EXCHANGE OEPT. COMMONWEALTH BUREAU OF CENSUS AND STATISTICS. MELBOURNE. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN AUSTRALIA. Prepared under instructions from THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR HOME AND TERRITORIES, BY G. H. KNIBBS, C.M.G., Hon. Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, Membre de 1'Institut Internationa! de Statistique, Honprary Member of American Statistical Association and of the Societe de Statistique de Paris, &c., &c. COMMONWEALTH STATISTICIAN. JULY, 1919. C.7099. [C.S. 346.] By Authority : Albert J. Mullett, Government Printer, Melbourne. * ^ % (E) MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY WORKS. 1. Genera! . . . . . . 27 2. Revenue, Expenditure, . 30 6. Public Works Statute 18(i;> . 30 7. Shires Statute 1869 . . .30 8. Boroughs Statute 1869 . . .30 9. Local Government Act 1874 . 30 10. Local Government Act 1890 . 31 11. Country Roads Act 1912 . . .32 12. Rating on Unimproved Values Act 1914 . . . . . . . . 32 13. Workers'. Dwellings Act 1914 . . 32 14. Local Government Act 1915 . . 32 (i) Constitution of Municipalities.. 32 (a) Shires .. ..32 (b) Boroughs . . . . 32 (c) Townships . . . . 32 (d) Dissolution of Boroughs and Shires . . . . 33 (ii) Qualifications of Councillors . . 33 (iii) Qualifications of Electors. &c. 33 (iv) Powers and Functions of Coun- cils .. .. ..33 (v) Rateable Property and Method of Valuation . . . . 34 (vi) Rates .. . . . . 34 (a) General Rates . . . . 34 (b) Extra Rates . . . . 34 (c) Separate Rates . . 34 (vii) Borrowing Powers . . . . 35 (viii) Endowment . . . . 35 15. Municipal Rates Recovery Act 1916 ., 35 16. Revenue, Expenditure. -2 3. Queensland (A) MUNICIPALITIES, DIVISIONS AND SHIRES. 1. General Review .. ..52 2. Legislation prior to Separation . . 52 3. Municipal Institutions Act 1864 .. 53 4. Provincial Councils Act 1864 . . 53 5. Road Trusts . . . . . . 54 6. Local Government Act 1878 . . 54 7. Diiisional Boards Act 1879 . . 55 8. Divisional Boards Act 1887 . . :><; 9. Local Authorities Act 1902 . . 56 (i) Constitution of Local Authorities 5(i (ii) Reconstitution of Areas . . 56 (iii) Constitution of Councils . . :>t> (iv) Qualifications of Voters . . :>0 (v) Election of Members .. .. 57 (vi) Powers and Duties of Local Authorities . . 57 (vii) Valuations and Rates . . 57 (a) General Rates . . . . 57 (b) Special Rates . . . . 58 (viii) Borrowing Powers . . 58 (ix) Tramways . . . . . . 58 (x) Agricultural Drainage . . 5^ (xi) Joint Action . . . . 5* 10. Reve'nue, Expenditure, *c. . . 59 (Ii) CITY OF BRISBANE. 1. General . . . . . . 66 2. Revenue, Expenditure, tvc. . . 66 (C) SUMMARY TABLES. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. .. 70 (D) ELECTRIC LIGHTING AND TRAMWAYS. 1. Electric Lighting and Power . 72 2. Municipal Tramways . . .72 3. Revenue, Expenditure. &c. . 73 4. Rockhampton Tramway . . .73 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. . 73 4. South Australia (A) INTRODUCTORY. 1. General . . . . . . 73 (B) ROAD BOARDS. 1. Great Eastern Road Act 1841 . . 74 2. Main Roads Act 1849 . . . . 74 3. Main Roads Act 1852 . . . . 74 4. Roads Act 1865 . . . . . . 74 5. Main Roads Act 1874 . . . . 75 6. Roads Act 1884 . . . . . . 75 7. Length of Roads and Expenditure. . 75 (C) MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 1. General .. .. ..76 2. Municipal Corporations Ordinance 1849 .. .. ,.78 3. Municipal Corporations Act 1861 . . 76 4. Municipal Corporations Act 1880 . . 76 5. Municipal Corporations Act 1890 . . 77 (i) Constitution of Areas . . 77 (ii) Constituti-n of Councils .. 77 (iii) Qualifications of Citizens . . 77 (iv) Election of Members of Councils 77 (v) Powers and Functions of Councils . . . . . . 78 (vi) Valuation and Rates . . 78 (vii) Loans . . . . . . 78 (viii) Gas and Electric Light 6. Revenue, Expenditure, ) UlSTUICT (.'Ol.'NClLS. 1. District Council* Art 1852 .. 81 2. District Councils Act 1853 . . 81 Jrirt Councils Act 1876 . . 82 i. Dittrlet OovHcttt Act 1887 .. 82 - District Councils Art 1914 . 53 (i) A roiis of Districts .. ..83 (ii) C(.ns( itution of Councils .. 83 (iii) Qualifications of Voters . . 83 (iv) Election of Councillors . . 83 (v) Duties and Powers of Councils . . 83 (vi) Valuation and Rates . . 84 (a) General Rate . . . . 84 (ft) Special Rate . . . . 84 (c) Separate Rate . . . . 84 (d) Differential Separate Rate 84 (e) Watering Rate . . 84 (v!i) Borrowing Powers . . . . 84 (viii) Government Grants . . 84 (ix) Joint Authorities . . . . 84 6. Revenue, Expenditure. &c. .. 85 (E) CITY OF ADELAIDE. 1 . General . . . . . . 87 2. Mii/liri/iri/ (_'. Municipal Corporations Ordinance. 1849 .. .. ..88 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. . . 89 (F) ADELAIDE TRAMWAYS. 1. Municipal Tramways Trust .. 91 2. Revenue, Expenditure, NK\ WATKK SI/ITLY. 1. Early Sources of Supply . . . . 155 2. Metropolitan Wator and Sewerage Board . . . . . . 155 3. Description of Works . . . . 155 (i) Catchment Area . . . . 155 (ii) Cataract Dam .. .. 156 (iii) Prospect Reservoir . . . . 156 (iv) Pott's Hill Reservoir .. 156 (v) Other Reservoirs and Tanks . . 156 (vi) Aqueducts and Mains .. 156 (vii) Pumping stations .. ..156 4. Houses Supplied, itc. . . . . 156 5. Revenue and Expenditure . . 157 6. Other Towns supplied by the Metro- politan Hoard . . . . . . 159 7. Capital Cost, Revenue, &c. . . 159 (B) SYDNEY SEWERAGE. 1. General . . .. . . 159 2. Original Sewerage Scheme . . 160 3. Present System of Sewerage . . 160 4. Houses connected and Population served . . . . . . 160 5. Revenue and Expenditure . . 161 (C) HUNTER DISTRICT WATER SUPPLY. 1. General .. .. ..162 2. Description of W r orks . . . . 162 3. Houses supplied, &c. . . . . 163 4. Revenue, Expenditure, etc. .. 163 (D) HUNTER DISTRICT SEWERAGE. 1. Newcastle and Suburbs Sewerage . . 164 2. Houses connected and Population served .. .. .. 164 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. . . 165 (E) WATER SUPPLY IN COUNTRY TOWNS. 1. General . . . . . . 165 2. Capital Debt and Annual Instal- ments due . . . . . . 165 3. Revenue, Expenditure, etc. . . 166 4. Waterworks Constructed by Munici- palities .. 166 (F) SEWERAGE IN COUNTRY TOWNS. 1. General .. .. . . 166 2. Capital Debt. Ac. . . . . 167 3. Revenue, Expenditure, etc. . . 167 (G) WATER, IRRIGATION, AND DRAINAGE TRUSTS. 1. General .. .. ..167 2. Drainage Promotion Act 1865 . . 168 3. Drainage Promotion Act 1901 . . 168 4. Water and Drainage Act 1902 . . 168 5. Water Act 1912 . . . . . . 168 6. Wentworth Irrigation Act 1890 . . 168 7. Haii Irrigation Act 1892 . . . . 169 8. Balranald Irrigation Act 1893 . . 169 2. Victoria- (A) MELBOURNE WAIER SUPPLY. 1. General .. .. ..169 2. The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works . . . . 169 3. Metropolitan Water Supply .. 170 4. Description of Water Supply Systems 170 (i) The Yan Yean System . . 170 (ii) The Maroondah System . . 171 (iii) The O'Shannassy System . . 171 (iv) Catchment Areas . . . . 172 (v) Storage Reservoirs . . . . 172 (vi) Aqueducts, Mains and Reticu- lation .. .. ..173 (vii) Cost of Construction ..173 5. Consumption of Water . . . . 174 6. Ordinary Revenue, Expenditure, &c. 175 C. 7099. b PAGE (B) MELBOURNE SEWERAGE. 1. General .. . . .. 176 2. Description of Sewerage System . . 177 (i) North Y a rra .Main Sewer .. 177 (ii) South Yarra Main Sewer .. 177 (iii) Hobson's Bay Main Sewer .. 177 (iv) Subsidiary Main Sewer . . 177 (v) Pumping Station . . . . 177 (vi) Length of Sewers . . . . 177 (vii) House Connexions . . . . 178 (viii) Area Sewered . . . . 178 3. Tenements Connected, &c. . . 178 4. Ordinary Revenue, Expenditure, &c. 178 5. Loan Revenue, Expenditure, &c. . . 179 6. Metropolitan Sewage Farm . . 180 7. Ordinary Revenue Expenditure; &c., of Sewage Farm . . . . 180 (C) GEELONG WATERWORKS AND SEWERAGE. 1. General . . .. . . 181 2. Waterworks . . . . . . 181 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. . . 181 4. Sewerage Scheme . . . . 181 (D) COUNTRY WATERWORKS AND IRRIGATION. 1. General .. .. ..181 2. Victorian Water Conservation Act 1881 .. .. .. ..182 3. Water Conservation Act 1883 ..182 4. Irrigation Act 1886 . . . . 182 5. Water Conservation Act 1887 . . 182 6. Water Act 1890 . . . . . . 182 7. Mallee Tanks Act 1895 . . . . 182 8. Water Supply Advances Relief Act 1899 . . . . . . 182 9. Water Act 1900 . . . . . . 183 10. Water Act 1905 . . . . . . 183 11. Water Act 1915 .. .. ..183 12. Local Government . 4 cts 1903-1915 .. 183 13. Mildura Irrigation Trust .. .. 183 14. Capital Cost . . . . . . 183 15. Outstanding Loans . . . . 185 16. Waterworks Trusts, Revenue and Expenditure . . . . . . 185 17. First Mildura Irrigation Trust. Revenue and Expenditure . . 186 3. Queensland (A) BRISBANE WATER SUPPLY. 1. Early Sources of Supply . . . . 186 2. Brisbane Waterworks Act 1863 . . 186 3. Brisbane Water Supply Act 1889 . . 186 4. Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1909 . . . . . . 187 5. Description of Waterworks . . 187 (i) Enoggera Reservoir . . . . 187 (ii) Gold Creek Reservoir . . . . 187 (iii) Brisbane River Supply .. 187 (iv) Cabbage Tree Creek Reservoir 187 (v) Service Reservoirs . . . . 187 6. Revenue, Expenditure, Ac. . . 187 (B) BRISBANE SEWERAGE. 1. General .. .. ..190 (C) WATERWORKS IN COUNTRY' TOWNS. 1. General . . .. .. 190 2. Water A^horities Act 1891 . . 190 3. Rockhampton Waterworks Act 1875 . . 190 4. Charters Towers Water Board . . 190 5. Revenue, Expenditure, etc. . . 190 (D) IRRIGATION BOARDS. 1. Irrigation Act 1891 .. ..192 2, Rights in Water and Water Conser- vation and Utilization Act 1910 192 4. South Australia (A) ADELAIDE WATER SUPPLY. 1. General .. 192 2. Description of Works . . . . 192 3. Revenue, Working Expenses, Ac. . . 193 SYNOPSIS. SECTION III. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE continued. 5. (B) ADELAIDE SEWERAGE. General Revenue, Expenditure, &c. (C) COUNTRY WATERWORKS. General Revenue, Expenditure, &c. (D) DRAINAGE BOARDS. General Revenue, Expenditure, &c. (E) IRRIGATION TRUSTS. General Reclaimed Swamp Lands Trusts 1906 Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands 1908 .. Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands 1914 Renmark Irrigation Trusts. 194 194 195 195 196 197 197 198 198 5. Western Australia (A) LEGISLATION. 1. General .. .. ..199 2. Waterworks Act 1889 . . . . 199 3. Metropolitan Waterworks Act 1896 . . 199 4. Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1904 . . . . . . . . 199 5. Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage Act 1909 . . . . 199 6. Coolgardie Goldjbldt Water Supply Loan Act 1896 . . . . . . 199 7. Goldfields Water Supply Construction Act 1898 , . . . . . 199 8. Goldfields Water Supply Act 1902 . . 199 9. Water Boards Act 1904 . . . . 200 10. Land Drainage Act 1900 . . . . 200 11. Water Supply Sewerage and Drainage .. . ..200 200 200 200 200 200 201 201 202 202 202 202 (B) METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY. 1. Sources of Supply . . (i) The Victoria Reservoir (ii) The Mundaring Reservoir (iii) The Bickley Brook Reservoir (iv) Artesian Bores . . . . 2. Consumption of Water, 1887, and the length of roads maintained by them from 1861 to 1887 : NEW SOUTH WALES. ROAD TRUSTS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1887. Year ending 31st Dece.nber. Number of Trusts. Revenue. Expenditure. Lenuth of Roads. Kent of Tolls. From Treasury. Total. Salaries. &c. Miscel- laneous. Total. No. Miles. 18C8 10 4,593 1,446 6,039 400 5,522 5,922 1859 6 3,944 1,790 5,734 572 5,852 6,224 1860 6 5,534 3.377 8,911 1,350 6.419 7,769 1861 6 4,637 2,894 7,531 711 7,610 8,321 141) 1862 7 11,763 3,635 15,S98 2,027 12,421 14,4 8 191 1863 7 5,223 5,208 10,431 1.777 12,869 14,646 191 1864 7 5,306 4,789 10,095 1,267 8,859 10,126 194 1865 7 5.359 2,065 7,424 1,216 5,869 7,085 189 1866 7 .-,636 4,669 10,305 1,734 7,608 9,342 194 1867 7 6,147 4,868 11,015 1,522 8,807 10,329 182 1868 7 5,640 4,875 10,515 1.087 9,765 10,852 182 1869 6 4,616 3,171 7,787 560 7,765 8,325 178 1870 6 4,071 2,400 6,471 794 5,664 6,458 164 1871 6 4,086 1,377 5,463 576 5,399 5,975 105 1872 6 4,301 2,369 6,670 486 4,490 4,976 186 1873 6 10,264 2,662 12,926 390 13,290 13,680 203 1874 6 4,152 2,118 6,270 358 5,810 6,168 194 1875 6 4,153 2,550 6.703 . 405 5,939 6,344 198 1876 6 3,966 2,650 6,616 390 5,810 6,200 198 1877 6 4,111 2,111 6,222 423 6,179 6,602 150 1878 6 4,025 2,993 7,018 365 5,923 6,288 150 1879 6 4,412 2,613 7,025 412 7,757 8,169 149 1880 6 4,260 2,338 6,598 366 6,424 6,790 145 1881 6* L 4,041 2,108 6,149 494 5,848 6,342 148 1882 6 ' 4,824 4,173 8,997 550 7,690 8,240 138 1883 6 1,133 9,076 10,209 .Hll> 7,467 7,779 127 1884 6 941 7,098 8,039 331 7,181 7,512 127 1885 6 1,028 4,748 5,776 355 8,349 8,704 129 1886 6* 654 8,198 8,852 364 5,840 6,204 129 1887 6* 136 6,977 7,113 212 7,629 7,841 125 Revenue and expenditure of one Trust not available. 6. Municipalities Act 1858. Under this Act, the Imperial Act of 1842, as far a* it related to District Councils, was repealed. Any City, Town, Hamlet, or Rural District could be proclaimed a Municipality on petition from 50 householders, unless a stronger coxmter petition was presented. At the request of the Municipality, or on petition, a Municipality could be divided into two Wards if the population was below 1,000, and into three Wards if over. The number of Councillors was fixed at six if the population did not exceed 1 ,000, otherwise at nine. If the Municipality were divided into Wards, there were to be three Councillors for each Ward. Every ratepayer was eligible as elector or Councillor. The Chairman was elected by the Councillors. Councillors were elected for three years, but one-third of their number retired annually. All public streets, bridges, ferries, wharves, jetties, and public thoroughfares were placed under their care and management ; they were also authorized to adopt means for establishing and maintaining cemeteries, water supply, lighting, sewerage, public hospitals, asylums for destitute children, gardens, and libraries. Councils were empowered to collect tolls, to levy a general rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound, to levy special rates for sewerage, water supply, and lighting, and to borrow up to an amount not greater than the revenue for three years. The endowment from Government was fixed at pound for pound of rates MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 11 raised during the first five years after incorporation, ten shillings for the next five years, five shillings for the third period of five years, and was then to cease. Under this Act thirty-five districts were incorporated, and nearly all of these still exist. 7. Municipalities Act 1867. This Act repealed the foregoing Act, and introduced new features. Under it all Municipalities were divided into Boroughs and Municipal Districts, the Municipalities existing at the passing of the Act being retained and designated Boroughs. (i) Boroughs. A Borough might consist of (a) any City or Town with or without its suburbs or country immediately adjacent thereto ; (b) any suburb of the Metropolis as then incorporated ; or (c) any populous district. It was requisite for a Borough to have a population of at least 1,000, and upon its first incorporation to contain an area of not more than 9 square miles, of which no one point was to be more than 6 miles distant from any other point. (ii) Municipal Districts. A Municipal District might consist of any part of the Colony not containing a Borough or an existing Municipality, and should comprise upon its first incorporation an area not exceeding 50 square miles, of which no one point should be more than 20 miles distant from any other point. The population of a District must not be less than 500 persons. On receipt of a petition from 50 persons liable to be assessed for municipal taxes, the Governor could constitute a Municipality. A Municipality might be divided into two, three, or four Wards, with six, nine, or twelve Aldermen, according as the population was under 1,000 or 4,000, or 4,000 and over, respectively, there being three Aldermen for each Ward. Every person of the age of 21 and over, who was liable to be rated, became an elector, and was eligible, if male, as an Alderman. Plural voting for Aldermen was allowed, the number of votes ranging from one to four, according as an elector was assessed at under 25, 75, 150, and 150 and over. The Councils had the same functions as were specified under the Act of 1858, but in addition they were empowered (a) to erect public baths, (6) to license vehicles, (c) to extirpate noxious weeds, and (d) to establish free infant schools and free libraries. The general rate was limited to one shilling in the pound. Special rates could be made for sewerage, lighting, libraries, and free infant schools ; but the total amount of all rates could not exceed two shillings in the pound. Borrowing powers up to the estimated revenue for five years were granted. The Government endowment was fixed on the same scale as in the preceding Act (see p. 10). In 1880 a special endowment, equal to one-half of the total amount of rates collected for the previous year, was granted for one year. In 1884 Councils were authorized to raise special loans for establishing gas works, or to contract for the supply of gas, and in 1888 they were permitted to borrow for the erection of Town Halls and Council Chambers. In 1897 a consolidation was made of the 1867 Act and its amendments, but no important alterations were made. In 1902 a special endowment of two shillings and sixpence in the pound of rates collected was granted to Municipalities for the purpose of making and maintaining the kerbing and guttering of streets and asphalting footpaths, but only to Municipalities not in receipt of ordinary endowment. In 1904 the provisions relating to municipal gasworks were extended to works for the supply of electric light and power. 8. Local Government (Shires) Act 1905. Under this Act the Governor was empowered to divide into Shires the whole of the State outside of the City of Sydney, any existing Municipality, and the Western Land Division. The provisions of this Act are embodied in the Local Government Act 1906 now in force, and are given in 10 hereinafter. 9. Local Government Extension Act 1906. This Act repealed the Municipalities Act 1897, but was soon after replaced by the Act at present in force, viz., the Local Government Act 1906. 10. Local Government Act 1906. The statute law relating to Local Government in New South Wales is now contained in the Act of 1906, which has been amended in several details, more especially by the amending Acts of 1907 and 1908. 12 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC (i) Areas Incorporated. Prior to the year 1907 the total area incorporated formed very small part of the area of the State, as may be seen in the following statement : NEW SOUTH WALES. AREA INCORPORATED, 1860 TO 1906. Year 1860. 1870. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1906. Area incorporated, square miles 409 649 1,573 2,387 2,816 2,830 The areas of Municipalities for each year from 1876 to 1915 are shown in a subsequent table (see pp. 15 and 17). At the present time the whole of the Eastern and Central Land Divisions, with the exception of Lord Howe Island, the Federal Territory, and a portion of the Western District, are incorporated, the total area so incorporated being 183,526 square miles. Of the Western Division, 125,913 square miles are still unincorporated. (ii) Provisions of the Act. The following are the chief provisions of the Act of 1906, with its amendments : (a) Allocation of Areas. The areas controlled by Municipal Councils remain the same as under the 1867 Act, while existing Boroughs and Municipal Districts are also preserved. The division into Shires was effected by the Governor in Council, the number so created being 135, varying in size from 36 square miles to 5,730 square miles. The division of a Municipality into Wards is still optional, and can be effected on petition from the Council or from a majority of ratepayers, but the division of a Shire into Ridings is compulsory. (b) Cities. Apart from Cities already proclaimed, a District may be proclaimed a City provided that it has during the preceding five municipal financial years had an average population of at least 20,000 persons, and an average gross revenue of at least 20,000. It must, in addition, be an independent centre of population, not a suburb. (c) Eeconstitution of Areas. The Governor is empowered (i) to unite two or more areas ; (ii) to divide areas ; (iii) to alter boundaries ; (iv) to convert a Municipality into a Shire and vice versa ; (v) to unite parts of an area to the whole or to part of another area ; and (vi) to add land to a Municipality or Shire. As a general rule, such recon- stitution is effected on petition from ratepayers. On resolutions by Councils affected, and, if demanded, on a confirmatory poll of electors, an adjoining Municipality may unite with the City of Sydney. (d) Constitution of Councils. In a Municipality the number of Aldermen must not be less than six nor more than twelve, except in North Sydney and in united Muni- cipalities, where the number may rise to eighteen. The number of Aldermen for each Ward is fixed by the Governor, and Aldermen are not entitled to any allowances or travelling expenses. In a Shire the first Council consists of six Councillors, which number may be increased later on to nine. Ridings have equal representation, and Councillors are entitled to reasonable travelling allowances. The Mayor of a Municipality and the President of a Shire are elected by the Aldermen and Councillors respectively. Members are elected for three years, and all retire at the end of that period. (e) Qualifications of Electors and Councillors. An elector may be of either sex and classed either as an occupier or owner, and in a Municipality also as a ratepaying lessee, provided that he is a natural-born or naturalized British subject of the age of 21 or upwards. An occupier is defined as a person who (i) has been continuously, during the preceding three months, in joint or several occupation as tenant under lease of any rateable land of a yearly value of 5 and upwards ; (ii) is manager, secretary, or director of a public company renting land under the same conditions ; (iii) is resident manager of any rateable land of a yearly value of 5 or over ; (iv) has been continuously, during the preceding three months, in occupation of rateable land by virtue of a miner's right or business licence under the Mining Act ; (v) has been continuously in occupation as share-farmer of rateable land of a yearly value of 5 or over ; or (vi) is in occupation of Crown lands or buildings, and paying rent for same. An owner (i) is severally or jointly the owner of any rateable land ; (ii) is the manager, secretary, or director of a company owning land ; (iii) is the holder of a Crown lease ; or (iv) is the resident manager of a Crown lease. A ratepaying lessee is a person who, jointly or severally, or as manager of a company, is the lessee of any rateable land. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 13 Any male person whose name is on the roll of electors, if not disqualified, is eligible to be elected an Alderman or Councillor. (/) Functions of Councils. The Councils of Municipalities and Shires are invested with the following duties : (i) the care and control of public places and roads, with a few exceptions ; (ii) the regulation of traffic ; (iii) public lighting ; (iv) the prevention and mitigation of bush fires and floods ; (v) the construction and maintenance of streets, jetties, and wharves ; and (vi) the administration of the Public Watering Places Act, the I in pounding Act, certain parts of the Police Offences Act, the Public Health Act, and the Cattle Slaughtering and Diseased Animals and Meat Act. Municipalities are also charged with (i) the handling of night-soil ; (ii) the maintenance of drains and sewers in villages and towns ; (iii) providing water without reticulation for villages and towns; (iv) licensing public vehicles and hawkers ; and (v) the care and management of parks and gardens. These latter powers may be acquired by Shires by resolution of the Council followed by application to the Governor. Further powers may also be acquired by either Shires or Municipalities. These are (i) the administration of the Public Gates Act, and the Native Dog Destruction Act ; (ii) water supply by reticulation ; (iii) the maintenance of ferries, fire brigades, municipal buildings, cattle yards, abattoirs, markets, parks, recreation grounds, refuse destructors, cemeteries, and public baths ; (iv) the manufacture and supply of gas, electricity, and hydraulic power ; (v) the regulation and control of theatres, public halls, night shelters, and common lodging-houses ; (vi) the establishment and management of places of public recreation, public libraries, art galleries, museums, public gardens, and bands ; (vii) the regulation of hoardings and posters, and of verandahs and balconies ; (viii) the inspection and regulation of the sale of fish, meat, &c. ; (ix) the suppression of public nuisances ; (x) the regulation or prevention of inflammable buildings, cattle driving, and houses of ill-fame ; (xi) the establishment of milk depots and mortuaries ; (xii) advertising for settlement or touring ; (xiii) the sale of stone or gravel from pits belonging to the Council, and other minor matters. These powers may be acquired by a resolution passed by an absolute majority of the Council and confirmed by the Governor, or if a petition, signed by 50, or, if there be less than 300 ratepayers on the roll, by one-sixth of the ratepayers, be presented to the Governor demanding a poll, the result of the polling determines whether the powers in question shall be acquired. If a majority votes against the resolution at the poll, no further action may be taken in the matter for two years. (g) Rates and Rateable Property. All land is rateable except the following : (i) com- mons, public parks, and public reserves not held under lease or licence ; (ii), cemeteries, public hospitals, benevolent asylums, and buildings used exclusively for charitable purposes ; (iii) churches and free public libraries ; (iv) unoccupied Crown lands ; (v) lands vested in the University of Sydney, occupied and used solely for the purposes of education ; (vi) lands vested in the Chief Commissioner of Railways and Tramways, and actually used for the purposes of the Government railways or tramways; and (vii) land held under lease from the Crown for oyster culture. A valuation of the unimproved capital value must be made every three years, while triennial valuations of the improved capital value and of the assessed annual value are compulsory with Municipalities, and optional with Shires. Rates are of four kinds, general, special, local, or loan. (i) General Rates. A Shire must levy a general rate of not less than one penny and not more than twopence in the pound on the unimproved capital value, but this minimum may be reduced with the consent of the Governor. A Municipality must also levy a general rate of not less than one penny in the pound on the unimproved capital value. A Municipality may raise further funds by an additional general rate on either the unimproved or improved capital value. If 100 ratepayers demand a poll on the question whether the basis of assessment is to be on the unimproved or improved value, the decision rests on the result of such a poll. In a Municipality with less than 100 ratepayers, one-sixth of the ratepayers can demand a poll. In a Muni- cipality the total amount derived from general rates must not exceed the total amount which the Council estimate would be yielded by a rate of twopence in the pound on the unimproved capital value, and one shilling and sixpence on the assessed annual value taken together, of all rateable land in the Municipality. 14 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. . (ii) Special Rates. These may be levied on the unimproved or improved capital value at the option of the Council. A special rate for lighting may be levied only on rateable land within the area deriving benefit therefrom. A rate made under the Country Towns Water and Sewerage Act must not be levied on the assessed annual value, but on either the unimproved or the improved value at the option of the Council, or on the decision of a poll of ratepayers. (iii) Local Rates. These are similar to special rates, and are levied only on the rateable land within the area affected. They may be levied on improved or unimproved capital values at the option of the Council. In the case of a local road, a Council may -levy a local rate on all lands having frontage thereto, or to which such road gives immediate access. (iv) Loan Rates. A loan rate must be sufficient to pay interest and sinking fund on the loan, and may not be reduced until the loan is paid off. In any Municipality the total amount of all rates must not exceed twopence in the pound on the unimproved value, and two shillings in the pound on the assessed annual value, taken together. (h) Borrowing Powers. A Council of a Municipality may borrow up to an amount equal to 10 per cent, of the unimproved value of the rateable land within the District for the purpose of effecting permanent improvements or works, or other lawful objects, or for the repayment of moneys lawfully borrowed, and the Government may guarantee any such loan. Before floating a loan, notification of the details must be given, a report on the expenditure must be made by a Government officer, the approval of the Governor must be obtained, and a poll must be taken of the ratepayers. At this poll it must also be decided whether the rating is to be made on the unimproved or on the improved capital value, and the amount of the loan- rate must be fixed. A Shire Council may borrow up to the amount of its income for three years. With the consent of the Minister, both Shires and Municipalities may temporarily borrow on overdraft an amount not exceeding one-third of the estimated revenue to be received from rates in a year. (i) Endowment. Municipalities not receiving statutory endowment under any Act repealed by the Act of 1906 are entitled to a sum not exceeding three shillings and four- pence in the pound on the general rate collected. If the revenues are sufficient to meet the reasonable requirements of the Corporation under proper management no endowment is granted. For the purposes of endowment, Shires are classified every three years into six classes, based on (i) the extent of revenue and expenditure ; (ii) the extent, difficulty of construction and maintenance of roads and other public works ; (iii) the extent of Crown lands in the district: and (iv) other matters. A sum of 150,000 is payable annually, and is paid on the basis of the amount of general rates collected in the previous year. In the following table are shown the number of Shires in each class and the endowment received by each class : NEW SOUTH WALES. CLASSIFICATION AND ENDOWMENT OF SHIRES, 1916-18. Class 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 6th. Number of Shires 63 5 8 4 3 1 Endowment received in the 1 on general rate, up to 10s. 15s. 20s. 25s. 30s. 40s. .In addition, 52 Shires in the first class received no endowment. 11. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. (i) Municipalities. The following particulars regarding Municipalities (exclusive of Sydney), are given : (a) the number, area, number of electors, and annual value of improved, lands and buildings for the years 1859 to 1916, the length of roads and streets from 1862 to MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 15 1916, the improved capital value of rateable property from 1871 to 1916, the estimated number of dwellings from 1886 to 1916, the estimated population from 1888 to 1916, and the unimproved capital value of rateable property from 1900 to 1916 ; (6) the revenue and expenditure for 1859 to 1916 ; and (c) the outstanding loans from 1886 to 1916, and the assets and liabilities from 1895 to 1916. NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY). AREA, POPULATION, AND VALUATIONS, 1859 TO 1916. Valuations. Total Year. Number of Munici- palities. Area. Estimated Number Of dwellings. Istimated Popula- tion. Number of Electors. Unimproved Improved Annual Value of Length of Roads and Capita] Capital 1 m] rovcd Streets. V:,!ue Value Lands and Buildings. No. No. No. No. .Miles. 1859 12 4,809 302,590 1860 20 261,760 7,842 432,738 1861 21 8,712 415.740 1862 23 11,381 452,361 '587 1863 26 13,476 472,447 699 1864 28 14,761 530,264 765 1865 29 14,788 530,439 708 1866 30 15,038 574,512 748 1867 30 16,659 579,982 680 1868 36 . 17,567 626,919 841 1869* 40 415',360 21,455 672,880 923 1870* 43 23,670 731,344 1,039 1871* 54 2*245 12,243,610 834,200 1,323 1872* 66 29,421 12,885,920 897,073 1,634 1873* 70 31,574 13,545,365 940,191 1,837 1874* 74 33,780 13,526,035 951,310 2,199 1875* 74 34,263 ... 15,180,864 1,109,947 2,322 1876* 74 782,420 35,252 17,135,645 1,256,181 2,519 1877* 75 784,692 39,297 18,529,682 1,418,094 2,686 1878* 79 843,681 46,128 19,767,704 1,496,939 2,734 1879* 84 908,929 51,107 21,643,113 1,854,431 3,457 1880* 86 945,473 54,271 23,779,433 2,101,362 3,678 1881* 86 946,471 ' 54,264 28,368,957 2,330,946 3,739 1882* 91 1,011,745 59,562 28,747.646 2,286,611 3,758 1883* 98 1,048,795 64,014 35,101,265 2,716,449 3,588 1884* 102 1,083,739 68,512 40,707.921 3,214,327 3.881 1885* 110 1,103,272 78,250 47,676,079 3,641,366 4,101 1886 116 L,145,20S 84,083 88,692 54,618,448 4,017,636 4,435 1887 121 1,159,848 92,188 98,439 63,343,960 4,397,495 4,720 1888 131 1,267,663 100,836 498,748 75,708,755 4,246,880 4,910 1889 144 1,355,036 108,805 548,402 81 ,684,806 4,732,713 5,674 1890 157 1,524,892 117,954 577,148 128,768 82,772,158 4,872,942 5,897 1891 164 1,561,526 119,758 581,806 135,619 88,560,500 5,143,652 6,211 1892 167 1,634,116 125,755 630,630 142,996 95,388,00( 5,393,21 6,728 1893* 170 1,657,795 129,336 634,590 146,017 95. 756,000 5,209,932 7,249 1894* 174 1,681,110 131,012 639,751 147,324 . 95. 756,000 5,964,499 7,361 1895* 181 1,752,061 133,191 652,780 155,406 88,976,300 4,929,340 7,818 1896* 182 1,764,869 i :;:,.! i,^ 660,695 156,457 82,759,000 4,835,150 7,873 1897* 183 1,765,620 136,611 678,820 159,065 79,321,800 4,762,640 7,262 1898* 183 1,765.6201 139,002 696,250 160,225 77,465,700 4,760,530 7,338 1899* 189 1,804,642 154,022 78,08.".. 2()( 4,848,310 7,315 1900* 190 1,799,652 14*7,632 74l',023 157,273 33,343',813 81,649,700 5,338,460 7,442 1901* 190 1,799,652 156,059 768,090 159,18- 33,499,613 84,t526.90( 5,511,430 7,446 1902* 191 1,808,032 160,169 789,650 161.311 33,525,613 85,224^00 5,416,500 7,474 1903* 191 1,808,032 165,443 791,240 163,889 34,336,851 89,383,900 5,635,800 7,569 1904* 191 1,808,032 169,666 808,320 162,999 :14. -286,851 92,324,700 5,812,950 7,627 1905* 191 1,808.032 169.678 808,320 158,170 34,459,210 94,768,900 5,998,120 8,170 1906* 193 1,809,5 12 172,22* 839,570 34,459,210 9:>. 705, 100 6,123,281 1907* Ld2 1,915,188 179.2.V 892,280 173,405 89,483,316: 99,246,700 6,516,660 8,823 1908t 190 1,915,188 183,861 918,520 43,904. 8:59 101,226,066 6,801,100 1909f 189 1,914,753 186,166 Kir,. 4M) I:'.. 284,821 101,889,075 6,886,726 9,380 1910t 189 1,914,753 928,838 t 4:!. r.76,529 105,000,873 7,089,753 1911t 189 1,914,753! 194,024 954,660 18V.041 45s 904,447 111,339,540 7,568,814 l12t 189 1,917,727 194,024 1,011,570 48,287,967 116,294,87i 8,085,742 9,628 1913t 187 1,861,087 1,053,410 49.048,097 124,166,294 8,722.986 1914t 185 Lj8dl,087 1,085,660 2lV,787 54,5*3,084 138,660,176 10,167,033 1915| 184 1,861,087 . 1,100,740 56,246,418 149,147-,802 10,881,868 10J28 1916f 184 1834,207 1,091,060 333,739 58,098,043 155,817,695 ll,432,69b 10,166 * Year ending first Monday in February of the following year. t Year ending 31st December, j Estimated. 16 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1859 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Rates. Govern- t ment 'Grants and Endow- ments. Other (includ- ing Loans). Total. Adminis- trative Expenses Works. Other (including Lighting, Water, Loan Redemption &c.). Total. 1859 2,807 4,238 1860 . . . m . . 21,825 . . . . . 27,490 1861 17,717 15,133 . . 32,850 . . . . . . 37,533 1862 . . 16,175 . . . . 14,916 1863 22,470 lV,600 40,070 . . 35,479 1864 21,513 19,332 40,845 6,156 35,204 41,360 1865 23,444 18,999 42,443 6,366 31,375 37,741 1866 29,241 14,039 . . 43,280 9,077 . . 33,382 42,459 1867 29,577 19,059 . . 48,636 8,670 . . 34,425 43,095 1868 33,476 19,926 . . 53,402 9,689 . . 36,094 45,783 1869* 34,463 19,174 53,637 10,164 48,300 58,464 1870* 39,507 15,503 . . 55,010 11,586 42,747 54,333 1871* 43,082 15,548 11,672 70,302 11,836 50,501 62,337 1872* 41,815 21,930 16,150 79,895 11,883 . . 53,639 65,522 1873* 45,879 18,962 22,283 87,124 12,233 . . 68,102 80,335 1874* 56,873 21,755 13,556 92,184 13,259 . . 73,944 87,203 1875* 66,633 23,449 16,903 106,985 13,615 . . 77,959 91,574 1876* 67,043 23,610 20,996 111,649 16,342 . . 90,582 106,924 1877* 68,759 86,875 23,336 178,970 14,955 82,192 30,571 127,718 1878* 76,809 56,931 44,176 177,916 16,551 142,255 45,275 204,081 1879* 81,057 92,902 36,386 210,345 18,376 146,039 51,738 216,153 1880* 97,315 64,115 58,214 219,B44 19,222 155,058 60,788 235,068 1881* 107,122 68,318 91,756 267,196 22,433 153,495 64,348 240,276 1882* 125,089 85,277 92,347 302,713 25,012 200,998 77,477 303,487 1883* 143,945 102,666 84,474 331,085 27,163 226,739 89,694 343,596 1884* 165,234 87,656 127,271 380,161 29,792 245,974 97,867 373,633 1885* 190,419 103,523 200,877 494,819 32,705 303,335 125,922 461,962 1886 215,021 116,623 208,807 540,451 37,293 303,313 152,473 493,079 1887 254,585 97,408 372,279 724,272 42,598 421,057 198,918 662,573 1888 271,563 92,885 357,483 721,931 47,373 410,742 219,430 677,545 1889 296,284 130,216 237,110 663,610 47,736 348,765 249,254 645,755 1890 320,255 154,736 247,145 722,136 51,811 410,537 280,611 742,959 1891 348,056 168,306 255,230 771,592 57,880 391,055 297,808 746,743 1892 355,962 147,585 230,917 734,464 .62,735 407,111 295,629 765,475 1893* 342,103 142,741 161,361 646,205 52,644 321,344 246,329 620,317 1894* 339,608 53,483 345,057 738,148 57,471 258,913 410,882 727,266 1895* 319,846 114,428 247,135 681,409 60,790 187,354 392,775 640,919 1896* 327,844 73,081 219,594 620,519 62,443 191,257 368,202 621,902 1897* 331,414 90,284 206,006 627,704 63,005 213,361 362,568 638,934 1898* 329,807 76,915 197,734 604,456 62,940 192,815 361,731 617,486 1899* 330,651 43,179 230,869 604,699 60,689 182,568 387,292 630,549 1900* 372,873 42,044 214,631 629,548 61,388 187,163 381,723 630,274 1901* 389,455 80,719 231,117 701,291 61,665 183,817 406,001 651,483 1902* 400,733 49,696 273,672 724,101 63,925 204,555 478,347 746,827 1903* 441,850 60,841 179,738 682,429 82,649 221,494 370,266 674,409 1904* 443,308 24,225 188,938 656,471 67,478 224,949 371,241 663,668 1905* 460,982 24,335 247,785 733,102 68,118 233,718 433,698 735,534 1906* 486,132 83,022 231,501 800,655 70,689 255,647 452,057 778,393 1907* 536,909 71,206 321,880 929,995 78,713 285,586 544,533 908,832 1908| 612,087 32,361 321,194 965,642 105,572 265,440 496,231 867,243 1909f 631,595 30,886 441,948 1,104,429 94,225 342,634 592,681 1,02),540 1910f 648,571 33,408 445,116 1,127,095 98,172 393,076 631,763 1,123,011 1911f 731,687 26,136 482,403 1,240,226 102,040 413,246 661,142 1,176,428 1912f 818,197 25,757 567,866 1,411,820 98,721 504,556 771,901 1,375,178 1913f 889,353 24,202 678,901 1,592,456 113,242 549,749 811,725 1,474,716 1914f 1,026,537 55,718 668,466 1,750,721 116,084 635,775 849,591 1,601,450 1915f 1,074,453 54,895 698,067 1,827,415 115,363 707,997 945,285 1,768,645 1916f 1,118,554 58,399 713,124 1,890,077 121,009 686,367 1,003,356 1,810,732 * Year ending first Monday in February of the following year. t Year ending 31st December. M I'NICIPALITIES, ETC. 17 NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY). ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1886 TO 1916. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1886 440,149 1902* 1,727,900 ,522,37Q ,346,511 1887 733,148 1903* 1,787,277 ,509,166 ,351,939 1888 817,087 1904* 1,861,377 ,535,669 ,372,439 1889 894,013 1905* 1,888,778 ,558,960 ,392,332 1890 ,041,296 1906* 2,033,729 ,547,255 ,396,872 1891 ,083,775 1907* 2,071,721 ,584,168 ,424,340 1892 . . ,159,450 1908f 2,158.427 2,363,014 ,368,605 1893* ,262,393 1909f 2,188,049 2,347,655 ,445,593 1894* . ,323,874 1910f 2,396,427 2,562,639 .453,108 1895* 1,599,210 1,342,009 ,325,235 1911f 2,500,184 2,597,871 ,456,628 1896* ,623,581 1,448,627 ,315,910 1912f 2,696,284 2,693,199 ,486,196 1897* ,610,365 1,473,635 ,297,569 1913f 2,853,055 2,798,969 ,498,245 1898* ,674,965 1,467,359 ,326,703 19l4f 3,083,055 2,938,299 ,586,752 1899* ,671,500 1,486,722 ,320,934 1915f 3,339,420 3,187,869 ,657,323 1900* ,723,859 1,497,905 ,322,044 1916t 3,542,751 3,352,073 1,692,133 1901* ,762,156 1,503,540 ,347,140 * Year ending first Monday in February of the following year. t Year ending 31st December. (ii) Shires. The following tables shew particulars for Shires for the years 1907 to 1916 of (a) the number of Shires, their area, estimated population, number of electors, unimproved capital value, length of roads and streets, and number of dwellings ; (6) their revenue and expenditure ; and (c) their assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans. These loans are only temporary, representing mCneys borrowed from the banks on overdraft. NEW SOUTH WALES. SHIRES. AREA, POPULATION, AND VALUATION, 1907 TO 1916. Total Year ending 31st December. Number of Shires. Area. Estimated Number of Dwellings. Estimated Population. Number of Electors. Unimproved Capital Value. Length of Roads and Streets. No. Sq. Miles. No. No. No. Miles. 1907 134 179,130 542,800 119,529 81,526,814 . . 1908 134 182,111 99,945 547,800 . . 82,414,771 . . 1909 134 182,111 104,528 564,660 83,464,446 67,043 1910 134 182,111 578,963 89,935,912 67,490 1911 134 182,111 . 601,840 137, i?3 94,189,939 67,490 1912 134 180,567 124,897 632,570 . . 97,461,454 79,089 1913 135 180,655 . . 645,140 . . 99,452,191 1914 135 181,208 . . 649,040 160,744 103,451,177 1915 136 180,655 647,570 . . 104,745,633 8l',075 1916 136 180,655 646,320 174,350 105,697,791 18 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. NEW SOUTH WALES. SHIRES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1907 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending Govern- 31st ment Decem- ber. Rates. Endow- ment Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. and Grants. 1907 .. 287,635 235,794 100,666 (.24,095 100,435 249,868 101,163 451,466 1908 .. 382,336 220,925 23,607 626,868 116,932 516,072 23,215 656,219 1909 .. 374,540 309,005 33,599 717,144 117,696 529,954 29,134 676,784 1910 .. 421,596 323,658 49,120 794,374 125,699 599,945 39,388 765,032 1911 .. 463,501 355,286 62,243 881,030 128,126 647,220 56,860 832,206 1912 .. 517,025 402,820 79,653 999,498 83,721 773,479 76,125 933,325 1913 .. 562,820 183,315 90,376 836,511 91,450 707,923 86,717 886,090 1914 .. 009,580 329,944 105,468 1,044,992 95,760 801,542 99,169 996,471 1915 .. 612,612 339,062 114,447 1,066,121 87,527 813,400 117,943 1,018,870 1916 .. 626,303 331,434 135,286 1,093,023 100,224 843,803 134,870 1,078,897 NEW SOUTH WALES. SHIRES. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1907 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Assets. Liabilities. Outstand- ing Loans. Year ending 31st December. 1 I Assets. Liabilities. Outstand- ing Loans. 1907 12,763 1912 455,420 77,494 17,212 1908 228,729 35,153 8,810 ii 1913 .. 440,252 109,453 36,783 1909 258,214 24,622 7,414 1914 .. 488,004 ! 109,717 45,304 1910 307,708 44,770 11,147 !! 1915 . . 560,479 129,181 49,220 1911 379,589 67,827 12,445 | 1916 .. 589,788 1 152,777 148,367 (B) City of Sydney. 1. General. The City of Sydney, as already stated, is incorporated under special Acts, and the following is a brief resume of the various matters relating thereto. 2. Legislation previous to Incorporation in 1842. The first Act relating to Sydney was passed in 1833, under the provisions of which the Governor could appoint two Police Magistrates, who were authorized to nominate a police force, and penalties were fixed for various offences. A Town Surveyor was to be appointed, whose duties were to set out the carriage and footways, and affix names of streets. Carters and boatmen were to be licensed, and the Justices were to fix the fares to be charged by them. The first Building Act was passed in 1834, and prescribed that no building might be erected within 12 feet of the exterior edge of the kerbstone, and that notice of intention to build must be given to the Town Surveyor. In 1837 the Sydney Building Act was passed, by which buildings were classified and the thicknesses of walls determined ; but this was in 1839 limited in its effect to a certain district within the town limits. 3. Incorporation of the City of Sydney Act 1842. In 1842 Sydney was proclaimed a City. It was divided into six Wards, and its boundaries were defined. All occupiers of houses, counting-houses, and shops of the value of 25 per annum were enrolled as MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 19 Citizens, provided that they were householders resident within 7 miles of the City. In order to be qualified as a Councillor, Auditor, or Assessor, a candidate had to be possessed of real or personal estate of the total value of 1,000, or be rated at the annual value of 50, ministers of religion not being eligible. Four Councillors for each Ward were to be elected on the first of November, one Councillor in each Ward to retire annually. After the election of Councillors they were, on the ninth of November, to elect from among themselves six Aldermen for a period of six years, one-half of whom were to retire every third year. One Alderman was to represent each Ward. The Councillors and Aldermen elected the Mayor. If a Councillor refused to accept office, or resigned his seat, he was liable to a penalty of from 25 to 50, and under like circumstances a Mayor was liable to a penalty of from 50 to 100. On the first of March the ratepayers were to elect two Assessors for each Ward, and two Auditors for the whole City. The duties of the Council were to keep the streets in repair, construct common sewers and waterworks, make by-laws, levy rates, and appoint police. The City rate was not to exceed one shilling in the pound, the police rate sixpence, and the lighting rate fourpence. Borrowing up to an amount equal to three years' average revenue was permitted. Fees taken at police offices, except at the water-police office, were to be applied to the maintenance of the Sydney Police, and a Government subsidy of pound for pound was granted on the police rates up to 5,000, and on the City rates up to the same amount. The system of municipal police does not appear to have worked satisfactorily, as an Act was passed in 1844 suspending the collection of the rate for 1845. This Act was renewed annually until 1850, when the police force for the whole Colony was constituted. In 1844 the qualification for Citizens was reduced to an annual value of 20, while that for Councillors was raised to 100. In 1847 the Council was empowered to make by-laws for licensing and regulating hackney carriages. 4. Sydney Corporation Act 1850. By this Act, that of 1842 was repealed, except as far as concerned the incorporation and boundaries of the City. Most of the provisions of the previous Act were reincorporated, but there were several important amendments-, of which the following were the chief : Unnaturalized aliens and persons who had received eleemosynary relief during the previous twelve months were not eligible as Citizens. The Citizens were to elect the Mayor from among the Aldermen or Councillors. The maximum amount of City rates which could be levied was raised to one shilling and sixpence and the lighting rate to sixpence per pound of annual value, and the borrowing powers were extended to the amount of five years' revenue instead of three years'. 5. Dissolution of the City Council, 1853. On the 31st December, 1853, the City Council was dissolved and its duties handed over to three Commissioners, appointed by the Governor, who were also to carry out the provisions of two proposed Acts relating to sewerage and water supply. In 1854, carters plying for trade within 8 miles of the City were required to be licensed by the Commissioners, and in the same year the Commissioners were empowered to water the streets, levy a rate for the same, and lease markets and tolls. 6. Restoration of the City Council, 1857. By an Act passed on the 18th March, 1857, the Commissioners were relieved of their duties, and the City Council restored in their place. All persons on the electoral roll for Sydney, who were ratepayers, were entitled to be Citizens. The number of Wards was raised from six to eight, and sixteen Aldermen were to be elected, two for each Ward, of whom eight were to retire annually. Any Citizen was qualified to be an Alderman. The Mayor was to be elected by the Aldermen, not by the Citizens. Fresh boundaries of the City were scheduled. The carrying out of the Sewerage and Water Act 1853 was vested in the Council, which was authorized to borrow up to 100,000 for City purposes, up to 200^000 for sewerage purposes, and up to 150,000 for waterworks. In 1866 the whole cost of paving footways in certain scheduled streets was placed on the owners of the adjoining property. In 1870 the boundaries of the City were altered, the number of Wards still remaining at eight, and the Council was authorized to purchase lands and erect cattle sale yards, and to borrow up to 12,000 for the purpose. 20 ' MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. In 1873 the licensing of public vehicles was vested in a Commission, and in 1879 provision was made that a building surveyor should be appointed and that no dwelling should be permitted in any lane less than 20 feet in width. 7. Sydney Corporation Act 1879. This Act was a -consolidation of the previous, existing Act and amendments. The number of Aldermen was raised to 24, being three for each Ward, and the penalties for refusing to accept office were repealed. No stree^- was permitted to be less than 66 feet in width, and no lane less than 20 feet. THe* maximum amount of the City rate was raised to two shillings per pound of annual valued exclusive of lighting, and special or local rates were not to exceed sixpence. The' Council was to secure a supply of pure water, and was authorized to levy a water rate* on premises within 150 feet of a main water pipe. v A temporary endowment was granted by the Government for ten years, not to exceed 25,000 a year, and not to exceed a pound for pound grant on rates raised in excess of one shilling. At the same time the Council was relieved of a debt of 40,000 to the Consolidated Revenue incurred for sewerage. The Council was also allowed to borrow up to 75,000 on the guarantee of the Consolidated Revenue for the purpose of liquidating an overdraft on the sewerage account. Further borrowing powers were granted from time to time. 8. Sydney Corporation Amendment Act 1900. The City was divided into twelve Wards, each with two Aldermen, who were to retire every second year, but were eligible for re-election. The qualification for Citizens was altered, and the following persons were entitled to citizenship : Any person, male or female, who was a natural-born or naturalized British subject ; who was the owner of freehold property assessed at 5 or upwards, or, if leasehold, of the yearly value of 25 ; or was the owner of a house, shop, &c., of the value of 10 ; or had been a lodger continuously for six months, and had occupied lodgings of the value of 10 or upwards. Any male person on the roll was eligible as Alderman. The Council was also empowered to resume land for municipal purposes. 9. Sydney Corporation Act 1902. This Act consolidated and repealed previous existing Acts, but practically no fresh provisions of importance were inserted. In 1908 an important amendment was made, by which the Council was enabled to assess the general rates on the unimproved capital value, instead of on the improved value, and under such conditions the levying of the land tax within the City was suspended. This general rate must not be less than one penny in the pound, in addition to any other rate, but the total amount leviable of all rates must not exceed threepence in the pound on the unimproved value, or two shillings in the pound on the average annual value. A valuation of the unimproved capital value is to be made every five years. Camperdown was added to the City as an additional Ward. The maintenance and control of the lending branch of the Public Library was vested in the Council. In 1912 an Act was passed empowering the Council to purchase or resume land, erect dwelling houses, and to let them to working men. In 1916 the maximum amount of the general rate on the unimproved capital value was raised to sixpence in the pound, provided that if such a rate were made, no other general or City rate should be levied. 10. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In tEe following tables are given (i) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1858 to 1916 ; (ii) the assets and liabilities from 1895 to 1916, and the outstanding loans from 1888 to 1916 ; and (iii) the area, number of dwellings, population, number of rateable properties, length of streets, unimproved capital value, annual value and improved capital value from 1859 to 1916 of the City of Sydney. Particulars of the revenue and expenditure of the City Council on water supply and sewerage for 1858 to 1889, prior to the transference of these works to the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board, are included. Further details of the revenue and expendi- ture on water and sewerage are given in the chapter dealing with those subjects (see pages 157 and 161). MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 21 NEW SOUTH WALES. CITY OF SYDNEY. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. iatet. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Work?. Other. Total. 1858 29,330 126,425* 155,750 10,823 80,273 60,062 151,158 1859 32,912 31,326 64,238 8,869 74,431 44,484 127,784 1860 41,611 45,953 87,564 8,402 27,182 29,383 64,967 1861 35.213 71,886 107,099 8,600 58,338 18,731 85,669 1862 34,120 43,064 77.184 9,368 63,960 31,780 105,108 1863 31,611 104,119 135,730 9,391 52,819 47,964 110,174 1864 32,638 43,108 75,746 10,007 56,188 23,703 89,898 1865 34,644 66,619 101,263 10,930 58,153 38,510 107,593 1866 38,444 54,710 93,154 11,334 46,275 32,408 90,017 1867 38,220 69,619 107,839 8,750 52,456 49,794 111,000 1868 39,779 131,447 171,226 8,276 75,452 72,191 155,919 I860 40,459 125,708 166,167 8,823 95,208 44,016 148,047 1870 41,304 87,954 129.258 9,344 77,208 71,737 158,289 1871 38,536 141,670 180,206 9,805 46,632 87,005 143,442 IS7L' 37,952 130,234 168,186 9,859 62,085 90,840 162.784 1873 36,929 75,210 112,139 10,389 62,533 126,206 199,128 1874 37,362 129,975* 167,337 10,624 72,785 65,656 149,065 1875 37,632 137,386* 175,018 10,186 52,685 53,295 116,166 1876 39,218 67,342 106,560 10,332 92,027 58,834 161,193 1877 45,673 191,534 237,207 1 0,455 106,956 75,812 193,223 1878 46,619 114,951 161,570 11,003 123,319 66,792 201,114 1879 48,902 149,219* 198,121 10,888 119,488 83,485 213,861 1880 111,107 151,30:} 262,410 22,558 144,574 78,548 245,680 1881 134,120 123,873 257,993 23,344 153,459 60,389 237,192 1882 137,439 151,805 289,244 16,672 179,474 63,915 260,061 1883 157,012 188,401f 345,413 17,422 197,329 87,008 301,759 1884 161,705 179,965+ 341,670 18,196 248,069 107,526 373,791 1885 162,988 157,467 320,455 19,012 217,921 88,490 325,423 1886 170,668 J95,408 366,076 19,014 229,805 87,663 336,482 1887 186,823 140,243i| 336,066 18,856 207,335 105,143 331,334 1888 194,843 78,836+. 273,679 11,672 141,714 204,363 357,749 1889 203,314 48, 621 If 251,935 10,914 108,259 121.722 240,895 1890 163,474 42,028 205,502 8,861 100,056 84,091 193,008 1891 159,160 64,162 223,322 10,704 258,175 74,914 343,793 1892 163,173 305,041 468,214 11,883 355,613 88,762 456,258 1893 155,498 55,028 210,526 12,113 241,201 107,435 360,749 1894 160,137 349,982 510,119 12,081 206,460 101,369 319,910 1895 143,563 45,782 189,345 12,266 152,984 91,387 256,637 1896 133,942 120,310 254,252 12,027 171,969 96,241 280,237 1897 134,007 119,072 253,079 11,975 166,927 104,760 283,662 1898 132,418 70,755 203,173 9,713 144,096 102,508 256,317 1899 129,006 59,544 188,550 8,668 87,400 90,478 186,546 1900 140,763 61,059 201,822 13,039 117,445 92,047 222,531 1901 187,166 246,668 433,834 16,503 146,376 134,849 297,728 1902 178,334 65,363 243,697 18,881 118,976 126,737 264,594 1903 179,558 154,189 333,747 16,694 133,560 106,495 256,749 1904 180,427 216,736 397,163 16,793 126,755 289,230 432,778 1905 179,154 158,774 337,928 17,783 121,280 216,495 355,558 1906 179,776 202,353 382,129 19,940 146,672 141,942 308,554 1907 193,053 291,566 484,619 20,643 136,745 240,942 398,330 1908 196,780 243,358 440,138 30,142 186,554 229,605 446,301 1909 281,213 264,990 546,203 39,269 216,429 239,529 495,227 1910 290,030 288,086 578,116 35,072 217,367 326,546 578,985 1911 319,633 338,588 658,221 38,463 228,396 357,141 624,000 1912 326,955 391,153 718,108 39,305 237,180 429,771 706,256 1913 393.515 523,634 917,149 39,983 304,461 521,398 865,842 1914 455,677 528,554 984,231 42,873 287,875 562,941 893,689 1915 464,232 610,915 1,075,147 45,992 314,501 609,698 970,191 1916 525.869 672,116 1,197,985 45,839 343,335 698,099 1,087,273 * Including 10.000 from Government. t Including 75,000 from Government. J Including 25 000 from Government. Including 18,750 from Government. || Including 31,250 from Government. t Including 6,250 from Government. 22 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. NEW SOUTH WALES. CITY OF SYDNEY. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1888 TO 1916. Year Year ending 31st Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding. Loans. ending 31st Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Dec. Dec. 1888 735,000 1903 2,140,489 1,617,527 1,585,000 1889 740,000 1904 2,086,599 1,615,522 1,590,000 1890 710,000 1905 2,067,883 1,736,364 1,660,000 1891 . . 710,000 1906 2,180,057 1,809,259 1,735,000 1892 . . 960,000 1907 2,324,902 2,0:8,764 1,880,000 1893 1,260,000 1908 2,622,898 2,408,062 2,105,000 1894 . . 1,260,000 1909 3,677,159 2,994,579 2,679,000 1895 2,410,968 1,301,958 1,260,000 1910 4,318,028 3,794,063 3,231,900 1896 2,028,650 1,414,720 1,355,000 1911 4,845,111 4,310,441 3,870,600 1897 2,045,442 1,525,798 1,410,000 1912 6,030,411 5,654,811 4,977,500 1898 1,983,375* 1,543,531* 1,410,000 1913 7,456,600 7,195,657 5,627,300 1899 1,921,308 1,561,265 1,410,000 1914 8,397,918 8,142,616 6,163,800 1900 2.057,069 1,588,233 1,410,000 1915 9,124.125 8,877,853 6,1 15, 100 1901 2,078,927 1,612,008 1,570,000 1916 10,005,232 9,751,011 7,050,100 1902 2,095,859 1,588,123 1,535,000 Estimated. NEW SOUTH WALES. CITY OF SYDNEY. AREA, POPULATION, AND VALUATIONS, 1859 TO 1916. Valuations. Year ending tSlst Dec. Area. dumber of Dwellings. Population. Number of Rateable Properties. Unimproved Capital Annual Value of Improved Land, Capital Value of all Length of Streets . Value. Buildings, Property. &c. Acres. No. No. No. Miles. 1859 . . . . . . 10,900 1860 . . 11,150 753,900 1861 11,721 . . 760,000 . . 1862 11,912 . . 760,000 1863 12,123 704,000 7,040,000 90 1864 12,150 / 622,000 6,220,000 90 1865 ... 12,445 . . 637,600 90 1866 e 12,740 652,900 95 1867 . 12,908 702,903 95 1868 13,098 708,400 95 1869 13,538 . . 729,100 95 1870 13,995 750,524 96 1871 _ 14,855 781.293 96 1872 14,751 . . 732,168 97 1873 15,100 738,816 . . 97 1874 . 15,472 748,235 100 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 23 NEW SOUTH WALES. CITY OF SYDNEY. AREA, POPULATION, AND VALUATIONS, 1859 TO 1916 continued. Valuations. Year Number Number of [ t:nth l')e'. Area. of Dwellings. 'opulation. Rateable Properties. I "mm proved Annual Value of Improved Capital Value of Streets. ( 'a pital Land, of all , Value. r.uildings, Property. Acres. N> NX N.. Miles. 1875 15,909 7<><),074 100 1876 . . 15,956 760,000 100 1877 . . 16,360 757,000 100 1878 . . 16,590 947,000 100 1879 . . 17,140 960,000 100 1880 . . . 18,062 ,037,000 100 1881 . . . 19,932 ,436,765 100 1882 . . . . 20,105 ,449,857 100 1883 . . . 20,197 ,490,357 29,807,140 100 1884 21,271 ,671,493 36,772,840 100 1885 . . . . 21,352 ,799,793 39,595,440 100 1886 . . . . 20,716* ,850,214 40,704,700 100 1887 . . . . 7,946f ,905,888 41,929,5:0 100 1888 . . . . 8,172t ,936,253 42,529,525 105 1889 21,437 128J58 6,321f 2,228,817 44,576,340 110 1890 2.880 21,500 128,880 20,966 2,276,362 45,527,240 115 1891 2,880 21,245 112,570 22,009 2,710,488 51,237,600 115 1892 2,880 21,767 113,430 22,358 2,785,846 55,716,900 115 1893 2.880 21,900 114,100 22,428 2,777,245 55,550,000 115 1894 2.880 22,400 114,820 22,428 2,496,175 55,470,000 115 1895 2,880 22,500 115,490 21,989 2,361,290 47,225,800 115 1896 2,880 23,190 115,980 22,228 2,237,040 44,740,700 115 1897 2,880 23,185 116,640 ?2.486 2,173,260 43,465,200 nr, 1898 ' 2,880 22,877 117,270 22,428 2,145,800 43,159,900 117 1899 2,880 21,137 117,880 23,569 2,135,700 43,128,600 115 1900 2,880 21,137 118,480 31.131 . 2,144,830 42,896,500 115 1901 2,880 21,137 120,420 31,131 . 2,168,500 43,370,000 113 1902 2,880 22,207 121,200 34,932 . 2,239,750 44,795,100 113 1903 2,880 21,604 116,150 34,932 . . 2,291,780 44,834,400 113 1904 2,880 21,399 113,240 37,502 2,307,800 44,889,000 113 1905 2,880 21,331 110,820 37,058 20,207,812 2,312,830 45,545,700 117 1906 2,880 22,296 110,760 37,058 20,207,812 2,323,040 45,749,800 117 1907 2,880 21,445 112,000 37,058 20,207,812 2,236,849 45.749,800 117 1908 2,892 23,035 112,900 42,149 20,207,812 2,249,760 49,060,600 118 1909 3,327 120,660 42,149 19,970,365 2,292,671 50,948,240 133 1910 3,327 119,800 42,149 19,952,793 2,346,399 52,142,200 133 1911 3,327 18,768 118,800 46,583 23,940,030 2,498,429 55,520,640 133 1912 3,327 116,400 46,583 23,988,480 2,582,788 57,395,288 134 1913 3,327 115,900 46,583 23,837,157 2,753,408 64,080,440 134 1914 3,327 110,700 43,683 27,395,826 3,271,102 75,786,580 134 1915 3,327 104,200 43,683 27,226,283 3,391,759 78,580,300 134 1916 3,327 106,000 43,683 31,168,904 3,466,550 80,264,720 124 * Number of perso'is paying City rates. t Number of electors on roll. (c) Summary Tables. 1 Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables give summaries of (i) the revenue and expenditure of all Road Trusts, Municipalities, and Shires, and of the City of Sydney, for the years 1858 to 1916 ; and (ii) the annual value of all property from MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. I860 to 1916, the unimproved capital value of all property from 1905 to 1916, the assets and liabilities from 1895 to 1916, and 'the outstanding loans from 1886 to 1916 of all Municipalities, including the City of Sydney, and Shires : NEW SOUTH WALES. ROAD TRUSTS, MUNICIPALITIES, SHIRES, AND CITY OF SYDNEY. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Govern- ment Rates and Tolls. Grants and Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. Endow- ments. 1858 *33,923 *1 1,446 *116,425 *161,794 *1 1,223 *85,795 *60,062 *157,080 1859 *36,856 *1,790 *31,326 72,779 *9,241 *80,283 *44,484 138,246 1860 *47,145 *3,377 *45,953 118,300 *9,952 *33,601 *29,383 100,226 1861 57,567 18,027 71,886 147,480 *9,311 *65,948 *18,731 131,523 1862 *45,883 *3,635 *13,064 108,757 *11,395 *76,381 *31,780 134,472 1863 54,604 22,808 108,819 186,231 *11,168 *65,688 *47,964 160,299 1864 59,457 24,111 43,118 126,686 17,430 65,047 t58,907 141,384 1865 63,447 21,064 66,619 151,130 18,512 64,022 f 69, 885 152,419 1866 73,321 18,708 ' 54,710 146,739 22,145 53,883 f 64, 790 141,818 1867 73,944 23,927 69,619 167,490 18,942 61,263 f84,219 164,124 1868 78,895 24,801 131,447 235,143 19,052 85,217 1 108,285 212,554 1869 79,538 22,345 126,708 228,591 19,547 102,973 f92,316 214,836 1870 83,882 17,903 88,954 190,739 21,724 82,872 f 114,484 219,080 1871 85,704 16,925 153,342 255,971 22,217 52,031 f!37,326 211,574 1872 84,068 24,299 146,384 254,751 22,228 68,575 tl42,479 233,282 1873 93,072 21,624 97,493 212,189 23,012 75,823 1 194, 308 293,143 1874 98,387 33,873 133,531 265,791 24,241 78,595 f 139, 600 242,436 1875 108,418 35,999 144,289 288,706 24,206 58,624 fl31,254 214,084 1876 110,227 26,260 88,238 224,725 27,064 97,837 j-149,416 274,317 1877 118,543 88,986 214,870 422,399 25,833 195,327 106,383 327,543 1878 127,453 59,924 159,127 346,504 27,919 271,497 112,067 411,483 1879 134,371 105,515 175,605 415,491 29,676 273,284 135,223 438,183 1880 212,682 66,453 209,517 488,652 42,146 306,076 139,316 487,538 1881 245,283 70,426 215,629 531,338 46,271 312,802 124,737 483,810 1882 207,352 89,450 244,152 600,954 42,234 388,162 141,392 571,788 1883 302,090 186,742 197,875 686,707 44,897 431,535 176,702 653,134 1884 327,880 119,754 282,236 729,870 48,319 501,224 205,393 754,936 1885 354,434 127,021 339,595 821,050 52,072 529,605 214,412 796,089 1886 386,343 143,571 385,465 915,379 56,671 538,958 240,136 835,765 1887 441,544 135,635 490,272 1,067,451 61,666 636,021 304,081 1,001,768 1888 466,406 117,885 410,319 994,610 59,045 552,546 423,703 1,035,294 1889 499,598 136,466 279,481 915,545 58,650 457,024 370,976 886,650 1890 483,729 154,736 289,173 927,638 60,672 510,593 364,702 935,967 1891 507,216 168,306 319,392 994,914 68,504 649,240 372,792 1,090,536 1892 519,135 147,585 535,958 1,202,678 74,618 762,724 384,391 1,221,733 1893 497,601 142,741 216,389 856,731 64,757 562,545 353,764 981,066 1894 499,745 53,483 695,039 1,248,267 69,552 465,373 512,251 1,047,176 1895 463,409 114,428 292,917 870,754 73,056 340,338 484,162 897,556 1896 461,786 73,081 339,904 874,771 74,470 363,226 464,443 902,139 1897 465,421 90,284 325,078 880,783 74,980 380,288 467,328 922,596 1898 462,225 76,915 268,489 807,629 72,653 336,911 464,239 873,803 1899 459,657 43,179 290,413 793,249 69,357 269,968 477,770 817,095 1900 513,636 42,044 275,690 831,370 74,427 304,608 473,770 852,805 1901 576,621 80,719 477,785 1,135,125 78,168 330,193 540,850 949,211 1902 579,067 49,696 339,035 967,798 82,806 323,531 605,084 1,011,421 1903 621,408 60,841 333,927 1,016,176 99,343 355,054 476,761 931,158 1904 623,735 24,225 405,674 1,053,634 84,271 351,704 660,471 1,096,446 * Road Trusts and City of Sydney only. t Including expenditure on Works in Municipalities. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 25 NEW SOUTH WALES. ROAD TRUSTS, MUNICIPALITIES, SHIRES, AND CITY OF SYDNEY. SUMMARY OF REVENUE, ETC., 1858 TO 1916 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Govern- f Year. ment Rates and Tolls. Grants and Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other Total. Endow- ments. 1905 640,136 24,335 406,559 1,071,030 85,901 354,998 650,193 1,091,092 1906 665,908 83,022 433,854 1,182,784 90,629 402,319 593,999 1,086,947 1907 1,017,597 307,000 714,1J2 2,038,709 199,791 672,199 886,638 1,758,628 1908 1,191,203 253,286 588,159 2,032,648 252,646 968,066 749,051 1,969,763 1909 1,287,348 339,891 740,537 2,367,776 251,190 1,089,017 861,344 2,201,551 1910 1,360,197 357,066 782,322 2,499,585 258,943 1,210,388 997,697 2,467,028 1911 1,514,821 381,422 883,234 2,779,477 268,629 1,288,862 1,075,143 2,632,634 1912 1,662,177 428,577 ,038,672 3,129,426 221,747 1,515,215 1,277,797 3,014,759 1913 1,845,688 207,517 ,292,911 3,346,116 244,675 1,562,133 1,419,840 3,226,648 1914 2,091,794 385,662 ,302,488 3,779,944 254,717 1,725,192 1,511,691 3,491,600 1915 2,151,297 393,957 ,423,429 3,968,683 248,882 1,835,898 1,672,926 3,757,706 1916 2,270,726 389,833 ,520,526 4,181,085 267,072 1,873,505 1,836,325 3,976,902 NEW SOUTH WALES. ROAD TRUSTS, MUNICIPALITIES, SHIRES, AND CITY OF SYDNEY. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, I860 TO 1916. Year. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. T/iabilities. Outstanding Loans. I860 .. 1,186,638 . . . . 1861 .. 1,175,740 1862 .. 1,212,361 1863 .. ,176,447 i \ [ * ] " 1864 .. ,152,264 1865 ,. ,168,039 . ' *. 1866 .. ,227,412 1867 .. ,282,885 1868 .. ,335,319 . 1869 .. ,401,980 1870 .. ,481,868 1871 .. ,615,493 . . 1872 .. ,629,241 1873 .. ,679,007 1874 .. ,699,545 1875 .. ,879,021 1876 .. 2,016,181 1877 .. 2,175,094 1878 .. 2,443,939 1879 .. 2,814,431 1880 .. 3,138,362 1881 .. 3,767,711 1882 .. 3,736,468 1883 .. 4,206,806 1884 .. 4,885,820 1885 .. 5,441,159 1886 .. 5,867,850 440,149* 1887 . . - 6,303,383 733,148* * Exclusive of the City of Sydney. 26 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. NEW SOUTH WALES. ROAD TRUSTS, MUNICIPALITIES, SHIRES, AND CITY OF SYDNEY. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL AND UNIMPROVED VALUES, ETC., 1860 TO 1916 continued. Year. ] Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. i? 1888 .. 6,183,133 1,552,087 1889 .. 6,961,530 1,634,013 1890 .. 7,149,304 1,751,296 1891 .. 7,854,140 . . 1,793,775 1892 . . . . ; 8,179,061 . . 2,119,450 1893 .. .. 7,987,177 . . . 1 . 2,522,393 1894 .. .. 7,460,674 . . . 2,583,874 1895 .. .. 7,290,630 4.010,178 2,643,967 2,585,235 1896 .. .. j 7,072,190 3,652,231 2,863,347 2,670,910 1897 .. . . , 6,935,900 3,655,807 2,999,433 2,707,569 1898 .. .. 6,906,330 3,658,340 3,010,880 2,736,703 1899 .. .. 6,984,010 3,592,808 3,047,987 2,730,934 1900 7,483,290 3,780,928 3,086,138 2,732,044 1901 .. 7,679,930 3,841,083 3,115,548 2,917,140 1902 .. .. i 7,656,250 3,823,759 3,110,493 2,881,511 1903 .. .. i 7,927,580 3,927,766 3,126,693 2,936,939 1904 .. 8,120,750 . . 3,947,976 3,151,191 2,962,439 1905 .. 8,310,950 54,667,022 3,956,661 3,295,324 3,052,332 1906 . . . . 1 8,446,320 54,667.022 4,213,786 3,356,514 3,131,872 1907 .. .. 12.829,849 141,231,942 4,396,623 3,612,932 3,317,103 1908 13,171,598 146.527,422 5,010,054 4,806,229 3,482,415 1909 .. 13,352,619 146,719,632 6,123,422 5,366,856 4,132,007 1910 .. 13,932,947 153,465,234 7,022,163 6,401,472 4.696,155 1911 .. 14,776,740 164,034,416 7.724,884 6,976,139 5,339,673 1912 .. 15,541.602 169,737,901 9,182,115 8,425,504 6,480,908 1913 .. 16,449,003 172,337,445 10,749,907 10,104,079 7,162,328 1914 .. 18,610,693 185.400,027 11,968,977 11,190,632 7,795,856 1915 .. 19,510,909 188,218,334 13,024,024 12,194,903 8,421,643 1916 .. 20,184,148 194,964,738 14,137.771 13,255,861 8,890,600 (D) Municipal Gasworks. 1. General. Under the Municipalities Act 1906, Municipalities are authorized to construct gasworks for public lighting and to provide private consumers with gas. In addition, acetylene gas plants have been established in certain Municipalities. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables give particulars of (i) the revenue and expenditure from 1908 to 1916; (ii) the assets and liabilities from 1908 to 1916 ; and (iii) the value from 1892 to 1916 of municipal gasworks : NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL GASWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1908 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year Number of 1 a y ending 31st Municipali- . be "S-2 1 M I H December. ties. 2.5 gl 5-g --2 ti o .- .. cS '*s 11 111 1 1 "3 a 1 1 Sr, J 2 fii-5 2 -J5^ O H m S S ^5 H No. s. 1908 20 33,867 7,652 4,142 1,742 47,403 22,714 1,525 3,904 1,700 2.457 32,300 1909 20 38,421 8,850 4,492 374 52,137 24,848 2,160 4,663 1 ,838 2,789 36,298 1910 20 41,027 8,948 5,353 403 55,731 28,466 2,896 5.207 2,000 4,345 42,914 1911 21 43,183 9,258 5,806 252 58,499 29,942 2,931 5,323 2,149 4,564 44,909 1912 ... 21 46,523 10,177 6,157 395 63,252 33,836 3,806 6,345 2,747 2,156 48,890 1913 21 .51,960 10,818 6,941 362 70,081 33,904 4,299 9,664 2,870 885 51.622 1914 21 56,808 10,914 7,312 660 75,01)4 38,268 4.363 10,032 3,083 011 56,657 1915 21 60,229 11,388 8,023 468 80,108 41,166 5,115 10,738 3,469 706 61,193 1916 21 65,706 11,449 8,195 510 85,860 45,894 6,187 1?,264 3,859 1,245 69.449 MUNICIPALITIES, KI . 27 NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL GASWORKS. -ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 1908 TO 1916. Trading Account. Loan Fund. Year ending :'.lst Drrcmber. A> -i Liabilities. taaett. Liability. 1908 47,385 19,203 191,695 162,209 1909 30,877 7,425 200,602 156,131 1910 51,620 19,981 196,614 156,549 1911 53,892 22,077 191,464 151,651 1912 59,888 26,049 204,608 151,607 - 1913 69,323 32,480 200,613 141,138 1914 87,973 47,543 180,611 121,839 1915 97,641 53,592 205,664 129,941 1916 111,031 57,257 208,831 132,599 NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL GASWORKS. VALUE OF WORKS, 1892 TO 1916 Year ending No. of Munici- palities. Value of Works. Year ending No. of .Munici- palities. Value of Works. No. No. February, 1892 11 118,900 February, 1905 20 184,008 1893 16 156,800 ' 1906 .. 20 186,945 1894 .. 16 163,100 1907 20 191,869 1895 17 165,558 1908 20 195,582 1896 17 160,724 31st December, 1908 20 162,764 1897 17 162,274 1909 20 190,249 1898 17 160,158 1910 20 167,316 1899 . . 17 160,020 1911 21 170,103 1900 . . 17 159,848 1912 21 182,304 1901 17 160,362 1913 21 181,397 1902 17 160,022 1914 21 161,613 1903 18 168,779 1915 21 185,004 1904 18 171,731 1916 21 188,054 (E) Municipal Electricity Works. 1. General. Various Municipalities have erected electric-light plants under separate Acts, and sell light and power to the public. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn (i) the revenue and expenditure from 1908 to 1916; (ii) the assets and liabilities from 1908 to 1916; and (iii) the value from 1892 to 1916 of municipal electricity works, exclusive of those owned by the Sydney Corporation : NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY WORKS (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY) REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1908 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending Number of Muniripuli c .2 1 | December. ties. i.H 0.5 t, >. 1 bfl O.S 21= iS gg |j | | S c ;S jj ij IS 3 I-F t 1 '1 1 ^^ o H No. ' 1908* 6 (1.77'.) 9,366 504 1,962 18,601 6378 1.4C.S 943 690 3,421 13,400 1909* (i 6,662 8,780 1,897 994 18,333 8,688 1,683 1,195 858 1,482 13,906 1010* 7 7,410 9,084 4,211 851 21,056 11,105 1,697 1,434 1,952 2,025 18,213 1011* 8 0.47s 9,569 :..:;7;; 766 25,186 13,822 1^957 1,980 2. ()!)() 1,102 20,401 1012 s 18,787 1:1.414 6,580 1,798 39,579 18,611 3,476 3,377 2,276 1,237 28,977 101:; 10 21,120 9,768 5,917 2,432 39,237 17,524 2,826 6,204 1,821 1,136 29,511 1914 12 26,265 10,262 9,064 3,116 48,687 21,711 3,058 4,308 1,541 4,234 34,852 1915 11 30,186 1 l.l:;:-. 1(1. '.HO 3,115 55,349 23,782 3,353 4,970 1,917 4,508 1916 11 35,297 11,542 11,842 3.786 62,467 27,019 3,896 6,461 1,962 5,456 44,794 Exclusive of Broken Hill. 3 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY WORKS (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY). ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 1908 TO 1916. Trading Account. Loan Fund. Year ending 31st December. Assets. Liabilities. Assets. Liabilities. 1908* 19,656 5,610 62,026 91,003 1909* 8,745 5,014 86,005 103,369 1910* 8,446 8,983 90,294 107,574 1911* 10,541 10,941 100,305 116,812 1912 18,756 12,501 124,210 140,159 1913 24,476 16,144 117,324 123,744 1914 34,683 20,822 156,672 157,963 1915 54,710 31,573 159,440 159,161 1916 58,753 29,858 211,963 187,275 * Exclusive of Broken Hill. NEW SOUTH WALES. MUNICIPAL ELECTRICITY WORKS (EXCLUSIVE OF SYDNEY). VALUE OF WORKS, 1892 TO 1916. Year ending - No. of Munici- palities. Value of Works. Year ending- No. of Munici- palities. Value of Works. No. No. February, 1892 5 45,500 February, 1905 5 52,000 1893 5 47,500 : 1906 .. 5 64,500 1894 . . 6 57,500 1907 6 71,500 1895 . . 6 57,650 1908 . . 6 77,700 1896 . . 6 57,200 31st December, 1908* 6 49,962 1897 6 57,200 1909* 6 61,290 1898 . . 6 56,700 1910* 7 64,001 1899 6 54,700 1911* 8 71,370 1900 6 54,500 1912 8 88,504 1901 6 54,500 1913 10 76,757 1902 . . 6 54,650 1914 12 106,593 1903 . . 6 54,850 1915 11 104,874 1904 . . 5 48,000 1916 11 141,958 Exclusive of Broken Hill. 2. Victoria. (A) Municipalities and Shires. 1. General Review. Prior to separation from New South Wales, the Acts of that Colony were in force in Victoria. The Act of 1850, conferring a separate constitution on Victoria, provided for the formation of District Councils, Melbourne and Geelong having been already incorporated by special Acts. In 1853 a Central Road Board was created, and in 1854 the Municipalities Act was passed providing for the creation of Municipalities. This was superseded in 1863 by the Local Government Act, under which provision was made for Shires as well as Municipalities and Road Boards. This Act of 1863 has been amended and consolidated from time to time, and was finally consolidated in 1915, the whole of Victoria, with the exception of French Island in Western Port Bay, being now divided into Cities, Boroughs, and Shires. In 1912 the Country Roads Act was passed, by which certain main roads were to be constructed primarily at Government expense, a portion thereof being repaid by the Municipalities concerned. The following particulars do not refer to the Cities of Melbourne and Geelong, which are dealt with separately (see pages 42 to 48). MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 29 2. Legislation prior to the Formation of Road Districts. Prior to the Act of 1850, which granted a Constitution to Victoria, roads, bridges, &c., were subject to the same Acts as in New South Wales, except in Melbourne and Geelong, which were incorporated by special Acts in 1842 and 1849 respectively. The Act of 1850, constituting Victoria a separate Colony, contained provisions respecting existing District Councils, which declared void the Letters Patent establishing a Council which had not been followed by an election of Councillors, and which permitted the revocation by the Governor of the Letters Patent of an existing District Council, upon the petition of the Council itself, or if there was no Council, upon the petition of resident householders. Simultaneously it was made lawful for the Governor to incorporate the inhabitants of a District and establish a Council upon petition from inhabitant house- holders. In every respect the conditions attached to the formation and duties of Councils under the 1850 Act were the same as those under the 1842 Act of New South Wales (see page 9), except that (a) the qualifications of an elector were reduced to 100 for a freeholder and 10 for a householder or leaseholder: (6) the word " man" was substituted for person; and (c) the provision requiring a District Council to provide half the cost of maintaining the police within its District was deleted. The necessity for a more comprehensive scheme of Local Government soon became apparent, owing to the increase of settlement on the land, which followed the gold-rush. In 1852 two Committees of the Legislative Council were appointed, one to inquire into the operations of District Councils which had already been established, and the other to report generally upon the condition of the roads and bridges in the State, and as to how far the funds for their construction and maintenance could be best expended. The outcome of the second Committee was the passing of the Roads Act 1853. 3. Roads Act 1853.- Certain roads were proclaimed Main Roads, and were placed under the control of a Central Road Board consisting of three Commissioners nominated by the Governor. These Commissioners were given power to construct and maintain Main Roads and Bridges, as well as District, Parish, and Cross Roads and Bridges. In addition, the Governor was authorized to proclaim Road Districts, and on petition from five landholders and five householders a Justice of the Peace was required to call a meeting for the purpose of forming a District Road Board. At this meeting not less than five nor more than nine members were to be elected, persons assessed at from 5s. to 30s. per year having one vote, and those assessed at over 30s. two votes. The existing Trustees of a Parish Road were deemed to be a District Road Board for the locality through which such Parish Road passed and for 3 miles on either side, and were to continue in office until a Road District had been proclaimed and a Road Board appointed. Members of a Road Board were elected annually, and were empowered to construct and maintain Parish or Cross Roads. The revenue of the Board was derived from tolls and assessment rates, the latter of which were fixed at meetings of landholders and householders. The Board was not permitted either to borrow money or anticipate its funds ; but, in 1854, the Act was amended to allow of a Board anticipating its funds by entering into contracts, but not to an amount exceeding the rates to be received for twelve months after making such contract. 4. Municipal Institutions Act 1854. Under this Act, on the petition of 150 resident householders, the Governor was authorized to proclaim a Municipal District, provided that the area contained not more than 9 square miles, no part of which was more than 6 miles from any other part, and that the number of resident householders was not less than 300. A meeting could be convened by ten or more persons for the purpose (a) of deciding whether the Council should consist of 3, 5, or 7 members ; (b) of determining the remuneration, if any, to be paid to Councillors ; and (c) of electing the members. The Chairman was elected by the Councillors for a period of one year, while of the latter one out of three, two out of five, or three out of seven retired annually in rotation. The care and management of roads, streets, wharves, jetties, and piers were vested in the Council, as well as the provision of cemeteries, preservation of public health, maintenance of the poor and sick, and the necessary supply of* water. The revenue was derived from tolls and dues on roads, markets, and wharves, and from rates not exceeding two shillings in the pound on the annual value, half of which was payable by the tenant and half by the owner. Power to borrow on mortgage or otherwise was granted to an amount not 30 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. exceeding three years' income. An amendment of the Act in 1856 made it obligatory for a member of the Council to be a resident in Victoria, and rendered the election of a non- resident .member null and void. It also prohibited females from voting, and granted subsidies from Government funds. The Act of 1854 was consolidated and re-enacted in 1863, the principal features being retained. The more important new features were (a) that a quarter of the ratepayers might petition for the division of the Borough, as the Municipal District was now called, into three Wards ; (6) that the number of Councillors was raised to nine for a single Borough up to 24 for four united Boroughs ; and (c) that the Government endowments was fixed on a gradually decreasing scale, so that after the fifth year no subsidy was to be paid. 5. Local Government Act 1863. Provision was made under this Act for Road Districts and Shires, the existing Road Districts and Councils being retained. A new Road District could be formed on the petition of ten or more inhabitants, but must contain not less than 40 square miles, and have rateable property of a net annual value of not less than 5,000. On the petition of twenty ratepayers a District might be divided into two or three subdivisions. A District Board comprised six, or, in the case of three subdivisions, nine members, while united Districts had up to fifteen members. One-third of the members retired annually. The powers of the District Councils remained practically the same, but the construction and maintenance of main roads and bridges was placed in their hands, although the Government was authorized to bear part of the cost of their construction. The endowment from Government for the first five years was fixed at 2 for every 1 of rates collected, and thereafter at 1 for 1. A Shire contained an area of not less than 100 square miles, and an income from rates amounting to at least 1,000. The powers and functions of a Shire Council were the same as those of a District Council, but, in addition, a Shire Council could borrow for permanent works or for the repayment of a loan on mortgage of special rates. In 1867 a Borough Council was authorized to issue hackney carriage licences. 6. Public Works Statute 1865. The Governor appointed a Board of Land and Works, consisting of not less than three nor more than seven members, to consider and determine the adoption of plans of public works and acceptance of tenders. In addition, roads and bridges, not within a Road District, Shire, or Borough, were placed under its management, together with the receipt of tolls. 7. Shires Statute 1869. This Act consolidated that portion of the Local Government Act 1863, together with its amendments, which related to Shires, and presented few new features. Existing Shires and Road Districts remained. Any union of Shires, Districts, Boroughs, &c., and any new Shire must have a minimum revenue of 1,000 a year from a rate of one shilling in the pound on the annual value. Shires could be divided into two or three Ridings, while the number of Councillors for a union of four Shires was raised to 24. The maintenance of main roads and bridges was vested in the Councils, but the Government could expend up to 70,000 in one year on main roads, and defray half the cost of bridges, but not exceeding 30,000 in one year. The Government endowment was fixed at 2 for every 1 of rates; not exceeding one shilling in the pound collected, the total amount not to exceed 160,000 a year for five years, after the expiration of which the subsidy was to cease. An amendment made in 1871 converted a Road District, the annual value of which exceeded 12,000, irrespective of its area, into a Shire. 8. Boroughs Statute 1869. This Act repealed the Local Government Act 1863, but there were few points of difference between the two Acts. The number of C9uncillors was fixed at a minimum of six and a maximum of nine, except for united Boroughs, when it might range up to eighteen. The Government was authorized to contribute half the cost of main roads, but at a cost not exceeding 5,000 in one year, or 500 in one Borough. 9. Local Government Act 1874. By this , Act all previous Acts relating to Local Government were repealed, with the exception of those referring to the City of Melbourne or Town of Geelong. Every City and Town was deemed to be a Borough, and the Corporation of a Borough, Shire, or Road District, a Municipality. The existing boundaries of Boroughs and Shires were scheduled. A new Shire could be constituted MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 31 in place of a Road District when the sum of 500 was obtained on a rate of one shilling in the pound of annual value. A Borough must have an area not exceeding 9 square miles, having no point distant more than 6 miles from any other point, and containing not less than 300 resident householders. A Borough with a gross revenue of not less than 10,000 could be proclaimed a Xown, or if the gross revenue was not less than 20,000, a ( 'it y. The endowment, for a Shire was fixed at 2 for every 1 of general rates, not exceeding one shilling in the pound, and for a Borough 1 for every 1, but not to exceed 2,000 in a year in any one Borough. An annual endowment of 310,000 was authorized, but ceased to be payable in 1879. A subsidy in lieu thereof, amounting to i':{ 10,000, was voted, and gradually increased until 1890-91, when 450,000 was reached. The system of collection by tolls was to remain in force until the end of 1875, but was prolonged by subsequent enactments to the end of 1877, when it was abolished, except at ferries. 