UC-NRLF 
 
 LO 
 
 ,O 
 
SUPPLEMENTARY DISCOVERIES 
 
 SHOWING ARYO-SEMITIC COGNATION 
 
 BY 
 
 LLISON EMERY [DRAKE, So. M,, M. D., PH. D. 
 
 tOFESSOR OF GREEK AND INSTRUCTOR IN SANSKRIT AND HEBREW 
 IN WESTMINSTER COLLEGE J SOMETIME UNIVERSITY FELLOW 
 IN ANGLO-SAXON IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 
 
 Denver 
 
 THE HERRICK BOOK & STATIONERY COMPANY 
 
 Xonfcon 
 
 KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & COMPANY, LTD. 
 
 1910 
 
TRANSLITERATED ALPHABETS 
 
 HEBREW (AND ARAMAIC) 
 
 l.h 2.b,b* 3.g,g 4.d,d 2 5.h' 6.v,(u, w) 7. z 8. h 9.t lO.y ll.k,k 
 12.1 13.m 14.n 15.s 16.h* 17.p,p 2 18.z 2 19.q 20.r 21.s* 22.s 23.t 2 ,t 
 
 ARABIC 
 
 l.h 2.b 3.t 4.t 2 5.g 6.h 2 7.h 3 8.d 9.d 2 lO.r ll.z 12.s 13.s 2 14.s 3 15.d 
 16.t 17.z' 18.h 4 19.g 2 20.f 21.q 22.k 23.1 24.ra 25.n 26.h*,h 27. w 28.y 
 
 SANSKRIT 
 
 l.a 2.a s 3.i 4.i* 5.u 6.u* 7.r S.r 2 9.1 10.1 2 ll.e 12.ai 13.o 14.au 15. h 16.n,m 
 17.k 18.k 2 19.g 20.g 2 21.n 22.c 23. c 2 24.g 3 25.g 4 26.n 27. t 28.t 2 29.d 
 30.d 31.n 32.t s 33.t 4 34.d 5 35.d 4 36.n* 37. p 38.p 2 39.b 40.b 2 41. m 2 42.y 
 43.r 44.1 3 45.v 46.c 3 47.s 48.s 2 49.h 2 
 
 A VERY SIGNIFICANT LESSON 
 
 1. Although Hebrew and Arabic are twin tongues as it were, yet (see Table II., 
 section A.) H.h 3 corresponds sometimes to Ar. h 2 , sometimes to Ar. h 3 ; H. h 4 corre- 
 sponds sometimes to Ar. h 4 , sometimes to Ar. g 2 ; H. z corresponds sometimes to 
 Ar.z, sometimes to Ar. d 2 ; H.z 2 corresponds sometimes to Ar.s 3 , sometimes to Ar.d 3 , 
 sometimes to Ar.z J ; etc., etc. Furthermore, Hebrew has not the f-sound initial 
 but has the p-sound instead while Arabic has not the p-sound at all but has the 
 f-sound initial as well as medial and final (see section v.). 
 
 2. Note the consonantal changes exhibited by these Anglo-Saxon forms (-h- 
 and -h being guttural or palatal): seon (Gothic saihwan), to see; seah, (he) saw; 
 saegon or sawon, (they) saw; slean (Gothic slahan), to strike; sloh or slog, (he) 
 struck; slogon, (they) struck; secan, to seek; sohte, (he) sought; hweogul or 
 hweowol or hweohl or hweol, wheel (Dutch wiel) (see entries 519, 775, 784). 
 
 3. Note that, in Latin, "The difference [in pronunciation] between c, K, and Q 
 is represented by Quintilian as almost nil" (John Wordsworth); and that, in Latin, 
 "c was used indiscriminately for both the sharp and [the] flat guttural mute [cand 
 G], till the beginning of the sixth century u. c." (Henry John Roby) (see section 
 iv.). 
 
 N. B. In these pages, references to numeral sections are references to divisions 
 of the "'Summary Exposition" in the volume to which this brochure is a supple- 
 ment; also, H. = Hebrew, A. = Aramaic, Ar. = Arabic, G.= Gaelic, Go. = Gothic, 
 A.-S. = Anglo-Saxon, L. = Latin, Gr. = Greek, S. = Sanskrit. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY ALLISON EMERY DRAKE 
 
 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 
 
3)1 
 
 JUJiJrio 
 
 .; 
 
 IN BRIEF 
 
 In Aryan derivatives, 
 
 i. Radical gutturals (h, h z , h 3 , h 4 ) may remain guttural or be lost or be strength- 
 ened to palatals (g, k, q), radical palatals may be resolved one into another or be 
 weakened to h, and a radical guttural or palatal may become (h)w (see sections 
 in. and iv.). 
 
 ii. Radical V, y are usually lost (see section v.). 
 
 iii. Radical liquids (especially 1, m, n) when final are often lost; and radical n 
 initial is usually lost (see section VH.). 
 
 iv. Radical z, z 2 usually become st (see section vni.). 
 
 v. Radical s, s 2 , s 3 final are sometimes lost (see section x.). 
 
 vi. Three consonants forming a root are seldom all preserved unless two of them 
 may be made to coalesce (see section x.). 
 
 vii. The aspiration of consonants and the quality and length of vowels are to be 
 neglected. 
 
 In Hebrew, 
 
 viii. Radical h, h 2 are often lost. When final they are regularly quiescent. 
 
 ix. Radical v is often replaced by y. Each of these consonants is often intrusive 
 in roots really biconsonantal and merely effects a ' 'strengthening [of] the vocalic 
 element" (see section v.). 
 
 x. Radical n is often lost, especially when initial. Note that Hebrew Iat 2 et 2 
 (1- being prepositional and -t 2 being suffixal), to give, is made from the ground-form 
 nat 2 an, he gave. 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE 
 
 Inspect, for example, entry s414p. The s means "supplementary" and the p 
 means the "first intercalation" and "not in the book" (but see entry 652p.). The 
 ma- in maL(E)QOUS 3 is a prefix as^is indicated^by its being in lower-case type (roman) 
 instead of small-capital (or italic). The change of radical L- to R- in Go. man, etc., 
 requires no comment (but see section vn.). The change of radical -Q- to -G- re- 
 quires no comment (but see section iv.). The loss of radical -s 3 needs corroborating 
 parallels, and other examples are consequently cited. The -n in Go. Rion is a suffix 
 and is accordingly lower-case (see section x.). 
 
