MUST mUlAJLT 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 University of California. 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 
 Class 
 
THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX 
 
 ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 IN ITALIAN. 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins 
 University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 OLIVER MARTIN JOHNSTON. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 RowsELL & Hutchison, 74 and 76 King Street East. 
 
 1898. 
 
THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 IN ITALIAN. 
 
 DISSERTATION 
 
 Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopki?is 
 University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 OLIVER MARTIN JOHNSTON. 
 
 TORONTO: 
 RowsELL & Hutchison, 74 and 76 King Street East. 
 
 1898. 
 
Pa 
 
 Ml 
 
 TO 
 
 MY DEAR PARENTS, 
 
 TO WHOSE CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT 
 
 I AM GREATLY INDEBTED FOR WHAT I MAY 
 
 HAVE ACCOMPLISHED IN MY STUDIES, 
 
 THIS MONOGRAPH IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. 
 
 184667 
 
I 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 .Introduction xi-xii 
 
 I. — Chapter I. — Mixing of Tonic and Atonic Forms 1-27 
 
 A . — Examples of irregular occurrences in the texts examined 1 -9 
 
 1. — Tonic forms in atonic position 1-7 
 
 a. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position . . 1-2 
 
 b. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; attach- 
 
 ed to the verb 3 
 
 c. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; not 
 
 attached to the verb 3-4 
 
 d. — Double forms in proclitic position, in which 
 the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has 
 
 been carried to the first pronoun 4-6 
 
 e. — Double forms in enclitic position, in which 
 the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has 
 
 been carried to the first pronoun 6-7 
 
 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position 8 
 
 3. — Union of two atonic forms in combinations where 
 
 the second pronoun is usually tonic 8-9 
 
 a. — In proclitic position 8-9 
 
 b. — In enclitic position 9 
 
 M. —Resume 9-12 
 
 1. — Tonic pronouns in atonic position 9-10 
 
 a. — Single tonics in proclitic position 9-10 
 
 b. — Single tonics in enclitic position 10-11 
 
 aa. — Attached to the verb 10 
 
 66. — Not attached to the verb 10-11 
 
 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position > 11 
 
 3. — Double forms, in which the first is generally written 
 
 as a tonic, but sometimes both are atonic . . 11-12 
 
 a. — In proclitic position 11 
 
 6. — In enclitic position 12 
 
 ■C — Discussion of tonic pronouns in atonic position 12-24 
 
 1. — In proclitic position 13-15 
 
 a. — me, te, se — remnants of the Latin accusative. 13-15 
 
 6. — el for il, a dialectical form 15 
 
VJ TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE- 
 
 2. — me and te in enclitic position 15-17 
 
 a. — Attached to the verb 15-16 
 
 h. — me and te following immediately aftei' the 
 
 verb and not attached 17 
 
 3. — Tonic forms that have a similar explanation in pro- 
 
 , clitic and enclitic position 17-24 
 
 a. — ?ie, the first person plural 17-18 
 
 h. — noi, voi, lui, lei, loro - 19-20 
 
 c. — me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc. ; me ne, 
 
 te ne, se ne ; glielo, etc. ; gliene 20-22 
 
 d. — The second prondiin in the^fe ' 'combinations 
 
 (no. c) is tonic 23-24 
 
 D. — Discussion of atonic forms in tonic position 24-25 
 
 1. — Introduced through dialectical influence 24-25 
 
 E. — Extent of the mixing of tonic and atonic forms 25 
 
 F. — Time of disappearance 25-26 
 
 Conclusions 26-27 
 
 II. — Chapter II. — Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position . . 28-60 
 
 A. — Examples of regular occurrences in texts examined . . 28-39 
 
 1. — General constructions 28-31 
 
 a. — Single proclitics 28-29 
 
 aa. — Before finite verbs 28-29 
 
 hh. — Before infinitives 29 
 
 h. — Single enclitics 30 
 
 aa. — Attached to infinitives 30 
 
 hh. — Attached to imperatives 30 
 
 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic 
 
 position 30-31 
 
 2. — Special constructions 31-39 
 
 a. — Single proclitics 31-35 
 
 h. — Single enclitics with finite verbs 35-36 
 
 c. — Enclitics with che, dietro, addo'^so, dreto ... 36-37 
 d. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- 
 tic position 37-38 
 
 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes 
 
 the indirect object in combinations where 
 
 mi, ti, ci, vl stand next to lo, etc., la, etc. . 38-39 
 
 5.— Resume 39-43 
 
 a. — Single proclitics 39-41 
 
 6.— Single enclitics 41-42 
 
 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- 
 
 tic position 42 
 
 d. — Pronouns of address 42-43 
 
 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes 
 
 the indirect object 43- 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll 
 
 PAGE 
 
 -€'. — Discussion of single atonies 43-57 
 
 1. — In proclitic position 43-45 
 
 a. — Nominatives ^', i, no\ vo', e\ gli, la, l\ 
 
 {=la),le 43-45 
 
 b. — Atonic pronouns in hiatus 45 
 
 2. — In enclitic position 45-46 
 
 a. —Origin of 77ii, ti, si 45-46 
 
 ,3. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic posi- 
 tion (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic) . 46-57 
 
 a. — Mixing of gender, number, and person 46-48 
 
 aa. — Masculine for feminine 46-47 
 
 bh. — Singular for plural 47 
 
 cc. —si i- cl) 47-48 
 
 b. — Uses of il, 7, and lo before the verb 48-49 
 
 c. — Position of atonic pronouns with tinite verbs 49-50 
 d. — Position of atonic pronouns with infinitives. . 50-51 
 
 aa. — Infinitives not dependent upon verbs. 50 
 
 bb. — Infinitives depending on verbs 51 
 
 e. — Reflexives 51-52 
 
 /. — Dative constructions 52-54 
 
 aa. — Dative with verbs 52-53 
 
 bb. — Indirect object after adjectives 53 
 
 cc. — Dative of the possessor 53 ' 
 
 dd. — Possessive strengthened by the dative 53-54 
 
 ee. — Dative of the agent 54 
 
 g. — Atonic pronouns of address 54-57 
 
 D. — Discussion of double atonies 57-58 
 
 1. — Arrangement 57-58 
 
 •Conclusions 58-60 
 
 ^Bibliography 61-66 
 
SYNTACTICAL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS 
 
 IN ITALIAN 
 
 FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRTEENTH 
 
 TO THE END OF 
 
 THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 The atonic forms existing in the texts examined are :- 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 1st Person . 
 2nd Person . 
 3rd Per. m. . 
 8rd Per. fem. 
 Reflexives . 
 
 SUBJECT. 
 
 1, 1. 
 
 e', gli. 
 la, r. 
 
 DIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 mi, m . 
 
 ti, t'. 
 
 ii, '1, lo, r 
 la, r. 
 
 si, s'. 
 
 INDIRECT OBJECT. 
 
 mi, m. 
 ti, t'. 
 
 gli, gr, li, i. 
 le, gli. 
 
 si, s'. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 1st Person . 
 2nd Person . 
 .3rd Per. m. . 
 3rd Per. fem. 
 Reflexives . 
 
 The table given above represents the general usage in 
 the texts consulted ; however, in a historical examination 
 of proclitics and enclitics in Italian (in addition to the 
 regular atonic constructions), numerous examples are found 
 of the corresponding tonic pronouns that occur in unac- 
 cented position and which are governed as direct and 
 indirect objects of verbs, just as in the case of atonies. 
 Similar researches will also show that atonic vii and ti 
 were occasionally adopted in tonic position. 
 
 This variance in usage makes it necessary, first of all, 
 that a full collection of the irreo^ularities mentioned be 
 
 ^ The tonic form loro early supplanted the plurals (jli, li, le, and is now 
 employed regularly in co "junctive position. 
 
Xll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 made, and explanations be offered for the confusion and 
 final separation of tonic and atonic forms, preparatory to- 
 a treatment of the special constructions of the unaccented 
 pronouns, which constructions will then unfold themselves 
 naturally in the light of Historical Grammar. 
 
 Following the atonic forms, already indicated {cf. p. xi), 
 through the texts examined for the present study, it will 
 be noted that the pronouns given were not all employed 
 to the same extent by the authors of the various periods, 
 and many rules will be noted of grammatical structure 
 widely different from those existing in Modern Italian. 
 The application of this historical method to the syntactical 
 point in question not only brings to knowledge construc- 
 tions not hitherto mentioned by Italian grammarians, but 
 classifies all the material found, determines the relative 
 frequency of irregular and special uses by actual count, 
 and, at the same time, not only renders possible rational 
 explanations of the diverse syntactical phenomena, 
 through a comparison of the individual authors of the 
 different epochs of the Italian itself, but, going behind 
 the oldest Italian monuments, enables one to seek the 
 origin of any given Italian construction in the Latin, 
 wherever it is possible to identify the Italian representa- 
 tive with the Latin original. 
 
 Thus, the Syntactical History of the atonic personal 
 pronouns may be divided into two parts. 
 
 In the first chapter the mixing of the accented and 
 unaccented forms will be noted, and suggestions and ex- 
 planations for such confusions will be attempted. In the 
 second chapter will be traced the regular uses of proclitics 
 and enclitics, with special reference to the origin and growth 
 of constructions as influenced by individual authors. 
 
 I now wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor 
 F. J. A. Davidson, of Leland Stanford Jr. University, for 
 kindly reading the proofs of ray dissertation. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 Mixing of Tonic and Atonic Forms. 
 
 THE atonic personal pronouns are the only ones em^ 
 ployed as direct and indirect object of a verb and 
 always stand next to the verb upon which they throw 
 their accent, either leaning forward as proclitics or casting 
 their accent back as enclitics^. Hence, the occurrence of 
 any pronouns in conjunctive position, except the list of 
 atonies already given (c/. p. xi.), will be treated as an abnor- 
 mal use of tonic for atonic forms ; in like manner the use 
 of atonic forms after prepositions, or apart from the verb, 
 will be considered as an equal encioachment of atonic 
 upon the domain of tonic pronouns. With the position of 
 the accented and unaccented Italian pronouns thus defined, 
 irregularities arising from a ^irossing of the two will be 
 easily recognized, tested and eliminated. 
 
 My plan is to mention each construction separately. 
 After a full list of examples has been given, a re'sume will 
 follow, indicating the number of times a given phenomenon 
 is found in each author examined. 
 
 A. — ExaTYi'ples of irregular occurrences in texts exaviined. 
 
 1. — Tonic forms in atonic position. 
 
 a. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position. ' 
 
 el = il: B2, p. 145. 
 
 C'ormai le donne ch'e^ vedranno morto 
 Ciascuna piii pietanza avranno in core. 
 
 me = mi : O, Purg. XXI, 18, 
 
 Poi comincio : nel beato concilio 
 Ti ponga in pace la verace corte, 
 Che me rilega nell 'eterno esilio ; 
 
 DD, p. 3, 
 E poi me disse: guarda el Lupatello. 
 
 ^ For the occasional occurrence of the shortened nominatives i\ i, no', 
 vo\ e', gli, la, I' , le as proclitics in the texts examined compare p. 45. 
 
 ^For the use of the letters A, B, C, etc., in giving reference to the 
 authors, compare p. 61. 
 
noi =^ ci ; U, 8, 3, 
 noi ha lasciati ; 
 
 G, p. 28, 
 tredici staia e mezo di o grano o di farina, 
 qual noi piacese. 
 
 ne=ici : QQ, Atto 3, Sc. 4, 
 Perche, crudo destine, 
 Ife disunisci tu, s'Amor ne stringe ; 
 
 U, 1, 1, 
 
 il mandarlo fuori di casa 
 
 cosi infermo ne sarebbe gran biasmo. 
 
 te = ti : U, 8, 7, 
 
 te ha fatto agghiacciare ; 
 
 W\ kiiiie, 
 io te parlo. 
 
 vai = vi : P, I, 231, 
 
 Cosi me, Donna, il voi veder, felice 
 Fa in questo breve, e frale viver mio ; 
 
 U, 6, 10, 
 Se voi piace. 
 
 se = si : L, p. 205. 
 
 el tesoro diroma si era consumato en la guerra 
 danibal ke non se trova da potere pagare li 
 cavalieri. 
 
 lui = lo : 0, Inf. XXVI, 78, 
 
 In questa forma lui parlare audivi. 
 
 lei = la: P, I, 118, 
 
 E lei vid'io ferita in mezzo '1 core ; 
 
 U, 2, 8, 
 lei hebbero molto cara. 
 
 loro^ = gli, li, le: U, 2, 6, 
 
 il suo fiero proponimento loro aperse ; 
 
 LL, I, 42, 
 E come mi fu tolta, lor narrai. 
 
 ^ In looking for this reference it will be necessary to count six pages 
 forward from folio kiiii, as this system is observed in all editions divided 
 according to folios. 
 
 ^Cf. footnote, p. xi. 
 
b. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; attached to 
 the verb. 
 
 me in rhyme : P, I, 172, 
 
 E I'angelico canto, e le parole 
 
 Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso aitar?7i6, 
 
 Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge ; 
 
 P, I, 236, 
 L'aura serena, che fra verdi fronde 
 Mormorando a ferir nel volto viemme, 
 Fammi risavvenir quand 'Amor diemme 
 Le prime piaghe si dolci e profonde. 
 
 me not in rhyme : P, II, 86, 
 
 E pero mi son mosso a pregar morte, 
 Che mi tolla di qui per farme lieto. 
 
 ne^ = ci : 0, Inf. XIII, 87-89, 
 
 Spirito incarcerato, ancor ti piaccia 
 Di dime come I'anima si lega 
 In questi nocchi ; dinne, se tu puoi, 
 Se alcuna mai da tai membra si spiega. 
 
 te not in rhyme : DD, p. 181, 
 
 Non consentir a far un tal micidio, 
 
 Che sai ch'io t'amo assai piu che tu stessa, 
 
 Per gloriar^e fatto un altro Ovidio. 
 
 G. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; not attached 
 to the verb. 
 
 me = mi ; U, 5, 4, 
 
 volesse Iddio, che tu non facessi piu morir me ; 
 
 O, Inf. XXIII, 91, 
 Poi disser 7ne, ecc. 
 
 noi = ci : 0, Inf. V, 106, 
 
 Amor condusse noi ad una morte. 
 
 te = ti : I, p. 59, 
 
 L'altrui giustizia non libera te. 
 
 voi = vi : A, p. 95 V, 
 
 Anchora d'amar voi non fui si acceso. 
 
 lui = lo : 0, Inf XIV, 71, 
 
 Ma, come io dissi lui, li suoi dispetti 
 Sono al suo petto assai debiti fregi. 
 
 1 Gf. 0, Inf. y, 29 ; PMrg. V, 30. 
 
lei = la: 0, Inf. XXI, Id, 
 
 lo vedea lei, ma non vedea in essa 
 Ma'ehe le bolle che il bollor levava ; 
 
 _ U, 2, 8, 
 egli imaginava lei di bassa condition. 
 
 loro = gli, li, le : II, I, 144, 
 
 Me so quanto il restar fusse lor caro ; 
 
 BBB, p. 72, 
 non parendo loro cosa conveniente che, 
 a quell'ora, si trattenesse piu a lungo. 
 
 d. — Double forms in proclitic position in which the 
 tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the 
 first pronoun. 
 
 me lo == m'elo : V. I, 30, 
 me lo mostra ; 
 
 II, II, 168, 
 Rinaldo me lo viene a disturbare. 
 
 me la = mela : P, II, 119, 
 
 Ben me la die, ma tosto la ritalse ; 
 
 V. I, 29, 
 Che me la manda chiedendo. 
 
 me ne = m'ene : V. I, 22, 
 Cristo me ne guardi. 
 
 ce lo = c'elo : 7i, no v. 59, 
 Che ce lo dia. 
 
 ce la = c'ela : NN, p. 189, 
 
 tale e la nostra vita, quale la natura ce la dece 
 essere poscia che noi venuti ci siamo ; 
 NN, p. 101, 
 se non che quelle cose, che la fortuna ci da, esse 
 dolci e soavi ce le fa essere. 
 
 ce ne =^ cene : J, p. 19, 
 
 credemo bene ch'elli ce ne fara a piacere ;, 
 
 J, p. 21, 
 giammai ne ce ne miraremo drieto. 
 
 te lo =- t'elo : V, I, 9, 
 io te lo diro ; 
 
 II, II, 32, 
 Sai ch'altra volta te lo volsi dire. 
 
4ela = fela : V, I, 12, 
 io te la insegnero ; 
 
 11,1,26, 
 
 Io te la prrattero, s'il ti bisogna. 
 
 ,te ne^fene: V, I, 32, 
 io te ne voglio dire ; 
 
 II, I, 30, 
 
 e'n tulto te ne voglio confortare. 
 
 ,ve Io = v'elo : V, I, 15, 
 \o velo cliro ; 
 
 II, I, 116, 
 
 ve Io contero. 
 
 m la = v'ela : UU, I, 26, 
 ve V ha rubata. 
 
 ije ne = v'ene : J, p. 60, 
 
 noi non ve ne scrivaremo mai piue 
 
 V, I, 15, 
 Pur che ve ne piaccia. 
 
 se Io = s'elo : K, p. 203, 
 
 ma elli se Io sentia si presso, 
 che lion se ne osava partire ; 
 
 Y, p. 135, 
 
 se li gitto a' piedi. 
 
 ■se la = sela : H, p. 130, 
 
 di che ognuno se la levo ; 
 
 Y, nov. 9, 
 se la pregava. 
 
 se ne = s'ene : BBB, p. 18, 
 se n'ando. 
 
 glielo-.Y, I, 245, 
 glielo chiese ; 
 
 BBB, p. 41, 
 glielo raccomandava. 
 
 gliela: V, I, 180, 
 
 tu gliela donerai ; 
 
 V, I, 92, 
 glie la leva. 
 
gliene : V, I, 88, 
 
 Giannetto glie ne voile dare venti mila ; 
 
 BBB, p. 32, 
 certo nessun uomo di oiudizio 
 ghene avrette dato il parere. 
 
 e. — Double forms in enclitic position in which the tonic 
 vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first 
 pronoun, but both forms being attached to the verb the- 
 accent is last. 
 
 ^me lo = m'elo : V, I, 30, 
 
 convienme^o vedere ; 
 
 BBB, p. 33, 
 
 raccontatemeZo un poco. 
 me la = m'ela : LL, V, 139, 
 
 leveiYonela ; 
 
 BBB, p. 73, 
 
 dsiteonele ora. 
 me ne = m'ene : V, I, 55, 
 
 menomene ; 
 
 BBB, p. 154, 
 
 impicciarwene. 
 ce la = c'ela : DDD, p. 112, 
 
 discorriamoce^a fra noi. 
 ce ne = c'ene : NN, p. 252, 
 
 pura contentezza nel sonno medesimo 
 
 procacciamo, e a pascere incominciancene 
 
 cosi sognando. 
 te lo = felo : V, I, 58, 
 
 questo e un dire, tien^e^o sempre niai ; 
 II, IV, 223, 
 
 A dir^e^o ad un tratto, io nol vo' fare. 
 te la = fela : BBB, p. 209, 
 
 dirtela. 
 te ne = t'ene : KK, II, 230, 
 
 tornar^6?ie ; 
 
 KK, II, 263, 
 
 -piglmtene. 
 
