1 '. ^'.-i-'/: :u^:.'v.-:x- :■;,-■:; '■tr v'^'v : •> J .• ""-i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/artjournalillustOObradrich 7 S -' G S R G \ , FIT M ..... „.,^..,, ... W. WYON, R, A. EXECUTED FOF HIS ROTAJ. HIGH1TESS PRITICE ALBERt. VIDT. CI.A3B 30, «? aa* IS -CHM OBHAT TiJBTliiriON LONDON : PUBLISHED FOE THE PROPBIETOBS. BY GEORGE VIRTUE BRADBrnV AKD RVAlfg, (pbrNTKRil KXTRAORDIlf ART TO THR QCREW), WnrTRFEIARS. ii\i^^ i.oyDox BKAUllLRY AND EVANS (PlirNTKRS EXTRAOBDINARV TO TUB QUKEM), WHITKrRIARS. '■l4 4 PREFACE. E submit this Volume to the public in full assurance of it& success. It will be obvious that neither cost nor labour has been spared to render it, in all respects, a worthy record of the great gathering of Works of Art and Industry to which an illustrious Prince invited all the Nations of the World — and to which there was a cordial and grateful response. We have studied to introduce into this Catalogue, engravings, the most interesting and the most suggestive, of the various objects exhibited ; to include, as far as possible, all such as might gratify or instruct ; and thus to supply sources of after- education to manufacturers and artisans of all classes, and of all countries; rendering the Exhibition practically beneficial, long after its contents have been distributed. From the Exhibitors, universally, we received zealous aid and encouragement j and the result has been, we hope and believe, to satisfy them, generally, as to selection and manner of execution. We have obtained from high and experienced authorities. Essays, such as might be permanently useful, in illustrating the leading objects of the Exhibition; and we close the Volume with the Prize Essay, for which we have awarded the sum of 100 Guineas. To the accomplished Professors who have thus co-operated with us, our best thanks are due : we are also bound to express our acknowledg- ments to Messrs. Dalziel, the eminent engravers, who superintended the engravings, and whose duty has been discharged with great ability, punctuality, and care ; to Messrs. NichoUs and other artists by whom we have been assisted ; to the Printers, Messrs. Bradbury and Evans, to whose exertions we are largely indebted for having placed at our entire disposal no fewer than thirty presses during a period of eight months, and who may refer to this publication as evidence not only of their skill in wood-block printing, but of the immense resources of their establishment ; and to others by whose aid we have been enabled to complete a work which involved considerable toil, anxiety, and attention, on the part of all who were engaged in its production. PREFACE. It may be permitted us to state that but for its association with The Art-Journal, it would have been impossible to have published this collection at less than four times the price at which it is now issued : and, perhaps, but for the experience and machinery possessed by the conductors of that Journal, it could not have been produced at all. We commenced our labours — and announced this Catalogue — immediately after the promulgation of the plan and the appointment of a Commission : personally visiting most of the principal cities of Europe : communicating with all the chief manufacturers of Great Britain : and arranging for such aids as might enable us to complete our undertaking with regularity, and as early as possible after the opening of the EKhibition. The results of the Great Exhibition are pregnant with incalculable benefits to all classes of the community : the seed has been planted, of which the future is to produce the fruit : among the eager thousands whose interest was excited and whose curiosity was gratified, were many who obtained profitable suggestions at every visit : the manufacturer and the artisan have thus learned the most valuable of all lessons, — the disadvantages under which they had laboured, the deficiencies they had to remedy, and the prejudices they had to overcome. But it is to the honour of Great Britain that, notwithstanding the generous risk incurred by inviting competitors from all the nations of the world — prepared as they had been by long years of successful study and practical experience — the fame of British manufacturers has been augmented by this contest : and there can be no doubt, that when His Royal Highness Prince Albert issues his summons to another competition, British supremacy will be manifested in every branch of Industrial Art. In terminating our labours, we may hope that a project we have repeatedly and earnestly advocated in The Akt-Jouenal, and which we presume to regard as, in some degree, the issue of our efi^orts to connect the Fine Arts with the Industrial Arts (a procedure originating with that Journal, having never been attempted elsewhere in Europe, and in which for a long period we had to contend against difficulties that seemed insurmountable), will derive some of its advantages from the Report thus made in this Illustrated Catalogue. Upon this topic it is unnecessary for us to dilate : the readers of The Art-Journal are well aware of our efi'orts to promote the interests of the manufacturer : to induce his advance, on the one hand ; and, on the other, to lead the public to appreciate his improvements : to report his progress, and to make him acquainted with the progress of his competitors : to furnish him with such information as might be gathered from the best instructors — and, by immediately connecting him with the artist, to direct him to the safest sources of Art-education. Our exertions have been fully appreciated: The Art- Journal has obtained a success unprecedented in periodical hterature: we have the happiness to contrast the state of British Art-Manufacture in the year 1846 (when our labours in this direction may be said to have commenced), with its position in the memorable year 1851 ; and we trust that no one who has traced our course will consider us presumptuous in feeling that in the Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, we have received our " exceeding great reward." TITLE PAGE DEDICATION PAGE PREFACE 1 iii, iv TABLE OF CONTENTS vu— x HISTORY OF THE EXHIBITION xi— xxvi ENGRAVINGS OF WORKS EXHIBITED. AcKKRMANR, Lomlon. Colour box .... AcKEOTb & Son, Halifax. Damask hanj^ngs Adaus, Oldbury. Mill Adams, London. Silver forks and spoons . Albebtt, Berlin. Carved frame Allis, Birmingham. Filagree-work .... Amkrican Chair Compast, New York. Manufacturers of Ardre, Paris. Decorative cast-iron goods . AitDBEWs, Belfast. Damask table-linen .... Ahoell, London. Gold and silver works . Arrowsmitu, London. Decorative furniture . AsBFORD, Birmingham. Sadlers' iron and brass-work . AsPRET, London. Dressing cases. Bijouterie Attenborocoh, London. Plate and jewellery Bacchds k SoKs, Birmingham. Glass . . . . Baily k Sons, London. Decoratire hardware Ballantine & Allan, Edinburgh. Painted glass . Balleny, Birmingham. A flower-holder Balhy, Paris. Decorative furniture . . . . Barber, London. Sculpture . . , , , Barnard k Bishop, Norwich. Ornamental iron work Barnes, London. Floorcloth Battam, London. Imitative Etruscan vases Beauclerc, Capt. Terra-cotta vase, &c. . . . Beadtais National manufactory. Tapestry . Bell, J., London. Sculpture Bell k Co., Glasgow. Parian, and Terra-cotta ware Bennett, Dublin. Silver work ..... Bennett, London. Ornamental clock . . . . Bennoch k TwENTYMAN, London. Embroidery trimming Beblih. Boyal iron foundry Bernardi, Milan. Bronzes Bbrnstorff k EicHWEDE, Hanover. Chandelier Bbbtrand k Co. Figured ribbons .... Betts, Aylesford. Terra-cotta Bbtebidoe, Dunfermline. Damask table-linen . BiFiELD, Islington. Tapestry Bielefeld, London. Papier-m&ch6 .... BiRBELL, Dunfermline. Diapers and damask-linens . Black, London. Carriage lamp ..... Blakely, Norwich. Shawls Blanchard, Lambeth. Terra-cotta .... Blxws, Birmingham. Candle lamps, brasses . Boissimon, Langeais. Bcauvais-ware .... Boai k Son, London. Book-covers . . . . , Boon, Burslem. Porcelain and earthenware BoTTnrELLi, Milan. Carved marble chimney-piece . Bray, Coventry. Ribbons Bright k Co., Macclesfield. Carpete . . . . Broik, London. Chimney-piece ..... Bbibtor k Sons, Kidderminster. Carpets . , FAOC . . 293 . 298, 299 . . 812 . 67 801, 811 . 185 chairs . 152 . 75 166, 167, 168 . 162, 163 . 221 . 39 . 126 . 192 . 32 . 233 . 207 99 256, 284 . 280 . 258 . 214 18, 247 . 257 . 155 226, 325 . 236 . 247 . 213 . 260 286, 296 . 279 . 274 . 104 62, 63, 64 . 78 . 81 63, 199 . 128 103, 313 . 157, 164 138, 216, 217 . 188 . . 39 . 218, 219 . . 179 . 65 . . 261 . 81 . . 199 Bboadhead & Atkin, Sheffield. Silver and plated goods Bboadwood, Ivondon. Pianofortes .... Bboohon, Paris. Ornamental iron work . Bbooker, Maryport. Carved figure-head Brooklyn Flint Glass Works, New York. Glass . Brown, Glasgow. Embroidered muslins Brows, G., London. Candelabrum of wood and carton-pierre Brown & Owen, Birmingham. Carriages Brown, Sharps, & Co., Paisley. Embroidered muslin Browne k Co., London. Chimney-piece Bodden, Cambridge. Book covers Burgh, London. Ornamental fringes .... Caldecott, London. Decorative furniture Canadian Canoe ....... Capeilo, Turin. Decorative furniture .... Cappelmans, Brussels. Porcelain and earlhenware Carkw, London. Sculpture . Castle, Oxford. Sculptured font .... Cartwrioht k HiRONS, Birmingham. Electro-plated goods Chamberlain, Worcester. Porcelain .... Cbickeeinq, Boston, U.S. Pianoforte .... Christoflb, Paris. Silver manufactures Chubb, London. Key handles ..... Clabburn k Co., Norwich. Figured Poplin . Clapp, Boston, U.S. Carriages Clay, London. Papier-m&ch6 goods .... Cole, Clcrkenwell. Ornamented inkstand CoLEBROOKE Dale Iron Works. Ornamental iron work CoLLARD, London. Pianofortes ..... CoLLARD, St. Etienne. Figured ribbons CoLLiNBON, Doncaster. Carved chair .... CoLLis, Birmingham. Silver manufacture . CoNKE, London. Engraved glass CoNTE, London. Carved mantelpiece .... CooKES, Warwick. Carved furniture .... CoPELAND,Stoke-upon-Trent. Porcelain and earthenware Copenhaoen. Royal Porcelain Manufactory Cork & Edqe, Burslem, Earthenware : inlaid clay . Corey & Blain, Belfast. Linen damask Cornelius k Baker, Philadelphia. Gas chandelier . CoDORUB, Paris. Metal castings ..... Coventry. Subscription ribbon ..... Cowley k James, Walsall. Ornamental iron and brass works Cox, London and Coventry. Ribbons .... Crace, London. Ornamental furniture Ceichton, Edinburgh. Enamelled silver work Cruohet, Paris. Carved furniture .... D'Almainb, London. Decorative panel . Daniell, London. Parian and porcelain ware Daniel k Cobsins, Hoxton. Embroidery Davis, London. Sculpture ..... 11 FAOIt . 77 95, 284 7 . 804 . 246 109, 822 . 161 . 308 44 . 266 . 109 . 141 . 118 . 164 . 828 . 146 . 298 . 245 . 209 . 84 . 252 254, 255 36 315, 326 . 166 . 190 . Ill , 12, 225 51—52 . 274 . 810 . 289 . 62 . 802 . 123 8, 4, 167 . 181 41 . 166 . 212 . 76 . 18 . 159 88, 102 317, 818 . 228 66,60 . 296 . 288 . 263 . 161 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Deiquton, London. Model of the interior of H.M. Theatre Delacocr, Parifl. Ornamented weapons DiLEQATE, Brugsels. Lace ..... De Mecne, Madrid. Iron bedstead DiToucuK, Paris. Ornamental bronze clocks Detabanne, Berlin. Cast-iron bracelets Devisme, Paris. Ornamented weapons . Dewab, London. Figured table cover Deydieb, Vaugirard, near Paris. Zinc manufacture . DiERCKX, Antwerp. Cut glass .... Dixon, Sheffield, Silver and plated goods DoBBiE, Falkirk. Ornamented Barometer . BoDD, London. Gold and silver work Doe & Hazletok, Boston, U.S. Decorative furniture DocLTON & Watt, Lambeth. Terra-eotta Dote & Co., Leeds. Carpets .... Dresden. Royal Manufactory of Porcelain . DuoEL, Paris. Ornamental iron castings . Dbpont, Paris. Ornamental iron bedsteads . Durham, London. Steel chMelain .... DoRANB, E. P., Paris. Carved sideboard , DuBAND, Paris. Gold and silver work DuTAL, Paris. Decorative furniture . Dc ViLLEROi, Paris. Fans Eable, London. Sculpture . ... Edwards, London. Sculpture . . . . EoELL, Berlin. Bronzes ..... EicHLER, Berlin. Terra-cotta ..... Elkington & Mason, Birmingham. Electro-plate . 193; Ellis & Son, Exeter. Jewellery and silver manufacture Emancel, London. Silver work .... Enoeluard, Hamburgh. Sculpture . . . England, Leeds. Decorative furniture . EsuniLANT, London. Ornaments in leather . Evans, London. Bookbinding .... Palloise, LiSge. Wrought metals Faraday, London. Chandelier .... Facdel & Phillips, London. Ornamental bed Pearnoombe, Wolverhampton. Japanned iron ware . Peetham, London. Hardware .... Feilner & Co., Berlin. Terracotta , Penney, Sheffield. Razors . .... . Pernkorn, Vienna. Bronzes . . . Ferguson & Miller, Glasgow. Terracotta ware . Fleisohmann, Sonneberg. Papier-michfi manufactures Fletcher, Cork. Ornamental table FoDRDiNois, Paris. Decorative furniture Pox, London. Decorative furniture . Fox, Brighton. Sculpture ..... Praikin, Brussels. Sculpture .... Frank, Furth. Ivory drinking cnp , . . Freeman, Norwich. Carved cabinet . . . French, Bolton. Linen cloth .... Froment-Meueioe, Paris. Gold and silver Bijouterie Gabain, Berlin. Silk stuffs Gabriel, London. Embroidery . . , . Gagneau, Paris. Lamps Gallegos, Malaga. Musical instruments Games, St. Petersburg. Decorative furniture . Gandolfi, Milan. Sculpture .... Garnaud, Paris. Terracotta . . . . , Garrard, London. Silver manufacture Gass, London. Jewellery, gold and silver works . Gasser, Vienna. Bronze model of a fountain, &c. Gauvain, Paris. Ornamental weapons Oeiss, Berlin. Zinc castings .... Geefs, Antwerp. Sculpture Geerts, Louvain. Wood-carving .... Gibbons, Jun., Wolverhampton. Lock and key Gibson, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Illuminated window Gille, Paris. Porcelain GiLLow, London. Decorative furniture . 202, 203, 223, Glier, Klingenth,il. Musical instruments . GooLD, Albany, U.S. Sleigh GouoH, Sheffield. Electro-plated goods Gray & Co., Birmingham. Chandeliers and lamps . Gray & Keen, Liverpool. Decorative barometers Graamans, Rotterdam. Ornamental hall stove Grainqer, Worcester. Semi-porcelain Grangemouth Terra-cotta Works . , Graydon, Dublin. Carved chess-table Green, London. Cut and engraved glass Gregory, Halifax. Silk . . . . , Gropius, Berlin. Carton-pierre .... Grubb, Banbury. Decorative furniture 194, i7, 298, 158, 253, 238 201 208 208 152 87 141 249 147 37 272 78 69 232 70, 146 246 30, 31, 181 124 13 43 251 105 155 313 248 204 206 17 195, 327 133 117 203 268 74 29 82,83 120 41 110 93, 316 20 293 808 248, 256 271 239 285, 307 258 56 104 40 230 18 130, 131 55, 191 110, 111 36 97 278 282 101 299, 316 159, 264 273, 325 . 220 . 37 234, 288 . 68 . 245 . 72 . 154 257, 269 . 264 . 250 . 247 210, 211 . 144 . 100 . 76 . 324 . 246 . 91 . 315 . 17 75 PAOB 108, ■;23, 150 . 283 . . 81 222, 223 250, 251 321 317, Carved furniture Gruel, Paris. Bookbinding, and carved book-covers GuEYTON, Paris. Jewellery and silver works GuNTER, London. Ornamental cake GuTTA Peroha Company, London. Decorative furniture Halbeard & Wellinos, Birmingham. Papier-m4ch6 Halbio, Munich. Goblet ..... Hall & Co., Sheffield. Plated goods .... Hall, Derby. Manufactures of Derby spar Hall, London. Boots and shoes .... Hall, Manchester. Berlin wool work Hallmahke & Aldebert, London. Carriages and lamps Hancock, Rixon & Dunt, London. Glass chandelier Hands, Birmingham. Stamped metal goods . Handyside, Derby. Iron fountains : Vases Hanicij, Malines. Books Habgreaves, Sheffield. Cutlery .... Harcouet, Birmingham. Decorative metal works Hardman, Birmingham. Ecclesiastical vessels Harmer, London. Modelled frieze Harrach, Bohemia. Glass ..... Harris & Son, Birmingham. Glass Harris, Stourport. Carpets ..... Harrison, London. Embroidered altar-cloth . Harrison, Sheffield. Electro-plated goods . Harrison, (London Wood Carving Company). Harvey, Oxford. Artist's easel ..... Haslam, Derby. Ornamental iron work Hawcroft & Sons, Sheffield. Ornamented cutlery . Hawkeswokth & Eyre, Sheffield. Plated goods . Hayball, Sheffield. Decorative furniture Haywood, Derby. Hall stove ..... Heath, Bath. Invalid chairs .... Hedgeland, London. Stained glass .... Held, Nuremberg. Ornamented meerschaum Hemphill, Clonmel. Carved ivory works . Henderson & Co., Durham. Carpets ... Henderson & Widnell, Lasswade. Carpeta Henning, Belfast. Damask linen . . . , . Heevieu, London. Cieling decoration Heukensfeldt, Delfdt. Carpets .... Hewitt, London. Articles of Chinese manufacture HiGGiNs, London. Gold and silver plate HiLLiARD & Thomason, Birmingham. Silver manufacture Hilton & Co., Montreal. Decorative furniture Hinchliffe & Co., London. Paper-hangings . Hindley, London. Decorative furniture Hoffmann, Prague. Glass ...... Hoffmeister, Coburg. Carved furniture Hold, Bamsley. Carved frame .... Holden, Belfast. Embroidery ..... Holland & Sons, London. Decorative furniture Holmes, Derby. Carriages ...... HooLE & KoBSON, Sheffield. Ornamental stoves : fenders . Hooper, Boston, U.S. Epergne .... Hopkins, Wimborne. Door-handles .... HoRNE & Allen, London, Paper-hangings . . Howard & Son, London. Decorative furniture . Howell & James, London. Works in ormolu HouLDswoRTH, Halifax. Damasks .... HouLDswoRTH, Manchester. Embroidered cloth HoYLE, Sheffield. Carved furniture .... HuNSON, Paris. Table cover .... Hunt & Roskell, London. Gold and silver works Hunt & Son, Dunfermline. Damask table linen . Hunter, London. Decorative furniture .... HuTTON, Dublin. Carriages ..,.,, Hux, London. Ornamental clock ..... Ingram, Birmingham. Carved furniture .... Jackson, Clerkenwell. Watches ..... Jackson & Graham, London. Decorative furniture Jackson & Sons, London. Papier-m^chg ornaments . James, Capt., Bengal Army. Articles of Indian manufacture James, Lambeth. Bronze fountain ..... Jancowski, York. Decorative furniture .... Jeakes, London. Ornamental stove, grate, &c. . Jeanselme, Paris. Decorative furniture Jennens & Bettridge, Birmingham. Papier-m^eh6 Jerichau, Copenhagen. Sculpture Jobson & Co., Sheffield. Ornamental stoves, fenders . Johnston, Edinburgh. Ornamental globe . Johnstone & Jeanes, London. Decorative furniture Joly-Leclkro, Paris. Carved Wardrobe Jones, Dublin. Carved furniture .... Jones, J. E. Sculpture 279 Jones, London. Watches . . . . . . . . 78 221 55, 226 215 90 92 99, 150 200 . 29 6, 304 . 265 . 201 . 52 319, 320 . 201 . 286 182, 183 119, 216 . 39 . 264 270 . 265 . 207 . 222 . 241 . 271 . 181 . 211 . 312 . 17 . 21 . 42 . 107 . 109 . 314 . 52 . 137 26,27 238, 261 119, 199 . 221 . 302 178, 179 . 291 . 310 . 74 . 22 22 :, 71, 213 148 232 143 79 51 219 200 . 309 108, 152 57, 58, 59, 309 . 102 . 160 . 227 . 251 . 311 . 68 186, 187 . 237 . 28 . 266 . 54 97, 198 224, 253, 267 . 65, 66, 67 . 316 . 77, 294 . 106 . 16, 273 . 228 . . 263 VIU / Carriages Decorative furniture 17 Jokes, Beothkbs, Brussels. Jones, Dolgelly, N. Wales. JcLiK, Lifege. Cameos .... K^BSZXASX, Vienna. Sculpture . Kallidb, Berlin. Sculpture . . Keitb & Shoobridoe, London. Shairl . KstLXER, Nuremberg. Fainted glass KiDD, London. Glass Kiss, Berlin. Sculpture .... KiTscHELT, Vienna. Decorative fiimiture Khecht, Paris. Woodcarving KNOLt, Munich. Ooblet Krcmbioel, Moscow. Bronzes Laoet & PniLLiFS, Philadelphia. Ornamental harness La Hoche, Paris. Porcelain clocks, kc. Lambert & Bawlinos, London. Gold and silver work Lanodok, London. Ornamental leather . Lapwobth, London. Carpets Lawlok, London. Sculpture Lbbat, Paris. Sculpture .... Lebrun, Paris. Sculptured chimney-pieces Lecahd, Ixindon. Decorative furniture Le Chesnk, Paris. Sculpture . Lroleboq, Brussels. Sculptured chimney-piece Lemiri, Lyons. Embroidery IdPKiHOE, Paris. Carved furniture Liake, London. Embossed leather Learned & Thatcher, Albany, U.S. Hot air stove LuoHToa, London. Bookbinding Lb FiVTBB, Jersey. Decorative furniture Leutler, Vienna. Decorative furniture, 149, 177, 231, 234, 236, 262. Lemokier, Paris. Jewellery .... Lb Paoe, Paris. Ornamented weapons . Lbveix, London. Decorative furniture Lewis & Allenbt, London. Shawls and silks . LtENARD, Paris. Wood carving .... Lister & Sons, Neweastle-upon-Tyne. Silver work LiTHoow & PcKDiE, Edinburgh. Carved panelling LoHAS, Bnkewell. Decorative marble work Lot, London. Ornamental skate . . Lov, Junior, London. Knife-handles Llotd & Si'MHERFiELD, Birmingham. Glass LoDWORTH, Bolton. Counterpane . Lcrr, London. Musical instruments . M'Alpin & Stead, Cummersdale. Chintz furniture M'Carthv, London. Sculpture M'Cracken, Belfast. Damask linen M'Crea, Halifax. Damask furniture . M'Cdli,(;k k HoDosox, Birmingham. Papier-m&che M' Donald, Glasgow. Embroidery M'DowELL, London. Sculpture H'Oee, Belfast. Embroidery .... M'Lean k Wrioht, Montreal. Sleigh . Maonus, Pimlico. Slate bath .... Maltese Sculpture!; ...... Mandan, Lifege. Ornamented weapons . Mansard, Paris. Ornamental stoneware Mappin, Sheffield. Plated goods Maeochetti, London. Sculpture Marbel, Freres, Paris. Gold and silver work . Marsh, Charlottensburg, Berlin. Terra cotta Marsh, Longport, StafTordsbire. Terracotta . Martin & Baskett, Cheltenham. Plate and jewellery Martin, Paris. Ornamental iron work . Mathevon & BouvAHD, Lyons. Silk damask Matipat, Paris. Bronzes .... Maund, London. Hall stove .... Matbr, Burslem. Decorative stoneware . Meioh & Sons, Hauley. Parian and earthenware . Mbllisr, lyondon. Glass Mbssenoer, Birmingham. Bronzes, ormolu, ke. Miller, London. Sculpture .... MiNTON, Stokc-upon-Trent. Porcelain . MoLixBAnx k Webb, Manchester. Glass . Moobs, Clerkenwell. Clocks .... MoBANT, London. Decorative furniture MoBBL, London. Gold and silver works : jewellery MoBOAN k Co., Paisley. Shawls .... Mdlliher, Northampton. Carriages . . Munich. Royal Porcelain Manufactory MuBBO, London. Sculpture .... Htbbs, Lambeth. Carved cabinets and ecclesiastical Naylor, London. Cut glass KBrpEN, Winterberg. Glass PAOI , 19« . 96 . 46 . 4S . 235 . 308 7 . 136 . 87 180, 281 . 136 . 321 . 278 . 196 . 155 . 140 . 38 146, 161 . 801 . 293 235, 260 . 257 226, 274, 275 227 79, 280, 48, 297 33 96 88 205 180, 286, 296 . 323 5 . 249 125, 157 73,74 . 243 . 802 . 120 . 211 . 229 . 270 . 85 104,188 . 234 . 146 44, 132 . 206 156, 209 . 305 81, 325 . 191 . 167 . 292 . 292 . 68 . 297 . 54,204 . 148 814, 322 46,47 . 207 . 189 6 276, 278 49, 50, 324 . 196 294, 295 45, 240, 241 21 184, 185, 202 260, 279 114, 115, 116, 282 . 290 . 120 . 34 112, 113 . 65 . 276 . 84 . . 203 objects 819, 820 .' . 70 . 285 rib a Kbil, Edinburgh. Book-binding 252 Nelson, London. Sculpture 121 238 . . 250 . 300 121, 269 . 128 . . 287 , 206, 255 128, 289 . 256, 268 . . 97 . E15 . . 60 . 800 . . 104 78, 174, 176 . 38, 313 . 71 . . 168 . 82 . 144 301, 326 . 134 . . 245 . 267 . 23, 24, 25 . . 178 . 288 124, 224 . 142 . 82, 88 . 303 Nekcini, Florence. Sculpture. Newton, Jones k Willis, Birmingham. Altar-cloths, kc. NicoLL, London. Decorative furniture NisBETT, London. Carved book covers . NcNN k Claree, New York. Pianofortes . Odiot, Paris. Silver manufacture . OsLER, Birmingham. Glass work Paillard, Paris. Bronze Manufactures . Palmer, Bath. Decorative furniture . Palmer, Brighton. Sculptor's revolving table Pape, London. Pianoforte ..... Pardoe & Co., Kidderminster. Carpets . Patek, Geneva. Watches . . Payne & Sons, Bath. Silver work . Pellait,_ London. Glass : Porcelain . Penny, London. Metal chasings . Penzance Serpentihb Marble Works. Vases, ko. Perry, Taunton. Wood carving . Perry, Wolverhampton. Japanned iron ware Peyton & Harlow, Birmingham. Iron bedsteads Phillips, Ijondon. Chessboard, jewellery Pierce, London. Stoves, fenders, kc . PiBssoN, New York. Pianoforte Plows, York. Model of a sarcophagus . . . Potts, Birmingham. Decorative metallic works . PoDSSiELOUE & KusARD, Parls. Ecclesiastical furniture Powers, New York. Sculpture Pratt, Burslem. Tcrra-Cotta, earthenware Prime k Son, Birmingham. Silver and plated goods . Prins, Brussels. Jewellery ..... PuLHAM, Broxbourne. Terracotta vase PoRCELL, London. Table cover .... Puttinati, Milan. Sculpture ..... Ransome k Parsons, Ipswich. Articles in artificial stone Ratclipp, Coventry. Ribbon ..... Rauch, Berlin. Sculpture ...... Rawson, London. Articles of Chinese manufacture . Redfern, Ashford. Mosaic work .... Redmayne & Son, London. Flowered ribbons and silks Reeves k Greaves, Birmingham. Decorated arms Reoout, Maestricht. Bronzes ..... Reqcillard, Rodssel k Choqueil, Paris. Carpets Rettie, Aberdeen. Ornaments in granita Rice k Harris, Birmingham. Glass ... Richardson, London. Decorative furniture Richardson, Stourbridge. Glasa .... Ridqway, Shelton, Staflfbrdshire. Porcelain and earthenware . RiETScuEL, Dresden. Sculpture RiNOBAM, Ipswich. Wood carving RiNQCET Lb Prince. Decorative furniture Robertson, Carb, k Steel, Sheffield. Stoves : fenders 106, Rock, Hastings. Carriage .... RoDOBBS & Sons, Sheffield. Cutlery . Rogers & Deab, London. Decorative furniture, RooBRS, W. G., Ijondon. Wood carving Rogers, W. H., London. Designs for manufactures Rose k Co., Coleport. Parian and porcelain ware . Ross OF Bladensbcro, Ireland. Ornamental cross Rotherram, Coventry. Watches RoDLB, Antwerp. Carved furniture Rowlands & Sons, London. Jewellery . RoxBt'ROH, Paisley. Shawls, &c. RcDOLPHi, Paris. Jewellery, ke. ... 21 Russian Vase ....... Salomons, London. Embroidered needlework Salt & Lloyd, Birmingham. Chandeliers and lamps Sanoiovanki, Brighton. Sculpture Sanoioroio, Milan. Sculpture .... Sanosteb, London. Whip-handles, &c. Sauer, Suhl, Saxony. Ornamented weapons . Saurin, Quebec. Sleigh ..... Saxb WEIMAR, DcKE OP. Ancicnt knife-handles Sazikopf, Moscow. Gold and silver manufacture Sbacklock, Bolsover. Ornamental chair ScHEPFER, Paris. Ornamental cabinet work . ScHNEiDKB, Berlin. Gold and silver manufacture . ScHBEOER, Darmstadt. Ornamental paper weight . Sevres. Royal Porcelain Manufactory . . 169, Sharp, Ixindon. Silver cup . Silk & Brown, London. Carriages SiNOox & Pembebton, Birmingham. Decorative house fittings . 154 SiuoNis, Brussels. Sculpture .... 185, 298, 299 Smee k Son, London. Decorative furniture .... 164 . . 91 . 299 . 98 . . 125 . 233 . . 187 . 18 . 191, 202 150, 269 . . 190 . 232 . . 220 . 182 . . 256 138, 139, 217 86,87 56, 225 . 106 197, 297 147, 230, 311 . . 303 212, 278, 305 325 8, 9, 10, 121 .321,328 . 258, 259 818, 319 63 . . 277 . 127 . . 254 244, 274, 280 . . 160 . 165 . . 16 . 106 . . 805 . 818 . . 40 . 119 120, 121 266, 267 . 225 . . 228 . 327 149 170,171,172 . . 60 . 148 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Smiley, London. Spoong . . . . . . , . 198 Smith & Co., London. Carpets 185, 197 Smith & Nicuolsok, London. Silver and electro-plated works . 176 Snell, London. Decorative furniture ...... 273 Spiers, Oxford. Papier mftchfi gooda . . . . . . 258 Spitalfields School op Design. Flowered silk .... 100 Stevens, Pimlico. Glass mosaic . , . . . , . 85 Stevens, Taunton. Decorative furniture ..... 220 St. Helen's Glass Company. Lancashire. Painted glass . . 217 Stone & Kemp, Spitalfields, Figured silks 149 Strube, Leipsic. Silver and gold work 47 Steodwick, London. Dressing-case 322 Stuakt & Smith, Roscoe Place, Sheflield. Stoves . . . . 35 Sdmmerfield, Birmingham. Cut glass ..... 92 Tahan, Paris. Ornamental furniture . . . . . . 228 Tarkant, Loudon. Bookbinding . . . . . .153 Templeton, Glasgow. Carpets .... , . 89, 153 Theed, London. Sculpture. ....... 322 Thomas, London. Sculpture 84, 95, 104 Thomson, Glasgow. Electroplated goods ..... 230 Thonet, Vienna. Inlaid table ....... 296 Thorneycroft, London. Sculpture ...... 315 Thornhill, London. Ornamental steel works . . . . 40 Thrupp, London. Sculpture ....... 92 Thurston, London. Billiard table . 204 Tolstoy, St. Petersburg. Bronze cathedral door .... 239 ToMLiHsoN, Ashford, Derbyshire. Spar mosaic . . . . Ill ToPF, New York. Wicker work 168 TouREY, Lifege. Ornamented weapons . . . . . . 72 TowLER & Campin, Norwich. Shawls ...... 151 Trapnell & Son, Bristol. Decorative furniture . . . . 260 Treadwin, Exeter. Lace ........ 143 Trollope & Sons, London. Decorative furniture . . . 70 Tdnis. Filagree-work 227 Turner, Sheffield. Fire-irons 77, 200, 285 Underwood, London. Figured table cover ..... 188 Urlinq, London. Lace . . . . . . . , 69 Vandenbrande, Brussels. Iron letter post ..... 22 Vanderhaoen, Brussels. Sculpture . . . . . . 72 Vanderkelen Bresson, Brussels. Lace ..... 19 Vanlinden, Antwerp. Sculptured vase . . . . . . 308 Vahkempen, Utrecht. Gold and silver manufacture . . 806, 807 Vezey, Bath. Carriages ...... VicKERs, Nottingham. Lace shawl .... ViLLEMSENS, Paris. Bronzes ...... Villeroy & Boch, Manheim. Porcelain . . , ViTToz, Paris. Bronzes, silver . . . . . VoN IIaqen, Erfurt, Decorative furniture . . , Wagner, Berlin. Metallic sculpture . . . . Wakefield, Mansfield. Ornamental irpn work, &c. Waller, London. Monumental brass . . . . Waleer, London. Ornamental clocks . . Wallis, Louth. Wood-carving ..... Walton & Co., Wolverhampton. Papicr-m&ehfi . Waterbouse, Dublin. Brooches . . . . . Watuerston & Brooden, London. Jewellery and goldsmiths Watson, Bell & Co., London. Carpets .... Watson, Paddington. Table-top ..... Watson, Philadelphia. Carriages . . . . . j Webb & Son, Spitalfields. Figured table-cover Wedgwood & Brown, Etruria. Porcelain, earthenware Weekes, London. Sculpture ..... Wertheimer, London. Caskets . . . . . West, Dublin. Jewellery . . . . Westmacott, London. Sculpture . . . . . Wettli, Berne. Decorative furniture .... White & Co., London. Carpets . . . . . White & Parlby, London. Decorative furniture . Whitwell, Kendal. Carpets WiOKMANN, Berlin, Sculpture ..... Wilkinson, Birmingham. Candelabra, &c. Wilkinson, Sheffield. Cutlery ..... Wilkinson & Son, London. Ornamented weapons . Wilson, Berwick-upon-Tweed. Beehive Winfield, Birmingham. Metallic bedsteads, &c. Winkworth & Procters, Manchester. Silk manufactures Wippell, Exeter. Carved alms-basins .... Wood Carving Company of London. Wood carving WooDiNOTON, London. Sculpture .... Woodruff, Bakewell, Derbyshire. Spar mosaic , , Woodward & Co., Kidderminster. Carpets . WooLLAMS, London. Paper hangings .... Yates & Haywood, Rotherham. Ornamental stove Zikqler-Pelus, Zurich. Terra-cotta ware 90 work 242, paoe . 261 . 812 . 19 . 223 265, 284 . 96 . 149 . 277 . 304 . 141 . 240 98, 99 . 20 80, 281 79, 213 . 324 . 168 . 249 14, 15 88, 268 . 64 . 282 . 108 . 807 . 101 . 289 . 248 . 73 . 122 93, 136 . 63 . 100 243, 244 . 295 . 231 . 132 . 252 85, 214 . 310 . 129 . 205 . 281 ESSAY ON THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION By Professor Robert Hunt, Keeper of Mining Records, Museum of Practical Geology. ESSAY ON THE HARMONY OF COLOURS, AS EXEMPLIFIED IN THE EXHIBITION . By Mrs. Merrifield. ESSAY ON THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE EXHIBITION . By Peofessob Forbes, F.R.S. ; Professor of Botany in King's College, London. ESSAY ON THE MACHINERY OF THE EXHIBITION, AS APPLICABLE TO MANUFACTURE By Professoe Gordon, Regius Professor of Mechanics, University of Glasgow. PRIZE ESSAY: THE EXHIBITION AS A LESSON IN TASTE By Ralph Nichoi^on Wornum. I— XVI* . . I— VIIi: I— VIII+ . . I— VIII" . I— xxir** [To THE Binder. — Tliis Table of Contents will be sufficiently instructive to the Binder as to the arrangement of the Pages : he will observe that each article is paged with a distinguishing mark ; as thus, I*, If ; and that the pages contaiuiiig the " Engravings of Works Exhibited," are the only pages which contain no such mark. ] HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. • II I» «T ASXIODS raeiBS TO PBOMOTB AUOHO NATIOWB TH» ODUnViTIOH O? ALL THOBl! ARTS WHICH ARI TOOTIRBD BT PIACS, AND WHICH IS TBJtlE TnBH COSTEIBDTll TO UAIHTAIN THB PBAOI 0» TH» WOBLXI. "— TBII QOaBH. lE commence this Illustrated Catalogue of the principal con- tents of the Geeat Exhibition with a brief but succinct History of the Building — and of the Project from its commencement up to the present time. The experiment of an Exhibi- ■ //,:y-~»-». w ■ tion of the Industry of all the ^JL I'jj/'l 7 civilised NationsoftheWorld has -11— I VvT Jr^ been tried, and has succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations of its projec- tors. It is, indeed, scarcely possible to instance any great enterprise of modern date which has so completely satisfied the anticipations which had been formed of its results. Differing from most other insti- tutions for benefiting the great family of mankind, which have required time and expe- rience to mature, it has sprung, like Minerva from the brain of Jove " full armed," into life and activity ; resembling the goddess, however, only in her more pacific attributes ; her love of the olive tree, and her patronage of the Industrial Arts. Other nations have devised means for the display and encou- ragement of their own arts and manufactures ; but it has been reserved for England to provide an arena for the exhibition of the industrial triumphs of the whole world. She has offered an hospitable invitation to surrounding nations to bring the choicest products of their industry to her capital, and there to enter into an amicable competition with each other and with herself ; and she has endeavoured to secure to them the certainty of an impartial verdict on their efforts. Whatever be the extent of the benefit which this great demonstration may confer upon the Industrial Arts of the world, it cannot lad to soften, if not to eradicate altogether, the prejudices and animosities which have so long retarded the happiness of nations ; and to promote those feelings of " peace and good wiU " which are among the surest ante- cedents of their prosperity ; a peace, wliich Shakspeare has told us — " la of the nature of a conquest ; For then both parties nobly are subdued, « And neither party loses." It forms no part of our present object to enter, with any degree of minuteness, into the history of exhibitions of this class ; but a brief glance at the origin and progress of such associations in France and England may not be considered irrelevant. So far back as 1756-7, the Society of Arts of London offered prizes for specimens of various manufactures — tapestry, carpets, porcelain, among others — and publicly exhibited the articles which were thus collected ; and in 1761 and 1762 the artists of Great Britain formed them- selves into two societies for the exposition and sale of works of art. A few years afterwards (1768), the Eoyal Academy of Painting was established, as a private society, under the immediate patronage of the Crown, and Sir Joshua Reynolds appointed its President. Since then, numerous institutions of a similar character have been set on foot in this country, with considerable advantage to the branches of industry they were intended to benefit. France must, however, be regarded as the originator of exhibitions which are, in character and plan, most analogous to that on whose history we are about to enter. We gather from the historical essay of Messieurs Challamel and Burat, and the pamphlet of the Marquis d'Aveze on the subject, that, shortly after that nobleman's appointment to be Commissioner of the Eoyal Manufactories of the Gobelins, of Sevres, and of the Savonnerie, in 1797, he found that two years of neglect had reduced the workmen almost to starvation, whilst it had left the respective warehouses filled with their choicest productions. In this crisis, HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. the idea occurred to him of converting the chateau of St. Cloud, then uninhabited, into a bazaar, for the exhibition and dis- posal, by lottery, of the large stock of tapestry, china, and carpets, on hand in these establishments. Having obtained the consent of the government to his proposal, he set about arranging the various objects in the apartments of the chateau; but, on the day fixed for the opening of his bazaar, he was compelled, by a decree of the Directory, banishing the nobility, to quit France at a very short notice, and the project fell to the ground. On his return to Paris in the ensuing year, the Marquis planned another exhibition of an even more important kind. Having collected a great many objects of taste and vertu, he distributed them throughout the house and gardens of the Maison d'Orsay, Kue de Varennes, vrith a view to their sale. In looking over the catalogue of objects of which this collection was composed, we can hardly help being struck with its aristocratical character. The richest furniture and marqueterie produced by Boule, Eiessner, and Jacob ; the finest clocks and watches of L'Epine and Leroy ; the superb china of Sevres, of Angouleme, and of Nast ; the most elegantly bound books, fully confirming the traditionary excellence of Grolier and Do Thou ; sUks of Lyons ; historical pictures by Vincent and David; bronzes, and sculpture; served to show to what class of the community French manufacture had, up to that period, been mainly indebted for support. The success which attended the efibrts of the Marquis led to the adoption of his idea by the government, and the establishment of the first ofiicial Exposition, on the very spot, on the Champ de Mars, on which the army had held a triumphal show of its splendid collection of Italian spoils. Six weeks after that fete, the nation erected on the same spot a Temple of Industry for the exhibition of more pacific trophies ; an edifice sur- rounded by sixty porticos, filled with the most beautiful objects that had been manufactured in France. The system of deciding on the comparative merits of the various exhibitors by juries, composed of gentlemen distinguished for their taste, was then, for the first time, adopted. Prizes were awarded for watches, Inathematical instruments, paiating china, etc. The success of this Exposition was so great, that the government resolved to repeat it annually ; Jbut, in spite of the circular of the Minister of the Interior to that efiect, the political commotions of the times prevented him from repeating it, untU the year 1801, and then only at the instance of the First Consul, who visited the factories and ateliers of the principal towns in France, with several men of science, for the purpose of convincing the manu- facturers of the importance to themselves of supporting such an undertaking. This second display took place in the quadrangle of the Louvre, in a temporary building erected for the occasion. Notwithstanding the difficulties which had attended its establishment, 200 exhibitors were competitors for the prizes. Upon this occasion, ten gold, twenty sUver, and thirty bronze medals, were awarded; one of the last having been adjudged to the celebrated Jacquard, for his now famous machine. It must not be overlooked that even at this early period the Juries awarded prizes for improvements in the quality of wool as a raw material, and for excellence in woollen and cotton fabrics. The third exhibition took place on the same spot in 1802 ; and on that occasion no fewer than 600 exhi- bitors competed for the prizes. The popularity of these expositions led to the formation of the Societe d' Encourage- ment, which aided very importantly the industrial efibrts of the French manufacturers. It is a remarkable fact, however, that whilst in France the Society of Arts and Manufactures owes its origiu to these public expositions of the products of its industry, we are in England wholly indebted for exhibitions of this kind to our Society of Arts. The fourth exhibition of French industrial products took place in 1806, in a building erected for the purpose in front of the Hopital des In- valides ; when the exhibitors had increased to 1400, and it was found necessary to keep open the doors for 24 days. Here, for the first time, were displayed the printed cottons of Mulhausen and Logelbach ; silk, thread, and cotton lace ; blonde, cloth and mixed goods. Among the improvements for which prizes were awarded, were the manufacture of iron by the aid of coke instead of charcoal, and that of steel by a process wholly unknown till then. The disturbed condition of France, arising out of her wars with her European neighbours, prevented the fifth exhibition from taking place until 1819, when it was inaugurated on the fete of St. Louis, and continued open for thirty-five days. The number of exhibitors had increased to 1700. The sixth exhi- bition took place in 1823 on the same spot as its predecessor, and remained open 50 days. Great improvement was manifest in the manufacture of many of the articles; in machinery more especially. It was on this occasion that the model of the first French suspension bridge over the river Ehone, by M. Leguin, was exhibited by its engineer. The next Industrial Exposition occurred in 1827, when a large building was erected for it in the Place de la Concorde. The eighth was held in 1834 ; the ninth in 1839, when no fewer than 4381 competitors entered the field ; the tenth in 1844, when 3960 manufacturers exhibited their productions ; and the eleventh in 1849, in the Champs Elysees, when the number of competitors had increased to 4494. [Both these exhibitions were fully reported and extensively illustrated in the Aet- JouENAL.] It is true that other nations had followed the example of France, but without achieving her success. The Belgian and Bavarian governments have both had their indus- trial exhibitions [the Exhibition at Brussels was fully re- ported and illustrated in the Aet-Jouenal] ; but neither of them call for especial notice. In this country, during the last dozen years, there have been many exhibitions of this description ; but, with here and there an exception, they have difiered little in character from the ordinary Bazaar. Manchester, Leeds, and Dublin (the last so early as 1827) had all opened bazaars for the sale of the pro- ductions of the surrounding neighbourhood; but the first build- ing in this country devoted expressly to the exhibition of manu- factures, was that erected at Birmingham in 1849 on the occasion of the visit of the British Association. The build- ing, on that occasion, included a space of 10,000 square feet, independently of a corridor of 800 feet, which con- nected the main exhibition room with Bingley House, within whose grounds it had been located; so that, includ- ing the rooms of the old mansion, the total area covered by the Exhibition was equal to 12,800 square feet. The cost of the building did not exceed 1300Z. This and the Free Trade Bazaar, held in Covent Garden in 1845, approached nearer to the French expositions in the variety and extent of the national productions they comprised, than any of their predecessors in this country. [Both these exhibitions — that of the Free Trade Bazaar, and that held in Birming- ham — were fully reported and extensively illustrated in the Aet-Jotjenai.] The idea of an Exhibition which should include specimens of the Industrial Products of various nations originated, in the early part of 1849, with M. Bufiet, the French Minister of Agriculture and Commerce ; and with a view to ascertain the opinions of the manufacturers on the subject, circulars were addressed by him to the Chambers of Commerce through- out France, proposing that specimens of the arts and manu- factures of neighbouring countries should be admitted to the approaching exposition. The replies which were received to this suggestion were so unfavoiu-able to its adoption, that M. Buffet was induced at once to abandon the idea. If, there- fore, the merit of having originated exhibitions of her own manufactures belongs to France, it is to his Eoyal Highness Peince Albeet that the more noble and disinterested plan of throwing open an institution of this description to the com- petition of the whole world, is exclusively due ; and his sug- gestion has been carried out in a spirit every way worthy its grandeur and generosity. The great success which attended the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 had caused representations to be made to the English government of the advantages which would accrue to our commerce froin a similar exhibition in this country; but the efforts which were made to obtain its co-operation appear to have been wholly unsuccessful. In 1848, a proposal to establish a self-supporting exhibition of the products of British industry, to be directed by a zu HISTOEY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. Boyal Commission, was submitted by H.IJ.H. Prince Albert to the govern- ment, but with no better success ; and it then became apparent that no reliance whatever could be placed upon the active support of Her Majesty's ministers for any such plan. They had, in all probability, no objection to see the experiment tried, but were evidently unwilling to commit themselves to any re- sponsibility in behalf of a scheme which seemed to be beset by so many difliculties. Meanwhile, the popular feeling in favour of such an undertaking was rapidly strengthen- ing, and the success which has attended the experiment may, in a great measure, be referred to the freedom of action which this disso- ciation from the timid councils of the government secured for its pro- jectors. It may be proper, in this place, to remark that, ex- cepting in facilitating its corre- spondence with foreigii nations ; the provision of a site .for the building ; and the organisation of the police; no assistance has been either sought or obtained from the government for the present Exhibition ; whilst, in every case in which it has been attended by expense, the cost has been defrayed out of the funds at the di8|)08al of the Executive Committee. The initiative in those in- quiries which were indispensable to the due consideration of the means by which the idea of an Exhibition for all Nations was to be carried out, was taken by the Society of Arts, a com- mittee of whose members was formed in June, 1845, for the purpose ; the funds for defray- uig the preliminary expenses of which were subscribed Among themselves. An in- quiry having been insti- tuted for the purpose of ascertaining how far the manufacturers of Great Bri- tain were favourable to such a design, with no very en- couraging result, the idea was for a time abandoned. In 1847, the Council of the Society launched their pilot balloon in the shape of an Exhibition of British Manu- factures, professedly the first of a series ; and encouraged by its success, repeated the experiment in the ensuing Tear ; when the intention of its executivewasannounced, to establish an annual com- petition of the same kind, with a view to the opening of a quinqennial exhibition for the industrial products of all nations to be held in 1851. As an accessorr to their plan, the council THK MKUAL Or MB. Q. O. kOknA TBI HKDAl. or MH. LBOHABD C. WTOIV. TBI VBDAL or U. BOXMAEOSL. sought to connect with it the various Schools of Design established in our larger towns, and obtained tlie co- operation of the Board of Trade, tlirough its president, Mr. Labou- chere, in that object. They also se- cured the promise of a site from the Earl of Carlisle, then Commissioner of Woods and Forests ; who offered Ihein the central area of Somerset House, or any other government ground at his disposal which seemed adapted for their purposes. The Exhibition of 1849, coniined for the most part to works in the precious metals, several of the more important of which were contributed by Her Majesty, proved more successful than either of the two tliat had preceded it, and stimidated proportionably the exertions of the Council. A report on the French Exposition of the same year, by Mr. Digby Wyatt, had, moreover, strongly con- firmed them in their conviction of the utility of such an exhibi- tion in this country. Meanwhile, H. R. II. Prince Albert was not only privy to, but entirely approved of these proceedings ; and, on the ter- mination of the Parliamentary session of 1849, took the subject under his immediate superin- tendence. But, indeed, for his indefatigable perseverance, his courageous defiance of all risks of failure, his remarkable saga- city in matters of business, and the influence which attaclied to his support, the whole project, notwithstanding the great exer- tions which had been made to secure its realisation, must have fallen to the ground. The ma- turely considered views of his Eoyal Highness, and the pa- triotic objects he proposed in making this great peace- offering to mankind, are admirably set forth in the speech delivered by him on the occasion of the banquet ' given by Mr. Alderman Famcomb, thenLordMayor of London, to the municipal authorities of the United Kingdom in support of the project. " The E.\liibition of 1851 would," he said, " afford a true test of the point of development at which the whole of mankind has arrived in this great task, and a new starting point from which all nations would be able to direct their further exertions." It is difficult to assign to Prince Albert the degree of praise which is really his due on this occasion without in- curring the suspicion of being in some degree in- fluenced by the exalted position be holds in the idu \ HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. country. "It is," says Coleridge, "one of the most mis- chievous effects of flattery that it renders honourable natures more slow and reluctant in expressing their real feelings in praise of the deserving, than for the interests of truth and virtue might be desired." The remark applies with peculiar force to a person of His Koyal Highness's rank. Bather than incur the imputation of sycophancy, his admirers have sometimes been led to do less than justice to the very pro- minent part he has taken in this project, and to the con- summate skill with which he lias smoothed down all opposition to it. In a word, for the World's Exhibition, the world is entirely indebted to the Prince Consort. On the 29th of June, 18-19, at a meeting, at Buckingham Palace, of several of the gentlemen, who afterwards became members of the lloyal ConiTnission, and Prince Albert, his Royal Highness communicated his plan for the formation of a great collection of works of Industry and Art in London, in 1851, for the purposes of exhibition, of competition, and of encouragement ; when he proposed that these contributions should consist of four great divisions, namely : raw materials ; machinery and meclianical inventions ; manufactures ; and -sculpture and plastic art generally ; and the best proof we could adduce of the sagacity by which his suggestions were characterised is to be found in the brilliant success which has attended their almost literal adoption. At the second meeting for the same object, held at Osborne House on the 14th July, 1849, which was attended among other distinguished supporters of the project, by the late Sir Robert Peel, His Royal Highness gave a general outline of the plan of opera- tions he recommended, which met with the unanimous approbation of his fellow labourers. These suggestions comprised the formation of a Royal Commission, its duties and powers ; the definition of the nature of the Exhibition, and of the best mode of conducting its proceedings ; the determina- tion of the method of deciding the prizes, and the responsibility of the decision ; and the means of raising a prize fund, and providing for the necessary expenses which the permanent establishment of quinquennial exhibitions would involve. The amount which it was proposed to distribute in prizes was 20,000Z, and the lowest estimate for a suitable building did not fall below 50,OOOZ. He also pointed out the advantages of the site which has since been adopted, and recommended an early application to the crown for permission to appropriate it. Impressed with the .truth of the proverb, Ge n'est que le premier pas qui coute, the council of tlie Society of Arts, after much fruitless negotiation with other parties, entered into an engagement with Messrs. Munday, the well-known contractors, by wliich those gentlemen undertook to deposit a prize fund of 20,000Z.; to erect a suitable building; to find ofiices ; to advance the money requisite for all preliminary expenses ; and to take the whole risk of loss ; on the following conditions: The 20,000Z. prize fund, the cost of the building, and five per cent on aU advances, to be repaid out of the first receipts ; the residue to be divided into three equal parts ; one part to be paid over at once to the Society of Arts, in aid of future exhi- bitions ; and out of the other two parts all other incidental costs, such as those of general management and preliminary expenses ; the residue, if any, to be the remuneration of the contractors for their outlay, trouble, and risk. Messrs. Munday subsequently consented, instead of this division, to receive such part of the surplus only, if any, as after payment of all expenses might be awarded by arbitration. An executive committee of four members, who became subsequently the executive committee of the Royal Commission, was then formed, who induced the contractors to allow them the option of determining the contract any time before the first of February, 1850. In such an event, however, Messrs. Munday's claims to compensation for their outlay and risk were to be adjusted by arbitration. After remaining out of their money more than a year, Messrs. Munday obtained very recently, an award of 5000/. with interest. The pecuniary part of the undertaking having thus been provided for, the next object was to satisfy the government of the desire of the public for the proposed Exhibition, in order to warrant the issue of a Royal Commission for its manage- ment. With this view, a deputation from the Executive Committee proceeded to the manufacturing districts to collect the necessary information ; and after visituig sixty -five of the most important towns and cities of the United Kingdom, brought back with them strong manifestations of the popular desire in the shape of documents in which nearly 5,000 in- fluential persons had registered their names as promoters of the project. About the same time Mr. Scott Russell, having occasion to visit several of the states included in the Zollverein, found that the advantages which it oifered to the commerce of the world were everywhere appreciated, and received the most cordial offers of co-operation from a great number of influential persons in those countries. On the presentation of tliese reports to the government, the Royal Commission was issued, and at their first meeting on the 11th January, 1850, they decided on availing themselves of the election which had been reserved for them by the Society of " ilililli:::.:liit».;.;:.i1il^iM|M(liaiyjii::>,r KXTKIIIOR OF TllE BUIIJJINCJ FOE THE GREAT EXHIBITION (SOUTH SIDE). HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. Arts, and rescinded the contract with Messrs. Munday; thus reiving for their means of carrying out their views, in the first instance, wholly upon voluntary contributions. How the appeal of the Commissioners to the country was responded to is sufficiently known. Meetings ha\'ing taken place in all parts of the United Kingdom, subscriptions began to flow in, in a highly encouraging manner. On the 17th of October, 1849, the Lord Mayor of London called a meeting at the Egyptian Hall to receive a deputation of the members of the Society of Arts, charged by Prince Albert to explain the outlines of His Koyal Highnese's proposal for a Great Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations, to be held in London, in the year 1851. This meeting was attended by nearly four hundred of the most influential merchants, bankers, and traders, of London, and nothing could be more cordial than the spirit displayed by almost every person who assisted at it. Mr. Cole, who was the exponent of Prince Albert's views on the occasion, gave, in a speech of considerable ability, an interesting account of the reception the project had met with from the large body of manufacturers in the pro\inces, whose adhesion he had succeeded in obtaining. The feeling in favour of an international Exhibition appears to have been almost unanimous. Other meetings in the city, and other parts of the metropolis, were subsequently held, and a large amount of subscriptions collected. Wliilst matters were progressing thus favourably, the Lord Mayor of London conceived the magnificent idea of inviting the chief magis- trates of the various towns, cities, and boroughs, throughout the United Kingdom, to a grand banquet, at the Mansion- House, with the view of promoting the success of the Exhi- bition. The results of this reunion were, in the highest degree, satisfactory. Nearly the whole body of provincial Mayors accepted the invitation, and were thus inspired with something like a personal interest in the success of the undertaking. They had, moreover, the advantage of receiving Prince Albert's explanations from his own lips. Among the voices raised in favour of an international Exhibition on this occasion, were those of Lord John Bussell, Lord Stanley, the Archbishop of Canterbury, the French Ambassador, and the late lamented Sir Robert Peel. On the succeeding day a meeting of the public functionaries who were present at the dinner, took place in the Egyptian Hall for business purposes, when the ball was set moving in good earnest. The Commissioners having revised their original intention to give large money prizes, invited, by public advertisement, artists of all countries to compete tor the designs for the reverses of three bronze medals intended to form the respective prizes, which should be illustrative of the objects ot the Exhibition ; and ofiered three prizes of 100/. each for the three subjects which should be selected for that purpose, and three prizes of 50/.for the three best designswhich might not bo accepted. In consequence of this advertisement no fewer than one nundred ahd twenty-nine designs were sent in, and were publicly exhibited in the rooms of the Eoyil Society of Arts. The judges appointed by the Commissioners were Lord Colborne, W. Dyce, Esq., B.A., J. Gibson, Esq., H.A., M. Eugene Lami, C. Newton, Esq., Herr J. D. Passavant, and Dr. Gustavo Waagen ; who on the 29th June decided in favour of the following gentlemen: — The first prizes of' 100/. each, were awarded to, 1. Hyppolyte Bonnardel, of Paris. 2. Leonard C. Wyon, of London. 3. G. G. Adams, of London. The second prizes of 50/. each, were awarded to, 4. John Hancock, of London. 5. L. Wiener, of Brussells. 