 Again, inspect entry s478. The s means "supplementary." As this root is 
 entered in the book and, besides, is not intercalated, no letter denoting intercalation, 
 etc., is suffixed to the number. The -ah 2 of N(E)QEBah 2 is a suffix and is accordingly 
 printed in lower-case. The loss of radical N- is not unusual and requires no com- 
 ment (but see section vu.). The change of radical -Q- to w- in A.-S. WIF is not 
 unusual (compare English "guard" and "ward") and needs no comment (but see 
 section iv.). The change of radical -B to -F needs no comment (but see section v.). 
 
 M331711 
 
s52p. (Root, H-S-M,-N). 
 
 s52pa. H. .HASAM, storehouse, granary; [(Gesenius cites)] A. HASAN, 
 to heap up, lay up; mss(E)Nayyah, storehouse. 
 
 s52pb. A.-S. aeRN, house; a place for storing [(Skeat)]; beRN, barley- 
 place, barn. 
 
 s52pn. On the change of s to r in Aryan languages, see section ix. 
 
 S81p. (Root, H-T 2 -R). 
 
 sSlpa. A. B 2 aHT 2 AR, after; [(Gesenius cites, without defining,)] Ar. 
 HiT 2 Run, footstep [(Brown, Driver, and Briggs)]. 
 
 sSlpb. Go. aFTRa (aFTa), backwards, behind; A.-S. aeFTER, after; 
 aeFT, behind, aft. 
 
 sSlpn. Note that all the words here cited (except Ar. HiT 2 Run) are 
 compounds (see entry 78). On the loss of radical -R from Go. aFTa, 
 etc., see section vn. 
 
 s88p. (Root, B-H'-N). 
 
 s88pa. H. .B'AH'AN, to try, test (metals with fire). 
 s88pb. A.-S. BAcan, to bake; Gr. PHO 2 GO 2 , to parch, roast; S. PAC, 
 to boil, roast, bake; L. FOCUS, fire-place. 
 
 s92. (?Root, B-V-T* or B-N-H*). 
 
 s92a. H. B'AYIT*, house. 
 s92b. G. BATa, boat; A.-S. BAT, boat. 
 
 s92n. See also entry s454p. Etymologists have not considered 
 English booth and boat cognate. 
 
 S95. (Root, B-L-H 2 ). 
 
 s95a. H. .B'ALAH*, to be old, worn out. 
 s95b. Go. BLinds, Wind; A.-S. BLind, blind. 
 
 s95p. (Root, B-L-L). 
 
 s95pa. H. B'ALAL, to mix, mingle. 
 
 s95pb. Go. BLandan, to mix, mingle; A.-S. BLandan, to mix, blend. 
 
 slOTp. (Root, B-Q-s 3 ). 
 
 slOTpa. H. *BAQAS, to seek, ask, request, demand. 
 
 slOTpb. English BEG, to ask earnestly for. 
 
 slOTpn. The history of English BEG is obscure. For the loss of radical 
 -s 3 , see section x. and entries 305, 653, s279p., s414p., s705p., s705q., 
 s772p. 
 
 s!49p. (Root, G-R-P). 
 
 s!49pa. H. .G 2 ARAP, to sweep away (originally, to shovel or scoop up, 
 away). 
 
 s!49pb. Go. WAiRpan, to cast, throw; A.-S. WEORPan, to cast, fling, 
 throw. 
 
 slGOp. (Root, D-L-P). 
 
 s!60pa. H. .D'ALAP, to drip, drop. 
 s!60pb/A.-S. DREOPan, to drop. 
 
Sl7lp. (Root, H 2 -G-H 2 ). 
 
 s!71pa. H. H*AGAH ? , to groan, mutter; to utter, speak. 
 
 s!71pb. G, eiGH, to cry, shout; L. voco, to call; vox, voice; S. VAC, 
 to say, speak; Gr. iacno 2 , to cry, shout. 
 
 s!71pn. The Aryan words here cited were placed in entry 142 in 
 query. 
 
 s!97. (Root, Z-L-L). 
 
 s!97a. H. .ZALAL, to be vile, worthless. 
 
 s!97b. English STALO, having lost life, spirit, and flavor, from being 
 kept. 
 
 s200p. (Root, Z-M-R). 
 
 s200pa. H. *ZAMAR, to sing. 
 s200pb. A.-S. STAMER, stammering. 
 
 s229. (Root, H-z-H 2 ). 
 
 s229a. H. H*AZAH, to see. 
 
 s229b. Gr. ai'sTOo 8 , to make unseen. 
 
 s238p. (Root, H-V-L). 
 
 s238pa. H. H'EYL (H'EL), outwork, rampart. 
 
 s238pb. A.-S. WEAL, rampart, wall; L. VALLum, rampart, wall. 
 
 s252p. (Root, H S -M-H 2 ). 
 
 s252pa. H. .H S AM, husband's father. 
 
 s252pb. Gr. GAMeo 8 , to marry; to give in marriage. 
 
 s260. (Root, H-N-N). 
 
 s260a. H. H'ANAN, to be gracious; to implore, entreat; H J EN, grace, 
 favor, kindness. 
 