 * me lOf me la, etc., are unaccented when joined to the verb, but are 
 treated under the head of tonics, because their form is the same as the 
 corresponding combinations before the verb where the second pronoun is 
 tonic. 
 
ve lo = velo : K, p. 104, 
 
 dirbweio assai brevemente ; 
 
 BBB, p. 808, 
 dovevo dirvelo. 
 
 ve la=^v'ela: BBB, p. 110, 
 lasciando^'e^a. 
 
 ve ne = v'ene : BBB, p. 72, 
 
 ma anche voi avevate promesso 
 di non fare scandoli di 
 remetteri'67ie al padre ; 
 BBB, p. 60, 
 non ho piu bisogno di riguardi a 
 psiYlsiYvene. 
 
 se lo = s'elo : Y, nov. 166, 
 trovandoseZo ; 
 
 BBB, p. 67, 
 presentandosef/^?' davanti i due sposi. 
 
 se la = sela : DDD, p. 14, 
 
 dunque, a che serve pigliarseZa a cuore ? 
 
 BBB, p. 384, 
 comincio a prenderseZa con Perpetua. 
 se ne = s'ene : BBB, p. 58, 
 andarseTie ; 
 
 BBB, p. 58, 
 liberarse'Jie. 
 glielo : V, I, 58, 
 dono^^ie^o ; 
 
 BBB, p. 240, 
 il fazzoletto veniva 
 a soffogar^^ie^o in gola. 
 
 gliela : V, I, 177, 
 
 ivegogliela ; 
 
 BBB, p. 239, 
 quand'anche non I'avesse mai vediita, 
 a insegnar^/^'ie/a, non la poteva sbagliare, 
 gliene : V, I, 207, 
 
 egli promettendo^^ie^ie ; 
 BBB, p. 94, 
 6 quasi per chieder^Zieiie scusa. 
 
2. — Atonic forms in tonic position. 
 
 mi'^ = me ; U, 6, 4, 
 
 voi non I'havri da oni, Donna 
 Brunetta, voi non Thavri da mi ; 
 
 Z, nov. 74, 
 messer Bernabo disse : Messer Fambasciadore, sail 
 su quel cavallo, e verra' con mi parlando. 
 
 ti^= te : YY, I, 37, 
 
 Onde fora tutti do de sta cosa. 
 
 mi per elezion, ti per obbedienza ; . 
 
 YY, I, p. 37, 
 
 ti per imperar a viver con cautela, con piti giudizio, 
 con piu rispetto a te pare. 
 
 3. — Union of two atonic forms in combinations where 
 the second pronoun usually shows a tonic vowel. 
 
 a. — In proclitic position. 
 
 tilo: F, p.30, 
 
 senacha disse : quello che tuo sai 
 
 insegnalo a chi ti Tadimanda. 
 tine : F, p. 21, 
 
 Salomone disse : tucte le cose fae 
 
 con consilio, e no ti ne penterai ; 
 F, p. 90, 
 
 ti ne diro, 
 sigli : BB, p. 20, 
 
 La donzella Carduino a chiamato, 
 
 E in tal modo sigli prese a dire. 
 glilo: V, I, 41, 
 
 gli lo disse ; 
 LL, I, 207, 
 
 E gli diede intenzion ch '1 di seguente 
 
 Gli lo trarrebbe fuor di quello stato. 
 glila : LL, I, 3, 
 
 II savio imperator ch'estinguer volse 
 
 Un grave incendio, f u che gli la tolse ; 
 LL, I, 205, 
 
 In odio gli la pose. 
 
 1 Gf. y Y, I, pp. 36, 38, 67 ; Z, nov. 65 and nov. 69. 
 
 2 Of. YY, p. 41. 
 
9 
 
 gline : LL, I, 260, 
 
 Se trova alcun che vegghi, sospirando 
 Gli ne dipinge I'abito e la forma. 
 
 h. — In enclitic position. 
 milo: GG, p. 312, 
 
 dissimi^ ecc. ; 
 V, I, 35, 
 
 io m'uccidero io stessa per levarmi^Zi dinanzi. 
 
 -sigli : V, I, 131, 
 
 e per cio ricorevano a lui per 
 I'aiuto suo, raccomando sigli per 
 amor di Dio. 
 
 giilo : Z, no v. 124, 
 
 cerco di quello, dov'era 
 il busecchio, e msi.ndoglilo ; 
 
 Z, nov. 166, 
 mostrando di volerglilo 
 ficcare nel viso. 
 
 lila: Y,p. 34, 
 f&rlila. 
 
 line : M, nov. 26, 
 
 et oi^erseline duo marchi. 
 
 B.— RESUME. 
 
 The following table is a resumd of the irregular occur- 
 rences noted above. The capital letters represent the 
 authors and the numerals indicate the number of times a 
 given form is found in the author mentioned : — 
 
 o 
 
 1. — Tonic pronouns in atonic position, 
 a. — Single tonics in proclitic position. 
 
 me = mi: AS\ B9, E, F, L, M, N4, 08, PIS, 112, 
 U21, V, W60, Z2, AA2, CC9, DD18, 
 GG3, 112, KK5, LL6, NN5, 00, QQ2, 
 WW3, XX38, ZZ, AAA13. 
 
 noi = ci: B, G, H, K, L, N, U2, CC, If, LL, NN, 
 YY. 
 
 1 The numeral placed to the right of a capital, letter represents the 
 number of times a form occurs in the author given. If no numeral is 
 expressed the form occurs only once in the author indicated. 
 
10 
 
 ne = ci: Mo, 071, P14, U12, WG, DD, EE3, 
 117, LL7, MM, NN, PP, QQ5, SS2, TT, 
 WW3, AAA, FFF2. 
 
 te=^ti: M, O, P, U, W59, BB, CCS, DDLS, GG, 
 114, NN, 002, QQ3, UU, WW3, YYll, 
 AAA6, FFF3. 
 
 voi = vi: B7, C2, Eo, O, P2, U2, CC5, KK4, NN, 
 SS2, YY. 
 
 se = si: B, L9, W4, CC, DD, GG. 
 
 lui = lo: B3, F, L4, 012, P2, R2, U2G, W2, Y2, 
 Z, AA, EE, GG, 112, KK3, LL7, NN, 
 004, QQ, SS. 
 
 lei = la : B2, C, E2, N, 0, PlO, S, U29, W, EE3, 
 GG3, n, LL12, 00, WW2, AAA2, CCC. 
 
 el = il: B2, K13, L2, W112, AA, CC, YY3. 
 
 loro = gli: E, H, KIO, L4, 04, P2, Q, [13, S, U49, 
 Y2, GG, II21, JJ, LL85, NNo, 004, 
 SS, TT, UU4, WW, ZZ2, AAA. BBB, 
 
 CCC2. 
 
 b. — Single tonics in enclitic position. 
 aa. — Attached to the verb. 
 
 me in rhyme : P23, W5, LL13, TT, YY, CCC. 
 me not in rhyme: B, L2, P, S2, W8, CC3, KK, NN3, YY8. 
 ne not in rhyme : 07, 11, QQ2. 
 te not in rhyme : DD. 
 
 bb. — Not attached to the verb. 
 
 me = mi: BH, E3, F, I, M2, N, O20, P17, R, S, 
 U7, V5, W15, X, Z«, AA, CC2, FF3, 
 GG2, 115, KK7, LL4, NN, 00, QQ2, 
 XX, YY, AAA3, BBB3, DDD2, FEE. 
 
 noi=^ci: A, C, H, N, 07, R, Uo, Z, CC, KK, 
 
 NN, SS, YY, AAA, DDD. 
 te = ti: F4, 1, M, 08, P2, U12, V2, W3, X, Z4, 
 
 CC, DD, EE, GG5, KK, LL, MM, QQ3, 
 
 TT, AAA, BBB2, DDD2. 
 voi = vi : A3, B6, C, E8, F, N, P7, U3, Y, Y, CC. 
 
 GG2, LL, NN, 002, SS, YY2, BBB, 
 
 FFF. 
 
11 
 
 lui = lo: B2, C, F3, LIO, M, N2, 046, P5, S2, 
 U42, V6, W6, X, Y3, Z8, AA, BB2, CC, 
 DD3, FF2, II13, KK7, LL21, MM3, NN, 
 003, SS, TT2, UU, BBB5, E)DD2. 
 
 lei = la: B3, C6- E5, K, 013, P22, U25, V2, W2, 
 AA, EE3, GG4, KH, 119, LL26, NN, 
 QQ3, TT4, XX, ZZ, BBB, CCC2. 
 
 loro=li,le,gCi: H32, K, L4, 02, P12, Q9, R6, S47, 
 Uo9, Y16, GGIO, II80, LL92, NN38, 
 00, SS4, TT9, UU14, ZZ13, AAA, 
 BBB33, CCC3, rulei in A, B, C, D, E, F, 
 G, I, J, M, N, T, V, W, X, Z, A A, BB, 
 CC, DD, EE, FF, HH, JJ, KK, MM, 
 PP, QQ, BR, VV, WW, XX, YY, DDD, 
 FEE, FFF. 
 
 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position. 
 mi = one : U3, Z7, YY38, FFF. 
 ti = te : YY6. 
 
 3. — Double forms where the first is generally written as 
 a tonic, but sometimes both are atonic. 
 
 The combinations in which both pronouns are unac- 
 cented will be placed to the right of those in which the 
 first form shows a tonic vowel. In all the texts not men- 
 tioned in the resume below, one lo, te lo, se lo, me ne, te ne, 
 se ne, glielo, gliela, gliene, etc., are found to the exclusion 
 of m.i lo, ti lo, si lo, etc^. 
 
 a. — In proclitic position. 
 
 sel: BB3. 
 glielo: Z8, LL8, Vll. 
 
 gliene : Zll, FF, LL, UU3. 
 
 ti lo : F rule. 
 
 ti ne : F rule. 
 
 sigli: BB2. 
 
 gli lo : Z4, LL30, V. 
 
 gli la : V, Z3, JJ rule, 
 
 li le : M rule. 
 
 gline : Z2, FF2, JJ 
 LL9, UU2. 
 
 LL6. 
 
 rule, 
 
 ^"Rule" indicates that the construction given is found without 
 variants. 
 
 ^ This statement includes all combinations of mi, ti, si, with lo, etc. ; 
 la, etc., and ne {cf. melo, mela, te lo, te la, selo, se la, glielo, gliela, gliene). 
 
12 
 
 6. — In enclitic position. 
 melo: GG, YS, KK15, PP2. 
 
 r)iil : GG. 
 
 Tiiili : J rule. 
 
 migli : V, KK, PP. 
 
 sigli : y rule. 
 
 gli lo : Z rule. 
 
 li la : Y rule. 
 
 line : M rule. 
 
 G. — Discussion of tonic pronouns in atonic position. 
 
 A construction common to all the periods of Italian 
 literature is the use of tonic for atonic forms whenever it 
 is desired to render emphatic the person or thing upon 
 which falls the action of the verb\ 
 
 Eliminating this general construction, the numerous oc- 
 currences of tonics for atonies indicated in the list of 
 examples and resume given on the preceding pages, now 
 require special explanation. 
 
 Considered as a whole, three possible reasons for these 
 irregularities suggest themselves : — 
 
 First, it is to be noted that this confusion of forms ex- 
 isted in a greater proportion in the early texts than in 
 those of a later date^. In the formative period of the 
 language, before the laws of syntax became definitely fixed 
 under the influence of great epoch-making poets and nov- 
 elists, a finished grammar, the product of centuries of 
 natural growth and linguistic criticism, is not to be ex- 
 pected. In this transitional period of the Italian speech, 
 as is shown by the endless discussion of grammarians upon 
 the smallest as well as the most important questions of 
 grammar, there was a lack of definite rules governing the 
 syntactical structure, and a want of clear differentiation 
 between the different sets of pronouns, often leaving writers 
 in doubt as to which was right and which was wrong. 
 This uncertainty as to the real distinction between the 
 
 ^ NN, p. 127 : Ma se io amo lei, e se ella 
 Me araa, non e tuttavia ; 
 AAA, I, 142 : uccidi, uccidi me. 
 
 2 Cf. resume, pp. 9-12. 
 
13 
 
 function of tonic and atonic forms may have led to the 
 frequent substitution of the former for the latter. 
 
 Secondly, it is to be remarked that in almost all the 
 texts where this mixing occurs the pronouns under dis- 
 cussion frequently stand next to a verb governed either 
 by an expressed or omitted preposition. By the side 
 of such expressions as a nie'^, a te'^, a se, a noi'"^, a vol*-, a 
 lui^, a lei piace are found one^, te\ se, noi^, voi^, lai^^, lei 
 place. Thus, by analogy these tonic pronouns, standing 
 already in conjunctive position and employed as the indi- 
 rect object of a preposition, may have induced the writer 
 to adopt the same forms as direct and indirect object of a 
 verb, thereby simplifying morphology by the use of a 
 single form in both accented and unaccented position,. and, 
 at the same time, carrying out the general tendency 
 toward leveling and generalizing in Italian forms. 
 
 In the third place, tonic me, te, se may have been used 
 as conjunctives through the influence of dialects like the 
 Venetian, which shows regularly an e instead of an i in 
 the pretonic and postonic syllable. In the comedies of 
 Goldoni^\ representing the popular speech of Italy, are in- 
 troduced Venetian characters, who invariably interchange 
 tonic and atonic pronouns. 
 
 Any one of the suggestions offered might explain theo- 
 retically the irregular occurrences in question, but the fol- 
 lowing explanations seem more tenable in the light of the 
 historic ejrowth of the Italian lanoruao^e. 
 
 1. — In proclitic position. 
 
 a. — me, te, se — remnants of the Latin accusative. 
 
 If we should admit according to D'Ovidio^^ that mi, ti, si 
 arose from a mixing of the Latin dative and accusative, 
 
 ^ Q, p. 16 : se a ?ne convenesse andare ecc. 
 ^ 1, p. 8 : a te darai di persona. 
 ^ Q, p. 3 : a noi parano utili. 
 
 * NN, p. 55 : a voi piace. 
 ° P, I, 155 : a hii piace. 
 
 * 0, Parg. XVI, 143 : me convien partinni. 
 ^ N, p. 12 : Ove te piace. 
 
 ^ G, p. 28 : tredici staia e mezo di o grano 
 di farina, qual noi piacese. 
 
 ^ J, p. 3 : Se voi piace. 
 ^"^ L, p. 217 : ca lui piacesse. 
 ^^ YY, I, p. 10, ve serviro. 
 ^^ Archivio Glottologico Italiano, vol. IX, p. 67. 
 
14 
 
 resulting finally in the generalizing of the Latin dative 
 case, beginning, for example, with such forms as m^, in 
 mi ^are, where the mi is the regular dative and afterward 
 carried by analogy to rai in the accusative ; as, in rai vide, 
 we would not for a moment suppose that this analogy was 
 complete from the beginning ; but would naturally expect 
 to find me, etc., by the side of mi, etc., at least, in the ear- 
 liest texts. The argument from analogy, as given above, 
 might explain the pronouns, mi, ti, si, and the analogy 
 would, if accepted, account for the occurrence of the double 
 forms mi, etc., and nie, etc., in atonic position, but it is 
 unnecessary to resort to an explanation based on analogy 
 when a phonetic one is possible. 
 
 A better solution of the question is that based on the 
 statement of Meyer-Lubke\ who says; "Die tonlosen 
 Objektspronomina lauten flir den Singular der zwei ersten 
 Personen mi, ti, si streng nach den Lautregeln, wonach 
 tonloses e zu i wird para. 123." Taking this statement as 
 a point of departure, it is evident that a leveling period 
 was gone through before the final adoption of the single 
 i-form ; for the passage of pretonic e>i was not complete 
 in the earliest Tuscan monuments. Hence, we would be 
 greatly surprised if we should not find an occasional sub- 
 stitution of e for i until the law of pretonics became defin- 
 itely fixed and understood in the language. An argument 
 supporting this supposition is the frequent occurrence in 
 Old Italian of e for i in the pretonic syllable not only in 
 the pronouns, but also in other parts of speech 2. 
 
 Now, if, according to Meyer-LUbke^ the pronouns mi, 
 ti, si derive directly from Latin me, te, se, any form show- 
 ing the original e in pretonic position will be explained as 
 a remnant of the Latin accusative. The persistence of 
 this case in Italian is not strange ; Italy being the home 
 of Latin, and Italian writers using it instead of their own 
 language to a very late date, it is natural that Latin forms 
 
 1 It. Gram., H 370. 
 
 '-' Cf. Crestomazia Italiana del Primi Secoli. 
 Per Ernesto Monaci. Fascicolo Primo. 
 
 Citta di Castello, 1889, p. 169, line 23 (A), ritenere ; line 23 (B), 
 retenere ; p. 184, line 53, desmonta ; p. 182, line 87, segnoria. 
 Cf. also L, p. 199 : retornare ; p. 204, r^manere. 
 
 R, p. 203 : el pin sicuro ; p. 198, el suo tener. 
 
 ' It. Gram., 1 370. 
 
15 
 
 .should live on in Italian. Just as the Latin neuter 
 plurals^ viia, tua, sua, were preserved by the side of miei, 
 ■etc. ; mie, etc., so were the accusative forms me, te, se kept 
 for a time by the side of the new atonic formations mij 
 
 ti, si. 
 
 h. — el for il a dialectical form. 
 
 The use of el for il (< Lat. illum) as direct object of a 
 verb is non-Tuscan, for the reason that in this dialect 
 Latin i always remains in the pretonic^ syllable. Then, 
 since this form is found chiefly in texts where popular 
 and dialectical occurrences are common {cf. K, L^, W*, A A, 
 CC, YY), it is reasonable to suppose that it is a simple 
 borrowing from some dialect in which it is a natural 
 growth. Now, because the dialects of Southern France^ 
 show this form and because in W (an Italian text in 
 which this phenomenon occurs one hundred and twelve 
 times) is introduced a character who speaks in Provencal, 
 it is very probable that this was the dialect to make the 
 loan. 
 
 2. — me and te in enclitic position. 
 a, — Attached to the verb. 
 
 Previous Treatment. 
 
 Francesco Fortunio^ while defining the various rules for 
 the use of pronouns, says : " la quarta regola sera che 
 questi pronomi oblichi me, te, se convertono e in i quando 
 si congiongon al verbo immediatamente, come, dissemi, 
 fecemi, consumati. Overo quando I o vero r precede i che 
 ad et altro modo si dice, come ferirmi e ferirme, farmi, 
 farme, valmi, valme." My objection to this statement is 
 that it is simply an attempt to make a rule out of a mere 
 coincidence. Perhaps this explanation occurred to the 
 grammarian, because, in many cases, where the pronoun is 
 united wuth a verb, it is joined to an infinitive, where the 
 
 ^ Cf. L. Emil Menger, " The Historical Development of the Possessive 
 Pronouns in Italian," pp. 28, 29. 
 2 Meyer- Lilbke, It. Gr., IT 123. 
 ^ p. 198 : essa la terra ei diede. 
 * U r : Poi si traemo per la drita via. 
 
 5 Cf. Bartsch, Chrestomathie Proven^ale. Elberfeld, 1868, p. 419. 
 ^Regole GrammcUicali della Volgar Lingua, Siena, 1583, p. 17. 
 