10. Local Government Act 1890. The Acts previously existing were consolidated by that of 1890. Among the alterations made was a change in the number of votes to which an elector- was entitled, the new scale being one vote for property rated at less than 50 in a Borough, or 25 in a Shire ; twa votes for property rated at 50 to 100 in a Borough, or 25 to 75 in a Shire ; and three votes for property rated above these amounts. No change was made in the rates of endowment. In 1891 the system of endowments was altered, and the following sums were granted for every 1 of general rates : Cities and Towns, 10s. ; other Boroughs, 15s. ; Shires, I. Class, 12s. 6d. ; II. Class, 24s. ; III. Class, 28s. ; IV. Class, 40s. ; V. Class, 47s. 6d. ; VI. Class, 55s. For the year 1893 these subsidies were reduced. In 1895 subsidies were withdrawn from Cities, Towns, and first class Shires. In 1891 the sum of 450,000 was provided as an annual endowment, reduced to 405,000 from 1st January, 1893 ; to 310,000 from 1st July, 1893; to 100,000 from 1st July,1894; and to 50,000 from 1st July, 1902. For the year 1906-7 it was increased to 75,000, and from the 1st July, 1907, to 100,000, at which figure it remained until 1915, when it was reduced to 50,000. In 1896 the amount of annual rates requisite for the constitution of a Shire was increased from 500 to 1,500. In 1903 the Local Government Act was consolidated and amended. The principal new features of this Act were as follows : (a) the number of inhabitants necessary to constitute a Shire was raised from 300 to 500, in addition to which the District must contain property capable of yielding 300 with a rate of one shilling in the pound of annual value ; (b) Townships might be proclaimed on petition of 25 resident ratepayers in any Shire, but they were not to exceed 3 square miles in extent nor be distant less than 10 miles from the boundaries of the City of Melbourne ; and (c) Boards were to be appointed by the Governor for the purpose of granting certificates of competency to municipal clerks and surveyors. No provision was made for the classification of Shires, &c., for Government endowments, the classification made in 1891 still remaining in force. An amendment in 1904 empowered the Governor to aeclare a Shire to be a Borough when such Shire attained the extent, population, and revenue requisite for a Borough. In 1907 the Municipal Association of Victoria was incorporated with power to establish a Municipal Officers' Guarantee Fund. In the same year an alteration was made in the classification and endowment paid, and the following scale was adopted on the basis of every 1 received as general and extra rates : Cities and Towns, no endowment. Boroughs and first class Shires, 3s. ; maximum, 150. Second class Shires, 5s. ; maximum, 1,600. Third class Shires, 6s. ; maximum, 1,600. Fourth class Shires, 8s. Fifth class Shires, 10s. Sixth class Shires, 12s. The total endowment from 1907 was 100,000 a year until June, 1915, and was reduced to 50,000 a year from that date onwards. In the same year Municipal Councils were empowered to construct and maintain sheep dips, and to contribute towards public, agricultural, and technical schools. In 1914 the 1903 Act was further amended, and power was given to the Governor, in the event of a Borough not containing rateable property capable of yielding 300 32 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. upon a rate of one shilling in the pound of annual value, or in the event of a Shire not raising 1,500 in general and extra rates, to either unite such Borough or Shire to an adjoining Municipality or sever a portion and annex it to another Municipal District. Further amendments were (a) that females were now made eligible as Councillors ; (b) that a recount by a Police Magistrate of votes cast at an election could be demanded ; (c) that a Council could carry out any of the purposes provided for in a Water Act, could prohibit noises in streets, could regulate advertisements in public places, and could reclaim or improve insanitary or low-lying areas. 11. Country Roads Act 1912. Under this Act the Country Roads Board was constituted, consisting of three members appointed by the Governor. The principal duties of this Board are to determine main roads, to see that Municipal Councils carry out permanent works satisfactorily, or carry them out itself if the Governor orders. AH main roads are to be maintained by Councils. The total cost of making permanent works and of the maintenance of main roads is in the first instance paid by the Govern- ment from loan funds, and a portion varying from one-half to two-thirds of this expenditure is repaid by the Municipalities benefited. The revenue of the Country Roads Board is derived from moneys paid by Municipalities and by Government, fees , and fines under the Motor Car Act, registration fees for traction engines, moneys standing to the credit of the Municipal Fees and Fines Trust Fund, and all fees received 'by the Crown under the Unused Roads and Water Frontages Act 1903 (incorporated in the Local Government Act 1915). 12. Rating on Unimproved Values Act 1914. Under this Act a Council is enabled to levy rates on the unimproved capital value instead of on the annual improved value of land, the valuation under the Land Tax Act 1910 being adopted. A Council may adopt the provisions of the Act, but, if required, the consent of the ratepayers must be obtained by poll. This measure does not come into operation until proclaimed, which proclamation may be made when the valuations of lands made by assessors under the Land Tax Act 1910 are available for adoption. 13. Woikers' Dwellings Act 1914. Under this Act Municipal Councils are authorized to purchase land and erect dwellings for leasing to workers who are not in receipt of over 200 a year. 14. Local Government Act 1915. This Act consolidates the previous Acts and amendments, a slight amendment, allowing Municipal Councils to regulate street hawking,, being made in the same year. The provisions of the Workers' 1 Dwellings Act 1914 were incorporated in this Act. The following are particulars of the chief provisions of the Act : (i) Constitution of Municipalities. Provision is made for the continuation of Municipalities incorporated under previous Acts, and for the constitution of new Municipalities. (a) Shires. Any part of the State containing rateable property capable of yielding 1,500 upon a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound of annual value may be constituted a Shire upon petition of at least 50 inhabitants. (b) Boroughs. Any part of the State, not exceeding in area 9 square miles, and having no point distant more than 6 miles from any other point, which contains not less than 500 resident householders, and which has rateable property capable of yielding 300 upon a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound of annual value, may be constituted a Borough upon petition of 250 of such householders. Any Borough having during the preceding financial year a revenue of 10,000 may be declared a Town, or if such revenue reaches 20,000 a City, upon petition under the common seal of the Borough. Provision is also made for severing any part of a Municipality and annexing it to an adjoining Municipality, for dividing Boroughs into Wards, and Shires into Ridings not exceeding eight, and for uniting two or more Boroughs which form one continuous area so as to constitute one Borough. (c) Townships. -'Upon petition signed by not less than 25 ratepayers resident in any portion not exceeding 3 square miles in extent of any Shire and distant more than 10 miles from the boundaries of the City of Melbourne, the Governor may, with the consent of the Municipal Council, proclaim such portion a Township. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 33 (d) Dissolution of Boroughs and Shires. If it appears that any Borough does not contain rateable property capable of yielding 300 upon a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound of annual value, or that* the general and extra rates levied in a Shire during the preceding year did not yield a sum of 1,500, the Governor may either unite such Borough or Shire with any other adjoining Municipality, or sever portions and annex the same to any adjoining Municipal District. (ii) Qualifications of Councillors. In the case of existing Municipalities, the Council consists of the number of members assigned to it when the Act was passed, but, when the number of members is determined by the Act, such number, in cases where the Municipal District is not subdivided, is some multiple of three, not less than six, nor more than 24. In subdivided Districts three Councillors are allotted to each subdivision. Every person of either sex liable to be rated in respect of property in the Municipal District of the rateable value of 20 at the least is qualified to hold the office of Councillor, with the exception of (a) undischarged bankrupts or insolvents, (b) persons attainted of treason or convicted of felony or perjury or any infamous crime, (c) persons of unsound mind, and (d) persons holding an office of profit under the Council or participating directly or indirectly in a contract with the Council. Provision is made for the retirement of one-third of the Councillors annually in rotation, and for the annual election by the Council of the Chairman, who is styled the Mayor of a Borough or the President of a Shire. (iii) Qualifications of Electors, &c. Every person who on the tenth of June in any year (a) is of the full age of 21 years, (b) is liable to be rated in respect of any property within any Municipal District, and (c) has duly paid all sums payable in respect of any rates made three months or more before such day is entitled to be enrolled as a Voter if the property has an annual rateable value of not less than 5, or, whatever its value, if he resides in a house thereon. No " immigrant " within the meaning of the Chinese Act 1915 is entitled to be enrolled unless he is a naturalized or natural-born subject. Plurality of votes is allowed on the scale shown in the following statement : VICTORIA. PROPERTY QUALIFICATIONS FOR ENROLMENT AS MUNICIPAL VOTER. Number of Votes. Annual Rateable Value of Property. Boroughs (including Cities and Towns). Shires. 1 2 3 Under 50 50 and under 100 100 and upwards Under 25 25 and under 75 75 and upwards In a subdivided Municipal District a ratepayer is entitled to the number of votes corresponding to the annual value of his property in each subdivision. The occupier and owner of any rateable property may not both be enrolled in respect thereof, the former having the right to be enrolled in place of the latter. Corporations liable to be rated may appoint any person to be enrolled in their place. Joint occupiers and owners, not exceeding three, are each entitled to be enrolled, and in case more than three persons are rated in respect of any property, those whose names stand first in order upon the rate last made, or upon the last valuation if no rate has been made, are so entitled. Voters' lists are prepared annually by collectors appointed for the purpose ; and provision is made for the revision of the lists, for the time and place of holding elections, for the nomination of candidates, for voting by post, for the appointment and qualifications of officers, and for the meetings and proceedings of Councils. (iv) Powers and Functions of Councils. Municipal Councils are empowered to make by-laws for a great number and variety of purposes, of which the most important are as follows : (a) The control and regulation of roads and streets, buildings, wharves, and public places ; (b) the regulation of nuisances and traffic , (c) the supply and distribution C. 7099. 2 34 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. of water from waterworks under the management of the Council ; (d) sewerage ; (e) drainage ; (/) lighting ; (g) public reserves ; (h) quarrying ; (i) advertisements ; (j) cattle driving ; (k) street noises : (I) cabmen's shelters ; (m) privies ; (n) hawking within the Municipality ; (o) the destruction of vermin ; and (p) for maintaining generally the good rule and government of the Municipality. In addition, a Council may, with the consent of the Governor, make by-laws regulating (a) the erection of buildings or fences within 10 feet of a road ; (6) the removal of same ; (c) the exhibition of advertise- ments ; (d) the construction of buildings ; and (e) the erection of hoardings. Councils are authorized to undertake the supply of light, heat, or motive power for public or private purposes ; may construct and maintain tanks, dams, and reservoirs ; and may provide public baths and washhouses, markets, pounds, abattoirs, sheep dips, and places of recreation. They have also the power to register dancing saloons, to establish and aid charitable institutions, and to regulate noxious trades. All public sewers and drains within any Municipal District are vested in the Council, except those vested in any other Municipality or in the Board of Land and Works or in the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. One of the principal "functions of the Councils is to construct and maintain public highways, streets, bridges, ferries, and jetties within their respective boundaries. Further, a Council may acquire land, erect dwellings, and lease them to workers, and it is also a Local Authority for the purposes of the Health Act. (v) Rateable Property and Method of Valuation. All land, including buildings and improvements thereon, within a Municipality is rateable property, except the following : (a) Crown lands unoccupied or used for public purposes ; (b) land used exclusively for commons, mines, public worship, mechanics' institutes, public libraries, cemeteries, free primary schools, technical schools subsidized by Government, or charitable purposes ; (c) lands dedicated as sites for agricultural colleges or experimental farms ; (d) land vested in, in the occupation of, held in trust for, or under the management and control of any Municipality or any authority under the Water Act 1915 ; (e) land vested in fee in the Victorian Railways Commissioners, the Minister of Public Instruction, the Board of Land and Works, the Commissioners of the Melbourne Harbour Trust, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, the Commissioners of the Geelong Harbour Trust and the Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust. The rateable value of property is its net annual value, that is to say, it is the rent at which the property might reasonably be expected to let from year to year, free of all usual tenants' rates, taxes, insurance, and maintenance. In no case, however, must the annual value be less than 5 per cent, of the fair capital value of the fee simple of the property. A Council may, however, with the consent of the ratepayers at a poll to be held, if demanded, levy rates on the basis of the unimproved capital value of the land, and adopt the valuation made by the assessors under the Land Tax Act 1915. (vi) Rates. Municipal Councils are empowered to levy rates, which, together with grants and subsidies received from the Government, licence fees, market dues, rents, tolls, and sanitary charges, form their chief sources of income. The rates which may be levied are of three kinds, namely general, extra, and separate rates. (a) General Rates. These are levied at least once in every year, equally in respect .of all rateable property, and must not exceed two shillings and sixpence nor be less than sixpence in the pound of the net annual value. The rate must be levied on the occupier of the property rated, or, if there is no occupier, or if the occupier is the Crown or the Minister of Public Instruction or a public or local body, then upon the owner. (6) Extra Rates. In any Municipal District which is subdivided extra rates may be levied equally in respect of all the rateable property within any one or more of the subdivisions, but only on requisition by not less than two-thirds of the Councillors returned by such subdivision. The amount of general and extra rates levied in any year must not exceed two shillings and sixpence in the pound of the net annual value. (c) Separate Rates. These may be levied where it appears to the Council that any works or undertakings authorized by the Act are for the special benefit of any particular portion of the Municipal District. They may be made, however, only upon petition signed by a majority of the occupiers and by at least one-third of the owners, such owners being the owners of property in respect of which more than one-third of the total amount to be levied for the first year on account of such rate will be payable. Such MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 35 a rate must be confirmed by the Governor. Separate rates may be levied equally on all properties affected or may be differential, according to the benefits to be received by different properties. The amount of the rate must be such as will suffice to provide for the payment of interest and periodical repayments of, or sinking fund for the money borrowed on the security of the rate. (vii) Borrowing Powers. The Council of every Municipality may borrow money upon the credit of the Municipality by the sale of debentures, either for the purpose of liquidating previous loans or of carrying out specified permanent works or undertakings, such as (a) the construction, alteration, or enlargement of streets, roads, bridges, ferries, jetties, sewers, and drains ; (6) the construction or purchase of waterworks, electric light works, gasworks, municipal offices, pounds, abattoirs, sheep dips, markets, workers' dwellings, baths, washhouses, pleasure grounds, libraries, museums, and places of public resort and recreation ; (c) the establishment of hospitals, asylums, and buildings for charitable purposes ; (d) the construction or purchase of machinery and plant for the treat ment of refuse, for quarrying, and for the treatment of night-soil ; (e) the reclamation of low-lying or insanitary areas ; and (/) the purchase of land or any easement, term, right, or privilege in, over, or affecting land. The total indebtedness for loans for permanent works or undertakings must not exceed ten times the average income of the Municipality for the last three years from general rates, but any excess of general rates over one shilling and sixpence in the pound is not to be taken into account. The principal moneys secured by debentures must be paid within 40 years from the date of borrowing. In addition to the above borrowing powers, a Council may borrow money for permanent works or undertakings on the security of the whole or any part of its income, but not upon the credit of the Municipality, by the issue of debentures or mortgage, such income not to include moneys derived from general, separate, or extra rates, or from endowment. The amount so borrowed must not exceed five times the average income of the Municipality for the previous, three years, and must be repaid within a period of 30 years. Where a Council is empowered to execute any work at the qost of the owners or to require such owners to do so, a special improvement charge may be made on the properties affected, on the security of which money may be borrowed for the carrying out of such work. The question as to whether any loan for the purpose of permanent works shall be incurred must be submitted to a poll of the ratepayers upon demand signed by any twenty persons whose names are inscribed in the municipal roll. A Council may also obtain advances from banks by overdraft, but such overdraft must not exceed one-half the prior year's revenue. (viii) Endowment The distribution of Government endowment amongst Boroughs and Shires is based on the amount of general and extra rates received during the twelve months ending on the preceding 30th September, according to the following scale, no endowment being payable to Cities or Towns : VICTORIA. ENDOWMENT OF BOROUGHS AND SHIRES, 1916-17. To every Borough or first class Shire . . . . 3s. in the pound. To every second class Shire . . . . 5s. To every third class Shire. . .. .. 6s. To every fourth class Shire . . . . 8s. To every fifth class Shire . . . . . . , . . 10s. To every sixth class Shire. . . . , . . . . 12s. ., Since the 30th June, 1915, the annual amount provided as endowment has been reduced to 50,000. 1"). Municipal Rates Recovery Act 19 16. Under this Act a Council may sell land on which no rates have been paid for ten years, and which has been unoccupied for more than five years. Before selling, notice must be given by registered post to any person appearing to own or to have an interest in the land, and posted up on the ground and at the office of the Council. If the address of the owner is unknown, notice of intention to sell must be advertised once in a newspaper circulating in the neighbourhood of the land and once in a Melbourne newspaper. 2 ^ 36 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 16. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables shew separately for Cities, Towns, and Boroughs (exclusive of Melbourne and Geelong), and for Road Districts and Shires (a) their areas, estimated populations, numbers of ratepayers, estimated numbers of dwellings, and the total and annual values of properties therein for the years 1856 to 1918 ; and (6) their revenue and expenditure for the years 1857 to 1917 ; and (c) their assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1868 to 1917. The revenue and expenditure of Municipalities on local waterworks prior to 1895 are not included in the figures given, and revenue from loans previous to that date is also not included. Prior to 1874 outstanding loans were not in all cases included under the heading of liabilities, while frequently the value of halls and other buildings belonging to Munici- palities were not included under the heading of assets. VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, AND BOROUGHS (EXCLUSIVE OF MELBOURNE AND GEELONG.) AREA, POPULATION, DWELLINGS, VALUE, ETC., 1856 TO 1918. Year ending 30th September. Number of boroughs. Area. Estimated 'opulation. Slumber of Ratepayers. Estimated Number of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value of Property. No. Acres. No. No. No. 1856 . . 13 . . . . . . 550,088 1857 . . 17 . . 1,422,182 1858 . . 27 . . . . 1,413,303 1859 . . 35 . . . . . 1,563,124 1860 . . 38 . . . . . 12,803,576 1,425,103 1861 . . 46 12,900,976 1,392,817 1862 . . 51 185,770 210,756 52,814 12,467,604 1,518,106 1863 . . 56 216,332 219,815 55,303 12,637,829 1,452,323 1864 . . 59 212,244 226,186 56,008 12,535,811 1,428,364 1865 . . 60 234,065 244,712 57,202 12,995,899 1,594,770 1866 . . 60 234,130 252,939 . 56,116 13,848,875 1,646,072 1867 .. 60 234,426 261,716 58,042 59,103 13,809,056 1,633,962 1868 . . 60 236,143 277,590 61,396 60,615 14,543,660 1,711,925 1869 . . 61 237,184 295,252 63,119 64,012 14,377,393 1,738,606 1870 . . 63 241,425 306,102 63,806 67,971 15,016,676 1,816,633 1871 .. 61 237,691 301,265 68,240 67,048 15,419,894 1,872,363 1872 . . 58 227,192 301,075 65,286 68,351 15,599,155 1,864,028 1873 . . 58 229,280 314,526 72,921 71,805 16,740,830 1,836,338 1874 . . 58 232,686 318,698 73,118 71,429 18,271,255 1,951,147 1875 . . 57 224,119 323,855 74,945 73,163 19,037,813 1,990,784 1876 . . 57 223,103 326,117 75,282 73,472 20,366,485 2,044,621 1877 . . 57 223,966 332,633 74,608 73,431 19,861,790 2,088,727 1878 . . 57 224,635 340,380 75,961 74,361 21,723,701 2,125,309 1879 . . 55 214,605 343,284 78,640 75,017 20,111,305 2,134,223 1880 . . 55 214,706 358,905 78,435 74,165 21,029,062 2,117,907 1881 . . 55 210,784 364,351 80,989 77,577 22,014,854 2,177,144 1882 . . 56 209,354 368,508 78,984 79,342 23,865,883 2,294.690 1883 . . 58 217,964 381,398 92,557 81,203 26,321,771 2,467,921 1884 . . 58 217,964 396,901 98,430 86,024 29,851,034 2,706,435 1885 . . 58 217,964 415,615 102,512 90,592 34,483,620 3,013,186 1886 . . 57 212,844 435,546 109,893 95,833 40,480,572 3,482,409 1887 . . 57 213,004 450,378 120,826 99,732 46,883,877 3,713,854 1888 . . 57 213,004 486,074 132,599 105,963 59,959,350 4,602,011 1889 . . 57 213,004 502,668 111,998 109,468 67,171,838 4,855,663 1890 . . 57 215,182 534,554 120,604 115,011 67,246,236 4,934,970 1891 . . 58 215,182 535,296 120,357 117,582 71,213,290 5,134,990 1892 . . 57 212,196 521,343 124,657 120,969 67,387,360 4,930,894 1893 . . 57 212,217 503,637 120,586 122,382 59,648,640 4,307,827 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 37 VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, AND BOROUGHS (EXCLUSIVE OF MELBOURNE AND GEELONG). AREA, POPULATION, ETC., 1856 TO 1918 continued. Year ending 30th September. .Number Of Boroughs. .Viva. Estimated Population. Number of Ratepayers. Estimated .Number of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value of Property. No. Acres. No. No. No. 1894 . . 56 208,541 497,131 129,887 125,139 52,845,491 3,783,745 1895 . . 56 208,541 504,015 112,390 122,298 49,809,430 3,404,259 1896 . . 56 208,544 499,162 119,825 124,406 49,324,860 3,251,573 1897 . . 56 208,544 502,059 126,62r 120,341 52,140,024 3,246,995 1898 . . 56 208,544 505,589 130,567 122,029 51,723,649 3,196,586 1899 . . 56 208,544 514,008 135,145 120,759 52,072,097 3,201,087 1900 . . 56 208,544 519,892 131,132 120,489 52,088,030 3,255,517 1901 . . 56 208,544 546,445 131,235 115,150 52,283,723 3,351,291 1902 . . 58 218,624 566,605 135,079 119,257 61,660,823 3,749,658 1903 . . 58 218,624 571,478 132,411 122,797 62,689,871 3,838,017 1904 . . 58 218,624 571,305 135,864 123,856 63,97S,420 3,896,554 1905 . . 58 218,624 575,237 136,531 126,219 64,776,012 4,008,085 1906 . . 58 230,091 571,001 138,768 125,536 65,482,725 3,970,828 1907 . . 58 231,391 580,212 141,186 127,539 66,462,475 4,062,290 1908 . . 58 231,391 593,679 145,440 129,438 68,270,378 4,174,901 1909 . . 58 231,391 603,409 147,764 131,814 70,232,820 4,293,590 1910 . . 58 231,391 613,927 152,249 134,941 72,572,623 4,417,524 1911 .. 58 231,391 155,712 137,743 76,188,567 4,612,282 1912 .. 59 244,549 624,859 162,109 . . 80,591,133 4,864,209 1913 .. 59 244,569 657,316 168,999 137,183 87,852,161 5,276,405 1914 .. 59 244,569 680,979 170,707 152,009 93,529,159 5,584,601 1915 .. 59 244,569 701,858 176,494 158,973 101,901,944 5,952,874 1916 .. 50 202,852 700,300 176,321 160,194 102,886,577 6,018,125 1917 .. 49 197,092 706,805 180,219 162,088 106,458,411 6,204,944 1918 .. 50 723,210 185,419 110,380,883 6,492,455 VICTORIA. ROAD DISTRICTS AND SHIRES. AREA, RATEPAYERS, DWELLINGS, AND VALUE OF PROPERTY, 1857 TO 1918. Number of Year ending 30th September. Districts or Shires. Area. Estimated Popula- tion. Number of Rate- payers. Estimated Number of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value. Road Boards. Shires. Xo. Xo. Sq. miles. Xo. Xo. No. 1857 . . 16 . . . . . . e 587,819 1858 . . 24 . . . . . . . 800,826 1859 . . 30 . . . . . . 9,960,578 739,124 1860 . . 42 8,817,292 821,901 1861 .. 60 . . . . 12,764,286 1,311,102 1862 . . 84 42,131 226,785 . . 40,990 * * 1863 . . 98 8 48,905 270,487 52,878 17,092,176 1,721,839 1864 . . 65 34 50,496 284,639 58,683 17,920,334 1,889,828 * The total and annual values for the year 1862 do not apply, as in other years, to all the rateable property in the district, but only to messuages, tenements, and dwelling houses, and are therefore omitted. 38 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. ROAD DISTRICTS AND SHIRES. AREA, RATEPAYERS, DWELLINGS, AND VALUE OF PROPERTY, 1857 TO 1918 continued. Year ending 30th September. Number of Districts or Shires. Area Estimated Popula- tion. Number of Rate- payers. Estimated dumber of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value. Road Boards. Shires. No. No. q. miles. No. No, No. 1865 .. 53 45 60,340 291,560 58,309 21,519,740 2,221,760 1866 . . 48 50 60,414 301,358 60,328 20,843,956 2,210,203 1867 . . 48 51 63,854 306,975 58,996 62,613 22,328,847 2,386,592 1868 . . 47 54 67,899 318,034 61,061 63,472 23,404,948 2,513,830 1869 . . 52 56 73,243 356,028 64,008 69,138 25,798,077 2,715,870 1870 . . 52 56 72,596 341,326 65,931 74,928 25,515,524 2,666,555 1871 .. 19 89 72,889 346,064 71,341 74,530 28,522,982 2,760,272 1872 . . 16 94 73,872 363,406 76,043 77,686 30,727,329 2,731,468 1873 . . 15 95 73,872 374,995 79,728 81,258 32,409,868 2,872,761 1874 . . 12 98 73,872 387,023 83,524 84,243 34,695,418 3,133,995 1875 . . 108 74,601 387,473 88,014 87,254 39,468,968 3,548,932 1876 . . 110 75,136 411,735 89,407 89,373 45,577,734 3,649,874 1877 . . 111 81,981 421,667 89,873 90,861 48,282,719 3,745,305 1878 . . 112 82,809 428,993 93,204 91,230 52,545,666 3,889,276 1879 . . 115 79,001 441,383 98,128 95,184 51,891,236 3,983,169 1880 .. . . 117 79,041 420,348 98,967 90,782 52,647,936 3,982,998 1881 .. 117 81,839 438,091 100,493 94,202 55,333,665 3,968,751 1882 . . . . 119 82,812 452,199 103,069 94,619 57,233,194 4,069,775 1883 . . . . 119 82,858 449,506 106,659 95,197 58,255,588 4,121,425 1884 . . 120 82,858 455,505 110,367 96,581 62,534,168 4,251,316 1885 . . 123 85,088 463,031 115,189 99,165 66,938,970 4,494,206 1S86 . . 125 86,046 471,530 122,316 101,730 71,973,156 4,796,224 1887 . . 126 86,276 484,035 127,230 104,807 76,938,174 5,033,542 1888 . . . . 128 86,424 501,746 135,8^8 109,049 90,433,970 5,612,273 1889 . . . . 130 86,860 506,965 129,666 109,485 102,346,953 6,271,791 1890 . . 133 86,728 515,185 135,908 110,953 108,086,680 6,432,500 1891 .. 137 86,728 523,699 138,919 112,447 112,075,270 6,592,500 1892 . . 139 86,821 537,127 141,470 117,238 109,228,220 6,599,960 1893 . . . . 142 86,821 548,207 141,613 118,342 109,855,080 6,476,010 1894 . . . . 145 86,827 553,760 151,746 121,465 104,561,836 6,149,987 1895 . . . . 149 86,827 560,600 152,137 124,667 101,497,200 5,741,200 1896 . . . . 150 87,002 555,251 151,732 123 302 102,801,400 5,603,000 1897 . . 150 86,827 560,614 155,499 122,047 102,998,270 5,576,190 1898 . . 150 86,827 560,616 157,354 120,912 102,019,767 5,556,965 1899 . . 150 86,982 567,6 5 159,487 122,618 101,473,386 5,528,909 1900 . . . . 150 86,982 577,660 154,662 123,428 102,798,300 5,613,300 1901 . . 150 86,982 571,683 159,128 122,645 106,839,331 5,771,865 19)2 .. 148 86,960 051,523 147,671 118,f>38 107, 81 :V><)<) 5,6(1 ',805 1903 . . . . 148 86,947 557,285 150,724 118,996 111,803,468 5,880,386 1904 . . . . 148 86,947 556,350 152,204 121,643 115,766,850 6,071,353 1905 . . 148 86,947 552,414 153,908 121,335 116,336,442 6,244,799 1906. .. 146 86,858 541,242 149,350 118,339 117,260,958 6,130,718 1907 . . 146 86,857 565,739 151,869 120,114 121,797,646 6,395,094 1908 . . . . 146 86,857 573,715 152,973 121,465 129,059,488 6,694,209 1909 . . 146 86,856 581,866 155,492 124,045 136,538,811 7,043,511 1910 .. 146 86,856 588,156 159,410 124,739 143,142,655 7,332,397 1911 .. . 146 86,856 568,494 163,916 126,951 150,970,220 7,716,815 1912 .. 146 86,836 568,494 168,229 125,879 155,677,624 7,969,963 1913 .. 147 86,836 583,909 173,271 125,879 160,628,933 8,152,473 1914 .. 147 88,957 600,431 175,637 137,187 164,268,467 8,255,505 1915 .. 147 88,657 608,8 ">8 1S1,480 138,462 167,405,523 8,517,938 1916 .. 141 88,722 617,587 184,374 141,893 169,724,979 8,606,509 1917 .. 139 88,731 619,696 187,894 142,511 172,309,539 8,732,116 1918 .. 139 613,380 186,551 172,558,872 8,735,794 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 39 VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, AND BOROUGHS (EXCLUSIVE OF MELBOURNE AND GEELONG). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917. Year ending 90th Septem- ber. Revenue. Kxpemliture. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1857 .. 119,871 108,259 1858 .. 121,795 67,492 189,287 . . 187,094 1859 .. 107,348 87,352 194,700 213,556 1860 .. 108,060 98,943 207,003 208,026 1861 .. 84,072 106,882 190,954 177,118 1862 .. 67,760 108,338 176,098 207,279 1863 .. 54,264 116,741 171,005 . . . . 176,522 1864 .. 56,402 184,601 241,003 . . 218,889 1865 .. 81,375 24,455 110,206 216,036 . . . . 250,432 1866 .. 87,570 27,069 113,431 228,070 . . . . 228,626 1867 . . 90,700 28,109 136,750 255,559 . . . 230,682 1868 . . 91,553 8,149 168,924 268,626 27,212 143,195 103,795 274,202 1869 . . 90,534 9,746 159,145 259,425 23,882 146,473 96,282 266.637 1870 .. 102,826 8,449 121,219 232,494 27,323 147,157 80,757 255,237 1871 .. 112,733 9,772 135,118 257,623 27,262 155,025 96,179 278,466 1872 .. 109,779 19,182 134,532 263,493 25,309 147,960 96,087 269,356 1873 .. 109,922 27,007 152,705 289,634 26,457 193,334 103,255 323,046 1874 .. 116,772 26,129 136,679 279,580 27,451 193,817 95,698 316,966 1875 .. 160,494 73,082 103,085 336,661 28,743 186,893 97,135 312,771 1876 .. 152,312 57,536 109,556 319,404 29,657 182,962 95,393 308,012 1877 .. 164,577 49,960 110,598 325,135 30,924 193,839 84,908 309,671 1878 .. 155,084 63,547 104,231 322,862 32,322 216,830 72,441 321,593 1879 .. 142,222 66,702 102,364 311,288 31,735 206,319 66,397 304,451 1880 .. 143,713 39,856 99,237 282,806 31,738 208,911 67,855 308,504 1881 .. 149,703 57,047 110,599 317,349 30,991 203,321 73,182 307,494 1882 . . 153,458 65,661 106,254 325,373 34,890 207,927 79,783 322,600 1883 .. 167,075 55,158 115,153 337,386 36,496 208,440 90,986 335,922 1884 .. 182,175 54,522 143,271 379,968 33,484 244,315 114,470 392,269 1885 . . 199,250 53,618 134,704 387,572 35,851 246,628 110,374 392,853 1886 .. 221,994 54,597 160,513 437,104 51,163 309,529 105,259 465,951 1887 .. 250,938 53,706 168,811 473,455 42,270 296,696 145,863 484,829 1888 .. 277,549 48,209 224,421 550,179 46,656 328,119 183,177 557,952 1889 .. 331,703 70,077 230,785 632,565 51,545 552,115 178,087 781,747 1890 .. 367,783 82,866 235,803 686,452 55,915 533,362 203,217 792,494 1891 .. 385,773 61,623 251,385 698,781 55,165 461,748 245,896 762,809 1892 .. 373,495 50,746 222,394 646,635 56,387 420,625 266,284 743,296 1893 .. 348,097 33,386 190,622 572,105 52,459 306,030 224,496 582,985 1894 .. 321,658 27,312 167,544 516,514 45,815 203,057 243,903 492,775 1895 .. 301,860 12,901 173,681 488,442 44,644 142,667 314,342 501,653 1896 . . 308,254 7,768 155,864 471,886 42,467 139,385 320,657 502,509 1897 .. 296,783 5,854 170,178 472,815 42,421 141,507 288,771 472,699 1898 .. 289,824 3,337 156,949 450,110 41,973 126,941 284,265 453,179 1899 .. 297,334 11,427 171,320 480,081 43,172 154,588 268,332 466,092 1900 .. 292,889 7,106 231,834 531,829 42,512 162,569 295,452 500,533 1901 .. 323,646 13,942 175,778 513,366 47,816 203,490 303,293 554,599 1902 .. 338,296 5,960 172,575 516,831 47,070 203,422 300,564 551,056 1903 .. 348,087 5,402 196,045 549,534 45,903 171,394 318,141 535,438 1904 .. 354,^65 4,855 180,692 540,412 47,813 173,383 323,763 544,959 1905 .. 354,531 4,782 205,886 565,199 47,014 211,860 315,731 574,605 1906 .. 359,762 7,977 176,360 544,099 49,860 212,173 297,252 559,285 1907 .. 375,392 7,959 291,517 674,868 51,844 231,975 345,119 628,938 1908 .. 386,282 13,044 196,971 596,297 52,539 280,417 339,917 672,873 1909 .. 401,r,:;i 14,673 212,412 628,616 52,921 274,750 341,326 668,997 1910 .. 418,109 11,923 262,159 692,191 53,432 280,109 344,450 677,991 liHl .. 444,885 7,896 280,399 733,180 55,435 304,511 383,585 743,531 1912 .. 478,187 10,292 444,738 933,217 59,969 392,500 460,518 912,987 1913 .. 529,217 8,914 . 444,598 982,729 63,853 421,304 522,849 1,008,006 1914 .. 563,994 9,892 468,164 1,042,050 65,091 470,170 507,336 1,042.597 1915 .. 602,181 11,517 495,386 1,109,084 68,172 531,586 543,237 1,142,995 1916 .. 618,480 7,107 432,578 1,058,165 69,034 512,919 572,838 1,154,791 1917 .. 639,095 4,639 945,044 1,588,778 68,508 449,353 533,327 1,051,188 40 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. ROAD DISTRICTS AND SHIRES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917. Year ending 30th Septem- ber. Revenue. Expenditure. Kates and Tolls. .From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1857 .. . . 58,113 . . . 53,483 1858 .. 75,532 23,238 98,770 . . . 91,300 1859 .. 87,592 31,029 118,621 . 115,257 1860 .. 89,132 33,338 122,470 . . 125,852 1861 .. 104,149 41,980 146,129 . 131,092 1862 .. . . 170,470 56,363 226,833 . . 198,648 1863 .. 112,248 88,274 200,522 . . 212,043 1864 .. 195,222 154,118 349,340 . . . , 345,669 1865 .. 94,099 181,799 94,913 370,811 . . . . 416,939 1866 .. 96,740 201,291 104,993 403,024 390,138 1867 .. 95,422 206,047 88,152 389,621 451,090 1868 .. 104,217 128,430 138,721 371,368 43,579 298,299 67,512 409,390 1869 .. 109,215 289,167 135,741 534,123 45,443 323,302 152,750 521,495 1870 .. 112,187 263,700 152,994 528,881 47,984 399,170 81,188 528,342 1871 .. 125,569 245,003 151,460 522,032 46,561 446,814 79,746 573,121 1872 .. 124,674 228,472 188,671 541,817 50,949 408,818 96,756 556,523 1873 .. 132,858 247,044 149,524 529,426 54,434 444,136 90,797 589,367 1874 .. 141,904 232,801 160,735 535,440 55,062 460,475 109,922 625,459 1875 .. 207,531 342,219 89,212 638,962 55,115 379,719 98,595 533,429 1876 .. 202,730 294,840 97,576 595,146 58,849 421,857 101,775 582,481 1877 .. 205,640 265,795 64,061 535,496 56,729 384,259 76,501 517,489 1878 .. 195,504 202,068 58,021 455,593 63,715 375,811 72,185 511,711 1879 .. 190,013 359,706 56,057 605,776 63,201 382,733 68,644 514,578 1880 .. 190,085 162,356 52,746 405,187 64,698 358,743 64,525 487,966 1881 .. 199,329 302,845 55,324 557,498 61,690 374,747 67,562 503,999 1882 .. 202,386 388,581 61,502 652,469 67,968 456,452 71,956 596,376 1883 .. 203,959 334,343 61,871 600,173 70,345 477,123 83,136 630,604 1884 .. 215,071 314,671 63,507 593,249 72,590 461,351 80,960 614,901 1885 .. 224,314 306,684 64,743 595,741 78,692 410,434 104,556 593,682 1886 .. 237,848 313,165 64,112 615,125 81,599 432,142 89,371 603,112 1887 . 249,364 312,849 66,155 628,368 82,085 429,580 125,710 637,375 1888 . 272,665 319,080 82,295 674,040 87,824 506,238 110,768 704,830 1889 . 297,520 360,208 96,341 754,069 94,77 556,842 127,010 778,624 1890 . 318,386 490,82 116,466 925^673 99,41 658,898 150,063 908,371 1891 . 331,674 449,442 135,488 916,604 100.88 715,192 157,427 973,506 1892 . 315,192 461,51 107,452 884,157 102,72 633,033 164,403 900,164 1893 . 313,069 234,73 96,131 643,932 102,71 538,020 168,184 808,920 1894 . 313,792 288,36 90,625 692,783 90,83 421,236 168,970 681,037 1895 . 305,473 140,59 101,278 547,342 84,61 273,001 150,026 507,646 1896 . 306,116 103,876 107,390 517,382 75,59 252,678 159,556 487,830 1897 . 300,990 89,678 91,133 481,801 74,89 296,079 139,330 510,302 1898 . 302,782 88,686 86,241 477,709 75,58 287,148 147,403 510,132 1899 . 308,367 154,080 97,383 559,830 76,44 295,629 150,411 522,482 1900 . 307,207 144,970 92,591 544,768 76,78 329,342 149,333 555,458 1901 . 299,494 161,714 101,001 562,209 75,56 373,533 139,969 589,066 1902 . 308,344 92,734 111,263 512,341 76,61 321,919 152,895 551,424 1903 . 317,928 92,927 133,328 544,183 72,64 252,116 171,335 496,095 1904 . 351,995 75,547 102,214 529,756 72,54 295,028 151,128 518,700 1905 . 342,231 85,79C 102,796 530,817 71,24 324,181 140,221 535,644 1906 . 356,306 87,01C 116,551 559,867 72,32 341,975 147,522 561,821 1907 . 381,963 109,24 128,992 620,204 75,89 411,737 138,386 626,019 1908 . 388,334 159,522 120,213 668,069 75,45 465,313 155,361 696,133 1909 . 418,496 160,82 145,416 724,741 84,56 466,614 171,852 723,035 1910 . 443,026 175,140 1 195,201 813,367 87,11 562,896 277,622 927,629 1911 . 468,862 149,15* ! 189,830 807,850 90,52 559,451 206,580 856,551 1912 . 490,873 151, 12 252,540 894,542 93,18 609,366 240,750 943,303 1913 . 516,562 151,88( ) 249,946 918,388 99,36 . 565,945 198,466 863,775 1914 . 531,335 134,32* ; 676,016 1,341,679 102,17 605,970 427,534 1,135,678 1915 . 514,057 128,944 I 265,839 908,840 103,45 524,875 303,944 932,269 1916 . 563,854 64,41< > 288,664 916,937 107,58 526,275 287,719 921.574 1917 . 587,662 - 63,64( ) 247.938 899,240 108,97 478,483 271,680 859,137 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, AND BOROUGHS (EXCLUSIVE OF MELBOURNE AND QEELONQ). ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1868 TO 1917. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1868.. 133,747 101,405 71,813 1893.. 1,389,325 1,954,150 1,762,671 1869.. 60,464 117,976 97,115 1894.. 1,347,710 1,931,107 1,867,339 1870.. 105,646 95,828 104,258 1895 . . 1,690,108 2,612,921 2,123,062 1871.. 114,447 105,043 108,922 1896.. 1,883,882 2,570,075 2,086,220 L872.. 134,098 210,514 121,494 1897.. 1,981,862 2,613,607 2,097,604 1873.. 198,964 306,311 184,579 1898.. 1,972,047 2,609,778 2,095,048 1874.. 196,083 361,748 188,241 1899.. 1,678,463 2,049,644 1,934,322 1875.. 209,326 384,895 242,916 1900.. 1,656,804 2,103,333 2,005,321 1876.. 201,861 304,916 239,997 1901.. 1,963,304 2,211,426 2,100,999 1877.. 237,784 312,691 237,380 1902.. 1,916,147 2,216,022 2,099,749 1878.. 307,160 382,916 307,706 1903.. 1,684,979 2,157,207 2,044,273 1879.. 215,423 292,140 280,153 1904.. 1,696,043 2,130,693 2,036,542 1880.. 267,359 368,798 304,739 1905.. 1,655,876 2,054,812 1,969,701 1881.. 278,884 387,828 302,875 1906.. 1,644,261 2,032,307 1,936,874 1882.. 300,785 416,907 335,525 1907.. 1,756,966 2,111,186 2,003,098 1883.. 367,443 481,354 374,058 1908.. 1,847,545 2,152,050 2,025,895 1884.. 409,628 552,329 475,922 1909.. 1,848,772 2,131,826 2,001,483 1885.. 533,484 692,142 596,371 1910.. 1,963,558 2,186,726 2,051,952 1886.. 626,152 796,885 705,225 1911.. 2,048,029 2,257,050 2,101,234 1887.. 689,890 1,032,469 906,183 1912.. 2,119,564 2,401,361 2,218,592 1888.. 1,029,010 1,398,058 1,193,763 1913.. 2,198,996 2,610,464 2,393,394 1889.. 1,227,930 1,569,617 1,363,662 1914.. 2,301,170 2,638,346 2,429,495 1890.. 1,278,324 1,708,644 1,506,907 1915.. 2,269,897 2,725,008 2,493,406 1891.. 1,322,090 1,804,583 1,650,181 1916.. 2,284,240 2,712,927 2,497,803 1892.. 1,442,176 1,987,671 1,780,325 1917.. 2,410,828 2,701,881 2,477,604 VICTORIA. ROAD DISTRICTS AND SHIRES. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1868 TO 1917. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1868.. 180,733 207,434 3,500 1893.. 663,507 780,660 517,708 1869.. 153,078 149,025 5,800 1894.. 623,678 782,211 527,097 1870.. 174,126 153,130 1895.. 626,546 874,255 676,807 1871.. 180,839 181,620 10,751 1896.. 679,353 887,115 692,773 1872.. 174,690 194,781 21,782 1897.. 731,809 907,710 696,838 1873.. 172,874 272,639 36,124 1898.. 760,596 929,966 695,318 1874.. 177,221 337,569 29,208 1899.. 743,452 883,548 700,565 1875.. 180,535 280,304 129,614 1900.. 714,394 905,440 711,787 1876.. 152,871 256,028 170,101 1901.. 654,479 815,141 626,182 1877.. 169,608 244,163 164,293 1902.. 679,545 833,033 637,847 1878.. 219,808 257,380 157,540 1903.. 680,746 798,364 639,131 1879.. 187,298 243,383 142,187 1904.. 675,910 807,804 651,407 1880.. 275,270 287,112 129,286 1905.. 652,211 749,989 580,673 1881.. 283,776 263,752 118,718 1906.. 616,133 725,920 562,224 1882.. 239,072 272,298 112,886 1907.. 649,244 746,863 578,807 1883.. 236,710 274,192 119,625 1908.. 645,075 758,513 566,179 1884.. 209,314 287,336 131,191 1909.. 692,520 781,781 584,231 1885.. 220,963 308,285 159,832 1910.. 716,645 813,991 600,639 1886.. 249,385 285,674 160,934 1911.. 730,497 867,975 630,780 1887.. 253,389 323,699 197,069 1912.. 766,199 973,957 699,058 1888.. 319,731 411,931 274,564 1913.. 811,572 1,023,882 778,694 1889.. 401,935 468,459 307,945 1914.. 914,363 1,078,981 839,497 1890-. . 558,897 611,650 411,033 1915.. 996,206 1,137,249 894,304 1891.. 525,431 640,607 477,421 1916.. 1,017,988 1,185,762 933,457 1892.. 635,530 724,731 491,211 1917.. 994,581 1,187,388 938,623 42 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (B) City of Melbourne. 1. General Review. The Act incorporating Melbourne as a Town was passed on the 12th August, 1842, and its provisions, with a few slight amendments, are still in force. 2. Incorporation of the City of Melbourne Act 1842. Under this Act the boundaries of the Town were fixed, and the Town subdivided into four Wards. A readjustment of the boundaries was made in 1844. The first elections were made on the 1st December, 1842, an interim Council having been appointed by the Governor previous to that date. The Council consists of a Mayor for the whole Town, with one Alderman and three Councillors for each Ward. Two Assessors for each Ward and two Auditors for the whole Town are elected annually. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors and Aldermen from among their number, while the Councillors elect the Aldermen. The Mayor is elected annually, while the Aldermen are elected for a period of six years, and the Councillors for three years. The qualifications for Councillors, Assessors, and Auditors are (a) the possession of real or personal estate to the value of 1,000; or (b) assessment in respect of rateable property having an annual value of 50 ; no female is eligible. The original qualifications of an elector were that he must be (a) a male occupying any house or shop of an annual value of 25 ; and (b) a resident householder in the Town or within 7 miles thereof. The annual value of 25 was, however, reduced to 20 in 1844, and to 10 in 1852. Each elector was under the original Act entitled to one vote, but in 1863 this was altered so that every citizen assessed in respect of property having an annual value of less than 100 has one vote; if such annual value amount to 100 and be less than 150, he has two votes, and if it amount to or exceed 150, he has three votes. It was not until 1896 that females became eligible as electors. Originally the police were appointed and paid by the Council, and a separate police rate, not exceeding sixpence in the pound, was levied, but this system was suspended from year to year from 1845 to 1851 and finally abolished. On the 25th June, 1847, by Royal Letters Patent, the Town of Melbourne was proclaimed to be a City, and an Act was passed to that effect in 1849. In the latter year the Melbourne Building Act was passed. In 1850 the Collingwood portion of Gipps Ward was severed therefrom and created a new Ward, styled the Fitzroy Ward, but ten years later, in 1860, it became a separate Municipality. In 1902 the title of " Lord Mayor " was conferred on the Mayor of Melbourne. In 1905 the Boroughs of Flemington and Kensington, and of North Melbourne, were united to the City of Melbourne, so that at the present date the City comprises .eight Wards, each represented by one Alderman, three Councillors, and two Assessors. The duties and powers of the City Council are the same as those conferred on other Municipalities. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn particulars for the City of Melbourne in respect of (a) area, estimated population, number of ratepayers, estimated number of dwellings, total and annual values of property for the years 1856 to 1917 ; (b) revenue and expenditure for the years 1857 to 1917 ; and (c) assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1868 to 1917 : VICTORIA. CITY OF MELBOURNE.- AREA, POPULATION, DWELLINGS, VALUES, ETC., 1856 TO 1917. Year.* Area. Estimated Population . No. of Ratepayers. Estimated No. of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value of Property. Acres. No. No. No. 1856 . . . . 755,288 1857 . 881,188 1858 . . 995,945 1859 . . . . 836,894 1860 7,534,100 753,410 * From 1856 to 1902, the financial year ended 31st August, since then 31st December. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 43 VICTORIA. CITY OF MELBOURNE. AREA, POPULATION, DWELLINGS, VALUES, ETC., 1856 TO 1917 continued. Your.* Area. Estimated Population. No. of Ratepayers. Estimated No. of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value of Property. Acres. No. No. No. 1861 6,526,760 652,676 1862 4,000 41,500 8,771 5,280,000 550,000 1863 4,000 41,000 8,850 4,445,664 555,708 1864 4,000 45,000 9,017 4,407,984 550,998 1865 4,000 45,400 9,052 7,118,530 711,853 1866 4,000 47,000 . 9,452 5,952,650 595,265 1867 4,480 48,500 9,730 9,927 6,138,250 613,825 1868 4,480 50,000 9,251 10,131 6,515,310 651,531 1869 4,480 50,500 9,430 10,592 6,776,360 677,636 1870 4,480 55,798 10,297 11,084 7,110,900 711,090 1871 4,480 54,767 10,566 11,530 7,360,200 736,020 1872 4,480 56,126 11,152 11,816 7,508,700 750,870 1873 4,480 58,016 11,563 12,214 7,814,240 781,424 1874 4,480 59,540 11,754 12,535 8,220,400 822,040 1875 4,480 60,150 11,962 12,663 8,397,210 839,721 1876 4,480 61,000 12,026 12,844 8,568,100 856,810 1877 4,480 62,000 13,027 13,027 8,757,130 875,713 1878 4,480 62,500 14,967 13,170 9,454,640 945,464 1879 4,480 63,250 12,989 13,312 9.532,020 953,202 1880 4,480 65,860 15,283 11,795 9,463,745 946,374 1881 5,020 65,790 15,362 13,657 9,586,730 958,673 1882 5,020 65,878 15,538 13,696 9,983,180 998,318 1883 5,020 66,931 15,709 13,906 10,321,620 1,032,162 1884 . . 5,020 67,614 15,928 14,040 10,699,000 1,069,900 1885 5,020 70,882 16,217 14,495 12,138,700 1,213,870 1886 5,020 71,556 16,450 14,831 12,692,000 1,269,260 1887 5,020 72,786 16,686 15,113 13,315,600 1,331,560 1888 5,020 74,799 16,809 15,499 16,232,410 1,623,241 1889 5,020 76,536 14,766 15,535 17,161,660 1,716,166 1890 5,020 73,361 14,700 13,658 18,084,080 1,808,408 1891 5,020 73,296 14,819 15,802 19,135,830 1,913,583 1892 5,020 74,317 14,509 15,844 19,778,330 1,977,833 1893 5,020 66,391 13,435 15,867 18,983,510 1,898,351 1894 6,005 65,541 13,808 15,335 16,553,200 1,655,320 1895 6,005 67,189 13,996 15,146 14,023,650 1,402,365 1896 6,005 70,305 14,284 15,367 14,467,100 1,446,710 1897 6,005 68,093 17,830 15,318 14,331,310 1,433,131 1898 6,005 70,180 17,830 15,075 13,110,490 1,311,049 1899 6,005 69,994 17,880 15,018 13,171,100 1,317,110 1900 6,005 74,569 17,801 14,933 13,268,110 1,326,810 1901 6,005 68,374 18,281 12,579 13,268,110 1,326,811 1902 6,005 68,374 18,433 12,579 13,843,810 1,384,381 1903 6,005 68,650 18,523 14,777 27,598,740 1,379,937 1904 6,005 68,363 18,540 14,802 27,558,700 1,377,935 1905 6,005 69,588 19,135 14,754 27,968,760 1,398,438 1906 7,658 99,880 26,358 21,325 32,002,120 1,600,106 1907 7,658 100,839 26,631 21,449 32,439,040 1,621,952 1908 7,658 100,506 26,861 21,342 33,417,100 1,670,855 1909 7,658 101,250 27,021 21,407 33,708,160 1,685,408 1910 7,658 102,330 27,027 21,621 34,262,040 1,713,102 1911 7,658 103,593 27,440 21,749 35,642,860 1,782,143 1912 7,658 103,593 27,787 19,691 36,313,480 1,815,674 1913 7,658 105,150 27,575 19,851 37,206,940 1,860,347 1914 7,658 106,100 28,452 22,451 41,360,660 2,068,033 1915 7,658 107,090 28,475 22,630 42,493,940 2,124,697 1916 7,552 107,870 28,038 22,757 43,539,440 2,176,972 1917 7,552 107,170 28,927 22,651 44,813,620 2,240,681 From 1856 to 1902, the financial year ended 31st' August, since then 31st December. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITY OF MELBOURNE. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917. Year.* Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern ment. Other. Total. Adminis tration. " Works. Other. Total. 1857 . 78,179 . 165,794 1858 . 25,000 81,048 106,048 ... 80,008 1859 . 25,000 69,054 94,054 . . 112,343 1860 . 25,000 65,218 90,218 99,613 1861 . 12,700 61,856 74,556 89,237 1862 . 9,750 58,472 68,222 64,185 1863 . . . 7,031 64,496 71,527 69,709 1864 . 78,266 ' 78,266 . . 80,390 1865 . 37,781 41,816 79,597 . . . . 105,292 1866 . 40,993 58,180 99,173 . . 76,659 1867 . 40,521 54,151 94,672 80,334 1868 . 41,512 . . 176,874 218,386 10,396 23,690 72,489 106,575 1869 . 42,422 . . 104,859 147,281 9,857 38,555 108,323 156,735 1870 . 44,002 90,068 134,070 10,497 32,387 90,872 133,756 1871 . 46,806 85,683 132,489 10,458 32,068 89,650 132,176 1872 . 50,111 . . 61,918 112,029 11,444 34,282 64,814 110,540 1873 . . 48,962 . 56,957 105,919 11,779 37,876 59,965 109,620 1874 .. 51,642 101,348 152,990 10,865 44,729 80,318 135,912 1875 .. 59,036 1,268 50,335 110,639 9,929 35,938 81,598 127,465 1876 .. 59,755 1,656 51,242 112,653 9,572 34,553 57,122 101,247 1877 .. 62,541 1,537 54,030 118,108 9,878 47,748 53,676 111,302 1878 .. 59,034 1,492 56,383 116,909 9,371 40,779 86,896 137,04(5 1879 . . 60,806 1,447 60,453 122,706 9,470 54,847 115,058 179,375 1880 . . 62,274 1,447 57,931 121,652 9,835 44,161 111,162 165,158 1881 .. 63,002 1,418 62,166 126,586 9,603 37,983 66,485 114,071 1882 .. 60,539 1,323 58,806 120,668 10,806 34,049 63,437 108,292 1883 .. 69,253 1,270 64,579 135,102 10,663 61,272 71,109 143,044 1884 .. 69,958 1,242 72,156 143,356 12,879 80,015 98,306 191,200 1885 .. 75,001 1,183 81,174 157,358 13,978 94,829 102,085 210,892 1886 .. 81,271 1,129 . 82,291 164,691 12,683 79,209 92,053 183,945 1887 .. 86,093 1,068 88,692 175,853 12,715 102,210 104,882 219,807 1888 .. 89,754 992 97,504 188,250 14,587 84,914 126,858 226,359 1889 .. 103,300 1,036 111,531 215,867 14,544 110,334 133,842 258,720 1890 -.. 108,927 1,278 113,673 223,878 14,939 105,157 246,678 366,774 1891 .. 112,790 1,154 134,980 248,924 15,050 85,944 239,920 340,914 1892 .. 112,625 830 107,041 220,496 14,972 58,949 291,344 365,265 1893 .. 104,260 889 104,987 210,136 14,935 43,223 283,021 341,179 1894 .. 104,688 492 108,790 213,970 13,474 23,511 155,801 192,786 1895 .. 91,814 95,843 187,657 5,028 24,933 158,882 198,843 1896 .. 93,388 94,984 188,372 0,875 45,234 145,930 202,039 1897 .. 87,684 94,667 182,351 1,832 60,995 152,396 225,223 1898 .. 78,722 95,473 174,195 3,706 60,611 118,546 192,863 1899 .. 79,373 . 102,973 182,346 3,104 54,738 131,436 199,278 1900 .. 81^833 110,471 192,304 3,450 61,273 136,805 211,528 1901 .. 90,417 479,593 570,010 4,295 58,770 352,732 425,797 1902 .. 129,025 157,399 286,424 3,910 55,334 245,786 315,030 1903 .. 91,072 156,987 248,059 5,592 61,924 202,277 279,793 1904 .. 92,029 155,634 247,663 6,836 70,540 208,340 295,716 1905 .. 95,264 171,243 266,507 6,332 83,018 203,952 303,302 1906 .. 109.219 428,797 538,016 7,931 92,752 214,485 325,168 1907 .. 119,171 _ 196,355 315,526 8,930 112,674 273,420 405,024 1908 .. 117,234 231,092 348,326 8,957 102,992 325,895 447,844 1909 .. 115,398 222,260 337,658 9,268 99,195 304,814 423,277 1910 .. 126,691 512,498 639,189 1,042 108,639 287,174 416,855 1911 .. 120,633 238,384 359,017 0,707 117,450 298,796 436,953 From 1857 to 1902 the financial year ended on 31st August, since then on 31st December. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 45 VICTORIA. CITY OF MELBOURNE. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917 continued. Y.Mr.* Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1912 .. 1913 .. 1914 .. 1915 .. 1916 .. 1917 .. 120,408 139,264 140,336 144,409 149,312 151,189 260,530 284,585 598,950 461,746 598,063 606,748 380,938 423,849 739,286 606,155 747,375 757,937 21,324 21,904 22,790 26,252 27,960 30,754 186,605 215,308 225,598 216,000 239,386 270,384 276,276 290,083 293,786 326,476 450,704 384,858 484,205 527,295 542,174 568,728 718,050 685,996 * From 1857 to 1902 the financial year ended on 31st August, since then on 31st December. VICTORIA. CITY OF MELBOURNE. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1868 TO 1917. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1868.. 125,391 157,693 150,000 1893.. 1,073,325 1,289,078 1,220,000 1869.. 65,616 156,352 150,000 1894.. 1,084,386 1,241,686 1,210,000 1870.. 37,114 160,945 150,000 1895.. 280,703 1,219,840 1,200,000 1871.. 14,952 157,017 150,000 1896.. 1,183,203 1,221,841 1,190,000 1872.. 32,529 155,766 150,000 1897.. 1,164,674 1,189,537 ,180,000 1873.. 33,857 161,944 150,000 1898.. 1,030,908 1,181,543 ,170,000 1874.. 85,684 239,112 200,000 1899.. 1,010,953 1,175,918 ,166,000 1875.. 48,400 217,839 200,000 1900.. 1,003,524 1,169,838 ,156,000 1876.. 47,167 207,724 190,000 1901 . . 1,516,646 1,580,310 ,496,000 1877.. 47,493 209,010 180,000 1902.. 1,407,060 1,535,883 ,486,000 1878.. 147,170 352,455 275,000 1903.. 1,528,426 1,516,721 ,474,847 1879.. 76,153 320,108 285,000 1904.. 1,531,154 1,512,618 ,464,637 1880.. 38,493 318,511 275,000 1905.. 1,603,226 1,626,727 ,583,428 1881 . . 36,807 306,491 290,000 1906.. 1,917,094 1,863,531 ,823,218 1882.. 49,613 296,577 280,000 1907.. 1,957,668 1,877,530 ,808,008 1883.. 50,629 307,525 270,000 1908.. 1,904,845 1,910,021 1,792,799 1884.. 198,226 502,683 460,000 1909.. 1,983,731 1,879,210 1,777,589 1885.. 140,351 483,679 450,000 1910.. 2,340,491 2,206,552 2,061,747 1886.. 267,886 632,754 590,000 1911.. 2,440,379 2,286,617 2,047,170 1887.. 207,130 613,922 580,000 1912.. 2,462,798 2,287,002 2,025,000 1888.. 159,299 599,081 570,000 1913.. 2,536,374 2,344,610 2,017,750 1889.. 527,134 598,772 570,000 1914.. 2,820,470 2,564,851 2,280,540 1890.. 887,651 1,088,260 1,000,000 1915.. 2,933,158 2,743,663 2,268,525 1891.. 825,271 1,056,006 990,000 1916.. 2,204,788 2,463,018 2,351,315 1892.. 840,195 1,059,064 980,000 1917.. 2,340,259 2,692,205 2,529,105 (c) City of Geelong. 1. General Review. The inhabitants of the Town of Geelong were incorporated on the 12th October, 1849. 2. Incorporation of the Town of Geelong Act 1849. The Acts and amendments which were passed for Melbourne were made applicable also to Geelong. The original boundarie were altered in 1858, but the division into four Wards was retained, and in 1876 two Wards were united into one. In 1910 Geelong was proclaimed a City, the division into four Wards being restored. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables shew for the City of Geelong (a) the area, estimated population, number of ratepayers, estimated number of dwellings, and total and annual value of property for the years 1856 to 1917 ; (6) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1857 to 1917 ; and (c) the assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1868 to 1917 : 46 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITY OF GEELONQ. AREA, POPULATION, DWELLINGS, VALUES, ETC., 1856 TO 1917. Year ending 31st August. Area. Estimated Population. No. of Ratepayers. Estimated No. of Dwellings. Total Value of Property. Annual Value of Property. Acres. No. No. No. 1856 . . . . 239,455 1857 . . . . 254,424 1858 . . 196,298 1859 . . . . . 168,917 1860 . . . . 1,306,740 130,674 1861 . . 1,262,740 126,274 1862 4,480 14,784 . . 3,897 751,518 125,283 1863 3,800 16,000 3,650 666,534 111,089 1864 3,800 16,000 3,519 551,388 91,898 1865 3,800 16,000 3,400 439,236 73,206 1866 3,800 16,000 3,400 439,548 73,258 1867 3,800 16,000 3,000 3,000 447,612 74,602 1868 3,800 16,000 3,000 3,000 444,972 74,162 1869 3,800 16,000 3,311 3,100 477,156 79,526 1870 3,800 14,897 3,227 3,118 480,054 80,009 1871 3,800 17,000 3,200 3,230 488,316 81,386 1872 3,800 17,000 3,250 3,250 821,180 82,118 1873 3,800 17,000 3,250 3,250 836,920 83,692 1874 3,800 17,000 3,350 3,350 832,950 83,295 1875 3,100 11,000 2,200 2,200 688,780 68,876 1876 3,100 11,000 2,247 2,200 703,920 70,392 1877 3,100 12,000 2,263 2,200 713,110 71,311 1878 3,100 12,000 2,260 2,200 709,475 70,947 1879 3,100 13,000 2,260 2,200 709,555 70,955 1880 3,100 9,719 2,260 2,035 706,675 70,667 1881 3,012 10,000 2,260 2,200 707,210 70,721 1882 3,012 10,000 2,260 2,200 710,290 71,029 1883 3,01.2 10,000 2,300 2,250 711,980 71,198 1884 3,012 10,000 2,335 2,260 711,630 71,163 1885 3,012 10,000 2,363 2,300 722,280 72,228 1886 3,012 10,000 2,398 2,350 732,420 73,242 1887 3,012 10,000 2,452 2,422 748,150 74,815 1888 3,012 10,000 2,490 2,460 759,480 75,948 1889 3,012 10,281 2,550 2,520 879,060 87,906 1890 3,012 11,666 2,640 2,365 896,650 89,665 1891 3,012 11,666 3,042 2,700 926,970 92,697 1892 3,012 11,900 3,311 2,740 973,030 97,303 1893 3,012 11,700 3,058 2,886 974,120 97,412 1894 3,012 11,600 3,118 2,884 ,024,324 87,027 1895 3,012 12,450 3,997 3,120 ,867,500 93,376 1896 3,012 12,464 4,010 3,140 ,834,340 91,717 1897 3.012 12,464 4,228 3,145 ,784,380 89,219 1898 3,012 12,500 4,228 3,102 ,758,000 87,900 1899 3,012 11,483 4,338 2,909 ,740,040 87,002 1900 3,012 11,483 4,352 2,946 ,757,460 87,873 1901 3,012 12,418 4,267 2,629 ,750,600 87,530 1902 3,012 12,418 4,308 2,629 1,784,860 89,243 1903 3,012 12,479 4,328 2,674 1,810,840 90,592 1904 3,012 12,990 4,287 2,694 1,839.760 91,988 1905 3,012 12,990 4,287 2,694 1,838,960 91,948 1906 3,012 13,477 4,410 2,833 1,869,820 93,491 1907 3,012 14,141 4,092 2,845 1,899,780 94,989 1908 3,012 14,577 4,119 2,849 1,978,700 98,935 1909 3,012 14,634 4,143 2,878 2,208,980 101,449 1910 3,012 14,793 4,143 2,916 2,029,300 101,465 1911 3,012 13,618 4,410 2,997 2,282,180 114,109 1912 3,012 13,618 4,495 3,177 2,496,280 124,814 1913 3,012 15,230 4,105 3,212 2,684,400 134,220 1914 3,012 15,400 4,614 3,735 2,760,400 138,020 1915 3,012 16,130 4,307 3,727 2,809,380 140,469 1916 3,012 16,000 4,400 3,789 2,809,120 140,456 1917 3,012 15,393 4,374 3,789 2,833,540 141,677 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITY OF GEELONQ. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917. Year Revenue. Expenditure. ending From :;i-t Rates. Govern- Other. Total. AdmlnlS" trution Works. Other. Total. AUL'llr-t . ment. 1857 .. . . 21,910 . . . 22,123 1858 .. . 18,981 18,981 . 23,257 1859 .. 10,000 19,870 29,870 . 27,971 1860 .. 10,000 17,507 27,507 28,990 1861 .. 5,650 13,018 18,668 . 21,465 1862 .. 3,750 14,109 17,859 18,647 1863 . . 2,812 12,298 15,110 . . 15,939 1864 .. 3,056 14,341 17,397 . . 16,834 1865 .. 7J81 5,755 12,936 . . . . 14,244 1866 .. 8,537 5,649 14,186 . . 11,190 1867 .. 8,034 640 6,701 15,375 11,519 1868 .. 7,526 5,786 13,312 1,864 6,610 9J36 17,610 1869 .. 8,443 1,330 7,505 17,278 1,999 8,122 10,825 20,946 1870 .. 7,747 1,991 10,374 20,112 2,701 16,484 6,902 26,087 1871 .. 8,071 430 7,487 1 5,988 2,287 12,491 6,194 20,972 1872 .. 8,486 154 7,774 16,414 2,132 8,120 6,542 16,794 1873 .. 8,123 231 6,601 14,955 2,081 6,515 5,328 13,924 1874 .. 7,497 2,198 7,309 17,004 2,190 8,763 4,754 15,707 1875 .. 6,383 1,714 6,926 15,023 ,845 10,719 4,297 16,861 1876 .. 5,525 2,680 5,994 14,199 ,950 9,658 3,018 14,626 1877 .. 5,898 2,876 7,091 15,865 ,807 9,189 2,805 13,801 1878 .. 5,482 2,723 5,689 13,894 ,809 8,471 2,703 12,983 1879 .. 5,262 1,952 6,504 13,718 ,512 9,379 2,988 13,879 1880 .. 5,023 2,162 . 5,123 12,308 ,798 10,734 2,715 15,247 1881 .. 5,608 2,053 5,866 13,527 ,803 7,964 2,978 12,745 1882 .. 5,650 1,793 5,297 12,740 ,506 8,786 2,826 13,118 1883 .. 5;673 2,565 5,603 13,841 ,845 10,093 2,571 14,509 1884 .. 5,668 1,766 5,161 12,595 ,630 9,147 2,062 12,839 1885 .. 4,909 2,011 '5,334 12,254 ,371 9,653 3,023 14,047 1886 .. 5,717 2,663 5,437 13,817 ,419 11,492 3,035 15,946 1887 .. 5,841 2,169 5,572 13,582 ,409 9,997 3,222 14,628 1888 .. 6,725 2,229 5,523 14,477 ,459 8,594 4,098 14,151 1889 .. 6,301 1,877 4,810 12,988 ,380 9,768 3,832 14,980 1890 .. 7,260 2,491 5,557 15,308 ,564 11,819 3,838 17,221 1891 .. 7,338 2,156 6,058 15,552 ,600 15,010 3,547 20,157 1892 .. 7,116 2,227 6,321 15,664 ,757 20,682 3,739 26,178 1893 .. 7,172 1,967 5,922 15,061 2,374 11,161 3,046 16,581 1894 .. 6,960 854 5,447 13,261 ,359 8,168 3,642 13,169 1895 .. 6,149 '511 15,728 22,388 ,245 4,155 16,634 22,034 1896 .. 9,209 323 7,804 17,336 ,480 7,775 6,937 16,192 1897 .. 11,351 291 . 10,096 21,738 ,474 7,992 9,046 18,512 1898 .. 8,981 305 5,686 14,972 ,497 6,654 10,046 18,197 1899 .. 9,031 330 4,506 13,867 ,460 6,729 6,338 14,527 1900 .. 8.798 304 5,665 14,767 ,573 6,682 6,937 15,192 1901 .. 8,789 316 4,977 14,082 ,595 6,978 6,067 14,640 1902 .. 9,145 610 4,811 14,566 ,584 6,503 5,380 13,467 1903 .. 8,823 280 9,768 18,871 ,591 7,235 10,121 18,947 1904 .. 9,193 279 5,205 14,677 ,691 8,244 5,777 15,712 1905 .. 10,427 5,584 16,011 ,478 7,507 6,052 15,037 1906 .. 10,737 ios 5,749 16,589 ,323 8,017 6,106 15,446 1907 .. 11,054 96 6,129 17,279 ,263 8,535 6,281 16,079 1908 .. 10,891 82 5,934 16,907 1,347 7,856 9,038 18,241 1909 .. 11,531 99 5,824 17,454 1,678 6,986 8,772 17,436 1910 .. 11,973 260 8,969 21,202 1,850 7,936 8,962 18,748 1911 .. 12,563 87 7,649 20,299 1,641 13,981 9,347 24,969 1912 .. 13,742 92 7,219 21,053 2,009 10,615 9,943 22,567 1913 .. 14,831 155 36,241 51,227 2,059 26,785 21,396 50,240 1914 .. 15,984 154 9,267 25,405 2,011 13,488 11,972 27,471 1915 .. 16,416 84 25,121 41,621 1,998 19,005 12,641 33,644 1916 .. 17,533 106 14,423 32,062 1,779 12,865 28,622 43,266 1917 .. 17,777 85 12,205 30,067 1,798 11,531 20,185 33,514 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITY OF QEELONQ. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1868 TO 1917. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. Year. , Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1868.. 11,798 7,500 1893.. 35,249 43,149 35,500 1869.. 11,169 7,500 1894.. 29,284 42,765 34,500 1870.. 2,462 15,000 15,000 1895.. 36,503 44,490 44,000 1871.. . . 17,522 15,000 1896.. 34,737 46,940 45,500 1872.. . . 19,299 18,600 1897.. 32,561 49,973 49,400 1873.. 18,499 16,800 1898.. 36,127 50,403 50,300 1874. . 631 15,000 15,000 1899.. 35,307 49,859 49,800 1875.. 16,208 15,000 1900.. 35,272 50,412 50,300 1876.. . . 16,635 13,500 1901.. 34,719 49,841 49,800 1877.. . . 14,578 12,000 1902.. 33,997 49,360 49,300 1878.. . . 13,668 10,500 1903.. 37,911 54,937 53,800 1879.. . . 16,711 12,000 1904.. 36,018 53,380 53,300 1880.. 732 17,500 17,500 1905.. 40,988 52,855 52,800 1881.. 514 16,500 16,500 1906.. 43,518 53,163 52,800 1882.. 16,329 14,500 1 1907.. 46,069 53,331 52,800 1883.. . . 16,976 13,000 1 1908.. 45,165 53,415 52,800 1884.. 1 17,966 16,500 | 1909.. 46,285 53,776 52,800 1885.. 37,284 24,859 23,000 1910.. 51,486 56,491 52,800 1886.. 33,740 29,850 23,000 1911.. 49,720 53,960 52,800 1887.. 34,549 34,580 25,000 1912.. 51,677 69,864 69,300 1888.. 34,945 32,270 24,000 1913.. 57,327 70,169 69,300 1889.. 33,405 23,502 23,000 1914.. 56,020 67,949 67,524 1890.. 34,923 26,500 26,500 ! 1915.. 68,387 83,258 82,849 1891.. 33,959 29,036 26,000 1916.. 70,419 87,357 87,147 1892.. 34,211 40,592 35,500 1917.. 81,690 85,368 85,011 ' , (D) Summary Tables. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables shew summaries for all Cities, Towns, Boroughs, Road Districts, and Shires, including Melbourne and Geelong, of (a) the revenue and expenditure from 1857 to 1917 ; and (6) the annual and total values of property, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1856 to 1917 : VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, ROAD DISTRICTS, AND SHJRES.- SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Bates and Tolls. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1857 . . . . . . 278,073 343,659 1858 222,327 190,759 413,086 . . . . 381,659 1859 229,940 207,305 437,245 . . 469,127 1860 232,192 215,006 447,198 . . . . 462,481 1861 206,571 223,736 430,307 . . . . 418,912 1862 251,730 237,282 489,012 . . 488,759 1863 176,355 281,809 458,164 . 474,213 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 49 VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, ROAD DISTRICTS, AND SHIRES. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1857 TO 1917 continued. Revenue Expenditure. Year. Rates and Tolls. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1864 . . 254,680 431,326 686,006 . . 661,782 1865 220,436 206,254 252,690 679,380 . . 786,907 1866 233,840 228,360 282,253 744,453 706,613 1867 234,677 234,796 285,754 755,227 773,625 1868 244,808 136,579 490,305 871,692 83,051 47 1', 794 252,932 807,777 1869 250,614 300,243 407,250 958,107 81,181 516,452 368,180 965,813 1870 266,762 274,140 374,655 915,557 88,505 595,198 259,719 943,422 1871 293,179 255,205 379,748 928,132 86,568 646,398 271,769 1,004,735 1872 293,050 247,808 392,895 933,753 89,834 599,180 264,199 953,213 1873 299,865 274,282 365,787 939,934 94,751 681,861 259,345 1,035,957 1874 317,815 261,128 406,071 985,014 95,568 707,784 290,692 1,094,044 1875 433,444 418,283 249,558 1,101,285 95,632 613,269 281,625 990,526 1876 420,322 356,712 264,368 1,041,402 100,028 649,030 257,308 1,006,366 1877 438,656 320,168 235,780 994,604 99,338 635,035 217,890 952,263 1878 415,104 269,830 224,324 909,258 107,217 641,891 234,225 983,333 1879 398,303 429,807 225,378 1,053,488 105,918 653,278 253,087 1,012,283 1880 401,095 205,821 215,037 821,953 108,069 622,549 246,257 976,875 1881 417,642 363,363 233,955 1,014,960 104,087 624,015 210,207 938,309 1882 422,033 457,358 231,859 1,111,250 115,170 707,214 218,002 1,040,386 1883 445,960 393,336 247,206 1,086,502 119,349 756,928 247,802 1,124,079 1884 472,872 372,201 284,095 1,129,108 120,583 794,828 295,798 1,211,209 1885 503,474 363,496 285,955 1,152,925 129,891 761,544 320,038 1,211,473 1886 546,830 371,554 312,353 1,230,737 146,864 832,372 289,718 1,268,954 1887 592,236 369,792 329,230 1,291,258 138,479 838,483 379,677 1,356,639 1888 646,693 370,510 409,743 1,426,946 150,526 927,865 424,901 1,503,292 1889 738,824 433,198 443,467 1,615,489 162,241 1,229,059 442,771 1,834,071 1890 802,356 577,456 471,499 1,851,311 171,828 1,309,236 603,796 2,084,860 1891 837,575 514,375 527,911 1,879,861 172,702 1,277,894 646,790 2,097,386 1892 808,428 515,316 443,208 1,766,952 175,844 1,133,289 725,770 2,034,903 1893 772,598 270,974 397,662 1,441,234 172,484 898,434 678,747 ,749,665 1894 747,098 317,024 372,406 1,436,528 151,479 655,972 572,316 ,379,767 1895 705,296 154,003 386,530 1,245,829 145,536 444,756 639,884 ,230,176 1896 716,967 111,967 366,042 1,194,976 130,418 445,072 633,080 ,208,570 1897 696,808 95,823 366,074 1,158,705 130,620 506,573 589,543 ,226,736 1898 680,309 92,328 344,349 1,116,986 132,757 481,354 560,260 ,174,371 1899 694,105 165,837 376,182 1,236,124 134,178 511,864 556,517 ,202,559 1900 690,727 152,380 440,561 1,283,668 134,318 559,866 588,527 1,282,711 1901 722,346 175,972 761,349 1,659,667 139,270 642,771 802,061 1,584,102 1902 784,810 99,304 446,048 1,330,162 139,174 587,178 704,625 1,430,977 1903 765,910 98,609 496,128 1,360,647 135,730 492,669 701,874 1,330,273 1904 808,082 80,681 443,745 1,332,508 138,884 547,195 689,008 1,375,087 1905 802,453 90,572 485,509 1,378,534 136,066 626,566 665,956 1,428,588 1906 836,024 95,090 727,457 1,658,571 141,438 654,917 665,365 1,461,720 1907 887,580 117,304 622,993 1,627,877 147,933 764,921 763,206 1,676,060 1908 902,741 172,648 554,210 1,629,599 148,302 856,578 830,211 1,835,091 1909 946,956 175,601 585,912 1,708,469 158,436 847,545 826,764 1,832,745 1910 999,799 187,323 978,827 2,165,949 163,435 959,580 918,208 2,041,223 1911 1,046,943 157,141 716,262 1,920,346 168,303 995,393 898,308 2,062,004 1912 1,103,210 161,513 965,027 2,229,750 176,489 ,199,086 987,487 2,363,062 1913 1,199,874 160,949 1,015,370 2,376,193 187,180 ,229,342 1,032,794 2,449,316 1914 1,251,649 144,374 1,752,397 3,148,420 192,066 ,315,226 1,240,628 2,747,920 1915 1,277,063 140,545 1,248,092 2,665.700 199,872 ,291,406 1,186,298 2,677,636 1916 1,349,179 71,632 1,333,728 2,754,539 206,353 ,291,445 1,339,883 2,837,681 1917 1,395,723 68,364 1,811,935 3,276,022 210,034 ,209,751 1,210,050 2,629,835 50 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. VICTORIA. CITIES, TOWNS, BOROUGHS, ROAD BOARDS, AND SHIRES. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL AND TOTAL VALUES, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1856 TO 1917. Year. Annual Value. Total Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1856 .. 1,544,831* 1857 .. 3,145,613 1858 .. 3,406,365 1859 .. 3,308,059 ] [ \\ 1860 .. 3,131,088 30,461,708 1861 .. 3,482,869 33,454,762 1862 .. 2,193,389* 18,499,122* 1863 .. 3,840,959 34,842,203 1864 .. 3,961,088 35,415,517 1865 .. 4,601,589 42,073,409 t 1866 .. 4,524,798 41,085,029 . 1867 .. 4,708,981 42,723,765 1868 .. 4,951,448 44,908,890 439,871 478,330 232,813 1869 .. 5,211,638 47,428,986 279,158 434,522 260,415 1870 .. 5,274,287 48,123,154 319,348 424,903 269,258f 1871 .. 5,450,041 51,791,392 310,238 521,202 284,673 1872 .. 5,428,484 54,656,364 341,317 581,360 311,876 1873 5,574,215 57,801,858 405,695 759,393 387,503 1874 5,990,477 62,020,023 459,619 953,429 432,449 1875 .. 6,448,313 67,592,771 438,261 899,246 587,530 1876 .. 6,621,697 75,216,239 401,899 785,303 613,598 1877 .. 6,781,056 77,614,749 454,885 780,442 593,673 1878 .. 7,030,996 84,433,482 674,138 1,006,419 750,746 1879 .. 7,141,549 82,244,116 478,874 872,342 719,340 1880 .. 7,117,946 83,847,418 581,854 991,921 726,525 1881 .. 7,175,289 87,642,459 599,981 964,571 728,093 1882 .. 7,433,812 91,782,647 589,470 1,002,111 742,911 1883 .. 7,692,706 95,610,959 654,782 1,080,047 776,683 1884 .. 8,098,814 103,795,832 817,169 1,360,314 1,083,613 1885 .. 8,793,490 114,283,570 932,082 1,508,965 1,229,203 1886 .. 9,621,135 125,878,748 1,177,163 1,745,163 1,479,159 1887 .. 10,153,771 137,885,801 1,184,958 2,004,670 1,708,252 1888 .. 11,913,473 167,385,210 1,542,985 2,441,340 2,062,327 1889 .. 12,931,526 187,559,511 2,190,404 2,660,350 2,264,607 1890 .. 13,265,543 194,313,646 2,759,795 3,435,054 2,944,440 1891 .. 13,733,770 203,351,360 2,776,751 3,530,232 3,143,602 1892 .. 13,605,990 197,366,940 2,952,112 3,812,058 3,287,036 1893 .. 12,779,600 189,461,350 3,161,406 4,067,037 3,535,879 1894 .. 11,676,079 174,984,851 3,185,058 3,997,769 3,638,936 1895 .. 10,641,200 167,197,780 2,633,860 4,751,506 4,043,869 1896 .. 10,393,000 168,427,700 3,781,175 4,725,971 4,014,493 1897 .. 10,345,535 171,253,984 3,910,906 4,760,827 4,023,842 1898 .. 10,152,500 168,611,906 3,799,678 4,771,690 4,010,666 1899 .. 10,134,108. 168,456,583 3,468,175 4,158,969 3,850,687 1900 .. 10,283,500 169,911,900 3,409,994 4,229,023 3,923,408 1901 .. 10,537,497 174,141,764 4,179,148 4,656,718 4,272,981 1902 .. 10,885,087 185,101,993 4,036,749 4,654,298 4,272,896 1903 .. 11,188,932 203,902,919 3,932,062 4,527,229 4,212,051 1904 .. 11,437,830 209,143,730 3,939,125 4,504,495 4,205,886 1905 .. 11,743,270 210,920,174 3,952,301 4,484,183 4,186,602 1906 .. 11,795,143 216,615,603 4,221,006 4,675,921 4,375,116 1907 .. 12,174,325 222,598,941 4,409,947 4,788,910 4,442,713 1908 .. 12,638,900 232,725,666 4,442,630 4,873,999 4,437,673 1909 .. 13,123,958 242,688,771 4,571,308 4,826,593 4,416,103 1910 .. 13,564,488 252,006,618 5,072,180 5,263,760 4,767,138 1911 .. 14,235,349 265,083,827 5,268,625 5,465,602 4,831,984 1912 .. 14,774,660 275,078,517 5,400,238 5,532,184 5,011,950 1913 .. 15,423,445 288,372,434 5,604,269 6,049,125 5,259,138 1914 .. 16,046,159 301,918,686 6,092,023 6,350,127 5,617,056 1915 .. 16,735,978 314,600,787 6,267,648 6,689,178 5,739,084 1916 .. 16,942,062 318,960,116 5,577,435 6,449,061 5,869,260 1917 .. 17,319,418 326,415,110 5,827,358 6,666,842 6,030,343 Exclusive of Road Boards. t Exclusive of Road Boards and Shires. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 51 (E) Government Expenditure. 1. Expenditure by Government. In the following table is shewn the expenditure of moneys voted by Parliament for roads and bridges, but not expended by Municipalities or by the Country Roads Board, for the years 1851 to 1915 inclusive : VICTORIA. EXPENDITURE BY GOVERNMENT ON ROADS AND BRIDGES, 1851 TO 1915. STear. Expenditure tear; Expenditure. Year. Expenditure. Year. Expenditure. 1851 . . 11,113 1868.. 110,548 1885.. 40,878 1902.. 75,855 1852 . . 35,249 1869.. 90,735 1886.. 41,061 1903.. 69,200 1853 . . 522,693 1870.. 36,832 1887.. 40,430 1904.. 42,114 1854 . . 517,082 1871.. 35,328 1888.. 53,214 1905.. 30,393 1855 . . 576,588 1872.. 42,192 1889.. 80,202 1906.. 56,145 1856 . . 506,679 1873.. 38,125 1890.. 99,372 1907.. 43,119 1857 . . 736,050 1874.. 102,922 1891.. 26,934 1908.. 72,246 1858 . . 645,239 1875.. 99,451 1892.. 30,576 1909.. 99,572 1859 . . 601,187 1876.. 66,690 1893.. 28,498 1910.. 102,309 1860 . . 621,554 1877.. 16,759 1894.. 22,204 1911.. 67,001 1861 . . 518,329 1878.. 11,888 1895.. 11,578 1912.. 58,917 1862 . . 407,758 1879.. 36,885 1896.. 12,965 1913.. 73,374 1863 . . 171,271 1880.. 24,945 1897.. 21,538 1914.. 56,649 1864 . . 89,376 1881.. 31,631 1898.. 20,266 1915.. 47,898 1865 . . 113,244 1882.. 53,017 1899.. 32,691 1866 . . 96,898 1883.. 62,376 1900.. 52,051 1867 . . 47,374 1884.. 55,879 1901.. 72,890 (F) Country Roads Board. 1. Revenue and Expenditure. The following table shews the revenue and expenditure of the Country Roads Board from 1913 to 191,7 : VICTORIA. COUNTRY ROADS BOARD. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1913 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending :!0th June. Fees and Licences. Munici- palities. Other. Total. Works. Other. Total. 1913 45,503 45,503 1,634 1,634 1914 49,275 26,555 75,830 33,930 11,056 44,986 1915 54,777 2,467 352,014 409,258 367,625 23,714 391,339 1916 62,278 12,847 605,348 680,473 514,264 105,460 619,724 1917 71,585 23,527 211,884 306,996 292,534 87,828 380,362 (G) Municipal Tramways. 1. General. There are at present four municipal Tramway Trusts operating in the suburbs of Melbourne, three of which control electric and the fourth cable tramways. The three former are (a) the Prahran-Malvern ; (b) the Melbourne, Brunswick, and Coburg ; and (c) the Hawthorn Tramway Trusts, while the fourth is owned by the Municipality of Northcote. 52 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 2. The Prahran-Malvern Tramway. This tramway is under the control of a Trust, consisting of seven members appointed from the Councils of Prahran, Malvern, St. Kilda, Caulfield, Hawthorn, Kew, and Camberwell ; it has a track mileage of 60 miles, and was opened for traffic in 1910. 3. The Melbourne, Brunswick, and Coburg Tramway. This was opened for traffic on the 27th April, 1916, and has a track mileage of 12 miles. 4. The Hawthorn Tramway. The first section was opened on the 6th April, 1916, and on the 30th September, 1917, there were 18 miles of track mileage. 5. The Northcote Tramway. This is 2 miles in length, and connects Clifton Hill with Preston. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given (a) the track mileage ; (b) the capital cost ; (c) the revenue ; and (d) the expenditure of the three Trusts controlling electric tramways in the suburbs of Melbourne for the years 1910 to 1917. VICTORIA. TRAMWAY TRUSTS (ELECTRIC). MILEAGE, COST OF CONSTRUCTION REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, (910 TO 1917. Year ending 30th September. Miles of Track. (Route). Capital Cost. Revenue. Working Expenditure (exclusive of Interest). Miles. 1910* 7 90,000 20,806 15,301 1911 8f 131,894 26,314 16,518 1912 .. 13| 182,560 37,876 24,719 1913 30f 421,141 59,850 39,686 1914 40|- 473,516 108,340 77,007 1915 58 674,357 121,016 86,577 1916 82f 1,047,537 178,258 126,123 1917 90 1,178,832 261,359 184,061 Four months. 3. Queensland. (A) Municipalities, Divisions, and Shires. 1. General Review. Previous to separation, the Acts of New South Wales were in force in Queensland. The New South Wales Municipalities Act 1858 was repealed in 1864 by the Municipal Institutions Act, under which new Municipalities, in addition to those already in existence, could be constituted. In the same year an Act was passed constituting Provincial Councils outside of Municipalities, but, as there were no provisions for its enforcement, it became a dead letter. Road Trusts were formed in about 1870 to supervise the expenditure of Government money on roads. In 1878 the Local Government Act was passed, by which Municipalities were divided into Boroughs and Shires, and in the following year, under the Divisional Boards Act, the whole of the Colony outside of existing Boroughs and Shires was divided into Divisions, each with a Divisional Board. The Municipalities Act and the Divisional Boards Act were consolidated in 1902 into the Local Authorities Act, Municipal Boroughs being now termed Cities or Towns, Divisions being renamed Shires. No separate Acts have been passed regarding the incorporation of Brisbane as a City, hence Brisbane has always been subject to the same Acts as other Municipalities. 2. Legislation prior to Separation. Previous to the proclamation of Queensland as a separate Colony, the Acts of New South Wales were in force, including the Municipalities Act 1858. Under this Act two Municipalities Brisbane and Ipswich were incor- porated, and the total number of Municipalities had increased to eight when this Act was repealed in 1864. In 1861 the Municipalities Act 1858 was amended in Queensland, the principal alterations being (a) the abolition of penalties for refusing to accept office ; (6) the power given to Councils to lease unoccupied lands on which rates were in MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 53 arrears for over four years, and to borrow up to the amount of three years' revenue ; and (c) the endowment, in addition to that authorized by the Act of 1858, of Municipalities with any sum not exceeding one-third of the amount received by the Treasury on account of Crown lands sold within the boundaries of the Municipality. Plumping at elections was prohibited, and every elector had to vote for the full number of candidates to be elected, otherwise his voting paper was rejected. :?. Municipal Institutions Act 1864. By this Act the Act of 1858 and its amendment were repealed, but existing Municipalities still retained their status. Any City, Town, or Rural District could be constituted a Municipality on petition of 100 resident householders, provided that it contained not less than 250 inhabitants. Subdivision into Wards was also authorized, two Wards being formed if the population was below 1,000, three if 1,000 and under 5,000, and four if 5,000 or over. For each Ward three Aldermen were elected, of whom one retired each year. The Mayor was elected annually by the Aldermen from amongst themselves, while two Auditors were elected annually by the ratepayers. Any voter was qualified to be an Alderman, and for the first election all persons on the electoral roll for the Legislative Assembly were entitled to vote, and at subsequent elections every male person named in the assessment list. Plural voting was in force, one vote being given when the amount paid in rates was less than 5, two votes when 5 and under 10, and three votes when 10 and over. General and special rates could be struck, but neither rate was to exceed one shilling in the pound on the annual value. Borrowing up to the amount of three years' revenue was permitted, provided that the Council collected a general rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound for each half-year until the debt was paid. The Government granted an annual endowment of pound for pound on all the income of the Council, including all rates and subscriptions during the first five years after the incorporation of a Municipality ; this was to be reduced to ten shillings during the second five years, and to five shillings during the third five years, and then to cease. Councils were also entitled to one-third, and in some cases, to one-half, of the receipts by the Treasury for the sale of Crown lands. A Council had the care, construction, &c., of roads, bridges, ferries, cemeteries, baths, water supply, lighting, and sewerage, and was empowered to declare a portion of the Municipality a first class division, in which the erection of inflammatory buildings was prohibited. This Act was amended from time to time, and remained in force until 1878. The more important amendments were as follows : In 1865 the Municipality of Brisbane was divided into six Wards, each with two Aldermen, of whom one retired annually, and fresh boundaries were scheduled. Provision was made for the elections of two Assessors by the ratepayers of each Municipality, unless it was divided into Wards, in which case one was elected for each Ward. The management of cemeteries was taken out of the hands of Councils and vested in those of Trustees. In 1868 the election of Assessors was taken away from the ratepayers, and the appointment of one or more Assessors was left in the hands of the Council, to be appointed at the first meeting held after the elections ; but this proviso was altered in 1873, so that Assessors could be appointed at any meeting. In 1869 Government buildings were exempted from rates. In 1872 provision was made by which members of a Council were prohibited from voting on any matter in which they were pecuniarily interested. In 1876 the endowment was raised to 2 for every 1 of rates received during the first five years after incorporation, falling to pound for pound for the next five years, and so on. 4. Provincial Councils Act 1864. Under this Act the Governor was empowered, on the petition of 50 persons qualified to be placed on the electoral roll, to proclaim any portion of the Colony a Province, and to appoint a Council of not less than three nor more then nine members. The accounts of amounts received by the Treasury, except from Customs, by each Province were to be kept separate, and a portion placed to the credit of each Province. The Government was empowered to place sums to the credit of a Provincial Council for any specific object, and the Council was also permitted to borrow when the cost of any public works exceeded the amount at its disposal, provided that the tolls levied were sufficient to pay interest and sinking fund. One Council only, that of Peak Downs, was formed, and after spending 2,000, which had been placed to its credit by the Government, collapsed. The Act was repealed in 1878. 54 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 5. Road Trusts. For several years from about 1870 bodies of local men formed themselves into what were termed Road Trusts. In each Trust one member was elected Chairman, and his appointment had to receive the approval of the Minister for Works. These Trusts were created for the purpose of supervising minor improvements, thus obviating the appointment of a permanent Government Inspector on such works (such as a few miles of roads, culverts, &c.). The necessary money obtained from the Govern- ment was disbursed by the Trust, the pay-sheets for the men's wages being certified to by the Chairman, who was held responsible for the due performance of the work, the pay-sheets being subsequently forwarded to the Works Department for payment. There does not appear to have been any special Act constituting these Trusts. In the following table is shewn the number of these Trusts for the years 1871 to 1880, together with their expenditure : QUEENSLAND. ROAD TRUSTS. NUMBER AND EXPENDITURE, 1871 TO 1880. Southern Division. Central Division. Northern Districts. All Districts. Year. Number Number Number Number of Trusts. Expenditure. of Trusts. Expenditure. of Trusts. Expenditure. of Trusts. Expenditure. No. No. No. No. 1871 78 18,191 18 4,641 . . 96 22,832 1872 104 13,244 14 2,021 2 2,563 120 17,828 1873 72 12,724 14 2,598 1 1,912 87 17,234 1874 . . 60 4,324 10 416 1 379 71 5,119 1875 . . 2 726 . . 1 3,449 3 4,175 1876 .. 1 432 . 2 4,308 3 4,740 1877 4 529 1 464 5 993 1878 .. 1 610 . . 3 1,354 4 1,964 1879 . . 2 697 . . 6 3,258 8 3,955 1880 . . 1 1,288 7 3,088 8 4,376 6. Local Government Act 1878. By this Act all previous Acts were repealed, existing Municipalities, of which there were eighteen, remaining legally incorporated. Munici- palities were divided into Boroughs and Shires, the former comprising Towns and the latter Country Districts, each with a Council of from six to twelve members, and capable of being subdivided into four Wards or Divisions ; Brisbane, however, retained its six Wards. The members of the Council were called Aldermen in Boroughs and Councillors in Shires. The Governor was empowered to alter boundaries, to unite Municipalities, &c., but could not constitute a new Municipality without petition unless the area contained at least 500 resident inhabitants. With certain exceptions, every male person who was a natural-born or naturalized subject, registered as a voter, was qualified to be a Councillor. One-third of the Councillors retired annually. Both males and females were enrolled as voters, provided that they were of the full age of 21 and liable to be rated. Each elector was entitled to one vote if his property was rated on an annual value of less than 50, to two votes if on a value of 50 and less than 100, and to three votes if on a value of 100 and over. No person was entitled to be enrolled unless the annual rateable value was 10 in a City or Town and 2 in a Shire. The Chairman was elected annually by the Councillors from among their number, and called in the case of a City or Borough " The Mayor," and in the case of a Shire " The President." Two Auditors were elected annually by the ratepayers. General rates were levied, but were not to exceed one shilling nor be less than sixpence in the pound on the annual value. Separate and special rates could also be struck. Power was given to borrow from the Consolidated Revenue on the security of special loan rates. The endowment from Government was fixed at 2 for every pound of rates collected during the first five years after incorporation, subsequently an amount equal to that collected. The Council was charged with the care, construction, and maintenance of all public highways, streets, roads, bridges, ferries, wharves, and jetties, with the exception of proclaimed main roads. Tolls and dues could be collected MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 55 on roads, markets, &c. The construction of sewers and provision for water supply were vested in the Council, with power to levy special rates. Various amendments were made to this Act, of which the more important details are given hereunder. In 1881 the endowment on rates other than on general rates ceased. In 1886 a Council was empowered to make by-laws, inter alia, regulating and licensing porters and vehicles plying for hire, also registering goats and dogs. In 1887 the rate of endowment was altered, and the amount not fixed, but the maximum was limited to pound for pound on the rates collected. The sum of 85,000 was made available for each of the years 1889 and 1890, and divided among the Municipalities in proportion to the sums raised by rates, both general and special or sewerage or drainage. The Tramways Act 1882 empowered a Municipality (a) to construct tramways, (6) to purchase same from a company fourteen years after the tramway had been completed, and (c) to borrow money from the Colonial Treasurer for such purposes. With regard to loans for public works, a special Act passed in 1 880 divided such works into six classes, and prescribed periods during which a loan had to be repaid. In Class I. this period was fixed at 40 years, in Class II. at 30 years, in Class III. at 21 years, in ( l,;ir ending 31st Decem- ber. Rates General, Special, and From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. Separate. DIVISIONS. 1880 .. 23,584 31,063 2,788 57,435 10,188 20,394 7,194 37,776 1881 .. 37,400 101,863 5,578 144,841 15,558 86,198 9,719 ' 111,475 1882 .. 39,891 82,199 10,552 132,642 18,398 94,558 10,913 123,869 1883 .. 51,056 94,148 8,749 153,953 21,026 129,734 13,526 164,286 1884 .. 57,487 122,103 41,661 221,251 27,630 161,587 15,682 204,899 1885 .. 69,604 121,373 33,320 224,297 25,671 176,563 25,435 227,669 1886 .. 81,264 198,495 29,376 309,135 26,267 197,625 28,366 252,258 1887 .. 90,583 158,356 42,116 291,055 28,419 261,287 34,152 323,858 1888 .. 81,039 165,468 60,390 306,897 32,296 220,112 35,644 288,052 1889 .. 93,451 169,995 32,784 296,230 31,174 216,978 38,945 287,097 1890 .. 99,783 187,768 42,762 330,313 35,012 256,025 48,245 339,282 1891 .. 106,511 103,204 27,779 237,494 33,250 149,863 41,130 224,243 1892 .. 100,731 98,338 14,229 213,298 30,816 136,645 34,862 202,323 1893 .. 94,280 67,338 20,010 181,628 29,306 119,814 30,254 179,374 1894 .. 100,163 35,025 16,098 151,286 27,395 101,095 27,667 156,157 1895 .. 99,076 40,480 19,698 159,254 26,890 98,547 31,011 156,448 1896 .. 103,487 41,740 20,947 166,174 25,636 108,254 25,736 159,626 1897 . . 106,573 38,589 34,009 179,171 27,026 118,553 30,170 175,749 1898 .. 115,201 38,653 39,826 193,680 28,316 125,042 46,271 199,629 1899 .. 117,002 50,961 51,708 219,671 30,394 150,321 34,605 215,320 1900 .. 