 s260b. Go. unwuNands, sad; A.-S. WYN, delight, delightfulness; 
 WYNSum, agreeable, winsome; L. VENia, favor, grace, kindness, indul- 
 gence, pardon; S. VAN S , to hold dear; to desire, seek, beseech; to honor, 
 worship. 
 
 s263p. (Root, H'-p-H 2 ). 
 
 s263pa. H. .H'APAH*, to cover (the head, in token of grief). 
 
 s263pb. A.-S. CAEPPe, hood, cape, cap. 
 
 s263q. (Root, H'-P-Z). 
 
 s263qa. H. .H'APAZ, to hurry, flee in haste. 
 s263qb. English FAST, swift, quick, rapid. 
 
 s269. (Root, H-z 2 -B). 
 
 s269a. H. H 3 AZ 2 EB, to hew (stone, wood); to be graven (on stone). 
 s269b. Go. STAFS, element; A.-S. STAEF, staff; letter. 
 
 s271. (Root, H 3 -z*-z*). 
 
 s271a. H. H'EZ 2 , arrow. 
 s271b. Gr. OISTOS, arrow. 
 
s274p. (Root, H S -R-H). 
 s274pa. H. .H'EREH, dung. 
 s274pb. A.-S. GOR, dung. 
 
 s274pn. This entry removes A.-S. GOR from entry 145,where I placed 
 it mainly because etymologists consider the word cognate with Icelandic 
 gor, cud. 
 
 s275p. (Root, H S -R-B). 
 
 s275pa. H. .H'AREB, to be dry, dried up. 
 
 s275pb. English WARP, to be twisted out of proper shape, as a board 
 in seasoning. 
 
 s279p. (Root, H 3 -R-s). 
 
 s279pa. H. H'ERES, sun. 
 s279pb. Gr. HE 2 Lios, sun. 
 
 s279pn. On the loss of radical -s from Gr. HE 2 Lios, see section x. and 
 entries 305, 653, s!07p., s414p., s705p., s705q., s772p. 
 
 s303p. (Root, T-H<-M). 
 
 s303pa. H. TAH<AM, to taste; to perceive; TAHAM, taste, flavor (of food). 
 
 s303pb. Go. TUgGO, tongue-, A.-S. Tunce, tongue; L. Lincua (Dincua), 
 tongue; LiGula, a little tongue. 
 
 s303pn. The occurrence of L- for D- in L. Linoua and L. LiGula is 
 not without parallel (see entry 298), L. Ulysses (Gr. Odysseus) affording 
 a well-known example. 
 
 s303q. (Root, T-H'-N). 
 
 s303qa. H. *TAH*AN, to pierce, thrust through (with the sword). 
 s303qb. A.-S. TiNd, tooth, prong, tine. 
 
 s303r. (Root, T-H*-N). 
 
 s303ra. H. .TAH 4 AN, to load (beasts). 
 s303rb. English TON, 2000 (2240) pounds. 
 
 s315. (Root, Y-D-H). 
 
 s315a. H. YADAH*, to know; to teach; D'AH'AT*, knowledge, opinion. 
 s315b. Go. THAgKJan, to think; A.-S. THEncan, to think; THAUC, thought; 
 thanks. 
 
 s315n. Etymologists do not consider English think and teach cognate. 
 
 s327p. (Root, Y-z'-H 4 ). 
 
 s327pa. H. *YAZAH 4 , to spread (a bed); .YAZ Z W(A)H*, couch, bed. 
 s327pb. A.-S. STIGO, sty. 
 
 s327q. (Root, Y-Z S -Q). 
 
 s327qa. H. YAZ 2 AQ, to pour out (water). 
 
 s327qb. L. exsTincuo (sTincuo), to quench, extinguish (fire). 
 
 s327r. (Root, Y-Z-T). 
 
 s327ra. H. .YAZ*AT 2 , to burn; to set on fire, kindle. 
 s327rb. English STiTHy, forge, smithy. 
 
s327s. (Root, Y-Q-D). 
 
 s327sa. H. .YAQAD, to take fire, be kindled, burn. 
 s327sb. L. CAnceo, to glow; acCEnDo, to set on fire, kindle; CAnDela, 
 taper, candle. 
 
 s332p. (Root, Y-R-K). 
 
 s332pa. H. YAREK(C), thigh. 
 s332pb. Icelandic LEGGr, leg. 
 
 s344. (Root, K-H 2 -H 2 ). 
 
 s344a. H. .K*AH 2 AH 2 , to be weak; K 2 EHAH 2 , alleviation, mitigation 
 (of a wound). 
 
 s344b. Gr. axe 2 , healing. 
 
 s344n. Etymologists have not considered Gr. axe 2 cognate with 
 either English weak or English wick. 
 
 s348p. (Root, K-H 3 -H 3 ). 
 
 s348pa. H. K 2 o(A)ii 3 , strength, power, ability. 
 s348pb. S. C'AK, to be strong; to be able. 
 
 s364. (Root, K-HHS). 
 
 s364a. H. K 2 AH 4 AS, to be angry, vexed; to irritate, provoke, vex. 
 s364b. L. VEXO, to harass, torment, vex. 
 
 s373p. (?Root, K-s 2 -B, K-B-s 2 , [*S Z -K-B]). 
 
 s373pa. H. K 2 ES 2 EB (K 2 EBES 2 ), lamb. 
 
 s373pb. A.-S. SCEAP, sheep. 
 
 s373pn. Note the transposition of consonants in one or other of the 
 H. forms or in both. Is A.-S. SCEAP an instance of consonantal trans- 
 position or does it represent the real root? 
 
 s374p. (Root, K-s 3 -p). 
 
 s374pa. H. *K 2 AS 3 AP, to practice sorcery; m(e)KAS 3 s 3 EP, wizard, magi- 
 cian. 
 
 s374pb. L. SApio, to be wise; Gr. SOPHOS, wise. 
 