16 
 
 r naturally precedes. However, the occurrences in the 
 texts consulted show that the letter preceding the pro- 
 noun attached, was of no importance i. 
 
 While discussing this same question, Jacopo Gabri- 
 ello^ remarks: "il te veramente non e stato da alcuno 
 scrittore usato finiente ne la e, dico al verbo vicino, o ne 
 le rime, o altrove che ei^Ii cada, perche da lui lontano 
 sempre in e termina. II che certo mi pare cosa nuova a 
 dover dire, che se io dico desiderarme, perche non mi si 
 dee conceder medesimente il dire, desiderarfe? " This 
 grammarian attempts no explanation of the point in ques- 
 tion, but simply states that 'me, and not ie, can occur in 
 enclitic position. 
 
 Upon the development of me in postpnic position 
 D'Ovidio^ says : " gli aitarme, parme ecc. poet, (unico es. 
 nella D. C. e il d'aitro non calme del Purg. VII J 12), non 
 so se possan tenersi sti-ascichi d'una fase anteriore, o non 
 piuttosto si riducano a semplici applicazioni della forma 
 tonica (cfr. dissi lui, lor dissi), agevolate dall' esempio del 
 me ecc. di altri dialetti (roman., pugliese ecc.) ed anche 
 dalle frequenti alternative d' -i ed- e ne'nomi e verbi (tu 
 gride = gridi ecc.)!' The theories of the scholar just 
 quoted are suggestive and may have a practical value in 
 the solution of the point in hand ; however, for the reason 
 that the material collected supports neither of the conjec- 
 tures offered, one is justified in seeking another explana- 
 tion for the union of tonic me and te with verbs. 
 
 These forms w^ere first attached to the verb for rhyme. 
 
 Of the sixty-two occurrences of me and te joined to the 
 verb in the texts consulted, forty-four* are in rhyme, four- 
 teen others in poetry and the remaining four in prose 
 works (L and S), where the substitution of e^ for atonic i 
 is frequent. This makes it evident that these forms first 
 arose in this position for the sake of rhyme, and w^ere after- 
 ward carried by analogy, aided by poetic license, to con- 
 structions not in rhyme. 
 
 '^ Of. W, aiiv : Et aparvewie chosse nel dormire ; 
 
 aiiii5, missi?«e alhor per la monstrata via. 
 "^ RegoU Grammaticali, venetia, 1548, fol. Dij. 
 »Archiv. Glott. It., p. 70, n. 3. 
 
 * Cf. P, I, 172 : 
 
 Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso aitanne, 
 Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge. 
 » Cf. L, p. 204 : el fratello ; cf. el for il in S, edition of Bologna, 141)0' 
 
17 
 
 b. — me and te following immediately after the verb and 
 not attached. 
 
 A suggestion that might explain the occurrence of all 
 tonic pronouns in this position is that they may have been 
 employed here for the purpose of individualizing in a more 
 marked way the person or object receiving the action ot* 
 the verb for clearness and distinction. 
 
 However, since the atonic forms generally emphasize the 
 persons sufficiently well, it is very probable that the use 
 of ine and te in such constructions represents a mere 
 development of tonic forms in atonic position^ 
 
 •S. — Tonic forms that have a similar explanation in pro- 
 clitic and enclitic position. 
 
 a. — ne, the first person plural. 
 
 Caix^, while discussing the origin of the first and sec- 
 ond person plural, gives the following developments : noi, 
 voi'^^no, vo' "> no, vo > ne, ve (by analogy to me, te, 
 se) > ci, vi (in Tuscan by anal, to mi, ti, si) ; then, on ac- 
 count of a confusion with ne (< inde) ni remained as ne 
 until finally supplanted by ci. 
 
 Opposing this theory is the statement of D'Ovidio"^, who 
 says : " Toccando poi anche delle forme atoniche del plu- 
 rale, noi persisteremo risolutamente a credere, che 1' it. ne 
 per'noi, a noi', o vi per 'voi, a voi' sieno semplicemente gli 
 avverbi (inde, ibi)." 
 
 A similar opinion is that of Meyer-Llibke*, who claims 
 that the pronominal forms ci and vi have the same origin 
 as adverbial ci and vi, and identifies 7ie ( = noi, a noi) 
 with ne (< inde). 
 
 The explanation proposed by the last two authorities 
 quoted is doubtless the correct one, being supported by the 
 actual existence of inde^ in Italian texts, meaning " us," 
 " to us." But, granting the truth of the hypothesis, that 
 
 1 Cf. 0, Inf. XXIII, 91 : Poi disser me ecc. ; 
 
 Par. XXIV, 152, Cosi, benedicendomi cantando ; 
 
 Tre volte cinse me, si com'io lacque. 
 Inf. XXIII, 50, Come il Maestro mio per quel vivagno, 
 Portandosene me sopra il suo petto. 
 
 2 Origini della Lingua Poetica Italiana. Firenze, 1880, HH 93 and 207» 
 ^ Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 77. 
 
 *Cf II. Gram., 11370. 
 
 * Compare Meyer- Liibke, It. Gram., IF 370. 
 
 3 
 
18 
 
 ne, the first person plural, does derive directly from Latin 
 INDE, the question still remains unsettled as to why the 
 form lie, being employed regularly as the pretonic and 
 postonic syllable, shows an e instead of an i. 
 
 Neither of the theories offered accounts for the persis- 
 tence of this e of ne in atonic position. 
 
 Now, the only construction in which ne is phonetic is 
 when it is used in enclitic position, where postonic^ e [cf. 
 INDE) remains as distinguished from pretonic ^ e, which 
 regularly > i. However, because the occurrences oi ne { = 
 noi, a noi) noted in the texts are mainly proclitic'^, it 
 w^ould not be a logical deduction to say that the examples 
 in pretonic position were fashioned upon the comparatively 
 few enclitic uses. In like manner, one may safely hazard 
 the statement that ne, the first person plural, could not 
 have taken its e from adverbial ne (< inde), since this 
 adverbial ne is used also in unaccented position along by 
 the side of the regular atonic forms ci and vi and should 
 itself > ni. Nor can pronominal and adverbial ne be 
 analogical buildings upon the conjunction ne, if we accept 
 the theory of Meyer-Liibke*, where he says: " L'oppose de 
 et, c'est-a-dire nee, fait encor plus de difhculte : I'italien ne 
 semble etre une forme atone." 
 
 A better suggestion to account for this irregular develop- 
 ment is to suppose that ne for m arose first in construc- 
 tions like me ne parlo ( = m'enne parlo)^, w^here the second 
 form is regularly tonic ^ and that the ne in iiienne, fenne, 
 senile, etc, was afterward carried to constructions where 
 the single form ^^e w^as employed as pronoun or adverb; 
 as, ne parlo. 
 
 The conjunction ne is then a further analogical growth 
 upon the ne and ni'enne, etc., above indicated. 
 
 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., H 106. 
 
 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., IT 123. 
 
 Cf Table, pp. 9-12. 
 
 Grammaire des Longues Romanes, Paris, 1890. Vol. I., H 613. 
 
 Cf. m'elo, t'elo, m'ene, t'cne, ecc., p. 21. 
 
 Cf p. 23. 
 
19 
 
 b. — 7ioi, voi, Ini, lei, loro^. 
 
 The frequent use of these tonic pronouns for the 
 ^corresponding unaccented ones is a simple application ^ of 
 tonic forms in atonic position. Just as ello"^ and ella* were 
 used in Old Italian for the articles lo and la, so were tonic 
 noi, voi, lui, lei, loro often substituted for atonic ci, vi, lo, 
 la, gli, etc. 
 
 Position of loro. 
 
 With the exception of loro the pronouns mentioned 
 above have always been placed either before or after their 
 governing verb. 
 
 Until the present century the place occupied by loro in 
 the sentence seems to have been an uncertain and doubt- 
 ful one. The Italian grammarians^ in general, have given 
 the rule that it should follow rather than precede its verb. 
 
 By comparing the table (pp. 9-12), it will be seen that 
 the construction with loro both before the verb and loro 
 after the verb were admissible until about the eighteenth 
 century. It will be further noted that some writers, even 
 in Old Italian, used the latter construction to the exclusion 
 of the former, and in the nineteenth century it seems to be 
 a generally accepted law that loro shall follow its verb. 
 
 The occurrences of loro before the verb may be explained 
 ^either as Latin survivals, or as being fashioned upon 
 possessive constructions like le loro figlie, etc., where the 
 pronoun precedes the noun to which it belongs. 
 
 ^ loro has been classed heretofore as a regular conjunctive form, but for 
 the same reason that noi, voi, lui, and lei are tonic, loro is also a tonic 
 form, since it stands after prepositions just as the other forms in h. 
 
 2 Cf. II, I, 189 : Come astolfo lui vide in su la sella, A giostra fiera- 
 jnente lo sfidava ; V, II, 193, se io uccidero lui, lo mander6 all' inferno; 
 II, III, 42, Non calse lei, ma cavoHa d'arcione ; II, I, 233, Chinque lei 
 saluta o le favella. 
 
 ^ L, p. 203 : ello suo tempo. 
 
 * L, p. 209 : ella guerra. 
 
 ^ Cf. Biagoli, Grammaire Jtalienne, Paris, 1819, p. 146; Veneroni, le 
 Maitre IlaLien, Paris, 1796, p. 105 ; Abbe Mugnozzi, Les Clemens cle la 
 JLangue Italienne, Paris, 1783, H 144 ; Fornaciari, Grammatica Italiana, 
 f ireuze 1891, IT 1190. 
 
20 
 Syntactical evolution of lui, lei, loro. 
 
 Lovo (< illoriim) passes first from the Latin genitive idea^ 
 to the Italian case of indirect object, being later adopted 
 as the direct object of a verb and subject of a sentence. 
 
 The converting of the genitive lovo into the dative 
 signification is explainad by Schwan^, who, while treating 
 this form for the French, says : " Die Verwendung des lat. 
 Genitivs zur Bezeichnung eines Dati werhaltnisses erklart 
 sich vielleicht aus dem Gebrauch von lor-leur als Posses- 
 sivum (vgl. IT 411, 1). Man sagte z. B. voi ci lor chastel 
 und bildete danach cist chastels lor apartient" 
 
 The motive that led to the almost universal adoption of 
 the tonic form loro in the position of unaccented gli and 
 le was doubtless a desire to prevent the confusion of these 
 plurals with their singulars of the same form. The 
 change of lui, lei, loro, from the dative function to that 
 of the accusative and nominative was perhaps by analogy 
 to colui, colei, coloro-, which were employed as diiect 
 object of a verb and subject of a proposition early in the 
 Italian. 
 
 The first examples of lui and loro as nominatives found 
 in the texts on which the present study is based were- 
 noted in H., where loro occurs ten times as subject and Inv 
 thirteen times. However, the use of lui, lei, loro, as the 
 subject of a verb did not become a regular usage until the 
 time of Manzoni (BBB) in whose works the vernacular of 
 the people plays so important a part. 
 
 c. — me lo, etc.; te lo, etc.; se lo, etc.; one ne, te ne, se oie ; 
 glielo, etc.; gliene. 
 
 Historical Treatment. 
 
 With reference to these double forms Blanc^ remarks f 
 " Wenn die Pronomina oni, ti, gli, ci, vi, si, untereinander 
 verbunden werden, bleiben sie unverandert und getrennt : 
 mi ti, mir dich ; ti gli, dir sie ; vi si, euch sich; wenn sie 
 aber mit lo, la, le, li, gli, und 7ie verbunden werden, so 
 
 1 Grammatik des Alffranzosischen, H 399, 5 Anm. 
 
 - Cf. Jacomo Cabriele, Regole Gramviaticali, Venctia, 1545, p, 8 :■ 
 "Colui, colei, colore, che dando si a persone piu lontane de le primiere, 
 sono dela istessa maniera de le tre dette, nel diritto, e negli obliqui casi' 
 parimente ponendosi." 
 
 3 Grammatik der Italidnischen Sprache, Halle, 1844, p.- 251, 
 
21 
 
 ^^erwandeln sie ihr i in e. Also nicht milo, ii la, ci gli, si 
 'lie, sondern me lo, ie lo, ce gli, se ne, etc." The opinion 
 expressed by this grammarian seems to have been shared 
 by all the Italian grammarians up to his time. 
 
 JD'Ovidio^ while discussing these pronouns, says: " lo 
 tengo fermamente, e ho sempre tenuto, che in codeste crasi 
 pronominali I'e appartenga al secondo pronome e la vera 
 dissezione sia ni'elo m'ela r)ieli on'ele, Velo ecc, s'elo ecc, 
 m'ene fene sene, celo ecc, v'elo ecc, gW elo ecc, gW ene." 
 
 The double forms included in the quotation above will 
 be considered under the following divisions : Combinations 
 of the first and second person or reflexive with a pronoun 
 of the third person, and combinations of a third personal 
 pronoun with a third person, neither of which is a reflexive, 
 me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc ; me ne, 
 te ne, se ne = on'ello, etc. ; t'ello etc. ; 
 s'ello, etc. ; m'enne, t'enne, s'enne. 
 
 Proving the correctness of the orthography m^'ello, etc., 
 is, first of all, the preservation of ello, etc., and enne in the 
 Southern forms jDortam-ille, 'poTto.')n-ella, vatt-enne^. 
 
 Secondly, elo, etc, and ene for the ello, etc., and enne in 
 question are still seen in the Tuscan combinations glielo 
 (-=gli + elo), gliela {= gli + ela), gliene ('= gli + ene)^ 
 That this elo, etc., and ene are survivals of ello, etc, and 
 enne and that the e was not thrown in as a mere glide, 
 when these forms were combined with gli, according to 
 Biagoli^ Mugnozzi^ and others, is evidenced by the fact 
 that the e must have been present before gli developed, 
 since tliis form could have arisen only before a voweP. 
 
 Thirdly, a similar usage appears in the union of the 
 preposition and article in dello,nello, etc., which according 
 to D'Ovidio^ should be written d'ello, n'ello, etc Here the 
 i of in and di is pretonic and forms an exact parallel to 
 the point in question. 
 
 1 Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV, p. 70, n. 3. Also compare Meyer- Lubke's 
 acceptance of D'Ovidio's theory in his It. Gr., Leipzig, 1890, IF 374. 
 
 2 Cf. D'Ovidio, Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 70, n. 3; Meyer-Ltibke, 
 It. Gr., 11374. 
 
 3 a/:.Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., M 374. 
 
 * Grammaire Itolienne, Paris, 1819, p. 147. 
 
 ^ Les Memens de la Langue Italienne, Paris, 1783, H 192. 
 
 « D'Ovidio, Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 100. 
 
 ? Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70, n. 3. 
 
22 
 
 Thus, from the reasons already given the most logical 
 deduction seems to be to suppose that inie lo, etc., and me 
 ne, etc., were once written mello, etc., and nienne, etc., the 
 i being elided before e, and, because, in Old Italian the 
 apostrophe was omitted, in the natural process of syllabi- 
 cation the e was looked upon as belonging to the m, etc., 
 rather than to the lo, etc., and Qie. The writing of I and n 
 instead of -II- and -nn- in these combinations is due to the 
 fact that the two pronouns in me lo, etc., and me ne, etc.^ 
 were generally written separate and hence the double 
 consonants could not stand as initial. The probable stages 
 of this development are as follows : Miello, etc., mi enne, 
 etc. > niello, etc. ; m^enne, etc. > me llo, etc., me nne, etc. > me 
 lo, etc., me ne, etc. 
 
 glielo, etc. ; gliela, etc. ; gliene = 
 gliello, etc., gliella, etc., glienne. 
 
 The original form of these words was probably gliello, 
 etc., and glienne, this orthography being justified by the 
 fact that the second pronoun in these combinations is 
 tonic, as is shown by the e instead of an i'^ and hence the 
 writing gliello, etc. (< li-illum, etc.) and glienne (< li- 
 inde) is just as regular as the preservation of the-W-in the 
 nominatives ello and ella. The reason why Italian writers 
 have always adopted the form with a single -1- and -n- is 
 doubtless because these forms are analogical growths by 
 the side of me lo, etc., where the two pronouns were 
 written separate. 
 
 It is to be noted also that in Old as well as in Modern 
 Italian the gli in the combinations like glielo and gliene 
 stands for both masculine U and feminine le, the i of li 
 ( < illi) remaining and the e of le becoming i regularly in 
 hiatus^, the result obtained in both cases being li, which 
 then > gli before the following e just as the article li > gli 
 in gli amici (cf. li elo, le elo > li elo > glielo). 
 
 Of popular origin are the sporadic occurrences of gliele'^ 
 employed for the different forms of lo and la^. 
 
 1 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Qr., IT 123. 
 
 2 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., H 141. 
 
 ^ Cf. U, 9, 5 : E tutto gliele graffio (il viso) ; 2, 9, e presentogliele (i 
 falconi) ; 2, 8, il conte con lagrime gliele diede (la figliuola) ; 3, 3, piena 
 di stizza gliele (a lei) tolsi di mano, ed holla recata a voi, accioceh6 voi 
 gliele (a lui) rendiate. 
 
 * Cf. Biagoli, Oram. It., Paris, 1819, p. 147 ; Blanc. It. Or., p. 252. 
 
23 
 
 d. — The second pronoun in these combinations (No. c) is 
 tonic. 
 
 In regard to the reason for the change of i to e in vie 
 to, etc., Biagoli^ remarks: *' Ce changement de 1' i qw e se 
 fait d'apres un principe general d'harmonie, qui exige que 
 lorsqu' un mot sans accent termine en i, se joint a un autre 
 mot egalement priv^ d'accent, Ton change V i du premier 
 en e, sans quoi V on aurait des mots de deux syllables sans 
 I'accent tonique, ce qui est impossible." Other gramma- 
 rians who have adopted the writing nne lo, etc., do not state 
 specifically that the first of these two pronouns is tonic, 
 but merely say that 'ini, ti, si > me, te, se "when placed 
 before forms like lo, la, ne. 
 
 With reference to atonic words, Meyer-Lubke- posits the 
 following general law : " II faut tout d'abord remarquer 
 qu' en regie ge'nerale il ne pent y avoir deux mots atones 
 de suite, a moins que I'un des deux ne perde sa voyelle : v. 
 g. a. — fran9. mel = me-le. Mais habituellement c'est le 
 second, qui est accentue. Par consequent, les prepositions 
 composees ont toujours I'accent plein : adprope, ital. apruovo, 
 a. — frang. a pruef." 
 
 It is easy to believe that the law just quoted applies to 
 the combinations under discussion, since we naturally lay 
 stress upon the second of the two pronouns ; for example, 
 no one ever says glielo, gliene, but glielo, gliene. 
 
 In the second place, if we accept the conclusions already 
 reached ; namely, that me lo, etc., should be written m' ello, 
 etc.^ we are forced to admit that, if either of these two 
 forms bear an accent, it must fall upon the second element, 
 since the first loses its vowel in hiatus. 
 