6. M. Gayrard, of Paris. The medal of M. Bonnardel is decidedly the most ambi- tious of the three. It renresents Britannia standing on a platform, with outstretched arms, and a crown in each hand with which she is in the act of decorating, simultaneously, the brows of Mercurj', and a female he is nolding by the hand, who may be presumed to be Industry. Flags of difi'erent nations make up the background. Motto — " Est etiam in magno qiuedam respublica mundo." Mr. Wyon's design represents Britannia seated and in the act of placing a laurel wreath upon the head of a figure emble- matical of Industry, whUst she extends her right hand as if to raise her up. Behind her are impersonations of the four quarters of the globe by whom Industry has been conducted to Britannia. To the right are emblems of the four sections : 1. The cotton plant and wheatsheaf ; 2. A wheel ; 3. A bale of goods ; 4. A vase. Motto — " Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit." Mr. Adams's medal presents a gracefully modelled group of Fame crowning Industry, and Commerce looking on with approving eye. Industry has a distafi' in her hand, and appears to be sitting on a cornucopia. In July, 1850, letters patent were issued, incorporating the Commissioners under the title of "The Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851," and the charter was accepted on the WBsnuf omuicB n> nu ouut exbuitiox. XT 15th August. A guarantee fund of 230,000?. had been subscribed by a limited number of gentlemen, favourable to the Exliibition, one of whom opened the list with a subscrip- tion of 60,000/. Upon this security the Bank of England undertook to make the necessary advances. On the 2l8t of Febi-uary preceding, the Building Committee ventured to recommend that upwards of sixteen acres should be covered in. With a view to give Foreign nations as much time for {)reparation as possible, the Commissioners resolved, long )efore they had decided on the size and character of the building, to divide a certain large extent of space among foreign couiitries, amounting in the whole to 210,000 super- ficial feet, or rather more than the entire space which France had occupied for its two expositions of 1844 and 1849. Subsequently, the quantities of space allotted to foreign nations was increased; France obtaining 65,000 feet uistead of 50,000. A definite amount of space proportioned to their presumed wants was also allotted to each of the British Colonies. Witli the view of avoiding, in the first instance, the confusion that would have arisen from the collection of duties for the objects imported, the government was induced to treat the Exhibition as a bonded wareliouse. On the 31st of October, 1850, the last day on which applications for space could be entertained, the whole of the demands for horizontal (floor and counter) space exceeded 417,000 superficial feet ; being beyond the amount of available space for the United Kingdom, by about 210,000 superficial feet. Every class appears however to have been satisfied with the final allocations, which were the best that could have been made under the circumstances. When the time arrived for making definite arrangements for the erection of the building, the Commissioners had only 35,000Z. in hand ; and, notwithstanding the guarantee to which they had themselves largely subscribed, they must have felt themselves committed to a very deep responsibility. Nothing daunted, however, an invitation was addressed, through the public prints, to architects of aU nations, to furnish designs for an edifice, the roof of which was to cover 700,000 square feet ; and the area of which, including the open spaces, was not to exceed 900,000 feet. Other conditions were enumerated which -'-j^ SOUTHERK ENTEANCE TO THE TBANSEFT. HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION, showed that the whole of the details had been carefully and judiciously considered. Although the time allowed for the preparation of the drawings was only a month, there were no fewer than two hundred and thirty-three competitors, many of whom sent in designs of a highly elaborate character. Of these, thirty-eight, or one-sixth of the whole, were from foreigners ; 128 i'rom London and its vicinit^^; and 51 from the provincial towns of England. The duty of eiaminbg, classifying, and comparing them, devolved on Mr. Bigby "Wyatt, who embodied the result of his investigation in a report. After fifteen pro- tracted sittings, the Building Committee arrived at the " unanimous conclusion that, able and admirable as many of these designs appeared to be, there was yet no single one so accordant with the peculiar objects in view, either in the principle, or detail of its arrangements, as to warrant them in recommending it for adoption." This report was presented to tiie Koyal Commissioners on the 9th of May. The rejection of the whole of the plans of the competing architects created, as was natural, no ordinary dissatisfaction ; a feeling which was in no respect diminished by the fact that the Building Com- mittee had prepared a plan of their own ; and, assisted by Mr. Digby Wyatt, Mr. Charles Heard Wild, and Mr. Owen Jones, had completed extensive working drawings which they had caused to be lithographed. Their next step was to issue invitations for tenders to erect the building ; requesting from the respective competitors, in addition, such suggestions and modifications, accompanied bj- estimates of cost, as might seem likely to eflect a reduction m the general expense. The de- sign of the Building Committee comprehended an edifice 2200 feet long, and 450 feet wide. Into any detailed description of it, however, it is foreign to our purpose to enter ; suffice it to say that this child of many fathers was condemned, not less for its extraordinary ugliness, than that it would have been unnecessarily large, cumbrous, and costly, for a purpose avowedly temporary. Meanwhile, the contractors found some diflSculty in getting their tenders ready by the 10th of May. On that day, however, nineteen were sent in ; but of these only eight professed to comprehend the execution of the whole of the work. The amounts of the remaining eleven com- petitors varied from 120.000Z. to 150,000/. : and this, for the use only of the materials for the building. The Building Committee defended their edifice in an elaborate report, setting forth its economy and good taste. Public opinion was, however, decidedly against its adoption ; and fortunately, a gentleman, not an architect, came " to the rescue." Among the contractors who had accepted the invitation ot the Building Committee, was the firm of Fox & Henderson, who, availing themselves of the permission to alter and amend the plan of the Committee, contained in the latter part of the report, presented a tender for a building of an entirely different character from that which had been suggested by the Com- mittee. This, we need scarcely add, was the plan which, with certain modifications and additions, was ultimately adopted ; and for which, notwithstanding all that has been said to the contrary, the public is wholly indebted to Mr. Paxton. He was, as he himself tells us, at that time occupied in erecting a house for the Victoria Hegia, in the Gardens of the Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth, and to that circumstance the Crystal Palace may be said to owe its direct origin. The accounts which have been given by ^Ir. Paxton, Mr. Fox, and Mr. Barrj-, of their respective shares in the production of the accepted pl.an, are not strictly reconciieable with each other; but that the idea, in a state of maturity which demanded no great effort of mind to make it more complete, originated with Mr. Paxton, does not admit of a question. The very nature of that idea which rendered a single section of the building completely explanatory of the whole, would seem to have rendered elaborate plans of the proposed edifice, in its entirety, less a work of mind than ot mechanical dexterity. A single bay of 24 feet square would, uiuuuk or luk iHA^ci.i'i, ,ii> BKUi rtMU nu aoura iixtkazccl HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. if we except the transept and its semicircular roof, supply the means of making a correct drawing of the whole ; and if it be correct, as stated by Mr. Paxton at the dinner given to him at Derby, on the 6th of August, that his original sketch on a sheet of blotting paper indicates the principal features of the building as it now stands as much as the most finished drawings which have been made since, there can be no excuse for attempting to deprive him of any portion of the merit of the invention. But he appears to have done considerably more than merely furnish the idea. In nine days from that on which he had made the blotting paper sketch, he was in possession of nine plans, all, with a single exception, prepared by his own hand. And although his suggestion to Messrs. Fox & Henderson was offered so late as the 22nd June, 1850, his plan was engraved and published in the Illustrated News of the 6th July. There can be no doubt that the great experience of Mr. Fox enabled him, after consulting with Mr. Cole, to adapt the drawings more to the arrangements adopted by the Committee in the plan they had themselves prepared, than Mr. Paxton had done : but in a case like this, the first idea is considerably more than half the battle. Mr. Fox prepared, he tells us, the working drawings, and made everything ship-shape; but to the fullest extent he admits that all the leading features of the plan, including each progressive improvement of any importance, were suggested by the originator of the general idea. At one of the meetings of the Building Committee, it was suggested that the transept, at the sacrifice of not dividmg the building into two equal parts, should include the larger trees; but there appeared to be a good deal of difficulty in adopting such a recommendation, as at that time the whole of the roof was intended to be flat. Having promised to see wliat could be done in the matter, Mr. Paxton accompanied Mr. Fox to his office, and whilst he was occupied in arranging the ground- THE TEANSEPT, FROM THB NORTH SIDE. HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. plan, 80 as to bring the trees into the centre, he ''hit upon the idea of covering the transept with a circular roof, similar to that on the great conservatory at Chatsworth, and made a sketch of it, which was copied that night by one of Mr. Fox's draughtsmen." In a recent letter to the " Times " news- paper, Mr. Barry, in reference to this statement, declares that at the first presentation of Mr. Paston's design to the Building Committee, as well as to the Eoyal Commission, and betore he had offered any suggestion on the subject, he recommended, very strongly, the addition of a vaulted roof, not only to the transept, but also over the nave ; and submitted to the Commissioners a sketch showing the effect of such an addition. The probability, therefore, is, that the two gentlemen hit upon the same idea at pretty nearly the same moment. There is, however, at all events, no pretext for imputing to either of them a desire to claim for himself a merit which does not belong to him. The Roval Commissioners themselves, in their official report, distinctly acknowledge the services which were rendered to the edifice by Mr. Barry's judicious suggestions, and whilst they compliment Mr. Paxton on the "gjrand effect produced by his happy idea of raising the semi-cylin- drical vault of the transept above the tiers of terraces which extend on either side of it," acknowledge that, " for much of its grace of proportion and beauty of form, the building is indebted to Mr. Barrv;" and that "upon the form and distribution of the arches and filling in frames, as well as of the columns, the suggestions of that gentleman exercised a happy influence." We doubt, however, if the adoption of these" suggestions should be allowed to detract in any respect from the eclat due to Mr. Paxton as the legitimate parent of the Crj'stal Palace. After consulting the iron masters, glass manufacturers, and others, on whose co-operation they were compelled, in a great measure, to depend for their means of fulfilling their proposals, Messrs. Fox & Henderson sent in their tenders, and on the 16th were verbally informed that they were accepted. On the 26th July, the Committee expressed a wish that they should commence operations ; but as no Eoyal Charter could be obtained until the succeeding year, and as the solicitor to the Treasury was of opinion that until that had been obtained, the Commissioners could not legally act, the works must have stood still, but for the good understanding and mutual confidence, which subsisted between Messrs. Fox & Henderson and themselves. Kather than that any delay should take place, they agreed to proceed at once, and to incur the risk whatever it might be of waiting for the Eoyal Charter. To avoid unnecessary complication, Mr. William Cubitt was invested with absolute power to arrange with Messrs. Fox & Henderson all the detads connected with the arduous task on which they were about to enter. On the 30th July, they obtained possession of the ground, and proceeded to take the necessary levels and surveys, and to fix the position of the various points. The working drawings, all or which he made himself, occupied Mr. Fox 18 hours a day for seven weeks ; and as these left his hands, his partner Mr. Henderson directed the preparation of the iron work and other materials required for the construction of the building. As the drawings proceeded, calculations of strength were entered into ; and so soon as a number of the important parts were prepared, such as the cast-iron girders and wrought-iron trusses, Mr. Cubitt was invited to witness a set of experiments illustrative of the correctness of these calculations. The greatest load it was possible for it to receive having been placed upon each part, it was distinctly shown that it would bear four times that weight without a fracture. As the works advanced, the safety of the edifice was much discussed in the public prints, and grave doubts of its stability having been ms MAiK ATKXVE— mar. / HISTORY OF THE GEEAT EXHIBITION, suggested by Mr. Turner, the constructor of the large con- servatory in Kevv Gardens, and by Professor Airey the Astronomer Eoyal, a series of experiments was decided on which should set any such question wholly at rest. Tests had, as we have shown, been applied in the course of the work which had satisfied the scientific men who witnessed them that the iron girders would bear a strain upon them four times as great as they could ever be called upon to bear ; but it was resolved to subject them to a stiU severer ordeal. Tlie first of these more elaborate experiments, which took place in the presence of Her Majesty, Prince Albert, and several scientific persons, was to ascertain the extent of oscilla- tion tliat would be produced in the galleries by the regular motion of large bodies of persons. Three hundred workmen were accordingly deployed over the phitform, and then crowded together as closely as possible. The load borne by the planks laid across the platform represented the degree of pressure that would be occasioned by the crowding of the bays of the galleries. The amount of deflection produced by this experiment was scarcely perceptible. The men next walked regularly and iiTegularly, and finally ran over the temporary floor, with little more effect. Even when packed in the closest order, and jumping simultaneously for several minutes, tlie play of the timbers and the wrouglit-iron work, was admirably developed, and the extreme deflection of any one girder did not exceed a quarter of an inch. A s, however, the workmen were unable to keep military time in tlieir step, the whole corps of Sappers and Miners employed on the ground, arranged in close order, marched several times ever and around the bays without producing any other effect than is observable in a house in which dancing is going on. The crowning experi- ment suggested by Messrs. Maudslay & Field, the eminent civil engineers, rendered any further test wholly unnecessary. Seven Irames, each capable of holding 36 cannon-balls, of 681bs each, were constructed, and drawn with their contents over the floor. In this way a pressure on the flooring of seven and a-half tons was obtained ; the probable pressure from a crowd not exceeding 931b. The pressure of an ordinary crowd, how- ever, at a public meeting or a theatre does not exceed GOlbs. to the square foot. During the entire progress of the building, Mr. Fox was present daily at the works, to assign to each part, as it arrived upon the ground, its proper position, without which it would have been impossible that the building should have been com- pleted in time ; and so unlimited was the confidence displayed by his firm in the Eoyal Commissioners, that it was not until the 31st of October that the contract with them was completed ; up to which time they had not only received no order for the building, and no payment on account of the work they had done, but had incurred the risk of expending upwards of 50,000Z. without being in a legal position to call upon the Commissioners for the repayment of any portion of it. There was, however, no ground for apprehension on the score of finance ; for whilst the work was yet in progress, funds were flowing in to the exchequer of the executive with a rapidity alto- gether unlocked for, and to an amount which was calculated to silence all further anxiety on the subject. To anticipate, in some respects, the order of our narrative, we may mention that before the Commissioners had opened their doors to the public, that is to say on the 29th of April, they had in hand 113,044Z. : — namely, 64,344Z. arising from public subscriptions; 3200/. from Messrs. Spicer & Clowes for the privilege of printing the Catalogues ; 5500Z. from Messrs. Schweppe, for the privilege of supplying refreshuients ; and 40,000Z. arising from the sale of season tickets. The last item aflbrded a tolerable notion of the probable prospects of the Exhibition, in a financial point of view ; nor have those expectations, sanguine as they were, been in any respect disappointed. It is now time to enter upon the history of the building itself, and of the manner in which the contractors have fulfilled their duty to their employers and to the public at large. The site of the Great Exhibition is the one originally THK MAIN AVENUt — JiASl'. HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION. proposed for it by H.R.H. Prince Albert. It consists of a rectangular piece of ground in Hyde Park, situated between the Queen's Drive and Kotten Kow, and contains about 26 acres, being 2300 feet in length, by 500 feet iu breadth. Its principal frontage extends from east to west. Several lofty trees which stretch across the centre of its length have been allowed to remain, and it is to them we are indebted for the magnificent transept and semicircular roof, suggested after the fii-st plans liad received the approval of the Commissioners. The ground although apparently level has a fall of from 1 to 250 inches from w est to east. Among the most striking advantages of the spot were the facilities of access from all parts which it pre- sented, and the ease with which it could be drained and supplied with gas and water ; wliilst the beauty of tiie neighbourhood can scarcely be exceeded within the same convenient distance from tlie metropolis. Indeed, however strong may have been the private objections urged against the adoption of this site, in tlie first instance, it is now universally admitted that a more desirable locality for the purpose to which it has been converted could not have been selected. The plan of the building forms a parallelogram 1848 feet long and 408 feet 'wide ; independently of a projection on the north side, H^ feet wide and 936 feet long. The principal entrance is situated in the centre of the south side, opposite to Prince of Wales' gate, which forms one of the main openings into Hvde Park. After passing through a vestibule 72 feet by 48, tlie visitor finds liimself in the transept, which is 72 feet wide, 108 feet higli, and 408 feet from south to north. The roof springs in a semi-cylindrical form from an elevation of 68 feet from the ground, and occupies a diameter of 72 feet. The coup d'oeil of the exterior ol the building from the Prince of Wales' Gate is exceedingly striking. On each side of the space covered by the transept runs an aisle 24 feet wide. The nave or grand avenue, 72 feet wide by 64 feet high, occupies the centre throughout the entire length of the building, and is 1848 feet long. On either side smaller avenues or aisles run parallel with it 24 feet in width, and at a height of 24 feet from the ground are galleries, which not only extend the whole length of the building, but which are carried completely round the transept ; thus opening a direct com- munication throughout the whole of that floor. Ueyond the nearest aisles and parallel with them at a distance of 48 feet, are second aisles of similar width, with galleries over them, which are on the same level as those by which the outside aisles are surmounted. To facilitate access from one line of galleries to the other, bridges, at frequent intervals, span the 48-feet avenues, and, at the same time, divide them into courts, most of which have been so arranged as to be open to tlie spectator, who may hai)peu to be iu the gallery above. The width of 48 feet thus subdivided, and the second aisles, are roofed over at a height of 44 feet from the ground. The remaining ])ortion of the building comprises iu width only one story 24 feet high, in which, of course, there are no galleries. Access to the galleries is obtained by ten double staii-cases, 8 feet wide. About its centre, the grand avenue, at a point determined by the position of three large trees which it was resolved to enclose, is crossed by the transept. Two other groups of trees, whose immolation was also interdicted, have rendered open courts necessary ; but they are, neverthe- less, included within the building. The entire area enclosed and roofed over comprises no fewer than 772,784 square feet, or about 19 acres ; thus presenting an edifice about four times tlie size of St. Peter's, at Home, and six times tliat of St. Paul's. We have already described the principal entrance at the south front. Besides this, there is one at each end, and, at convenient intervals, no fewer than fifteen places of egress. The horizontal measure of 24 feet, which I'ormed a lending feature of the design of the Building Committee, is also preserved in the present plan. The avenues into whicli TIU KUlthta STATSS' UftirAKTHUrt. HISTORY OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION, the building is divided are formed by hollow cast-iron columns, 24 feet apart, which rise in one, two, or three stories respec- tively. In the lower story these columns are 19 feet higli, and in the two upper ones 17 feet. Between the different columns short bars of iron, 3 feet in length, called " connect- ing pieces," from the use to which they are applied, are employed as supports to the girders in horizontal tiers, dividing the building, at its greatest height, into the three stories to which we have already referred. The girders, of which, some of cast, and some of wrought-iron, are all of the same depth, namely, 3 feet, with the exception of four ; an arrangement by which the horizontal lines are preserved throughout. The first impression conveyed to the mind of a visitor, inexpe- rienced in the science of arcliitecture,on entering the building, is a sense of insecurity, arising from the apparent lightness of its supports as compared with the vastness of its dimensions. But this feeling is soon dissipated when he is informed how severely the strength of every separate part has been tested, and with what extreme care the connexion of all the supports with each otlier has been considered, so as to present the greatest possible combination of strength. The ratlines of a ship of war, and the wires of a suspension bridge, may have little retentive power per se, but when judiciously connected with other supports, offer a resistance which a superficial observer would be little likely to understand. The lightness of its proportions indicates, at a glance, the nature of the material which forms the main supports of the building ; and whilst those which are vertical consist entirely of cast-iron, the horizontal " connecting pieces" and girders are constructed both of wrought and cast-iron. Of wrought-iron 550 tons have been employed; but of cast-iron Messrs. Fox and Henderson have used no fewer than 3500 tons. The whole of the roof above the highest tier or story of iron frame-work, consists of wood and glass, and the external enclosures and face-work are composed, for the most part, of the same materials. In the entire edifice there have been employed 896,000 superficial feet of glass, and, including the flooring, 600,000 of wood. In those parts of the buUding which are two or more stories or tiers in height, the upper tiers do not support galleries, being only intended to give additional stability to the columns. The highest tier is in all cases devoted to the support of the roof; an arrangement which forms a rather remarkable feature of the edifice. Among other striking examples of the ingenuity of the originators and constructors of the Crystal Palace is the ridge-aud- furrow roof, by which the rain water is distributed into equal portions, and all ordinary chances of overflow averted ; and the peculiar formation of the floor, which is a " trellised wooden pathway," with spaces between each board through which, on sweeping, "the dust at once disappears, and falls into the vacuity below." It may also be thoroughly washed without discomfort, for the water disappears as fast as the dust through the interstices ; and the boards become fit for visitors almost immediately afterwards. There is one drawback on its adoption, however, of which most visitors to the Exhibition must have had experience ; " wherever it is laid transversely it is extremely troublesome to walk over, be the boards ever so evenly placed. Into technical minutiae connected with the erection of the buUding, and the simplification of labour by its constructors, it is no part of our design to enter. Those who may be interested in such details, will find them duly set forth m the official records of the Commissioners. Many of them desei-ve praise for their ingenuity ; and the speed enforced upon Messrs. Fox & Henderson, in the construction of the Crystal Palace, is the THE UALL OF THE ZOLUVEIIEIN. less to be deplored, as it necessitated experiments which have created important facilities for the builders of future edifices of this description. There are, however, some details yet to be recorded, without which the present sketch, although addressed to the general reader onlj', could hardly be con- sidered complete. The total area of the ground floor is, as we have already stated, 772,784 square feet, and that of the galleries, 217,100 square feet. The eitent of the latter is nearly a mile. The total cubic contents of the building are 33,000,000 feet ; there are nearly 2300 cast-iron girders, and 338 wrought-iron trusses for supporting the galleries and roof; 30 miles of gutter for carrying water to the columns ; 202 miles of sash bars ; and 900,000 superficial feet of glass. The decoration of the Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations was entrusted to Mr. Owen Jones, and some appre- hensions were entertained, in the first instance, that the com- bination of deep blues, reds, and yellows, would produce too glaring an effect upon the eye. Air. Jones has, however, by toning down his colours, and calculating the effect of a long perspective upon them, produced a residt which has met with very general approbation. The outside of. the building, which has not afforded him the advantages pre- sented by the perspective of the interior, has not been con- sidered quite so successful. At the east and west ends consideraole spaces have been enclosed for the exhibition of objects, the weight and dimensions of which precluded their admittance within; among them, large blocks of marble, stone, slate, coal, asphalte pavements, and garden and monumental ornaments. At the western end, and considerably beyond the recognised precincts of the Exhibition, is the fine colossal model for a statue of Kichard Coeur de Lion, of the Baron Marochetti. About 155 feet from the north-west angle is an engine-house, 96 feet by 24, for generating the steam whicli gives motion to the various machines wliich require to be exhibited in operation. The external appearance .*^*:*/>v>yi v i "rrn ' i > nrr i nf^ i i'O'i I'l vm rrrrmn » U-AJLJJIJUJUUUUUUUUULIJUULIlXJUU^ that brings out the figures and details of the An Iron Bedstead, and Child's Cot, also of iron, contributed by M. DnpoNT, of Paris, will attract attention from the rich and elaborate designs which they exhibit, especially the former object. This has a kind of frieze in basso-rilievo, running round one of the sides and the end, representing a himting party ; the flat terminat- ing pillarg are also similarly ornamented. The whole is of cast-iron, produced from a mould design with remarkable sharpness and decision. The frame-work of the cot is very light and elegant, and the introduction of a young angel at its foot, as if keeping watch over the little sleeper, is a pretty idea : the basket and fringe are made of netted wool. We may, perhaps, be allowed to take an objection to the practical con- venience of the bed, although we may unequivo- cally expressapprobation of its ornamental de^ifii. 13 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Etruria — the celebrated establishment founded by JosiAH Wedgwood, and where the knowledge of Bentley and the classic taste and genius of Flaxman, combined with his own ability, gave a world-wide re- putation to its founder — has sent its qtiota of beautiful works through its present occupants, Messrs. Wedo- E!xhibition in Hyde Park. The Venus, which we engrave, is also produced for the first time WOOD & BKOwrr, who have reproduced some of the best articles originally designed or executed by its famous founder. There are still in the establishment many designs of high quality which have not yet been worked out, and we may instance the group of the on the same occasion, as well as the Cupid; both charming figures. The entire series of works displayed by the present firm are of the Infant Hercules strangling the .Sei-peuts, said to be the work of Flaxman, and now first made for the article being of a lavender tint, the figiu-es and ornaments, in pure white clay in relief upon the surface, have the delicate and beautiful shades of the tint faintly appearing through the more delicate parts. Many of these Vases are of large size, and some have figures directly copied from the antique; others being designed in strict accordance with those upon the Greek and Roman gems. Indeed, the Wedgwood imita- classic form and style of decoration, so well tions of these rare and costly articles have known to connoisseurs; the ground of each always been highly prized. There is much 14 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We commence this page with a group composed of Candelabra, Table-Lamps, and a Oas-Chan- DELiEB, selected irom a variety of articles of a similar description contributed by Messrs. Salt & Llotd, of Birmingham. In all these objects the designer has had recourse to nature for the ornaments with wliich they are enriched. It would not, probably, be very difficult to point l'^^.i out where these ornaments might have been more effectively and tastefully disposed ; but still there is much in the general character of the designs that will meet approval, and exhibit the advance which, within a few years, has been made by the manufacturers of Birmingham. One great error against which it is necessary to guard British manufacturers of ornamental articles, is the too free introduction of decoration; elegance is more often imited to simplicity than allied with abundance : symmetry and beauty of form must never be sacrificed to a profuse display of adorn- ment. These remarks are not made with refe- rence to the objects here engraved, but are thrown out as hints to our manufacturers generally. The edifices and works of Art which Greece pro- duced, when she had reached the highest point of refinement and civilisation, were remarkable for their elegant simplicity. It was not tiU luxury had enervated her powers, and wealth had created an over abundance, that she lost her purity of taste and became lavish, even to pro- digality, of the resources at her command. It is to the earlier periods of the history of that country one looks for all that is great in Art. A SmEBOAED of mahogany, selected from the contributions of Messrs. JonNSTONE & Jeanes, of London, is entitled to high commendation for the pure taste which the manufacturers have ex- hibited in its construction. The style is Italian of the best period, not over-ornamented, yet showing an abundance of chaste decoration, which may be thus briefly described. At each end is a young Bacchus ; one, placed on a lion, holds up a bimch of grapes to the other, who, stretches out a cup to receive it ; these figures are carved with much spirit. In the centre of the back-piece is a medallion of a Bacchante, and at each comer one of a Bacchanal, the interstices being filled m with wreaths of the grape-vine and its fruit. 16 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The VTiSB Cooler, exhibited by M. Eichler, of Berlin, is of terra- cotta ; it may be accepted as a proof of the great excellence so frequently given by competent artists to ordinary objects of commerce. In compo- sition, grouping, drawing, and entire arrangement, few more perfect works than this have been produced in the precious metals : yet, upon this common material, so much fine taste and intellectual labour have been expended as to give it high value as a work of pure and true Art. A silver-mounted Meerschauu, by M. Held, of Nuremberg, repreeentiug St. George and the Dragon. We have selected for engraving this out of several drawings sent us by one of the most successftil maimfacturers of Germany. The article is one upon which much iuRcnuity is ex|)cndciuoiitly made costly by the exorcise of artistic talent ; indee^a ^k ^a ^a ^a *h ^h «a «n «h vith metal, in chandelier lustres, lamp brackets, and numerous other objects of utility and decoration. This introduction has given a vast impulse to the Industrial Arts, presenting as it does a valuable auxiliary which may, in interwoven or appended ornament, minister most felicitously to elevate and enrich the particular branch to which it may be applied. But it is re<]uisite to use it witli the utmost discrimination and judgment, inas- much aa it might otlierwi.se lead to the peri>etra- tion of much that is offensive to the taste. The charm of novelty taxes the talent of the designer most severely, and oft«D compels him to pro- I duce, for the sake of cliange, and to please a I public too exacting on tliis j>oint, that which his I judgment and matured experience would impel him to withhold. But inasmuch as novelty is I worth nothing without beauty and correctness I of form, it is necessary that the designer or I modeller, as well as the manufacturer who determines what is, and what is not, to be pro- duced, should be well skilled in those principles by which such desirable ends may be attained : each should habituate himself to considering the effect of every pattern in different nuterials and articles. Above all, the designer should be taught that his principles are to be found only in the very liighest art. The designer must, in mental power, be raised to the level of the artist, and must emulate him, not only in skill, but in range of information. But we must proceed to notice the remaining objects we have selected from Mr. Potts's contributions as exhi- bited on this page. The first is a light and elegant Candelabrum for two or four lights ; it is designed after the best examples of the antique. By its side is a richly ornamented Gas CbandeUeb in the Italian style of decoration. the scrolls being surmounted by grotesque marks. The two engravings below these repre- sent another Gas CBANDEi.tEB and its Pullies : the style of this work displays a bold arrangement of curves, and angles, and is altogether a b«iutiful example of metallurgical manu&cturing art. 25 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The silver works of Mr. HlooiNS, of London, are such as come witliin the province i-ather of a spoon and fork manufacturer tlian of a maker of the articles which Mr. Higgins exliibita, as speci- mens of his beet ordinary production, are worthy of more public attention than such as have been silver plate. From his very numerous contribu- tions we select several, chiefly commending preipared expressly for the present occasion. Our illustrations commence with an Apostle Spoon, surmounted by a figure of St. Peter, being one of a series of twelve, which are elevated on a rotatory pedestal. With this is a simple but graceful Dessert Fork, of which the stem and prongs are of silver in Imitation of twisted SPOON and a Dessert-fork taken from different sets, one compo.sed of vine branches and the other of conventional ornament. In the centre those designs which are taken exclusively from natural objects ; and we may remark that branches, and the handle composed ot agate. On the opposite side of the page are a Dessert- column we engrave a light and elegant Cream- ladle, the design of which appropriately consists of stems, leaves, and flowers of the common but- tercup. The plant is feshioned for its purpose with the best possible taste, and the effect of the work is greatly enlianced by the gilding, which 26 ART- JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE is only introduced in the oavities of the flowers. Underneath the cream-ladle which, when per- forated in the bowl, may be employed as a sugai^ sifter, are two small B{>oun8, one a Tea-spoon, ornamented with convolvulus, and the other an Eoo-SPOOK, chiefly remarkable for the novel form of tliB bowl, wliiuh is both pluaising to the eye and agreeable to the lip. The two remain- ing subjects are Caoot-sfoons, of beautiful sim- plicity. We especially admire the shell, to which clings a sprig of weed resembling the small water-lily. TTie flowers and the interior of the shell are gilt Its companion is also worthy of much praise, though a mere wild anemone gathered in the fieldis, and copied with as much Hdelity aa its application to the form of a caddy- spoon would permit The first group on the present page are two Knife-Hakdl£S ; tlie first made of ivory, and decorated with vine leaves and bunches of grapes: the second of is very effective and graceful. On the top of the second column are a Pair op Ick-Tonos and a Spoon for helping tliis article of luiury; the form and ornamentation of the first of these objects exhibit great originality; the second, with the figure terminating tlie handle and its leaf-like bowl, possesses much beauty of design. A Paib of Sugar-Tosgs commences the third column ; they are decorated with the vine-branch, its foliage, and fruit A Tapeb-Stand succeeds to this : in it the designer has also had recourse silver, with ornaments of a conventional charac- ter : both are distinguished by considerable elegance. Next follows a Skew'eb-Handle, in the Italian style ; the introduction of the birds to the productions of nature for the form and character of his subject. The page is completed by a Fish-Cabver of massive design, somewhat assimilating to the Moorish : we admire this as a deviation from the ordinary forms of such objects, as well an for its own intrinsic merit. There is not one of the subjects we have engraved in these two pages that is not worthy of the best period of manufacturing Art wheresoever practised ; an undoubted proof of the advanced stote of ta.ste and ingenuity on the part of our de<(igners and those associated with them in carrying out their intentions. It is gratifying to see British inanu- facturers taking advantage of the often incul- cated maxim that "to nature alone must we look for beauty, and the nearer the approach to her creations the more striking the success : " it is a truth ever to be remembered by the designer. « THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We occupy' the present page vnth some ex- amples of Indian Manufactuhe, exhibited by Capt. H. C. James, of the Bengal army. They were brought by him from India, and are curiously characteristic of East- ern taste. The papier-m&ciie tray was made in Cashmere, and is en- tirely painted by band, in a most elaborate style, labour of tliis kind being of very little value there. The vase beneath is constructed of being peculiar to that country. On the oppo- site side of our page is the case of a small corn- carried by Mahomedans in India when travelling. It is made of a kind of bronze, inlaid with silver ; the inscription contains the names of Mahomet and his two brothers. The compass within it is in the shape of a flying bird, whose head points to the west or Mecca, and tells in what direction the bearer ought to turn his face to pray. The magnet is, of course, in the right wing of the bird. pieces of silver ; such vessels ai-e generally >ised to hold water, and are chiefly manufactured at Ninga- sists in its size, which, in the original, is nine inches and a half by seven inches. The gold ring The cut at the foot of the page exhibits the pattern of a Cashmere covering for a couch; pore, in Bengal. The very elegant silver vase, with the chain attached, is used to sprinkle rose-water is of the fashion of those commonly worn by the better class of natives in Cashmere, the pattern the ornament is stitched over a light blue silk, wliich gives it a peculiarly delicate tone. 28. AET-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Mr. J. S. EvASS, of London, contributes two leather ; and we should, perhaps, mention that Alblii Covkbs, the work of his son, Mr. J. W. wiiile the black, which forms the field, is a Evans. The first is a small quarto, richly illu- ]xisitivedye,the remaining colours are enamelled. minated in gold and various colours on brown | The design is taken from an original specimen of the time of Henry II., of France. The interior of each cover is of white vellum, elegantly tooled in gold, from a pattern by Mr. W. Harry Rogers. The second is a royal quarto, of brown Russia, inlaid with black kid, a novel process as applied to rich workmanship, though not uniisual in The CuRTAHf-piK and Cornice Pols-enss in this column, are contributed by Mr. Hands, of Birmingham, whose manufactory is eminent for all kinds of stamped metal goods, such as those we have engraved, door-fumitui-e, coffin- furniture, &C. In the subjects we have selected. floral decoration has been resorted to with con- siderable success, and with sufficient taste to give the flowers a true and natural position, as we see in the blue-bcUs introduced into the third dasign, and the bmiches of hops in that wliich precedes it In the manufactured articles them- simple book-binding. The design, in harmony with the colours of the materials employed, is in the Etruscan style, and is from a drawing by Mr. Rogers. A vase occupies the centre, and the borders and comers are composed of Archaic foliage, in which the honeysuckle is prominent. selves, we find a sharpness and accuracy of detail that prove the amazing power of the stamping- machine to produce so desirable a result 29 Tliis and the following pages are devoted to the contributions of Porcelain, from the Royal Manufactory at Dresden, or, rather, at Meissen, a small town on the Elbe, about fifteen miles from the capital of Saxony. The Dresden china, for it has always borne the name of the city though made at a distance from it, acquired through the past century high distinction for the beauty and variety of its fanciful decollations, and for the costliness of its workmanship ; nor has its value become much lessened even at the present time, although it may, perhaps, be doubted whether its progress has kept pace with that of many other branches of manufacturing art. During our recent tour through Gtermany, we had an opportunity of visiting this establish- ment, and were supplied by the Director, through the Minister of the Interior, with the drawings from which our engravings ai-e taken. We con- fess to have felt a little disappointment at the comparatively limited scale on which these royal porcelain works are conducted, and still greater surprise at the small amount of wages paid to their artists and workmen, many of whom are men of 6rst-rate talent, who do not receive more than fifty shillings per month. If the English manufacturer, therefore, had this low rate of wages to contend against, he would stand no chance of a successful competition ; but inasmuch as the monopoly exercised by tho government keeps up the prices of the produc- tions, both are placed, so far, on a tolerably department. The peculiarities of manufacture which distinguish the collection of this porcelain equal level. The total number of persons en- gaged in the manufactory at Meissen is about three, hundred eind fifty, and each respective room is set apart for a particular division of the process. Thua, in one apartment, the simpler vases and table-services are moulded ; in another flowers are exclusively manufactured, each leaf being inserted separately ; in a third, birds and the more delicate ornaments, and so forth ; while the painting and gilding form a separate I 80 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. ware are relieved fioral and bouquet agroupments ; figures round and relieved ; and many varieties of the famous liawtbom pattern ; all Glass, the frame of which ia adorned with birds, flowers, and fancy omamenta. The next two are of Vases from four to five feet these are the characteristics of the Dresden manufacture. The first engraving on the opposite page is from an enormous Lookikq- high, exceedingly elegant in form, and decorated in a chaste and pure style of art. The first two engravings on this page are also of Vases, the former an imitation of the antique Grecian, but decorated witli enamelled paintings; the latter of a flond character, and filled with porcelain flowers. The group contains objects of very great elegance and beauty ; the contributions altogether uphold the character of modem Dresden. 81 THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. The extensive Glass works of Messrs. Bacchtjs and Sons, of Birmingham, fui'nish some beautiful examples of their manufacture, of which we engrave two groups, remaikable both for their novelty of form and of ornamentation. Several of these objects, it will be readily supposed, lose no little portion of their rich appearance in the engravings, where black only is made to take the place of the most brilliant colours ; this is espe- cially to be observed in the large vase in the first group, where, if we imagine the lozenge-shaped ornaments of a deep ruby colour, cased with white enamel, and the wreaths of green ivy, we may form some idea of the rich effect produced. There are few obj ects of British manufacture which have, of late years, been marked by more decided im- provement than is to be found in our "glass- houses ;" and Birmingham is now a formidable rival to London in this branch of industrial art : moreover, it is rapidly, and rightly, advancing. The three Coal- Vases, or, as such articles of domestic use are generally called, coal-scuttles, are from the establislimeut of Mr. Perbt, of Wolverhampton, who ha'*, with much good taste, endeavoured to give a character of elegance to these ordinary but necessary appendages to our "household heartlis." Hitherto, in wliatever room of a dwelling-house one happtns to enter the coalscuttle is invariably thi-ust into some obscure corner, as unworthy of filling a place among the furniture of the apartment, and tliis not because it is seldom in requisition, but on account of its imsightliness. Mr. Perry's artistic- looking designs, though manufactured only in japanned iron, may, however, have the effect of drawing them from their obscurity, and assign- ing them an honourable post, even in the drawing- room. It is upon such comparatively trivial matters that art has the power to confer dignity ; and, notwithstanding tlie absurdity^as we have some- times heard it remarked — of adopting Greek and Roman models in things of little importance, they acqviire value from the very circumstance of such pvu^ models having been followed. S2 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The decorative articles of rarious kinds in EuBoasEO Leather, executed by Messrs. Leake, of London, exhibit Uie applicability of that substance to very many articles of luxurj' and couvenieuce used in domestic life. As a simple decoration it posseases the tone and effect of wood-carving, at a considerable diminution of expense; and it may bo applied to cornices of rooms, or portions of furniture as massive as cabinets and book-cases usually are, with the best possible effect. The flower-wreaths of Gibbons, or the fimciful grotes^iues of the cinque cento, may be reproducetl with remarkable precision. Of course, we do not venture to say that wood-carving can be equalled in this fabric, but it may be approached closely. Tlie process of ornamenting leather is one of a very early date; indeed, it may be traced back some three thousand years, to the daj-s of the ancient Pharaohs, and, singularly enough, we thou find it embossed much in the same manner as practised at the present time. The extraordiuaiy durability of leather gave it much value in the eyes of our forefathers; defensive ormoui- was frequently con- structed therefrom, and mediaaval writei-s abound with notices of very many useful and ornamental ornamented with embossed work of a rich and beautiful kind. The works of Messrs. Leake are, in some instances, excellent reproductions of antique desigus ; and in others, equally good original works, or adaptations of good forms. It will be seen that fruit, flowers, and the human form are pi-oduced by this process, as well as all the varieties of oma- fi n '■■: ■!< '►■■iifjiitiitiiif-'Jifi i!fiifiriifHi!%~:iJnh'V;ii,tti;rii'k-T t^i^^:^'^'f^'.4:iW'y^^^:^^^^^re:^^ x^^oCw^f^^oM^^i^w^^i^S^^^^^^^T^^^f^^Z^^^^^^^T^^^f^^S^^::^^^^^^ ment Great boldness and vigour, and, occa- sionally, extreme dolicacj', ai'e Wsible in all the works of these manufacturers. The chair on our present page exhibits the applicability of the Art to the decoration of furniture. The picture-frame is a happy rendering of articles made of ctur-hauili, as this mamifacture was then called. The cuirass of the knight and the casket of the lady were equally constructed of leather, and the style of the seventeenth century. The panel, executed in the taste of the Renaissance, re-produces the vigour and fimcy of the gro- tesque works of that period to the eye, as successfully as the fruit and flowers recall the woika of the famed wood carvers of yore. 33 THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. Mr. MoRANT, of London, whose reputation and that of hia father, for cabinet-work and house decoration have been established for nearly half a century, contributes a viu-iety of elegant objects — of which we have selected | three. The first is the top of a Console Glass. The next is a small Table, supported by storks, | the top is of plate glass painted to imitate Floren The Vase and four Pokals, or Drinking Cups, upon this and the succeeding page, are the contri- butions of the Royal Porcelain Manufactory of Munich ; and, they are nearly the only aids which the Exhibition receives from the renowned capital of Bavaria. They are designed by Neu- REUTHEB ; and are intended to hold the famous and potent Beer, the favourite beverage of all classes of Bavarians. M. Neureuther is at the tine mosaic. The last subject is also a Table, from a design furnished by the Duchess of Sutherland, for whom Mr. Morant executed it. The column of this table exhibits swans and aquatic plants. head of the government establishment, and we received direct fiom him the drawings fi-om which 34 these engraTiiigs are executed, with expraasions of regret that his country will not be more The two Fibe-Grates engraved on this page are fipom the manufactory of Messrs. Stdart and Smith, known as " Roscoe Place," Sbekkield, an establishment which nmks high among those of that fumoiis industrial town. They are made upon the principle known as " Sylvester's," whose invention formed an era in domestic economy and comfort Their superiority over the old- fashioned grates has become widely tested by their very general use ; these latter were so con- structed that the larger portion of the heat passed up the chimney, from the fuel being placed so nigh, and, as a consequence, the lower part of the room was invariably cold, a condition worthily represented. The cups ai-e of Por- celain, formed upon the old German models, and directly opposed to health and comfort; it is obvious that the principle of construction must be best which thro»vs the gieatest lieat where it is most required, and this is mainly effected by the invention of Mr. Sylvester. The first ex- ample engraved is denominated by the makers a " Trefoil Orate," from the shape of its outer frame ; it is composed j>artly of " dead " steel, and partly of burnished, with or-molu enrich- ments. The object of its ornamentation has beautifully uruamented in colours and gold, por- tions of the decoration being in relief been to create a style of decoration from nature, without the introduction of mere conventional forms. The other, in the mediaeval style, is designed by Mr. H. Duesbury, an architect of in adapting this style to its required purpose. The extensive collections of Messrs. Stuart and Smith exhibit a large variety of this descrip- tion of manu&ctiu«8, displaying enterprise. ability, who has shown much taste and ingenuity I taste, and clever mechimical execution. 85 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, The five engravings of Ket-handles, on this column, are selections from the contributions of Mr. John Chube, London ; whose safety locks and improved keys have become famous, not only in England but throughout Europe. He has devoted much attention to those improve- ments which may be described as restorations; taking the best antique models, and, in some instances refining even upon them : he has thus substituted forms of much elegance for the un- gainly sliapoB to which we have been acous- The Cut Glass Dish and Coveb which we here engrave are productions of M. Dierckx, of Antwerp, and are chiefly remarkable for the peculiarity of design which they present, and which is of a novel character. Glass is peculiarly susceptible of angular decoration ; and this dish and cover are ornamented with figures designed to give the fullest amount of prismatic beauty of which the material is capable. The establishment of MM. Gaoneau, Freres, Paris, has attained deserved celebrity for the manufacture tomed, yet in no way to lessen the ease with which the object may be used. The articles talent in design for which the French have long since made themselves famous. We are well acquainted with the show-rooms of this firm, and can tnily state that we have rarely seen so many beautiful objects, of their kind, brought together as they exhibit ; the metals used are principally bronze, brass, and or-molu. The candelabi-um engraved below is exceed- ingly rich in ornament, but by no means over- loaded; the tripod forming the base has at each angle a demi-figui'e of grotesque character ; above this, to conceal the plain shaft, are three females standing on an ornamental platform, which figures may be regarded as caryatides or supports to the liigher piu-ts of the composition : he contributes cannot fail to augment the high reputation he has laboured for and acquired. of Candelabra and Lamps of every description, exhibiting a very lai'ge amount of that artistic these we consider very elegant both in form and decoration. The lamp wliicli forms the sub- ject of the other engraving is intended to be fixed to a wall : the design scarcely belongs to any definite school or period, but is rather of a mixed character, yet so hamioiiiously put together that no incongi-uity is apparent in it. The contributions of this class from France iu-e numerous, and, many of them, highly sugges- tive ; it is, however, needless to point attention to this fact; the works sufficiently commend themselves by theu' vai'iety and excellence. 36 ART-JOFENAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Th» Zijf o Castixos of Gkibs of Berlin are very numerous, although his contributions to the Exhibition are limited ; they comprise a variety of objects, chiefly for the purposes of the archi- tect, — capitals, cornices, &c Zinc has been hitherto very little used in England ; in Prussia, however, it has been resorted to, more or loss, in neai'ly every structure of modem erection. M. Oeiss has devoted his attention chiefly to the produce of statues in zinc ; the purity of the easts, (he perfection of the chiselling, and durability of tlie material, combine to recommend it, while the cost of zinc, thus adopted, is about one^ighth of the cost of bronze. We select for engraving the famous "Amazon" of Profe8«or Kiss, of Berlin ; the original, in bronze, faces the entrance to the New Museum, at BerliiL The copy exhibited is life-size ; one of half life-size has been also proerior quality. The example hero introduced is intended for the use of a lady ; it is of pierced \^:^^^^^ admired for the lightness and elegance of the composition, which is entirely of a floriated character, an arrangement of the ivy, holly, and other evergreens worked into a pattern with much stool, highly polished, is exceedingly light in con- struction, and may be regarded as a novelty. tasto. It is almost as effective in what the trade call " blind-work," as when richly gilt S9 THE TNDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. A FowUKO-PlECE, contributed by M. Saueb, of Suhl, Saxony, shows some exquisite can'od "work, emblematical of its uses, on the stock. The gun itself is of peculiar consti-uction in its manufac- ture, tending to obviate the dangers attending anysudden explosion; we bavelicfore us diagrams of its mechanical arrangement, but which we cannot afford space to introduce into our pages. The Chatelain-head is exhibited by Mr. Thornhill, of London ; it is entirely produced by hand, in hard steel, chiefly by means of minute files. The principal portions are flat, perfoioted and engraved, but a slight projection is given to the more important ornaments or emblems introduced. The design which is by Mr. W. Harry Rogers, is in the Itfdian style, con- IvoBY PoKAL, by Christia:h Fr.w'«k. Fiirth, near Nuremberg. The pokaiisiof gothic form, and beautifully carved in relief, illustrative of subjects taken from the old Gennan Niebelungen Lied, after the paintings of Jul. Schnorr von Carolsfeld. The relievos are : From the fourth adventure, 'Sigfried with the Saxons;' seven- teenth adventure, 'Sigfried mourned and en- sisting of foliage surrounding an oval compart- ment. This has the monogi-am V.A., and is sur- mounted by the royal crown ; beneath are the Prince of Wales' feathers, and a label inscribed 1851. Six medallions contain the crests of the illustrious promoter of the Exhibition. The ScKSons are also by Mr. Thornhill ; the ornamentation is an adaptation of theltalian style. They are highly to bo commended as examples of the taste of the designer, whoever he may be. tombed ;' twenty-second adventure, ' Briemhild received by the Huns ;' thirty-seventh adven- tm-e, ' The death of Rudiger.' 