MUST mUlAJLT LIBRARY University of California. GIFT OF Class THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ITALIAN. DISSERTATION Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopkins University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY OLIVER MARTIN JOHNSTON. TORONTO: RowsELL & Hutchison, 74 and 76 King Street East. 1898. THE HISTORICAL SYNTAX OF THE ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ITALIAN. DISSERTATION Presented to the Board of University Studies of the Johns Hopki?is University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy BY OLIVER MARTIN JOHNSTON. TORONTO: RowsELL & Hutchison, 74 and 76 King Street East. 1898. Pa Ml TO MY DEAR PARENTS, TO WHOSE CONSTANT ENCOURAGEMENT I AM GREATLY INDEBTED FOR WHAT I MAY HAVE ACCOMPLISHED IN MY STUDIES, THIS MONOGRAPH IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED. 184667 I TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE .Introduction xi-xii I. — Chapter I. — Mixing of Tonic and Atonic Forms 1-27 A . — Examples of irregular occurrences in the texts examined 1 -9 1. — Tonic forms in atonic position 1-7 a. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position . . 1-2 b. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; attach- ed to the verb 3 c. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; not attached to the verb 3-4 d. — Double forms in proclitic position, in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun 4-6 e. — Double forms in enclitic position, in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun 6-7 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position 8 3. — Union of two atonic forms in combinations where the second pronoun is usually tonic 8-9 a. — In proclitic position 8-9 b. — In enclitic position 9 M. —Resume 9-12 1. — Tonic pronouns in atonic position 9-10 a. — Single tonics in proclitic position 9-10 b. — Single tonics in enclitic position 10-11 aa. — Attached to the verb 10 66. — Not attached to the verb 10-11 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position > 11 3. — Double forms, in which the first is generally written as a tonic, but sometimes both are atonic . . 11-12 a. — In proclitic position 11 6. — In enclitic position 12 ■C — Discussion of tonic pronouns in atonic position 12-24 1. — In proclitic position 13-15 a. — me, te, se — remnants of the Latin accusative. 13-15 6. — el for il, a dialectical form 15 VJ TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE- 2. — me and te in enclitic position 15-17 a. — Attached to the verb 15-16 h. — me and te following immediately aftei' the verb and not attached 17 3. — Tonic forms that have a similar explanation in pro- , clitic and enclitic position 17-24 a. — ?ie, the first person plural 17-18 h. — noi, voi, lui, lei, loro - 19-20 c. — me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc. ; me ne, te ne, se ne ; glielo, etc. ; gliene 20-22 d. — The second prondiin in the^fe ' 'combinations (no. c) is tonic 23-24 D. — Discussion of atonic forms in tonic position 24-25 1. — Introduced through dialectical influence 24-25 E. — Extent of the mixing of tonic and atonic forms 25 F. — Time of disappearance 25-26 Conclusions 26-27 II. — Chapter II. — Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position . . 28-60 A. — Examples of regular occurrences in texts examined . . 28-39 1. — General constructions 28-31 a. — Single proclitics 28-29 aa. — Before finite verbs 28-29 hh. — Before infinitives 29 h. — Single enclitics 30 aa. — Attached to infinitives 30 hh. — Attached to imperatives 30 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic position 30-31 2. — Special constructions 31-39 a. — Single proclitics 31-35 h. — Single enclitics with finite verbs 35-36 c. — Enclitics with che, dietro, addo'^so, dreto ... 36-37 d. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- tic position 37-38 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes the indirect object in combinations where mi, ti, ci, vl stand next to lo, etc., la, etc. . 38-39 5.— Resume 39-43 a. — Single proclitics 39-41 6.— Single enclitics 41-42 c. — Constructions common to proclitic and encli- tic position 42 d. — Pronouns of address 42-43 e. — Double atonies, in which the direct precedes the indirect object 43- TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll PAGE -€'. — Discussion of single atonies 43-57 1. — In proclitic position 43-45 a. — Nominatives ^', i, no\ vo', e\ gli, la, l\ {=la),le 43-45 b. — Atonic pronouns in hiatus 45 2. — In enclitic position 45-46 a. —Origin of 77ii, ti, si 45-46 ,3. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic posi- tion (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic) . 46-57 a. — Mixing of gender, number, and person 46-48 aa. — Masculine for feminine 46-47 bh. — Singular for plural 47 cc. —si i- cl) 47-48 b. — Uses of il, 7, and lo before the verb 48-49 c. — Position of atonic pronouns with tinite verbs 49-50 d. — Position of atonic pronouns with infinitives. . 50-51 aa. — Infinitives not dependent upon verbs. 50 bb. — Infinitives depending on verbs 51 e. — Reflexives 51-52 /. — Dative constructions 52-54 aa. — Dative with verbs 52-53 bb. — Indirect object after adjectives 53 cc. — Dative of the possessor 53 ' dd. — Possessive strengthened by the dative 53-54 ee. — Dative of the agent 54 g. — Atonic pronouns of address 54-57 D. — Discussion of double atonies 57-58 1. — Arrangement 57-58 •Conclusions 58-60 ^Bibliography 61-66 SYNTACTICAL HISTORY OF THE ATONIC PERSONAL PRONOUNS IN ITALIAN FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE THIRTEENTH TO THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. INTRODUCTION The atonic forms existing in the texts examined are :- SINGULAR. 1st Person . 2nd Person . 3rd Per. m. . 8rd Per. fem. Reflexives . SUBJECT. 1, 1. e', gli. la, r. DIRECT OBJECT. mi, m . ti, t'. ii, '1, lo, r la, r. si, s'. INDIRECT OBJECT. mi, m. ti, t'. gli, gr, li, i. le, gli. si, s'. PLURAL. 1st Person . 2nd Person . .3rd Per. m. . 3rd Per. fem. Reflexives . The table given above represents the general usage in the texts consulted ; however, in a historical examination of proclitics and enclitics in Italian (in addition to the regular atonic constructions), numerous examples are found of the corresponding tonic pronouns that occur in unac- cented position and which are governed as direct and indirect objects of verbs, just as in the case of atonies. Similar researches will also show that atonic vii and ti were occasionally adopted in tonic position. This variance in usage makes it necessary, first of all, that a full collection of the irreo^ularities mentioned be ^ The tonic form loro early supplanted the plurals (jli, li, le, and is now employed regularly in co "junctive position. Xll INTRODUCTION. made, and explanations be offered for the confusion and final separation of tonic and atonic forms, preparatory to- a treatment of the special constructions of the unaccented pronouns, which constructions will then unfold themselves naturally in the light of Historical Grammar. Following the atonic forms, already indicated {cf. p. xi), through the texts examined for the present study, it will be noted that the pronouns given were not all employed to the same extent by the authors of the various periods, and many rules will be noted of grammatical structure widely different from those existing in Modern Italian. The application of this historical method to the syntactical point in question not only brings to knowledge construc- tions not hitherto mentioned by Italian grammarians, but classifies all the material found, determines the relative frequency of irregular and special uses by actual count, and, at the same time, not only renders possible rational explanations of the diverse syntactical phenomena, through a comparison of the individual authors of the different epochs of the Italian itself, but, going behind the oldest Italian monuments, enables one to seek the origin of any given Italian construction in the Latin, wherever it is possible to identify the Italian representa- tive with the Latin original. Thus, the Syntactical History of the atonic personal pronouns may be divided into two parts. In the first chapter the mixing of the accented and unaccented forms will be noted, and suggestions and ex- planations for such confusions will be attempted. In the second chapter will be traced the regular uses of proclitics and enclitics, with special reference to the origin and growth of constructions as influenced by individual authors. I now wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor F. J. A. Davidson, of Leland Stanford Jr. University, for kindly reading the proofs of ray dissertation. CHAPTER I. Mixing of Tonic and Atonic Forms. THE atonic personal pronouns are the only ones em^ ployed as direct and indirect object of a verb and always stand next to the verb upon which they throw their accent, either leaning forward as proclitics or casting their accent back as enclitics^. Hence, the occurrence of any pronouns in conjunctive position, except the list of atonies already given (c/. p. xi.), will be treated as an abnor- mal use of tonic for atonic forms ; in like manner the use of atonic forms after prepositions, or apart from the verb, will be considered as an equal encioachment of atonic upon the domain of tonic pronouns. With the position of the accented and unaccented Italian pronouns thus defined, irregularities arising from a ^irossing of the two will be easily recognized, tested and eliminated. My plan is to mention each construction separately. After a full list of examples has been given, a re'sume will follow, indicating the number of times a given phenomenon is found in each author examined. A. — ExaTYi'ples of irregular occurrences in texts exaviined. 1. — Tonic forms in atonic position. a. — Single tonic pronouns in proclitic position. ' el = il: B2, p. 145. C'ormai le donne ch'e^ vedranno morto Ciascuna piii pietanza avranno in core. me = mi : O, Purg. XXI, 18, Poi comincio : nel beato concilio Ti ponga in pace la verace corte, Che me rilega nell 'eterno esilio ; DD, p. 3, E poi me disse: guarda el Lupatello. ^ For the occasional occurrence of the shortened nominatives i\ i, no', vo\ e', gli, la, I' , le as proclitics in the texts examined compare p. 45. ^For the use of the letters A, B, C, etc., in giving reference to the authors, compare p. 61. noi =^ ci ; U, 8, 3, noi ha lasciati ; G, p. 28, tredici staia e mezo di o grano o di farina, qual noi piacese. ne=ici : QQ, Atto 3, Sc. 4, Perche, crudo destine, Ife disunisci tu, s'Amor ne stringe ; U, 1, 1, il mandarlo fuori di casa cosi infermo ne sarebbe gran biasmo. te = ti : U, 8, 7, te ha fatto agghiacciare ; W\ kiiiie, io te parlo. vai = vi : P, I, 231, Cosi me, Donna, il voi veder, felice Fa in questo breve, e frale viver mio ; U, 6, 10, Se voi piace. se = si : L, p. 205. el tesoro diroma si era consumato en la guerra danibal ke non se trova da potere pagare li cavalieri. lui = lo : 0, Inf. XXVI, 78, In questa forma lui parlare audivi. lei = la: P, I, 118, E lei vid'io ferita in mezzo '1 core ; U, 2, 8, lei hebbero molto cara. loro^ = gli, li, le: U, 2, 6, il suo fiero proponimento loro aperse ; LL, I, 42, E come mi fu tolta, lor narrai. ^ In looking for this reference it will be necessary to count six pages forward from folio kiiii, as this system is observed in all editions divided according to folios. ^Cf. footnote, p. xi. b. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; attached to the verb. me in rhyme : P, I, 172, E I'angelico canto, e le parole Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso aitar?7i6, Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge ; P, I, 236, L'aura serena, che fra verdi fronde Mormorando a ferir nel volto viemme, Fammi risavvenir quand 'Amor diemme Le prime piaghe si dolci e profonde. me not in rhyme : P, II, 86, E pero mi son mosso a pregar morte, Che mi tolla di qui per farme lieto. ne^ = ci : 0, Inf. XIII, 87-89, Spirito incarcerato, ancor ti piaccia Di dime come I'anima si lega In questi nocchi ; dinne, se tu puoi, Se alcuna mai da tai membra si spiega. te not in rhyme : DD, p. 181, Non consentir a far un tal micidio, Che sai ch'io t'amo assai piu che tu stessa, Per gloriar^e fatto un altro Ovidio. G. — Single tonic forms in enclitic position ; not attached to the verb. me = mi ; U, 5, 4, volesse Iddio, che tu non facessi piu morir me ; O, Inf. XXIII, 91, Poi disser 7ne, ecc. noi = ci : 0, Inf. V, 106, Amor condusse noi ad una morte. te = ti : I, p. 59, L'altrui giustizia non libera te. voi = vi : A, p. 95 V, Anchora d'amar voi non fui si acceso. lui = lo : 0, Inf XIV, 71, Ma, come io dissi lui, li suoi dispetti Sono al suo petto assai debiti fregi. 1 Gf. 0, Inf. y, 29 ; PMrg. V, 30. lei = la: 0, Inf. XXI, Id, lo vedea lei, ma non vedea in essa Ma'ehe le bolle che il bollor levava ; _ U, 2, 8, egli imaginava lei di bassa condition. loro = gli, li, le : II, I, 144, Me so quanto il restar fusse lor caro ; BBB, p. 72, non parendo loro cosa conveniente che, a quell'ora, si trattenesse piu a lungo. d. — Double forms in proclitic position in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun. me lo == m'elo : V. I, 30, me lo mostra ; II, II, 168, Rinaldo me lo viene a disturbare. me la = mela : P, II, 119, Ben me la die, ma tosto la ritalse ; V. I, 29, Che me la manda chiedendo. me ne = m'ene : V. I, 22, Cristo me ne guardi. ce lo = c'elo : 7i, no v. 59, Che ce lo dia. ce la = c'ela : NN, p. 189, tale e la nostra vita, quale la natura ce la dece essere poscia che noi venuti ci siamo ; NN, p. 101, se non che quelle cose, che la fortuna ci da, esse dolci e soavi ce le fa essere. ce ne =^ cene : J, p. 19, credemo bene ch'elli ce ne fara a piacere ;, J, p. 21, giammai ne ce ne miraremo drieto. te lo =- t'elo : V, I, 9, io te lo diro ; II, II, 32, Sai ch'altra volta te lo volsi dire. 4ela = fela : V, I, 12, io te la insegnero ; 11,1,26, Io te la prrattero, s'il ti bisogna. ,te ne^fene: V, I, 32, io te ne voglio dire ; II, I, 30, e'n tulto te ne voglio confortare. ,ve Io = v'elo : V, I, 15, \o velo cliro ; II, I, 116, ve Io contero. m la = v'ela : UU, I, 26, ve V ha rubata. ije ne = v'ene : J, p. 60, noi non ve ne scrivaremo mai piue V, I, 15, Pur che ve ne piaccia. se Io = s'elo : K, p. 203, ma elli se Io sentia si presso, che lion se ne osava partire ; Y, p. 135, se li gitto a' piedi. ■se la = sela : H, p. 130, di che ognuno se la levo ; Y, nov. 9, se la pregava. se ne = s'ene : BBB, p. 18, se n'ando. glielo-.Y, I, 245, glielo chiese ; BBB, p. 41, glielo raccomandava. gliela: V, I, 180, tu gliela donerai ; V, I, 92, glie la leva. gliene : V, I, 88, Giannetto glie ne voile dare venti mila ; BBB, p. 32, certo nessun uomo di oiudizio ghene avrette dato il parere. e. — Double forms in enclitic position in which the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been carried to the first pronoun, but both forms being attached to the verb the- accent is last. ^me lo = m'elo : V, I, 30, convienme^o vedere ; BBB, p. 33, raccontatemeZo un poco. me la = m'ela : LL, V, 139, leveiYonela ; BBB, p. 73, dsiteonele ora. me ne = m'ene : V, I, 55, menomene ; BBB, p. 154, impicciarwene. ce la = c'ela : DDD, p. 112, discorriamoce^a fra noi. ce ne = c'ene : NN, p. 252, pura contentezza nel sonno medesimo procacciamo, e a pascere incominciancene cosi sognando. te lo = felo : V, I, 58, questo e un dire, tien^e^o sempre niai ; II, IV, 223, A dir^e^o ad un tratto, io nol vo' fare. te la = fela : BBB, p. 209, dirtela. te ne = t'ene : KK, II, 230, tornar^6?ie ; KK, II, 263, -piglmtene. * me lOf me la, etc., are unaccented when joined to the verb, but are treated under the head of tonics, because their form is the same as the corresponding combinations before the verb where the second pronoun is tonic. ve lo = velo : K, p. 104, dirbweio assai brevemente ; BBB, p. 808, dovevo dirvelo. ve la=^v'ela: BBB, p. 110, lasciando^'e^a. ve ne = v'ene : BBB, p. 72, ma anche voi avevate promesso di non fare scandoli di remetteri'67ie al padre ; BBB, p. 60, non ho piu bisogno di riguardi a psiYlsiYvene. se lo = s'elo : Y, nov. 166, trovandoseZo ; BBB, p. 67, presentandosef/^?' davanti i due sposi. se la = sela : DDD, p. 14, dunque, a che serve pigliarseZa a cuore ? BBB, p. 384, comincio a prenderseZa con Perpetua. se ne = s'ene : BBB, p. 58, andarseTie ; BBB, p. 58, liberarse'Jie. glielo : V, I, 58, dono^^ie^o ; BBB, p. 240, il fazzoletto veniva a soffogar^^ie^o in gola. gliela : V, I, 177, ivegogliela ; BBB, p. 239, quand'anche non I'avesse mai vediita, a insegnar^/^'ie/a, non la poteva sbagliare, gliene : V, I, 207, egli promettendo^^ie^ie ; BBB, p. 94, 6 quasi per chieder^Zieiie scusa. 