 Again, in the parallel combinations formed by the junc- 
 tion of a preposition with a definite article {cf. cTello^, etc.) 
 the second form is as clearly tonic as are the personal 
 pronouns ella and ellc. Now, since the double forms 
 cTello, etc., and melo (=r)i'ello) arose under similar condi- 
 tions; namely, by the union of a monosyllabic atonic with 
 ello, etc. (< ilium), the evidence favoring the accentuation 
 
 ^ Grammaire Italienne, Paris, 1819, p. 60. 
 2 Grammaire des Langues Romanes, vol. 1., IF 612. 
 « Cf. p. 21. 
 
 * Cf. L, p. 205, ello suo tempo ; BB, p. 209, ella guerra ; KK, p. 15, 
 Credette quel chella madre diciea ; I, p. 11, E 'padre ed ella madre. 
 
24 
 
 of the second element of the former would apply equally 
 well to the latter. 
 
 The reason why the two Ts are preserved in dello, etc., 
 and not in me lo, etc., is because in the former the two 
 words were generally written as one, while in the latter 
 they were separated, the tonic vowel of the second pro- 
 noun being carried to the first, and, hence, the double con- 
 sonants could not be kept as initials 
 
 In the fourth place, if the ello, etc., and enne in these 
 combinations were not tonic they would have > illo, etc., 
 and inne-. 
 
 The enclitic uses of me lo, te lo, S3 lo,me ne, te ne, se ne, 
 glielo, gliene, offer no objection to the statement that the 
 second form in the corresponding proclitic combinations is 
 tonic. In constructions like dirmelo, dirtelo, the verb 
 being the more important member of the compound retains 
 the stress, while both pronouns are unstressed and hence 
 enclitic according to the rule in Italian that no word can 
 bear more than one tonic accent. However, the e is kept 
 in darmelo, etc., by analogy to the numerous occurrences 
 of the same combinations in proclitic position. 
 
 D. — Discussion of atonic forms in tonic "position. 
 1. — Introduced through dialectical influence. 
 
 A suggestion offered to explain the substitution of tonic 
 for atonic forms ; namely, that they arose from a simple 
 mixing of the two at a time when the laws of syntax were 
 not fixed, might apply here also. How^ever, a most serious 
 objection to this explanation is the fact that the atonic 
 pronouns are not found in the position of the tonic until 
 the time of Boccaccio. If this irregularity is to be attri- 
 buted to a mere confusion of the unaccented with the 
 accented pronouns, why did it not exist in the earliest 
 Italian monuments, when there was a reason for such a 
 mixing of forms ? 
 
 A better explanation seems to be to account for this 
 abnormal usage as a borrowing from dialects in which mi, 
 ti, si are regular tonic forms. 
 
 Strengthening this supposition is the argument that the 
 first occurrences of atonic pronouns in accented position 
 
 1 Of. p. 22. 
 
 ? Cf. Meyer-Ltibke, It. Gr., H 123. 
 
'OF 
 
 25 
 
 were noted in U\ where are constantly employed popular 
 forms and idioms. Thus, it is perfectly reasonable to sup- 
 pose that Boccaccio used mi after pi-epositions under the 
 influence of dialects like the Lombard and Piemontese, and 
 Sacchetti, writing novels of a similar kind, adopted the 
 usage of Boccaccio. Furthermore, the late origin of this 
 construction, the few authors using it, and the long gap 
 between Sacchetti and Goldoni in whose works it is most 
 frequent point to the working of external influences 
 traceable to individual authors rather than to a Tuscan 
 development. 
 
 E. — Extent of the mixing of tonic and atonic forms. 
 
 By a glance at the table ^ it will be noted that the occur- 
 rence of tonic pronouns in atonic position is found in the 
 -^earliest texts of the language and continues down to a 
 comparatively late date. It will be further observed that, 
 although some authors used them to a much greater extent 
 than others, the usage was a general one and does not seem 
 to have originated with any special class of writers. In 
 addition, it may be said that the line of authors who 
 adopted these irregularities was a continuous one, there 
 being no notable breaks from their origin to their final 
 disappearance, although a very perceptible decrease in 
 their use is observable in the later periods. 
 
 The usage of unaccented pronouns in accented position 
 is represented as follows in our texts : 
 
 mi, U3, Wl, Z6, YY38, FFF ; ti, Y Y6. 
 
 F. — Tione of disappearance. 
 
 Me, te, noi, voi, ne, Ini and lei in proclitic position may 
 be said to have disappeared for the most part from Italian 
 literature before the sixteenth centur}^ 8e in this position 
 was seldom employed even by the earliest writers and 
 ceased to be used entirely about the fifteenth century. El 
 is probably a Proven9al^ form and occurs only in B, K, L, 
 W, AA, CO, YY and can be assigned to no special periods, 
 for the reason that it may be used by any author writing 
 under the influence of this 
 
 1 Blanc, It. Gr., Halle, 1844, p. 20. 
 ^ Cf. pp. 9-12. 
 ^ Cf. p. 15. 
 4 
 
26 
 
 Of the three tonic forms found in enclitic position 
 attached to the verb, me was employed until about the 
 time of the Italian Renaissance for the sake of rhyme, 
 while te occurs only once^ and ne (meaning "us," "to us") 
 ten times. 
 
 In enclitic position not attached to the verb, me, te, voi, 
 lui, lei are very frequent in Old Italian, being used spor- 
 adically even in the present century ; while noi, although 
 spread over almost the same period as the forms just men- 
 tioned, occurs much less extensively. 
 
 The occasional uses of atonies in the position of the 
 accented pronouns are distributed over the long period 
 from Boccaccio to Carducci. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 From the examples and argument given on the preced- 
 ing pages the following conclusions may be drawn : 
 
 1. — That me, te, se in proclitic position are remnants of 
 the Latin accusative that had not yet > mi, ti, si accord- 
 ing to the general law that pre tonic e> i. 
 
 2. — That el for il was used by certain Tuscan writers 
 through the influence of the Provencal and certain Italian 
 dialects, where this form was the regular oblique masculine 
 singular. 
 
 3. — That me in enclitic position attached to the verb 
 arose first in rhyme and was later carried to constructions 
 in poetry where it was not used in rhyme ^. 
 
 4. — That the e of ne (< inde) used for the first , person 
 plural is by analogy to ne in combinations like me ne, te 
 ne, se ne (= ni'enne, etc.), where the second element is 
 tonic and regularly preserves its e. This analogy was car- 
 ried not only to all the forms of pronominal and adverbial 
 ne, but also to the conjunction ne. 
 
 5. — That noi, voi, lui, lei, loro in proclitic and enclitic 
 position are a simple application or development of tonic 
 pronouns in unaccented position. The change of loro from 
 the genitive to the dative function was by analogy to pos- 
 sessive constructions, like la loro casa on which was built 
 the kindred idea expressed by la casa loro appartiene. 
 The further evolution of lui, lei, loro from the sphere of 
 
 1 Of. DD, p. 181. 
 
 ^ Te occurs only once joined to the verb {cf. DD, p. 181). 
 
27 
 
 the dative to that of the accusative and nominative is by 
 analogy to colui, colei, coloro. 
 
 6. — That me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc. ; me ne, etc., 
 should be written ra'ello, etc., and that the reason why 
 these forms are written with a single I at present is because 
 the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been transfeired 
 to the first and the two I's cannot stand as initial (c/. 'ine 
 llo > me lo). 
 
 7. — That glielo, etc., and gliene are equivalent to gliello, 
 etc., and glienne, one I being omitted in modern ortho- 
 graphy by analogy to the parallel combinations me lo, etc. 
 Also, the gli in these double forms is the representative of 
 masculine li (< illi) and feminine le (< illae), both giving 
 gli in hiatus with the e of the following word {of. li ene, 
 le ene > gliene). 
 
 8. — That the second form in the combinations tn'ello, 
 etc., and gliello, etc., is tonic. 
 
 9. — That the use of atonic mi and ti in accented position 
 is due to the influence of dialects in which these forms are 
 regular tonic developments. 
 
28 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position. 
 A. — Examjoles of regular occurrences in texts examined. 
 
 THE pronouns indicated below comply with all the con- 
 ditions of atonies, showing unaccented forms and 
 standing in conjunctive position, and are therefore per- 
 fectly regular. After an example of each phenomenon has 
 been given, a discussion of these pronouns will be taken up. 
 
 1. — General Constructions. 
 
 The list of occurrences mentioned below represents the 
 usage common to all the periods of the Italian language, 
 and hence merely an example of each kind will be cited, 
 and no resume will follow. They include especially pro- 
 clitic ^ constructions of the direct and indirect object of 
 finite verbs where the adoption of atonic pronouns is the 
 rule, with the exception of the occasional use of tonic ^ forms 
 immediately before the verb, or atonies as enclitics'^, which 
 special uses have already been counted*. 
 
 a. — Single proclitics. 
 aa. — Before finite verbs. 
 
 mi : GG, p. 80, 
 
 Questo mi prese, e questo mi mantenne. 
 mi' : BBB, p. 16, 
 
 mi displace. 
 ci : 0, Purg. XV, 104, 
 
 Che farem noi a chi ne desira, 
 
 Se quel che ci ama e per noi condannato ? 
 
 ^ Cf. lo meno, mi parlo. 
 
 ■^ Of. lui menu ; me parlo. 
 
 " Cf. menoUo ; parlommi. 
 
 * Cf. resume of tonic forms in proclitic position, pp. 9-10 also r6sum6 
 of enclitics with finite verbs, pp. 41-42. 
 
 " The dative will follow the accusative wherever the two constructions 
 are given. 
 
29 
 
 ci : II, I, 94, 
 
 Molte comodita ci ha date Iddio 
 
 Per ricompensa de le nostre pene. 
 ti : 0, Inf. I, 128, 
 
 Con lei ti lascero nel mio partire. 
 ti : II, I, 120, 
 
 non ti converr^ morire. 
 vi : Z, I, nov. 4, 
 
 dice air Abate : io vi cavero di questa fatica. 
 vi: 0, Inf. XXIII, 128, 
 
 Poscia drizzd al frate cotal voce : 
 
 Non vi dispiaccia, se vi lece, dirci 
 
 Se alia man destra giace alcuna foce. 
 si sing. : BB, p. 65, 
 
 E Carduin da lei non si diparte. 
 si plu. : FFF, Ode Barbare, p. 23, 
 
 poi si riabbracciano. 
 lo after a final consonant : 0, Purg. IX, 81, 
 
 E come I'occhio piu e piu v'apersi 
 
 Vidil seder sopra il grado soprano, 
 
 Tal nella faccia, ch'io non lo soffersi. 
 lo before s impure : O, Inf. I, 110, 
 
 Noi leggevamo un giorno per diletto 
 
 Di Lancilotto, come amor lo strinse. 
 la : 0, Inf. I, 109, 
 
 Questi la caccera per ogni villa. 
 le : II, I, 82, 
 
 Ma cosi nudo e furfante ed a piede, 
 
 Fa cose da non creder chi le vede. 
 le : U, 2, 6, 
 
 li quali le parevano la piu dolce cosa del mondo. 
 
 bb. — Before irtjinitive constructions. 
 
 1. Negative infinitives used imperatively : 
 
 AAA, I, p. 132, non ii turbare. 
 
 2. Infinitives depending on impersonal verbs : 
 
 B, p. 27, ma non mi val seguire. 
 
 3. Infinitives depending on fare, vedere, sentire, udire, 
 
 lasciare : 
 A, p. 90 V, Amor d'incontra mi fa star sospeso. 
 
30 
 
 h. — Single enclitics. 
 
 aa. — Attached to infinitives'^. 
 
 1. With subject infinitive : U, 1, 1, 
 
 il mandar^o fuori di casa nostra cosi 
 infer mo ne sarebbe gran biasimo. 
 
 2. AVith infinitive depending on noun : S, p. 330, 
 
 Turno ha intendimento di cacciar77ii. 
 
 3. With infinitive depending on adjective : U, 5, 8, 
 
 io son presto di farZo. 
 
 4. With object infinitive preceded by di : S, p. 291, 
 
 desideriava di darZa. 
 
 5. With purpose infinitives preceded by 'per : S, p. 22, 
 
 li artisani li loro artifici lasciavano per veder^o. 
 
 6. With infinitive depending directly on transitive 
 
 verbs ^ : 
 U, 9, 5, pensa voler^o onorare. 
 
 66. — Attached to imperatives. 
 
 1. With the first person plural imperative : 
 
 FFF, Studi Lett., p. 251, e traduciamoZa con qualche 
 commento. 
 
 2. With the imperative second singular and plural : 
 
 F, p. 27, disse : dimi, dimi e insegnami che chosa, e 
 
 la prudenza : 
 BBB, p. 6, inseguite?7ii. 
 
 3. With ecco : II, I, 43, 
 
 ecco^i insieme. 
 
 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic 
 • position. 
 
 1. Indirect object with verbs accompanied by innanzi, 
 
 dietro, sopra, dirempetto, incontra, davanti, 
 avanti, incontro, dentro, dinanzi : 
 V, II, 208, gli venne incontra. 
 
 2. Dative strengthening the possessive : H, p. 195, 
 
 lo Cardinale si levo lo capello. 
 
 ^ For the use of pronouns with the present participle compare F. p. 50 : 
 Mostrandomi li pericoli. 
 
 2 Except verbs of making, causing, seeing, feeling, hearing, letting, per- 
 mitting. 
 
31 
 
 S. Active reflexive in which the agent is the voluntary 
 cause of the action : 
 F, p. 21, alora si levo I'uno de'medici di fedite. 
 
 4. Passive reflexive in v^^hich the agent sufl"ers the action 
 
 without willing it : K, p. 21, 
 O figliuolo mio, perch^ ti spaventi tue di tanta 
 paura ? 
 
 5. First person precedes the second : 0, Par. VIII, 52, 
 
 La mia letizia -mi ti tien celato. 
 
 6. First and second persons precede the reflexive si : 
 
 F, p. 53, non ti si scuopra lo lato. 
 
 2.— Special Constructions. 
 
 In addition to rare uses, idionaatic phrases, speech for- 
 inulas and locutions, the following examples include mainly 
 those constructions which belong more especially to indi- 
 vidual writers in certain epochs rather than to the Italian 
 language as a whole. 
 
 a. — Single proclitics. 
 
 ^Nominatives. 
 
 i' .• 0, Inf. I, 8, 
 
 Ma per trattar del ben chV vi trovai, 
 
 Diro dell'altre cose ch'io v'ho scorte ; 
 Inf. X, 34, 
 
 /'aveva gia il mio viso nel suo fitto. 
 no : 0, Purg. V, 52 (Blanc, It. Gr. p. 255), 
 
 No' fummo gia tutti per forza morti ; 
 
 PP, p. 77 
 
 Qui no' siam soli, e so' d'opinione 
 Che la si voltera in poche parole. 
 vo'^: N, p. 76, 
 
 k'avemo scritte dolorosamente 
 quelle parole ke vo' avete udite ; 
 N, p. 17, 
 
 ch' i' dissi lor: vo' portate le chiave 
 di ciascuna vertu alta e gentile. 
 e' : II, I, 26, 
 
 Rispose Ferraguto : e mi da '1 core ; 
 O, Inf XXII, 101, 
 Si ch' e non teman delle lor vendettB. 
 
 1 X, p. 17 ; TT, pp. 82, 169, 174. 
 
32 
 
 gli^ : TT, p. 130, 
 
 Gli e cittadino, e noi zappiam la terra 
 TT, p. 72, 
 Gli e un che va vestito di cilesto. 
 
 la^ : EE, p. 264, 
 
 La non vuol esser piu mia, 
 La non vuol la traditora, 
 L' e disposta al piu ch'io muora 
 Per amor, e gelosia. 
 
 V^ = la : PP, p. 85^ 
 
 E r altanto piu che la mie manza, 
 Poi che la sa che V e tenuta bella. 
 
 gli piu.' : TT, p. 83, ^ 
 
 Insino a ora, i' n' ho gettati motti : 
 
 Gli han fatto il sordo, e sono stati chiotti : 
 
 TT, p. 169, 
 Gli han fatto visi che pajon la morte. 
 
 le' : KK, II, 305, 
 
 sebbene le cose sono in superlativo grado tutto- 
 
 bene, subito le si convertono in un pessimo male 
 TT, p. 124, 
 le son pur cose ladre. 
 
 Atonic forms in hiatus. 
 
 mi' : O, Inf. V, 105, 
 
 Amor, che a nullo amato amar perdona, 
 
 Mi prese del costui piacer si forte, 
 
 Che, come vedi, ancor non mi abbandona. 
 
 m'^ : O, Inf. I, 20, 
 
 Allor fu la paura un poco queta, 
 Che nel lago del cor 'Wi'era durata 
 La notte, ch' i' passai con tanta pieta. 
 
 1 Cf. PP, p. 70 ; FF, pp. 8r, 55r, 23r ; TT, pp. 121, 129, 166, 181. 
 ^ This form occurs twelve times as nominative in EE, p. 264. 
 » Cf. PP, p. 75 ; TT, pp. 93, 99, 149 ; KK, II, 333. 
 
 * Cf. W, Ar, Cv, &iiir ; MM, pp. 59, 114. 
 
 « Cf. TT, pp. 86, 82, 121 ; KK, I, 407, II, 292 ; U, 2, 9 ; 8, 3 ; V, U, 
 80; AA, p. 83 ; GG, p. 429 ; MM, pp. 52, 58, 59, 73, 80, 96, 105. 
 
 * Wherever the vowel that follows the atonic form written is n(jt 
 mentioned, the form given is found equally before all vowels. 
 
 '^ The pronoun eliding its vowel will be placed immediately under the 
 one written in full. 
 
33 
 
 ci^ before e or i^ ; U, 1, 1, 
 
 faccendo noi nostro mezzano un suo nemico, amico 
 credendolo, ci exaudisce, come se ad uno vera- 
 mente santo per mezzano della sua gratia ricor- 
 resimo. 
 d before e,'^ or i ; O, Inf. XII, 51, 
 
 O cieca cupidigia, e ria e folle, 
 
 Che si ci sproni nella vita corta, 
 
 E neir eterna poi si mal c'immolle. 
 a : K, I, 77, 
 
 non ti ho mai veduto pigliare. 
 r : K, I, 176, 
 
 di chi f ha fatto male. 
 vi : O, Par. XXX, 139. 
 
 La cieca cupidigia, che vi ammalia, 
 
 Simili fatti v' ha al fantolino, 
 
 Che muor di fame e caccia via la balia. 
 
 v' : J, p. 18, 
 
 noi V entendaremo. 
 si : O, Inf. I, 100, 
 
 Molti son gli animali a cui si ammoglia. 
 s' ; BB, p. 38, 
 
 E'nverso lui ella s' afFoltava. 
 lo : O, Purg. XIY, 69, 
 
 Come all'annunzio de' dogliosi danni 
 
 Si turba il viso di colui che ascolta, 
 
 Da qual che parte il periglio lo assanni. 
 
 V: J, p. 15, 
 
 tu ce V ai mandato. 
 
 la: VV, p. 93, 
 
 ma che il mare statole poco 
 
 propizio ne la avesse divertita. 
 r : Y, nov. 13, 
 
 r avea tanto veduta. 
 le dat. fem. sing. : LL, I, 231, 
 
 Cosi dicea la donna con gran pianto, 
 
 Quando le apparve I'eremita accanto. 
 