40 AIJT-JOURNAL ILLIISTRATKD CATALOGUK Mewi-s. Cork & Edqe, of Bunlem, Stafford- shire, luaiiulacturern of earthenware, sui)ply the markets in Knglantl and on the Conti- nent with ordinary ai-ticlc» of domestic use. in whicli they ende;ivour to combine utility with an amount of ornament, that will not prejudice economy. Our first cut rei)re«eut8 a Teapot of brown glazed ware, of very cheap construction, but not without ita peculiar grace in deiiign. A patented branch of their businetM Heasrs. Facdel i Phiixips, of Loudon, ex- hibit a Statu Bedstead, of needlework, produced princil>ully from BritiKh materiiU:) worked entirely by Englishwomen in London ; it includes almost every doiscri]ition of ornamental needle- work commonly called "Berlin," and embroi- ls devoted to tlie oni:iincntiition of Kimilur •rticles by inlaying clays of various tintii, tlius producing an indestructible colouring for the leaves and other ornaments, such as appear upon our second specimen of their works. The Water-jug, which completes our selection of articles from this establishment, is a tasteful arrangement of forms; the wa(ei>lily being introduced in the ba.-e of the jug with very good effect It must be borne in mind that all these articles ore constructed only for the i cheapest mai'ket ; and we give them as instances of improvement in such branches of our national | industry, as were but a few years ago, as must be acknowledged, most inartistic in taste. > dery. A lengthened description of this costly and beautiful piece of furniture would fill half our page ; we must therefore be content with speaking of it as a work in ever}' way honoui-able to the taste and enterprise of the manufacturers, who have long been famous in their trade. 41 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The two specimens of Carpets oh this page aic tVoni the factory of Messks. Hendeiison & Co., Durham, wliose establishment produces a large variety of Venetian and damask stair-carpets, as well as of Bnissels carpets for all purposes — dis- tinguished by beauty of design, brilliancy of colour, and fineness of quality ; while the prices which we undei'stand they command in the market, testify to the high character they hold among the " trade." For the last seventeen ye.ars this house has worked entirely from drawings expi'essly designed for them, and thus at an early period they materially contributed to give effect to that principle of pr,:iperty in design, the justice of which is now universally admitted. The establishment of a woollen mamifacture in Durham, dates back as far as the commence- ment of the seventeenth century, with funds Eupplied out of a charitable tnist connected wit' i the city, but the manufacture languished till 1619, and was then abandoned. In 17S0, another attempt was made, and was equally unfortunate, two successive p.arties having failed in working it out; but in 1813, Mr. Gilbert Henderson, tlie I father of the present enterprising proprietors, undertook the tivsk of establishing a manufiictoi'y confined to the production of these carpets only. 42 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE TIieCHATBLAnrE,whieh,witliitevarioaa details, | of steel-raanu&cture, displaying considerable occupies tliis I>aKe, is the contributiou of Mr. I taste and fancy iu the entire composition ; Ulbuam, of Loudon ; it in an excellont example [while the various articles which form the a fine effect. The modem chatelaine is but a reprotluction of an article of decorative orna- ment, worn by Indies in our own couuti'y more than a century and a half ago. The watch, the scissors, etui, pincushion, &c., were then ostenta- tiously appended to the dresses of the ladies. quite as much for ornament as for use. The ele- gant and ornamental character of the object may pend.-uit group are designed with much tjiste, and worked up n-ith con- tidemble skill. The numerous /uaf« upon the ornamental knoba and enrichments which cover the entire surface of the cliatelaine, give to it again ousure its favourable reception ; and the beauty of such as tlrnt wc now engrave must recommend it even to the fastidious utilitarian. it THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The Riohlt-Embuoidehed Muslin Dress, of which we engrave a part, is one of the many contributions of Messrs. Brown, Sharps, & Co., of Paisley. These manufacturers have long been famous ; having obtained eminence not only for the excellence of their work, but for the purity and beauty of their designs, — and it is known that they have employed in the production of subjects for their numerous workers, artists whose reputations have not been merely Provincial. Our engraving can of course afford but a limited idea of the skill of the designer : in this, as in many others of the articles contributed by the firm, he has aimed at copies of natural flowers, and has avoided those conventional forms which for a long period were considered indispen- sable to workers in muslin. The dress to whicli reference is here made, will be found among the richest and most elaborate productions of the needle. It will readily be supposed that jjattenis of this description unavoidably lose much of their true effect, by the necessity that compels us to have them drawn on a gieatly reduced scale, to suit the size of our j)age3. Hence, what seems to possess a redundancy of onuuneut in the engraviug, although delicately and caiv- fully drawn on the wood, takes a far less crowded, and a bolder, form on tlie manufactured article ; this will be miderstood when we state that the pattern measures, in the original, upwards of three feet in height by four in width. A Linen Band, designed by S. M'Cloy, a pupil of the Belfast School of Design, and pro- duced by Mr. M'Cracken, manufacturer of Imen ornaments, Belfast, presents a pattern of much hemes assume their deep red colour. The elegance. The subject is derived from the haw- thorn in its autumnal or ripe state, when the arrangement of this composition is exceedingly well mtinaged ; and in the manufactured article it has a rich and brilliant appearance, the foliage being embossed in gold, with the red berries on a blue ground ; the centre shows the hawthorn in bloom, coloured after nature on a white groimd. To this design was awarded the first prize of three pounds, offered last year by Lord Dufferin to the Belfast School for the best design for ornamental linen ; it is a work uniting sim- plicity of subject with great skill in adaptation. 44 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE We engrave one of three drawings transmitted to us by Professor Karszmann, of Vienna; it exhibits Hebe offebino Nectar to the Eaole OF JovK. The Professor, we understand, occupies a high position in Austria ; his works are generally of a poetical order ; but he has been entrusted with some " for the nation " w^hich are in closer proximity to actual life. Happily fur the sculptors of the Continent, their governments find them frequent employment; private "commissions" are rare. how much of grace, dignity, and manly vigour may be sacrificed, to render homage to the so-called "jolly god." These examples of his manufacture are highly creditable to Sir. Meigh ; they are works of a right good order, From the contributions in Porcelain and Earthenware of Mr. Charles Heiqu, of Slielton, Staffordshire Potteries, we select three objects : the one, a Clock Case, of very elegant and appropriate design, executed in statuary porcelain ; the next, a Vase, also in statuary porcelain — copied, we believe, with some alterations, from a French model ; and next, one of those Bacchanalian Drinking Cufs, ornamented with figures after Pouasin — which seem to have been invented for the purpose of showing and exhibit marked improvement in one of the most extensive and best conducted of the factories of Staffordshire. It is only of late that Mr. Meigh has paid attention to the better class of goods ; but for many years he has enjoyed high repute as a producer of admirable works in earthenware ; and he is among the lai;ge8t exporters in the kingdom. 45 THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. In the production of Camei the continental artists have acliieved a well-deserved reputation ; we en- grave three vei-y beautiful works of this class, the productions of M. Julin, of Liege. The firet is a copy after Horace Vernet of liis " Chasse au Fauoon," very delicately and beautifully rendered. The same ai-tist's well-known picture of " Mazeppa " has furnished the second subject ; the third is a channing gi-oup of "Galatea and the Sea-Nymphs." The gi-ades of tint in camei are fortunate aids to the sculptor in producing striking and interesting effects; these advantages were so highly appre- ciated by the ancients, that they endeavoured to imitate them in their glass-works — of which a well-known instance may be cited in the Port- laud Vase. The works of the ancients in this depai-tment of Art were frequently cut upon onyx of large dimensions ; one of the most celebrated is preserved at Vienna, and represents the apotheosis of Augustus. The antiques differ from the modera camei, being cut upon tinted stones, and not on shells (conchylie) ; the latter being an imitative art in another material, and the result of a comparatively modem era, — the taste for camei having been resus- citated by the famous family of the Medici, and perfected, under their auspices, in Florence. The Terra Cotta works of Mrs. Marsh are situated at Charlottensburg distant about four miles from Berlin ; the lady by wliom they ai-e conducted is the widow of the maimfacturer who formed the veiy admirable establishment. Here ai'e produced works of the highest artistic merit, works designed by the best artists of Prussia, who do not "shame" to dedicate genius to the improvement of the humblest articles of 4C ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE drinking-cup is a copy ; tho gothic vase is from the design of Professor Strach. But the most beautiful of the objects contributed by Mrs. Marsh is a Fountain, which we also engrave. This work was produced expressly for the Eihibition. The Vase, filled with artificial Flowers of Silver, is the production of Stbi'BE and Son, Jewellers, and Silver and Gold Workers, of Lcipsic. The Vase is an object of much delicate beauty : the flowers are not made in dies, but are the production of the ai-tisfs hand, and are accmately modelled from natme. We saw at the establishment of Messrs. Strube much tliat was rare and valuable, but in this particular branch they are unrivalleede8tal are decorated in a similar manner. lesign are jwliciously distributed throughout 49 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. the composition. An Italian Architectural Ornament, executed in bronze, concludes the can oelebe, exliibiting on the side we have en- graved a combat between a man and a centaur. enamels. The next is a Ewer of very elegant form, and highly embossed in the manner of the page ; it is distinguished by gi'eat beauty of pro- portion and elaboi'ate chiselling. A Gas Pillar, We come next to a Vase, the style of which the artist terms Assyrian ; it stands two feet and a half in height, and is beautifully studded with antique. The last engraving exhibits a Chande- lier of simple but pure character, in which the relative proportions of the different parts are of chaste design, is introduced above : to which succeeds a small Vase, modelled after the Etrus- evidence that the design has emanated from an artist well instructed iu those principles on which are based the beauty and harmony of curved lines. 60 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE A drawing-room Clock, made of or-morlu, 18 contributed by' MisBBa. Howell Sl Jaubb, of London. It is designed by Mb. Adams, aii artist of talent, who has in this produced an elegant work of Art, with emblems most appro].riato to the subject Below the dial are four bas- reliefa of children, represeutiug the "SeasoDB," and on each side are female groups qrmboliaing Childhood, Youth, Womanhood, and Old Age. A basket of flowers crowns the top, from which hangs a wreath encircling the dial. The scroll work at the base is exceedingly bold, while tlie pedestal exliibits more delicate omaiueutatiou. T^^S^^SMm. We next introducean engraving from asplendid I mens which we have selected from the contribu- I The case and the music-stand are richly carved, horizontal grand Piaxo-Forte, one of the speci- { tions of Messrs. Collaru &. Collakd, of London. | and the instrument altogether accords well with the reputation tliis house has acquired for their instruments among professors and amateurs. Where ezpeme is not an object to the purchaser, we see no reason why the piano-forte should not more frequently exhibit the skill of Uie carver in wood than we are acciistomed to see in it ; there is always abundant space for the display of much elegant decoration, without, as may be presumed, detracting from its higlier value in the estimation of the perfonner ; and being, generally, an appen- dage to the drawing-room, ornament, as well as utUity in its construction, merits consideration. SI THE INDUSTKY OF ALL NATIONS. From the contributions of Messrs. Haiicodrt j We introduce on tliis page another engraving Brothers of Birmingliani. we select three — two of one of the Pianos of M1':ssks. Collard & CoLLARD, of London. It is richly decorated, and forms a most elegant work of art-manufactiue. Bei.l-pulls, and a Vase of bronze. These gen- tlemen ai-e eminent manufacturers of the several The engraving underneath is from one of the I Delfdt. It is oi a good order of Art, and will carpets contributed by Jan Hedkensfeldt. of I do credit to this long established and justly objects for which the great factory of hardware has been long famous. Their manufactory of li-iiim".! " household " metal luraiture is very extensive, celebrated maimfacturer, who presides over a I very extensive factory of the best Dutch carpets. 52 ART-JOTJliNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Among the fine Diapers and damask linens ; by Mr. Birbell, from designs furnished by Mr. of that &mous and venerable town. We have receivefl from Dunfennline, are some singularly j Paton^an artist who haa for up»-ai-ds of a i engraved one of them on this page — bold and rich and beautiful Table-oloths. manuliictured quarter of a century aided the manufacturers ■ elaborate in design, and in all respects worthy of mmm^mwi covering a regal table. In the corners of the border I of the same jiai-t, the badges of the Order, the 1 is a medallion bust ofHerGiwiious Majesty. Tliia we discern the " St. George," and in the centres | Thistle, and St Patrick. lu the centre of the cloth | table-cloth is made from the finest Flemish flax. We introduce here four copies of the backs of marked improvement of style, and do great credit I manship b excellent They are enamelled, and Watches, — the watches contributed by Messrs. i to the extensive establishment from which they tastefully set with jewels, so disjxised »« to give KoTBERAJi t Son, of Coventry. They exhibit I emanate. The designs tire good, and the work- ' niuch' beauty and agreeable effect to the forma. 58- THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. While Sheffield contends successfully with the metropolis in the manufacture of steel goods, she unquestionably takes the lead of all other towns for the excellence displayed in her silver and plated articles adapted for ordinary use ; and even goes so far as to rival many of her com- petitors in what is more especially intended for ornamental purposes, and is moreover executed in the more costly metaL In two or three recent numbers of the Art-Journal, we made our readers acquainted with a few of the most import- ant manufacturers of this populous and busy town, introducing, at the same time, numerous engravings copied from their productions. The Fish-knife and Fork, inserted below, are manu- factured by Messrs. Mappin, Brothehs, of Shet field, and will bear comparison with the best examples of a similar description of metal work. A State Chair and a State Banner Screen, by M. Jancowski, of York, are rich and costly examples of embroidery and decorative furniture. The Cbair is embroidered on ruby-coloured silk velvet ; on the back is the royal coat of arms, the lion raised in gold, the unicorn in silver, with a gold coronet; the crown is worked in gold, silver, silks, and jewels. From the ribbon which shows the motto, a wreath of the rose, shamrock, and thistle, worked in silks, is sus- pended, and the roses are raised so that every leaf may be lifted up. The seat exhibits the plume of the Prince of Wales, worked in a new style of silk embroidery, having the ap- pearance of silver ; the coronet is in gold, silver, and jewels ; the motto in gold and silver. The chair is made up in a splendid carved and gilded frame, trimmed with solid gold bullion fringes. The Banner Screen is embroidered on pale blue satin, with gold, silver, and silks trim- med with rich bullion ; it represents the York City Arms ; the pole, six feet ten inches in height, is surmounted by the Royal arms finely carved ; the pedestal is also richly carved. Both these gorgeous objects reflect the highest credit on the taste and judgment of M. Jancowski and his numerous assistants, by whom, we are informed, they have been entirely designed and carried out. 51 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. A Sbxwi, from the manubctory of Messrs. John MorqaM & Ca, of Paisley, has a rich and most elaborate pattern, reminding us of some of the best designs that are imported from the East — but greatly improving upon them. Besides Shawls, the manufacturers are also producers of printed and tartan fabrics to a large extent, specimens of which are likewise to be found in the Exhibition. In all these cases, the patterns are designed, and the goods are mauu&ctured, dyed, and finished on the premisee of Messrs. Morgan. From the establishment of M. Oabain, of Berlin, which we visited during our late tour through Germany, have beeu forwarded a large variety of Silk Stuffs. We engrave on tliis page one example, of a graceful palm-pattern, designed by Professor Botticher, of Berlin. This pattern is about five feet in height, by twenty-seven inches in breadth, when it is rei)eated. This weaving is doue on a satin ground, and it is produced in various colours, as well as in different tints of the same colour. We may, hereafter, introduce other prtMluctions of this house. We fill up this page with one of the con- tributions of Messrs. H001.E A Robson, of Sheffield — A Fender, remarkable for the grace of its design, as well as for the beauty of its execution — qualities fur which this emiiiuut firm have obtained much celebrity ; deservedly so, as we shall be enabled to show in our en- gravings from others of tlieir works in subsequent pages. The combination of steel and brouxe adapted by them is, in many instances, produc- tive of llie happieiit effects. Perhaps there is no class of our native manufacturers, who have made greater advances in the field of improvement than those connected with the polished steel trade. 66 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A Pediment, designed aud modelled by Mr. C. Fos, of Brighton, shows aii ellective arrange- saeut of the tigui'es introduced into it. The subject is intended to represent the " Arts, Com- pierce, aud Manufactures, promoted by the represents Navigation, the next Industry bring- ing her offerings to Peace. In the centre is the Queen, holding out wreaths of laurel to the vari- ous contributors, and to the right the Fine Arts aud Science aie symbolised in respective groups: A Caktatide, sculptured in oak by M. Chuchet, of Paris, is a bold and not inelegant conception of an architectural ornament which, of itself, has geneiiUly little to recommend it as a decorative object. Used as substitutes for columns, they possess neither the elegance of outline, nor the symmetry of proportion, that render the latter important and interesting fea- tures of the edifice with which they are con- nected. It would seem that the origin of these figures appertains to Egyptian architecture, for they are recorded in all the traces of this style of building that have come down to us ; and they were adopted, though sparingly, by the Greeks, from whom we have derived one, now in the British Museum among the Elgin collection, ^PPt We engrave here one of the contributions of Professor Rletscuel, of Dresden — a dead Christ, over whom mourns the Virgin Mother. The artist holds rank among the most emi- nent seulptoi-s of Germany : to him has been confided the task of executing the principal national monuments of Saxony ; and the sculptured decorations of the Theatre of Dresden ai-e the production of this master- mind of his country. His sculptures will excite in England the admiration so univer- sally accorded to them throughout the rest of Europe. We had — in 1850— the privilege to see this accomplished which was taken from the Acropolis, at Athens. artist at work upon this, the latest, aud perhaps 1 the greatest, of his many admirable productions. 56 AKT-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Few knowing the vnst resources and the long experience of the eminent firm of Messrs. IUjkt & Roskell, of London, who now conduct the busineaa formerly carried on by Messrs. Storr &, Mor- merits of foreign and English silver-work, it hss been stated that the inferiority of the latter has been in a great measure attributable to tlie absence of good designs, and to the superior taste and delicacy of finish in the foreign workmen. lieceiit timer, will be surprised to find them making a display in the Exhibition commensurate with the reputation of an establishment that produces many of the most costly manufactured lu-ticle-s in the precious metals. Without disparagement to any other house in London, in a similar branch of buiiiness, it may be said that Messrs. Hunt & Roskell have no rival in the extent of their transac- tions, and a visit to tlieir show-rooms is like inspectng a museum of Art. We, therefore, feel that we do not pay an unmerited compliment to these manufacturers in gold and silver works of political events abroad have, however, brought over a number of the latter to this country, and there cannot be a doubt that we have greatly benefited by this fusion of adventitious aid ■nith English energy, perseverance, and capital. More- over, manufacturers have found it essential to their interests to seek the assistance of other heads than those of tlie mere artisan, however skilful as a workman, to invent, and suggest, and improve, llcnce from these two causes a decided change every kind and description, by devoting two or three pages of our ', for the better has, within the past few yean, been perceptible in every branch of Catalogue to a notice of their contributions. In the remarks we ; this department of Industrial Art ; and we may add, without egotism, that the have occasionally made in the A rt-Jounial upon the comparative pagee of the A rt- Journal have bad some influence in effecting tliis amelioration, 67 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. proceed to the notice of the various subjects selected from Messrs. Hunt & Roskell's contri- butions. The first page commences with two bronze Statu etteb ; the former represents a Hindoo girl plucking the sacred moon-plant (sar- coatema viminalis), and the latter depositing her lamp in the waters of the Ganges. The originals of these statuettes are, we believe, executed in silver, and formed a part of the EUeuborough testimonial. The group that succeeds form the Orange Goodwood Plate, for the year 1846 ; it represents William of Na-ssau at the Battle of Nieuport. This is followed by the Testimonial presented to Mr. B. Lumley, lessee of Her Majesty's Theatre ; it is designed and modelled by Mr. A. Brown ; the figures, appropriately introduced, are those of the sister muses who preside over dramatic and musical festivals. The column on these few brief introductory observations we the second page commences with a Dessert Stand, showing a Hindoo flower setter under a banyan tree ; the succeeding objects are two Ice-pails, foi-med by the lotus, supported by other Indian plants ; these three objects are from a service presented to the Earl of Ellenborough. The large engraving on the same page is a massive and costly Candelabrum in 5S ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Rilrer, a testimonial preeented to the Marquia of Tweeddale. The subject of the group is taken from Buchanan's "History of Scotland," and illustrates the historical fact connected with the rise of this noble family ; a countryman, named Hay — the family name — is, with his two sons. leading the Scots to the defeat of the Danes, A.D. iSO. The composition, which evinces re- markable spirit, is also designed and modelled by Mr. A. Brown. At the head of the third page is an elegant Cup, followed by a silver-gilt Casket, in the style of the cinque-cento period, get with antique gems ; and below this is a Ccp to correspond. A group in silver, of Mazeppa, comes next ; great spirit is imparted to this work by the animals being "relieved" from the ground, the horse, especially, appears as if flying. The last engraving is trom a Testimonial presented to Sir Moses Montefiore. It is scarcely necessary to remind our readers that Sir Moses is of the Hebrew persuasion, and that the design, which is by Sir J. Hayter, has reference to certain events connected with the past and present history of the Jews. Thus, the sphinxes indicate the cap- tivity of Israel in Egypt ; the figures are Moses, Ezra, the great deliverer of the people, a Jew of Damascus, loaded with chains, and one released ; under them are appropriate texts in Hebrew, with the vine and the fig-tree overshadowing. The group on the summit represents David rescvting the lamb from the jaws of the lion, and the bassi-relievi show the Passage of the Retl Sea, and the Destruction of Pharaoh's host ; Lawless Violence in the world, typified by wolves devouring the flocks ; the Millenium as spoken of by Isaiah ; Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore landing at Alexandria ; Sir Moses obtaining the finnan from the Sultan; and two other subjects. 5D THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The Silver Cup, engraved below, is designed, modelled, and embossed by the exhibitor, Mr. Sharp, of London ; he terms it the " Justice Cup." It exhibits round the body in bas-relief, Justice protecting the Innocent, and driving from the earth Violence, Fraud, and Discord. Tlie Cabpet pattern engraved below is from the nianufactoiy of Messrs. Pardoe & Co., of A Panel, carved in wood, and carton-pierre \ execution of the work. The centre is filled with by M. Cbuchet, of Paris, will a design modified from Albert attract attention, not only t/J hjj, Durer's " St. Hubert," and the from its position, but for the \i vy' lower composition shows a artistic arrangement of its n\J\ /I )/ group of children engaged in various groups, and the bold ^, ^ il\[/J agricultural operations. Kidderminster, one of the largest establishments I goods, from the costly velvet to the commoner in that town ; it produces an infinite variety of | kind.s, but all of more than ordinary excellence. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Mr. Bielefeld, of London, the extensive nuuiufacturer of ornaments in Papier-JIache, exhibits a large variety of his manufactures, from which we have selected five specimens for engraving, namely, two corbels, one bracket, a centre-piece, and a cornice or moulding, all of them designed with true artistic taste, and executed with very considerable sliarpness and delicacy. Mr. Bielefeld manufactures almost exchwively for the trade; or, in other woi-ds, supplies architects, builders, and decorators with the ornaments required for the edifices they may be erecting ; and, in the present day, these papier- mich6 manufactures have, in a great measure. superseded the use of plaster ornaments, and are not imfrequently used instead of the more costly materials of stone and wood. Its liardness, dura- bility, and ready assiuuptiou of all forms and desigiw ; the facility with which it may be put together and fixed up ; its lightness, and, lastly. its cheapnes.s, are all qualities highly desirable in I a manufacture of the kind, and which recommend it above every other employed in interior decora- tion. We have, on more than one occasion, visited and reported Mr. Bielefeld's most iuterest- ing establishment, and have had opportunities of inspecting the very extensive variety of orna- mental productions constantly issuing from it. ei THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. Perhaps there are few branches of British Industrial Art in which greater advance has been made during the past few years than our glass manufactures exhibit : in quality of mate- rial, in form, and in design, the works of the present day manifest a decided superiority over tliose of a quarter of a century ago. The three Glasses on this column, manufactured by Mr. CoNNE, of Loudon, are in themselves suffieieut evidence of this progress ; the ornamental design in the first and second examples is characterised by delicacy, and in the third by boldness, while the foiTu of each respectively is in good taste. From upwards of one hundred specimens of Damask Table Linen and Coloured Table Cloths, manufactured by Mr. Beveuidge, of Dunfermline, we have selected six for introduc- tion on this and the two following pages. Mr. Beveridge's manufactory is among the first, if not the most extensive, in the town and its neighbourhood, employing about fifteen Imndred pair of bauds out of some five or six thousand I of fabric woven in Dunfermline may he stated engaged in this branch of trade. The varieties | to consist of dama.sk table-linen, table-covers, linen floor-cloths, and diapers of all descriptions ; more than one half of the goods so manufactured, and these chiefly of the finer sorts, are disposed of in the home market, the remainder being ex- ported, principally to the United States. Table linen has greatly benefited by the introduction 62 of the Jacquard loom, which is used for every description of cloth, from that made expressly for her Majesty's table, to the coarsest " whitey- brown," destined to cover the pine-board of some American backwoodsman. Some idea may be formed of the present advanced state of the manufacture, when it is known that for the design of a table-cloth and napkin, such as some of those represented ou our pages, as much as one hundred pounds are fre<^ueutly paid. Our A CiMrrAR and Scabbabo, by Messrs. Wilkin- son and Son, of London, is a most elegant speci- men of manufacturing art. It is of silver, chased and gilt, and U ornamented with one hundre: mK<': m:imim^ t^K<^:t >x<««ss:<«ass <:r<>r; well-known carpets first made at Axuiinster ; the difference being that the latter are comi>os«cl of i M«;»oia. Templeton's miu.. ........... are entirely I establishmen*. We need scarcely remark that separate " tufts " tied in by the hand, while | woven, a process which originated in their | the softness, lieauty. and richue^ of these &briei are all tliat the most luzuriou.'; can desire. The first of our engravings exhibits a most elaborate pattern of lloriixtcd omameut; that of the . :L1 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, The group of Cupin and the Nymph is by Mr. Thbupp, of London, one of the most rising sculptoi-8 of the English school ; the subject is treated with considerable originality as well as with much artistic feeling. The Nymph seems to be persuading the boy to direct hia shaft to- wards a certain object, which Cupid appears averse to do ; it is evidentW a matter for consideration. Tlie three Decanters which are next introduced ai-e from Mr. Spmmerfield, of London, whose manufactory is at Birmingham, and is carried on under the name of Lloyd & Summerfield. These The designs for Berlin Wool-work which fill the present column are exhibited by Mr. Andrew Hall, of Manchester, and are constructed on an improved plan, which places the outline on the canvas or foundation to be worked, together with many of the colours indicated in their places ; only leaving it to the worker to increase the number of shades by which the requisite softness will be produced. By this means the constant necessity for counting the threads is obviated, errors in coimting are avoided, and the sight is less taxed. The interlaced patterns we select are simple and good in design ; the slipper is decorated with ivy leaves and berries, and is novel and effective. The taste for embroidery has ranked high amongst the elegant arts of pbjects are of the purest cut crystal, ornamented being in very bold relief, bring out the colour with much novelty of design, the forms whereof of the glass in an exceedingly brilliant style. refined life in past ages, and modem experience tesiches us that it still maintains its position ; it well becomes the manufacturer therefore to devote his attention to this widely-spread taste, and endeavour to obviate any tendency to com- mon-place imbecility of design in its pursuit. 92 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE To the contributions of Mesais. Feetbak, of London, we Bball endeavour to do justice in other pages of our catalogua They consist of hardware, and comprise the ordinary productions Sbetfield has been long famous for its manu- facture of cutlery, and the improvement exhibited in all its various branches of the trade we have already had occasion to note. Mr. Q. WnJuxaoH, one of its beet Scgsobs-makers, has contributed some specimens of his own peculiar art which fully bear out the deserved reputation of that enterprising town. The first on our pan has be«i m a nufac tured by him for the " IndiuStod Com- pany," and is of much delicacy aad alagwea of design. The group which follow* presents great novelty of form ; the flowing curve* of the handle. of the trade, — of excellent design and manufac- ture. We occupy part of the first column of this page with a few of the minor articles of this firm : an Iron Kmockeb, the heads of Fire Irons, and three metal Bell-pulu. It is scarcely necessary to say that if our selections were not thus limited, we should be able to afford a far more adequate idea of their work.s ; they add consider- ably to the exhibition of British Industrial Art. formed of the lily of the valley and its leaves, are very tasteful There is qtuiintness, as well as ele- rance, in the other designs. In fiict, restricted as design may appear to be when applied to so simple a thing as the handle of a pair of scissors, it is surprising how varied it may b« made through the aid of a clever designer. We present an ingwiioiu adaptation of so unpromising a subject as a coat-of-arms to this purpose. The arms, supporters, crest, and motto of the Cavendish family are made to do duty in this way without any disagreeable result. We conclude our aeries with a large pair oi scissors, which also have " the charm of novelty." Sheffield, in this branch of Industrial Art, has maintained its supremacy, and defied the world, for more than a century. We have no fear of its losing the rank it has obtained. DtuHng a recent visit, we were offered, by one manufacturer of sdssoia, the means to examine no fewer than 7000 exe- cuted designs. Mr. Wilkinson has not only studied to improve the forms of objects of a comparatively ooatly character; he has very essentially improved tb* commooast articles of his produce, so as to make them more convenient cially shown by comparing the tailor's shean of as well as more elegant This advance is espe- his manu&cture with those in ordinary use, and eqwcially the adsaors constructed with a very simple spring, so ss to open and close with fiuility. 98 2 ■ THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. From a variety of fine Sculptubks exMbited by Mr. Thomas, of London, we have selected five examples, to show hia diversified talent and taste in those objects to which this branch of the fine arts is most generally applied. Mr. Thomas has for a series of years been engaged under Mr. Barry, in L__. modelling the ornamental details of the New Palace of Westminster, and in sculptm'ing several of the figures with which it is already decorated, and others which are destined hereafter to find a place in that magnificent edifice. His labours in this important and arduous undertaking have been unwearied, and his success has kept pace with his exertions. Many of the aristocratic mansions throughout this coimtry can also testify to the varied 94 character of his natural and acquired endow- ments OS an architect, sculptor, decorator, and designer, in all of which professions he seems equally at home. The first group we hare here engraved is entitled Cuakitt, it is intended for part of a monumental group ; the treatment of the subject is most artistic, and the sentiment conveyed is perfectly in unison with the title. By the side of this is an engraving of a bronze figure irom Shakespeare's " Tempest," Ariel DIRECTING THE Storm ; Mr. Thomas's conception of the character is very spirited. Below tliese figures 16 a Chimnet-viece for Preston Hall, the new mansion of Mr. E. L. Bim; the subjects on it are Dorigene and Qriselda, from Chauoer, with a medallion of tlie |H>et in tiie centre, and on either side of the principal figuivs a bas-relief carr}-ing out the incidents of aadi : the stove and fender which are to be plaoed here, we purpose en- graving elsewhere. The statue of Fair RosAMoao follows on this page, a work of goodly proportions, telling its own jntlietic tale : and lastly aFoCNT aim, of wliich the itiittjei-t is ** .\i-irt and Qalatea** sur- rounded by Tritons ; this, Uke the chimney-piece, has been executed for Mr. BetU's mansion. A PiAKO-FoRTE, by Messrs. Broadwoob, of London, the eminent makers, is an elegant ex- ample of the taste they frequently display in the I such portions of the case as admit of decoration, manufiicture of their instruments. The legs, and | have been judiciously supplied with it in the rich style of Italian ornament The case of this instni- i meat, which is made of the beautiful Amboyna j wood, WMBanufcotured by Mr. Morant, of London. 05 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Tliis page commences with a Pobtfolio-Table, carvetl and inlaid; and an Ebony Tripod, both manufactured by Mr. William Jones, of Maescalad, Dolgelly, N. Wales, from designs furuibhed by a gentleman of that neighbourhood, Mr. H. Reveley : these contributions, from a place so for removed from the great marts of operative industry, are highly creilitable to the paities who have brought them foi-ward. The table is Our next subject is a Hot-air Stove, made by Messrs. Learned & Thatcher, Albany, United States ; it is intended for a di-awing-room or parlour, and consequently is manufactured with a considerable amount of tasteful ornament to render 'it suitable for its destination. There is doubtless some peculiarity in its internal construction with which we are unacquainted, for the drawing supplied to us from America speaks of the stove being patented. The basin at the top holds, we presume, water, as we have seen in similar articles in our own country ; and in this basin is placed a small vase of coloured glass, probably for the same purpose : the latter gives a judicious finish to the entire object, which 1b one highly creditable to the manufacturers as both useful and ornamental. intended for displaying a portfolio or book of large prints ; the top of it lifts up like a reading-desk, as seen in the engraving, and its great recom- mendation is that it avoids the necessity of stooping. By removing the ledges in the front and sides, it is conveited into a table for the purposes of writing, drawing, &c. Mr. Jones is, we imderstand, a person who has raised himself fi'om the condition of an ordinary carpenter to one of considerable provincial eminence as an ornamental carver in wood. Among the numerous contributions from Gennany is a Secretaire, by M. Von Hagen, of Erfurt. It is made of walnut-wood, the design is in the Renaissance style, and it is beautifixlly ornamented with inlaid ivory, ebony, and brass, forming altogether a good example of manufacturing art. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. TliU engraving is from an improved ventilntiug Stove Grate, manufactured by Mr Jeakes. of London: we introduce it chiefly on account of its excellent oriuunental cliai-acter, but it poaaesses recomraendntioiiB that entitle it to extensive u!)e ; the principle of these i» that, when heate. We introduce here a Uevolvino Table, for the use of .iculptors and modellers, manufactured by Pauieb & Co.. Brighton, after a model by San Giovanni, the seulptor. It ii to enable sculptors to turn round with fiMrility any object upon which they may be at work. It is equally applicable for showing bu»U or statues. producing in their full extent the diatonic and chromatic scales : six strings belong to the part of the Spaniiih guitar, while the violonoel lo part has thrse silver stringa and eighteen pegs. The pedestal by whiefa it is (appactod ia lO ooo«trae(«d that the utatnuant m«7 be aitlMr slmted or dapresMd at {deaaure. 97 So THE INDUSTKY OF ALL NATIONS. Messrs. Uansome & Parsons, of Ipswich, ex- hibit, amoug otlier articles, the Vasi^b, in artificial atone, which we have selected for eugn\ving : we do this, however, rather with refereuce to the material than to the forms, which, though ol. A Beehive, designed by Mr. W. Wilson, of Berwick- upon-Tweed, exhibits a novel and good form, applied to a common object; one that might be made an ornament to the gaj'den. It is the work of a highly ingenious artisan. We introduce here a Hall Stove, mauufoctured by M. H. C. Graamans, of Rotterdam ; it possesses nothing new in its shape, but the ornamentation is in good taste, and stands out in bold relief from the flat. The Dutch have long been celebrated for their decorative furniture of every description : miich of their carved work finds its way to England, and several contributions in this style will be found in the Exhibition. 100 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Tlie Vase beneath, and the Fah-vigbt, or. the French term it, the Oin{ (fa ArV, the next culumn, are made of white mi«nilli^ by U. Oabxaco, Jiul, of Paha. The formor ia of conaiderable uze, preMnting an agreeable adapta- tion of aomewhat novel oruament to an antique form. The Cut-light ia, of oourae, intended lo mmaoaat a doorwagr ; h it about At* hat ia width, by tbroe bet and a tMlfia baMit Tto malarial ia venr diirab>*> tBd poaaaata lb* advaM- tageof baiii(br ebeapertban Moa*, lo wbich it bear* a atroag iwaiiiiililaiin* ; it i* much uaad ia IWit (ur all kindi of arebilMtunl d*oai»lM«. The enRmving tlwt follow! U a i«rti.«» of a the ground conaiiU of a few well-artmngod «prig«, \^—^ bold»aaa and beauty. Tb* wraatba of iry elegant Caiiikt. coutrihute.1 by Mckhil ; and la, accordingly, very aiuiple: b«t the centrr. | flowen .hi the laat pocliuo. and lb* aballa aud very -„ 'WOITB, Su.N, A Co., of Loiulolu The )«tU'ni of the omiert, and the b«nl' r • ll>e o>nirni. rxliilut tuitt 1b lb* oftheinuer hunlerikU toattraatheattenliooof work. Tbia daai(B i-«-n 1 »ani>oj^im^^P^tjofci^»^i^c^m^^ itl^jSSiZliM^SST^'-- 101 Ss THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A fine damask linen Table-Cloth, manufac- tured by Messi-s. Hunt and Sox, of Dunfermline, is here introduced. It was made expressly for the use of Her Majesty when sojourning at her home in the Highlands, and is, therefore, most appro- priately adorned in the centre with a view of the Castle of Balmoi-al. The borders present illustra- tions applicable to the healthy and manly amiise- ments pursued by Prince Albert and tlie visitors to the Koyal residence, especially that of deer-stalk- ing, and the spaces are filled with some of the natural productions of the mountain audthe glen. On this page we exhibit another of the Ribbons maimfactured by Messrs. Co.x, of Lon- don and Coventry. Those who are acquainted vrith the ancient and venerable city are well aware of the immense advances they have made of late years, not only in design, to which we believe the Government school has very largely contributed, but in the study and application of coloui'S, and especially in the process of dyeing. K^n? -nrCl MliiWWKt^SWIlAWTii'iilMWIiiiiW 102 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Mr. Blakflt, of Norwich, contributes ume spleudid Shawls, woven ezpretuly for the Ezhi- < r' bition. Our space does not permit ua to enUr^ upon the beauty and merits of those we bare here aogTared ; it must sufBee to mif they are of the Tery best order of dsaign, material, and ^^f workmanship. Norwich has long been fiunous | for this description of nuuiulkotur«; it will lose | none of iU credit in the Great Exhibition. 103 Messrs. Pa the & Sons, of Bath, contribute a Vase, in silver, after a marble antique in the Capitoliue Museum. It is enriched with bold and highly relieved foliage and interlacing flower scrolls, the handles springing from Silenus' heads. The work is a verj- elegant .specimen of art, and lugUly creditable to a provincial manufacturer. KX AHGBTiTO f ADBXHMFLVH MtKMUKFI | tn HVBAKO CAPllOLIMU AI>RKBVATI /in KXroAtTIO^R orXRAKVKlf OHnlVM 6K^TITIU UADITA I.OIini!tI A.K. M.D CrC l.t rnoFosiTVM. We follow with a Vase foi-med of very differ- ent material : it is of terra-cotta, designed by the distinguished sculptor, and architect, Mr. Jolm Thomas, and is contributed by Edward Betts, Esq., who, having discovered a valuable vein of ricli clay on his estate, at Aylesford, in Kent, has established a pottery there in order to make it serviceable to Art as well as for purposes M. Fraikin, the eminent sculptor of Brussels, has contributed some of the poetical works for which he is so ju-stly famed. Among others, he has sent to the Exhibition the kneeling figure here engraved ; it representsa damsel, quaintly habited in the taste of tlie fifteenth century, in an atti- tude of devotion ; the figure is remarkable for its purity of treatment and delicacy of expression. The musical instrument is manufactured of utility in agriculture and in manufactures. We shall heartily rejoice if this project succeed ; at present, it is notorious that in England with "all appliances and means," we have, of late yeai-s, almost entirely neglected this branch of Art. Messrs. Luff & Co., of London, an Harmonium. We, of course, It is termed have had no opportunity of testing its merits as a musical instrument, but. knowing that this long-estab- lished firm bears good repute in the profession, there is no doubt of its possessing excellencies in this respect, which we must leave to others more competent than ourselves to decide. We can t jstify to the elegance of its external appearance. 104 ARTJOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Throughout the task we have undertaken, to prepare this "llhistratod Catalogue," we have scrupuluualy avoided institutiug a comi>ariaon between the works of any one manufacturer and those of another, whether of our own country or from foreign lands. Our object is to select, according to our best judgment, whatever is most beautiful and most worthy of being singled out from the great mass of contributions fur esjjeciiil notice, let who may be it4 producer. quisite Tea and CuFrec Service, manufiictured by M. DuuAND, of Paris, ttuit any work of a similar character brought into competition with it will be put to a severe test, so pure is the taste tliat has designed, and so skilful are the hands that have been engaged in working it out The whole service is of maasive silver, modelled, chased, and engnved in the very first style of art. It is valued at forty thousand ftsnoi. Tb« centre-piece stands about four feet high ; th* i figures introduced into it are of bronse, which ! aflbrda a striking and effective oootnut to tit» I white metal. Midway in tl>e oeutre-piece art ! four baskets for cakea, Ac ; the angles of the I tripod support each a small va«e, on which the I cnaun-jug, su^uvbano, and water-baain are On this occasion the critic's pen is used only to describe and to eulogise; were it desirable to use it as generally applied, we might sometimee be tempted to enter upon the comparative merits of many of those works we have bad the oppor- timity of inspecting, both in the Exhibi- tion and in the ateliers of the fabricators. It will, however, be thought by all who are fortunate enough to get a sight of the moat ex- placed ; the body of the tripod forms a tearom, and on the plateau at its base stand the coffee- pot and the tea-pot ; the tea^nipe and coffeeSi liaiiii are en nite. We ragrat w« could not arrange for their introduction alad " tapestry ' aiid '• vtlvit-pilc." and also of carpeU similar to the Axmmiit.,u some of thcM. with a lengtliened noti« of ti.e axtTOdre manutsctor)-, were introduced into t!.e ' ■' fourmJ about four or five yean, iiin.-e. Tlie mprovcmonUi intro.luced by Mr. \\ hytock and as one instance as regartb the weaving, the new hw successors mto the process of weaving and method of applying the shuttle. ThosTwho have pnnting the.se carpets have been the result of seen the workmen at the Uobelins. in Paris, em- much study and long eipenence; we may adduce ; ployed on simiUr i-arpets. mu-t have ob«rn-ed how the sliuttle is thr.>wii fr>uu hand to hand ; instead of which Mr Hendenum ■■>«• the cro».- bow, to draw it at once ai-nwn the lurgwt ,Tir|Hl«. tlicn-hy Ravin? ii r..ii,i,I, ,;,'il,. i„,rii. ,, ,,f ||„! workman's time. Apain. the necessity for expen- : CRtablishmcnt Among the other advantages hnc wiumui iiur^ aive block -cutting and en^rniving has been siifwr- arising from their new method, not the lout im- | twenty are nut seded, and the process gn-atly simplified by the plans adopted by the present proprietors of thia portant is that there is scarcely any limitation to the number of ooloura that may ba uaed in Mr wlule a good oppur. :,.ra»d to u^- wb pd «r«t« artist to vary liia colours or aliadaa THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A TableCovek, of which we introduce the lialf, is worked in tapestry by Mdli.e. Hunsom and her assistants, of Pai'is. Tlie design is iu the Arabesque style, and was fur- nished by M. Clerget, a most elegant designer and skilful draughtsman. especially for textile manufactures ; he carries on an extensive business, in conjunction with ildlle. Hunson, in the production of tapestries. In the centre of this table-cover is the well-knowu Arabic inscription, " God is great ;" the pattern is executed in the finest silks and wools. A Statue of Saher de Quincy, Earl of Winchester, to be executed in bronze, is by Mn. J. S. Westmacott ; it is intended to be placed iu the House of Lords. Madame Guuel, who conducts one of the most richerchi book-binding establisliments in Paris, exhibits several specimens of the Art r" which has made her house celebrated among the bibliopolists of the French metropolis. We engi-ave on this page an Ivory Book-cover, lOS ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE A damask Table-Cloth. manu&ctured and town nau- luifc^ .. , i - An ALBCH-Covra, by Mr. Buddk,, of Cambridge, is highly creditable Mewi a R 4 T. Browi.. of Glugow, extaodTe maou&etnM. «f embroideml munlm*, exhibit »ever*lTSy'b^^ d^^^T^^} to the taste of a proviudal binder ; it is executed in gold and oolotun ad^ted to UdiM- dnMB. W« «ngraTa from their Tirioui oontributioM a CHBOum of a ampU bat Tei7 tUffat pattetn of raan and leavM. 109 it THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The four engravings which occupy these two columns represent CoaI/-Boxes, to use the only term that seems applicable to their purpose, although it is inappropriate, when the form of these objects is regarded'; they are manufactured injapanned iron by Mr. H. Fearncombe, of Wolver- hampton. The first, the shape of which a.ssimilates to that of a tureen, is ornamented in the Italian style, and is worthy of being imitated in silver. The two following are of the form of vases ; both are vei-y elegantly designed, especially in their pedestals. The last represents a nautilus shell set on a piece of coral rock ; the handle of the devoted to a more honourable, though not more useful, purpose than that for which each is in- lid represents a sea-horse. The novelty and beauty of this design must challenge approba- tion ; indeed, the entire set quite merits being tended. They are designed and modelled by Mr. P. Wright. Wolverhampton has long been cele- In conformity with our plan of representing every meritorious producer of articles which exhibit improvements derived from the influence brated for its japanned iron ware : such works I as these must tend to increase its reputation. of art, we introduce upon this and the succeeding column four examples of the Embroidered Waistcoats contributed by Mr. J. W. Gabriel, of London. The first two are worked in gold on rich silk, and are designed mainly for court dresses ; the other two are wrought in silk upon 110 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE black cloth : the omameotation U derived prin- cipally from natural flowers. The style of modem male attire affords little opportunity Mr. ToMLnreON, of Ashford, Derbyshire, one of the many ingenious manufiuturers of the | native span and marbles of the county, contri- butes, among other articles, the Table here engnvad. The stem as well as the top is made of black marble ; a wreath uf flowers and leaves in their natural ooloura encircles the top ; the table is cutirely formed of the spars of Derbyshirs, for the embroiderer and omamentist to display their skill ; the only garment which admiU of the least approach to elegance being the vest ; i An IsKSlASB. or to designate it more cor- I pendium for the writing-table, made and oon- rectly according to iU vaiied contenti, a com- | tributed by Mr. Cole, of Clorkcnwell, is s most and even this is generally discarded by persons of good taste. In the patterns here engraved, however, we see much that is truly graceful. usefiil and elegant work of manufacturing art ; novel in character when the variety and arrange ment of iU "fittings" k oonaiiUrsd. and most •labont^dy •ognvwl and richly oraamentML 111 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. In the notices which have appeared from time to time in the Art-Journal, descriptive of the progress of manufacturing design, we have found occasion to notice those productions of foreign houses remarkable for ability and taste, and among the rest that of M. Mobei, who has, how- ever, for the last few years become a resident in London. Hia works are equally deserving of high praise, as well for design as for execution, and display great and varied fancy combined with the highest artistic finish. We furnish three elaborate ornamental taste of the East, the quatrefoils containing views of the principal buildings in Constantinople ; it is a very brilliant production. Not less so is our second example, an Agate Cup, the mountings richly chased in gold, and their effect heightened by the most examples from his contributions to the Crystal Palace. The first is an Enamelled Ccp, executed for the Sultan; it is richly decorated in the vivid enamels. Our third engraving is from a rich Coffer, jewelled, chased, and enamelled, and intended to contain the original manuscript of M. Guizot'a " Life of Washington." We shall engrave elsewhere other of the productions of M. Morel, which are all of the highest merit. 112 ART:J0UENAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR We continue on t)iU page engraviiigii from the coutributions of M. MoKEL. The first U a Vase, in the istyle of tlie sixteenth ceuturv ; the bowl is niade of agate, and the setting of gold euamelled ; the handle is composed ot drapery attached to a single figure at the top ; a group of a Triton and a Nereid form the sttm. The bfauty of the foot is enhanced by the the top. bowl, and stem are made of sepa- rate pieces of rock crystal, richly mounted in enamelled gold. The Cup in the centre is a truly elegant pieoe of work- manship; the dragon which forma the handle is one of the most perfect introduction of pearls. The neit is a ToiLETTE-Oi jkss, of massive silver, with six bnuicht^ for lights; the style is that of i Louis the Fifteenth, with flowcr% burds, and squirrels introduced. The Cup and COTER to the left at the bottom of the page b in the style of the sixteenth century; si>ecimens of modem enamelling in gold ; some of the colours are exceedingly difficult to jiroduce. Tlie shell-like bowl is one entire piece of lapis-lazuli ; the stem is formed is a statue of Queen Elixabsth oo hon» of struggling Beo-nympbs, with their tails entangled, and resting on a bed of coral ; tiie foot is enamelled in the beet Italian taate of the Cellini school. The last subject is a Flaoo* of gold and sdrtac, enamelled ; the body is of rock cryataL Then back, by M. Morel, which is a fine example of diver emboaaed with the hammer. 