122#26 66,628 82,647 271,301 31,532 187,552 42,525 261,609 1901 .. 134,301 69,473 126,525 330,299 34,982 233,251 46,971 315,204 1902 .. 135,710 40,498 130,261 306,469 34,654 209,607 50,035 294,296 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. QUEENSLAND. DIVISIONS AND SHIRES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1880 TO 1917 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. ending Rates. 31st Decem- ber. General, Special, and From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. Separate. SHIRES. 1903 .. 148,127 20,681 25,921 194,729 32,861 132,135 42,774 207,770 1904 .. 160,760 2,057 18,367 181,184 31,838 109,393 44,108 185,339 1905 .. 160,122 1,075 29,641 190,838 32,753 107,934 39,770 180,457 1906 .. 170,617 1,136 26,598 198,351 33,359 131,571 50,791 215,721 1907 .. 187,397 2,523 29,539 219,459 34,311 141,252 44,095 219,658 1908 .. 202,722 3,651 50,141 256,514 33,810 187,346 49,532 270,688 1909 .. 222,537 4,372 44,513 271,422 37,586 152,701 64,526 254,813 1910 .. 233,464 11,364 69,150 313,978 39,092 189,874 76,144 305,110 1911 .. 272,330 9,461 110,101 391,892 42,561 249,481 85,907 377,949 1912 .. 289,850 8,530 108,839 407,219 51,612 279,972 100,399 431,983 1913 .. 324,267 10,875 122,853 457,995 25,760 300,690 145,046 471,496 1914 .. 352,794 7,358 140,394 500,546 64,789 345,405 107,989 518,183 1915 .. 371,323 5,929 137,520 514,772 67,485 344,369 122,127 533,981 1916 .. 393,932 3,666 133,286 530,884 82,240 317,500 133,996 533,736 1917 .. 432,842 2,726 137,121 572,689 86,112 345,261 123,891 555,264 QUEENSLAND. MUNICIPALITIES, CITIES, AND TOWNS (EXCLUSIVE OF BRISBANE). VALUATIONS, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1860 TO 1917. Year ending 31st December. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans from Government. MUNICIPALITIES. 1860 .. 25,000 1861 .. 61,357 . . . . . . 1862 .. 85,071 . . 1863 .. 115,227 . . . m 1864 .. 141,021 1865 .. 187,763 . . . . 1866 .. 230,487 . . 1867 .. 103,504 665,998 . . 1868 .. 98,178 709,114 . 1869 .. 223,904 2,050,412 8,098 2,242 14,778 1870 .. 221,167 2,042,322 2,806 3,466 13,636 1871 .. 230,830 2,115,508 3,914 2,638 19,335 1872 .. 231,850 2,415,752 6,822 3,692 27,586 1873 .. 236,450 2,483,173 11,171 12,331 36,521 1874 .. 248,694 2,233,263 13,843 7,619 56,873 1875 .. 257,027 2,569,594 20,074 17,879 57,629 1876 .. 382,207 2,868,847 14,836 21,628 65,647 1877 314,904 2,981,435 20,880 57,123 75,412 1878 .. 313,520 3,075,992 31,053 66,268* 86,852 1879 .. 316,791 3,067,107 36,956 60,043 98,541 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 65 QUEENSLAND. MUNICIPALITIES, CITIES, AND TOWNS (EXCLUSIVE OF BRISBANE). VALUATIONS, ASSETS, ETC., 1860 TO 1917 continued. Year ending 31st December. Ann.ua! Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Oustanding Loans from Government. MUNICIPALITIES, MUNICIPAL BOROUGHS, AND MUNICIPAL SHIRES. 1880 .. 351,352* 3,520,877* 114,420* 101,622* 155,368* 1881 .. 401,368 4,312,827 144,172* 160,076* 230,157* 1882 .. 430,128 4,771,226 166,265 293,600 272,212 1883 .. 500,410 6,054,655 281,037 334,843 302,301 1884 .. 603,679 7,032,739 246,401 207,425 177,868 1885 .. 685,307 8,380,550 232,546 232,635 188,462 1886 .. 756,997 9,119,588 281,356 239,127 193,625 1887 .. 845,507 10,598,611 308,355 235,184 197,084 1888 .. 1,099,503 15,183,019 350,736 306,986 256,315 1889 .. 1,257,271 18,152,073 373,014 339,871 271,986 1890 .. 1,275,490 18,787,871 579,016 451,387 353,739 1891 .. 13,871,122 566,424 452,884 336,488 1892 .. . . 11,963,018 579,603 461,087 364,696 1893 .. . . 9,846,224 589,778 474,234 307,275 1894 .. . . 9,089,865 557,530 421,795 341,940 1895 .. . . 8,870,954 563,258 411,388 343,879 1896 .. . . 8,748,226 505,342 344,916 266,079 1897 .. . . 8,639,057 506,564 352,598 277,903 1898 .. . . 8,608,887 501,172 351,015 279,413 1899 .. . . 8,653,634 525,847 399,731 295,150 1900 .. . . 8,744,708 505,767 487,829 275,422 1901 .. . . 8,866,924 679,634 561,456 309,289 1902 .. 9,482,862 684,729 557,316 333,893 CITIES AND TOWNS. 1903 .. 8,007,453 653,278 532,866 307,416 1904 .. 8,407,419 636,5,70 504,831 280,009 1905 .. . . 8,108,469 659,356 542,684 274,250 1906 .. . . 7,852,705 672,201 548,646 303,087 1907 .. 7,875,938 674,605 530,682 299,463 1908 .. 7,886,857 747,446 596,773 254,227 1909 .. 7,820,052 727,006 625,743 229,730 1910 .. 7,925,422 766,496 572,369 220,620 1911 .. 8,322,134 765,641 562,819 194,011 1912 .. . . 8,553,567 765,492 612,745 199,523 1913 .. . . 9,476,368 815,718 668,368 213,560 1914 .. . . 9,692,874 870,754 717,610 224,008 1915 .. 10,013,435 899,678 733,695 235,015 1916 .. . 9,990,995 943,053 754,363 245,283 1917 .. 10,408,695 986,625 i 781,769 250,228 Exclusive of Municipal Shires. C. 7099. 3 66 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. QUEENSLAND. DIVISIONS AND SHIRES. VALUATIONS, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1881 TO 1917. Year ending 31st December. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans from Government. DIVISIONS. 1881 .. 868,577 16,803,974 1882 .. 965,879 18,355,936 1883 .. 1,197,319 21,988,708 2*8,301 1884 .. 1,378,640 26,240,026 104,206 76,146 54,366 1885 .. 1,709,979 28,784,343 112,322 86,518 71,052 1886 .. 1,819,738 33,927,105 134,665 98,716 77,870 1887 .. 1,812,562 32,168,540 143,114 119,632 93,490 1888 .. 1,848,295 28,478,594 147,951 140,445 115,632 1889 .. 2,315,255 29,468,270 209,308 186,390 146,499 1890 .. 1,975,815 31,881,150 222,039 207,637 166,899 1891 .. 29,414,191 226,501 202,706 165,023 1892 .. . . 26,763,770 229,893 196,726 168,340 1893 .. . m 26,836,146 183,920 149,908 127,667 1894 .. . . 26,763,888 209,131 178,538 162,815 1895 .. . . 26,142,791 176,255 143,773 128,519 1896 .. 26,537,505 179,661 153,692 135,070 1897 .. . . 26,610,736 210,488 193,054 148,639 1898 .. . . 27,122,340 230,868 221,446 197,102 1899 .. . . 27,681,447 271,475 284,041 256,334 1900 .. . . 28,135,052 328,544 343,572 296,984 1901 .. . . 29,108,715 394,306 392,180 346,364 1902 .. 27,838,438 415,952 404,157 343,914 SHTKES. 1903 .. 29,603,766 280,607 188,920 152,862 1904 .. 28,786,043 229,843 141,481 108,753 1905 .. . . 27,948,597 250,052 168,692 134,894 1906 .. . . 29,197,808 254,363 158,749 113,550 1907 .. 29,977,860 259,519 145,476 100,951 1908 .. 31,279,792 277,086 164,662 111,754 1909 .. 33,677,538 301,976 165,383 111,740 1910 .. . . 36,023,390 331,382 167,338 116,456 1911 .. . . 38,482,811 367,078 185,819 127,078 1912 .. 40,365,614 426,694 226,183 141,287 1913 .. 41,272,641 467,182 296,519 203,109 1914 .. . 44,596,193 455,476 256,813 159,359 1915 .. . . 45,622,388 499,390 306,252 178,635 1916 .. 45,919,033 552,750 324,104 190,752 1917 .. i 45,276,512 567,438 306,294 181,862 (B) City of Brisbane. 1. General. As already noted, the City of Brisbane is subject to the same provisions of the various Municipal Acts as other Cities. Since 1893 the City of Brisbane has raised loans on debentures instead of borrowing from the Colonial Treasury, and the amounts of these loans, details of which are not available for each year, are included in the liabilities. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given particulars for the City of Brisbane of (i) the area, estimated population, number of electors, estimated number of dwellings, and length of roads ; (ii) the revenue and expenditure ; and (iii) the annual value, unimproved capital value, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans from Government for the years 1860 to 1917. At the end of 1917 the amount outstanding for debentures, apart from money owing to the Government, was 620,451. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 67 QUEENSLAND. CITY OF BRISBANE. AREA, POPULATION, ETC., I860 TO 1917. Year ending 31st December. Ajea. Estimated Population. Number of Electors. Estimated Number of Dwellings. Length of Roads. Sq. Mis No. No. No. Miles. 1860 . 1,114 1861 . . 1,132 1862 .. . . 1,375 . . . . 1863 . . 2,000 1864 2,965 1865 3,210 1866 . . . . 3,210 . . , 1867 . . 12,000 3,000 3,200 . 1868 14,000 3,500 3,522 . . 1869 3* 14,265 3,975 2,950 47 1870 3 14,265 4,132 2,983 47 1871 3 15,002 4,217 2,998 47 1872 3 15,002 4,523 3,083 47 1873 3i 15,002 4,523 3,083 47 1874 3 20,000 4,181 3,200 46 1875 3 22,000 4,455 3,400 58 1876 3 23,000 4,191 4,400 59 1877 3 23,000 4,500 4,650 58 1878 3 24,603 4,598 4,670 58 1879 3 26,000 4,598 4,720 58 1880 3 26,000 4,098 4,800 58 1881 3 23,001 4,524 5,000 58 1882 3 23,001 4,910 5,080 58 1883 3 23,001 5,116 5,200 58 1884 3 23,001 5,606 5,500 58 1885 3 23,001 5,863 5,750 65 1886 3 32,567 5,546 6,000 65 1887 3 32,567 6,154 6,300 65 1888 2 28,451 5,521 5,845 58 1889 2i- 28,533 5,832 5,950 58 1890 21- 28,529 5,378 6,150 52 1891 2\- 25,889 5,514 6,200 52 1892 21- 25,889 5,245 6,200 52 1893 2\- 25,889 4,621 6,200 52 1894 2f 25,889 4,747 6,200 52 1895 2f ' 25,889 5,222 6,200 52 1896 2f 28,055 5,492 6,250 52 1897 2f 27,747 5,754 6,270 52 1898 2 25,425 6,331 5,085 52 1899 2| 26,325 6,442 5,265 52 1900 2* 27,600 6,728 5,520 52 1901 2f 28,953 6,546 4,870 52 1902 2* 28,125 7,199 5,125 52 1903 5* 37,148 8,499 6,427 83 1904 5j 37,442 4,432 6,439 83 1905 5j 37,442 5,128 6,444 83 1906 5* 37,442 5,126 6,500 83 1907 5 37,442 4,942 8,617 85 1908 5 37,442 5,236 8,637 85 1909 5 37,442 5,262 8,627 85 1910 5 37,442 5,392 6,515 85 1911 5- 39,917 5,401 6,576 85 1912 54 40,254 5,668 6,652 92 1913 5* 40,254 5,830 6,769 92 1914 5| 40,254 6,181 7,354 92 1915 5 40,887 5,770 7,517 92 1916 5* 40,887 5,866 7,054 92 1917 5} 39,368 5,986 7,539 92 68 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. QUEENSLAND. CITY OF BRISBANE. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 160 TO 1917. Year ending 31st Decem- ber. Revenue. Expenditure. Kates. General, Special, and Separate. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1860 .. 3,269 1,694 100 5,063 . . 4,589 1861 .. 1,469 2,526 483 4,478 . . . 14,788 1862 .. 2,625 5,825 1,092 9,542 . . . . 12,634 1863 .. 3,503 3,164 2,342 9,009 . . 9,724 1864 .. 5,022 3,014 4,536 12,572 12,572 1865 .. 7,441 3,720 3,057 14,218 . . 15,115 1866 .. 6,853 6,218 2,943 16,014 . . 14,468 1867 .. * 2,363 8,180 10,543 17,076 1868 .. * 1,178 7,844 9,022 8,421 1869 .. 4,993 1,800 3,776, 10,569 l',210 6,840 1,051 9,101 1870 .. 3,773 . . 3,760 7,533 1,282 2,543 5,661 9,486 1871 .. 3,790 1,600 3,976 9,366 1,396 4,139 3,354 8,889 1872 .. 4,497 1,125 4,168 9,790 1,516 4,120 4,112 9,748 1873 .. 5,348 3,242 4,774 13,364 1,178 5,530 6,953 13,661 1874 .. 7,455 4,389 6,963 18,807 1,147 6,156 10,215 17,518 1875 .. 8,095 12,792 11,466 32,353 1,377 7,210 24,082 32.669 1876 .. 8,941 534 13,287 22,762 1,644 7,480 13,424 22,548 1877 .. 10,277 24,256 11,397 45,930 1,805 21,824 18,110 41,739 1878 .. 11,131 23,777 5,951 40,859 1,892 26,141 18,179 46,212 1879 .. 11,602 14,317 6,420 32,339 2,369 23,618 9,031 35,018 1880 .. 13,492 20,602 7,292 41,386 2,207 30,786 8,101 41,094 1881 .. 14,279 22,622 8492 45,393 3,101 31,296 11,094 45,491 1882 .. 17,274 12,269 8,151 37,694 3,179 24,469 9,852 37,500 1883 .. 20,394 12,584 12,116 45,094 3,322 28,357 11,917 43,596 1884 .. 21,316 15,997 53,650 90,963 4,008 61,035 22,623 87,666 1885 .. 38,306 17,280 52,216 107,802 4,384 100,025 16,545 120,954 1886 .. 46,903 33,211 89,271 169,385 5,167 160,143 26,682 191,992 1887 .. 55,994 41,407 45,792 143,193 5,661 112,366 20,873 138,900 1888 .. 48,488 27,711 31,649 107,848 3,924 82,540 25,788 112,252 1889 .. 54,406 24,377 25,082 103,865 4,366 87,766 33,529 125,661 1890 .. 57,110 27,515 46,841 131,466 4,138 86,024 24,751 114,913 1891 .. 50,123 16,034 22,193 88,350 4,071 73,157 21,441 98,669 1892 .. 44,096 16,834 18,692 79,622 3,589 54,162 19,619 77,370 1893 .. 35,583 11,012 30,278 76,873 3,652 58,088 15,172 76,912 1894 .. 35,446 6,532 198,908 240,886 3,596 50,545 137,773 191,914 1895 .. 33,282 7,165 60,486 100,933 3,649 43,809 49,895 97,353 1896 .. 32,976 6,871 17,009 56,856 3,533 48,126 14,074 65,733 1897 .. 33,300 6,713 56,869 96,882 3,931 56,795 13,771 74,497 1898 .. 32,792 7,682 62,414 102,888 3,569 119,642 20,118 143,329 1899 .. 37,319 4,378 18,676 60,373 3,946 46,901 21,589 72,436 1900 .. 36,969 17,229 18,812 73,010 4,005 45,826 30,119 79,950 1901 .. 47,306 9,352 24,677 81,335 3,465 55,876 16,924 76,265 1902 .. 53,752 6,548 20,549 80,849 4,147 55,226 27,607 86,980 1903 .. 61,838 3,391 25,071 90,300 5,112 70,949 28,457 104,518 1904 .. 68,059 . . 30,503 98,562 7,318 59,005 27,287 93,610 1905 .. 66,521 19,135 85,656 5,876 59,104 30,563 95,543 1906 .. 65,044 16,080 81,124 4,807 50,567 31,219 86,593 1907 .. 67,845 16,486 84,331 5,150 49,041 30,854 85,045 1908 .. 66,515 170 18,075 84,760 5,716 52,368 29,607 87,691 1909 .. 74,465 19,413 93,878 6,152 53,269 42,591 102,012 1910 .. 68,051 200 36,201 104,452 6,410 55,661 40,525 102,596 1911 .. 80,942 200 60,913 142,055 8,729 74,310 41,863 124,902 1912 .. 94,255 200 44,430 138,885 5,220 115,263 25,714 146,197 1913 .. 95,363 200 43,196 138,759 5,556 125,043 25,562 156,161 1914 .. 110,571 200 44,793 155,564 6,256 190,837 45,090 242,183 1915 .. 109,656 200 43,457 153,313 6,527 184,980 36,254 227,761 1916 .. 120,338 200 47,740 168,278 12,705 171,508 39,747 223,960 1917 .. 123,449 200 51,259 174,908 13,751 127,902 41,500 183,153 Included in other revenue. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. QUEENSLAND. CITY OF BRISBANE. VALUATIONS, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, I860 TO 1917. Yrur ending 31st Decombrr. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans from Government. 1860 .. 47,251 1861 .. 52,550 . . . . 1862 .. 64,791 1863 .. 89,487 . . . . . . . 1864 .. 115,857 . . . . . . . . 1865 .. 148,819 . . . . . . . . 1866 .. 132,599 1867 .. 94,534 945,534 1868 .. 92,125 644,875 1869 .. 85,209 852,090 M90 1,000 1870 .. 83,315 833,150 10,000 1871 .. 81,635 816,350 14 10,000 1872 .. 94,060 940,600 56 10,000 1873 .. 110,407 1,104,070 10,000 1874 .. 110,407 1,104,070 244,149 154,560 15l',827 1875 .. 155,937 1,559,370 246,963 155,348 152,550 1876 .. 168,445 1,684,450 246,974 154,396 152,408 1877 .. 200,000 2,000,000 62.378 51,245 45,747 1878 .. 204,836 2,048,360 60,607 47,572 46,409 1879 .. 223,612 2,236,120 64,104 52,669 47,896 1880 224,160 2,241,600 74,622 59,882 55,860 1881 .. 231,203 2,890,038 101,331 91,318 84,362 1882 .. 281,400 3,517,500 101,242 86,112 85,059 1883 .. 320,579 4,007,238 248,599 83,629 81,691 1884 .. 339,172 4,239,650 267,284 111,963 103,845 1885 .. 430,598 5,382,243 292,944 163,912 134,852 1886 .. 571,031 7,138,000 304,058 244,499 198,829 1887 .. 558,278 7,100,000 310,179 268,957 222,307 1888 .. 486,833 8,113,883 327,042 283,535 225,720 1889 .. 521,090 8,684,833 616,353 212,038 146,189 1890 .. 544,191 9,069,450 608,807 199,921 153,658 1891 .. . . 8,800,351 607,325 200,392 149,119 1892 .. . . 5,528,798 606,851 192,520 144,468 1893 .. . . 6,745,553 618,682 209,857 151,680 1894 .. . . 6,336,829 578,350 217,880 36,573 1895 .. 5,807,988 580,805 226,149 1896 .. 5,761,671 574,971 229,435 1897 .. 5,759,946 602,010 275,214 1898 .. 5,755,744 573,083 329,123 1899 .. 5,860,612 566,618 340,162 1900 .. 5,842,283 554,279 347,874 1901 .. . . 5,830,809 577,133 372,175 1902 .. 5,881,846 585,566 383,580 1903 .. . . 6,538,755 608,572 437,720 30,776 1904 .. 6,457,779 616,194 439,556 29,704 1905 .. 6,301,107 613,555 438,989 28,588 1906 .. . . 6,128,032 619,839 438,439 27,428 1907 .. . . 5,964,072 622,138 432,199 26,222 1908 .. . . 5,858,436 625,080 427,721 24,967 1909 .. . . 5,817,211 639,429 443,189 23,662 1910 .. 5,849,018 640,027 438,038 22,305 1911 .. 5,983,134 659,762 446,818 20,893 1912 .. 6,072,739 673,735 456,234 19,425 1913 .. 6,232,312 699,386 483,063 17,898 1914 .. 6,382,855 764,932 570,448 16,311 1915 .. 6,387,740 792 122 648,526 14,659 1916 .. 6,370,033 798^302 673,900 12,942 1917 .. 6,363,295 842,919 697,209 11,156 70 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (c) Summary Tables. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables give for the years 1860 to 1917 (i) the revenue and expenditure ; and (ii) the annual value, unimproved capital value assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans from Government of all Local Authorities in Queensland : QUEENSLAND. MUNICIPALITIES, DIVISIONS, SHIRES, ETC. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1860 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st Rates. Decem- General, From ber. Special, and Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. Separate. 1860 .. 3,951 2,194 300 6,445 . . . . f 6,381 1861 .. 3,345 6,953 604 10,902 . . . . . . 9,047 1862 .. 6,419 14,787 3,509 24,715 . . . . . . 36,578 1863 .. 8,309 7,535 11,865 27,709 . . . . . . 34,521 1864 .. 10,834 21,100 6,936 38,870 . . 38,737 1865 .. 16,443 31,333 5,899 53,675 . , t , 50,775 1866 .. 16,767 19,279 5,079 41,125 . . . . . . 40,314 1867 .. * 10,680 24,803 35,483 . . . . . . 38,822 1868 .. * 10,800 24,132 34,932 . . . . 33,505 1869 .. 14,044 7,138 8,545 29,727 6,529 19,467 . 5,580 31,576 1870 .. 11,893 ' 6,035 9,795 27,723 6,016 13,701 10,719 30,436 1871 .. 11,534 16,122 10,891 38,547 5,688 18,803 11,914 36,405 1872 .. 13,366 15,006 12,167 40,539 5,791 21,165 11,935 38,891 1873 .. 13,801 18,891 22,076 54,768 5,587 26,705 17,374 49,666 1874 .. 15,357 23,400 14,470 53,227 5,406 31,299 16,833 53,538 1875 .. 17,011 48,994 20,999 87,004 5,745 31,399 .42,015 79,159 1876 .. 19,075 5,547 24,944 49,566 6,446 31,464 25,365 63,275 1877 .. 25,384 51,761 21,941 99,086 8,560 53,069 32,170 93,799 1878 .. 27,870 52,901 17,480 98,251 9,363 53,686 38,190 101,239 1879 .. 28,127 45,573 25,386 99,086 10,046 61,221 24,664 95,931 1880 .. 54,593 77,423 29,428 161,444 19,658 89,548 39,318 148,524 1881 .. 78,377 147,839 33,879 260,095 27,373 160,717 42,727 230,817 1882 .. 90,531 126,105 39,880 256,516 31,888 179,674 51,599 263,161 1883 .. 113,528 139,671 51,150 304,349 35,628 225,151 56,350 317,129 1884 .. 114,402 172,085 146,355 432,842 46,351 294,977 74,894 416,222 1885 .. 150,062 174,521 127,529 452,112 44,152 340,359 81,652 466,163 1886 .. 177,779 273,641 151,958 603,378 48,172 430,157 106,501 584,830 1887 .. 197,156 249,909 132 928 579,993 48,791 438,186 115,722 602,699 1888 .. 206,875 275,012 172,550 654,437 55,753 453,253 122,008 631,014 1889 .. 237,843 288,600 134,758 661,201 58,668 > 484,914 140,489 684,071 1890 .. 252,058 323,816 155,820 731,694 62,982 509,563 173,349 745,894 1891 .. 253,580 159,253 94,402 507,235 58,579 341,219 130,971 530,769 1892 .. 236,528 157,510 71,139 465,177 54,299 275,461 120,887 450,647 1893 .. 213,609 104,757 89,692 408,058 50,419 258,999 99,960 409,378 1894 .. 223,006 61,417 280,332 564,755 47,OS2 214,596 244,811 506,499 1895 .. 219,037 69,117 123,094 411,248 46,315 214,388 131,403 392,106 1896 .. 224,826 74,723 83,526 383,075 45,006 248,099 91,273 384,378 1897 .. 231,806 71,206 121,246 424,258 47,149 261,200 90,633 398,982 1898 .. 239,391 73,859 173,978 487,228 47,485 338,028 120,624 506,137 1899 .. 255,473 76,899 148,758 481,130 51,111 324,384 107,173 482,668 1900 .. 268,478 117,429 254,716 640,623 54,960 401,707 196,519 653,186 1901 .. 305,805 117,051 210,738 633,594 57,474 433,472 129,646 620,592 1902 .. 321,830 59,850 220,126 601,806 58,618 399,262 137,434 595,314 1903 .. 340,102 31,932 105,223 477,257 56,981 316,532 138,702 512,215 1904 .. 376,892 3,172 94,323 474,387 59,011 273,493 145,027 477,531 1905 .. 376,405 1,746 125,197 503,348 57,659 283,213 161,231 502,103 Included in other revenue. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 71 QUEENSLAND. MUNICIPALITIES, DIVISIONS, SHIRES, ETC. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1860 TO 1911 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st Rates. Decem- General, From ber. Special, and Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. Separate. 1 1906 .. 387,786 1,640 93,364 482,790 57,365 292,721 151,476 501,562 1907 .. 414,345 5,349 89,574 509,268 58,614 315,139 130,944 504,697 1908 .. 436,344 5,943 116,750 559,037 58,824 384,100 138,916 581,840 1909 .. 469,970 5,274 116,641 591,885 62,254 299,423 224,237 585,914 1910 .. 443,708 14,129 219,513 677,350 64,983 351,723 217,267 663,973 1911 .. 512,464 12,657 296,611 821,732 74,384 465,793 268,422 808,599 1912 .. 550,309 11,525 303,572 865,406 82,154 569,910 272,734 924,798 1913 .. 618,553 13,059 309,733 941,345 62,676 596,716 321,096 980,488 1914 .. 676,907 10,058 358,837 1,045,802 103,554 752,819 306,560 1,162,933 1915 .. 703,749 17,207 351,640 1,072,596 107,038 742,036 324,617 1,173,691 1916 .. 746,172 4,664 355,980 1,106,816 132,628 698,128 340,521 1,171,277 1917 .. 808,003 6,421 380,746 1,195,170 142,291 707,782 353,419 1,203,492 QUEENSLAND. SUMMARY OF VALUATIONS, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1860 TO 1917. Year. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans from Government. 1860 .. 82,251 1861 .. 113,907 1862 149,862 . . . . t 1863 .. 204,714 . . . . m 1864 .. 256,878 1865 .. 336,582 t -' m 1866 .. 363,086 , 1867 .. 198,038 1,611,532 1868 .. 190,303 1,353,989 1869 .. 309,113 2,902,502 9^587 3,242 14,778 1870 .. 304,482 2,875,472 2,806 13,466 13,636 1871 .. 312,465 2,931,858 3,926 12,638 19,335 1872 .. 325,910 3,356,352 6,878 13,692 27,586 1873 .. 346,857 3,587,243 11,171 22,331 36,521 1874 .. 359,101 3,337,333 257,992 161,779 208,700 1875 .. 412,967 4,128,964 267,037 173,227 210,179 1876 .. 550,652 4,553,297 264,810 176,024 218,054 1877 .. 514,904 4,981,435 83,258 108,368 121,159 1878 .. 518,356 5,124,352 91,660 113,840 133,261 1879 .. 540,403 5,291,227 101,060 112,712 146,437 1880 .. 575,512* 5,762,477* 189,042* 161,505* 211,228* 1881 .. 1,501,148 24,006,839 245,503f 251,394f 314,519f 1882 .. 1,677,407 26,644,662 267,507J 379,711>j 357,27lj 1883 .. 2,018,308 32,050,601 529,630$ 418,4721 412,293 1884 .. 2,321,491 37,512,415 617,891 395,534 336,079 1885 .. 2,825,884 42,547,136 637,812 483,065 394,362 1886 .. 3,147,766 50,184,693 720,079 582,342 470,324 * Exclusive of Municipal Shires. t Exclusive of Municipal Shires and Divisions. J Exclusive of Divisions. 72 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. QUEENSLAND. SUMMARY OF VALUATIONS, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1860 TO 1917 continued. Year. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans from Government. 1887 .. 3,216,347 49,867,151 761,648 623,773 512,881 1888 .. 3,434,631 51,775,496 825,729 730,966 597,667 1889 .. 4,093,616 56,305,176 k ,198,375 738,299 564,674 1890 .. 3,795,496 59,738,471 ,409,862 858,945 674,296 1891 .. 51,085,664 ,400,250 816,982 650,630 1892 .. . . 44,255,586 ,416,347 850,333 677,504 1893 .. . . 43,427,923 ,392,380 833,999 646,622 1894 .. . . 42,236,582 ,345,011 818,213 541,328 1895 .. 40,821,733 ,320,318 781,310 472,398 1896 .. 41,047,402 ,259,974 728,043 401,149 1897 .. e 41,521,343 1,339,442 849,258 475,005 1898 .. . . 41,486,971 1,305,123 901,584 476,515 1899 .. . . 42,195,693 1,363,940 1,023,934 551,534 1900 .. . . 42,722,043 1,448,590 1,179,275 572,406 1901 .. . . 43,806,448 1,651,073 1,325,811 655,653 1902 .. 43,203,146 1,686,247 1,345,053 677,807 1903 .. . 44,149,974 1,542,457 1,159,506 491,054 1904 .. . 43,651,241 1 ,482,607 1,085,868 418,466 1905 .. . . .42,358,173 1,522,963 1,150,365 437,732 1906 .. . . 43,178,545 1,546,403 1,145,834 444,065 1907 .. . 43,817,870 1,556,262 1,108,357 426,636 1908 .. 45,025,085 1,649,612 1,189,156 390,948 1909 .. e 47,314,811 1,668,411 1,234,315 365,132 1910 .. . 49,797,830 1,737,905 1,177,745 359,381 1911 .. . . 52,788,079 1,792,481 1,195,456 341,982 1912 .. . . 54,991,920 1,865,921 1,295,162 360,235 1913 .. . . 56,981,321 1,982,286 1,447,950 434,567 1914 .. 60,671,922 2,091,162 1,544,871 399,678 1915 .. . 62,023,563 2,191,190 1,688,473 428,309 1916 .. . . 62,280,061 2,294,105 1,752,367 438,977 1917 .. 62,048,502 2,396,981 1,785,272 443,247 (D) Electric Lighting and Tramways. 1. Electric Lighting and Power. Under the Electric Light and Power Act 1896 a Local Authority may be authorized by an Order in Council to supply electricity within its area. 2. Municipal Tramways. Under the Tramways Act 1882 the Council of a Municipality or any other Local Authority having control, for the time being, of any part of the streets in which a tramway is laid or intended to be laid may construct, maintain, and work a tramway upon and through any street or other place, and for the purposes of this Act is deemed to be the constructing authority, with power to borrow. A Council is also empowered to purchase a tramway, upon the expiration of fourteen years after its completion, giving six months' notice, and, if the amount of purchase money be not agreed upon mutually, it is to be ascertained in the manner provided by the Public Works Resumption Act 1878. The Local Authorities Act 1902 also expressly authorizes Councils to construct tram- ways, as already mentioned hereinbefore. The municipal tramways in Queensland, with the exception of that of Rockhampton, are more of the nature of light railways, and are primarily intended for the haulage of sugar-cane and other goods. Several are managed by the Railway Department, the Local Authority carrying out the maintenance, and the Department paying over a proportion of the revenue. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 73 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn the mileage, cost of construction, revenue, and expenditure for the years 1903 to 1917 of tramways controlled by local Councils or Joint Boards, with the exception of that of Rockhampton : QUEENSLAND. MUNICIPAL TRAMWAYS (EXCLUSIVE OF ROCKHAMPTON). NUMBER, LENGTH, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1903 TO 1917. Tear. Number of Tramways. | H "o 3 1 5 Revenue. (Exclusive of Government Grants, Loans, and Endowments.) Expenditure. Passenger Traffic. Goods and Live Stock Traffic. Other Receipts. - I Maintenance. Locomotive and other Charges. HO 1 H 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 No. 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 .8 6 6 7 7 6 6 6 Mis 163 165 165 165 162 162 168 222 183 147 184 184 152 154 154 349,692 377,131 369,546 369,168 397,254 396,452 416,463 559,600 485;119 361,539 446,118 430,120 380,136 383,870 384,519 . * * ;; 12',929 f9,434 flO,025 $12,529 4,962 2,772 4,330 5,530 6,987 6,276 6,671 33',415 f34,875 f35,567 3:38,826 16,171 14,270 19,678 31,909 26,587 24,636 26,531 l',004 t3,127 t2,071 $4,388 2,234 2,360 992 4,662 1,885 7,246 6,546 *18,738 *27,655 59,333 35,353 41,734 23,788 f25,411 f25,601 $27,023 16,625 12,300 14,673 46,924 39,162 41,395 36,282 49,683! 38,092 39,267 47,848 f47,436 t47,663 $55,743 23,367 19,402 25,000 42,101 35,459 38,158 39,748 8,256 t9,062 t9,379 $10,686 7,329 5,051 6,404 8,809 8,878 8,358 6,735 3,131 t7,357 t6,351 17,730 3,685 3,478 3,652 4,951 3,680 4,421 7,367 5,391 f5,701 f4,692 $5,966 4,150 2,279 2,255 2,797 6,353 3,096 2,806 7,010 t3,291 f5,179 $2,641 1,461 1,492 2,362 30,367 20,251 25,520 19,374 * Exclusive of the Ayr, Beaudesert, and Geraldton Tramways, t Exclusive of McGregor's Creek Tramway. $ Exclusive of McGregor's Creek and Bowen-Proserpine Tramways. Exclusive of Bowen-Proserpine Tramway. 4. Rockhampton Tramway. The only municipal tramway, which is used purely for passenger traffic, is worked by the Municipality of Rockhampton. It was opened for traffic in 1909, and is 7 miLes in length. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table gives the capital cost, revenue and expenditure of the Rockhampton Municipal Tramway for the years 1911 to 1917 : QUEENSLAND. -ROCKHAMPTON MUNICIPAL TRAMWAY. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1911 TO 1917. Year ending 31st December. Capital Cost. Revenue. Expenditure. 1911 40,943 5,897 7,463 1912 41,729 6,355 7,651 1913 41,729 8,297 9,535 1914 41,730 9,763 9,513 1915 42,000 10,096 11,113 1916 42,000 10,956 11,448 1917 42,000 10,850 10,391 4. South Australia. (A) Introductory. 1. General. In South Australia there are two distinct systems of Local Government, known respectively as Municipalities and District Councils, the former of which has been in operation since 1840, and the latter since 1852. From 1849 to 1887 there was also a third system of Main Road Boards, which had the control of main roads. This control was in the latter year handed over to Municipalities and District Councils. Certain Drainage Boards also had authority over roads within the area of their jurisdiction. Reference to these will be found in Section III. (see page 196). These systems will be considered separately, an additional chapter being devoted to the City of Adelaide. 74 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (B) Road Boards. 1. Great Eastern Road Act 1841. In 1841 the maintenance and construction of the portion of the overland road to Victoria within the Province of South Australia was handed over to a Board of Trustees, consisting of all the Justices of the Peace for the time being acting for the Province or for the County or District of Adelaide, together with 23 other persons named in the Act. These Trustees had power to make, divert, or alter the road, erect toll-bars, and levy toJ.s according to a scale fixed by the schedule to the Act ; they could also mortgage the tolls or farm the same by auction. In 1844 the control of the road was vested in the Government, and put under the management of the Surveyor-General in place of the Trustees. 2. Main Roads Act 1849. Under this Act two systems of Boards were created, the Central Board of Main Roads and the District Boards of Roads. The Central Board was composed of six members nominated annually and appointed by the Governor, and had charge of the Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western or Port Roads. The Chairmen of District Boards were entitled to attend the meetings of the Central Board and take part in the deliberations, but were not empowered to vote. Other public roads not under the management of Municipal or District Councils were entrusted to District Boards of Roads, of which one was to be constituted for each Hundred ; adjoining Hundreds could, however, unite to form one District. The inhabitants were to meet for the purpose of electing the Boards, each of which was composed of five members, elected for one year, the first Board being appointed by the Governor. Plural voting was permitted, and the number of votes allotted depended on the acreage owned or occupied ; an owner or tenant of not less than 20 nor more than 80 acres being entitled to one vote, of from 80 to 160 acres two, of from 160 to 320 acres three, of from 320 to 640 acres four, of from 640 to 1,000 acres five, and of 1,000 acres and upwards, six votes. Voting was to be carried out by ballot, and voters were to be registered on payment of a fee of one shilling each. Elected members were compelled to act under a penalty not exceeding 20. The Chairman was appointed by the Board, and two Auditors were elected by the ratepayers These District Boards had power to appoint officers, and to levy rates on all purchased lands, to be paid by occupiers, tenants being entitled to set off half the rates against the rent. Portions of main roads might be leased for tramways worked by animal power for a period not exceeding 21 years. Not more than 26 feet width in the centre of the road could be so leased, and the Governor was empowered to purchase the tramway at the expiration of the lease at its original cost. He was also authorized to advance money out of the road funds to persons holding such leases, but not to a greater extent than two-thirds of the value of the rails and materials. Both the Central and the District Boards could levy tolls and farm them by auction. They were also authorized to collect licence duties on every description of vehicle ; in 1850. however, this latter provision was withdrawn, and the money collected was ordered to be refunded. A schedule of main roads was appended to the Act, which was, however, added to or amended from time to time. 3. Main Roads Act 1852. In 1852 the Act of 1849 was repealed, and all public roads were classified as main and district roads. District roads were placed under the management of District Councils, and main roads under the Central Board of Main Roads, a body consisting of six members, of whom two were appointed by the Governor, while four were elected by District Councils. This Board had the same powers as the Central Board mentioned in the preceding paragraph. As no provision was made in the 1852 Act for district roads not within areas under the District Council Acts, an amendment was made in 1863, by which the Commissioner >of Public Works was appointed to be the Commissioner of such roads. He also had charge of all main roads which were taken off the schedule until they were handed over to District Councils. In 1864 the Treasurer was authorized to borrow up to 250,000, to be placed to the credit of the Central Board of Main Roads. 4. Roads Act 1865. Under this Act the Governor was empowered to proclaim Road Districts, provided that they were not less than 120 miles from Adelaide, and to appoint Local Boards of Main Roads, consisting of not more than five nor less than three members, to take over the duties of the Central Board within their own District. When such a District was proclaimed, the privilege given to Chairmen of District Councils of attending meetings of the Central Board was withdrawn within such District, the privilege of attending meetings of the Local Board being substituted. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 75 In 1866 the Treasurer was authorized to raise 250,000 by loan to be placed to the credit of the Central or Local Boards. 5. Main Roads Act 1874. By this Act all former Acts relating to Road Boards were repealed, and the Central Board, together with the Local Boards of Port Augusta, Mount Gambier, and Port Lincoln, were abolished. Eight Main Road Districts were scheduled, but the Governor was empowered to proclaim fresh Districts or add to existing Districts. For each District a Local Board of five members was created, the first members of which were appointed by the Governor for one year, after the expiration of which period two were appointed by the Governor and three by the Municipal and District Councils within the District. Until such Boards were appointed the Commissioner of Public Works was to act. All main roads within a District were vested in the Local Board for that District, and a schedule thereof was given, which was altered from time to time. In order to be qualified for election as member a person had to be possessed of freehold or leasehold property of the rateable annual value of 50. Members were elected for three years, and Councils were entitled to one vote for every 10,000 of assessed value, but to not more than two votes for each member. The revenue of these Boards was derived from moneys voted by Parliament. 6. Roads Act 1884. This Act was a consolidation of the Act of 1874, with its amendments, arid no radical change was made in the constitution or functions of Local Road Boards. Control over the Boards was given to the Commissioner of Public Works acting as Commissioner of Main Roads, and the money voted by Parliament was apportioned by him among the various Boards. On the passing of the District Councils Act in 1887 Local Road Boards were abolished and their duties vested in District Councils. 7. Length of Roads and Expenditure. The following table gives the length of roads under the control of, and the expenditure of Road Boards for the years 1851 to 1887 : SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ROAD BOARDS. LENGTH OF ROADS AND EXPENDITURE, 1851 TO 1887. Year. No. of Boards. Length of Roads. Expendi- ture. Year. No. of Boards. Length of Roads. Expendi- ture. CENTRAL ROAD BOARD (1849 ACT). 1851* No. i Miles. -II 36,637 ||- 1852f .. No. 1 Miles. 13,244 CENTRAL ROAD BOARD (1852 ACT). 1853 642 25,435 1860 . . 1 739 46,602 1854 642 88,655 1861 1 739 56,284 1855 642 87,055 1862 . . 1 739 67,231 1856 642 58,566 1863 . . 1 697 61,406 1857 739 113,467 1864 . . 1 697 76,256 1858 739 85,047 1865 . . 1 1,660 111,130 1859 739 90,011 CENTRAL AND LOCAL ROAD BOARDS (1865 ACT). 1866 2 1,790 191,954 1871 .. | 4 2,205 80,348 1867 4 2,008 216,006 i 1872 . . 4 2,205 58,636 1868 4 2,008 152,610 1873 4. 2,205 94,286 1869 4 2,008 83,170 1874 . . 4 2,205 91,599 1870 4 2,008 77,030 1875J .. ; 4 2,205 60,217 LOCAL DISTRICT BOARDS (1874 ACT). 1876 8 3,113 180,680 1882 8 3,605 185,764 1877 8 2,522 155,726 1883 . . 8 3,611 227,798 1878 8 2,522 188,436 1884 :. 8 4,127 170,994 1879 8 3,451 202,728 1885 . . 8 4,161 170,953 1880 8 3,557 198,484 1886-7 .. 8 4,171 68,219 1881 8 3,631 214,712 * From 21st November, 1850. to 20th November, 1851. t From 21st November, 185li to 31st December. 1852. t Six months to 30th June, 1875. Eighteen months to 31st December, 1876. 76 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (c) Municipal Corporations. 1. General. In the Third Annual Keport of the Colonization Commissioners for South Australia in 1839 a recommendation was made that Towns with 2,000 inhabitants and over should be given elective municipal institutions, and as the population of Adelaide had already reached that figure an Ordinance was issued in 1840 constituting a Munici- pality for that Town. This Ordinance applied solely to Adelaide, and is dealt with in the chapter on the City of Adelaide (see page 87). 2. Municipal Corporations Ordinance 1849. This Ordinance was intended to apply primarily to the City of Adelaide", but on the petition of not less than two-thirds of the resident householders in any other Town, Village, or Hamlet, the Governor was empowered to incorporate the same, with certain limitations if necessary. Up to 1855 only one Municipality (exclusive of Adelaide) had been thus incorporated, and the number of Municipalities existing when the Ordinance was repealed in 1861 was only five. As this Ordinance primarily affected Adelaide, a resume of its provisions is given in the chapter devoted to that City, the same provisions being made applicable to any other Municipality incorporated thereunder. 3. Municipal Corporations Act 1861. By this Act all previous Ordinances and Acts relating to the City of Adelaide and other existing Municipal Corporations were repealed, and all Corporations were brought under the provisions thereof. On the petition of two-thirds of the ratepayers the Governor could proclaim any place a Municipality. Every person of full age who, on the first of October in any year, was seised of or occupied any land or building, either as owner or tenant, was qualified as a Citizen, with the exception of persons in receipt of public relief or alms and ratepayers whose rates were in arrears. The Council was composed of two Councillors for each Ward and a Mayor, and the Mayor was elected by the Citizens as a whole, and not by the Councillors, as heretofore. The Mayor and one Councillor in each Ward retired annually. A Municipal Council was empowered to repair the streets and to make common sewers and waterworks, to levy water rates, and have sole control of public slaughterhouses and markets. Further power was given to lease any real estate which had been vested in a Council for a period not exceeding 50 years on a building lease, or 30 years on a repairing or other lease ; also to contract for cleansing and the removal of night-soil, and the organization of fire brigades. The maximum amount of the general rate was fixed at one shilling, and of all rates at two shillings in the pound of annual value. Rateable property included all property excepting (a) lands, buildings, or other property used by the Government for any public purpose ; (b) hospitals ; (c) lunatic asylums ; (d) charitable institutions ; (e) churches ; (/) academical institutions which have obtained an Act of incorporation ; and (g) any other building used exclusively as a school. Borrowing powers were granted up to 20,000, if approved by the Council at a meeting at which two-thirds of the members were present, and confirmed by a poll of ratepayers. At such a poll a ratepayer whose valuation was 25 and less had one vote, and an additional vote was granted for each extra 10 up to a maximum of six votes for a valuation of over 75. 4. Municipal Corporations Act 1880. This Act was a consolidation of the previous Act and its amendments, and presented few new features, the principal of which were (a) that a Council could cause special constables to be sworn in ; (b) that the rate for lighting was fixed at a maximum of fourpence and that for the improvement of park lands at threepence in the pound ; and (c) that valuations were to be made annually. Ministers of religion, persons holding a place of profit under the Council or absent from the Province at the time of election, females, minors, and insolvents were disqualified from acting as Councillors. A Council could (a) appoint inspectors of nuisances ; (b) license slaughterhouses, hide and skin marts, and bazaars, (c) establish public baths ; (d) fix stands for licensed vehicles ; and (e) grant licences for depasturing on park lands and for the removal of sand and gravel from river beds and water- courses. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 77 In 1881 the Building Act was passed, the provisions of which extended to all incor- porated Cities and Towns. In the same year, under the Ornamental Grounds Act, a Council was authorized, with the consent of the ratepayers, (a) to take charge of any ground dedicated to the public ; (6) to make by-laws respecting such grounds ; (c) to charge entrance fees ; (d) to make a rate not exceeding threepence in the pound for their upkeep, and (e) to let portions for periods not exceeding eight days. In 1882 the Places of Public Amusement Act provided that such places were to be licensed by the Mayor in the City of Adelaide, and on proclamation by the Governor in other places. In 1885 urban, suburban, and country institutes were exempted from being rated ; and in the same year the Grants-in-Aid Regulation Act was passed, and applied to all Municipal Corporations, District Councils, and Drainage Boards. Under this Act the Government gave grants-in-aid of rates not exceeding one shilling in the pound so long as required. The amount paid for the financial year commencing 1st July, 1885, was at the rate of fifteen shillings in the pound of rates collected, and at the rate of ten shillings for the financial year commencing 1st July, 1886. In 1890 this subsidy was altered to five shillings in the pound. 5. Municipal Corporations Act 1890. This is the Act at present in force relating to Municipalities. It has been amended from time to time, and the following is a summary of the provisions thereof : (i) Constitution of Areas. The Governor may proclaim and divide into Wards a new Municipality on petition of two-fifths of the ratepayers or owners of rateable property within the limits of the proposed Municipality, provided that the value of rateable property therein is sufficient to produce at least 300 per annum from the general rate. The Governor may "also alter the boundaries or rearrange the Wards of a Municipality, and may appoint the first members of a new Municipality. (ii) Constitution of Councils. A Council consists of a Mayor for the Municipality and of two Councillors for each Ward therein, elected from among qualified Citizens. Minors , persons holding an office of contract under the Council, and uncertificated insolvents are ineligible as Councillors. Originally females were ineligible, but in 1914 this restriction was removed. Two Auditors are elected in the same manner as the Mayor. On the 1st December in each year the Mayor, one Councillor in each Ward, and one Auditor retire. On petition by the Council, confirmed by a poll of ratepayers, the Governor may proclaim that the portion of the Act relating to Aldermen be applicable, and after such proclamation the Council consists of Aldermen, in addition to the Mayor and Councillors. The number of Aldermen must be not less than three nor more than six, as fixed by the proclamation, which also determines the number who annually retire. The qualification and mode of election of Aldermen are the same as for a Mayor. In a Municipality, which has been proclaimed under this section, no person is eligible for nomination as Mayor unless he has previously served as Mayor, Alderman, or Councillor of a Municipality for at least one year. In the previous Act of 1880 he was required to serve this probationary term in the Municipality in which he was nominated for Mayor, but under the Act of 1890 service in any Municipality will qualify. (iii) Qualifications of Citizens. Any person of full age who, on the first of October, is seised of or occupies rateable property and whose name is inserted in the assessment roll is entitled to be a Citizen and vote at elections, provided that all rates declared six months previously have been paid. Aliens, however, are not entitled to be enrolled ; and such was also the case with persons in receipt of public relief or alms until the amendment of 1910 repealed this provision. (iv) Election of Members of Councils. The annual elections of Mayor, Councillors, and Auditors are held on the first Saturday in December. The Citizens in each Ward elect the Councillors for the respective Wards, while the Citizens as a whole elect the Mayor and Auditors. Each Citizen has one vote for each Ward in which he has property Voting is by ballot. 78 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (v) Powers and Functions of Councils. A Corporation may hold and dispose of lands, and lease them by tender or auction, for a period not exceeding 50 years. All public roads, bridges, squares, and park lands, and the conservancy of rivers and water-courses are vested in the Municipality ; while cemeteries, jetties, piers, wharves, and break- waters may be vested therein. Park lands may be leased in blocks not exceeding an area of 10 acres for a period of not more than 21 years to two or more persons for the purpose of sport, but authority must be obtained from the ratepayers. Special constables may be appointed. All maua roads within a Municipality are under the control of the Council, and the Government contribution to the upkeep of such roads is expended by the Council under the supervision of the Government Engineer for Roads and Bridges. A Council may light the streets, repair and cleanse sewers, appoint inspectors of nuisances, remove night-soil, license slaughterhouses, bazaars, and hide and skin marts, establish and lease markets, baths, and washhouses, provide sheep dips, erect or contribute towards the erection of soldiers' memorials, and fix stands for licensed vehicles. The carrying out of the Building Act is entrusted to Councils, and they may also procure fire engines and organize fire brigades. (vi) Valuation and Rates. The valuation of property is based on the annual rent at which it would let for seven years if such rent is more than 5 per cent, of the value in fee simple, otherwise at 5 per cent, of such value. A Council may declare a general rate not exceeding one shilling and sixpence in the pound, a lighting rate not exceeding fourpence, a rate for the improvement of park lands, squares, and reserves not exceeding threepence, and a fire brigades' rate not exceeding threepence in the pound. A watering rate may also be levied and apportioned rateably according to the lineal frontage of the streets watered. If the general rate is insufficient, or certain works have not been provided for by a separate or other rate, the Council may declare a special rate, but such rate must not, together with the general rate, exceed two shillings in the pound, and must be consented to by the ratepayers at a meeting or at a poll, if such be demanded. At such a poll each ratepayer may vote on a scale according to the amount of annual value at which he is assessed, one vote being allowed for 25 or under, with an additional vote for each extra 10 up to six votes for over 75. A separate rate may also be levied for a particular work on petition of one-half of the ratepayers, representing not less than three-fourths of the assessed value of the property within the portion of Municipality to be benefited. (vii) Loans. With the consent of the ratepayers, obtained as in the preceding para- graph, a Council may borrow money for any object for which a special or separate rate is necessary up to a sum not exceeding ten times the amount which would result from a rate of one shilling in the pound. A Council may also borrow for the construction of permanent works up to an amount not exceeding three times the sum resulting from a rate of one shilling and sixpence in the pound. Such loans must be repaid within 42 years, and a sinking fund set aside, unless the loan is repayable by instalments. The amount of interest and sinking fund must not exceed the sum realized from a rate of fourpence halfpenny in the pound. A bank overdraft must not exceed one-fourth of the previous year's income. (viii) Gas and Electric Light. By the Gas and Eleotric Lighting Act 1891 any Local Authority may purchase, construct, and maintain gas-works, or supply electricity, but, before supplying gas under this Act, a Council must purchase any existing gas- works within its area. The Act does not apply as far as gas is concerned to Adelaide and its suburbs until proclamation is made. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables particulars are given for Corporations, exclusive of the City of Adelaide, of (i) the number and annual values for the years 1857 to 1901 ; (ii) the number, area, approximate population, number of houses, length of roads, and capital values for the years 1907 to 1917, and the annual values and outstanding loans for the years 1902 to 1917 ; and (iii) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1855 to 1917. In the year 1871 the population of Corporations, exclusive of Adelaide, was 19,736, and the number of houses 4,316 ; while in 1876 the area was 23 square miles, the population 30,550, and the number of houses 6,449. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 79 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS (EXCLUSIVE OF ADELAIDE). ANNUAL VALUES, 1857 TO 1901. Year ending 31st December. Number of Corporations. Annual Value. Year ending 31st December. Number of Corporations. Annual Value. No. No. 1857 5* 212,918 1880 20 356,601 1858 6* 239,613 1881 20 383,801 1859 6* 255,405 1882 22 418,301 1860 5 73,133 1883 26 531,631 1861 5 67,632 1884 29 622,319 1862 5 63,864 1885 29 641,331 1863 5 63,710 1886 29 644,997 1864 5 68,043 1887 30 600,599 1865 6 84,189 1888 32 610,275 1866 6 91,617 1889 31 584,622 1867 6 97,555 1890 32 606,307 1868 8 108,917 1891 32 613,310 1869 8 109,446 1892 32 625,897 1870 8 102,169 1893 32 639,787 1871 9 121,104 1894 32 647,539 1872 11 138,489 1895 32 645,709 1873 12 144,165 1896 32 649,918 1874 14 174,938 1897 32 656,254 1875 14 185,852 1898 32 683,063 1876 17 231,669 1899 32 714,689 1877 18 258,349 1900 3'2 731,211 1878 19 311,449 1901 31 743,313 1879 20 329,469 i Including the City of Adelaide. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CORPORATIONS (EXCLUSIVE OF ADELAIDE). AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL AND CAPITAL VALUES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1902 TO 1917. *Year ending 30th Nov. Number of Cor- Sora- ons. Area. Population (Approxi- mate). Number of Houses. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Capital Value. Out- standing Loans. No. Acres. No. No. Miles. 1902 31 . . . . 755,893 39,310 1903 31 e 765,187 51,302 1904 31 . . 773,097 . . 47,596 1905 31 . . 777,905 . . 41,361 1906 31 787,816 . . 42,837 1907 31 47,444. 128,183 25,365 717 785,868 14,868,681 43,515 1908 31 48,444 130,397 26,343 730 809,630 16,362,170 48,205 1909 31 48,666 133,521 28,819 757 842,313 16,063,114 48,063 1910 31 48,666 132,304 28,940 744 869,320 16,685,622 52,743 1911 31 48,443 134,754 28,660 770 941,993 18,605,379 53,469 1912 31 48,521 139,569 30,938 905 999,097 20,011,402 70,853 1913 31 48,521 147,483 32,238 828 ,125,731 22,048,176 84,331 1914 32 48,977 149,939 33,906 847 ,178,168 23,333,733 103,928 1915 32 48,071 147,249 35,197 863 ,195,053 23,683,494 117,585 1916 33 49,185 154,129 37,727 905 ,272,217 24,531,967 125,849 1917 33 49,448 156,335 38,661 906 ,614,752 25,002,009 140,309 Excepting 1902 and 1903, in which the year ends on the 31st December. 80 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS (EXCLUSIVE OF ADELAIDE). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1855 TO 1917. Year.* Revenue. Expenditure. Bates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1855f.. 707 763 1,470 192 1,387 1,579 1856f.. 1,147 3,947 5,094 740 3,710 4,450 1857J.. 9,286 12,617 10J61 32,064 2,816 28,522 .*. 31,338 1858J.. 10,288 12,304 7,344 29,936 4,066 27,442 . . 31,508 1859$.. 10,974 12,837 5,794 29,605 4,041 23,245 . . 27,286 1860 .. 3,203 2,486 615 6,304 757 4,607 5,364 1861 .. 3,136 2,576 812 6,524 1,298 6,235 7,533 1862 .. 2,201 1,940 288 4,429 1,005 3,617 . . . 4,622 1863 .. 3,463 2,926 623 7,012 1,139 5,654 . . 6,793 1864 .. 3,337 2,617 947 6,901 1,102 5,522 6,624 1865 .. 4,673 4,367 873 9,913 1,467 8,726 10,193 1866 .. 3,885 5,945 1,444 11,274 1,041 12,108 13,149 1867 .. 5,470 6,410 2,155 14,035 1,743 10,879 12,622 1868 .. 4,908 3,964 1,400 10,272 1,879 8,004 9,883 1869 .. 5,719 4,473 1,785 11,977 2,093 8,494 10,587 1870 .. 5,157 4,808 1,166 11,131 1,529 8,250 9,779 1871 .. 5,799 4,628 2,785 13,212 1,716 9,156 2,419 13,291 1872 .. 7,294 5,399 3,117 15,810 1,667 10,461 3,030 15,158 1873 .. . 7,672 6,662 5,170 19,504 2,138 12,982 4,051 19,171 1874 .. 8,665 6,602 8,755 24,022 2,596 16,577 4,812 23,985 1875 .. 10,343 8,069 10,333 28,745 2,882 18,319 7,661 28,862 1876 .. 12,018 8,952 12,324 33,294 3,171 19,150 10,985 33,306 1877 .. 13,351 9,307 15,466 38,124 4,491 21,964 12,302 38,757 1878 .. 15,683 9,802 20,493 45,978 4,254 23,984 17,776 46,014 1879 .. 18,420 14,834 18,143 51,397 4,852 28,636 17,842 51,330 1880 .. 18,211 16,785 26,324 61,320 4,760 32,908 21,358 59,026 1881 .. 19,630 16,101 25,098 60,829 5,163 37,020 17,267 59,450 1882 .. 20,838 18,659 33,019 72,516 5,595 40,058 21,052 66,705 1883 .. 25,719 20,957 40,924 87,600 7,732 43,626 28,620 79,978 1884 .. 31,762 26,668 51,420 109,850 8,465 54,961 33,001 96,427 1885 .. 33,331 18,717 44,615 96,663 . 7,980 48,724 39,143 95,847 1886 .. 32,509 16,183 39,265 87,957 7,847 37,898 41,320 87,065 1887 .. 32,368 5,954 27.970 66,292 7,074 23,322 34,873 65,269 1888 .. 31,469 6,481 26,116 64,066 6,900 22,856 33,662 63,418 1889 .. 30,948 11,574 21,303 63,825 6,962 27,407 26,193 60,562 1890 .. 39,363 5,817 25,955 71,135 10,442 31,939 27,983 70,364 1891 .. 33,813 12,897 37,479 84,189 8,067 35,776 41,101 84,944 1892 .. 34,978 13,266 32,189 80,433 13,317 31,655 35,556 80,528 1893 .. 38,127 12,169 29,557 79,853 11,257 32,464 34,835 78,556 1894 .. 37,418 12,977 26,326 76,721 8,926 38,868 30,458 78,252 1895 .. 37,659 12,812 28,352 78,823 8,791 36,977 31,732 77,500 1896 .. 40,771 16,278 23,909 80,958 8,733 35,846 36,860 81,439 1897 .. 38,827 16,188 24,998 80,013 9,232 35,871 34,598 79,701 1898 .. 40,024 18,059 31,304 89,387 9,044 40,536 39,659 89,239 1899 .. 42,133 18,069 26,858 87,060 9,140 37,773 39,559 86,472 1900 .. 45,787 18,280 27,660 "91,727 9,386 40,007 41,821 91,214 1901 .. 51,883 19,126 24,143 95,152 9,430 40,638 44,759 94,827 1902 .. 48,462 16,873 35,818 101,153 9,455 43,081 48,466 101,002 1903 .. 45,891 17,864 36,914 100,669 8,562 40,337 50,581 99,480 1904 .. 56,248 14,301 26,414 96,963 8,214 37,569 50,629 96,412 1905 .. 54,444 19,488 24,974 98,906 8,757 43,179 46,898 98,834 1906 .. 56,754 16,251 28,223 101,228 9,713 44,642 45,345 99,700 1907 .. 59,818 14,860 20,562 95,240 10,659 41,406 48,046 100,111 * Ending 31st December from 1855 to 1903, and 30th November from 1904 to 1917. t Number of Corporations in 1855, 1 ; in 1856, 3. J Including the City of Adelaide. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 81 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS (EXCLUSIVE OF ADELAIDE). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1855 TO 1917 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Your.* Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. ' 1908 .. 61,379 16,384 25,793 103,556 10,850 36,527 58,310 105,687 1909 .. 64,853 18,987 28,852 ! 112,692 10,342 46,694 52,465 109,501 1910 .. 67,856 23,661 31,464 122,981 12,012 56,482 55,037 123,531 1911 .. 77,699 22,250 31,902 131,851 12,787 58,067 64,098 134,952 1912 .. 81,434 22,395 39,203 143,032 13,375 60,128 73,608 147,111 1913 .. 90,618 23,527 32,146 146,291 14,644 70,879 65,386 150,909 1914 .. 99,305 24,140 33,592 157,037 14,906 64,347 84,464 163,717 1915 .. 102,126 25,441 31,777 159,344 14,841 63,911 84.515 163,267 1916 .. 104,411 23,713 35,000 163,124 16,177 68,186 74,201 158,564 1917 .. 109,828 28,626 43,589 182,043 14,927 75,845 88,613 179,385 1 * Ending 31st December from 1855 to 1903, and 30th November from 1904 to 1917. (D) District Councils. 1. District Councils Act 1852. Under this Act the Governor was empowered to constitute Districts on the petition of twenty ratepayers, and to appoint the members of the first Board, of whom there were five. All occupiers, owners, and tenants were qualified to vote for members, and the voting was held publicly. A District Council was given control of the roads within its District, and was authorized to license pounds, and to issue slaughtering, depasturing, and timber licences ; it also had the power of the general meetings of Justices to license public houses. An assessment was to be made and a rate, not exceeding two shillings in the pound on the annual value, was to be fixed at a public meeting of ratepayers, at which a ratepayer had one vote for an annual value of 25, with an additional vote for each additional 10 in value, up to a maximum of six votes. A District Council could also raise loans, and impose a rate which would enable the loan to be repaid within fifteen years, but such rate must not bring the total amount of rates above two shillings in the pound, and the sanction of the ratepayers must have been previously obtained. In order to raise a constabulary force, the collector of a District Council was required to make out a list of all able-bodied men in the District between the ages of 21 and 50, and the Council nominated persons to serve as constables during the year. The penalty for refusing to serve was 5, but a person chosen could provide a substitute, and fines for non-service aggregating 10 were considered as equivalent to providing a substitute. An amendment to this Act in 1854 authorized a District Council to impose a general rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound, but further rates not exceeding two shillings in the pound could be sanctioned by the ratepayers. Upon petition of twenty ratepayers a District could be subdivided into Wards. Water reserves and unbranded cattle at large were vested in the Council ; and it was stipulated that no special or stipendiary magistrate or holder of a publican's licence was eligible as Councillor. 2. District Councils Act 1858. This Act consolidated the previous Act and amendments. The number of members of the Council remained at five, and the same persons were disqualified from acting. A ratepayer was defined as the occupier of rateable property or the owner of unoccupied rateable property, and the following classes of property were exempted from rating : (a) waste lands of the Crown ; (6) Crown lands used for public purposes ; (c) churches and chapels ; (d) licensed schools, or schools deriving aid from the Government or District Council ; (e) public buildings and (/) land set apart for charitable or public purposes or for aborigines. The Chairman was elected annually by the majority of votes of Councillors, half of whom retired annually. The ratepayers elected two Auditors. The Council was entrusted with the duties of managing district roads, water reserves, jetties, piers, schools, and school houses ; of issuing depasturing, timbering, slaughtering and public house licences, and of exercising the powers of the Impounding and Weights and Measures Acts. It 82 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. also appointed constables as under the previous Act. Rates up to one shilling in the pound, and, with the consent of the ratepayers, further rates up to two shillings could be levied ; but, in order to raise a loan, the consent of two-thirds of the votes of the voters at a special meeting had to be obtained. In 1861 the section of the Act relating to the licensing of public houses by District Councils was repealed. In 1865 voting was restricted to persons over 21 years of age, and in 1867 the carrying out of the Width of Tires Act was entrusted to Local Authorities in their respective Districts. 3. District Councils Act 1876. This Act consolidated and repealed the former Act, but no important alterations were made. Under the Ornamental Grounds Act 1881 a District Council, with the consent of the ratepayers, was authorized to take charge of grounds dedicated to the public as pleasure resorts, and could make by-laws regarding same, levy a rate not exceeding threepence in the pound, and let portions for periods not exceeding eight days. In 1885 urban, suburban, and country institutes were exempted from rates ; and in the same year the Grants-in-Aid Regulation Act was passed, by which Municipal Corporations, District Councils, and Drainage Boards were subsidized by the Govern- ment on the basis of rates collected not exceeding one shilling in the pound. For the financial year commencing 1st July, 1885, the subsidy was fixed at fifteen shillings in the pound, and for the following year at ten shillings. 4. District Councils Act 1887. In 1887 the Act relating to District Councils was again consolidated and amended. The chief points in this Act, which vary from those in preceding Acts, were that the number of Councillors was fixed at a minimum of five and a maximum of ten, Drainage Boards, were merged into District Councils, plural voting was abolished, and Councils were given power to make new roads, ferries and jetties, to undertake sewerage, drainage and water supply, and to establish pounds, abattoirs, markets, baths, pleasure grounds, museums, hospitals, and charitable institu- tions. The revenue of a Council was derived from rents, fines, rates, fees under the Licensed Victuallers and Auctioneers Act, and Government subsidies. The maximum general rate was fixed at one shilling and sixpence and that of all rates at two shillings and sixpence in the pound ; while borrowing powers were limited to a sum not exceeding ten times the amount which could be raised by a rate of one shilling in the pound. In 1890, by the District Councils and Corporations Subsidy Act, the fees received under the Licensed Victuallers and Auctioneers Acts were no longer paid to the Councils but into the Treasury. In lieu thereof, an annual grant of five shillings in the pound on all general rates not exceeding one shilling was paid by Government. In the case of a new District Council or of portions not previously included under a District Council, the grant for the first three years was raised to ten shillings. Power was given in 1891 to Local Authorities to purchase, construct, and maintain gas-works, but existing gas-works must be first purchased. Any Local Authority might undertake to supply electricity. In 1893, under the Land Values Assessment Act, a poll of ratepayers could be held to determine that the assessment should be made on the unimproved in place of the annual value of property, but at least one-half of the ratepayers must have voted at the poll. In 1900, however, this stipulation was altered, and, in order to carry the proposal, one- quarter of the ratepayers on the roll must have voted in its favour. In the event of this system being adopted, the maximum amount which could be raised by rating must not exceed that obtained under the old system,' or, in the case of a new District, the rate must not exceed twopence in the pound on the unimproved value. The Free Libraries Act 1898 empowered District Councils to establish free libraries, to borrow money, and to levy a rate for the same with the consent of the ratepayers ; also, by the Noisy Trades Act of the same year, noisy trades might be proclaimed and licensed on petition of a. Local Authority. The licensing of places of public entertainment was placed in the hands of the Chairman of a District Council in 1902, but the Act authorizing this was repealed in 1913. An amendment of the District Councils Act in 1904 defined a Township as any Township or Village containing 40 dwelling-houses within a radius of one mile. Power was given to Councils to construct and work tramways, to levy a lighting rate not exceeding fourpence in the pound of annual value, and to borrow for permanent works a sum not exceeding three times the amount realized from a shilling rate ; provided that the amount of interest and sinking fund did not exceed a threepenny rate. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 83 Recreation grounds were exempted from general and local taxation in 1910. The Abattoirs Act 1911 provided for the establishment of an abattoirs area and Board on the petition of 50 ratepayers, or after a poll, if such were demanded. If the boundaries of such an area were conterminous with those of a District Council, the Council became the Board ; in other cases, arrangements had to be made by the Councils interested before the area was proclaimed. Under the Roads Supervision and Works Act 1913 the Engineer for Roads and Bridges was authorized to inspect, repair, or reconstruct any public road or bridge, and to advise the Minister as to the proportions in which the moneys voted for main roads should be allocated to Councils, and supervise the expenditure thereof by Councils. All such grants were to be expended under the direction of and subject to the approval of the Engineer for Roads and Bridges. 5. District Councils Act 1914. This Act repealed all former Acts relating to District Councils and with the amending Act, of 1918 is at present in force. The folio whig are the more important features of this Act : (i) Areas of Districts. All existing Districts specified in a schedule to the Act remain unchanged. A new District may be constituted by the Governor out of any part of the State, not held under pastoral lease, which contains rateable property capable of yielding 200 on a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound, and which is either an outlying district or partly an outlying district and partly land comprised within one or more previously existing Districts. For such constitution a petition must be signed by at least 50 inhabitant owners or occupiers, and, if the proposed District comprises portion of a previously existing District, by persons who are a majority of the ratepayers of such portion and are owners or occupiers of more than one-half of the rateable property within such portion. The Governor appoints the first Councillors and Auditors of a new District, and may also, on petition, unite, subdivide, sever, or annex Districts, or divide same into Wards. (ii) Constitution of Councils. The number of Councillors must not be less than five nor more than ten. Every ratepayer of full age is qualified to be a Councillor unless he is (a) a minister of religion, (6) a stipendiary magistrate, (c) an uncertificated insolvent, (d) a person who holds a place of profit at the disposal of the Council, or (e) interested in a contract with the Council. An elected Councillor, with certain exemptions, is compelled to serve. As regards the Councillors of existing Councils, one-half, or, if the number is uneven, a minority must retire at the first annual election after the commencement of the Act. At the first annual election for any new District all the Councillors appointed by the Governor retire. At all subsequent elections one-half of the Councillors retire annually, or, if the number of Councillors is uneven, the majority and minority retire alternately. Two Auditors are also elected by the ratepayers, but such Auditors need not be rate- payers, and must not be Councillors. The Chairman is elected by the Councillors from among their number. (iii) Qualifications of Voters. Every ratepayer of the full age of 21 is entitled to vote at the election of Councillors, and has one vote in each Ward in which his name is on the assessment roll. A ratepayer is defined as the occupier or owner (other than the Crown) of rateable property whose name appears in the assessment book. (iv) Election of Councillors. The nomination of Councillors and Auditors takes place on the second Saturday in June, and if more candidates are nominated than are required to be elected, the polling is held on the first Saturday in July, when the election is held by ballot. Newly elected Councillors enter on their duties from the first Saturday in July, and Auditors from the first Saturday in September. If the Council fails to proceed to an election within 21 days, any Justice resident within the District or any Special Magistrate may, upon the request in writing of three ratepayers, perform every function required by the Act for holding such election. (v) Duties and Powers of Councils. The Council must appoint a male person of full age to be District Clerk, and may appoint other officers, including constables. Every able-bodied male ratepayer, between the ages of 21 and 50 years, is liable to serve as a constable ; but certain persons are exempted from serving, and any person chosen may provide a substitute. A Council is empowered, with the consent of the Governor, to acquire land compulsorily for the purpose of executing works authorized by the Act. A Council is the Local Board 84 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. of Health under the Health Act, and no hospitals may be established without the consent of the Council, which has also sole power to grant licences for slaughterhouses. Manu- facturing Districts may be established on petition of six persons. All public roads and streets, whether heretofore called main roads or district roads, together with bridges, &c., are vested in the Council ; but moneys contributed by the Government towards the construction or maintenance of main roads must be applied only to such roads. A Council may reclaim land, erect abattoirs, manufacture gas or electricity for lighting streets, and make by-laws regulating such matters as bathing, traffic, weighbridges, and so forth, and licensing milk vendors, nightmen, and vehicles. A Council may grant a lease of recreation grounds not exceeding 10 acres for a term up to 21 years for sports, shows, or public recreation. In 1918 a Council was also empowered to provide sheep dips, and to erect or contribute to the erection of soldiers' memorials. (vi) Valuation and Rates. An annual assessment is to be made on the following principles : (a) as to any building and all land occupied therewith wherever situated, and all land situate outside the limits of a township, at four-fifths of the gross annual rental at which the whole would let for a term of seven years, or at 5 per centum on the capital value of the fee simple ; (6) as to all township land unbuilt upon, at 5 per centum on the capital value of the fee simple ; and (c) as to lands held under mining lease from the Crown, at an assessment not exceeding the rental payable to the Crown. A Council may, however, adopt a last previous assessment, with or without alterations, but must cause a new assessment to be made every seven years at least. Rates are of five kinds, general, special, separate, differential separate, and watering, (a) General Rate. This is levied on all the property in the District, but must not be less than one shilling nor more than two shillings in the pound on the assessed annual value. / (b) Special Rate. If the general rate is insufficient for the execution of any permanent work, or if the same has not been provided for by a separate rate, the Council may by a resolution passed by a majority of all the Councillors declare a special rate, but such special rate, together with the general rate, must not exceed two shillings and sixpence in the pound. The consent of the ratepayers must be obtained. (c) Separate Rate. A majority in number of the ratepayers within any portion of a District, representing not less than two-thirds in value of the property therein, may request the Council to construct any specific works for the benefit of such portion. In such cases a separate rate is struck, payable only by the ratepayers in that portion of the District which is benefited. (d) Differential Separate Rate. This may be levied for sanitary or lighting purposes, for any permanent work, or for general purposes in any Ward or Township within a Ward, provided that every such rate applies equally to all rateable property within the Ward or Township. If the total amount of all rates, including the differential separate rates, exceeds two shillings and sixpence in the pound, such rate must not be levied except on petition of ratepayers similar to that required for a separate rate. (e) Watering Rate. This may be struck, in addition to other rates, and is to be paid rateably according to the lineal frontages of rateable properties on the streets watered. (vii) Borrowing Powers. For the execution of any works for which a special or separate rate has been declared, a Council may, with the consent of the ratepayers, borrow money not exceeding ten times the amount which would result from a rate of one shilling per pound of annual value. In addition, a Council may, also with the consent of the rate- payers, borrow on the security of the general rates a sum not exceeding three times the amount of a shilling rate, but such a loan must be repaid within 42 years, and the annual interest, together with the sinking fund, must not exceed the amount realized by a threepenny rate. A bank overdraft must not exceed one-half of the estimated revenue for the current year, including subsidies. (viii) Government Grants. The grant to a Council is an amount equal to five shillings in the pound on the amount of general rates declared and actually collected. (ix) Joint Authorities. Whenever a public road or bridge forms the common boundary of any parts of two Districts, and ought, in the opinion of either Council, to be repaired, one Council may require the other to concur with them and pay half the cost of such repairs. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 85 Any four or more Councils, whose Districts include or abut upon a continuous portion of the same line of main road, may each nominate annually one of their members as a member of an Associated Roads Board. When such a Board is proclaimed, all main roads or portions thereof specified in the proclamation are vested therein, and it is entrusted with the expenditure of the moneys voted by Parliament. These Boards remain in existence only for three years, unless the Governor continues them for a further period. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables particulars as to District Councils are given concerning (a) the number and annual values for the years 1857 to 1906 ; (b) the number, area, approximate population, number of houses, length of roads, annual and capital values, and outstanding loans for the years 1907 to 1917 ; and (c) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1855 to 1917. In 1855 there were 34 District Councils, and in 1856, 42. In 1871 the population of District Councils was 101,854 and the number of houses 20,500 ; while in 1876 the area was 6,003 square miles, the population 101,698, and the number of houses' 19,720. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. -DISTRICT COUNCILS. ANNUAL VALUE, 1857 TO 1906. Year ending :>()th June. .Number of Councils. Annual Value. Year ending 30th June. Number of Councils. Annual Value. No. No. 1857 43 367,117 1882 112 ,067,899 1858 45 364,007 1883 112 ,061,710 1859 46 310,971 1884 114 ,096,259 1860 46 421,892 1885 115 ,133,075 1861 46 415,437 1886 121 ,173,602 1862 47 456,709 1887 121 ,138,305 1863 47 411,896 1888 138 ,355,981 1864 48 434,527 1889 139 ,545,119 1865 53 476,161 1890 139 1,540,560 1866 54 505,067 1891 139 1,537,397 1867 59 576,979 1892 135 1,519,377 1868 67 630,283 1893 140 1,529,643 1869 70 647,116 1894 139 1,511,759 1870 71 649,817 1895 140 1,437,320 1871 72 644,308 1896 141 1,400,633 1872 76 648,688 1897 141 1,404,135 1873 79 658,594 1898* 141 1,410,019 1874 82 674,068 1899 140 1,412,900 1875 86 706,628 1900 140 1,416,149 1876 90 726,408 1901 140 1,412,507 1877 97 - 796,445 1902 141 ,433,036 1878 103 849,755 1903 141 ,452,413 1879 110 953,427 1904 141 ,488,716 1880 109 984,736 1905 142 ,503,230 1881 111 1,033,426 1906 140 ,604,979 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. DISTRICT COUNCILS. AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL AND CAPITAL VALUES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1907 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Number of Coim- eiK Population Area. (Approxi- inatv). Number of Houses. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Capital Value. Out- standing Loan*. No. Acres. No. No. Miles. 1907 .. 143 27,154,720 199,903 42,897 29,022 1,647,895 33,888,989 4,602 1908 .. 143 27,154,020 211,094 45,872 32,928 1,801,370 37,630,815 4,871 1909 .. 144 27,852,803 217,459 47,350 33,577 1,849,286 37,817,101 4,501 1910 .. 144 27,852,000 214,792 47,597 32,531 2,098,282 41,200,625 6,372 1911 .. 145 28,947,295 221,082 47,483 32,629 2,146,530 46,197,825 5,413 1912 .. 146 28,957,269 237,487 50,983 32,769 2,145,091 47,268,831 5,649 1913 .. 147 29,292.449 230,494 52,821 33,175 2,296,546 49,327,346 7,100 1914 .. 147 29,298,518 235,781 54,872 35,198 2,435, (i.V, 50,698,248 7,364 1915 .. 148 29,175,012 240,985 55,912 38,215 2,601,298 52,367,953 6,476 1916 .. 148 29,618,277 238,825 57,920 42,634 2,662,066 53,049,262 13,264 1917 .. 150 29,620,681 ' 237,323 58,202 42,748 2,704,374 54,605,364 17,895 86 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. DISTRICT COUNCILS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1855 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Revenue. Expenditure. Bates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1855 .. 15,468 9,168 . . 24,636 5,998 17,748 23,746 1856 .. 15,184 12,897 28,081 5,916 20,317 . 26,233 1857 .. 13,593 17,998 2,903 34,494 4,632 26,334 30,966 1858 .. 12,'402 10,950 2,183 25,535 4,348 25,487 29,835 1859 .. 11,348 10,734 1,943 24,025 4,461 20,392 24,853 1860 .. 12,731 12,525 3,176 28,432 4,618 23,312 27,930 1861 .. 12,509 11,093 4,721 28,323 5,229 23,171 . . 28,400 1862 .. 12,661 11,260 6,412 30,333 5,380 22,814 28,194 1863 .. 13,801 14,810 6,100 34,711 6,396 24,387 30,783 1864 .. 14,790 14,385 8,720 37,895 6,060 27,022 33,082 1865 .. 15,730 16,596 10,443 42,769 5,904 21,311 27,215 1866 .. 16,953 19,737 10,924 47,614 6,370 37,488 . . 43,858 1867 .. 20,368 25,757 10,676 56,801 7,738 45,437 53,175 1868 .. 22,000 25,174 10,209 57,383 5,935 44,322 4J57 54,414 1869 .. 24,847 17,320 11,845 54,012 6,625 38,546 7,870 53,041 1870 .. 25,258 16,705 7,901 49,864 . 5,696 38,251 7,648 51,595 1871 .. 24,017 25,677 6,369 56,063 6,274 39,111 7,116 52,501 1872 .. 24,013 25,105 7,720 56,838 5,886 42,850 5,626 54,362 1873 .. 24,307 20,198 6,598 51,103 5,668 38,474 5,152 49,294 1874 .. 26,599 16,695 10,965 54,259 6,109 47,181 6,183 59,473 1875 .. 27,876 23,790 11,221 62,887 7,055 45,107 10,516 62,678 1876 .. 30,135 25,974 12,802 68,911 7,369 49,999 11,508 68,876 1877 .. 31,347 26,843 13,345 71,535 8,366 51,391 11,595 71,352 1878 .. 35,530 36,081 15,046 86,657 7,144 60,996 14,827 82,967 1879 .. 39,007 43,064 30,457 112,528 11,556 83,733 13,858 109,147 1880 .. 43,724 39,548 16,638 99,910 12,134 68,467 15,574 96,175 1881 .. 44,219 36,729 15,673- 96,621 12,149 72,286 13,258 97,693 1882 .. 46,291 36,852 17,182 100,325 12,357 73,726 14,558 100,641 1883 .. 45,108 36,939 14,918 96,965 11,952 71,170 13,976 97,098 1884 .. 46,933 38,878 17,894 103,705 12,750 76,269 14,572 103,591 1885 .. 49,390 38,449 19,315 107,154 12,199 ,77,192 17,934 107,325 1886 .. 48,699 33,854 21,211 103,764 12,445 75,808 18,867 107,120 1887 .. 43,553 21,354 18,507 83,414 11,715 57,221 15,833 84,769 1888 .. 46,149 24,243 21,118 91,510 15,752 53,433 19,594 88,779 1889 . . 61,330 87,969 27,553 176,852 19,664 100,423 28,159 148,246 1890 .. 63,137 141,810 36,667 241,614 19,758 197,968 25,727 243,453 1891 .. 68,625 113,759 35,303 217,687 19,745 168,173 32,815 220,733 1892 . . 64,269 111,703 38,332 214,304 20,092 ' 157,587 36,973 214,652 1893 .. 65,189 119,722 40,353 225,264 22,667 142,563 49,515 214,745 1894 .. 65,486 84,213 36,100 185,799 21,093 134,495 42,941 198,529 1895 .. 60,842 111,727 26,144 198,713 20,672 127,640 41,035 189,347 1896 .. 60,474 97,619 38,576 196,669 21,079 133,327 43,436 197,842 1897 .. 57,618 102,418 38,878 198,914 20,395 129,586 50,016 199,997 1898 .. 59,998 102,524 46,142 208,664 20,864 135,891 54,083 210,838 1899 .. 60,309 99,505 37,329 197,143 19,947 131,732 44,466 196,145 1900 .. 61,436 112,743 28,775 202,954 20,244 130,949 41,008 192,201 1901 .. 63,321 107,659 43,401 214,381 20,701 144,753 48,507 213,961 1902 .. 63,193 97,501 29,086 189,780 20,222 135,478 41,477 197,177 1903 .. 64,207 89,455 30,360 184,022 20,156 125,185 43,042 188,383 1904 .. 70,975 72,808 42,752 186,535 19,728 125,946 38,424 184,098 1905 .. 71,603 78,196 19,650 199,449 20,258 130,868 46,173 197,299 1906 .. 75,253 77,413 43,142 195,808 21,498 131,386 39,740 192,624 1907 .. 81,295 88,846 28,614 198,755 19,123 139,035 27,251 185,409 1908 .. 84,036 103,888 27,120 215,044 19,910 160,070 27,061 207,041 1909 .. 89,051 99,912 31,143 220,106 20,530 176,247 32,123 228,900 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 87 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. DISTRICT COUNCILS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1855 TO 1917 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 90th June. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration Works. Other. Total. 1910 .. 96,550 131,579 30,183 258,312 21,739 184,834 29,388 235,961 1911 .. 106,963 138,414 29,980 275,357 22,522 214,875 33,844 271,241 1912 .. 115,427 148,179 38,797 302,403 24,805 245,623 39,027 309,455 1913 .. 123,317 136,071 38,007 297,395 26,028 244,596 40,558 311,182 1914 .. 132,277 162,925 38,649 333,851 27,490 244,351 44,338 316,179 1915 .. 128,859 149,721 27,633 306,213 28,484 254,994 42,783 326,261 1916 .. 148,895 117,751 28,609 295,255 29,821 194,463 41,489 265,773 1917 .. 155,677 145,718 32,666 334,061 25,069 218,167 56,142 299,378 (E) City of Adelaide. 1. General. The City of Adelaide was first incorporated in 1840 under a special Ordinance, but the Council only remained in existence until 1843. From 1843 to 1849 the City was managed as a Government Department, and from 1849 to 1852 by City Commissioners. An Ordinance reincorporating the City was issued in 1849, but it was not until 1852 that a Council was elected. The 1849 Ordinance applied primarily to Adelaide, and although subsequent Acts were passed relating specially to that City, it has, since the passing of the Municipal Corporations Act 1881, been subject to the provisions of the Acts relating to Municipal Corporations generally. 2. Municipal Corporations Ordinance 1840. Under this Ordinance a Council was formed for Adelaide, consisting of nineteen common Councillors, of whom one was appointed Mayor, and three were appointed Aldermen. In order to be qualified for election as a Councillor a person required to be the proprietor or occupier of a house at a yearly rental of at least 50, or to be possessed of personal property of the value of 500, and not to be pecuniarily interested in any contract with the Council. A Citizen was defined as a male person of full age who had been resident for six months within the Province, who was the proprietor or occupier of land, a house, shop, &c., within the City of the annual value of 20, and actually resided either within the City or within the radius of 7 miles thereof, provided that he had paid all rates before the 15th July, was not in receipt of charitable relief, and had not been convicted of felony or mis- demeanour involving three months' hard labour, within the previous two years. The Bench of Magistrates nominated the Returning Officer and two Assessors for the first election. At subsequent elections the Mayor was to be the Returning Officer, while Assessors were still to be appointed by the Magistrates. The method of electing Councillors was peculiar, the Ordinance providing that the electors by voluntary classification could form themselves into as many electoral sections or quorums as there were members to be elected. Each quorum, provided that the members could agree upon a unanimous vote, could return one member to the Common Council, and the Returning Officer must declare such member duly elected. Each quorum consisted of one-nineteenth of the ratepayers. If the full number of members was not elected by such quorums, the balance was elected by the ratepayers who had not voted at quorums, but each voter could only vote for one candidate. Four Aldermen were elected by the Councillors, and the Aldermen elected the Mayor from among their number. Half the Aldermen, including the Mayor as an Alderman, remained in office for two years without re-election, while the Councillors retired annually. The Council was given power to carry out all necessary public improvements such as streets, paths and bridges, tree planting, digging wells, conduits, and sewers, the prevention of fires, the suppression of infectious diseases, the regulation of weights and measures, and of the quality of bread, meat, and other provisions, the seizure of unwholesome provisions, the restraint of gambling, play-houses, and houses of ill-fame, the regulation of carters, porters, and drivers, the abatement of public nuisances, and the paving, cleansing, lighting, and water supply of the City. A valuation was to be 88 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. made, and a rate struck not exceeding ninepence in the pound of the fair annual value, but this rate need not be uniform for lighting, draining, &c., while public buildings and land, and the property of the Colonization Commissioners, were exempt from rating. In addition to obtaining revenue from rates, the Council could also levy tolls and erect turnpikes, and a proportion of the fines received for police offences was also paid them ; but when sufficient funds had been raised from this last source the Council had to contribute to the cost of prosecution and the maintenance of gaols. 3. Management of the City as a Government Department, 1843. In 1842 an amendment was made authorizing the Governor to abridge, amend, alter, or take away the corporate rights of the City of Adelaide, and in 1843 this was acted on, and the City managed as a Government Department during the ensuing six years. 4. Management of the City by Commissioners, 1849. In September, 1849, the management of the City was handed over to a Board of five Commissioners appointed by the Governor, one of whom was the Colonial Engineer, and these Commissioners remained in control until June, 1852. The Ordinances of 1840 and 1842 were, however, not repealed until 1846, when the property of the City was vested in the Crown, which undertook to liquidate the debts thereof. In the same year the Commissioner of Police and the Police Magistrate were authorized to levy City rates not exceeding sixpence in the pound on the net annual value, and the Magistrate also appointed the Assessors. During the half-year ending 31st March, 1847, the expenditure on the salary of the Town Surveyor was limited to 100, and that on repairing the streets of Adelaide to 600, while the respective amounts for the year ending 31st March, 1848, were 200 and 1,000. 5. Municipal Corporations Ordinance 1849. This Ordinance was intended to apply primarily to the City of Adelaide, and to take effect upon the petition of at least 400 ratepayers, representing property rated at the yearly value of 15,000 within the City. Provision was made for the incorporation of the inhabitants of Adelaide as Mayor, Aldermen, Councillors, and Citizens, and for the division of the City into four Wards, each with one Alderman and three Councillors. The qualifications for a Citizen or member of the Council were : being a full-aged male occupier, either as owner or tenant of a building within the City for one whole year, and an inhabitant householder in, or witnin 7 miles of the City. The Mayor was elected by the Council. At the first election the ratepayers elected four Councillors in each Ward, and the Councillor receiving the largest number of votes in each Ward was selected as Alderman; two Auditors were also elected by the Citizens as a whole. One Councillor in each Ward retired annually and half the Aldermen every third year. The Council appointed a valuator, who was to make a valuation of the fair average annual value on which rates were to be struck, the lighting rate for such parts as were lighted being limited to fourpence in the pound. The Council, in addition to repairing the streets and other like duties, was empowered to make common sewers, waterworks, levy water rates, and to have sole control of public slaughterhouses and markets. The park lands were also placed under the control of the City Council. Until the first elections were held under this Ordinance the City Commissioners were to remain in office. The first elections were to have been held in December, 1851, but they were postponed until the 1st June, 1852, when the City Council of Adelaide came into being again. In 1852 an Act was passed by which the aggregate salaries of the Mayor, Town Clerk, Treasurer, and other officers of the City of Adelaide were not to exceed 2,000 per annum. Under the Amending Act of 1854 the Council was empowered to establish baths and washhouses, to levy rates for the same, and to borrow up to 10,000. It was also authorized to improve the park lands and license weighbridges, and given powers under the Weights and Measures, Impounding, and other similar Acts. In 1856 the nomination of candidates was provided for, and the City authorized to erect public slaughter-houses. The keeping of swine in the City was prohibited. The provisions of the Amending Act passed in this year extended also to the Towns of Kensington and Norwood, and might be extended to any other Corporation. An amendment made in 1857 provided that assessments were to be made according to the full, fair, and average estimated annual rent at which the property would let for 21 years, or by the foot frontage on a building, or on an improving lease for 21 years. The provisions of this Act might be extended to any corporate Town, MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 89 In 1858 the erection of wooden and other dangerous buildings in Adelaide was prohibited. The repeal of the 1849 and subsequent Acts in 1861 brought the City of Adelaide under the same legislation as other Municipalities. In 1873 the number of Wards was increased to six, each with one Alderman and two Councillors, and this number of Wards has been adhered to up to the present. The borrowing powers of the Council were at the same time raised to 40,000, and the Council was also authorized to borrow a further 25,000 for the purpose of establishing markets. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the succeeding tables particulars are given for the City of Adelaide concerning (a) the annual values for the years 1860 to 1901 ; (b) the area, approximate population, number of houses, length of roads, and capital value for the years 1907 to 1917, and the annual value and outstanding loans for the years 1902 to 1917 ; and (c) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1841 to 1917. In 1871 the population of the City of Adelaide numbered 27,208 and the number of houses was 6,156, while in 1876 the area was 5f square miles, the population 31,573, and the number of houses 7,041. ' SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CITY OF ADELAIDE. ANNUAL VALUE, 1860 TO 1901. Year ending 31st Dec. Annual Value. Year ending 31st Dec. Annual Value. Year ending 31st Dec. Annual Value. Year ending 31st Dec. Annual Value. 1860 . . 165,433 1871 212,841 1882 405,763 1892 392,820 1861 . . 165,481 1872 209,246 1883 485,068 1893 392,976 1862 . . 150,200 1873 212,949 1884 495,737 1894 393,522 1863 . . 149,732 1874 216,991 1885 498,776 1895 411,297 1864 . . 160,921 1875 225,086 1886 433,373 1896 413,013 1865 . . 166,187 1876 239,355 1887 351,779 1897 425,606 1866 . . 170,240 1877 263,632 1888 358,532 1898 425,606 1867 . . 182,224 1878 289,030 1889 390,375 1899 425,826 1868 . . 185,496 1879 322,475 1890 388,847 1900 429,369 1869 . . 201,336 1880 354,557 1891 392,819 1901 434,538 1870 . . 209,717 1881 384,101 SOUTH AUSTRALIA.- CITY OF ADELAIDE. AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL AND CAPITAL VALUES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1902 TO 1917. Year ending 30th November. Area. Population (Approxi- mate). Number of Houses. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Capital Value. Out- standing Loans. Acres. .No. Miles. 1902* .. 440,098 . . 67,000 1903* .. m 443,638 67,900 1904 . . 449,425 . . 64,900 1905 . 458,673 60,900 1906 . f . . 465,750 58,900 1907 .. 3,268 40,185 10,776 62 469,088 9,381,760 75,900. 1908 3,268 40,325 10,835 62 477,066 9,541,320 75,900 1909 3,778 40,465 10,870 62 498,442 9,968,840 75,900 1910 .. 3,778 42,000 8,500 62 516,432 10,328,640 136,350 1911 .. 3,778 42,294 8,343 79 557,019 11,140,^80 141,468 1912 .. 3,778 42,675 7,870 83 605,998 12,119,960 146,732 1913 .. 3,778 43,133 7,900 83 651,892 13,753,460 152,145 1914 .. 3,778 43,438 7,900 79 718,105 14,362,100 191,054 1915 .. 3,778 41,556 7,976 80 723,203 14,464,060 220,814 1916 .. 3,778 39,643 11,680 80 734,585 14,691,700 216,671 1917 3,778 39,474 10,000 82 739,897 14,797,940 213,712 * Years ending 31st December. 90 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CITY OF ADELAIDE. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1841 TO 1917. He venue. Expenditure. Year.* .Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration . Works. Other. Total. 1841| . . 57 250 220 527 292 175 467 1842 . . 1,306 383 1,689 968 687 1,655 1843-7$.. 1848 '.. 113,284 '54 2,809 216 3,079 1851 4,596 8,080 2,921 15,597 1,856 ll',497 2,269 15,622 1852tf .. 906 1,000 665 2,571 684 1,262 86 2,032 1853U . . 1854H .. 1855 . . 10',719 7,614 17,733 4,797 14J73 18,970 1856 . . 13,269 10,187 23,456 4,072 19,316 23,388 1857** .. 1858** .. 1859** .. 1860 . . 7,444 6,297 4,716 18,457 2,222 16,218 . . 18,440 1861 7,817 7,971 6,085 21,873 1,768 18,577 20,345 1862 . . 7,539 7,914 4,211 19,664 2,396 17,673 20,069 1863 . . 7,513 4,894 4,920 17,327 2,258 18,285 . . 20,543 1864 . . 8,193 6,201 4,356 18,750 2,707 15,027 . . 17,734 1865 . . 8,592 6,283 7,740 22,615 2,880 13,149 . . 16,029 1866 .. 8,664 8,755 5,072 22,491 3,499 21,300 24,799 1867 10,549 14,123 12,728 37,400 3,615 34,566 . 38,181 1868 . . 10,791 3,146 8,738 22,675 4,140 16,418 . . 20,558 1869 10,101 5,352 9,616 25,069 2,695 17,324 . . 20,019 1870 . . 10,381 5,866 6,096 22,343 2,772 19,016 21,788 1871 10,656 7,842 8,877 27,375 2,335 18,045 7,631 28,011 1872 10,483 4,313 9,409 24,205 2,385 14,081 7,739 24,205 1873 . 10,677 5,519 11,980 28,176 2,384 17,680 8,112 28,176 1874 . 10,443 4,977 22,946 38,366 3,052 17,188 18,126 38,366 1875 . 16,377 8,035 13,394 37,806 3,060 19,554 15,192 37,806 1876 . 16,712 7,930 15,961 40,603 3,035 23,428 11,354 37,817 1877 18,512 10,943 17,835 47,290 3,792 31,347 13,196 48,335 1878 . 21,471 11,104 23,144 55,719 4,159 33,613 17,947 55,719 1879 23,997 14,149 34,905 73,051 3,415 47,065 22,571 73,051 1880 . 23,249 11,564 35,265 70,078 2,726 34,203 29,871 66,800 1881 26,739 17,203 41,025 84;967 3,064- 50,622 20,200 73,886 1882 28,041 15,706 39,926 83,673 3,538 45,507 38,987 88,032 1883 . 33,455 20,176 41,617 95,248 3,782 55,852 35,614 95,248 1884 . 35,357 22,245 36,549 94,151 5,020 58,361 30,770 94,151 1885 . 24,927 7,423 29,997 62,347 3,783 27,301 24,925 56,009 1886 . 21,544 6,588 26,326 54,458 3,864 28,143 22,45J 54,458 ' 1887 17,696 2,500 24,258 44,454 4,342 19,730 20,382 44,454 1888 17,847 2,235 34,696 54,778 3,837 19,142 31,799 54,778 1889 . 30,091 350 18,028 48,469 4,398 22,056 21,465 47,919 1890 . 22,799 350 23,669 46,818 3,757 21,532 20,851 46,140 * Ending 31st December from 1841 to 1903, and 30th November from 1904 to 1917. t From 31st October. 1840, to 14th August, 1841. j Particulars not available. City managed as a Oovernment Department. From 13th January to 30th August, 1848. j! Sum available for expenditure. H Particulars not available. ** Particulars not available ; included in figures for Corporations (see table on page 80). tt From 1st January to 21st May, 1852. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 91 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CITY OF ADELAIDE. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1841 TO 1917 continued.' Revenue. Expenditure. Year.* Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1891 .. 30,369 5,187 13,390 48,946 3,962 18,999 24,894 47,855 1892 .. 30,377 5,254 14,368 49,999 3,892 19,748 25,081 48,721 1893 .. 30,442 5,154 20,777 56,373 4,134 22,893 27,079 54,106 1894 .. 30,457 5,266 16,442 52,165 3,974 18,914 29,277 52/65 1895 .. 30,896 5,231 15,835 51,962 4,257 21,019 26,686 51,962 1896 .. 31,038 15,666 1,803 48,507 4,122 18,722 25,663 48,507 1897 .. 31,307 14,465 4,041 49,813 4,906 20,175 24,732 49.813 1898 .. 32,871 3,316 36,126 72,313 2,325 23,347 36,604 62,276 1899 .. 33,743 3,434 15,159 52,336 1,741 17,591 34,460 53,792 1900 .. 34,985 2,427 16,675 54,087 2,040 19,168 41,460 62,668 1901 .. 35,406 2,420 21,728 59,554 2,288 22,798 34,600 59,686 1902 .. 39,498 2,350 21,685 63,533 1,995 22,266 39,214 63,475 1903 .. 39,810 2,520 17,374 59,704 1,942 21,720 36,319 59,981 1904 .. 40,297 5,917 19,912 66,126 2,019 29,629 35,188 66,836 1905 .. 41,131 5,990 23,208 70,329 1,940 25,280 41,897 69,117 1906 .. 41,790 6,105 25,118 73,013 2,172 26,262 41,917 70,351 1907 .. 41,045 6,231 19,908 67,184 7,162 18,699 43,317 69,178 1908 .. 41,730 6,273 25,416 73,419 6,911 19,163 44,353 70,427 1909 .. 43,627 6,520 31,618 81,765 6,933 38,105 35,536 80,574 1910 .. 45,040 7,320 27,638 79,998 8,068 33,386 49,170 90,624 1911 .. 55,851 7,105 31,993 94,949 9,085 26,190 61,860 97,135 1912 .. 60,598 7,626 34,789 103,013 9,454 23,300 67,144 99,898 1913 .. 66,396 8,238 33,866 108,500 4,073 64,353 58,941 127,367 1914 .. 68,736 12,254 30,377 111,367 3,531 52,842 58,556 114,929 1915 .. 71,815 9,312 35,846 116,973 11,700 54,236 71,157 137,093 1916 .. 72,459 9,404 34,565 116,428 11,720 44,182 70,354 126,256 1917 .. 79,766 9,757 35,416 124,939 11,398 33,905 78,592 123,895 1 Ending 31st December from 1841 to 1903, and 30th November from 1904 to 1917. (F) Adelaide Tramways. 1. Municipal Tramways Trust. In 1904 the Tramways Electric Traction Act was passed authorizing the Government to purchase the Adelaide and suburban tramways from the Companies owning them. The price was to be fixed either by agreement or by arbitration, and provision was made for their being operated by electricity. The Municipal Tramways Trust Act 1906 empowered the Government to complete, for the sum of 280,000, this purchase, and to hand over the property to a Trust of eight members, of whom two were appointed by the Governor, two by the Corporation of the City of Adelaide, two by suburban Corporations, and two by interested District Councils. Of these members, one-half retire every three years. The Treasury borrowed money, of which one-sixtieth was repayable by the Trust every half-year, for the purpose of electrifying the trams, but the total cost of conversion was limited to 12,000 per mile. In case of a deficit on working and other expenses the Corporation of Adelaide, the suburban Corporations, and the District Councils were liable each for one-third of the liability, and could levy a special rate. The Trust was empowered to extend the tramway system, and was compelled to carry out any works by contract unless the consent of the Governor to the contrary was obtained. 92 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shews the mileage open for traffic, the cost of construction of the electric system, the receipts and the working expenses of the Municipal Tramways for the years 1907 to 1917. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPAL TRAMWAYS TRUST. MILEAGE, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1907 TO 1917. Year ending 31st July. Mileage open for Traffic. Cost of Construction of Electric System. Revenue. Operating Expenses. Miles. 1907* t t 50,197 42,150 1908 t t 111,069 98,473 1909 56 762,492 129,717 114,216 1910 75 788,303 197,013 162,382 1911 81 1,131,786 239,805 185,002 1912 85 1,299,235 282,278 189,231 1913 88 1,350,710 310,241 207,319 1914 93 1,396,638 328,810 202,503 1915 99 1,451,989 310,433 192,070 1916 99 1,573,678 324,253 195,586 1917 111 1,703,151 338,361 211,662 * From 5th February. 1907, to 31st July, 1907. (G) Adelaide Abattoirs. 1. General. In 1908 the Metropolitan Abattoirs Act was passed enabling muni- cipal abattoirs to be erected for the purpose of serving Adelaide and its suburbs. The construction and management was entrusted to a Board consisting of the Mayor of Adelaide as ex-officio Chairman and six members, holding office for two years, appointed by the various Councils within the abattoirs area. Such members need not necessarily be Councillors. A sum up to 100,000 could be borrowed, the repayment of which was made a charge on the general rates. Any balance of revenue after meeting all charges was to go to the Councils concerned in proportion to the amount of their assessment ; and any deficiency had to be met in a similar proportion by the Councils. Owners of existing slaughterhouses were to receive compensation. The borrowing powers were increased in 1910 to 250,000, and in 1911 the Board was authorized to borrow an additional 55,000 for the installation of plant for the delivery of meat, for the erection of cottages for its employees, for the purchase of land, and for the erection of hide and skin markets. In 1912 authority to borrow a further sum of 48,000 was granted. In other Districts the Governor might proclaim an abattoirs area on petition of 50 ratepayers and after the taking of a poll. Such areas were to be placed under the control of the Local Authority where the area comprised that of one Corporation or District, and in other cases arrangements were to be made by the Councils affected, prior to the proclamation of the area, for the constitution of a Board, which was given the same powers as the Metropolitan Board. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. At the 30th November, 1916, the capital expenditure on land and plant was 317,677. The following table shews the revenue and expenditure for the years 1914 to 1916 : Expenditure. November. Revenue. Salaries and Wages. Other. Total. 1914 156,833 58,465 91,941 150,406 1915 134,192 53,275 82,240 135,515 1916 129,384 49,018 79,796 128,814 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC 93 (H) Summary Tables. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables particulars are given for all Corporations, District Councils, Road Boards, and Drainage Boards of (a) the annual values from 1857 to 1906 ; (b) the annual and capital values and outstanding loans from 1907 to 1917 ; and (c) the revenue and expenditure from 1855 to 1917. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. -CORPORATIONS AND DISTRICT COUNCILS. ANNUAL VALUES, 1857 TO 1906. SUMMARY OF Y.-nr. Annual Value. Year. Annual Value. Year. Annual Value. Year. Annual. Value. 1857 .. 580,035 1870 961,704 1883 2,087,519 1895 2,494,326 1858 . . 603,620 1871 978,253 1884 2,223,817 1896 2,463,564 1859 . . 566,376 1872 996,423 1885 2,284,696 1897 2,485,995 1860 . . 660,458 1873 ,015,712 1886 2,269,300 1898 2,518,688 1861 . . 648,550 1874 ,065,997 1887 2,109,089 1899 2,553,415 1862 . . 670,773 1875 ,117,566 1888 2,324,788 1900 2,576,729 1863 . . 625,348 1876 ,197,432 1889 2,520,116 1901 2,590,358 1864 . . 663,491 1877 ,318,426 1890 2,535,614 1902 2,629,027 1865 . . 726,537 1878 ,449,234 1891 2,543,526 1903 2,661,238 1866 . . 766,924 1879 ,616,675 1892 2,538,094 1904 2,711,238 1867 . . 856,758 1880 ,685,894 1893 2,562,406 1905 2,739,808 1868 . . 924,696 1881 ,812,375 1894 2,552,820 1906 2,858,545 1869 . . 957,898 1882 ,902,024 SOUTH AUSTRALIA.- CORPORATIONS AND DISTRICT COUNCILS. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL AND CAPITAL VALUES AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1907 TO 1917. Year. Annual Value. Capital Value. Outstanding Loans. 1907 2,902,851 58,139,430 124,017 ' 1908 3,088,066 63,534,305 128,976 1909 3,190,041 63,849,055 128,463 1910 3,484,034 68,214,887 195,465 1911 3,645,542 75,943,584 200,350 1912 3,750,186 79,400,193 223,234 1913 4,074,169 85,128,982 243,576 1914 4,331,928 88,394,081 302,346 1915 4,519,554 90,515,507 344,875 1916 4,668,868 92,272,929 355,784 1917 5,059,023 94,405,313 371,916 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CORPORATIONS, DISTRICT COUNCILS, ROAD BOARDS, AND DRAINAGE BOARDS. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. 1855 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1855 .. 26,894 16,945 87,055* 130,894 10,987 120,363 131,350 1856 .. 29,600 27,031 58,566* 115,197 10,728 101,909 112,637 1857 .. 22,879 30,614 130,856* 184,349 7,448 168,325 175,773 1858 .. 22,690 23,254 96,404* 142,348 8,413 138,825 . , 147,238 1859 .. 22,323 23,571 98,748* 144,642 8,501 133,648 . 142,149 1860 .. 23,378 21,308 55,109* 99,795 7,597 90,739 98,336 1861 .. 23,462 21,640 68,002* 113,104 8,295 104,267 112,562 Including receipts of Central and Local Road Boards. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. CORPORATIONS, DISTRICT COUNCILS, ROAD BOARDS, AND DRAINAGE BOARDS.-^SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1855 TO 1917 continued. Year. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. % 1862 .. 22,401 21,114 78,142* 121,657 8,781 111,334 120,115 1863 .. 24,777 22,630 73,049* 120,456 9,793 109,732 119,525 1864 .. 26,320 23,203 90,279* 139,802 9,869 123,827 133,696 1865 .. 28,995 27.246 130,186* 186,427 10,251 154,316 164,567 1866 .. 29,502 34,437 209,394* 273,333 10,910 262,850 273,760 1867 .. 36,387 46,290 241,565* 324,242 13,096 306,888 319,984 1868 .. 37,699 32,284 172,957* 242,940 11,954 221,354 4,i57 237,465 1869 .. 40,667 27,145 106,416* 174,228 11,413 147,534 7,870 166,817 1870 .. 40,796 27,379 92,193* 160,368 9,997 142,547 7,648 160,192 1871 .. 40,472 38,147 98,379* 176,998 10,325 146,660 17,166 174,151 1872 .. 41,790 34,817 78,882* 155,489 9,938 126,028 16,395 152,361 1873 .. 42,656 32,379 118,034* 193,069 10,190 163,422 17,315 190,927 1874 .. 45,707 28,274 134,265* 208,246 11,757 172,545 29,121 213,423 1875 :. 54,596 39,894 95,165* 189,655 12,997 143,197 33,369 189,563 1876 .. 58,865 223,536 41,087 323,488 13,575 273,257 33,847 320,679 1877 .. 63,210 202,819 46,646 312,675 16,649 260,428 37,093 314,170 1878 .. 72,684 245,423 58,683 376,790 15,557 307,029 50,550 373,136 1879 .. 81,902 274,986 85,360 442,248 20,075 364,245 54,434 438,754 1880 .. 85,184 266,381 78,227 429,792 19,620 334,062 66,803 420,485 1881 .. 91,096 285,671 82,152 458,919 20,669 " 375,963 50,865 447,497 1882 .. 95,693 257,639 90,274 443,606 21,777 345,927 74,778 442,482 1883 .. 104,717 306,430 97,759 508,906 23,699 399,427 78,292 501,418 1884 .. 114,538 259,435 106,276 480,249 26,542 361,620 78,570 466,732 1885 .. 108,182 236,864 95,344 440,390 24,426 325,931 83,067 433,424 1886 .. 103,503 126,753 89,281 319,537 24,787 212,581 84,631 321,999 1887 .. 94,435 31,512 72,262 198,209 23,704 101,588 73,292 198,584 1888 .. 95,465 32,959 81,930 210,354 26,489 95,431 85,055 206,975 1889 .. 122,369 99,893 66,884 289,146 31,024 149,886 75,817 256,727 1890 .. 125,299 147,977 86,291 359,567 33,957 251,439 74,561 359,957 1891 .. 132,807 131,843 86,172 350,822 31,774 222,948 98,810 353,532 1892 .. 129,624 130,223 84,889 344,736 37,301 208,990 97,610 343,901 1893 .. 133,758 137,045 90,687 361,490 38,058 197,920 111,429 347,407 1894 .. 133,361 102,456 78,868 314,685 33,993 192,277 102,676 328,946 1895 . . 129,397 129,770 70,331 329,498 33,720 185,636 99,453 318,809 1896 .. 132,283 129,563 64,288 326,134 33,934 187,895 105,959 327,788 1897 .. 127,752 133,071 67,917 328,740 34,533 185,632 109,346 329,511 1898 .. 132,893 123,899 113,572 370,364 32,233 199,774 130,346 362,353 1899 .. 136,185 121,008 79,346 336,539 30,828 187,096 118,485 336,409 1900 .. 142,208 133,450 73,110 348,768 31,670 190,124 124,289 346,083 1901 .. 150,610 129,205 89,272 369,087 32,419 208,189 127,866 368,474 1902 .. 151,153 116,724 86,589 354,466 31,672 200,825 129,157 361,654 1903 .. 149,908 109,839 84,648 344,395 30,660 187,242 129,942 347,844 1904 .. 167,520 93,026 89,078 349,624 29,961 193,144 124,241 347,346 1905 .. 167,178 103,674 97,832 368,684 30,955 199,327 134,968 365,250 1906 .. 173,797 99,769 96,483 370,049 33,383 202,290 127,002 362,675 1907 .. 182,158 109,937 69,084 361,179 36,944 198,140 119,614 354,698 1908 .. 187,145 126,545 78,329 392,019 37,671 215,760 129,724 383,155 1909 .. 197,531 125,419 91,613 414,563 37,805 261,046 120,124 418,975 1910 .. 209,446 162,560 89,285 461,291 41,819 274,702 133,595 450,116 1911 .. 240,513 167,769 93,875 502,157 44,394 299,132 159,802 503,328 1912 .. 257,459 178,200 112,789 548,448 47,634 329,051 179,779 556,464 1913 .. 280,331 167,836 104,019 552,186 44,745 379,828 164,885 589,458 1914 .. 300,318 199,319 102,618 602,255 45,927 361,640 187,458 595,025 1915 .. 302,800 184,474 95,256 582,530 55,025 373,141 198,455 626,621 1916 .. 325,765 150,868 98,174 574,807 57,718 306,831 186,044 550,593 1917 .. 345,271 184,101 111,671 641,043 51,394 327,917 223,347 602,658 * Including receipts of C sntr^l an 1 Local Road Boards MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 95 5. Western Australia. (A) Introductory. 1. General Review. In Western Australia, in 1838, Towns were placed under the jurisdiction of Trusts, including the Town of Perth ; but in 1850 a special Ordinance was issued with regard to Perth, constituting it a City. In 1871 the Municipal Institutions Act was passed, and Town Trusts were replaced by Municipal Councils, the City of Perth being also brought within its provisions. Similarly, the management of roads and bridges outside of Townships was placed in the hands of Trusts in 1838, and this system lasted until 1849, when these Trusts were abolished and the Government took over the roads. Local Government was restored in 1871, when the District Roads Act was passed, and the control of roads outside Municipalities, &c., was placed under the jurisdiction of Local Road Boards. Prior to 1886 provisions regarding health and sanitary arrangements were included in the various Municipal Acts, but in that year Local Boards of Health were formed under the Health Act. In many cases the Municipal Council or Koad Board is the Board of Health, but in other cases the Boards of Health are independent of the other Local Authorities. At the present time there thus are three forms of Local Authorities (a) Municipalities, (6) Road Boards, and (c) Local Boards of Health. (B) Town Trusts and Municipalities. 1. Management of Roads and Streets Act 1838. Under this Act the management, control, and superintendence of all streets, quays, jetties, wharves, bridges, and ferries in Townships were vested in a body of Trustees, which consisted .of all the Justices of the Peace who had their fixed residences, and -of all proprietors of allotments held in fee simple therein. Four general meetings of Trustees were to be held annually, and special meetings when required. At the general meeting held in January, the Trustees were to elect by ballot a Chairman, as well as a Treasurer, Collectors, Clerks, Surveyors, and other requisite officers. The revenue of the Trustees was derived from tolls or leases thereof, rates, dues, or charges which might be made by the Trustees or proclaimed by the Governor, voluntary subscriptions, Government grants, and loans on the security of tolls and assessments. 2. Towns Improvement Act 1839. This Act defined the method by which rates were to be levied. If three or more Trustees proposed that a rate be levied, the Chairman was to call a general meeting, at which each Trustee was entitled to one vote for each holding he owned up to four. Voting by proxy in cases where the Trustee was more than 20 miles distant from the Township was allowed. A majority of two-thirds of the votes was necessary before a rate could be struck, and the Colonial Secretary had to be notified thereof. Every allotment was liable to be rated equally, whether resided upon or not, and if it were subdivided each subdivision was liable for its proportion of the rate on the whole. The immediate tenant or occupier was primarily liable for payment, and was empowered to deduct the amount of the rate from the rent if the land was held for a shorter period than one year, any special agreement or covenant to the contrary notwithstanding. If more than one rate remained unpaid on an allotment it was forfeited to the Crown. This Act was only to be in force until 18th March, 1841, but was afterwards extended to the 1st October, 1841. 3. Towns Improvement Act 1841. The provisions of this Act were practically the same as those of the 1839 Act, the only additional provisions of importance being that Trustees were given power to divide the streets into Districts and appoint a Committee from their own number for each District, and that, of all fines recovered under the Act, one-half was to be paid to the Chairman of the Town Trust for the purposes of the Act and the other hah* to the informant. It having been found that, owing to many allotments having been subdivided, the number of Trustees was considerably reduced, the Ratepayers in Towns Act was passed in 1844, by which any person holding any portion of an allotment by a tenure not shorter than one year, who had paid his rates, was entitled to vote and act as a Trustee. 96 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. In 1844 the Alignment of Streets Act was passed, empowering the Governor to cause a survey to be made by the Surveyor-General of every Town, boundary posts to be erected, and the position, length, and breadth of streets defined. After the completion of this work, the Chairman of the Town Trust was required to adjust and regulate the lines of streets, In 1847 an Ordinance enacted that the Collector of Rates should no longer be appointed at the general meeting of Trustees, but by the Chairman of the Trust, and that the duties of a Collector as to distraining on goods and so forth should be performed by a constable. Under the Grazing of Cattle in Towns Ordinance 1850, persons keeping cattle, sheep, or goats, and driving them by day to pasture, had to obtain licences from the Chairman of the Town Trust, where such existed. 4. Towns Improvement Ordinance 1850. This Ordinance repealed the Towns Improve- ment Act 1841, the Ratepayers in Towns Act 1844, and the Towns Improvement Ordinance 1847. The constitution and powers of Town Trusts remained unchanged, except that at the first meeting in January a Chairman and Committee of five were to be elected. As regards rating, the Chairman and a majority of the Committee were to ascertain and determine the number of owners or occupants chargeable and the amount of rates to be levied from each. The following properties were exempted from rating : (a) lands or buildings the property of Her Majesty, not let or hired by private individuals ; (b) land vested in Trustees for religious or other purposes ; (c) land appropriated for public recreation ; (d) any allotment or portion containing any hospital, benevolent asylum, building used exclusively for charitable purposes, church, chapel, convent, nunnery, State or public school, public library, museum, or mechanics' institute. If the rates on allotments held by absentees remained unpaid for three years, the allotments could be sold. The occupier or immediate tenant still remained liable for rates, but the Ordinance makes no mention of his being able to recover from the owner. If the Town Trustees refused to levy a rate, the Governor had power to do so. In 1851 buildings were divided into two classes, and the dimensions of the walls of each class fixed. The Governor was to appoint supervisors, to whom notice of building was to be given, and thatched buildings were prohibited. This Ordinance was to apply to Perth, Fremantle, and Albany, and could be extended by Proclamation to other Towns. In the following year this Ordinance was repealed and replaced by another, also relating to the same Towns, prohibiting the erection of any building of rush, straw, bark, or similar materials, and limiting the height of wooden buildings to 20 feet. 5. Special Provisions for Fremantle. In Fremantle, where the Town Trust Ordinance still remained in force, an Ordinance issued in 1868 enacted that the assessment was to be made by the Chairman and two Trustees, elected by a majority of the Trustees, according to the fair average annual value, whether occupied or not. The rate, which must be approved by the Governor, was not to exceed one shilling in the pound of the annual value, while vacant allotments were to be rated at not less than five nor more than twenty shillings per annum. In the same year the licensing of carriages was placed in the hands of the Chairman of the Fremantle Town Trust, and the licence-fees were paid to the Trust. 6. Municipal Institutions Act 1871. Under this Act any Town could be proclaimed a Municipality by the Governor, or be united to a Municipality, with a Council consisting of a Chairman and Councillors having the same powers as Town Trustees. If the population did not exceed 1,000, the number of Councillors was to be six, if over 1,000 and not exceeding 5,000, nine, and if over 5,000, twelve. Two Auditors and a Treasurer, who must be qualified electors, were also to be elected by the ratepayers. The following persons were qualified as electors : All Justices of the Peace residing within the limits of the Municipality, and all proprietors of land held in fee simple, or by a tenure of not less than one whole year, who were over 21 years of age. The Council was elected by ballot, and both Chairman and Councillors retired annually. Immediately before the election of the Councillors the electors were, by a majority of votes, to choose and appoint in such manner as they should deem expedient, some one from among themselves to be Chairman. In addition to the revenue received under previous Ordinances, the licence-fees collected under the Slaughterhouse, Carts and Carriages, Dogs, and Grazing of Cattle Kept in Towns MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 97 Ordinances, were handed over to the Councils, which granted the licences. A Council, with the sanction of the Governor, could borrow a sum not exceeding its estimated revenue for three years, but had to make an annual extra rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound until the debt was paid off. A general rate, not exceeding one shilling in the pound, could be levied on the full, fair, and average annual value of property, and on one-tenth of the value of land unoccupied for six months. There was no change in the list of properties exempted from rating. The Cart and Carnage Licensing Act 1876 deprived Municipalities of the power of licensing carts, and restricted them to carriages only. 7. Municipal Institutions Act 1876. This Act repealed the 1871 Act, except in as far as affected the incorporation of Perth, which was now divided into four Wards, with three Councillors for each, and a Chairman for the whole City. The number of Councillors in a Municipality was unchanged from that prescribed by the preceding Act, but alterations were made in the qualifications of electors and other details. An elector had to be a British subject of full age, resident in the Colony and not subject to legal incapacity, who, on the first of September and since the first of January, had been seised of or was in occupation of lands or a house within the limits of the Municipality, had paid all rates assessed up to the 30th June, and had not been in receipt of public relief or alms during the year. For the election of Councillors, an elector had only one vote for each vacancy, but for the election of Chairman and Auditors, who were elected by the whole of the ratepayers, plural voting was allowed ; an elector with property valued at 25 and under having one vote, over 25 and up to 50 two votes, over 50 and up to 75 xthree votes, and over 75 four votes. Any male person on the roll was eligible as Councillor or Auditor, provided that he was not (a) of unsound mind ; (6) an uncertificated insolvent ; (c) the holder of a place of profit under the Council ; or (d) interested in any contract with the Council. A Chairman, in addition, must have been qualified to serve on a special jury, and was ineligible if he 'had held office for three consecutive years prior to any election. Elections were held on the third Monday in November. The Chairman and Auditors retired annually, while one-third of the Councillors retired annually. In addition to the powers given under preceding Acts and Ordinances a Council was given the powers of the Governor under the Weights and Measures Ordinances. It had also to ascertain if drains and closets were nuisances, and, if so, to have them drained or covered ; and to see that new houses were connected with sewers, if there were any. All houses were to have privies, and places for the deposit of rubbish and night-soil were to be provided by the Council, which could also prevent overcrowding and seize unwholesome food. In addition to the usual revenue, all fines and penalties recovered within the Municipality under the Police Ordinance 1861 were paid to the Council. The maximum amount of general rate was raised to one shilling and sixpence, and the amount that could be borrowed for permanent works or the repayment of loans was raised to ten times the average net ordinary annual income for the preceding three years, while a special loan rate could not exceed one shilling and sixpence. Permanent works were defined as streets and roads, bridges, culverts, ferries, jetties, sawers and drains, waterworks, gasworks, pounds, offices, abattoirs, markets, baths and washhouses, pleasure grounds, public libraries, museums, places of public resort and recreation, and the purchase of land. In 1878 the qualification of a Chairman was slightly altered, except in Perth and Fremantle, and any person, if qualified to be a Councillor and also qualified under the Jury Act, could be elected Chairman. In 1880 Perth and Fremantle Councils were authorized to light the streets, and all Councils to issue cart licences. Other Towns could also light their streets, but if the whole Town were not lighted, a majority of the ratepayers of a principal street or Ward could obtain light, and one-half of the expense was paid out of the general rate and the other half by the ratepayers benefited, either rateably according to assessment or according to the lineal frontages of the premises lighted. In 1882 the qualification of Councillors was altered, and only persons liable to be rated in respect of property of the rateable value of 20 at least were eligible, but in the C. 7099. 4 98 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. following year this qualification was confined to Perth and Fremantle ; in other Towns any ratepayer was qualified. Fire engines, as well as organs and other musical instru- ments, were added to the list of permanent works. Under the Act of 1884 building regulations were made to apply only to portions of Perth and Fremantle, but in 1895 they were extended to the whole of those Cities and to any other Municipalities proclaimed under the Act. 8. Municipal Institutions Act 1895. Although this Act repealed the former Act of 1876 with its amendments, most of the provisions remain unaltered. The Governor could proclaim a Town to be 'a Municipality if it contained rateable property capable of yielding the sum of 300 on a shilling rate on the annual value. An elector to be qualified required only to be an owner or occupier from the thirtieth of June instead of from the first of January to the first of September as heretofore. The number of votes possessed by a voter for the election of the Chairman or Mayor and Auditors remained the same, and a voter had also the same voting power on a poll for loans; but for Councillors a voter had one vote if his property was valued at 50 and under, and two votes if over 50. The maximum lighting rate was fixed at sixpence in the pound. A valuation must be made of the annual value every year, and, when necessary, of the capital value. The annual value was defined as the fair average rent from year to year, less 10 per cent, for outgoings. The capital value was to be taken as the probable and reasonable price at which such land in fee simple, exclusive .of improvements, might sell at. The annual value of improved or occupied property was to be taken at not less than 4 per cent, of the capital value, and of unimproved or unoccupied at 7 per cent, thereof. The carrying out of the Width of Tires Act 1895 was entrusted to Municipalities, and in 1896 they were empowered to regulate the licensing or erection of weighbridges. 9. Municipal Institutions Act 1900. This Act was a consolidation of the previous Act and amendments, and presented few new features. The Chairman was now styled Mayor, while the qualifications of the Mayor and Councillors were slightly altered, so that any owner or occupier liable to be rated on a value of not less than 10 was eligible, provided that he was not a minister of religion, or a person attainted of treason or con- victed of felony or perjury or other infamous crime. In estimating the annual value of property, the amount that could be deducted for repairs was raised from 10 to 20 per cent. 10. Municipal Corporations Act 1906. This Act is at present in force, and has been amended in 1912 and 1915, but only slightly. The following are the more important provisions of the Act : (i) Constitution of Municipalities. The Governor may constitute any portion of Western Australia containing rateable property capable of yielding upon an annual rate a sum of 750 a Municipality. He may also divide a Municipality into Wards, unite, dissolve, and sever Municipalities, and alter the boundaries, on receipt of a petition from the ratepayers or from the Council. (ii) Constitution of Councils. Where the population of a Municipality is 1,000 or less, the Council consists of a Mayor and six Councillors, where it is over 1,000 and under 5,000, of a Mayor and nine Councillors, and where over 5,000, of a Mayor and twelve Councillors. If there are more than four Wards, the number of Councillors is proportionately increased. Where a Municipal District is divided into Wards there must always be an equal number of Councillors for each Ward. (iii) Qualifications of Mayor and Councillors. Any male person, who is a natural-born or naturalized subject of the King and the owner or occupier of rateable land in the Municipality, is eligible for election as Mayor or Councillor, with the exception of (a) ministers of religion ; (&) uncertificated or undischarged bankrupts ; (c) persons convicted of crime ; (d) persons of unsound mind ; and (e) persons holding a place of profit under the Council or participating in a contract with the Council. Councillors are elected for three years, one-third of the number retiring each year, while a Mayor is elected for one year only. Two Auditors are also elected for two years by the rate- payers in a similar manner to the election of Mayor, one Auditor retiring annually. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 99 (iv) Qualifications of Electors. Every person not under 21 years of age, who is a natural-born or naturalized subject of the King and who on the first of September is the owner or occupier of rateable land in a Municipal District in respect of which all rates made for the current financial year, including health rates, have been paid not later than the first of October next following, is entitled to be placed on the electoral roll. A corporation or joint stock company may nominate a representative. The Mayor is elected by the whole of the electors, and every elector has one or more votes, according to the value of rateable property set against his name on the roll. If the rateable value is 25 and under an elector has one vote, if over 25 and not exceeding 50 two votes, if over 50 and not exceeding 75 three votes, and if over 75 four votes. For the election of Councillors, an elector has one or two votes, the former where the assessed value is 50 or less, and the latter where it is over 50. Any elector who intends to be absent on the day of election, or who resides more than 5 miles from a polling place, or who is prevented by illness or infirmity from attending a polling place may, within one month previous to the date of the election, apply for voting facilities to a returning officer, resident magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other person appointed by the Minister. His vote will then be taken and posted to the returning officer. (v) Powers and Duties of Councils. A Council may (a) make by-laws ; (6) sell or lease land vested in it ; (c) purchase or lease land for works, make and improve streets, bridges, jetties, &c. ; (d) make sewers and drains ; (e) light streets ; (/) construct dams and reservoirs or contract for a water supply ; (g) provide and maintain baths, washhouses, places of recreation, pounds, abattoirs, markets, and weighbridges ; and (h) license bazaars, chimney-sweeps, vehicles, cattle sale-yards, hawkers, water condensers, shoe- blacks, hand-carts, porters, and similar persons and occupations. In certain scheduled Municipalities and in others proclaimed by the Governor from time to time the provisions of the Building Act 1884 apply, and certain classes of buildings are prohibited in such Municipalities. Under the Tramways Act 1885 a Municipality may obtain an order to construct and work tramways, under the Health Act it is a Local Board of Health, under the Electric Lighting Act it may supply or grant a licence or contract for the supply of electricity, and under the Abattoirs Act the Governor may empower a Municipality to erect and maintain abattoirs or may place them under its control. (vi) Valuation of Rateable Property. A Council may make an annual valuation of the annual value, and, where necessary, a separate valuation of the capital value of all land within the Municipal District. The annual value of improved or occupied land is deemed to be a sum equal to the estimated full, fair average amount of rent at which such land may reasonably be expected to let from year to year, less the amount of all rates and taxes and a deduction of 20 per cent, for outgoings. In no case must the annual value be deemed to be less than 4 per cent, of the value in fee simple. Unimproved and unoccupied land is to be valued at 7 per cent, on the capital value. The payment in full discharge of all rates by tramways is fixed at 3 per cent, of the gross earnings, and that by gas mains and electric lines at 1J per cent, of the gross receipts. (vii) Rates. A general rate is struck on all rateable property in the Municipality, but must not exceed one shilling and sixpence in the pound on the annual value. The following lands are exempt from being rated : (a) land the property of the Crown and used for public purposes or unoccupied ; (6) land belonging to a religious body, and used or held exclusively as or for a place of public worship, a Sunday school, a place of residence of a minister of religion, or a convent, nunnery, or monastery ; (c) land used exclusively for a public hospital, benevolent asylum, orphanage, public school, private school (being the property of a religious body), public library, museum, art gallery, or mechanics' institute ; (d) land used for charitable purposes ; (e) land vested in any Board under the Parks and Reserves Act, or in Trustees for agricultural or horticultural show purposes, or zoological or acclimatization gardens, or for public resort and recreation ; (/) land used or held'as a cemetery ; and (g) land declared by the Governor as exempt from municipal rates. If, before any Municipal District is lighted, the majority of ratepayers in any street or Ward desire that the same be lighted, the Council is required to defray one-half of the cost out of the ordinary revenue of the Municipality but should this revenue be insufficient 100 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. it may strike a special rate, not exceeding sixpence in the pound, on the rateable value of all property within the Municipal District. The other half is to be paid by the ratepayers benefited. Loan rates must not exceed one shilling and sixpence in the pound. (viii) Borrowing Powers. A Council may borrow for specified works or undertakings or for the liquidation of previous loans. In the former case the amount borrowed is limited, except with the sanction of the Governor, to ten times the average ordinary revenue of the Municipality for the preceding two years. Under the heading " works or undertakings " are included such items as streets, ferries, wharves, sewers, drains, water- works, gasworks, electric light works, tramways, pounds, abattoirs, baths, pleasure grounds, museums, musical instruments, lamps, appliances for the treatment of night- soil, stone quarries, steam-rollers, fire engines, a general warehouse under the Customs Act, theatres, and grandstands. Before borrowing, public notice must be given, and any twenty owners of rateable land may demand that the question be submitted to a poll of such owners. For the purposes of this provision the term " owner " means any person entitled to a legal or equitable estate or interest in rateable land in fee simple, or for a term of years having at least seven years unexpired. The provisions as to the election of a Mayor apply at the taking of such a poll. Non-residential owners may vote by post. A bank overdraft must not exceed one-third of the ordinary revenue of the Municipality for the preceding year. 1 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn (a) the area, estimated population, numbers of electors for Mayor, and of dwellings, length of roads, annual value, assets and liabilities, and outstanding loans of Municipalities, exclusive of Perth, for the years 1895 to 1917 ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure for the same Munici- palities for the years 1872 to 1917 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF PERTH). AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL VALUE, ETC., 1895 TO 1917. Year ending 31st October. Area. Estimated Popula- tion. Number of Electors for Mayor. Number of Dwell- ings. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Assets and Liabilities. Out- standin Loans. Assets. Liabilities. Acres. No. No. No. Miles. 1895 .. 25,132 38,306 .. 7,766 267 267,623 105,743 43,623 42,500 1896 .. 29,307 51,931 6,071 10,604 364 311,184 176,181 46,294 40,032 1897 .. 37,788 59,842 9,787 11,188 471 619,775 232,848 106,648 85,100 1898 .. 39,259 60,981 12,508 11,677 601 751,795 132,452 126,657 105,575 1899 .. 58,324 60,576 12,425 13,349 613 701,322 146,726 122,801 120,500 1900 .. 60,482 69,257 12,659 16,850 546 698,023 182,827 147,160 151,100 1901 .. 68,811 71,528 14,163 16,248 688 753,947 178,174 152,202 188,000 1902 .. 66,027 75,186 16,404 16,848 735 805,445 283,642 237,763 223,050 1903 .. 69,763 83,679 17,861 16,848 779 870,282 314,882 267,633 247,300 1904 .. 73,756 86,811 17,744 18,538 906 906,805 373,133 385,663 364,800 1905 .. 71,854 86,811 18,324 18,538 842 943,214 483,119 421,214 398,414 1906 .. 77,958 99,014 20,988 18,965 941 972,177 601,089 520,826 482,650 1907 .. 86,187 107,085 23,363 26,443 ,007 1,007,842 603,465 543,077 500,294 1908 .. 86,517 105,765 24,775 28,471 ,057 945,707 653,158 562,840 524,694 1909 .. 85,272 111,783 23,844 29,319 ,114 923,428 691,022 594,879 560,808 1910 .. 86,727 108,041 24,088 25,647 ,196 904,443 739,186 662,014 613,044 1911 .. 71,855 108,041 25,285 25,647 ,202 916,536 780,397 716,210 663,364 1912 .. 67,628 116,560 26,064 26,778 ,221 944,468 812,485 752,235 704,582 1913 .. 63,715 117,152 26,758 26,331 ,183 971,785 814,991 765,636 718,080 1914 .. 63,715 122,897 29,712 26,828 ,088 989,857 866,291 846,744 786,561 1915 .. 61,377 109,719 25,664 23,994 ,014 913,194 840,261 788,059 738,987 1916 .. 54,247 107,056 23,895 957 895,847 851,998 802,987 752,620 1917 .. 53,647 104,947 23,635 956 884,581 875,357 803,246 754,058 MUNICIPALITIES, 101 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF PERTH). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1872 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year* tfumbe ending 31st of Munid October palities Hates. .r roin Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis tration. Works. Other. Total. No. 1872 7 ,195 1,073 1873 7 . . . . . ,582 t 1,568 1874 7 . . . . . . ,624 1,541 1875 7 . . . . ,645 1,646 1876 7 . . . . ,134 . 874 1877 7 . . . . . . ,716 . 2,008 1878 8 . . '. , . . 3,495 3,132 1879 8 . . . . 3,562 3,154 1880 9 1,834 780 730 3,344 472 1,929 320 2,721 1881 9 2,292 704 956 3,952 1,012 2,819 306 4,137 1882 9 2,321 387 1,018 3,726 651 2,934 372 3,957 1883 9 2,582 1,085 1,491 5,158 697 2,873 1,169 4,739 1884 9 2,911 480 1,562 4,953 682 2,751 1,388 4,821 1885 9 3,692 622 13,442 17,756 870 5,349 1,854 8,073 1886 9 2,509 918 1,191 4,618 343 1,755 12,123 14,221 1887 9 4,318 1,850 12,417 18,585 720 10,023 4,046 14,789 1888 11 4,843 456 1,871 7,170 895 3,871 2,976 7,742 1889 11 6,312 830 19,699 26,841 1,319 8,455 12,348 22,122 1890 11 7,740 857 3,565 12,162 1,656 9,438 5,629 16,723 1891 12 8,475 1,115 6,663 16,253 1,778 7,294 5,198 14,270 1892 14 9,891 4,300 2,668 16,859 1,880 10.292 5,295 17,467 1893 15 10,166 4,629 3,401 18,196 2,204 9,032 6,182 17,418 1894 18 10,478 4,407 2,363 17,248 1,976 10,415 5,063 17,454 1895 23 14,647 12,909 23,408 50,964 3,483 26,287 16,164 45,934 1896 29 20,029 30,626 16,666 67,321 7,029 29,883 29,431 66,343 1897 34 37,804 74,606 65,203 177,613 12,459 82,220 62,540 157,219 1898 35 46,863 62,625 47,065 156,553 15,870 89,893 70,056 175,819 1899 35 51,097 36,102 35,276 122,475 14,579 64,721 44,297 123,597 1900 38 54,463 41,609 60,656 156,728 14,770 78,495 52,355 145,620 1901 41 50,099 37,625 52,516 140,240 13,170 57,322 54,203 124,695 1902 43 65,499 56,748 93,309 215,556 17,516 96,281 101,237 215,034 1903 43 72,857 66,144 85,136 224,137 19,931 121,647 99,311 240,889 1904 42 78,450 76,008 176,322 330,780 22,056 144,520 142,667 309,243 1905 42 88,224 73,230 157,090 318,544 23,012 150,190 158,885 332,087 1906 44 98,877 81,374 192,026 372,277 24,865 130,740 180,390 336,001 1907 46 88,853 73,473 143,025 305,351 29,776 103,300 208,725 341,801 1908 46 93,123 58,285 154,507 305,915 24,454 80,515 228,854 333,823 1909 45 92,434 31,301 194,416 318,151 21,797 64,999 220,214 307,010 1910 41 94,202 11,351 219,805 325,358 23,723 68,958 245,108 337,789 1911 41 98,692 25,944 224,076 348,712 22,178 58,186 266,980 347,344 1912 37 103,125 22,569 234,253 359,947 21,821 60,894 254,606 337,321 1913 32 104,608 16,382 199,163 320,153 21,564 77,732 239,126 338,422 1914 32 101,733 11,142 260,654 373,529 21,665 91,765 253,186 366,616 1915 30 97,728 8,468 239,762 345,958 24,131 87,400 237,649 349,180 1916 29 97,372 7,962 212,510 317,844 25,013 61,354 234,048 320,415 1917 28 98,893 6,756 192,098 297,747 25,738 45,306 226,955 297,999 * Prior to 1880, the dates at which the financial year closed in various Municipalities were not uniform. 102 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (c) City of Perth. 1. General Review. With the exception of the period from 1858 to 1871, Perth was subject to the provisions of the same Ordinances as affected other Towns. It was found that the Towns Improvement Ordinance 1850 was inapplicable to Perth, where there was at the time a Town Trust, and in 1858 the City of Perth Improvement Ordinance was passed. 2. City of Perth Improvement Ordinance 1858. By this Ordinance all properties in the City of Perth, including roads, were vested in the Perth City Council, to which body the improvement, management, and care of lands, markets, streets, pounds, jetties, sewers, drains, and water-courses were also handed over. The City Council consisted of seven persons elected by the ratepayers annually on the first Monday in December, the Chairman being elected by the Councillors from among themselves. A supervisor of the Perth Trusts was to be appointed by the Council. The revenu'e was derived from rates, rents, fines, penalties, cart and dog licences, fees for depasturage on town reserves, and for poundages, fees for felling, using and selling timber, tolls and dues, voluntary subscriptions and Government grants. The Council could borrow up to 400 in any one year, but not more than 1,000 might be outstanding at any one time ; and the amount expended in salaries was not to exceed one-sixth of the income. Accounts were to be audited half-yearly by two ratepayers appointed at a general meeting of ratepayers. Rates not exceeding one shilling in the pound were to be levied on the full fair annual value of occupied and on one-tenth of the capital value of unoccupied property, the exemptions from rating being the same as those in the 1850 Ordinance. In 1864 the 1858 Ordinance was amended, and Perth was divided into three Wards, each represented by three Councillors, who had to be ratepayers of and to reside in the Ward which they represented. In addition to these nine Councillors, a Chairman was elected by the majority of ratepayers in the entire City of Perth. In 1865 the fees for licensing carriages were transferred to the City, and licences were issued by the Chairman. 3. Municipal Institutions Act 1871. Under the provisions of this Act, already described (see page 96), Perth was placed and has since remained on the same basis as other Municipalities under this Act. Perth was incorporated as the Council and Burgesses of the City of Perth, and its boundaries were defined. The Government Domain, public offices, prisons, public buildings, victualling establishments, arsenal, and 'barracks were, however, not deemed to be included within such boundaries. In 1880 the title of the Municipality of Perth was altered to the " Mayor, Councillors, and Citizens of the City of Perth," and the Council was authorized to light the streets. In 1914 the Municipalities of North Perth and Leederville were merged into the City of Perth, and formed into separate Wards, thus raising the number of Wards to seven. In 1917 the Victoria Park Municipality was united with the City of Perth, forming an eighth Ward. 4. Perth Municipal Gas and Electric Lighting Act 191 1. Under this Act the Perth City Council was empowered to purchase the undertaking of the Perth Gas Company, and with the consent of the ratepayers to borrow money for the purpose. 5. Electric Light and Power Agreement Act 1913. This Act provides for the supply of electrical current to the City of Perth from a power station to be erected by the Government and fixes the price. It also requires the City Council to supply any Municipal Council or Road Board within 5 miles from the General Post Office at the actual cost price to $he Corporation. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the area, estimated population, number of electors for Mayor, number of dwellings, length of roads, annual MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 103 value, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1895 to 1917 ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure for the. years 1878 to 1917 of the City of Perth: WESTERN AUSTRALIA. CITY OF PERTH. AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL VALUE, ETC., 1895 TO 1917. Year ending 31st October. Area. Estimated Popula- tion. Number of Electors for Mayor. Number of Dwell- ings. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Assets and Liabilities. Out- standing Loans. Assets. Liabilities. Acres. No. No. No. ' Miles. 1895 .. 2,560 20,000 2,016 3,400 95,852 135,889 47,264 45,000 1896 .. 2,560 20,000 2,026 3,400 105,409 151,485 62,908 60,897 1897 .. 2,560 20,000 2,729 3,400 . 205,565 168,945 87,767 75,000 1898 .. 1,640 26,600 3,559 . . 64 268,972 136,492 106,714 75,000 1899 .. 1,640 25,944 4,479 . . 64 287,728 131,960 164,608 155,000 1900 .. 3,575 27,553 4,193 5,108 75 286,083 137,638 182,921 155,000 1901 .. 2,840 27,553 4,985 5,108 83 277,166 129,513 188,562 177,500 1902 .. 2,840 27,553 5,-315 5,108 83 297,132 143,374 204,988 190,000 1903 .. 3,575 31,671 5,579 5,108 83 331,229 158,062 210,867 190,000 1904 .. 3,575 31,671 6,226 5,108 98 405,981 172,790 236,441 225,000 1905 .. 3,561 31,671 6,458 5,108 100 405,981 164,388 230,231 225,000 1906 .. 3,561 29,760 6,914 5,108 101 426,828 171,557 238,121 230,700 1907 .. 3,561 29,760 6,685 7,428 102 428,870 170,994 233,048 230,700 1908 .. 3,561 29,760 6,885 7,428 102 431,642 181,720 236,976 232,800 1909 .. 3,561 29,760 6,285 9,143 103 417,068 187,520 236,581 234,300 1910 .. 3,604 35,767 6,461 7,069 103 399,714 187,583 236,135 231,800 1911 .. 3,575 35,767 6,048 7,069 104 405,179 186,992 232,469 229,700 1912 .. 3,575 35,767 7,210 7,069 105 437,283 724,754 757,860 754,700 1913 .. 3,575 35,767 7,251 7,069 105 482,067 766,790 759,031 750,700 1914 .. 3,575 35,767 7,374 7,069 105 515,569 809,013 836,869 820,405 1915 .. 5,913 45,615 15,308 9,548 182 624,431 829,703 976,407 951,087 1916 .. 5,913 45,615 9,868 182 624,288 976,124 1,079,336 1,060,906 1917 .. 5,913 45,615 10,098 182 628,062 981,239 1,053,676 1,035,110 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. CITY OF PERTH. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1878 TO 1917. Year ending .".1st October. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1878 .. 1,056 250 781 2,087 345 1,226 354 1,925 1879 .. 1,227 250 758 2,235 415 1,056 532 2,003 1880 .. 1,330 370 734 2,434 527 819 281 1,627 1881 .. 1,359 12 7,205 8,576 448 4,744 636 5,828 1882 .. 1,614 100 2,175 3,889 359 3,000 1,354 4,713 1883 .. 2,557 100 3,394 6,051 429 4,246 2,715 7,390 1884 .. 2,537 100 3,216 5,853 479 2,026 1,868 4,373 1885 .. 3,218 100 1,000 4,318 505 3,064 1,671 5,240 1886 .. 4,361 100 9,121 13,582 508 i 4,232 2,374 7,114 1887 .. 4,961 300 5,261 10,522 690 7,526 2,900 11,116 1888 .. 5,129 80 11,335 16,544 688 10,057 4,523 15,268 1889 .. 5,407 120 1,774 7,301 722 4,147 4,846 9,715 1890 .. 5,445 1,090 1,650 8,185 731 4,313 4,376 9,420 1891 .. 6,513 120 1,566 8,199 769 3,372 4,338 8,479 1892 .. 9,166 2,125 1,550 12,841 927 6,785 5,251 12,963 1893 .. 8,019 2,128 17,050 27,197 1,288 10,884 5,481 17,653 104 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. CITY OF PERTH. REVENUE AND EXPENDI1 URK, 1878 TO 1917 continued. Year ending 31st October. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1894 .. 9,724 2,885 - 2,501 15,110 1,215 7,274 7,323 15,812 1895 .. 14,510 8,586 4,531 27,627 1,891 13,396 13,345 28,632 1896 .. 16,188 6,031 28,607 50,826 2,179 9,166 25,682 37,027 1897 .. 21,401 17,784 43,944 83,129 3,038 33,481 34,964 71,483 1898 .. 27,054 32,944 28,748 88,746 3,019 73,655 23,500 100,174 1899 .. 29,326 18,762 87,535 135,623 3,702 96,253 35,816 135,771 1900 .. 27,838 18,219 18,370 64,427 3,228 37,264 30,868 71,360 1901 .. 27,923 29,235 29,730 86,888 4,144 53,935 31,641 89,720 1902 .. 29,395 24,688 20,282 74,365 4,417 29,439 34,382 68,238 1903 .. 31,903 14,794 31,517 78,214 4,804 20,700 46,476 71,980 1904 .. 40,660 14,860 37,463 92,983 3,928 43,227 38,100 85,255 1905 .. 42,351 12,568 10-,703 65,622 4,318 33,036 42,247 79,601 1906 .. 47,329 14,623 18,200 80,152 4,497 34,675 41,831 81,003 1907 .. 48,015 12,000 8,839 68,854 4,305 28;803 43,472 76,580 1908 .. 46,105 9,029 21,533 76,667 3,930 23,428 41,681 69,039 1909 .. 46,011 6,000 13,566 65,577 3,760 18,285 41,010 63,055 1910 .. 44,517 1,985 10,602 57,104 3,460 19,039 39,528 62,027 1911 .. 46,301 2,000 28,666 76,967 4,470 17,512 59,669 81,651 1912 .. 45,413 3,333 600,738 649,484 4,014 17,681 559,941 581,636 1913 .. 49,358 3,000 148,159 200,517 4,502 81,713 125,518 211,733 1914 .. 51,952 2,000 219,144 273,096 4,778 131,333 141,118 277,229 1915 .. 72,947 1,841 226,048 300,836 7,515 103,339 242,592 353,446 1916 .. 69,245 1,500 224,748 295,493 7,944 59,057 230,494 297,495 1917 .. 69,104 1,057 183,443 253,604 8,215 28,685 207,048 243,948 (o) Road Trusts and Districts. 1. Management of Roads and Streets Act 1838. Under this Act the management, control, superintendence, and charge of all roads, bridges, and ferries, not within the limits of a Township, and all affairs relating to their formation, extension, alteration, improvement, or repair were vested in a body of Trustees consisting of all Justices of the Peace and all proprietors of land held in fee simple to the extent of 1,000 acres or over. These Trustees were to hold four general meetings annually, and special meetings when required ; they had power to define Districts and to nominate Committees of their numbers for the more immediate direction of such Districts. At the general meeting held annually in January the Trustees were to elect by ballot a Chairman and Directors of Districts from their body, as well as to appoint a Treasurer, Collectors, Clerks, Surveyors, and other requisite officers. The revenue of the Trust was derived from (a) ferry tolls and leases thereof, (6) funds proclaimed by the Governor, (c) voluntary subscriptions, (d) Government grants, (e) loans, and (/) assessments. The Trustees were empowered to borrow on the security of tolls, dues, or charges. 2. Roads and Streets Act 1841. The 1838 Act was repealed and replaced by the Moods and Streets Act 1841. The right of property in all roads, canals, bridges, tow- paths, ferries, and other public lines of communication not laid out by the authority of the Governor as streets in any townsite, was vested in the General Road Trust of the Colony. This Trust consisted of all the Justices of the Peace and all proprietors of not less than 320 acres of land held in fee simple. At the annual general meeting held in January, a Chairman and Committee of five members were to be elected by ballot. The Trustees were to define Districts and nominate Directors and Committees for each MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 105 District. The owner or occupier of any land taken for road or other purposes was to be compensated for any actual damage other than for the loss of land, the amount of such compensation to be fixed by a jury. The revenue of the General Road Trust was derived from the same sources as that of the Road Trust under the 1838 Act. 3. Roads Ordinance 1847. As the system of management of the internal communi- cations of the Colony by means of the General Road Trust proved to be inefficient and unsuitable, the Act of 1841 was repealed, save as to the levying of tolls, by the Roads Ordinance of 1847. A Central Board of Works was constituted to have the management of all matters connected with the construction and repair of roads, canals, bridges, and public lines of communication, and of all public works as were committed to its charge from time to time. This Board consisted of eight members appointed by the Governor, of whom four were persons not holding any office of emolument under the Local Government, and who were bona fide proprietors of at least 1,000 acres of land in fee simple in Western Australia. Streets laid out in any Townsite were not vested in this Board. The Board could divide the Colon y into Districts, each with a Local Board, of which each proprietor of 320 acres in fee simple was a member. A Local Board could elect a Chairman and Committee of not more than five members to have the management of all roads and other public works in the District, subject to the sanction and control of the Central Board. A Local Board could also propose or recommend to the Central Board lines of communications or public works. The revenue of the Board was derived from (a) tolls at ferries, not the property of any Town Trust ; (6) leases of tolls ; (c) other tolls ; (d) voluntary subscriptions ; (e) Government grants ; and (/) loans on the security of tolls. In 1847 an export toll of ten shillings per ton, to be in force for three years, was placed on all sandalwood cut and prepared for shipment, and the proceeds of this toll were handed over to the Central Board of Works for the construction and repair of roads, bridges, and other public lines of communication. This system of management does not appear to have been found satisfactory, as by an Ordinance in 1849 the Central and all the Local Boards were abolished, and the construction and management of roads reverted to the Government, in the hands of which they remained until 1871. 4. District Roads Act 1 871. Under this Act Road Districts were formed, the boundaries of which were either proclaimed by the Governor or were conterminous with those of a Resident Magistrate's or Police Magistrate's District. Local Boards consisting .of seven members of whom one was Chairman were elected by ratepayers, with the duties of making and keeping in repair roads and bridges within the District. Should the ratepayers refuse or neglect to elect a Board, or, having been elected, should such Board neglect to keep in repair the main lines of road, or should two-thirds of the ratepayers so petition, the Governor could assume and exercise the functions of the Board. Three members of the Board retired annually in December, and the Board elected its own Chairman. Rateable property was defined as all property within the District with the exception of (a) property in any City or Town where there was in existence a City or Town Council or Town Trust ; (b) waste Crown lands ; (c) Crown lands used for public purposes ; (d) churches ; (e) chapels ; (/) cemeteries ; (g) public schools and those subsidized by Government ; (h) public buildings ; and (i) lands for religious, charitable, or public purposes, or set apart for aborigines. Under the term ratepayer was understood the occupier of rateable property or the owner of unoccupied property, and all ratepayers who had paid their rates were entitled to vote, a ratepayer having one vote if the annual value of his property was 5 and under 10, two votes if 10 and under 25, three votes if 25 and under 50, and four votes if 50 or over. Roads were classified as main and minor roads. A Board could levy tolls and rates not exceeding one shilling in the pound on the net annual value. Two or more Auditors were appointed by the ratepayers at a general meeting, the Resident Magistrate to be one of the Auditors. In 1873 Local Road Boards were empowered to collect licence fees on carts. 106 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. In 1876, the qualifications of an elector were more clearly defined as a person (a) who on the first of October had been seised of or occupied rateable property within the District of the value of 5 and upwards ; (6) who had paid rates assessed up to the 30th June ; and (c) who had not been during the year in receipt of any public relief or alms. Voting by proxy was allowed to persons resident over 15 miles from the polling place or out of the District. 5. Roads Act 1888. This Act consolidated and repealed previous Acts and amend- ments. The main provisions of the 1871 Act remained unchanged, the following being the more important alterations : An elector was now defined as any British subject of full age resident hi the Colony (a) who on the first of September, and since the first of January, was seised of as his own or had as occupier been in occupation of rateable property within the limits of the District ; (&) who had paid all rates assessed up to the 30th June ; and (c) who had not within such year been in receipt of any public relief or alms. Any male person on the electoral list was eligible as a member of the Board, or as Auditor provided (a) that he was not of unsound mind ; (6) that he was not an uncertificated bankrupt ; and (c) that he did not hold a place of profit at the disposal of the Board, or an interest in a contract with the Board. A Board was prohibited from expending more than 100 in making any bridge or culvert, except by the directions of and under the control of the Director of Public Works ; it might also not expend more than one quarter of the money received from the Government on minor roads. In 1894, land leased for pastoral purposes was declared to be no longer exempt from rating, and a Board was empowered to construct tanks, wells, and dams, and to bore for water for the purpose of supplying water along any line of road, fixing the rates payable for the same. In 1895, the carrying out of the Width of Tires Act was entrusted to Boards within their Districts, and in 1899 the registration of dogs was handed over to them, with power to retain the fees. 6. Roads Act 1902. The provisions of this Act were practically the same as those of the 1888 Act, the main points of difference being as follows : (a) A Road District could be divided into Wards, in which case the number of members of the Board could be increased to nine ; (6) an absent voter, defined as one who intended to be absent from the State on the day of election, or who resided more than 5 miles from the polling place, or who was ill, might apply to the returning officer, a resident magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or postmaster for permission to vote by post ; (c) valuation on the unimproved capital value, except in the case of mining leases, was authorized, and the maximum rate was fixed at one shilling and sixpence on the annual or twopence halfpenny on the capital value ; (d) two Auditors were to be appointed, one by the Government, and the other annually by the ratepayers ; (e) in certain scheduled Districts, and in such Districts as the Governor might direct after a petition from a majority of the rate- payers, a Board might borrow up to ten times the average amount of the general rates for the preceding year for the purpose of constructing new roads. In 1904, an amendment fixed the number of votes allowed to an elector, where the system of valuation on the unimproved capital value was adopted, as follows : One vote where the valuation was under 200, two where 200 and under 500, three where 500 and under 1,000, and four where 1,000 or over. Fines and penalties recovered under the Police Act were no longer to be paid to the revenue of a Board as heretofore. The schedule of Boards allowed to borrow money was repealed, and any Board might now borrow, and was authorized also to make footways and maintain river jetties and bathhouses ; half the cost of paving footways to be paid by the owners of property fronting thereon. Another amendment in the same year authorized the Governor to appoint a Road Board as a Drainage Board for any Drainage District within its area. In 1909, the Governor was empowered to direct that any sea or river jetty be placed under the control of a Road Board. A Board could also establish or subsidize hospitals, ferries, and fire brigades. If the revenue of a Road Board fell below 200 in any year the Governor could abolish such Board. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 107 7. Roads Act 191 1. This Act, as amended in 1912, is at present in force, and the following are the chief features thereof : (i) Constitution of Road Districts. The Governor (a) may constitute any portion of Western Australia which is not included in a Municipal District a Road District ; (6) may unite two or more Districts ; (c) may divide Districts ; (d) may subdivide Districts into Wards ; (e) may alter the boundaries of a District ; and (/) may abolish Districts and Wards. If for two consecutive financial years the revenue derived from the general rates of any Board is in each year less than 150, the Governor may abolish the District and include the area thereof in some other District. (ii) Constitution of Road Boards. A Road Board consists of not less than five, nor more than eleven members, as fixed by the Governor. 'Every adult male person, being a natural-born or naturalized subject of the King, and having the qualification of an elector, is qualified to be elected as a member of the Board, provided (a) that he has not been convicted for any offence punishable by imprisonment for one year or longer ; (6) that he is not an undischarged bankrupt ; (c) that he is not of unsound mind ; (d) that he is not the holder of any office of profit under the Board ; and (e) that he has no direct pecuniary interest in any agreement with the Board, except as member of an incorporated company consisting of at least twenty members. The Chairman of the Board is elected by the members from among themselves, but at least two-thirds of the Board must be present at such election. One-third of the members, if the number of members is a multiple of three, or as nearly as possible one-third if otherwise, and the Chairman, retire annually. In a case where there is in any District no Board, or not sufficient members to form a quorum, the Governor may appoint a Commissioner for such District, who is authorized to exercise all the powers of the Board. (iii) Qualifications of Electors. Every adult person being a natural-born or naturalized subject of the King, and being on the thirteenth day of January in any year the owner or occupier of land liable to be rated within the District, is qualified as an elector, and, when a District is divided into Wards, is entitled to vote in each Ward in which his land is situated. An elector has a number of votes proportionate to the annual rateable value or unimproved capital value of his land according to the following scale : So. of Votes. Annual Value. Unimproved Capital Value. 1 2 3 4 Up to 10 Over 10 and up to 25 Over 25 and up to 50 Over 50 Up to 150 Over 150 and up to 300 Over 300 and up to 600 Over 600 A corporation may register a person to vote on its behalf, and the manager for the owner of any rateable land may be registered, if the owner does not reside on the land. Any elector who intends to be absent from the District on the day of election, or who resides more than 5 miles from a polling place, or is prevented by illness or infirmity from attending a polling place, may apply to a returning officer, or any magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other person appointed by the Minister, to vote before such person as an absent voter. (iv) Powers and Duties of Boards. Boards have the care, control, and management of all roads within their respective Districts. Sea or river jetties may be placed under their control by the Governor, as well as public reserves, parks, recreation grounds, commons, bridges, wells, dams, tanks, and other works. They may appropriate sums out of ordinary revenue for maintaining and improving agricultural halls, libraries, or reading-rooms which are vested in them, and may be appointed by the Governor to be Drainage Boards. They may construct and maintain bathing enclosures and houses, jetties, tanks, wells, reservoirs, drains and water-pourses, plant trees, improve public 108 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. reserves, construct tramways, clear roads of poisonous plants, and subsidize ferries, district nursing systems, hospitals, and duly-qualified medical practitioners. The cost of making and paving footways is to be borne as to one moiety by Boards, and as to the other by the owners of rateable lands abutting on such footway. A Board may not expend a sum exceeding 100 in making any bridge or culvert except by the direction and under the control of the Minister. The Governor may proclaim main roads, and authorize any defects or want of reparation thereof to be made good bv the Minister. A Board may make arrangements for the prevention of fires, may establish pounds, and. may make by-laws. (v) Revenue of Boirds. The ordinary revenue of every Board is made up of (a) rents from the property of the Board ; (6) fees or rents from lands vested in the Board ; (c) building and other fees ; (d) fees for licences under the Roods Act ; (e) fees for licences under other Acts ; (/) fines and penalties under the" Roads Act ; (g) fines and penalties under other Acts ; (h) moneys payable in respect of a general rate ; (i) other moneys received under this Act not being the proceeds of a loan or loan rate ; and (j) other moneys received under any other Act. The Government may grant money for specific or general purposes, but such money is not to be deemed ordinary income and must be accounted for separately. A Board may borrow money for works or undertakings or for liquidating previous loans, but the amount so borrowed must not exceed (a) seven times the average ordinary revenue of the Board for the two preceding years, or (b) in case the Board is already indebted, the difference obtained by subtracting from ten times such average revenue the balance remaining unpaid of any previous loans. If demand is made by twenty resident owners of rateable land, the question whether a loan be incurred must be submitted to a poll of resident owners, who are defined as persons residing in the District and entitled to a legal or equitable estate or interest in rateable land in fee simple or for a term of years having at least seven years unexpired. At such a poll the provisions for election of members shall apply. A Board may borrow on overdraft up to one -third of the ordinary revenue for the preceding year. (vi) Valuation of Rateable Property. All land is rateable property except (a) land the property of the Crown and used for public purposes or unoccupied ; (b) land belonging to any religious body, and used or held exclusively for a place of public worship, a Sunday school, a minister's residence, or occupied exclusively by a religious brotherhood or sisterhood ; (c) land used exclusively for a public hospital, benevolent asylum, orphanage, public school, private school being the property of a religious body, public library, museum, art gallery, or mechanics' institute ; (d) land used exclusively for charitable purposes ; (e) agricultural or horticultural show grounds, zoological or acclimatization gardens, or places of public resort and recreation ; (/) cemeteries ; (g) land declared by the Governor to be exempt from rates ; and (h) land held on conditional purchase for two years from the commencement of the lease. A Board must make annually a valuation of the capital unimproved value, but may adopt in any Townsite or in any area defined for that purpose, the system of valuation on the annual value. The capital unimproved value is taken as the price at which the land, in fee simple, unencumbered by any mortgage or charge, and if no improvement existed thereon, might be expected to sell at the time when valued. No regard is to be given to any metals or minerals contained in the land. In the case of a Crown lease, the capital unimproved value is to be taken at twenty times the annual rent. The annual value of improved and occupied land is deemed to be a sum equal to the estimated amount of rent at which such land would let from year to year, less rates and taxes and 20 per cent, for repairs and other outgoings ; but such annual value must not be less than 4 per cent, of the capital value of the fee simple. The capital unimproved value of timber leases and other concessions from the Crown is taken at five shillings per acre. The annual valuation of timber and firewood tramways is taken at a sum not exceeding 5 per cent, of the cost of construction, less depreciation. Other tramways, in lieu of rates, pay 3 per cent, of the gross earnings within the District, and gas and electric companies 1J per cent, of the gross receipts. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 109 (vii) Rates. Rates are of three kinds general, local, and loan. (a) General Rates. These are struck on all the rateable land within the District, and must not exceed threepence nor be less than one penny in the pound on the capital unimproved value or exceed two shillings, or be less than ninepence in the pound on the annual value. (b) Local Rate*. A Board may, by special order, with the consent of the Minister, fix the rate 'for any Townsite or for any special area defined by proclamation at a higher figure, within the limits aforesaid. (c) Loan Rates. The amount of these rates is that which is necessary to enable a Board to pay the interest on the loan and the amount of sinking fund. Such loan rates may be levied on the part of the District specially benefited. (viii) Auditors. There are two Auditors for every District, one appointed by the Minister, entitled the Government Inspector of Road Boards, and the other elected by the ratepayers annually at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Board are elected. 8. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. Particulars concerning Road Districts are given in the following tables in respect of (a) number of Districts, area, number of electors, length of roads, annual value, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1895 to 1917 ; and (6) revenue and expenditure for the same period : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. ROAD DISTRICTS. AREA, ANNUAL VALUE, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1895 TO 1917. Year. Number of Boards proclaimed at end of Year. Area. Number of Electors.* Length of Roads.* Annual Value.f Assets and Liabilities. Out- standing Loans. Assets. Liabilities. Sq. miles No. Miles. 1895J 61 774,030 . . . . 21,369 ' 1,757 . 1896J 72 . 849,485 ( 7 ) 6,572 . . 32,981 7,006 t 1897J 71 840,846 ( 5 ) 6,879 ( 8 ) 10,473 . . 36,930 5,333 . . 18981 79 975,856 ( 5 ) 8,314 ( 7 ) 10,478 . . 14,256 3,158 . 1899J 85 975,826 ( 7 ) 9,552 ( 10 ) 13,208 15,291 1,856 . . 1900} 88 975,821 ( 7 ) 11,138 ( 9 ) 9,460 . . 21,614 4,207 . . 1901J 93 975,808 ( 4 ) 11,021 ( 4 ) 13,671 18,339 2,441 . . 19021 94 975,812 ( 2 ) 11,440 ( 2 ) 14,550 23,309 3,298 . . 1904 97 976,006 ( 2 ) 17,175 ( 2 ) 13,083 86,338 8,641 16 1905|| 97 975,802 ( 3 ) 16,241 ( 2 )13,113 871,930 99,520 12,099 1906H 99 975,792 ( 2 ) 17,906 H 15,401 891,522 107,727 16,098 '687 1907|| 101 975,780 (!) 19,081 ( 2 ) 15,489 931,219 98,878 14,551 839 1908|| 101 975,781 18,551 (!) 18,142 976,367 102,224 18,968 1,930 1909|| 104 975,781 20,437 20,861 ,071,488 107,357 19,527 1,600 1910|| 105 975,793 24,019 21,747 ,145,577 122,684 20,024 1,600 1911|| 104 975,800 26,321 23,162 ,303,585 163,619 25,943 1,600 1912|| 110 975,809 ( 1 )44,305 O 25,385 ,460,078 167,675 43,836 15,900 191311 113 975,815 j 1 ) 49,927 ( 2 ) 27,567 ,611,530 182,617 56,822 23,466 1914|| 112 974,476 53,881 ( 2 ) 28,657 ,758,279 207,415 86,693 42,855 1915H 112 974,476 H 53,931 ( 2 ) 28,354 ,756,314 206,806 98,285 58,267 1916|| 113 975,827 ( 2 ) 28,837 ,802,847 226,335 114,841 85,281 1917H 117 975,828 ( 3 ) 29,942 ,793,463 256,245 137,994 101,070 * The figures given for the numbers of electors and the length of roads being incomplete, the numbers of Districts for which particulars are not available are given in parentheses at the side of each figure. t As a portion of the valuations is based on the capital unimproved value, the annual value is assumed in this column to be one-tenth of the unimproved capital value. J Year ending 31st December. Eighteen months ending 30th June, 1904. || Year ending 30th June. 110 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. ROAD DISTRICTS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 1895 TO 1917. No. of Boards. Revenue. Expenditure. For Year.* MTfnrt which JSBQ of Year. Particu- lars are avail- Rates. -T rom Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. able. % No. No. 1895 61 42 43,953 2,078 46,031 871 24,077 425 25,373 1896 72 55 *266 36,221 3,844 40,331 2,045 40,901 1,723 44,669 1897 71 63 1,617 60,650 3,S9S 66,16.-. 4,293 68,142 2,750 75,185 1898 79 70 1,505 44,185 3,465 49,155 4,117 44,547 1,460 50,124 1899 85 71 4,876 25,412 3,928 34,216 4,932 27,528 2,586 35,046 1900 88 75 7,040 48,749 7,309 63,098 6,180 46,056 3,344 55,580 1901 93 90 8,293 36,011 6,580 50,884 6,833 45,303 3,935 56,071 1902 94 89 10,302 67,749 7,807 85,858 8,086 69,210 4,859 82,155 1904f 97 90 18,593 141,409 16,139 176,141 15,572 100,764 10,400 126,736 1905 97 97 23,558 90,476 11,546 125,580 13,564 98,985 9,542 122,091 1906 99 99 28,219 85,280 12,746 126,245 14,413 102,372 8,831 125,616 1907 101 101 35,088 60,313 13,796 109,197 17,016 99,079 10,621 126,716 1908 101 101 40,491 58,311 14,707 113,509 16,649 93,631 9,808 120,088 1909 104 104 46,034 52,382 15,870 114,286 16,633 87,744 12,346 116,723 1910 105 105 54,115 61,301 14,201 129,617 17,522 87,133 10,293 114,948 1911 104 104 59,303 100,126 16,473 175,902 19,078 107,925 14,012 141,015 1912 110 110 70,397 64,774 36,497 171,668 21,168 138,049 37,359 196,576 1913 113 112 80,551 60,687 29,770 171,008 22,905 135,721 25,961 184,587 1914 112 112 93,700 63,668 46,031 203,399 24,120 139,859 23,821 187,800 1915 112 112 88,569 27,7.53 47,571 163,893 26,025 139,542 27,466 193,033 1916 113 113 104,345 24,397 38,820 167,562 24,903 114,343 27,094 166,340 1917 117 117 113,686 30,226 55,383 199,295 26,335 126,316 36,526 189,177 * Ending from 1895 to 1902 on 31st December, from 1904 to 1917 on 30th June. t Eighteen months ending 30th June, 1904. } Many of these Boards were not active during the periods under review. (E) Local Boards of Health. 1. General. Previous to 1886 provisions were included in the various Municipal Acts regarding health and sanitary arrangements, but in that year a Health Act was passed, and thenceforth all such matters were dealt with under separate Acts, which were amended and repealed from time to time. As the Health Boards created under these Acts are closely connected with the Municipal Councils and Koad Boards, a short resume of the various Acts is given here. 2. Public Health Act 1886. Under this Act the Governor could appoint a Central Board of Health, consisting of five members, including a Chairman, of whom one was to be a duly qualified medical practitioner, one a civil engineer, and one a practical builder. The Governor was also empowered to appoint Local Boards of Health for Perth and Fremantle, and, on the recommendation of the Central Board, for any Municipality to which the Act was extended. Such a Board was to consist of the Mayor or Chairman of the Municipality as ex officio member, and two other members appointed by the Governor, the Board electing its own Chairman. The expenses of the Central Board were defrayed by the Government, while those of the Local Board were met by a special health rate, not exceeding threepence in the pound on the annual value, levied by the Municipal Councils concerned. A Local Board was empowered (a) to appoint a health officer with the powers of an inspector ; (b) to make by-laws ; (c) to seize unwholesome food ; (d) to provide temporary places for the reception of the sick by MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. Ill contract or otherwise ; (e) to register offensive trades ; (/) to abate nuisances ; (g) to declare houses unfit for human habitation ; and (h) to provide for the removal of night-soil and rubbish. The Central Board could make regulations as to diseases, and the Local Boards were required to carry them out. An amendment of the Act in 1892 abolished the Local Boards of Health, where created, and the members of a Municipal Council were constituted the Local Board of Health. The business of these Boards was to be the ordinary business of Municipal Councils. t In 1893, Local Boards of Health were authorized to make by-laws requiring cesspools to be filled up, and the pan system for the removal of night-soil adopted. A further amendment passed in 1895 authorized the Governor to place any area of land adjoining a Municipality under the jurisdiction of the Local Board of Health of such Municipality. The Governor also could appoint a Local Board of Health for any locality defined by Order in Council. Such Board was to consist of not more than seven members, of whom one was to be Chairman, and was to exercise all the duties and powers vested in Local Boards. The expenses of these Boards were to be defrayed out of moneys voted by Parliament. In the event of the locality for which a Board was appointed being constituted a Municipality, all the duties were to be handed over to the Municipal Council. In 1896, the maximum amount of health rate was raised to sixpence in the pound on the annual value. 3. Health Act 1898. This Act consolidated and repealed the previous Act with its amendments ; but the provisions regarding the appointment of the Central and Local Boards of Health remained unchanged, as well as their duties and powers. The most important alteration was that all Local Boards were authorized to levy a special health rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound on the annual value, whereas formerly this could only be done by a Municipality. Additional powers were given Boards with respect to the adulteration of food, the appointment of analysts, the registration of common lodging houses, of houses of persons receiving infants for nursing, and of private hospitals. Local Boards had also to attend to the paving of lanes and yards, with power to recover the expenses incurred with respect to private roads, and to have the management of sewers and drains. A separate rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound could be levied for the purpose of removing night-soil, or an annual charge could be made for that purpose. An amendment made in 1900 empowered the Governor to amalgamate Districts, the Board of Health for such combined District to exercise all the powers imposed by the Act on Local Boards, and to be styled a District Board of Health. After the proclamation of a combined District, every Municipal Council and non-municipal Local Board and Road Board within such District was to meet, and each elect not more than three of their numbers to be members of the District Board of Health. In 1906, every Municipal District was constituted a Health District, and the Municipal Council proclaimed to be the Local Board of Health. 