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position. mi'^ = me ; U, 6, 4, voi non I'havri da oni, Donna Brunetta, voi non Thavri da mi ; Z, nov. 74, messer Bernabo disse : Messer Fambasciadore, sail su quel cavallo, e verra' con mi parlando. ti^= te : YY, I, 37, Onde fora tutti do de sta cosa. mi per elezion, ti per obbedienza ; . YY, I, p. 37, ti per imperar a viver con cautela, con piti giudizio, con piu rispetto a te pare. 3. — Union of two atonic forms in combinations where the second pronoun usually shows a tonic vowel. a. — In proclitic position. tilo: F, p.30, senacha disse : quello che tuo sai insegnalo a chi ti Tadimanda. tine : F, p. 21, Salomone disse : tucte le cose fae con consilio, e no ti ne penterai ; F, p. 90, ti ne diro, sigli : BB, p. 20, La donzella Carduino a chiamato, E in tal modo sigli prese a dire. glilo: V, I, 41, gli lo disse ; LL, I, 207, E gli diede intenzion ch '1 di seguente Gli lo trarrebbe fuor di quello stato. glila : LL, I, 3, II savio imperator ch'estinguer volse Un grave incendio, f u che gli la tolse ; LL, I, 205, In odio gli la pose. 1 Gf. y Y, I, pp. 36, 38, 67 ; Z, nov. 65 and nov. 69. 2 Of. YY, p. 41. 9 gline : LL, I, 260, Se trova alcun che vegghi, sospirando Gli ne dipinge I'abito e la forma. h. — In enclitic position. milo: GG, p. 312, dissimi^ ecc. ; V, I, 35, io m'uccidero io stessa per levarmi^Zi dinanzi. -sigli : V, I, 131, e per cio ricorevano a lui per I'aiuto suo, raccomando sigli per amor di Dio. giilo : Z, no v. 124, cerco di quello, dov'era il busecchio, e msi.ndoglilo ; Z, nov. 166, mostrando di volerglilo ficcare nel viso. lila: Y,p. 34, f&rlila. line : M, nov. 26, et oi^erseline duo marchi. B.— RESUME. The following table is a resumd of the irregular occur- rences noted above. The capital letters represent the authors and the numerals indicate the number of times a given form is found in the author mentioned : — o 1. — Tonic pronouns in atonic position, a. — Single tonics in proclitic position. me = mi: AS\ B9, E, F, L, M, N4, 08, PIS, 112, U21, V, W60, Z2, AA2, CC9, DD18, GG3, 112, KK5, LL6, NN5, 00, QQ2, WW3, XX38, ZZ, AAA13. noi = ci: B, G, H, K, L, N, U2, CC, If, LL, NN, YY. 1 The numeral placed to the right of a capital, letter represents the number of times a form occurs in the author given. If no numeral is expressed the form occurs only once in the author indicated. 10 ne = ci: Mo, 071, P14, U12, WG, DD, EE3, 117, LL7, MM, NN, PP, QQ5, SS2, TT, WW3, AAA, FFF2. te=^ti: M, O, P, U, W59, BB, CCS, DDLS, GG, 114, NN, 002, QQ3, UU, WW3, YYll, AAA6, FFF3. voi = vi: B7, C2, Eo, O, P2, U2, CC5, KK4, NN, SS2, YY. se = si: B, L9, W4, CC, DD, GG. lui = lo: B3, F, L4, 012, P2, R2, U2G, W2, Y2, Z, AA, EE, GG, 112, KK3, LL7, NN, 004, QQ, SS. lei = la : B2, C, E2, N, 0, PlO, S, U29, W, EE3, GG3, n, LL12, 00, WW2, AAA2, CCC. el = il: B2, K13, L2, W112, AA, CC, YY3. loro = gli: E, H, KIO, L4, 04, P2, Q, [13, S, U49, Y2, GG, II21, JJ, LL85, NNo, 004, SS, TT, UU4, WW, ZZ2, AAA. BBB, CCC2. b. — Single tonics in enclitic position. aa. — Attached to the verb. me in rhyme : P23, W5, LL13, TT, YY, CCC. me not in rhyme: B, L2, P, S2, W8, CC3, KK, NN3, YY8. ne not in rhyme : 07, 11, QQ2. te not in rhyme : DD. bb. — Not attached to the verb. me = mi: BH, E3, F, I, M2, N, O20, P17, R, S, U7, V5, W15, X, Z«, AA, CC2, FF3, GG2, 115, KK7, LL4, NN, 00, QQ2, XX, YY, AAA3, BBB3, DDD2, FEE. noi=^ci: A, C, H, N, 07, R, Uo, Z, CC, KK, NN, SS, YY, AAA, DDD. te = ti: F4, 1, M, 08, P2, U12, V2, W3, X, Z4, CC, DD, EE, GG5, KK, LL, MM, QQ3, TT, AAA, BBB2, DDD2. voi = vi : A3, B6, C, E8, F, N, P7, U3, Y, Y, CC. GG2, LL, NN, 002, SS, YY2, BBB, FFF. 11 lui = lo: B2, C, F3, LIO, M, N2, 046, P5, S2, U42, V6, W6, X, Y3, Z8, AA, BB2, CC, DD3, FF2, II13, KK7, LL21, MM3, NN, 003, SS, TT2, UU, BBB5, E)DD2. lei = la: B3, C6- E5, K, 013, P22, U25, V2, W2, AA, EE3, GG4, KH, 119, LL26, NN, QQ3, TT4, XX, ZZ, BBB, CCC2. loro=li,le,gCi: H32, K, L4, 02, P12, Q9, R6, S47, Uo9, Y16, GGIO, II80, LL92, NN38, 00, SS4, TT9, UU14, ZZ13, AAA, BBB33, CCC3, rulei in A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I, J, M, N, T, V, W, X, Z, A A, BB, CC, DD, EE, FF, HH, JJ, KK, MM, PP, QQ, BR, VV, WW, XX, YY, DDD, FEE, FFF. 2. — Atonic forms in tonic position. mi = one : U3, Z7, YY38, FFF. ti = te : YY6. 3. — Double forms where the first is generally written as a tonic, but sometimes both are atonic. The combinations in which both pronouns are unac- cented will be placed to the right of those in which the first form shows a tonic vowel. In all the texts not men- tioned in the resume below, one lo, te lo, se lo, me ne, te ne, se ne, glielo, gliela, gliene, etc., are found to the exclusion of m.i lo, ti lo, si lo, etc^. a. — In proclitic position. sel: BB3. glielo: Z8, LL8, Vll. gliene : Zll, FF, LL, UU3. ti lo : F rule. ti ne : F rule. sigli: BB2. gli lo : Z4, LL30, V. gli la : V, Z3, JJ rule, li le : M rule. gline : Z2, FF2, JJ LL9, UU2. LL6. rule, ^"Rule" indicates that the construction given is found without variants. ^ This statement includes all combinations of mi, ti, si, with lo, etc. ; la, etc., and ne {cf. melo, mela, te lo, te la, selo, se la, glielo, gliela, gliene). 12 6. — In enclitic position. melo: GG, YS, KK15, PP2. r)iil : GG. Tiiili : J rule. migli : V, KK, PP. sigli : y rule. gli lo : Z rule. li la : Y rule. line : M rule. G. — Discussion of tonic pronouns in atonic position. A construction common to all the periods of Italian literature is the use of tonic for atonic forms whenever it is desired to render emphatic the person or thing upon which falls the action of the verb\ Eliminating this general construction, the numerous oc- currences of tonics for atonies indicated in the list of examples and resume given on the preceding pages, now require special explanation. Considered as a whole, three possible reasons for these irregularities suggest themselves : — First, it is to be noted that this confusion of forms ex- isted in a greater proportion in the early texts than in those of a later date^. In the formative period of the language, before the laws of syntax became definitely fixed under the influence of great epoch-making poets and nov- elists, a finished grammar, the product of centuries of natural growth and linguistic criticism, is not to be ex- pected. In this transitional period of the Italian speech, as is shown by the endless discussion of grammarians upon the smallest as well as the most important questions of grammar, there was a lack of definite rules governing the syntactical structure, and a want of clear differentiation between the different sets of pronouns, often leaving writers in doubt as to which was right and which was wrong. This uncertainty as to the real distinction between the ^ NN, p. 127 : Ma se io amo lei, e se ella Me araa, non e tuttavia ; AAA, I, 142 : uccidi, uccidi me. 2 Cf. resume, pp. 9-12. 13 function of tonic and atonic forms may have led to the frequent substitution of the former for the latter. Secondly, it is to be remarked that in almost all the texts where this mixing occurs the pronouns under dis- cussion frequently stand next to a verb governed either by an expressed or omitted preposition. By the side of such expressions as a nie'^, a te'^, a se, a noi'"^, a vol*-, a lui^, a lei piace are found one^, te\ se, noi^, voi^, lai^^, lei place. Thus, by analogy these tonic pronouns, standing already in conjunctive position and employed as the indi- rect object of a preposition, may have induced the writer to adopt the same forms as direct and indirect object of a verb, thereby simplifying morphology by the use of a single form in both accented and unaccented position,. and, at the same time, carrying out the general tendency toward leveling and generalizing in Italian forms. In the third place, tonic me, te, se may have been used as conjunctives through the influence of dialects like the Venetian, which shows regularly an e instead of an i in the pretonic and postonic syllable. In the comedies of Goldoni^\ representing the popular speech of Italy, are in- troduced Venetian characters, who invariably interchange tonic and atonic pronouns. Any one of the suggestions offered might explain theo- retically the irregular occurrences in question, but the fol- lowing explanations seem more tenable in the light of the historic ejrowth of the Italian lanoruao^e. 1. — In proclitic position. a. — me, te, se — remnants of the Latin accusative. If we should admit according to D'Ovidio^^ that mi, ti, si arose from a mixing of the Latin dative and accusative, ^ Q, p. 16 : se a ?ne convenesse andare ecc. ^ 1, p. 8 : a te darai di persona. ^ Q, p. 3 : a noi parano utili. * NN, p. 55 : a voi piace. ° P, I, 155 : a hii piace. * 0, Parg. XVI, 143 : me convien partinni. ^ N, p. 12 : Ove te piace. ^ G, p. 28 : tredici staia e mezo di o grano di farina, qual noi piacese. ^ J, p. 3 : Se voi piace. ^"^ L, p. 217 : ca lui piacesse. ^^ YY, I, p. 10, ve serviro. ^^ Archivio Glottologico Italiano, vol. IX, p. 67. 14 resulting finally in the generalizing of the Latin dative case, beginning, for example, with such forms as m^, in mi ^are, where the mi is the regular dative and afterward carried by analogy to rai in the accusative ; as, in rai vide, we would not for a moment suppose that this analogy was complete from the beginning ; but would naturally expect to find me, etc., by the side of mi, etc., at least, in the ear- liest texts. The argument from analogy, as given above, might explain the pronouns, mi, ti, si, and the analogy would, if accepted, account for the occurrence of the double forms mi, etc., and nie, etc., in atonic position, but it is unnecessary to resort to an explanation based on analogy when a phonetic one is possible. A better solution of the question is that based on the statement of Meyer-Lubke\ who says; "Die tonlosen Objektspronomina lauten flir den Singular der zwei ersten Personen mi, ti, si streng nach den Lautregeln, wonach tonloses e zu i wird para. 123." Taking this statement as a point of departure, it is evident that a leveling period was gone through before the final adoption of the single i-form ; for the passage of pretonic e>i was not complete in the earliest Tuscan monuments. Hence, we would be greatly surprised if we should not find an occasional sub- stitution of e for i until the law of pretonics became defin- itely fixed and understood in the language. An argument supporting this supposition is the frequent occurrence in Old Italian of e for i in the pretonic syllable not only in the pronouns, but also in other parts of speech 2. Now, if, according to Meyer-LUbke^ the pronouns mi, ti, si derive directly from Latin me, te, se, any form show- ing the original e in pretonic position will be explained as a remnant of the Latin accusative. The persistence of this case in Italian is not strange ; Italy being the home of Latin, and Italian writers using it instead of their own language to a very late date, it is natural that Latin forms 1 It. Gram., H 370. '-' Cf. Crestomazia Italiana del Primi Secoli. Per Ernesto Monaci. Fascicolo Primo. Citta di Castello, 1889, p. 169, line 23 (A), ritenere ; line 23 (B), retenere ; p. 184, line 53, desmonta ; p. 182, line 87, segnoria. Cf. also L, p. 199 : retornare ; p. 204, r^manere. R, p. 203 : el pin sicuro ; p. 198, el suo tener. ' It. Gram., 1 370. 15 .should live on in Italian. Just as the Latin neuter plurals^ viia, tua, sua, were preserved by the side of miei, ■etc. ; mie, etc., so were the accusative forms me, te, se kept for a time by the side of the new atonic formations mij ti, si. h. — el for il a dialectical form. The use of el for il (< Lat. illum) as direct object of a verb is non-Tuscan, for the reason that in this dialect Latin i always remains in the pretonic^ syllable. Then, since this form is found chiefly in texts where popular and dialectical occurrences are common {cf. K, L^, W*, A A, CC, YY), it is reasonable to suppose that it is a simple borrowing from some dialect in which it is a natural growth. Now, because the dialects of Southern France^ show this form and because in W (an Italian text in which this phenomenon occurs one hundred and twelve times) is introduced a character who speaks in Provencal, it is very probable that this was the dialect to make the loan. 2. — me and te in enclitic position. a, — Attached to the verb. Previous Treatment. Francesco Fortunio^ while defining the various rules for the use of pronouns, says : " la quarta regola sera che questi pronomi oblichi me, te, se convertono e in i quando si congiongon al verbo immediatamente, come, dissemi, fecemi, consumati. Overo quando I o vero r precede i che ad et altro modo si dice, come ferirmi e ferirme, farmi, farme, valmi, valme." My objection to this statement is that it is simply an attempt to make a rule out of a mere coincidence. Perhaps this explanation occurred to the grammarian, because, in many cases, where the pronoun is united wuth a verb, it is joined to an infinitive, where the ^ Cf. L. Emil Menger, " The Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian," pp. 28, 29. 2 Meyer- Lilbke, It. Gr., IT 123. ^ p. 198 : essa la terra ei diede. * U r : Poi si traemo per la drita via. 5 Cf. Bartsch, Chrestomathie Proven^ale. Elberfeld, 1868, p. 419. ^Regole GrammcUicali della Volgar Lingua, Siena, 1583, p. 17. 16 r naturally precedes. However, the occurrences in the texts consulted show that the letter preceding the pro- noun attached, was of no importance i. While discussing this same question, Jacopo Gabri- ello^ remarks: "il te veramente non e stato da alcuno scrittore usato finiente ne la e, dico al verbo vicino, o ne le rime, o altrove che ei^Ii cada, perche da lui lontano sempre in e termina. II che certo mi pare cosa nuova a dover dire, che se io dico desiderarme, perche non mi si dee conceder medesimente il dire, desiderarfe? " This grammarian attempts no explanation of the point in ques- tion, but simply states that 'me, and not ie, can occur in enclitic position. Upon the development of me in postpnic position D'Ovidio^ says : " gli aitarme, parme ecc. poet, (unico es. nella D. C. e il d'aitro non calme del Purg. VII J 12), non so se possan tenersi sti-ascichi d'una fase anteriore, o non piuttosto si riducano a semplici applicazioni della forma tonica (cfr. dissi lui, lor dissi), agevolate dall' esempio del me ecc. di altri dialetti (roman., pugliese ecc.) ed anche dalle frequenti alternative d' -i ed- e ne'nomi e verbi (tu gride = gridi ecc.)