113 2 o - Tlie Porcelain manufactory of Messrs. Herbert Minton, & Co., is at Stoke-upon- Trent, the principal town of the famous district known as the " Staffordshire Pot- teries." The establishment has long been eminent for the production of admirable works. The head of the firm is a gentle- man of accomplished mind, and of refined taste, and his large resources have been made available to obtain good models, and valuable as.OLiB, which forms the centre-piece of the dessert-service, and is. on the whole, the most meritorious object of the col- lection; our limited space does not permit us 116 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. to describe it ; and our fourth is from one of the numerous admirable SraTDETTBS, in Parian, ei» the whole collection, we find abundant evidence of that matured judgment, and refined toiite, by hibited by this house. Of these Messrs. Minton & Co. have produced many, from original sources ; which the manufactui-ers of Great Britain have been, of late years, elevated ; and which, in the present Exhibition, have so largely contributed some after eminent foreign sculptors, but chiefly from the leading artists of our own schooL In to uphold, and will extend, our national repute. 116 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The rilver manufacture* of Mr. M. Emanuel, of London, evince great taste in design, and eume very excellent workmanship. He exhibits a variety of objects besides those we have here engraved, such as gilt candelabra, gilt plateau, flower stems, and the pedestal is oompoaed of groups of figures and horses. The two objecto commencing the other columns are silver Dkbert Stands. The vine forms their stems, at the with china racks and medallions, processes of gold mauuiacture. The first we introduce is oi.e of a {>air of rock crystjU Cakdli:sticks, I il base of which children are at play with animals ; the dishes are supported by a sort of trellis-work of the leaves and fruit of the vine. But the moat important contribution of this manufac- turer is a krge silver Clock, designed by Mr. Woodington, the well-known sculptor: it ta, truly, a fine work of art. Between four figiirvo, indicating the " Seasons," is one of " Time," in the attitude of repose ; above the dial is a bas- relief, representing the winds and their various silver, and gilt, with figures of children, sea- bones, and marine objects, composing the base. The next is a Flower- Vase, of richly coloured glass, mounted in silver ; the handles are made to represent boys climbing upwards to the attributes ; and, surmounting the top, is Phoebus driving the chariot of the sim ; the composition of this group is fvdl of spirit, and the whole of the figures are exceedingly well modelled. Mr. Emanuel has done wisely in securing the ser rices of an artist of acknowledged talent and repute. 117 2a THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The appended engraving of a Sideboard is from one manufactured and contributed by Mr. T. W. Caldecott, of London. The material of which it is made is old KngU.sh oak, and it is carved, in the Renaissance style, with much taste and spirit ; this style, when freed from the affectation with which designers are too apt to deform it, is well adapted for displaying a bold and effective ornamentation, such as we find in the work before us. Tliere is here no breaking up of the general character of the ornament into unmeaning details, for the sake of gaining an apparent richness. The great merit of the deco- ration is ita close adherence to the style adopted. TheCAUPEi is manufactured and exhibited by Mr. HAHEtts, of Stourport. It is termed a "Bnisselo velvet pile," and is one of several. equally excellent, which this extensive manu- ; trellis work of Uowers, among which the lAlium facturer contributes. The design is a cordon of tigrinum is conspicuous. This is among the best leaves of the Clitoria arborescens, enclosed by a I productions of British manufactured art. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR The contributions of our fellow -Bubjecta in Canada ftre not without a considerable portion of interest, but they arc chiefly of a character which does not come within the scope of our plan of illustration ; indeed, are not of a description to admit of it, even with less limitation. The wealth of Canada lies in her agricultural and mineral productions, of which siie contributes to the Exhibition a large variety of examples. Among her textile fabrics ore several ■pecimens highly creditable to her manufacturers, and there are some engineering objects worthy of notice, especially a powerful and most elegant tiro- community exhibit no little taste, and spore no expense, to put their carriage and all its appointments, into suitable condition. The hameag of the horses is generally very gay. and beautifully ornamented; while the ftir robes in which the riders envelope themselves engine. We have selocted, from tlie few produc- tions that we deem would make effective engravings, a Slrior, of elegant proportions, mamifaotured by » to exclude as much as possible the severity of the cold, are often very costly. There are some choice specimens of all theM objectii iu the Canadian department of the Exhibition, which are worthy of minute inspection. Tlie Toronto, Ac, are, duriug the winter muntlia, rides and drives round about Quebec, Montreal, { quite lively with the showy equipages, and Mr. J. J. Sauri.n, ui (Quebec. "Sleighing," as it ix termed, forms one of the principal amusements of musical with the bells suspended from th« I HesHrs. J. AW. Hilton, of Montreal Tli^yara the Canadians of all ranks, who can affoixl to keep heads of the hones. The FoRNrrcRB, also made of bU>:k walnut, boldly carved, the cliairs •ue uf any description, and the wealtiiier part of Uie engraved on this page, is manufactured by are covered with crimson and gold damask. i ' lit THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We Introduce here the pediment of a Fire. FL&CE, manufactured of Derbyshire black marble, by Messrs. John Lomas & Sons, of BakewelL marble ; the frieze is inlaid with an elegant scroll, The caps and bases of the colimins are of Sienna { executed in marbles of various beautiful colour*; The three ancient Knife-Handles are ftx)m the collection of the Grand Duke OF Saxe Weimar, who possesses several thousands, ranging from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Many of these are both curious and very costly. Messrs. B. R. & J. Moore, of Clerkenwell, exhibit an eight-day Clock, with lever escapement, striking the quarters and hours on fine cathedial-tone bells. The plate upon which the clock stands is steel, highly polished and enamelled. Tlio CiiANDEUER is manufactured by Mr J. Fahadat, of Lon- don. It is constructed upon a principle for which a patent has been obtained, whereby all noxious vapours arising from the gas are carried off, by means of the descending draught ; the liglits being enclosed in covered chimneys or globes, and, by a process which we have not room to explain. the burnt air is discharged into the open air, or an adjoining flue; the value of this must be manifest. 120 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The Alto-Rkukvo, by Mr. Nelsok, of London, w a portion of a monument proposed to be erected to tbe I memory of tbe ofBcera and men of the fiftieth regiment of the line, who fell on tbe banks of tbe Sutlej, in 1845-8. A Book-Cover, carved in box-wood, by Mr. Rogers, forms one side of a magnificent Bible, exhibited by Mr. N'lSBET, of London. The subject of tbe beautiful deaign in tbe centre, is " The Brazen Serpent in the Wildemeaa." We insert on this column another Kmfk and Siikath, from the collection of tlie Ga^ND Duke or Saxs Weiuab. 1^1 / > * m H "»' The handle exhibits busts of Oustavus Adolphus, and Chris- tina, king and queen of Sweden. 121 2l THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We fill this page with engraviiigB from the productions of Messrs. T. Wilkinson & Co., of Birmingham, — works which entitle these mauii- fccturers to much praise. A scene from Paul and Virginia, " that gentle story of the Indian isle," furnishes the theme for the first of our examples ; the incident chosen from the tale is Paul's expostulation previous to Virginia's departure for France, the flowers of the Indian page is a poetic conception admirably adapted to its uses ; the subject, Prometheus endeavouring to regain the fire taken by Jupiter. The Tea-urn, — a vase of Etruscan form resting on a rock, has the novelty of a basement decorated by figures of children playing musical instruments. These works are very creditable to the establishment from which they plant which overshadows them forming a graceful receptacle for lights. The centre-piece, with tritons and sea-nymphs under a canopy of real coral, is an attractive work. The second Candelabbum at the foot of our emanate, and are satisfactory testimonials of the zeal with which the manufacturers of our large and celebrated industrial marts are determined to uphold the character they have so long enjoyed, and desire to maintain. 122 AUT-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Tlie first engra%'ing on this page U from a carved BooK-t'ovKii. by Madame Okiel, of Paris. It in a beautiful example of the taste wliich tliis celebrated bouse dUplays in all matters of art. A state Cakbiagb-Laup, by Mr. E BuiCK, of Loudon, iM riohly ormuueuteortaut and beautiful to devote a page to the illustration of a few of their contributions. The business of the manufacturing jeweller has undergone a great change during the last few vears, for there is a fashion iu the worts of his hands, which, per)>etually changing, compels hiTn to seek new methods of exhibiting his taste and skill. We may instance, as an example, the manufacture of watch-seals, a branch of their art singly or in groups, in which not only their forms are closely followed, but oftentimes successful attempts are made to produce natural colours that is now rarely called mto exercise; a few years since, a gentleman was seldom seen without two or three of these appendages glittering on his person. And again, in such objects as ladiee' ear-rings, which are almost wholly out of date, except as worn on what may be termed " state occasions." Tliese alterations in the style of ornamental dress have compelled the manufac- turer to devote his attention chiefly to bracelets, umaments for the bead, and brooches. The by the introduction of precious stones ; it will, therefore, be easily conceived that great rivals in this description of art-manufiicture, and, it must be admitted, liave taught our fellow- countrymen many lessons, wluch thoy have profitably turned to account The first subject we introduce of Messrs. KowUuds' contributious is a Bracelet, set with rubies, in gold, of exquisite workmanship. The next three subjects are from Bboocbes; the first of these is in a style which, we believe, the French jewellers originated ; the setting of tliis is of gol(( the large stone between the figiu«s is a carbuncle, and brilliants decorate the drops ; it is a very rich and elegant ornament. The second brooch is composed of rubies and brilliants in a costly setting ; while the tliird is little else than a mass of diamonds, strung toge- ther in the most graceful form, in imitation of a bouquet of flowers. The last subject is a Bracelet. This bracelet is made up of diamonds and enamels : the lai^ stone in the centre is a carbuncle. All of those jewelled ornaments are not only of a most costly description, but they last-mentioned objects, though of distant origin, have assumed a totally varieaHsed, at williout the aid of colour: the same remark reputation for good design and tasteful colouring which the continental housesalmost monopolise rival I ly-purchased luxuries of the East 1» The visitor to tlio Great Exliibitiou may seai"ch iu vtiiu tlirough tlie whole leiigtli and iHiaidth of tlie vast edifice for works more truly beautiful of their class, thau those contributed by M. Froment-Meurice, the eminent goldsmith and jeweller of Paris. Tliere is a certain point in handicraft, cense to be manuractures, and are entitled to be clivssed, absolutely, among works of Art ; but we are too apt to dniw the line of distinctii>n between the artistm and the artist, where none, in truth, shoidd exist. Thus, for instance, if one man sculptui'es a large figure or ornament iu marble he is ranked with the latter ; wliile, if another does a similai- work on a diminutive scale, in some metal or in wood, he most frequently finds hiniBclf placed in no higher grade than the former, without any regard to the real excellence of the work that either may at which the productions of the industrial artisan, as we arc accustomed to call every one engaged have performed. This is an injustice of com- jiaratively modem date; it was not practised centuries ago, when the respect due to art of all kinds was greater than it is now. It was not so much the " Perseus " of Cellini, that won that accomplished sculptor his rank, a;8 his salvers, and his cups, his dagger-hilts and sword-handles, — these it was that made the artist. Wherever mind is brought to bear upon matter, so as to leave upon it the impress of genius, not mere ART- JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. meclianical ingenuity, the result becomes entitled to the highest award that can be accoi-ded to it. We would, therefore, in accordance with these preliminary remarks, claim for M. Froraout- Mcurice, as also for many others whom we could name, both British and foreign producers, tliat position wliich, in our judgment, they merit, and we feel assured that all who are able to appreciate art, must see iu this and the following i>age, which contain engravings from his contributions, that we are not arguing upon false premises. The first subject is an exqui- sitely wrought Toilet Table in silver, inlaid in parta with a kind of niello-work : it is intended as a present &om the Legitimists of France to Iiage at the bottom is from a Bracelbt, of the ,;u-ly medi.xval style ; in a nch gotliic fitune- woi'k are thi-ee compartments, containing, we l>resume, representations of scenes in tbelifo of St Louis ; the centre or chief one, seemi to repre- sent his deatli. Of the other two subjects in tiia first page, the upper is an elegant little Lookino Glass, in an elegant silver fiume. and the lower a Clabp of novel design. On this page the first two subjects are Baoocues, with jewels in tboir centres, aud the fi:ame-work supjtorted by winged figiu^es : below these is anotlier Clasp, in a siniihu: style to the preceding. Tlie Jva and S.vi.VEK, are the same, on an eulai^il scale, tut those seen on the table iu the former |>age ; they are full of elaborate workmanship of the highest the Duchess of Parma. The whole design of this object is siugiiliu'ly rich and beautiful ; any description would be superfluous, as it sufficiently tells its own tale of the taste and well-directed study bestowed upon it. The engraving across the ^g^gj^-'^ order. The Casket is also to be found on the table ; this, perhaps, is the finest of the works this eminent goldsmith exhibits; it would do honour to his renowned Florentine prototype, and France may well plume herself on her artistic skill when she sends forth suth productions. ISl THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The' follo\ving Design, is intended to ornament the top of a box of sewed muslins or cambrics. it was designed by S. M'Cloy, of the Belfast School of Design, for Mr. M'Cracken, an extensive manufacturer in that town, and it obtained the first prize of two pounds given by Lord Dufferin at the recent exhibition of the works executed by the pupils of the above School. The convolvulus plant has suggested this very graceful pattern. The Bracket and Screen are among the con- tributions of the Patent Wood Carving Com- pany, of London, whose opei-ations are chiefly conducted by the aid of machinery. We have | not adopted a uniformity of scale in the objects engraved, either here cr elsewhere, for tlie original of the sci'een stands about sixteen feet high, occu- pying a conspicuous place near the transept, while the bracket measures about as many inclies. 132 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The works of Messrs Eixis A Son, of Exeter, to whiek we devote tliis [loge, exhibit a great which tliis degimble end is attained is one great merit of the iuveutinu : the point of the pin is received into a sheath to which a chain is attauhed, and tliis chain being drawn tight and pused through a notch, cannot by any poa- sibility slip. We engrave three specimens of amount of tanto. combined with much sensible . * ^^ ?. Tk"^' "'*'*• ""'"' !° ^'"° ^ ^^ °' '^''*'"' jewellerswork. It is utility, pai-ticularlyin brooches, where the 'V "n i ■ i' '"°'^- 1f'*"''"*,"','VH°''*'?'' <''! ^ '" I"^''"'""''* "^ "'"'''■"' ^''"' "« " patent iafety cbaihs" emble the wearrr to use ' fe''^ T! J'TJ"' ^'Pt'^l".*' "''?fr>'al''« ("^ the tllis comn.ju,d attention ; the Jewei.box, w * < not MesKi-s. _ . .■ -.., • - - , «..«.. .^.it, which beauty of its setting, which is quite worthy of the forms the third of our series is verj- richly deco- them without fear of their becoming unfastened , when once properly secured ; the simplicity with rated, particularly with fiUigree work, wliich we have it not in our power to exhibit in a woodcut. The FiSH-KMiFE at the bottom of our page is re- markable for the applicability of the figures and or- nament which enrich its surface, and adds another to the many proofs of well-directed study exhibited in all branches of modem British manufacture, and which was never so well developed as now. 188 2x THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We occupy this page with examples of the ability of a London house, in a branch of manu- facture that lias given high reputation to Sheffield, Rotherham, Birmingham, &c., and to wliich places we generally look for tlie supply of such articles. Loudon is scarcely acknowledged as a manufacturing city, except for objects of furniture or luxury ; for metallic works we ex- pect to look elsewhere. Yet London contains in its streets many establishments of much extent, I using the articles there made, imagine they have ] and tlie appurtenances of the fire-iilace, of a very skill, and power, e ' ' .... . i. i ^j ..- *„ ~ - .„..,.™ . .._ x . ., ..j_.^i. ^ __, j mi _ i throng which pass skill, and power, scarcely known to the busy been fabricated in provincial towns. Mr. Pierce, of tasteful and yet sumptuoiis kind. The latter term hioh pass their doora, — some of whom, [ Jermyn-street, has contributed Stoves, Fenders, | may especially apply to the Stove we have selected for engraving. The chimney-piece is in marble of various delicate hues ; the fender, fire- irons, and ornamental adjuncts to the grate, are formed of massive silver. This costly work I the head of the page is a gracefiil design, com- is of large proportions, and has been executed | prising figures and ornaments equally well dis- for the Earl of Ellesmere. The Fender at | posed. Tlie same remai-k will apply to the one beneath, in which dogs and deer bound forth from enriched scroll-work of elaborate convolu- tion. The brilliancy and beauty of the,se works entitle them to high praise. The combinations of polished steel, gilding, and marble, are alto- gether in the happiest style, and will uphold the reputation which the manufacturer has enjoyed for many years : there is no question that Eng- land stands imrivalled in this bi'anch of art. 184 ART-JOURNAl- ILLUSTRATKT) CATALOGUR The engravinga on this page are from Carpets contributed by Mensrs. Tukbeuville Smith, & Co., of London. It Ls very dilficult to forui anything like a correct notion of the richness and beauty of tliese fabrics, when the colours are i-L'prestMited only by graduated shades of black, but the patterns, however delineated, speak for themselves. In the tint, we luive only the fern- plant, one of the most graceful productions of the wooda and hejgeruwa, and, as seeu, worked . [jatteni, the tlu.ver-gnrdeu seems to liave been out in this carpet in sliades of tlie liveliest green, rifled uf its gayest anii choicest flowers, to furnish nothing can be more ornamental. For tlie second | the deset« engraved on this |>age were designed for Messrs. Smith by Mr. E. T. I'aiTiiL 185 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Messi-s. H. Wilkinson & Co., of Sheffield, exhibit the Centre- Piece we here engrave; it is a clever oorahination of figures aud foliage, standing on a pedestal of enriched character. The branches We have, ere this, found occasion, in our pages, to recommend to favourable notice the beautiful "Ili.dminated Glass" i.f Mr. Kidd; that term has not been inaptly used by him as its designa- for candles bend forward from the main stem I -with an easy lightness, and the glass dish in the tion. The most brilliant effects are j^roduced by the ornaments being ciit on the under side. centre is of good form. "The Ionic Inkstand," in the Elizabethan style, is a simple but graceful necessary forthe library table. The manufacturers uphold the high reputation they have acquired. and filled with silvering, giving them the effect of embossing. Many of the fonns are good. 136 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE CHrnA — "the ceuti-ol flowery Nation" — U repri'sented through the coutnbii lions of various important portions of the collection are sent by Messrs. Uewett & Co., of Feuchurch Street, and comprise a large quantity of lu-ticlcs remarkable for their value anu beauty. The Ivory Basket which we engrave is an eU^nt cximiple of taste. combined with the patience and care for which the Chinese workmen are celebrated. The LooK- usa Qlass, on its carved stand, has more freu«lum of design than we find in works couiing from China, where mathematical i>reci.siou in thought persons, cliiefly Euroi>oan. By fiU' and action predoniiuatoa. With a littlo more 1 pleasantly as it now reflects the Crystal I'alaca. ease in the flow of iu lines it might be nuule an | The other articles on our page lira coutdbuted elegant and dcsinible addition to the boudoir of by Mrs. Cuuistui'IIEk Hawbon : the up|>er one is the Eorolieau belle, rvllectiug the fuir thee as | an clcgout Cup cut iu soap-stone, u]iou a foliated IM»l4jf4^ilfif^i^f!^^y9Ji»i^!^t>^JW^|(te4:i^tt^.jg5aaps^ ^H3£ ^mSl . 3Sfl stand of ebony ; it is used as a medicioe-cup. The entire design has much freedom and fancy, combined with the peculiar taste of the fabricant and the nature of the foliage. Beneath is a Japanese sweetmeat box on wheels; it is con- structed of a red lacquered ware ; the bozea being formed to fit into each other in a variety of shapes. The archaic taste of a peculiar nation, schooled into a certain precise tone of mind, is strikingly visible in all these works. 187 2m THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Tlie manufactory of Messrs. Richardson, at Stourbridge, is chiefly famous for its productions iu Cktstal Glass, which they have carried to the utmo.«t extent of brilliancy and purity. An examination of their contributions in decanters, wine-glasses, goblet's, cream-bowls, butter-coolers, &C., will at once carry conviction that in this branch of the art England excels every other country of the world. Bohemia asserts, and pro- bably maintains, its supremacy in the manufacture of coloured glwm, but it cannot enter into competi- tion with UB as i-egoi'ds that which is colourless. tham in these most essential matters. Tliere is Olio point which, in justice to Measiii. Richard- their establishment is Mr. W. J. Muckley. Among the objects em mating from this factory son, we must not omit to notice ; all the articles they have sent to the Exhibition are produced We are rapidly gaimng upon them on their own ground, and it will be seen, by comparison, that. of late years, we have so far studied foi-ms and ornamentation as to have already far surpassed by British workmen; so that whatever merit they possess, and it is unquestionably great, is due to the taste and talent of our own country- men : the principal designer and engraver in seen in the Exhibition, and forming portions of the contributions of other manufacturers, are the glass pillars and domes to the bronze and other caudle-lamps exhibited by Messi-s. Blews & Sou, of Birmingham, which are exceedingly 188 novel in style and rich in colour; of theae we shall of the cutting, while it retains all its boldness. The next subject is a Butteb Dish of crystal. engrave specimenii. Tlie two Decanters with which we commence our illustrations, are of the purest crystal ; the lozenge-shape cuttings bring out the prismatic colours with exceeding brilliancy : the Goblkt at the head of the "second column is elegant in fonn, and the intro- duction of the vine upon the cup, designed after the style of tlie antiijuc. The Vasb that follows is very elegant ; it is manu- enamel colours. The Decakteb completing that page is most lustrous, and the lozenge- shaped cutting exceedingly bold. All the objects introduced in this page ore of crystal of the purest kind; the beauty and variety of the cutting in the though not a novelty, is appropriate. The Fbuit Dish and Stand that follows is of ruby glass covered on flint, and then cut through, showing the two colours to great advantage. Tlie Wine Qlass is very ela- borately ornamented, and the stem, which looks a little heavy in the engraving, loses this ^pearance in the original obiect,by the style factored in opal ; the scroll and band at top and bottom ore gilt; the flowers and fruit painted with vitrified whole of these works cannot fail to se- cure to them unqualified admiratiun. The large group at the bottom consists of one of each articles in a set of glass for desBort purposes, consequently they are all of a siinilar pattern, except the ClaRR Juo, which is cut in a similar Ktyle, but is somewhat varied in its decoration. "^'^-, THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Hesei-a. Lambkbt k Rawlings, of London exhibit a variety of objects iu the precious metals, adapted for useful and decorative pur poses; such as soup tureens aud stands, ruby ghiBS cups with silver incjuntings, desiipied after the antitjue, all characterised by a t;iste ac- chey are richly chased and partly gilt, their style plate. The next illustration is from a Salt Ls aiitic^ue, and they are hammered out of the ' Cellar, the model of which is a Pegasus, or winged horse ; and this is followed by an elabo- rately chased silver twelve-light Candelabbum and Dessert Centre combined ; its height is foiu: feet, and its weight nearly twelve hundred quired by long years of experience. We have selected from tlieir contributions a pair of massive Wine Flagons, each standing twenty- two inches high, and holding eleven quarts : ounces; the design is appropriate to the Great Exhibition — Kribmnia, with the olive-branch of peace, is wtlconiing tlio representatives of tlie four quarters of the eai'th, heralded by Tritons. 140 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The ornamental Friuoe for a window is the mauu&cturo of Mr. R Buhqh, of London, who conducts an extensive buainew of this descrip- tion ; one of considerable importance, as con- nected with domestic furniture, and in which he 6nds ample room for the display of good taste. The annexed engraving is from a Couteao de Chassb, by M. Devisme, of Paris ; it is a beauti- fully decorated piece of workmanship. The liaiidle is of carved ivory, the hilt of polished A Clock, manufactured by Mr. J. Walkeb, of London, merits high commendation, from the truly elegant and artistic character of the design. The case is electro-gUt ; the pedestal, of turquoise-blue glass, is surmounted by a group of figures, representing Britaiuiia, iu the robes of rce, directing attention to the progress made Time and Science in the civilisation and steel, chased, and the scabbard of dark steel ornaments on a grey ground. There are many elegant objects of tliis description by the French exbibitoiB, equally meritorious in character. happiness of the people of Great Britain ; this is illustrated by a scries of seven subjects, revolv- ing, by the aid of machinery, in the base of the dock. The several parts of this work might be described at length : altogether, there are few more meritorioua productions iu the Ezhibttion. 141 2 o THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Birminghain has recently made great progress in the production of the better sort of plated and silver manufactures, so much so, indeed, as to have become a formidable rival to Sheffield, a town whose siipremacy in this department of business was, till now, indisputable; however. there is ample room for the manufacturers of both these important places to display their ingenuity and skill to the best advantage, and so contend for the palm of excellence. We engrave on this page some of the work.s contributed by the establishment of Messrs. Prime & Sox, of Birmingham. The iii-st subject represents a Butter-Knife; the handle is in the Italian the industrial arts, are in nothing more manifest than when seen style, and the blade is ornamented with an open floriated pattern. The LiQPOR Stand that follows offers considerable novelty in its design, which shows the utmost harmony in the ornamentation of its several component part'*. To this succeeds a Cake Basket, the form of wliich is decidedly good, and the chasing in excellent ta.ste. The Toast Rack shows also a metallic manufactures. The various processes of electrotyping, magneto- very meritorious design ; and the Tbay underneath it is equally entitled to commendation. Lastly, the Asparagds Tongs, which complete the page, are sufficiently enriched with ornament to render them an elegant appendage to the dinner-table. We beheve that all these manufactures are executed in magneto-plated silver. The results of scienti6c research, when applied to plating, and others, have greatly tended to produce this satisfactory result. 142 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Messrs. HoRNE, AiiEX, & Co., of London, among other exami)les of PAPEB-nASOiNG, exhibit the pauelliiig,a |K>rtiou of which weeugrave. Arichly- composed gi-oup of flowci-s and foliage runs round the entire design, which is executed with much care and precision, and exhibits considerable taste in the arrangement of colours. Floral decoration is exceedingly well applied to works t'lyJVr^nJrfifiu , In our report of the recent exhibition of the works from the Government Schools of Design, at Marlborough House, published in the April ntmiber of the Art-Journal, we noticed the im- portant fact of the utility of such schooU for artistic education, which rendered it unneceaaary for the British manufacturer to call in foreign aid. This was vividly exemplified in the instance of Mrs. Treadwin, of Exeter, an eminent lace- monufgictvirer, who had prcinred for a continental of this class, and when carefully studied, and joumer to procure designs. Fortunately, she first | petition among the atudenta. Tie aooumnil truthfully rendered, is more gratifying to the I visited" Somerset House, when the design for a design wb» by Mr. C. P. Slocombe, which baa eye than any other style of border ornament LaCB Flouhcb was made the subject of a com- | ainoe been worked out, aaid ia ben engraved. 143 Tlte two Babomkters oocupyiug thU column ore manufactured by Messrs. Quay & Keen, of Liverpool. The cases are made of Kuglish The two Ibos Bedsteads, introduced on this page, are from the establishment of Messrs. I'EYTON & Harlow, of Birmingham and Loudon, very extensive manufacturers of these articles of domestic furniture, the use of which has, within the last few years, become very general, even in waluutwood. The first is of Gothic form, and has an elaborated dial plate, in which the archi- tecture of the florid style is represented. The second was designed for the " Sailors' Home," in Liverpool ; it is a fac-simile of a patent anchor, the flukes of which support the ornamental disc. houses where we would, possibly, least expect to find them. The great points which should be aimed at in the manufacture of these bedsteads ai-e lightness and elegance, in almost direct opposition to those of French make, where solidity is cliiefly required. This variation arises from the difference of construction in the two styles, and the adoption of hangings, or curtains, with us, which our continental neigh- bours seldom or never use. The productions of Messrs. Peyton & Harlow are most excellent of their kind, and excellent examples of metal work. 144 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. lu the coiiree of our continental tuiir last year, undertaken for the purpose of ascertaining what preparations were njaking there for this common pottery we discovered imitationa of ( our old friend, tlie much-patronised and much- popular English forms, and, among the plates, i abused " «iUow pattern." The present page is year's Great Kxl ihition, we visited the extensive estiihiishment of M. Cappellmans. at Brusselx, | and. in the course of our rojiort, made an inci- ] dental mention of his varied and important manufactory, which is devoted not only to com- filled with examples of the Cuna and E.mitue.n- WABjt contributed by M. Cappellmans. The large Vase is of very fanciful design, exhibiting niucli of the peculiar and somewhat whimsical taste which sheets, or in "verra Jtligraina," rivalling in beanty the ancient Venetiim works. Among the characterised the pottery of the Low Conntries , foot of the page, with its supporting angels, is a two centuries since. The Fsdit-Ba£kr at the very giacefiU and elegant work of its class. 145 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The CaiMNET'FOTs, in the Tudor style, are manufactured ma^i The model of a group of a ScottiBh deer-huuter and his dogs, is by H. M'Cartbt, of Loudon. It ia a spirited performance, well composed, and does credit to the de- aiguer. It is executed in silver for ornamental purposes. by Jlus^r.i. 1 i. ; .J ..... ON & Co. of Lambeth, who also con- tributed the terra cotta va.scs engraved on a former page. The Cakpet is engraved from a portion of one manu- I the state drawing-room of Buckingham Palace ; it factured by Messrs. A. Lapworth & Co., of London, for | costly and elegant work of textile manufacturing ai-t MO ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The two FiBE-FLACEB are excellent examples of the mano&ctures of Hesorg. Robertson, Carr, & Stekl, of Sheffield, a fiiin conducting a modt extensive busineaa in that town. The latter of the two must attract atten- tion from the novel construction of the fire-basket, which seems of a form calculated to hold a large body of com- The engraving on this column is from a portion of a Summeh- liousE,miuieofsinc; itisfh>m the maiiufectory of M. Dey- OIEU, of Vaiigirartl, near Paris. v,Rv»/«v»j«v»jiTJi* ivVU».|.\»A»,tA\'» « » » ▼. \'.I.\'.l\!'.IV».l,\'.l\t, iKV».'A»A»,« bustibles, as well as to throw out very considerable heat ; the iire-basket of the other is of a more familiar form. Tlie ornamental parts of both are unexceptionable in design and of highly enriched patterns; the whole seems to combine the double purpose of chimney-piece and stove. On looking at such works of manufacturing >i'*>y ^■*^r>,>'**-'^-L*'**r>^'>'**'y>*'**>' ''''»y:^^^*»'vr^•*>«»r>^^^*»v^>■^*»^■<«'>"**^'^^^>^'^^VW»'/■ v-vrv^ /AyxvAV^v±VAy/LVAVJ^v^vx?^^y4..VAV4,y^-v>.v^'.viv v k Art as these, we are sometimes induced to institute a I need add our opinion aa to which are the most esMeme. » kioht, which represents a boar-hunt, placed not rerj ^>pro- priately, bat vet ornamentally, upon a base de- signed like a fool-stool in a scroll frame-work. 149 2Q THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The English oarriage-buildor still maintains, in his various contributions to the Exhibition, the high position universally acceded to him in this branch of industrial art. We engrave here a most elegant Park PH/ETON, manufactured by Messrs. Hallmabke, Aij>ebert, & Hallmarks, of London. The body of the carriage has a form similar to that of the nautiUia slicll ; and the vehicle, altogether, i3 remarkable for it.s lightness. The two Swords on this column are the manu- facture of Messrs. Reeves, Greaves, & Co., of Bir- mingham. The longer one is an officer's Field- The Book-Covers of Madame Gruel, of Paris, are so truly artistic in design and execution, that we feel no apology need be offered for introduc- ing another of them into our pages. This, like Sword ; the hilt and mounting of the scabbard are richly chased and gilt. The other is a Highland Claymore, of good, yet elaborate, workmanship. the preceding, is carved either in ivory or box- wood. The centre of the design shows the Virgin, crowned ; the surrounding ornamentation ex- hibits a kind of trellis-work, partially covered. 150 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Mesars. Towleb, Campih, t Ca, of Norwich, exhibit some of the exquisite textile fabrics which have given character and reputatiou to that ancient city. A magnificent fiUover scarf j width. The sobriety of colour which prevails in with a silk ground, is one of their contributions. | these elaborate productions is a proof of the It measures four yards in length, and two in good taste of the manufacturers. We engrave ^^S^^ tlie centre of one of the Shawis, which is but a small portion of the whole, the entire pattern being of the most intricate design, which it would be utterly impossible, adequately, to represent in our pages ; it is like exhibiting a leaf from a tree, — but, as that is enough for a botanist to determine its character, so our cut may bo re- ceived as an assurance of the taste which cliarac- terises these beautiful articles of female dress. The group, in marble, of Vesus and Cupid, life-size, is by Mr. K. Da vis, of London. The subject is one that has engaged the sculptor and painter of almost every age, so that it seems im- possible to invest itnith any sentiment or action approaching to novelty. Mr. Davis has repre- sented Cupid interceding with his mother for his bow, which Venus appears unwilling to place in his hands. The two figures are exceedingly well modelled, and arranged with much grace. The Cakdelabbux, to hold nine lights, is ex- hibited by Mr. O. Bbown, of London, an exten- sive manufacturer of com]>08ition articles. It stands eight feet high, and is manufactured in wood and cartonrpiem, gilded to imitate ormolu. 151 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. America has long been noted for the luxurious easiness of its cliairs, which combine in them- selves all the means of gratification a Sybarite could wish. The American Chair Company, of New York, exhibit some novelties, which even increase the luxury and convenience of this necessary article of furniture ; instead of the ordinary legs conjoine«l to each angle of the seat, they combine to suppoi-t a stem, as in ordinarj- music-stools, between which and the seat the Spring is inserted ; tliis we exhibit in our first cut. It will allow of the greatest weight and freest motion on all sides ; the seat is also made The Tablk-Covbr engraved below is exhibited by Mdlle. Hunson & Co., of Paris, from a design by M. Clerget. It is worked in wools and silks of various rich colours and shades, well selectecL M. Detouche, of Paris, a most extensive manufacturer of clocks and watches, exhibits a superb Clock, which is the subject of the annexed engraving ; it is manufactured of bronze, gilded. The design of the base is exceedingly bold, and the figures introduced have a purpose to revolve on its axis. Tlie design and fittings of these chairs are equally good and elegant, and certainly we have never tested a more easy and commodious article of household fui'uiture. beyond mere ornament, they are pointing up- wards to indicate the flight of time. The upper part of the clock shows much elegant and elabo- rate decoration ari'anged in unquestionable taste. 152 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR The 6rst engraving on this page ia from the Coven or a. Blble, bound and exhibited by Mr. A. TxSiRjLin, of Ix>ndon. It ia an elaborate specimen of the art of book-bioding ; the orna- ment is beautiful in design, skilfully worked out, and is highly suggestive for other purpoaos. The Carpet is from the manu&ctory of Messrs. Templeton & Co., of Glasgow, of whose contri- butions we have given examples in a former page of our Catalogue. We have never seen any fabric of this description richer and more elegant than this: the pattern is full of "subject," displayed with exceeding taste and judgment, — groups and WTeaths of dowers, scrolls, and border-ornaments, presenting a combination of beautiful forms. 16$ SB THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. Hessra SiMCOX & Pehbebton, of Binningfaam, contribute many adinimble specimens of the variety of useful articles which go towards the internal decoration of any period may now be carried out in all minor accessories. The Door- handle is of much lightness and elegance ; and M. GiLLE, of Paris, contributes the porcelain works engraved in our pi-esent column, which fittings of a house, and which, until of late years, were considered beneath the thought of the artistic designer. Tiie CnRTAiN-BAND is an excel- lent sample of the applicability of floral nature the Cornice and CnRTAin Ornaments present an attractive novelty of form. They are all are remarkable for novelty and taste. The handle to ornamental art; the Bell-Pdll, which suc- ceeds, may be also traced to the same fertile source of decoration, as modified by the particular taste of the architect. An Elizabethan Curtain-Band [ highly favourable examples of manufacturing succeeds, and shows how well the character of | art, applied to the exigencies of everyday life. of the JuQ ia ingeniously formed of a lizard. The Toilet-bottle is in the elegant taste of the East. The Vase is that of the old Venetians. 154 - ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Tlie two objects which occupy this column are from the contributiona of M, La Hoche, of Puns, who is eminent for the taste he in- variably displays iu the manufacture of porcelain clocks, and what are termed articles of virtu. Indeed, it may be said that his reputation iu these departments of manu&cturing art is second to none in the French metropolis. The first of The .National Manufiictory Mtablisbed at Beauvais is represented by a series of works in ta{>eatry for cliairs, sofiu, screens, and carpets. The extreme beauty of these productions is worthy of attention, particularly the skilful arrangement of colour they present, which. our selections is a very elegant Clock, which appears in a vase-like form. The fif^res are designed with much grace and playfulness of action ; the pediment is tastefully decorated with flowers, and the vase, of dark blue porcelain, equals the finest Dresden. The Winb- though vivid, is so exquisitely toned as to be most grateful to the eye. The woodwork of the furniture is by M. Dutal, one of the most famed of the Paris upholsterers, and who is specially appointed to mount all the taiiestries issued from the National Manuiiictory, as well as to Cooler, of light blue porcelain, is another work of great artistic beauty. We cannot speak too highly of the productions of this manu&ctnrer. We are well acquainted with his establishment in Paris, which is full of admirable works, arranged for show in the moat attractive manner, i superintend other government work. The ornamentation he has executed witb- much per- fection of finish, combining boldness of form with delicacy of handling, the whole being character- ised by good taste. We select a Chaib and a SCBKBV as asamples of theae national works. 15S THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The manufikCtures in PAPiiR-MicBfc, of Messrs. liirht and elegant material are characterised by of colours introduced. We engrave on this page excellent design and great richness in the variety | a number of these useful and ornamental objects, which it is unnecessary to particularise, as they I Table is especially unique in its ornament, and sufficiently explain their own application. The | the Cabinet is most elaborately decorated. There M'CuLLCM & Hodgson, of Birmingham, deservedly Btaud in high repute. Their productions in this is no question that England stands unrivalled in | this branch of industrial art, and her manufac- turers seem determined to maintain their | 8upreniacy,ifciiergyandperseverancecaneffectit. 156 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The white terracotta productions introduced on this column are by Mr. BLAKcnABD, of Lambeth. The first in a Vase and Piixab, highly omoiueuted. A moet Bucceaaful attempt to imitate the style and effect of tlie real Cashmere shawU may be seen in the subjoined engraving from a Shawl, designed by Messrs. Lkwd k Ailkhbt, of London, and printed for them by Ueatn. Swaisland, of Crayford. The design ia of the and executed nith a sbarpnewi and cleomesi equnl to the sculptured stone. The second is a Vase, lees decorated than the preceding, but equally deserving of favourable notice. We should be glad to we this beautiful material broui;ht into more general application, for which it is well adapted. most elaborate character, and aims at produc- ing, on the lighter fabrics, suitable for summer wear, the qualities which have hitherto been found only in the more weiglity and coetly manufitcturet of the Asiatic producer. Tbe shawl exhibits much rich harmony of colour. 157 2i If we desired to convince a foreigner of the immense wealtli wliich tliis country possesses in the shape of manufactured articles, we would invite liim to accompany us for a day's stroll througli the leading thoroughfai-es of our vast metropolis, to inspect the contents of the nume- rous establishments for the manufactui-e and sale of works iu the precious metals ; or, what would be as effectual, and cost less time and labour, we would take him to the south-west gallery of the Great Exhibition edifice, to point eating the riches that England coutaias within articles of luxury alone, aud which must neces- sarily increase their value tenfold. Thus, the stranger would be led to reflect that, where so her, as it is the amoimt of skill and labc much capital is expended on the production, there must be still larger means at the disposal of the buyers, to call for such au outlay ; conse- quently, his ideas of our wealth receive a two- which are brought to bear on the production of fold impression. Among the mass of contribu- tions that make up the costly piles to wliich allusion has been made, the silver ornameuts and the jewellery manufactured by Messrs. S. H. & D. Gass, of London, must, from their out to him the profusion of wealth congregated there in glittering heaps, almost, if not quite, realising the dreams of eastern fable. But it is not so much the value of the mere metal to which importance should be attached, as indi- magnitude and beauty, attract obsenation. The most important of these is a Silveb Dbssert Sekvice, of novel character and design, modelled from plants growing in the Royal Gardens at Kew ; of this service, five of the objects are en- 155 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE graved ou the precediug page, and two on this ooluuui. It u quite ueedlesa to expatiate upon the tuiite displayed in the adaptation of these natural forma to manufacturing art. On the second column of tlie preceding page we have also introduced a jewelled Buoucu, in the style of the ciitqiu-ceiUo period ; this object requires close examination ere one can appreciate the beauty of its design. At the bottom of the game page is a Bracelet, set with diamonds and carbuncles, with portraits of the Queen and the Prince of Wales, after Thorburn, A.RA., and executed in nicUo, engraved by J. J. Crew. A CBBiarrENiNQ Cup, embellished with angels keep- ing watch over a kuceUng child, designed by R. Redgrave, R.A., completes our illustrations of the contributions of Messrs. Gass ; but we may hereafter find occasion to pay their stand another visit, as we observed among their pro- ductions several objects deserving of notice ; a silver gauntlet niello bracelet, designed by D. Maclise. R.A. ; a silvered and jewelled deaaert set, in the Elizabethan style ; numerous articles of jewellery, of various kinds, and in diversified style ; and a laif;e vase, most ingeniously com- posed of human hair, executed by J. Woolley. Messrs. Cowlet * James, of Walsall, exhibit the brass Cuandeueb here engraved, and which consists of floral ornament, of a light and gi-ace- ful character, well calculated to relieve from weighty monotony, on article which, in the liands of a tasteful designer, may be made an elegant adjunct to the drawing-room. However elaborate or beautiful the design and execution of such articles of modem furniture may be, we must confess that we think heaviness of construction, or even weightiness of ap|>earance, a very objec- tionable quality, whenever exhibited. In some instances, the style or character of the apartment for which they are intended may demand a certain '* weight," but the prevailing idra to guide the artisan should be the construction of a receptacle for Ught, which, like that element, should be etherod, and graceful, and ponderosity be espe- cially eschewed. The Bedstead, by the same manufacturers, has the quality of lightness in s remarkable decree, the design and ornamenta- tion being of the simplest kind ; and, we must say, we prefer it to much of the overwrought and highly-elaborated articles, which we are not unirequently called upon to notice. We are convinced, from long experience, that it is far easier to produce such works, than to confine decoration to that which is simple and appro- priate ; the former may be done by the oma- mentist, the latter only by the artist of taste. ise The two Chairs and the large Sioeboabd which appear on this page ore the work of Messrs. Honter, of London. The chairs ore of Tery elegant design, and are beautifully carved ; they are, however, as remarkable for their com- fort as for their elegance, and present all that is requisite for the beautyor the ease of the drawing- wood for decorative purposes. The embellish- ments of this large and important work are all indicative of its use ; the laden branches of the vine encircle it, from between which peep the room. The sideboard is carved in a bold and maisive style, entirely from the wood of the walnut tree, which has been chosen by the manufacturer to show the capability of English heads of bacchanals ; and the comucopise, filled to overflowing with the plentiful fruits of the earth, give large promise of abundance. It is, altogether, a well-conceived production. The Vase in the centre is a foreign contribu- tion ; it is one of the valuable productions of Russia. It is entirely constructed of Jasper, and though good in form, its great recommenda- tion is its large value. The wealth of the Russian mines and quarries has long been a celebrated feature of the country ; and the contributions it has sent us testify abundantly to the truth of "tnivellers' tales" connected therewith. We purpose engraving, in a future number, other subjects worthy of notice from this va.st empire. 1&) ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED OATAI.OfiUR It u rather xurprUiiig tUat the Engllih mann- ficttiror of caii*tj< »1 ould, till within the la^t ffw years, be so far beliiiid I is foreign con)p»-titor ns, it must he ackn'>^ilent. Ine Uer-ign la . wliitx* nbboii i^ eiit»Miieeen conceded to the uiaiuifacturei-s of Fi-ance ; but those who have atU-ntively examiueil lintish works of this clsuis, and, among others, the pro- ductions of Mr." J. Anqeli,, Qf Loudon, will be inclini'd to qualify their adniiratiou of the eon- tiibutions of foreign rivals; this, too, with- engine that either multiplies the labours of man's ingenuity, or disjier-ses them throughout the world, is a witness to the fact. Capital, taste, and skill have been libeniUy expended to brin^ about such improvement The api)lica- tion of the Fine Arts to manufactures has made rapid strides within the last few years ; science has kei>t pace with them, developing new resources of colour and material to realise every new artistic conception of beauty and elegance. The manufacturers have bestirred themselves manfully : in eurtlienware. porcelain, glass, iron, and metal work generally, and in the textile fabrics, tlie progress has been marked and rapid ; and wliat is of still greater impoi-tance, tlie labours of the producer have been met by out any disparagement of their merits. If we had no other examples in the Exhibition whereby to prove tlie immense j>rogress made in this department of industrial art we could confidently appeal to these works as evi- dences of our advance. The present is un- questionably the age of improvement as well as of invention, and every object of ornamental or useful application, from the toy with which cliildhood amuses itself, to the gigantic steam the appreciation of the public : hence have arisen renewed efforts on the jiart of the fonuer to carry still further his improvements, and to invite the patronage of the latter. But we must not exliaust our s])ace with preliminary remarks, to the exclusion of a description of Mr. Angell's beautiful productions. Among the objects for which we could not find room are several gi'oups. and salvers in silver and silvergilt, richly wrought, and finely designed; the subjects we have especially noticed as worthy of being recorded are — "The Battle of Alexander and Darius," on a chased shield ; " The Laboui-s of Hercules," on a ealver; groups of "Sir Roger de Coverley and the Gipsies," and " Arab Mercliants Halting in the Desert." Our selec- tion has been chietiy from works of less magni- tude, but not of less value as works of high art. The first is a Silver Cup, excellent in form, and richly embellished with floriated jiatterns ; the base exhibits an elegant novelty. By the side of this is a Cakk-basket, of silver-gilt; the border is enamelled work, as are also the orua- 162 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE meute liet't-mu the indented p»rt«. Tlie Orodp Ht tlie Ixittoni oi t) .e |.; i'uin|iu8ed of soma veiy spleU'Ud object - ; i : uj) to tlie left ia in gold and enamel* ; it stuida a considerable height, and is most exquisite in itt elaborate and delicate woi'kuwu«iii|i ; the centre-iiieoe is I ooe of a set of four table omameuta, iuieuded by their designs to represent the four seasons. The Uu^ Vase to the right isof xilvereuauielled - it is a truly beautiful example of the chsser'g skill. The smaller objects in the process are i scarcely leas worthy of favourable remark. On this pajje we first iutnxluce a .Sii.vkk Juu, nf :i fluted pattern, graceful in its pro|Mirtions : thi« is followed by another in gold, of EtruKcnn form, a present to Dr. Klli»ttu>n from one >>f his patients; aiul the thinl in the Hume c«iliiiiin. called the " ViXT.»oi£ Jug," is of gold, with the omanieuts in silver; the combination of the two met4ils, one burnUlied and the other " mattvd," produces a brilliant effect. The first Tka and Cokfe* Sebvicb is of silver-gilt and enamelled in the richest style : the Ohoup underneath it is composed of vaiioiis objects iu silver, glass and silver, and silver enamelled ; and the last Tea anu CoprKK SlRVlCB is of silver, set with enamels. WTiile adverting to the taste wliich has produced the whole of the ' objects we have engraved, we ore bound to notice especially the beauty of the enamelling, which we scarcely remember to have seen et]ualled. The di6Bculty of enamelling upon silver is, we are assured, not easily surmounted. 163 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, We introduce on this column tlie CAprPALOF A Pillar, and a Pinnacle, maiiufiictiired by Mr. Blanchahd, of Lambeth. They are executed in white terra cotta. Tlie former, thoii^h ex- Messrs. Smee & So\. of London, exhibit the Canopy Bedstead, of wliioh an encmiving ap- pears below. It i.