 * Before a, o and u, ci is not elided. 
 « C/. K, I, 234. 
 3 Of. K, I, 144. 
 5 
 
34 
 
 V dat. fem. sing. : LL, I, 21, 
 
 Non risponde ella, e non sa che si faccia 
 Perche Rinaldo omai Vh troppo appresso. 
 II, 7, lo after a final vowel and before a single conso- 
 nant. 
 Jl : 0, Inf. II, 31, 
 
 chi il concede ? 
 
 Inf. y, 110, Chinai il viso, e tan to il tenni basso. 
 7 : O, Purg. I, 39, io 7 vedea. 
 lo : II, I, 8, In viso Balagante lo guardava ; 
 
 O, Inf. VIII, 41, Per che il maestro accorto lo so- 
 spinse. 
 il^ and lo^ equivalent to English so or it : 
 WW, p. 259, Arminsi pure i Greci, 
 
 Furo ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a 
 Pirro ; 
 YY, X, 243, il sarete.— 
 
 WW, p. 267, Ei giurera d'esser sostegno al figlio, 
 E lo sara ecc. ; 
 
 YY, I, 58, saro padre 
 
 Per compiacerti, come ora lo sono 
 Per consigliarti. 
 i accu. plu.3 : O, Inf. V, 78, 
 
 Ed egli a me : " vedrai quando saranno 
 Piu presso a noi ; e tu allor li prega 
 Per quell'amor che i mena ; e quel verranno ; 
 Inf. VII, 53, 
 
 La sconoscente vita, che i fe' sozzi, 
 Ad ogni conoscenza or li fa bruni. 
 i indirect singular* : 0, Par. XXIV, 148, 
 
 Come il sign or ch'ascolta quel che i piace, 
 Da indi abbraccia il servo, gratulando 
 Per la novella, tosto eh'ei si tace ; 
 O, Par, XXIX, 17, 
 
 In sua eternita di tempo fuore, 
 
 Fuor d'ogni altro compi'ender, come i piacque, 
 
 S'aperse in nuovi amor I'eterno amore. 
 
 1 (7/ WW, p. 255. 
 
 2 Of. WW, p. 256 ; ZZ, XIII, 276, 120 ; BBB, pp. 125, 263. 
 » C/. 0, Inf. XVII I, 18, Par. XII, 26 ; J, p. 3. 
 
 * Of. O, Inf. XXII, 73 : Inf. XXII, 127. 
 
35 
 
 Dative of the possessor^ : WW, p. 260, 
 gli sard padre ; 
 
 AAA, VI, 68, 
 
 non ti son figlio io primo ? 
 
 gli fern. dat. sing. : U, 2, 6, 
 
 li quali le parevano la piu dolce cosa del mondo et la 
 piu vezzosa, et non essendolesi anchora del nuovo 
 parto rasciuto il Jatte del petto quelli teneramente 
 prese, et al petto gli si puose, li quali non rifi- 
 utando il servigio, cosi lei peppavano, come la 
 madre havrebber fatto ; 
 
 O, Inf. XXXIII, 129 (Blanc, It. Gr. p. 263). 
 Sappi che tosto che I'anima trade. 
 Come fec'io, il corpo suo gli e tolto. 
 
 b. — Single enclitics with finite verbs 2. 
 
 mi : N, p. 25, 
 
 menom^^i sott'una freschetta folgla ; 
 
 Z, nov. 4, 
 
 e raderommi la barba. 
 
 ci : 0, Inf VI, 23, 
 
 Quando ci scorse Cerbero, il gran vermo, 
 Le bocche aperse, e mostrocci le sanne. 
 Inf. IV, 115, 
 Traemmoci dall'un de'canti 
 In loco aperto luminoso ed alto. 
 Si che veder poteansi tutti e quanti. 
 
 ti: U, 6, 6, 
 
 et havrotti in reverenza ; 
 
 dico^i, che poi che Iddio mi ha fatto tanta gratia. 
 
 vi : P, I, 14, 
 
 Prego?ri, siate accorti. 
 
 si: 0, Inf. IV, 98, 
 volsersi a me. 
 
 1 Cf, DD, p. 134 ; TT, p. 104 ; WW, p. 266 ; AAA, I, 146, 161, 175. 
 
 2 Examples of the first and second person imperative are not given in. 
 this list because the unaccented pronouns are still attached to this mode 
 in the persons indicated. 
 
86 
 
 lo: B, p. 43, 
 
 Ma pur la fine facieZo laudato ; 
 B, p. 43, 
 E poi nel mezo aveteZo sequito, 
 Lo bon f enir vi de' essere in grato. 
 
 Z: P, I, 59, 
 
 E misiZ per la via quasi smarrita ; 
 
 p,ir,6, 
 
 VedeZ colei, ch' e or si presso al vero. 
 
 la: O, Inf. XVIII, 94, 
 
 LascioZZa quivi gravida e soletta ; 
 M, nov. 12, 
 combatteo la citta, e vinseZct, e lo pregio e I'onore- 
 n'ebbe David. 
 
 li^ : F, p. 68, 
 
 preseZi a pregare ; 
 
 p. 56, 
 concedeZi di peccare. 
 
 gU: O, Purg. XIII, 153, 
 
 Tu li vedrai tra quella gente vana 
 Che spera in Talamone, e perdera^Zi 
 Piu di speranza, che a trovar la Diana ; 
 O, Inf. XXII, 71, 
 
 E Libicocco : Troppo avem sofFerto, 
 Disse, e -presegli il braccio col ronciglio, 
 Si che, stracciando, ne porto un lacerto. 
 
 le: V, 1, 15, 
 
 cominciolZe a mostrare e veli e borse ; 
 O, Inf. V, 68, 
 Vidi Paris, Tristano ; e piu di mille 
 Ombre mostrommi e nominolZe a dito. 
 
 c. — Enclitics with che, dietro, addosso, dreto. 
 
 mi with che^ : N, p. 20, 
 
 questi ^ colui, chem^ni si fa sentire. 
 
 * Since case and number offer no assistance in the explanation of en-- 
 clitics, no distinction has been made between the singular and plural, or 
 dative and accusative of U and gli. 
 
 2 Cf. N, pp. 25, 32. 
 
imi with dietro : KK, II, 70, 
 
 loro sempre venivano a lento passo 
 dietromi ; 
 
 KK, II, 175, 
 deretromi. 
 
 gli with addosso : KK, I, 114, 
 e'i cavallo addosso^^i ; 
 
 KK, I, 271, 
 eglino tutti I'un sopra all'altro addosso^^i. 
 
 gli with drieto : Z, nov. 70, 
 I'altro porco drietogli ; 
 Z, nov. 76, 
 gli fanciulli con le granate 
 drieto^^i. 
 
 a with drieto : Z, nov. 84, 
 
 mino, drieto^i parecchi passi gridava ; 
 
 I, p. 6, 
 elleno dietro^i co' bastoni. 
 
 d. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic 
 position. 
 
 vi = le: EEE, p. 274, 
 
 voleva la neve, camminarv i sopra. 
 
 vi = gli : BBB, p. 6, 
 
 non potendo schivare il pericolo, 
 vi corse incontro. 
 
 Za, indefinite! : BBB, 384, 
 
 comincio a prenderse^a con Perpetua ; 
 
 DDD, p. 14, 
 dunque, a che serve pigliarseZa a cuore ? ' 
 
 r = la indefinite : BBB, p. 65, 
 
 V ^ chiara, che I'intenderebbe ognuno ; 
 
 BBB, p. 130, 
 "Z'e dura," rispose il Griso, restando con un piede 
 sul primo scalino, " V e dura di ricever de' rim- 
 proveri, dopo aver lavorato fedelmente." 
 
 1 Cf. BBB, pp. 209, 282 (four Ves), 232 ; DDD, pp. 112, 145. 
 
38 
 
 Pronouns of address. 
 
 vi, to princes : KK, II, 202, 
 
 ora ascoltatemi, Ser Francesco Riccio, che io vi diro- 
 che sono i mia pari ; 
 KK, II, 234, 
 Vostra Eccellenza non diffidi di me; il perch^ di 
 nuovo le dico, che a me basta la vista di condurre 
 tre volte meglio quest' opera, che non fu il 
 modello, siccome io v' ho promesso. 
 
 la : KK, II, 316, 
 
 majordomo insinoattanto che Vostra Signoria par- 
 
 lera secondo quel nobilissimo grado, in che ella e 
 
 in volta, io la riveriro e parlero a lei con quella 
 
 sommessione, io 1' ho da servire ; 
 KK, II, 195, 
 e perche sua eccellenza vedessi quanto io avevo 
 
 voglia di servir^a. 
 
 le : KK, II, 234, 
 
 Vostra Eccellenza non diffidi di me ; il perche di 
 nuovo le dico, che a me basta la vista di condurre 
 tre volte meglio quest'opera, che non fu il modello. 
 
 ella: KK, II, 238, 
 
 sappi I'Eccellenza Vostra, che le ribalderie di Ber- 
 nardone mi sforzano a dimandarla e pregarla, che 
 quella mi dica quel ch'ella spesse nel diamante, 
 grande punta ischericata ; perche io spero mos- 
 trarle, perche questo mal cerca mettermivi in dis- 
 grazia. 
 
 e. — Double atonies in which the direct precedes the in- 
 direct object in combinations where mi, ti, ci, vi 
 stand next to Io, etc., la, etc. 
 
 il before mi'^ : U, 7, 9, 
 
 ella il mi comandera ; 
 
 U, 3, 7, 
 se voi il sapete, dite^mi. 
 
 la before mi^ : U, 6, 4, 
 
 in fe di Dio se tu non la mi dai ; 
 
 1 U, 5, 9 ; 7, 7 ; 10, 10 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 8 ; 0, Inf. XXV, 48 ; 0, Inf, 
 XVI, 44 ; Par. XXV, 89. 
 
 2 U, 3, 1 ; 2, 10 ; 3, 9 ; 7, 10 ; 5, 1 ; 5, 4 : 8, 8. 
 
39 
 
 U,2, 10, •. . . 
 
 ove cosi non fosse voi foreste villania a volerlami 
 torre. 
 
 il before ti ^ : U, 5, 4, 
 io il ti prometto ; 
 U, 5, 10, 
 tienZo^i a mente. 
 
 la before ti^ : U, 3, 4, 
 io la ti mosterro ; 
 U, 4, 4, 
 noi la ti diamo. 
 
 il before vi^ : U, 1, 1, 
 ' io il vi diro ; 
 
 U, 6, 10, 
 dirolw. ^ 
 
 la before vi* : U, 3, 6, 
 
 hora non credo io, che voi crediate, che io la vi 
 mandossi ; 
 
 ma se le vi piacciono, io le vi donero volentieri. 
 
 B.—RJSSUMA 
 
 The following table gives a resume of the examples of 
 the special constructions cited above. 
 
 a. — Single proclitics. 
 
 Atonic Nominatives. 
 
 i' ; B31, C, F9, H3, K2, M3, N46, 024, P361, 
 m, S2, U3, Vll, W8, X19, Y2, AA30, 
 BB39, DD88, EE8, FF9, GG51, HHlO, 
 II18, JJ, KK, LL2, NN5, PP81, QQ72, 
 SS114, TT148, UU6, XX17. 
 
 no\- D2, X, PP, TT12, 0. 
 
 vo' : N2, X, TT3. 
 
 1 Cf. U, 7, 9 ; 9, 5 ; O, Inf. Ill, 45 ; O, Furg. XX, 40 ; Purg. XXXIII, 
 77; Purg. XXXIIT, 119. 
 
 3 Cf. U, 3, 14 ; 5, 2 ; 8, 7 ; 10, 3. 
 
 » a/. U, 3, 3 ; 3, 7 ; 3, 7 ; 8, 9 ; 9, 1 ; 0, Par. XIV, 10. 
 
 * Cf. U, 3, 6 ; 5, 1. 
 
40 
 
 6'; B7, C2, F9,.H10, 12, KIO. M2, N6, 013, 
 P18, R7, S2, U2, V117, X4, Y16, Z154, 
 AA3, BB43, DD4, EE2, GG68, HH2, 
 II33, KK316, LL, MM2, NN4, PP9, QQ5, 
 BBS, SS3, TT174, XX, DDD5, EEE, 
 FFF26. 
 
 gli sin^. : W, FF3, LL13, PP, QQ, TTo3, YY2, 
 DDDIO. 
 
 gli plu. : W6, TT2, MM2. 
 
 la: EE12, 117, KK19, LL, MMll, PP7, TT79, 
 YY38, BBB19, DDD5. 
 
 r = la : A A, PP2, TT34, KK, BBB6, DDD4. ^ 
 
 le : U2, V, AA, GG, KK7, MM8, TTIO, BBB6, 
 DDD. 
 
 Proportion of forms not elided when mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la, 
 and the feminine plural le are placed in hiatus \ 
 
 KK240%, VV75%, WW25%, YY22%, ZZ28%, AAA 
 (vol. VL) 38%, DDD22%, EEE80%, FFF28%='. 
 
 il, 'I, lo following a final vowel and preceding a single 
 consonant initial. 
 
 il : A2, B9, 03, E, H, 14, K6, M31, 072, P48, 
 Kll, S2, U455, V18, W4. X3, Y9, Z40, 
 AAll, BB8. CCS, DD4, EE5, FF7, GG24, 
 HH6, II260, LL141, MM3, NN26, 0015, 
 PP, QQ62, RR, SS42, TT6, UU42, 
 WW29, XX22, YY5, ZZ4, AAA90. 
 CCC16. 
 
 7; A, B9, Co, E, F4, K8, M16, N8, 06, P71, 
 R17, S7, U23, V 10, X4, Y, Z3, AA5, BB6, 
 DDIO, EE6, FF5, GG16, II27, LL32, 
 NN2, 0013, PP5, QQ25, SS31, TT14, 
 CJU18, WW3, XX12, YY3, AAA23. 
 
 1 Ci is subject to the same laws of elision as 7ni, etc., when it occurs 
 before the vowels e and i, but it is always written in full before a, o and u. 
 
 2 The percentage of elision in each author may easily be computed by 
 subtracting the numerals placed to the right of tifie capital letters from a 
 hundred. 
 
 ^ In all the texts not mentioned the proportion of non-elision is less 
 than 2%. 
 
41 
 
 lo : A5, B43, C8, E7, F8, H20, 110, K53, M30, 
 N4, 018, S126, U9, V162, W15, X, Y98, 
 Z160, AA5, BB9, CC3, DD5, EE12, 
 FF14, GG44, HH, II369, LL541, MM54, 
 NN13, 008, PP4, RI12, SS4, TT27, 
 UU23, V V17, W W23, XX8, YY90, ZZ69, 
 AAA7, CCC2. 
 
 il and lo equivalent to English so. 
 
 il: WW2, AAA4. 
 
 lo : WW3, YY, AAA2. 
 
 i accusative plural : J, 04. 
 
 i dative singular : 05, N2. 
 
 gli fern, dative singular : 0, U. 
 
 Dative of the possessor: DD, TT, WW2, YY, AAA3. 
 
 h. — Single enclitics. 
 
 With finite verbs^. 
 
 mi : A4, B23, C2, E8, F, K3, M2, N3, 094, 
 P4, R3, S2, T3, U53, V13, W19, X4, Y4, 
 Z18, AA2, BB3, CC9, DD18, EE, FFIO, 
 GG29, II19, JJ6, KK37, LL12, MM, 
 NN5, 004, PP5, QQ4, SS13, TT5, AA, 
 WW3, XX13, YY16, ZZ3, AAA15, CCC, 
 FFF4. 
 
 ci : 06, R4, U2, DD, GG2, JJ, KK, AAA. 
 ti : K, M3, 03, R4, S2, U8, W2, X, ZIO, DD, 
 GG4, 112, KK, LL, NN, 002, SS, XX, 
 
 YY, AAA8. 
 
 vi : B6, C, E, 0, P5, S2, UIO, BB2, IIo, KK, 
 XX, YY, AAA. 
 
 si'^ : I, Y2, II, FFF2. 
 
 lo : B9, G, H27, 110, K26, L, M31, 09, P6, R, 
 S18, T9, U39, V22, W4, X, Y, Z49, BB5, 
 DD4, FF2, GG2, II30, JJ6, KK3, LL42, 
 MM2, NN2, 00, PP, QQ4, SS4, TT, UU5, 
 XX6, YY, CCC4, DDD, FFF. 
 
 l_ The first and second person imperative are excluded from this resume 
 because the atonies are still attached to this mode in the persons men- 
 tioned. 
 
 2 This r§sum6 includes only the reflexive si and not the uses of this form 
 as a sign of the passive signification of the verb. 
 
 6 
 
42 
 
 I : A, B2, E, 04, P4, R, U3, W2, BBS, 113, 
 SS3, TT, AAA. 
 
 la : A, B, C, F, H3, I, K4, MIO, N, 04, P3, S, 
 T4, U8, V16, Y2, Z14, EE3, GG, 116, JJ2, 
 KK, LL21, MM, NN3, 00, PP, QQ3, 
 TT4, WW2, XX4, AAA3, BBB, FFF2. 
 
 li : B2, F2,^,G2, H6, 14, K7, L3, M56, 05, R, 
 S13, T8, V4, W2, YIO, Z17, AA, GG6, 
 
 112, KK, LL3, MM, SS3, WW. 
 
 gli : D, H9, 14, 07, P2, S7, T, U81, V40, Wo, 
 Z70, BBll, EE3, FF8, GG8, 1180, JJ2, 
 KK5, LL35, NN3, QQ4, TT, UU3, VV, 
 XX2, AAA, CCC5, FFF. 
 
 le : C, E, I, K5, M8, 02, P2, U13, V16, W, Z, 
 
 113, JJ, KK, TT, XX, FFF. 
 
 Atonies with che, dereto, drieto, addosso. 
 
 TYii with che : N8. 
 
 mi with dereto : KK. 
 
 mi witli drieto : KK. 
 
 gli with drieto ; Z. 
 
 gli with addosso : KK2. 
 
 li with drieto : I, Z2. 
 
 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic 
 position. 
 
 vi equivalent to a third personal dative : II, BBB, EEE. 
 
 la and I' {= la) used indefinitely. 
 la : BBB 13, DDD3 ; I' : BBB4. 
 
 d. Pronouns of address. 
 
 In order to show the relative frequency of the mixing 
 and competing constructions of voi and ella the corres- 
 ponding tonic pronouns will be placed to the right of the 
 unaccented forms. In the texts not included in this 
 resume, voi is adopted, to the exclusion of ella, as the 
 form of polite address. 
 
43 
 
 vi: KK18, YY205. 
 
 la: KK14, RR, Yyi2, 
 BBB13, DDD. 
 
 le : Y, KK4, RRo, YY2, 
 
 voi: KK13, YY162. 
 
 ella : KK16, RR4, VV, 
 YYll, EBB. 
 
 lei : KK3, RR6, VV3, 
 
 YY4, BBB46, DDDq.i YY3, BBB124, 
 
 I DDDS3. 
 
 e. — Double atonies in which the direct precedes the in- 
 direct objects 
 
 il mi : B3, E, M4, 0, P, U6, W, NN, SS. 
 
 lo mi : B, M2, 0, U4, BB, LL, NN, FFF. 
 
 la mi: B, U7, KK/ NN3, 00, PP, TT. 
 
 le mi : P, U3, NN2. 
 il ci : M, XJ. 
 lo ci : U, NN. 
 le ci : NN. 
 il ti : 05, U3, SS. 
 lo ti : B, M2, 03, U, Z, NN2, UU. 
 lati: M2, N, U4, NN2. 
 le ti : UU. 
 ilvi: U20,.NN. 
 lo vi : C, M4, 0. 
 la vi : U2, NN2. 
 le vi : U3, NN. 
 