!' The theories of the scholar just quoted are suggestive and may have a practical value in the solution of the point in hand ; however, for the reason that the material collected supports neither of the conjec- tures offered, one is justified in seeking another explana- tion for the union of tonic me and te with verbs. These forms w^ere first attached to the verb for rhyme. Of the sixty-two occurrences of me and te joined to the verb in the texts consulted, forty-four* are in rhyme, four- teen others in poetry and the remaining four in prose works (L and S), where the substitution of e^ for atonic i is frequent. This makes it evident that these forms first arose in this position for the sake of rhyme, and w^ere after- ward carried by analogy, aided by poetic license, to con- structions not in rhyme. '^ Of. W, aiiv : Et aparvewie chosse nel dormire ; aiiii5, missi?«e alhor per la monstrata via. "^ RegoU Grammaticali, venetia, 1548, fol. Dij. »Archiv. Glott. It., p. 70, n. 3. * Cf. P, I, 172 : Col dolce spirto, ond'io non posso aitanne, Son I'aura, innanzi a cui mia vita fugge. » Cf. L, p. 204 : el fratello ; cf. el for il in S, edition of Bologna, 141)0' 17 b. — me and te following immediately after the verb and not attached. A suggestion that might explain the occurrence of all tonic pronouns in this position is that they may have been employed here for the purpose of individualizing in a more marked way the person or object receiving the action ot* the verb for clearness and distinction. However, since the atonic forms generally emphasize the persons sufficiently well, it is very probable that the use of ine and te in such constructions represents a mere development of tonic forms in atonic position^ •S. — Tonic forms that have a similar explanation in pro- clitic and enclitic position. a. — ne, the first person plural. Caix^, while discussing the origin of the first and sec- ond person plural, gives the following developments : noi, voi'^^no, vo' "> no, vo > ne, ve (by analogy to me, te, se) > ci, vi (in Tuscan by anal, to mi, ti, si) ; then, on ac- count of a confusion with ne (< inde) ni remained as ne until finally supplanted by ci. Opposing this theory is the statement of D'Ovidio"^, who says : " Toccando poi anche delle forme atoniche del plu- rale, noi persisteremo risolutamente a credere, che 1' it. ne per'noi, a noi', o vi per 'voi, a voi' sieno semplicemente gli avverbi (inde, ibi)." A similar opinion is that of Meyer-Llibke*, who claims that the pronominal forms ci and vi have the same origin as adverbial ci and vi, and identifies 7ie ( = noi, a noi) with ne (< inde). The explanation proposed by the last two authorities quoted is doubtless the correct one, being supported by the actual existence of inde^ in Italian texts, meaning " us," " to us." But, granting the truth of the hypothesis, that 1 Cf. 0, Inf. XXIII, 91 : Poi disser me ecc. ; Par. XXIV, 152, Cosi, benedicendomi cantando ; Tre volte cinse me, si com'io lacque. Inf. XXIII, 50, Come il Maestro mio per quel vivagno, Portandosene me sopra il suo petto. 2 Origini della Lingua Poetica Italiana. Firenze, 1880, HH 93 and 207» ^ Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 77. *Cf II. Gram., 11370. * Compare Meyer- Liibke, It. Gram., IF 370. 3 18 ne, the first person plural, does derive directly from Latin INDE, the question still remains unsettled as to why the form lie, being employed regularly as the pretonic and postonic syllable, shows an e instead of an i. Neither of the theories offered accounts for the persis- tence of this e of ne in atonic position. Now, the only construction in which ne is phonetic is when it is used in enclitic position, where postonic^ e [cf. INDE) remains as distinguished from pretonic ^ e, which regularly > i. However, because the occurrences oi ne { = noi, a noi) noted in the texts are mainly proclitic'^, it w^ould not be a logical deduction to say that the examples in pretonic position were fashioned upon the comparatively few enclitic uses. In like manner, one may safely hazard the statement that ne, the first person plural, could not have taken its e from adverbial ne (< inde), since this adverbial ne is used also in unaccented position along by the side of the regular atonic forms ci and vi and should itself > ni. Nor can pronominal and adverbial ne be analogical buildings upon the conjunction ne, if we accept the theory of Meyer-Liibke*, where he says: " L'oppose de et, c'est-a-dire nee, fait encor plus de difhculte : I'italien ne semble etre une forme atone." A better suggestion to account for this irregular develop- ment is to suppose that ne for m arose first in construc- tions like me ne parlo ( = m'enne parlo)^, w^here the second form is regularly tonic ^ and that the ne in iiienne, fenne, senile, etc, was afterward carried to constructions where the single form ^^e w^as employed as pronoun or adverb; as, ne parlo. The conjunction ne is then a further analogical growth upon the ne and ni'enne, etc., above indicated. Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., H 106. Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., IT 123. Cf Table, pp. 9-12. Grammaire des Longues Romanes, Paris, 1890. Vol. I., H 613. Cf. m'elo, t'elo, m'ene, t'cne, ecc., p. 21. Cf p. 23. 19 b. — 7ioi, voi, Ini, lei, loro^. The frequent use of these tonic pronouns for the ^corresponding unaccented ones is a simple application ^ of tonic forms in atonic position. Just as ello"^ and ella* were used in Old Italian for the articles lo and la, so were tonic noi, voi, lui, lei, loro often substituted for atonic ci, vi, lo, la, gli, etc. Position of loro. With the exception of loro the pronouns mentioned above have always been placed either before or after their governing verb. Until the present century the place occupied by loro in the sentence seems to have been an uncertain and doubt- ful one. The Italian grammarians^ in general, have given the rule that it should follow rather than precede its verb. By comparing the table (pp. 9-12), it will be seen that the construction with loro both before the verb and loro after the verb were admissible until about the eighteenth century. It will be further noted that some writers, even in Old Italian, used the latter construction to the exclusion of the former, and in the nineteenth century it seems to be a generally accepted law that loro shall follow its verb. The occurrences of loro before the verb may be explained ^either as Latin survivals, or as being fashioned upon possessive constructions like le loro figlie, etc., where the pronoun precedes the noun to which it belongs. ^ loro has been classed heretofore as a regular conjunctive form, but for the same reason that noi, voi, lui, and lei are tonic, loro is also a tonic form, since it stands after prepositions just as the other forms in h. 2 Cf. II, I, 189 : Come astolfo lui vide in su la sella, A giostra fiera- jnente lo sfidava ; V, II, 193, se io uccidero lui, lo mander6 all' inferno; II, III, 42, Non calse lei, ma cavoHa d'arcione ; II, I, 233, Chinque lei saluta o le favella. ^ L, p. 203 : ello suo tempo. * L, p. 209 : ella guerra. ^ Cf. Biagoli, Grammaire Jtalienne, Paris, 1819, p. 146; Veneroni, le Maitre IlaLien, Paris, 1796, p. 105 ; Abbe Mugnozzi, Les Clemens cle la JLangue Italienne, Paris, 1783, H 144 ; Fornaciari, Grammatica Italiana, f ireuze 1891, IT 1190. 20 Syntactical evolution of lui, lei, loro. Lovo (< illoriim) passes first from the Latin genitive idea^ to the Italian case of indirect object, being later adopted as the direct object of a verb and subject of a sentence. The converting of the genitive lovo into the dative signification is explainad by Schwan^, who, while treating this form for the French, says : " Die Verwendung des lat. Genitivs zur Bezeichnung eines Dati werhaltnisses erklart sich vielleicht aus dem Gebrauch von lor-leur als Posses- sivum (vgl. IT 411, 1). Man sagte z. B. voi ci lor chastel und bildete danach cist chastels lor apartient" The motive that led to the almost universal adoption of the tonic form loro in the position of unaccented gli and le was doubtless a desire to prevent the confusion of these plurals with their singulars of the same form. The change of lui, lei, loro, from the dative function to that of the accusative and nominative was perhaps by analogy to colui, colei, coloro-, which were employed as diiect object of a verb and subject of a proposition early in the Italian. The first examples of lui and loro as nominatives found in the texts on which the present study is based were- noted in H., where loro occurs ten times as subject and Inv thirteen times. However, the use of lui, lei, loro, as the subject of a verb did not become a regular usage until the time of Manzoni (BBB) in whose works the vernacular of the people plays so important a part. c. — me lo, etc.; te lo, etc.; se lo, etc.; one ne, te ne, se oie ; glielo, etc.; gliene. Historical Treatment. With reference to these double forms Blanc^ remarks f " Wenn die Pronomina oni, ti, gli, ci, vi, si, untereinander verbunden werden, bleiben sie unverandert und getrennt : mi ti, mir dich ; ti gli, dir sie ; vi si, euch sich; wenn sie aber mit lo, la, le, li, gli, und 7ie verbunden werden, so 1 Grammatik des Alffranzosischen, H 399, 5 Anm. - Cf. Jacomo Cabriele, Regole Gramviaticali, Venctia, 1545, p, 8 :■ "Colui, colei, colore, che dando si a persone piu lontane de le primiere, sono dela istessa maniera de le tre dette, nel diritto, e negli obliqui casi' parimente ponendosi." 3 Grammatik der Italidnischen Sprache, Halle, 1844, p.- 251, 21 ^^erwandeln sie ihr i in e. Also nicht milo, ii la, ci gli, si 'lie, sondern me lo, ie lo, ce gli, se ne, etc." The opinion expressed by this grammarian seems to have been shared by all the Italian grammarians up to his time. JD'Ovidio^ while discussing these pronouns, says: " lo tengo fermamente, e ho sempre tenuto, che in codeste crasi pronominali I'e appartenga al secondo pronome e la vera dissezione sia ni'elo m'ela r)ieli on'ele, Velo ecc, s'elo ecc, m'ene fene sene, celo ecc, v'elo ecc, gW elo ecc, gW ene." The double forms included in the quotation above will be considered under the following divisions : Combinations of the first and second person or reflexive with a pronoun of the third person, and combinations of a third personal pronoun with a third person, neither of which is a reflexive, me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc ; me ne, te ne, se ne = on'ello, etc. ; t'ello etc. ; s'ello, etc. ; m'enne, t'enne, s'enne. Proving the correctness of the orthography m^'ello, etc., is, first of all, the preservation of ello, etc., and enne in the Southern forms jDortam-ille, 'poTto.')n-ella, vatt-enne^. Secondly, elo, etc, and ene for the ello, etc., and enne in question are still seen in the Tuscan combinations glielo (-=gli + elo), gliela {= gli + ela), gliene ('= gli + ene)^ That this elo, etc., and ene are survivals of ello, etc, and enne and that the e was not thrown in as a mere glide, when these forms were combined with gli, according to Biagoli^ Mugnozzi^ and others, is evidenced by the fact that the e must have been present before gli developed, since tliis form could have arisen only before a voweP. Thirdly, a similar usage appears in the union of the preposition and article in dello,nello, etc., which according to D'Ovidio^ should be written d'ello, n'ello, etc Here the i of in and di is pretonic and forms an exact parallel to the point in question. 1 Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV, p. 70, n. 3. Also compare Meyer- Lubke's acceptance of D'Ovidio's theory in his It. Gr., Leipzig, 1890, IF 374. 2 Cf. D'Ovidio, Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 70, n. 3; Meyer-Ltibke, It. Gr., 11374. 3 a/:.Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., M 374. * Grammaire Itolienne, Paris, 1819, p. 147. ^ Les Memens de la Langue Italienne, Paris, 1783, H 192. « D'Ovidio, Glott. It., vol. IV., p. 100. ? Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70, n. 3. 22 Thus, from the reasons already given the most logical deduction seems to be to suppose that inie lo, etc., and me ne, etc., were once written mello, etc., and nienne, etc., the i being elided before e, and, because, in Old Italian the apostrophe was omitted, in the natural process of syllabi- cation the e was looked upon as belonging to the m, etc., rather than to the lo, etc., and Qie. The writing of I and n instead of -II- and -nn- in these combinations is due to the fact that the two pronouns in me lo, etc., and me ne, etc.^ were generally written separate and hence the double consonants could not stand as initial. The probable stages of this development are as follows : Miello, etc., mi enne, etc. > niello, etc. ; m^enne, etc. > me llo, etc., me nne, etc. > me lo, etc., me ne, etc. glielo, etc. ; gliela, etc. ; gliene = gliello, etc., gliella, etc., glienne. The original form of these words was probably gliello, etc., and glienne, this orthography being justified by the fact that the second pronoun in these combinations is tonic, as is shown by the e instead of an i'^ and hence the writing gliello, etc. (< li-illum, etc.) and glienne (< li- inde) is just as regular as the preservation of the-W-in the nominatives ello and ella. The reason why Italian writers have always adopted the form with a single -1- and -n- is doubtless because these forms are analogical growths by the side of me lo, etc., where the two pronouns were written separate. It is to be noted also that in Old as well as in Modern Italian the gli in the combinations like glielo and gliene stands for both masculine U and feminine le, the i of li ( < illi) remaining and the e of le becoming i regularly in hiatus^, the result obtained in both cases being li, which then > gli before the following e just as the article li > gli in gli amici (cf. li elo, le elo > li elo > glielo). Of popular origin are the sporadic occurrences of gliele'^ employed for the different forms of lo and la^. 1 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Qr., IT 123. 2 Cf. Meyer-Liibke, It. Gr., H 141. ^ Cf. U, 9, 5 : E tutto gliele graffio (il viso) ; 2, 9, e presentogliele (i falconi) ; 2, 8, il conte con lagrime gliele diede (la figliuola) ; 3, 3, piena di stizza gliele (a lei) tolsi di mano, ed holla recata a voi, accioceh6 voi gliele (a lui) rendiate. * Cf. Biagoli, Oram. It., Paris, 1819, p. 147 ; Blanc. It. Or., p. 252. 23 d. — The second pronoun in these combinations (No. c) is tonic. In regard to the reason for the change of i to e in vie to, etc., Biagoli^ remarks: *' Ce changement de 1' i qw e se fait d'apres un principe general d'harmonie, qui exige que lorsqu' un mot sans accent termine en i, se joint a un autre mot egalement priv^ d'accent, Ton change V i du premier en e, sans quoi V on aurait des mots de deux syllables sans I'accent tonique, ce qui est impossible." Other gramma- rians who have adopted the writing nne lo, etc., do not state specifically that the first of these two pronouns is tonic, but merely say that 'ini, ti, si > me, te, se "when placed before forms like lo, la, ne. With reference to atonic words, Meyer-Lubke- posits the following general law : " II faut tout d'abord remarquer qu' en regie ge'nerale il ne pent y avoir deux mots atones de suite, a moins que I'un des deux ne perde sa voyelle : v. g. a. — fran9. mel = me-le. Mais habituellement c'est le second, qui est accentue. Par consequent, les prepositions composees ont toujours I'accent plein : adprope, ital. apruovo, a. — frang. a pruef." It is easy to believe that the law just quoted applies to the combinations under discussion, since we naturally lay stress upon the second of the two pronouns ; for example, no one ever says glielo, gliene, but glielo, gliene. In the second place, if we accept the conclusions already reached ; namely, that me lo, etc., should be written m' ello, etc.