« manufactured of maliogany. boldly carved, and the hansin^s are of rii-h crimson Spitalfields silk. There is siifficie'it ornament in this object to constitute it an ele- liibiting no originality in design, is wrought with a sharimess and delicacy, as if cut from the solid stone. The latter is one of the largest architec- tural ornaments hitherto made in this material. gant article of domestic furniture, but the manufacturers have not aimed at producing an elaborate work of industrial art. The Cabinet that succeeds is also from the same establish- ment. It is inlaid with very heautifid niar- qiietrie ; the sides have platp-glass inserted. The Canoe is one of the contribiitions from Canada. It is made of the bark of a tree, and is exceedingly light in its construction. There is. likewise, in this depart- ment of the Exhibition another canoe, much larger in size, capable of holding twenty men. It was brought, through lakes and rivers, twelve hundred miles, to be shipped for England. As we observed in a former page, with reference to the contributions from Canada, there are few having any preten- sions to ornamental works ; utility, rather than display, being the object of the colonial manu- facturer. The canoe is an example of native ingenuity. I6i ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR This engraving represanta the centre of a Damask Tablk Cloth, designed by Joseph Bluin, pupil of the Govemnjout School of Design in Belfaiit ; and manufactured by Messrs. Cobby, Blain, & Co., of the same town, on the new system of steam-loom weaving, which is, we believe, the first successful eSbrt made to manu- facture liueu damatik by steam power. There is also a novelty m the purpose of the design here introduced, which admits of some expU- nation ; each group being figurative and expres- sive of an object uccorUing to the language of tlowera Our space will not permit us to go into the details of the uiutter, wliicli we must leave to the reader's ingenuity to decipher. The two subjects occupying the latter half of this page are exhibited by Messrs. B. Salomons &. Sons, of Lundou ; the first is a Canzov, or Lady's Cape, of embroidered needlework, most beautiful and eUburato in its pattern, and worked with great delicacy and finish. The other engraving is from a French cambric Uandkeii- cuiCF that cxlubits an equal amount of tuste in its deoign, and of superior execution ; it also displays every known description of stitch in this kind of embroidery. It would almoat seem that ingenuity and (mtient industry could go no farther in such matters than have been expended on tUet.e textile fabrics, which must have occupied no inoonaidanble tioie in their production. I almost the entire command of the Englisii Hitherto the foreign manufacturer tuta held I markets; but the oonteuta of the south eastern gallery of the Exhibition sliows much in no way inferior to the best fabrics of the continent. Itf 30 Tlie Vasb op FtowEBS is a well-executed specimen of wood-carving, by Mr. Pebbt, of Taunton. Tlie contents of tlie vase, so to speak, is a bunch of roses only, but the vase itself is ornamented with an allegorical composition, in wliich the artist's idea has been to show the probable effects of the Great Exhibition upon the whole world. In this Mr. Perry has evinced considerable ingenuity, but it would fai" exceed the limits of our space to enter upon any lengthened descriptive explanation. The design upon the stand is a circle of flowers and plants, emblematical of various countries of tlie globe. We think the artist's intention in his allegorical design would have told better, if done on a lai'ger scale ; it is too full of subject for its size. On this and the two Buoceeding pages we en- grave some beautiful specimens of Damask Table Linen, from the extensive and far-famed manufactory of Mr. M. Andrews, Ardoyne, Belfast. The first two examples are styled the "Clarendon Pattern," having been made for presentation to tlie Earl of Clarendon by the Koyal Society for the Promotion and Improve- ment of the Growth of Flax in Ireland. Both the Napkin and Table-Cloth beai' appropriate designs and ornaments ; the former contains the arms of the Lord Lieutenant, encircled by a wreath and inscription, with an elegant floriated border ; the centre of the latter shows the star of the Order of the Garter, in a garland of the rose, shamrock, and thistle, with other devices. That our American friends, with all their I apparent dislike of pomp and parade, are not insensible to the luxuries and conveniences of life, is evident from the elegant Cabbiages they exhibit. The one engraved is manufactured and exhibited by Messrs. Clapp & Son, of Boston. 166 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR We introduce on this column another of the contributions from Canada, an elcgantly-built and tastefully ornamented single Sleiob, built by Messrs. M'Lean & Wright, of Montreal. Tlie engraving underneath is from the "Claren- I described on the preceding page. It is an dou" Dauask Tabu-Clotb, by Mr. Akdrkws, | admirable specimen of bis art-manufacture. On this column are Statuettes, executed in statiuiry porcelain, at the works of Mr. Copkland. from models by Cumberworth, of Piiris ; the sub- 'f jccts are the Indian Fruit-girl, and Waterbearer. Th* attitudes of theae figures are ttrj gncefiil. THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Another description of American carriages is copied from a single horse phaeton, manufactured by Mr. Watson, of Philadelphia. One peculiarity wo notice in it, is the unusual size of the foro- wheels compared with the hinder, so contrary to the practice of our carriage-builders, but there is no doubt this causes it to i-un easily. The body of the vehicle seems very light in its construction. A wicker Gardek-Chair, contributed by Mr. Tofi.', of New York, possesses much uovelty, and no little taste, in its ornamental design. The Table-Cloth called the " Ardoyne Exhi- I fabrics of Mr. M. Andrews, of Belfast. It vas bition Pattern," is another of the beautiful | designed, in competition, by J. Mackenzie, of the Belfast School of Design, who richly merited the \ prize he obtained for a composition so excellent. j 168 AETJOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. On tliia and the three following pages, our | readers are introduced to illustrations tnm far-fiuned eetablishment, which has now been in existence for more thuu ii coutury, stands about some of the Pobcilaix Wobks exhibited by I the QoTemmeut Hanufactor; at SftVBBs. This 6ttj, and the artist* engaged in the ornamental IW Sz THE INDUSTKY OF ALL NATIONS. department arc of the first merit, as those who are acquainted with direction of the affairs of the establishment is undertaken by the Sevres porcelain must readily acknowledge ; whOe the general a body of some of the most able artists and scientific men in the countiy. The present administrator-general is M. Ebelmen. M. Dieterlo, to whom we are indebted for the | drawings supplied to us, has charge of the i artistic department, under the council ; and 170 ART-JOURiXAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE M. Vital Roux guperintends the ateliers. Owe Rpace precludes us from giviug a list of the numerous staff of artists, male and female, by niioni tli>>se eentlemen are assisted ; it is sufficient to say they are, in every way. qualified for the importaut duties devolviug upon them. Our first engraving represents a Lamp, designed and executed by M. Klagmann ; asasssmmsL on the shade ore figures emblematical of Even- ing, Morning, Silence, iind Sloop ; on the body are little genii of various kinds. The second column commences with a small, flat shaped mULLltUWWW^lfc. Tazza, of elegant proportions, with a light, floriated border under the rim ; and this ia fol- lowed by a Vasb of Etruscan form, ornamented with flowers. A covered Vase succeeds this, with Alhambresque borders, exceedingly grace- ful in shape, and covered with elaborate paiut- ing; and the column is completed by a Cl'P, in the Cellini styli-. r manship, and Salt-Cillars, broad and maasiTe in design. This page commences with a Claret- Jno of antique form, and richly ornamented with florid engraving. Of the engraving on the first Wine-Decanteb we cannot speak too highly, the deep intaglio of the fruit presenting a roundness of form and delicacy of outline we have seen for a long time ; the drops are very large, although their magnitude is lost in the vast size of the chandelier itself; the fan ornaments, formed of independent drops of different lengths set together, are novel ; indeed, the entire object is one of great beauty. The last illustration is a Oroup or Wihe^ Glasses, varying in form and pat- tern, but all good. The whole of Mr. Pellatt's contributions, in crys- tal glass, to the Exhibition, are ms- tiuguished by soimd and pure taste, and by I character. To this gentleman the art is largely material and workmanship of a most superior | indebted, and to his exertions we may, io a quite unique. The other Decanter exliibita a style of cutting calculated to bring out the bnlliaucy of the glass. A Chaboelier of colossal dimenaions is one of the most effective degree, attribute the prominent position it held, of late years, in Great Britain, defying the competition of the world, and excelling, in most putiealan, the works of the old Venetians. 17« THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Among the contributions in silver and electro- plate, exhibited by Messrs. Smith &. Nicholson, of London, are the objects from which engravings very brief description of them. A Salver, sup- appear on this page. Our space permits only a ported by two figures, caiTying baskets, repre- beiiig modelled from the leaves and flower of the plant ; and the Shak- SPEARE Testimonial, presented to Mr. Macready, which is designed in a manner highly complimentary to that great master of the histrionic art. In front of the salver is a Fruit-Basket of a very simple form. 176 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The Austrian department has, since the opening of the Great Exhibition, been one of its principal points of attraction. Indeed, for a considerable period before that time, the announcements made as to the various articles intended to be sent had excited much interest. The furniture for a suite of palatial rooms by Mr. Cahl Lkistlek, of Vienna, favourably known from the woi-ks he had executed for Prince Leichtenstein, was spoken of as a point cCappui. Expectation has been gratified, and the originality and beauty of his productions have obtained for him due applause. We have selected for engravuig the principal objects of the series ; and commence with two Cbairs. both carved from tlie beautifuUyvoiued and richly-tinted wood of the locust tree. The execution of the carved work upou these chairs merits high praise ; it is exoewUngly sharp aud well-de6ned ; the designs arc bold and maasiva The PUMO is I work, of gold,silver,and coppertints, producing I heightenedbythefiguresoneach8ide;the8ock«ts constructed of dark rosewood, inlaid in buhl- | an exceedingly gorgeous effect ; which is further | for candies, and the consoles being richly gilt The Table which follows is also of dark rose- wood; the stem is of a singularly original and beautiful character. The great work of the series, however, is the Stats Beobtead, most eUborately carved in locust-tree wood ; it is decorated with a series of statuettes and bas-reliefs in the same 177 2 z THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, material, typical of man's career, commencing with figures of Adam and Ere, on the foot-board, and ending with scenes of his regeneration, at the head. An abundance of carved work of a fanciful kind is spread over its sur&oe ; the hangings are constructed I tint, fringed with gold lace, and the work altogether of crimson damask and velvet of various depths of | is as sumptuous as it is thoroughly artistic. The glass manufacture of Bohemia has obtained high celebrity for the taste of its form and the beauty of its colour ; and the manufacturers of that country have in no wise done their European celebrity any discredit by their contributions. We select a few examples from the contributions of M. WiLHELM Hoffmann, of Prague. Tl.ey occupy a prominent positiim in the transept — a place of honour their intrinsic excellence deserves. They comprise a great variety of articles, as well for the every-day use of life as for the more luxurious ornament of the boudoir, or its needful elegancies. There is a delicate appreciation of tender hues of colour in these produo- tioua well worthy of attentive study ; this elevates the simplest of them ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE fiir above the gaudy wilgarities occasionnlly fabricated, and termed " Ikjhemian glass," and which are chiefly remarkable for the strong con- trasts of deep colour, and abundant display of gilding upon their sur&ce. H. Hoffmann's works nave no such defects. The large vase and its pedestal is nearly four feet in height, and is entirely of pure white, except where the leaves beud over, and they are tinted with pole green. Altogether H. Hoffmann's display is as satisfactory as that of any manufacturer in the ExhibitioD. TheelegantmarbleCBCMMEY-PiECE — andULAUk the firame of which is constructed of the material — is the work of Quisepfis Bottixeixi, of Milan, the figures being executed by Democritb Gandolfi, a brother artist of the same city. The design is of much elegance, and highly suggestive. which is of a quaint and original character. The and execution are both alike excellent. 17» THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. This Chair is the production of M. Auodst Kitschelt, of Vienna ; it ia of free and fanciful design, more remarkable for the taste of the upholsterer than the wood-carver. It ia covered with velvets of delicate hues, pink and blue predominating ; the arrangement of the colours is very tasteful ; the trimmings are of a pale golden hue. There is a lightness and fancy in its construction which bespeaks the best taste. The carved Table is by M. Leistler; the stem ia very elegant in design, exhibiting floriated ornament of an exceedingly tasteful kind. The top is richly inlaid with various coloured woods ; this has been engraved on page 149 of our present Catalogue. The Bookcase exhibits much novelty of design ; it is constructed of white lime-tree wood, relieved by panels, &c., of satin- wood. The group of children which surround the canopy are very beautifully carved, and the entire portion of the ornamental work is executed with force and elegance. It is as beautiful an example of manipulative skill, as of general ability in design. The Italian taste of the re- naissance is the predominating character of style chosen ; it has been successfully adapted, in the present instance to a portion of furniture, which "coarse or uUtekiUul huiMl.-i" liavegeiierally made square and unsightly, but which, in the hands of a skilful manufacturer, may be converted into an elegant piece of ornamental furniture. 180 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE From the RorAt Pobcelaih Maitofactobt of Copeuhagcn is exhibited a largo vaiiety of works of a lueful and ornamental cliaracter ; among the latter, some beautiful figures, busts, Ac., in biscuit china, after Thorwaldsen's models. We introduce here his fiuuous group of Oakymece. We have already described and engraved some of the works prwlucetl at the Koyal Porcelain Manufactory at Dresden, and must refer to former pages of the Catalogue for a description of this establishment Wo now add two mora probable some critical eye may discover a little inaccuracy of perspective in the drawing of the bearth-plato. it is necessary to state that it has been so placed the better to show the design. teristic of the period when Dresden china first became celebrated throughout P^uropo for its beauty of form and fabric, — characteristics which appear upon the works wo have selected. 181 3 A THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. On this and the subsequent page we introduce engravings from some of the numerous contri- butions of Messrs. Rice Haukis & Son, of tlie Islington Glass Works, Birmingham. Some estimate may be formed of the extent and im- portance of this establishment, when we enume- rate among its contributions articles in flint- glass, cut iuid engraved ; pressed and moulded glass tumblers, goblets, wine-glasses, sugar- basins, butter-coolers, door-knobs, &c. ; orna- mental glass, of various colours, gilt and ena- melled, cut and engraved, consisting of tazzas, compotiers, liqueur-seiTicea, toilet-bottles, claret- jugs, vases ; specimens of colours combined by casing or coating; specimens of threaded or Venetian glass ; in short, examples of almost every kind of object into which this beautiful material is capable of being manufactured. The is a Vase, black coated, with white enamel, richly cut, and ornamented with gold and silver. The small Vasb at the head of the Bueceednig column is ruby-coloured, with cut gilt lines, space we have, therefore, devoted to illustrating a portion of them, is not greater than their ex- cellence demands, and we regret our inability to find room for a more lengthened description than we are able to give of what are introduced. The first group consists of Vases and Goblets, elaborately engraved and cut ; in the centre of the second group of Vases, Goblets, and a Juo, and the next is an opaque yellow Vase, cut and 182 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE scalloped writli chased gilt flowers; the Vask I and gilt chased ornaments ; and by its side a large QoBLET and CovEB, of ground crystal, covered with ruby and white, richly cut in three shields ; on one are the royal arms of England, and on tlie other two the monograms of the Queen and Prince Albert respectively. In the that foUon's is deeply cut in a novel stylo of ornament In the upper group on this |iage, to the Irll, is a Vask uf ruby glass, with cut plotn, centre of the lower group is a large alabaster I tastefully ornamented >rith gilt scrolls ; on Vaac, nearly five feet high, elegantly and | either side stands a Jdo and Qoblet. of opaque white, enamelled, heightened with gold in the ornament and handle ; and in the leu of the group is a Vasi of dark, opaque blue, cut and soaUoped, and ornamented with oak-leaves and acoma in silver. The whole of these works are axacttted in the highest degree of finish. 18S THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We have, on former occasions, made ourselves acquainted with the manufactured works of Messrs. Messenger 4; Sons, of Bii-miugham, who are contributors to the great Exhibition of an extensive variety of useful and ornamental productions in iron, bronze, &c., distinguished by elegance and correctness of design, and excellent workmanship. Of these we might have selected a large number for illustration, if ourspacehadbeeulesslimited. The Candle- stick, which commences this page is grace- ful in form and character : the next is a I and the Prince of Wales, modelled by Mr. Group, in bronze and or-morlu, of the Queen | John Bell, — the distinguished sculptor. It is, in all respects, a good example of English 1 morlu, is an admirable piece of work in casting. A stair-case Balustrade, in or- | foi-m, colour, and casting. The Inkstand A^j^ji^^^m^M^j^^^ beneath it is equally entitled to commeu- lightaud elegant. The firm of Messengeraud dation, and the Vase, of open-work, is both Sons has amply sustained its reputation. 184 ART.JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALUGUR W« should most assuredly have omitted one of the ffrtatat features of the Exhibition bad we neglected to introduce into our Catalogue the colossal statue of the renowned crusader, Qodfrit of Bovtujoti, modelled by M. Simoh is, of Brussels. It is a work con- ceived in a noble spirit, and as admirably carried out. The Scroll underneath is another of the many valuable contributions of Messrs. MgsuHQKB & Sons, of Birmingham ; it is intended for a gas-bracket, and shows a very graceful arrangement of curved lines. Some objects of manufacture, novel in this country but much practised by tue continental jewellers, are exhibited by Ur. F. Allen, of Birmingham; we engrave two FLOWsa-TAUa, of fiUagree- woricmadeof 6ne gold thread* through- out ; they are exquisitely delicate. 185 3 B THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Messrs. Jackson & Orabah, the eminent upholsterers, of London, are large contributors to tlie Great Exhibition of many important articles of their manufacture. We engrave on of a Sofa, showing a demi-figure, boldly carred. bronze candlesticks and ornaments, are beautiful The SlOEBOABD and CbetaI/-Gi.ab8, with their | in design, and admirably carved ; the Chairs underneath are good in their respective styles, regard to richness of detail. The Gahpkt shows The BookCase on the next page exhibits the best a bold and well-tilled pattern, an-ayed in bright this column a portion of a Book-Case, the panels of which are fitted with plate-glass, and the end taste in its design ; the artist lias evidently aimed to combine simplicity of idea with a due and liarmonious colours. It is quite evident, from the examples here shown, that Messrs. 186 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUR Jackson ft Qraham employ artists ot no common I onler to funmb them with designs for their ' manulictureB ; and to this circumstniioe mav bo traced the laige amount of business carried on by the firm. Public taite has, of late years, in- I ductiona find little chance of sale ; hence the best I portion to the spirit and taste with which he creased to such an extent, that mediocre pro- | producer is certain of being recompensed in pro- | may conduct liis mnnufacturine transactioiif . THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The manu&cture of the particular kind of earthenware generally known an " Beaut ais Wake," is can-ied on in places fer distant from that ancient town. The three objects occupying .irtffl^" this column are from the factory of M. De Bois- 8IM0H, of Langeais, in the Department of Indre et Loire; he ia also the producer of other objects, applicable to mere purposes of utiUty. The Vases ai-e beautiful examples of the " ware." The musical instrument shown in the appended engraving is from the manufactory of Messrs. Luff & Son, of London ; it is called by the ex- hibitors an " Albert Cottage Pianoforte Harmo- nium ;" the design of the case is elegant, being carved with much elaborate workmanship. The engraving underneath ia from a printed cloth Table-Co VER, commemorative of the Great Exhibition, manufactured and exhibited by Mr. W. Underwood, of London, from a design by Mr. Slocombe. It is exceedingly rich in its orna- mental work, conspicuous among which are the royal arms of England, surrounded, in the centre and border, by those of the principal nations contributing to the grand display of industrial art ; appropriate mottoes enclose the whole. 188 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE From one of our moat picturesque and fiuhioo- able provinciml towns, we have a display of plate chased CLARrrJua, after Cellini, a soffioient guarantee for its beauty. The next is a Salt- CnxAK, showing great novelty and elegance in its design, and very skilful execution. The two and jewellery unsurpassed by places of greater celebrity. Messrs. MABnN, Baskett, & Martin, of Cheltenham, are the contributors of the objects introduced on this page. The first is a richly these materials produces a very chaste eflbct. The last illustration is from a Braoklr, formed of gold, enamels, diamonds, and carbuncles, in the following style: the diamonds are placed subjects heading the other columns are respec- tively termed a PoRTB-MoHTRi and Chatu^ahii; over the carbuncles ; the gold cross-bands con- necting the precious stones are slightly enamelled they are made on such a principle as to suit in scroll-work of a rich turquoise-blue colour, watches of any size, besides having the advantage | forming altogether a brilliant and perfect oma- of keeping the watch secure and steady. A BurrxR-CooLER succeeds; the dish for the butter is of white marble, the ornament, consisting of leaves and butter-cups, is of silver, the interior of the flowers being gilt; the combination of ment. Other contributions of these tasteful manu&cturers are some beautiful pearl orna- ments, an ink-stand on which is modelled a group of Milton and his daughters, a silver-gilt toilette stand, tea-servjoes, centre-pieces, and a large variety of chronometers and watches. One would soarosly expect to see such productions emanating from a place having no manufacturing notoriety; but the call upon our national industry aeama to have been answered from every qnartar, even where the least expected. 189 3c THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. M. Regout, of Maestricht, Holland, exhibits some tasteful Flower-stands of bronze ; articles We have elsewhere found occasion to notice the great improTement visible in the papier- mache works of the present day, as contrasted with those of a few yeai-s since ; this im- provement characterises the works of neai'ly every manufacturer in this branch of trade. The Papiek-Mache works exhibited by Mr. H. Clay, comprise tea-ti-ays and articles of fur- niture of much liglitness and elegance. An elaborate and beautiful design for one of these Tea-Tuats we here engrave, premising that we can give the design ouly ; the brilliancy of colour and gilding, on the dark ground usually adopted, cannot be by us represented. The Dressino- Table beneath is a very light and tasteful pro- duction; the glass swings freely from scrolls which spring from each side, and thus the ordi- nary objectionable stand for this necessai-y of elegant luxury, which we are glad to know are becoming more generally adopted for the decoration of our houses. We engrave two specimens, one in the form of an antique tripod, the other in a more free and fanciful style. article is obviated, and a positive gain in the general appearance effected. The Chair has also the merit of grace and lightness, and the Footstool is of a novel and agreeable fcwm. Mr. Clay deserves this meed of praise for the skill he has displayed in the selection of designs for manufacture in this material. It is pleasant to know that manufacturers of such old standing are willing and able thus to exert their capital and ability in upholding the character they have obtained. It is a good and healthy tone of mind, which we are glad to recognise generally. 190 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Ad Eubroideres Vest, manufactured and ez'iibiterl by Measra. McOee tc Co., of Belfiist, from a design by J. B. Wilkinson, of the School of Design in that town, combines neatness with elegance of pattern. The drawing gained the prize of U., offered by the manu£icturera for the best design. This engraving is from a piece of Sluc, maau&ctured by M. QAVti.ii, of Berlin, with whose establishment we were much interested on our recent tour of inspection tlirouxh Oermany. The pattern displays groat boldness; the silk itself, we presume, is intondoti chiefly for Royal use, as explained by the bUck eagle of Prussia, with its spreading wings. Among the various textile &bric8 exhibited by Messrs. Rbomatmb & Son, of London, in n piece of Ribbon, the pattern of which we here introduce; the design is very grocofiil, consisting of floriatai wreaths, in which is the passion-flower, one of the raost beautiful productious of the garden. 191 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A small but well-selected display of mlver work aud jewellery is made by Mr. R Atten- compliment to the gentleman whose name is so wortliily associated with the vast imdertaking in Hyde Park ; the design of the spoon is in pure classic taste. The Bracelet that follows tMs is of very choice workmanship; the cable is of massive gold, and the pendent consists of vine- leaves set with brilliants. The Tazza with its top is excellent aud novel in form, and exhibits some very elaborate engraving; it also shows the eiFect that can be produced by the various methods of working upon silver, gilding, and chasing. The Tea-Sehvice, called the " Albany, BOROUGH, of London, from which we liave chosen a few examples for introduction on this page. The first is a Spoon, to which the manufacturer has given the title of the " Paxton Spoon," in or Bachelor's Pattern," is worthy of com- mendation from its simple but pure form ; the only attempt at ornament is in the handles, and the borders, or rims. Besides the objects we have engraved, Mr. Attenborough exhibits a silver centrepiece for the table, an agricultural prize cup, &c., all of which are highly creditable to his taste, and to the skill of those whom he employs to work out his designs. He is one of the many who uphold the reputation of England in a branch of the industrial arts, in which we ai'e so rapidly advancing in every department. 192 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. MeRsru. Elkinoton, Mason, & Co., of London and Birmingham, are extensive contributors of their celebrated eleoteo-plate manufiictures, a branch of industrial art which baa made immenae strides since the patent for the various prooeMM of gilding and plating metals by the agency of electricity was granted to this firm in 1810. Messrs. Elkington alone employ about five hun- dred work-people in their establishment, and about thirty other British manufacturers have licences to use tlii« prooeas, which is also exten- .sively adopted in foreign countries ; thus some | idea may be formed of its importance to Uia trading community. It is unuecessary fur us to dilate upon the advantai^s which electro-plating I have not practically tested its use and excelleuoe. as there must be few persons who | We have found some difficulty in malting a selection from the numorotLS objects which the glass cases of Meters. Elkington in the Exhibi- tion contain, but we think our examples will sufficiently illu-iUuto tliu vuIi^l, .i.... ..rtiitie (jualities of their productions. We commeno* with two Tablb OBMAMsris, or FBurr-DuBn, oniainenteU with subjects taken from English national games — cricket and archonr ; the figures on these objects are well modelled, and the composition of each is very effective. The CoM- MumoN-SCBTlcR, Commencing this page, is de- signed in the ornamented Gothic style. The Tea and Corrxt-SBRvicE, which follows, is an elegant adaptation of the arabesque pattern ; 198 S O THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. and the lower one is of richly-engraved Gothic. the Candlestick and Flower-Vase ; the former shows much originality of design. The next A Jbg and three Vasjss appear on this ooiumn, each excellent of its kind ; as are also ^y^ ««if »:^^Tv\ engraving is from a large Centre-piece for eight Cruet-Frame has an arabesque pattern, and the lights, in the style of the fifteenth century, with winged figures supporting baskets for fruit. Tlie Centbe-piece which follows it is modelled from I the " Crown imperial " plant. A very elegant 194 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Clabet-Juo completes the next column; its form and eurictuueDtfi are highly to be commended. Wij conio now to what must be considered, for design and workmanship, the most important contribution of Messrs. Elkington, — a Vase, in- tended to represent the triumph of Science and the Industrial Art« in the Oreat Exhibition ; the style is Elizabethan enriched. Four 'statuettes on the body of the vase represent Xewton, ^ux>n, Shakspeare, and Watt, commemorating Astronomy, Philosophy, Poetry, and Mechanics respectively. On the four bas-reliefs, between these figures, the practical operations of Science and Art are dispUiyed, and their influences typified by the figures on the base, mdicating War, Rebellion, Hatred, and Revenge, overthrown and chained. The recognition and the reward of peaceful industry are symbolised by the figure of Prince Albert surmounting the composiUon, who, aa Patron of the Exhibition, is rewarding the successful contributors. Tlie height of the vase is four feet ; it was deUgned and modelled by Mr. W. Beattie. Among tlie other manufactunx of this firm, is a group, in silver, representing " Queen Elicabeth entering Kenilworth Castle." 195 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The two Carriages engraved below are con- tributed by Messrs. Jones, Brotuehs, of Brussels, extensive manufacturers and exporters of carriages of all descriptions ; employing in their different departments .ipwarA^ of a hundred men. They have obtain.'d five medals for their productions at varioua exhibitions inBelgium, and in 18i7 they gained the " Gala " medal. The appended Stove, from the manufac- tory of Mr. Maund, of London, in no degree detracts from the elegance of the most classi- cally-furnished hall, or other apartment, in which it may be placed. The general form is that of an autique urn, and is another proof of These medals have been found of the greatest to be bestowed on native ability contributed to use as a stimulus to inventive industry among continental manufacturers, but, until the pre- sent period, they have been unknown in our own country. The rewards of this kind intended the Great Exhibition, will test its applicability to our own land, and, we have very little doubt, will be found as effective here, as they have certainly been proved to be upon the continent. the great and universal applicability of tlie graceful designs of antiquity, — forms studied with perfect truth and beauty, which are capable of being reproduced for new purposes, mithought of by the men who imagined them, but whose pure taste has rendered their ideas inimoi-tal. The various examples of decorative Harness, exhibited by Messrs. Laobt & Phillii-s, of Phi- ladelphia, exliibit manipulative skill, and are ta.steful and elegant additions to the well-appointed equipage. The mountings are of silver, and the decoration is executed with very great care. 196 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Tliia ia another of the Carpets, manufactured by Meaara. T. SmTB ft Co., of whose contribu- page. The pattern of thia ia very bold, and rich in colours, and the iabric itaelf ia of the most tiona we bare inserted two examples in a former I luxurious character, uniting elegance of decora- tion with great warmth, the two grand deaidenta requisite in manu&cturea of this description ; we cauuut possibly award them higher pntise. Our continental neighbours, on the other side of the Straits of Dover, have undoubtedly made a most excellent display in every kind of cabinet- work ; this will nut be thought singular by those who are acquainted with the demand which I the better kind, in the FVench metropolis, that exists in France, and in Paris especially, for cannot show numerous articles in which the every description of decorative furniture. There | skill of the wood-carver and the taste of the is scarcely a house of public entertainment, of ; designer, are not abundantly manifest ; while the private residenceii of the middle classes, and of means ol each respectirely. The CaBinct en- Lkpbuicb ; its chief interest, in our estimation, the more wealthy, ai« supplied according to the I graved beta is manufactured by M. UiaooBT lies in the elegant simplicity of its ornament. lo- ss THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS The Spoons and Sooar-ladle, manufactured and contributed by Mr. W. R Smilt, of London, will please exceedingly by their novelty, and a foliage on the handles of the spoons is a pretty rich and graceful style of ornament ; the running idea, and the bowl of the sugar-ladle is good. Mr. Jeakes, of London, is the manufacturer I remainder of this page. The designs of the ] were, we are informed, supplied by Messrs. of the Stove and Fender which occupy the | former object especially are most elaborate, and | Lawford and Heneker, architects. The narrow mouldings of the arch are fancifully varied, and | form an agreeable contrast to the broader one, | which showsalight.Raffaellesque kind of pattern. A •«fkr^^(ssS£Sssaa ^^y.fcaA-^jra«*><;,^i,*)(^i4;.[^i(^i^je^ii^jt>^ii^ii^^^ mmiVsmmmi^i{mfN^<''^if^ ^Am^m>ls mS L^^.'^.^^.lt.l^.^klrl!A^illuuulil.i.'l.'.^.'U^^ i.'^vw^Lu■ i'k^L>'VV'H^V The style and form of the twisted bars are un- I common, adding considerably to its novelty. I The fender harmonises well with the stove. 19S ART. JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The Chaib IS one of a set. manufactured by | The Ulustration underneath U from a damask | for a portrait of Washington; it i. mirrounded Me88iB.\V.&B. Hn.TO».ofM bronzed and richly gilt birds at its termination ; the third is an iroiy- handled Bread- Kxipe, which, in form, is a mani- fest improvement upon most of those in general use. All tlicse haiulles ore of fine ivory elabo- rately carved and niountocturs of grait local interest ; and by, which that interest has been extended for and wide an the result of the excelleuoe of the worka pro- duced. Derbyshire is as mucli celebrated for the mineral spars it contains, as for the beauty of its scenery, and within the shire live maqy ingenious workmen, who well know how to convert these natural advantages into objects which rival in attraction the productions of fluor spar is umnirpassed in its beauty of tint The advantage of good material hos, therefore, always been ready, in this favoured county, to the bauds of its workmen ; yet they have been. for many years, too content with this alone, and have not paid the attention to elegance of form wliich the articles they produced only required, to insure universal appreciation. Of late, bow- ever, they have seen the necessity of progress ; I have studied the best examples of the antique ; have colled invention to their aid ; and the con- sequence is, that they have found markets for | their commodities in all parts of tlie world. We have already engraved some eatinfiictory proofs of the success which may attend works of this class, by native artists, from native products ; ■tW^WIH Italy. The ijiarK inaroie, which forms, in most instances, the basis of their work, if nowhere found more pure in its colour and Stratification, than in Derbyshire ; while the and may direct attention to the works of Mr. Hall as in oil respects admirable. This page contains several of his contributions ; they ex- hibit the taste and judgment by which he has been guided in the choice of appropriate and elegant "authorities." Hu establishment in Derby has been fiUly described in the A ti- Journal for September, 1850 ; it is extensive, and ad- mirably conducted, and sends forth a variety of works, chiefly of the marbles of Derbyshire. 315 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. We introduce here another of the Carpets manufactured by Mcasrs. Hakws & Co., of Stoui^ port It is of the quality termed "Brussels velvet pile." The border is designed by Mr. 1. K. Harvey, Messrs. Blews & Sons, of Birmingham and London, are extensive manufacturers of brass candle and ship lamps, candlesticks, bells, imperial weights and measures, &c. We engrave on tiiis and the succeeding column four examples of their Candle- Lamps ; the first is called the " armorial from the Magnolia ffrandijlora, with tlie flower-buds in their different stages of advancement, and the IponuBo. The centre is a large vpreath of exotic and other flowers, on a rich crimson ground, and the comers are occupied by the national emblems. The borders and comers are on a maroon ground. lamp ; " the second, teniied the " vine- wreath foot," shows that graceful plant climbing up the shaft and over the shade ; the leaves and fruit being coloured. In tlie 216 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE tbml example the convolvulus forms the prio- dpal ornament at the base. The fourth has a very elegant pedestal of leaves, dogs' beads. and birds ; the pillar is of richly-cut ruby glass, with centre groups of flowers. The glass, it is The engraving which occupies so large a portion of this page is from a Staikeo Qlass Window, manufactured and exhibited by the St. Helen's Qlass Company, Lancashire. The subject is " St. Michael easting out the great red Dragon," from a design by Ur. Frank Howard; and instead of being produced on numerous pieces of glass, as is usually the case, it is iiaiuted upon one entire piece upwards of nine feet in height, by nearly five feet in width, whereby the dark sufficient to say, is from tlie &ctory of Messrs. Ricliardson, of Stourbridge ; the bronze and brass castings are exceedingly sharp and brilliant stiff lines of lead and ujetui limi dir-i.^jai.; tim , no ViU'iiisIi or othur |,i;ri(,liublo colours are em- ordinary pictures are avoided. It may be re- ployed, but all have passed together througli the marked that the colotirs themselves are all glass, fire. The establishment by whicli this work is and have been repeatedly fired to " flux " them ; contributed is of high repute and of great extent 217 3 K THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Messra. T. 4 R Boon, of Burelem, have attoiued considerable eminence as pro- ducers of earthenware of a fine order. We have engraved on tliis and tlie succeeding have attracted great and deserved attention : having placed their names high on the list of our best manufacturerb. The first, foui-th, and fifth Jugs are page Beveral of tlieir productions — which giving the effect of bas-reliefs, without being raised ; the second Juo is of Parian, with the bouquet ia high relief; and tlie made by mosaic process, the patterns being let in, and j third, also of Parian, of a fawn colour, __._ I 218 ART-jnURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE with white figures, is of Gothic form. The two large Vases, somewhat similar in form, are of drab- coloured Parian, the flowers and fruit, which are beautifully modelled in high relief, being white ; the centre Vase, of mosaic character, The Da u ASKS of Ueaars. J. Holdswobtb-A Co., of Halifax, are rich and beautiful fiUtrica. We engrave one — which, for its combination of delicacy and boldnaM ia worthy of eepecial notice. has a rich jet tint ; the pattirii is of a deep mazarine blue, traced iu gold. The Fioweb The Oroup underneath ia another of the con- I it was modelled by Mr. GlllirJ ; it roprcseuts tributious of Messn. T. k W. Boon, for whom | Repentance, Faith, and Reiiguatiuu, respectively Vasi on this column is in the Gothic style ; stioned glass is introduced on certain of the perforated ports. Our limited allotment of space prevents our rendering, by our remarks, full justice to this very admirable establishment symbolised by their attitudes. The work is well arranged; it stands nearly two feet high, and is of Parian. Another group — the Mother — isentitlad to high praise. Both are original productioo& 210 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The luzuiious decoration of fire-arms may be said to have commenced when the practice of war declined as an exhibition of mere force, and became a science, whose principal stratagems and modes of operation were studied in military schools. Spain and Italy first adorned their weapons with artistic decoration, and many costly and elaborate worka of the kind grace our museums. The Pistol, by M. Gauvain, of Paris, here engraved, rivals in beauty of exe- cution many of these old works, and is a good specimen of modem art applied to such purposes. The Cabinet, by Mr. Stevens, of Taunton, has attracted much attention in the Cry.stal Palace, as well for the taste of its execution as for the beauty of the wood of which it is composed, and the richness of its general effect. It is a sumptuous and elegant work, and one which does much to | uphold the credit of British furniture manufacturers. Certainly, in the article of furniture, we cannot but con- gratulate our native workmen on tlie ability they have shown, and the excellent manner in which they have asserted their true position among the manufacturers of the world. Messrs. Rkttie & Sons, of Aberdeen, exliibit some curious specimens of persevering ingenuity successfully exerted in a material the most un- promising. The hard and impracticable charac- ter of OBANITB would seem to defy delicacy and minutia) of workmanship, and to preclude its becoming an article of personal decoration. Yet the Bracelets here engraved are cut with much labour and patience from this material, the various parts being mounted and linked together in silver. A choice of granite has been made from Aberdeen, Balmoral, &c. ; and, by dint of labour, a comparatively valueless article is ele- vated into the position of a precious stone, and placed among the fancy articles of a jewel case. 220 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE When Raffaelle was embellishing with his im- mortal pencil the walls of the Vatican, he, per- haps, had little idea what a legacy he was leaving for the use of future decorators, not alone for actual copyists, but for thoec to whom his beau- tiful designs serve as suggestions to be moulded Messrs. AiiitowsMrm, of Loudon, exhibit their patent WlMDOW-CuBTAlNS, — a uovelty. It is an application on a net-work ground, giving it the effect of Brussels lace, and on moreen, or other common material, of velvet. The elegant carved zebra Cabinet, which we also en- I ing the phases of " Woman's History." It is a grave, has its panels decorated with paintings, illustrat- | remarkably agreeable example of English furniture. into whatever forms may be re- quired. The two engravings on this page, which the reader will easily distinguibh from the otliers, are from a decorative Pakel, ex- hibited by Messrs. Hikcuupf i, Co., of London ; they are of the genuine Kaffaellesque character, and that is sufficient to attest their excellence. 221 81, THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, The number of bauds employed upon the pro- duction of a single article, even of common x:se, is greater than would be supposed by one imao- quainted with the art and mystery of manufac- ture ; but when the object assumes a strictly ornamental character, it naturally embi-aces a wider range of operation. Sheffield, from the extent and variety of its decorative manufac- turers, must employ no inconsiderable number of designers and artists on tlie knife-liandles pro- duced there. That here engraved is the Handle of a silver Fish Slice, from the establishment of Messrs. Hilli.vrd & Thomason, of Birmingham. Si:^ ,-,>^/ %.* ^' ^U V Tlie R.»zOR that terminates the illustrations on this page is from the manufactory of Messrs. Tlie Console Table and Glass are contri- buted by the Gutta Pekcha Company, of Lon- don, and, of course, the ornamental portions are manufactured of that material. The design of the frame shows an elaborate composition of fruit, leaves, and flowers, arranged with much elegance and artistic effect. The panels of the table are decorated with antique shields. Haworoft & Sons, of Sheffield, and is exhibited under the title of the " Sheffield Town Razor," from its having been made for the express pur- pose of showing the skill of the artisans of that place, in the production of such objects. The handle is fancifully inlaid with a design of no small excellence, and the blade has engraved upon it an exterior view of the " Crystal Palace." ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The continental mimufacturers of fictile ware have not been slow in answering the demand upon their indiurtrial clones ; many of them liave forwarded contribiitions which evince a lar^ amount of artistic design and meclianical skill. From some quarters these productions are adapted for ordinary use in the particular localities where they are manufacturew 4 Ca, of London. It is boldly oarvsd. The Console Table, and Frame for a glass, with the Bracket, are of gutta percho, contributed by the company by which this novel material for manufacturing purposes has been introduced. gIJ^C 328 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The stand of Messrs. F. & R. Pratt, of Buralem, exhibits several excellent examples of earthenware, printed iu a peculiar style, some of them after the pictures iu the Veruon Gallery ; and also a dessert- Among the contributions of cabinet-work received from France, not the least excellent are some specimens forwarded by M. J. P. Jeanselme, of Paris, consisting of sideboard of oak, dressing-room furniture, arm-chaii-s, and chairs in the Louis Quatorze style, and the Cabinet, which we have here engi-aved. It is manufactured of dark wood, highly polished, and inlaid with beautiful marbles and stones of different colours, which give to service with designs from the works of our best English painters. We have selected, from their more miscellaneous contributions, four objects, engraved in this column, of a less decorative chi^cter, but never- theless most excellent of their class ; the forms Messrs. Pratt have adapted to objects of general use, have been, in some instances taken from the Etruscan, and exhibit, therefore, the good taste of the manufactiu'ers in resorting for suggestions to the best sources. the whole a rich and unique effect. The ornament exhibits, perhaps, little that is novel in design, but it is of the highest charac- ter and is executed with a delicacy and pre- cision that show it to be the work of a well- practised craftsman. Nowhere has the general " breadth " been destroyed by an overlaying of decoi-ation, as we sometimes see it. 224 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Tlie Heraldic Ciurn, upon the Burfiice of nbich arc sculptured the arrafi borne by the ancestors of her most gracious Majrsty in the Saxon line, vas made by Q. Shack- The graceful figure of Ahdroxxda, from the sculpture by Mr. J. A. Bell, has been excellently rendered by the I CoaLBrook Dale Coupant, and is a work every way honourable to British Art-manufacture. As an example of casting, it may take rank with the best specimens in the Exhibition. The figure is very elegantly conceived. LOCK of Bolsover, near Chenterfield, in Derbyshire. It is a werk of considerable merit. Professor RlKTSCHEL of Dresden, exhibits whose headlong fliijlit has alarmed the his bawrdief of Cupid ok a Pamthkr, | youthful god, and diaananged his arrows. and hax a charming simplicity of treatment The pedestal ill a work of mnch fiincy, and is in the bighly-wronglit stylo i)f the Cellini period. It is emblematical throiiuh- out uf the story connected »itb the figure it supports. 225 3h THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The manufacturers of Sheffield have contri- buted well and ably, asserting thoir due position, and maintaining it by their works in a mai-ked manner. The reputation enjoyed by that town for plated goods has been of long duration, and we hope to see it of as long continuance. The group we engrave is from the manufactory of Messrs. Hall 4 Co., and consists of a series of graceful articles for the breakfast-table, executed with much cai-e; a Tea and CoffeeSebvice, possessing the necessary requisites of utility, combined with elegance of form and delicacy of ornament. The Toast-Rack beside it is a " registered " novelty ; it occupies leas space upon the table than the elongated form so gene- rally adopted for such articles, and is better in every way. The bars, formed of the wheat-ear and leaf, are very graceful and most appropriate. The group of the Eagle and Child, by M. Aug. le Chesnb, the French sculptor, whose works have attracted much attention during their exhibition among us, is a powerfully-told story, but of somewhat too painful a kind. The mother has fallen in a deep and troubled sleep in the prairie, her infant clings to her side, holding an arum flower in his hand, and endeavouring to rouse her aid against the eagle, which, attracted by the hope of prey, has seized, and will speedily carry away, the alarmed infant. The work is characterised by strong expression, as well as great care in execution. It is the intention of the sculptor to continue the story in a bas-relief on its pedestal, representing the mother awakened, strangling the eagle, and saving her child. 226 The Car engraved below is manufactured by Mesws. Button, the celebrated carriage-builders of Dublin ; in it a body of the shape of an ordi- nary Irish car is adapted bo as to obviate some of the objertioDs to that kind of carriage, while it has the effect of making it more commodious and better suited to general purposes. Messrs. HoTTON exhibit other descriptions of carriages. Tlie Basket, in silver filagree, belongs to those delicate and beautiful works which must be seen to be fully appreciated. It is one of tlie con- tributions sent to us from Tunis, and exhibits all the patient manipulation and elaborate ornament which we associate more with eastern climes than with our own northern latitude. The very elegant Marble Criumet-piece, by M. Leclebcq, of Brussels, has been made ex- pressly for his Majesty the King of the Belgians, and is one of the most chaste and beautiful works in the Exhibition ; the excelleuco of its workmanship fully equals the taste of its design : the ornaments and figures are executed in a similarly admirable way. We have little doubt that this result is obtained through the constant connection preserved between ai'tirt and niaiiu- &cturer on the continent. Vie perfectly re- member, on the occasion of our visit to Brussels last year, calling on M. Leclerc(| while he was preparing tliis chimney-|)iece, and finding M. Simonis, the great sculptor of the principal public work iu Brussels — the statue of Godfrey de Bouillon— tendering hlsadtice and assistance to M. Leclercq. The absence of this union of powers as supplied by the artist and artisan, so to speak, has long been felt in England, and has, to speas, nas long oeen leii m i:.ngiiiuu, miu ii»o, , •. -n ^ i ... doubtless, operated injuiiously upon British | manufecturmg art : it will not long contmue 227 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Tlio ftunexed engraving and that which follows are cabiuot-work, manufactured by M. Tahan, of Paris : the first is a Fixjwer-stand, ajipropriately ornamented with leaves. The Cabinet has much florid ornament in dark walmit wood. I ings in the panels; copies of ArySchefTers popii- which Is agreeably relieved by the coloured paint- | lar pictures of Mignon reflectmg on her country. Mr.CaiCHTON, of Edinburgh, exhibits the beau- tiful Claket-Jug, in silver, decorated with enamel, which has been deservedly placed in the Fine- Art Court of the Crystal Palace. The mantle of the famous silversmith, George Heriot, seems to have again descended on the city of his birth. The illustration underneath represents the I Jolt-Leclebc, of Paris ; the Italian style of tfip of a carved rosewood Wardrobe, by M. | furniture decoration has been here well applied. The Vase by M. Vnxoz, of Pans, is afl elabo: rate and artistic work, one which may Ipear com- parison with its earlier prototypes, ii) d«sign. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Tlio Ksife-Haxdlm here iiitroducetyle, following no The Ai.ms-Basiiis by Mr. J. Wippbll, of Exeter, are carved from tie wood of the walnut bree ; thev are lined with crimson or scarlet silk velvet Inscriptions in medieval chanicttrs surround the moveable lifif. ouch a.' " All things come of thee, and of thine own have we givi n thee," — "Freely ye have received, freely give." The ornament appeal^ of a very graceful and appropriate character for ecclesiastical purposes. particular school of ornament. The»e devotional pieces of furniture are unknown among us, but are very common on the continent; the Exhi- bition furnishes (everal beautiful examples of this kind of manufitctiire. Ml THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Meesra. Dob, Hazujtos, & Co., of Boston, U. S., I exhibit »n admirably cnrved Tablk of ebony. Mr. Hopkins of Wirabovne contrilmtes a Door Handle of Gothic design, lined witli coloured glass and cliina, a combination of new materials. AVe introduce li^re two f.ut of the numerous Carpets contributed by the distinguished firm of Messrs. REQnutABD, RoirssBt,, k Choqueil, of Paris. 232 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Meggra. Bailt & Sons, of London, exhibit a large number of nrtiatic works included in the general denomination of " hardware," which are deserving of execution. The ornamental cast-iron a particularly goon & Soss, of London, are ex- I tenmre manufacturers of works in papier-mAclii. relief, the subject a dog attacking a duck's neet; the other, of a similar description, shows two dogs fightinj; over the nest of a heron ; tbcHe subjects arc very cleverly modelled. A Cande- of their contributions to the ExiiibitioD, ditt'erent in character. The fint is an OBHAHSifT in high Labrum exhibits a very pretty design ; and the Decobatioh that follows it is a bold example of the Italian style, with its grotesque ornaments. 3 r THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Among the silver works manufactured and I The graceful statue of the youthful Bacchds exhibited by Messrs. Hiluabd & Tuomasos, of : gazing on the inviting gi-ape, is by LEOPOLD Nescini, of Florence, and is the production of one who has perfected his taste in the best school. Tlie appended engraving will be easily recog- Birmingham, is a prettily designed Infant's ' nised by hundreds of visitors to the Exhibition, Coral, in which appears a child ringing a bell, i as the Intedior of Her Majesty's Theatre, drawn from a model made of card board by Mr. T. D. Deiohton ; the ornaments are painted by Mr. Powell. The representation is most accm'ate. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Among the large Turiety of objects in silrer, manufactured and contri buted by Mr. O. R. CoLUS, of Binningliam, are the Candelabrum and Centbe-Piicb engraved on this page. Without any attempt at originality The Table introduced underneath is from the manufactory of Mr. J. Fletchek, of Cork ; he terms it the "Gladiatorial Table," from the figure of a gladiator supporting the top. The idea exiiibita great origiuality. of idea, the nrrangemcut of the scrolls and floriated ornament in each is good and effective. In the lower object wo should have prefeired to see a losd massive introduction of the scroll-work, which would give it a The most valuable contributions from the vast empire of Russia are. unquestionably, her mineral and other natural productions. Of manufac- tured objects we notice only a few specimens, except in ttxtile fabrics. greater degree of lightness. AVe notice, among the contributions of Mr. Collis, a solid silver table top, weighing nearly nine hundred ounces, for the Governor of Aleppo : and numerous other specimens of silver manufiic- ture, many of which are deserving of illustration, had our space permitted. Tlie engraving above is from a small model of a CATnEDRAL-DooB, executed in bronze by Count Tolbtot, of St. Petersburg. The original of this, also in bronze, thirty feet in height, adorns the cathedral of Moscow. 239 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The engraving which occupies so conspicuous a place on tliis page, is from a piece of exquisite Wood-Cakving, executed and contributed by Mr. T. W. Wallis, of Louth, in Lincolnshire. It is the first of a series of four that the sculptor purposes to execute, representing the four seasons. This is intended for " Spring," sym- bolised by flowers, the growth of that season, among which birds are introduced ; these are arranged with an elegance and natural disposition The manufactory of Messrs. Chabies Meioh & Son, of Hanley, is one of the largest and oldest in the pottery districts, having been established by the father of Mr. Meigh, Sen., about seventy years back ; in proof of its extent, we may remark that upwards of seven hundred hands are employed there in the vai'ious depai-t- ments ; that more than two hundred aud fifty tons of coals are consumed every week ; and that, during the same short space of time, eighty tons of clay are made up into their various articles of manufactui-e. Of these, which consist exclusively of earthenware, Parian, and stone- of their several forms that can scarcely be surpassed, and are carved with exceeding boldness of relief, some of the objects projecting twelve I wide • inches from the background. The work stands five and a half feet high, by nearly three feet it contains forty-seven varieties of plants. ware, about two-thirds are for the home market, and the remainder for exportation. We introduce on this column a Candlestick, adapted from a celebrated wine-cup by Cellini, and two Jugs. 210 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The subjects on this column are also &om the contributions of Messrs. Meigh & Son. The The Centre-Piece, serving the double pxirpose of an epergne and a candelabrum, is manufac- tured by Messrs. Hawkeswobtb, Etre, &, Co., of Sheffield. It is a testimonial presented to Mr. M. J. Ellison, of that place, by his fellow- townsmen, for his exertions in promoting there rr> Jdo adorned with the vine exhibits a young Bacchanal imbibing the juice of the grape ; the BuTTEB-coOLEB is covered with a trellis-work, overgrown with creeping plants ; the other two objects arc Fi.owkk-i'ots, differing greatly iii form and style of ornament, but both excellent tlie manly game of cricket, for which Sheffield has, within the last few years, become celebrated. The TUBEEN, by the same manufacturers, is au adaptation of what is generally known as the and appropriate to their purpose; tlie idea of the basket among the leaves, in the latter, is good- " melon pattern," with scroll handles and feet, lie., in the Louis Quatonse style ; it is elegant in form, and &r more consistent with our ideas of beauty than if more elaborately ornamented. 