 C. — Discussion of single atonies. 
 
 1. — In proclitic position. 
 
 a. — Nominatives i\ i, no', vo\ e\ gli, la, I' (= la), le. 
 
 On this point Meyer-Llibke- remarks: "Im Toskani- 
 schen kennt von Subjektivepronomina nur io eine pro- 
 klitische Form : i, die in alter Zeit auch in der Litteratur 
 gebrauchlich war, s. Caix, Orig. 210." 
 
 * This table includes only combinations of the first and second personal 
 forms with a third person not reflexive. 
 2(7/ /<• GV.,1[369. 
 
44 
 
 Of the other proclitic^ forms above mentioned e'* cer- 
 tainly ])oints, because of the frequency of its occurrence in 
 the best Italian texts^ to a Tuscan origin and growth, just 
 as in the case of i and i ; while the shortened nominatives 
 no'\ vo^,gli^, la\ V {= la) and le belong more especially 
 to popular speech^ 
 
 E'^ the elided form of ei can stand only before a conso- 
 nant, while i''^° and i^^, the shortened forms of io are used 
 both before vowels and consonants. 
 
 Interesting as a study of the Italian folk speech is the 
 use of double nominatives^^ iu cases where a noun standing 
 as the regular subject of a proposition is followed by a 
 pronoun used as the subject of the same verbal Illustrat- 
 ing a similar usage is the occurrence of two objects^* after 
 
 ^ Cf. Caix, Origini. Firenze, 1880, ^ 91 : " Come casi d'iato alFatona 
 vanno qui considerate le forme apostrofate delle enclitiche e proclitiche 
 e particolarmente dei pronomi personali eo, io, noi, voi, lei, e dei posses- 
 si vi 7neo, mio, tuo, suo; onde abbiamo : e', i\ no\ vo\ le\ me', mi\ tu\ sm'." 
 
 Also compare Fornaciari, Grammatica Jtaliana. Firenze 1879, p. 120 : 
 
 Proclitiche : gli ed e' = egli, eglino, 
 la = ella, 
 le = elleno. 
 ^ Cf. Caix, Origini, ^ 91 : " Questa ci conduce poi alle forme ei, quei, 
 e\ que', principalmente toscane, e frequenti gia in Guittone e nella sua 
 Scuola." 
 
 ^ Cf. resume, p. 39. 
 
 * Cf. Caix, Origini, % 207. 
 
 ^ vo' occurs also in the oblique cases in K, pp. 27, 35, 42, 46, 61, 116 ; 
 N, p. 43. 
 
 " Cf. the 44 occurrences of gli in the popular writer TT by the side of 
 the seventy-nine examples of the vulgar nominative la in the same text. 
 
 " Cf. Blanc, It. Gr., p. 272 : " Jetzt ist der Gebrauch der, dass ella und 
 elleno der edlerea Sprache, la und elle dem gewShnlichen Leben, le aber 
 fur elleno nur dem Pobel angehort." 
 
 * For examples of all the atonic nominatives cited above, compare pp. 
 31-32. 
 
 ^ Cf. V, I, 10 : E' non vide mai nessuno compiuto. 
 
 ^ ^ Cf. T>D, p. 5 : r era divenuto tanto stanco ; 
 
 LL, I, 232, Padre, di me ch' i' son giunta a mal porto. 
 
 ^^ Cf. Blanc, It. Gr., p. 95 : *' Auch der Apostroph ist im Italianischen 
 eine neuere Erfindung, die Handschriften des 14. Jahrh. kennen ihn 
 nicht." 
 
 ^ ^ Cf. KK, I, 407 : Questa prigione, che certo innocentissimo tu hai 
 avuta, la sara stata la salute per sempre. 
 
 ^ ^ Cf. Henry, he is going to town to-morrow, a usage common among 
 English peasants. 
 
 ^ * Cf, KK, II, 1 : Questo capitolo Io scrivo a Luca Martini. 
 
45 
 
 one verb in which the second is a pronoun inserted after 
 the regular noun object. 
 
 b. — Atonic pronouns in hiatus ^ 
 
 The general law governing the elision or retention of 
 the final vowel of the pronominal and adverbial particles 
 in hiatus is that 7}ii'\ ti, si, ne, vi, lo, la are generally 
 elided when placed before any vowel or h, while ci loses 
 its vowel only when standing before i^ or e, and it is 
 written in full before a*, o and i(-. The i of gli^, singular 
 and plural, is elided only before an initial i; and the e of 
 le"^ (the accusative feminine plural) is cut off before another 
 e provided the context is sufficiently clear to prevent the 
 confusion of le (the plural form) with le, the dative 
 singular. 
 
 The rules, as given, are those generally practised from 
 the origin of the language to the latest writers. How- 
 ever, there are found in the usage of certain authors strik- 
 ing exceptions to the laws postulated, which exceptions 
 render necessary a comparison of the different texts 
 studied. In the course of this examination' I have noted 
 that the elision of atonic particles w^as general until about 
 the sixteenth century, from which time the proportion of 
 non-elided forms rapidly increases, reaching the greatest 
 percentage in VV, AAA, EEE, DDD, FFF, etc., where the 
 use of a full or shortened form is optional'. 
 
 2. — In enclitic position. 
 a. — Origin of mi, ii, si. 
 
 With reference to the origin of the use of mi, ti, si as 
 enclitics, D'Ovidio® says : " Nulla pero ci vieta di supporre 
 che, sorti nella posizione proclitica, mi ecc. passassero 
 quindi anche alia enclitica." While this development may 
 
 * The adverbs ci, ne and vi are also included in the present treatment 
 of elision, 
 
 - "^ Cf. m'amo ; ^'offendere ; n'ando ; v'ha amato : Z'ha veduto. 
 ^ Cf. c'insegna ; c'entra. 
 
 * Cf. ci amo ; ci ofFese ; ci udiva. 
 ^ Cf. .g^'indusse ; gli amo. 
 
 * Cf. Z'ebbe trovate. 
 
 7 Cf. table p. 40. 
 
 8 Cf. examples pp. 32-33. 
 
 ^ Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70. 
 
46 
 
 be possible, one is led to reject it for the reason that the 
 pronouns in hand can be explained on a purely phonetic 
 basis. 
 
 According to a general phonetic law given by Meyer- 
 Llibke :i " Dagegen wii-d e zu i : fiori, ami = ames, chi- 
 menti, Giovanni, oggi - hodie, vedi =vide," me, etc., regu- 
 larly > "iui, etc., in postonic position. 
 
 The junction of enclitic pronouns with the verbs upon 
 which they lean is simply an orthographic representation 
 of the sounds of oral speech ; the two words being articu- 
 lated together, orthography in attempting to indicate pro- 
 nunciation writes the two forms as one. 
 
 3. Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic posi- 
 tion (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic). 
 
 a. — Mixing of gender, number and person. 
 aa. — Masculine for feminine. 
 
 The occasional use of masculine gli^ for the indirect 
 feminine singular le ( < P. L^. illae) is best explained as 
 deriving directly < ILLI ( = C. L. masc. and fern. dat. sing.). 
 Since the Latin shows both illi and illae for the femi- 
 nine dative singular, it is natural that gli and le, their 
 respective derivatives, should persist side by side until the 
 former is supplanted by le, the Italian representative of 
 the latter. 
 
 An apparent confusion of gender may be seen in the 
 sporadic use of the oblique masculine singular Zo* for la, 
 where the masculine form merely expresses some quality 
 of the feminine noun to which it refers, but does not stand 
 in the place of the noun in the ordinary sense of a pronoun. 
 
 Forming a striking contrast to the mixing of gender 
 just referred to, is the strict preservation of the feminine 
 in elliptical and indefinite constructions ; such as, vedersela, 
 jjagarla, godersela^, etc., where the verb is accompanied by 
 a pronoun without relating to anything before mentioned. 
 
 1 It. Or., ^ 106. 
 
 2 Cf. p. 35. 
 
 " P. L. = Popular Latin and C. L. — Classic Latin. 
 
 * Cf. BBB, p. 125 : Gertrude avrebbe potuto essere una monaca santa 
 e contenta, comunque lo fosse divenuta. 
 
 " Cf. The French "vous me la donnez belle " and the Spanish " quien las 
 sabe las tane." 
 
47 
 
 In such idiomatic expressions, although some substantive 
 is always understood, agreeing with the sense to which 
 the pronoun refers i, there would seem to be a natural 
 reason for a mixing of gender, since the omitted object to 
 which the pronoun relates would not be kept in the mind 
 of the average speaker and the idea of its gender would be 
 entirely lost. The probable reason for the keeping of the 
 feminine in such cases is that the expressions pagarla, etc., 
 came to be a regular Italian locution and the speaker or 
 writer adopted them as speech formulas without thinking 
 of the gender of the omitted substantive. 
 
 hb. — Singular for the plural. 
 
 The masculine singular lo^ is also used in referring to 
 plural nouns in constructions where it stands in the 
 predicate position, and expresses some attribute of a noun, 
 just as is the case with an adjective. 
 
 cc. — si ( = ci). 
 
 A very free use of the persons is the construction with 
 si, the third person reflexive, for ci, the first person plural 
 This construction is found only in W^ and doubtless origin- 
 ated under the influence of the Lombard dialect*. 
 
 A further mixing of persons may be seen in the use of 
 the adverb v^^ corresponding to the pronoun vi, for the 
 third person dative singular and plural in constructions 
 where it refers directly to objects or persons before 
 mentioned ^ This syntactical irregularity is probably a 
 mere extension of the adverbial use of vi from the idea of 
 place to that of persons and things. The adverb vi was 
 already used in the sense of " there," " to that place," '' to 
 that part," etc., and by analogy to this third personal 
 
 ^ For example, in vederse^a something like la questione is implied. 
 
 2 Cf. ZZ, XIII, 276 : Che sono tutte malvagie, e se alcuna lo e meno, 
 11 suocero e la suocera lo saranno in sua vece. 
 
 ^ Cf. nr : Poi si traemo per la drita via ; Ciir, Noi si trovamo giunti su 
 lextremo ; piiiir, Noi se partimo et prendemo el camino. 
 
 ^ Gf. Francesco Rinaldo, Avvertimenti Grammaticali. Modena, 1732: 
 " Alcuni, specialmente Lombardi, errano frequentemente si, che corris- 
 ponde al latino se, o sihi, per ci, che corrisponde a nos, o a nobis ; e cosi 
 dicono si partimmo, si ferammo, in luogo di ci partimmo, ci /erammo.^' 
 
 ^ For the use of ci in similar constructions compare D'Ovidio, Archiv. 
 Olott. It, p. 78; Meyer-Litbke, It. G^r., TI 371. 
 
 « Cf. M, p. 74 ; Fece a Marco una cosi fatta questione, credendo che 
 ;Marco non vi potesse rispondere. 
 
48 
 
 signification may have arisen its occasional substitution for 
 the dative pronouns of the third person. 
 
 b. — Uses of ilj 'I and lo before the verb. 
 
 With reference to the position of il and lo in Dante and 
 his contemporaries Groeber^ says: "Es besteht vielmehr 
 folgende Kegel fur den Gebrauch der zwei parallelen 
 Artikel — und Pronominalformen in den altesten Hdschn. 
 der. Div. Com.: lo, li steht vor beliebigem Anlaut und 
 hinter beliebigem Auslaut, il, i vor einfachem Consonanten 
 und nur hinter vocalischem Auslaut." It will be noted 
 that the rule quoted above, applies to il and lo both as 
 articles and as pronouns. However, in consideration of 
 the fact that il and lo as articles do not fall directly under 
 a treatment of the same forms as pronouns, only the latter 
 will be considered in this monograph. 
 
 To determine the law governing the position of il'^ and 
 lo involves a discussion of the word preceding and the 
 word following them in the sentence. Now, because it is 
 an almost universal rule in Italian that the final letter of 
 a word must be a vowel, the former question is practically 
 restricted to the pronominal form permitted to stand after 
 the particles rvon, con, per, ijut, etc. For the texts ex- 
 amined, only one example of iP used after a final conso- 
 nant has been noted, while the use of lo in this position is 
 the regular Italian construction. 
 
 With reference to the word following il and lo the 
 examples collected show that the use of il*' before any 
 given word was conditioned upon the fact that such a 
 word should begin with a single consonant, whereas the 
 adoption of lo before a word beginning with a single con- 
 sonant was also permissible, and its use before a vowel or 
 impure 8 was obligatory. Now, since the only jgpsition in 
 
 ^Zeit.ftir. Bom. Phil., I, p. 108. 
 
 ^ Statements relative to the position of il and lo always include their 
 corresponding plurals i and gli {li) ; however, i as the accusative f)lural 
 only occurs five times in the texts examined (0 4, I). 
 ^ Of. II, III, 151 : Non pur il porto, ecc. 
 
 * For the only examples found of il preceding a word beginning with 
 impure s compare : 
 
 II, III, 195 : Iddio ringrazia, giugnendo le braccia, 
 Che di tanto dolor si tosto il spoglia ; 
 II, I, 26, Vedendo che costui si poco il stima ; 
 . LL, I, 93, Lo chiama al campo, ed alia pugna 7 sfida. 
 
49 
 
 which il could stand was when the word preceding it 
 ended in a vowel, and the word following it began with a 
 single consonant ; and, because even in this position, il^ 
 and lo were used interchangeably, the parallel uses of these 
 two forms in the construction just mentioned have been 
 counted with results as shown by the table 2. Such a 
 resum^ indicates that il was preferred for the most part 
 in poetry and lo in prose, the former disappearing entirely 
 from prose literature in the course of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury and from poetry in the seventeenth century. Hence, 
 we ma}' conclude with the statement that Grober's rule* 
 relative to the position of il and lo as pronouns was not 
 only the usage of Dante and his contemporaries, but was 
 the practice of Tuscan authors until the pronominal func- 
 tion of il was finally lost in order to differentiate between 
 the article and pronoun by the adoption of il^ as an article 
 and lo as a pronoun. 
 
 After personal forms of essere the conjunctive pronouns 
 iP and lo^ are used without variation for gender^ or num- 
 ber^ in the predicate sense of it, or so, for the purpose of 
 representing the condition or quality of an adjective or 
 noun already expressed^ 
 
 c, — Position of atonic pronouns with finite verbs. 
 
 Mussafia^" first announced the general principle, that in 
 Old Italian atonic pronouns were always enclitic when 
 depending on a finite verb standing at the beginning of 
 the principal proposition, whether the sentence was declar- 
 
 ^ Cf. M, p. 23 : Quelli lo mordea, e cosi il consumo. 
 2 Cf. p. 40-41. 
 « Cf. p. 48. 
 
 * Cf. il gjorno ; io lo vidi. 
 
 ^ Cf. Wt, p. 259 : Arminsi pure i Greci 
 
 Furo ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a Pirro ; 
 YY, X, 243, il sarete. 
 6 Cf. XX, I, 58, sar6 padre 
 
 Per compiacerti, come ora lo sono 
 
 Per consigliarti. 
 ^ Cf p. 34. 
 « Cf p. 34. 
 
 * For the same construction in French compare Whitney's French Graui^ 
 mar. New York, 1886, pt. II, p. 246. 
 
 '^^ Cf Miscellanea di Filologia e Liiiguistica. Firenze, 1886, pp. 255- 
 261. 
 
50 
 
 ative\inteiTogative*,imperativo'', subjunctive* used impera- 
 tively, an indicative^ preceded by a vocative, or several* 
 principal propositions succeeding one another v^ithout con- 
 nectives^ 
 
 On the other hand, if the principal proposition did not 
 begin with a verb, it was the rule to place the atonic par- 
 ticles in proclitic position I 
 
 The reason for the use of enclitics with verbs standing 
 at the beginning of the principal proposition is, according 
 to Mussafia^ because the early writers did not wdsh to 
 begin the principal sentence with an unaccented particle. 
 
 In the fourteenth century^" the unaccented pronouns 
 began to disappear from enclitic position with finite verbs 
 and with the exception of the second person singular and 
 plural imperative and the first person plural imperative 
 they ceased entirely to be employed in this construction 
 about the middle of the seventeenth century. 
 
 d. — Position of atonic pronouns wdth infinitives. 
 
 aa. — Infinitives not dependent upon verbs. 
 
 When an infinitive is the subject" of a proposition, or 
 depends upon a noun^'* or adjective ^^ the unaccented parti- 
 cles are invariably written as enclitics. 
 
 ^ Gf. vidi/o for lo vidi. 
 
 "^ Cf. hotti io mai ingiuriato ? 
 
 ^ Cf. divami, diitemi, diciamogfZi. 
 
 * Cf. piaciaie, rimangansene. 
 
 ^ Cf. amico mio, prego^t, ecc. 
 
 •^ Cf. andai da tuo fratello, diedi^Zi la lettera, pregaiZo, ecc. 
 
 '' As an explanation of expressions like mi dinse, mi rUpose Mussafia 
 {Miscellanea, p. 258) says : "In questo caso I'orazione diretta rappresenta 
 I'oggetto del verbum dicf^ndi ; e poiche il periodo comincia da questo og- 
 getto, cessa Fobbligo dell'enclisi." 
 
 ^ Cf. io lo vidi ; non lo vidi ; non ti turbare ; or 7ni di, donna, ecc. ; 
 non lo vedendo (or non vedendo^o). Here also belong constructions where 
 the principal proposition was connected with another preceding, the first 
 word of the proposition co-ordinated being any conjunction except e and 
 ma ; for example, one said io I'amo ; percio lo punisco, but e riguardowwi, 
 TYia siovz\mi, etc. In like manner, when the pronoun relative adverb, or 
 conjunction introducing a dependent clause was expressed, the verb being 
 no longer at the head of the proposition, took the pronoun before it ; as, 
 I'uomo che ^'ama, ecc. 
 
 » Cf. Miscellanea, p. 257. 
 1 « Cf. Miscellanea, p. 257. 
 
 ^ * Cf. U, 1,1; II mandar/o fuori di casa nostra cosi infermo ne sarebbe 
 gran biasimo. 
 
 '^^ Cf. S, p. 330 : Turno ha intendimento di cacciarwi. 
 
 ^ ^ Cf. U, 5, 8 : Io sono presto di farZo, 
 
51 
 
 hb. — Infinitives depending on verbs. 
 
 When an infinitive depends upon an impersonal verb and 
 .only one atonic pronoun is expressed, this pronoun always 
 stands before the principal verbi, representing the one for 
 whom the impersonal idea exists. On the contrary, if a 
 second pronoun^ is introduced, it is written in conjunction 
 with the infinitive. 
 
 In all constructions where an infinitive is dependent 
 upon a verb of making'% causing, seeing"^, hearing, 'per- 
 mitting, letting the conjunctive pronoun is placed before 
 the independent verb, while it is always attached to the 
 infinitive itself when the infinitive is governed b}^ any tran- 
 sitive verb^, except those just mentioned. 
 