^ we are forced to admit that, if either of these two forms bear an accent, it must fall upon the second element, since the first loses its vowel in hiatus. Again, in the parallel combinations formed by the junc- tion of a preposition with a definite article {cf. cTello^, etc.) the second form is as clearly tonic as are the personal pronouns ella and ellc. Now, since the double forms cTello, etc., and melo (=r)i'ello) arose under similar condi- tions; namely, by the union of a monosyllabic atonic with ello, etc. (< ilium), the evidence favoring the accentuation ^ Grammaire Italienne, Paris, 1819, p. 60. 2 Grammaire des Langues Romanes, vol. 1., IF 612. « Cf. p. 21. * Cf. L, p. 205, ello suo tempo ; BB, p. 209, ella guerra ; KK, p. 15, Credette quel chella madre diciea ; I, p. 11, E 'padre ed ella madre. 24 of the second element of the former would apply equally well to the latter. The reason why the two Ts are preserved in dello, etc., and not in me lo, etc., is because in the former the two words were generally written as one, while in the latter they were separated, the tonic vowel of the second pro- noun being carried to the first, and, hence, the double con- sonants could not be kept as initials In the fourth place, if the ello, etc., and enne in these combinations were not tonic they would have > illo, etc., and inne-. The enclitic uses of me lo, te lo, S3 lo,me ne, te ne, se ne, glielo, gliene, offer no objection to the statement that the second form in the corresponding proclitic combinations is tonic. In constructions like dirmelo, dirtelo, the verb being the more important member of the compound retains the stress, while both pronouns are unstressed and hence enclitic according to the rule in Italian that no word can bear more than one tonic accent. However, the e is kept in darmelo, etc., by analogy to the numerous occurrences of the same combinations in proclitic position. D. — Discussion of atonic forms in tonic "position. 1. — Introduced through dialectical influence. A suggestion offered to explain the substitution of tonic for atonic forms ; namely, that they arose from a simple mixing of the two at a time when the laws of syntax were not fixed, might apply here also. How^ever, a most serious objection to this explanation is the fact that the atonic pronouns are not found in the position of the tonic until the time of Boccaccio. If this irregularity is to be attri- buted to a mere confusion of the unaccented with the accented pronouns, why did it not exist in the earliest Italian monuments, when there was a reason for such a mixing of forms ? A better explanation seems to be to account for this abnormal usage as a borrowing from dialects in which mi, ti, si are regular tonic forms. Strengthening this supposition is the argument that the first occurrences of atonic pronouns in accented position 1 Of. p. 22. ? Cf. Meyer-Ltibke, It. Gr., H 123. 'OF 25 were noted in U\ where are constantly employed popular forms and idioms. Thus, it is perfectly reasonable to sup- pose that Boccaccio used mi after pi-epositions under the influence of dialects like the Lombard and Piemontese, and Sacchetti, writing novels of a similar kind, adopted the usage of Boccaccio. Furthermore, the late origin of this construction, the few authors using it, and the long gap between Sacchetti and Goldoni in whose works it is most frequent point to the working of external influences traceable to individual authors rather than to a Tuscan development. E. — Extent of the mixing of tonic and atonic forms. By a glance at the table ^ it will be noted that the occur- rence of tonic pronouns in atonic position is found in the -^earliest texts of the language and continues down to a comparatively late date. It will be further observed that, although some authors used them to a much greater extent than others, the usage was a general one and does not seem to have originated with any special class of writers. In addition, it may be said that the line of authors who adopted these irregularities was a continuous one, there being no notable breaks from their origin to their final disappearance, although a very perceptible decrease in their use is observable in the later periods. The usage of unaccented pronouns in accented position is represented as follows in our texts : mi, U3, Wl, Z6, YY38, FFF ; ti, Y Y6. F. — Tione of disappearance. Me, te, noi, voi, ne, Ini and lei in proclitic position may be said to have disappeared for the most part from Italian literature before the sixteenth centur}^ 8e in this position was seldom employed even by the earliest writers and ceased to be used entirely about the fifteenth century. El is probably a Proven9al^ form and occurs only in B, K, L, W, AA, CO, YY and can be assigned to no special periods, for the reason that it may be used by any author writing under the influence of this 1 Blanc, It. Gr., Halle, 1844, p. 20. ^ Cf. pp. 9-12. ^ Cf. p. 15. 4 26 Of the three tonic forms found in enclitic position attached to the verb, me was employed until about the time of the Italian Renaissance for the sake of rhyme, while te occurs only once^ and ne (meaning "us," "to us") ten times. In enclitic position not attached to the verb, me, te, voi, lui, lei are very frequent in Old Italian, being used spor- adically even in the present century ; while noi, although spread over almost the same period as the forms just men- tioned, occurs much less extensively. The occasional uses of atonies in the position of the accented pronouns are distributed over the long period from Boccaccio to Carducci. Conclusions. From the examples and argument given on the preced- ing pages the following conclusions may be drawn : 1. — That me, te, se in proclitic position are remnants of the Latin accusative that had not yet > mi, ti, si accord- ing to the general law that pre tonic e> i. 2. — That el for il was used by certain Tuscan writers through the influence of the Provencal and certain Italian dialects, where this form was the regular oblique masculine singular. 3. — That me in enclitic position attached to the verb arose first in rhyme and was later carried to constructions in poetry where it was not used in rhyme ^. 4. — That the e of ne (< inde) used for the first , person plural is by analogy to ne in combinations like me ne, te ne, se ne (= ni'enne, etc.), where the second element is tonic and regularly preserves its e. This analogy was car- ried not only to all the forms of pronominal and adverbial ne, but also to the conjunction ne. 5. — That noi, voi, lui, lei, loro in proclitic and enclitic position are a simple application or development of tonic pronouns in unaccented position. The change of loro from the genitive to the dative function was by analogy to pos- sessive constructions, like la loro casa on which was built the kindred idea expressed by la casa loro appartiene. The further evolution of lui, lei, loro from the sphere of 1 Of. DD, p. 181. ^ Te occurs only once joined to the verb {cf. DD, p. 181). 27 the dative to that of the accusative and nominative is by analogy to colui, colei, coloro. 6. — That me lo, etc. ; te lo, etc. ; se lo, etc. ; me ne, etc., should be written ra'ello, etc., and that the reason why these forms are written with a single I at present is because the tonic vowel of the second pronoun has been transfeired to the first and the two I's cannot stand as initial (c/. 'ine llo > me lo). 7. — That glielo, etc., and gliene are equivalent to gliello, etc., and glienne, one I being omitted in modern ortho- graphy by analogy to the parallel combinations me lo, etc. Also, the gli in these double forms is the representative of masculine li (< illi) and feminine le (< illae), both giving gli in hiatus with the e of the following word {of. li ene, le ene > gliene). 8. — That the second form in the combinations tn'ello, etc., and gliello, etc., is tonic. 9. — That the use of atonic mi and ti in accented position is due to the influence of dialects in which these forms are regular tonic developments. 28 CHAPTER II. Uses of Atonic Forms in Atonic Position. A. — Examjoles of regular occurrences in texts examined. THE pronouns indicated below comply with all the con- ditions of atonies, showing unaccented forms and standing in conjunctive position, and are therefore per- fectly regular. After an example of each phenomenon has been given, a discussion of these pronouns will be taken up. 1. — General Constructions. The list of occurrences mentioned below represents the usage common to all the periods of the Italian language, and hence merely an example of each kind will be cited, and no resume will follow. They include especially pro- clitic ^ constructions of the direct and indirect object of finite verbs where the adoption of atonic pronouns is the rule, with the exception of the occasional use of tonic ^ forms immediately before the verb, or atonies as enclitics'^, which special uses have already been counted*. a. — Single proclitics. aa. — Before finite verbs. mi : GG, p. 80, Questo mi prese, e questo mi mantenne. mi' : BBB, p. 16, mi displace. ci : 0, Purg. XV, 104, Che farem noi a chi ne desira, Se quel che ci ama e per noi condannato ? ^ Cf. lo meno, mi parlo. ■^ Of. lui menu ; me parlo. " Cf. menoUo ; parlommi. * Cf. resume of tonic forms in proclitic position, pp. 9-10 also r6sum6 of enclitics with finite verbs, pp. 41-42. " The dative will follow the accusative wherever the two constructions are given. 29 ci : II, I, 94, Molte comodita ci ha date Iddio Per ricompensa de le nostre pene. ti : 0, Inf. I, 128, Con lei ti lascero nel mio partire. ti : II, I, 120, non ti converr^ morire. vi : Z, I, nov. 4, dice air Abate : io vi cavero di questa fatica. vi: 0, Inf. XXIII, 128, Poscia drizzd al frate cotal voce : Non vi dispiaccia, se vi lece, dirci Se alia man destra giace alcuna foce. si sing. : BB, p. 65, E Carduin da lei non si diparte. si plu. : FFF, Ode Barbare, p. 23, poi si riabbracciano. lo after a final consonant : 0, Purg. IX, 81, E come I'occhio piu e piu v'apersi Vidil seder sopra il grado soprano, Tal nella faccia, ch'io non lo soffersi. lo before s impure : O, Inf. I, 110, Noi leggevamo un giorno per diletto Di Lancilotto, come amor lo strinse. la : 0, Inf. I, 109, Questi la caccera per ogni villa. le : II, I, 82, Ma cosi nudo e furfante ed a piede, Fa cose da non creder chi le vede. le : U, 2, 6, li quali le parevano la piu dolce cosa del mondo. bb. — Before irtjinitive constructions. 1. Negative infinitives used imperatively : AAA, I, p. 132, non ii turbare. 2. Infinitives depending on impersonal verbs : B, p. 27, ma non mi val seguire. 3. Infinitives depending on fare, vedere, sentire, udire, lasciare : A, p. 90 V, Amor d'incontra mi fa star sospeso. 30 h. — Single enclitics. aa. — Attached to infinitives'^. 1. With subject infinitive : U, 1, 1, il mandar^o fuori di casa nostra cosi infer mo ne sarebbe gran biasimo. 2. AVith infinitive depending on noun : S, p. 330, Turno ha intendimento di cacciar77ii. 3. With infinitive depending on adjective : U, 5, 8, io son presto di farZo. 4. With object infinitive preceded by di : S, p. 291, desideriava di darZa. 5. With purpose infinitives preceded by 'per : S, p. 22, li artisani li loro artifici lasciavano per veder^o. 6. With infinitive depending directly on transitive verbs ^ : U, 9, 5, pensa voler^o onorare. 66. — Attached to imperatives. 1. With the first person plural imperative : FFF, Studi Lett., p. 251, e traduciamoZa con qualche commento. 2. With the imperative second singular and plural : F, p. 27, disse : dimi, dimi e insegnami che chosa, e la prudenza : BBB, p. 6, inseguite?7ii. 3. With ecco : II, I, 43, ecco^i insieme. c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic • position. 1. Indirect object with verbs accompanied by innanzi, dietro, sopra, dirempetto, incontra, davanti, avanti, incontro, dentro, dinanzi : V, II, 208, gli venne incontra. 2. Dative strengthening the possessive : H, p. 195, lo Cardinale si levo lo capello. ^ For the use of pronouns with the present participle compare F. p. 50 : Mostrandomi li pericoli. 2 Except verbs of making, causing, seeing, feeling, hearing, letting, per- mitting. 31 S. Active reflexive in which the agent is the voluntary cause of the action : F, p. 21, alora si levo I'uno de'medici di fedite. 4. Passive reflexive in v^^hich the agent sufl"ers the action without willing it : K, p. 21, O figliuolo mio, perch^ ti spaventi tue di tanta paura ? 5. First person precedes the second : 0, Par. VIII, 52, La mia letizia -mi ti tien celato. 6. First and second persons precede the reflexive si : F, p. 53, non ti si scuopra lo lato. 2.— Special Constructions. In addition to rare uses, idionaatic phrases, speech for- inulas and locutions, the following examples include mainly those constructions which belong more especially to indi- vidual writers in certain epochs rather than to the Italian language as a whole. a. — Single proclitics. ^Nominatives. i' .• 0, Inf. I, 8, Ma per trattar del ben chV vi trovai, Diro dell'altre cose ch'io v'ho scorte ; Inf. X, 34, /'aveva gia il mio viso nel suo fitto. no : 0, Purg. V, 52 (Blanc, It. Gr. p. 255), No' fummo gia tutti per forza morti ; PP, p. 77 Qui no' siam soli, e so' d'opinione Che la si voltera in poche parole. vo'^: N, p. 76, k'avemo scritte dolorosamente quelle parole ke vo' avete udite ; N, p. 17, ch' i' dissi lor: vo' portate le chiave di ciascuna vertu alta e gentile. e' : II, I, 26, Rispose Ferraguto : e mi da '1 core ; O, Inf XXII, 101, Si ch' e non teman delle lor vendettB. 1 X, p. 17 ; TT, pp. 82, 169, 174. 32 gli^ : TT, p. 130, Gli e cittadino, e noi zappiam la terra TT, p. 72, Gli e un che va vestito di cilesto. la^ : EE, p. 264, La non vuol esser piu mia, La non vuol la traditora, L' e disposta al piu ch'io muora Per amor, e gelosia. V^ = la : PP, p. 85^ E r altanto piu che la mie manza, Poi che la sa che V e tenuta bella. gli piu.' : TT, p. 83, ^ Insino a ora, i' n' ho gettati motti : Gli han fatto il sordo, e sono stati chiotti : TT, p. 169, Gli han fatto visi che pajon la morte. le' : KK, II, 305, sebbene le cose sono in superlativo grado tutto- bene, subito le si convertono in un pessimo male TT, p. 124, le son pur cose ladre. Atonic forms in hiatus. mi' : O, Inf. V, 105, Amor, che a nullo amato amar perdona, Mi prese del costui piacer si forte, Che, come vedi, ancor non mi abbandona. m'^ : O, Inf. I, 20, Allor fu la paura un poco queta, Che nel lago del cor 'Wi'era durata La notte, ch' i' passai con tanta pieta. 