 s374pn. On the loss of radical K- from the Aryan words here cited, 
 see entries 350,361, 367, 375, s374q., s374r., s375p.; also L. lupus, in 
 entry 352. 
 
 s374q. (Root, K-T Z -B). 
 
 s374qa. H. K 2 AT 2 AB, to engrave, inscribe, write. 
 
 s374qb. Gr. THAPto 2 , to bury; TAPHOS, grave, tomb. 
 
 s374qn. Note the loss of radical K- from the Gr. words here cited 
 and see entries 350. 361, 367, 375, s374p., s374r., s375p.; also L. lupus, 
 in entry 352. Note, furthermore, the relation between English "grave" 
 and "engrave." 
 
s374r. (Root, K-T*-N). 
 
 s374ra. H. K 2 (E)T*ONet J , coat, tunic. 
 
 s374rb. G. COTE, coat; L. Tunica, shirt, tunic; Gr. CHITO'N, tunic, frock, 
 coat. 
 
 s374rn. On the loss of radical K- from L. TUNica, see entries 350, 
 361, 367, 375, s374p., s374q., s375p.; also L. lupus, in entry 352. Ety- 
 mologists have not considered cognate the Aryan words here cited. 
 
 s375p. (Roots, K-T'-R, H*-T-R). 
 
 s375pa. H. *KATAR, to surround; K'ET'ER, crown, diadem; .HATAR, 
 to surround; H'ATARah 8 , wreath, crown. 
 
 s375pb. English TIRC, hoop, band (of a wheel); head-dress; Gr. TiARa, 
 tiara,. 
 
 s375pn. On the loss of radical K- from English TIRO, etc., see entries 
 350, 361, 367, 375, s374p., s374q., s374r.; also L. lupus, in entry 352. 
 
 s395p. (Root, M-H-H 1 ). 
 
 s395pa. H. MEHAH*, hundred. 
 s395pb. Gr. Mia, one. 
 
 s395pn. I conjecture that H. MEHAH' means literally "first (count)'' 
 (see entries 26 and 42, and section xvn.). 
 
 s414p. (Root, L-Q-S'). 
 
 s414pa. H. maL(E)QOUS 3 , the spring rain. 
 
 s414pb. Go. Ricn, rain; A.-S. REGn, rain; L. RIGO, to water. 
 
 s414pn. On the loss of radical -s from the Aryan words here cited, 
 see section x. and entries 305, 653, s!07p., s279p., s705p., s705q., 
 s772p. 
 
 s454p. (Root, N-V-H*). 
 
 s454pa. H. NAVEH*, habitation, dwelling, home. 
 
 s454pb. L. NAVIS, ship; S. N 5 AU, ship; A.-S. Naca, boat, ship. 
 
 s454pn. See also entry s92. 
 
 s458p. (Root, N-Z-L). 
 
 s458pa. H. .NAZAL, to flow, trickle, drop, distil. 
 s458pb. L. STILLO, to distil, fall in drops. 
 
 s459p. (Root, N-H'-L). 
 
 s459pa. H. NAH'AL, stream, valley. 
 s459pb. L. VALLis, vale, valley. 
 
 s465. (Root, N-K-H 2 ). 
 
 s465a. H. *NAKAH% to smite in pieces; to slay, kill. 
 s465b. L. ico, to strike, smite. 
 
S470p. (Root, N-H 4 -R). 
 
 s470pa. H. NAHUR, infant, child; NOH*AR, early life, youth. 
 
 s470pb. Gr. NEAROS, young, youthful; fresh, recent, new; NCOS, young, 
 youthful; fresh, new; Go. Niujis, new; A.-S. Niwe, new; L. NOVUS, not old, 
 young; fresh, recent, new; S. N 4 Ava, young; fresh, recent, new; G. Nuadh, 
 fresh, new; Naoidhean, babe, infant. 
 
 s470pn. On the loss of radical -R from all the Aryan words here cited 
 except Gr. NEAROS, see section vn. The loss from G. words is unusual, 
 but see entry 106. 
 
 s478. (Root, N-Q-B). 
 
 s478a. H. N(E)QEBah, female. 
 s478b. A.-S. WIF, woman, wife. 
 
 s478n. This supplementary entry cancels entry 124, which was made 
 not without a feeling of uncertainty. 
 
 s486. (Root, N-S-L). 
 
 s486a. H. NAS'AL, to pull off (a sandal). 
 s486b. Gr. suLao 2 , to strip off (arms). 
 
 s486n. Etymologists have not considered Gr. suLao 1 cognate with 
 L. exsuL. 
 
 s495p. (Root, s-v-T 2 ). 
 
 s495pa. H. *SWT Z , to urge, incite; to entice away (from a person or 
 place; to move one to depart, move one to leave one); to drive forth, 
 expel. 
 
 s495pb. Go. SAiiDJan, to send; A.-S. SEnoan, to send;' SITU, journeying, 
 journey, expedition. 
 
 s495q. (Root, S-H S -B). 
 
 s495qa. H. .SAH'AB, to drag, pull about; to pull (or) tear in pieces; 
 .s(E)H s ABah 2 , rag, clout. 
 s495qb. A.-S.^sciP, patch, clout; ship; Go. SKIP, boat, ship. 
 
 s513p. (Root, H-B-H*). 
 
 s513pa. H. H 4 ABAH 2 , to' be fat, thick, large, heavy. 
 s513pb. A.-S. HEFig, weighty, heavy. 
 
 s520p. (Root, HHD-H'). 
 
 s520pa. H. HADAH*, to adorn one's self, deck one's self. 
 s520pb. A.-S. WAED, garment, clothing, dress, weed. 
 
 s530p. (Root, H 4 -z-B). 
 
 s530pa. H. HUZAB, to leave, forsake, abandon (land, city, house); 
 H 4 AZWBah, desolation; rubbish, ruins. 
 
 s530pb. A.-S. WESTe, uncultivated and uninhabited, waste; deserted, 
 desolate; L. VASTO, to lay waste, devastate. 
 