241 8« THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, The contributions of Mr. W. Winfield, of the Cambridge-gtreot Works, Birmingham, occupy a Erominent position ou one side of the '* Birming- om Court" in the Exhibition. They consist of tirticles of a similar kind, the majority of which are distinguished by tasteful design and most excellent workmimship. On this and the two following columns will be found illustra- tions from a few we have selected to demonstrate the variety and impoi-tance of the manufactures of this establishment. The first column ex- hibits three Bed-pillaBS, good in design, and of a rich and handsome appearance. The Gas- lamp and BiiACKET is one which, we imderstand, has been purchased by the Queen, a fact that lupersedes the necessity of any further reference, it bears ample testimony to the excellence of the work : the figures introduced are of parian. prmcipally of metallic bedsteads, of which Mr. Winfield is one of the oldest and most extensive manufacturers, gas-fittings of every description, window-cornices, curtain-bands, and a multitude The two CUBTAIH-BANDS are graceful appendages to the windows of the elegant drawing-room. 242 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The two Clabet-jcos on this column are ] Resuming hero our notice of the works of the earlier stage* of our existeDoe «apeoUny. manufactured by Messr*. Lister 4 Sons, of New- ; Mr. AVinkield. of Binuiugham, we commence castle-upon-Tyne, silversmitlis and jewellers, j \rith a UmUJ's Cot, which he terms the " Angel Cot," from the 6gure very happily introduced into it, suggested by the traditional idea that, in These objects derive their value less from the metal of which they are made than from the taste displayed in the designs and the skilful work- manship bestowed on them. They differ greatly in tlieir styles, but the delicacy and boldness displayed in both are worthy of commandation. these unseen beings are present to watch over and protect us ; the body and frame of the cot are very elegant. The Bedstead that follows is excellent in the character of its design ; the fluted taper pillars are drawn by a new process, ' that enables a tube of this description to be made with tho same facility as an ordiuary parallel one. On the next page is a wall Bracket, ornamented with the figure of " Doro- thea," modelled by Mr. Bell : by its side is a Lamp, of mure than ordinary excellence in the arrangement of its composition ; while tho sujierb Beostsao that completes our illustratioDS is one of the beet objects of its kind ever brought before our notice. The style of this production is rmouaoMee, and it aboimds in all those rich 243 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. features peculiar to that period of decorative great care, but those on the head and foot-rails Tlie contributions of M. RuDOLrHi, the emi- nent jeweller of Paris, are so truly beautiful that we cannot resist the temptation of adding another column of illustrations to those already art ; the figures on the pillars aie modelled with are objectionable from their uuartistic attitude. ijiven in preceding pages. The three BKOocHEi are exquisite in design, and of the most delicate workmanship ; and a close examination of the Table will show how much artistic taste and skill have been expended on its production. 244 ART-JODRNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The PiASOiOBTE enpraved is an Auei-ican contribution, the nmnu&cture of Mr. J. Hbsson, of New York ; it is of extraordi- nary size, being intended for four (lerfonners, two at each end. It£ instrumental qualities are spoken of in high terms ; and it is said to have been used at the concerts of Mademoiselle Lind. Tlie very elegant BapiiixIIal Fost, sculptured in Caen stune, is designed and executed by Mr. J. Castlk, of Oxford, and is one of the principal ornaments The Lock and Key are exhibited by Mr. J. Gibbons, Jun., of Wol- verhampton ; he terms it oa improved lock for doors, park-gates, &c. ^g 7^^&^ ; «^> AAA N"^-Ai4i»i>i>i»ai¥i'A¥tVi;Ya; of the Ehiglish Fine Art Court SyuiboUcol figures of augeU decorate its sides, befu-iug emblematic devices, the entire being covered with foliage and fruit. ^ I I 21.1 8b THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS The Bbookltn PYint Glass Works, situated at New York. U. S., contribute a well-fillef' stand, which occupies a central position in the American de- The Crusader Chess Table, is the work of Mr. ; cliaracters of the Crusades, under Ca;ur-de-Lion. These Gratdon, of Dublin; the pieces represent the chief ■ pieces were carved in ivory by Mr. Slaight. of London. Messrs. C. W. Dove & Co, of Leeds, exhibit a number I Threeply Carpets ; we engrave an elegant and exceed- of beautiful velvet-pile Brussels, Kidderminster, and | ingly rich pattern, designed for tliem by Mr. Harvey. partment of tlie Great Exhibi- tion. There is enough novelty of form in these works to assure us tluit our transatlantic brethren are fully aware of the mercantile value of Art. •2.1 C ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Messrs. Oodgh of Sheffield fzhibit articles of electro-plate, from which we select a group poe- sensing much gracefulness of contour. The Candlestick is of novel decoration, and the Epebone of light and elegant form, the omameut being well adapted to t)ie objects manufactured. Hr. Ben NET, of Dublin, exhibits tiie very Mr. B.vrrA!€, of London, some of whoso successful imitations of antique vases, ice, are engraved on a former pivgc of our Catalogue, has adopted the appropriate and picturo3(iue method of exhibiting hU works, in a fac-simile of an Etruscan Tomb, the various niches containing their urns, and the ground covered with paterse and sacrificial vessels of a characteristic kind. graceful Clauet-J uo, in silver, here eiigi-aved. THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Mr. T. Earlk has embodied the story of Jacob and Rachel in a gracefully conceived group. The shepherd stands by the well where the maiden fills hor wate^vessel, and tells his tale with simple eameatness. The Vase in Terra Cotta, is produced at the works of Messrs. Ferodson. MiLLEB, & Co., of Neathfield, Glasgow, and contains figures typical of tlie great gatheringin 1851. In colour and manipulation it is decidedly good. Mr. WHrrwELL of Dockray Hall Mills, Kendal, | a carpet manufacturer of eminence, contributes | among many other very excellent specimens, the KidderminaterCARPETwehere engrave. The fabric I is double cloth, not twilled in the warp, and the I colouriug is produced by change of the shuttle. as ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE TbU engrSTiiig is from a Tablb-Covbr, de- 1 signed and executed by Hesan. Webb ft Son, of i Spitalfiekla. for Messrs. Dewab ft Co., of London. The two objects filling the lower part of this page are from examples of the cabinet work of Mr. J. M. Levein, of London. The first is an EscBrroiRE, of satin-wood, in the Louis Quatorze style, inlaid with tulip-wood in flowers and scroll-work. The other combines a J e wei^case and Stand ; it is made of the tulip and kingwoods, ornamented with or-molu, and inlaid with Sivres vbiiia. Another of the contributionj of M. Levein, which our space would not allow ' us to illustrate, is a very beautiful sideboard I formed of a wood, the growth of New Zealand. 241) 3 s THE INnUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A Table, in papier-machS, which, we presume, is intended for a ladies' work-table, is from the manufactory of Measrs. Halbeabd & Wellinos, of Birmingham. Its vase-like form is a novelty in this description of cabinet manufacture, Tlie second engraving on this column is from the other contribution of Messrs. Newtok, Jones, & Willis, to which allusion is elsewhere made. It is a portion of an Altar Ci.ui.., ^;;..:,raidered by hand, in gold and silk ; in the design is a dove, drawn in the style of the ancient illuminators. The Sleigh, from which the engraving under- neath is copied, is an American production, manufactured by Messrs. J. Goold & Co., of Albany, U.S. It is a double-bodied carriage, of excellent workmanship, to be drawn by two ponies, forwhich its constructionadmirably fits it. From the numerous articles of merit in Altar- Cloths, hangings, &c., exhibited by Messrs. New- ton, Jones, & Willis, of Birmingham, we select two — engravings of which occupy the lower part of this page. That underneath is a portion of the Obphkey of an archbisliop's cape, designed for the Anglican church ; the whole of the enrich- ments are worked by hand in gold and silk. Tlie simplicity of the worship of the English churcii is most striking, when compared with that of tlie church from which it sprung ; even in our liigliu.st lu.apier uiiclie of Mets-rs. Simehs .t Son, of Oxford, are numerous: they coasiiit of tables, work-tables, writing deiska. ten-travB, allmms. fire-scroeus, i)ortfoli08, kc. all of which arc' in good taste ; the ornamentation being sufficiently subdued, and regard being haetition called forth by the invitation "f 1851. Tue Table by Mr. P.vumer, an eminent up- holsterer of Rath, is an excellent example of pro- vincial manufacture ; it is very gi-aceful in de-ign. and the execution is of a most satisfactory kind. Mr. C. J. Richardson is well known by lii< excellent works on Elizabetlian ornament and fumitui'e, in which lie ha'', with much persever- ance and ability, pointed out the peculiarities, and r^ch fancies, visible in that school of design. He has now practically realised his knowledge, The Chair is engraved from one manufactured by M. Balny, of Paris, who contributes numcrou'- articles of furniture, manifesting good taste, and no little ingenuity of workmanship. The style of this chair is Klizabethan, well carried out. A tei-ra-cotta Vase, from the works of Messrs. Ferguson, Miller, & Co., of Heathleld, near Glasgow, shows, among its other ornaments, a by the production of various Articles of Fde- MTURE, possessing all the picturesque richness of the style, combined with the knowledge of its leading principles, whicli elevate these works. nuptial ])rocession, designed in the style of the antique. These figures are modelled uitii great accuracy, and ai-e arranged in an ai'tistic manner. 256 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The CoNSOLEKiUkss and Table combined, I are designed and manufactured by Mr. S. Lecand, of London ; the frames are carved in American pine and lime-tree woods, and double gilt in matted and burnished gold. The style is a variation of the Louit Quatont ; birds, flowers, and winged horses being mingled with the other description of oma- meutal work, and giving to the whole more novelty than we are often accustomed to see. These Vases are the productions of Captain Beau- CLEUC, and are formed iu terracotta, of two tints. I'lie Among the numerous objects of cabinet- work manufactured by Messrs. Gillow &, Co., of Loudon, is a Sofa, termed a " Wanstead Sofa." It has little carved work, but it is of a good order ; the griffins at each end, form- i , . , , • r r i j ing the legs, are sculptured with bolduesa. yellower clay, both being the producUon of Ireland. 257 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The Gothic Hinqe is manufactured and ex- hibited by Messrs. Barnard and Bishop, of Nor- wich. It iiiof wrought iron, and is a well-directed attempt to revive the ancient iron smith-worlc, of wluch many of our old ecclesiastical edifices and baronial mansions furnish fine examples. The manufactory of Messrs. J. Rose & Co., of gilding; the footboard is divided into panels, and in the centre is a shield, on which appears a Bacchanalian mask; carved figures are placed at each corner. The backboard is stuffed, and the furniture is of light blue silk with satin margin and white trimmings. It is of good workmanship. lain, which bear compaiison, for beauty of ma- 258 ARTJOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE terial and skill of workmanship, with the best of the Pottery districts of Staffordshire. Some idea of the variety and originality of their pat- terns, combined vrith other good quali- ties, may be received from the examples a Jua in this column is justly entitled to a similar remark. The we have here introduced. The 6rst column commences w;th a Dkssert- Plate, the border of which shows a pleasing novelty, while the groups of fruit are painted with much taste. The Flower- Vase tliat follows is also new in design, and appropriate ; and the Epebone is entitled to favourable notice. On this column we engrave group which I'oiiows h composed cliit^tiy ol Fbdit-Dishes, de- the Bgures are capitally modelled : it is, specimens of Tea and CorrEB-CuFS, all of which are characterised by novelty of design in their onutmeot ; signed in the character of the style known as the " Louis Quatorze." The Qboup of FlonaES — Puck throned on a mushroom -is of Piu"iaii lesign and we believe, the work of the late admirable soolptor, Mr. Pitts, and finished by his son. 25» THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. The 6gure placed on this column is from another of the models exhibited by Mr. F. M. MitLER. The sculptor has given it the title of Sprinq, symbolising that season by the doves perched on the hand of the 6gure, and the plough, modelled after an antique agricultural implement, on which it rests. The embodiment of the idea is carried out in a graceful manner, and the pose of the figure is remarkably easy. The engraving underneath is from a piece of E.MBROIDERY Trimming, exhibited by Messrs. Bknnooh, Twentyman, & Co., of London. The illustration above is a portion of a Gtothic | Chimney- Piece sculptured by M. Lebrun, of Paris. A Console Chepfonier is exhibited by Messrs. I glish walnut-wood, the topis of statuary marble. Trapnell & Son, of Bristol : it is made of En- | set in a rich moulding of ebnny and tortoisehell. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The Carriage here introduced ia manufactured by Messrs. R 4 E. Vezkt, of Bath ; it belongs to the class usually termed "sociables." The general appearance of this carriage is very ele- gant, and all the springs being fixed with india- rubber bearings, it "rides" very easily. The body, kc, is painted in rich ultra-marine blue, relieved with white and amber, in delicate lines ; and it is lined with drab silk and lace. Messrs. Hilixvrd Jk Thomason, of Birming- ham, are the contributors of fish-knives and forlu, The engraving undemsath shows the pattern of a Brussels Carpet, printed by patent machinery, at the factory of Messrs. J. Bricut A Co., of Crag, near Macclesfield. The composi- r^i ■ r taper-stands, tc We engrave here the Hamdle or A FiBB-Kmra, very ezceUent in design. tion of this design is exceedingly bold, though we caDnot assign to it much originality of inven- tion. Messrs. Bright are also exhibitors of velvet pile carpets, tapestries, furniture-covers, Ac. 2ei 8x THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Wa occupy this page with works by M. Leistlkb, who may be, with justice, considered the most important Austrian manufacturer; that he claims high rank, as well for the artistic taste as for the beauty with which his tures, and other objects of art, which may thus be conveniently and elegantly arranged over their surface. The figures who hold them, the fancifiil foliage, and the equally fanciful group of homed serpents forming the ba.se, are all re- markable for the vigour and delicacy with which they are carved. The small Settee beneath is I design, and is not redeemed from heaviness. In equally good in executiou, but is less graceful in | some instances, parts are better than the whole works are executed, will be readily admitted by those who inspect the four palatial apart- ments he has furnished for the inspection of "the world," in its Exhibition. A very grace- of these articles of furniture, and many that I study in detail ; we engrave the central portion might be passed by as ordinary looking, deserve | of a Sofa-Back as an illustration of this, which ful novelty is represented in our first cut; it is an Ornamental Stand, of a fanciful and original design, the large framed boards of rosewood being intended for the exhibition of small minia- possesses elegance. The Table beneath is intended for a di-awing-room ; it is of the finest- coloured and most costly wood. The Chaib is of sumptuous construction, whether its carved work, or its upholstery, be considered ; it is con- structed with the strictest attention to comfort. 262 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The engravings on this page are from a tuite of carved decorative furniture, consisting of about twenty objects; they are manufactured are made is Irish bog-yew. The FAt^TEun, or arm-chair, shows at the back busts of ancient Irish warriors, supporting the ancient arms of chanaliau busts at the angles; a figure of Hibemia surmounts the top, with the accessories of the wolf-dog, harp, tc The Pole-Screen, one of a pair, stands on a tripod composed of three busts with helmeted heads ; the looking-glass panels by Mr. A. J. Jones, of Dublin, from his own designs, which are intended to illustrate Irish history and antiquities; the wood of which they Ireland ; the elbows are represented by wolf- dogs, one in action, the other recumbent The Tea-pot, being a receptacle for foreign produce. is appropriately ornamented; its base exhibits the chase of the giant deer by wolf-dogs. A sarcophagus Wuie-Cooleb is elaborately sculp- tured on the four sides, and enriched with boc- form the field on which is sculptured, in demi- reUef, an ancient Irish Kern, or light-armed warrior, on the one, and on the other, the Qallowglass, or heavy-armed Irish warrior. 268 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, It was reasonably to be expected that Ger- some examples of her skill in the manufacture graved several from the establishment of Messrs many, so rich in musical talent, would furnish | of Musical Instbumknis. We have, therefore, en- i F. Glier & Son, of Klingenthal, in Saxony. A second visit to the stand of Messrs. Gass, of London, in the Exhibi- tion, has induced us to engrave another of their contributions. It is a very elegant Table Ornament, of silver, showing an oriental design. The three engravings which complete this page are selected from a Two Indian water-bearers are placed beneath a palm-tree ; at each corner of the triangular base is a sphynx, between which is a wreath of flowers. large variety of useful and ornamental articles, manufactured by Mr. T. Harrison, of Sheffield, chiefly in electro-plate on imperial metal and nickel silver ; many of these are designed with very considerable taste. 264 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. On tliis column we introduce a Vask of silver for iierfiime, and a Tankard of silver gilt, from A valuable auxiliary to the amateur sketcber and the artist will be found in the Eascl, in- vented by, and manufactured for, Mr. F. W. Uarvey, of Oxford, it is one of the most com- plete objecU of tliis description we have seen, containing every requisite, on no limited soile. for both oil and water-colour pointing. The easel is strong yet very liglit, and, when closed, u perfectly secured by one stout indiau-rubber Uuid ; the whole slides into a Mackintosli ca^ie, which also forms a most couva- uieut and portable knapsack. » the manufactory of M. Vittoz, of Paris ; each of these objects are exquisite examples of the taste Mr. HAKlCQ,ofMaline8, has furnished a pyramid I ofglanedcafles, containing the importout and beou- i!2ji|ifii«if!:ti displayed by i..^ . .v.,.. designer in producing models for the monufiacturor in costly metals. tiful devotional books forwhich he iscelebrated as | one of the most extensive continental publi«h«t». ass it THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A Chimjiey-Piecb of marble, designed and manufactured by Messrs. Joseph Bkowne & Co.. of London, i? a well-executed work, from a ligUt and graceful composition, to which the two | The Russian contributions to the Crystal principal figures impart a novelty that is carried ' Palace evince a large amo>mt of costly splendour out by the ornamentation of the other parts. combined with quaint and characteristic design. The Bronze FonNTAiN is the production of | or mythologically, connected with tlie element Mr. J.^MES, of Lambeth, and is of it is destined to display. It is a very appropriate de.'iign, inasimnch *^^ , fmall work, a model, in fact, but HA all the accessories are really, J<9b 11/ *1' *■''* details are carefully carrieich fancy in the Art-manufacturers who have been engaged in their fabrication. In other pages of our Catalogue, many of the out, and it Is worked by a miniature steam- I engine, of singularly excellent construction. larger Russian works appear: we here devote two columns to specimens of the silver cups wliich occupy so important a po.«ition in the de- 266 AKT-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. partment devoted to this great empire. There M a very free and iiinciftil taste prevalent in A Coxsou-Tablb, by JI. Jsakskur, of Pam, is a good example of the Louia Quatom etyle. tliese articles, which gives to them a strong in- dividuality of chamcter. This ia particularly visible in the first and second of our engravings ; the others, however, call to mind the Ocrnian works of the fifteenth oentary, to «hich they are nearly allied. They are Uie productions of the (goldsmith, Pacl Sazikofp, of Moacow. The engraving midemeath ia from the model | of a SABCorBAOD* with Gothic CANorr, sculp- tured by Mr. W. Plows, of Foss Bridge, York, in I stone from the quarries at Heldenley, near Malton WT J THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS The appended engraving is from a piece of tured by MM. Leiube & Sox, of Lyons ; the EMBiioiuEBy, for a Priest's robe ; it is mauufac- | cross is worked in gold, upon a ground of purple. A Table, of walnut wood, is another of the I it shows some bold carving, executed from a contributions made by Mr. Palmer, of Bath ; \ design of considerable novelty, especially in the A statuary group under the name of " The Sdpi'liant " is exhibited, with other works, by Mr. Weekes, tlio distiiigniiilied sculptor ; the figure is presumed to represent a female in dis- tress, who, with her ii>fant, is solicitmg cliarity. The Chair introduced below is made by Mr. G. W. England, of Leeds; it is manufactured form of the cross-piece connecting the legs. The I manufacturer is entitled to very high praise. of mahogany, the grain ot the wood running in oue uniform direction : the design is good. 268 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The sword here engnived is from tlie iuauufa£tory of Messrs. Ueeves. Greaves & Co., sword cutlers of Birmingham. It is a cavalry dress Sabre, the hilt, blade, and scab- bard mountings of which are entirply of Bteel, elaborately engraved, in designs that show considei'uble ele- The subject of the annexed illctive countries. The Cabinet and Glass are much to our taste ; the fi-ame of the latter is especially good. and noTBHy. The oval Table has a I rich marquetrie border, and the other objects I that appear in our illustration deserve attention. S78 i A THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, The Broocd engraved underneath is manufac- tured by M. RuDOLPHi, of Paris ; the design of the beautiful setting is of the Reuaissance period. The city of Lyons, as might be expected, con- tributes a large, varied, and costly supply of the silk manufactures for which she has long been celebrated throughout Europe. It is not our province, here at least, to institute comparisons between the productions of France and those of our country ; but we may nevertheless be per- mitted to add that, unfortunately for our ovra manufacturers, fashion has arbitrarily set a value upon the fabrics of the continent, to which they The group, by M. Lechesne, of Paris, which he terms The Faithful Fbiend, is remarkable for the vigour with whicli the story is told by the sculptor. A boy is accompanied by his dog, both are attacked by a serpent, but the faithful animal is on the defensive, and destroys the reptile. are not always entitled. Of the two illustrations I on the lower part of this page the first is from | a piece of Riebon, made by Messra. Collard & Co., of St. Etienne ; the pattern is simple, but arranged with considerable grace. The second is from a silk Scarf, which presents a combina- tion of elegant and novel forms most skilfully . tory of Messrs. BERTnA^•D, Gayet, & Dumontal- composed ; it is a superb fabric from the manufac- ' of Lyons, an establishment of high reputation. 274 ART-JOURNAl, ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Thii group — The Deutsbsb — is a sequel, by M. Lechbsnb, to that which we engrave oa the opposite page. Tiie dog has deHtroyed the aggressive serpent, and is receiving the careaaes of the boy who has been saved by his prowess. We introduce here another Bboocb by M. RoDOLPBi, of Paris ; it is an exquiaitelyage with five engravings, selected from his im- ]>ortaut contributions to the Exhibition ; the -^ r' reader will receive gratification from the novelty presented by the major part of them. Our first example is from a Cokfek-Pot, of verj- elegant form and omameutatiun. The Cup underneath is of exquisite workmanship ; the figures on it are modelled with much freedom an Inkst.ind, which is altogether a novelty in design ; the ornamental group on its top ia composed of fish, and objects appertaining to I the sport of angling, and the sides of the ink- { stand are in harmony with them. The two TuKEENS and Oisbes that make up the rcmniuiiig Illustrations are widely dissimilar, but each pre- senting features of b^uty and novelty (we are compelled to repeat the last word once more) that cannot &il to attract attention ; the former, though richly engraved ond sculptured, presents ia its ornaments a unity of idea, that seems wanting in the latter, which, nevertheless, is a magnificeut piece of sculptured silver-work. 287 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The group of DtssKRT Service is contributed by Messrs. Daniell, of London : it is remarkable The figure engi'aved underneath is from the statue of the FisHBB Bor, by Hiram Powers. the distinguished American sculptor ; it is a work in every way worthy of its high repute. not alone for much grace and elegance of design, but as a triumphant attempt to restore to fictile art the once famous rose colour, named after the favourite of Louis Quatorze, " Du Barry." In the works exhibited by Messrs. Daniell, and manufac- tured atCoalbrookdale, this beautiful colour is un- questionably improved upon : it has a far finer and richer tint, and perliaps may be regarded as one of the triumphs of the Exliibition. Tlie Parian Vase is also a contribtition by Messi-s. Daniell.. The eminent sculptor, Geefs, of Antwerp, contributes a group designed from the old and beautiful national legend of Genevieve of Bra- bant ; who, wrongfully accused of infidelity, is driven by her lord to the wilds of the forest, where she and her infant are succoured by a fawn until her innocence is established, and she is again sought by her deceived husband. The story is simply and touchingly told, and the group well composed by the accomplished artist 288 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The two objecta which form the illustrations on the upper portion of this page are produced by Messrs. White 4 Pablbt, of London, who carty on an establishment for the manufacture of ornaments in composition, principally for the decoration of rooms, but also, as our engravings show, for the lighter description of fiirniture. They exhibit the model of a room, as prepared for tlie gilder, painter, and upholsterer, with In on earlier page of the Catalogue we intro- duced two single examples of the Bkonzks of M. Paillard, of Paris ; we now bring forward a Gbodp, composed from his numerous contribu- tions in the Exiiibition. In the centre is a noble Vase, of porcelain, in the Louis Quatonce style, with bronze ornaments, featoous of flowers, and groups of other productions, which must be re- garded moreasmodelsthanasfinished works. The Tablk is one of such ; it has long pendent leaves ornamenting the column. The Lxom' WoRX- Tabli is very elegant in design ; its style ia Italian, well arranged in all its various details. To the right is the well-known group 'Copios Stbdoouno for the Heabt." The remainder of the composition is made up of statuettes, candelabra, vases, and other objects. THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. One is so apt to associate the manufacturing productions of Manchester with cotton and calicoes, as to feel some surprise to see an exhi- bition of beautiful Glass- Work emanating from that busy town. The engravings introduced on this page sufficiently testify to the position which the " metropolis of the north " may assume in the manufacture of fictile objects ; moreover, it is not generally known that not less than tweaty-fivo tons of flint-glass are, at the present time, produced weekly in Man- chester, where the establishment of Messrs. MoLiNEAUX, Webb, & Co., takes the lead in this department of industrial art. This house has now'existed for nearly a quarter of a century. and its proprietors have paid such attention to the production of ornamental coloured glass. that it may be affirmed, without prejudice to a Sugah-Basin, of cut prisms ; by its side are a Grecian-shaped ruby juo, and Goblet to cor- respond, vrith riclily-cut sunk diamonds ; in tlie centre of the third colxunu is a ruby gilt Chalice, in the mediajval style. Tlie opalescent Vase at the bottom of the page is engraved after Flax- is in no way inferior to the best in the I country. The first object we have engraved is man's design of " Diomed casting his spear at Mars;" and in the middle of the group to the left of this are a ruby antique Jna and Goblet, on which has been engraved the lotus-plant. 290 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The Duchy of Saxe-Coburg has made great exertions to be worthily r«presenteout his feet till they have become entangled, and add to tm ebullition of rage. Tiie work ig most truthfiil. oiauge, on a giouu'l of Ui-ep crimson. It is i quite worthy ot beiiio' jiiaced bciide trie best terms HoRNlXO Prates, is full of the best feeling gcne- a very successful and artistic production, | works of this class in the Oreat Exhibition, rated by the choice of a subject replete with seutimeut 20!> THE IKDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The importation ot foreign Watches into England is earned on to a consideRible extent, A CiiKVAi- Screen, can-ed and gilt, is ex- liibited by Mr. T. Nicoll, of London ; it is su althouirh, we believe, tliat since our manufac- turers have learned to combine cheapness witli constructed tliat by a simple proces" it may be converted into a stand for lights, a niusic-staud, excellence, a large diminution has taken plac»? in the number imported. The watch-makers of Switzerland have long maintained their pre- pminencc in this branch of industrial art by the ingenuity and skill which they have brought to bear on their productions ; so that the watches and a table. In the centre is a Pa.stil painting, by Mr. A. Bluikley, representing Peace and Plenty; the composition of the jiieture is highly pleasing, while tlio design of the frame is good. of that country find a ready sale throvi'.'hout the continents of Europe and America. We liave engraved on this page six out of several which M. Patek, of Geneva, has contributed to the Exhibition. By a simple and ingenious mechanism, the use of watch-keys is rendered unnecessary in some of them : a screw in the handle, when turned, winds up the watch, and, by another movement, equally simple, regulates the hands. 300 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE A Chess-Boaro and Chebb-Mei, in silver and gold, richly ornamented with jewels, enamels, tc.. is exhibited by Messrs. Prilups, of London, but made by Messrs. C. M. Wieshaupt and Sons, of Hanau. Qermany. The figures were modelled by M. E. Von Launitz, the sculptor, of FVankfort The female figure is from one of the " Queens " in the set of Chess Men ; she is habited in the A Statue, in plaster, entitled " The Batbbb," is exhibited by Mr. J. Lawlob, a clever sculptor. costume worn in tlie early part of the sixteenth ^^^^^^^^^K^I^^^^^^^^^K its companion on the opposite side. The whole j centiU7 by the royal princes-ses of Germany. , who has executed several excellent productionn. of this work is Biniriilarly uniijue and beautiful. One cii -..- i^-ugi" of the Chess-Men is here introduced, whose costume is in harmony with 301 4 a THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Messrs. Litboow & Puroie, of Edinburgh, exhibit the very chaste and beautiful design for A carved Mante^Piece, by M. Conte, of London, deserves to be higlily commended for its chaste style of ornament. M. Conte is an Itali.on artist, who has long resided in London, where, in his atelier, we have seen very many most elegant works in marble, especially some statuettes. the Panellino of a saloon, indicative of " The Seasons." The style is Italian, of the best order. larly solid character, and is capable of the boldest relief of light and shade. Floral decoration, in conjunction with geometric form, has advantagei which may be of great value to the designer. 302 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE A Carbiaok, Mnned "The Diorapha" by the inTentors and builders, Messrs. Rock t Son, of Hastings, possesses the advantage of being used either as a close carnage, a barouche, or entirely open ; it is therefore well adapted for all aeasons and weathers. The transfonnations are easily made. The Vase or Cup engraved underneath is sculptured in marble by M. Vanunden, of Antwerp. The body shows four bas reliefs designed from Spenser's Faerie Queene, " Cupid trying his bow," " Cupid the conqueror of the mighty," " Fidelity," and " The end of his occupation;" at the top of the vase Cupid is represented as oaptive to Venua, who has bound the " mischievous boy with roses. A Gothic Vase of rich pale red term-cotta, excellent in design, and of admirable workmanship, is modelled and exliibitod by Mr. J. Pltluau, of Broxboume, Hertfordshire. It stands on a granulated pedestal of similar character, which, like the vase, shows great shaqtneas and delicacy of execution. 303 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. Mr. Brookes, of Maryport, exhibits the Fioube-Heai) of a Ship, repre- senting Ceres in search of Proserpine, discovering the veil she has dropped. It is a very meritorious attempt to elevate the character of such works. Mr. Waller, whose work on " Monumental Brasses" has rendered his name familiar to the antiquary, has exhibited a Brass, exemplifying the adaptation of modem costume to monumental design. It represents a female figure, with a greyhound at her feet, beneath a canopy of enriched pointed architecture. In the shafts, which on either side support the canopy, are compartments, containing subjects from the six works of mercy, according to Matthew, xxv., 35, 36. The subject which occupies the centre of the canopy, is that of "The Good Samaritan." That g^ on the apex is a group representing "Charity," WJ* and the two brackets each contain a subject 5^E^ ^^''^"^ Psalm Ixxxv., 10, " Mercy and truth are 1/11^1 ■""* togetlier; righteous- ness and peace have ff^ \\\^ kissed each other." ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Tlie two knives are from the well-known Sheffield. The first is a silver-handled Bowie- with engraved blade ; the desi|^ of both are estabbsUment of Messrs. J. Rodoem 4 Sons, of I Knife, and the second a silver De^ebt-Ksife ' good. This firm well sustains it* reputation. The Milanese sculptors, who, though under the political government of Austria, and exhi- biting their productions in the Austrian depart- ment, have a closer affinity with the arts of Italy, contribute well and largely to the Exhi- bition. M. Samgioruio has sent four figures, from which we select one, called "L'Auu," re- presenting a soul ascending to heaven. The suliject is one not easily susceptible of illustra- tion ; the figure is , nevertheless, very grocefuL We introduce here the central design of a CorSB for a child's cradle or bassinet, manufac- tured and exhibited by Messrs. D. k. J. Mac- DONALD, of Glasgow. The material whereof it is made is cambric, the plain ground of which, by the ingenuity and akUJ wherewith the needle has been applied, is transformed into " point," most perfectly executed. The establishment of Mensn. Maodonald is among the most extensive in Qlaagow, employing thirty thousand hands. 805 it THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The manufactures of M. Van Kempen. of Utrecht, gold and Bilveremith to the King of the Netherlands, manifest great beauty of design, and very excellent workmanship ; examples of some of his contributions appear on this and the I antique style of the Renaissance ; it is bold in next page. The fii-st is a Casket, in the pseudo- | its design. The next is a table Ihkstand, in the style denominated Louis Quatorze ; the attitude of tlie figure on each side is not less norel than pleasing. The Tea-Service, in the same style, may claim a similar remark. The Hakd-Bell at the head of the next column also shows the Louis Quatorze ornaments and form. The Vase underneath is of Gothic style ; it was made by M. Van Kempen for the late King of the Nether- lands, William IL ; in the niches are statues of six of the most famous princes of the houses of Orange and Nassau, from 752 to 1544 ; tlie lid is surmounted by that of Adolphus of Nassau, who became Emperor of Germany ; this cup is a vei7 beautiful specimen of silver-work. The 306 ART.JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Hakd-Bell on the next page is another example of tlie Liouis Quatorze style, and the CoF that follows it shows tliat of the Reoaissanoe to grtsat The annexed engravinf; is from one of the few ornamental objects of industrial art contributed by the Swiss Cantons ; it is a lady's Escrjtoikk, manufactured of white wood by M. Wkttu, of Berne, and is so constructed that it may be used at pleasure for a writing-table in a sitting or a standing poettu^ The ornamentation is unique and chartictcristic ; the figures which appear in the different parts represent the rustic economy and Alpine life of the inhabitants of Snitzer- laad ; many of whom, while tending their flocks, amuae themselTea with earring various objects. Tlie CABiNrr underneath is manufactured by M. FovRDiNois, of Paris ; tho material of which it is made is ebony, the moulding and ornaments are of brass gilt, the panels of tortoiseshell, inlaid with buhl. In this, as in many other objects of French cabinet-work, we cannot but advantage : it is exceedingly graceful in form. notice the purity of style that exists throughout the entire design, by which its true nature is bo much enhanced. Ornament, like extravagant colouring in a picture, only attracts observation to its defects, unless it be accompanied by taste in its aelection, and great skill in its adaptation. 807 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The light Phaeton, by Messrs. Brown, Owen, & Co., of Birmiuglmm, possesses all the reijiusites of conveni- ence and elegance which characterise modem carriage- building, in England : the shafts are made of steel. The noble old romance, the " Nie- beluugen Lied," has furnished Fbbk- The Shawl by Messrs. Keith & Shoobridge, of 1 for harmony ofcolour, as well as for intricacy of compo- London, is a tasteful sind elaborate design, remarkable | sition. It is printed by Mr. Swaisland, of Crayford. KORN with subjects for characteristic statues, executed in bronze at the foun- dry of the Prince of Salms, at Vienna. 308 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The Marlbobodoh Testimonial, one of the striking groups by Messra. Hunt 4. Roskkll, represents John. Duke of Marlborough, writing the despatch of his great victory at Blenlieim on the drum-head brought to liim on the battle- field, 08 the only available desk on which to onnounoe the important event to Englishmen at home. Tlie note written on this occasion still exists among the fiunily archives. The group aurmoimting the pedestal is modelled with great truth and spirit; the pedestal itself is a l>old example of the Louis Quatorze style of m-uament. A Sideboard, carved in walnut-wood, is the entire work — design and execution — of Mr. H. HoTLK, of Sheffield, a young man who h largely indebted to the SheCBeld School of Design, of wliich he is a pupil, for the great abil' played in this production. It has been executed under considerable difficulties, the producer having to labour at one of the manufactories in the town three days in the week for his main- tenance, while he devoted the reinaiuiiig tlireeto the sideboard here engraved. It is a well-studied and very beautiful example of carved woodwork. THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The Chair engi-avcd below is made by Mr. G. C01.UNSON, of Doiiciister. Independent of its lucrits as an example of rustic f\irniture, there is a little historj' attaching to it, which enhances its interest About three years since, two oak trees, measuring together two hundred feet of timber, were found below the floor of the river Dun out-fall drain, then being dug at Arksey, near Doucaster, by Mr. W. Chadwick, of that place, for whom, we believe, the chair has been manufactured. It is presumed, by those ac- quainted with the locality where these trees were found, that they must have been buried in the soil upwards of two thousand years. Mr. Amos Hold, of Ardsley, near Biu-nsley, iu Yorkshire, contributes an object of manufacture which proves the spread of artistic knowledge ; it is a Frame, elegantly carved in pine-wood. The engraving underneath represents a portion a " five-frame carpet." The advantages which of a CAltPliT, manufactured by Mr. B. H. Wood- | we understand this peculiar fabric offers, are WARD & Co., of Kidderminster, and designated | warmth, cleanliness, and durability ; the capa- bility of being made either in Brussels, Tourn.iy, Wilton, or velvet-pile qualities; aud facilities tor change of toluuis ui tiio same design. The I pattern we Lave engraved is one especially 1 adapted for eEfectj results. 310 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. The illustration placed acroM the top of this page represents the upper part of a Frame, (sured by Professor Albertt, Member of the Berlin Academy of Arts, from a design by M. Stiller, principal architect to the King of Prussia. The design is successfully executed Tlie Cabinkt, which appears beneath, is en- graved from one manufactured and exhibited by Mr. J. W. I.NOKAM, of iKlington, Birmiugliam ; it ia mode of wood, decorated by the enamel pro- cess, with electro-gilt metal mouldings, forming a chaste and somewhat unique object of cabinet- work. The decorations ore of a description to tell more effectively in the original, than iu any illustration, however carefully executed. The Fbhdcr ia another of those exhibited by Messrs. Robebtson, Cabr, & Steel, of Sheffield, and, like must of the pro-Juctious of this firm, is characterised by a i udiciuus combination of ele- gance with utility : it is uf i>olUhed »teel. 311 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS, A Window of stained and pointed Mr. G. Hedoeland, of liarnionises with the Gothic architecture ; cuted with reference to glass ia exhibited bj- London ; its style decorated period of the background is exe the peculiar character The engraving underneath is somewhat of a deviation from the plan we have adopted with reference to machinery of every description ; but the Mill here represented may be accepted as proof, that even to machinery may be given elegance of form and character. The manufacturers are Messrs. S. Adams & Co., of Oldbury, near Birmingham, whose object has been, in their invention, to con- struct a mill, more durable, yet not more expensive, than those in ordinary use. istics of that style, as existing in tlie best examples of ecclesiastical decoration. The work is, in all respects, one of considerable merit. A Lace Shawl is manufactured by Mr. W. Vickeiss, of Nottingham, from whiit is termed the " pusher bobbin net machine ; " the work is excecdmgly delicate. 312 ART-JOURNAL ILLIJSTRAmD CATALOGUE. Mr. Pknnt, of London, whoee mountings for carriage hamo68 we have engraved elsewhere, exhibits some elegant heraldic Skewebs; the handle of one is seen illustrated underneath. Among the beautiful shawls and scarves ex- hibited by Mr. Blakelet, of Norwich, of whoso contributions by the way, we gave s)>ccimens in an earlier number of our Catalogue, is an elegant Scarf of Cashmere, of which a portion is here engraved : in its simple yet elegant design, and Mr. SaKgster. of London, exhibits some very beautiful Wuipoakdles, diuplayiug an amount of fancy and picturesque applicability to their uses which evince a well directed tasto and The exhibition of Ladies Fans by M. Dn- ViLLEROi, of London and Paris, is unique ; all that taste and ingenuity can devise in the way ^^HM- in tasteful arrangement of col^ui. ii i.^ ^.^ij thing to be desired. We understand the scarf has been porchased at the Exhibition by the Queen. r.MBRF.i.i,A-HAKDLE and pARASOL-TOP concludes uur series, which exhibit much originality. l^^f^ Ci. ^) of onuunent may be seen among the variety con- tributed, any one of which is worthy of the ladies who graced the courts of Queen Anne or Louis XIV., to whom £ui8 were always indispensable. Sit I L THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. A decorative picture for a Ceiling is exhibited by Mr. Hebvibd, of London. Britannia is per- sonified in her Sovereign leaning on Peace, and supported hj Beligioo, She presides at the convention of Agriculture, Commerce, Science, and the Arts, and has called around her the representatives of all nations. The genius of Immortality bears a crown to Britannia, and other genii offer palms to the various representatives of the Industrial Arts : it is a spirited composition. silver the other a large Vase with silver oruamcuts, uiccutud for the Due d'Aumale. 8U ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE The annexed illugtration is from a Cashmere Dress, manufactured by Messrs. T. Greoobt, Brothers, of Halifax, by direction of Prince Albert, for the Queen. It is mode from the wool of a favourite goat, belonging to her Majesty. The design, which is simple but elegant, is by Mr. Q. Odely. Mr. Thorktcroft has realised the tale of the youthful Kreo Alfred Tauobt bt bis Motber, who places the illuminated book before him as an inducement to cultivate that knowledge, for which he ultimately became conspicuous ; the composition of the group is spirited and clever. Messrs. Clabbdbm ft Ck)., of Norwich, exhibit a large variety of the textile fabrics for which this dty is famous ; shawls, poplins, brocades. ^-s'^^T^ZF i."i«i ^ hunting-wrappers, &c. We engrave here one of their Popun patterns, of an exceedingly neat and pretty design, that is most effective in the labric The PuKoroBTB here introduced is manu&ctured by M. Papb, of Lon- y//////////f//w«i»iiiiiiiiiiiiiinmmvw\w\v\\\\\\\\'}t8ts?!^ UVVVVL\YCvN»^S don, Paris, and Brussels ; it is made to serve as a table when shut down. 815 THE INDUSTEY OF ALL NATIONS. A Salver is termed by Messrs. R * S. OarraRO, the manufacturers, " The Great Railway Salver;" it being a testimonial pre- sented to Mr. Brassey, (the famous and iiniversally-respected railway contractor) by the sub-contractors and workmen in his employ. It is of silver, and in the compart- ments around are enamel portraits of the chief railway engineere ; above each, res- pectively, is a view of his principal work. The Grodp of Statuary is a most spirited production, by M. JjiKicuAU, of Copenhagen, it represents a man We have already had occasion to notice the contributions of Messrs. Feetham, of London, who exhibit various works in iron of a very artistic kind ; we here en- gi-ave one of their principal works, a Fire- place of great beauty, displaying a large amount of ornament of a well-studied cha- racter. The sides are decorated with slabs defending himself from a tigress, whose cub he has taken. of china designed in an elaborate interlaced | pattern, enriched with coloured studa in raised 1 work, similar to the old jeweUed porcela S16 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUK The group of EccLESUsnOAI. Ybsulb, 4c., are | selected from a large variety of thoee quaint and beautiful works, designed by Mr. Pugin, and exe- cuted by Messi-s. J. Hardhan ft Co., of Binning- { ham. They fully realiM- th - style and artistic | feeUng of the best works of the middle ages The Cabinet hero engraved is one of the most I important pieces of furniture in the Medieval I Court; it is executed by Mr. Cbace, of London. 317 4x THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS The furaiture of the Medieval Court forms one of the most strikin,- t On this aud the succeeding page are engravings from the Monumental portions ofthe Exhibition, and has attracted a large amount of attention. Cross, designed and executed by the Hon. Mrs. Ross of Bladensburg. Ireland. The design and superintendence of these articles are by Mr. Pugin. i It is sixteen feet high, and mea.inres more than six feet across the arms. I The object of this laily's des'gn has been to illustrate, on one ?ide of the an artist who has studied the leading principles of medieval composi- tion, and ornamental design, until his works are identified whenever they are seen. He has been ably seconded by Mr. Ce(ace, who has executed his designs. The two specimens on this page are their joint productions. The Pbie-Dieo is very elegant, and is enriched with parntmg and gUding. The Cabinet is of oak, richly carved, and is decorated with characteristic brass-work of exceedingly bold design. cross, the chief features of the Gospel, as typified in the Old Testament. The Jiubjects selected for this purpose are " Moses aud the Brazen Serpent," " The Translation of Elijah," " Noah entering the Ark," " Abel's Sacrifice," with busts of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel, from each one of 31S ART-JOURNAL II.LrSTRATED CATALOGUE. whose writings an appropriate text is introduced. On the opposite side, the same idea is maintained, by sculptures selected from New Testament history ; " The Crucifixion," " The Resurrection," " Tlie Itetuni of the Prodigal," " The Good Shepherd," accompanied by busts of St. Peter, St. John, St Jonics, and The Lectebn, of bronze, is the work of Messrs. HaromaM, of Birmingham. It is an exceedingly beautifiU production ; a truthful rendering of the beet antique style m all ite varied enriohmeuts. St Paul, with texts from their writings also. The north and south elevations of the cross are ornamented with busts, and the circle with emblematic grapes and wheat The design, object, and execution of the entire work are equally honourable to the Mpomplished lady by whom it has been produced. tion, is by Mr. Mtkbs, of Lambeth, who has contributed a large number of the finest articles in wood and stone to the Medieval Court 31i) THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The Chandeliers and Leotern are executed Mr. Mtebs, of Lambeth, has contributed the very beautiful Font which forms the centre of the group of Ecclesiastical Objects gathered in the Great Exhibition. The Font is sculptured by Messrs. Hardman, of Birmingham, in brass- work. They are excellent examples of modern The canopied Stattje of the Virgin and Saviodr w entirely of stone, also executed by Mr. Myeps, manufacture, unsurpassed m careful fabrication. in stone, and stands on three steps. It is elabo- rately and beautifully enriched; the canopy above is of wood ; the cover to the font rising into it when the sacred ceremony is performed. Gothic BcBEEN, of thedt'Iamboyaut style, in oak. 320 ARTJOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Tlie engraving on this column is from an orna- mental Goblet, modelled by JL Conbad Knoll, of Munich, and intended to be cast in bronze. It ia in the true German style of the earlier period. The contributions of M. FnouKirrMEUKlce, of Paris, include a mngni¢ Bk&celet, presented by subscription to her Royal Highness the Countess of Chambord, one of the old Bourbon Tlie merits of Mr. W. Habrt Rooebs as a designer we have long recognised, and have repeatedly availed ourselves of his talents in connection with our Journal ; we were, there- fore, pleased to see in the Exhibition a large number of ornamental works, manufacture from the designs be has furnished to the pro- ducers, as well as many subjects from his pencil applicable to future manufactures. Whatever Mr. Rogers puts forth is characterised by the piu-est taste, a taste which is fostered by an intimate acquaintance with the best works of the medieval ages. We introduce here a design for a Ket, in tlie Italian style; other illustrations from his hand will be found on the last page of our Catalogue. fiuuily The annexed illustration is also from a Goblbt, modelled in plaster of Paris, by M. J. Halbiq, of Munich; it is in the German Qothio style. centre are the arms of the city, surmounted by a mural crown ; on each side are portraits, in enamel, of characters celebrated in the history of Marseilles, supporting a warrior in the costume of the period, and a female, also accoutred, as indicative of the courage displayed by the women of the city when it was besieged in 1524. Tliis unique article of jewellery is executed in the highest style of ornamental Art. m 4 X THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The engraving underneath rcpresentB a Child's Robe, of muslin, richly embroidered, from the , extensive manufactory of Messrs. S. & T. Brown, of Glasgow; the pattern is elaborate and beautiful. Among the statuary in the Sculpture Court, stands Mr. Th bed's life-size statue of Narcissus; he is represented leaning ou his huntiug-spear, and contemplating his reflection in the stream. Messrs. Marrel, Freres, of Paris, exhibit, among other objects, a beautiful Vabe, of gold mountings are ot silver, designed in the antique style, and the articles correspond in character. and enamel, designed in the purest Venetian style, and most artistically executed thi-oughout 822 ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE Tlie Jewels of the Queen of Spain are exhibited by M. Lehonieb, of Paris : we have engraved such of them as we consider most suitable for bead, of emeralds and diamonds, most elegantly arranged as a bouquet ; an Aioi'iiXETTK, or shoulder-knot, of diamonds, pearls, aud a large emerald follows, by the side of which a a Bbuoc'H, of piuk pearls and diamonds ; a Bbac£LKT, of emeralds, and diamonds, completes the series. illustration ; it is almost unnecessary to add that all are of the most costly description, and exquisitely set Our first illustration is a Tuba, or i ty head-dress, of sapphires aii4 diamonds ; the next is an QusAluxn for the Among the most successful productions in decorative furniture con- tributed by continental artisans may be classed the Taule asu Chair we here engrave, and which are designed and executed in strict acconlance with classic models ; indeed there is no portion of these ailiclcs without strict adherence in form and enrichment to antique authority. Ebony and ivory enter into their mateiial as lavishly as they did into the furni- ture of the higher classes of Grecie and Runu'. Tliiiy have been executed for the King of Sardinia by G d are deserving of a place in the palace of any sovereign. The Curule Chair is a really fine work, graceful in its general form, and enriched by the ornament of the best period of Grecian taste; when decorative Art received from that wonderful people an impetus and an ultimate perfection which has stamped it with an individual character of the moat umnistakeable kind. 923 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The proprietors of tlie Grange- mouth Coal and Fireclay Works exhibit a large number of useful W^JL articles constructed in their im- proved material, which contains a hirge amount of silica and alumina, both of the most essential use in the The elegant Casket we have here enRraved. is of | ivory, with or-molu mountings, by M. Matifat, of Paria. An octagon Table, of whicli the top is here engraved. I Mr. G Watson, of Paddington, who has exhibited ex- is an elaborate specimen of marquetiie, executed by | traordinary taste and perseverance in its production. production of an infusible fireclay. The Vases which fill our column are made from this material, and are, therefore, well adapted for gardens. ART-JOURNAL ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE M. Gasser, of Vienna, exhibits a Flower- Vase of metal. Mr. J. Bell, the sculptor, exhibits the "Una and the Lion," to which the title of group engraved underneath; the subject is Pdrity is givea. It is a highly poetical work. DO WELL, RA., who calls it "Mobnino Prayer." of London; with ite magnificent and coetly 1 hangings, it presents a most splendid appearance. 