4. Health Act 1911. In 1911 the Health Act was again consolidated and amended. The administration was placed under the control of the Minister of Public Health. The Central Board of Health was abolished, and its duties and powers handed over to a' Commissioner of Public Health appointed by the Governor. The constitution and powers of Local Boards remained the same, with the additional proviso that where the boundaries of a Health District were conterminous with or within the boundaries of a Road Board, the Road Board should be the Local Board of Health. A new system of rating was adopted by which an ordinary health rate, not exceeding ninepence in the pound on the annual value or one penny farthing on the unimproved capital value, could be levied in certain proclaimed Districts, while in others this rate was not to exceed sixpence or three farthings respectively. The sanitary rate was also not to exceed sixpence on the annual or three farthings on the unimproved capital value. Supplementary rates could be levied to meet any extraordinary or unanticipated expenditure. Special loans could be raised and special loan rates levied. The duties of a Health Board remained the same as under the previous Acts. 112 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given particulars regarding (a) the revenue and expenditure of the Municipal and other Local Boards of Health for the years 1896 to 1917 ; and (6) their assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1907 to 1917 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. LOCAL BOARDS OF HEALTH. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1896 TO 1917. Number of Boards. Revenue. Expenditure. Year.* For which Muni- cipal. Other. Particulars are available.t Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Sanitary Service. Other. Total. No. No. No. 1896 46 29 1,193 8,614 11,302 21,109 2,190 14,737 2,477 19,404 1897 73 49 7,993 9,830 19,029 36,852 5,696 18,972 10,442 35,110 1898 35 57 76 10,068 4,768 21,647 36,483 5,364 18,302 10,632 34,298 1899 35 59 70 13,227 3,075 17,633 33,935 5,936 16,148 8,587 30,671 1900 35 60 71 16,041 4,225 15,637 35,903 7,261 24,090 3,270 34,621 1901 41 45 71 15,251 1,447 16,009 32,707 6,237 18,789 9,318 34,344 1902 44 52' 87 17,639 3,557 19,034 40,230 9,863 19,230 10,280 39,373 1903 44 61 105 21,884 1,902 20,608 44,394 10,138 22,873 11,046 44,057 1904 42 65 93 25,778 1,408 24,494 51,680 10,153 28,300 13,167 51,620 1905 43 55 86 26,002 640 30,225 56,867 10,483 30,724 17,578 58,785 1906 45 55 78 28,242 1,270 39,673 69,185 10,642 40,518 17,395 68,555 1907 46 65 90 33,289 1,012 34,273 68,574 11,333 39,519 20,264 71,116 1908 47 65 112 36,304 324 41,351 77,979 13,455 43,830 21,526 78,811 1909 46 69 115 39,447 689 49,998 90,134 13,994 49,502 24,470 87,966 1910 42 76 114 38,741 42 52,052 90,835 13,330 56,277 20,814 90,421 1911 42 80 120 38,398 775 56,032 95,205 12,900 59,639 20,019 92,558 1912 38 87 123 47,354 276 60,249 107,879 14,517 69,703 26,035 110,255 1913 33 85 116 55,637 86 62,845 118,568 17,360 72,286 24,514 114,160 1914 33 90 123 53,472 290 61,510 115,272 17,073 62,828 30,414 110,315 1915 31 95 126 42,904 . . 61,393 104,297 17,287 70,963 19,603 107,853 1916 30 93 123 43,942 25 59,416 103,383 17,137 68,749 12,834 98,720 1917 29 93 122 42,967 56,488 99,455 16,961 67,830 14,095 98,886 * The financial year of Municipal Boards ends on the 31st October, that of Non-municipal Boards on the 30th November from 1896 to 1910, and on the 30th June from 1911 to 1917. t Many of these Boards were inactive during the periods referred to. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. LOCAL BOARDS OF HEALTH. ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1907 TO 1917. Year. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1907 45,134 12,614 1908 59,120 16,011 1909 67,480 16,114 1910 70,633 12,814 1911 68,619 12,628 1912 68,063 15,409 1913 71,213 14,670 1914 81,781 13,280 1915 74,465 15,055 1916 76,557 13,836 1,500 1917 77,695 11,481 1,500 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 113 (F) Summary Tablss. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn summaries of (a) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1872 to 1917 ; and (6) the annual value, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans for the years 1895 to 1917 of all Municipalities, including the City of Perth, Road Districts, and Local Boards of Health : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPALITIES, ROAD DISTRICTS AND LOCAL BOARDS OF HEALTH. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1872 TO 1917. rear. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis tration. Works. Other. Total. 1872 .. . . . . l,195f "1,073 1873 .. . . . . 1,5821 "1,568 1874 .. . . . l,624f "1,541 1875 .. . . . . l,645f "1,646 1876 .. . . l,134f f874 1877 .. . . l,716f f2,008 1878 .. 1,056* *250 781* 5,582 345* 1,226* 354* 5,057 1879 .. 1,227* *250 758* 5,797 415* 1,056* 532* 5,157 1880 .. 3,164 1,150 1,464 5,778 999 2,748 601 4,348 1881 .. 3,651 716 8,161 12,528 1,460 7,563 942 9,965 1882 .. 3,935 487 3,193 7,615 1,010 5,934 1,726 8,670 1883 .. 5,139 1,185 4,885 11,209 1,126 7,119 3,884 12,129 1884 .. 5,448 580 4,778 10,806 1,161 4,777 3,256 9,194 1885 .. 6,910 . 722 14,442 22,074 1,375 8,413 3,525 13,313 1886 .. 6,870 1,018 10,312 18,200 851 5,987 14,497 21,335 1887 .. 9,279 2,150 17,678 29,107 1,410 17,549 6,946 25,905 1888 .. 9,972 536 13,206 23,714 1,583 13,928 7,499 23,010 1889 .. 11,719 950 21,473 34,142 2,041 12,602 17,194 31,837 1890 .. 13,185 1,947 5,215 20,347 2,387 13,751 10,005 26,143 1891 .. 14,988 1,235 8,229 24,452 2,547 10,666 9,536 22,749 1892 .. 19,057 6,425 4,218 29,700 2,807 17,077 10,546 30,430 1893 .. 18,185 6,757 20,451 45,393 3,492 19,916 11,663 35,071 1894 .. 20,202 7,292 4,864 32,358 3,191 17,689 12,386 33,266 1895 .. 29,157 21,495 27,939 78,591 5,374 39,683 29,509 74,566 1896 .. 37,676 81,492 60,419 179,587 13,443 79,950 74,050 167,44a 1897 .. 68,815 162,870 132,074 363,759 25,486 183,843 129,668 338,997 1898 .. 85,490 144,522 100,925 330,937 28,370 208,095 123,950 360,415 1899 .. 98,526 83,351 144,372 326,249 29,149 188,502 107,434 325,085 1900 .. 105,382 112,802 101,972 320,156 31,439 161,815 113,927 307,181 1901 .. 101,566 104,318 104,835 310,719 30,884 156,560 117,886 304,830 1902 .. 122,835 152,742 140,432 416,009 39,882 194,930 169,988 404,800 1903 .. 126,644 82,840 137,261 346,745 34,873 142,347 179,706 356,926 1904 .. 163,481 233,685 254,418 651,584 51,709 288,511 232,634 572,854 1905 .. 180,135 176,914 209,564 566,613 51,377 282,211 258,976 592,564 1906 .. 202,667 182,547 262,645 647,859 54,417 267,793 288,965 611,175 1907 .. 205,245 146,798 199,933 551,976 62,430 231,182 322,601 616,213 1908 .. 216,023 125,949 232,098 574,070 58,488 197,574 345,699 601,761 1909 .. 223,926 90,372 273,850 588,148 56,184 171,028 347,542 574,754 1910 .. 231,575 74,679 296,660 602,914 58,035 175,130 372,020 605,185 1911 .. 242,694 128,845 325,247 696,786 58,626 183,623 420,319 662,568 1912 .. 266,289 90,952 931,737 ,288,978 61,520 216,624 947,644 1,225,788 1913 .. 290,154 80,155 439,937 810,246 66,331 295,166 487,405 848,902 1914 .. 300,847 77,100 587,349 965,296 67,636 362,957 511,367 941,960 1915 .. 302,148 38,062 574,774 914,984 74,958 330,281 598,273 ,003,512 1916 .. 314,904 33,884 535,494 884,282 74,997 234,754 573,219 882,970 1917 .. 324,650 38,039 487,412 850,101 77,249 268,137 484,624 830,010 * Exclusive of Municipalities other than Perth. t Exclusive of the City of Perth. 114 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. MUNICIPALITIES, ROAD DISTRICTS, AND LOCAL BOARDS OF HEALTH. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL VALUE, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1895 TO 1917. Year. Annual Value. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. 1895 363,475* 263,001 f 92,644f 87,500 1896 416,593* 360,647f 116,208t 100,929 1897 825,340* 423,1 62 f 199,748f 160,100 1898 1,020,767* 283,200f 236,529f 180,575 1899 989,050* 293,977f 289,265f 275,500 1900 984,106* 342,079f 334,288f 306,100 1901 1,031,113* 326,026f 343,205f 365,500 1902 1,136,674* 465,013f 446,049f 413,050 1903 1,201,511* 472,944f 478,500f 437,300 1904 1,312,786* 632,261f 630,745f 589,816 1905 2,221,125 747,026t 663,544f 623,414 1906 2,290,527 880,373f 775,045t 714,037 1907 . .. 2,367,931 918,371 803,290 731,833 1908 2,448,837 996,222 834,795 759,424 1909 2,411,984 1,053,379 867,101 796,708 1910 2,449,734 1,120,086 930,987 846,444 1911 2,625,300 1,199,627 987,250 894,664 1912 2,841,829 1,772,977 1,569,340 ,475,182 1913 3,065,382 1,835,611 1,596,159 ,492,246 1914 3,263,705 1,964,500 1,783,586- ,602,247 1915 3,293,939 1,951,235 1,877,806 ,748,341 1916 3,322,982 2,131,014 2,011,000 ,900,207 1917 3,306,106 2,190,536 2,006,397 ,891,738 * Exclusive of Road Boards. t Exclusive of Local Boards of Health. (G) Municipal Tramways. 1. General. There are two systems of electric tramways controlled by Municipal Councils, the Fremantle Tramways and the Leonora-Gwalia Tramway. With the excep- tion of the Kalgoorlie and Boulder City Tramways, which are run by a private company, the other tramways are under the management of the State, the Perth Electric Tramways having been purchased from a private company in 1913. There are also several private timber and firewood tramways. 2. Fremantle Tramways. In 1903 a private Act intituled the Fremantle Municipal Tramways and Electric Lighting Act was passed, empowering the Municipalities of Fremantle and East Fremantle jointly to construct and work tramways within their respective Districts, and to generate electricity for motive and lighting purposes. Power was granted to borrow money and strike a special loan rate. The management of the tramways is vested in a Board of five members, of whom the Mayor of Fremantle is ex officio one, the other four being elected by the owners and occupiers of property within the Municipalities, the voting power being the same as that for the election of Mayor under the Municipal Institutions Act. In 1907 the Municipality of North Fremantle was authorized to construct and work tramways within the boundaries of the Municipality. These tramways were built, and the cars of the Fremantle Tramways run over the lines. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 115 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table gives the mileage, capital cost, revenue, and expenditure of the Fremantle Tramways for the years 1909 to 1917 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. FREMANTLE TRAMWAYS.-MILEAGE, COST, REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1909 TO 1917. Year ending 31st August. Route Mileage. Cost of Construction. Revenue. Expenditure. Miles. 1909 6^ 78,529 21,575 18,118 1910 si 95,432 24,537 27,882 1911 8j 102,479 26,605 21,546 1912 8j 105,026 29,089 20,750 1913 $ 101,555 32,088 25,330 1914 & 104,210 34,130 27,029 1915 & 105,449 34,253 26,324 1916 8; 111,790 38,079 29,052 1917 8; 117,531 39,552 36,679 4. Leonora- Gwalia Tramway. This tramway, which was originally in the hands of a company, was electrified by the Municipality of Leonora, in conjunction with the scheme for lighting the town of Leonora, and opened for traffic under the management of that Municipality in 1908. In 1916 the only activity on this tramway has been the running of a petrol car by a private syndicate. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shows the route mileage, cost of construction, revenue, and expenditure of the Leonora-Gwalia Tramway for the years 1907 to 1916 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. LEONORA-GWALIA TRAMWAY. MILEAGE, COST, REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1907 TO 1916. Year. Route Mileage. Cost of Construction. Revenue. Expenditure. Miles. 1907 2J 6,500 1,278 1,419 1908 2 6,500 1,257 1,383 1909 2< 7,000 1,757 1,265 1910 2. 7,000 1,933 1,714 1911 2 . . . p . . 1912 2* 5,500 1,703 1,020 1913 2 5,500 1,532 1,524 1914 &i 5,500 1,343 1,849 1915 2i 5,800 1,241 1,752 1916 2* 5,800 692 1,255 6. Tasmania. (A) Introductory. 1. General. Previous to the passing of the Local Government Act 1906, the Colony of Tasmania was split up into Districts of different kinds, each controlled for a specific purpose by a Board. These Districts were severally (a) Main Road, (6) Roads, (c) Rabbits, (d) Fruit, (e) Public Recreation, (/) Health, (g) School, and (h) Works. There were also Rural Municipalities and Town Boards, and the Cities of Hobart and Launceston,.each with a separate governing body. By the Act of 1906 all the separate Districts were abolished, as well as Rural Municipalities and Town Boards, and the functions exercised by the various bodies were all brought under the provisions of that Act, with the exception of those pertaining to the Cities of Hobart and Launceston. Apart from the School Boards and Boards of Works, the members of which were nominated by the Governor, all the Boards were elected by owners or occupiers of property within their respective Districts. The Acts relating to each Board will, in the following paragraphs, be treated separately, together with any available statistics. There 116 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. are also several Acts relating to voting, assessments, valuation, &c., which are applicable to one or more of these Boards, and to these Acts a separate paragraph will be devoted. 2. Expenditure by Government. In addition to subsidies granted by Government to Boards, a large amount of road and bridge making is carried out directly by the Government by means of moneys voted for the purpose by Parliament from time to time. Particulars as to subsidies are given later (see page 149). (B) Road Districts. 1. Roads Act 1840. This Act was intituled an Act for the making altering improving and defining the Main and other Roads of this Island, and classified Roads under the headings of Main, Cross, and Bye. The Main Road from Hobart to Launceston was the only road which was classified as a Main Road, and this was placed under the management of the Director-General of Roads, and maintained at the sole expense of the Government. Cross Roads were those advertised as Public Roads in the Hobart Town Gazette or those which were afterwards sanctioned by the Commissioners, and which led from Township to Township, or from a Township to the Main Road. Bye Roads were those which led from a farm to the Main or a Cross Road, and which had been proclaimed as above. Cross and Bye Roads were placed under the management of District Commissioners, and Districts were proclaimed. On receipt of a requisition from not less than ten qualified inhabitants the Police Magistrate was required to call a meeting for the purpose of electing Commissioners. In order to be qualified for the position of Commissioner, a candidate must have been competent to sit as a special juror, while any inhabitant who was possessed of real property of the annual value of at least 10, who had registered himself within four days prior to the election, and who had paid his rates, could vote. The number of Commissioners was fixed at five or seven ; they were elected annually, and chose their own Chairman from amongst their number. The rate that could be levied was fixed at sixpence in the pound on the annual value, but the Commissioners were empowered to lower this, and a tenant could charge his landlord with half the amount of the rates paid by him. Roads in Towns were not placed under the authority of these Commissioners. In 1843 an amendment was made altering the voting qualifications and defining a voter as every person of full age, not subject to any legal incapacity, who was entitled in fee or for life or as a lessee or assignee to any lands or tenements either freehold or under other tenure of over the annual value of 10. 2. Hobart to Launceston Main Road Act 1847. As already stated, the control of this road was retained by the Government, a.nd in 1847 the provisions of the Hoods Act were repealed as far as it was concerned. The management was left in the hands of the Director- General of Roads, who was empowered to erect toll gates and collect tolls. The width of the road was fixed at 60 feet. In the following year the Lieutenant-Governor was empowered to erect toll bars on roads leading into or adjacent to the Main Road in order to obviate any evasion of the payment of tolls on the Main Road, and in 1850 the farming of tolls was authorized. The management of this Main Road remained in the hands of the Director-General of Roads until 1880, when the Main Roods Act was passed. 3. Cross and Bye Roads Act 1847. This Act removed the control of Cross Roads from District Commissioners and placed them under that of the Court of Quarter Sessions, which could appoint a Surveyor. Assessments could be made not exceeding three farthings per acre on all lands, and not exceeding twopence in the pound of the annual rental on dwelling houses and messuages ; but land connected with the latter was not to be rated unless it exceeded 10 acres in extent. A separate rate not exceeding one farthing per acre was to be levied in order to defray the salary of the Surveyor. The Court was empowered to set up tolls on Cross Roads. 4. Roads exempted from the Cross and Bye Roads Act. In 1848, 1849, and 1850 several roads were by special Acts expressly exempted from the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1847. Under these Acts three, five, or seven householders could call meetings for the election of three or five Trustees to be elected annually. In some Districts provision was made for rates, in others for tolls, and in others for both. These special Boards of Trustees were abolished when the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1860 was passed. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 117 5. Cross and Bye Roads Act 1851. This Act repealed the 1847 Act, and again made provision for the management of roads by Local Authorities. The Lieutenant-Governor was empowered to proclaim Road Districts, except in such parts as were already included in the Acts mentioned in the preceding paragraph. In any such proclaimed Road District, on the requisition of five land-owners and five householders, a meeting was to be convened by the Police Magistrate, at which not less than three nor more than seven Trustees were to be elected by a majority of land-owners and householders present. Annual elections of Trustees were to be held. The assessments that could be made were not to exceed one halfpenny per acre on pasture land, threepence per acre on cultivated land, and sixpence in the pound on the annual rental for other property ; if the rates were fixed at a lesser sum this proportion was to be retained. The assessment was fixed by the votes of land-owners and householders, and unoccupied Crown lands were not assessed at more than one-half the ordinary rate. After assessments were made, plural voting was arranged for ; a person whose assessment did not exceed three shillings and ninepence had one vote, if his assessment was three shillings and ninepence but did not exceed seven shillings and sixpence he had two votes, if seven shillings and sixpence and under fifteen shillings three votes, if fifteen shillings and under thirty shillings four votes, and if over thirty shillings five votes. Trustees were empowered to erect toll bars. In 1853 the maximum amount of rates was doubled. An amendment to the Act in 1857 altered the number of persons who could convene a meeting to ten landholders, or five landholders and five householders. It was also stipulated that a new rate could not be assessed until the previous one had been expended. In 1858 the scale of votes for landholders and householders was altered, and a person whose annual valuation was 15 and under 50 had one vote, an additional vote being granted for every additional 50 in value up to 450, for which ten votes were allowed. Rates were to be levied on the valuation roll, and were not to exceed one shilling in the pound, occupiers of Crown land on lease or licence to pay half rates and Crown land held by the Crown to be exempt. It was also stipulated that no toll gate was to be erected within one mile of a City or Town. 6. Cross and Bye Roads Act 1860. This Act consolidated and amended the previous Acts. The main provisions as to proclamation of Road Districts, election of Trustees, voting power of electors, and rating power remained unchanged. The definition of a Cross Road was slightly altered to read (a) any road from one Town to another, (6) any road from a Town or public bridge to a Main Road, (c) any road from a Town to a navigable river or the seashore, (d) any road proclaimed by the Governor, and (e) streets within a Town. Trustees were empowered to Jet tolls for periods not exceeding twelve months, to borrow on the security of tolls or of a special rate or both, if sanctioned by landholders, and to lay out Bye Roads. In 1865 fresh provisions were made for the retirement of Trustees. If, previous to the passing of the Amendment Act of 1865, any roads were under the control of a Municipality, then such Municipality was to be deemed a Road District. All powers under the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1860, in relation to Bye Roads, where no Road Districts existed, were to be exercised by such persons or Boards as the Governor might appoint. Arrangements were made by an amendment of the Act in 1867 for the election of two Auditors at the same time as the annual election of Trustees. It was also provided that where any Town within any Rural Municipality, which was not a Road District, was also within a Road District, the Trustees thereof might expend such part as they saw fit of the road rate towards the repair of the streets within the Town. Trustees could also apply a portion of the road rates towards the repair of a bye road or ferry if such action would be of public advantage. 7. Cross and Bye Roads Act 1870. In 1870 this Act was again consolidated and amended, the main alteration being in the definition of an elector and in the number of votes allowed to an elector. The minimum annual value qualifying an elector was fixed at 5 for a landholder, and 10 for an occupier, and a person whose annual valuation was 5 or 10, as the case may be, and under 40, had one vote, an additional vote being allowed for each additional 40 of value, with a maximum number of ten votes when the annual value was 360 or over. 8. Main Roads Act 1880. Under this Act certain roads were specified by schedule to be Main Roads. These roads were withdrawn from the control of the Trustees of the Road Districts in which they were situated and were handed over to the Minister of Lands and Works, who was appointed Commissioner of Main Roads. Main roads were grouped into Districts, but where a main road was in a Rural Municipality or Road 118 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. District, such Rural Municipality or Road District was to be the Main Road District, and the Board of the Rural Municipality, or of the Road District, as the case might be, was to be the Board of Main Roads. The maintenance of all Main Roads and the Bridges thereon was defrayed by moneys provided annually by Parliament, and the control thereof was vested in the Boards of the Districts in which they were situated. A schedule of Main Roads was passed annually by Parliament, together with the rates per mile at which they were to be maintained, and when a main road was no longer scheduled as such, it automatically became a Cross Hoad. Other Main Roads not within the Districts of a Road Board or Rural Muni- cipality, and the Hobart to Launceston Main Road, were vested in the Commissioner of Main Roads, together with the South Esk Bridge and Sorell Causeway. 9. Branch Roads Construction Act 1881. Under this Act the Minister of Lands and Works could cause Branch Roads and Bridges, as scheduled from time to time, to be constructed or improved at Government expense. This Act, though passed for a temporary purpose, is mentioned because it has been made applicable by the annual Public Works Acts to the construction of certain Branch Roads and Bridges mentioned in the schedules to those Acts. 10. Roads Maintenance Act 1881. Under this Act, whenever Parliament had authorized the Minister of Lands and Works to construct or repair any road, culvert, or drain within a Road District and the Governor had proclaimed that such work had been carried out, the Trustees of such District were to keep it in repair out of moneys placed at their disposal. If the moneys were insufficient, the Colonial Treasurer could levy a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound for such purpose. A road under this Act meant any road which was not a Main Road under the Main Roads Act 1880. When this Act came into force no further tolls could be taken at any toll-gate or side-bar, except where such toll had been let for a term, and then only until the expiry of that term. 11. Roads Act 1884. Under this Act, the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1870, and the Main Roads Act 1880 with its amendments were repealed. (i) General. The Governor could declare any portion of Tasmania to be a Road District, could define the boundaries or alter them, and could abolish a Road District. When such a District was proclaimed, a meeting of landholders, convened by not less than seven landholders, was to be held, at which either five or seven landholders were by open voting to be elected Trustees of the District. At this meeting each landholder had the number of votes proportioned to the annual value of his property as specified in the Rural Voting Act 1884 (see page 149). Every year two Trustees out of five or three out of seven retired in rotation. The Trustees had the care and management of all Cross Roads within the District, and were obliged, with the consent of the Council of any Rural Municipality, to expend not less than one-third of any road rate collected within any town in the repair of the streets and footpaths in such Town. The Trustees could levy a road rate of not more than one shilling in the pound upon the annual value of the property within the District. Occupiers of Crown land under lease or licence paid only one-half the rate. The following property was exempt from road rates ; (a) property belonging to or occupied by Government ; (6) property hired or used by Government or by any Municipal Council ; (c) hospitals, benevolent asylums, or buildings used for charitable purposes ; (d) churches or chapels ; (e) public schools established by the Board of Education, and teachers' residences connected therewith ; and (/) public libraries or museums. (ii) Roads. Roads were divided into three classes, Main, Cross, and Bye. (a) Main Roads. All main roads existing at the time of the passing of the Act, together with such roads as Parliament might from time to time determine, notwith- standing that portions might be within the boundaries of certain Road Districts, were classed as " Main Roads." The Minister of Lands and Works, as Commissioner of Main Roads, could exercise all the powers and duties of a District Board with respect to (i) the main Hobart to Launceston Road ; (ii) the Bridge water and South Esk Bridges ; and (iii) all Main Roads not being situated in any Main Road District. Where any Main Road or portion thereof was situate in or passed through any Rural Municipality or Road District, such Municipality or Road District became a Main Road District, and the Municipal Council or Road Trustees became the Main Road District Board for such District. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 119 All Main Roads, except that from Hobart to Launceston, and all Bridges except the Bridgewater and South Esk Bridges, were placed under the care and control of the Main Road Districts in which they were situated, to be maintained by each District at an annual average cost per mile not exceeding the amount provided by Parliament from time to time. (6) Cross Roads. The definition of a Cross Road was the same as that given in the Cross and Bye, Roods Act 1860, except that streets within a Town in any Rural Municipality did not come any longer under the category of Cross Roads. (c) Bye Roads. Upon the written application of any land-holder to the Trustees for the definition of a Bye Road for the benefit of such land-holder, the Trustees were to direct a Surveyor to define and lay out such Bye Road. The Trustees could take land for such road on paying compensation, and could construct and maintain it. Bye Roads had, if required, to be fenced at the expense of the adjoining owners. (iii) Miscellaneous Provisions. Where before the passing of this Act public roads had been placed under the control of a Municipality, the Municipality was deemed to be a Road District, but on petition of a majority of the electors the Governor could divest it of the control of such roads. The provisions of the Audit Act extended to the accounts of Road Boards, which had to be forwarded to the Auditor-General annually for audit. (iv) Amendments. In 1885 voting by ballot was substituted for open voting. The Trustees could, with the consent of the Governor, grant authority to any person or company to lay down tramways on roads. The control and management of jetties was vested in the Trustees, who could repair them with moneys from the road fund, and levy wharfage rates. In 1894 Trustees were authorised to contribute out of the Road Fund towards the repair and maintenance of Main Roads within their Districts. An amendment passed in 1900 provided for the eradication of briars, bramble, gorse, or Californian thistle, and empowered a road authority to require owners to eradicate such weeds from roads adjacent to their property, or, on their failing to do so, could eradicate at their expense. The erection of rabbit-proof fences and of gates on Cross and Bye Roads was also authorized. The maximum amount of road rate which could be levied annually was raised in 1903 to one shilling and threepence per pound of annual value, and the Government was empowered to subsidize any Road Trust, which levied a rate over one shilling, by a sum equal to the amount of money collected by such rate over and above that which would have been collected if such rate had been one shilling. An amendment passed in 1907 provided that where a Road District was abolished the maintenance of the roads therein devolved upon the Municipality in which they were situated. 12. Main Roads Maintenance Act 1918. The Roads Act 1884, with its amendments, was to a great extent repealed by the Local Government Act 1906, but the part referring to Main Roads was not repealed. In 1918 the Main Roads Maintenance Act was passed and incorporated with the Roads Act 1884. (i) Main Roads. The definition of a Main Road includes (a) any main road under the provisions of the Act, (b) every bridge the original cost of which is not over 50, (c) all fences erected in dangerous places at the cost of the State, and (d) all culverts. Main Roads are proclaimed by the Governor. (ii) Main Roads Advisory Board. A Board known as the Main Roads Advisory Board is appointed, consisting of seven members, of whom three, called municipal members, are appointed on the nomination of the Municipal Association of Tasmania ; two, called motorist members, appointed by the Governor ; and two, called Government members, also appointed by the Governor. (iii) Revenue of the Board. The annual revenue of the Board consists of the sum of 5,000 from the Consolidated Revenue, and of*a sum equal to the total amount of motor taxes collected and paid into the Treasury, less 5 per centum. (iv) Functions of the Board. The functions of the Board are (a) to carry out investi- gations to ascertain what roads should be proclaimed main roads, (b) to make out a list of proposed main roads, and (c) to recommend the proclamation of such main roads. 120 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (v) Maintenance of Main Roads. The Board determines the maintenance works to be carried out, the allocation of the moneys at their disposal between the Municipal Councils interested, and the contribution to be paid by each such Council. Each Council is to keep the main roads within its boundaries in repair so far as the moneys allocated to it, together with the amount of contribution payable by it, enables it to do. 13. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the number of Road Trusts for the years 1854 to 1907, the length of roads maintained by them for the years 1867 to 1907, the annual value from 1882 to 1907, the outstanding loans from 1892 to 1907, and the number of properties liable to assessment from 1903 to 1907 ; (6) the revenue and expenditure by Road Trusts from 1854 to 1907 ; and (c) the length of roads maintained by Main Road Boards and the expenditure thereon for the years 1882 to 1907. TASMANIA. ROAD TRUSTS, NUMBER, LENGTH OF ROADS, ANNUAL VALUE, OUTSTANDING LOANS, AND NUMBER OF PROPERTIES LIABLE TO ASSESS- MENT, 1867 TO 1907. Year. Number of Trusts. Length of Roads. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. Number of Properties liable to Assessment. No. Miles. No. 1867 .. 47 2,285 1868 .. 51 2,475 . . . . 1869 .. 53 2,739 . . . . . . 1870 .. 53 2,769 . . 1871 .. 55 2,915 1872 .. 63 2,913 r 1873 .. 61 3,038 1874 .. 63 3,076 1875 .. 67 3,481 1876 .. 68 3,626 1877 .. 69 3,760 1878 .. 69 3,857 1879 .. 70 4,079 1880 .. 73 3,608 1881 .. 76 3,608 1882 .. 76 3,834 446,001 1883 .. 85 3,879 481,785 . . . . 1884 .. 86 4,167 518,627 . . 1885 .. 90 4,078 528,807 1886 .. 91 4,348 550,709 . . . . 1887 .. 93 4,513 581,026 1888 .. 96 4,573 585,794 . . . . 1889 .. 97 4,978 614,366 . . 1890 .. 100 5,084 614,366 1891 .. 100 5,139 645,787 1892 .. 93 5,241 590,039 800 . . 1893 .. 94 5,358 595,311 800 1894 .. 97 5,658 586,052 1,200 1895 .. 98 5,400 574,069 1,200 1896 .. 98 5,687 580,901 1,200 . . 1897 .. 100 5,562 471,906 1,200 1898 .. 100 5,760 570,522 ,200 1899 .. 101 5,840 557,583 ,200 . 1900 .. 102 6,368 593,293 ,200 . . 1901 .. 102 6,539 612,115 ,200 . . 1902 .. 102 6,762 603,122 ,200 1903 .. 105 6,855 636,161 ,200 27,096 1904 .. 104 7,045 660,783 ,200 28,684 1905 .. 104 7,124 672,577 ,200 30,912 1906 .. 105 7,34*2 699,774 ,200 32,916 1907 .. 105 7,590 732,155 1,200 34,659 NOTE. Prior to 1867 the numbers of Road Trusts in each year were 1854, 16 ; 1855, 21 . 1856, 19 ; 1857, 27 ; 1858, 25 ; 1859, 29 ; 1860, 28 ; 1861, 28 ; 1862, 32 ; 1863, 35 ; 1864, 37 ; 1865, 39 ; and 1866, 46. The financial year of Road Trusts terminated at the end of February in the year subsequent to that given above. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 121 TASMANIA. ROAD TRUSTS, REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1907. Year. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1854 .. 21,698 16,131 1855 .. 12,522 . . . . 12,489 1856 .. 20,623 . . . . 19,626 1857 .. 27,573 . . 25,931 1858 .. 12,289 11,773 1859 .. 13,746 11,388 1860 .. 10,536 873 11,409 14,911 1861 .. . 20,698 17,926 1862 .. 14,000 8,340 isi 22,521 20,559 1863 .. 11,242 1,297 67 12,606 15,264 1864 .. 13,194 3,824 3,213 20,231 19,635 1865 .. 14,336 6,270 218 20,824 19,689 1866 .. 14,031 1,973 . . 16,004 ,001 18,400 1,336 20,737 1867 .. 14,276 5,631 19,907 ,015 16,270 331 17,616 1868 .. 13,127 5,868 . . 18,995, ,036 17,078 1,312 19,426 1869 .. 12,243 5,142 . . 17,385 ,033 15,150 1.063 17,246 1870 .. 12,545 5,388 . . 17,933 ,175 15,324 816 17,315 1871 .. 13,568 6,282 19,850 ,159 15,333 1,730 18,222 1872 .. 12,267 2,406 . . 14,673 ,001 17,618 978 19,597 1873 .. 14,346 6,993 21,339 1,073 13,833 2,470 17,376 1874 .. 16,799 5,671 22,470 1,031 19,212 2,750 22,993 1875 .. 14,557 11,005 2,573 28,135 1,250 22,628 2,980 26,858 1876 .. 15,132 9,622 1,074 25,828 1,175 25,863 2,612 29,650 1877 .. 15,961 10,389 695 27,045 1,482 23,454 1,266 26,202 1878 .. 16,194 12,192 2,148 30,534 1,411 24,455 2,719 28,585 1879 .. 14,321 13,140 2,026 29,487 1,321 22,764 4,242 28,327 1880 .. 10,151 9,558 1,906 21,615 1,219 18,981 1,573 21,773 1881 .. 9,454 7,337 755 17,546 1,198 16,096 326 17,620 1882 .. 11,139 6,885 839 18,863 1,495 13,660 1,118 16,273 1883 .. 14,875 8,748 476 24,099 1,698 19,919 1,189 22,806 1884 .. 13,830 13,308 504 27,642 1,993 27,563 1,357 30,913 1885 .. 16,455 11,570 882 28,907 2,004 26,232 1,014 29,250 1886 .. 15,245 15,422 641 31,308 2,435 28,037 1,117 31,589 1887 .. 20,323 13,808 696 34,827 2,706 28,315 974 31,995 1888 .. 13,994 19,914 648 34,556 2,581 27,690 1,334 31,605 1889 .. 15,998 13,318 400 29,716 2,804 26,114 1,294 30,212 1890 .. 18,402 11,539 512 30,453 2,852 29,196 921 32,969 1891 .. 19,205 12,202 1,517 32,924 3,156 28,695 1,115 32,966 1892 .. 14,891 11,942 541 27,374 2,804 22,443 1,538 26,785 1893 .. 16,685 8,004 525 25,214 2,655 20,646 1,851 25,152 1894 .. 13,803 4,552 585 18,940 2,588 16,532 1,124 20,244 1895 .. 14,712 3,135 122 17,969- 2,381 15,968 911 19,260 1896 .. 16,639 3,270 193 20,102 2,455 16,042 917 19,414 1897 .. 16,317 3,176 207 19,700 2,451 15,576 974 19,001 1898 .. 16,749 5,045 362 22,156 2,493 18,422 1,214 22,129 1899 .. 17,207 4,524 247 21,978 2,488 19,559 978 23,025 1900 .. 19,609 5,097 709 25,415 2,673 20,853 1,136 24,662 1901 .. 21,096 7,324 467 28,887 2,879 22,380 1,005 26,264 1902 .. 21,882 7,150 912 29,944 2,824 23,592 1,163 27,579 1903 .. 24,577 235 547 25,359 3,158 26,326 884 30,368 1904 .. 28,017 756 865 29,638 3,203 25,310 946 29,459 1905 .. 27,722 1,401 942 30,065 3,452 24,291 823 28,566 1906 .. 29,017 1,551 1,457 32,025 3,594 27,324 953 31,871 1907 .. 26,392 6,573 1,647 34,612 3,633 29,385 1,135 34,153 NOTE. Prior to 1863. the figures arc incomplete. The following are the numbers of Trusts for which particulars are available in each of those years : 1854,16; 1855, lo ; 1856, 16; 1857,20; 1858,15; 1859, 19 ; 1860,26 ; 1861, 21 ; and 1862,' 20. The financial year of Road Trusts terminated at the end of February in the year subsequent to that given. 122 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. MAIN ROAD BOARDS. MILEAGE MAINTAINED AND EXPENDITURE, 1882 TO 1907. Year. Mileage Maintained. Expenditure. Year. Mileage Maintained. Expenditure . Miles. Miles. 1882 704 11,297 1895 488 3,558 1883 697 16,414 1896 517 3,211 1884 698 18,158 1897 532 2,997 1885 727 19,857 1898 557 5,068 1886 728 19,838 1899 . . . 557 5,028 1887 725 18,036 1900 586 5,876 1888 749 19,171 1901 697 7,591 1889 645 11,773 1902 765 7,661 1890 575 10,371 1903 651 8,805 1891 539 9,480 1904 650 6,954 1892 540 9,366 1905 678 7,028 1893 526 9,801 1906 678 8,025 1894 512 6,651 1907 679 3,209 (c) Rural Municipalities. 1. Rural Municipalities Act 1858. Any Town or any Electoral, Police, or Road District could, under this Act, be constituted a Rural Municipality and proclaimed as such by the Governor on the petition of at least 50 persons who were proprietors or occupiers in any such Town or District of property of the annual value of not less than 20. Adjoining areas might be united with a Rural Municipality on the receipt by the Governor of a similar petition. The management of a Rural Municipality was entrusted to a Council of six members, who elected one of their number to be Warden ; these Councillors were elected by all male persons in the Municipality who were proprietors or occupiers of property of the annual value of 15, provided that, if they were aliens, they held letters of denization. Each elector was entitled to one vote if the annual value of his property was not less than 15 and less than 50, with an additional vote for every additional 50 of value up to 450, when a maximum of ten votes was allowed. In order to qualify as a Councillor, an elector was required to be the owner or occupier of property of the annual value of 50. Councillors were elected annually, two retiring each year, and at the election for Councillors, two Auditors, who were not Councillors, were also elected. No Judge, Chairman of any Court of Justice, Minister of Religion, person holding an office or place of profit under the Council or engaged in any contract therewith, or Officer on full pay in the Naval or Military Forces was eligible for election as Councillor. The functions of the Council consisted in (a) the care and management of public roads and streets : (b) the control of the police within the Municipality ; (c) water supply ; (d) licensing butchers; (e) registration of dogs; and (/) the administration of the Common Lodging House and Impounding Acts. The funds were derived from (a) rates under the Rural Police Rate Act, and (b) rates not exceeding one shilling and sixpence in the pound on the annual value of property, exclusive of the police rate. One moiety of all penalties was to be devoted to the Police Fund and the other moiety to the Police Reward and Superannuation Fund. A Municipality could also borrow money and levy a special loan rate, but only when such loan was sanctioned by the ratepayers. In 1859, by an amendment of the Act, the 50 qualification for Councillors was repealed. The Government subsidized the Municipalities, and a schedule of the rates of such subsidies was specified. The provisions preventing the Chairman of a Court of Justice and Officers of the Army or Navy from election as Councillors were repealed. It was also laid down t hat a Rural Municipality was not to exercise the provisions applying to roads until such Municipality had been declared a Road District. The Warden was also appointed ex officio Coroner. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 123 In 1861, under an Amending Act, the control and management of the oyster beds and fisheries situated upon or adjacent to the shores of a Municipality were vested in the Municipal Council. Further provision was made in respect of Rural Municipalities in 1862. Every proclaimed Rural Municipality was declared a District for the holding of a Court of General and Quarter Sessions, the Council Clerk being the Deputy Clerk of such Sessions. The fees incidental to the Court of Requests were to form part of the Municipal Fund, and the Coroner's fees were to be paid out of the same fund. A fresh schedule of grants from Government to Rural Municipalities was issued, to be in force for three years. 2. Rural Municipalities Act 1865. This Act, which repealed the previous Act and amendments, provided for the division of the Colon}', with the exception of Tasman's Peninsula (afterwards in 1880 created the Municipal District of Carnarvon), and of so much as was contained within the boundaries of the City of Hobart Town and the Town of Launceston, into 30 Municipal Districts, the boundaries of which were scheduled. Seventeen scheduled Municipal Districts, which had already been constituted, were declared to be Municipalities under this Act, and their Councils continued. Although the Colony was divided into 30 districts, the maximum number of Councils never exceeded nineteen. On petition signed by not less than 50 persons who were owners or occupiers of property of the annual value of 20 or over in any District not already declared a Municipality, the Governor could declare such District to be a Municipality. Every Municipality was deemed to be a Police District, and the Council Clerk was to be the Clerk of Petty Sessions. An elector was defined as any male of the age of 21 or upwards whose name was on the assessment roll as the owner of property of the annual value of 10, or occupier of the annual value of 15 ; provided that, if an alien, he had letters of denization. One vote was allotted to each elector, if he were both an owner and occupier of property of the annual value of 10 and under 50, and if he were only occupier, 15 and under 50. An additional vote, in either case, was allowed for each additional 50 of annual value, up to a maximum of ten votes where the annual value was 450 or over. The Municipal Council consisted of seven Councillors, one of whom was Warden, elected annually by the Councillors from among themselves. Two Councillors retired at the end of the first year, two at the end of the second year, and three at the end of the third year, in rotation. In order to be qualified as a Councillor a person was required to be a municipal elector, and to be resident in, or to have a place of business in, the Municipality. The classes of persons incapable of acting as Councillors were the same as under the previous Act. Two Auditors, who must not be Councillors, were elected annually by the electors. When a Municipal Council was elected, the power vested in the Governor under the Rural Police Rate Act ceased and was transferred to the Council. In addition to the appointment and control of the Rural Police within the Muni- cipality under the Police Regulation Act 1865, and the adoption of means for securing a supply of water, a Municipal Council could make by-laws for, inter alia, (a) the establish- ment and regulation of slaughter houses ; (6) preventing the sale of unwholesome meat ; (c) the prevention and extinction of fires ; (d) the establishment and regulation of markets, hospitals, asylums, public libraries, gardens, and places of recreation ; (e) the licensing of public carriers and vehicles ; and (/) the erection and repairing of bridges. A Municipal Council was obliged to make an annual assessment of the annual value of the property within the Municipality, and could appoint valuators. An annual rate could be struck, but it must not exceed one shilling and sixpence in the pound of annual value, exclusive of the police rate and the road rate. Loans could be contracted on mortgage for a period of not longer than 25 years, but such loans, together with any special loan rate, must have been sanctioned by the ratepayers at a meeting held for the purpose. An annual grant was given by Government to Municipalities. 3. Amendments to the 1865 Act. The following are among the more important amendments made to this Act : (i) 1869. The number of votes to which an elector was entitled was altered to correspond with those allotted under the Cross and Bye Roads Act, one vote being now allowed to each owner whose annual valuation was 5 and under 40, or each occupier whose annual valuation was 10 and under 40, with an additional vote 124 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. for each additional 40, up to a maximum of ten votes for over 360. (ii) 1870. The Governor was authorized to appoint an Auditor of Municipal Accounts, whose duties were to audit such accounts ; this clause was, however, repealed by the Audit Act (No. 2) 1875, when the auditing of municipal accounts was transferred to the Auditor- General. An alien might hold a certificate of naturalization instead of letters of denization. (iii) 1880. The Governor could only alter or re-define the boundaries of a Municipal District or create a new Municipal District upon petition signed by a majority in numbers of the owners or occupiers of property of the assessed annual value of not less than 20. (iv) 1884. Both males and females were entitled to be electors, and the scale of voting was altered to that given in the Rural Voting Act 1884 (see page 149). A Municipal Councillor might be Treasurer, and receive salary as such. The levying of separate local rates was authorized, but any such rate must not exceed one shilling in the pound, and if a requisition signed by five or .more electors were made, an electors' meeting must be held to decide on the question as to whether such a rate should be levied, (v) 1888. Municipal Councils were empowered to sell lands which were granted to them, and to purchase other lands for municipal purposes, the proceeds of sale to be held by the Colonial Treasurer pending the purchase of new lands. 4. Repeal of Rural Municipalities Act. Under the Local Government Act 1906, every Rural Municipality was abolished, and the Rural Municipalities Act 1865, together with the amendments thereto, was repealed so far as it was . inconsistent with the Local Government Act 1906. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following particulars regarding Rural Muni- cipalities are given herewith : (a) their number from 1860 to 1907, their area and annual value from 1866 to 1907, their outstanding loans from 1875 to 1907, and the number of properties rated from 1885 to 1907 ; (6) their revenue and expenditure from 1860 to 1907; and (c) the Police Rates and details of expenditure on Municipal Police from 1866 to 1907. TASMANIA. RURAL MUNICIPALITIES. AREA, NUMBER OF PROPERTIES RATED, ANNUAL VALUE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1866 TO 1907. Year ending 31 st December. Number of Municipalities. Area. Number of Properties rated. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. No. Acres. No. 1866 19 8,048,027 . 397,029 1867 19 8,048,027 . . 390,956 1868 19 8,062,027 400,532 1869 19 7,973,127 . . 354,449 1870 19 8,404,686 357,714 1871 19 8,001,129 361,187 1872 19 8,001,127 . . 308,846 1873 19 8,002,168 '. . 340,480 1874 19 8,001,127 341,127 1875 19 8,001,927 344,140 600 1876 19 8,001,927 356,058 1,500 1877 19 7,501,927 . . 340,688 1,500 1878 19 7,501,927 356,039 3,300 1879 19 7,501,927 368,568 3,300 1880 19 7,501,927 373,312 4,200 1881 19 7,551,500 373,576 3,600 1882 19 7,551,500 375,199 6,500 1883 19 ' 6,097,745 385,100 5,200 1884 19 6,097,745 389,313 6,160 1885 19 6,097,745 9,689 391,885 5,170 1886 19 6,097,745 10,146 381,235 5,170 1887 19 6,097,745 10,294 383,257 4,703 1888 19 6,097,745 10,438 382,719 4,453 1889 19 6,097,745 10,576 387,342 4,509 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 125 TASMANIA. RURAL MUNICIPALITIES. AREA, NUMBER OF PROPERTIES RATED, ANNUAL VALUE, ETC., 1866 TO 1907 continued. Year ending 31st December. Number of Municipalities. Area. Number of Properties rated. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. No. Acres. No. 1890 19 6,097,745 10,578 424,396 4,317 1891 19 6,097;745 10,737 398,577 4,000 1892 19 6,097,745 11,184 398,330 3,500 1893 19 6,097,745 10,990 393,083 3,400 1894 19 6,097,745 11,063 377,322 3,400 1895 19 6,097,745 11,385 375,299 3,100 1896 19 6,097,745 12,067 376,660 4,100 1897 19 6,097,745 12,010 372,335 3,400 1898 19 6,097,745 10,867 369,539 3,400 1899 19 6,097,745 11,930 372,570 2,800 1900 19 6,689,160 12,161 380,165 1,700 1901 19 6,889,162 12,165 380,792 5,937 1902 19 6,889,162 12,309 383,344 6,937 1903 19 6,859,162 12,180 390,067 6,937 1904 19 6,889,162 12,587 391,252 6,937 1905 19 6,889,162 12,896 399,363 6,937 1906 19 6,889,162 13,192 404,537 6,937 1907 .. 19 6,889,162 12,410 412,170 12,987 NOTE. Prior to 1866 the numbers of Rural Municipalities in each year were 1860, 1 1862, 10 ; 1863, 14 ; 1864, 17 ; and 1865, 18. 1861, 5; TASMANIA. RURAL MUNICIPALITIES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1860 TO 1907. Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Other. Total. 1860 . . . . 833 . f 814 1861 .. . . . . . . 5,912 . . 4,667 1862 .. . . . . 9,463 . . 9,898 1863 .. 6,218 7,690 4,249 18,157 . . . 17,335 1864 .. 7,552 10,452 4,679 22,683 . . . . 21,794 1865 .. 8,842 10,232 4,049 23,123 . . . . 21,318 1866 .. 8,500 8,657 4,462 21,619 5,290 18,580 23,870 1867 .. 11,225 9,472 4,590 25,287 5,446 17,752 23,198 1868 .. 13,711 3,210 4,369 21,290 4,639 18,379 23,018 1869 12,210 3,341 4,399 19,950 4,154 17,241 21,395 1870 .. 11,671 4,110 4,846 20,627 3,993 14,962 18,955 1871 .. 11,535 3,631 4,609 19,775 4,227 18,187 22,414 1872 .. 12,644 4,356 4,295 21,295 4,127 15,823 19,950 1873 .. 12,492 2,567 4,607 19,666 3,868 15,244 19,112 1874 .. 11,571 2,950 4,292 18,813 4,064 14,832 18,896 1875 .. 11,869 2,898 4,719 19,486 4,087 15,244 19,331 1876 .. 12,428 2,926 5,174 20,528 4,275 17,015 21,290 1877 . . 12,295 2,378 4,253 18,926 4,428 15,094 19,522 1878 12,824 3,982 5,846 22,652 4,324 16,816 21,140 1879 .. 13,592 3,128 4,989 21,709 4,348 19,033 23,381 1880 .. 14,118 3,585 4,206 21,909 4,180 16,590 20,770 1881 .. 13,631 2,862 5,464 21,957 4,094 17,993 22,087 126 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. RURAL MUNICIPALITIES. REVENUE ANDJ EXPENDITURE, 1860 TO 1907 continued. Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Other. Total. 1882 .. 13,523 3,259 6,349 23,131 6,547 16,907 23,454 1883 .. 14,094 2,736 5,581 22,411 4,831 18,327 23,158 1884 .. 14,144 3,634 5,101 22,879 4,779 16,648 21,427 1885 .. 14,921 3,888 4,417 23,226 4,851 18,788 23,639 1886 .. 14,127 3,936 3,905 21,968 5,223 17,079 22,302 1887 .. 14,414 3,794 3,965 22,173 5,644 16,718 22,: 62 1888 .. 13,576 4,449 3,595 21,620 5,297 16,668 21,965 1889 .. 14,740 3,546 4,146 22,432 5,184 16,490 21,674 1890 .. .. 15,784 2,825 4,240 22,849 5,317 15,007 20,324 1891 14,429 2,471 3,568 20,468 5,383 16,104 21,487 1892 -.. 14,592 1,842 4,422 20,856 5,454 17,373 22,827 1893 .. 13,739 1,987 5,671 21,397 5,016 14,466 19,482 1894 .. 13,257 201 3,631 17,089 5,569 11,702 17,271 1895 .. 12,659 4 3,272 15,935 4,477 11,723 16,200 1896 .. 12,468 . . 3,480 15,948 4,537 11,263 15,800 1897 12,245 . . 3,727 15,972 4,562 11,919 16,481 1898 12,622 3,124 15,746 4,592 10,782 15,374 1899 .. 2,943 3,065 6,008 4,444 1,703 6,147 1900 .. 2,536 5,539 3,815 11,890 4,566 3,808 8,374 1901 .. 2,695 700 3,966 7,361 4,651 3,531 8,182 1902 .. 3,041 25 4,800 7,866 4,425 2,766 7,191 1903 .. 2,675 . . 3,756 6,431 4,350 2,909 7,259 1904 2,738 . . 3,743 6,481 4,654 1,748 6,402 1905 .. 2,493 . . 4,216 6,709 4,561 2,521 7,082 1906 2,685 . . 4,416 7,101 4,574 2,409 6,983 1907 .. 2,877 9,427 12,304 4,604 8,039 12,643 NOTE. The details of expenditure for the years 1882 to 1907 are approximate only. TASMANIA. MUNICIPAL POLICE. POLICE RATES AND EXPENDITURE, 1866 TO 1898. Expenditure. Year ending Police 31st Decem- ber. Rates. Salaries and Pay. Allowances. Stationery, Stores, and Contin- Provisions, Fuel, and T irVif Clothing and Accoutre- Erection and Repair of Police Total. gencies. ijignt). ments. Stations. 1866 . . 20,132 912 1,644 736 812 24,236 1867 17,770 19,792 560 . 765 776 947 477 23,317 1868 18,390 19,280 513 882 - 747 855 330 22,607 1869 16,893 19,250 438 837 591 934 654 22,704 1870 16,672 18,040 494 777 631 694 184 20,820 1871 16,873 19,470 525 990 377 582 731 22,675 1872 17,133 18,995 428 755 282 528 885 21,873 1873 16,614 17,916 510 753 101 549 546 20,375 1874 16,466 17,989 575 693 292 593 654 20,796 1875 17,025 18,248 620 729 623 752 330 21,302 1876 17,692 18,291 738 813 498 715 624 21,679 1877 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 127 TASMANIA. MUNICIPAL POLICE. POLICE RATES AND EXPENDITURE, 1866 TO 1898 continued. Year I ]xpenditure. ending 3l?t Decem- ber. Police Rates. Salaries and Pay. Allowances. Stationery, Stores, and Contin- gencies. Provi?ions, Fuel, and Light. Clothing and Accoutre- ments. Erection and Repair of Police Stations. Total. 1878 18,669 18,698 770 685 401 919 979 22,452 1879 . . . . . 1880 20,001 20,556 687 621 327 941 709 23,841 1881 19,996 20,649 756 411 394 979 366 23,555 1882 20,508 21,250 758 487 426 851 495 24,267 1883 21,635 21,956 907 613 405 1,667 515 26,063 1884 24,071 22,927 1,054 685 429 1,004 230 26,359 1885 21,883 23,374 ,106 865 427 1,076 669 27,517 1886 22,862 23,356 ,110 736 454 1,058 544 27,258 1887 23,675 23,421 ,166 718 420 1,186 684 27,595 1888 21,577 23,316 ,218 551 462 1,144 / 337 27,028 1889 22,022 22,749 ,216 575 430 1,084 334 26,388 1890 21,924 21,755 980 466 415 966 354 24,936 1891 22,640 22,072 996 443 483 1,113 461 25,568 1892 22,667 21,598 1,096 506 464 1,160 991 25,815 1893 21,871 20,327 908 344 425 693 152 22,849 1894 21,826 19,326 828 411 354 746 161 21,826 1895 20,501 18,153 700 588 300 449 354 20,544 1896 20,513 17,632 768 588 343 691 491 20,513 1897 19,977 17,248 755 699 348 599 328 19,977 1898 19,860 17,182 808 734 349 631 156 19,860 NOTE. These figures are included in the general statement of Revenue and Expenditure of Rural Municipalities (see page 125). (D) Town Boards. 1. Town Boards Act 1884. This Act did not apply to any Town situated within the boundaries of a Rural Municipality. On the petition of ten electors the Governor could proclaim a Town, and then a Town Board was to be elected under similar pro- visions to those in the Roads Act 1884 (see page 118) relating to meetings, trustees, and road rate. A Town Board had to exercise the provisions of the Police Act 1865 with regard to the health and improvement of Towns, and was authorized to levy a fate not exceeding one shilling in the pound on the annual value. In the following year every Town was declared to be a Road District under the Roads Act, and the Town Board to be the Trustees thereof. A Town Board could also borrow up to 2,000, the Government guaranteeing the interest, but it must levy a rate for the purpose of meeting such interest. A special Act passed in 1889 created a Town Board for Devonport, with a Board of eight members, four of whom represented East, and four West Devonport, two in each division retiring annually, and in the following year this Town Board was empowered to levy a rate on the capital value not exceeding one penny in the pound. 2. Town Boards Act 1891. This Act, which came into force on the 1st January, 1892, repealed the former Act, and included in its provisions the Devonport Town Board. Existing Towns and Boards remained, and a new Town could be proclaimed upon petition of fifteen or more electors within an area containing rateable property yielding a revenue of 200 on a rate of one shilling per pound of annual value. The electors, who comprised all males and females of the age of 21 or upwards entered on the assessment roll as owners or occupiers, elected a Board of five or seven male members, having the voting power specified in the Rural Voting Act 1884 (see page 149). Two out of five, or three out of seven, members of the Board retired after one year, the balance after two years, and so on, alternately. The Chairman was elected by the Board from among themselves. 128 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. An assessment roll was to be prepared annually, and the maximum rates which could be struck were : town rates, one shilling and sixpence in the pound on the annual value, or one penny in the pound on the capital value ; road rates, one shilling, or one penny ; and separate local rates, one shilling and sixpence, or one penny, respectively. Loans could be contracted up to 2,000, the Government guaranteeing the interest, while all accounts were to be audited by the Auditor-General. The following powers under the Police' Act were vested in Town Boards: (a) im- pounding ; (&) regulation and licensing of cabs, drivers, and carters ; (c) suppression of nuisances ; (d) paving : (e) draining ; (/) cleansing ; (g) lighting ; and (h) other matters contained in Part III. of the Police Act 1865. A Town Board could also (a) construct wharves and jetties ; (6) establish markets ; (c) arrange for water supply ; (d) construct pounds, abattoirs, baths, places of recreation, hospitals, and charitable institutions ; (e) plant trees ; (/) purchase and take land ; and (g) make by-laws. A Town Board was to be a Road District Board, and if any Main Road was included within its boundaries, to be a Main Road District Board also. 3. Town Boards Act 1896. This Act consolidated and amended the previous Act, and contained similar provisions. Provision was, however, made for borrowing on overdraft up to half the expected proceeds of the rates, and for owners to repair crossings over footways, and to construct private streets, the Board maintaining them afterwards. In 1902 the Governor was empowered to proclaim a Town without receiving a petition. 4. Repeal of Town Boards Act. In 1906, when the Local Government Act was passed, every Town Board was abolished, but the Act itself apparently was not repealed. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn (a) the number of Town Boards, the number of properties rated, the annual value and the outstanding loans ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1886 to 1907 : TASMANIA. TOWN BOARDS. NUMBER OF PROPERTIES RATED, ANNUAL VALUE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1S86 TO 1907. Year ending 31st December. Number of Boards. Number of Properties rated. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. .' No. No. 1886 1 107 3,600 1,000 1887 3 330 6,625 1,508 1888 4 567 11,557 1,508 1889 7 1,314 18,865 3,508 1890 8 1,856 21,403 3,500 1891 9 1,762 29,756 4,000 1892 14 4,177 78,055 5,000 1893 14 4,377 79,275 4,750 1894 14 5,202 79,391 4,750 1895 16 5,325 79,625 7,050 1896 15 5,165 79,996 7,300 1897 17 6,070 81,696 7,050 1898 19 8,191 115,738 13,100 1899 . 19 8,283 120,762 18,950 1900 19 9,248 144,054 t!75 1901 20 10,469 154,101 300 1902 20 9,757 165,937 49,300 1903 22 10,217 150,828 59,200 1904 23 11,688 192,572 69,197 1905 23 11,604 194,378 74,344 1906 23 11,465 243,424 75,784 1907 23 11,694 201,222 81,709 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 129 TASMANIA. TOWN BOARDS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1886 TO 1907. Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. Bates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1886 .. 176 . . 1,000 1,176 21 1,215 26 1,262 1887 .. 328 . . 522 850 71 577 77 725 1888 .. 468 . . 46 514. 109 410 189 708 1889 .. 385 . . 2,000 2,385 81 1,560 344 1,985 1890 .. 952 . . 603 1,555 285 2,237 472 2,994 1891 .. 689 1,889 1,336 3,914 288 2,460 350 3,098 1892 .. 3,309 1,557 2,326 7,192 561 3,779 1,390 5,730 1893.. 3,982 1,988 1,418 7,388 1,003 4,481 1,961 7,445 1894 .. 3,511 924 723 5,158 780 2,752 2,357 5,889 1895 .. 4,346 1,432 1,494 7,272 894 4,098 1,791 6,783 1896 .. 4,765 1,323 882 6,970 1,142 3,195 2,214 6,551 1897 .. 5,133 1,289 1,309 7,731 1,551 4,802 2,542 8,895 1898 .. 7,228 7,005 4,016 18,249 2,570 9,332 4,469 16,371 1899 .. 7,259 9,540 6,058 22,857 3,181 10,123 11,072 24,376 1900 .. 10,697 10,535 7,847 29,079 3,512 14,448 11,130 29,090 1901 .. 16,014 9,073 3,847 28,934 4,126 14,319 10,406 28,851 1902 .. 10,276 6,645 9,504 26,425 3,744 12,107 10,492 26,343 1903 .. 10,321 4,758 10,206 25,285 5,338 9,348 9,745 24,431 1904 .. 13,321 6,599 10,750 30,670 3,948 16,280 9,790 30,018 1905 .. 13,329 5,278 15,043 33,650 3,207 17,381 11,686 32,274 1906 .. 14,284 572 15,173 30,029 4,706 17,947 10,951 33,604 1907 .. 17,191 7,199 19,955 44,345 4,972 21,603 17,592 44,167 (E) Fruit Boards. 1. General. In order to cope with the Codlin Moth pest, certain Districts were declared infected, and Local Boards were elected with power to levy rates and cause the pest to be eradicated. These Boards administered the Codlin Moth Acts of 1887 and 1888. 2. Codlin Moth Act 1887. Under Ibhis Act the Governor was empowered to declare Fruit Districts, in each of which the fruit-growers elected annually a Board of seven members. These Boards had power to inspect orchards or appoint inspectors for the purpose and to levy a tax not exceeding four shillings per acre on orchards. If the amount of this tax was insufficient to pay the expenses of the Board, the Governor could authorize further taxation up to a maximum of four shillings per acre. 3. Codlin Moth Act 1888. This Act repealed the previous Act, but existing Districts and Boards, of which 30 were mentioned in the schedule to the Act, were continued. On petition of at least 50 fruit-growers the Governor could proclaim other Districts, or alter, divide, unite, or abolish existing Districts. A Board of seven members was to be elected by fruit-growers, with power to inspect orchards or appoint an inspector to do so, and to levy a tax on orchards of four shillings per acre. A Board could also order infected trees to be cut down. The Governor could increase the taxation by an additional sum not exceeding six shillings per acre, and, if the boundaries of a Fruit District were conterminous with those of a Municipality, could vest the powers of the Fruit Board in the Council of the Municipality. In the event of no Fruit Board being elected, or, if such Board, when elected, refused to act, the Governor could appoint officers, in which case the provisions for the election of a Board would lapse. When the Governor exercised these powers, where the boundaries - of a Fruit District were conterminous with those of a Municipality, the Municipal Council ceased to have any powers under the Act, until a petition signed by at least two-thirds of the fruit-growers had been received requesting that the powers be restored to the Municipal Council. C. 7099. 5 130 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. . The Governor was also empowered to appoint inspectors, and every Fruit District had to contribute a sum not exceeding sixpence per acre towards the expenses of the Government. An amendment of the Act passed in 1891 provided that members of the Board were to hold office for two years, three or four members retiring annually in turn. In 1912 the maximum amount of tax leviable by a Board was raised to six shillings per acre, while that of the additional tax was reduced to four shillings per acre. 4. Abolition of Fruit Districts and Boards. In 1906 under the Local Government Act every Fruit District was abolished, and every District constituted a Municipality was deemed to be a Fruit .District, the provisions of the Codlin Moth Act being exercised by the Municipal Councils. (K) Rabbit Boards. 1. General. The various Rabbit Destruction Acts were passed with a view to the extermination of Rabbits, and under their provisions Districts were proclaimed and Boards of Trustees elected. 2. Rabbits Destruction Act 1871. Upon the petition of at least twenty landholders or occupiers, the Governor could proclaim a Rabbit District, and the landholders then elected a Board of three or five Trustees, who were empowered to do all things necessary for the destruction of rabbits, and to offer rewards for the same. The provisions of the Cross and Bye Roads Act 1870 as to the calling of meetings, election of Trustees, fixing rates, and other matters were made applicable to this Act. This Act was only to be in force until the end of the Session of 1874. In 1874 the minimum number of persons necessary for a petition was reduced to ten, and the Act was continued in force until the end of 1877. 3. Rabbits Destruction Act 1877. This Act repealed the previous Act and its amendments, but re-enacted their provisions. The maximum amount of rate was, however, fixed at one shilling in the pound of the annual value. 4. Rabbits Destruction Act 1882. Under this Act the Governor was authorized to declare infested and clear Districts. The Chief Inspector of Sheep was appointed to take measures for the destruction of rabbits, and Rabbit Boards were abolished. 5. Rabbits Destruction Act 1887. The Governor was authorized to proclaim Rabbit Districts, and landholders were to elect Boards of seven members. These Boards had power to appoint inspectors and levy a maximum rate of one halfpenny per sheep and twopence per head of horses and cattle on all owners of over three head of horses or cattle. The onus of destroying rabbits was" placed upon the occupier, but he could recover from the owner a proportion of the expense based on the length of his tenancy. 6. Rabbits Destruction Act 1888. This Act repealed the previous Act but re-enacted its provisions. The Governor could either proclaim Districts on giving notice or upon petition of 50 landholders. The taxation was unaltered ; but the Governor might authorize it to be doubled. When the boundaries of a Rabbit District were conterminous with those of a Municipality, the Governor could vest the Municipal Council with the powers of a Rabbit Board. 7. Rabbits Destruction Act 1889. The Act of 1888 was repealed by this Act. The Governor, upon the report of the Chief Inspector of Sheep, was to declare " Infected Districts " and " Clear Districts." Any Inspector of Sheep could enter upon Crown lands and destroy rabbits, and could also enter upon private lands to inspect same. Occupiers, upon receiving notice, were to destroy rabbits, otherwise an inspector could do so at their expense ; where expenses were not recoverable they were to be defrayed out of the Stock Act Fund. By an amendment in 1889, every Municipal District was deemed to be a Rabbit District, and the Municipal Council was required to take measures to enforce the provisions of the Act of 1889, and to appoint inspectors. A separate rate could be struck not exceeding threepence in the pound of the annual value ; but the restriction as to the maximum amount of rate was removed in 1906. 8. Local Government Act 1906. This Act, without repealing the Act of 1889, provided that every Rabbit District included in any Municipality should be abolished, and that the Municipality should become a Rabbit District for the purposes of the Rabbits Destruction Act. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 131 9. Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are shewn the revenue and expenditure of Rabbit Boards for the years 1875 to 1882 : TASMANIA RABBIT BOARDS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1875 TO 1882. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st December. Number of Boards. Rates. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Other. Total. No. 1875 6 1,988 1,058 3,046 61 1,967 2,028 1876 6 1,041 1,413 2,454 44 2,985 3,029 1877 7 1,332 1,159 2,491 918 1,241 2,159 1878 7 1,055 547 1,602 20 1,909 1,929 1879 7 375 269 644 32 903 935 1880 7 152 136 288 217 167 384 1881 7 . . 3 3 9 9 1882 7 46 46 212 212 (<;) Local Boards of Health. 1. General. These Boards were appointed under the various Health Acts for the purposes of carrying out the provisions contained therein with respect to sanitation and other kindred matters. 2. Public Health Act 1885. Under this Act a Central Board of Health, consisting of five members, was appointed by the Governor. Local Boards of Health were also con- stituted, comprising the Municipal Councils of Hobart and Launceston, the Councils of Rural Municipalities, and the Town Boards. In 1887 an amendment of this Act empowered the Governor to proclaim Local Boards of Health where no Municipality or Town Board existed. 3. Sanitary Rate Act 1887. Local Boards of Health were given the power of levying a sanitary rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound of the annual value. In 1889 provision was made for levying the sanitary rate on the capital value, but not exceeding one farthing in the pound ; also if no service was provided only half rates were to be paid. 4. Public Health Act 1889. This Act continued the system of Local Boards of Health, but raised the number of members of the Central Board from five to seven. Local Boards were given power to make by-laws respecting new streets and buildings, and could order a cemetery to be closed. Aiiy new cemetery had to be approved of by a Local Board, which could also provide cemeteries in certain cases and be Trustees thereof, notwith- standing anything in the Cemeteries Act 1865 to the contrary. In 1896 Local Boards were empowered to make by-laws respecting persons with infectious diseases coming into their districts. In 1901 Local Boards, in place of levying a sanitary rate, could make a fixed charge for the removal of rubbish and night-soil, but such charge must not exceed ninepence for each removal. 5. Public Health Act 1903. This Act repealed the former Health Act, but not the Sanitary Rate Acts of 1887 and 1889. In place of the Central Board of Heulth the Governor appointed a Chief Health Officer, Assistant Health Officers, Inspectors, and other officials. He could also appoint Local Boards consisting of from three to seven members, or appoint any existing public body to be a Local Board of Health, and could make regulations regarding infectious diseases. A Local Board must appoint a Health Officer and Inspectors ; it may provide and maintain hospitals, and must do so if the Chief Health Officer certifies that it is necessary ; it may provide and maintain mortuaries, morgues, and public conveniences, may prevent nuisances, may provide for scavenging, may borrow for sanitary works, may give consent for the establishment of noxious trades, may approve of cemeteries, may inspect public buildings, may make by-laws regarding the same and regarding new streets and buildings, and may engage analysts. In 1908 the abolition of cesspools was made compulsory. 5 * 132 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 6. Health Rate Act 1905. A Local Board may levy a health rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound of the annual value, half such rate only to be paid if no service is provided ; in addition, it may levy a charge for the removal of garbage or night-soil, not exceeding one shilling for each removal. This Act was repealed in 1906 as far as it applied to any Local Board having jurisdiction outside the limits of the Cities of Hobart or Launceston. 7. Local Government Act 1906. By this Act every Local Health District included in any Municipality was abolished, and every Municipality was deemed to be a District of which the Council of the Municipality is the Local Board for the purposes of the Public Health Act 1903. (H) Boards of Works. 1. General. Under the Waste Lands Act 1863 one-fourth of the moneys received was set apart as a fund for the construction of roads, bridges, jetties, tramways, and wharves, and Boards were appointed by the Governor to advise as to the expenditure of these moneys. Strictly speaking, these Boards do not come under the definition of Local Government, as they were not elective ; but their work was so closely related thereto that a brief account of their activities will not be out of place. 2. Constitution and Functions of Boards. In every Municipal or Police District the Governor was authorized to appoint from among the residents or land-owners in such District a local honorary Board of Works of not less than three members, holding office during his pleasure. Each Board, on being furnished with a statement of the money available, was to report to the Government as to the best manner of expending it so as to secure for each District an increase in the facilities of communication between two Townships or between a Township and the sea, or for the improvement of a navigable river or a main road. Upon the assent of the Government being obtained, tenders were to be invited, specifications to be prepared at the office of the Director of Public Works, and contracts let at the office of the Solicitor-General. The amount available was distributed proportionately among Districts on the basis of sixpence for every shilling raised by assessment. An amendment of the Act in 1870 handed this money over to the Trustees of Districts on the following basis : If the rate was sixpence, a sum equal to one-third of the amount collected was granted ; if ninepence, one half ; and if one shilling, an equal amount was paid. 3. Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are given the amounts granted from the Land Fund for each year and the actual amount expended for the years 1866 to 1880 : TASMANIA. BOARDS OF WORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1866 TO 1880. Year. Number of Boards. Receipts. Expenditure. Year. Number of Boards. Receipts. Expenditure. No. No. 1866 . . 34 6,955 10,053 1874 .. 32 1,301 1867 . . 37 9,830 3,546 1875 . . 30 . . 438 1868 . . 37 6,692 9,170 1876 .. 27 87 1869 . .' 37 8,357 8,534 1877 .. 26 178 1870 . . 37 7,228 5,664 1878 .. 24 102 1871 . . 36 4,449 5,890 1879 .. 24 355 1872 . . 35 9,429 4,542 1880 .. 23 31 1873 . . 32 1,973 i (i) Recreation Ground Trusts. 1. General. Under the Public Recreation Grounds Act 1888, whenever any land had been granted or reserved for use as a Public Recreation Ground, the Governor could appoint three persons to be Trustees thereof, and four other Trustees were to be elected. One 'of the Trustees appointed by the Governor and two of the elected Trustees retired annually. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 133 The Governor could declare the whole or any portion of an Electoral District for the House of Assembly to be a District for the purposes of the election of Trustees, and such electors of the House of Assembly as resided therein were to be electors for the purpose of electing Trustees. The Trustees were vested with the care and control of the grounds, and could make regulations as to charges for lawful games or public entertainment. In 1910 an amendment to the Act permitted the Trustees of a Public Recreation Ground, with the consent of the Governor, to lease to two or more persons a portion, not exceeding one-third of the ground, for a period not exceeding 21 years. (.T) Municipalities. 1. General. Under the Local Government Act 1906 a Commission was appointed to divide the State of Tasmania into not more than 60 Districts and to subdivide each District into not less than three nor more than five Wards, each Ward including as nearly as practicable an equal rateable area. The Commissioners were empowered to adjust the boundaries of adjoining Municipalities, provided that in so dividing the State any Town within the meaning of the Town Boards Act 1896 and situate within the boundaries of an existing Municipality may, if the Commissioners see fit, be deemed to be included in or excluded from such boundaries. The Cities of Hobart and Launceston were not to be included, and were exempted from the provisions of the Act. The number of Districts into which the State was divided at the time was 49, which number in 1913 was reduced to 48 by the absorption of the Municipality of Queen- borough by the City of Hobart. 2. Local Government Act 1906. Under this Act every Rural Municipality, Town Board, Main Road District, Road District, Local Health District, Fruit District, Rabbit District, School District, and Public Recreation Ground District included in any Munici- pality established under this Act was abolished. Every District constituted a Municipality is deemed to be a Fruit District,, a Rabbit District, a Local Health District, a School District, a Road District, a Main Road District, and a Public Recreation Ground District. The Act has been amended from time to time, and the following are particulars of its provisions as amended : (i) Incorporation of Municipalities.- On the proclamation by the Governor of any Municipality, a Council consisting of a Warden and Councillors is created, and this Council, together with the electors, becomes a body corporate under the title " The Warden, Councillors, and Electors" of the Municipality. Every such body corporate has a legal status, and may purchase, hold, and alienate land and personal estate, but may not dispose of or demise real estate for a longer period than 21 years without the consent of the Governor. In case there is in any Municipality no Council, or not a sufficient quorum of Councillors, the Governor may appoint a Commissioner to act. (ii) Formation and Alteration of Municipalities. The Governor is empowered, with or without petition, to unite Municipalities, alter boundaries, abolish Wards and Munici- palities, and without petition to include a Town in a Municipality, and increase the number of Wards. When a Municipality contains within its area a District under the Public Recreation Grounds Act 1888, the Governor may transfer the control of such Recreation Ground to the Council thereof. Where any existing Water or Light District is wholly within a Municipality the Council becomes the Trustees of the District, and has control thereof, It may define such Water or Light District as a Local District, and assign it to a special standing committee. Public cemeteries may be vested in a Council by proclamation. (iii) Constitution of Councils. In each Municipality the number of Councillors is a multiple of three, with three for each Ward. One-third of the Councillors retire annually. The Warden is elected by the Councillors from among themselves at the first meeting of the Council after the annual election. (iv) Qualifications of Councillors. Every male elector of a Municipality who is resident or has a place of business therein is eligible to be elected as Councillor, but only so long as he continues to reside or have a place of business in the Municipality. Any person is prohibited from being a Councillor (a) who is engaged in or interested in any contract 134 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. with the Council ; (6) who is counsel or solicitor in prosecuting any claim or action against the Council, or is manager or agent for any person who is engaged in a contract with the Council ; (c) who holds an office of profit under the Council, except as Warden or Treasurer ; (d) who has his affairs under liquidation ; (e) who is an undischarged or uncertificated bankrupt ; (/) who has been convicted of felony, unless he has been pardoned or has served his sentence ; (g) who is undergoing a sentence of imprisonment ; or (h) who is an insane person. (v) Qualifications of Electors. An elector is a natural-born or naturalized subject, over 21 years of age, whose name, as the owner or occupier of property, appears on the assessment roll, also any corporation or joint stock company the name of which appears on the assessment roll. Such a corporation or company may depute any person to vote on its behalf. Every elector has a number of votes for any Ward proportioned to the annual value of the property he owns or occupies according to the following scale : Annual Value of Property . . Under 30. 30 and under 80. 80 and under 160. 160 and under 240. 240 and under 360. 360 and upwards. Number of votes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Voting by ballot is in force. (vi) Local Districts and Local Committees. A Council 1 may define a Local District by special resolution, and may assign it to a special standing committee, and each local committee has the powers conferred upon the Council. (vii) Officers. A Council may appoint fit persons to be Clerk, Treasurer, Analyst, District Trained Nurse, Engineer, Solicitor, Surveyor, Poundkeeper, Inspectors of Stock and other Inspectors, Bailiffs, or Rangers. No Councillor may hold any office except that of Treasurer unless without remuneration. The Clerk of the Municipality holds the position of Clerk of Petty Sessions unless the office is filled by a Civil Servant, and every Municipality is constituted a District for the purpose of holding a Court of General and Quarter Sessions of the Peace. (viii) Powers and Duties of Councils. Every Council is empowered to exercise within the Municipality all the powers conferred upon (a) the Municipal Council of a Rural Municipality by the Rural Municipalities Act 1865, the Rabbit Destruction Amendment Act 1893, and the Police Act 1905 ; (6) the Trustees of a Road District and a Main Road District Board by the Roads Act 1884 ; (c) a Board of a Town by the Town Boards Act 1896 ; (d) a Local Authority by the Public Health Act 1903 ; (e) a Fruit Board by the Codlin Moth Act 1888 ; (/) the Trustees of a Public Recreation Ground by the Public Recreation Grounds Act 1888 ; (g) the Trustees of a Public Cemetery by the Cemeteries Act 1865 ; (h) a Municipal Council of a Rural Municipality as the Trustees of a Water District ; (i) a Board of Advice by the Education Act 1885 ; and (j) the Chief or any Inspector of Sheep under the Calif ornian Thistle Act 1883, with extension of such powers to noxious weeds. (ix) United Municipalities. The Governor may, on the application of the Councils of two or more Municipalities, form such Districts into a United Municipality for the purpose of (a) providing waterworks ; (b) making a main sewer or carrying into effect a system of sewerage, irrigation, or water conservation ; (c) constructing or maintaining rabbit-proof fencing ; and (d) for any purpose authorized by the Act: (x) Sources 'of Revenue. The revenue of a Council consists of (a) rates, tolls, ferry, market and other dues, fees and charges authorized by the Act or by By-law, and the rent of tolls, dues, land, and buildings ; (b) Government grants and subsidies ; and (c) all other moneys not the proceeds of a loan. (xi) Rates. Rates are of two classes, general and special. (a) General Rates. These are levied equally within the whole Municipality. (6) Special Rates. These rates are of various kinds, some being levied equally on all property, others being purely local. These special rates are (i) Health Rate, for defraying expenses under the Public Health Act, and not incurred in the removal of MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 135 house refuse, or the cleansing of closets or ash pits, (ii) Road Rate. Every Council must make a road rate of not less than sixpence in the pound of the annual value, for the purpose of constructing and maintaining roads, streets, bridges, wharves, or tram- ways. Three-fifths of all moneys received in respect of any property situate in every Ward must be expended within such Ward, except with the consent of all the Councillors representing that Ward, (iii) Codlin Moth Rate. A Council may levy the tax prescribed by the Codlin Moth Act. (iv) Cleansing Rate. A Council may levy a rate on all occupied property where service is rendered upon the basis of either the rateable value or of the number of persons occupying the several properties, or of the superficial measure- ment of the buildings. Instead of a cleansing rate, a Council may charge for sanitary service per pan removed, but such charge must not exceed one shilling for each removal, (v) Special Rates may be struck for carrying out any provisions relating to public health, constructing and maintaining sewerage, drainage, gasworks or electric light works, water- ing, cleansing, or lighting roads, public recreation grounds, destruction of rabbits, eradication of noxious weeds, and constructing and maintaining slaughterhouses or abattoirs. A separate local rate must.not exceed one shilling in the pound of the annual value. (xii) Exemptions from Rating. The following properties are exempted from being rated : (a) any property belonging to or occupied by or hired or used by the Govern- ment ; (6) churches, chapels, Sunday schools ; (c) public libraries and museums, mechanics' institutes, schools of art, schools of mines, literary or scientific institutions, and cemeteries ; (d) hospitals, alms houses, lunatic asylums, benevolent asylums, and buildings used solely for charitable purposes ; (e) agricultural and pastoral show grounds ; and (/) pro- perty belonging to or occupied by a Marine Board or Harbour Trust. (xiii) Borrowing Powers. A Council may borrow money either for permanent works or undertakings, or for liquidating outstanding loans. Such money is to be raised under the Local Public Works Act, or by debentures under the Local Boards' Loans Act. Borrowing by overdraft must not exceed one-half of the prior year's revenue. (xiv) Audit. All accounts must be audited by the Auditor-General. (xv) By-laws. Every By-law must be passed by a Special Resolution of the Council, and be approved by the Attorney-General. (xvi) Water Districts. On receipt of a petition from one or more Municipalities, the Governor may proclaim a Water District. The control of a Water District is vested in a Council or Joint Council, which may borrow money and levy special loan and Water District rates. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the annual value, estimated population, number of inhabited dwellings, length of roads and streets', and outstanding loans ; and (6) the revenue, expenditure, and outstanding loans of Muni- cipalities (exclusive of Hobart and Launceston) for the years 1908 to 1916 : TASMANIA. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF HOBART AND LAUNCESTON). ANNUAL VALUE, POPULATION, ETC., 1908 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Number of Munici- Annual Value. Estimated Popula- f Irtn Number of Inhabited Length of Roads and Outstand- ing LO&D.S. palities. T/ion. Dwellings. Streets. No. No. No. Miles. 1908 . . 49 947,504 134,753 25,737 8,114 113,097 1909 .. 49 1,006,599 135,797 26,594 10,038 80,572 1910 .. 49 ,043,186 142,427 28,278 9,871 199,280 1911 .. 49 ,065,788 142,664 28,247 10,393 208,240 1912 .. 49 ,094,527 148,293 29,088 10,172 239,583 1913 .. 49 ,127,515 152,557 29,215 10,753 251,076 1914 .. 48 ,285,839 148,074 29,114 10,664 269,874 1915 .. 48 ,147,506 147,720 28,965 10,939 295,286 1916 .. 48 ,180,097 146,826 29,459 11,036 300,985 NOTE. At the end of 1907 the outstanding loans of Municipalities (other than Hobart and Launccston) amounted to 12.987. 136 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. MUNICIPALITIES (EXCLUSIVE OF HOBART AND LAUNCESTON). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1908 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st December. From Rates. Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1908 75,895 26,254 63,571 165,720 24,968 91,428 22,334 138,730 1909 83,451 21,481 31,287 136,219 27,473 75,995 48,842 152,310 1910 80,345 35,466 41,326 157,137 22,635 107,117 23,319 153,071 1911 81,468 35,065 38,819 155,352 23,196 92,044 41,700 156,940 1912 88,290 25,901 39,507 153,698 23,997 103,271 33,186 160,454 1913 95,652 17,260 39,865 152,777 26,877 109,281 25,881 162,039 1914 99,721 14,166 47,636 161,523 26,928 108,101 29,891 164,920 1915 100,522 13,585 54,601 168,708 25,974 106,253 37,996 170,223 1916 99,759 12,259 54,134 166,152 27,340 105,165 32,825 165,330 (K) City of Hobart. 1. Police Act 1838. -This is the earliest Act which refers to the improvement of Hobart Town. It provides that the Surveyor-General should set out the limits of the Towns, Ports, and Harbours of Hobart, Launceston, and other specified localities. A Town Surveyor was appointed by the Governor, whose duties were to make and level footpaths, &c., and in conjunction with the Police Magistrate make an annual perambu- lation of the boundaries. Nuisances were to be suppressed. 2. Hobart Town Commissioners Act 1846. Under this Act Hobart Town was divided into five Wards, each represented by three Commissioners, who were elected for two years. Pending the election of Commissioners the Lieutenant-Governor appointed a Chief Commissioner. Every male of the age of 21 and over, who, on the date of the proclamation dividing Hobart Town into Wards, had occupied any house during one whole year preceding, was entitled to vote, provided that his rates were paid and he was a natural-born or naturalized subject. One vote was allowed for each vacancy. The Chief Commissioner was to be Chairman, and when the Commissioners were elected a voters' roll was to be made up.