 s530pn. On the loss of radical -B from the Aryan words here cited, 
 see section x. 
 
s539. (Root, H 4 -K-R). 
 
 s539a. H. H*AKAR, to trouble, disturb, afflict; to be troubled. 
 s539b. Go. HUHRUS, hunger; A.-S. HuncoR, hunger. 
 s539n. Etymologists have not considered English care and hunger 
 cognate. 
 
 s539p. (Root, H 4 -L-H). 
 
 s539pa. H. H 4 ALEH% leaf, 
 s539pb. L. FOLium, leaf. 
 s539pn. On the change of radical H 4 - to L. F-, see section in. and entries 
 254, 543, s540p., s551p. 
 
 s540p. (Root, H*-L-M). 
 
 s540pa. H. H 4 ELEM, a young man. 
 s540pb. L. FILUIS, son. 
 
 s540pn. On the change of radical H 4 - to L. F-, see section in. and 
 entries 254, 543, s539p., s551p. 
 
 s543p. (Root, H^M-M). 
 
 s543pa. H. H 4 iM, with. 
 s543pb. L. CUM, with. 
 
 S551p. (Root, H 4 -N-N). 
 
 s551pa. H. *H 4 ANAN, to divine, use auguries, practice sooth-saying. 
 s551pb. L. FANum, sanctuary, temple. 
 
 s551pn. On the change of radical H 4 - to L. F-, see section in. and 
 entries 254, 543, s539p., s540p. 
 
 s557p. (Root, H 4 -Q-B). 
 
 s557pa. H. H 4 AQEB, heel. 
 s557pb. A.-S. HOH, ^eel. 
 
 s557pn. Etymologists think English heel probably descended from 
 an unrecorded diminutive of A.-S. HOH. 
 
 On the loss of radical -B from A.-S. HOH, etc., see section x. 
 
 s558p. (Root, H 4 -Q-R). 
 
 s558pa. H. *H 4 AQAR, to hough, hamstring (horses). 
 
 s558pb. English HOUGH, to hamstring (horses). 
 
 s558pn. On the loss of radical -R from English HOUGH, see section vn. 
 
 s563p. (Root, H 4 -R-H*). 
 
 s5G3pa. H. *H 4 ARAH 2 , to make naked, lay bare; t 3 an 4 AR, razor. 
 
 s563pb. Gr. KEIRO*, to cut (the hair) ; to clip, shear, shave. 
 
 s563pn. For English "shear," which etymologists consider cognate 
 with Gr. KEiRo 2 , see entry s727p. 
 
 English "hair," which I have placed in entry 530, may belong here. 
 See again entry s727p. 
 
s565. (Root, H-R-K). 
 
 s565a. H. H 4 ARAK(e), to arrange, put in order; maH 4 ARAKah*, row, 
 rank, battle-line. 
 
 s565b. A.-S. HRino, ring, circle; L. CIRCUS, circle. 
 
 s582. (Root, p-G-H 4 ). 
 
 s5S2a. H. P 2 AGAH 4 , to meet, fall upon (in hostile encounter). 
 s582b. A.-S. FEOHtan, to fight. 
 
 s582n. Etymologists have not considered English (L.) peace cognate 
 with English fight. 
 
 s582p. (Root, p-D-H 2 ). 
 
 s582pa. H. P 2 ADAH 2 , to redeem, ransom. 
 
 s582pb. Go. BOTa, profit, advantage; A.-S. BOT, redress, amends, 
 reparation, boot. 
 
 s582pn. Etymologists think English ''better" related to A.-S. BOT; 
 but see entry 299. 
 
 s602p. (Root, P-H-M). 
 
 s602pa. H. P 2 AH 4 AM, footstep; occurrence, time; (dual,) two times; (etc.). 
 s602pb. A.-S. FAEC, space, time, interval; German -FACH, -fold; ein- 
 FACH, single. 
 
 s607p. (Root, P-R-K). 
 
 s607pa. H. p 2 AROKet 2 , the curtain (before A the Most Holy Place) ; 
 [(Brown, Driver, and Briggs cite)] Assyrian PARAKU, to bar, shut off. 
 
 s607pb. Gr. PHRASSO Z , to fence in; diaPHRAGma, partition-wall, the 
 diaphragm. 
 
 s632p. (Root, Z 2 -L-L). 
 
 s632pa. H. .ZALAL, to sink, besubmerged; [(Brown, Driver, and Briggs 
 cite)] Assyrian SALALU, to sink down, sink to rest. 
 s632pb. A.-S. STiLLan, to become calm, quiet, still. 
 s632pn. There should be a dot (.) under the s- of the Assyrian word. 
 
 s633p. (Root, z 2 -L-H 4 ). 
 
 s633pa. H. .z'ALAH 4 , to limp, halt, stumble. 
 s633pb. A.-S. STEALCung, stalking. 
 
 s654p. (Root, Q-v-H 2 ). 
 
 s654pa. H. .QAVAH*, to hope. 
 s654pb. A.-S. Hopian, to hope. 
 
 s698p. (Root, R-D-M). 
 
 s698pa. H. *RADAM, to sleep. 
 
 s698pb. L. DORMio, to sleep; S. D 3 R 3 a 2 , to sleep; English DREAM, a 
 sleeping vision; A.-S. DREAM, pleasure. 
 
 s698pn. On the transposition of radical consonants in the Aryan 
 words here cited, see section xm. and entry s373p. 
 
s700p. (Roo 
 
 s700pa. H. *RW(A)H S , to smell; REY(A)H S , scent, odor. 
 s700pb. A.-S. REOcan, to steam, smoke, reek; German RAUCH, smoke; 
 RiECHen, to smell (something); to smell (like something). 
 
 s705p. (Root, R-K-S). 
 
 s705pa. H. .RAKAS, to bind, tie. 
 s705pb. A.-S. RAcente, chain, fetter. 
 
 s705pn. On the loss of radical -s from A.-S. RAcente, see section x. 
 and entries 305, 653, s!07p., s279p. ; s414p., s705q., s772p. 
 
 s705q. (Root, R-K-S S ). 
 
 s705qa. H. RAKAS, to collect, gather (property); R(E)KWS J , wealth, 
 riches. 
 
 s705qb. Go. RiKan, to collect; REIKS, powerful, mighty; A.-S. Rice, 
 rich; powerful, mighty; RAca, rake. 
 
 s705qn. On the loss of radical -s 8 from the Aryan words here cited, 
 see section x. and entries 305, 653, s!07p., s279p., s414p., s705p., 
 s772p. 
 