82fi 4 o THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. The display of jewellery iu the Exhibition, whether of English or of foreign manufacture, naturally attracts no little attention. Whatever is costly in itself, without any especial reference to the amount of human ingenuity expended upon adding to its primary value, is generally a matter of interest; tlms the groat Koh-i-noor diamind finds crowds of admirers, though its brilliancy in unaided by the hand of the gold- smith ; still it must be acknowledged that precious stones of every description lose much of their splendour when seen apart from their settings; and on the taste of the jeweller, his knowledge of the qualities each jewel possesses, and hia capability to draw out these qualities to We introduce on this page an engraving from a rich figured Cashmere Shawl, manufactured by Messrs. Clabburn, Sons, & Crisp, of Nor- wich, which, we understand, was purchased by the Queen. It is a first attempt, in Norwich, at shawl-weaving in a Jacquard loom. For fineness of texture, variety and beauty of colours, and elegance of pattern, it cannot be surpassed. the best advantage, mainly depends the beauty of the stone, presuming it to be properly cut, which also is an operation requiring considerable skill and judgment. The jewellery engraved on this page is contributed by Messrs. Phillips. Brothers, of London, and is very elegant. Of the Brooches, the first consists of diamonds set in gold and green enamel ; the next is a cameo surrounded with diamonds, on blue enamel ; the eagle is also of diamonds ; the third is of diamonds alone. The first Bracelet has dia- monds and amethysts set in green enamel, with golden links; the other is of blue and white enamel, on which musical notes are represented. 326 ART-JOURXAL IIXUSTRATED CATALOGUE. An Inkstand, in the cinque-cento style, is ex- hibited by M. F. Schneider, of Berlin. It is an elaborately ornamented and raogt beautiful work of art, full of subject which would occupy a large space to describe fiilly ; our explanation, therefore, must necessarily be brief. It is made partly of gold, and partly of silver, gilt and enamelled ; the extended wings of the Prussian eagle in front serve as pen-boldurs ; the bird is OTerooming the dragon, the source of all evil ; behind this is the vessel for ink, over which preside two winged 'jguree, emblematical of Peace and Happiness. The groups in the frame- work at the back signify the moral and Christian Virtues, and scenes of a domestic character, ftc. : the design and execution are alike excellent The magnificeDt Jewel-Casb engraved under- neath is exhibited by the Qceex, whose property it a, and who ha.';, with great kindness and con- descension, permitted it to be placed in the Crystal Palace. Like the preceding object on tliu pagrescnting profiles of the other juvenile branches of the Royal Family, modelled from life by Mr. Leonard Wyon. At the top are two '""-•""liTriiM Cupids, bearing the royal crown, surmounted by the British lion. On the back, which is re- presented in our engraving, are the royal armi. and those of Prince Albert, surrounded by i this description, but they unpart great el^ce wreaths of laurel, kc ; the caryatides at the | to it The whole cf the oruamentol work is in angles of the case are novelties in an object of the purest taste, and most exquisitely engraved. 327 THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS. From the designs exhibited by Mr. W. Habby Rogers we select three specimens exhibiting much ability in their composition, and an inti- mate knowledge of the peculiarities of the Italian artist, of thorough applicability to the uses of the workman and the necessities of the fabric he style of the sixteenth century, in which some of his happiest efforts appear, and to which few have given so much attention and study. There is the great advantage in the designs by this employs. We engrave two views of a Spoon for a tea-caddy intended to be carved in box-wood, and another, the centre one, of a similar cha- racter. Tlie remaining designs for manufac- turers by this artist are for bookclasps, encaustic tiles, pipes, gold spoons, keys, a crozier, and a royal cradle. We may add, the head and tail-pieces which decorate our present Catalogue, are from the pencil of Mr. Rogei-s; they manifest his fertility of invention and the suitability of liis designs. 328 THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. By ROBERT HUNT, Esq., Keeper of Mining Records Mnnam of Practical Qeologr. ♦ — PART I. is a noble object to test by actual experiment to vrhat extent the ingenuity and skill of the nations of tlie earth has corres- ponded to the intentions of their Creator, and to improve the advantages which each country can offer the other in supplying the wants, and adding to the happiness of mankind." Tlie depth of meaning which is in this passage, part of an address de- livered by Sir Kobert Peel, at one of the Metropofian festivals, in honour of the progress of this Industrial Exhibition, admirably fits it for the motto of an essay, the purpose of which is to examine the progress made by the industry and intelligence of man, in rendering useful the raw materials of the several kingdoms of nature, and ' moulding its productions into forms of beauty. Man — placed upon a strangely constituted globe, covered with all that is necessary for the sustenance of life — is compelled by the necessities of his condition, to exert his intellectual powers in devising means by which he may be sheltered from the summer heats and the ■winter colds. This impulsive power drives him to the studv of nature — he cannot create, but everything which is created, he can fashion to his desire ; but to do this he must obey the great physical laws, by which the conditions of all matter is determined, and to obey them they must bo known, and to be known, natural phenomena must be attentively observed. Every step made by man has ever been an example of induction, often obscure, and scarcely traceable as such ; but upon close examination such it will be found to have been. Man witnesses a fact, it recurs again and again, experience thus g^ves him information concerning the things around him, and eventually, — the progress is commonly slow, — he perceives that by tl»e knowledge of that one fact, he may improve upon nature to his own advantage. Some baked clay tauglit the potter his useful art, and the accidental fusion of sea-sand instructed man in the manufacture of glass. By a similar clajss of observations man has ever wivancod his knowledge. Science has been the staff by which he has been lielpeii forward, but for many ages he was ignorant of the nature of his aid. This progress, as Coleridge says, was not like that of a !Roman road, in a right line ; it may bo more justly compared to that of a river, which both in its smaller reaches and larger turnings, is frequently forced back towards its fountains, by objects which cannot otherwise be eluded or overcome ; yet with an accompanying impulse that will ensure its advance- ment hereafter, it is either gaining strengtli every hour, or conquering in secret some difficulty, by a labour that contributes as effectually to further it in its course, aa when it moves forward uninterruptedly. It has been by such a devious course as this that man lias advanced to his present position ; like the river, he has cut out his way through the plains of nature, and in his further advancement he must toil in the same field, but he has all the advantages of that knowledge, which has been gained by other labourers, who having fuiished their work, rest from their exertions. We have long boasted of our age as a most remarkable one ; the number of useful applications which we have made within a comparatively limited period, are no doubt more numerous than were ever before made within the same time. "What 1ms been the cause of this ? Why have wo such vast improve- ments in steam machinery ? Why the electrotype, the electric telegraph, and the other aids of which we are so justly proud. Watt observed a small fact connected with the expansion of steam ; Daniel noticed a peculiarity in copper precipitated under certain conditions ; (Ersted studied the movement of a magnet, in the proximity of a wire, through which an electric current was traversing; and from the observations of simple facts great laws were deduced, and great ends have been attained. The Exhibition exhibits the beautiful results which have been derived from the study of science, and it will also exhibit some — we trust not many — of the mistakes which are made from the attempt to apply physical force without a knowledge of the laws by which it is regulated. The inventive genius, being closely allied to imaginative power, must be restrained by a philosophical education to become of yalue to its possessor, or available for the benefit of his race. Let us examine the four great sections of the Exhibition — Raw Material and Produce, Machinery, Manufactures, and Fine Arts — and see how completely, in every stage of progress, Science lends her aid to Art and Manufacture, confining our attention, however, principally to the mineral kingdom, since the other departments will fall more properly into the hands of those, whose studies have rendered them liigh authorities. The development of our lithological treasures is materially aided by geology. The. beautiful limestones of Derbyshire, and its fluor-spars, which have been by the ingenious work- men of that county, wrought into almost every form of article for house decoration. The less known, but even more beautiful serpentines of Cornwall and of Ireland, of which are displayed obelisks, columns, candelabra and vases ; the marbles of Devonshire, the porphyries and granites of Scotland, of Ireland, and of south-western England, chiselled into highly ornamental decorative forms, at once speak of the advantage of geological science in developing the native resources of a country. These pages exhibit many illustrative examples of the perfection of metal-casting in bronze, brass, iron, silver, and other metals. Having passed into fonns which attract attention as works of Art, we are too apt to forget that the very perfection we admire is due almost entirely to the con- dition of crude ore, as we find it exhibited in Class I. To take bronze and brass as our example, amidst the raw materials of the mineral kingdom, we find Cornwall, the most^aticient mining district of which history records the fact, or tradition supplies the tale, exhibiting its tin ores in all their variety, oxiae of tin, and sulphuret, tin as mined from the lode, and as it is found amid the debris of the primary mountains, and the metallurgical process is displayed in model by which this mineral is reduced to the metallic state. Copper ores from the almost pure metal as found deposited in tno serpentine rocks of the Lizard, and the whinstonc of the North, to the THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION double sulpliuret of copper and iron, are abundantly displayed ; and the lai-go copper smelters of Swansea exhibit illiistrative specimens of every stage of a process, regulated at each stej) by a knowledge of physics and chemistry, which is necessary for the production of copper, in such a state of purity as to be fit for the use of the manufacturer, or for tlie pui-poses of that most permanent form of Art — bronze statuary. Zinc ores in the same way tell their own instructive story. If we take the trouble to examine the stages of reduction and manufacture and thus trace the metal from the ore to the finished work, tlie value of mineralogy, of chemistry, and of natural philosophy will be seen. The same may be said, oven more strongly, of iron. The iron ores of the United Kingdom, collected with infinite labour by Mr. Blackwell, show the variety wo possess, and in the large contributions of iron ores from Canada, Nova Scotia, and the United States, from I'russian Germany, Sweden, and Eussia, we have such means of comparison as never before could be obtained. Our own iron-masters have fully illus- trated the processes of iroii smelting ; and our manufacturers have exhibited every form of iron-work from the saucepan to the sword-blade; from the candlestick to the ornamental casting. Swedish and Eussian iron, in all stages, are shown ; and the Berlin castings, so long famous, are abundantly displayed. Mineralogy will here have its work of classification ; chemistry its important business of analysis ; and physics is called into full play in the arrangements of the blast and puddling furnaces, in the economy of fuel, in the application of the gaseous products, and in the new process of using gas in the operation of puddling. Upon the character of the ore, and the perfection of the processes of reduction, depends the condition of the finished work. At present, it is impossible to do more than indicate the illustrations of science which are spread around ; but we can return to the subjects, and explain fully all that is novel and instructive in each particular class, as it falls legitimately under consideration in a close survey. In that chemical department which connects itself with the mineral kingdom, w'c find illustrations of white load manu- facture, and also the processes of obtaining white zinc — of the preparation of Prussian blue — soluble and insoluble, and, indeed, all those pigments which result from the combiua- tions of o.xygen, sidphur, arsenic, or other substances, with the metallic bases. \Ve have the separation of wolfram from tin ore, which is sadly injurious to it — and the conversion of the tungsten iuto an oxide, and into tungstate of soda, forming a new mordant for the calico-printer, and also the production of a new colour from the same substance : we believe by passing coal gas over the oxide, by which the metallic tungsten is reduced in a peculiar condition, probably mixed with carbon. Then we find all the products fix)m peat — which, if the question of economical production can be satisfactorily answered, promises to convert the bogs of Ireland and Dartmoor, into sources of much wealth ;— and many other illustrations of the available application pf sub- stances which have not been liitherto employed. Many remarkable examples will be found in the China clays (Kaolins) of the St. Austle district, and from Dartmoor ; the clays from other localities are also sho^Ti in considerable variety, and we shall fimd specimens of each form of the ceramic art, resulting from the use and mixture of these materials. As we expected, the potteries have made a display in every respect creditable to England. Not only have we our old familiar earthenware somewhat refined, but we have " Itara porcelain" in a state of great perfection, and some beautiful examples of egg-shell cliiua. In decoration, too, the stimulus which has been applied has evidently produced a considerable advance in the right direction. We have colours which are new or revived, and a considerable improvement in many which have been long employed. Among the revivals, we cannot but notice the beautiful Eoso Dubarry, which is certainly an exceedingly beautiful example of the old Sevres colour. In glass, whether we linger over the sheet glass prepared by Messrs. Cliajiee for the Industrial Palace itself, or the enormous shades, the largest ever made by man, or pass on to the plate and flint glass, it will be found that a considerable improvement has been efliected; siuee the restrictive duties have been removed, manufacturers being enabled, without the annoying interference of the Excise, to try an experiment, it will be seen that the quality of om* crystal — flint glass with lead — has been improved, and that the colours imparted by the metallic oxides are far more briUiant, transparent, and iutenae than before. The subject of silvering glass is a curious one — and the ex- amples of the most recent improvements of precipitating silver with grape sugar, found in the contributions to the Exhibition, are excellent. We are not, however, sure that the silvering ot coloured glass, and thus depri\dng it of transparency, is altogether what we desire, although we freely admit tliat many new and not unpleasiug efiects can be produced by the process. We are very anxious to see the process extended to silvering plates of glass, as, by the application of such a method, the sad effects which are known to arise from the absorption of quicksilver by the skin, would be got rid of. Humanity calls for an extension of the application in this direction, and we trust the very enterprismg patentees wUl prosecute their experiments with this view. In immediate connection with the process, because illus- trated by it, we may refer to the brilliancy of colour produced in our English flint glass. Since the glass-maker has suc- ceeded ia rivalling the Bohemian in his tints, the reflection through these from the sUvered surface, teaches us that colours are produced which are curious in their effects, and physically interesting. It has been proved that almost every variety of colour can be produced in glass by very dissimilar agents ; that, indeed, charcoal, iron, gold, &c., may be made to impart to glass nearly all the colours of the chromatic scale, by modifying the amount of heat to which the composition is exposed. It will, however, be found that, if the colour transmitted is the same, the colour reflected is diflferent. There is, in nearly every variety of coloured glass, to be detected a certain dichroism. We often find a glass, yellow by transmitted light, which exhibits a blue colour at certain angles of reflection, and the same is often, although less frequently, seen vrith the ruby glasses. By the sUvering process, this reflected colour is considerably exalted, and this dichroism is yarj pleasingly illustrated. The southern wall of the building is covered with such a display of Decorative Art as we have never witnessed, and there is scareely a specimen of Art or Manuiacttu-e there which is not an illustration of the present subject. Numerous speci- mens of gypsum, both amorphous and crystalline, as nature gives it to us, will be found in the various departments ; the resulting plaster of Paris — so called from the circumstance that it is found in groat abundance in the neighborhood of the French capital, being largely worked at Montmartre — forms also an article of exhibition ; but to the various means which have been adopted to give hardness and durability to this material, so exceedingly valuable for procuring casts, we would particularly direct attention. Plaster of Paris casts, it ia well known, are porous and absorbent, and hence the necessity of painting them to preserve their surface, and even this has proved exceedingly inefficient. Among the beautiful specimens of Art adorning the southern walls of the English division — which extend from the sculpture court immediately adjoining the transept to the western end — ^wUl be discovered several examples of processes by which ,,the plaster of Paris is hardened to such an extent that a high polish can be given to its siu"face. In some cases where these cements have been employed, it has been found that the effect of them has been materially lowered by a constant efflorescence over the surface. This would appear to arise from the presence of soda, which it ia well known is liable to efflorescence, and it is prevented by giving an acid rather than an aUialine reaction to the composition. The silicate of potash, formed by dissolving flint in caustic potash under pressure, has the property of cementing sand into a very solid stone: this preparation has also been employed for covering fresco-paintings ; giving to them, by the application of this soluble glass, a very perfect impervious glazing by which they are protected from the influence of the atmosphere. Messrs. Kansom, of Ipswich, exhibit some specimens of their .THE SCIENCE OF THE EXUIBITION. Biliceous artificial stone ; but we desire to see the result of its combination with either the sulphate or carbonate of lime as imitating marble. Artists will find in the metalliferous minerals, and in that section of the same class — chemical manufactures, most unfor- timatcly somewhat too widely separated, one being on the floor and the other in the gallery — some very beautiful iUus- trations of the processes of preparing their pigments from the raw material. As illustrations, numerous specimens of cinna- bar — sulphuret of mercury, — from Spain and California, will be found, it may be explained that this ore is vermilion in its native state, but it is usually prepared for artists by thoroughly blending sulphur and mercury together, and then exposing them to a moderately high temperature in close vessels. The French exhibitors ot pigments have a choice display ; many of the colours which they manufacture, from the extreme care with which every part of the process is conducted, being 8ui>erior to those made in England : this particularly applies to their Mars colours and their lakes. Cobalt and smalts are well illustrated by Goodhall & Keeves, who displav the Nor- wegian cobalt and nickel ores, and a beautiful series of smalts. The discover)' of this metal is of very modern date : the ore being used long before the metal was separated. About the end of the filleenth century the cobalt ore was found in large quantities in Bohemia. It was long tlirown aside as useless ; the miners had an aversion to it, as it gave them much useless labour, and from proving also prejudicial to their health, they gave it a name which was odious to tliem. The Grermans called supposed evil spirits, hags and witches, kobolt or kobel, which is probably only another form of expres- sing covalus andyoie/i»iM,both terms employed in the tenth and eleventh centuries to signify a plumtom. Uenco the Bohemian miners named this glistening ore which produced them no profit, but gave them on the contrary much annoyance, a kohel, and hence our modem term cobalt. As the manufacture of this colour, and its use in the arts of the potter and glass- maker, in addition to its use to the artist, involves much scientific skill, a brief space may be aflbrdcd to its history. Ciiristophcr Schurer, a glass-maker at Flatten, in Bohemia, being at Sclmceberg, collected some fine pieces of cobalt ochre. He tried them in his furnace, and finding that they melted, he mixed some of it with his glass, and obtained a beautiful blue colour. For a long time ho prepared a smalt, a cobalt glass, f round into a fine powder, for the use of the potters only ; ut the use of it rapidly spread, and, eventually, it became greatly in request in UoUana. Some artists in coloured glass windows, repaired to Ncndeck, in order that they might learn the process of preparing this new colour ; they persuaded Schurer to remove to Magdeburgb, where he also made the game material. At this period, the colour was worth seven dollars and a-half per hundred-weight, and in Holland from fifty to sixty florins. Eight colour-miUs for grinding smalt, which was procured in a roasted state from Schneeberg, were soon constructed in Holland. The nianufivcture of cobalt blue, was extended over many parts of Europe, and our In- dustrial Exhibition aflbrds us the means oi comparing the suialta of Saxony, of If orway, and of other districts. Some specimens from Cornwall, from Cumberland, and, we believe, from Cheshire, show the extent to which this mineral is pro- duced in this country. Bmalts are combinations of silica and oxide of cobalt, and cobalt blue is a compound of the same oxide with alumina. Prussian blue is another pigment upon which a large amount of science has been expended, and the result Ims been the production of moat beautiful colours, and the formar tion of a soluble, as well as the old insoluble Prussian blue. Our chemists have furnished the Exhibition with some magnificent specimens of a yellow salt — the result of a com- bination of the nitrogen and carbon obtained from animal matter ; the compound being cyanogen with potaslu This is called the ferro-prussiato of potash, and it is of the utmost im- portance for dying various shades oi blue. If this salt is added to sulphate of iron, Prussian blue is precipitated — its colour gradually improving by the absorption of oxygen from the air. Tliis being the insoluble Prussuin blue. If, however, as the Eev. Mr. Keade has shown, we combine the per-oxide of iron with a solution of this salt, a Prussian blue is formed, which is soluble in water, and of which an iuk is prepared ; this jjrocess, and others analogous to it, has been patented by the discoverer, who exhibits the residts of his experiments. In commencing witli a hasty outline of this Exhibition, we have purposely confined our attention to leading fea- tures which go to show that the Exhibition it what Prince Albert stated it should bo, " a true test and a living picture of the point of development at which the whole of man- kind has arrived in the great task, and a new starting-point from which all nations wUl be able to direct their further ex- ertions." Eecurring back to another passage in the same address, we feel how entirely the result conforms to the design. "The products of all quarters of the globe, are placed at our disposal, and we have only to cliooac which is tlie best and cheapest for our purposes, and the powers of production are entrusted to the stimulus of competition and cajjital. So man is approaching a more complete fulfilment of that groat and sacred mission which he lias to perform in this world. His reason being created after the image of God, he has to use it to discover the laws by which the Almighty governs his crea- tion, and, by making these laws his standard of action, to conquer nature to Ins use — himself a divine instrument. Science discovers these laws of power, and motion, and trans- formation ; Industry applies them to the raw matter, which the earth yields us m abundance, but wliich becomes valuable only by knowledge ; and teaches us the immutable laws of beauty and symmetry, and gives to our productions forms in accordance with them." In the production of the precious metals there are some peculiar processes well desening of attention. Silver, gold, and pktinum are only obtained in a state fitted for man's use by very elegant lirocesses, involving a profound knowledge of chemistry and ol^ physics. Nearly all our silver is found in combination with ores of lead, principally tlie sulphuret, and known as argentiferous galena. Some of these ores contain as much as 00 ounces of silver to the ton of ore, whereas others do not give more than from 6 to 10 ounces from the same quantity. The process of separation was originally a very tedious and wastelul one. The lead being reduced to a metalhc state, still holding the silver mixed with it, was remeltcd in a reverberatory fumAce, and kept for a long period in a melted state, a strong current of air being made to play constantly over the surface, which is kept disturbed until all the lead is oxidised, converted into litharge or red lead, the silver being left at the bottom of the furnace, silver being less easily o.\idisable than lead. Another process was patented some years since by Mr. Pattinson, Dy which the process of separation is greatly facihtated, and in the Exhibition we have the Duke of Buccleuch, Mr. Sopwith, and Mr. Pattinson, himself, giving exemplifications of the method adopted, and the results. These commence with samples of the lead ore as taken from the mine, and end with cakes of silver, weighing from SOOO to 10,000 ounces. The process 'is founded on the fact that, in slow cooling, the lead crj'stallises, or becomes colierent much sooner than silver does; consequently many tons of the melted metal being placed in large iron pots, is kept at a temperature but just sufficient to maintain it m a semi-pasty state. Men are now employed with rakes and strainers to collect and separate, as they form, the small crystals of lead, and tliese are found to be entirely free from silver. This being carried on for some time, tlie metal left at the bottom of the pot is lead, excessively rich in silver. The whole of the lead miglit be thus separated from the silver ; but the result of practice has shown that it is more economical to remove the last portion of lead by oxidation. The beau- tiful purity of the masses of silver exhibited, will show the perfection of Mr. Pattinson'a method, and we have only to pass into some of the other departments and examine the beautiful works of Art in silver, to learn how very completely ni.an has hero achieved a victory, and moulded nature to his will. In the small but valuable case exhibited by Messrs. Johnaein and Mathey,we have very complete illustrations of the procoiaea ni* THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. discovered by Dr. 'Wollaston, of separating pJatinum from the metals with which it is combined, and reducing it to the metallic form. This is one of those very ciirious and iinique processes by which a metal, which will not fuse iii the highest temperature of our ordinary furnaces, is brought into metallic coherence by meclianical force acting in conjunction with an elevated temperature. Mr. Matthison of the Eoyal Mint refinery, also illustrates the processes of refining employed in his establishment : — processes so delicate that one ten-thou- sandth part of gold can be separated with facility. The Exhibition is a reflex of the book of Nature, as trans- lated into Imman language, and to be made beneficial it must be carefully studied. Having rapidly turned over a few of its pages illustrating raw material and produce, we shall, if we proceed to finished manufacture, find a most abundant study, proving most completely that Manufacture cannot advance a step without the aid of her hand-maiden— Science ; and that Art is nearly as dependent for the means of com- pleting and multiplying her works. The porcelain manufacture, to which we have already alluded, and to which wc shall again return, exhibits the degree of Eerfection to which a material, the discovery of the geologist, as been brought. It is but a few years since Mr. Cookworthy, of Plymouth, experimented on the Cornish clay, and then established his small china-works at Plymouth, which were subsequently removed to Worcester. From this beginning the advance has been most rapid, and a survey of the contribu- tions from the Potteries, glancing back occasionally to Class I. with its illustrations of the raw material, will satisfactorily prove the energy of our manufacturers when once 'set upon the right track. In our woven and felted materials, and in the illustrations of the processes to which the raw material is subjected, and in the exhibition of the machines by which the finished fabric is produced, we have a yet more remarkable illustration of the power of human intelligence. Leaving the consideration of the vegetable and animal products to abler hands, we would very briefly intimate the wonders of the steam-engiue, by which the coarse blanket, or the most costly silk, is produced. The impulsive force of steam is as old as Hero of Alexandria, but the world waited for Watt to develope its powers. Men had done before his time, what men are doing now, in relation to other phj'sical forces ; they had gone empirically to work, they had speculated without experiment, and they constructed machines on the strength of their speculations. These, like the electro-magnetic engines, and the electric light of our own day, failed ; as to apply the great forces which nature employs, without first learning how nature employs them, will always fail. The pseudo-magician destroyed by the spirits he has evoked but knows not how to control, is a jDicture of the inventor, who builds his invention on a system of blind guesses. Watt observed the laws of expansion in steam, determined the force exerted at diflPerent temperatures, and thus discovered the secret of controlling the giant in his power. That force which is sufficient to lift the most ponderous weight above the highest towers, is also applied to weave the silk gauze for the neck of beauty, withovit the risk of fracture to the most attenuated thread. The dyes of some of the beautiful fabrics before us must receive some special examination. Many of the combi- nations of colours are new, and some of the results are exceedingly pleasing. In dyed and in printed goods we have a very great variety, and we are conviuced, that the care and skill which has been devoted to the object of producing colours, which should bear comparison with tlie best works of the Continent, has resulted in the production of colours, and combinations, which are highly creditable to English science, and to British taste. The Foreign Exhibitors' contributions are most numerous, and we shall return to the consideration of a great number of the articles which they exhibit. Prussian Pottery and Metallurgy in particular will claim large notice, and the numerous articles of taste which come within the extensive compartments of France, show equally the attention of our French neighbours to the science of manufacture ; but Eussia and Sweden, Holland and Belgium, Italy and Spain, have examples of human industry, which may be studied with profit. America charters a ship of war with the trophies of peace, and from the abundance of the stores, both natural, and such as her artisans have transformed, which are presented to the " World's Fair," as our brotliers of the West delight to call it, many subjects of great iaterest at once strike us, which must form subjects of separate considera- tion in this Essay. From the Brazils and Chili, to the Canadas, and even further North than these, Hyde Park has received examples of mineral, vegetable and animal produce. Many of them still waiting for the exercise of man's industry, to develope their probably high value. From South Australia the mineral specimens are very remarkable. The native copper from the Burra-Burra mines, and the beautiful malachites now so extensively used for ornamental purposes, rivalling tlie long famed malachites of Eussia ; and the other specimens of the green and blue car- bonates of copper, this last in a state of purity and beauty, which at once fits it for a pigment, claim very particular notice. The contributions from the East would of them- selves form subjects for a most instructive volume, but we hope to do some small justice to a section of them by devoting to them an especial examination. It is not now desirable to do more than direct attention towards those points of interest which are illustrative of the position we maintain, and which, in the future pages of this Essay, it is our intention to explain, seriatim. On all sides new features are rapidly being developed — the chrysalis state is nearly over, and the bright creation working its beautiful fonn forth into the sunshine, appears to be a fuU realisation of the most sanguine hopes of those who nursed the embryo. Of the examples of the direct application of the physical powers to the purposes of use and ornament, we have some most interesting specimens. Electricity performing its wonderful work of decomposing and recomposing has, in the processes of the electrotype, and in the operations of electro-plating, been rendered familiar to the public. Seeing the beautiful produc- tions of the Messrs. Elkington — their electrotype copies from the antique — preserving all the vigour and the high per- fection of those beautiful exponents of the Greek and Eoman Art, we have been disposed to think the process could not be extended beyond this point of excellence. Nor, indeed, do we conceive that, in this direction, there is much room for improvement. We have, however, here some beautiful examples of the applicability of the galvano-plasticArt, as our Continental friends delight to call it, to the production of large works, many of them very remarkable examples of modelling. But there are smaller applications of the electro-chemical deposit which promise to open up new branches of Art : these are the productions of British and Continental manufacturers and artists, and from an examination of them we shall exhibit satisfactory proof — that much may yet be done in ornamental Art, by the agency of the electrical elements, at a compara- tively small cost, which could not, by any of the old processes, be obtained, except at an enormous expenditure of time, and, consequently, of money. Desiring to sketch out, in the first instance, the strong features of the scientific value of tliis great industrial gathering, another very remarkable exemplification is found in the numerous specimens of the dagucrreoty])e, the calotype, and other photographic processes which are assembled here, from our own artists, and those of the old Continent and of America. In these we have evidences of the advantages arising from the study of abstract science ; and there are yet other examples no less striking, which remain to be examined, and popularly Ulustrated. In returning to the subject, we already feel ourselves like Medora, when gathering flowers for Conrad ; perplexed amid the immense variety ; and discover, we must adopt that lady's plan, of guessing at the fairest. We hope, however, that mthout much difficulty, a tolerably complete examination of the Science of tue Exiiibixiok may be instituted, which shall not be valueless, as the contribution of one who desires only to be an interpreter of facts. IV PART n. THE civilisation of the world has advanced to a certain point which is marked by the triumphs man has achieved over nature and the applications, to use and ornaments, of the crude material which he derives from their native source. The Great Exhibition stands a striking record of all that the world has done — it marks the point to which mankind has arrived — and indicates what he has vet to subdue. Tlie accumulated thoughts of tliousands of years are ex- pressed in this gathering. No truth — being boni unto man — IS ever suffered to perish ; it may be hidden for a season, but like the seed buried in tlie soil, it gathers strength and eventually springs forth all vitality upon tlie world. All noble growths are slow, and those things which are now common to us in their perfection, it should be remembered, required ages to mature them — and the efforts of thought of many genera- tions. For example : how long a time has passed away since the fusion of a siliceous sand and an alkali led to the discovery of glass ! Tet all that time has been required by man to pro- duce those beautifid examples which we see in the ci-ystal fountain, so charmingly marking the centre of the Industriid Palace of Glass, and in the lenses arranged for the humane purpose of indicating through the long nights the dangers of a lee shore. Such is also shown to be the case in the processes of metallurgy, and in metal manufacture. The ancients knew but few of the metals, which we now employ ; copper and tin and iron and lead, with silver and gold, appear to have been all with which they were acquainted. Zinc is found in the antique brasses, but metallic zinc was quite unknown until about the middle of the last century : the ancient brasses being made by combining copper with calamine — an ore of zinc regarded by all as an earth — but it was not until 1735 that Brandt separated the metal. Albertus Magnus thought iron an ingredient of zinc ore — Paracelsus called calamine a spurious son of copper — Lemery held it to bo a kind of bismuth — Glauber conceived it to be an immature solar sidphur — Homberg said it was a mixture of tin and iron — Kunckel declared it to be a coagulated mercury — and Schluter believed it to be tin made brittle by sulphur. Tet now we employ the metal zinc for a great vanety of useful and ornamental purposes, and we use it for multi- plying works of high Art. Of this application the Amazon of Kiss, and Baily's Eve are fine examples ; and the colossal statue of Her Majesty, by the Villc Montagne Company, shows the applicability of this metal to large works. It appears important in considering the scientific value of the Exhibition to indicate, in the first place, the examples which it contains of the raw material ; and secondly to describe the more important applications of science in the processes to which it is subjected under the transforming hand ol man. Attention is confined to the Mineral world. Professor Edward Forbes hanng undertaken tlie task of describing the value of the Vegetable productions here displayed. Class I. — is devoted to the earthy and metalliferous min- erals of the United Kingdom. As we have to consider those only which are of industrial value, we omit from our con- sideration such as are merely curious. Building and road- stones are exhibited in considerable quantities — the granites of Cornwall and of Scotland — the serpentines of the Lizard and of Ireland— the limestones of Plymouth and of Derby- shire, and many other of our lithological treasures are here accumulated. If from this section we pass into a compartment on the north side of the nave, those stones will be seen in their manufactured condition. The red and green serpentine is wrought into vases — candelabra— obelisks and tables — granites and porphyries are chiselled into chimneypieces, and many other articles for ornament; and on the outside of thebuildmg, on the west end, stands a beautiful Ionic column, the tail shaft of which is a single stone procured from the Chcesewring granite quarries near Liskeard, in Cornwall. Other examples of the same durable stone will bo seen near this. The works in Derbyshire marbles are of the most beautiful description, and numerous specimens of manufac- tured slate will, we are certain, be much admired. The science of this may not be, at the first glance, apparent ; but a mo- ment's reference to the beautifully coloured Geological Map which hangs on the south wall, will show how Science aids in tracing out the localities within which certain rocks are found, and thus ministers directly to the economical uses of mankind. In connection with these, the various kinds of clay em- ployed in our potteries are exhibited, and in most cases samples of the pottery produced from them. The clays are, in all cases, the result of the decomposition of the older rocks, and in chemical composition are, — variable quantities of alumina, silica and lime — with an alkali in small propor- tions. The varieties of sands employed in glass-making are instructive — some are from Lynn, in Norfolk, and some from the Isle of Wight, — each ghiss-maker usually rt-garding one variety as superior to anotlier. In all cases it must be re- membered the sand employed is purely siliceous ; and it is in the process of glass-making always combined with an alkali and some metallic oxides, such as the oxide of man- ganese, or lead. In the department devoted to the glass manufacture will be found examples of all the materials whicli are employed in the process. In addition to the sands already named, we find a very beautiful sand sent from the Wenham Lake, and by its side are some specimens of glass made from it. These examples are remarkable for tlie purity of their colour, and their extreme transparency. There are other sands from Aylesbury and from Ireland. Here are also collected the various alkalies which are employed, and specimens of red lead and oxide of manganese which are so largely employed in all the finer kinds of modern glass. Simply to fuse sand and an alkali produces the common kinds ot glass; the combination with lead produces that brilliancy which is the peculiar feature of flint-glass. Tho black oxide of manganese is employed to prevent the per- oxidisation of any iron which may be present in the materials employed, but it has tho peculiar property, if used in any quantity, of changing, under the influence of light, to a fine pink colour ; hence great care is necessary in employing this remarkable agent. Plumbago, or graphite, has for the artist a peculiar interest ; the largest quantity is obtained in this country from the Borrowdale mine in Cumberland, in which mine it occurs in masses of varied and most uncertain size. The value of this black lead, which is of a very fine quality, is great ; and fi«m this mine alone about £5000 or £G000 wortli is sold an- nually. It is a curious circumstance in connexion with this that the discoveries of plumbago have been made at some- what wide intervals, but the market has been regularly supplied — the proprietors refusing to sell more than a certain quantity annually. Plumbago must be regarded as carbon in a peculiar condition, and as being in all chemical characters identical with the Koh-i-Noor Diamond, which glistens so brilliantly in its safety cage at the commencement of the nave proceeding eastward. Charcoal is readily combustible ; gra- phite is so incombustible that it is employed for making crucibles which will stand the highest temperatures of our furnaces, and the diamond can only be burnt by procuring the most exalted artificial temperatures. The two former aro dense black opaque bodies — the last is perfectly transparent, refracting light in a remarkable manner, yet science has demonstrated that this is due to a change in molecukr ar- rangement merely. We have other examples of similar phe- nomena, but none of them are so striking as the allotronism, as this peculiar state has been called by Berzelius, of cuarcoal, plumoago and the diamond. Our mineral fuel may be regarded as one — perhaps the greatest source of our national prosperity. Every coal-field in the country presents an accumulated mass of human in- dustry ; and associated with the coal fonnations we find almost every variety of process carried on, which requires the use of coal in any considerable quantities. The formation of coal may be studied from the examples hero exhibited, in many cases with the associated fossils and the rocky strata. It is most satisfactorily shown, that coal is of vegetable origin. Certain fem-like trees grew luxuriantly upon largo swamps. For ages, perhaps, they grew and decayed upon tho same spot, forming thus a krge accumulation of carbonaceous Y» THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. matter. A geological change occasioned this mass to be covered with water, and in tlie course of time a sandy bed was deposited, which agaia rose above the water, and then a new vegetation commenced, to undergo the same process. Thus bed after bed of coal was formed, by a series of oscillations, at irregular periods, of land and water. The peat products pre- sent to us some such conditions as those which may be sup- posed to have prevailed in the formation of coal. Peat is, however, formed from the sphagnum, or peat-moss ; whereas coal is due to the decomposition of sigillaria, and other allied plants, which assumed a character much resembling that of the vegetation of the tropical deltas of the present day. Those who may desire to learn something of the forms of organic life which existed during the formation of the coal, will here find the means of acquiring that knowledge. Here they may learn to correct a popular error — originating in the first place in the specidations of an e min ent geologist. The theoretical views of Brongniart were that the coal- plants were designed for the purpose of removing from the atmosphere that excess of carbonic acid, which he supposed to exist at the carboniferous period, and which rendered the earth unfit for air-breathing animals. A popular and poetical writer has but recently given additional strength to this speculation, by his eloquent description of the fern- forests existing in the fuU luxuriance of vegetation, but with- out the stir and animation of animal existence. Greological science has proved the incorrectness of this. Animal life ex- isted long before that geological period, distinguished as the carboniferous. These ancient forests were probably fiUed with insect life, the remains of them having been discovered ; and the vestiges of a huge frog-Kke animal prove the incorrectness of this theory. Every fact in physics — and there are many show- ing the mutual dependence of the Animal and the Vegetable Ejngdoms on each other — tends to prove the impossibility of one form of organic life existing without the other, under the present physical constitution of creation. I Iron ores, as aasociated in natvire with coal — all the argil- laceous, or clay-ironstones, being found in the coal-fields of Great Britain, — are very properly associated with the coal ia the arrangements adopted. The gross annual production of iron in Great Britain is now upwards of 2,250,000 tons. South Wales furnishes 700,000 tons, and South Stafibrdshire rather more than 600,000 tons. Scotland producing about the same quantity. In addition to the iron-stone beds of the coal measures, the mountain limestone series of Lancashire, Cumberland, Durham, Derbyshire, Somersetshire, furnish beds and veins of haematites ; and the older rocks of Devonshire and Cornwall contain many important beds of black hiematite, and magnetic iron ore. All these varieties are here weU arranged, and may be studied wdth advantage. The most curious are, perhaps, the iron-stone formations from the green sands of Sussex. At one period this was the principal source from which we derived iron ia this country ; but the forests becoming exhausted, the iron- workings of Sussex were abandoned. It is now, however, probable that the railroads wiU again open up this unworked field, which may at no distant date furnish the iron trade with additional supplies. Many of the exhibitors of iron ores have associated with them examples of the iron manufactured from them ; thus we are enabled to judge of the general character of the metal produced from any given variety of iron. There can be no doubt but the chemical constitution of the iron ore materially influences the physical character of the metal ; it therefore becomes very important that the chemical analyses of each variety should be afforded. The processes of reducing the ores of iron to a metallic state involve many very peculiar chemical changes, particu- larly under the improved processes, which our own iron-masters have adopted. The ores of iron are either oxides of iron, or carbonates of the oxide ; and the difficulties of the metaUm-- gical processes rest in the eagerness with which the oxygen and the carbon are retained by the metal. It would occupy too large a portion of this essay to describe the processes of iron-smelting. Good illustrations of the conditions under which iron is found, and of the mode of reduction, are aff'orded in one group by the Ebbw-vale Company, who exhibit a model of this important mineral district, another, of their blast furnaces, and of the numerous arrangements required to secure a success- ful result. Manufactured iron of various kinds have a place on the adjoining counters, so that passing from the collection of all the iron ores of the United Kingdom, as brought together by Mr. S. BlackweU, of Dudley, to the models just alluded to, and onward to the samples of manufactured iron shown by the Messrs. Birds and others — a very complete view will be obtained of this most important branch of British industry. Ml". Monies Stirling has introduced some novelties in iron manufacture. He alloys this metal vritli lead and tin, and arsenic, and many of the results obtained are stated to be in the highest degree favourable. Several other alloys introduced by the same patentee exhibit certain peculiarities, which, whatever may be their merits in a commercial point of view, go to prove that very perfect combinations of metals may be obtained. By alloying iron in this way, bells have been pro- duced at a considerably less cost than bell-metal, which is a compound of copper, tin and zinc, in varying proportions. One very large bell placed in the nave is certainly exceedingly musical — its full, deep tone occupying the whole space west of the transept, when it is set in vibration. This is a point of much interest. Iron bells have been occasionally employed, but never very successfully, the chief objection to them being the want of a pleasing tone in them. That a small quantity of another metal added to iron should efiect so great a difference is not a little remarkable, and it proves that a very slight cause alters the order of molecular arrangement. The fine iron castings of Berlin have been long celebrated throughout Europe ; and their extreme sharpness has been thought to depend upon some peculiar condition of the bog- iron ore which is usually employed in Prussia. Within the Zolverein department, wiU bo found good exemplifications of all the ores of iron employed in the German states, the iron manufactured from them, and examples of the perfection to which iron-casting has been carried. We think an examina- tion of the Coalbrook-dale ornamental rustic dome, and the other iron castings which they exhibit, will show that British manufacturers can produce ornamental works in iron, which are in no respect inferior to those for which some places on the Continent have been famed. Itwould not, therefore, appear that the supposed superiority was due to any chemical difference, since we find that careful manipulation alone is capable of producing works of equal excellence. The opportunity now afforded of examining the various iron ores of the world, is, in itself, a proof of the value of the Exhibition. The United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, are large exhibitors. Trinidad sends her magnetic iron from the Maraccas Valley, and hiematite from Gaspari Island. New Zealand contributes a rich iron sand; and Tasmania, also, shows the varieties of this valuable ore, which that interesting colony produces. The continental kingdoms have seen the importance of collecting their native stores ; and the iron ores of Sicily, of the Italian peninsula, of Spain, of Austria, Germany, Russia, Sweden, Belgium, Holland, and France, instruct us in the various characters of the different formations. That chemist who would collect specimens of each variety, and subject them to a careful analytical examination, particu- larly with a view of determining minute differences in the constituents, would be performing a work of the utmost value to his country. Numerous specimens of sheet-iron are exhi- bited ; but even the finest varieties of English iron in sheets have not that uniformity of surface, that evenness of texture (if the expression may be allowed), which the Eussian sheet- iron possesses. We heard an iron-master say that in com- parison with English iron, the Eussian possessed the fineness, flexibility, and surface of India-iiibber. In pui'suing our scientific examination of the Great Exhibi- tion, steel naturally occupies the next place to iron. Sheffield, with her cutlers' trophy, and the fine display of almost every kind of steel manufacture, may be regarded as the exemplar of this branch of English industry. From aU parts of the world we find examples of steel weapons. The showy arms of the chiefs of the tribes of India, the swords of the Africans, and the-scimitars of the Turks, the true Toledos, and the beau- VI» THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. tiful blades of Damascus, all show the attention which man has given to tlie production of the implements of war. The superior temper of many of these swords appears to be due to the circumstance that tlie steel is manufactured in compara- tively small quantities, from iron obtained directly from mag- netic iron ore, which variety we only find in two localities in this country, and, even in these, in exceedingly small quantities. Steel, it is tolerably well known, is iron combined with a small quantity of carbon. The mode in which this is effected is, usually, by a process called cementation. Bars of selected iron are stratified in a furnace with charcoal, and the whole maintained at a high temperature for some time. The chemical or physical changes which take place are imperfectly understood ; but the association of a small quantity of carbon with the iron, in the process, is certain. In some instances, steel is made at once in the furnace, by smelting it with char- coal ; and to the circumstance that most of the iron produced in Kussia and Sweden is smelted with wood, has been referred, with some degree of probability, the superior character of the iron of those countries. The mines of Danemora, in Sweden, so renowned for yielding the finest iron in the world, the greatest part of which is sent to this country, were discovered in 1488 ; since which time they have been constantly worked. The richest ore raised from these mines contains 70 per cent, of iron, and the poorest 30 per cent. ; the quantity raised is about 12,000 tons annually, which produce about 4000 tors of bar iron. These are rather quarries than mines, being worked open to the day. They sink pits, which form so many gidphs, into which the miners descend in baskets ; in these they also send up the ore produced. The ore is only worked in the summer months, ana is laid out in heaps aud divided in the winter months, from November to March, when it can be conveyed in sledges. About 300 persons are employed in mining and transporting the ore, and as many more at tte forges belonging to the proprietors. In the Sheffield department will be found an instructive series of models, showing the mode adopted for preparing and working steel. We pass from iron to some of the other metals. Cornwall exhibits the various forms in which tin is found in that county ; and Bohemia, in which country tin mines have been worked from a veryremote antiquity, exhibits that metal ; and the islands of the Indian Archipelago have forwarded specimens of this useful mineral. Associated with the Cornish produce, a model of a furnace, for smelting the ores of tin, is shown; and by a short study of this, a very perfect idea of the easy process by Triiich this ore is reduced, may be obtained. T4n has been worked in Cornwall frwm tHe earliest periods. That the PhcDiii- cians traded with Cornwall for this metal appears certain ; and, from time to time, indications of the old workings are dis- covered. There is exhibited a specimen of a very ancient block of tin, found in ploughing a field; these blocks are ■usually called " Jew's tin ; " aud, from time to time, many of them have been discovered, and often associated with the fur- naces in which the ores were smelted. These remains prove the early period at which the tin-mines of Cornwall were worked ; the probability being that the ancient Britons were taught mining by the merchants of Phcenicia. One of the valuable applications of chemical science has now to be considered. Mr. Oxland exhibits a case containing illustrations of tin ore containing wolfram, and this substance separated from it. Wolfram is a tungstate of iron, and, when combined with the tin, it is of so deteriorating a nature, that the market price of such tin is very low. It is a very intract- able substance, not attacked by any acids ; and although pure tungsten has been prepared, it is very unusual to see it in anything like a coherent form. Mr. Oxland's process for its removal from the tin consists in roasting the impure tin ore with soda, the result of which is the formation of a tungstate of soda, which is dissolved out, leaving the tin pure. The tungstate of soda being treated with an acid, the oxide of tungsten is separated; and this is likely to be extensively employed as a mordant base for some of the processes of cahco printing. In the Chemical Department, Mr. Toung exhibits some remarkable crj-stals of stannate of soda, formed by combinmg the tin directly with the alkali ; and this preparation ia alao Iwgely employed in fixing scarlet and other colours. Copper ores form a verj' extensive and important section of the British and i'oreign departments of the Exhibition. The Kedruth Committee have exhibited some remarkably fine masses of the ordinary yellow ore of the kingdom ; — the double Bulphuret of copper and iron — and also some beautiful exam- ples of the grey sulphiu^t. The native copper from the ser- pentine rocks, near the Lizard, is exhibited in pieces which rival the enormous lumps obtained from Lake Superior. We observed that three specimens — one from the Lizard, Cornwall, another from the trap rocks, near Glasgow, and an American mass — are placed together, to show the peculiarities of those remarkable mineral formations. The process of copper-smelting has been well illustrated by the Swansea Committee; all the copper produced in this country, and all that is imported, being smelted at that town- Messrs. Bankart and Sons exhibit their new process, in which, by roasting, the ore is converted into a soluble sul- phuret ; this is dissolved, and the copper precipitated by throwing iron into the solution. Mr. Louguiaid, another exhibitor, adopts, in the process which he here illustrates, the principle of roasting the ore with common salt, by which he obtains a sulphate of soda : any silver which may accompany the ore is converted into a muriate, and the copper is rendered soluble. It is stated that this process, which ia now being tested by practice, is capable of separating exceedingly small portions of silver from the ores ; and it thus renders available a substiuice which has hitherto, unless the combined silver was in considerable quantities, been wasted. Science, in this manner, goes on ministering ; thought is for ever exerted on means for improving our Arts and ^Manufactures, and the reward is certain to those who advance to the work with that preliminary knowledge of physics and chemistry which should form a portion of all practical education. The mineralogist will be delighted to trace from table to table, in the collection, fine examples of the ores of his own country, of the Colonies, and those of other States. The Australian colonies are, as might have Deen expected, largo exhibitors of copper ore, the Burra Burra Mines, near Adelaide, in particular, showing some of the finest examples of carbonates and oxides of copper ever seen. These mines are exceedingly curious, both in the character of the ore raised, in the conditionfl under which it occurs, and it is singular in the history of mining. In 1845, from indications which were considered favourable, this mine was started by a few adventurers in Adelaide ; and since that time the following quantities of ore have been raised : — Tons. 1846 6,369 1847 10,794 1848 . . 