1 Cf. PP, p. 70 ; FF, pp. 8r, 55r, 23r ; TT, pp. 121, 129, 166, 181. ^ This form occurs twelve times as nominative in EE, p. 264. » Cf. PP, p. 75 ; TT, pp. 93, 99, 149 ; KK, II, 333. * Cf. W, Ar, Cv, &iiir ; MM, pp. 59, 114. « Cf. TT, pp. 86, 82, 121 ; KK, I, 407, II, 292 ; U, 2, 9 ; 8, 3 ; V, U, 80; AA, p. 83 ; GG, p. 429 ; MM, pp. 52, 58, 59, 73, 80, 96, 105. * Wherever the vowel that follows the atonic form written is n(jt mentioned, the form given is found equally before all vowels. '^ The pronoun eliding its vowel will be placed immediately under the one written in full. 33 ci^ before e or i^ ; U, 1, 1, faccendo noi nostro mezzano un suo nemico, amico credendolo, ci exaudisce, come se ad uno vera- mente santo per mezzano della sua gratia ricor- resimo. d before e,'^ or i ; O, Inf. XII, 51, O cieca cupidigia, e ria e folle, Che si ci sproni nella vita corta, E neir eterna poi si mal c'immolle. a : K, I, 77, non ti ho mai veduto pigliare. r : K, I, 176, di chi f ha fatto male. vi : O, Par. XXX, 139. La cieca cupidigia, che vi ammalia, Simili fatti v' ha al fantolino, Che muor di fame e caccia via la balia. v' : J, p. 18, noi V entendaremo. si : O, Inf. I, 100, Molti son gli animali a cui si ammoglia. s' ; BB, p. 38, E'nverso lui ella s' afFoltava. lo : O, Purg. XIY, 69, Come all'annunzio de' dogliosi danni Si turba il viso di colui che ascolta, Da qual che parte il periglio lo assanni. V: J, p. 15, tu ce V ai mandato. la: VV, p. 93, ma che il mare statole poco propizio ne la avesse divertita. r : Y, nov. 13, r avea tanto veduta. le dat. fem. sing. : LL, I, 231, Cosi dicea la donna con gran pianto, Quando le apparve I'eremita accanto. * Before a, o and u, ci is not elided. « C/. K, I, 234. 3 Of. K, I, 144. 5 34 V dat. fem. sing. : LL, I, 21, Non risponde ella, e non sa che si faccia Perche Rinaldo omai Vh troppo appresso. II, 7, lo after a final vowel and before a single conso- nant. Jl : 0, Inf. II, 31, chi il concede ? Inf. y, 110, Chinai il viso, e tan to il tenni basso. 7 : O, Purg. I, 39, io 7 vedea. lo : II, I, 8, In viso Balagante lo guardava ; O, Inf. VIII, 41, Per che il maestro accorto lo so- spinse. il^ and lo^ equivalent to English so or it : WW, p. 259, Arminsi pure i Greci, Furo ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a Pirro ; YY, X, 243, il sarete.— WW, p. 267, Ei giurera d'esser sostegno al figlio, E lo sara ecc. ; YY, I, 58, saro padre Per compiacerti, come ora lo sono Per consigliarti. i accu. plu.3 : O, Inf. V, 78, Ed egli a me : " vedrai quando saranno Piu presso a noi ; e tu allor li prega Per quell'amor che i mena ; e quel verranno ; Inf. VII, 53, La sconoscente vita, che i fe' sozzi, Ad ogni conoscenza or li fa bruni. i indirect singular* : 0, Par. XXIV, 148, Come il sign or ch'ascolta quel che i piace, Da indi abbraccia il servo, gratulando Per la novella, tosto eh'ei si tace ; O, Par, XXIX, 17, In sua eternita di tempo fuore, Fuor d'ogni altro compi'ender, come i piacque, S'aperse in nuovi amor I'eterno amore. 1 (7/ WW, p. 255. 2 Of. WW, p. 256 ; ZZ, XIII, 276, 120 ; BBB, pp. 125, 263. » C/. 0, Inf. XVII I, 18, Par. XII, 26 ; J, p. 3. * Of. O, Inf. XXII, 73 : Inf. XXII, 127. 35 Dative of the possessor^ : WW, p. 260, gli sard padre ; AAA, VI, 68, non ti son figlio io primo ? gli fern. dat. sing. : U, 2, 6, li quali le parevano la piu dolce cosa del mondo et la piu vezzosa, et non essendolesi anchora del nuovo parto rasciuto il Jatte del petto quelli teneramente prese, et al petto gli si puose, li quali non rifi- utando il servigio, cosi lei peppavano, come la madre havrebber fatto ; O, Inf. XXXIII, 129 (Blanc, It. Gr. p. 263). Sappi che tosto che I'anima trade. Come fec'io, il corpo suo gli e tolto. b. — Single enclitics with finite verbs 2. mi : N, p. 25, menom^^i sott'una freschetta folgla ; Z, nov. 4, e raderommi la barba. ci : 0, Inf VI, 23, Quando ci scorse Cerbero, il gran vermo, Le bocche aperse, e mostrocci le sanne. Inf. IV, 115, Traemmoci dall'un de'canti In loco aperto luminoso ed alto. Si che veder poteansi tutti e quanti. ti: U, 6, 6, et havrotti in reverenza ; dico^i, che poi che Iddio mi ha fatto tanta gratia. vi : P, I, 14, Prego?ri, siate accorti. si: 0, Inf. IV, 98, volsersi a me. 1 Cf, DD, p. 134 ; TT, p. 104 ; WW, p. 266 ; AAA, I, 146, 161, 175. 2 Examples of the first and second person imperative are not given in. this list because the unaccented pronouns are still attached to this mode in the persons indicated. 86 lo: B, p. 43, Ma pur la fine facieZo laudato ; B, p. 43, E poi nel mezo aveteZo sequito, Lo bon f enir vi de' essere in grato. Z: P, I, 59, E misiZ per la via quasi smarrita ; p,ir,6, VedeZ colei, ch' e or si presso al vero. la: O, Inf. XVIII, 94, LascioZZa quivi gravida e soletta ; M, nov. 12, combatteo la citta, e vinseZct, e lo pregio e I'onore- n'ebbe David. li^ : F, p. 68, preseZi a pregare ; p. 56, concedeZi di peccare. gU: O, Purg. XIII, 153, Tu li vedrai tra quella gente vana Che spera in Talamone, e perdera^Zi Piu di speranza, che a trovar la Diana ; O, Inf. XXII, 71, E Libicocco : Troppo avem sofFerto, Disse, e -presegli il braccio col ronciglio, Si che, stracciando, ne porto un lacerto. le: V, 1, 15, cominciolZe a mostrare e veli e borse ; O, Inf. V, 68, Vidi Paris, Tristano ; e piu di mille Ombre mostrommi e nominolZe a dito. c. — Enclitics with che, dietro, addosso, dreto. mi with che^ : N, p. 20, questi ^ colui, chem^ni si fa sentire. * Since case and number offer no assistance in the explanation of en-- clitics, no distinction has been made between the singular and plural, or dative and accusative of U and gli. 2 Cf. N, pp. 25, 32. imi with dietro : KK, II, 70, loro sempre venivano a lento passo dietromi ; KK, II, 175, deretromi. gli with addosso : KK, I, 114, e'i cavallo addosso^^i ; KK, I, 271, eglino tutti I'un sopra all'altro addosso^^i. gli with drieto : Z, nov. 70, I'altro porco drietogli ; Z, nov. 76, gli fanciulli con le granate drieto^^i. a with drieto : Z, nov. 84, mino, drieto^i parecchi passi gridava ; I, p. 6, elleno dietro^i co' bastoni. d. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic position. vi = le: EEE, p. 274, voleva la neve, camminarv i sopra. vi = gli : BBB, p. 6, non potendo schivare il pericolo, vi corse incontro. Za, indefinite! : BBB, 384, comincio a prenderse^a con Perpetua ; DDD, p. 14, dunque, a che serve pigliarseZa a cuore ? ' r = la indefinite : BBB, p. 65, V ^ chiara, che I'intenderebbe ognuno ; BBB, p. 130, "Z'e dura," rispose il Griso, restando con un piede sul primo scalino, " V e dura di ricever de' rim- proveri, dopo aver lavorato fedelmente." 1 Cf. BBB, pp. 209, 282 (four Ves), 232 ; DDD, pp. 112, 145. 38 Pronouns of address. vi, to princes : KK, II, 202, ora ascoltatemi, Ser Francesco Riccio, che io vi diro- che sono i mia pari ; KK, II, 234, Vostra Eccellenza non diffidi di me; il perch^ di nuovo le dico, che a me basta la vista di condurre tre volte meglio quest' opera, che non fu il modello, siccome io v' ho promesso. la : KK, II, 316, majordomo insinoattanto che Vostra Signoria par- lera secondo quel nobilissimo grado, in che ella e in volta, io la riveriro e parlero a lei con quella sommessione, io 1' ho da servire ; KK, II, 195, e perche sua eccellenza vedessi quanto io avevo voglia di servir^a. le : KK, II, 234, Vostra Eccellenza non diffidi di me ; il perche di nuovo le dico, che a me basta la vista di condurre tre volte meglio quest'opera, che non fu il modello. ella: KK, II, 238, sappi I'Eccellenza Vostra, che le ribalderie di Ber- nardone mi sforzano a dimandarla e pregarla, che quella mi dica quel ch'ella spesse nel diamante, grande punta ischericata ; perche io spero mos- trarle, perche questo mal cerca mettermivi in dis- grazia. e. — Double atonies in which the direct precedes the in- direct object in combinations where mi, ti, ci, vi stand next to Io, etc., la, etc. il before mi'^ : U, 7, 9, ella il mi comandera ; U, 3, 7, se voi il sapete, dite^mi. la before mi^ : U, 6, 4, in fe di Dio se tu non la mi dai ; 1 U, 5, 9 ; 7, 7 ; 10, 10 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 7 ; 8, 8 ; 0, Inf. XXV, 48 ; 0, Inf, XVI, 44 ; Par. XXV, 89. 2 U, 3, 1 ; 2, 10 ; 3, 9 ; 7, 10 ; 5, 1 ; 5, 4 : 8, 8. 39 U,2, 10, •. . . ove cosi non fosse voi foreste villania a volerlami torre. il before ti ^ : U, 5, 4, io il ti prometto ; U, 5, 10, tienZo^i a mente. la before ti^ : U, 3, 4, io la ti mosterro ; U, 4, 4, noi la ti diamo. il before vi^ : U, 1, 1, ' io il vi diro ; U, 6, 10, dirolw. ^ la before vi* : U, 3, 6, hora non credo io, che voi crediate, che io la vi mandossi ; ma se le vi piacciono, io le vi donero volentieri. B.—RJSSUMA The following table gives a resume of the examples of the special constructions cited above. a. — Single proclitics. Atonic Nominatives. i' ; B31, C, F9, H3, K2, M3, N46, 024, P361, m, S2, U3, Vll, W8, X19, Y2, AA30, BB39, DD88, EE8, FF9, GG51, HHlO, II18, JJ, KK, LL2, NN5, PP81, QQ72, SS114, TT148, UU6, XX17. no\- D2, X, PP, TT12, 0. vo' : N2, X, TT3. 1 Cf. U, 7, 9 ; 9, 5 ; O, Inf. Ill, 45 ; O, Furg. XX, 40 ; Purg. XXXIII, 77; Purg. XXXIIT, 119. 3 Cf. U, 3, 14 ; 5, 2 ; 8, 7 ; 10, 3. » a/. U, 3, 3 ; 3, 7 ; 3, 7 ; 8, 9 ; 9, 1 ; 0, Par. XIV, 10. * Cf. U, 3, 6 ; 5, 1. 40 6'; B7, C2, F9,.H10, 12, KIO. M2, N6, 013, P18, R7, S2, U2, V117, X4, Y16, Z154, AA3, BB43, DD4, EE2, GG68, HH2, II33, KK316, LL, MM2, NN4, PP9, QQ5, BBS, SS3, TT174, XX, DDD5, EEE, FFF26. gli sin^. : W, FF3, LL13, PP, QQ, TTo3, YY2, DDDIO. gli plu. : W6, TT2, MM2. la: EE12, 117, KK19, LL, MMll, PP7, TT79, YY38, BBB19, DDD5. r = la : A A, PP2, TT34, KK, BBB6, DDD4. ^ le : U2, V, AA, GG, KK7, MM8, TTIO, BBB6, DDD. Proportion of forms not elided when mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la, and the feminine plural le are placed in hiatus \ KK240%, VV75%, WW25%, YY22%, ZZ28%, AAA (vol. VL) 38%, DDD22%, EEE80%, FFF28%='. il, 'I, lo following a final vowel and preceding a single consonant initial. il : A2, B9, 03, E, H, 14, K6, M31, 072, P48, Kll, S2, U455, V18, W4. X3, Y9, Z40, AAll, BB8. CCS, DD4, EE5, FF7, GG24, HH6, II260, LL141, MM3, NN26, 0015, PP, QQ62, RR, SS42, TT6, UU42, WW29, XX22, YY5, ZZ4, AAA90. CCC16. 7; A, B9, Co, E, F4, K8, M16, N8, 06, P71, R17, S7, U23, V 10, X4, Y, Z3, AA5, BB6, DDIO, EE6, FF5, GG16, II27, LL32, NN2, 0013, PP5, QQ25, SS31, TT14, CJU18, WW3, XX12, YY3, AAA23. 1 Ci is subject to the same laws of elision as 7ni, etc., when it occurs before the vowels e and i, but it is always written in full before a, o and u. 2 The percentage of elision in each author may easily be computed by subtracting the numerals placed to the right of tifie capital letters from a hundred. ^ In all the texts not mentioned the proportion of non-elision is less than 2%. 41 lo : A5, B43, C8, E7, F8, H20, 110, K53, M30, N4, 018, S126, U9, V162, W15, X, Y98, Z160, AA5, BB9, CC3, DD5, EE12, FF14, GG44, HH, II369, LL541, MM54, NN13, 008, PP4, RI12, SS4, TT27, UU23, V V17, W W23, XX8, YY90, ZZ69, AAA7, CCC2. il and lo equivalent to English so. il: WW2, AAA4. lo : WW3, YY, AAA2. i accusative plural : J, 04. i dative singular : 05, N2. gli fern, dative singular : 0, U. Dative of the possessor: DD, TT, WW2, YY, AAA3. h. — Single enclitics. With finite verbs^. mi : A4, B23, C2, E8, F, K3, M2, N3, 094, P4, R3, S2, T3, U53, V13, W19, X4, Y4, Z18, AA2, BB3, CC9, DD18, EE, FFIO, GG29, II19, JJ6, KK37, LL12, MM, NN5, 004, PP5, QQ4, SS13, TT5, AA, WW3, XX13, YY16, ZZ3, AAA15, CCC, FFF4. ci : 06, R4, U2, DD, GG2, JJ, KK, AAA. ti : K, M3, 03, R4, S2, U8, W2, X, ZIO, DD, GG4, 112, KK, LL, NN, 002, SS, XX, YY, AAA8. vi : B6, C, E, 0, P5, S2, UIO, BB2, IIo, KK, XX, YY, AAA. si'^ : I, Y2, II, FFF2. lo : B9, G, H27, 110, K26, L, M31, 09, P6, R, S18, T9, U39, V22, W4, X, Y, Z49, BB5, DD4, FF2, GG2, II30, JJ6, KK3, LL42, MM2, NN2, 00, PP, QQ4, SS4, TT, UU5, XX6, YY, CCC4, DDD, FFF. l_ The first and second person imperative are excluded from this resume because the atonies are still attached to this mode in the persons men- tioned. 2 This r§sum6 includes only the reflexive si and not the uses of this form as a sign of the passive signification of the verb. 6 42 I : A, B2, E, 04, P4, R, U3, W2, BBS, 113, SS3, TT, AAA. la : A, B, C, F, H3, I, K4, MIO, N, 04, P3, S, T4, U8, V16, Y2, Z14, EE3, GG, 116, JJ2, KK, LL21, MM, NN3, 00, PP, QQ3, TT4, WW2, XX4, AAA3, BBB, FFF2. li : B2, F2,^,G2, H6, 14, K7, L3, M56, 05, R, S13, T8, V4, W2, YIO, Z17, AA, GG6, 112, KK, LL3, MM, SS3, WW. gli : D, H9, 14, 07, P2, S7, T, U81, V40, Wo, Z70, BBll, EE3, FF8, GG8, 1180, JJ2, KK5, LL35, NN3, QQ4, TT, UU3, VV, XX2, AAA, CCC5, FFF. le : C, E, I, K5, M8, 02, P2, U13, V16, W, Z, 113, JJ, KK, TT, XX, FFF. Atonies with che, dereto, drieto, addosso. TYii with che : N8. mi with dereto : KK. mi witli drieto : KK. gli with drieto ; Z. gli with addosso : KK2. li with drieto : I, Z2. c. — Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic position. vi equivalent to a third personal dative : II, BBB, EEE. la and I' {= la) used indefinitely. la : BBB 13, DDD3 ; I' : BBB4. d. Pronouns of address. In order to show the relative frequency of the mixing and competing constructions of voi and ella the corres- ponding tonic pronouns will be placed to the right of the unaccented forms. In the texts not included in this resume, voi is adopted, to the exclusion of ella, as the form of polite address. 43 vi: KK18, YY205. la: KK14, RR, Yyi2, BBB13, DDD. le : Y, KK4, RRo, YY2, voi: KK13, YY162. ella : KK16, RR4, VV, YYll, EBB. lei : KK3, RR6, VV3, YY4, BBB46, DDDq.i YY3, BBB124, I DDDS3. e. — Double atonies in which the direct precedes the in- direct objects il mi : B3, E, M4, 0, P, U6, W, NN, SS. lo mi : B, M2, 0, U4, BB, LL, NN, FFF. la mi: B, U7, KK/ NN3, 00, PP, TT. le mi : P, U3, NN2. il ci : M, XJ. lo ci : U, NN. le ci : NN. il ti : 05, U3, SS. lo ti : B, M2, 03, U, Z, NN2, UU. lati: M2, N, U4, NN2. le ti : UU. ilvi: U20,.NN. lo vi : C, M4, 0. la vi : U2, NN2. le vi : U3, NN. C. — Discussion of single atonies. 1. — In proclitic position. a. — Nominatives i\ i, no', vo\ e\ gli, la, I' (= la), le. On this point Meyer-Llibke- remarks: "Im Toskani- schen kennt von Subjektivepronomina nur io eine pro- klitische Form : i, die in alter Zeit auch in der Litteratur gebrauchlich war, s. Caix, Orig. 210." * This table includes only combinations of the first and second personal forms with a third person not reflexive. 2(7/ /<• GV.,1[369. 44 Of the other proclitic^ forms above mentioned e'* cer- tainly ])oints, because of the frequency of its occurrence in the best Italian texts^ to a Tuscan origin and growth, just as in the case of i and i ; while the shortened nominatives no'\ vo^,gli^, la\ V {= la) and le belong more especially to popular speech^ E'^ the elided form of ei can stand only before a conso- nant, while i''^° and i^^, the shortened forms of io are used both before vowels and consonants. Interesting as a study of the Italian folk speech is the use of double nominatives^^ iu cases where a noun standing as the regular subject of a proposition is followed by a pronoun used as the subject of the same verbal Illustrat- ing a similar usage is the occurrence of two objects^* after ^ Cf. Caix, Origini. Firenze, 1880, ^ 91 : " Come casi d'iato alFatona vanno qui considerate le forme apostrofate delle enclitiche e proclitiche e particolarmente dei pronomi personali eo, io, noi, voi, lei, e dei posses- si vi 7neo, mio, tuo, suo; onde abbiamo : e', i\ no\ vo\ le\ me', mi\ tu\ sm'." Also compare Fornaciari, Grammatica Jtaliana. Firenze 1879, p. 120 : Proclitiche : gli ed e' = egli, eglino, la = ella, le = elleno. ^ Cf. Caix, Origini, ^ 91 : " Questa ci conduce poi alle forme ei, quei, e\ que', principalmente toscane, e frequenti gia in Guittone e nella sua Scuola." ^ Cf. resume, p. 39. * Cf. Caix, Origini, % 207. ^ vo' occurs also in the oblique cases in K, pp. 27, 35, 42, 46, 61, 116 ; N, p. 43. " Cf. the 44 occurrences of gli in the popular writer TT by the side of the seventy-nine examples of the vulgar nominative la in the same text. " Cf. Blanc, It. Gr., p. 272 : " Jetzt ist der Gebrauch der, dass ella und elleno der edlerea Sprache, la und elle dem gewShnlichen Leben, le aber fur elleno nur dem Pobel angehort." * For examples of all the atonic nominatives cited above, compare pp. 31-32. ^ Cf. V, I, 10 : E' non vide mai nessuno compiuto. ^ ^ Cf. T>D, p. 5 : r era divenuto tanto stanco ; LL, I, 232, Padre, di me ch' i' son giunta a mal porto. ^^ Cf. Blanc, It. Gr., p. 95 : *' Auch der Apostroph ist im Italianischen eine neuere Erfindung, die Handschriften des 14. Jahrh. kennen ihn nicht." ^ ^ Cf. KK, I, 407 : Questa prigione, che certo innocentissimo tu hai avuta, la sara stata la salute per sempre. ^ ^ Cf. Henry, he is going to town to-morrow, a usage common among English peasants. ^ * Cf, KK, II, 1 : Questo capitolo Io scrivo a Luca Martini. 