 Etymologists have not considered English rich and rake cognate. 
 
 s705r. (Root, R-M-H%-Y). 
 
 s705ra. H. RAMAH% to cast, throw; ROMEH" qes 3 et 2 , archers, bowmen; 
 [(Gesenius cites, without defining,)] Ar. RMY, to throw; to shoot; to pro- 
 tect, defend. Ar. miRMYan, missile, dart, arrow; RAHMin, flinger, 
 thrower; shooter, slinger, archer. 
 
 s705rb. G. aRM, weapon; Go. aRMs, arm; A.-S. eaRM, arm; L. aRMus, 
 shoulder-blade, arm; aRMa, armor, weapons; S. i 2 R 3 M 2 a, arm. 
 
 s713. (Root, R-z 2 -H 2 ). 
 
 s713a. H. RAZ'AH*, to love, delight in, find pleasure in; RAZ 2 oun, appro- 
 bation, favor; pleasure, wantonness. 
 
 s713b. Go. LUSTUS, desire, lust; A.-S. LUST, pleasure, desire, longing, 
 lust. 
 
 s717p. (Root, S Z -B-R). 
 
 s717pa. H. .S*EBER, hope. 
 s717pb. L. SPERO, to hope. 
 
 s720p. (Root, s-H 3 -T). 
 
 s720pa. H. ,sAH 3 AT, to squeeze out, press out ([the juice of] grapes). 
 s720pb. A.-S. SWAT, sweat; L. suDor, sweat; S. s 2 VED J a, sweat. 
 s720pn. On the forms, consult entries s727p.. s756p., s759p. 
 
 s727p. (Root, s 2 -H*-R). 
 
 s727pa. H. S 2 EH 4 AR. hair. 
 
 s727pb. A.-S. scERan, to cut, shear; A.-S. swEORd, sword. 
 
 s727pn. I enter A.-S. swEORd here in query. Etymologists have 
 not considered the word cognate with English shear. On the form, 
 consult entries s720p., s756p., s759p. 
 
s731p. (Root, S'-R-T). 
 
 s731pa. H. .S'ARAT, to incise; S'ERET, incision. 
 
 s731pb. A.-S. SLiTan, to rend, slit; SLITG, rent, tear, slit. 
 
 s754p. (Root, s s -H 3 -D). 
 
 s754pa. H. S'OH'AD, gift, bribe. 
 
 s754pb. Go. SKATTS, money; A.-S. SCEATT, goods, money; tax, tribute; 
 gift, bribe. 
 s754pn. This entry cancels entry 433, which was made in query. 
 
 s756p. (Root, S'-H-R). 
 
 s756pa. H. S'AH'AR, to be black; s 3 AH 3 OR, black (said of the hair; of the 
 skin). 
 
 s756pb. Go. swARts, black; A.-S. swEARt, black, swart, swarthy. 
 
 s756pn. Compare the forms of this entry with those of entries s720p., 
 s727p., s759p. 
 
 s758p. (Root, s 3 -Y(v)-R). 
 
 s758pa. H. .s 3 YR, to sing; to declaim, recite (with a loud voice). 
 
 s758pb. Go. swARan, to swear; A.-S. swERian, to swear; andswARian 
 (-swERian), to respond, answer. 
 
 s758pn. Note that H. h'anah 1 means both "to sing; to sing in response" 
 and "to answer." 
 
 s759p. (Root, S'-K-B). 
 
 s759pa. H. S'AKAB, to lie down; to sleep; to lie (with) (carnally); 
 .s s (E)KOBet 8 , copulation. 
 
 s759pb. A.-S. swEFan, to sleep; English swive, to copulate with (a 
 woman); L. sorio, to lull to sleep; S. S'VAP, to sleep. 
 
 s759pn. Compare the forms of this entry with those of entries s720p., 
 s727p., s756p. 
 
 Etymologists have not considered English swive cognate with the 
 other Aryan words' here'cited. 
 
 s759q. (Root, S'-K-L). 
 
 s759qa. H. .S S AKAL, to bereave; to make childless; to strip (a land) 
 of its inhabitants, kill the youth in battle. 
 
 s759qb. English SACK, to pillage, plunder, devastate, ravage. 
 
 s759qn. Etymologists think English SACK (to pillage) the same word 
 as English "sack" meaning "bag" (entry 729). 
 
 s764. (Root, s 3 -L-H 3 ). 
 
 s764a. H. s'ALAH 3 , to send; to put forth (the hand); to give over. 
 s764b. Go. SALJan, to offer, bring (an offering); A.-S. SELLan, to give; 
 to give over, hand over, deliver; to sell. 
 
 s766. (Root, S-L-K). 
 
 s766a. H. *sALAK(e), to throw, fling, cast. 
 s766b. Icelandic SLYnova, to throw, fling, sling. 
 
s772p. (Root, S*-M-S). 
 
 s772pa. H. S'EMES', the sun. 
 
 s772pb. G. SOLUS, light; the moon; Go. SUNNO, the sun; A.-S. SUNNC, 
 the sun; L. SOL, the sun; S. s 2 u 2 N 6 u, the sun. 
 
 s772pn. On the loss of radical -s from all the Aryan words here cited 
 (except G. SOLUS), see section x. and entries 305, 653, s!07p., 
 s279p., s414p., s705p., s705q. 
 
 s775p. (Root, S-H<-L). 
 
 s775pa. H. .SOHAL, the hollow hand; handful. 
 
 s775pb. English SKULL (named from its bowl-like shape) [(Skeat)], 
 cranium. 
 
 s794p. (Root, T J -V-K). 
 
 s794pa. H. TAVEK(e), middle, midst; B 2 (e)T*ouK(e), among. 
 s794pb. A.-S. BCTWEOH (BCTWEOHS, BCTWUH, BCTUH), among. 
 
