMEN'S FUND.— The Court of 
 Assistants, by an order of the court, dated the 3rd day 
 of June, 1823, set apart from the funds of the company 
 the sum of Ni)ie Hundred Pounds, Old South Sea 
 Annuities, for the purpose of forming a fund for the 
 relief of decayed liverymen of the company ; the 
 dividends whereof are distributed half-yearly amongst 
 seven poor liverymen of the company, on the first 
 Tuesdays in May and November. 
 N.B. — The Old South Sea Annuities having been paid 
 
 off, the proceeds were invested in the purchase of a freehold 
 
 house, No. 46, Church Street, Minories, and sL'56 4s. 2fZ. 
 
 Long Annuities, since also paid off. The fund with
 
 THE barbers' company. 65 
 
 accumulations, now consists of £298 ISs. 8d. consols, and 
 ^eiOO Keduced Annuities (Mr. Skipper's gift). Also £477 9*-. 
 consols (Mr. Lawton's Gift). 
 
 Mr. THOMAS KIDDEK, late one of the Court of Assistants 
 of this Company, by his will, dated the 18th of December, 
 1828, gave unto the master and wardens thereof One 
 Hundred Pounds, 3 per cent. Consolidated Annuities, 
 and directed the interest to be applied for the relief of 
 one poor freeman's widow of the Company for ever, on 
 the first Tuesday in February and August. 
 
 Mr. THOMAS COTTEELL'S CHAKITY.— Mr. Thomas 
 Cottrell, by his will, dated 28th of January, 1833, gave 
 to the Company Three Thousand Three Hundred and 
 Thirty-three Pounds Six Shillings and Eight Pence 
 3 per cent. Consols, subject to the Legacy Duty, the 
 dividends to be equally divided between twenty-five 
 widows of decayed liverymen of the Company, which are 
 distributed on the first Tuesdays in February and August. 
 N.B. — This fund, with accumulations, now consists of 
 
 £8,100 consols. 
 
 Mr. WILLIAM LONG'S CHARITY.— Mr. William Long, 
 by his will, dated 7th July, 1834, gave to the Company, 
 One Thomand Pounds 3 per cent. Consolidated Bank 
 Annuities, and he directed one moiety of the dividends 
 thereof to be paid half-yearly unto so many of the poor 
 liverymen as the Company should appoint to receive the 
 same, and the other moiety thereof he directed to be 
 paid half-yearly among twenty poor widows of liverymen 
 of the Company, in like manner as Mr. Michael I'Ans' 
 charity is disposed of. 
 N.B. — This fund, with accumulations, now consists of 
 
 £1,045 consols. 
 
 Mr. MALOLM DUNNETT'S CHARITY.~Mr. Malcolm 
 Dunnett, by his will, dated 30th August, 1842, gave to 
 the Company the sum of Two Hundred Pounds 3 per
 
 66 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 
 
 cent. Reduced Annuities, to be applied by the Company 
 for the support of decayed liverymen, preference being 
 at all times given to the two senior liverymen of the 
 Company who shall apply for relief, and be in addition to 
 any other aid which they would otherwise be entitled to 
 receive from any other charitable fund of the Company. 
 This charity is distributed on the first Tuesdays in May 
 and November. 
 
 Mr. peter SKIPPER'S CHARITY.— Mr. Peter Skipper, 
 by his will, dated 25th of September, 1846, gave One 
 Hundred Pounds, free of Legacy Duty, in aid of the 
 Decayed Livery Fund, with which charity the amount is 
 now amalgamated 
 
 Mr. PHILIP LAWTON'S CHARITY.— Mr. Philip Lawton, 
 by his will, proved 13th August, 1856, gave Five 
 Hundred Pounds, less Legacy Duty, upon trust, to pay 
 the interest and dividends to poor decayed liverymen and 
 freemen or their widows. 
 N.B. — This fund now consists of the sum of £477 9-s. 
 
 consols. 
 
 ALMS HOUSE FUND.— The court of assistants, by a 
 
 resolution dated 7th August, 1855, established a fund 
 
 for the erection and endowment of alms houses for 
 
 decayed members of the Company and their widows. 
 
 N.B. — This fund now consists of the sum of £895, in 
 
 3 per cent, consols. 
 
 Mr. JOHN ATKINSON'S CHARITIES.— Mr. John 
 Atkinson, by deed dated 4th November, 1856, and 
 enrolled, conveyed to the Company ten freehold houses, 
 situate in Cross Keys Court and Half Moon Alley, 
 Cripplegate, London, upon trust, to apply the rents and 
 profits thereof in aid of the alms house fund. These 
 houses have been taken by the Metropolitan Railway, 
 and the purchase money was invested in the purchase of 
 £998 12s. 3fL Consols in the name of the Accountant-
 
 THE BAEBERS' COMPANY. 67 
 
 General of the Court of Chancery, in re Metropolitan 
 Eailvvaj- — ex-parte the Barbers' Company. The consols 
 have been sold and the proceeds invested in the purchase 
 of freehold houses, Nos. 53, 55, and 59, Lansdowne 
 Road, Notting Hill. 
 
 Mr. JOHN ATKINSON, on the 5th February, 1861, 
 presented the sum of Of/e Hundred Poimds Consols to 
 the Company, the interest thereof to be employed in 
 the purchase of bibles for distribution among the poor 
 members of the Company. 
 
 Mr. JOHN ATKINSON, by his will, dated 30th of August, 
 1858, bequeathed the residue of his personal estate to 
 trustees therein named, upon trust, after the death of 
 his wife, daughter, brother, sister, and nephews, to 
 transfer the stocks, funds, and securities whereon the 
 same should be invested to the master and governors of 
 the Company, upon trust, to found and establish an 
 institution to be called " The Barbers' Asylum," the 
 interest thereof to be applied for the lodging, mainten- 
 ance, and education of the poor members of the 
 Company and their widows and children. 
 
 PRINTED BY T. BRETTELL AMD CO 51, RUPERT STREET, LONDON, W.
 
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