45 one verb in which the second is a pronoun inserted after the regular noun object. b. — Atonic pronouns in hiatus ^ The general law governing the elision or retention of the final vowel of the pronominal and adverbial particles in hiatus is that 7}ii'\ ti, si, ne, vi, lo, la are generally elided when placed before any vowel or h, while ci loses its vowel only when standing before i^ or e, and it is written in full before a*, o and i(-. The i of gli^, singular and plural, is elided only before an initial i; and the e of le"^ (the accusative feminine plural) is cut off before another e provided the context is sufficiently clear to prevent the confusion of le (the plural form) with le, the dative singular. The rules, as given, are those generally practised from the origin of the language to the latest writers. How- ever, there are found in the usage of certain authors strik- ing exceptions to the laws postulated, which exceptions render necessary a comparison of the different texts studied. In the course of this examination' I have noted that the elision of atonic particles w^as general until about the sixteenth century, from which time the proportion of non-elided forms rapidly increases, reaching the greatest percentage in VV, AAA, EEE, DDD, FFF, etc., where the use of a full or shortened form is optional'. 2. — In enclitic position. a. — Origin of mi, ii, si. With reference to the origin of the use of mi, ti, si as enclitics, D'Ovidio® says : " Nulla pero ci vieta di supporre che, sorti nella posizione proclitica, mi ecc. passassero quindi anche alia enclitica." While this development may * The adverbs ci, ne and vi are also included in the present treatment of elision, - "^ Cf. m'amo ; ^'offendere ; n'ando ; v'ha amato : Z'ha veduto. ^ Cf. c'insegna ; c'entra. * Cf. ci amo ; ci ofFese ; ci udiva. ^ Cf. .g^'indusse ; gli amo. * Cf. Z'ebbe trovate. 7 Cf. table p. 40. 8 Cf. examples pp. 32-33. ^ Archiv. Glott. It., vol. IX., p. 70. 46 be possible, one is led to reject it for the reason that the pronouns in hand can be explained on a purely phonetic basis. According to a general phonetic law given by Meyer- Llibke :i " Dagegen wii-d e zu i : fiori, ami = ames, chi- menti, Giovanni, oggi - hodie, vedi =vide," me, etc., regu- larly > "iui, etc., in postonic position. The junction of enclitic pronouns with the verbs upon which they lean is simply an orthographic representation of the sounds of oral speech ; the two words being articu- lated together, orthography in attempting to indicate pro- nunciation writes the two forms as one. 3. Constructions common to proclitic and enclitic posi- tion (or partly proclitic and partly enclitic). a. — Mixing of gender, number and person. aa. — Masculine for feminine. The occasional use of masculine gli^ for the indirect feminine singular le ( < P. L^. illae) is best explained as deriving directly < ILLI ( = C. L. masc. and fern. dat. sing.). Since the Latin shows both illi and illae for the femi- nine dative singular, it is natural that gli and le, their respective derivatives, should persist side by side until the former is supplanted by le, the Italian representative of the latter. An apparent confusion of gender may be seen in the sporadic use of the oblique masculine singular Zo* for la, where the masculine form merely expresses some quality of the feminine noun to which it refers, but does not stand in the place of the noun in the ordinary sense of a pronoun. Forming a striking contrast to the mixing of gender just referred to, is the strict preservation of the feminine in elliptical and indefinite constructions ; such as, vedersela, jjagarla, godersela^, etc., where the verb is accompanied by a pronoun without relating to anything before mentioned. 1 It. Or., ^ 106. 2 Cf. p. 35. " P. L. = Popular Latin and C. L. — Classic Latin. * Cf. BBB, p. 125 : Gertrude avrebbe potuto essere una monaca santa e contenta, comunque lo fosse divenuta. " Cf. The French "vous me la donnez belle " and the Spanish " quien las sabe las tane." 47 In such idiomatic expressions, although some substantive is always understood, agreeing with the sense to which the pronoun refers i, there would seem to be a natural reason for a mixing of gender, since the omitted object to which the pronoun relates would not be kept in the mind of the average speaker and the idea of its gender would be entirely lost. The probable reason for the keeping of the feminine in such cases is that the expressions pagarla, etc., came to be a regular Italian locution and the speaker or writer adopted them as speech formulas without thinking of the gender of the omitted substantive. hb. — Singular for the plural. The masculine singular lo^ is also used in referring to plural nouns in constructions where it stands in the predicate position, and expresses some attribute of a noun, just as is the case with an adjective. cc. — si ( = ci). A very free use of the persons is the construction with si, the third person reflexive, for ci, the first person plural This construction is found only in W^ and doubtless origin- ated under the influence of the Lombard dialect*. A further mixing of persons may be seen in the use of the adverb v^^ corresponding to the pronoun vi, for the third person dative singular and plural in constructions where it refers directly to objects or persons before mentioned ^ This syntactical irregularity is probably a mere extension of the adverbial use of vi from the idea of place to that of persons and things. The adverb vi was already used in the sense of " there," " to that place," '' to that part," etc., and by analogy to this third personal ^ For example, in vederse^a something like la questione is implied. 2 Cf. ZZ, XIII, 276 : Che sono tutte malvagie, e se alcuna lo e meno, 11 suocero e la suocera lo saranno in sua vece. ^ Cf. nr : Poi si traemo per la drita via ; Ciir, Noi si trovamo giunti su lextremo ; piiiir, Noi se partimo et prendemo el camino. ^ Gf. Francesco Rinaldo, Avvertimenti Grammaticali. Modena, 1732: " Alcuni, specialmente Lombardi, errano frequentemente si, che corris- ponde al latino se, o sihi, per ci, che corrisponde a nos, o a nobis ; e cosi dicono si partimmo, si ferammo, in luogo di ci partimmo, ci /erammo.^' ^ For the use of ci in similar constructions compare D'Ovidio, Archiv. Olott. It, p. 78; Meyer-Litbke, It. G^r., TI 371. « Cf. M, p. 74 ; Fece a Marco una cosi fatta questione, credendo che ;Marco non vi potesse rispondere. 48 signification may have arisen its occasional substitution for the dative pronouns of the third person. b. — Uses of ilj 'I and lo before the verb. With reference to the position of il and lo in Dante and his contemporaries Groeber^ says: "Es besteht vielmehr folgende Kegel fur den Gebrauch der zwei parallelen Artikel — und Pronominalformen in den altesten Hdschn. der. Div. Com.: lo, li steht vor beliebigem Anlaut und hinter beliebigem Auslaut, il, i vor einfachem Consonanten und nur hinter vocalischem Auslaut." It will be noted that the rule quoted above, applies to il and lo both as articles and as pronouns. However, in consideration of the fact that il and lo as articles do not fall directly under a treatment of the same forms as pronouns, only the latter will be considered in this monograph. To determine the law governing the position of il'^ and lo involves a discussion of the word preceding and the word following them in the sentence. Now, because it is an almost universal rule in Italian that the final letter of a word must be a vowel, the former question is practically restricted to the pronominal form permitted to stand after the particles rvon, con, per, ijut, etc. For the texts ex- amined, only one example of iP used after a final conso- nant has been noted, while the use of lo in this position is the regular Italian construction. With reference to the word following il and lo the examples collected show that the use of il*' before any given word was conditioned upon the fact that such a word should begin with a single consonant, whereas the adoption of lo before a word beginning with a single con- sonant was also permissible, and its use before a vowel or impure 8 was obligatory. Now, since the only jgpsition in ^Zeit.ftir. Bom. Phil., I, p. 108. ^ Statements relative to the position of il and lo always include their corresponding plurals i and gli {li) ; however, i as the accusative f)lural only occurs five times in the texts examined (0 4, I). ^ Of. II, III, 151 : Non pur il porto, ecc. * For the only examples found of il preceding a word beginning with impure s compare : II, III, 195 : Iddio ringrazia, giugnendo le braccia, Che di tanto dolor si tosto il spoglia ; II, I, 26, Vedendo che costui si poco il stima ; . LL, I, 93, Lo chiama al campo, ed alia pugna 7 sfida. 49 which il could stand was when the word preceding it ended in a vowel, and the word following it began with a single consonant ; and, because even in this position, il^ and lo were used interchangeably, the parallel uses of these two forms in the construction just mentioned have been counted with results as shown by the table 2. Such a resum^ indicates that il was preferred for the most part in poetry and lo in prose, the former disappearing entirely from prose literature in the course of the sixteenth cen- tury and from poetry in the seventeenth century. Hence, we ma}' conclude with the statement that Grober's rule* relative to the position of il and lo as pronouns was not only the usage of Dante and his contemporaries, but was the practice of Tuscan authors until the pronominal func- tion of il was finally lost in order to differentiate between the article and pronoun by the adoption of il^ as an article and lo as a pronoun. After personal forms of essere the conjunctive pronouns iP and lo^ are used without variation for gender^ or num- ber^ in the predicate sense of it, or so, for the purpose of representing the condition or quality of an adjective or noun already expressed^ c, — Position of atonic pronouns with finite verbs. Mussafia^" first announced the general principle, that in Old Italian atonic pronouns were always enclitic when depending on a finite verb standing at the beginning of the principal proposition, whether the sentence was declar- ^ Cf. M, p. 23 : Quelli lo mordea, e cosi il consumo. 2 Cf. p. 40-41. « Cf. p. 48. * Cf. il gjorno ; io lo vidi. ^ Cf. Wt, p. 259 : Arminsi pure i Greci Furo ingrati ad Achille, e il sieno a Pirro ; YY, X, 243, il sarete. 6 Cf. XX, I, 58, sar6 padre Per compiacerti, come ora lo sono Per consigliarti. ^ Cf p. 34. « Cf p. 34. * For the same construction in French compare Whitney's French Graui^ mar. New York, 1886, pt. II, p. 246. '^^ Cf Miscellanea di Filologia e Liiiguistica. Firenze, 1886, pp. 255- 261. 50 ative\inteiTogative*,imperativo'', subjunctive* used impera- tively, an indicative^ preceded by a vocative, or several* principal propositions succeeding one another v^ithout con- nectives^ On the other hand, if the principal proposition did not begin with a verb, it was the rule to place the atonic par- ticles in proclitic position I The reason for the use of enclitics with verbs standing at the beginning of the principal proposition is, according to Mussafia^ because the early writers did not wdsh to begin the principal sentence with an unaccented particle. In the fourteenth century^" the unaccented pronouns began to disappear from enclitic position with finite verbs and with the exception of the second person singular and plural imperative and the first person plural imperative they ceased entirely to be employed in this construction about the middle of the seventeenth century. d. — Position of atonic pronouns wdth infinitives. aa. — Infinitives not dependent upon verbs. When an infinitive is the subject" of a proposition, or depends upon a noun^'* or adjective ^^ the unaccented parti- cles are invariably written as enclitics. ^ Gf. vidi/o for lo vidi. "^ Cf. hotti io mai ingiuriato ? ^ Cf. divami, diitemi, diciamogfZi. * Cf. piaciaie, rimangansene. ^ Cf. amico mio, prego^t, ecc. •^ Cf. andai da tuo fratello, diedi^Zi la lettera, pregaiZo, ecc. '' As an explanation of expressions like mi dinse, mi rUpose Mussafia {Miscellanea, p. 258) says : "In questo caso I'orazione diretta rappresenta I'oggetto del verbum dicf^ndi ; e poiche il periodo comincia da questo og- getto, cessa Fobbligo dell'enclisi." ^ Cf. io lo vidi ; non lo vidi ; non ti turbare ; or 7ni di, donna, ecc. ; non lo vedendo (or non vedendo^o). Here also belong constructions where the principal proposition was connected with another preceding, the first word of the proposition co-ordinated being any conjunction except e and ma ; for example, one said io I'amo ; percio lo punisco, but e riguardowwi, TYia siovz\mi, etc. In like manner, when the pronoun relative adverb, or conjunction introducing a dependent clause was expressed, the verb being no longer at the head of the proposition, took the pronoun before it ; as, I'uomo che ^'ama, ecc. » Cf. Miscellanea, p. 257. 1 « Cf. Miscellanea, p. 257. ^ * Cf. U, 1,1; II mandar/o fuori di casa nostra cosi infermo ne sarebbe gran biasimo. '^^ Cf. S, p. 330 : Turno ha intendimento di cacciarwi. ^ ^ Cf. U, 5, 8 : Io sono presto di farZo, 51 hb. — Infinitives depending on verbs. When an infinitive depends upon an impersonal verb and .only one atonic pronoun is expressed, this pronoun always stands before the principal verbi, representing the one for whom the impersonal idea exists. On the contrary, if a second pronoun^ is introduced, it is written in conjunction with the infinitive. In all constructions where an infinitive is dependent upon a verb of making'% causing, seeing"^, hearing, 'per- mitting, letting the conjunctive pronoun is placed before the independent verb, while it is always attached to the infinitive itself when the infinitive is governed b}^ any tran- sitive verb^, except those just mentioned. When an infinitive depends directly upon an intransi- tive verb, the atonic pronoun may be placed either before the main verb" or united with the infinitive ^ the two con- structions being employed side by side (without apparent distinction) from the earliest texts to the present time. If the preposition di^ or pe?^ stands between the depen- dent infinitive and the governing verb, the atonic pronoun is always attached to the infinitive. On the other hand, if the preposition a* precedes the infinitive, the conjunctive pronoun may go either with the principal verb or with the infinitive. . e. — Reflexives. When the same person is both subject and object of a verb, the pronoun on which falls the action of the verb has a reflexive sense. For this purpose are used mi, ti, 1 Cf. B, p. 139 : Ma ti conven i^artire ; U, 1, 2, mi parea havere impiegata, ecc. ^ Cf. V, 2, 7 : Mi place di raccontarvi. '■^ Cf. Inf. II, 70 : lo son Beatrice die ti faccio andare. * Cf. Inf. I, 92 : A te convien tenere altro viaggio- ■ Rispose, poi che lagrimar 7ni vide. * Cf. U, 9, 5 : Credesse bene accender^o ; Y, p. 94 : pensa voler^o onorare ; P, I, 234 : sperp veder/o oggi ; " Cf. U, 2, 3 : lo ti posso menare. ^ Cf. LL, I, 98 : che non puoi saperto, o non schivarli. 