 POSTSCRIPT 
 
 The present work is primarily intended to supplement my large work, entitled 
 ''Discoveries in Hebrew, Gaelic, Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Basque, and other 
 Caucasic Languages," and as such will not be sold by itself; but, being also intended 
 to illustrate in part the nature of the larger work, will for the present be sent gratis 
 to scholars whether in the Aryan or in the Semitic field.* 
 
 It has seemed incredible to some that Gaelic and Anglo-Saxon can be more closely 
 akin to Semitic tongues than are languages which are geographically much less 
 remote from Semitic seats. It should, however, be borne in mind that the home 
 of the Gael is an outskirt of Europe, little disturbed in earlier times by foreign 
 invasion. Thus, the tides of Scythian invasion from Asia seem scarcely to have 
 reached the remote and sea-girt Gael; for Gaelic speech shows little or no trace of 
 Scythian influence. Again, the home of the Saxons, Angles, and Jutes, before 
 their migration to Britain, was the Cimbric Chersonese, well protected but some- 
 what less so than the island home of the Gael; and, though various trace's of Scythian 
 structure are visible in Anglo-Saxon (see section xv.), the fundamental stratum of 
 the Anglo-Saxon dialects remained Semiticf. 
 
 On the other hand, upper Scandinavia and much of the territory between that 
 region and the r Bosporus have been wholly lost to Aryan speech; and the neighboring 
 peoples on either side have experienced great linguistic changes due to contact 
 and admixture with the Scythian (see section xv.). Furthermore, archaeology 
 (and written history) show central and southern Europe to have been the scenes 
 of perpetual conflict between the earlier occupant and his Asiatic visitors. A land 
 thus long subject to the influx of foreigners and to their devastating wars cannot, 
 I assume, have preserved its original speech from utter mutilation. 
 
 From such considerations as well as from philological observation, I think it con- 
 jecturable that the first invaders of Europe were Semitic (the Gael, say, forming the 
 van, followed by 'the Teuton); but, be that as it may, I actually find Gaelic and 
 Anglo-Saxon (and Gothic) still strongly Semitic, very' much more so, indeed, than 
 any other of the Aryan tongues (see section xv.). 
 
 In reading the proofs of this supplement I have received very acceptable assist- 
 ance from the Rev. William Byrd Ray, of Westminster College, and from my 
 cousin, Miss Serada Logan. My esteemed friend as well as genial and efficient 
 colleague of former time, Professor John Burke, M. A., has likewise rendered me 
 valued assistance. 
 
 D. 
 
 DENVER, 4 July 1910. 
 
 * It is scarcely possible in such a large matter to make one's mailing list actually 
 or even nearly complete. Wherefore, interested scholars desiring a copy of this 
 brochure and not receiving one in due time are hereby cordially invited to send me 
 their names and addresses. 
 
 t Of these two examples of linguistic stability in outlying insular and peninsular 
 positions, note almost exact parallels in Iceland and Cornwall. 
 
Discoveries in Hebrew, Gaelic, Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Basque, and other 
 Caucasic Languages, showing fundamental kinship of the Aryan tongues and of 
 Basque with the Semitic tongues. By Allison Emery Drake, Sc. M. ; M. D., Ph. D., 
 sometime university fellow in Anglo-Saxon in Columbia University; etc. Three- 
 quarters morocco; red edges; 9x6 inches; vi + 402 pages. With a supplement. 
 $6.30 net (25s.), post-paid. Denver: The Herrick Book and Stationery Co.; 
 London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Truebner & Co., Ltd. 
 
 "An Epoch-Making Book. . . . The author takes up once more the old 
 question as to the possible relationship between Semitic and Aryan, with the 
 express object of 'showing fundamental kinship of the Aryan tongues and of Basque 
 with the Semitic tongues.' The net result, however, is not so much that there is a 
 cognate relationship between them, as to show, for all practical purposes, that the 
 Hebrew is really the original whence a great part of the Aryan languages was 
 borrowed [(borrowed?)]. This is more clearly expressed in the postscript, where 
 it is said that especial attention should be paid to 'Gaelic, Anglo-Saxon, and Gothic,' 
 because 'these languages have changed least of the Aryan tongues since separating 
 from ancestral Semitic.' The book contains, in fact, a list of 803 Hebrew roots; 
 and a good idea as to the relative values of the various Aryan tongues can be ob- 
 tained from the results. It appears that of all these the most valuable is Anglo- 
 Saxon, which exhibits nearly 600 derivatives; next comes Gaelic, with over 450; 
 next Gothic, with about 425 (only it must be remembered that the remains of 
 Gothic are but scanty, or it would loom more largely); next Latin and Basque; and 
 lastly Greek and Sanskrit. The Sanskrit derivatives are only 173, showing that 
 it is the poorest and most corrupt of the whole set; in opposition to the preconceived 
 notions of many. 
 
 "The arrangement of the work is admirable. The system of transliteration 
 adopted ... is very simple and precise. . . . It is perfectly easy to refer 
 from these [transliterated forms] to Gesenius's Dictionary. 
 
 "Space fails us to give even a slight indication of the vast number of wholly 
 new results given in this remarkable work. . . . 
 