 When an infinitive depends directly upon an intransi- 
 tive verb, the atonic pronoun may be placed either before 
 the main verb" or united with the infinitive ^ the two con- 
 structions being employed side by side (without apparent 
 distinction) from the earliest texts to the present time. 
 
 If the preposition di^ or pe?^ stands between the depen- 
 dent infinitive and the governing verb, the atonic pronoun 
 is always attached to the infinitive. 
 
 On the other hand, if the preposition a* precedes the 
 infinitive, the conjunctive pronoun may go either with the 
 principal verb or with the infinitive. 
 
 . e. — Reflexives. 
 
 When the same person is both subject and object of a 
 verb, the pronoun on which falls the action of the verb 
 has a reflexive sense. For this purpose are used mi, ti, 
 
 1 Cf. B, p. 139 : Ma ti conven i^artire ; 
 
 U, 1, 2, mi parea havere impiegata, ecc. 
 ^ Cf. V, 2, 7 : Mi place di raccontarvi. 
 '■^ Cf. Inf. II, 70 : lo son Beatrice die ti faccio andare. 
 
 * Cf. Inf. I, 92 : A te convien tenere altro viaggio- ■ 
 
 Rispose, poi che lagrimar 7ni vide. 
 
 * Cf. U, 9, 5 : Credesse bene accender^o ; 
 
 Y, p. 94 : pensa voler^o onorare ; 
 
 P, I, 234 : sperp veder/o oggi ; 
 " Cf. U, 2, 3 : lo ti posso menare. 
 
 ^ Cf. LL, I, 98 : che non puoi saperto, o non schivarli. 
 8 q/: S, p. 291 : Desideriava didB,vla. 
 > Cf. Y, p. 58 : Lg, donna ^p incomincio a pregare ; 
 
 KK, 11 : 380 lo venne a vedece ; 
 
 V, I, 76 : voile andare a vederZo ; 
 
 Y, p. 139 : e' comjnoiu a pregar/a. • 
 
52 
 
 ci, vi, si^, the plurals also being employed as reciprocalsy. 
 meaning " each other," " one another," etc. 
 
 /. — Dative constructions. 
 
 aa. — Dative with verbs. 
 
 In Italian just as in Latin, the case of an indirect object 
 denotes the person to or for which something exists or is 
 done, designating the one affected or interested, and gener- 
 ally implying advantage or disadvantage. 
 
 Some of the principal verbs governing the dative case^ 
 in Italian are : 
 
 1. Verbs of remembering^, threatening^, persuading, dis- 
 suading*, conquering^, pardoning^ 
 
 2. All impersonal verbs ^ 
 
 3. In Italian as in Latin verbs accompanied by satis^l 
 hene^, niale^^ take the dative ; bene and male being written 
 apart from the verb in Italian, while in Latin the three 
 forms were united with the verb (cf. satisfacere, bene-- 
 facere, malefacere). 
 
 4. Verbs used with the prepositions davante^\ avavti, 
 innanzi, dietro, appresso^~, dire'm'petto, incontro^^, attorno^ 
 sotto^^, sopra, dinanzi, etc., the preposition and verb being 
 written separately in Italian but corresponding to the 
 Latin dative after verbs compounded with ante, post, prae^ 
 sub, super, etc. 
 
 ^ The reflexive si must not be confounded with the particle si used as 
 the sign of the passive signification of the verb or si meaning " one,"' 
 ** people," " they," etc. ; as, si racconta ; si scrive. 
 
 2 (7/1 P, I, 44 : Di chiamarmi a se non le ricorda ; 
 
 LL, II, 47, Di Bradamante piii non gli sovviene. 
 
 ' Cf. LL, III, 123 : E' gli minaccia, ecc. 
 
 * Cf. LL, V, 96 ; Molto gli dissuase Malagigi. 
 
 ^ Of. LL, V, 260 : A Costantin del quale era sorella Costei si gittd- 
 a'piedi, e gli conquise. 
 
 ^ Cf. LL, IV, 4 : non gli perdono. 
 
 ^ Cf. parere, sembrare, bastare, dolere, valere, piacere, dispiacere, 
 nocere, premere, convenire, degnare, mancare, cadere, calere, costarCy, 
 gravare, giovare. 
 
 ^ Cf. LL, IV, 274 : Di questo Ferrau le satislece. 
 
 « Cf. V, I, 13 : Che tu le voglia bene. 
 
 10 Cf. V, I, 142 : Mi vuol male. 
 
 11 Cf. LL, II, 125 : Ma la maga gentil le va davante.- 
 
 12 cy. LL, II, 78 : Ruggier, gli e appresso 
 
 !•■» ry. V, II, 208 : Gli venne incontra. 
 
 '^* Cf NN, I, 12 : II destrier W/^o gli cade. 
 
53 
 
 5. Transitive verbs governing the accusative and dative^ 
 ^ase, when, together with the object of the action there is 
 expressed the person or thing to or for which it is done. 
 
 hh. — Indirect object after adjectives. 
 
 Following the Latin construction, the Italian designates 
 the object to which the quality of an adjective is directed 
 by the use of the dative^. 
 
 cc— Dative of the possessor. 
 
 The verb essere is construed with a pronoun in the case 
 of indirect object denoting the possessor. This usage is a 
 pure Latinism and is limited to the authors indicated by 
 
 dd. — Possessive strengthened by the dative 
 
 In Icalian this construction is represented in three 
 ways : 
 
 1. Both the dative and possessive pronoun are ex- 
 pressed ^ ; 
 
 2. When parts of the body are referred to, the masculine 
 or feminine definite article ^ is substituted for the posses- 
 sive ; 
 
 3. In certain idiomatic phrases where the sense is suffi- 
 ciently clear the possessive pronoun and article are both 
 omitted ^ 
 
 This strengthening of the possessive idea by the addi- 
 tion of the dative personal pronoun arose first in (Popular) 
 Latin, according to the statement of the Latin grammarian 
 
 1 Cf. y, I, 204 : Le domando chi ella era ; 
 
 V, I, 130, glie Lo mostro. 
 
 2 Of. A, p. 93r : Ed io piii le staro sempre obbiente. 
 2 Cf. p. 134 :^Piu gli era io servidore. 
 
 * Cf- p. 104 : Io gli son pur amico. 
 5 Cf. p. 260 : Gli saro padre. 
 
 « Cy. I, 146 : Padre ti sojio. 
 
 5^ Cf M, p. 40 : Poi li tolse il suo barlione ; 
 
 AA, p. 28, Se natura mi presta uom felice, 
 
 Subito morte gli usa il suo uffizzio. 
 ^ Cf C, p. 49v : E gli ha spogliato il doloroso core ; 
 
 H, p. 195, lo Cardinale si levo lo capello ; 
 
 Z, nov. 4, rader6mwi la barba. 
 
 * Cf I, p. 23 : Una lettera gli fue posta in mano ; 
 
 K, p. 3, si vide una colomba che li uscio di bocca. 
 
54 
 
 Schmalz^ who says : " Die Verstarkung des Poss. durch den' 
 Dat. des Pron. pers., Z. B. mens mihi, tuus tihi ; Plaut. 
 Cap. 50 suo sibi servit iJatri. Wir finden dies bei Plaut. 
 Ter., kaum wohl bei Cicero (vgl. Seyffert Miiller z. Lael. 
 11), hochstens Phil. 2, 96 priusquawi tu suutti sibi ven- 
 deres, in Prosa demnach zuerst bei Vitruv 207, 18 R. dann 
 bei Petron. 66 und Colum. 12, 41, 3, dann erst wieder bei 
 den Arehaisten und im Sp. L. bis in die spateste Zeit herab^ 
 vgl. Ronsch, Semas. Beitr. II, p. 52." 
 
 ee. — Dative of the agent. 
 
 Passive verbs take a dative of the agrent^ when it is 
 desired to designate the person by whom the action is 
 affected, to whom it relates or is of interest. 
 
 g. — Atonic pronouns of address. 
 
 The most common form of address in Old Italian was 
 that by the use of the Latin tu. This form was employed 
 from the beginning in prayer, personification, familiar dis- 
 course, address to children, servants, and lower animals, 
 and was later used by Dante and others as a special term 
 of dearness, displeasure and anger. 
 
 In the earliest Italian texts tu is already supplemented 
 by voi used for the most part in addressing popes, kings, 
 emperors, and other personages of distinction. The origin 
 of the adoption of this plural form in addressing one indi- 
 vidual belongs to Latin ^, ayjpearing for the first time in 
 the works of Jornandes*, the historian of the Goths, who 
 wrote about the middle of the sixth century. 
 
 Toward the end of the ninth century the plural was fre- 
 quently used when speaking to kings and emperors, as 
 
 ^ Cf. Miiller's Handhuch der Klassichen AHertvms-Wissefischaft, Miin- 
 chen, 1890, vol. II., p. 573. 
 
 2 C/l F, p. 6 : Dei dire chosa che ti sia creduta ; 
 
 P, I, 226 ; Di quest'altr'io : ed o pur non molesto 
 
 Gli sia 1 mio ingegiio, e'l mio lodar non spezze. 
 
 ^ Cf. Grimm, Deutsche Grarnmatik. Gottingen, 1837, vol. IV., p. 300. 
 
 * Cy. " De Origine Actihusque Oetarum.^^ (In) Monumenta Germaniae 
 Bislorica, Berolini, 1882, vol. V. Chap. 57 : Secumque deliberans ad 
 principem ait : quamvis nihil deest nobis imperio vistro famulantibus, 
 tamen, si dignum ducit pietas vestra, desiderium cordis libenter exaudiat. 
 Ibid., dirige me cum gente mea, si praecepis, lit et hie expensarum 
 pondere careas et ibi, si adiutus a domino vicero, fama vestrae pietatis 
 inradiet .... expedit namque, ut ego, qui sum servus vester et tilius, si 
 vicero, vohis domantibus regnum illud possedeam. 
 
00 
 
 is seen in " Gesta Karolii," where King Charles is usually 
 entitled vos. 
 
 The explanation of the use of the plural vos for the 
 singular tu is a difficult one. However, a suggestion that 
 might account for it, is that it may have arisen by analogy 
 to the use of vos, referring to collective- nouns or in 
 addressing one individual of a class ^. The carrying of the 
 plural pronoun from constructions where it refers to a 
 singular noun, expressing a collective or clan idea, to a 
 singular noun applied to only one person is not an unna- 
 tural growth in popular speech. While the educated would 
 use the plural form in the cases just indicated with the 
 different individuals composing the class or collection of 
 persons in mind, the peasant, knowing nothing of grammar, 
 would naturally think of a collective noun as a single thing. 
 
 Then, because vos was already adopted in referring to 
 certain nouns in the singular, but denotino^ a collection of 
 persons the average speaker could see no reason why the 
 same form should not stand for other singular nouns as well. 
 
 Perhaps a still more plausible analogy is that furnished 
 by the first person plural. In the development of this con- 
 struction, as in that of the second person plural, the first 
 use of nos referring to one individual was doubtless in a 
 collective sense. Just as vos was first employed in speak- 
 ing to one man representing a body of persons, so was nos 
 first used by Latin kings, emperors and prmces in their 
 official documents referring to the writer as the agent or 
 representative of the people. Now, for the reason that the 
 use of 7106* for ego was already common among kings and 
 emperors, when addressing the people, by analogy to this 
 construction the subjects may have been led to adopt the 
 plural vos in replying to their rulers. 
 
 ^ Cf. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Hannoverae, 1829, vol. II., p. 
 733 : Dixerunt : Domine, ufc nos in vestro nomine supra mediocritatem 
 nostram honoraret ; p. 749, omnes dixerunt ad regem : Domine, ita estis 
 inhonorati, sicut numquam anteriores vestri. 
 
 2 Cf. Virgil, Ae. IX, 525 : Vos, o Calliope, precor adspirate eanenti ; 
 Liv. 7, 40, Vos, EomanuH exercitus ; Hor, A. P., 292, Vos, o Pompilius 
 Sanguis, carmen reprehendite. 
 
 ^ Cf. Silvius iLalicus 16, 211 : Et vos, qui Tyriae regis tis Cartbaginis 
 arces, Hasdrubal, hue aures, hue quaeso advertite sensus ; 
 
 Cic. pro. Diot. 10, Vos vestra secunda fortuna. Castor, non potestis sine 
 propinquorum calami tate esse contenti ? 
 
 * Cf. Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik. Gottingen, 1837, vol. IV., p. 299. 
 
56 
 
 That the line of distinction between tu and voi had not, 
 however, been clearly drawn, even at the beginning of the 
 Italian period, is evidenced by the occasional confusion of 
 the two forms in addresvsing the same person^. 
 
 With reference to the use of abstract substantives as a 
 form of address, Schmalz^ says : " Schon Liv. lasst ihn in 
 kiihneren Wendungen zu, mehr noch Veil. Val. Max. Tac. 
 u., Plin. min., und so entwickelt sich hieraus die offizielle 
 Titulatur, Z. B. Vestra serenitas, etc. Vgl. Schoner, in act. 
 sem. Erlang. II., p. 490 ff. Hierin leistete das konstan- 
 tinische Zeitalter das Mogliche; ja die christl. Kirche 
 eroberte sich nunmehr eine Titulatur, und sanctitas tua 
 ist seit Ende IV. saec. stehende Anrede der Bischofe.' 
 Growing directly out of constructions where the abstract 
 nouns above indicated were employed in address, is the 
 substitution of ella, etc., for voi, etc. Instead of repeating 
 the substantives Santitd, Eccellenza, Signoria, etc., the 
 speaker or writer used the third person feminine, ella'^ 
 (corresponding to the gender of the omitted noun), for the 
 same reason that one employs a pronoun instead of a noun 
 in any other case. 
 
 On the date of the introduction of ella as the polite 
 form of address in Italian, Blanc* remarks: "Erst mit dem 
 16. Jahrhundert fangt eine dritte, jetzt allgemein iibliche 
 Anrede durch ella an." Proving the incorrectness of this 
 statement and showing that ello. was used in such con- 
 structions at least two centuries before the time given by 
 the grammarian just quoted is the occurrence of le (dat. of 
 ella) in V^ a novelist of the fourteenth century. 
 
 Ella was first employed only in addressing popes, to 
 which signification it was restricted until toward the end 
 of the sixteenth century, when its use was widened to 
 include not only popes, but kings, emperors, princes and 
 
 ^ Cf. K, p. 76 : Con Dio ■y'accordarete, e vollio che tue te n'accordi con 
 missere Jesu Cristo ; p. 82, amico mio, vollio che sappi che tu diei essere 
 molto lieto, quando lo nostro Signore vi manda del vostro peccato 
 alleggerinieuto. 
 
 2 Cf. Muller's Hmidhuch Miinchen, 1890, vol. II., p. 535 d. 
 
 ^ Cf. KK, I, 156 : Ora io sono qui a' piedi di Vostra Santitd, la quale e 
 vero confessare, ch'ella faccia tanto di grazia di darmi licenza, acciocch^ 
 mi possa confessare. 
 
 ^Cf. It. Gr., p. 273. 
 
 ^ Vol. I., p. 211 : Et ella presentandosi davanti al Papa, gli dispe 
 Beatissimo Padre, Vostra Santitd sa che io mai non le ho voluto manifes- 
 tare di chi sieno nati questi figliuoli, ne ch'io mi sia. 
 
57 
 
 other persons of eminence, being adopted still later as the 
 usual address to ladies and as a mark of respect in gen- 
 eral. At the beginning of the nineteenth century lei, the 
 popular form for ella, was introduced into the literary 
 language, and is the address most frequently heard in the 
 popular speech of Tuscany to-day. 
 
 D. — Discussion of double atonies. 
 
 1. — Arrangement. 
 
 When a pronoun of the first or second person stands 
 next to the third personal forms to, etc., and la, etc., the 
 general rule obtains for the whole of the texts examined 
 that the indirect object precedes the directs However, in 
 Old Italian, before the laws of position were definitely 
 established, the direct object was often placed before the 
 indirect^. 
 
 Now, if the construction me lo dice is the regular Italian 
 arrangement, how is the exception lo mi dice to be 
 explained ? Since in Latin, just as in Italian, the general 
 law governing the position of the combinations under 
 discussion was, that the indirect^ should precede the 
 direct object, while the opposite construction, with the 
 direct* object coming first, was also permissible and not 
 _an infrequent usage with certain Latin authors, the most 
 reasonable suggestion seems to be, that both constructions 
 ^re a mere continuation of the Latin word-order. The 
 final disappearance of constructions like il vi dirb. and 
 the universal adoption of ve lo dirb, etc., instead may be 
 attributed, first, to the numerical superiority of the latter 
 word-arrangement over the former in Latin ; and, secondly, 
 to the general tendency in Italian to place the demonstra- 
 tive forms after mi and ti, the conversion of lo ti, etc., 
 > te lo, etc., arising not because the Italian preferred the 
 dative before the accusative, but from a desire to place the 
 pronouns of the first and second persons before those of 
 the third person. 
 
 With reference to the arrangement of double forms, 
 
 1 Of. U, 2, 5 : lo te 'l vo dire. 
 
 2 (7/*. U, 1, 1 : lo il vi diro. 
 
 ^ Cf. Terence, Euniichus, 1053 : Mihi illam laudas ? 
 
 897, Tihi illam reddat ? 
 
 * Cf. Terence, Eunuchus, 749 : Hanc tibi do don6 ; 
 
 Andrea, 675 Ego, Pamphile, hoc tihi pro servitio debeo. 
 8 
 
58 
 
 neither of which is lo, etc., or la, etc., the following state- 
 ments may be made : 
 
 1. That 7ni and ci precede ti and vi ; 
 
 2. That rtii, ci, ti, vi precede the reflexive si''- ; 
 
 3. That the partitive lie follows all the other forms 
 given (Nos. 1 and 2). 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 As a resume of the discussion upon the uses of atonic 
 forms in atonic position the following conclusions may be 
 drawn : 
 
 1. That of the nominatives i\ i, no\ vo, e\ gli, la, l\ le, 
 found in proclitic position in the texts consulted, i\ i and e 
 are Tuscan, while the other forms mentioned are dialectical 
 or popular. 
 
 2. That the general law governing the elision of atonic 
 vowels in hiatus in both Old and Modern Italian is, that 
 mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la lose their vowel before any word 
 beginning with a vovjel or h, as contrasted with gli and the 
 feminine plural le, which are elided only before similar 
 vowels (gli before i and le before e), and the first person 
 plural ci, which elides its i before eor i but keeps it before 
 a, o and u. Up to the sixteenth century the proportion of 
 exceptions to the rules above given, was less than 3%, 
 while the increase of non-elided forms since that period 
 has been so marked that with the present writers of Italy 
 the use of a long or shortened form seems to be optional. 
 
 3. That me, te, se > mi, ti, si in enclitic position according 
 to the general law that postonic e> i\ and that all enclitic 
 pronouns were written in conjunction with the verb upon 
 which they cast their accent, as a result of the general 
 tendency manifest in orthography to represent faithfully 
 the sounds of oral speech. 
 
 4. That, in Old Italian, gli was sometimes confused with 
 the indirect feminine singular le on account of a tendency 
 to preserve both Classic Latin iLLl'( = masc. and fern. dat. 
 sing.) and Popular Latin illae ( = fem. dat. sing.). 
 