12,791 1849 7,789 1860 18,692 62,428 tons of copper ore in five years, the market value of this being 738,108?. The Canadians send to us many examples of their copper ores. It appears, however, from the reports of Mr. Logan, the government geological surveyor, who has been a most indefatigable investigator, that the mineral deposits of all kinds are most extensive. The Canadian Col- lection, which is due principally to the exertions of this geologist — show gold and silver, iron, copper, and lead — human industry alone is wanting to dcvelope fully the native wealth of tliis interesting country. Science has been working over her plains, and through her forests, with zeal, and numer- ous most valuable discoveries have rewarded the geologist. The miner and the metallurgist should follow and profit by the discoveries, the examples of which are laid before the world for the first time in the Exhibition. Tin and copper — Bronze forms a valuable alloy which was employed at a very early period. The celts of the ancient inhabitants of these islands, and the swords of the Bomaus, were made of bronze : we have substituted steel for all the purposes to which they applied it, and have allotted this metal chiefly to ornamental purposes. vn» THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. Several very fine examples of bronze castings may be ex- amined in the British and Foreign departments. The bronzes of the Coalbrook-dnle Company may fairly compete with those of Austria and France, and they stand a fair comparison with those beautii'ul productions for which Munich has been so long celebrated. The George and Libusa are examples of fine bronze castings, but these are not equal to the Lion which stands untouched by any tool since it was removed from its sandy mould in which it was cast. "We would dwell on many of the exquisite works in bronze witli pleasure, but it woidd lead us from our subject, and take us into the domain of art, when our object is only to show how far science has aided in giving permanence to its high creations. One bronze casting of a group of flowers, in an ornamental stand, stated to be cast into moulds formed by the flowers themselves is very remarkable. The producer is Clement Papi, of Florence. It would appear to be the result of some such process as Chantrey recommended, which w-as to take any delicate branch with its leaves, and, havbg lightly suspended it in a box, to pour in very liquid plaster of Paris. When this — which would find its way into every part — was perfectly set, the mass was exposed to a heat sufficient to char the vegetable matter, without in any way altering the mould. The ashes being shaken out, the metal was poured in, and then an exact ^c simile of the object was obtained. Many other plans may be devised, but this is recommended as a practical one. . We are enabled however by the processes of electrotype deposit to produce, very easily, results which might be rendered very far superior to this. As one of the most important exemplifications of the useful applications of science, the electrotype claims particular attention. The source of power being the voltaic battery, it is necessary to examine in the first place the extent to which this variety of apparatus is exhibited. The ordinary forms of battery are aU shown. Smee's battery is presented under various modifications — from the common laboratory one, to a beautiful battery by Messrs. Home and Thomthwaite, which is really too elegant for use. The advantage of Smee's battery is, that one fluid alone is employed. The plates are silver covered with platinum, in a state of very fine division, and zinc ; by the action of the sulphuric acid the zinc is oxidised, and sulphate of oxide of zinc is formed ; by the chemical excitement, electricity is dis- turbed, and the platinised silver plate, from which hydrogen is freely evolved, becomes the collector, as it were, of this subtile agent. According to the intensity of chemical action, so is the amount of voltaic electricity developed ; hence, in any battery arrangement, if we secure the first condition, we obtain a greatly increased action. This is exemplified in Grove's batteries, also exhibited amongst the philosophical instruments. In Grove's battery two fiuids and two metals are employed ; the latter are platinum and amalgamated zinc, the former dilute sulphuric acid and strong nitric acid. A porous cell is placed iato one of glass or glazed earthenware, a cylinder or plate of amalgamated zinc is placed in dilute sulphuric acid in the outer ceU, and platina in strong nitric acid in the inner one. Here we have the chemical action of the acid on the zinc, and the action of the platinum on the nitric acid, which is rapidly decomposed. The result is the continuation of the excitement, and the development of a largely increased amount of electric force. In many respects simOar to Grove's battery, we have also the carbon battery, introduced by Bunsen, and much employed on the continent. In these the carbon supplies the place of the platinum, and in all respects the form of action in the cells is the same. Darnell's battery is also exhibited ; this, it will be remembered, is remarkable for the constancy of its action, and it is important as having led to the discovery of the electrotype. It, like Grove's, consists of two cells; in that one which contains the copper-plate, a strong solution of sulphate of copper is put, and in the other diluted sulphuric acid. The zinc, as in the other examples, is oxidised, and for every equivalent of zinc dissolved, an equivalent of copper is deposited from the cupreous solution. There are several other forms of battery modified to meet the requirements of the electric telegraph ; in these the object is duration of power and permanence of action. This is secured by the employ- ment of sand in some, and by the additional security of a system of percolation in others, by which the exhausted acid is removed from the battery. The tin and iron batteries may be ingenious, but they do not appear to ofier any advantages over those we already possess. Siace any two bodies, upon which the chemical action is different, may be employed to form a voltaic pair, it is evident that a great variety of batteries might be constructed, but to improve those we abeady possess is of more importance. Tlie great disadvan- tage under whieli we labour in our voltaic arrangements, arises from the loss of electricity as it passes from a solid to a fluid medium, or from a fluid to a solid one. Nearly as much electricity is developed from a single pair of plates, as from a dozen ; but the eleven are required to urge it to a higher intensity, to develope it with more force. Electro-Metallurgy, or the electrotype, receives its best illus- trations from the hands of Messrs. Elkingtou, who exhibit some choice productions of art and art-manufacture. The principle upon which the electrotype is based has been already iutimated in our remarks on Daniell's battery, but it win be well to consider it a little more closely. Under any form of battery the conditions are these : — We produce or develope electricity in the battery by chemical excitement, and according to the quantity of matter which changes form within the cells, is the quantity of electricity set free, and if by w'ires this is conveyed to another cell, we discover that the operation of the force is such, that as much metal is deposited, as is equal, in chemical relation, to that dissolved in the battery. We have therefore only to form a surface w hich shall equally diffuse the electricity, to produce a uniform deposit. We may get the copper, for example, to collect in a mass around the end of a wire, or by presenting sufficient surface, diffuse over a large space, and form a very attenuated film. In copying of statues the most satisfactory mode of proceeding is to form a mould of either gutta percha, or in the elastic compound of glue and treacle ; then to well cover it on the inside with plumbago, pure black lead : this forms a good surface for diffusing the deposit, and we obtain, if proper care has been taken, a perfect copy of the original. Engraved plates may be thus multiplied, the first copy from the original plate would have a raised impression, but any copy taken from this one in relief would be a facsimile of the original. The ordnance maps, suspended at the western end of the building, and the geological maps agaiust the southern wall, are mostly printed from electrotype plates. Many of the ornamental blocks employed in the works of the Messrs. De la Kue, have had no less than 3,000,000 impressions taken from them, and they show but slight indications of wear. These are aU produced -by electrotype deposit. Electro-gilding and plating are most important applications of this beautiful process, of which numerous illustrations are afforded. The most remarkable being those of Messrs. Elking- ton, particularly the examples forwarded to the Exhibition by her Majesty. The action is of a character precisely similar to that by which copper is deposited ; but the solutions of gold and silver are more easily decomposed than those of copper, and hence less battery power is required to effect the revival of the metal. The solutions usually employed are formed by dissolving the oxides of gold and silver in the cyanide of potassium ; other solutions may, however, be employed. The applications of electricity to useful ends are numerously illustrated, and they solicit close attention from those who would learn what science is doing for manufacture. In proceeding with our examination of the other applications of this great power, we shall have to return to the consideration of the philosophy which has guided our experimentalists, and by attention to which, we can alone hope to attain to any extension of its economical value. We have subdued the elements of a thunder cloud to aid us in our metallurgical operations ; to manufacture for us vessels of utility ; and to decorate for us the choicest productions of artistic taste. These illustrations, as afforded by the Exhibition, advancing from the almost primitive mode of reducing tin, to the scientific one of gilding a richly chased vase, are of the most instructive character, to which each visitor may return again and again to find them suggestive of new trains of thought. VIU* THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. PAKT III. THE processes of the electrotype very naturally conducts to the considcnition of that section of the Exliibition within which are exhibited an application of a still higher order of science. Electricity — that singularly subtile and difl'usive power, which is perhaps, of all the physical agents, the most active in nature — is now chained and made to do the bidding of its subduer. The man-el of modern experimental science is, beyond all question, the Electric Telegraph, by which we are enabled to convey instantaneously our tlioughts to the most distant point. The flight of Ariel is slow compared with the speed of this physical agent, which (the mechanical dif- ficulties of ])lacing the wires below the reach of the action of breakers, when crossing seas, being overcome,) would enable us to convey our desires round the world in an instant of time. Those who are unacquainted with the peculiarities of arrangement which lead to the eifective production of this result will do well to study the instruments in the Exhibition of Industry by means of which telegraphic communication is now eft'ectcd. It may not be regarded by our readers as out of place if we endeavour to render the mode by which elec- tricity is generated and employed familiar. The relation between voltaic currents and magnetism must be understood. It is, therefore, necessary that this should be clearly but succinctly described. Voltaic currents are generated by che- mical action. An acid, usually sulphuric, is made to act upon zinc plates, which are placed in juxtaposition with, and con- nected by, a wire to a copper plate. The electric action is dependent on the different chemical afRnity of the liquid for the respective metals : it will dissolve the zinc, but not the copper. Water is decomposed during the action. Hydrogen makes its escape at the surface of the copper plate, and the oxygen combines with the zinc to form oxide of zinc. The law of action as established by the researches of Faraday is, that the quantity of electricity liberated is exactly equal to that which was necessary to hold together in their original states the substances undergoing chemical change. During this disturbance of the electrical equilibrium, a portion passes through the liquid to the copper plate, and back through the connecting band to the zinc plate. Howsoever great may be the length of the connecting wires between the plates, the disturbance is communicated along the whole length of the line. The difference between the result, when the dis- tance is but a few inches, and when it is extended over many miles, is only lessened by the degree of resistance offered by the metallic wires to the propagation or onward movement of the disturbance. We speak of a current tra- versing the wires. Our language, here imperfectly applied, is often very incorrectly understood ; an idea of something flowing is usually conveyed to the mind by this form of expression. This is not the case, — a motion is communicated to one point of the mass, which is transmitted to the other, or rather is sensible at that extremity. At the time of this electrical progression, the wire is magnetic, — that is, it will attract iron in the same manner as a magnet does. If we hang up a magnetic piece of iron, so that it swings parallel to, and over or under the wire, this iron is unmoved if an electric disturb- ance is not circulating ; but the moment that the force moves, ftom. connexion being made with a battery in action, the iron is swung round at right angles to the direction of the wire. When contact is broken, and no electricity is traversing, it returns to the line of the wire ; connection being made, it is again deflected. Having a power of thus moving a magnetic needle at any distance from the battery, we obtain the means of giving signals and of conveying signs. For the purpose of increasing this efiect, the wire is bent many times around a magnetic needle, so that the current passing frequently along the length of the helix produces an mcreased effect. In this manner the weakest disturbances are rendered sensible. Upon this principle the needle telegraphs are constructed. These needle arrangements are of several kinds ; the great object being to obtain rapidity of deflection and freedom from oscillation. The compound needle is that which is most fre- quently employed, and it consists of a very thin ivory disc, which sustains several highly magnetised short needles," firmly secured to it. This compound arrangement is placed between the wires and the index-needle beyond them. It will be evident, upon considering the construction, that by such an arrangement, the index-needle must come to rest almost immediately after it has been moved. Another method for moving the index is to attract or repel the support placed upon its axis by means of an electro-magnet. AVhen we coil around a piece of soft iron a quantity of copper wire covered with silk, and connect the ends of those wires with a voltaic battery, the iron becomes powerfully magnetic. The moment contact is broken the magnetism is destroyed ; or, by reversing the direction of the current, the poles of the magnet ai-o rapidly changed. Thus any series of attractive or rei)ulsive influences can bo obtained with much facility. Brett and Little's patent electric telegraph is of this order. The magnet is in the form of a ring or horse-shoe, and is suspended in the centre of the helices of copper wire, which are aouble, and of a circular form. This magnet is deflected either to the right hand or to the left, according to the direction of the current. The indicators are not magnets, but are moved by the agency of tlie magnets, by which a distinct and certain indication ia insured. In the electric printing telegraphs, similar means are employed to effect the desired end of printing the intel- ligence communicated. In some, inked types are actually employed, and brought into contact with the paper by the force of an electro-magnet. In others, whenever connection is made, the electricity effects chemical decomposition. When it is interrupted, no change takes place. Thus any number or variety of marks can be impressed at any distance from the communicator with great rapidity. Tiie chemical agents usually employed to produce the marks on the paper are the ferro-cyauide of potassium, which, being decomposed, gives rise to the prussiate of iron, and makes a deep blue impression ; or the iodide of potassium and starch, which is white, — but by the battery action, iodide of starch, a very dark purple substance, is produced, so that the letters or signs are impressed in a dark colour. All that is here attempted is to give an outline of the processes adopted ; with the moaifieatious of these, and the details which are introduced for the purpose of facilitating communication, space prevents our dealing. Bakewcll's Electric Telegraph possesses the peculiarity of tr&asmMtm^ fac-similes of the hand-writing of correspondents, so that their signatures can be identified. This is so in- geniously efl'ected, that we must endeavour to render the arrangements adopted intelligible. The transmitting and receiving instruments are of the same description. Trains of wheels moved by weights impart luiiform motion to each ; these are allowed to act, or are checked, by the action of electro-magnets, in connection with a voltaic battery. As the power is derived from the same source, the machinery, at whatever distance the two arrangements may be from each other, is equally affected ; the movement of the wheels and weights being isochronous. On each instrument is a metal cylinder, and over each cylinder metal styles, which press lightly on the cylinders from end to end. One of the poles of the voltaic battery is connected with the cylinders of the instruments, and the other with the styles. Thus those two systems of arrangement are always in precisely the same electrical condition ; this being clearly understood, the fol- lowing mode of electro-printing, or writmg, will be intelligible. The message to be sent is written on a sheet of tin-foil with sealing-wax varnish, this is placed on the transmitting cylinder, aU the lines covered by the varnish serve to break the con- nection. On the receiving cylinder a sheet of paper moistened with acidulated feiro-prussiate of potash is placed, when the connection is completed, electro-chemical decomposition is effected, and where any interruption occurs no change takes place. Now the cylinder carrying the inscribed tin-foil and that on which is placed the prepared paper, moving at the same rates, the current is interrupted by the varnish-writing in both at the same time. All the parts of the paper on which the metal styles press, when they are in connection with the tin-foil, become blue, aU those corresponding with the vaniish on the foil remain white. Hence the writing, signs, drawing, or whatever it may be, on the tin-foil, are faithfully repre- sented on the prepared paper, hundreds of miles from it. The application of the subtUe power of electricity to IX* THE SCIENCE OF THE EXEIBITION. measure the tread of time, is another of the beautiful appli- cations which have been made of this agency. Mr. Shepherd's clocks in the Exliibition present many novelties, the general principles of which we must endeavour to describe. It has been already explained that electro-magnets give us the power of changing' the direction of a current at will, and of exerting a large amount of attractive force and suddenly suspending it. It will be evident, when the subject is considered, that magnets may be thus employed to attract and repel a pen- dulum which shall give motion to a clock, and that the force may be communicated to any number of clocks. But when this method is adopted, any irregularity in the action of the battery produces a corresponding irregularity in the motion of the pendulum. To obviate this, Mr. Shepherd, who exhibits the large electric clock in the transept of the Exhibition Building, gives impulse to the pendulum by means of a remontoir escapement. The pendulum under any circum- stances of battery action, moves through the same arc in the same time, and thus uniformity of action is secured ; the electro-magnets being the motive instruments of the whole. They are also employed to lock up the escape-wheel, to prevent motion being communicated by the action of the wind upon the large hands on the outside. In tlie striking arrange- ments much ingenuity has been exerted, the electro-magnets moving the hammer by the means already explained, and also regulating the number of blows to be struck by a very ingenious mechanical contrivance shown in a skeleton clock. The arrangements for regulating the polar termination of wires of the batteries in the apparatus for the electrical light are exceedingly ingenious, and they appear to secure as far as it is practical to do so, the uniform distance of the charcoal points from each other, upon which entirely depends the constancy of the illumination. It is of course understood that whenever there is any interruption to the passage of the electric current, or where it has to move from a good con- ductor through an imperfect conductor, there is a manifestation of other forms of physical force ; heat and light are developed. If we connect the two poles of a powerfully excited voltaic battery by a continuous wire, forming what is called a closed circuit, everything progresses quietly, there is no evolution of either heat or light. If, however, we cut the wire in any part, there will be developed between the parts so cut, both calorific and luminous agencies ; the rush — to use a poetic form of expression — from one end or pole to the other, of electricity, by some mysterious action, gives rise to light and heat. Thus is produced the electric liglit. to increase the intensity of which poles of the hardest and purest charcoal are introduced ; these have generally been manufactured for the purpose, by powdering the best coke that could be obtained, pressing it in moulds with some cementing material, and re-coking it with care. However hard the charcoal may be, it undergoes a change ; particles are constantly carried off from one pole and deposited upon the other, thus altering their distances apart, and interfering with the uniformity of the light. The difficulties which arise from this cause may without doubt be overcome by mechanical adjustments ; but there are other considerations, of an economic character, which appear of a more serious kind. As they apply equally to the applications of electro-magnetism as a mover of machinery, the consideration of the question may properly follow the notice of the electro-magnetic machines exhibited. When it is shown that a piece of soft iron, around which is coiled a quantity of copper wire, through which an electric current is circulating, can be made to sustain the weight of many tons, or to exert an enormous pulling force, it appears natural to suppose that an agency so manageable as this might be applied with the greatest advantage to moving machinery. Numerous attempts have been made, and the applications of the power in several different ways attempted, but hitherto without any successful result. The power of electro-magnets, it is believed, may be increased without limitation. A voltaic current produced by the che- mical disturbance of the elements of any battery, no matter what its form may be, is capable of producing, by induction, a magnetic force, — this force being always in an exact ratio to the amount of matter (zinc, iron, or otherwise) consumed in the battery. The greatest amount of this magnetic power is produced when the chemical action is the most rapid. Hence, in all magnetic machines, it is more economical to employ a battery in intense action than one in which the chemical action is slow. It has been most satisfactorily proved that a one-horse power is obtainable in an electro-magnetic engine (the most favourably constructed to prevent loss of power), at the cost of 45 pounds of zinc, in a Grove's battery, in twenty-four hours ; while 75 pounds of zinc are consumed in the same time, to produce the same power, in a battery of Daniell's construction. The cause of this is referred to the necessity of producing a high degree of excitement to over- come the resistance which the molecular forces offer to the electrical perturbations on which magnetic force depends. It is contended, that although we may not have arrived at the best form of voltaic battery, yet that we have learned sulficient of the law of electro-magnetic forces to declare, that under any conditions, the amount of magnetic power would depend on the change of state, — consumption of an element, — in the battery, and that the question resolves itself into this — What amount of magnetic power can be obtained from an equivalent of any material consumed ? The following are regarded as the most satisfactory results yet obtained :— 1st. The force of the voltaic current being equal to 678, the number of grains of zinc destroyed per hour is 151, which raised 9000 pounds one foot high in that time. 2nd. The force of current being relatively 1300, the zinc destroyed in one hour vras 291 grains, which raised 10,030 pounds through the space of one foot. Brd. The force being 1000, the zinc consumed was 223 grains ; the weight lifted, one foot, 12,672 pounds. One grain of coal consumed in the furnace of a Cornish engine lifted 143 pounds one foot high ; whereas one grain of zinc consumed in the battery lifted only 80 pounds. The cost of one hundred weight of coal is under 9i. ; the cost of one hundred weight of zinc is above 216^. Therefore, under the most perfect conditions, magnetic power must be nearly twenty-five times more expen- sive than steam power. But it is an impossibility to reach even this, owing, in the first place, to the rate vrith which the force diminishes through space. As the mean of a great many experiments on a great variety of magnets, of difterent forms and modes of construction, the following results are given : — Magnet and armature in contact, lifting force 220 poimds ; magnet and armature distant l-250th of inch, 90'6 pounds ; distant l-125th of an inch, 50-7 pounds ; distant l-63rd of an inch, 50-1 pounds ; distant l-50th of an inch, 40-5 pounds. Thus, at l-50th of an inch distance, four-fifths of the power is lost. Prom an examination of alL these results, I am disposed to regard electro-magnetic power as imprac- ticable, on account of its cost, which must necessarily be, under the best conditions, fifty times more expensive than steam power, and it is at present at least one hundred and fifty times as costly. These remarks apply with equal force to the Electric Light. It must always be borne in mind that no physical power can be produced without a change of material somewhere. Steam is generated by the consumption of a certain quantity of coal ; electricity by an equivalent weight of zinc, or some other metal on" which chemical action takes place. Thus the ques- tion resolves itself into the simple one of. Is the light produced from the gas obtained by the destructive distillation of coal, or that developed by the consumption of zinc in the voltaic battery, the most effective and economical ? Other applications of electricity have their exemplification in this gathering of the results of human thought. One among others of the utmost importance, occupying no very prominent position, deserves our especial notice. Amongst the minerals in Class I. will be found two obelisks of coal, and one of an exceedingly hard stone, surrounded by miners' tools ; and against the wall a drawing of a plan (now in most successful operation at Abercame, in Monmouthshire) for blasting rocks at the bottom of a shaft by voltaic agency. In the ordinary mode of sinking through hard rocks, one hole only can be fired at a time. The miners then have to leave the shaft, and remain absent until the gases formed by the explosion are sufiiciently cleared away to allow of their returning. In this way much time is lost. By galvanism X» THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. any number of holes can be fired at the same time ; and thus ■we obtain the cumulative force of simultaneous explosions. The mode of proceeding at the colliery of Sir Benjamin Hall is, in the first place, to bore three holes, forming the points of an equilateral triangle, which are inclined inwards towards the lower part. Fuses are prepared by passing the wires from a galvanic batterj' to the bottom, and there interposing a small piece of thin platinum wire. The wire is continued on to the next, or any number of holes ; platinum being inter- posed at that point which is to be brought in contact with the gunpowder. The three holes being properly charged in this manner, the miners leave the pit, and, coming to the surface, make themselves the connection with the battery, and thus, out of all chance of accident, fire the holes. The moment the circuit is completed, all the platinum wires become white hot, and the powder is exploded. The first action is to rend out the entire centre of the shaft. Six or seven holes are next prepared in a similar manner, and also fired by the batteiy siniultaneously, by which the whole of one surface of the ahatt is heaved out. It is stated that the application of this power, in this instance, will lead to the happy result of sinking the shaft, and improving the ventilation of the coal-mine, in one- third the time which would have been occupied in the usual mode, with a very considerable saving of money at the same time. Although satisfied that, with our present knowledge of elec- trical forces, we can scarcely hope to adapt the electric light to any useful purpose, within the limits of any ordinary economy, or to apply electro-magnetism as a motive power ; it is quite possible that we may, by a careful study of the primary laws of tnese forms of electrical force, arrive at new conditions w^hich may enable us to apply them. The empirical mode of proceeding at present adopted is of the most hopeless cha- racter. The models of electro-magnetic engines exhibited have much in them which is exceedingly ingenious ; but, although working well as models, they do not promise to work with regularity or economy on the large scale ; and for the present we must rest content to bum coals in our furnace rather than zinc in our batteries. Electricity — that power whicli, from its fearfully destructive force, was regarded as the manifestation of Almighty power, and which was placed as the emblem of might in the hands of the Olympian Jove — from which men still retreat in terror, has, by the force of human intelligence, directed in a philosophic spirit, been subdued to perform the most important tasks for man. Through space it passes, without note of time, to convey the expression of our thoughts and feelings. India by its means will soon Be united with England, and the merchant in London may instantaneously communicate with his agent in Calcutta, or the lover with his mistress. Thus, breaking through the barriers of distance, remote lands will be unitea together. The march of civilisivtion is in unison with the advance of science ; and few things prove more convincingly the harmonious arrangements of Universal rule than the fact, that the physical agents which determine the condition of matter, which regulate the structural arrangements of the earth's crust, its rocks and its metalliferous deposits, and which mysteriously influence every organic change, are destined to work upon the spiritual part of creation, and to produce psychological phenomena, — which shall result in the production of order and the spread of peace. Bring people together, — let them know one another, — they develope the latent good which is in every human breast. Thus the gathering of nations in the Industrial Palace of Hyde Park cannot but be for good ; and those small instruments which are exhibited in its north-western gallery arc world-embracing in their influences, and must assimilate more closely the thoughts of those nations which they may bring into com- munion. Electricity, again, has been made to perform for us more humble tasks, — to work in metal, and to measure the progress of time. Within the Exhibition all these appliances can be studied, and from the study of them much good must result. In connection with this order of application, by interest, and also by position in the building, are the numerous con- trivances adopted for ascertaining the laws which regulate terrestrial magnetism, and the adjustments by which the mariner, guided by the magnetic needle, is enabled to traverse the pathless ocean, with the utmost certainty of arriving at his destination. The magnetic forces of the globe are sub- jected to constant variations, principally owing to the changes of temperature. The lines of equal magnetic intensity around the globe are very irregular, and are evidently the result of heat. At the same place it is also found that monthly and daily variations occur ; and it is important, in connexion with the elucidation of the great phenomena of nature, that these should be accurately determined. Several instruments are exhibited which are employed for determining the variations over difl'erent parts of the globe ; the most important being those of Mr. K. W. Fox, exhibited by Mr. Wilton. In thow instruments the power exerted by the magnetism of the earth is weighed oft" in parts of grains with the most surprising accuracy ; and by them Eoss, Stanley, Belcher, and others, have determined, in the most satisfactory manner, the magnetic intensity of those countries the}' visited in their surveying expeditions. The variations detected at the same spot have usually been determined by attentive observation ; the number of vibrations made by a needle on either side of its zero point in a given time determining the force exerted by tiie earth's magnetism on the freely suspended magnetic bar. These researches were of exceeding delicacy, and even with the most practised observers they were liaDle to some errors. In the gallery of the Exhibition is an arrangement of the utmost ingenuity, in which the magnets are made to register their own movements. This is eflected by reflecting a concentrated pencil of artificial light from the end of the bar upon some sensitive photographic paper placed between glass cylinders. The light makes a dark impression on the paper, and there- fore any movement is very distinctly indicated. The oscilla- tions of the magnet are horizontal ; the motion of the cylinders, determined by a small clock arrangement, are vertical. A zig-zag line is therefore produced, — the variations of these from a standard lino indicating the amoimt of disturbance. By means of this instrument, thus arranged, many magnetic perturbations, which would otherwise have passed unnoticed, have been detected. By au analogous arrangement, the con- ditions of the barometer and thermometer, for every moment of the da)' or night, are faithfully recorded. All errors of obsen'ation are thus avoided; and the same agency which produces the disturbance is matle to record it. Light, the radiations from the smi, or any incandescent source, mark the movements ; and to solar influence we are referred, by all the facts of science, to the probable cause for producing them. The consideration of this very beautiful application of our knowledge, that the radiations associated with light produce chemical change, naturally leads to the Photography of the Exhibition. Spread over various departments. Daguerreotypes and Calotypes, and other examples of the art, are to be found. England, i'rance, Germany, Austria, and America, are equally ardent cultivators of photography. In the English department are a very extensive series of Daguerreotypes; possessing, however, but one novelty, which is to be discovered in the enamelled Daguerreotypes of Mr. Beard. The metallic tablets in these are covered with a transparent lacquer. The process of effecting this is not developed ; but it is evident that heat is employed in diff'using the "enamel," — and it certainly renders the picture permanent against the action of any ordinary mechanical force. For some years past, the Daguerre- otj'pe processes have advanced but little. 'The modes of mani pulation have been somewhat improved, — the celerity of production slightly quickened, — many important physical facts discovered ; but the art stands much where it was. Not so, however, with the processes on paper, and those on glass. In these a most markea improvement has taken place. Some examples of forest scenery, and picturesque bits, selected with artistic taste from "the ancestral homes of England," are perfect studies for an artist to dwell upon. The blending of the lights and shadows are more harmonious than usual, and the darker portions of the pictures are developed with much beauty of detail. These are the productions of Mr. Shaw, of Birmingham, who unites the skill of an artist with the experi- ence gained by the long study of chemical science. The positives from glass negatives, executed by Eoss and Thompson, XI* THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. of Ediiiburgli, arc remarkable examples of the delicacy of this variety of sun-painting, and the artistic groups, by Mr. Hill of Edinburgh, of the Newhaven fishwomen, &e., together with many admirably selected bits, cannot but be admired for their truthfulness — they exhibit nature in those charming aspects the selection of which proves the ability of the artist and the refinement of his perceptions. In the French departments, M. Martens is the exhibitor of some photographs prepared by a process of his own on albuminised plates, which are first-class works of Art. The process employed is a modification of the Calotype as applied to glass tablets by the agency of albumen. The (rennan and Austrian productions have each their beauties of a peculiar kind ; but they have no novel features requiring any especial notice. The American Daguerreotypes are cer- tainly very beautiful ; the general tone of these productions being more of the mezzotinto style than those produced in either France or England. Many of the groups are exceed- ingly characteristic, and some of the selections of the scenery are remarkable for the perfection of their detail. The Hyalo- types, or photographs on glass, both positive and negative, (many of the positive pictures being coloured for magic-lantern slides), are a very pleasing application of the art. On the whole, we may regard the examples of sun-drawing exhibited as a very complete exemplification of the state of the art up to the present time. Amongst the instruments which possess any character of novelty, those of M. Claudet, for determining the focus of lenses, and for adjusting the camera to the chemical focus for photographic purposes, and his arrangement for examining the quality of the solar rays, deserve especial notice. The peculiarities of these cannot be understood by descriptions merely ; but by their adjustments, it is quite possible to deter- mine with accuracy the action of the sun-light for so short a period as the thousandth part of a second of time. This zealous Daguerreotype artist has appreciated the value of imparting visible information; and in many examples amongst his collection, he has given illustrations of the operation of the chemical, as distinguished from the luminous, rays of the sun, — the influence exerted by media, — and the dissimilar action of the most and the least refrangible rays of the solar spectrum. From these we learn many very important facts, which appear to support the view that the luminous power and the chemical power {actinism) of the solar radiations are agencies united in action, but balanced against each other in the efiects which they produce on natural phenomena. Of late years much attention has been paid to Meteoro- logical phenomena, with the hope of determining the laws by which the apparently inconsistent winds and the resulting weather are regulated. We have established observatories in all parts of the world in which records are carefully kept of almost every passing cloud. The temperatiire of the air, the pressure of the atmosphere, tlie hygrometric state of the gaseous envelope, the electrical condition of it, the directions of the winds, and many other points of importance are registered under the direction of competent observers. From the results thus obtained. Professor Dove has already deduced some important facts, and determined the existence of fixed laws regulating at least some of the atmospheric phenomena. Instruments have from time to time been devoted for registering the above points. Professor WheweU of Cambridge and Mr. Follett Osier of Birmingham, have devised very complete anemometers and rain-gauges ; Mr. Osier associating also some other registrations with his very complete instrument. In the Hall of the Polytechnic Institution, and at the Philosophical Institution of Birming- ham, an opportunity is afforded of examining what has been done, and of comparing it with the very complete " Atmos- pheric Eecorder," of Mr. Holland, which registers every breeze that blows, or shower that falls, upon the Industrial Building in Hyde Park. Without drawings it is quite impossible to describe, so as to be understood, the details of the arrangements. But some of its principles may be rendered easily intelligible. In the first place it will be understood that every fact is recorded by the machine itself, by means of a pencil passing over a regularly moving piece of paper, which is carried onward by an attachment with an eight-day clock. The barometer is of the siphon form, of large bore, and upon the mercury in the shortest leg is a float very accurately counterpoised, leaving only sufficient weight to enable it to follow the mercury in its rise and fall. It will be readily conceived that many plans might be adopted for correcting this with a pencil, which should mark every variation. The thermometric arrangement consists of ten mercurial thermo- meters, of a peculiar form, very accurately balanced, so that the slightest movement of the mercury gave at once a given degree of preponderance on one side or the other. A slip of wood is employed as the hygrometer ; this is placed in a tube, through which the air passes freely ; every elongation or con- traction of this, indicating an excess or deficiency of moisture in the air, is in like manner registered. It will be, of course, understood that a piece of wood forms a very good hygrometer by absorbing moisture or parting with it readily. The electrometer is an insulated conductor, fixed on the highest convenient place, from which a wire is brought down to the instrument, and connected with a fixed disc, near which is placed a moveable one. When a cloud charged with the electric fluid comes within the range of the conductor, the moveable disc begins slowly to pass from the fixed disc to a spring, discharging each time a portion of its electricity ; it then falls back to the first disc, and remains quiet until another electric cloud approaches ; the moving disc carrying a pencil, records every disturbance. The rain-gauge is placed on the top of the building; it is a foot square. The rain collected in this passes through a pipe into the building, and a float indicates the height of the water and regulates the motion of the pencil. The amount of evaporation going on is by a similar contrivance registei-ed. The direction of the wind is recorded by another pencil which marks the course upon the paper throughout the whole circle of the horizon, or that portion through which it passes, and the force of the wind is indicated by the action of the aerial current upon a board one foot square fixed to the vane, and accurately counterpoised, so that the slightest pressure is at once indicated by the movement of the counterpoise. Thus is afforded a means of determining, with the utmost accuracy, every change in the weather, and by thus avoiding all the errors which arise from the carelessness or inaptitude of assistants, we may expect to arrive more satisfactorily at some important facts in climatology beyond those which we already possess. It is interesting to watch the little pencils moving to and fro, marking their zig-zag or curved tracts upon the paper, and to observe the peculiar association of one phenomenon with another. The very remarkable groups of instruments which we have been describing are amongst the most striking evidences of Science in the Great Exhibition. By appliances such as these we advance our knowledge and gain power over the phenomena of nature. An instrument by which the navigator is, by a very easy method, enabled to determine the position of the centre of a storm, called by the inventor, Lieut.-Col. Lloyd, Typhodeictor, or storm -pointer, appears to be exceedingly useful. It is now fully determined that the great storms of the tropics are revolving masses of air, moving onward at a great rate. If a ship becomes in- volved in one of these, she is soon disabled, but by the inves- tigations of the law of these storms by Lieut.-Col. lieid, an easy method of determining the direction of their movement is given, and thus the mariner is enabled to sail out of their influence. It is to facilitate this that Colonel Lloyd has constructed his storm-pointer. Strange things though meet us here ; we have a Storm Indicator, in which leeches crawling out of the water, as is their habit when there is much free electricity, are made to ring bells ; and we have Count Demni's Man of Steel, composed of many thousand parts, and these so contrived that from a figure of about five feet in height, it may readily be converted into one of eight. The ingenuity of these cannot be doubted ; but we fear their utility is questionable. They are among the things which sometimes cause us to marvel at the variety of ways to which human invention is frequently applied without the probability of any satisfactory practical result. xn» THE SCIENCE OF THE EXHIBITION. PART IV. FN our rapid glances at the developments of science, as they are manifested in the eflbrts of thought and industry now gathered within our " palace all of glass," we have confined our attention principally to the productions of British skill. Much has been done towards the extension of abstract science to the useful purposes of life, but still more remains to be done; and we should learn to look upon the Great Exhibition as one of the resting places, from which in our ascent we can contemplate the triumphs of the past, and meditate upon tlie labours which yet remain to try the human mind. The ocean of knowledge has been ventured upon in frail, but skilfully managed barques, and some of the isles of truth, which stud its surface like stars of. light in their beauty, have been dis- covered ; but " a wilderness of heaving waters " is beyond the horizon ; and from the crest of tlie wave upon which we rest, we see mirages of glorious promise for those who will essay the untracked space from which yet higher treasures may be gathered to improve the condition of toiling humanity. It now becomes an equally pleasing task to contemplate the Eastern side of the industrial palace, within which space those, whom we, from long habit, call foreigners, have so liberally displayed the evidences of their industry. If no other good were to result from the Exhibition, than that of bringing the nations closer together, of making man better acquainted with his fellow man, and thus destroying those national prejudices which are so many barriers against human progress, it would have done much towards the advancement of civilisation. In passing carefully througli the labyrinthine ways, between Tunis and Turkey on the one side, and the United States on the other, we hare diligently sought to discover some novel application of science — something peculiar in its way — illus- trative of some branch of study to which England might yet be a stranger. But we have found it not; — we confess to some disappointment, and we acknowledge some amoimt of plea- sure. It proves, that notwithstanding the barriers of language — that in spite of still existing prejudices — the truth diJluses itself like an atmosphere over the old and the new continents. Whether any law regulates the progress of human know- ledge is a question of interest, which, however, we are not in a position to answer. There are nevertheless many curious phe- nomena connected with the advance of truth which appear to indicate psychological eft'ects to be determinable in obedience to some general cause. When we find the electrotype developed at the ^me time by Jacobi in St. Petersburgh and by Spencer in Liverpool ; the mystery of sun-drawing being discovered by Daguerre in Paris and by Talbot in this country; and many other examples of the publication of new truths at nearly the same time in countries widely separated from each other, and where previous concert was impossible, we are compelled to admit, at least, the general operation of almost occiut powers, inducing to tlie development of facts new to human knowledge. Be this as it may, it is certain that no one country amongst those exhibiting their works, can claim priority on account of any new application of science. For varieties of industry, and for perfection in those varieties, the international juries were appointed ; they have completed their labours, their reporters are now at work on their respective reports, and it will not be long before the world will know how they have performed their responsible duties. Commencing our review of the continental section of the Exhibition, we are met first by the productions of the most singular people on the face of the earth — the Chinese. The inhabitants of the celestial empire had a science — probably an empirical science — in a high degree of perfection, while yet Europe was enveloped in the night of ignorance. The manu- facture of porcelain, which is only now in its perfection familiar to ourselves, was amongst the earliest of their industrial Arts. Metallurgy, particularly mixed metal casting, has been practised by them with great success for many thousands of years. They have taxed and tortured nature to minister to their wants, and yield fresh food for their luxuries for ages, and yet now they figure amidst the gatherings of the earth, the exemplars of a people who have stood still while all the world has been moving. In manufacture and in art they have great capabilities, but they have made no progress. Their vases are of the same kind as adorned the halls of the wealthy in the Si-Hang dynasty. Their ivory carvings are similar to those of Tai-tsong in 626, and their paintings are such as in the very infancy of art are to be discovered in other lands. Yet in one little corner of the area, occupied by China, is a little picture of a female bather, doubtless a copy, in which there is a degree of perfection in drawing, in knowledge of colour, and in artistic effect, which proves how easily they could excel if they were stimulated to the trial. There is much of considerable scientific interest in the contri- butions from China. We learn something of the minei-al produce of that country in the collection of the various materials from the great porcelain works of Kiang-tiht' Chin near the Poyang lake, employed in the manufacture of porcelain. We have a beautiful exemplification of their ijrocesa of making pottery. We find that all the materials they employ are such as we possess, and judging from the appear- ance they are, most of lliem, inferior in quality to those which our potters employ. The naturalist niiglit glean much information from the study of the series, but the products of the vegetable and animal kingdom are beyond our province. However, in the metal tea-pots, lined with earthenware, wo see that our process, recently introduced, of enamelling iron utensils is familiar to the Chinese. Their paper-hanging^ sliould be inspected, and we should remember that wo owe this branch of manufacture entirely to the Chinese, and that the first attempts made in Europe were with a view merely to imitate those papers which were then imported and sold at an enormous price. The Chinese metal castings are most ingenious ; they make their model of wax, place it in a box and cover it with sand, tightly packed on every side ; the whole is then exposed to heat sufficient to melt the wax, and bronze is run in to supply its place. The Chinese compasses arc curious, seeing that with this nation the use of the magnet as a guide over the ocean or the desert, had probably its origin ; and the models of pumps shown are interesting as illustrating the knowledge of hydrostatics possessed by the inhabitants of the flowery land. Tunis has many remarkable features ; rough manufacture united ^^■ith beautifid form and an harmonious arrangement of colours, being curiously displayed. The Tunisian dyes have long been celebrated, particularly their red dye, as shown in the celebrated caps called Beretti. The mordant they employ is alum : much merit is attributed to the waters of a river, but it appears that the whole secret of their process consists in fixing their vegetable dyes by means of the sulphate of alumina, exposing the dyed goods to the chemical agency of their southern sun, and then streaming out, by immersion in the river, everj'thing which is not chemically combined with the wool, cotton, or silk. It is interesting to examine the earth, rich in iron, and the lead ore from the mountains of Slata, and the copper ore from the mountain of Gerisa ; we gain thus knowleage of the distribution of minerals, which can rarely be obtained ; and if instead of being disjiersed in areas, representing kingdoms, the articles exhibited had been gathered into natural groups, the kingdoms being subdivisions, the educational character of th