8 q/: S, p. 291 : Desideriava didB,vla. > Cf. Y, p. 58 : Lg, donna ^p incomincio a pregare ; KK, 11 : 380 lo venne a vedece ; V, I, 76 : voile andare a vederZo ; Y, p. 139 : e' comjnoiu a pregar/a. • 52 ci, vi, si^, the plurals also being employed as reciprocalsy. meaning " each other," " one another," etc. /. — Dative constructions. aa. — Dative with verbs. In Italian just as in Latin, the case of an indirect object denotes the person to or for which something exists or is done, designating the one affected or interested, and gener- ally implying advantage or disadvantage. Some of the principal verbs governing the dative case^ in Italian are : 1. Verbs of remembering^, threatening^, persuading, dis- suading*, conquering^, pardoning^ 2. All impersonal verbs ^ 3. In Italian as in Latin verbs accompanied by satis^l hene^, niale^^ take the dative ; bene and male being written apart from the verb in Italian, while in Latin the three forms were united with the verb (cf. satisfacere, bene-- facere, malefacere). 4. Verbs used with the prepositions davante^\ avavti, innanzi, dietro, appresso^~, dire'm'petto, incontro^^, attorno^ sotto^^, sopra, dinanzi, etc., the preposition and verb being written separately in Italian but corresponding to the Latin dative after verbs compounded with ante, post, prae^ sub, super, etc. ^ The reflexive si must not be confounded with the particle si used as the sign of the passive signification of the verb or si meaning " one,"' ** people," " they," etc. ; as, si racconta ; si scrive. 2 (7/1 P, I, 44 : Di chiamarmi a se non le ricorda ; LL, II, 47, Di Bradamante piii non gli sovviene. ' Cf. LL, III, 123 : E' gli minaccia, ecc. * Cf. LL, V, 96 ; Molto gli dissuase Malagigi. ^ Of. LL, V, 260 : A Costantin del quale era sorella Costei si gittd- a'piedi, e gli conquise. ^ Cf. LL, IV, 4 : non gli perdono. ^ Cf. parere, sembrare, bastare, dolere, valere, piacere, dispiacere, nocere, premere, convenire, degnare, mancare, cadere, calere, costarCy, gravare, giovare. ^ Cf. LL, IV, 274 : Di questo Ferrau le satislece. « Cf. V, I, 13 : Che tu le voglia bene. 10 Cf. V, I, 142 : Mi vuol male. 11 Cf. LL, II, 125 : Ma la maga gentil le va davante.- 12 cy. LL, II, 78 : Ruggier, gli e appresso !•■» ry. V, II, 208 : Gli venne incontra. '^* Cf NN, I, 12 : II destrier W/^o gli cade. 53 5. Transitive verbs governing the accusative and dative^ ^ase, when, together with the object of the action there is expressed the person or thing to or for which it is done. hh. — Indirect object after adjectives. Following the Latin construction, the Italian designates the object to which the quality of an adjective is directed by the use of the dative^. cc— Dative of the possessor. The verb essere is construed with a pronoun in the case of indirect object denoting the possessor. This usage is a pure Latinism and is limited to the authors indicated by dd. — Possessive strengthened by the dative In Icalian this construction is represented in three ways : 1. Both the dative and possessive pronoun are ex- pressed ^ ; 2. When parts of the body are referred to, the masculine or feminine definite article ^ is substituted for the posses- sive ; 3. In certain idiomatic phrases where the sense is suffi- ciently clear the possessive pronoun and article are both omitted ^ This strengthening of the possessive idea by the addi- tion of the dative personal pronoun arose first in (Popular) Latin, according to the statement of the Latin grammarian 1 Cf. y, I, 204 : Le domando chi ella era ; V, I, 130, glie Lo mostro. 2 Of. A, p. 93r : Ed io piii le staro sempre obbiente. 2 Cf. p. 134 :^Piu gli era io servidore. * Cf- p. 104 : Io gli son pur amico. 5 Cf. p. 260 : Gli saro padre. « Cy. I, 146 : Padre ti sojio. 5^ Cf M, p. 40 : Poi li tolse il suo barlione ; AA, p. 28, Se natura mi presta uom felice, Subito morte gli usa il suo uffizzio. ^ Cf C, p. 49v : E gli ha spogliato il doloroso core ; H, p. 195, lo Cardinale si levo lo capello ; Z, nov. 4, rader6mwi la barba. * Cf I, p. 23 : Una lettera gli fue posta in mano ; K, p. 3, si vide una colomba che li uscio di bocca. 54 Schmalz^ who says : " Die Verstarkung des Poss. durch den' Dat. des Pron. pers., Z. B. mens mihi, tuus tihi ; Plaut. Cap. 50 suo sibi servit iJatri. Wir finden dies bei Plaut. Ter., kaum wohl bei Cicero (vgl. Seyffert Miiller z. Lael. 11), hochstens Phil. 2, 96 priusquawi tu suutti sibi ven- deres, in Prosa demnach zuerst bei Vitruv 207, 18 R. dann bei Petron. 66 und Colum. 12, 41, 3, dann erst wieder bei den Arehaisten und im Sp. L. bis in die spateste Zeit herab^ vgl. Ronsch, Semas. Beitr. II, p. 52." ee. — Dative of the agent. Passive verbs take a dative of the agrent^ when it is desired to designate the person by whom the action is affected, to whom it relates or is of interest. g. — Atonic pronouns of address. The most common form of address in Old Italian was that by the use of the Latin tu. This form was employed from the beginning in prayer, personification, familiar dis- course, address to children, servants, and lower animals, and was later used by Dante and others as a special term of dearness, displeasure and anger. In the earliest Italian texts tu is already supplemented by voi used for the most part in addressing popes, kings, emperors, and other personages of distinction. The origin of the adoption of this plural form in addressing one indi- vidual belongs to Latin ^, ayjpearing for the first time in the works of Jornandes*, the historian of the Goths, who wrote about the middle of the sixth century. Toward the end of the ninth century the plural was fre- quently used when speaking to kings and emperors, as ^ Cf. Miiller's Handhuch der Klassichen AHertvms-Wissefischaft, Miin- chen, 1890, vol. II., p. 573. 2 C/l F, p. 6 : Dei dire chosa che ti sia creduta ; P, I, 226 ; Di quest'altr'io : ed o pur non molesto Gli sia 1 mio ingegiio, e'l mio lodar non spezze. ^ Cf. Grimm, Deutsche Grarnmatik. Gottingen, 1837, vol. IV., p. 300. * Cy. " De Origine Actihusque Oetarum.^^ (In) Monumenta Germaniae Bislorica, Berolini, 1882, vol. V. Chap. 57 : Secumque deliberans ad principem ait : quamvis nihil deest nobis imperio vistro famulantibus, tamen, si dignum ducit pietas vestra, desiderium cordis libenter exaudiat. Ibid., dirige me cum gente mea, si praecepis, lit et hie expensarum pondere careas et ibi, si adiutus a domino vicero, fama vestrae pietatis inradiet .... expedit namque, ut ego, qui sum servus vester et tilius, si vicero, vohis domantibus regnum illud possedeam. 00 is seen in " Gesta Karolii," where King Charles is usually entitled vos. The explanation of the use of the plural vos for the singular tu is a difficult one. However, a suggestion that might account for it, is that it may have arisen by analogy to the use of vos, referring to collective- nouns or in addressing one individual of a class ^. The carrying of the plural pronoun from constructions where it refers to a singular noun, expressing a collective or clan idea, to a singular noun applied to only one person is not an unna- tural growth in popular speech. While the educated would use the plural form in the cases just indicated with the different individuals composing the class or collection of persons in mind, the peasant, knowing nothing of grammar, would naturally think of a collective noun as a single thing. Then, because vos was already adopted in referring to certain nouns in the singular, but denotino^ a collection of persons the average speaker could see no reason why the same form should not stand for other singular nouns as well. Perhaps a still more plausible analogy is that furnished by the first person plural. In the development of this con- struction, as in that of the second person plural, the first use of nos referring to one individual was doubtless in a collective sense. Just as vos was first employed in speak- ing to one man representing a body of persons, so was nos first used by Latin kings, emperors and prmces in their official documents referring to the writer as the agent or representative of the people. Now, for the reason that the use of 7106* for ego was already common among kings and emperors, when addressing the people, by analogy to this construction the subjects may have been led to adopt the plural vos in replying to their rulers. ^ Cf. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Hannoverae, 1829, vol. II., p. 733 : Dixerunt : Domine, ufc nos in vestro nomine supra mediocritatem nostram honoraret ; p. 749, omnes dixerunt ad regem : Domine, ita estis inhonorati, sicut numquam anteriores vestri. 2 Cf. Virgil, Ae. IX, 525 : Vos, o Calliope, precor adspirate eanenti ; Liv. 7, 40, Vos, EomanuH exercitus ; Hor, A. P., 292, Vos, o Pompilius Sanguis, carmen reprehendite. ^ Cf. Silvius iLalicus 16, 211 : Et vos, qui Tyriae regis tis Cartbaginis arces, Hasdrubal, hue aures, hue quaeso advertite sensus ; Cic. pro. Diot. 10, Vos vestra secunda fortuna. Castor, non potestis sine propinquorum calami tate esse contenti ? * Cf. Grimm, Deutsche Grammatik. Gottingen, 1837, vol. IV., p. 299. 56 That the line of distinction between tu and voi had not, however, been clearly drawn, even at the beginning of the Italian period, is evidenced by the occasional confusion of the two forms in addresvsing the same person^. With reference to the use of abstract substantives as a form of address, Schmalz^ says : " Schon Liv. lasst ihn in kiihneren Wendungen zu, mehr noch Veil. Val. Max. Tac. u., Plin. min., und so entwickelt sich hieraus die offizielle Titulatur, Z. B. Vestra serenitas, etc. Vgl. Schoner, in act. sem. Erlang. II., p. 490 ff. Hierin leistete das konstan- tinische Zeitalter das Mogliche; ja die christl. Kirche eroberte sich nunmehr eine Titulatur, und sanctitas tua ist seit Ende IV. saec. stehende Anrede der Bischofe.' Growing directly out of constructions where the abstract nouns above indicated were employed in address, is the substitution of ella, etc., for voi, etc. Instead of repeating the substantives Santitd, Eccellenza, Signoria, etc., the speaker or writer used the third person feminine, ella'^ (corresponding to the gender of the omitted noun), for the same reason that one employs a pronoun instead of a noun in any other case. On the date of the introduction of ella as the polite form of address in Italian, Blanc* remarks: "Erst mit dem 16. Jahrhundert fangt eine dritte, jetzt allgemein iibliche Anrede durch ella an." Proving the incorrectness of this statement and showing that ello. was used in such con- structions at least two centuries before the time given by the grammarian just quoted is the occurrence of le (dat. of ella) in V^ a novelist of the fourteenth century. Ella was first employed only in addressing popes, to which signification it was restricted until toward the end of the sixteenth century, when its use was widened to include not only popes, but kings, emperors, princes and ^ Cf. K, p. 76 : Con Dio ■y'accordarete, e vollio che tue te n'accordi con missere Jesu Cristo ; p. 82, amico mio, vollio che sappi che tu diei essere molto lieto, quando lo nostro Signore vi manda del vostro peccato alleggerinieuto. 2 Cf. Muller's Hmidhuch Miinchen, 1890, vol. II., p. 535 d. ^ Cf. KK, I, 156 : Ora io sono qui a' piedi di Vostra Santitd, la quale e vero confessare, ch'ella faccia tanto di grazia di darmi licenza, acciocch^ mi possa confessare. ^Cf. It. Gr., p. 273. ^ Vol. I., p. 211 : Et ella presentandosi davanti al Papa, gli dispe Beatissimo Padre, Vostra Santitd sa che io mai non le ho voluto manifes- tare di chi sieno nati questi figliuoli, ne ch'io mi sia. 57 other persons of eminence, being adopted still later as the usual address to ladies and as a mark of respect in gen- eral. At the beginning of the nineteenth century lei, the popular form for ella, was introduced into the literary language, and is the address most frequently heard in the popular speech of Tuscany to-day. D. — Discussion of double atonies. 1. — Arrangement. When a pronoun of the first or second person stands next to the third personal forms to, etc., and la, etc., the general rule obtains for the whole of the texts examined that the indirect object precedes the directs However, in Old Italian, before the laws of position were definitely established, the direct object was often placed before the indirect^. Now, if the construction me lo dice is the regular Italian arrangement, how is the exception lo mi dice to be explained ? Since in Latin, just as in Italian, the general law governing the position of the combinations under discussion was, that the indirect^ should precede the direct object, while the opposite construction, with the direct* object coming first, was also permissible and not _an infrequent usage with certain Latin authors, the most reasonable suggestion seems to be, that both constructions ^re a mere continuation of the Latin word-order. The final disappearance of constructions like il vi dirb. and the universal adoption of ve lo dirb, etc., instead may be attributed, first, to the numerical superiority of the latter word-arrangement over the former in Latin ; and, secondly, to the general tendency in Italian to place the demonstra- tive forms after mi and ti, the conversion of lo ti, etc., > te lo, etc., arising not because the Italian preferred the dative before the accusative, but from a desire to place the pronouns of the first and second persons before those of the third person. With reference to the arrangement of double forms, 1 Of. U, 2, 5 : lo te 'l vo dire. 2 (7/*. U, 1, 1 : lo il vi diro. ^ Cf. Terence, Euniichus, 1053 : Mihi illam laudas ? 897, Tihi illam reddat ? * Cf. Terence, Eunuchus, 749 : Hanc tibi do don6 ; Andrea, 675 Ego, Pamphile, hoc tihi pro servitio debeo. 8 58 neither of which is lo, etc., or la, etc., the following state- ments may be made : 1. That 7ni and ci precede ti and vi ; 2. That rtii, ci, ti, vi precede the reflexive si''- ; 3. That the partitive lie follows all the other forms given (Nos. 1 and 2). Conclusions. As a resume of the discussion upon the uses of atonic forms in atonic position the following conclusions may be drawn : 1. That of the nominatives i\ i, no\ vo, e\ gli, la, l\ le, found in proclitic position in the texts consulted, i\ i and e are Tuscan, while the other forms mentioned are dialectical or popular. 2. That the general law governing the elision of atonic vowels in hiatus in both Old and Modern Italian is, that mi, ti, si, vi, lo, la lose their vowel before any word beginning with a vovjel or h, as contrasted with gli and the feminine plural le, which are elided only before similar vowels (gli before i and le before e), and the first person plural ci, which elides its i before eor i but keeps it before a, o and u. Up to the sixteenth century the proportion of exceptions to the rules above given, was less than 3%, while the increase of non-elided forms since that period has been so marked that with the present writers of Italy the use of a long or shortened form seems to be optional. 3. That me, te, se > mi, ti, si in enclitic position according to the general law that postonic e> i\ and that all enclitic pronouns were written in conjunction with the verb upon which they cast their accent, as a result of the general tendency manifest in orthography to represent faithfully the sounds of oral speech. 