- In order to be qualified as a Commissioner a person must be seised of land of the value of at least 500, or be rated on an annual value of not less than 50, must have no interest in a contract with the Commissioners, and must not be in holy orders or a regular minister of any religious denomination. Lighting, paving, and draining were vested in the Commissioners, as well as the powers of the Town Surveyor. A general assessment could be made, but not exceeding one shilling in the pound of the annual value. Hobart Town Creek was declared to be a sewer. 3. Hobart Town and Launceston Municipal Councils Act 1852. This Act applied equally to Hobart Town and to Launceston, and the Municipal Council consisted of seven Aldermen, elected for two years. The qualifications for Aldermen were the possession of real estate valued at not less than 500, or having an annual rateable value of at least 50, but no person in holy orders, no regular minister, no officer of Customs, and no person interested in a contract with the Council was eligible. The Mayor was elected by the Aldermen for two years from among themselves. Until assessment rolls were prepared all persons on the Electoral List were entitled to vote for Aldermen, and thereafter a voter must be a male over 21 years of age occupying a house of the annual value of at least 10, but his rates must have been paid ; and no alien could vote unless he had letters of denization. One vote was allowed for an annual value of 10 and under 50, two for 50 and under 100, three for 100 and under 200, and four for 200 and over. The Council could hold land, and was entrusted with the formation of streets, lighting, paving, and the setting up of posts and rails. Town Surveyors and a Director of Waterworks were to be appointed by the Council, in which the waterworks were vested. The powers of the former Commissioners, and those of the Lieutenant- Governor respecting markets, were transferred to the Council, and those of the Police MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 137 Magistrate under the Cab Act to the Mayor. Fares and licence fees were to be fixed by the Council, and plans and specifications of works had to be submitted to the Director of Public Works. By-laws had to be approved by the Legislative Council. Rates for lighting, paving, and cleansing were to be fixed, either separately or generally, but the total must not exceed one shilling in the pound of the annual value, and the following were exempted from rating : (a) the property of Her Majesty and that used for public purposes ; (&) buildings hired by Government for public purposes ; (c) hospitals ; (d) benevolent asylums ; (e) buildings for charitable purposes ; (/) churches and chapels ; and (g) schools receiving Government aid. The Council was empowered to borrow an amount up to the average revenue from rates for two years. In 1855 the Cab Act, which applied to Hobart Town and Launceston within a radius of 5 miles from the Post Office, provided that cabs and drivers were to be licensed by the Mayor, and the licence fees and fares fixed by the Council. In 1857 the execution of the Common Lodging House Act 1854 was transferred from the Police Magistrate to the Municipal Councils of Hobart Town and Launceston. 4. Hobart Town and Launceston Police Act 1857. The charge and control of the police forces of the City of Hobart Town and Town of Launceston were vested in the Municipal Councils, each of which was to appoint a Superintendent and a sufficient police force. One moiety of all fines was to be paid into the Police Fund, as well as the proceeds of a separate Police Rate, and the other moiety to the Police Reward and Superannuation Fund. 5. Hobart Town Corporation Act 1857. The City of Hobart Town was incorporated under the style of the " Mayor, Aldermen, and Citizens of the City of Hobart Town," and the boundaries of the City were scheduled. A Citizen was defined as any male of the age of 21 or over, whose name was on the roll as occupier of land or a building or of a portion of a building of the annual value of at least 10, provided that, if he were an alien, he had letters of denization. A citizen rated on an annual value of 10 and under 50 had one vote, with an extra vote for each additional 50, up to seven votes for 300 and over. The Council consisted of nine Aldermen, including the Mayor, who was elected by the Aldermen, three Aldermen retiring annually. Two Auditors were elected annually by the Citizens. In order to qualify for the position of Alderman, a Citizen must have been seised of real estate or possessed of chattels interest to the amount of 500, or assessed at an annual value of 100 ; but no Judge, Chairman of Court of Justice, minister of religion, person holding an office or place of profit under the Crown or under the Council, naval or military officer on full pay, or person engaged in a contract with the Council was eligible as Alderman. Valuators were to be appointed to make each year an assessment of the annual value of property. Rates were payable by the occupier, except on property under 20 in annual value, when the owner paid them, and unoccupied property was not rateable. The following properties were exempt from rating : (a) that occupied by Her Majesty ; (6) buildings hired by the Government for public purposes ; (c) hospitals ; (d) benevolent asylums ; (e) that used for charitable purposes ; and (/) churches and chapels. The Council could borrow money on the mortgage of rates, but until the mortgage was paid off it must continue the maximum amount of rate in operation at the time the mortgage was effected. Several amendments were made to this Act prior to its consolidation in 1893, of which the following were the more important : (a) 1858. Certain lands were vested in the Council for the purpose of erecting public slaughterhouses. The Council was empowered to demise real estate for a period up to 21 years without the consent of the Governor. The Mayor was to be a Justice of the Peace, (ft) 1859. The Government contribution to the Municipal Fund for the maintenance of Police was fixed at the diiference between the expenditure for the year, as certified by the Inspector, and the sum derived from a police rate of sixpence in the pound, and from fines, penalties, and dog licences. (c) 1867. The cost of paving footways was to be borne as to one-half by the owners of lands abutting thereon, (d) 1869. The qualification of a Citizen was altered so that a person on the roll assessed on an annual value of 8 and upwards could now vote ; the scale of votes was also changed, a citizen assessed at 8 and under 40 having one vote, with an additional vote for each additional 40 up to a maximum of seven votes for 240 and over. 138 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. (e) 1876. Public libraries and museums and public schools under the Board of Education were added to the list of properties exempted from rating. (/) 1881 . The nam e of Hobart Town was changed to Hobart. (g) 1883. The Chairman of General Sessions was no longer disqualified from acting as an Alderman, (h) 1888. The boundaries of the City were redefined. 6. Hobart Town Improvement Act 1857. The Council was vested with the paving, draining, cleansing, and lighting of the City of Hobart Town. Power was given to appoint a City Surveyor and an Officer of Health. The formation, repair, and maintenance of streets was also handed over to the Council, which was to water them and appoint scavengers. Power was also given to prevent nuisances, to make common sewers, to provide lamps, and to contract for lighting. The maximum amount of rates was not to exceed one shilling and sixpence in the pound of annual value. This Act was repealed by the Police Act 1865 (see page 147). 7. Hobart Town and Launceston Powers Act 1857. Butchers' and carters' licences and licences for places of public entertainment were to be granted by the Mayor, while the Council was to fix the fares for carters. Markets were vested in the Council. Copies of standard weights and measures were to be deposited with the Council, and dogs were to be registered with the Town Clerk. ' Part of this Act was repealed by the Police Act 1865, and the balance by the Hobart Corporation Act 1893. 8. Hobart Town Building Act 1858. This Act provided that all external walls were to be built of incombustible materials. Penalties were fixed for stacking hay, making fires in the open air, and similar dangerous proceedings. Notice of intention to build was to be given to the Town Surveyor. Further Building Regulations were issued in 1870. The Act was finalty repealed by the Hobart Municipal Council Powers Act 1884, in which were incorporated similar pro- visions and which was in turn repealed by the Hobart Building Act 1886, in so far as it related to building regulations. 9. Hobart Building Act 1886. This Act applied to all new buildings, and made regulations as to the heights and thicknesses of parapets, the construction of walls and roofs, projections, dangerous buildings, party structures, and other matters. In 1909 an amendment of this Act made provision for the erection of fire escapes in certain buildings. In 1918 this Act was repealed and replaced by one with similar provisions. 10. Hobart Corporation Act 1893. This Act consolidated and repealed all the previous Acts and amendments relating to the Corporation of Hobart. The chief provisions, however, were retained with slight alterations, the more important of which were the following : Both males and females were qualified to be Citizens instead of males only as heretofore. An assessment roll was to be made each year, as before ; but the annual value of any land not having a building on it or not having a building, the capital value of which exceeded one-fifth of the capital value of the land, was to be assessed at 5 per cent, of the capital value thereof ; and tramways were to be assessed at 100 per mile, exclusive of lands or buildings. The provisions regarding assessments were repealed by the Assessment Act 1893. The Council might cause private streets to be constructed, the outlay to be repaid by the owner, and might borrow up to 10,000 for the purpose. Power was given to acquire land compulsorily, and to lease lands vested in the Corporation for a period not exceeding 50 years, but not park lands, except under the authority of an Act of Parliament. This Act has been amended from time to time, and the following are among the more important of these amendments : (a) 1895. The auditing of accounts was transferred from the Auditors elected by the Citizens to the Auditor-General. Certain contracts were specified which do not disqualify ths holder for the office of Alderman or Mayor. (ft) 1896. Citizens whose names are on the assessment roll as owners are entitled to vote in the same manner and to the same extent as occupiers, (c) 1898. The boundaries of the City were redefined, (d) 1899. Power was granted to expend money on recreation grounds and public reserves vested in the Council. The maximum amount of all rates was raised from one shilling and sixpence to one shilling and ninepence in the pound of the annual value. (e) 1901. The Council was authorized to establish saleyards. (/) 1906. Citizens absent for a distance of over 7 miles from the Town Hall, and those pre- vented by serious illness or infirmity, were permitted to apply within twenty days prior to an MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 139 election to the Town Clerk for a postal vote certificate, and vote through the post instead of in person, (g) 1907. The Towns of Glebe Town, Wellington, and Mount Stuart wore united with the City of Hobart. (Ji) 1912. The Council was authorized to purchase the Hobart Tramways Company's undertaking at any time at a price to be mutually agreed upon, (i) 1913. The Council was given control of the City recreation grounds, and was authorized to levy a rate for their upkeep not exceeding one penny in the pound of the annual value. The Municipality of Queenborough was united with the City of Hobart, the boundaries of the City were defined afresh, and the number of Aldermen was increased to eleven. The City Engineer was appointed to take over the powers of the City Surveyor, the Director of Waterworks, the Superintendent or Engineer under the Hobart Light Act, the Surveyor under the Public Health and Police Acts, and the Engineer under the Sewerage Act. Provision was also made that no person should be entitled to be a Citizen if his property were assessed at an annual value of less than 5, unless he resided in a house thereon, and that the scale of voting should be as follows : Annual Value of Property Under 50. 50 and under 100. 100 and under 150. 150 and over. Number of votes 1 2 3 4 The qualification for a Councillor was reduced, as far as occupiers were concerned, from 100 to 50 annual value. 11. Hobart Light Act 1896. For the purpose of supplying electric light and power, the Council was authorized to divert water, construct works, acquire land compulsorily or otherwise, and lay mains. Electricity might be supplied to places beyond the City. A lighting rate could be struck, but must not exceed tenpence in the pound of the assessed value of every house, building, or other premises within the City. Borrowing powers up to 50,000 were granted. Before construction, a poll of the Citizens was to be taken, and, if a majority of two-thirds of the votes were not cast in favour of the proposition, the scheme was to lapse. 12. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables give (a) the area and annual value of the City of Hobart for the years 1866 to 1916, the outstanding loans for the years 1875 to 1916, the numbers of properties rated from 1884 to 1907, the number of inhabited dwellings from 1908 to 1916, and the estimated population from 1908 to 1916 ; and (b) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1854 to 1916 : TASMANIA. CITY OF HOBART. AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL VALUE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1866 TO 1916. Year ending 31 at December. Area. Estimated Population. Number of Properties rated. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. Acres. No. No. . 1866 .. 1,270 . . . 96,263 . . 1867 1,270 . . e 96,000 . . 1868 1,270 . . m 96,764 . . 1869 1,270 . . , . 95,595 . . 1870 1,270 . . 94,000 . . 1871 1,270 . . . . 96,000 . . 1872 1,270 . . . . 96,000 . . 1873 1,270 . . . . 97,000 . . 1874 1,270 99,000 1875 1,270 99,500 89,235 1876 1,270 103,500 92,260 1877 1,270 106,500 93,000 1878 1,270 108,000 94,750 1879 1,270 . . . 110,000 89,626 1880 1,270 . . 110,800 105,484 1881 1,270 111,600 116,291 140 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. CITY OF HOBART. AREA, POPULATION, ANNUAL VALUE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1866 TO 1916 continued. Year ending 31st December. Area. Estimated Population. Number of Properties rated.* Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. Acres. No. No. ' 1882 . . 1,270 . . 112,429 131,364 1883 ,270 . . % 116,443 147,000 1884 ,270 . . 4,900 150,697 151,586 1885 ,270 . . 4,960 156,675 163,361 1886 ,270 5,057 160,884 177,011 1887 ,270 . . 5,124 162,859 185,311 1888 ,270 . . 5,183 165,504 225,150 1889 ,270 . . 5,318 167,988 213,350 1890 ,270 5,343 170,481 260,350 1891 .. ,270 5,461 174,950 256,050 1892 1,270 . . 5,881 180,716 237,560 1893 1,270 . . 5,694 185,396 233,350 1894 1,270 5,668 186,263 231,000 1895 1,270 5,738 183,589 231,000 1896 1,270 5,755 178,012 231,000 1897 1,270 5,756 175,423 231,000 1898 1,270 . 5,746 175,485 231,000 1899 .. 1,270 . . 5,729 178,695 231,000 1900 1,273 . . 5,712 173,565 234,100 1901 1,273 5,728 173,813 249,900 1902 1,273 5,731 175,194 244,750 1903 1,273 5,662 179,000 240,500 1904 .. 1,273 . . 5,771 188,574 236,600 1905 1,273 . . . 5,821 197,000 233,500 1906 1,273 . . 5,963 198,000 233,900 1907 1,273 5,984 207,800 242,050 1908 2,680 29,293 5,326 223,700 262,050 1909 2,680- 29,293 5,326 228,690 284,985 1910 2,680 27,719 5,424 245,923 264,935 1911 2,680 27,709 5,486 253,792 278,460 1911 2,680 27,709 5,515 264,144 288,460 1913 2,680 27,709 5,742 277,643 760,260 1914 .. 13,248 31,943 5,742 308,112 551,442 1915 .. 13,248 31,914 5,792 325,000 655,470 1916 .. 13,248 31,843 5,941 352,000 932,250 * From 1908 inclusive the figures in this column relate to inhabited dwellings. TASMANIA. CITY OF HOBART. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1854 11,191 9,193 2,817 23,201 17,777 1855 8,533 2,009 8,939 19,481 . 18,986 1856 9,796 4,681 3,239 17,716 . . . . 15,945 1857 8,663 3,819 2,849 15,331 . . 15,838 1858 9,207 1,568 3,881 14,656 17,165 1859 . . . 24,539 . . . . . . 24,598 1860 13,223 3,104 4,209 20,536 . . 24,874 1861 15,146 3,537 33,447 52,130 43,371 1862 14,574 1,537 19,369 35,480 - 44,129 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. HI TASMANIA. CITY OF HOBART. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916 continued. Year. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1863 15,014 ,537 12,209 28,760 27,515 1864 15,030 ,537 15,387 31,954 . . . . . 33,500 1865 14,716 2,000 9,278 25,994 33,138 1866 12,587 ,977 6,074 20,638 2,200 19,652 5,958 27,810 1867 13,912 ,977 11,573 27,462 1,374 19,007 1,172 21,553 1868 14,741 ,268 7,707 23,716 1,387 21,002 1,048 23,437 18C9 14,891 ,217 3,463 19,571 1,655 16,106 1,182 18,945 1870 14,585 ,184 4,156 19,925 1,739 16,977 1,181 19,897 1871 15,204 ,217 3,733 20,154 1,793 17,037 1,181 20,011 1872 14,847 ,100 4,626 20,573 1,878 19,382 1,202 22,462 1873 15,517 ,137 6,600 23,254 1,834 19,851 1,198 22,883 1874 '15,769 ,202 6,613 23,584 1,837 21,125 1,264 24,226 1875 15,788 ,620 4,448 21,856 1,792 16,771 5,128 23,691 1876 16,844 ,360 15,828 34,032 1,984 26,139 5,118 33,241 1877 18,747 600 17,470 36,817 1,985 16,565 18,832 37,382 1878 18,734 1,439 9,538 29,711 2,065 22,918 5,319 30,302 1879 19,070 ,040 11,954 32,064 2,974 28,002 5,214 36,190 1880 19,349 2,413 25,800 47,562 3,010 32,112 5,765 40,887 1881 19,340 2,071 23,259 44,670 2,980 28,777 11,969 43,726 1882 19,634 1,681 25,816 47,131 2,908 20,067 26,320 49,295 1883 19,972 3,536 34,433 57,941 2,196 27,047 30,986 60,229 1884 24,855 19,880 11,520 56,255 2,642 25,354 28,726 56,722 1885 26,750 13,285 19,218 59,253 3,850 23,494 31,372 58,716 1886 27,023 3,611 32,958 63,592 4,033 20,772 36,541 61,346 1887 27,874 5,565 28,719 62,158 4,676 33,752 25,383 63,811 1888 30,559 10,014 21,145 61,718 4,600 24,733 40,606 69,939 1889 31,508 5,466 21,961 58,935 3,324 15,655 44,448 63,427 1890 32,453 5,131 28,538 66,122 4,701 19,248 36,604 60,553 1891 33,507 5,665 11,367 50,539 3,828 13,651 33,104 50,583 1892 36,053 3,500 52,189 91,742 5,209 39,503 45,578 90,290 1893 34,701 1,286 17,734 53,721 5,603 20,905 33,843 60,351 1894 35,611 6,590 31,441 73,642 4,564 26,252 42,454 73,270 1895 36,957 1,630 11,325 49,912 4,688 17,291 22,810 44,789 1896 36,006 1,000 4,032 41,038 3,906 9,375 28,403 41,684 1897 37,071 . . 6,312 43,383 3,913 10,438 29,677 44,028 1898 33,360 10,241 43,601 3,863 12,149 27,618 43,.630 1899 31,899 6,258 38,157 4,255 10,967 21,365 36,587 1900 33,157 i,2ie 7,875 42,248 4,177 22,106 21,503 47,786 1901 36,645 1,478 22,765 60,888 4,489 32,035 23,352 59,876 1902 36,490 2,536 12,375 51,401 4,496 16,771 28,576 49,843 1903 35,617 500 17,052 53,169 4,200 15,931 31,622 51,753 1904 38,835 11,504 50,339 4,056 12,402 28,872 45,330 1905 38,119 10,192 48,311 4,400 15,479 30,534 50,413 1906 40,085 . . 11,646 51,731 3,620 14,558 37,770 55,948 1907 38,806 . . 22,727 61,533 4,864 19,652 37,567 62,083 1908 41,674 13,000 25,524 80,198 5,579 26,865 53,827 86,271 1909 44,081 22,662 6,993 73,736 5,667 13,647 50,851 70,165 1910 41,916 17,511 59,427 4,938 24,131 31,175 60,244 1911 43,325 20,792 64,117 5,310 20,029 29,027 54,366 1912 45,744 21,418 67,162 5,572 34,141 25,803 65,516 1913 57,343 24,851 82,194 12,166 35,406 40,503 88,075 1914 60,444 67,708 128,152 6,359 51,328 54,359 112,046 1915 62,060 sie 53,297 116,173 6,905 29,847 101,014* 137,766 1916 61,417 244 97,837 159,498 10,192 108,070 133,747* 252,009 * Including 60,807 on trams. NOTB. The details of expenditure from 1882 to 1909 are approximate only. 142 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 13. Hobart Tramways. The first tramways in Hcbart were constructed by a private company, which was bought -out by the Corporation in 1913. (i) Hobart Tramway Company. Under a Private Act passed in 1884 the Hobart Tramway Company was authorized to construct and work tramways in Hobart, but a reservation was made by which the Minister of Lands and Works could, with the approval of the Governor in Council, purchase them upon giving six months' notice, the price to be ascertained by arbitration in the event of failure to arrive at an agreement. (ii) Hobart Corporation Tramway Act 1912. By this Act the Corporation of the City of Hobart was authorized to purchase the -undertaking of the Hobart Tramway Company at a price to be mutually agreed upon, but a poll of the citizens must be taken first. The Corporation was empowered to borrow up to 300,000 for the purpose of purchasing and extending the tramways, and to levy a rate to make good any deficiency in the tramway accounts. The purchase was completed in 1913, and the management has since been in the hands of the Corporation. (iii) Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shows the route mileage, cost of construction, revenue and expenditure of the Hobart Tramways under the manage- ment of the Company from 1893 to 1912, and under that of the Corporation of the City of Hobart from 1913 to 1916 : TASMANIA. HOBART TRAMWAYS. MILEAGE, COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1893 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Route Mileage. . Cost of Construction. Revenue. Working Expenses. UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF THE PRIVATE COMPANY. Miles. 1893 . 9 90,000 4,155 3,400 1894 . 9 90,000 14,112 10,827 1895 9 > 90,000 13,104 9,187 1896 9 90,000 12,052 8,511 1897 9 90,000 12,206 8,562 1898 9 90,000 12,459 8,940 1899 , 9 90,000 13,450 10,153 1900 . 9 90,000 14,511 10,714 1901 9 90,000 16,097 11,494 1902 t 9 90,000 17,802 12,900 1903 m 9 90,000 18,327 12,519 1904 j 9 90,000 19,855 10,906 1905 . 9 90,000 20,559 11,260 1906 . 9 90,000 20,208 15,630 1907 . 9 90,000 24,421 13,635 1908 ; 9 90,000 25,419 12,803 1909 . 9 91,000 26,128 15,683 1910 j 9 100,500 29,500 17,000 1911 . 9 101,735 32,393 19,550 1912 9 92,000 36,688 21,477 UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CITY CORPORATION. 1913 w 219,424 40,132 23,727 1914 U* 243,637 47,251 23,644 1915 13 261,000 48,853 31,754 1916 13 279,400 51,803 30,100 (L) City of Launceston. 1. Police Act 1838. This Act applied also to Hobart Town, and details thereof have already been given (see page 136). 2. Hobart Town and Launceston Municipal Councils Act 1852. Particulars of this Act have already been given in connexion with the City of Hobart Town (see page 136). MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 143 3. Launceston Building Act 1853. Under this Act external walls were to be con- structed of brick, stone, or iron. 4. Launceston Building Act 18S4. This Act repealed the previous one and classified buildings, fixing the thickness of their walls, tl)e materials for construction, and other matters. It was replaced by a fresh Act in 1869. 5. Hobart Town and Launceston Police Act 1857. This Act has already been mentioned (see page 137). 6. Hobart Town and Launceston Powers Act 1857. Already described (see page 138). 7. Launceston Corporation Act 1858. Under this Act the Town of Launceston was incorporated under the title of the Mayor, Aldermen, and Burgesses of the Town of Launceston, and the boundaries were defined. In all respects as to the qualification of Burgesses and Aldermen, the voting power of Burgesses, and other matters, the pro- visions of this Act were the same as those in the Hobart Town Corporation Act 1857 (see page 137). 8. Launceston Improvement Act 1858. Under this Act the paving, draining cleansing and lighting of the City was vested in the Council, together with the con- struction, repair, and maintenance of streets, pavements, and other public places. Streets were to be watered, scavengers to be appointed, and nuisances prevented. Power was given to appoint a Town Surveyor and a Health Officer; also to make common sewers, provide lamps, contract for lighting, build a Town Hall, make by-laws, and levy rates not exceeding one shilling and sixpence on the annual value. This Act was repealed by the Police Act 1865 (see page 147). 9. Amendments of the Launceston Corporation Act 1858. This Act was amended from time to time, and was finally consolidated by the Launceston Corporation Act 1894. The following are particulars of the more important amendments : (a) 1859. The Council was empowered to borrow on the mortgage of rates, other than police and water rates, up to a sum equal to the average revenue for two years. The contribution of the Government for police purposes was fixed at a sum equal to the difference between the annual expenditure, as certified by the Police Inspector, and the amount derived from a police rate of sixpence in the pound of the annual value ; and from fines, penalties, and dog licences. (6) 1863. The Council was empowered to farm fees fron* market tolls, &c., for a period not exceeding three years, (c) 1863. Owners of property of the assessed annual value of less than 20 were permitted to vote, although their rates may not have been paid. (d) 1869. The minimum amount of annual valuation entitling a Burgess to vote was reduced to 8, and the scale of votes altered to one vote for an annual value of 8 to 40, with an extra vote for every 40 additional, up to a maximum of seven votes for 240 and upwards, (e) Launceston Paving Act 1869. Half the expense of paving footpaths was to be borne by the owners of abutting lands. (/) Launceston Noxious Trades Act 1874. This Act contained regulations for, and provision for the inspection of, noxious trades, (g) 1888. Launceston was proclaimed a City, (h) 1892. The Council could cause private streets to be constructed at the cost of the owners. 10. Launceston Corporation Act 1894. This Act consolidated the provisions of former Acts and repealed the Acts themselves. It contained very few fresh provisions, the more important alterations being that a Burgess could now be either a male or a female, the qualification of an Alderman was reduced from 100 to 50 of the assessment on the annual value, the maximum amount of rates was fixed at one shilling and sixpence in the pound of the annual value, and separate local rates were not to exceed one shilling and sixpence in the pound on the annual value, or one penny in the pound on the capital value. 11. Amendments of the Launceston Corporation Act 1894. The following are the more important -amendments to this Act: (a) 1895. Accounts are to be audited by the Auditor-General instead of by Auditors elected by the Burgesses. (&) 1900. Where rates are payable by the owner of any property the occupier is entitled to vote, although the rates have not been paid. Owners are entitled to vote as well as occupiers. The scale of votes was altered so that a voter assessed on an annual value of 8 and under 30 was entitled to one vote, on 30 and under 60 to two, on 60 and under 100 to three, on 100 and under 150 to four, and on 150 and upwards to five votes, (c) 1902. The jurisdiction of the Launceston Local Board of Health was extended 144 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. to Lawrence Vale, and the maximum amount of health rate was fixed at one shilling in the pound of the annual value, (d) The valuation of tramways for rating purposes was fixed at an annual value of 100 and a capital value of 1,000 per mile. (e) Greater Launceston Act 1907. The Towns of Invermay and Trevallyn were included within the boundaries of the City of Launceston. (/) 1907. Regulations could be made regarding the sale of fish, and the Council was empowered to erect freezing works, to purchase land outside the City, and to establish sports grounds. (g) 1908. The regulation and licensing of hawkers within the City was vested in the Council, which also had power to make common sewers and to compel owners to con- struct drains connected with them. (h) 1918. Voting by post authorized. The non-payment of rates does not hinder a Citizen from voting. If there are more than three candidates for Mayor the ones with the lowest number of votes are with- drawn until only two are left, a fresh -ballot is then made of these two, and, if the voting is equal, lots are drawn. The maximum amount of all rates is raised to two shillings in the pound on the annual value. The annual value of rateable property is to be not less than 5 per cent, of the capital value. If rates are paid within three months and fourteen days of the date of their falling due a discount of 2 per cent, is allowed. 12. Launceston Building Act 1894. This Act, which extended to all places within the limits of the City of Launceston, contained provisions relating to the regulation and supervision of buildings, to dangerous structures, to party structures, and other matters connected with buildings. 13. Launceston Water and Light Act 1895. Under this Act the Corporation was empowered to divert the waters of the Saint Patrick's and South Esk Rivers for the purpose of supplying water or electricity, or both. The Council was authorized to supply electricity within and beyond the City, to fix a lighting rate not exceeding tenpence in the pound of the annual value in respect of buildings within the City, and to borrow up to 50,000. Further loans were authorized from time to time. The pro- visions of this Act regarding water supply are dealt with under the heading of the Launceston Water Supply (see page 209). * 14. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables shew (a) the area and annual value of the City of Launceston for the years 1866 to 1916, the outstanding loans for the years 1875 to 1916, the number of properties rated from 1884 to 1907, and the estimated population and. number of inhabited dwellings from 1908 to 1916 ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1854 to 1916 : TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON. AREA, POPULATION, NUMBER OF DWELLINGS, ANNUAL VALUE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1866 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Area. Estimated Population. Number of Properties rated. Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. Acres. No. No. 1866 . . 3,440 , . 74,600 1867 .. .. 3,440 . . 71,151 1868 3,440 72,080 1869 3,440 . . . . 62,911 1870 3,440 63,078 1871 3,440 . . 64,111 1872 3,440 . . 63,376 1873 3,440 f 63,376 1874 3,440 . 62,559 1875 3,440 63,129 51,976 1876 .. 3,440 66,605 65,876 1877 3,440 e 68,179 73,466 1878 3,440 72,336 77,866 1879 3,440 74,300 90,216 1880 3,440 84,684 93,506 1881 3,440 88,138 93,206 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 145 TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON. AREA, POPULATION, NUMBER OF DWELLINGS, ANNUAL VALUE, ETC., 1866 TO 1916 continued. Year ending 31st December. Area. Estimated Population. Number of Properties rated.* Annual Value. Outstanding Loans. Acres. No. No. 1882 3,440 98,960 96,986 1883 3,440 107,895 97,966 1884 3,440 2,980 109,038 108,096 1885 3,440 3,331 106,750 119,880 1886 3,440 3,453 111,747 120,376 1887 3,440 3,514 115,081 188,930 1888 3,440 3,680 120,529 179,530 1889 3,440 3,770 127,515 157,600 1890 3,440 3,770 132,653 154,950 1891 3,440 4,007 135,168 155,950 1892 3,440 . . 4,130 140,253 165,300 1893 3,440 . . 4,200 143,775 169,706 1894 3,440 . . 4,291 . 136,240 173,938 1895 3,440 4,245 132,010 213,902 1896 3,440 4,260 128,372 244,502 1897 3,440 . . 4,275 125,591 251,602 1898 3,440 . . 4,271 125,498 263,702 1899 3,440 . . 4,275 125,498 271,752 1900 3,343 4,348 126,470 281,152 1901 3,343 . . 4,347 128,434 283,936 1902 .. 3,343 . . 4,373 130,207 295,136 1903 3,343 . . 4,451 133,000 293,526 1904 .. 3,343 . . 4,481 138,809 314,133 1905 3,343 . . 4,577 142,642 342,651 1906 3,343 . . 4,675 147,000 342,651 1907 3,343 4,831 151,734 358,619 1908 5,700 2l',778 4,018 169,039 358,529 1909 5,700 21,770 4,018 169,039 393,763 1910 5,700 20,838 4,083 170,808 393,763 1911 5,700 20,838 4,165 172,953 432,119 1912 5,700 21,203 4,134 176,118 447,378 1913 5,700 21,409 4,218 178,581 457,394 1914 .. 5,700 21,399 4,359 182,148 453,758 1915 .. 5,700 21,391 4,434 182,148 488,788 1916 .. 5,700 21,256 4,434 185,781 571,515 The figures for 1908 and subsequent years relate to inhabited dwellings. TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. . December. Rates. Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1854 3,098 2,705 1,520 7,323 5,762 1855 3,063 1,744 1,744 6,551 5,569 1856 3,416 1,775 476 5,667 5,777 1857 3,374 2,000 410 5,784 6,720 1858 3,939 500 1,033 5,472 . 5,615 1859 8,779 6,384 6,833 21,996 . 20,476 1860 8,594 3,425 26,254 38,273 34,664 1861 9,341 2,180 10,709 22,230 24,434 146 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916 continued. Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Ldminis- ;ration. Works. Other. Total. 1862 9,646 4,360 8,443 22,449 21,644 1863 8,878 1,090 7,010 1-6,978 20,791 1864 8,966 2,347 6,370 17,683 18,534 1865 8,626 2,888 7,450 18,964 20,414 1866 8,209 1,217 2,536 11,962 ,290 7,895 3,070 12,255 1867 *. . 8,159 2,017 2,392 12,568 ,160 8,431 2,288 11,879 1868 8,758 400 3,516 12,674 ,160 8,793 2,197 12,150 1869 8,185 300 3,580 12,065 ,380 9,084 2,265 12,729 1870 8,861 602 3,774 13,237 ,127 9,242 2,328 12,697 1871 8,535 502 2,978 12,015 1,178 8,548 2,335 12,061 1872 8,490 785 2,722 11,997 1,176 8,212 2,350 11,738 1873 8,398' 343 3,032 11,773 1,123 9,099 2,350 12,572 1874 8,357 622 3,522 12,501 ,125 8,798 2,358 12,281 1875 8,754 792 3,608 13,154 ,125 8,840 2,593 12,558 1876 8,926 547 16,694 26,167 ,125 19,942 2,744 23,811 1877 9,950 564 10,642 21,156 ,125 18,760 2,628 22,513 1878 10,984 113 8,681 19,778 ,175 20,611 3,073 24,859 1879 12,131 514 17,916 30,561 ,150 21,545 3,194 25,889 1880 12,399 959 11,351 24,709 ,200 18,921 3,308 23,429 1881 13,261 400 12,812 26,473 ,200 17,377 3,390 21,967 1882 14,857 9 12,298 27,164 ,836 15,918 15,158 32,912 1883 15,576 1,339 11,491 28,406 ,991 9,985 18,873 30,849 1884 16,577 7,984 19,434 43,995 1,821 12,274 29,014 43,109 1885 16,080 9,461 24,240 49,781 2,325 23,924 21,072 47,321 1886 16,188 4,648 17,946 38,782 2,724 13,498 22,217 38,439 1887 19,593 6,130 158,037 183,760 3,271 11,729 1 18,268 133,268 1888 19,310 3,748 22,670 45,728 2,915 17,471 36,566 56,952 1889 20,781 . . 29,583 50,364 3,022 14,917 36,050 53,989 1890 20,837 3,029 13,858 37,724 2,500 19,019 28,462 49,981 1891 21,055 4,074 13,993 39,122 3,147 18,097 22,293 43,537 1892 21,404 1,064 24,797 47,265 3,266 26,053 17,547 46,866 1893 21,194 19,703 40,897 3,297 25,066 10,296 38,659 1894 19,151 5,201 14,971 39,323 4,078 27,435 14,444 45,957 1895 18,306 35,000 21,751 75,057 3,574 40,707 41,956 86,237 1896 18,559 41,750 60,309 3,564 31,655 20,060 55,279 1897 18,915 2is 20,150 39,280 3,539 24,215 17,542 45,296 1898 19,268 215 27,578 47,061 3,783 29,557 16,168 49,508 1899 16,642 509 23,985 41,136 4,405 17,650 20,290 42,345 1900 25,916 1,150 21,872 48,938 4,433 27,885 16,345 48,663 1901 17,386 1,620 22,002 41,008 5,883 29,205 8,080 43,168 1902 18,195 950 35,694 54,839 5,628 26,334 17,947 49,909 1903 18,075 30,194 48,269 5,403 27,521 18,246 51,170 1004 19,535 69,797 89,332 5,430 57,560 26,490 89,480 1905 20,031 75,209 95,240 6,034 45,916 44,501 96,451 1906 21,244 iso 56,868 78,262 6,014 35,746 37,034 78,794 1907 17,200 150 79,322 96,672 6,262 47,888 42,028 96,178 1908 24,897 1,000 97,371 123,268 7,586 40,662 80,450 128,698 1909 45,920 150 53,965 100,035 7,004 12,378 76,644 96,026 1910 25,489 150 29,157 54,796 7,013 23,997 21,783 52,793 1911 25,440 150 73,462 99,052 6,992 68,986 20,050 96,028 1912 25,256 150 47,010 72,416 7,950 42,039 20,835 70,824 1913 25,754 250 49,330 75,334 6,456 52,370 27,569 86,395 1914 25,789 250 54,481 80,520 6,034 43,173 23,013 72,220 1905 27,909 250 64,108 92,267 6,830 52,547 27,008 86,385 1916 27,763 250 64,909 92,922 8,000 60,381 25,257 93,638 NOTE. The details of expenditure from 1882 to 1908 and for 1915 and 1916 are approximate only. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 147 15. Launceston Tramways. The Launceston tramways were constructed by the Municipality and are managed by that body. (i) Launceston Tramway Act 1906. This Act authorized the Corporation of the City of Launceston to enter into an agreement with a company to construct and maintain tramways. The Corporation was given the right to purchase the tramways after the expiration of 21 years from their completion, at a price to be determined, in case of difference, by an engineer or other fit person nominated by the Governor. By an amendment of the Act in 1907 the right of purchase was extended to the year 1935, and, if not exercised then, to subsequent periods of seven years. No tramways were built by any company or private person under this Act. (ii) Launceston Tramway Act (No. 3) 1908. By this Act the Corporation of the City of Launceston was empowered to construct and maintain tramways, to lease same to any company or person for a period not exceeding 30 years, to borrow money, and to levy a rate to make up any deficiencies in tramway receipts. Before constructing a tramway a poll of the Citizens had to be taken. Under this Act a system of tramways has been constructed and maintained by the Corporation of the City of Launceston. (iii) Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given the route mileage, cost of construction, revenue, and working expenses of the Launceston Municipal Tramways for the years 1911 to 1916 : TASMANIA. LAUNCESTON MUNICIPAL TRAMWAYS. MILEAGE, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1911 TO 1916. Year. Route Mileage. Cost of Construction. Revenue. Working Expenses. Miles. 1911 5| 52,162 % 1912 5^ 55,417 14,783 10,409 1913 7; 70,871 17,155 13,332 1914 i\ 75,239 17,885 10,246 1915 81 86,214 19,317 14,814 1916 9 94,412 21,621 16,658 (M) Acts Bearing on Local Government. 1. Police Acts. Under these Acts Local Authorities are given powers, such as are in many other States included in their respective Local Government Acts, relating to the registration of dogs, common lodging houses, places of public entertainment, slaughtering, impounding, cabs, and nuisances. The following is a resum6 of the more important of these Acts : (i) Police Act 1838. Mention has already been made of the provisions of this Act (see page 136). (ii) Police Act 1865. The Governor could proclaim any portion of a Municipal District not being a Municipality under the Rural Municipalities Act 1865 to be a Town, and a Municipal Council could mark off a portion of its area which the Governor could proclaim as a Town. Within a Municipal District or Municipality, dogs had to be registered with the Town Clerk. The Mayor of a Municipality was one of the Justices for the licensing of stage coaches and their drivers. Common lodging- houses in Towns had to be inspected and approved by the Municipal Council, and licensed by the Ma} 7 or ; while places of public entertainment also required a licence from the Mayor. In every Municipality, except Hobart Town and Launceston, slaughtering licences were to be issued by the Mayor, while the Council was authorized to make by-laws regarding the slaughtering of animals. The following provisions referred to Municipalities only, but the Governor could extend them to Towns, in which case the Stipendiary Magistrate, if any, or two Justices of the Peace were to carry out the duties of a Municipal Council. Municipal Councils were to exercise the powers of the Governor under the Impounding Act ; cabs and their drivers 148 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. were to be licensed by the Mayor ; regulations were made regarding cabs ; carts and drays were to be licensed by the Mayor ; and the paving, draining, cleansing, and lighting of any Town in any Municipality, as well as the construction, repair, and maintenance of streets, were placed under the management of the Municipal Council. A Council could appoint a surveyor, an officer of health, and scavengers, could regulate the removal of nuisances, could make common sewers, and could levy annual rates not exceeding one shilling and sixpence in the pound. In 1896 these powers were extended to Town Boards under the Town Boards Act. (iii) Rural Police Rate Act 1867. A Municipal Council, with the consent of a majority of the electors at a poll, was empowered to surrender the charge and control of the police force within its boundaries to the Governor. (iv) Police Act Amendment Act 1883. A Municipal Council was empowered to make by-laws for regulating the use and inspection of steam-engines, the use of bicycles and tricycles, and the traffic and charges of parcel delivery carts. (v) Police Act Amendment Act 1900. Local Authorities were given authority to make by-laws providing for the inspection of meat. (vi) Police Act 1905. This Act consolidated and amended the previous Police Acts and amendments, the provisions relating to the powers of Municipal Councils and Town Boards contained in previous Acts and amendments being re-enacted therein. 2. Valuation Acts. The following Acts have been passed with reference to the valuation of property : (i) Property Valuation Act 1857. The Justices of a District were to appoint assessors and cause a valuation roll to be compiled. This Act did not apply to Hobart Town and Launceston. In 1868 annual value was defined as the rent at which a property might be let from year to year with a deduction of 15 per cent, for rates, taxes, repairs, and other outgoings. In 1879 the term rateable value was substituted for annual value, and defined as the annual rent which a tenant might reasonably be expected to pay. In 1871 the rateable value of land for mining purposes was not to include any gold or silver therein, but was fixed on the annual value of the land itsalf, together with any buildings, machinery, and improvements thereon. In 1887 capital value was defined as the sum for which land would sell, including improvements. Assessors were to be appointed by the Governor. (ii) Assessment Act 1898. This Act repealed the former Act and its amendments. Every Local Authority was to make an annual assessment roll, giving both the capital and annual value. The Governor could appoint assessors, and the Local Authority valuators. The annual value was defined as the annual rental which could reasonably be demanded, less rates and taxes. The capital value was the sum for which the fee- simple with improvements would sell. The capital value of tramways was fixed at 1,000 per mile, and the annual value at 100 per mile. {iii) Assessment Act 1900. This Act repealed the foregoing. The Local Authority of every District, which included the Cities of Hobart and Launceston, all Municipal Districts and all Town Boards, was to make an annual assessment roll, which was to include both the annual and capital values of properties therein, and could appoint a committee of not less than three of its members to do so. The Governor could appoint a Chief Assessor and other Assessors, and a Local Authority could appoint Valuators. The Rolls as made up were to be forwarded to the Chief Assessor for revision. Assessment rolls could be amended and assessments appealed against, such appeals to be heard before a Judge. The definitions of annual and capital value remained the same as in the previous Acts. All rates and taxes were to be collected upon the rolls made under this Act. An amendment in 1910 repealed all references to a Chief Assessor and other Assessors appointed by the Government, also the definition of capital value. (iv) Annual Values Assessment Act 1911. This Act is to be read in conjunction with the Local Government Act 1906, the Hobart Corporation Act 1893, and the Launceston Corporation Act 1894, and repeals the Assessment Acts of 1900 and 1910. Annual value is defined as the annual rental that could be reasonably demanded, less rates and taxes, other than land tax. The annual value of mining property is not to be inclusive of any minerals therein, and no rateable property is to be computed at less than 3 per cent, of MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 149 the capital value of the fee-simple. The annual value of a tramway is to be assessed at not more than 100 per mile. Every Municipal Council is to make a valuation of the annual value every year, and may either itself make the assessment or appoint a competent valuer. Appeals against assessments are considered . by the Council, and the Governor may declare that any Commissioner appointed to hold a Court of Requests shall be a Court of Appeal for the purposes of this Act. 3. Rates Collection and Recovery Act 1858. This Act with its amendments empowers a rate collector to demand rates through the post. 4. Rates Relief Act 1863. A Municipal Council could not levy rates on any public museum, the gardens of the Royal Society at Hobart Town, and the gardens of the Horticultural Society at Launceston, except for a supply of water where the same is used. In 1901 lands and buildings used for Sunday schools, mission rooms, and churches, or in connexion therewith, were relieved from liability for local rates or taxes except sanitary rates. In 1911 the Hobart waterworks and land connected therewith were exempted from local rates and taxes. 5. Rural Voting Act 1884. This Act specified the number of votes to which an elector under the Rural Municipalities Act 1884 and the Roads Act 1884 was entitled. These were one vote for an annual value of under 30, two for 30 and under 80, three for 80 and under 160, four for 160 and under 240, five for 240 and under 360, six for 360 and under 460, and seven for 460 and over. It was apparently superseded in 1906 by the Local Government Act. 6. Municipal Association Act 1916. This Act incorporates the Municipal Association, and empowers it to conduct fire, life, accident, and fidelity guarantee insurance. The Association consists of Municipal Councils which are or may become members, and Councils may contribute to its funds out of the Municipal Fund. (N) Government Grants and Subsidies. 1. General. The Government usually subsidizes Local Authorities and makes them special grants from time to time, and the following is a short resume of the legislation in Tasmania on the subject : 2. Waste Lands Act 1870. One-fourth of the moneys received from the sale, rent, or licence fees of waste lands was set apart for the construction of roads, bridges, jetties, tramways, and wharves. This was formerly spent by the Government on the advice of Boards of Works (see page 132) ; but from the first of January, 1871, was handed over to the Trustees of Road Districts, on the basis of an equal amount where a road rate of one shilling, one-half where ninepence, and one-third where a rate of sixpence in the pound of annual value was levied. 3. Appropriation in Aid of Road Rates Act 1889. In lieu of the aforementioned sums paid to Road Trustees under the Waste Lands Act, a sum of money, which varied from year to year, was set aside annually from the Consolidated Revenue for roads and bridges other than main roads. This sum was distributed among Road Trusts proportionately to the amount collected, but no subsidy was paid on a greater rate than one shilling per pound of annual value nor where a rate less than sixpence was struck. In 1894 the amount of subsidy was fixed at one-half the amount of the road rates collected, provided that the various Boards and Towns levied a rate of not less than one shilling in the pound of the annual value. 4. Aid to Road Rates Act 1898. Where the Trustees of a Road District or a Town Board had levied a road rate of not less than one shilling during the previous four years, a subsidy was granted equal to ninepence for every shilling collected, if during three years the subsidy was reduced to sixpence, and if during two years to threepence. If the amount appropriated annually was insufficient for this basis of distribution it was to be divided proportionately. In 1900 an additional subsidy was granted to certain scheduled Road Districts, which were divided into four classes, the subsidy for each shilling collected being in Class I., sevenpence; Class II., fivepence ; Class III., threepence; and Class IV., three halfpence. In 1901 the subsidies to the Trustees of Road Districts were unchanged, but those to Town Boards were reduced to sixpence, fourpence, and twopence respectively, according to classification. The additional subsidies to scheduled classified Road Trusts and Town Boards were reduced to sixpence, fourpence, twopence, and one penny respectively. 150 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 5. Aid to Road Rates Act 1906. The sum of money appropriated was to be paid proportionately to all Road Trusts which did not levy a less rate than one shilling in the pound and to be applied to roads, streets, and bridges other than main roads. No subsidy was paid on any portion of a rate in excess of one shilling. 6. Aid to Road Rates Act 1908. All main roads now ceased to be so designated and were deemed to be cross roads, and were to be maintained by Councils. The amount of subsidy payable to a Council was fixed at the sum produced by multiplying the total annual value of rateable property by the rate in the pound set opposite to the name of the Municipality given in the schedule to the Act. 7. Aid to Road Rates Act 1915. The annual subsidy is now based on the amount of road rates of not less than one shilling in the pound raised by each Council, provided that such rate has been collected for at least three years previously. Municipalities are divided into six classes, and the subsidy granted is one shilling for Class I., rising by a shilling for each Class up to six shillings for Class VI. in the pound of road rates collected. (o) Local Public Works. 1. Local Public Works Act 1 867. Owners or occupiers of property desirous of obtaining assistance in the construction of railways, tramways, bridges, irrigation and drainage, jetties, breakwaters, or waterworks for Towns could petition the Governor to proclaim a District. After proclamation, a majority of owners or occupiers could petition for the benefit of this Act. The numbe'r of votes allowed each voter was the same as that specified for the election of Road Trustees. If the proposed work was of public benefit, and a rate of one shilling in the pound on the annual value was sufficient to pay interest and sinking fund, the Governor could declare that the work be constructed, provided that the cost did not exceed 50,000. Owners and occupiers were to elect five persons to be Promoters, who were to have sole control and management of the con- struction and maintenance. The money was to be advanced by the Government and repaid by the District. The promoters were to fix the amount of rates, one-sixth of which was to be placed to a sinking fund, and the other five-sixths applied to part payment of the interest, the balance of which was to be defrayed by the General Revenue. Any profits were to go to the Colonial Treasury. An amendment to this Act in 1870 authorized the Governor to set apart from the Waste Lands Act money equal to the amount of rate, but not exceeding 3 per cent, on the debentures. 2. Local Public Works Act 1872. This Act repealed the foregoing Act and amendment, but most of the provisions were re-enacted. In 1873 the Act was amended, so that ten owners or occupiers holding property of the aggregate annual value of 500 might petition for the proclamation of a District. The number of votes to which each voter was entitled was one for an owner assessed at 5 and under 40, and for an occupier at 10 and under 40, with an additional vote for each 40 up to ten votes for 360 and upwards. These Acts were repealed in 1878, and all works constructed under their provisions vested in the Government. (p) Loans to Local Bodies. 1. Roads Loans Act 1871. This Act authorized the Colonial Treasurer to advance money to Local Authorities on the security of special rates. It was repealed by the Main Roads Act 1880. 2. Local Bodies Loans Act 1881. This Act empowered every Local Body which had power by law to raise money on the mortgage of any rate or special rate, to raise money by the sale of debentures. The amount borrowed must not exceed ten times the average income for the preceding three years. Before raising a loan a poll of ratepayers could be demanded by any five of their number. 3. Local Public Works Loans Act 1890. This Act empowers the Governor to grant loans to any public body for water supply purposes, irrigation works, improvement of rivers and harbours, or other public works. The interest to be paid must not be less than 4 nor more than 5 per cent. A special loan rate may be levied, but must not exceed one shilling in the pound on the annual value. Prior to the passing of this Act a large number of loans were granted to various Local Bodies for each of which a separate Act of Parliament was passed. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 151 (Q) Summary Tables. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the annual valuations for the years 1866 to 1916, and the outstanding loans for the years 1875 to 1916 ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1854 to 1916 of all Road Trusts, Rural Municipalities, Town Boards, and Municipalities inclusive of the Cities of Hobart and Launceston : TASMANIA. ROAD TRUSTS, TOWN BOARDS, AND MUNICIPALITIES. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL VALUES AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1866 TO 1916. Year. Annual Value.* Outstanding Loans. Year. Annual Value.* Outstanding Loans. 1866 567,892 1892 ,387,393 412,160 1867 558,107 . . 1893 ,396,840 412,006 I SOS 569,376 1894 ,365,268 414,288 1869 512,955 1895 ,344,592 456,252 1870 514,792 1896 ,343,941 488,102 1871 521,298 1897 ,226,951 494,252 1872 468,222 1898 ,356,782 512,402 1873 500,586 1899 ,355,108 525,702 1874 502,696 1900 ,417,547 561,327 1875 506,769 141,811 1901 ,449,255 589,273 1876 526,163 159,636 1902 ,457,804 597,323 1877 515,367 167,966 1903 ,489,056 601,363 1878 536,375 175,916 1904 ,571,990 628,067 1879 552,868 183,142 1905 ,605,960 658,632 1880 568,796 203,190 1906 ,692,735 660,472 1881 573,314 213,097 1907 ,705,081 709,552 1882 ,032,589 234,850 1908 ,340,243 734,876 1883 ,091,223 250,166 1909 ,404,328 760,520 1884 ,167,675 265,842 1910 ,459,917 857,978 1885 ,184,117 288,411 1911 ,492,533 918,819 1886 ,208,175 303,557 1912 1,534,789 975,221 1887 ,248,848 380,452 1913 1,583,739 1,468,730 1888 ,266,103 410,641 1914 1,776,099 1,275,074 1889 ,316,076 378,967 1915 1,654,654 1,439,544 1890 ,363,299 423,117 1916 1,717,878 1,804,750 1891 1,384,238 420,000 * Exclusive of Road Trusts, from 1866 to 1881. TASMANIA. ROAD TRUSTS, MAIN ROAD BOARDS, RURAL MUNICIPALISES TOWN BOARDS, RABBIT TRUSTS, AND MUNICIPALITIES (INCLUDING HOBART AND LAUNCESTON). SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. I 1854 52,222 . . . . 39,670 1855 38,554 . . . 37,044 1856 44,006 . . . . 41,348 1857 48,688 . . 48,489 1858 32,417 e 34,553 1859 60,281 . . 56,462 1860 .. 71,051 . . 75,263 1 1 152 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. TASMANIA. ROAD TRUSTS, MAIN ROAD BOARDS, ETC. SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1854 TO 1916 continued. Year. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. - 1861 100,970 . . 90,398 1862 89,913 . . . 96,230 1863 41,352 11,614 23,535 76,501 . . 80,905 1864 44,742 18,160 29,649 92,551 93,463 1865 46,520 21,390 20,995 88,905 94,659 1866 43,327 13,824 13,072 70,223 9,781 45,947 28,944 84,672 1867 47,572 19,097 18,555 85,224 8,995 43,708 21,543 74,246 1868 50,337 10,746 15,592 76,675 8,222 46,873 22,936 78,031 1869 47,529 10,000 11,442 68,971 8,222 40,340 21,751 70,313 1870 47,662 11,284 12,776 71,722 8,034 41,543 19,287 68,864 1871 48,842 11,632 11,320 71,794 8,357 40,918 23,433 72,708 1872 48,248 8,647 11,643 68,538 8,182 45,212 20,353 73,747 1873 50,753 11,040 14,239 76^032 7,898 42,783 21,262 71,943 1874 52,496 10,445 14,427 77,368 8,057 49,135 21,204 78,396 1875 52,956 16,315 16,406 85,677 8,315 48,239 27,912 84,466 1876 54,371 14,455 40,183 109,009 8,603 71,944 30,474 111,021 1877 58,285 13,931 34,219 106,435 9,938 58,779 39,061 107,778 1878 59,791 17,726 26,760 104,277 8,995 67,984 29,836 106,815 1879 59,489 17,822 37,154 114,465 9,825 72,311 32,586 114,722 1880 56,169 16,515 43,399 116,083 9,826 70,014 27,403 107,243 1881 55,68fi 12,670 42,293 110,649 9,472 62,250 33,687 105,409 1882 59,153 23,131 45,348 127,632 12,786 60,942 59,715 133,443 1883 64,517 32,773 51,981 149,271 10,716 73,365 69,375 153,456 1884 69,406 62,964 36,559 168,929 11,235 83,349 75,745 170,329 1885 74,206 58,061 48,757 181,024 13,030 93,507 72,246 178,783 1886 72,759 47,455 56,450 176,664 14,436 83,360 76,980 174,776 1887 82,532 47,333 191,939 321,804 16,368 92,409 161,420 270,197 1888 77,907 57,296 48,104 183,307 15,502 89,475 95,363 200,340 1889 83,412 34,103 58,090 175,605 14,415 70,019 98,626 183,060 1890 88,428 32,895 47,751 169,074 15,655 80,071 81,466 177,192 1891 88,885 35,781 31,781 156,447 15,802 72,383 72,966 161,151 1892 90,249 29,271 84,275 203,795 17,294 101,144 83,426 201,864 1893 90,301 23,066 45,051 158,418 17,574 80,899 62,417 160,890 1894 85,333 24,119 51,351 160,803 17,579 80,622 71,081 169,282 1895 87,399 44,650 37,352 169,401 16,014 81,622 79,191 176,827 1896 88,437 8,804 50,337 147,578 15,604 63,478 62,857 141,939 1897* 89,681 7,677 31,705 129,063 16,016 58,028 62,654 136,698 1898 89,227 17,333 45,321 151,881 17,301 74,528 60,251 152,080 1899 75,950 19,601 39,613 135,164 18,773 63,327 55,408 137,508 1900 91,915 29,413 42,118 163,446 19,361 91,168 53,922 164,451 1901 93,836 27,786 53,047 174,669 22,028 105,531 46,374 173,933 1092 89,884 24,967 63,285 178,136 21,117 86,465 60,944 168,526 1903 91,265 14,298 61,755 167,318 22,449 87,931 63,406 173,786 1904 102,446 14,309 96,659 213,414 21,291 118,506 67,846 207,643 1905 101,694 13,707 105,602 221,003 21,654 110,095 90,065 221,814 1906 107,315 10,298 89,560 207,173 22,508 103,600 89,117 215,225 1907 102,466 17,131 133,078 252,675 24,335 121,737 106,361 252,433 1908 142,466 40,254 186,466 369,186 38,133 158,955 156,611 353,699 1909 173,452 44,293 92,245 309,990 40,144 102,020 176,337 318,501 1910 147,750 35,616 87,994 271,360 34,586 155,245 76,277 266,108 1911 150,233 35,215 133,073 318,521 35,498 181,059 90,777 307,334 1912 159,290 26,051 107,935 293,276 37,519 179,451 79,824 296,794 1913 178,749 17,510 114,046 310,305 45,499 197,057 93,953 336,509 1914 185,954 14,416 169,825 370,195 39,321 202,602 107,263 349,186 1915 190,491 14,651 172,006 377,148 39,709 188,647 166,018 394,374 1916 188,939 12,753 216,880 418,572 45,532 282,066 183,379 510,977 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. 153 7. Commonwealth. 1. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the revenue and expenditure for the years 1858 to 1916 ; (b) the annual values for the years 1856 to 1916 , and (c) the outstanding loans for the years 1868 to 1916 of all Municipalities, Shires, &c., in the Commonwealth of Australia, as far as details are available : COMMONWEALTH. MUNICIPALITIES, ROAD BOARDS, DISTRICT COUNCILS, ETC, SUMMARY OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Bates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1858 a) 56,613 (g) 257,027 (<7> 403,588 749,645 (i) 19,636 (i) 224,620 (i) 60,062 720,530 1859 1860 a) 59,179 o) 74,474 (<7) 255,301 (?) 259,071 (g) 337,379 (g) 316,368 714,947 742,789 (t) 17,742 0') 17,549 (i) 213,931 j) 124,340 (i) 44,484 j) 29,383 805,984 742,687 1861 *) 84,374 (ft) 253,191 (A) 364,:>24 802,7.')!) CO 17,606 j) 170,215 0') 18,731 762,442 1862 a) 74,703 (g) 291,266 (g) 331,997 834,054 CO 20,176 j) 187,715 0') 31,780 876,154 1863 (c) 129,042 240,942 499,077 869,061 (j) 20,961 ;) 175,420 CO 47,964 869,463 1864 (c) 141,353 341,254 601,308 1,083,915 (k) 27,299 k) 188,874 k) 58,907 1,069,062 1865 375,841 307,287 476,389 1,159,517 (k) 28,763 k) 218,338 (k) 69,885 1,249,327 1866 396,757 314,608 564,508 1,275,873 (0 42,836 362,680 '0 93,734 1,247,177 1867 (d) 392,580 334,790 640,296 1,367,666 (0 41,033 411,859 '0 105,762 1,371,101 1868 (d) 411,739 215,210 834,433 1,461,382 (m) 122,279 m) 825,238 m) 388,310 ,369,332 1869 432,392 366,871 660,361 1,459,624 126,892 826,766 495,697 ,449,355 1870 450,995 336,741 578,373 ,366,109 134,276 875,861 411,857 ,421,994 1871 479,731 338,031 653,680 ,471,442 133,155 904,810 461 ,608 ,499,573 1872 () 480,522 (e) 330,577 (e) 641,971 ,454,265 (e) 135,973 e) 860,160 (e) 45o,361 ,452,567 1873 (e) 500,147 e) 358,216 (e) 617,629 ,477,574 (e) 141,438 e) 990,594 (e) 509,604 ,643,204 1874 (e) 529,762 (e) 357,120 (e) 702,764 ,591,270 (f) 145,029 e) 1,039,358 (e) 497,450 1,683,378 1875 (e) 666,425 (e) 559,485 (e) 526,417 ,753,972 (e) 146,895 e) 894,728 (e) 516,175 1,559,444 1876 (e) 662,860 (e) 626,510 (e) 458,820 ,749,324 () 155,716 (e) 1,123,532 (e) 496,410 1,776,532 1877 (e) 704,078 (e) 677,665 (e) 553,456 1,936,915 (e) 160,318 (>-) .202,638 (e) 432,597 1,797,561 1878 GO 703,958 GO 646,054 GO 487,155 1,840,662 00 169,396 (/) ,343,313 GO 465,222 1,981,063 1879 Of) 703,419 GO 873,953 GO 549,641 2,130,575 (f) 175,955 GO ,425,395 GO 500,526 2,105,030 1880 812,887 633,743 577,072 2,023,702 200,318 ,424,997 519,698 2,145,013 1881 891,735 880,685 616,069 2,388,489 209,332 ,543,310 463,165 2,215,807 1882 93^,697 954,170 654,706 2,547,573 224,865 1,687,933 547,212 2,460,010 1883 1,035,951 1,060,137 650,856 2,746,944 235,415 1,893,525 632,405 2,761,345 1884 ,104,546 987,019 860,299 2,951,864 254,191 2,040,775 733,656 3,028,622 1885 ,197,268 960,685 911,622 3,069,575 264,946 2,059,359 774,940 3,099,245 1886 ,294,084 963,992 1,005,819 3,263,895 291,781 2,103,415 812,463 3,207,659 1887 ,417,182 836,331 1,234,309 3,487,822 290,418 2,124,236 1,041,138 3,455,792 1888 . ,503,318 854,198 1,135,852 3,493,368 308,898 2,132,498 1,158,529 3,599,925 1889 ,693,765 993,210 1,004,153 3,691,128 327,039 2,403,504 1,145,873 3,876,416 1890 ,765,055 1,238,827 1,055,749 4,059,631 347,481 2,674,653 1,307,879 4,330,013 1891 ,835,051 1,010,793 1,067,887 3,913,731 349,908 2,574,350 1,331,865 4,256,123 1892 ,803,021 986,330 1,223,687 4,013,038 362,163 2,498,685 1,422,630 4,283,478 1893 ,726,052 685,340 859,932 3,271,324 346,784 2,018,713 1,317,980 3,683,477 1894 ,708,745 565,791 1,482,860 3,757,396 322,886 1,626,529 1,515,521 3,464,936 1895 ,633,695 533,463 938,163 3,105,321 320,015 1,306,423 1,463,602 3,090,040 1896 ,661,975 479,630 964,516 3,106,121 312,875 1,387,720 1,431,662 3,132,257 1897 ,680,283 560,931 1,044,094 3,285,308 328,784 1,575,564 1,449,172 3,353,520 1898 ,689,535 528,856 1,046,634 3,265,025 330,799 1,638,690 1,459,670 3,429,159 1899 ,719,896 509,875 1,078,684 3,308.455 333,396 1,545,141 1,422,787 3,301,324 1900 ,812,346 587,518 1,188,167 3,588,031 346,175 1,709,288 1,550,954 3,606,417 1901 ,950,784 635,051 1,697,026 4,282.861 359,743 1,876,716 1,764,683 4,001,142 1902 2,049,579 503,283 1,295,515 3,848',377 373,269 1,792,191 1,807,232 3,972,692 1903 2,095,237 398,359 1,218,942 3,712,538 380,036 1,581,775 1,690,391 3,652,202 1904 2,242,156 449,098 1,383,897 4,075,151 385,127 1,772,553 1,919,227 4,076,907 1905 2,268,001 410,948 1,430,263 4,109,212 383,612 1,856,410 1,961,389 4,201,411 1906 2,373,497 472,366 1,703,363 4,549,226 399,740 1,923,640 1,915,924 4,239,304 1907 2,809,391 703,519 1,828,774 5,341,684 530,047 2,303,318 2,329,364 5,162,729 1908 3,075,922 724,625 1,756,012 5,556,559 594,064 2,781,033 2,350,212 5,725,309 1909 3,299,183 780,850 1,900,798 5,980,831 606,013 2,770,079 2,556,348 5,932,440 1910 3,392,475 831,373 2,454,601 6,678,449 621,801 3,126,768 2,745,064 6,493,633 1911 3,707,668 883,049 2,448,302 7,039,019 649,834 3,413,862 2,912,771 6,976,467 1912 3,993,734 896,818 3,459,732 8,355,284 627,063 4,009,337 3,745,265 8,381,665 1913 4,413,349 647,026 3,276,029 8,336,404 651,106 4,260,242 3,519,973 8,431,321 1914 4,807,469 830,929 4,273,514 9,911,912 703,221 4,720,436 3,864,967 9,288,624 1915 4,927,548 788,896 3,865,197 9,581,641 725,484 4,761,469 4,146,587 9,633,540 1916 5,195,685 663,634 4,060,782 9,920,101 784,300 4,686,729 4,459,371 9,930,400 Total 92,042,709 35,972,518 70,453,711 198,910,3:^0 17,083,852 102,196,251 73,383,078 199,333,324 (a) Exclusive of Victoria (included in other), of Tasmania (included in total) and of other than Road Trusts and the City of Sydney in New South Wales (included in total). (b) Exclusive of Victoria (included in other) and of Tasmania (included in total). (c) Exclusive of Victoria (included in other). (d) Exclusive of Queensland (included in other). () Exclusive of Western Australia (included in total). (/) Exclusive of Municipalities, except Perth, in Western Australia (included in total), (g) Exclusive i Tasmania and of other than Road Trusts and City of Sydney in New South Wales (included in total). (K) Exclusive of Tasmania (included in total). (i) Exclusive of Victoria and Tasmania and of other than Road Trusts and the City of Sydney in :s<>\v South Wales (included in total). (.?') Exclusive of Vic- toria, Queensland, and Tasmania, and of other than Road Trusts and the,City of Sydney in Now South Wales (included in total). (A:) Exclusive of Victoria, Queensland, and Tasmania (included in total). (0 Exclusive of Uctoria and Queensland (included in total). <(m) Exclusive of Queensland (included in total). 154 MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. COMMONWEALTH. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SUMMARY OF VALUATIONS OF ANNUAL VALUE, 1856 TO 1916. Year. Valuation. Year. Valuation. Year. Valuation. / 1856 . . 1,544,831 (a) 1877 .. 11,304,847 (c) 1897 .. 23,895,788 (e) 1857 3,725,648 1878 .. 11,978,900 (c) 1898 .. 24,029,416 (e) 1858 . . 4,009,985 1879 .. 12,665,926 (c) 1899 .. 24,125,476 (e) 1859 . . 4,177,025 (6) 1880 .. 13,086,510 (d) 1900 .. 24,881,274 (e) 1860 . . 5,060,435 1881 .. 14,789,837 (c) 1901 . . 25,478,475 (e) 1861 5,421,066 . 1882 . . 15,782,300 1902 .. 25,934,999 (e) 1862 . . 4,226,385 (a) 1883 .. 17,096,562 1903 .. 26,675,816 (e) 1863 5,847,468 1884 .. 18,697,617 1904 .. 27,337,156 (e) 1864 . . 6,033,721 1885 .. 20,529,356 1905 .. 28,739,022 1865 .. 6,832,747 1886 .. 22,114,226 1906 .. 29,242,197 1866 . . 7,450,112 (c) 1887 .. 23,031,438 1907 .. 34,170,930 1867 .. 7,604,769 (c) 1888 .. 25,122,128 1908 . . 34,938,898 1868 7,971,142 (c) 1889 . . 27,832,864 1909 .. 35,848,671 1869 . . 8,393,584 (c) 1890 .. 28,109,256 ll 1910 .. 37,381,011 1870 . . 8,537,133 (c) 1891 .. 28,069,957 1911 .. 39,414,868 1871 8,877,550 (c) 1892 .. 27,923,317 1912 .. 41,192,662 1872 . . 8,848,280 (c) 1893 .. 26,897,419 1913 .. 43,444,804 1873 . . 9,116,377 (c) 1894 .. 26,166,670 j| 1914 .. 47,062,180 1874 . . 9,617,816 (c) 1895 .. 24,175,310 (e) \ 1915 .. 48,816,212 1875 . . 10,364,636 (c) 1896 .. 23,741,658 (e) 1916 .. 49,949,951 1876 . . 10,912,125 (c) NOTES. Prior to 1857, exclusive of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 1857-1858. Exclusive of New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 1859. Exclusive of Queensland, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 1860-1865. Exclusive of Western Australia and Tasmania. 1866-1894. Exclusive of Western Australia. 1891-1916. Queensland. The unimproved capital value only is available for these years, and the annual value has been estimated at 5 per cent, of the capital unimproved value. (a) Victoria. Exclusive of Road Boards. (6) New South Wales. Exclusive of Sydney. (c) Tas- mania. Exclusive of Road Trusts. (d) Queensland. Exclusive of Municipal Shires. Tas- mania. Exclusive of Road Trusts. (e) Western Australia. Exclusive of Road Boards. COMMONWEALTH. MUNICIPALITIES, ETC. SUMMARY OF OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1868 TO 1916. Year. Outstanding Loans. Year. Outstanding Loans. Year. Outstanding Loans. . 1868 . . 232,813 1885 .. 1,911,976 1901 .. 8,800,547 1869 . . 275,193 1886 .. 2,693,189 (e) 1902 .. 8,842,587 1870 . . 282,894 (a) 1887 .. 3,334,733 (e) 1903 .. 8,678,704 1871 304,008 , 1888 .. 4,622,702 1904 .. 8,804,674 1872 . . 339,462 1889 .. 4,842,761 1905 .. 8,958,712 1873 . . 424,024 1890 .. 5,793,149 1906 .. 9,325,562 1874 . . 641,149 1891 .. 6,008,007 1907 .. 9,751,854 1875 . . 939,520 1892 .. 6,496,150 1908 .. 9,934,312 1876 . . 991,298 1893 .. 7,116,900 1909 .. 10,598,933 1877 882,798 1894 .. 7,178,426 1910 .. 11,722,561 1878 . . 1,059,923 1895 .. 7,645,254 1911 .. 12,527,472 1879 . . 1,048,919 1896 . . 7,675,583 1912 .. 14,526,730 1880 . . ,140,943 (6) 1897 .. 7,860,768 1913 .. 16,060,585 1881 ,255,709 (c) 1898 .. 7,916,861 1914 .. 16,992,257 1882 . . ,335,032 (d) 1899 .. 7,934,357 1915 .. 18,121,796 1883 ,439,142 1900 .. 8,095,285 1916 .. 19,259,578 1884 . . ,685,534 NOTES. 1868. Exclusive of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. 1869-1874. Exclusive of New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania. .1875-1885. Exclusive of New South Wales, South Australia, and Western Australia. 1886-1894. Exclusive of South Australia and Western Australia. 1895-1906. Exclusive of South Australia. Queensland. Only loans due to Government are included, particulars as to other loans raised on debentures, &c., are not available. (a) Victoria. Exclusive of Road Boards and Shires. (6) Queensland. Exclusive of Municipal Shires. (c) Queensland. Exclusive of Municipal Shires and Divisions. (d) Queensland. Exclusive of Divisions. (e) New South Wales. Exclusive of the City of Sydney. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 155 SECTION m. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 1. New South Wales. (A) Sydney Water Supply. 1. Early Sources of Supply. The first water supply for Sydney was obtained from the creek running between Pitt-street and George-street, and discharging into Sydney Cove at the foot of Pitt-street. In 1791 a small tank, holding about 8,000 gallons, was excavated in the bed of the stream and the creek became known as the Tank Stream. This supply was used until 1838. The next scheme was the Lachlan Swamps supply, the water being brought from the swamp behind the present Royal Agricultural Show Grounds, across part of the old Sydney common and thence through a tunnel to Hyde Park. From the tunnel a pipe carried the water to a spot near Market and Elizabeth streets, where a stand-pipe was erected. The area draining into this tunnel was about 750 acres. The tunnel was begun in 1832 and completed in 1837, and Sydney was supplied solely from this source until 1858, after which year a supplementary supply only was obtained therefrom until 1884. In 1850 the City Corporation was authorized to construct water and sewerage works, and a system of water supply from the Lachlan, Bunnerong, and Botany Swamps was adopted. A number of dams were erected at various dates on a catchment area of about 4,300 acres. A pumping station was built on the shores of Botany Bay and the water lifted through a 30-in. rising main to Crown-street Reservoir, 141 feet above sea level, built in 1858, and afterwards to Paddington Reservoir, 214 feet above sea level, built in 1864. In 1881 a supplemental plant was erected to raise the water to the Woollahra Reservoir, 282 feet above sea level. The cost of these works was 1,719,565. In 1886 a small pumping plant was erected at the back of the Woollahra Reservoir to lift the water to a reservoir at Waverley Park. This reservoir was completed in 1887. Owing to the fact that Sydney was fast outgrowing the supply from the Botany Swamps a better and larger supply was necessary. Numerous schemes were proposed, and a Royal Commission appointed to examine them. The Upper Nepean scheme was finally decided upon. The works undertaken in pursuance of this were constructed by the Government and handed over to the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board when completed. 2. Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board. Under the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1880 this Board was to be constituted and to divest the City Council of the control of water and sewerage. The Board itself was not, however, appointed until 1888, and consists of seven members, three official members appointed by the Governor in Council, two City members and two Suburban members, appointed respectively by the City Council and by Municipalities in the County of Cumberland from among existing Aldermen. Members are appointed for four years, but three retire every second year. The Board is authorized to regulate forms of contracts and appoint a scale of charges for water, levy rates on land and tenements within 60 yards of any main, regulate the drainage of roads and streets into sewers, construct and cleanse sewers, &c. 3. Description of Works. The present system of water supply is known as the " Upper Nepean Scheme," particulars of which are as follows : (i) Catchment Area. The catchment area is on the head-waters of the Nepean, Cordeaux. and Cataract Rivers, on the top of the South Coast Range, and embraces an area of 347 square miles. The average annual rainfall is nearly 45 inches. 156 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE- Portions of the Nepean and Cataract River's flow is diverted by means of small dams, and the water is brought through tunnels, pipes, aqueducts, and open channels, a distance of 40 miles, to the storage reservoir at Prospect, thence by open channel and two 6-ft. pipes to Pott's Hill balance reservoir, from whence it is distributed to the various districts and pumping stations in and around Sydney. (ii) Cataract Dam. Owing to the supply from Prospect Reservoir being found insufficient for the growing needs of the metropolis, the construction of the Cataract Dam was determined on. This dam was completed in 1908 and cost 342,000. The surface area at the full supply level 950 feet above high water mark in Sydney Harbour is 2,200 acres, and the capacity 20,743,196,475 gallons. The water from this dam passes along an open channel to Broughton's Pass, where it is joined by the water from the Nepean dam, which latter is conveyed thither through a tunnel. (iii) Prospect Reservoir. This reservoir is 196 feet above sea level, has a catchment area of 354 square miles, and an area of 1,266 acres of water surface when full, and contains 11,029,180,000 gallons, of which 5,502,400,000 gallons are available by gravitation. (iv) .Potfs Hill Reservoir. From Prospect the water flows 5 miles by open canal to the Pipe Head Basin, and thence 5 miles through 6-ft. wrought iron and steel pipes 'to the Pott's Hill Reservoir. This is a balance reservoir, erected to tide over any stoppage of supply in the lower canal or in the 6-ft. mains. It holds about three days' supply, and has an area of 25 acres and a capacity of 108,185,401 gallons. At Pott's Hill the water passes through a screening tank of copper-gauze screens. (v) Other Reservoirs and Tanks. In addition to the above-mentioned reservoirs, there are twelve others, varying in capacity from one to eighteen and a half million gallons. There are also 24 tanks of steel or concrete, each capable of holding from 100,000 to 2,000,000 gallons. The total capacity of all reservoirs at the 30th June, 1917, was 26,668,949,024 gallons. (vi) Aqueducts and Mains. As already mentioned, the water from the catchment area is conveyed chiefly by aqueduct to Prospect Reservoir, there are, however, three tunnels on the route, the longest of which runs from the Nepean dam to Broughton's Pass. As already stated, the water flows from Prospect to the Pipe Head Basin, and thence to the Pott's Hill Reservoir. From this reservoir the water is conducted by two 48-in. mains, and three smaller mains, to the reticulated area south of Port Jackson. At Lewisham a bifurcation takes place in one of the 48-in. mains, one branch supplying the Petersham Reservoir, and the other the Crown-street Reservoir. The total length of mains at the 30th June, 1917, was 2,463 miles. (vii) Pumping Stations. Pumping is necessary on account of the elevation of parts of the reticulated area, and no less than 8,930 million gallons were raised during the twelve months ended June, 1915. The main pumping station is situated at Crown- street, where are erected three sets of compound high-duty pumping engines, and a covered reservoir with a capacity % of 18,500,000 gallons has been constructed in the Centennial Park. The Ashfield tank is supplied from Centennial Park by a main, and Vaucluse Reservoir is connected with Waverley. North Sydney receives its supply from Pott's Hill, via Ryde, where there is a reservoir containing 2,000,000 gallons, from which the water is pumped into tanks at Ryde, Chatswood, and Wahroonga. At a height of 567 feet a concrete reservoir has been constructed at Pymble, relieving the abnormal pressure at Wahroonga. From the Ryde Tank the- districts of Ryde, Gladesville, and Hunter's Hill are supplied ; while a 9-in. main extends over the Parramatta and Iron Cove bridges to supply Balmain. A tank and reservoir have been erected at Mosman. Other districts near the aqueduct such as Smithfield, Granville, Auburn, and Rook wood are supplied en route, as well as the districts of Campbell town and Liverpool The Manly works were taken over by the Board in 1902, and this suburb is also connected with the metropolitan system by a main from Mosman, crossing Middle Harbour. 4. Houses supplied, &c. The following table shows the number of houses and the estimated population supplied with water, the average daily supply, and the average WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 157 daily supply per house and per head of the population from the year 1888, when the Metropolitan Board took control, until 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY WATER SUPPLY. DAILY SUPPLY, HOUSES AND POPULATION SUPPLIED, AND AVERAGE SUPPLY PER HEAD, 1888 TO 1917. Year ending Number of Houses supplied. Estimated Population supplied. Average Daily Supply. Average Daily Supply. Per House. Per Head. No. - No. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons 31st Dec., 1888 61,718 296,246 8,144,169 132 27-5 1889 69,642 326,035 8,820,000 129 27-1 1890 71,501 343,204 8,486,034 118 24-7 1891 76,093 365,246 9,540,102 125 26-1 1892 78,926 378,885 12,129,152 153 32-1 1893 81,288 390,182 12,533,652 153 32-1 1894 83,621 401,380 13,738,874 164 34-2 30th June, 1896* . . 85,059 408,282 16,645,014 196 40-8 1897 87,190 418,512 17,659,357 202 42-2 1898 . . 89,749 434,800 18,284,000 204 42-0 1899 . . 92,370 450,500 18,795,000 203 41-7 1900 . . 95,172 478,000 19,886,000 208 41-6 1901 98,298 491,000 21,583,000 220 43-9 1902 101,966 509,000 21,906,000 214 43-0 1903 104,681 523,000 16,896,000 161 32-3 1904 . . 109,191 546,000 18,690,000 171 34-2 1905 . . 112,343 561,700 2,1,712,800 195 38-7 1906 116,202 581,000 22,393,300 192 38-5 1907 120,782 603,900 22,912,600 189 37-9 1908 . . 124,083 620,400 24,500,400 197 39-5 1909 . . 128,444 642,220 25,911,400 201 40'3 1910 . . 133,788 668,940 26,903,155 201 40-2 1911 139,237 696,185 29,006,668 . 208 41-7 1912 .. 146,236 731,180 30,522,466 208 41-7 1913 .. 155,213 776,065 32,784,090 211 42-2 1914 .. 166,112 830,560 36,539,729 220 44-0 1915 .. 175,758 878,790 37,548,114 210 42-7 1916 .. 183,598 917,950 39,380,000 214 42-9 1917 . . 193,643 965,850 39,503,172 204 40-9. * Eighteen months from 1st January, 1895, to 30th June, 1896. 5. Revenue and Expenditure. In the following tables are shewn the revenue and expenditure (a) of the City Council Water Fund for the years 1858 to 1887 ; and (6) of the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board for water supply from 1888 to 1917. In the latter table are also shewn the capital debt on account of water supply and the percentage of the cost of working to revenue : NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY WATER SUPPLY. CITY OF SYDNEY WATER FUND REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1887. Jtt venue. Expei iditure. Year Other ending Revenue, Interest, 31st Decem- ber. Sale of Water. Sale of Deben- tures. including Govern- ment Advances, Total Revenue. Adminis- tration Expenses. General Works. Botany Works, Pumping &c. Sinking Fund, and Deben- Other Expen- diture. Total Expen- diture. Interest, &c. tures retired . 1858 11,415 77,305 88,720 1,991 20,655 44,625 5,471 2,122 74,864 1859 14,319 2,087 16,406 2,810 19,033 15,607 3,906 11,583 52,939 1860 1861 13,651 15,014 ll',300 20,800 1,343 980 26,294 36,794 2,494 2,392 8,229 20,389 4,500 2,757 4,172 4,340 7,145 812 26,540 30,690 1862 17,186 375 17,561 2,791 14,032 4,524 9,294 831 31,472 1863 1864 19,447 20,692 27,700 1,356 1,946 48,503 22,638 2,501 3,127 5,620 6,650 3,387 3,545 9,988 4,139 1,044 2,637 22,540 20,098 1865 1866 1867 1868 22,613 23,739 25,521 27,603 6,500 4,500 26,000 7,573 2,248 2,483 2,087 30,186 32,487 32,504 55,690 2,991 3,067 2,236 2,621 15,011 6,874 5,075 14,239 3,492 5,314 18,578 11,014 9,479 4,489 5,890 22,845 5,485 4,315 1,123 887 36,458 24,059 32,902 51,606 1869 29,554 5,000 593 35,147 2,663 9,071 7,145 6,636 8,788 34,303 158 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY WATER SUPPLY. CITY OF SYDNEY WATER FUND REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1881 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Year Other ending Revenue, Interest, 31st Decem- ber. Sale of Water. Sale of Deben- tures. including Govern- ment Advances, Interest, &c. Total Revenue. Adminis- tration Expenses. General Works. Botany Works, Pumping &c. Sinking Fund, and Deben- tures retired. Other Expen- diture. Total Expen- diture. 1870 . 31,269 2,335 33,604 2,867 9,446 8,746 15,661 863 37,583 1871 . 31,726 5,000 1,632 38,358 2,726 4,521 8,126 24,656 687 40,716 1872 . 33,846 25,000 4,090 62,936 2,951 12,653 10,119 17,605 834 44,162 1873 . 34,319 5,000 2,143 41,462 3,123 12,691 18,362 43,380 2,759 80,315 1874 . 35,827 20,000 2,405 58,232 3,382 16,887 23,414 6,843 1,311 51,837 1875 . 37,563 18,000 864 56,427 3,211 16,037 11,537 6,288 688 37,761 1876 . 41,505 2000 606 44,111 3,262 32,865 14,891 6,618 1,838 59,474 1877 . 49,150 30 000 ' 1,388 80,538 3,164 24,163 12,770 6,567 1,316 47,980 1878 . 50,823 , 3,439 54,262 3,435 35,601 11,644 9,038 3,368 63,086 1879 . 55,428 1,782 57,210 1,625 43,795 14,724 8,165 787 69,096 1880 . 64,907 . 4,592 69,499 8,075 39,300 11,254 8,503 74 67,206 1881 . 68,705 5,350 74,055 10,320 27,720 11,997 8,180 58,217 1882 . 77,261 4,549 81,810 5,706 41.628 8,187 8,160 360 64,041 1883 . 84,531 , 2,776 87,307 6,064 42,204 10,342 13,010 155 71,775 1884 . 80,548 4,322 84,870 6,768 37,207 10,265 27,262 447 81,949 1885 . 80,824 . 5,994 86,818 6,961 53,953 12,216 6,962 4,083 84,175 1886 . 79,698 55,640 135,338 6,345 65,457 16,594 6,460 2,754 97,610 1887 . 74,513 3,505 78,018 6,951 48,956 9,565 6,763 6,535 78,770 NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY WATER SUPPLY. METROPOLITAN WATER AND SEWERAGE BOARD REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1888 TO 1917. Year ending Total Revenue. Expenditure. Percent- age of Working Expenses . to Revenue. Debt. Net Liabilities on which Interest is paid. Adminis- tration Expenses. Maintenance and Deprecia- tion. Interest. Total Expendi- ture. % 31st Dec., 1888 125,486 9,182 10,024 64,276 83,482 27-46 2,623,837 1889 138,924 16,183 20,386 105,627 142,196 26-32 2,707,500 1890 145,990 14,242 23,968 109,100 147,310 23-82 2,808,412 1891 165,831 14,685 27,523 111,982 154,190 23-09 2,925,987 1892 155,886 13,988 31,968 115,869 161,825 28-91 3,013,919 1893 157,427 13,798 25,855 119,187 158,840 23 -59 3,029,059 1894 161,167 14,051 26,995. 119,660 160,706 24-36 3,059,957 30th June, 1895* 85,364 7,187 13,282 71,383 91,852 23-06 3,698,323 1896 174,357 13,781 27,196 141,098 182,075 21-50 3,776,879 1897 175,984 14,600 29,571 144,050 188,221 23-19 3,867,168 1898 178,881 14,760 34,008 147,496 196,264 25-28 3,950,161 1899 194,332 14,901 35,692 139,455 190,048 24-26 4,021,563 1900 195,616 15,392 34,863 145,288 195,543 24-04 4,164,117 1901 203,348 16,801 35,671 149,131 201,603 24-23 4,300,552 1902 223,201 17,225 50,360 152,037 219,622 25-69 4,423,203 1903 220,745 19,013 56,643 155,256 230,912 32-22 4,489,560 1904 222,827 20,066 44,548 157,629 222,243 26-44 4,544,656 1905 251,503 18,925 47,090 156,372 222,387 26-24 4,434,991 1906 270,263 15,415 49,072 164,216 228,703 23-86 4,674,341 1907 275,591 17,140 50,453 176,170 243,763 24-52 4,902,463 1908 283,410 17,123 57,893 183,033 258,049 26-46 5,009,012 1909 267,519 17,987 62,294 185,591 265,872 30-01 5,146,302 1910 284,943 18,902 74,125 184,486 277,513 32-64 5,286,917 1911 299,442 20,926 78,429 192,486 291,841 33-18 5,420,813 1912 329,605 21,530 91,428 198,443 311,401 34-27 5,606,268 1913 361,187 24,350 102,445 200,918 327,713 35-11 5,907,125 1914 410,823 28,557 117,391 223,145 369,093 35-52 6,257,976 1915 441,966 31,106 128,581 235,949 395,636 36-13 6,644,289 1916 470,744 33,513 131,697 261,335 426,545 35-09 7,192,472 1917 468,537 38,884 139,093 306,198 484,175 37-98 7,769,200 * Six months. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 159 6. Other Towns supplied by the Metropolitan Board. In addition to supplying the City and suburbs of Sydney with water, the Board has also control of the water supply of five other Districts, and keeps separate accounts of their revenue and expenditure. The Districts of Campbelltown, Camden and Narellan, and Liverpool receive water by gravitation from the upper canal at Prospect, and each is furnished with a supply tank. The Richmond water supply was completed in 1892 and handed over to the Board in 1893, and is derived from the Hawkesbury River, from whence it is pumped into a service tank 199 feet above the pumps. The works for supplying Wollongong were completed in 1902 and handed over to the Board in 1904. The source of supply is in the Sydney catchment area, and includes the upper end of the Cordeaux River, a dam having been built impounding 173 million gallons at a height of 1,105 feet above high water mark. The water gravitates from this dam through 7 miles of pipes, with a branch to Port Kembla. 7. Capital Cost, Revenue, &c. The following table gives the capital cost, the revenue, and the annual liability against revenue of these five systems for the years 1893 to 1916 : NEW SOUTH WALES. METROPOLITAN WATER AND SEWERAGE BOARD. WATER SUPPLY OF OTHER TOWNS COST, REVENUE, ETC., 1893 TO 1916. Annual Liability against Revenue. Year ending Number of Districts supplied. Capital Cost. Revenue. Interest and Instalment Main- Charges for rp-.i.-i {JSJ tenance. Water lotai. 100 Years. supplied. 31st Dec., 1893 . . 3 29,791 1,759 ,077 796- 362 2,235 1894 . . 3 29,917 1,784 ,081 1,143 394 2,618 30th June, 1895* . . 3 30,083 1,001 544 415 202 1,161 1896 . . 3 30,240 1,914 ,093 1,045 426 2,564 1897 . . 3 30,642 1,951 ,107 929 439 2,475 1898 . . 3 30,942 2,001 ,118 957 447 2,522 1899 . . 3 31,086 1,980 ,123 814 447 2,384 1900 . . 4 39,076 2,087 ,269 936 525 2,730 1901 . . 4 39,808 2,738 ,440 995 625 3,060- 1902 . . 4 42,172 2,840 ,525 1,055 629 3,209 1903 . . 5 80,338 3,102 2,271 1,072 633 3,976 1904 . . 5 80,766 3,896 2,919 1,682 646 5,247 1905 . . 5 81,887 4,066 2,960 . ,724 672 5,356 1906 . . 5 86,003 4,254 3,109 ,678 690 5,477 1907 . . 5 86,730 4,345 3,137 ,636 724 5,497 1908 . . 5 87,897 5,061 3,178 ,735 737 5,650 1909 . . 5 87,958 5,364 3,180 ,824 767 5,771 1910 . . 5 103,275 6,273 3,734 2,184 111 6,695 1911 .. 5 105,543 6,086 3,744 2,174 820 6,738 1912 .. 5 106,008 6>869 3,833 2,818 855* 7,506 1913 .. 5 213,035 8,232 7,702 2,877 920 11,499 1914 .. 5 244,604 9,784 8,844 4,004 968 13,816 1915 .. 5 256,071 12,035 9,259 4,941 1,015 15,215 1916 .. 5 278,591 1 14,857 10,074 4,923 1,058 16,055 Six months. (B) Sydney Sewerage. 1. General. Previous to 1853, there was no sewerage system in Sydney, the old style of using cesspits being chiefly in vogue. The first sewerage works were begun in 1853 by the City Commissioners and continued by the Municipal Council in 1855 unti 160 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. the inauguration of the new system in 1877, which was constructed by Government and handed over to the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board in 1889. 2. Original Sewerage Scheme. The original scheme was designed on the combined system, by which street-surface water as well as sewage was removed. The works comprised five main sewers with outfalls into the harbour at Blackwattle Bay, Darling Harbour, Sydney Cove, Fort Macquarie, and Woolloomoolloo Bay, together with sub- sidiary sewers along the streets and lanes. In 1877 there were 33 miles of these sewers in operation, and in 1889 there were still 70 miles hi existence. 