 "We regret that want of space forbids us from doing justice to this great work. 
 The author's methods are so clear and explicit that no moderate opinion 
 is possible." PROFESSOR WALTER W. SKEAT in The Academy (London, 11 April 
 1908). 
 
 "Being exceedingly busy just now I am unable to give the book the careful ex- 
 amination which its importance deserves. I have, however, read enough to discover 
 its main thesis and method. The latter, although revolutionary, is very scholarly 
 and thorough." PROFESSOR JOHN HOWARD RAVEN, Theological Seminary, New 
 Brunswick, N. J. 
 
 "An original and independent mind is often needed to lift scholars out of the 
 ruts and Dr. Drake is certainly original and courageous." PROFESSOR JOHN R. 
 SAMPEY in The Review and Expositor (Louisville, July 1910). 
 
 "No student in this field can afford to neglect Dr. Drake's treatise. It must be 
 dealt with and its positions must be overthrown if the view that has held sway 
 in recent years is to be maintained." [REV. M. H. VALENTINE (EDITOR) in] The 
 Lutheran Observer (Philadelphia, 14 August 1908). 
 
 "It will require a jury of philologists to render the verdict. Should the argu- 
 ment of Dr. Drake prevail, the proofs of the truth of the Bible are reinforced." 
 The Christian Advocate (New York, 30 July 1908). 
 
 "In his 'Postscript' the author says, 'Hitherto," attempts to demonstrate funda- 
 mental kinship of the Aryan with the Semitic tongues have been many but have 
 served only to cause scholars to suspect those two linguistic families to be wholly 
 unrelated. . . . Consequently, I am prepared to see this work prejudged 
 adversely by many fair-minded critics. I am, however, persuaded that the evi- 
 dences of kinship which are herein contained are of such telling character and are 
 so numerous that pertinent and rational skepticism will not long survive a careful 
 examination of them.' This is a fair statement of the case, and the outcome should 
 
 
be as indicated; but the exactions of their occupations often lead men who . 
 supposedly fair-minded to base their judgments, not on the actual merits o 
 work but on the place of its inception. If it comes from Germany or from so 
 great institution of learning, well and good. If not, even a deserving book is i 
 to be dismissed with scant courtesy. It is to be hoped that a fairer method may 
 used with this particular volume, which, though avowedly written with no reg* 
 for any religious belief or scientific theory, yet necessarily affects many questic 
 of biblical exegesis and furnishes important evidence of the fundamental accurg 
 of the Bible story." PROFESSOR HERBERT WILLIAM MAGOUN in The Biblioth 
 Sacra (Oberlin, April 1909). 
 
 "In addition to all else the book is an admirable and beautiful specimen of pri 
 er's and binder's work." The Advance (Chicago, 30 January 1908). 
 
 THE [TRIPLE] AUTHORSHIP OF THE WEST SAXON GOSPELS [A D 
 COVERY]. By Allison Emery Drake, A. M., Ph. D., University Fellow in Ang 
 Saxon in Columbia College. Paper, 8vo, 45 pages, $1.00. New York, 1894. 
 
 Eugen Einenkel in "Anglia; Beiblatt" (September 1894): " . . . 
 
 "Der verf. findet demgemaess, dass Markus und Lucas von einem anderen ueb 
 setzer herruehrt als Johannes und dieser (vielleicht) von wieder einem anderen 
 Matthaeus. Der dialekt der letzteren beiden ist beinahe derselbe. Weit abse 
 stehen und nach norden weisen Markus und Lucas, deren wortschatz und synor 
 mik nicht wenig an die nordhumbr. uebersetzung erinnert. 
 
 "Der verf. weiss sein kriterium mit umsicht und fleiss zu verwenden, und es 
 ihm zweifellos gelungen zu beweisen, dass die westsaechs. evangelien von mehr 
 einem uebersetzer verfasst sind." 
 
 O. Brenner in "Englische Studien" (XX.): "Auf sehr praktische weise ze 
 Drake, dass in einer anzahl von eigenthuemlichkeiten, beidenen der zufall aus; 
 schlossen ist, die uebersetzung des Matthaeus und Johannes parallel gehen, Marc 
 und Lucas sich gemeinschaftlich von beiden unterscheiden, so im gebrauch und ( 
 declination von heofon (schwach nur bei Matth.), underfon und on/on (erstei 
 nie bei Marc. Luc.), umschreibung des finalen conjunctives durch willan (nie 1 
 Marc. Luc., vereinzelt bei Matth. ,haeufig im Joh.), thaera und thara (erstei 
 vorherrschend bei Matth., letzteres fast ausschliesslich bei Marc. Luc., gemisc 
 bei Joh.), witodlice=-autem (nur je einmal bei Marc. Luc., regel bei Matth. und Joh 
 hana und cocc (ersteres bei Marc. Luc., letzteres bei*den r andern beiden), u. s. w. 
 Ausdruecklich versichert Drake zum schluss, dass erscheinungen, die irgendwie 
 einer anderen gruppirung z waengen, den 'von ih m auf gef uehrten nicht entgegensteh* 
 Das resultat scheint so weit gesichert: Marcus und Lucas sind vom gleichen ueb< 
 setzer, Matth. und Joh. wenigstens am gleichen orte geschrieben, wenn auch nie 
 vom gleichen uebersetzer, jedenfallsan einem anderen orte und von einem ander 
 uebersetzer als die ersten beiden. Einige, nicht zufaelHge verwandschaft beste 
 dagegen zwischen Marc. Luc. einerseits und der northumbr. uebersetzung anden 
 seits. Sehr beachtenswerth sind Drake's ausfuehrungenueber den zufall bei ueb< 
 einstimmungen verschiedener hss. und verwandte fragen (s. 18 ff.). Ausser d 
 evangelisten sind auch Aelfred und Aelfric beruecksichtigt." 
 
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