 5. That, after personal forms of essere, il and lo are 
 used for both genders and numbers in the sense of " it" or 
 "so" when referring to some attribute or quality of a 
 noun or adjective preceding. 
 
 ^ Si precedes the demonstrative forms lo and la {cf. selo, etc. ). 
 2 Cf. Meyer-Lilbke, It. Gr., IT lOfi. 
 
59 
 
 6. That, idiomatic expressions like vederla, pagarla, 
 'prenderla are to be explained as speech formulas in which 
 the feminine pronoun first arose when the feminine sub- 
 stantive to w^hich it referred was either expressed or kept 
 in mind, and that later, when the noun was entirely lost, 
 the feminine pronoun was still preserved, because the ex- 
 pression had become a regular Italian locution, and was 
 employed without thought of the gender. 
 
 7. That the dialectical use of ci and vi for the indirect 
 singular and plural of third personal forms arose by an- 
 alogy to the idea of a third person contained in the 
 adverbs ci and vi, meaning " to it," " to them," etc., but 
 not referring to anything before mentioned. Also that the 
 further mixing of persons as seen in the occurrences of si 
 for ci in W (cf. p. 47) is a borrowing from the Lombard 
 dialect. 
 
 8. That Grober's rule for the position of il and lo before 
 the verb in Dante and his contemporaries ; namely, that 
 il and i could follow an}^ word ending in a vowel and pre- 
 cede any word be~ginning with a single consonant, while 
 lo and gli (li) could follow any final letter and precede 
 any initial letter, was the usage of Tuscan writers until 
 the final disappearance of il (cf. p. 49). 
 
 9. That until the fourteenth ^ century atonic pronouns 
 were attached to all forms of finite verbs standing at the 
 beginning of the principal proposition, as a result of the 
 fact that the early writers did not wish to begin the prin- 
 cipal sentence with an unaccented particle^. 
 
 10. That, when an atonic pronoun is governed by an infin- 
 itive, the former is joined as an enclitic to the latter, if the 
 infinitive is the subject of a sentence, dependent upon a 
 noun or adjective, or, if it depends upon a verb with the 
 preposition di or per standing between the independent 
 verb and the infinitive. However, if the infinitive depends 
 upon a verb of making, causing, seeing, hearing, feeling, 
 letting, vermiitting , the unaccented particles always stand 
 in proclitic position, while they are attached to the infini- 
 tive when the latter follows immediately after and leans 
 upon any other transitive verb except those just men- 
 tioned. Also, if the preposition a intervenes between the 
 
 ^ The first and second person imperative including the imperative use 
 of ecco have retained the atonic pronouns in enclitic position because the 
 force of command requires that the most important word shall stand first. 
 
 'Atonies were also occasionally attached to dietro, addosso, dreto, che. 
 
60 
 
 principal verb and the dependent infinitive, or if the 
 infinitive depends upon any intransitive verb, the placing of 
 the atonic form in proclitic or enclitic position is optional. 
 
 11. That the Latin dative of the possessor, the posses- 
 sive strengthened by the dative, the dative of the agent 
 and the dative of interest, with the general idea of advan- 
 tage and disadvantage, have been preserved in Italian. 
 
 12. That Latin tu has persisted in Italian as a term of 
 endearment, displeasure, anger, hatred and inferiority, being 
 employed most commonly in speaking to children, lov^er 
 animals; and in supplicating the Deit^^ 
 
 With Jornandes in the middle of the sixth century 
 begins the use of vos in addressing one person, being first 
 applied only to emperors and kings, but later used as a 
 title of respect in general. 
 
 In the fourteenth century ella was first adopted in sup- 
 plicating popes, when referring back to the abstract sub- 
 stantive Santitd, and toward the end of the sixteenth 
 century its use was also extended to princes, nobles and 
 others of similar rank, gradually supplanting voi, which 
 latter form has been restricted to the address to the reader 
 in books, address toward equals with wdiom one is on very 
 familiar terms, or toward servants. 
 
 From the befjinnino; of the eighteenth century dates the 
 substitution of the popular form lei for the regular femi- 
 nine nominative ella, the latter remaining, however, as the 
 polite form of address in written speech, while the former 
 belongs to the language of conversation. 
 
 13. That, when a pronoun of the first or second person is 
 placed next to the third personal forms lo, etc., la, etc., the 
 general rule is that the indirect object stands first. How- 
 ever, in Old Italian this rule was often reversed and the 
 direct w^as made to precede the indirect object. Both of 
 these constructions are directly traceable to the Latin (c/. 
 p. 57), which generally shows the indirect object first, in 
 combinations as above indicated, but not infrequent is the 
 opposite usage, where the direct precedes the indirect object. 
 
 14. That in all other combinations of two atonies the 
 first person always precedes the second and the first and 
 second persons stand before the reflexive si'^. 
 
 1 Si precedes the forms lo and la while we follows all the other pronouns 
 mentioned. 
 
61 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY \ 
 
 1. — Texts examined. 
 
 The following texts constitute the bibliography of this 
 dissertation ; they include the works of representative 
 Tuscan authors from the middle of the thirteenth to the 
 end of the nineteenth century. Throughout this mono- 
 graph reference to the authors will be given by the use of 
 the capital letters A, B, C, etc., standing opposite their 
 names. 
 
 A. — Guittone d'Arezzo : (In) Sonetti e Canzoni di Diversi 
 Antichi Autori Toscani in Dieci Libri Raccolte. 
 Firenze, 1527. 
 
 B. — Chiaro Davanzati : (In) Collezione di Opere inedite o 
 rare. 111,1-177; 261-265; 387-389. 
 
 C— Cino da Pistoja : In A, pp. 47-60, 133, 134, 136, 137. 
 
 D. — Riccomano Jacopi : Libro della Tavola di Ric. Jac, 
 edited by Carlo Vesme (in) Arcfiivio Storico 
 Italiano, 3^ serie, vol. XVIII. (1873). 
 
 E.— Dante da Maiono : In A, pp. 72-88, 133, 187, 139, 140. 
 
 F. — Albertano di Brescia : Volgarizzamento dei Tratti 
 Morali di Albertano Giudice di Brescia. Fatto 
 innanzi al 1278. Trovato da S. Ciampi. Firenze, 
 1832. 
 
 G. — Ricordi di una Famiglia Senese del secolo decimoterzo 
 (1231-1243). Pub. by G. Milanesi in ArcJiiv. 
 Stor. ItaL, Appendice, Vol. V. Firenze, 1847. 
 
 H. — Ranieri Sardo : Cronaca Pisana di Ran. Sar., Dall. 
 Anno 962 sino al 1400. Pub. by F. Bonaini in 
 Archiv. Stor. ItaL, Vol. VI., parte 2% pp. 73-244. 
 Firenze, 1845. 
 
 I. — Fiore di filosofi e di molti savi, attribuito a Brunetto 
 Latini. Testo in parte inedito, citato dalla Crusca, 
 e ridotto a miglior lezione da Antonio Cappelli : 
 (In) Scelta di curiositd letterarie o rare, Vol. 
 LXIII. Bologna, 1865. 
 
 ^ As the most of the grammatical and syntactical changes in the Italian 
 language took place before the sixteenth century, jfewer texts have been 
 examined for the Modern than for the Old Italian. 
 
62 
 
 J. — Lettere Volgari del secolo XIII, scritte da Senesi. Pub. 
 by Paoli e Piccolomini in Scelta, ecc, CXVI. 
 Bologna, 1871. 
 
 K — Dodici Conti morali d'Anonimo Senese, Testo inedito 
 del secolo XIII, pubb. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, 
 IX. Bologna, 1862. 
 
 L. — Conti di Antichi Cavalieri : (In) Giornale Storicp 
 della Letteratura Italiana, Vol. III., pp. 192-217. 
 Torino, 1884. 
 
 M. -Le cento Novelle Antiche. Milano, 1825. 
 
 N. — Guido Cavalcanti : Le Rime di Guid. Cav. Testo 
 critico pubb. dal Prof. Nicola Arnone. Firenze, 
 1881. Also in A. 
 
 O. — Dante : La Divina Conimedia di Dante Alighieri, 
 edited by G. A. Scartazzini, Milano, 1896. 
 
 P. — Petrarca : Rime di Pet. 2 vols. Padova, 1819. 
 
 Q. — Jacopo di Pistoja : Statuti dell'Opera di S. Jacopo di 
 Pistoja, volgarizzati I'anno MCCCXIII da Mazzeo 
 di Ser Giovanni Bellebuoni, con due inventari 
 del 1340 e del 1401. Pubb. da S. Ciampi. Pisa, 
 1814. 
 
 R. — Bindo Bonichi : Rime di Bind. Bon. da Siena. Scelta, 
 ecc, LXXXII. Bologna, 1867. 
 
 S. — Guido da Pisa : Fiore di Italia. Bologna, 1824. 
 
 T. — Ricordi di Miliadusso Baldiccione de' Casalberti. 
 Pubb. da Bonaini e Polidori in Archiv. Stor. 
 ItaL, Appendice, Vol. A-'III., pp. 17-71. (First 
 record 1339, last 1382.) Firenze, 1850. 
 
 U. — Boccaccio : II decamerone. Impresso in Firenze per 
 li beredi di Philippo di Giunta nell'anno del Sig- 
 nore, M. D. XXVIL A di XITII del mese 
 d'aprile. 
 
 V. — ^Giovanni Fiorentino : II Pecorone. 2 vols. Milano, 
 1804. 
 
 W. — Fazio degli Uherti : Opera di Faccio Degliuberti 
 Fiorentino Chiamato Ditta Mundi. Venetia, 
 150L 
 
63 
 
 ;X. — Forestani : Storia d'una FanciuUa Traclita da un suo 
 Amante. Di Messer Simone Forestani da Siena. 
 Ed. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, VI. Bologna, 1862. 
 
 Y. — Sercambi : Novelle di Giovanni Sercambi. Ed. da 
 Alessandro d'Ancona. Scelta, ecc, CXIX. Bo- 
 logna, 1871. 
 
 Z.— Sacchetti : Novelle. 3 vols. Milano, 1804. 
 
 A A. — Zenone da Pistoja : La Pietosa Fonte. Ed. da Zam- 
 brini. Scelta, ecc, CXXXVII. Bologna, 1874. 
 
 JBB. — I Cantari di Carduino ; giuntovi quello di Tristano 
 e Lancielotto Pubb. per cum di Pio Rajna. 
 Scelta, ecc, CXXXV. Bologna, 1873. 
 
 CC. — Leon Battista Alberto : Hecatomphila di Messer L. 
 B. Alb. VinefTOfia, 1534. 
 
 PD. — Gambino d'Arezzo : Versi. Ed. da Gamurrini, 
 Scelta, ecc, CLXIV. Bologna, 1878. 
 
 EE. — Poliziano : Stanze, I'Orfeo ed altre Poesie. Milano, 
 1808. 
 
 JFF.— Burchiello : (In) I Sonetti del Burchiello et di Mes- 
 ser Antonio Alamanni. Firenze, 1552. 
 
 OG. — Lorenzo de'Medici : Poesie. Firenze, 1859. 
 
 HH. — Hieronimo Benivieni : Tancredi, Principe di Salerno. 
 Novella in rinia di H. Beniv. Fiorentino. Ed. 
 da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, XXVIII. Bologna, 
 1865. 
 
 11. — Bojardo: Orlando Innamorato (Berni's Rifacimento). 
 4 vols. Milano, 1806. 
 
 JJ. — Antonio Alamanni : Sonetti di Messer Ant. Ala- 
 manni Cittadino Fiorentino. In FF, pp. 72-83. 
 
 KK. — Benvenuto Cellini : Opere. Milano, 1806. Vols. L, 
 II., V^ita di Ben. Gel. da lui medesimo scritta. 
 
 liL. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso. 5 vols. Milano, 1812. 
 
 MM.— Machiavelli : Opere. Milano, 1804. Vol. I., 11 Prin- 
 cipe. 
 
 JMN.— Pietro Bembo: Opere. Milano, 1808. Vol. L, Gli 
 Asolani. / 
 
64 
 
 00. — Torquato Tasso : Aminta. Parigi, 1655. 
 
 PP. — Batecchio, Commedia di Maggio. Composto per il 
 Pellegrino Ingegno del Fumoso della Congrega 
 de' Rozzi. Scelta, ecc, CXXII. Bologna, 1871. 
 
 QQ.— Guarini : II Pastor Fido. Venetia, 1602. 
 
 RR. — Giulio Ottonelli : Negoziazione alia Corte di Spagna. 
 Scelta, ecc, XXVII. Bologna, 1863. 
 
 SS.— Guido Ubaldo Bonarelli : Filli di Sciro. Pub. by 
 Baldini. Ferrara, 1607. 
 
 TT. — Michelagnolo Buonarotti (il giovane) : La Tancia, 
 Commedia Rusticale. (In) Teatro Italiano An- 
 tico. Vol. X. Milano, 1812. 
 
 UU. — Alessandro Tassoni : La Secchia Rapita. 2 vols. 
 Parigi, 1766. 
 
 VV. — Fantozzi Parma : Diario del Viaggio Fatto in Tn- 
 ghilterra nel 1639 dal Nunzio Pontificio Rossetti, 
 scritto da Domenico Fantozzi. Parma. Pubb. 
 dal Prof. Giuseppe Ferraro, (in) Scelta, ecc, 
 CCXII. Bologna, 1885. 
 
 WW. — Apostolo Zeno : Andromaca. (In) Teatro Classico 
 Italiano Antico e Moderno, vol. Ill, pp. 255-269. 
 Lipsia, 1829. 
 
 XX.— Scipione Maffei : Merope. Boston, 1890. Pub. by 
 Librairie Hachette et Cie., London, Paris, Boston. 
 
 YY. — Carlo Goldoni : Collezione delle Commedie di Carlo 
 Goldoni. Prato, 1827-29. Vol. I., pp. 1-75, Tea- 
 tro Comico, vol. X., pp. 239-327, II Torquato 
 Tasso. 
 
 7Z. — Pietro Metastasio : Opere. Firenze, 1819. Vol. L, 
 pp. 1-84, Didone Abbandonata ; Vol. XIII. 
 
 AAA.— Vittorio Alfieri : (1) Opere scelte. Milano, 1818. 
 Vol. L, pp. 118-176, Antigone.~(2) Opere di Vitt. 
 Alfieri. Padova, 1809. Vol. VI., pp. 1-94, Saul. 
 
 BBB. — Alessandro Manzoni : I promessi Sposi, Storia 
 Milanese del Secolo XVII. (In) Collezione de 
 migliori Autori Italiani Antichi e Moderni,. 
 Vol. I. Pub. by Baudry. Parigi, 1844. 
 
65 
 
 pec. — Leopardi : Paralipomeni della Batracomiomachia, 
 Parigi, 1842. 
 
 DDD.— Edmondo De Amicis : La Vita Militare. Firenze> 
 1869. 
 
 EEE.— Matilde Serao : Dal Vero. Milano, 1890. 
 
 FFF.— Giosue Carducci : (1) Odi Barbara. Bologna, 1888. 
 —(2) Studi Letterari. Bologna, 1893. 
 
 2. — General. 
 
 1. — Meyer- Lllbke : Italienische Grammatik. Leipzig,^ 
 1890. 
 
 2. — Meyer-Lubke : Grammaire des Langues Romanes. 
 Paris, 1890. 
 
 3. — Archivio Glottologico Italiano. G. I. Ascoli. 
 
 4. — Zeitschrift fur Romanische Philologie. Gustav 
 Grbber, Halle. 
 
 5.— C. N. Caix: Origini della Lingua Poetica Italiana. 
 Firenze, 1880. 
 
 6. — Blanc : Granimatih der Italidnisclien Sprache. Halle,. 
 1844. 
 
 7. — Monaci : Crestomazia Italiana dei Primi Secoli. 
 Citta di Castello, 1889. 
 
 8. —Louis Emil Menger: Historical Development of the 
 Possessive Pronouns in Italian. Baltimore^ 
 1893. 
 
 9. — Francesco Foriunio : Regole Grammaticali^ della 
 Volgar Lingua. Siena, 1533. 
 
 10. — Jacopo Gabriello : Regole Grammaticali. Venetia, 
 1548. 
 
 11. — Biagoli : Grammaire Italienne. Paris, 1819. 
 
 12. — Veneroni : Le Maitre Italien. Paris, 1796. 
 
 13. — Mugnozzi : Les E'lemens de la. Langue Italienne. 
 Paris, 1783. 
 
 14. — Fornaciari: Grammatica Italiana. Firenze, 1891. 
 
 9 
 
66 
 
 15.— Jacomo Cabriele : Regole Grammaticali. Venetian 
 1545. 
 
 16. — Caix: Osservazioni sul Vocalismo Italiano. Fi- 
 renze, 1875. 
 
 17. — Francesco Rinaldo : Avvertimenti Grammaticali, 
 Modena, 1732. 
 
 18. — A. Mussafia : (In) Miscellanea di Filologia e Linguis- 
 tica. Firenze, 1886. 
 
 19. — Grimm : Deutsche Grammatih. Gbttingen, 1837. 
 
 20. — Etienne : Grammaire de UAncien Frangais. Paris, 
 
 1895. 
 
 21. — Miiller : Handhuch der Klassischen Altertums- 
 Wissenschaft, 1890. 
 
 22. — Jornandes : Roraana et Getica, (In) Monumenta 
 Gerinaniae Historica, vol. V. Berolini, 1882. 
 
 23. — Schwan : Grammatih des Altfranzosischen. Leipzig, 
 1893. 
 
 24. — Karl Bartsch : Chrestomathie Provengale. Elberf eld, 
 
 1868. 
 
07 
 
 LIFE. 
 
 I, Oliver Martin Johnston, was born near Bastrop, 
 Louisiana, October 17, 1866. I was graduated from Mis- 
 sissippi College with the degree of A.B. in June, 1890; 
 the following year I was Principal of the Preparatory 
 Department in the college above mentioned ; the two suc- 
 ceeding years I held the professorship of English and 
 History in the same college. Resigning the latter position 
 in June, 1893, I entered the Johns Hopkins University in 
 October of the same year, choosing Italian and French as 
 my principal and first subordinate subjects, in which I 
 followed the courses given by Professor A. Marshall Elliott, 
 Doctor Louis Emil Menger, and Professor A. Rambeau. 
 As a second subordinate subject I studied History under 
 Professor H. B. Adams, my examination in this subject 
 being on the Renaissance in Italy. The summer of 1894 
 I spent in Paris, engaged in Modern French studies and in 
 the preparation of my thesis. From May to August of 
 1895 I continued in Paris my Modern French studies and 
 the collection of material for my thesis ; from August to 
 October of this year I spent in Florence, Italy, doing 
 special work in Modern Italian. During the last two 
 years of my course I have followed the lectures of Pro- 
 fessor Elliott and Doctor Menger, and I take this oppor- 
 tunity to express to both of them my appreciation of the 
 able instruction, timely suggestions and wise guidance 
 which they have so constantly given me in my work. 
 
 From January to June of 1895 I held a Scholarship in 
 the Romance Department of the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, and since June, 1895, 1 have held a Fellowship in this 
 university. 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland, 
 May 5, 1896.