3. Present System of Sewerage. The present system consists of three main outfalls, the northern, southern, and western ; the northern discharges into the Pacific Ocean near Bondi, and the southern and western discharge into the sewage farm at Webb's Grant, near Botany Bay. The northern system receives sewage from Waverley, Bondi, Woollahra, Double Bay, Darling Point, Rushcutter's Bay, Elizabeth Bay, and parts of Woolloomoolloo. The southern main outfall commences at a point on the north side of Cook's River, near Botany Bay, and receives the drainage from Alexandria, Waterloo, Erskineville, Newtown, and portions of the Surry Hills district. The inlet-house into which the sewage passes is fitted with the latest machinery for straining the sludge and for ejecting the fluid after filtration. Storm-water channels are also constructed at various points to carry off superfluous water after heavy rainfalls. The western outfall, which provides for the western suburbs, starts at a receiving chamber in the Rockdale end of the sewage farm, from which it runs to another chamber about a quarter of a mile to the north-east of Muddy Creek, and thence to a penstock chamber at Marrickville, crossing Wolli Creek and Cook's River on aqueducts. The latter chamber receives the discharge from the eastern, northern, and western branch sewers, and drains part of Marrickville, Petersham, Stanmore, Newtown, Leichhardt, Annandale, Camperdown, Summer Hill, Ashfield, Canterbury, Enfield, Burwood, Five Dock, and Concord. A branch outfall has been constructed at Coogee, which discharges into the ocean and serves the districts of Randwick, Kensington, and Coogee. On the northern side of the City extensive works have been completed ; in the Borough of North Sydney septic tanks were built in 1899 to deal with sewage matter ; and at Middle Harbour, Mosman, and Manly ample provision has been made for the sanitation of those districts. All the existing sewerage works at Sydney were transferred in 1890 to the Metro- politan Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and are now under the control of that body. 4. Houses connected and Population served. In the following table are shewn, the number of houses connected with sewers and the estimated population served for the years 1890 to 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY SEWERAGE. NUMBER OF HOUSES CONNECTED AND ESTIMATED POPULATION SERVED, 1890 TO 1917. Number of Estimated Number of Estimated Yeaf ending Houses connected. Population served. Year ending Houses connected. Population served. No. No. 31st Dec., 1890 . . 22,765 109,272 30th June, 1900 . . 68,060 340,300 1891 . . 26,884 129,043 1901 . . 75,925 364,400 1892 . . 31,402 150,729 1902 .. 78,233 397,300 1893 .. 36,062 173,097 1903 . . 78,620 400,000 1894 . . 39,965 191,832 1904 . . 82,215 410,000 30th June, 1896 44,462 213,417 1905 . . 85,958 430,000 1897 . . 47,593 228,446 1906 . . 88,881 444,000 1898 . . 51,425 257,100 1907 . . 91,940 456,670 1899 . . 58,720 281,856 1908 . . ' 94,735 470,000 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 161 NEW SOUTH WALES. SYDNEY SEWERAGE. NUMBER OF HOUSES CONNECTED, ETC. continued. Year ending Number of Houses connected. Estimated Population served. Year ending Number of Houses connected. Estimated Population served. No. No. 30th June, 1909 99,442 497,210 30fch June, 1914 . . 119,550 597,750 1910 . . 102,896 514,480 1915 . . 124,759 623,795 1911 .. 106,879 534,395 1916 . . 130,638 . . 1912 .. 110,928 554,640 1917 .. 135,588 . . 1913 .. 114,690 573,450 ">. Revenue and Expenditure. In the two following tables are shewn the revenue and expenditure (a) of the City of Sydney Sewerage Fund from 1858 to 1889 ; and (6) of the Sewerage Branch of the Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board for the years 1890 to 1917. In the latter table are also shewn the capital cost and the interest bearing capital debt, as well as the percentage of working expenses to revenue : NEW SOUTH WALES. CITY OF SYDNEY. SEWERAGE FUND REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1858 TO 1889, Year ending 31st December. Revenue. Expenditure. Rates. Sale of Deben- tures. Other Revenue. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Interest, Sinking Fund, Deben- tures, retired. Other. Total. 1858 . . . . . 11,584 11,584 1,820 7,612 . . . . 9,432 1859 . . 1,246 . . 102 1,348 . 235 398 . . 633 1860 . . 93 93 561 561 1861 . . . . 6,000 124 6,124 . . 528 2ii 739 1862 . . 266 6,600 483 7,349 3,750 702 216 4,668 1863 . . 1 17,000 152 17,153 4,634 16,793 379 21,806 1864 . . 204 . . 20 224 . , 2,228 1,821 204 4,253 1865 . . 1,756 5,300 566 7,622 875 7,465 7,587 218 16,145 1866 . . 5,006 . . 333 5,339 918 6,548 3,800 265 11,531 1867 . . 4,228 13,900 1,340 19,468 801 9,377 4,897 964 16,039 1868 . . 4,808 34,000 841 39,649 886 13,911 18,597 98 33,492 1869 . . 4,397 35,000 839 40,236 909 24,401 8,341 31 33,682 1870 . . 4,220 . . 11 4,231 981 11,460 17,358 29,799 1871 . . 2,568 51,000 704 54,272 809 2,619 16,652 20,080 1872 . . 1,358 34,700 2,684 38,742 946 3,734 32,715 4 37,399 1873 . . 5,000 837 5,837 1,220 3,423 31,156 35,799 1874 . . 27,300 6,077 33,377 690 2,865 12,297 15,852 1875 . . . 10,400 751 11,151 730 1,430 14,631 16,791 1876 . . . 2,600 18 2,618 662 2,104 13,148 15,914 1877 . . . 20,513 20,513 920 13,601 14,386 iio 29,057 1878 . . . . . 103 103 1,034 4,735 17,172 . 22,941 1879 . . . . 32,000 673 32,673 1,924 16,763 2,154 20,841 1880 . . 21,275 43,000 943 65,218 3,862 3,772 13,018 774 21,426 1881 . . 28,493 . . 5,561 34,054 4,672 7,748 12,235 455 25,110 1882 . . 29,241 . . 4,024 33,265 2,314 11,514 12,000 1,411 27,239 1883 . . 32,169 . . 745 32,914 2,351 16,663 28,737 1,387 49,138 1884 . . 34,742 . . 2,759 37,501 2,625 14,840 16,969 1,166 35,600 1885 . . 25,776 1,991 27,767 2,831 17,660 17,333 1,559 39,383 1886 . . 37,845 307 38,152 3,112 17,567 16,520 1,185 38,384 1887 . . 42,312 448 42,760 2,960 17,751 16,583 1,880 39,174 1888 . . 44,770 275 45,045 2,391 10,188 125,425 3,214 141,218 1889 .. 44,820 154 44,974 2,292 7,916 49,967 558 60,733 C. 7099. 6 162 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. NEW SOUTH WALES. METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE BOARD. SEWERAGE BRANCH REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, CAPITAL COST AND DEBT, 1890 TO 1917. Expenditure. Per- centage of Capital Year ending Revenue. i Main- Working Expenses Capital Cost. Debt Interest- tenance to bearing. 3lftnae- and Interest. Total. Revenue. ment. Deprecia- tion. I % 31st Dec., 1890 81,799 10,799 11,450 44,777 67,026 31-21 1891 81,303 9,787 15,624 46,495 71,906 31-25 1,44*7,287 1,34*3,856 1892 87,927 10,922 16,383 52,017 79,322 31-05 1,606,948 1,503,517 1893 93,661 9,487 18,192 57,684 85,363 28-92 1,691,462 1,588,031 1894 93,134 9,865 18,730 60,642 89,237 30-12 1,745,120 1,641,689 30th June, 1895* 43,110 5,624 8,857 32,124 46,605 f 33-05 1,831,611 1,728,180 1896 85,486 10,266 21,054 67,428 98,748 35-44 1,892,256 1,788,825 1897 87,652 10,763 19,903 71,328 101,994 33-86 2,018,120 1,914,689 1898 89,688 10,757 21,025 74,600 106,382 34-07 2,116,306 2,012,875 1899 103,955 11,070 22,550 83,028 116,648 31-19 2 699,426 2,426,495 1900 116,816 11,385 28,022 96,009 135,416 32-25 3,073,871 2,803,806 1901 125,290 10,863 36,110 104,897 151,870 36-23 3,280,427 3,066,147 1902 135,441 10,877 36,647 109,395 156,919 33-88 3,396,582 3,182,302 1903 145.666 11,645 37,079 115,519 164,243 32-09 3,591,155 3,365,155 1904 156^274 12,353 34,252 122,672 169,277 28-44 3,763,234 3,562,741 1905 213,937 12,434 41,880 134,562 188,876 25-38 4.265,424 3,774,264 1906 220,629 15,425 39,943 134,527 189,895 25-09 4,330,397 3,828,495 1907 217,864 17,146 44,995 140,980 203,121 28-52 4,414,822 3,922,514 1908 216,258 17,157 46,863 148,142 212,162 29-60 4,558,507 4,053,591 1909 214,212 18,029 50,545 151,317 219,891 32-01 4,731,983 4,225,239 1910 223,131 18,956 51,895 151,943 222,794 31-75 4,847,501 4,351,381 1911 234,208 20,979 58.657 159,070 238,706 34-00 5,003,008 4,496,290 1912 250,826 21,567 60^679 166,771 249,017 32-78 5,293.618 4,769,449 1913 268,292 24,456 66.638 171,957 263,051 33-95 5,631,499 5,083,263 1914 297,840 28,676 75.867 193,389 297,932 35-10 5,990,818 5,448,968 1915 344,489 27,526 84,283 205,928 317,737 32-45 6,291,791 5,775,094 1916 363,799 28,701 91,543 224,551 344,795 33-05 6,630,766 6,114,072 1917 387,333 34,531 103,886 269,723 408,140 35-73 6,920,863 6,722,313 Six months. (c) Hunter District Water Supply. 1. General. The water supply works of the Lower Hunter were constructed by the Government, and in 1892, under the authority of the Hunter River Water Supply and Sewerage Act, handed over to a Board of seven members, of whom three are nominated by the Governor, one elected by the Municipal Council of Newcastle, two by the adjacent Municipalities, and one by the Municipalities of East and West Maitland and Morpeth. The area within the Board's jurisdiction embraces fourteen Municipalities and portions of four Shires. 2. Description of Works. The supply of water is pumped from the Hunter River, about a mile and a-half upstream from the Belmore Bridge at West Maitland. At the pumping station there is a settling tank of 1,390,500 gallons capacity, also seven filter beds, of which six are 10,000 square feet, and one 15,000 square feet in area, a clear water tank of 589,500 gallons capacity and a storage reservoir of 172,408,100 gallons available capacity. The filtered water is pumped from the clear water tank into two summit reservoirs, one at Rutherford and the other at Buttai. The former, connected by a 10-in. main, with a capacity of 500,000 gallons, supplies East Maitland, West Maitland, Morpeth, and neighbouring places. The latter is fed by two rising mains, 5 miles in length, has a capacity of 1,051,010 gallons, and supplies Newcastle and its environs. Twelve district reservoirs, which are supplied from Buttai, nine by gravitation, and three by repumping, receive water for distribution. The length of the mains when the Board was established was 134 miles, and at 30th June, 1917, it had been increased to 419 miles. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 163 3. Houses supplied, &c. The following table shews the number of houses and the estimated population supplied with water, the average daily supply, and the average supply per house and per head for the years 1893 to 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES. HUNTER DISTRICT WATER SUPPLY. HOUSES AND POPULATION SUPPLIED, DAILY SUPPLY, ETC., 1893 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Houses supplied. Estimated Population supplied. Average Daily Supply of Water. Average Daily Supply. Per House. Per Head. No. No. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. 1893 3,421 17,105 451,005 131-83 26-37 1894 3,848 19,240 418,766 108-83 21-76 1895 4,640 23,200 518,038 111-65 22-23 1896 6,246 31,230 606,728 97-14 19-42 1897 6,931 34,655 731,451 105-97 21-10 1898 7,475 37,375 781,004 104-48 20-89 1899 7,920 39,600 868,997 109-72 21-94 1900 8,423 42,115 908,634 107-88 21-57 1901 9,086 45,430 1,005,176 110-63 22-12 1902 9,875 49,375 1,119,200 113-34 22-66 1903 10,522 52,610 1,112,798 105-76 21-15 1904 11,100 * 55,500 1,092,770 98-45 19-67 1905 12,167 60,835 ,265,577 104-01 20-80 1906 12,968 64,840 ,478,506 114-01 22-80 1907 13,569 67,845 ,479,354 109-02 21-80 1908 14,457 72,285 ,654,123 114-40 22-88 1909 15,679 78,395 ,766,271 112-65 22-53 1910 16,446 82,230 ,650,677 100-35 20-07 1911 17,164 85,820 ,849,900 107-75 21-55 1912 17,907 89,535 2,026,134 113-85 22-77 1913 18,407 92,925 2,366,279 128-56 25-71 1914 19,575 97,875 2,791,260 142-59 28-52 1915 20,709 103,345 2,859,032 138-06 27-61 1916 22,056 110,280 3,507,524 159-03 31-80 1917 22,604 113,377 3,435,336 151-97 30-30 4. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn the revenue and expenditure of the water supply branch of the Hunter District Water Supply and Sewerage Board, together with the capital cost and capital debt to the Government in respect of expenditure from Loan Fund at the close of each financial year from 1893 to 1917 :-- NEW SOUTH WALES. HUNTER RIVER WATER SUPPLY. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, CAPITAL COST, ETC., 1893 TO 1917. Expenditure. Year Percentage of Amount Capital ending 30th June. Revenue. Manage- ment. Working Expenses Instal- ments for Renewal of Interest on Capital Expendi- Total Expendi- ture. Working Expenses to Revenue. of Capital Expendi- ture. Debt to Govern- ment. Works. ture. , * ' o/ /o 1893 .. 22,651 4,314 3,728 355 14,154 22,551 37-07 404,407 1894 .. 21,406 4,619 4,194 572 14,206 23,591 43-84 405,871 . . 1895 .. 20,367 4,576 4,066 379 14,446 23,467 44-29 412,732 . . 1896 .. 20,779 4,433 3,991 388 14,550 23,362 42-41 415,784 . . 1897 .. 22,518 4,383 4,211 409 14,981 23,984 39-98 428,025 1898 .. 25,646 4,570 4,516 2,434 18,179 29,699 44-91 519,414 164 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. NEW SOUTH WALES. HUNTER RIVER WATER SUPPLY. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, CAPITAL COST, ETC. continued,. Expenditure. 1 Percentage "V>a.r of Amount Capital x ear ending 30th June. Revenue. Manage- ment Working Expenses Instal- ments for Renewal of Interest on Capital Expendi- Total Expendi- ture. Working Expenses to Revenue. of Capital Expendi- ture. Debt to Govern- ment. Works. ture. % 1899 .. 26,478 4,848 5,014 4,292 16,726 30,880 53-45 477,890 1900 .. 26,356 4,085 5,489 4,325 16,824 30,723 52-73 480,689 1901 .. 27,405 3,986 5,630 4,328 17,004 30,948 50-88 485,835 1902 .. 29,558 4,533 5,834 4,430 17,312 32,109 50-06 494,644 ! 1903 .. 31,102 4,689 5,511 4,490 17,527 32,217 47-23 500,784 1904 .. 31,360 4,636 5,120 4,561 18,044 32,361 45-65 515,565 1905 .. 34,486 4,764 5,554 4,732 18,664 33,714 43-64 533,270 1906 .. 40,801 4,698 6,098 4,937 19,068 34,801 38-56 544,798 1907 .. 41,822 5,040 6,818 5,069 21,959 38,886 40-47 398,618 380,076 1908 .. 43,609 5,551 8,543 9,661 15,910 39,665 54-47 454,199 435,656 1909 .. 43,395 6,352 8,287 10,260 16,285 41,184 57-39 474,485 455,943 1910 .. 46,768 5,974 10,332 10,500 16,320 43,126 57-31 485,967 467,425 1911 .. 45,711 6,434 11,340 10,676 16.970 45,420 62-24 495,747 477,204 1912 .. 47,788 7,574 12,256 10,653 17,437 47,920 63-79 510,897 492,355 1913 .. 53,673 7,553 13,379 10,574 17,536 49,042 58-69 531,969 512,862 1914 .. 66,323 8,586 14,488 10,708 19,211 52,993 50-93 567,842 534,514 1915 .. 68,611 8,724 15,523 11,028 20,108 55,383 51-41 601,983 561,447 1916 .. 79,507 9,143 16,154 11,337 21,802 58,436 46-07 634,265 592,880 1917 .. 78,040 11,169 17,341 11,185 25,643 65,338 50-86 704,305 (D) Hunter District Sewerage. 1. Newcastle and Suburbs Sewerage. The sewerage scheme for the Hunter District has its outfall at Merewether Gulf, some distance south from Newcastle. Two gravitation sewers which branch from the main, one at Merewether and the other in the City of Newcastle, have been completed by the Government and transferred to the control of the Hunter District Water and Sewerage Board, also the reticulation sewers for the areas capable of being drained by gravitation. The first transfer was made in July, 1907. 2. Houses connected and Population served. In the following table are shewn the number of properties connected and estimated population served for the years 1908 to 1917 by the Hunter District Sewerage Scheme : NEW SOUTH WALES. HUNTER DISTRICT SEWERAGE. HOUSES CONNECTED AND ESTIMATED POPULATION SERVED, 1908 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Properties connected. Estimated Population served. Year ending 30th June. Properties connected. Estimated Population served. No. No. No. No. 1908 52 260 1913 .. 3,457 17,285 1909 228 1,140 1914 .. 4,887 24,435 1910 661 3,305 1915 .. 6,151 30,755 1911 1,465 7,325 1916 7,240 . . 1912 2,424 12,120 1917 .. 8,284 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 165 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shews the revenue, expenditure, percentage of working c\pcn>cs to revenue, capital cost, and capital debt to Government of the Hunter District Sewerage system for the years 1907 to 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES. HUNTER DISTRICT SEWERAGE. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND CAPITAL COST, 1907 TO 1917. Year Kxpriuliture. Percentage of Capital ending 30th June. Revenue. Manage- ment. Working Kxpense*. Interest. Sinking Fund. fetal. Working Capital Kxpeiises Cost. to Revenue. Debt to Govern- ment. ' % 1907 .. . . . 55,763 53,623 I90S . . 'l7 60 567 2,374 . 3,001 65,017 61,726 1909 .. 74;~, 226 599 2,779 636 4,240 87,127 87,127 1910 .. 6,192 660 935 3,814 708 6,117 37-19 128,655 128,655 1911 .. 8,975 1,080 2,097 5,368 1,040 9,585 46-98 170,151 170,151 1911' .. 11,000 1,786 2,892 7,331 1,324 13,333 r>4 .-,<; 246,915 237,497 1913 .. 1 i>,47i> 1,771 4,185 9,244 1,766 16,91.6 61-91 301,809 292,390 1914 .. 14,622 2,069 4,543 11,274 2,131 20,017 59-79 331,694 322,270 1915 .. 17. I'll' 2,303 4,530 12,281 2,212 21,326 52-55 ; 358,480 347,100 1910 .. 18,582 2,215 4,605 14,117 3,000 23,937 52-84 411,732 400,351 1917 .. 21,408 2,923 5,655 17,266 3,473 29,317 56-30 454,638 (E) Water Supply in Country Towns. 1. General. Under the Country Towns Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1890 the capital required for carrying out the works for water supplies for country towns is advanced by Government. These advances have to be repaid with 4 per cent, interest in annual instalments, spread over a period of 100 years. The construction may be done either by Government or by the Municipality at the option of the latter. A special rate may be levied either on the unimproved or improved capital value of rateable land for the purpose of defraying the expense. 2. Capital Debt and Annual Instalments Due. The following table shews the number of Municipalities where waterworks have been constructed by the Government, generally under Government supervision, the capital cost of completed works, and the annual instalments payable in redemption of such cost from 1887 to 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES.WATER SUPPLY, COUNTRY TOWNS. CAPITAL DEBT AND ANNUAL INSTALMENTS PAYABLE, 1887 TO 1917. Number Number Year ending Of Munici- palities and Capital Debt. Annual Instal- ments. Year ending of .Munici- palities and Capital Cost. Annual Instal- ments. Shires. Shires. No. No. 3 1st Dec., 1887 7 222,728 30th June, 1903 30 499,249 18,055 1888 7 222,728 1904 33 577,557 20,884 1889 10 2( .2,958 1905 36 612,022 22,152 1890 10 271,806 1906 38 653,267 23,747 1891 11 298,127 1907 40 695,773 25,310 1892 14 325,750 1908 40 726,898 26,637 6th Feb., 1893 13 356,266 1909 40 731,016 26,850 31st Dec., 1893 16 363,210 . 1910 43 769,041 28,509 1895 16 360,944 12,740 1911 47 838,829 31,546 1896 20 409,260 14,532 1912 48 864,153 32,649 1897 20 409,260 14,532 1913 49 900,455 34,351 30th June, 1898 24 475,296 16,983 1914 50 915,535 35,034 1899 24 475,296 16,983 1915 51 939,702 35,386 31st Dec., 1900 27 501,277 17,960 1916 53 1,069,017 39,579 1901 28 507,719 18,215 1917 54 1,188,084 46,401 1902 30 504,123 18,055 166 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given the revenue and expenditure of Municipalities and Shires on water supply, together with their assets and liabilities, for the years 1908 to 1916 : NEW SOUTH WALES. WATER SUPPLY, COUNTRY TOWNS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ASSETS AND LIABILITIES, 1908 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Assets and Liabilities. Year ending "& 31st 3 a 1 g Decem- g^ CQ ^ 1 g ber. "8 * 3J| 1 be o a G 03 m 1 -3 .S | II i-s? i 1 5 ta J is | 1 3 I 3iS g* I 1 ifi d i i 3 x ow H 4 | 1908 39,000 11,364 3,627 53,991 9,138 11,888 25,559 4,554 51,139 733,351 713,081 1909 1910 42,319 45,199 14,138 17,273 4,493 4,487 60,950 66,959 10,907 12,168 12,642 24,034 25,479 28,816 6,039 5,444 55,067 70,462 794,314 908,355 763,680 885,523 1911 47,066 19,405 5,490 71,961 12,598 20,066 29,743 8,407 70,814 927,777 903,795 1912 1913 50,216 54,782 22,362 24,849 5,957 8,197 78,535 87,828 12,562 13,472 20,632 24,781 29,887 30,919 7,623 8,850 70,704 78,022 945,275 981,523 911,762 941,659 1914 1915 63,587 66,17S 23,941 24,997 6,171 7,616 93,699 98,786 14,753 14,394 29,389 30,664 31,370 32,949 9,221 8,931 84,733 86,938 1,022,993 1,040,043 974,247 971,281 1916 . 70,134 26,256 7,451 103,841 15,015 31,767 37,451 8,382 92,615 1,110,797 1,034,255 4. Waterworks Constructed by Municipalities. In addition to the above Muni- cipalities, which have constructed waterworks on loans advanced by the Government, a few have constructed waterworks out of their own resources. The following table shews the number which have adopted this latter course, and the estimated value of such waterworks for the years 1891 to 1908, later figures for these Municipalities not being available : NEW SOUTH WALES. WATER SUPPLY, COUNTRY TOWNS. ESTIMATED VALUE OF WATERWORKS, 1891 TO 1908. Year ending Number of Munici- palities. Estimated Value of Water- works. Year ending Number of Munici- palities. Estimated Value of Water- works. 31st December, 1891 5 48,000 4th February, 1901 11 71,589 1892 6 51,000 3rd February, 1902 11 71,409 1893 6 51,300 2nd February, 1903 11 71,458 4th February, 1895 6 54,300 1st February, 1904 12 71,824 3rd February, 1896 6 54,700 6th February, 1905 13 72,051 1st February, 1897 7 56,250 5th February, 1906 14 73,912 31st January, 1898 7 65,830 3rd February, 1907 15 73,712 6th February, 1899 8 65,830 2nd February, 1908 15 74,905 5th February, 1900 9 71,407 (F) Sewerage in Country Towns. 1. General. Under the Country Towns Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1880 and its amendments, sewerage and drainage works have been constructed by the Govern- ment in several country towns and handed over on completion to the control of the Municipal Councils. Other sewerage systems are in existence is several places, but they have been con- structed apart from the Act, and, with few exceptions, the operations have been on a minor scale. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 1G7 2. Capital Debt, &c. The following tables give particulars for the years 1905 to 1917 of the capital debt and annual instalments payable by the several Municipalities which have availed themselves of the provisions of the Act for the construction of sewerage works : NEW SOUTH WALES. COUNTRY TOWNS. SEWERAGE WORKS CONSTRUCTED BY GOVERNMENT CAPITAL DEBT, 1905 TO 1917. Vi-ar .ending 30th June. Number of Munici- palities. Capital Debt, Annual Instal- ments. Year ending 30th June. Number of Munici- palities. Capital Debt. Annual Instal- ments. No. No. 1905 3 5,075 214 1911 .. 10 119,879 4,428 1906 6 33,070 1,245 1912 .. 11 141,165 5,348 1907 8 51,876 1,937 1913 .. 11 169,393 6,479 1908 8 51,445 1,911 1914 .. 13 171,905 6,592 1909 8 51,445 1,911 1915 .. 14 240,290 6,537* 1910 9 53,869 2,041 1916 .. 16 338,313 14,131 1917 .. 17 342,139 14,211 * Annual instalments of two Municipalities not fixed. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shews the revenue, expenditure, assets and liabilities of the same Municipalities, but as some of their number do not levy a special sewerage rate their financial statements cannot be given : NEW SOUTH WALES. COUNTRY TOWNS. SEWERAGE WORKS CONSTRUCTED BY GOVERNMENT REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ASSETS, AND LIABILITIES, 1908 TO 1916. Vpar Revenue. Expenditure. Assets and Liabilities. ft JL C3T ending 01 f Number of Working olSL Decem- ber. Munici- palities. Bates. Other Re- ceipts. Total. Manage- ment. Expenses, Main- tenance, Renewals, In- terest. Other Expen- diture. Total. Assets. Lia- bilities. &c. , 1908 5 2,397 75 2,472 534 451 3,320 163 4,468 49,967 50,768 1909 5 3,392 444 3,836 550 835 1,678 54 3,117 51,127 51,418 1910 6 3,097 1,823 4,920 1,044 1,555 3,058 279 5,936 118,797 120,104 1911 7 6,639 1,907 8,546 1,460 2,479 3,896 259 8,094 142.631 143,486 1912 7 8,343 1,667 10,010 1,410 2,798 4,425 557 9,190 150,048 150,082 1913 7 9,637 1,738 11,375 1,506 3,139 5,218 300 10,163 171,280 170,107 1914 7 10,207 1,844 12,051 1,697 3,527 5,449 345 11,018 177,881 175,808 1915 9 13,274 2,162 15,436 1,983 4,532 8,304 522 15,341 280,235 278,343 1916 .. 10 14,357 2,042 16,399 2,397 4,195 9,739 516 16,847 349,234 348,216 (c) Water, Irrigation, and Drainage Trusts. 1. General. The first Act passed in connexion with drainage was the Drainage Promotion Act 1865, and authorized the formation of Trusts for the purpose of draining swamp lands. In 1902 the Water and Drainage Act empowering the creation of Trusts for irrigation, water supply, and artesian bores was passed. This Act was repealed by the Water Act 1912 now in force. In addition, special Acts were passed, under which the Municipalities of Hay, Went- worth, and Balranald were appointed Trustees of irrigation areas within their boundaries. The properties of these Trusts were, however, handed over to the Government in 1913. All other irrigation schemes are now carried out by the Government, a special Department of Water Conservation and Irrigation having been created for the purpose of controlling them and other matters. 168 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE 2. Drainage Promotion Act 1865. Whenever any tract of land was so circumstanced that from any permanent or occasional cause considerable quantities of water accumulated to the injury of such land, one or more owners thereof could petition the Governor that all the owners of such land could be constituted a Union for the purpose of compulsory drainage and contribution. In the event of a counter petition from one-fifth of the owners the Governor caused the area to be examined, otherwise he could proclaim the owners to be a " Drainage Union." The increased value of the land was to be assessed and a Board of from three to seven Directors, with two Auditors, was to be elected at a meeting of the land-owners. At this meeting the number of votes allotted was as follows : one, if the increased value was less than 50, two, if 50 and less than'100, three, if 100 and under 250. four, if 250 and under 500, and five, if 500 and over. The Board of Directors was to make an annual assessment not exceeding 10 per cent, of the increased value, to make an estimate of the cost for the current year of the upkeep and to raise the amount necessary therefor by an assessment on the increased value of the land, including that of the Crown. Holders of land were to pay a rate not exceeding 20 per cent, of the increased annual value thereof. The Board could borrow on mortgage or otherwise up to an amount not exceeding the estimated revenue for five years. On petition from one-third of the members the Governor could dissolve a Union. In 1895 there were seven such Drainage Unions working, which were organized for the purpose of draining swamp lands on the Macleay, Shoalhaven, and other coastal rivers. 3. Drainage Promotion Act 1901. This Act repealed the 1865 Act, but existing Drainage Unions remained in existence. The provisions of this Act regarding rates, assessments, Boards of Directors, and other matters were practically the same as those of the 1865 Act ; the chief alteration made being that the assessment of the increased annual value was to be made by a sworn appraiser appointed by Government. 4. Water and Drainage Act 1902. Under this Act the Governor was empowered to borrow a sum not exceeding 200,000 annually for five years for the purpose of carrying out works of water supply, water conservation, irrigation, or drainage, and a Board of Government Officers was appointed to supervise the expenditure. Where the estimated cost of any work of water conservation, or in respect of any works of water supply, irrigation, or drainage exceeded 5,000, the Secretary for Public^ Works could propose that a Trust be formed for the maintenance, administration, and extension of such works. The number of Trustees must be either three or five, and be elected for three years by persons liable to pay rates to the Trust. In the case of a Trust in charge of drainage or irrigation works, the occupier of land not exceeding 50 acres was entitled to one vote, if exceeding 50 acres and not exceeding 300 acres two votes, and if exceeding 300 acres three votes. Similarly in case of a Trust in charge of water supplies for domestic and stock purposes, the number of votes was one for an area up to 2,000 acres, two up to 10,000 acres, and three for over 10,000 acres. Trustees could fix and levy rates per acre of land benefited for stock and drainage purposes, per acre of irrigable land in case of irrigation, and per tenement for water supply for domestic purposes. This Act was amended in 1906, and its provisions extended to works for the prevention of floods and the control of flood waters. Borrowing powers were extended for another five years, and the formation of Trusts authorized where the cost of construction of works was under 5,000. In 1911 provision was made for borrowing for a further five years. 5. Water Act 1912. By this Act the previous Acts were repealed, and their pro- visions consolidated. Practically there are no differences in the provisions of this Act and those of the Drainage Promotion Act 1901 and of the Water and Drainage Act 1902 and their amendments. At the 30th June, 1917, there were 33 Trusts for reclamation of swamps and other lands in operation, with a total length of drains of 123 miles ; the total area served being 133,098 acres. The total cost was 118,749, and the annual payments 6,872. 6. Wentworth Irrigation Act 1890. The Wentworth Irrigation Trust, consisting of the members of the Municipal Council of Wentworth, was created in order to utilize the waters of Fletcher's Lake for irrigating an area of 10,900 acres of land and for other WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 169 purposes. The Trust had power to erect dams and other works, and to divert water from Fletcher's Lake and from the Rivers Darling and Murray. Irrigated land could be leased for 30 years. The Trust could fix rates (a) for domestic use ; (b) for watering stock and washing sheep ; (c) for irrigation ; and (d) for power ; and could borrow, with the sanction of the Governor, up to two-thirds of the estimated value of the propertv M liich the Trust would possess on the completion of the works. Under the 1 rri\nifion Act 1912 the property and powers of the Wentworth Irrigation Trust were on the 1st of January, 1913, transferred to the Commissioner for Water i 'onscrvation and Irrigation, and thus placed under Government control. 7. Hay Irrigation Act 1892. The Council of the Municipal District of Hay was empowered, by this Act to be a Trust to use the waters of the Murrumbidgee River for the purposes of irrigating 19,847 acres of land. The provisions of this Act were similar to those of the previous (Wentworth) Act, except that the aggregate amount of money borrowed must not exceed the estimated revenue for seven years. In 1896 the area was reduced to 3,000 acres, and at the same- time the Trust was remodelled to consist of three persons resident in the Land District of Hay appointed by the Governor, and three officers of the public service. In 1902 the Act of 1892, with its amendments, was consolidated, but no material alterations were made in the provisions. On the first of January, 1913, the duties and property of the Trust were handed over to the Commissioner for Water Conservation and Irrigation. 8. Balranald Irrigation Act 1893. The provisions of this Act were similar to those contained in the Hay Irrigation Act, the Council of the Municipality of Balranald being the Trust authorized to use water from the Murrumbidgee River for the purpose of irrigating 1,000 acres of land. This Trust does not appear to have been very successful, as in 1897 the Trustees petitioned for its dissolution. In 1902, however, a fresh Act was p'assed, repealing the previous Act, and conferring the same powers and duties on the Council of the Municipality of Balranald as before ; however, these duties and powers were handed over to the Commissioner for Water Conservation and Irrigation on the first of January, 1913. 2. Victoria. (A) Melbourne Water Supply. 1. General. Originally the water supply of Melbourne was in the hands of the City Council, but in 1853 the duty of supplying the metropolis with water was transferred to the Commissioner of Sewers, who had control until March, 1891. The whole of the property, together with the control of the metropolitan water supply was handed over in 1891 to the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board* of Works, a body established by an Act passed in 1890 for the purpose of managing the water supply and the sewerage of Melbourne and its suburbs. 2. The Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. This Board was established by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Act which came into force on 20th December, 1890, and entered on its duties on 18th March, 1891. It consists of 40 members, one of whom is Chairman, elected every four years by the other members, but he need not necessarily be elected from among the members of the Board. Originally seven members were elected by the Melbourne City Council, four by the South Melbourne, three by the Prahran, two each by the Fitzroy, Richmond, St. Kilda, and Collingwood Councils, and one each by the other suburban Municipal Councils interested, but in 1915 the number of members elected by the Melbourne City Council was raised to nine, and only members of Municipal Councils are eligible for election. Thirteen of the members retire annually in February, but are eligible for re-election if they remain members of their respective Councils. The district over which the Board exercises control consists of seventeen Cities, three Towns, two Shires, and parts of three other Municipalities, comprising a total area of 109,009 acres, and containing an estimated population on the 30th June, 1917, of 727,196, including those supplied with water outside the Board's area. The waterworks for the supply of Melbourne and suburbs were originally constructed by the Government which had, for that purpose, contracted loans amounting to 2,389,934. These works were .vested in the Board in 1891. The 170 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. primary object of the creation of the Board was not, however, to take over these works, but to supply the long-called-for and pressing want of a sewerage system for the metropolis, a description of which is given further on (see page 176.) 3. Metropolitan Water Supply. During the years 1835 to 1857 the inhabitants depended for their water supply entirely upon rain water caught in tanks or upon water from the River Yarra above the falls, where Queen's Bridge is now situated. In order to obviate the expense of carting from the river, a small steam-engine was erected in 1850 to pump water into a tank situated in Flinders-street, from which water was drawn and distributed by carts. In 1851 a report was issued by the City Surveyor recommending a scheme for the City water supply, which was soon afterwards adopted. The source from which it was proposed to obtain the supply consisted of several creeks and springs which flow from Mount Disappointment, about 33 miles north of the metropolis, and which, when united, form the Plenty River. This plan was adopted, and is known as the Yan Yean Reservoir Scheme. In 1853 the duty of supplying water to the metropolis was transferred from the City Council to the Commissioners of Sewers and Water Supply, appointed by the Government. All the works connected with the metropolitan water supply were constructed and maintained by Government until 1891, when they were handed over to the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. Work on the Yan Yean reservoir commenced on the 20th December, 1853, and the water was formally turned on to the City of Melbourne on the 27th December, 1857. A survey was made in 1880 of the Watts River as a source of supply, and in accordance with the report made on this river the Maroondah system was commenced in 1885 and completed in 1891. The O'Shannassy system was commenced in 1911, and was in full operation by October, 1914. 4. Description of Water Supply Systems. The water supply of Melbourne consists of three main systems, the Yan Yean (including the high level main), the Maroondah, and the O'Shannassy systems. (i) The Yan Yean System. This system commences by collecting the water from the Silver and Wallaby Creeks to the north of Mount Disappointment, which is 2,700 feet high, and forms one of the prominent heights of the main Dividing Range. The waters of Silver Creek are brought by means of an aqueduct a little over 8 miles in length, and constructed at a cost of 59,603, to a weir at the head of the Wallaby Creek aqueduct. This aqueduct carries the combined waters of the two creeks for a distance of 5 miles, discharges over the crest of the Dividing Range at a height of 1,694 feet above sea-level, and then drops a height of 133 feet in 683 feet into Jack's Creek, one of the branches of the Plenty River. The Wallaby Creek aqueduct was constructed at a cost of 68,284, including the diversion weir, and its carrying capacity is 33,000,000 gallons a day ; while the average daily flow of the combined Silver and Wallaby Creeks is 12,000,000 gallons. From its drop into Jack's Creek, the water follows the natural bed of the stream for about 3 miles to the Toorourrong reservoir, which is about 36 acres in extent, and has a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons. The total catchment area consists of 22,000 acres. The waters of the eastern branch of the Plenty River and of Jack's Creek, augmented by the Wallaby aqueduct, are conveyed from the Toorourrong Reservoir by the Yan Yean aqueduct. This aqueduct is 4f miles long, has a carrying capacity of 120,000,000 gallons a day, and, together with the Toorourrong Reservoir, cost 77,808. In this channel there is one short inverted syphon, consisting of 36-in. cast-iron pipes. The Yan Yean Reservoir is situated 22 miles from the City, on a reserve of 5,700 acres ; it covers an area of 1,360 acres, has a maximum depth of 26 feet, an average depth of 18 feet, and a total capacity of 6,400,000 gallons, of which 5,400,000 gallons are available for consumption. Its supply, irrespective of that derived from its own catchment area of 5,700 acres, was at first obtained from the Plenty River by means of an aqueduct, 2 miles long, capable of carrying 150,000,000 gallons per day, the last quarter of a mile being tunnelled. In 1883 the Wallaby Creek aqueduct was built, and in 1886 the Silver Creek aqueduct. The main from Yan Yean to Melbourne consisted originally of pipes of three sizes, the first length from Yan Yean to Morang. 7 miles, being 30 inches ; the second, from Morang to Preston, 6 miles, 27 inches ; and the third, from Preston to Melbourne, 6 miles, 24 inches in diameter. The Preston Reservoir was built in 1864, is 20 feet deep, holds 16,000,000 gallons, and cost 11,000 ; the by- wash being 326 feet above sea-level. In 1869 a second 24-in. main was laid from Preston to Collingwood, capable of delivering 10,000,000 gallons per day. In 1874 a cast-iron main. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 171 18 inches in diameter, and capable of delivering 4,500,000 gallons per day was laid from Preston, via Coburg and Brunswick, into the City. In order to provide increased facilities for bringing water from the Yan Yean Reservoir to Preston, the 30-in. pipes as far as Morang were raised in 1876 and relaid alongside the 27-in. pipes from Morang to Preston, and in their place an open aqueduct, known as the Morang aqueduct, was built. This aqueduct is capable of carrying 33,000,000 gallons per day, crosses the Plenty River on a stone bridge of a single arch of 45 -ft. span, and terminates in a pipe head reservoir, 14 feet deep, capable of holding 3,000,000 gallons, the by- wash level of which is 485 feet above sea-level. In 1877 a third 24-in. main was laid from Preston to the Merri Creek, and being there reduced to 18-in. diameter, was, in 1878, taken over the Yarra to supply Kew and Hawthorn ; and in 1880 a further 16-in. main was laid on to those suburbs. In 1883 a fourth 24-in. main was laid from Preston to Melbourne. Until 1886 all the mains were of cast iron. The first wrought-iron main was 30 inches in diameter, and was laid in Preston in 1886 from the Reservoir to Oakover-road, and continued thence to Merri Creek by 30-in. cast-iron pipes. A second 30-in. wrought-iron pipe was laid in 1887 from Morang to Preston, and in the same year a 24-in. wrought-iron main was laid through Kew. Another 30-in. main was laid in 1889 from the Preston Reservoir to Melbourne, with smaller branches to Essendon and South Melbourne. In order to supply the eastern suburbs of Box Hill, Surrey Hills, &c., a wrought-iron main 32 inches in diameter was laid direct from Yan Yean to a reservoir at Surrey Hills. This main was completed in 1891, is 20 miles long, cost 199,126, and is capable of discharging 9,000,000 gallons daily. It crosses the Yarra at Heidelberg on an iron girder bridge. The first service reservoir was constructed at Essendon. It is capable of holding 1,000,000 gallons, was completed in 1881, and cost 1,100. In 1883 a second was built alongside, capable of holding 6,000,000 gallons, and costing 6,500. The Caulfield service reservoir was built in 1883, at a cost of 13,500, and has a capacity of 10,000,000 gallons. The Kew service reservoir was built in 1886, and is capable of holding 3,000,000 gallons. It cost 6,510. (ii) The Maroondah System. The survey for this system was made in 1880, the inten- tion being to convey the water from the Watts River, east of Healesville, to the Preston Reservoir. The average daily flow of the Watts River and its tributaries is 42,000,000 gallons, and the minimum flow 25,000,000 gallons. It was estimated that by erecting a dam 105 feet high across the Watts Valley 2,000,000,000 gallons could be stored. The name of the Watts River was changed in 1891 to Maroondah River, and the scheme completed, with the exception of the dam. The aqueduct is 41 miles in length, 25 miles being open contour channel. There are twelve tunnels of an aggregate length of 6 miles, while fourteen inverted syphons make up the remaining 9^ miles. The complete scheme provides for an aqueduct capable of carrying 50,000,000 gallons daily, but, although the greater part of the channel and all the tunnels are completed to their full size, a portion of the aqueduct is only made sufficiently high to carry 28,000,000 gallons daily. The inverted syphons are 53 or 30 inches in diameter, and are laid under the beds of the streams they cross, with the exception of that at the Plenty River, which is carried by a wrought- iron girder bridge. A weir has also been built on the Graceburn, and the water conveyed in an open channel for three-quarters of a mile, and thence by an 18-in. wrought-iron syphon, 1 miles long, across the valley of the Maroondah to the main aqueduct. A 7-in. pipe for the supply of Healesville is taken from the Graceburn channel. The area of the watershed is about 40,000 acres. In 1893 the supply was further augmented by the- diversion of Donnelly's Creek. In 1907 the sides of the Maroondah aqueduct were raised, and in 1909 an increase of 3,700,000 gallons a day was obtained by a 12-in. and 15-in. extension, 3| miles in length, from the Graceburn syphon to tap the waters of the Coranderrk Creek at a diversion weir. The cost of the Coranderrk scheme was 9,126. It is intended to proceed with the erection of the Maroondah dam, and the Government has been asked to vest the catchment areas of the Upper Yarra in the Board. (iii) The O'Shannassy System. The O'Shannassy watershed was vested in the Board in 1910, and contains an area of about 33,000 acres. In 1914 the scheme was in full operation for the delivery of 20,000,000 gallons per day. The O'Shannassy River has been diverted by means of a concrete weir at a point about 3f miles above its confluence with the River Yarra. From this point an aqueduct 48f miles long delivers the water into a new service reservoir of 15,000,000 gallons capacity at Surrey Hills. This reservoir is 172 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. connected to and on the same level as the one installed in 1891, and cost 19,376. The aqueduct consists of 23 miles of open or covered channel, three tunnels aggregating a little over half-a-mile in length, 22f miles of 34 to 36 inch steel pipes, a quarter of a mile of reinforced 38J-in. concrete pipes, and 2 miles of 30 to 36 inch wood stave pipes, or a total of 25 miles of pipe line and 23 miles of channel and tunnel. The channel is at present capable of carrying 20,000,000 gallons a day, but in some sections 60,000,000 gallons can be carried, as is also the case with the tunnels. The aqueduct follows the slopes of the main Yarra Valley to a point near Launching Place, whence it passes through Wandin to Olinda at 671 feet above sea-level. At Olinda there is a pipe-head reservoir of 1 1,000,000 gallons capacity, with screening chambers, which cost 21,016. It is intended to construct service reservoirs at Mitcham, with an aggregate capacity of about 60,000,000 gallons. (iv) Catchment Areas. The whole of the catchment areas are absolutely free from population or cultivation. The Government pursued the policy of gradually purchasing all private rights over the various watersheds, which policy the Board has continued. The original owners have been bought out, while the township of Fernshaw, in the Maroondah system, was entirely purchased and obliterated. The present drainage area* from which the water is delivered cover the following : Yan Yean Maroondah . O'Shannassy 29,000 acres. 40,000 33,000 Total 102,000 (v) Storage Reservoirs. In addition to the reservoirs already mentioned, a second service reservoir of 24,500,000 gallons capacity was completed at Preston in 1909, and cost 25,007. In 1911 a service reservoir, costing 2,489, of 1,000,000 gallons capacity was constructed at Heidelberg, and another at Netting Hill, with a capacity of 10,000,000 gallons, costing 15,351. A third reservoir was built at Preston in 1913, with a capacity of 26,300,000 gallons, costing 29,190. The following table shows the capacity and level at by-wash of all the reservoirs connected with the Melbourne water supply at the 30th June, 1917 : Description. Capacity. Seduced Level at By-wash above Low Water Mark. Storage Reservoirs. Gallons. Feet. Yan Yean 6,400,000,000 602 Toorourrong 60,000,000 747 Total 6,460,000,000 Service Reservoir*. Preston No. 1 . . 13,500,000 326-50 No. 2 . . 24,500,000 326-50 No. 3 . . 26,300,000 326-50 Caulfield 10,000,000 166-00 Surrev Hills No. 1 9,000,000 429-50 No. 2 15,000,000 429-50 Essendon No. 1 1,000,000 209-25 No. 2 4,000,000 209-25 Kew . . 3,000,000 281 -50 Morang (Pipe Head) . . 3,000,000 485-00 Heidelberg 1,000,000 325 -00 Notting Hill 10,000,000 332-50 Olinda 11,000,000 671-00 Total 131,300,000 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 173 The total daily quantity of water which can be sent into Melbourne is as follows : .Million Per Day. Yan Yean .. .. .. .. .. 33 High level mains . . . . . . . . 9 Maroondah . . . . . . . . . . 28 O'Shannassy .. .. .. .. 20 Total 90 (vi) Aqueducts, Mains, and Reticulation. The following is a summary of the total lengths of aqueducts, mains, and reticulation up to the 30th June, 1917 : Miles. Chains. Yan Yean Aqueducts between watersheds and Yan Yean Reservoir . . 23 62 Aqueduct Yan Yean Reservoir to Morang . . . . 6 33 Maroondah Main Maroondah aqueduct . . . . . . . . 41 28 Tributary aqueducts . . . . . . . . . . 68 Scours at Preston Reservoirs . . . . . . . . 2 52j 0? Shannatssy O'Shannassy aqueduct . . . . . . . . 22 68| O'Shannassy pipe line . . . . . . . . 25 69 Scour channel at Warburton . . . . . . . . 32 Scour at Olinda Reservoir . . . . . . . . 031 Scour at Surrev Hills Reservoir 49 Total .. .. .. .. 130 34 Large mains, 54 to 12 inch diameter (exclusive of O'Shannassy pipe lines and Maroondah aqueduct syphons) . . . . 230 23J Reticulation under 12 inch diameter . . . . . . 1,321 23| Total .. .. .. .. .. 1,682 (vii) Cost of Construction. The total cost to the 30th June, 1917, of all the systems of water supply is as follows : Original water supply works, tank, pumping station, &c. . . 84,885 Yan Yean system . . . . . . . . . . 632,698 Maroondah system . . . . . . . . . . 788,825 O'Shannassy system . . . . . . . . . . 452,027 Service reservoirs . . . . . . . . . . 250,292 Large mains . . . . . . . . . . 1,192,093 Reticulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,466,787 Total . . . . . . . . . . 4,867,607 174 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 5. Consumption of Water. The following table shews (a) the mean number of houses supplied, (6) the estimated population supplied, (c) the total consumption for the year, (d) the total average daily consumption, (e) the average daily consumption per house, (/) the average daily consumption per head, (g) the rate levied for the years 1878 to 1917, and (h) the assessments of tenements served from 1889 to 1917. From 1857 to 1874 the rate levied was one shilling, and was then reduced to eightpence in the pound of the annual value. VICTORIA. MELBOURNE WATER SUPPLY. NUMBER OF HOUSES, POPULATION, AND WATER SUPPLIED, 1878 Td 1917. Average Daily Consumption. Year Mean Number Estimated Total Rate Assess- ending 30th June. of Houses supplied. Population supplied. Consumption for the Year. m-f _i Per Per levied in the 1. ments of Tenements served. JLOtctl* House. Head. ,000 ,000 No. No. gals. gals. gals. gals. d. 1878 . . 50,249 256,477 3,053,955 8,367 166-5 32-62 8 1879 . . 52,448 265,000 3,207,802 8,788 167-5 33-16 8 1880 . . 52,729 277,200 3,452,478 9,433 178-9 34-03 8 1881 53,740 284,874 3,741,250 10,250 190-7 35-98 8 . 1882 . . 54,924 291,464 3,905,500 10,700 194-8 36-71 8 . . 1883 . . 56,881 304,410 4,015,000 11,000 193-4 36-14 8 1884 . . 60,041 322,690 4,348,080 11,880 197-9 36-82 8 1885 . . 63,501 345,380 4,807,050 13,170 207 -4 38-13 8 .' 1886 . . 68,015 371,630 5,210,375 14,275 209-9 38-41 8 . . 1887 . . 73,424 391,550 5,622,825 15,405 209-8 39-34 8 . . 1888 . . 79,261 419,490 6,728,910 18,385 232-0 43-83 8 . . 1889 . . 85,167 445,220 7,933,275 21,735 255-2 48-82 6 4,459,452 1890 . . 92,445 473,500 8,630,525 23,645 255-8 49-94 6 5,094,842 1891 . . 99,364 491,700 9,184,860 25,164 253-3 51-18 6 5,371,786 1892 . . 106,772 486,620 .8,824,992 24,112 225-8 49-55 6 5,641,450 1893 107,125 469,390 8,717,295 23,883 222-9 50-88 6 5,732,358 1894 . . 107,764 449,560 9,373,200 25,680 238-3 57-79 6 5,152,554 1895 . . 107,260 444,340 9,811,200 26,880 252-4 60-49 6 4,351,223 1896 . . 106,486 452,210 9,246,258 25,263 237-2 55-87 6 3,766,867 1897 . . 105,710 458,300 8,851,615 24,251 229-4 52-92 6 3,665,683 1898 . . 104,861 466,895 9,657,535 26,459 252-3 56-67 6 3,576,594 1899 . . 103,981 480,390 9,731,265 26,661 256-4 55-50 6 3,461,586 1900 . . 104,050 489,600 10,091,885 27,649 265-7 56-47 6 3,462,467 1901 . . 104,548 494,905 10,622,585 28,829 275-7 58-25 6 3,479,721 1902 . . 105,051 501,580 10,677,710 29,254 278-5 58-32 6 3,650,573 1903 . . 106,176 502,840 10,573,685 28,969 272-8 57-61 6 3,830,872 1904 . . 107,701 505,760 10,683,906 29,191 271-0 57-72 6 4,004,543 1905 . . 109,393 511,520 11,300,765 30,961 283-0 60-53 6 4,061,258 1906 . . 111,494 519,925 12,023,100 32,940 295-4 63-36 6 4,090,890 1907 . . 114,094 530,655 12,536,290 34,346 301-0 64-72 7 4,301,913 1908 . . 116,781 543,115 12,219,276 33,386 285-9 61-47 7 4,484,868 1909 . . 119,650 557,350 11,790,595 32,303 270-0 57-96 7 4,672,324 1910 .. 123,227 573,255 12,103,400 33,160 269-1 57-85 7 4,789,265 1911 128,036 588,000 12,662,215 34,691 270-9 59-00 7 5,045,848 1912 .. 133,122 604,275 13,666,440 37,340 280-5 61-79 7 5,382,101 1913 .. 140,351 628,430 14,638,690 40,106 285-8 63-82 7 5,670,801 1914 .. 147,442 651,000 15,041,650 41,210 279-5 63-30 7 6,217,841 1915 .. 150,825 674,000 14,117,470 38,678 254-8 57-39 7 6,577,338 1916 .. 155,208 713,957 13,446,474 36,739 236-7 51-46 6 6,905,842 1917 .. 158,086 727,196 13,781,305 37,757 238-8 51-92 6 7,113,740 I i WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 175 6. Ordinary Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn (a) the capital cost for the years 1853 to 1917, (6) the ordinary revenue for the years 1854 to 1917, (c) the ordinary expenditure for the years 1856 to 1917, (d) the percentage of expenditure on management and maintenance for the years 1859 to 1917, and (e) the net profit for the years 1861 to 1917 of the Melbourne Water Supply when under control of the Government from 1853 to 1891 and under that of the Melbourne and Metro- politan Board of Works from 1892 to 1917 : VICTORIA. MELBOURNE WATER SUPPLY. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, AND NET PROFIT, 1853 TO 1917. Year ending 31st December (1853 to 1870) ; 30th June (1871 to 1917). Capital Cost. Revenue. , Percentage Expenditure. of Kxpendi- ture on Net Profit. Manage- ment. Mainten- ance, Repairs, and Renewals. Interest. j Manage- ment and Total. Mainten- ! ance to i Revenue. 1 UNDER GOVERNMENT CONTROL. % 1853 . . 8,737 . . . . . . . . . . 1854 . . 367,356 1,667 . . . . , . . . . . . . 1855 . . 497,347 10,856- . . . . . . 1856 . . 651,943 10,169 . . 34,800 34,800 . . 1857 748,974 18,513 33,900 33,900 . . . . 1858 791,689 23,457 44,670 44,670 . . 1859 . . 810,759 27,879 9,030 3,944 42,480 55,454 46-54 1860 . . 833,222 45,716 6,972 2,400 39,480 48,852 20-50 1861 846,444 64,121 5,649 3,122 36,480 45,251 13-67 18,870 1862 878,532 53,932 4,869 2,564 '3 3,480 40,913 15-86 13,019 1863 928,743 47,064 4,849 2,962 30,480 38,291 16-60 8,773 1864 . . 963,905 50,935 4,722 2,102 27,424 34,248 13-40 16,687 1865 . . 985,009 56,937 5,629 1,764 24,408 31,801 12-98 25,136 1866 984,335 57,457 7,649 2,589 21,408 31,646 17-82 25,811 1867 988,754 59,834 5,909 1,521 17,844 25,274 12-42 34,560 1868 . . ,046,048 63,038 5,738 1,747 13,890 21,375 11-87 41,663 1869 . . ,073,335 67,427 5,407 2,507 11,500 19,414 11-74 48,013 1870 . . ,092,146 73,691 5,945 1,905 10,500 18,350 10-79 55,341 1871* .. ,102,877 38,699 3,069 770 6,000 9,839 9-92 28,860 1872 ,108,775 81,026 6,873 3,241 4,500 14,614 12-48 66,412 1873 ,127,495 85,584 7,047 5,493 5,320 17,860 14-65 67,724 1874 . . ,194,792 92,390 7,570 3,596 7,640 18,806 12-09 73,584 1875 . . ,272,119 75,142 8,123 4,077 10,240 22,440 16-24 52,702 1876 . . ,347,996 76,959 8,109 4,264 11,000 23,373 16-08 53,586 1877 ,382,565 83,137 8,210 4,996 18,741 31,947 15-88 51,190 1878 . . ,464,030 87,392 7,997 4,764 18,741 31,502 14-60 55,890 1879 ,497,530 92,669 7,866 6,566 16,243 30,675 15-57 61,994 1880 . . ,539,640 91,980 8,042 4,984 16,242 29,268 14-16 62,712 1881 ,572,385 97,079 8,175 7,184 16,242 31,601 15-82 65,478 1882 ,612,425 104,208 8,511 6,884 16,263 31,658 14-77 72,550- 1883 ,780,979 111,594 8,726 6,401 26,012 41,139 13-56 70,455 1884 . . ,869,128 117,560 8,046 5,357 34,990 48,393 12-25 69,167 1885 . . ,933,718 128,179 8,514 5,619 28,741 42,874 11-26 85,305 1886 . . 2,018,174 144,831 10,224 5,706 50,089 66,019 11-00 78,812 1887 2,171,083 156,730 11,568 6,404 50,146 68,118 11-47 88,612 1888 2,442,731 169,972 13,020 6,998 57,317 77,335 11-78 92,637 1889 . . 2,730,017 188,212 14,856 7,787 61,819 84,462 12-03 103,750 1890 . . 3,104,747 193,274 16,434 9,694 65,281 91,409 13-52 101,865 1891 3,378,246 200,745 17,863 9,710 77,365 104,938 13-73 95,807 Six months ending 30th June. 176 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. VICTORIA. MELBOURNE WATER SUPPLY. COST OF CONSTRUCTION ORDINARY REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, ETC., 1853 TO IQll continued. Year ending 31st December Expenditure. Percentage of Expendi- ture on (1852 to 1870) ; Capital Cost. Revenue. Mainten- Manage- ment Net Profit. 30th June (1871 to 1917). Manage- ment. ance, Repairs, and Interest. Total. and Mainten- ance to Renewals. Revenue. UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE MELBOURNE AND METROPOLITAN BOARD OF WORKS. o/ /o 1892 . . 3,477,382 197,339 21,958 14,730 94,485 131,173 18-59 66,166 1893 3,585,590 188,562 21,819 14,767 98,511 135,097 19-40 53,465 1894 . . 3,638,638 174,635 19,217 15,632 106,376 141,225 19-95 33,410 1895 . . 3,662,570 164,401 18,725 15,894 100,325 134,944 21-15 29,457 1896 . . 3,672,658 157,204 19,604 15,452 103,840 138,896 22-33 18,308 1897 3,681,771 155,931 20,820 17,379 103,828 142,027 24-53 13,904 1898 . . 3,667,561 164,504 21,062 19,140 103,756 143,958 24-47 20,546 1899 3,685,991 161,066 18,907 16,199 102,741 137,847 21-84 23,19 1900 . . 3,700,873 158,958 20,167 17,486 103,331 140,984 23-86 17,974 1901 3,715,203 163,425 20,103 18,445 103,988 142,536 23-72 20,889 1902 3,731,256 172,120 19,370 20,786 102,670 142,826 23-46 29,294 1903 . . 3,741,668 169,439 18,777 21,480 102,942 143,199 23-84. 26,240 1904 . . 3,750,317 165,759 16,770 20,765 104,096 141,631 22-73 24,128 1905 3,751,708 184,617 15,693 16,104 102,465 134,262 17-25 50,355 1906 . . 3,768,270 185,738 15,092 15,539 102,548 133,179 16-60 52,559 1907 3,793,389 214,309 15,895 17,731 102,075 135,701 15-78 78,608 1908 . . 3,826,447 233,785 18,652 23,004 100,915 142,571 17-92 91,214 1909 3,891,555 235,429 19,613 22,163 102,281 144,057 17-82 91,372 1910 .. 3,921,775 249,114 20,148 22,999 101,440 144,587 17-69 104,527 1911 4,014,506 244,045 20,816 23,474 104,930 149,220 18-15 94,825 1912 .. 4,141,177 277,305 22,432 28,447 111,933 162,812 18-35 114,493 1913 .. 4,463,915 287,342 23,416 28,735 114,440 166,591 18-15 120,751 1914 . . 4,614,728 332,930 25,183 31,690 128,292 185,165 17-08 147,765 1915 .. 4,743,735 350,549 25,686 34,861 130,268 190,815 17-27 159,734 1916 .. 4,835,628 334,181 25,586 44,071 134,915 204,572 20-84 129,609 1917 .. 4,867,607 319,614 25,952 37,848 137,544 201,344 19-96 118,270 (B) Melbourne Sewerage. i. General. As already stated, the chief object of the creation of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works was to carry out an efficient system of sewerage. Old Melbourne used to be a city of cesspits, and it was not until the later sixties that these were abolished, filled up, and the movable pan system gradually adopted throughout the whole metropolitan area, with night removal. The cost of removal in 1894 was about 90,000, equal to a capital expenditure of 1,750,000. This objectionable system has been displaced by the water-carriage system throughout a large portion of the metropolis, and in other parts the work of reticulation is still proceeding. The sewerage system is designed to carry off all water used in water-closets, lavatories, baths, and urinals, together with all chamber slops and water used in cooking, washing clothes and floors, and from sinks in kitchens and sculleries, drainage from stables and cow houses, together with all liquid refuse, which, in the opinion of the Board, will not prejudicially affect the sewers, the machinery, or the sewage farm. Rainfall from the streets flows into the river and is not taken into the sewers. The sewers are designed to provide for 30 cubic feet per head per day from the assumed future population, calculated on the basis of a population of 1,000,000 people ultimately settled on the areas now capable of being connected with the pumping station. The plans and estimates of the cost of the metropolitan sewerage were originally prepared by an expert civil engineer from England and were furnished to the \VATKK SUPPLY AND SEWERA1,063 32,545 7,601t 1916 553,668 50,847 8,783 4,031 21,927 34,741 15,746t 1917 555,323 25,586 9,785 4,384 U80 36,349 10,763 * Loss. t Profit. WATER SUPPLY AND SKWKRAGE. 181 (c) Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage. 1. General. I'mler t he (Jeelong Municipal Waterworks Act 1907 a Trust was appointed, ((insist inu of five Commissioners, elected by the Councils of Geelong and adjoining Municipalities, siu-h Commissioners to be Councillors of the Municipalities by which they are elected. Authority was given to borrow up to 300,000. The waterworks vested in this Trust comprised the Bolwarra Weir, on the Eastern Moorabool River, with the supply channel and reservoirs connected therewith. In 1910 this Trust was superseded by the enditure. Yf.-ir ending Cnpiral | Loan :JOth .him-. Cost. Kates. 1 Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Main- tenance. Other. Total. Liability 1908* . . 5,046 1,502 6,548 1 873 1,320 7 2,200 1909 456,700 11,465 4,813 16,278 1,554 2,190 16,459 20,203 1910 .. 484,484 11,713 4,181 15,894 1,639 2,107 11,513 15,259 295,200 1911 495,110 12,283 5,377 17,660 2,295 2,467 12,149 16,911 311,259 1912 523,357 12,978 5,465 18,443 2,018 1,715 12,735 16,468 328,354 1913 547,185 14,298 6,589 20,887 1,549 3,139 14,138 18,826 350,000 1914 548,319 15,151 7,543 22,694 1,913 3,852 14,365 20,130 413,373 1915 587,454 15,947 8,914 24,861 2,130 3,530 18,598 24,258 1916 . . 603,118 16,377 6,903 23,280 2,484 2,824 18,012 23,320 * Half-year. 4. Sewerage Scheme. The sewerage scheme provides for a main outfall sewer, 4 ft. 3 in. \ 3 ft. 3 in., to the ocean at Black Rock, a distance of about 9 miles from the City. The drainage scheme embraces an area of 8,081 acres, including the City of Geelong, the Boroughs of Geelong West, Newtown and Chilwell, and the suburban areas of the Shires of Corio, South Barwon, and Bellarine. (D) Country Waterworks and Irrigation. 1. General. The first waterworks wfcre constructed by the Government, but in 1865 the construction we- transferred to the Board of Land and Works. In 1869 Commis- sioners could be appointed to complete and extend waterworks. Municipal Councils 182 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. could, in 1881, prepare plans and elect Trusts for the purpose of constructing waterworks, the Government advancing money on loan, and in 1883 the Governor could create Irrigation Districts and Trusts. In 1905 the control and management of all Irrigation Trusts, with the exception of the Mildura Trust and of a number of waterworks and water supplies, were centralized, and their works and property vested in the State Rivers and Water Supply Commission. A number of waterworks, however, are still controlled by Waterworks Trusts or Municipal Corporations. 2 V Victorian Water Conservation Act 1881. Under this Act any Municipal Council or Councils desirous of having waterworks could submit plans to the Governor for approval. If the area included was wholly within the Municipality, the Municipal Council itself was appointed the Waterworks Trust, otherwise the Trust consisted of not more than two Commissioners elected by each Municipal Council and one appointed by the Governor. A Commissioner had to be a ratepayer, and might be a member of the Council, and was elected for two years. Money could be borrowed, and a rate levied not exceeding 10 per cent, of the annual valuation. 3. Water Conservation Act 1883. This provided for the proclamation of irrigation areas, on the petition of a majority of the owners of the land. The Governor was to determine the limits of the area, the amount of loan granted, the number of Commissioners in the Trust, and their period of office. The Trust Commissioners were elected by the owners of land in the area, and must be either owners or occupiers of land. Money could be borrowed up to the amount of 70 per cent, of the gross value of the land within the irrigation area. Rates to pay interest and sinking fund could be levied uniformly on the gross value of the land capable of being irrigated, and water must be sold by measure. The Governor could proclaim any City, Town, Borough, or populous place to be an Urban District, when the Trust could lay pipes and levy rates within such District. A Municipal Council could be a Waterworks Trust if the area of the Trust was wholly or with exception of the waterworks situated within one Municipal District. 4. Irrigation Act 1886. The provisions of this Act were practically the same as those in the preceding Act, except that an Irrigation and Water Supply Trust could be constituted on the petition of any Municipal Council or Waterworks Trust or Irrigation Trust or a majority of ratepayers or a majority of owners of land who were owners of at least half the land within the proposed Irrigation District. 5. Water Conservation Act 1887. This was a consolidation of the previous Acts, and retained the same provisions, but it enacted that loans must be limited to an amount not exceeding that for which a one shilling and sixpenny rate would be sufficient to pay interest and sinking fund. 6. Water Act 1890. This Act repealed the whole of the previous Acts as far as not already repealed and consolidated their provisions. The provisions for Waterworks Trusts and Irrigation and Water Supply Trusts were kept distinct, and remained practically unchanged. The Act provided specially for the water supply of Melbourne and Geelong, which were still managed by the Board of Land and Works, as well as national undertakings, and the Board was also authorized to complete and extend certain scheduled works. Local governing bodies, such as Municipal Councils, were empowered to borrow money from the Government for the purpose of purchasing or constructing waterworks, and special . provisions were included in the Act regarding the Ballarat Water Com- missioners. 7. Mallee Tanks Act 1895. By this Act a Shire Council in the Mallee country could borrow money from the Government for the purpose of sinking tanks and constructing dams, and could levy a rate not exceeding two shillings and sixpence in the pound on the assessment of any property within the District. 8. Water Supply Advances Relief Act 1899. On the 30th June, 1899, the total indebt- edness to Government of 8 Boroughs and Shires, of 31 Waterworks Trusts, and of 27 Irrigation and Water Supply Trusts amounted to 1,917,532 on capital account and 581,372 on interest account, and of these sums 1,068,459 was written off the former and 574,252 off the latter. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 183 9. Water Act 1900. This Act amended the 1890 Act. On petition of a majority of ratepayers in a Waterworks District, the election of Trust Commissioners could be transferred from the Municipal Councils to the ratepayers, and the appointment of a Commissioner by the Governor was made opinonal. The 1890 Act was also amended in many minor particulars. 10. Water Act 1905. Under this Act a State Rivers and Water Supply Board was appointed by the Governor comprising three Commissioners, whose duties were to take over and manage all the Government waterworks and such Trust undertakings as might be entrusted to them from time to time. Several Waterworks Trusts and all Irrigation Trusts except the First Mildura Trust were abolished under this Act, and their duties handed over to the State Rivers and Water Supply Commissioners. 11. Water Act 1915. This Act consolidated previous Acts, and reference to Irrigation Trusts was omittsd therein. 12. Local Government Acts 1903 to 1915. Under these Acts Municipal Councils are authorized to construct and maintain tanks, dams, and reservoirs, and maintain works for the gratuitous supply of water. They are also empowered to accept the management and control of new waterworks and may, with the consent of the Governor, construct or purchase new works. A special loan rate may be levied not exceeding two shillings in the pound of the annual value. 13. Mildura Irrigation Trust. Under the Waterworks Construction Encouragement Act 1886, an agreement was entered into with the Chaff ey Brothers for the irrigation and settlement of 45,000 acres of land on the River Murray. The management was at first in the hands of the Chaff ey Brothers, but was in 1888 transferred to a Limited Liability Company. In 1895 the Mildura Irrigation Trusts Act was passed, by which all the lands and works were transferred to the First Mildura Irrigation Trust. This Trust is composed of six Commissioners, elected by the occupiers or owners of rateable land within the District, and no person is eligible for election unless he be the owner of rateable land situated within the District of the Trust. Provision was also made in this Act for the formation of other Irrigation Trusts. The First Mildura Irrigation Trust is still in existence, and has made great progress , in 1916 there were 12,000 acres under intense culture, vines predominating, and the dried fruit harvested was valued at 683,000 gross. Water is pumped from the River Murray by tv\o pumping stations (a) into a billabong and thence to pumps lifting it to various levels ; and (b) to a comparatively small area adjacent to the town. The length of the main and subsidiary channels is 280 miles. 14. Capital Cost. The following tables shew (a) the capital cost of waterworks controlled by Government for the years 1874 to 1886 ; (6) the capital cost of waterworks controlled by the Government, Irrigation and Water Supply Trusts, Waterworks Trusts, and Municipal Corporations from 1888 to 1905, the cost of the Melbourne waterworks being included with that of those controlled by the Government until 1892 ; and (c) the capital cost of waterworks controlled by Government, by the First Mildura Irrigation Trust, by Waterworks Trusts, and Municipal Corporations for the years 1906 to 1917, The totals include the cost of the Melbourne and Geelong waterworks, particulars of which are given hereinbefore (see pages 175 and 181) : VICTORIA. WATERWORKS CONTROLLED BY GOVERNMENT. CAPITAL COST, 1874 TO 1886. Year ending 31st December. Capital Cost. Year ending 31st December. Capital Cost. Year ending 31st December. Capital Cost. 1874 2,583,665 1879 3,537,160 1884 4,114,351 1875 2,583,665 1880 3,623,221 1885 4,205,269 1876 2,719,665 1881 3,687,059 1886 4,380,071 1877 3,368,720 1882 3,800,007 1878 3,386,517 1883 3,877,485 184 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. VICTORIA. WATERWORKS CONTROLLED BY GOVERNMENT, IRRIGATION AND WATER SUPPLY TRUSTS, WATERWORKS TRUSTS, AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, CAPITAL COST, 1888 TO 1905. Government *Year ending 30th (including Melbourne until 1891, and Gold- fields Reservoirs). Irrigation and Water Supplv Trusts. Waterworks Trusts. Municipal Corporations. Total (inclusive of Melbourne;. June. Cost. No. Cost. No. Cost. No. Cost. Cost, No. No. No. 1888f . . - 3,897,982 19 . 709,587 25 203,507 23 650,295 5,461,371 1889J .. 4,257,982 19 822,214 27 230,831 22 629,295 5,940,322 1890 . . 4,460,968 24 464,945 28 697,492 22 630,920 6,254,325 1891 . . 4,786,244 28 701,482 46 807,720 21 630,420 6,925,866 1892 . . 1,486,763 28 812,859 46 807,720 21 630,420 7,170,555 1893 . . ,483,763 30 901,436 50 855,120 21 630,420 7,455,973 1894 . . ,484,258 30 962,526 54 777,350 21 630,420 7,440,144 1895 . . ,484,258 30 987,309 57 767,851 21 630,420 7,517,107 1896 . . ,486,773 30 ,012,991 61 832,865 21 630,420 7,630,349 1897 . . ,486,773 29 ,029,149 62 841,701 21 630,420 7,663,218 1898 . . ,480,369 29 ,055,083 64 839,849 21 631,220 7,681,696 1899 . . ,487,543 30 ,066,024 68 854,244 25 681,955 7,766,766 1900 . . ,516,165 31 ,083,040 70 937,141 26 694,436 7,937,409 1901 . . ,585,441 31 ,103,052 71 923,418 26 701,423 8,039,075 1902 . . ,617,293 31 ,109,157 71 935,286 26 687,317 8,088,058 1903 . . 1,636,868 31 ,051,672 71 985,356 26 6.90,604 8,106,168 1904 . . 2,804,863 31 ,120,650 73 1,051,424 26 675,161 9,405,122 1905 . . 2,894,851 31 ,122,087 74 i;068,985 25 669,438 9,507,069 * Melbourne Waterworks. The cost is given at the 31st December of the preceding year, t Year ending 31st July, 1888. Year ending 17th May, 1889.. VICTORIA. WATERWORKS CONTROLLED BY GOVERNMENT, THE FIRST MILDURA IRRIGATION TRUST, WATERWORKS TRUSTS, AND MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. CAPITAL COST, 1906 TO 1917. Government l?Ji-ct Total Year ending 30th June. (inclusive of Gold-fields Reservoirs). .T irsi> Mildura Trust. Waterworks Trusts. Municipal Corporations. (inclusive of Melbourne and Geelong). Cost. Cost. No. Cost. No. Cost. Cost. No. No. 1906 3,847,761 58,700 81 1,367,565 25 669,684 9,711,980 1907 3,935,216 58,700 84 1,406,510 32 683,909 9,877,724 1908 3,948,227 58,700 87 1,429,836 32 685,510 10,405,420 1909 4,693,323 64,209 83 952,486 32 685,901 10,744,174 1910 4,930,121 67,382 83 996,518 32 686,356 11,086,378 1911 5,202,653 72,430 86 1,060,067 28 694,565 11,539,073 1912 5,315,293 80,500 88 1,089,477 28 694,158 11,843,704 1913 5,547,536 82,511 89 ,120,806 28 695,139 12,456,834 1914 5,663,267 87,232 91 ,151,518 28 693,973 12,759,037 1915 5,934,816 87,232 94 ,173,365 28 693,258 13,219,860 1916 6,234,949 87,232 97 ,206,938 28 700,832 13,668,697 1917 6,477,511 100,932 98 ,224,211 28 718,089 13,988,640 WATER SUPPLY AND SKWKKACK. 185 ir>. Outstanding Loans. In the following table are given t In- ,i mounts of outstanding loans incurred by the Government on State works, and o\viim to the Government by the First Mildura Irrigation Trust, Waterworks Trusts, Municipal Corporations, the Muni- cipality of Geelong, and the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works on account of waterworks for the years 1906 to 1917. The Municipality of Geelong and the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works have also obtained loans from other sources, particulars of which are not included in the following : VICTORIA. WATERWORKS. -OUTSTANDING LOANS TO GOVERNMENT, 1906 TO 1917. 1 Melbourne ading ::oth June. State Works. First Mildura Trust. Waterworks Trusts. Municipal Corpora- tions. and Metropolitan Board of <;<>elong Municipal Trust. Total. Works. 1906 3,286,791 58,700 905,336 466,395 1,848,663 * 6,565,885 1907 3,341,865 58,700 933,033 468,462 1,688,663 * 6,490,723 1908 3,811,575 58,700 950,293 465,778 1,688,663 * 6,975,009 1909 3,831,440 64,209 731,276 461,881 1,688,663 456,700 7,234,169 1910 4,067,605 67,382 769,442 457,981 1,688,663 190,082 7,241,155 1911 4,336,312 72,430 819,697 421,273 1,688,663 190,082 7,528,457 1912 4,440,940 80,500 843,806 418,672 1,688,663 190,082 7,662,663 1913 4,668,885 81,990 866,595 415,679 1,559,786 . 190,082 7,783,017 1914 4,843,779 86,355 889,905 417,937 1,559,786 190,676 7,988,438 1915 5,114,982 86,355 911,787 447,347 1,559,786 190,676 8,310,933 1916 5,412,278 85,549 929,561 450,518 1,559,786 190,676 8,628,368 1917 5,652,560 98,752 937,811 464,113 1,559,786 190,676 8,603,698 * Included with State works. 16. Waterworks Trusts Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are given particulars of the revenue and expenditure of Waterworks Trusts, exclusive of Mildura and Geelong, for the years 1905 to 1916 : VICTORIA. WATERWORKS TRUSTS (EXCLUSIVE OF MILDURA AND GEELONG). REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1905 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st 1 December. Water Hates. Sales of Water. Other. Total. Salaries and mainten- ance and Manage- ment. Other. Total. 1905 . . 52,703 10,030 8,921 71,654 11,155 22,555 38,166 71,876 1906 69,382 14,330 5,371 89,083 12,033 28,857 45,874 86,764 1907 74,775 15,113 3,359 93,247 13,429 31,536 43,706 88,671 1908 53,724 9,896 2,784 66,404 11,738 22,491 32,862 67,091 1909 56,486 10,621 1,669 68,776 13,019 19,509 35,459 67,987 1910 .. 56,416 11,323 7,450 75,189 13,220 25,251 36,754 75,225 1911 .. 60,567 12,175 2,988 75,730 13,786 21,306 36,901 71,993 1912 .. 62,483 12,754 2,742 77,979 15,290 27,906 37,224 80,420 1913 .. 65,870 15,048 2,036 82,954 14,958 22,d31 41,857 79,746 1914 .. 66,997 17,206 2,629 86,832 16,663 31,873 43,424 91,960 1915 .. 70,414 16,273 2,478 89,165 18,216 30,719 44,182 93,117 1916 .. 74,921 15,826 2,406 93,153 17,984 20,566 46,369 84,919 186 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 17. First Mildura Irrigation Trust Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are shewn the ordinary revenue and expenditure, exclusive of interest, of the First Mildura Irrigation Trust, for the years 1900 to 1917 : VICTORIA. FIRST MILDURA IRRIGATION TRUST. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE (EXCLUSIVE OF INTEREST), 1900 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 30th June. Revenue. Expenditure. 1900 9,801 9,647 1909 .. 20,054 27,064 1901 10,756 9,987 1910 .. 21,329 16,466 1902 11,461 11,650 1911 .. 21,316 18,849 1903 13,738 13,842 1912 ... 22,139 22,716 1904 14,672 11,486 1913 .. 30,695 32,873 1905 * 1914 .. 27,111 28,569 1906 15,527 15,949 1915 .. 29,259 33,159 1907 16,939 18,039 1916 .. 28,971 30,350 1908 .. 18,384 19,963 1917 .. 29,167 22,654 Not available. 3. Queensland. (A) Brisbane Water Supply. 1. Early Sources of Supply. For many years after separation the City water supply was drawn from a chain of water-holes which started somewhere near where the Roma- street Railway Station is at present situated. Shortly after the proclamation of the Municipality the water was sold by the Council, but later on this scheme was abandoned and replaced by another by which water-carriers were licensed. In 1863 preparations were made for a permanent supply, and the construction of the Enoggera Reservoir was commenced. 2. Brisbane Waterworks Act 1863. This Act was passed for the purpose of obtain- ing a water supply for the City of Brisbane from the upper portion of Enoggera Creek. The Governor was empowered to grant to the Municipal Council of Brisbane such Crown lands as might be required, and to pay over any moneys received by loan for the purpose of defraying the cost of supplying the City with water. The Council was given power to construct waterworks, purchase land, erect fountains, provide fire-plugs, &c., and levy water rates. A reservation was made in this Act by which the Governor could appoint a Board of not over five members to act instead of the Municipal Council. The necessary works for obtaining a supply of water were constructed by a Board specially appointed by the Governor, and in 1866 the powers of the Municipal Council were transferred to this Board. At the same time authority was given to the Governor to re-transfer the works and property to the Municipal Council if he should see fit. In 1868 the Board was constituted a body corporate by the name of the " Brisbane Board of Waterworks." 3. Brisbane Water Supply Act 1889. This Act repealed the previous Act and the amendments thereto. The Brisbane Board of Waterworks continued until superseded by a Joint Local Authority which could be constituted under the Act. The Gold Creek Reservoir, with its channels, &c., was deemed to have been lawfully constructed. The Treasurer was authorized to advance loans to the Board, which was also empowered to obtain water from the Brisbane River, and might either levy water rates or sell water by meter. The Governor was authorized to constitute a Joint Local Authority for the purpose of exercising the powers and duties of the Board. The governing body of the Joint Local Authority was a Board called the Metropolitan and Suburban Water Board, the members of which were elected by every Local Authority having jurisdiction within any part of the District of the Joint Local Authority, and any male person liable to be rated in respect of rateable land within the District wa3 qualified to be a member. The number of representatives on the Board was prescribed by the Governor. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 187 4. Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1909. Under this Act the existing Board was dissolved, and its powers and property vested in the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board. The District comprised within *the area under the jurisdiction of this Board contains the Cities of Brisbane and South Brisbane, the Towns of Hamilton, Ithaca, Toowong, and Windsor, the Shires of Coorparoo, Stephens, and Taringa, and two divisions in each of the Shires of Balmoral, Enoggera, Sherwood, and Toombul. The President of the Board is appointed by the Governor for a term of seven years. The ratepayers of the District elect eight male ratepayers to be members, who are appointed for four years, one-half retiring every two years. In addition 'to taking over the works of the old Board, the new Board has power to construct new waterworks and to provide a system of sewerage. 5. Description of Waterworks. The following is a brief description of the waterworks at present supplying Brisbane and its suburbs with water : (i) Enoggera Reservoir. This was the first work carried out by the Board of Waterworks. It was commenced in 1864, and completed in 1866, and is situated about 8 miles from Brisbane. The catchment area is nearly 13 square miles in extent, and the reservoir, which is formed by an earthen dam across Enoggera Creek, holds 1,000,000,000 gallons, of which 600,000,000 are available by gravitation. The greatest length of the reservoir is 2,600 yards, and the greatest breadth 700 yards. There are two lines of pipes from the reservoir to Brisbane, 16 inches and 12 inches in diameter, with a carrying capacity of about 2,600,000 gallons daily. The supply from Enoggera is filtered through an intermittent sand filtration plant, comprising half-an-acre of sand beds, and there is a pure water reservoir with a capacity of 750,000 gallons. (ii) Gold Creek Reservoir. This reservoir, constructed in 1885, is situated in the upper waters of Gold Creek, a branch of Moggil Creek, distant from Brisbane by road about 13 miles'. The supply is drawn from a catchment area adjoining that of Enoggera, and comprises an area of nearly 4 square miles. The total capacity is about 406,000,000 gallons, of which 400,000,000 are available. The diameter of the service main is 16 inches, and the distance from the valve house to Brisbane 12 \ miles. The greatest length of the reservoir is 1,650 yards, and the greatest breadth 682 yards. (iii) Brisbane River Supply. This is now the principal source of supply, of which over 91 per cent, was derived in 1916. The catchment area is about 4,000 square miles in extent, and the water is pumped from the river into the Mount Crosby service reservoir, which is 455 feet above high-water mark at Brisbane. This reser- voir was completed in 1892, and is built in cement concrete. It is 267 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 15 feet deep, and has a capacity of about 2,500,000 gallons. The outlet pipe is 34 inches in diameter, and leads through the valve house to the gravitation main which is 17f miles long and 24 inches in diameter. At Kenmore, 11 miles from Mount Crosby, a junction is effected between this 24-in. main and the 16-in. main from Gold Creek. (iv) Cabbage Tree Creek Reservoir. This reservoir was commenced in 1912 and completed in 1916, at a cost of 181,780, and consists of a concrete dam. (v) Service Reservoirs. The Highgate Hill Reservoir, with a capacity of 2,176,000 gallons, was constructed in 1889 to supply parts of South Brisbane. To fill this reservoir, and in order to insure a good water supply to the south side of the river generally, an inverted syphon, 16 inches in diameter, was laid under the Brisbane River between Toowong and West End. This syphon is 800 feet long, and is connected with both the Mount Crosby and Gold Creek mains. There are two service reservoirs constructed on Observatory Hill, Wickham Terrace, for the purpose of supplying the lower parts of North Brisbane. These are supplied from the Enoggera Reservoir through a 12-in. main, the water being aerated as it enters into the reservoirs, which hold 570,000 gallons. Bartley's Hill Reservoir was built in 1907 to increase the supply to the Hamilton, Clayfield, and Nundah Districts, and has a capacity of 1,367,256 gallons, the top water level being 250 feet above high -water spring tides. It is supplied from the Mount Crosby Reservoir through a 12-in. main. All these reservoirs are roofed over. 6. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following tables shew (a) the length of reticulation mains, the estimated number of tenements and population supplied, the average daily supply, and the. average daily supply per head of the estimated population for the years 188 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 1901 to 1918 , (6) the revenue and expenditure of the Brisbane Waterworks for the years 1884 to 1917 ; and (c) the cost of construction, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans of the Brisbane Waterworks for the years 1884 to 1917, inclusive of sewerage works : QUEENSLAND. BRISBANE WATERWORKS. POPULATION SUPPLIED, AVERAGE DAILY SUPPLY, ETC., 1901 TO 1918. Year. Length of Reticulation Mains. Nil mix? r of Tenements connected. Estimated Population supplied. Average Daily Supply. Average Daily Supply per Head of Estimated Population. Miles. No. No. Gallons. Gallons. 1901 .. 198 15,652 78,260 4,208,931 53-78 1902 .. 216f 17,346 86,730 4,108,696 47-37 1903 .. 229{ 17,435 87,175 3,873,211 44-43 1901 .. 240] 17,814 89,070 4,621,493 51-89 1905 .. 250.1 18,855 94,275 4,794,028 50-85 1906 .. 264 19,223 96,115 4,468,216 46-49 1907 .. 2801 20,050 100,250 4,869,406 48-68 1908 .. 296 20,365 101,825 4,438,514 43-59 1909 .. 308-1 21,560 107,800 4,584,351 42-53 1910 .. 317 22,830 114,150 4,867,766 42-64 1911 .. 333? 24,153 120,765 5,125,390 42-44 1912 .. 347 27,678 129,575 5,520,231 42-60 1913 .. 370i 28,301 139,925 5,752,302 41-11 1914 .. 389" 29,612 148,060 6,284,712 42-44 1915 .. 405 31,442 157,210 7,275,178 46-28 1916 .. 414 31,770 158,030 7,183,354 45-46 1917 .. 429A 33.082 165,410 7,747,354 46-83 1918 .. 451J 34,450 172,250 8,655,082 50-24 QUEENSLAND. BRISBANE WATERWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1884 TO 1917. Revenue. Year. Revenue. nxpenaiiure. Rates and Sales of Water. (Jovern- 1 incut Other. Loans. Total. Adminis- tration. Construc- tion and Main- tenance . Other. Total. 1 1884 . . 17,740 19,214 690 37,644 2,094 32,229 5,542 39,865 1885 20,152 i 41,545 3,211 64,908 2,327 51,852 8,005 62,184 1886 . . 21,971 ; 6,000 8,425 36,396 1,615 13,850 11,150 26,615 1887 23,665 11,000 349 35,014 2,083 15,794 11,740 29,617 1888 . . 30,927 351 31,278 2,007 19,945 11,958 33,910 1889 . . 31,906 33,329 212 65,447 2,218 48,683 12,685 63,586 1890 . . 33,855 51,539 707 86,101 2,508 74,069 2,615 79,192 1891 39,215 134,663 8,169 182,047 2,877 149,614 20,802 173,293 1892 . . 38,046 55,068 9,911 103,025 3,140 72,835 30,515 106,490 1893 . . 39,293 20,000 3,039 62,332 2,968 30,241 26,901 60,110 1894 . . 41,012 8,217 1,085 50,314 2,942 17,515 27,296 47,753 1895 41,919 9,000 7,960 58,879 2,930 23,396 29,644 55,970 1896 . . 43,649 2,700 2,564 48,913 3,190 18,549 30,049 51,788 1897 45,727 4,500 3,579 53,806 3,077 21,198 30,184 54,459 1898 49,630 4,110 3,410 57,150 3,089 22,002 30,395 55,486 1899 53,296 9,945 1,116 64,357 3,333 21,918 31,696 56,947 1900 55,432 6,532 2,719 64,683 3,670 23,964 26,885 54,519 1901 60,120 4,400 1,176 65,696 3,929 21,069 42,426 67,424 1902 . . 60,917 1,146 62,063 4,347 33,024 26,716 64,087 1903 62,435 1,330 63,765 4,803 33,220 26,716 64,739 1904 . . 63,338 1,159 64,497 4,999 32,151 26,716 63,866 i WATER SUPPLY AND SEWER ACK. 189 QUEENSLAND. BRISBANE WATERWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1884 TO 1917 -continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Construc- Rates and Govern- Adminis- tion Sal.-s <>l ment Othn. Total. tration. ,iml Other. Total. Water. I.OallS. JJaia- trliaiKV. g 1905 65,584 . . ,618 67,202 5,056 31,411 26,716 63,183 1906 . . 67,280 . . ,200 68,480 5,289 37,411 26,716 69,416 1907 69,709 . . ,244 70,953 5,798 31,571 26,716 64,085 1908 .. 69,493 ,304 70,797 5,929 34,987 26,716 67,632 1909 69,736 ,425 71,161 7,665 32,339 26,716 66,720 1910 .. 71,511 20,000 2,046 93,557 10,187 58,238 27,754 96,179 1911 67,731 155,000 2,204 224,935 12,011 165,533 20,670 198,214 1912 64,367 118,134 9,419 191,920 15,337 143,326 26,781 185,444 1913 .. 76,922 129,304 3,128 209,354 15,591 148,627 42,299 206,517 1914 .. 97,366 233,018 3,058 333,442 16,624 261,747 54,136 332,507 1915 .. 103,530 369,929 4,826 478,285 17,362 394,481 66,900 478,743 1916 .. 111,066 289,020 5,272 405,358 20,673 317,284 70,835 408,792 1917 121,515 288,007 9,796 419,318 21,373 323,986 73,172 418,531 QUEENSLAND. BRISBANE WATERWORKS. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1884 TO 1917. Year. Cost of Construction and Additions. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Jx>ans. 1884 212,175 226,964 143,542 143,542 1885 257,451 272,434 186,140 183,193 1886 265,170 278,231 196,443 188,174 1887 270,434 280,777 199,760 198,103 1888 292,891 284.488 195,789 194,132 1889 334,921 323,367 225,223 225,223 1890 403,494 385,047 279,704 274,147 1891 546,222 527,769 416,604 405,428 1892 613,152 588,916 477,207 457,591 1893 629,272 581,065 474,542 474,542 1894 637,734 582,973 480,169 479,555 1895 645,060 586,232 482,989 482,989 1896 652,090 565,604 479,892 479,892 1897 659,915 558,682 478,301 478,301 1898 668,842 551,578 476,004 476,004 1899 678,031 553,750 478,212 478,212 1900 688,470 ' 558,679 476,596 476,581 1901 694,973 548,913 457,767 457,767 1902 711,082 551,201 449,372 449,362 1903 728,892 554,835 440,639 440,619 1904 740,618 551,295 432,062' 431,528 1905 751,477 550,846 422,113 422,073 1906 774,921 557,648 412,506 412,240 1907 792,264 567,247 402,423 402,014 1908 811,055 572,321 392,251 391,378 1909 825,812 576,105 384,375 380,317 1910 867,838 614,722 395,61 1 387,499 1911 1,015,276 770,203 558,230 539,465 1912 1,134,815 892,119 674,766 655,039 1913 1.255,899 1,029,474 805,944 781,074 1914 1,489,720 1,276,776 1,034,909 1,009,777 1915 1,852,622 1,637,734 1,163,129 1,148,632 1916 2,136,699 1,934,877 1,282,128 1,260,958 1917 2,422,858 2,219,841 1,375,055 1,360,145 190 WATEE SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. (B) Brisbane Sewerage. 1. General. The Brisbane sewerage scheme is in the hands of the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board. Up to the present surveys have been made, a portion of the main sewer is being carried out by day labour, and contracts let for other portions thereof. Up to the end of 1917 the sum of 578,243 has been spent on sewerage works. (c) Waterworks in Country Towns. 