4. That, in Old Italian, gli was sometimes confused with the indirect feminine singular le on account of a tendency to preserve both Classic Latin iLLl'( = masc. and fern. dat. sing.) and Popular Latin illae ( = fem. dat. sing.). 5. That, after personal forms of essere, il and lo are used for both genders and numbers in the sense of " it" or "so" when referring to some attribute or quality of a noun or adjective preceding. ^ Si precedes the demonstrative forms lo and la {cf. selo, etc. ). 2 Cf. Meyer-Lilbke, It. Gr., IT lOfi. 59 6. That, idiomatic expressions like vederla, pagarla, 'prenderla are to be explained as speech formulas in which the feminine pronoun first arose when the feminine sub- stantive to w^hich it referred was either expressed or kept in mind, and that later, when the noun was entirely lost, the feminine pronoun was still preserved, because the ex- pression had become a regular Italian locution, and was employed without thought of the gender. 7. That the dialectical use of ci and vi for the indirect singular and plural of third personal forms arose by an- alogy to the idea of a third person contained in the adverbs ci and vi, meaning " to it," " to them," etc., but not referring to anything before mentioned. Also that the further mixing of persons as seen in the occurrences of si for ci in W (cf. p. 47) is a borrowing from the Lombard dialect. 8. That Grober's rule for the position of il and lo before the verb in Dante and his contemporaries ; namely, that il and i could follow an}^ word ending in a vowel and pre- cede any word be~ginning with a single consonant, while lo and gli (li) could follow any final letter and precede any initial letter, was the usage of Tuscan writers until the final disappearance of il (cf. p. 49). 9. That until the fourteenth ^ century atonic pronouns were attached to all forms of finite verbs standing at the beginning of the principal proposition, as a result of the fact that the early writers did not wish to begin the prin- cipal sentence with an unaccented particle^. 10. That, when an atonic pronoun is governed by an infin- itive, the former is joined as an enclitic to the latter, if the infinitive is the subject of a sentence, dependent upon a noun or adjective, or, if it depends upon a verb with the preposition di or per standing between the independent verb and the infinitive. However, if the infinitive depends upon a verb of making, causing, seeing, hearing, feeling, letting, vermiitting , the unaccented particles always stand in proclitic position, while they are attached to the infini- tive when the latter follows immediately after and leans upon any other transitive verb except those just men- tioned. Also, if the preposition a intervenes between the ^ The first and second person imperative including the imperative use of ecco have retained the atonic pronouns in enclitic position because the force of command requires that the most important word shall stand first. 'Atonies were also occasionally attached to dietro, addosso, dreto, che. 60 principal verb and the dependent infinitive, or if the infinitive depends upon any intransitive verb, the placing of the atonic form in proclitic or enclitic position is optional. 11. That the Latin dative of the possessor, the posses- sive strengthened by the dative, the dative of the agent and the dative of interest, with the general idea of advan- tage and disadvantage, have been preserved in Italian. 12. That Latin tu has persisted in Italian as a term of endearment, displeasure, anger, hatred and inferiority, being employed most commonly in speaking to children, lov^er animals; and in supplicating the Deit^^ With Jornandes in the middle of the sixth century begins the use of vos in addressing one person, being first applied only to emperors and kings, but later used as a title of respect in general. In the fourteenth century ella was first adopted in sup- plicating popes, when referring back to the abstract sub- stantive Santitd, and toward the end of the sixteenth century its use was also extended to princes, nobles and others of similar rank, gradually supplanting voi, which latter form has been restricted to the address to the reader in books, address toward equals with wdiom one is on very familiar terms, or toward servants. From the befjinnino; of the eighteenth century dates the substitution of the popular form lei for the regular femi- nine nominative ella, the latter remaining, however, as the polite form of address in written speech, while the former belongs to the language of conversation. 13. That, when a pronoun of the first or second person is placed next to the third personal forms lo, etc., la, etc., the general rule is that the indirect object stands first. How- ever, in Old Italian this rule was often reversed and the direct w^as made to precede the indirect object. Both of these constructions are directly traceable to the Latin (c/. p. 57), which generally shows the indirect object first, in combinations as above indicated, but not infrequent is the opposite usage, where the direct precedes the indirect object. 14. That in all other combinations of two atonies the first person always precedes the second and the first and second persons stand before the reflexive si'^. 1 Si precedes the forms lo and la while we follows all the other pronouns mentioned. 61 BIBLIOGRAPHY \ 1. — Texts examined. The following texts constitute the bibliography of this dissertation ; they include the works of representative Tuscan authors from the middle of the thirteenth to the end of the nineteenth century. Throughout this mono- graph reference to the authors will be given by the use of the capital letters A, B, C, etc., standing opposite their names. A. — Guittone d'Arezzo : (In) Sonetti e Canzoni di Diversi Antichi Autori Toscani in Dieci Libri Raccolte. Firenze, 1527. B. — Chiaro Davanzati : (In) Collezione di Opere inedite o rare. 111,1-177; 261-265; 387-389. C— Cino da Pistoja : In A, pp. 47-60, 133, 134, 136, 137. D. — Riccomano Jacopi : Libro della Tavola di Ric. Jac, edited by Carlo Vesme (in) Arcfiivio Storico Italiano, 3^ serie, vol. XVIII. (1873). E.— Dante da Maiono : In A, pp. 72-88, 133, 187, 139, 140. F. — Albertano di Brescia : Volgarizzamento dei Tratti Morali di Albertano Giudice di Brescia. Fatto innanzi al 1278. Trovato da S. Ciampi. Firenze, 1832. G. — Ricordi di una Famiglia Senese del secolo decimoterzo (1231-1243). Pub. by G. Milanesi in ArcJiiv. Stor. ItaL, Appendice, Vol. V. Firenze, 1847. H. — Ranieri Sardo : Cronaca Pisana di Ran. Sar., Dall. Anno 962 sino al 1400. Pub. by F. Bonaini in Archiv. Stor. ItaL, Vol. VI., parte 2% pp. 73-244. Firenze, 1845. I. — Fiore di filosofi e di molti savi, attribuito a Brunetto Latini. Testo in parte inedito, citato dalla Crusca, e ridotto a miglior lezione da Antonio Cappelli : (In) Scelta di curiositd letterarie o rare, Vol. LXIII. Bologna, 1865. ^ As the most of the grammatical and syntactical changes in the Italian language took place before the sixteenth century, jfewer texts have been examined for the Modern than for the Old Italian. 62 J. — Lettere Volgari del secolo XIII, scritte da Senesi. Pub. by Paoli e Piccolomini in Scelta, ecc, CXVI. Bologna, 1871. K — Dodici Conti morali d'Anonimo Senese, Testo inedito del secolo XIII, pubb. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, IX. Bologna, 1862. L. — Conti di Antichi Cavalieri : (In) Giornale Storicp della Letteratura Italiana, Vol. III., pp. 192-217. Torino, 1884. M. -Le cento Novelle Antiche. Milano, 1825. N. — Guido Cavalcanti : Le Rime di Guid. Cav. Testo critico pubb. dal Prof. Nicola Arnone. Firenze, 1881. Also in A. O. — Dante : La Divina Conimedia di Dante Alighieri, edited by G. A. Scartazzini, Milano, 1896. P. — Petrarca : Rime di Pet. 2 vols. Padova, 1819. Q. — Jacopo di Pistoja : Statuti dell'Opera di S. Jacopo di Pistoja, volgarizzati I'anno MCCCXIII da Mazzeo di Ser Giovanni Bellebuoni, con due inventari del 1340 e del 1401. Pubb. da S. Ciampi. Pisa, 1814. R. — Bindo Bonichi : Rime di Bind. Bon. da Siena. Scelta, ecc, LXXXII. Bologna, 1867. S. — Guido da Pisa : Fiore di Italia. Bologna, 1824. T. — Ricordi di Miliadusso Baldiccione de' Casalberti. Pubb. da Bonaini e Polidori in Archiv. Stor. ItaL, Appendice, Vol. A-'III., pp. 17-71. (First record 1339, last 1382.) Firenze, 1850. U. — Boccaccio : II decamerone. Impresso in Firenze per li beredi di Philippo di Giunta nell'anno del Sig- nore, M. D. XXVIL A di XITII del mese d'aprile. V. — ^Giovanni Fiorentino : II Pecorone. 2 vols. Milano, 1804. W. — Fazio degli Uherti : Opera di Faccio Degliuberti Fiorentino Chiamato Ditta Mundi. Venetia, 150L 63 ;X. — Forestani : Storia d'una FanciuUa Traclita da un suo Amante. Di Messer Simone Forestani da Siena. Ed. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, VI. Bologna, 1862. Y. — Sercambi : Novelle di Giovanni Sercambi. Ed. da Alessandro d'Ancona. Scelta, ecc, CXIX. Bo- logna, 1871. Z.— Sacchetti : Novelle. 3 vols. Milano, 1804. A A. — Zenone da Pistoja : La Pietosa Fonte. Ed. da Zam- brini. Scelta, ecc, CXXXVII. Bologna, 1874. JBB. — I Cantari di Carduino ; giuntovi quello di Tristano e Lancielotto Pubb. per cum di Pio Rajna. Scelta, ecc, CXXXV. Bologna, 1873. CC. — Leon Battista Alberto : Hecatomphila di Messer L. B. Alb. VinefTOfia, 1534. PD. — Gambino d'Arezzo : Versi. Ed. da Gamurrini, Scelta, ecc, CLXIV. Bologna, 1878. EE. — Poliziano : Stanze, I'Orfeo ed altre Poesie. Milano, 1808. JFF.— Burchiello : (In) I Sonetti del Burchiello et di Mes- ser Antonio Alamanni. Firenze, 1552. OG. — Lorenzo de'Medici : Poesie. Firenze, 1859. HH. — Hieronimo Benivieni : Tancredi, Principe di Salerno. Novella in rinia di H. Beniv. Fiorentino. Ed. da Zambrini. Scelta, ecc, XXVIII. Bologna, 1865. 11. — Bojardo: Orlando Innamorato (Berni's Rifacimento). 4 vols. Milano, 1806. JJ. — Antonio Alamanni : Sonetti di Messer Ant. Ala- manni Cittadino Fiorentino. In FF, pp. 72-83. KK. — Benvenuto Cellini : Opere. Milano, 1806. Vols. L, II., V^ita di Ben. Gel. da lui medesimo scritta. liL. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso. 5 vols. Milano, 1812. MM.— Machiavelli : Opere. Milano, 1804. Vol. I., 11 Prin- cipe. JMN.— Pietro Bembo: Opere. Milano, 1808. Vol. L, Gli Asolani. / 64 00. — Torquato Tasso : Aminta. Parigi, 1655. PP. — Batecchio, Commedia di Maggio. Composto per il Pellegrino Ingegno del Fumoso della Congrega de' Rozzi. Scelta, ecc, CXXII. Bologna, 1871. QQ.— Guarini : II Pastor Fido. Venetia, 1602. RR. — Giulio Ottonelli : Negoziazione alia Corte di Spagna. Scelta, ecc, XXVII. Bologna, 1863. SS.— Guido Ubaldo Bonarelli : Filli di Sciro. Pub. by Baldini. Ferrara, 1607. TT. — Michelagnolo Buonarotti (il giovane) : La Tancia, Commedia Rusticale. (In) Teatro Italiano An- tico. Vol. X. Milano, 1812. UU. — Alessandro Tassoni : La Secchia Rapita. 2 vols. Parigi, 1766. VV. — Fantozzi Parma : Diario del Viaggio Fatto in Tn- ghilterra nel 1639 dal Nunzio Pontificio Rossetti, scritto da Domenico Fantozzi. Parma. Pubb. dal Prof. Giuseppe Ferraro, (in) Scelta, ecc, CCXII. Bologna, 1885. WW. — Apostolo Zeno : Andromaca. (In) Teatro Classico Italiano Antico e Moderno, vol. Ill, pp. 255-269. Lipsia, 1829. XX.— Scipione Maffei : Merope. Boston, 1890. Pub. by Librairie Hachette et Cie., London, Paris, Boston. YY. — Carlo Goldoni : Collezione delle Commedie di Carlo Goldoni. Prato, 1827-29. Vol. I., pp. 1-75, Tea- tro Comico, vol. X., pp. 239-327, II Torquato Tasso. 7Z. — Pietro Metastasio : Opere. Firenze, 1819. Vol. L, pp. 1-84, Didone Abbandonata ; Vol. XIII. AAA.— Vittorio Alfieri : (1) Opere scelte. Milano, 1818. Vol. L, pp. 118-176, Antigone.~(2) Opere di Vitt. Alfieri. Padova, 1809. Vol. VI., pp. 1-94, Saul. BBB. — Alessandro Manzoni : I promessi Sposi, Storia Milanese del Secolo XVII. (In) Collezione de migliori Autori Italiani Antichi e Moderni,. Vol. I. Pub. by Baudry. Parigi, 1844. 65 pec. — Leopardi : Paralipomeni della Batracomiomachia, Parigi, 1842. DDD.— Edmondo De Amicis : La Vita Militare. Firenze> 1869. EEE.— Matilde Serao : Dal Vero. Milano, 1890. FFF.— Giosue Carducci : (1) Odi Barbara. Bologna, 1888. —(2) Studi Letterari. Bologna, 1893. 2. — General. 1. — Meyer- Lllbke : Italienische Grammatik. Leipzig,^ 1890. 2. — Meyer-Lubke : Grammaire des Langues Romanes. Paris, 1890. 3. — Archivio Glottologico Italiano. G. I. Ascoli. 4. — Zeitschrift fur Romanische Philologie. Gustav Grbber, Halle. 5.— C. N. Caix: Origini della Lingua Poetica Italiana. Firenze, 1880. 6. — Blanc : Granimatih der Italidnisclien Sprache. Halle,. 1844. 7. — Monaci : Crestomazia Italiana dei Primi Secoli. Citta di Castello, 1889. 8. —Louis Emil Menger: Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian. Baltimore^ 1893. 9. — Francesco Foriunio : Regole Grammaticali^ della Volgar Lingua. Siena, 1533. 10. — Jacopo Gabriello : Regole Grammaticali. Venetia, 1548. 11. — Biagoli : Grammaire Italienne. Paris, 1819. 12. — Veneroni : Le Maitre Italien. Paris, 1796. 13. — Mugnozzi : Les E'lemens de la. Langue Italienne. Paris, 1783. 14. — Fornaciari: Grammatica Italiana. Firenze, 1891. 9 66 15.— Jacomo Cabriele : Regole Grammaticali. Venetian 1545. 16. — Caix: Osservazioni sul Vocalismo Italiano. Fi- renze, 1875. 17. — Francesco Rinaldo : Avvertimenti Grammaticali, Modena, 1732. 18. — A. Mussafia : (In) Miscellanea di Filologia e Linguis- tica. Firenze, 1886. 19. — Grimm : Deutsche Grammatih. Gbttingen, 1837. 20. — Etienne : Grammaire de UAncien Frangais. Paris, 1895. 21. — Miiller : Handhuch der Klassischen Altertums- Wissenschaft, 1890. 22. — Jornandes : Roraana et Getica, (In) Monumenta Gerinaniae Historica, vol. V. Berolini, 1882. 23. — Schwan : Grammatih des Altfranzosischen. Leipzig, 1893. 24. — Karl Bartsch : Chrestomathie Provengale. Elberf eld, 1868. 07 LIFE. I, Oliver Martin Johnston, was born near Bastrop, Louisiana, October 17, 1866. I was graduated from Mis- sissippi College with the degree of A.B. in June, 1890; the following year I was Principal of the Preparatory Department in the college above mentioned ; the two suc- ceeding years I held the professorship of English and History in the same college. Resigning the latter position in June, 1893, I entered the Johns Hopkins University in October of the same year, choosing Italian and French as my principal and first subordinate subjects, in which I followed the courses given by Professor A. Marshall Elliott, Doctor Louis Emil Menger, and Professor A. Rambeau. As a second subordinate subject I studied History under Professor H. B. Adams, my examination in this subject being on the Renaissance in Italy. The summer of 1894 I spent in Paris, engaged in Modern French studies and in the preparation of my thesis. From May to August of 1895 I continued in Paris my Modern French studies and the collection of material for my thesis ; from August to October of this year I spent in Florence, Italy, doing special work in Modern Italian. During the last two years of my course I have followed the lectures of Pro- fessor Elliott and Doctor Menger, and I take this oppor- tunity to express to both of them my appreciation of the able instruction, timely suggestions and wise guidance which they have so constantly given me in my work. From January to June of 1895 I held a Scholarship in the Romance Department of the Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, and since June, 1895, 1 have held a Fellowship in this university. Baltimore, Maryland, May 5, 1896.