1. General. Prior to the passing of the Water Authorities Act 1891 Municipal Councils were empowered under the various Local Authorities Acts to construct waterworks and provide water supplies for their respective Municipalities. 2. Water Authorities Act 1891. The Governor is empowered to constitute the District of a Local Authority, or the Districts, being conterminous, of two or more Local Authorities, a Water Area, and can also unite, divide, and abolish Water Areas. For every such Area a Water Authority is constituted either (a) by the appointment of the Local Authority, whose district is within the Water Area ; (6) by the election of the members of the Local Authorities concerned ; (c) by the appointment of the members by the Governor ; or (d) by the election of some members and the appointment of others by the Governor. The number of members is fixed by the Governor, and at least one-third of them go out of office every year. A Water Authority may construct waterworks, supply water for domestic and other purposes, levy rates, sell water by meter, and borrow money from the Colonial Treasure?. Regarding waterworks existing at the time of the passing of the Act, as soon as a Water Area is constituted the provisions of this Act come into force. 3. Rockhampton Waterworks Act 1875. Under this Act the Municipal Council of Rockhampton was granted lands, including the Crescent, Dunganweate, Murray, and Yeppen Yeppen Lagoons and their watersheds, for the purpose of supplying Rockhampton with water. The Council was empowered to borrow money, construct works, purchase lands, and levy water rates. As soon as a Water Area had been proclaimed under the Water Authorities Act 1891 for Rockhampton all the provisions of that Act applied to the Water Authority of the Area. 4. Charters Towers Water Board. In 1905 a special Act was passed to provide for the election of six members of the Water Board of the Water Area of Charters Towers, and enacted that they were to be elected by the ratepayers in the manner prescribed by the Local Authorities Act, simultaneously with the elections for Councillors. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are given (a) the revenue and expenditure, and (6) the cost of construction, assets, liabilities, and outstanding loans from Government of waterworks, other than those of Brisbane, for the years 1884 to 1917 : QUEENSLAND. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1884 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Main- Rates and Sales of Govern- ment Other. Total. Adminis- tenance and Other. Total. Water. Loans. tration. Construc- tion. . 1884 . . 19,226 7,500 778 27,504 2,538 19,221 8,128 29,887 1885 . . 20,368 8,709 6,319 35,396 2,882 19,779 9,016 31,677 1886 . . 16,607 8,000 283 24,890 3,117 11,439 7,218 21,774 1887 . . 24,646 27 24,673 2,585 15,218 8,802 26,605 1888 . . 20,356 '32,446 59 52,861 2,618 16,936 8,062 27,616 1889 . . 26,777 30,000 1,159 57,936 3,455 53,551 8,984 65,990 1890 . . 27,125 18,400 819 46,344 4,146 39,477 9,118 52,741 1891 31,465 14,000 1,747 47,212 4,718 19,639 12,498 36,855 1892 . . 34,639 3,000 774 38,413 3,009 24,057 18,220 45,286 1893 . . 38,765 2,500 594 41,859 2,688 20,735 16,884 40,307 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 191 QUEENSLAND. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1884 TO 1917 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. Main- Rates and Govern- A jfwlw4fl tenance Sales ot ment Other. Total. Aaininis- and Other. Total. Water. Loans. trjition. Construc- tion. - 1894 . . 38,431 4,250 4,329 47,010 3,205 18,552 18,717 40,474 1895 . . 37,863 2,714 912 41,489 3,532 22,896 14,135 40563 1896 . . 41,044 17,605 876 59,525 4,032 38,772 14,269 57,073 1897 44,071 15,000 2,450 61,521 4,115 37,026 15,854 56,995 1898 47,993 6,750 1,332 56,075 5,048 31,029 28,731 64,808 1899 . . 49,300 13,663 2,702 65,665 5,629 34,154 7,842 47,625 1900 . . 50,977 2,717 2,039 55,733 6,235 29,324 17,441 53,000 1901 59,803 43,305 1,798 104,906 7,265 32,973 24,462 64,700 1902 . . 60,590 35,169 4,327 100,086 7,740 72,464 15,761 95,965 1903 . . 65,610 12,161 2,134 79,905 * 7,603 36,619 25,871 70,093 1904 . . 62,016 17,931 2,008 81,955 8,265 44,053 28,213 80,531 1905 . . 69,671 9,116 18,503 97,290 9,059 45,553 43,588 98,200 1906 . . 68,511 5,703 2,960 77,174 8,785 39,970 24,422 73,177 1907 64,314 5,218 2,672 72,204 9,529 41,986 24,877 76,392 1908 . . 66,633 18,619 85,252 9,215 50,467 27,730 87,412 1909 . . 67,395 18,470 1,162 87,027 9,539 51,029 28,543 89,111 1910 .. 71,592 . 3,282 1,990 76,864 8,732 35,942 29,650 74,324 1911 70,458 42,534 3,523 116,515 10,850 77,574 27,383 115,807 1912 .. 83,335 4,726 2,871 90,932 10,322 36,500 40,109 86,931 1913 .. 83,954 4,437 2,655 91,046 10,638 33,819 40,586 85,043 1914 . . 85,481 25,797 11,975 123,253 11,672 67,570 36,898 116,140 1915 .. 88,494 5,662 12,372 106,528 12,876 48,404 39,004 100,284 1916 .. 99,623 18,389 2,950 120,962 14,385 81,220 39,520 135,125 1917 99,140 31,970 3,247 134,357 14,060 79,738 38,956 132,754 QUEENSLAND. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1884 TO 1917. ASSETS, Year. Number of Works. Cost of Construction and Additions. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. No. 1884 6 . 180,397 185,708 168,956 156,471 1885 6 193;472 204,485 186,279 167,932 1886 7 198,267 213,188 189,925 176,391 1887 7 206,440 215,721 276,887 174,967 1888 7 210,585 319,627 291,831 184,920 1889 7 257,738 277,510 244,221 237,910 1890 7 289,162 297,711 261,116 254,132 1891 7 278,873 299,848 282,316 277,469 1892 7 306,277 311,933 287,902 283,530 1893 7 309,052 309,158 289,924 282,745 1894 7 316,845 327,739 294,529 284,723 1895 8 328,841 330,352 295,527 283,683 1896 11 350,537 357,542 306,879 287,501 1897 12 372,933 395,573 321,704 314,549 1898 13 381,257 378,170 326,855 312,607 1899 13 399,474 393,152 321,511 318,755 1900 13 408,246 422,354 342,131 317,737 1901 17 468,489 ! 469,843 382,266 361,772 1902 18 509,225 487,328 401,325 382,615 1903 18 536,785 480,301 391,531 369,981 1904 22 564,314 506,012 410,457 385,786 192 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. QUEENSLAND. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ASSETS, LIABILITIES, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1884 TO 1917 continued. Year. Number of Works. Cost of Construction and Additions. Assets. Liabilities. Outstanding Loans. No. 1905 22 575,994 513,940 423,870 369,357 1906 22 595,004 521,628 430,845 389,145 1907 22 616,565 533,592 433,737 319,241 1908 22 642,018 548,016 434,788 354,409 1909 23 667,098 557,204 441,264 394,564 1910 23 681,102 560,743 406,554 382,037 1911 25 719,250 605,045 440,729 363,072 1912 28 747,233 607,697 443,824 369,385 1913 28 760,856 599,805 437,689 359,449 1914 28 809,533 647,120 447,219 375,933 1915 28 834,561 685,979 479,935 378,563 1916 28 873,739 705,012 495,048 398,933 1917 29 939,264 763,991 531,204 438,010 (D) Irrigation Boards. 1. Irrigation Act 1891. The Governor could, under the provisions of this Act, consti- tute any defined part of the Colony an Irrigation Area, but only upon the petition of the majority of the owners of irrigable land within the proposed Area, such majority being also the owners of at least half of all the irrigable land which is. not Crown land in the proposed Area. The management and control of an Irrigation Area was placed in the hands of an Irrigation Board, constituted in the same manner as, and with the same powers as, a Water Authority (see page 190). 2. Rights in Water and Water Conservation and Utilization Act 1910. By this Act the preceding Act was repealed, and the Governor could constitute any defined part of Queensland wherein is located (a) a source of supply wherefrom water may be obtained for irrigation, agricultural, or pastoral purposes ; (6) a source of supply which may be utilized for hydraulic power or for the generation or storage of electrical power ; or (c) an artesian well constructed or acquired by the Crown, a Water Supply Area and constitute a Water Supply Board. A Water Supply Board is constituted in the same manner as under the preceding Act, and has the same powers as a Water Authority under the Water Authorities Act 1891. 4. South Australia. (A) Adelaide Water Supply. 1. General. The Ordinance of 1840 incorporating the City of Adelaide empowered the Council to carry out such necessary works as digging wells, conduits, and sewers, and that of 1849 re-incorporating the City allowed the Council to make common sewers and waterworks, and to levy water rates. In 1855 the Water Supply and Drainage for Adelaide Act was passed, by which the Governor appointed three Commissioners with power to make surveys for water supply and sewerage, to construct waterworks, lay pipes, and keep a constant supply of water, and to levy an annual construction rate of not more than two shillings in the pound of the assessed annual value, and a supply water rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound. The Colonial Treasurer was authorized to raise a loan of 280,000, and when this loan had been repaid, the undertaking was to be vested in the City Authorities ; this sum was reduced in 1858 to 200,000, and in the same year, under the Adelaide Waterworks Act, the construction of the works was handed over to the Commissioner for Public Works, in whose hands all waterworks have remained up to the present time. 2. Description of Works. The water supply for Adelaide and suburbs is obtained partly from the catchment areas of the rivers Onkaparinga, Torrens, and Sixth Creek, and partly from springs. There are three storage reservoirs, situated at Happy Valley, Hope Valley, and Thorndon Park, having an aggregate capacity of 3,895,000,000 gallons. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 193 The tanks used in connexion with the springs and pumping stations have a further capacity of 4,824,000 gallons. The Millbrook Reservoir, now in course of construction, will have a capacity of 3,647,000,000 gallons and at high-water level be 1,095 feet above datum, as against 423 feet for Thorndon Park, 445 for Hope Valley, and 583 feet for Happy Valley Reservoirs. 3. Revenue, Working Expenses, &c. The following table shews the capital cost for the years 1876 to 1917, the gross revenue, working expenses, and percentage of net revenue on capital cost for the years 1892 to 1917, and the total consumption of water for the years 1904 to 1917 : SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ADELAIDE WATER SUPPLY.COST, REVENUE, WORKING EXPENSES, ETC., 1876 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Gross Revenue. Working Expenses. Percentage of Net Revenue on Capital Cost Total Consumption of Water.! Length of Mains. o/ /o Million of Gallons. Miles. 1876* 570,825 L - r 159 1877* 607,620 " 163 1878* 620,972 " 179 1879* 659,654 212 1880* 713,912 301 1881* 792,936 337 1882* 827,474 ' 363 1883* 848,571 - t . . 388 1884* 866,943 ' ' ' . . . 407 1885* 883,221 ' ' 1 . . 420 1887 897,742 ' 1 . . 434 1888 903,467 438 1889 918,121 440 1890 943,217 . . 453 1891 958,238 458 1892 964,314 60,699 14,984 4-74 46,5 1893 971,103 60,810 15,150 4-70 471 1894 977,162 62,960 13,946 5-02 475 1895 984,117 63,595 14,176 5*02 480 1896 987,498 64,791 13,496 5-20 . 485 1897 1,491,276 66,411 15,093 3-44 . 516 1898 1,535,983 67,319 17,278 3-26 541 1899 1,581,570 65,868 17,194 3-08 . . 578 1900 1,608,243 65,388 17,657 2-97 . . 592 1901 1,621,546 67,505 18,427 3-03 . . 609 1902 1,630,137 70,629 18,789 3-18 . . 619 1903 1,645,812 73,968 18,838 3-34 . . 634 1904 1,652,872 70,333 19,257 3-09 3,550 640 1905 1,657,806 72,471 20,002 3-17 3,650 647 1906 1,675,313 72,976 22,298 3-02 3,550 656 1907 1,693,884 74,727 19,703 3-24 3,350 667 1908 1,700,800 76,707 21,233 3-26 4,000 673 1909 1,717,286 81,412 20,762 3-53 4,000 684 1910 1,802,703 82,290 22,709 3-31 4,000 704 1911 1,817,753 89,902 28,032 3-40 4,000 732 1912 1,843,607 94,281 26,384 3-68 4,600 763 1913 1,883,450 105,590 27,982 4-12 4,700 802 1914 1,923,798 113,156 30,106 4-32 5,150 836 1915 1,973,226 112,082 36,029 3'85 3,467 ' 859 1916 2,003,249 103,947 35,412 3-42 3,223 873 1917 2,016,051 118,951 32,974 4-26 4,113 882 * Year ending 31st December, t Included with Country Waterworks. The details of water consumption refer to the year ending 31st December of the year preceding that stated in column out-. ^ C.7099. 7 194 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. (B) Adelaide Sewerage. 1. General. Until 1878, when the Adelaide Sewers Act was passed, the control of sewers was in the hands of the Municipal Council, but in that year all existing works were handed over to the Commissioner of Public Works, and since then the Department of Public Works has had sole control of the sewerage system of Adelaide, with power to levy sewerage rates. The total length of sewers laid up to the 30th June, 1917, is 351 miles in the Adelaide District, 15 miles in Glenelg, and 39 miles in Port Adelaide and Semaphore, making a total length of 405 miles. The sewage is disposed of on a farm and filter beds. The total capital cost of the Adelaide sewerage works at the 30th June, 1917, was 1,246,422. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given the capital cost, revenue, and expenditure of the Adelaide sewerage system for the years 1884 to 1917, the figures for the Glenelg, Mile End, and Port Adelaide drainage areas not being included : SOUTH AUSTRALIA. ADELAIDE SEWERAGE SYSTEM. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1884 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Revenue. Expenditure. Percentage of Net Revenue to Capital Cost. Rates and Interest. Sewage Farm. Total. Main- tenance. Sewage Farm Working Expenses. Total. % 1884 .. 332,529 11,456 1,911 13,367 1,613 7,011 8,624 1-43 1885 .. 347,301 19,595 3,134 22,729 1,767 4,145 5,912 4-84 1886 .. 360,676 17,426 2,850 20,276 1,880 3,947 5,827 4-01 1887 . . 383,329 14,869 2,689 17,558 2,422 3,423 5,845 3-06 1888 .. 394,178 16,518 3,659 20,177 2,800 3,758 6,558 3-46 1889 .. 428,759 16,012 3,890 19,902 2,282 4,797 7,079 2-99 1890 .. 428,594 16,235 3,728 19,963 1,933 4,320 6,253 3-20 1891 .. 446,967 17,089 3,261 20,350 3,406 3,221 6,627 3-07 1892 .. 453,821 18,217 4,354 22,571 2,693 3,365 6,058 3-64 1893 .. 456,793 18,985 4,536 23,521 3,563 4,444 8,007 3-40 1894 .. 460,365 19,635 3,866 23,501 3,649 4,016 7,665 3-44 1895 .. 472,796 20,189 3,856 24,045 3,661 3,874 7,535 3-49 1896 .. 491,109 20,085 4,570 24,655 3,662 4,859 8,521 3-29 1897 .. 509,246 20,278 5,218 25,496 4,055 4,328 8,383 3-36 1898 .. 534,694 21,351 4,786 26,137 3,974 4,325 8,299 3-34 1899 .. 566,978 22,827 4,758 27,585 3,913 3,640 7,553 3-53 1900 .. 580,975 24,394 4,998 29,392 4,569 4,038 8,607 3-58 1901 .. 594,058 25,926 5,048 30,974 4,810 4,163 8,973 3-69 1902 .. 609,496 27,224 5,561 32,785 5,161 4,650 9,811 3-77 1903 .. 615,474 30,612 6,428 37,040 5,365 5,432 10,797 4-26 1904 .. 623,297 30,923 6,594 37,517 5,466 5,962 11,428 4-19 1905 .. 621,986 31,682 6,817 38,499 5,679 5,393 11,072 4-41 1906 .. 622,034 32,530 7,006 39,536 5,921 5,901 11,822 4-46 1907 .. 625,309 32,381 6,390 38,771 6,285 5,461 11,746 4-32 1908 .. 639,699 32,679 7,436 40,115 6,295 5,081 11,376 4-49 1909 .. 656,141 34,701 8,284 42,985 7,161 5,917 13,078 4-56 1910 .. 676,932 36,322 7,213 43,535 7,184 6,088 13,272 4-41 1911 .. 680,761 37,938 7,189 45,127 8,462 7,681 16,143 4-26 1912 .. 695,864 41,449 6,934 48,383 9,376 5,039 14,415 4-88 1913 .. 713,658 45,373 8,392 53,765 9,803 6,392 16,195 5-01 1914 .. 737,433 49,507 9,588 59,095 10,242 5,629 15,871 5-55 1915 .. 756,125 52,348 10,040 62,388 9,688 6,948 16,636 5-74 1916 .. 773,244 56,606 21,207 77,813 11,410 14,432 25,842 6-39 1917 .. 784,329 57,488 21,893 79,381 11,350 13,664 25,014 6-93 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 195 (c) Country Waterworks. 1. General. Practically all the country waterworks have been constructed by the Public Works Department, and are under the control of the Public Works Commissioner. The Water Conservation Act 1886, however, empowers the Governor, on petition of the ratepayers, to proclaim any portion within proclaimed Hundreds to be a Water District, and appoint a Board of five members, of whom three are elected subsequently by the ratepayers. A Board so formed is authorized to borrow from Government, construct waterworks, and levy a rate. Six Water Conservation Districts have been formed, but the works, with the exception of one, which are leased to the District Council, are under departmental management. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given (a) the capital cost and percentage of net revenue to capital cost for the years 1876 to 1917 ; (6) the gross revenue from 1861 to 1917 ; and (c) the gross expenditure of Country Waterworks from 1870 to 1917 : SOUTH AUSTRALIA. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1861 TO 1917. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Revenue. Expenditure. Percentage of Net Revenue to Capital Cost. % 1861* 5,700f . 1862* . . 14,741f . 1863* . . 16,072f , m 1864* . . 15,343f , m 1865* . . 17,227f ; m . 1866* . . 15,002t . . . 1867* . . 18,048f , . 1868* . . 19,232f , . . 1869* . . 23,040| , . . 1870* . . 22,059f 5,684f 1871* . . 23,134f 5,611f 1872* 22,435f 5,314f 1873* . . 25,085f 10,012" . . 1874* 29,868f 11,065" 1875* . . 30,895f 18,117" 1876* 51,105 34,192f 15,333" 2 : 76f 1877* 53,105 37,201f 19,495" 2'68t 1878* 72,143 41,738f 23,550f 2-62t 1879* 111,789 46,825f 34,7 14f l-57t 1880* 127,743 52,664t 30,267f 2-66f 1881* 151,320 66,117f 22,510f 4-62f 1882* 196,659 55,489| 23,663t 3'llf 1883* 215,466 63,612f 28,439J 3'31| 1884* 235,978 68,530t 26,311f 3'83f 1885* 247,638 70,211f 26,431f 3'87f 1887 471,020 68,362J 24,0381 3-24J 1888 563,367 67,336J 26,685J 2-111 1889 614,000 69,360$ 32,008 2-44 1890 764,195 71,343$ 33,310 2-23 1891 826,688 73,966J 32,945 2-30 1892 863,811 24,152 9,035 75 1893 912,795 24,720 8,355 79 1894 1,097,541 25,241 8,239 55 1895 1,132,605 24,825 7,505 53 1896 1,177,508 27,890 8,583 64 1897 1,202,220 29,425 9,673 1-64 * Year ending 31st December, t Including Adelaide. j Year ending 31st December of previous year, including Adelaide. Year ending 31st December of previous year, including Adelaide, Engineer-in-Chief, and Water Conservation. 196 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. COUNTRY WATERWORKS. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1861 TO 1911 continued. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Revenue. "Expenditure. Percentage of Net Revenue to Capital Cost. o/ /o 1898 1,227,622 38,485 11,088 2-23 1899 1,329,420 25,382 12,930 0-94 1900 1,339,803 29,128 16,517 0-94 1901 1,357,576 30,351 12,745 30 1902 1,374,332 36,019 12,464 71 1903 2,042,477 38,438 12,410 27 1904 2,153,970 36,381 12,250 12 1905 2,194,408 44,007 22,499 98 1906 2,253,194 44,620 19,872 10 1907 2,321,763 46,522 15,881 32 1908 2,394,662 56,318 18,948 56 1909 2,493,808 58,480 18,180 62 1910 2,622,917 62,170 16,761 73 1911 2,729,974 63,309 18,678 1-63 1912 2,828,197 72,060 20,970 1-81 1913 2,979,955 77,726 . 24,716 1-44 1914 3,193,373 81,180 27,573 1-68 1915 3,336,015 81,884 29,488 1-57 1916 3,410,605 86,881 31,375 1-60 1917 3,390,551 94,108 29,169 1-92 (D) Drainage Boards. 1. General. In order to undertake the drainage of the South-Eastern portion of the State, the South-Eastern Drainage Act was passed in 1875. The drainage of that area was placed under the Commissioner for Public Works, and Drainage Districts were constituted. Each of these Districts was placed under the jurisdiction of a Board of from five to seven members appointed by the Governor. In 1877, however, an alteration was made by which certain public drains could be declared main drains and be maintained by the Commissioner, while other public drains were to be maintained by Boards com- prising five members elected by the ratepayers. These Boards had the same powers as District Councils, and were not only entitled to vote for the election of the members of the Local Board of Main Roads in the Victoria District, but also to have under their control the public roads in any Township within the Drainage Board District. The Act of 1878 consolidated and repealed the Acts of 1875 and 1877, but made no substantial alterations. Existing Boards remained, and further ones might be proclaimed by the Governor, who appointed the first members. The method of election, qualification, and duties of the members of a Drainage Board were the same as those of the Councillors of a District Council. All district roads, as well as roads and streets in townships or villages dedicated to the public within a Drainage District, were placed under the care and control of the Drainage Board, which had the right to one vote for each person nominated as member of a Local Board of Main Roads, with an additional vote if the rateable value was over 10,000. In 1887 Drainage Boards included within the area of a District Council were merged in such Councils, and in 1895 all Drainage Boards were abolished and their rights and powers vested in District Councils, while main drains were still left in the hands of the Commissioner of Public Works. In 1900 the South-Eastern Drainage Act was passed, enabling the majority of land-holders in a district representing three-fourths of the value to request the Commissioner to make a drain, under which circumstances the cost was apportioned among the land-holders, and repayable within 42 years ; but this Act was amended in 1908 when the system of management by a Board was re-introduced. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 197 The South -Eastern Drainage Management Board constituted under this Act consisted of five members, one appointed by the Governor, and four by resident land-holders, one for each of the Wards into which the District is divided ; of these members two retire every three years. As far as the South-Eastern Drainage is concerned, this Board had the same powers and duties as a District Council, as well as the control and management of all drains, and could also borrow money. An Assessment Board was also appointed, consisting of the Surveyor-General, the Superintending Surveyor, a member of the Land Board appointed by the Governor, and two members elected by land-holders for a period of six years. A scheme of works was prepared to be constructed by the Com- missioner of Public Works at a cost not exceeding 300,000, of which one-half was deemed to be an advance to land-holders. The consent of land-holders to this scheme had to be obtained at a poll, at which plural voting was allowed ; the maximum number of votes admissible being six. Provision was made that when the scheme was completed it was to be placed under the care and control of the Drainage Authority. In 1917 the South-Eastern Drainage Management Board was replaced by the South- Eastern Drainage Assessment Board. This Board consists of seven members, and includes the Engineer-in-Chief , the Surveyor-General, an officer of the public service appointed by the Governor, and four residents of the South-east. For the purpose of electing the local members the South-east is divided into four Wards, each Ward being represented by one member. Up to the 30th June, 1917, the total expenditure on con- struction of the South-Eastern Drainage Works was 691,835. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shews the annual assessed value, the revenue, and the expenditure of Drainage Boards from 1879 to 1887 : SOUTH AUSTRALIA. DRAINAGE BOARDS. ANNUAL VALUE, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1879 TO 1887. Revenue. Expenditure. /Year ending QA+lt Number of Assessed Annual outll June. Boards. Value. Rates. From Govern- ment. Other. Total. Adminis- tration. Works. Other. Total. 1 | 1879 .. 1 ; 11,302 478 211 1,855 2,544 252 2,083 163 2,498 1880* . . 1881 .. i 11,048 508 926 356 1,790 293 1,323 iio 1,756 1882 .. 1 10,060 523 657 147 1,327 287 872 181 1,340 1883 .. 1 9,108 435 560 300 1,295 233 981 82 1,296 1884 . . 1 9,155 486 650 413 1,549 307 1,035 227 1,569 1885 .. 2 11,513 534 1,322 1,417 3,273 463 1,760 1,065 3,288 1886 .. 3 17,327 751 1,909 2,479 5,139 631 2,513 1,993 5,137 1887 .. 3 18,406 818 1,704 1,527 4,049 573 1,315 2,204 4,092 * Xot available. (E) Irrigation Trusts. 1. General. Under the Water Conservation Act 1886 the Board of a proclaimed Water District was empowered to construct specific waterworks for irrigation or other purposes (see p. 195). The Reclaimed Swamp Lands Trusts Act 1906 dealt with Irrigation Areas, but was superseded by the Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Act 1908 which, in turn, was repealed by an Act of the same name in 1914. 198 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. In 1887 an agreement was made with the ChafEey Brothers regarding the Renmark Irrigation Settlement, which was at first managed by them, and in 1893 handed over to a Trust. 2. Reclaimed Swamp Lands Trusts Act 1906. Upon the petition of a majority of the lessees, the Governor could proclaim an Irrigation Area under the superintendence of a Board of five members. The first Board was appointed by the Governor for a period of twelve months, after the expiration of which time one member was still appointed by the Governor, while the other four were elected by the ratepayers. A Board had the power to erect buildings, construct drains, &c., also to levy rates and raise loans, at the same time imposing special loan rates ; it also had the powers of a District Council. f 3. Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Act 1908. This Act repealed the Reclaimed Swamp Lands Trusts Act 1906, and empowered the Commissioner of Crown Lands to reclaim and improve any swamp lands whether or not included in any Irrigation Area. The Governor could proclaim an Irrigation Area which, until the constitution of a Board, was managed by the Commissioner of Crown Lands. When leases had been granted of not less than two-thirds of the blocks in any Irrigation Area the Governor could constitute a Board to have the control and management of the area. This Board consisted of five members, appointed by the Governor, to hold office for the first twelve months. At the expiration of such twelve months one member, who was a Government officer, was appointed by the Governor to be Chairman, and the other members were to be ratepayers elected by the ratepayers. One-half of the elected members retired annually. All existing works and lands were vested in the Board, which has also power to manage and control the works, make drains, erect buildings, levy rates, raise loans, equip factories, buy and sell the produce of the irrigation area, and have all the powers of a District Council. In the following year the exercise of the powers of a District Council was withdrawn from an Irrigation Board, the property of a Local Authority restored, and its rights re -adjusted. In 1910 an amendment to the Act prohibited the constitution of a Board for any Irrigation Area in which water for the purposes of irrigation was supplied by means of pumping or other plant erected by the Commissioner. 4. Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Act 1914. This Act is a consolidation of the foregoing Act and its amendments, which are repealed ; but the provisions of the former Act as amended from time to time are practically unchanged. Slight amendments were made in 1917. 5. Renmark Irrigation Trusts. As already stated the Irrigation settlement at Ren- mark was at first managed by the Chaffey Brothers, but on the passing of the Renmark Irrigation Trusts Act 1893 the Renmark Irrigation Trust No. 1 was constituted. The Governor was also empowered to create any part of the irrigation area a District, and to constitute a Trust for the same. Except in the case of the Renmark Irrigation Trust No. 1, the first members of a Trust are appointed by the Governor. Every Trust consists of seven members, and every ratepayer, male or female, of full age, holding not less than 10 acres of rateable land in the District, is qualified to be a member. One-half, or if the number be uneven, a majority of the members retire annually. A Trust is empowered to supply water, acquire the rights granted to the Chaffey Brothers, and exercise the powers vested in it by the Act, also to levy general and special rates. In 1914 a Board, called the Renmark Allotment Board, was constituted, consisting of three members, of whom two are ratepayers nominated by the Trust, and one a member of the Land Board, nominated by the Governor. The duties of this Board are (a) to fix the purchase price or annual rental of land ; (b) to accept or reject applications for land ; (c) to require the personal attendance of applicants, objectors, and witnesses ; and (d) to deal with all other matters referred to it by the Trust. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE 199 % * 5. Western Australia. (A) Legislation. 1. General. Various Acts have been passed from time to time regulating the con- struction and maintenance of waterworks and drainage systems. In 1912 all the systems were placed under the control of the Minister of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage. The following is a brief resume of the more important Acts relating to water supply passed l>y the Western Australian Parliament : -. Waterworks Act 1889. This Act empowered Municipal Councils to construct waterworks or to contract for a water supply, and to levy a water rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound on the net annual value of rateable property. 3. Metropolitan Waterworks Act 1896. Under this Act the waterworks supplying the City of Perth, previously worked by a private company, were purchased by the Colonial Treasurer and handed over to the Municipal Council, on the payment of 220,000. The works were vested in a Board of four members, of whom three were appointed by the Governor, the other member being the Mayor of Perth. The powers of the Council under the Waterworks Act 1889 were transferred to this Board, which was authorized to borrow up to 350,000. In 1898 the borrowing powers were increased to 400,000, and in 1899 the Board was empowered to strike a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound on all property within 180 feet of a pipe-line, and to exercise the powers of a Local Board of Health over the catchment area. In 1902 the borrowing of an additional amount of 20,000 was authorized. 4. Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1904. This Act abolished the Metropolitan Waterworks Board, and transferred all waterworks vested in that Board and those within the area under control of the Minister for Works to a new Board, called the Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, consisting of three members appointed by the Governor. Water reserves and catchment areas, as denned by the Governor, were placed under the control of this .Board, which could take alienated lands under the Public Works Act 1902, and exercise the powers of a Local Board of Health. The Minister of Works could construct works and transfer them to the Board on payment of their cost, or the Board could construct, maintain, and extend water and sewerage works. Water rates could be levied on all rateable land within 60 yards of a main pipe, and sewerage rates on rateable land within 220 yards of any sewer. Rates could not exceed one shilling in the pound on the annual or twopence in the pound on the unimproved value. In the same year the Governor was empowered to appoint the Minister of Works to exercise the functions of the Board. 5. Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Act 1909. This Act came into operation in 1910, and repealed the former Act. The area embraced under this Act was divided into four Districts, Perth, Fremantle, Claremont, and Guildford ; and the Governor was authorized to divide it also into Storm- water Districts. A special Minister for Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage was appointed to be a member of the Executive Council and have control of ail works within the area. Water rates were not to exceed one shilling in the pound on the annual or twopence on the unimproved value, while the maximum amounts of sewerage and storm-water rates together were fixed at one shilling and sixpence on the annual or threepence on the unimproved capital value. 6. Coolgardie Goldfields Water Supply Loan Act 1896. This Act authorized the borrowing of 2,500,000 for the purpose of constructing the Coolgardie Goldfields Water Supply scheme. 7. Goldfields Water Supply Construction Act 1898. This Act authorized the Director of Public Works to construct the Coolgardie Water Supply Scheme, to take lands under the Land Resumption Act, and to have the powers of a Local Board of Health. All unalienated lands within the catchment area were vested in him 8. Goldfields Water Supply Act 1902. Under this Act the Governor was authorized to appoint a Board of two members, one of whom was to be an engineer ; the Minister for Works to be Chairman. All the waterworks constructed under the Goldfields Water Supply Construction Act were vested in this Board, which could either levy water rates not exceeding two shillings in the pound on the annual value or sell water by meter. 200 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. % An amendment to this Act gave the Board power to supply country lands situated within 10 chains of the pipe line, and to levy a fixed sum not exceeding 5, and a rate up to fivepence per acre. Such rating, however, must not be made on the annual value. The owners or occupiers had to supply tanks and appliances. 9. Water Boards Act 1904. This Act empowered the Governor to constitute Water Areas. For each area a Board was created, either by appointing the Local Authority as Board, or by the election of members by the Local Authorities within the area or by the appointment of members by the Governor, or by the two latter methods together. Any adult male rateable person was qualified to be a member. The Governor could temporarily or permanently vest in the Board any water reserve or catchment area or any waterworks or reservoir begun, constructed, or provided for out of moneys appro- priated by Parliament. The Board had the powers of a Local Board of Health for the prevention of the pollution of the water supply. It could also construct works itself or the Minister of Works could construct works and hand them over to the Board on payment of their cost. Rates not exceeding two shillings in the pound on the annual value could be levied on all land within 100 yards of a main pipe. 10. Land Drainage Act 1900. On the petition of a majority of ratepayers in a District the Governor could declare a Drainage District. A Board of six members nominated by the ratepayers was constituted for each District, two members retiring annually. A Board could apply to the Minister of Works for the construction of drainage works, which were carried out by the Director of Public Works, and, when completed, handed over to the Board, which maintains them. A Board could levy a rate which was to be applied in the first instance to the payment of the interest and sinking fund on loans, and then to the maintenance of the works. 11. Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Act 1912. Under this Act a Department of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage was constituted, with a Minister, who succeeded the Minister mentioned in 5 hereinbefore. The administration of all laws under the Water Supply Act 1893, the Metropolitan Water Supply and Drainage Act 1909, the Land Drainage Act 1900, the Goldfields Water Supply Act 1902, and the Water Boards Act 1904 were vested in the Minister, unless and until such administration is vested in a Board, and on the dissolution of any Board ; power being given to the Governor in 1913 to dissolve Boards. (B) Metropolitan Water Supply. 1. Sources of Supply. The supply of water for the Districts of Perth, Fremantle, Claremont, and Armadale is derived from six sources (a) the Victoria Reservoir, (6) the Bickley Brook Reservoir, (c) the Mundaring Reservoir, (d) Narrogin Brook, (e) Walter's Brook, and (/) artesian bores, of which the following are the more important : (i) The Victoria Reservoir. This is the main source of supply. The Reservoir has a capacity of 220,000,000 gallons, and a catchment area of 10,000 acres on the Darling Ranges. The water gravitates to Perth through two mains, which are respectively 21 and 12 inches in diameter and 15| and 17 miles in length. There are three service reservoirs, holding respectively 2,413,000, 10,000,000, and 900,000 gallons. The quantity of water drawn from this reservoir during the year ending 30th June, 1918, was 516,253,000 gallons. (ii) The Mundaring Reservoir. This Reservoir was constructed primarily for the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme, has a catchment area of 569 square miles, and a capacity of 4,650,000,000 gallons. It is used as an emergency supply for the Metropolitan District, and is connected therewith by an 8-in. main. During the year ending 30th June, 1918, the amount of water drawn from this source for Perth was 168,548,000 gallons. (iii) The Bickley Brook Reservoir. This is supplementary to the Victoria Reservoir, being connected to it by an 8-in. pipe. It has a catchment area of 1,780 acres, and in 1918 the amount of water supplied therefrom was 285,870,000 gallons. (iv) "Artesian Bores. There are in all six artesian bores, the flow from which augments the main supply from the Victoria Reservoir. The supply for the year ending 30th June, 1918, was 892,054,000 gallons. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 201 2. Consumption of Water, &c. The following table shews the average daily supply, the total annual supply, and the average daily supply per house and per head of population during each financial year from 1901 to 1918 inclusive : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY. CONSUMPTION OF WATER, 1901 TO 1918. Average Average Daily Supply. Total Annual Supply. Daily Year ending Number of Estimated Supply. 30th Houses Populat ion June. From Reser- From Total. From Reser- From Total. supplied. Supplied. jl gl voirs. Bores. voirs. Bores. w H ,000 gal. ,000 gal. ,000 gal. ,000 gal. ,000 gal. ,000 gal. No. No. gal. gal. 1901 1,041 443 1,484 380,003 161,589 541,592 6,182 32,000 240 45-2 1902 917 461 1,378 334,752 168,439 503,191 7,043 35,000 195 39-3 1903 557 1,004 1,561 203,517 366,504 570,021 8,108 38,350 192 40-7 1904 ,193 728 1,921 436,657 264,566 701,223 9,104 41,000 211 46-8 1905 ,319 752 2,071 481,528 274,327 755,855 10,105 45,000 204 46-1 1906 ,513 792 2,305 552,373 288,812 841,185 10,882 48,000 212 48-0 1907 ,388 987 2,375 506,751 359,797 866,548 12,164 52,000 195 45-6 1908 ,536 601 2,137 562,316 219,718 782,034 13,156 52,000 162 41-9 1909 957 1,835 2,792 349,467 669,954 1,019,421 19,653 80,000 142 34-9 1910 ,076 1,810 2,886 392,715 660,523 1,053,238 20,337 83,000 142 34-8 1911 ,135 2,062 3,197 414,512 752,546 1,167,058 21,267 88,250 150 36-2 1912 996 2,330 3,326 364,428 852,718 1,217,146 22,655 91,500 147 36-3 1913 ,285 2,482 3,767 469,211 905,960 1,375,171 24,150 100,000 156 37-7 1914 ,954 2,805 4,759 713,368 1,023,726 1,737,094 28,391 120,000 168 39-7 1915 ,200 3,721 4,921 437,818 1,358,199 1,796,017 29,803 127,300 165 38-7 1916 2,465 2,609 5,074 897,331 955,075 1,852,406 30,865 129,600 164 39-2 1917 1,959 3,179 5,138 714,914 1,160,464 1,875,378 31,797 133,555 162 38-5 1918 2,689 2,444 5,133 981,625 892,054 1,873,679 32,498 136,428 158 37-6 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shews the capital cost of the Metropolitan Water Supply and the revenue and expenditure thereof from 1901 to 1918 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. METROPOLITAN WATER SUPPLY. COST, REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ETC., 1901 TO 1918. Interest Ratio of earned by Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost of Works. Deprecia- tion. Net Capital Cost. Gross Revenue. Cost of Maintenance and Working Expenses to Net Revenue on Net Management. Revenue. Capital Cost. % % 1901 . . 386,414 386,414 27,249 8,021 29-44 4-97 1902 . . 395,764 395,764 32,676 13,059 39-97 4-96 1903 . . 408,681 408,681 34,164 18,536 54-26 3-82 1904 .. 413,764 413,764 36,517 14,674 40-18 5-28 1905 . . 418,479 418,479 42,177 14,561 34-52 6-60 1906 . . 440,125 6,165 433,960 43,571 12,989 29-81 7-05 1907 486,857 15,915 470,942 45,848 14,923 32-55 6-57 1908 503,581 25,463 478,118 46,300 12,685 27-40 7-03 1909 . . 524,022 34,468 489,554 45,711 14,162 31-98 6-44 1910 . . 628,757 44,415 584,342 60,249 20,862 34-62 6-74 1911 645,023 92,351 552,672 61,723 22,081 35-77 6-15 1912 701,852 107,388 594,464 66,892 25,082 37-49 5-95 1913 768,068 135,912 632,156 74,600 25,479 34-14 7.77 1914 . . 892,434 167,326 725,108 89,115 31,483 35-33 7-95 1915 964,670 183,910 780,760 100,158 33,581 33-53 8-53 1916 997,650 201,834 795,816 103,788 37,987 36-60 8-27 1917 1,019,388 95,451 i 36,075 37-79 . 1918 . . 1,057,444 91,380 34,670 37-94 202 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE (c) Metropolitan Sewerage. 1. General. The control of the sewerage of Perth and Fremantle, which was formerly under the management of the Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage, was transferred in 1910, together with the water supply, to the Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Department. Both sewerage and storm-water drainage systems have been adopted separately for Perth and Fremantle, the treatment of sewerage being based on the septic system. 2. Perth Sewerage. A system of main and other sewers leads the sewerage to septic tanks of reinforced concrete on the side of a hill on the southern slopes of what is known as the old Claise Brook. The effluent is passed under the Swan River through a syphon, to filter beds on Burswood Island. 3. Fremantle Sewerage. The septic tanks have been built not far from Robb's Jetty, and the effluent is discharged into the sea. 4. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table shows the capital cost, number of tenements connected, income, and expenditure of the Sewerage and Storm-water Drainage Sections of the Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Undertaking for the years 1912 to 1918 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. METROPOLITAN SEWERAGE. CAPITAL COST, NUMBER OF TENEMENTS CONNECTED, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1912 TO 1918. Expenditure. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Tenements connected. Revenue. Operating Expenses. Interest I and Sinking Total. Fund. ; 1912 582,628 1,227 6,640 1,770 1,770 1913 .. 671,986 3,859 18,266 3,751 31,596 35,347 1914 .. i 749,074 7,912 29,512 7,029 35,837 42,866 1915 .. 819,345 10,893 41,488 9,192 39,911 49,103 1916 .. 875,089 44,667 11,940 43,631 55,571 1917 903,826 52.539 15,253 46,087 61,340 1918 .. 935,595 53,259 14,156 47,422 61,578 (D) Water Supplies for Country Towns. 1. General. The following nine towns are provided with water supplies which are controlled entirely by the Department of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage, viz., Collie, Cue, Day Dawn, Derby, Geraldton, Leonora, Meekatharra, Menzies, Ora Banda, andPingelly. In addition, there are waterworks in the towns of Albany, Bunbury, Busselton, Wagin, Carnarvon, Roebourne, Port Hedland, and Broome controlled either by a Local Water Board or by a Local Authority, and in Marble Bar, Derby, and Wyndham by the Department. There are also, under the control of the Department, several smaller water supply systems, wayside watering stations, tanks and wells, and minor concerns generally which yield some revenue, but are for the most part operated as necessary public services without expectation of the revenue therefrom sufficing to meet the full annual charges. For the financial year to the end of 30th June, 1916, the total capital cost of these under- takings, where practicable to determine, was 1,006,967, the revenue for the year 6,294, and the expenditure 14,018, leaving a deficit of 8,180. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 203 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn the capital cost, revenue, and expenditure of the water supply systems of the nine towns mentioned above for the years 1913 to 1916 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. WATER SUPPLY IN NINE COUNTRY TOWNS. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1913 TO 1916. Year ending 30th June Number of Towns. Capital Cost. Revenue. Expenditure. 1913 1914 .. 1915 .. 1916 No. 5 9 9 9 91,631 214,713 228,312 232,020 11,386 23,940 26,846 28,482 13,148 25,697 29,933 32,256 () Goldfields Water Supply. 1. Description of Waterworks. The construction of the waterworks supplying the Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie goldfields was commenced in April, 1898, authority having been obtained in 1896 for the borrowing of 2,500,000 for the purpose. The source of supply is in the Mundaring Reservoir, situated in the Helena Valley, about 25 miles east of Perth. A concrete wall impounds the water from a catchment area of 569 square miles, and the reservoir has a capacity of 4,650,000,000 gallons. From this reservoir water is pumped 307 miles through a 30-in. steel main by a series of eight pumping stations to a concrete tank at Bulla Bulling, with a capacity of 12,000,000 gallons, at a height of 1,290 feet above No. 1 Pumping Station. From Bulla Bulling the water gravitates to Coolgardie, 21 miles, thence to Kalgoorlie, a further distance of 23 miles. The total length of the 30-in. main is 351 miles. In addition to supplying goldfields townships adjacent to Kalgoorlie, a large number of townships and agricultural districts within reasonable distance of the main pipe line are also supplied with water for domestic and agricultural purposes. The works, as far as Kalgoorlie, were completed by the end of 1902, and water reached that town in January, 1903. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given the capital cost, consumption of water, revenue, and expenditure of the goldfields water supply for the years 1904 to 1918 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. GOLDFIELDS WATER SUPPLY. CONSUMPTION OF WATER, COST OF CONSTRUCTION, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1904 TO 1918. Year ending 30th June. Consumption of Water. Capital Cost.* Revenue. Expenditure. ,000 gallons. 1904 361,096 2,679,544 104,161 . . 1905 510,267 2,728,006 141,067 1906 600,158 2,895,100 159,425 . . 1907 688,548 3,206,161 167,146 , 1908 ... 837,296 3,232,554 172,550 1909 969,546 3,233,321 183,200 , 1910 ,001,700 3,241,260 221,406 . . 1911 ,058,900 3,280,803 237,668 . . 1912 ,134,800 3,348,011 243,521 . 1913 ,204,757 3,373,168 254,920 286,872 1914 ,194,591 3,368,071 255,076 302,031 1915 ,226,494 3,379,241 242,984 285,265 1916 ,197,858 3,388,901 238,024 289,203 1917 1,060,890 3,392,138 214,839 290,882 1918 1,044,000 3,393,522 199,302 283,547 1904 to 1912, years ending 31st December, 204 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. (F) Mines Water Supplies. 1. General. At the present time the water stations under the control of the Depart- ment of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage number about 1,400, and are spread over an area of nearly 500,000 square miles. The principal works carried out by the Depart- ment are as follows : (a) providing domestic supplies of water for mining towns, also for battery and general mining purposes ; (6) opening up the very remote portions of the State by means of tracks, of which there are about 4,000 miles ; (c) sinking wells and bore wells, and testing the country by means of boring to locate water ; (d) diamond drilling for the purpose of testing the country for minerals ; and (e) opening up stock routes with wells sunk at easy stages. Tanks, dams, and reservoirs have been made on the goldfields for the conservation of surface water, their total storage capacity being over 200,000,000 gallons, and their cost over 400,000 ; and more than 3,000 miles of stock routes have been opened up. (a) Water Supplies in Agricultural Areas. 1. General. For providing settlers with water a large number of tanks have been excavated and wells sunk by Government where suitable water had been proved by boring. At the 30th June, 1918, 2,512 bores had been put down, fresh water being obtained in 427, and stock water in 219, the others being either salt or dry. The number of tanks excavated to the same date was 340, with capacity of over one hundred million gallons, and the number of wells 286, the estimated capacity of which is over 51,000,000 gallons. (H) Land Drainage. 1. General. Under the Land Drainage Act 1900 the drainage undertakings ad- ministered by the Department of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage are those for the districts of East Jandakot and Torbay-Grassmere. Smaller undertakings controlled by Boards under the same Act include those at Lennox, Korijek, Njookenbooroo, Sterling, and Wangong. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given particulars as to the capital cost, revenue, and expenditure of the East Jandakot and Torbay-Grassmere Drainage Undertakings for the years 1914 to 1916 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. EAST JANDAKOT AND TORBAY-GRASSMERE DRAINAGE. CAPITAL COST, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURE, 1914 TO 1916. Year ending 30th June. Capital Cost. Revenue. Expenditure. 1914 .. 5,644 421 371 1915 .. 5,805 526 510 1916 .. 5,805 359 261 6. Tasmania. (A) Introductory. 1. General. Although Local Authorities were authorized to provide .for* a water supply within their respective Districts, practically every waterworks has been con- structed under the authority of a separate Act for each Town or District. On the passing of the Local Government Act 1906 many of these waterworks, which were being managed by Trusts elected by the ratepayers, were handed over to Municipal Councils and vested in them, as well as those formerly controlled by Town Boards or Rural Municipalities. 00 Hobart Water Supply. 1. Pure Water for Hobart Town Act 1835. This is the first Act which makes any reference to a water supply for Hobart Town, and it vests all property in water-courses and the Hobart Town Rivulet in the Crown, the owners to be indemnified. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 205 2. Hobart Town Water Act 1848. The Director of Waterworks was authorized to open up streets, to lay service pipes to houses, and to supply water where mains were laid at a charge not exceeding twopence per one hundred gallons. The charge for supplying ships was fixed at either one halfpenny per ton register or twopence per one hundred gallons at the option of the master. 3. Hobart Town Rivulet Improvement Act 1854. The Hobart Town Rivulet was vested in the Mayor and Aldermen so far as it lay within the Municipality. The section of the Act of 1846 declaring Hobart Town Creek to be a sewer was repealed, but not- withstanding the repeal, it might still be used as a sewer. The Council was authorized to widen the Rivulet, purchase land, &c. 4. Hobart Town Water Act (No. 3) 1858. The Municipal Council was empowered to classify houses and charge a fixed sum for water, ranging from 1 to 5 10s. per annum. The charge for a supply from fountains was fixed at fourpence per hundred gallons, while shipping was charged one shilling for every tun of 250 gallons. 5. Hobart Town Water Act 1860. This Act repealed the former Acts, and was to be executed by the Municipal Council. All rights vested in the Crown were transferred to the Council, which could purchase land, construct waterworks, supply water at the request of an owner, if his property was within 50 feet of a water main, erect fountains and borrow money. Three kinds of rates could be levied (a) a domestic water rate on occupiers of all dwelling-houses in the City, not exceeding 5 per cent, on the annual value ; (&) a public water rate on all owners of houses and lands, to be one-fourth of the amount of the domestic rate, but if the property was unoccupied this rate was only to be levied on quarter of the annual value ; and (c) a general suburban rate on all occupiers of dwelling-houses in the suburbs. Domestic and suburban rates were not to be levied unless the properties were actually supplied with water or were within 50 feet of a main. The property of Government used for public purposes, hospitals, and benevolent asylums, and buildings used for charitable purposes were exempted from rating. In 1877 the Council was authorized to supply water by meter at one shilling per 1,000 gallons. The method of rating was changed ; the domestic rate being fixed at fifteen shillings for an annual value up to 10, above this up to 40 at one shilling and sixpence in the pound, and at one shilling in the pound over 40. The warehouse rate was for over 12 up to 30 annual value sixpence in the pound, over 30 up to 100 threepence, and over 100 twopence. In 1891 the maximum suburban rate was fixed at one shilling and sixpence in the pound on the annual value. 6. Hobart Water Act 1893. This is a consolidating Act, repeals the former Water Acts, and re-enacts most of the provisions contained therein. The waterworks remain in the hands of the Municipal Council. The sources of supply are defined as portions of the Wellington Rivulet and Fern Tree Creek flowing from Mount Wellington, towards the New Huon-road, which flow on the north-western side of that road, and all streams flowing from Mount Wellington towards the direct Huon Road from Hobart to Leslie within a radius of 100 chains around St. Crispin's well, excepting Fall's Creek. Water may be supplied by meter at a charge not exceeding one shilling per 1,000 gallons. The domestic water rate was fixed at a maximum of fifteen shillings on an annual value not exceeding 10, of one shilling and sixpence in the pound on over 1Q and up to 40, and of an additional shilling for every pound over 40. The suburban and warehouse rates were for an annual value not exceeding 12 six shillings, over 12 and not exceeding 30 sixpence, with an additional threepence for from 30 to 100, and twopence over 100. In 1900 the rates were altered, the maximum sum of twenty shillings being levied for the domestic rate on properties valued at up to 10, one shilling and ninepence in the pound if valued at over 10 and under 40, and one shilling and threepence on every 1 over 40 in addition ; while the warehouse rate was raised to a maximum of twelve shillings on a value up to 12, of ninepence in the pound on over 12 up to 30, with an additional sixpence in every 1 over 30 up to 100, and threepence on over 100. Minimum charges were fixed. An amendment passed in 1907 allowed the maximum warehouse rate to be exceeded 206 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 7. Description of Works. The present source of supply is from streams flowing from Mount Wellington, where a storage reservoir containing 45,000,000 gallons has been constructed. The catchment area comprises 4,200 acres, the sources of supply having been extended at various times as far as the North- West Bay River, 15 miles from Hobart. There are three storage reservoirs about 3 miles from the City. One contains 68,000,000 gallons, and is 502 feet above sea-level ; the second contains 45,000,000 gallons, and is 447 feet above sea-level ; and the third, recently completed, holds 207,000,000 gallons. The whole of the supply is by gravitation. The water is brought by means of stone aqueducts and cast-iron pipes to the reservoirs, and conveyed thence by four 10-in. cast-iron mains, of which three lead to the distributing reservoirs and one direct to the shipping and southern portion of the City. 8. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given (a) the cost of construction from 1877 to 1916 ; (6) the number of assessments and annual value from 1894 to 1916 ; (c) the estimated number of persons served from 1902 to 1916 ; (d) the revenue and expenditure from 1860 to 1916 ; and (e) the outstanding loans from 1894 to 1916 of the Hobart Waterworks* The revenue and expenditure given herewith are included also in the abstracts of revenue and expenditure of the City of Hobart (see page 140) : TASMANIA. HOBART WATERWORKS. REVENUE 1860 TO 1916. AND EXPENDITURE, Year. Cost of Waterworks. Number of Assessments. Annual Value. Estimated Number of Persons served. Revenue. Expenditure Outstand- ing Loans. . 1860 . . . . . . . . 3,389 4,273 1 t 1861 . . . . 33,452 25,040 . . 1862 . . . . . . 18,779 27,005 1863 . . . . . 12,713 11,676 1864 . . . . . . . . 8,713 13,043 1865 . . . . . . 4,915 5,712 . f 1866 . . . . . . . . 5,528 7,266 . . 1867 8,136 6,087 1868 . . . . 12,560 8,020 1869 . . ... . . 6,033 5,626 . 1870 . . . . . . 5,990 5,525 . . 1871 , . . . . . 5,668 6,395 . . 1872 6,149 7,558 . . 1873 8,890 7,794 . 1874 . . . . . . . . 8,438 9,272 . . 1875 . . . . . . . . 6,618 6,358 . . 1876 . . . . . . 6,366 6,551 . . 1877 70,000 . . . . 7,797 . 6,724 1878 70,000 . . 8,211 9,481 . 1879 70,000 . . . . . . 8,276 7,946 . . 1880 70,000 . . . . . , 8,397 6,844 1881 85,622 . . . . 8,791 8,915 . . 1882 94,432 8,577 9,505 1883 98,308 ^ t . f . . 8,880 11,188 . . 1884 99,019 . . . . . . 11,223 11,215 . . 1885 99,019 . . . . . . 11,729 8,839 . . 1886 111,742 11,924 11,002 . 1887 115,298 . . . . 12,413 13,211 . . 1888 134,242 . . . . . . 12,866 12,310 . . 1889 134,243 . . . . . . 13,172 13,813 1890 139,949 13,053 13,287 . . 1891 139,949 . . f . . 13,898 11,402 . . 1892 153,890 . . . . . . 12,396 12,217 1893 153,890 12,302 14,337 . . 1894 159,044 6,717 229,751 12,383 14,503 160,000 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 207 TASMANIA. HOBART WATERWORKS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1860 TO 1916 continued. Year. Cost of Waterworks. Number of Assessments. Annual Value. Estimated Number of Persons served. Revenue. Expenditure. Outstand- ing Loans. 1895 162,739 6,842 224,328 12,251 11,808 160,000 1896 163,877 6,869 224,328 , 14,593 14,056 160,000 1897 163,877 6,911 222,685 . 13,867 13,031 160,000 1898 163,877 6,917 222,371 . 14,752 15,303 160,000 1899 163,877 6,751 209,697 . 15,935 15,439 159,500 1900 169,872 6,795 203,565 . . 16,139 17,772 162,600 1901 182,074 6,856 205,725 . . 18,806 20,161 178,400 1902 182,074 7,909 207,451 30,038 19,091 , 16,126 173,250 1903 182,300 6,766 230,000 30,038 18,862 16,624 169,000 1904 182,300 7,066 230,000 30,038 20,200 15,667 165,100 1905 182,456 7,159 231,363 32,500 20,127 16,576 162,000 1906 185,853 7,311 233,300 33,000 19,125 15,817 160,400 1907 186,692 7,494 244,500 33,000 21,802 17,785 160,750 1908 192,911 6,843 255,400 33,000 19,719 22,901 162,000 1909 202,699 8,003 262,039 35,000 20,091 24,729 167,175 1910 208,198 8,197 268,915 35,000 20,643 22,292 159,175 1911 218,123 8,317 276,896 35,000 31,207 20,341 172,175 1912 228,230 8,342 288,725 35,000 23,858 20,584 182,175 1913 235,450 8,786 303,536 35,000 21,982 21,336 188,175 1914 243,926 6,726 350,536 35,000 22,191 24,550 203,175 1915 23.382 26,471 1916 319,837 8,840 393,234 35,000 24,801 27,686 286,405 (c) Hobart Sewerage. 1. General. Prior to 1890 the Sewerage of Hobart was controlled by the City Council, but in 1891 it was handed over to the Metropolitan Drainage Board, and in 1913 transferred back to the City Council. 2. Metropolitan Drainage Act 1891. This Act was to apply to Hobart, Glenorchy, Glebe Town, Mount Stuart, and six Road Districts. The Metropolitan Drainage Board was formed of twenty-one members, five of whom were to be nominated by the Governor, and of these one must be a Responsible Minister of the Crown, and be Chairman. These five remained members during the pleasure of the Governor. Fourteen of the other members were to hold office for three years, and were elected by the various Local Boards of Health from among the members thereof ; that of Hobart electing five, and those of the other nine Local Authorities electing one each. The Mayor of Hobart and the Officer of Health were ex officio members. The Board had power to take over and manage the sewerage of Hobart and adjacent Districts, the boundaries of which area were defined in a schedule to the Act. Each Local Authority was to pay a proportionate amount of the expenses, based on the rateable value of the property therein, but not exceeding the sum realized by a rate of twopence in the pound on the yearly rateable value. Each Local Authority was authorized to levy a special rate. In the following year the constitution of the Board was altered, the number of members being reduced to twenty, and instead of one member being elected by each of two Towns and six Road Boards eight were elected, one each by four Towns and three by three Road Boards, and one by the Rural Municipality of Glenorchy. It was no longer necessary for one of the Government members to be a Minister of the Crown, but the Governor still appointed the Chairman. The boundaries of the drainage area were redefined. 3. Metropolitan Drainage Act 1898. All the property and rights of the foregoing Board passed to a new Board constituted under this Act. This Board consisted of five members appointed by the Governor, the Mayor and Officer of Health of Hobart as ex officio members, three members elected by the Local Boards of Health of the Towns WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. of Glebe Town, Mount Stuart, and New Town, each appointing one, and two similarly elected by the Trustees of the Lisle and Wellesley Road Districts. Any elected member automatically went out of office on ceasing to be a member of the Local Board that elected him. The members of the Board elected their Chairman for a period of three years. The boundaries of the Metropolitan Drainage Area were denned. All sewers and drains within the area, except those made for irrigation purposes and for drainage of roads, were vested in the Board. The general expenses of the Board were paid by the various Local Authorities in proportion to their rateable value ; while special expenses were a separate charge on special drainage districts. The total rate which a Local Authority could levy for general and special purposes was sevenpence in the pound on the rateable value ; if no service were provided no rate could be made and public property was to be rated. In 1903 an amendment to the Act provided that owners must sewer their property when called upon to do so, and sewerage works were made exempt from rates and taxes. 4. Hobart Sewerage Act 1912. On the first of January, 1913, all lands and sewerage works vested in the Metropolitan Drainage Board were transferred to the Council of City of Hobart and the Board dissolved. As regards the suburban drainage area the Council was authorized to contract with a suburban Council for the construction and maintenance of a system of sewerage within the suburban Municipality. The maximum sewerage rate which could be levied was one shilling in the pound on the rateable value, with a minimum payment of twelve shillings. 5. Description of Sewerage Works. The sewage is discharged into an estuary of the River Derwent, and up to the end of 1915 about 72 miles of sewers had been constructed. The scheme is intended to sewer over 2,000 acres so as to serve an estimated population of about 80,000 people, and arrangements are being made to extend the system to the suburb of Queensborough, which was incorporated with the City of Hobart in 1913. 6. Revenue, &c. Prior to the Corporation taking over the Sewerage Works in 1913, the figures relating to the tenements connected, cost of construction, and revenue are not available, except for the years 1907, 1909, 1911, and 1912 ; these are given, together with those for the years 1913 to 1915, in the following table : TASMANIA. HOBART SEWERAGE. COST OF CONSTRUCTION, ETC., 1907 TO 1915. Year. Cost of Construction. Tenements connected. Revenue. Year. Cost of Construction. Tenements connected. Revenue. No. No. 1907 . . 100,000 1,809 3,107 1913 .. 188,235 6,751 12,662 1909 . . 129,000 3,948 6,245 1914 .. 190,000 6,865 11,395 1911 .. 174,760 6,089 9,180 1915 .. 191,000 6,926 11,614 1912 . . 183,370 - 6,560 10,284 (D) Launceston Water Supply. 1. Launceston Water Supply Act 1852. Under this Act the control of the water supply for Launceston was vested in the Mayor and Aldermen, who were empowered to divert the waters of the South Esk River and other streams, and to borrow money for the construction of waterworks. Maximum charges for water were fixed for domestic supply at either 5 per cent, of the annual value or twopence per 100 gallons, and for shipping at either one halfpenny per ton register or twopence per 100 gallons at the option of the master. In 1858 the charge for shipping was altered to one shilling per },000 gallons, and in 1861 the maximum domestic rate on the annual value was increased to 6 per cent. 2. Launceston Water Act 1878. Under this Act the Council could charge, within the Town, a maximum rate of 7 per cent, of the capital value, but if a property was not supplied with water or within 50 feet of a main, only one-fourth of the rate was to be levied. In suburbs the charges were to be fixed by agreement. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 209 In the following year provision was made for a suburban rate not exceeding 7 per cent, of the annual value. In 1887 the Council was authorized to divert the South Esk River, and to erect waterworks for working machinery for generating electricity, as well as for the domestic supply of water. 3. Launceston Water and Light Act 1895. This Act repealed all the existing Water and Electric Light Acts for the City of Launceston, but re-enacted most of the pro- visions contained therein. The Council was empowered to divert the Saint Patrick's River, to divert from the South Esk River, at a point not exceeding 5 miles from the South Esk Bridge, not exceeding two-thirds of the volume of water flowing therein, to erect waterworks for supplying the City and Port of Launceston with water, and to work machinery for generating electricity for lighting or motive power. The Council must connect any house within the City with a main, provided that they are not more than 50 feet apart, and may, if practicable, supply places beyond the City. It must furnish electricity for providing light within the City on demand, and may supply beyond the City. An annual water rate not exceeding one shilling and threepence in the pound of annual value was to be struck, but only one-fourth was chargeable if the premises were not supplied with water on or within 50 feet of a main. The lighting rate was not to exceed tenpence in the pound on the annual value. Suburban Water Rates could be levied, but not exceeding two shillings in the pound of annual value, and then only if the property were either connected with or within 100 yards of a main. 4. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table gives (a) the cost of construction from 1882 to 1916 ; (&) the number of assessments and annual value from 1894 to 1916 ; (c) the estimated number of perons served from 1902 to 1916 ; (d) the revenue and expenditure from 1859 to 1916 ; and (e) the outstanding loans from 1877 to 1916 of the Launceston Water Supply. The revenue and expenditure are also included in the tables, shewing the revenue and expenditure for the City of Launceston (see page 145) : TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON WATERWORKS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ETC., 1859 TO 1916. Year ending 31st December. Cost of Construc- tion. Number of Assess- ments. Annual Value. Estimated Number of Persons served. Revenue. Expendi- ture. Out- standing Loans. Xo. Xo. 1859 . . 5,891 7,676 . . 1860 17,951 16,284 . . 1861 8,179 8,635 . . 1862 8,666 8,538 . . 1863 . . 8,364 9,036 . . 1864 4,077 3,930 . 1865 " . 3,758 3,631 . . 1866 . . . . 3,829 3,663 1867 . . . . 3,769 3,792 1868 4,149 3,788 , . 1869 . . . . . 3,982 3,986 1870 . . . . . . 4,151 4,251 1871 . . . . . 4,031 4,024 1872 . . . . 3,986 3,900 1873 . . . . . . 3,949 3,847 1874 . . . . 7,046 6,718 1875 . . . . . . 4,161 4,257 1876 . . . . . . 16,995 14,076 1877 . . . . . . 11,537 11,552 59,440 1878 . . v . . . 5,643 7,757 59,440 1879 6,104 6,999 59,440 210 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. TASMANIA. CITY OF LAUNCESTON WATERWORKS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, ETC., 1859 TO 1916 continued. Year ending 31st December. Cost of Construc- tion. Number of Assess- ments. Annual Value. Estimated Number of Persons served. Revenue. Expendi- ture. Out- standing Loans. No, No. 1880 6,244 6,635 59,440 1881 6,611 6,932 59,440 1882 65,000 7,450 11,062 59,440 1883 65,000 7,650 8,067 59,440 1884 66,000 13,193 12,588 64,440 1885 66,800 . . . . 9,260 7,748 64,440 1886 67,536 9,341 7,465 64,440 1887 68,243 11,401 10,376 64,440 1888 68,701 12,009 6,843 64,440 1889 69,184 12,816 9,423 64,440 1890 76,519 . . 12,769 12,708 64,440 1891 77,594 . . 13,305 9,816 64,440 1892 79,047 . . 13,001 14,685 64,440 1893 79,782 . . 13,025 10,011 64,440 1894 83,658 4,760 149,360 10,649 11,744 64,440 1895 84,061 3,833 143,107 . . 8,728 13,112 64,440 1896 84,119 4,279 126,000 . . 7,938 13,920 64,440 1897 84,119 4,775 138,595 . . 6,836 7,381 64,440 1898 100,000 4,000 125,498 7,775 7,446 64,440 1899 100,000 4,766 138,117 7,012 7,131 64,440 1900 100,000 3,948 126,470 9,798 8,257 64,440 1901 100,000 3,920 126,000 . . 7,946 8,747 64,440 1902 100,000 4,000 131,000 20,200 8,525 8,339 64,440 1903 100,000 4,800 130,000 23,000 8,837 8,604 64,440 1904 103,254 4,101 153,016 21,200 10,497 10,993 64,440 1905 104,037 4,786 155,502 23,000 9,713 9,854 64,440 1906 103,400 4,910 160,000 22,500 11,892 8,241 64,440 1907 108,797 5,028 165,649 24,500 16,839 21,229 64,440 1908 108,797 5,077 169,170 25,000 11,253 10,484 64,440 1910* 111,422 5,199 173,547 26,000 11,976 10,974 69,890 1911t 111,422 5,239 175,723 26,000 11,810 10,739 70,740 1912f 111,699 5,321 178,570 26,000 11,522 10,675 73,252 1913f 119,460 5,374 181,219 26,000 10,551 11,549 68,432 19141 119,460 5,463 184,868 26,000 13,277 9,184 73,251 1915J . . . . 12,733 10,784 . . 1916J 121,677 5,252 193,801 28,000 85,327 * Year 1st August, 1909, to 31st July, 1910. t Year ending 31st July. t Year ending 30th June. (E) Launceston Sewerage. 1. General. The Sewerage of the City of Launceston was vested in the Council under the various Acts of Incorporation. All sewerage works have been constructed by the Council by means of loans, which were authorized from time to time by special Acts. The only Act referring to Launceston Sewerage, apart from loan Acts, was passed in 1914, and gave the Council power to intercept sewers and discharge sewerage into the River Tamar, and to levy a sewerage rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound on the rateable value. 2. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The revenue and expenditure of the Launceston Sewerage works are included in the figures given fo^r the City of Launceston (see page 145). At the 30th June, 1915, the total expenditure on the construction of these works was 87,993. WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE. 211 (F) Waterworks in Country Towns. 1. General. A large number of Acts of Parliaments have been passed authorizing the construction of waterworks in different Districts from time to time. With the exception of the New Norfolk waterworks, which were constructed by Government, and managed first by the Town Surveyor, then by Commissioners, and then handed over to the Municipality, the majority of these waterworks were constructed and managed generally by Trustees elected by the ratepayers. In 1908 sixteen of these Trusts were transferred to the control of Municipalities or Joint Municipalities, and in 1915 there were only six such Trusts remaining. 2. Revenue,^Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn (a) the revenue and expenditure from 1883 to 1916 ; and (6) the outstanding loans from 1893 to 1916 of these Water Trusts : TASMANIA. WATER TRUSTS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1883 TO 1916. Year. Number of Trusts. Revenue. Expendi- ture. Out- standing Loans. Year. Number of Trusts. Revenue. Expendi- ture. Out- standing Loans. No. No. 1883 1 9,738 7,643 1900 14 7,376 6,200 33,200 1884 1 928 1,162 1901 14 5,700 5,456 31,900 1885 1 1,349 575 1902 15 11,984 12,297 38,200 1886 1 1,586 1,837 1903 16 12,524 13,666 42,200 1887 1 865 695 1904 18 15,545 14,575 46,300 1888 2 760 648 1905 20 12,848 13,895 48,950 1889 2 743 943 1906 23 17,136 14,100 57,850 1890 2 867 586 1907 25 18,066 19,872 62,650 1891 2 858 968 1908 9 2,281 2,334 27,050 1892 7 7,227 9,947 1909 7 2,325 1,923 10,300 1893 8 33,282 29,085 42,550 1910 7 2,267 2,874 9,000 1894 8 11,695 11,413 50,550 1911 7 2,272 1,834 3,600 1895 9 5,295 5,688 51,850 1912 9 2,805 2,065 4,900 1896 12 4,692 4,427 52,550 1913 8 1,239 1,558 4,900 1897 12 4,616 4,786 51,700 1914 6 1,487 1,081 10,800 1898 12 4,673 4,029 51,700 1915 6 1,257 1,275 10,900 1899 12 5,760 6,359 52,800 1916 6 1,000 1,049 10,473 i (G) Drainage. 1. Drainage Promotion Act 1917. This Act provides that wherever any tract of land is so circumstanced that large quantities of water accumulate and lie on it, any owner or owners may petition the Governor to constitute a drainage area. If there is no counter petition from the owners of not less than one-third of the number of holdings, in which case the Governor causes the ground to be surveyed, he proclaims the area to be a Drainage Area. The area is placed in the hands of a Trust comprising seven members who are elected by the ratepayers from among owners of land within the drainage area. The voting power is the same as that for the election of Municipal Councils. The Trustees may borrow money not exceeding the estimated revenue for five years, but only when a two-thirds majority in favour of the loan is obtained at a poll of the ratepayers. They may also levy a rate not exceeding sixpence in the pound upon the unimproved capital value of all properties within the Drainage Area whether Crown land or not. The Trustees have sole control of all works, and are empowered to enter lands, make drains, erect all necessary machinery, &c. 212 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. SECTION IV. HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 1. New South Wales. ' (A) Sydney Harbour Trust. 1. General. This Trust is composed of three Commissioners, appointed by Govern- ment for seven years, hence all particulars relative thereto are omitted as not coming under the heading of Local Government. (B) Wollongong Harbour Trust. 1. General. This Trust, now defunct, was created by the Wollongong Harbour Trust Act 1889, and all lands and harbour works at Wollongong were vested therein ; it was also entrusted with the management of the harbour and authorized to collect tolls, rates, and charges. The Board of this Trust was composed of twelve Commissioners, of whom three were nominated by the Governor in Council, two elected by Sydney ship-owners, two by colliery-owners, two by the Municipal Council of Wollongong, one each by the Councils of Central Illawarra and North Illawarra, and one by the Bulli and Clifton Division of the Electoral District of Illawarra. The Government granted an endowment of 5,000 a year for five years, and the Board were authorized to borrow up to 250,000. The Trust was dissolved on 2nd December, -1895, and all its property handed over to the Government. 2 Revenue and Expenditure. The following table shows the revenue and expenditure of the Wollongong Harbour Trust for the years 1891 to 1894 : NEW SOUTH WALES. WOLLONGONG HARBOUR TRUST. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1891 TO 1894. Revenue. Expenditure. Vpar New From Govern- ment. Other Revenue. Total. Manage- ment. Main- tenance. Works and Improve- Total. ments. 1891 5,000 2,660 7,660 2,853 1,743 1,251 5,847 1892 5,000 2,632 7,632 2,929 1,160 1,628 5,717 1893 5,000 2,455 7,455 2,929 800 10,163 13,892 1894 3,750 2,757 6,507 1,540 1,584 4,864 7,988 2. Victoria. (A) Melbourne Harbour Trust. 1. Constitution of the Trust. The Melbourne Harbour Trust was constituted by the Melbourne Harbour Trust Act 1876, under the provisions of which a Board of fifteen Commissioners was appointed ; six of these were elected by City and suburban Councils, three by ship-owners, three by merchants, and three by the Governor in Council. In 1883 the number of Commissioners was raised to seventeen ; the two additional ones HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 213 being appointed by the Governor. In 1912 an Act was passed by which the number of Commissioners was reduced to five, appointed by the Governor in Council ; of these one is the Chairman, one to be a ship-owner, one an exporter of Victorian produce, one an importer, and one identified with primary production in Victoria. By the Act of 1876 the borrowing powers of the Commissioners were limited to 250,000, but were increased in 1883 to 1,000,000, in 1888 to 2,000,000, and in 1912 to 3,000,000. The Port of Melbourne, vested in the Commissioners, consists of all inlets, rivers, bays, harbours, and navigable waters north of and within a line from Williamstown to St. Kilda, and includes the River Yarra as far as Queen's Bridge, and the Saltwater River as far as Maribyrnong Bridge. i*. Works in the River Yarra. The River Yarra, when the Commissioners took charge, had a navigable depth of 12 ft. 6 in. at low water, and a width of about 140 feet. The present depth is 27 feet, and the present width 300 feet at low water, and three swinging basins have been provided. At the end of 1915 there were 14,515 feet of sheds along the river and Victoria Dock, covering an area of 705,780 square feet. One of the swinging basins has since been enlarged. (i) Coode Canal. In 1889 the canal across the flats below Fisherman's Bend was completed to a depth of 20 feet at low water at a cost of 96,000. The length of the canal is 2,002 yards, and the distance from Queen's Bridge to the river entrance was thereby reduced from 7 to 5f miles. At the present time this channel has a depth of 27 feet throughout, and has been widened to 430 feet at low water. (ii) Victoria Dock. This dock, 4 miles up the river, was opened in 1892, and has an area of 96 acres and a depth of from 27 to 29 feet o.Lw. The entrance to the dock is 160 feet wide. There are 8,800 feet of wharfage, on which there are sixteen sheds, all of which, excepting two, are 53 feet in width, totalling 4,868 feet in length, and covering an area of 265,600 square feet. A new central pier is now in course of con- struction ; this will have an average length of 1,630 feet, by a total width of 250 feet, with a 57 -ft. roadway in the centre. The estimated cost is 228,000. 3. Works at Port Melbourne. There are three piers at Port Melbourne, but the old railway pier is under the control of the Railway Commissioners. (i) Town Pier. This pier has berthage accommodation on both sides for vessels drawing from 26 to 28 feet at low water. The space between this and the old railway pier has been dredged to depths of 26 to 30 feet. (ii) Old Railway Pier. This pier is 2,147 feet long, and about 62 feet wide ; 1,450 feet of the length are available for vessels drawing up to 29 feet. All cargo is landed into railway trucks. (iii) New Railway Pier. This pier is 1,902 feet long, and 186 feet wide. It is constructed with a central roadway 41 feet in width, with footpaths 19 ft. 6 in. wide. On each side of the pier are four sets of rails connected with the railway to Melbourne. For the convenience of passengers two shelter-sheds are provided, and there are five travelling gangways to facilitate the landing of passengers so as to avoid crossing the railway lines on the pier level. The estimated cost of this work is 334,533. 4. Works at Williamstown. One of the first works undertaken by the Commissioners was to make the railway piers available for large vessels. This work cost 256,160. The old railway pier is now 767 feet long, and 81 feet wide, and the new railway pier 617 feet long and 93 feet wide. There are altogether six piers at Williamstown. 5. Works in Hobson's Ba^. In 1893 a channel over 8,000 feet long and 600 feet wide was constructed, running in a southerly direction from Port Melbourne Railway Pier, and having a navigable depth of 30 feet o.l.w. 6. Dredging. The total quantity of material raised by the dredging and excavation done in the improvement of the river and bay amounts to about 54,000,000 cubic yards. ' During the ten years ending 31st December, 1915, the total material raised was 19,764,474 cubic yards, costing on an average 2*93 pence per cubic yard, and the average cost of towing and depositing 3 '84 pence per cubic yard, not allowing for depreciation of plant. The Trust has also expended 334,774 in reclaiming land. 214 HAEBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS.' 7. Revenue and Expenditure. The revenue of the Trust is obtained from wharfage and quayage rates, rents and licence fees from lands and ferries, and other licence fees. Until 1913 one-fifth of the revenue from rates and fees was paid to the consolidated revenue of Victoria, but now a fixed annual contribution of 60,000 is made. The ollowing table shews the revenue and expenditure of the Trust from 1877 to 1917 : VICTORIA. MELBOURNE HARBOUR TRUST. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1877 TO 1917. Net Revenue. Net Expenditure (including Loan Expenditure). fil s Is 1*2 a g il fi o ^ cS ?1 J | i 4 ill if Ill- 1 3 3 . s li 111 is $.2 -- E "c 11 11 ' I ills It Ill a o o OW ll 1877 43,106 1,127 82 120 44,435 5,055 4,983 421 6,110 371 16,940 1878 84,731 1,283 687 45 86,746 38,786 10,766 20,989 13,548 8,047 92,136 1879 75,295 1,915 1,116 191 78,517 30,568 36,303 7,161 12,266 4,716 91,014 1880 67,827 2,764 445 224 71,260 22,034 55,244 10,434 15,185 643 103,540 1881 83,493 2,841 308 86,642 9,603 50,641 9,527 14,306 1,061 8,752 93,890 1882 105,854 4,586 409 110,849 18,220 61,687 16,249 16,526 1,332 7,566 121,580 1883 98,809 4,670 456 103,935 55,158 76,678 23,246 17,725 1,241 15,525 189,573 1884 108,019 4,616 506 113,141 70,881 129,370 59,072 16,723 7,354 19,880 303,280 1885 120,587 4,792 1,897 127,276 46,014 118,062 48,289 16,931 19,672 18,226 267,194 1886 136,134 5,404 6',624 1,317 149,479 26,724 123,835 30,861 14,760 39,123 36,308 271,611 1887 138,804 5,640 6,323 3,016 153,783 9,304 103,857 70,414 18,923 36,250 238,748 1888 175,795 6,156 8,406 4,227 194,584 4,198 113,439 83,702 19,499 36,250 257,088 1889 183,318 7,468 21,024 3,686 215,496 118,805 150,882 92,386 20,255 46,250 428,575 1890 165,819 8.990 31,867 3,896 210,572 64,588 217,922 234,344 19,936 66,250 603,040 1891 155,654 11.600 7,693 5,381 180,328 13,161 169,467 202,870 21,518 71,633 478,649 1892 121,590 12,117 17,470 3,537 154,714 253 123,590 115,395 19,402 86,250 344,890 1893 82,499 12,776 6,972 3,731 105,978 53,957 47,582 16,109 130,755 248,403 1894 87,929 11.217 11,719 4,661 115,526 26,180 17,726 10,722 93,241 147,869 1895 94,944 9i503 9,314 3,980 117,741 21,677 17,846 9,812 93,943 143,278 1896 102,843 9,666 8.396 3,504 124,409 22,307 20,155 8,952 93,902 145,316 1897 108.169 10,402 5,079 24,085 147,735 20,267 14,878 9,480 89,717 134,342 1898 112^63 10,738 3,935 6,012 132,948 19,418 19,400 9,968 89,123 137,909 1899 110,393 10,904 3,354 2.295 126,946 19,668 17,746 9,644 88,549 135,607 1900 127,785 11,091 3,014 1,472 143,362 24,608 25,638 10,150 88,216 148,612 1901 136,178 10,907 2.003 2,295 151,383 28,006 32,414 10,107 87,480 158,007 1902 140,258 11,861 1,836 1,558 155,513 32,062 32,871 10,196 87,474 162,603 1903 164,611 9,773 2,030 819 177,233 27,714 24,303 10,679 87,478 150,174 1904 162,105 10.647 2.324 1,822 176,898 30,504 16,003 11,548 86,842 144,897 1905 167,727 12,361 2',489 7,406 189,983 27,213 19,443 12,700 86,630 145,986 1906 188,410 13,481 2,987 3,452 208,330 27,828 19,839 13,056 86,530 147,253 1907 191,762 13,299 2,949 6,252 214,262 11,310 35,084 30,019 14,145 86,375 176,933 1908 203,459 13,920 3,662 1,283 222,324 13,753 45,944 28,810 14,096 82,015 184,618 1909 193,078 13,955 90 3,446 210,569 11,887 47,808 22,339 15,847 72,517 170,398 1910 237,866 13,615 410 1,506 253,397 913 44,973 30,558 19,352 69.409 35',518 200,723 1911 250,640 13,899 2,039 2,210 268,788 21,935 47,851 36,575 20,841 69,366 44,096 240,664 1912 249,997 15,107 2,375 3,792 271,271 73,299 58,298 124,097 27,453 69,264 32,043 384,454 1913 254,935 16,680 665 4,299 276,579 58,661 86,454 161,388 28,622 59,494 73,760 468,379 1914 261,568 18,808 2,284 11,194 293,854 42,349 124,030 119,119 34,163 69,981 67,417 457,059 1915 217,108 19,005 1,293 13,092 250,498 9,279 119,942 165,016 36,067 72,934 61,802 465,040 1916 213,731 30,360 170 17,273 261,534 29,359 140,828 145,685 40,994 78,820 73,148 508,834 1917 207,739 27,989 31 23,158 258,917 6,130 124,019 92,334 38,363 85,206 57,438 403,490 * Amount paid to Consolidated Revenue deducted. (B) Geelong Harbour Trust. 1. Constitution and Powers of Trust. By the Geelong Harbour Trust Act 1905 the Geelong Harbour Commission was incorporated. Three Commissioners are appointed by the Governor in Council. In this Commission are vested the Port of Geelong, and all the foreshore from Little River, to and including Portarlington, as well as the Barwon River. Borrowing powers up to 200,000 were authorized. By an amendment of the Act in 1910 the Commissioners were empowered to carry on the freezing of meat and other produce, the establishment of abattoirs, and the providing of light and power ; and their borrowing power was increased to 400,000. In 1913 this was further increased to 500,000. In 1913 the payment of one-fifth of the wharfage dues to the consolidated revenue was abolished. In 1915 the borrowing of a further 50,000 was authorized. Since the inception of the Board it has made many improvements in the port; and, in addition, maintains the Corio Freezing Works and Abattoirs and the Sparrovale Farm. HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 215 2. Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are given particulars of the ordinary revenue and ordinary and capital expenditure of the Geelong Harbour Trust from 1906 to 1917 : VICTORIA. GEELONG HARBOUR TRUST. ORDINARY EXPENDITURE, 1906 TO 1917. REVENUE AND Ordinary Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st 1 lri-1-inlnT. Wharf agi and Quayage Bates. Rants, Fees, and Licences. Sparro- vale Farm. Corio Freezing Works. ' Other Revenue. Total Revenue. Genera Manage- ment and Expenses. Harbor Mainten- ance and Dredging. 1906 . . 11,371 1,003 147 . . 746 13,267 4,474 2,093 1907 10,227 1,261 750 . . 3,186 15,424 6,245 18,011 1908 11,067 1,415 2,708 . . 1,931 17,121 7,424 7,136 1909 . . 12,009 1,897 2,809 2,336 3,324 22,375 9,474 1,445 1910 . . 15,232 2,462 3,328 17,392 29,792 68,206 10,039 5,442 1911 14,465 3,154 3,695 10,760 23,769 55,843 12,609 10,906 1912 14,675 2,669 4,959 5,312 5,337 32,952 13,257 11,322 1913 .. 15,182 3,423 5,459 5,592 1,146 30,802 5,665 17,744 1914 .. 13,495 3,750 7,281 12,404 1,064 37,994 6,610 22,281 1915 .. 10,200 3,776 6,710 9,543 606 30,835 5,950 45,452 1916 .. 9,171 4,113 4,930 9,777 830 28,821 7,540 19,132 1917 8,772 3,829 5,933 10,683 3,157 32,374 5,933 1,387 Ordinary and Capital Expenditure continued. Year ending 31st December. Wharves and Ap- proaches. Land and Plant. Interest. Sparro- vale Farm. Corio Freezing Works. Corio Quay Power House. Other Expen- diture. Amount paid to Consoli- dated Revenue Total. Expen- diture. 1906 44,245 909 333 . . . . 4,509 2,287 58,850 1907 15,808 4,567 7,604 . . . . 2,264 2,058 56,557 1908 528 9,504 5,000 15,784 . . . . 8,054 2,240 55,670 1909 17,087 11,102 4,961 6,489 48,060 5,090 16,158 2,455 122,321 1910 3,710 8,989 12,030 3,625 25,425 5,497 19,529 3,101 97,387 1911 3,396 12,514 13,346 6,650 31,753 6,131 9,091 2,948 109,344 1912 6,180 3,403 14,835 6,972 14,327 4,381 4,080 2,986 81,743 1913 12,689 15,782 17,091 4,927 3,789 " . . 3,266 619 81,572 1914 9,404 22,074 19,167 6,221 1,934 2,548 2,721 . . 92,960 1915 6,813 3,664 21,870 5,786 1,576 1,805 3,233 96,149 1916 1,120 23,174 24,288 6,447 710 3,055 2,428 . . 87,894 1917 580 34,230 23,049 4,317 1,024 1,947 1,736 74,203 3. Queensland. 1. Harbour Boards Act 1892. The constitution of a Harbour Board is effected by a " Special Act." A Board consists of elective and non-elective members, provision for whom is made in the Special Act. Non-elective members are appointed by the Governor, and hold office for such period as may be prescribed ; while elective members are elected every two years, either by ratepayers, by the appointment of a Local Authority, or by any other body or association entitled to elect or appoint members. A Harbour Board is empowered to construct and maintain harbour works, construct warehouses and sheds, provide cranes, &c., let or grant the use of lands, warehouses, wharves, &c., at annual rents, ' lay down pipes and tramways, and take lands, soil, gravel, &c. It may not construct works on tidal lands or waters without the sanction of the Governor. The revenue of a Board consists of harbour dues, harbour improve- ment rates, rents of lands, and loan moneys. 2. Harbour Boards Constituted. In 1895 Harbour Boards were constituted in Rock- hampton, Bundaberg, and Townsville, the two former with a Board of one non-elective and eight elective members, the latter with one of two non-elective and nine elective members. In Rockhampton, three members are elected by ratepayers, and five by payers of dues ; in Townsville, four by Municipal Councils, four by payers of dues, 216 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. and one by the Chamber of Commerce ; and in Bundaberg, four each by Municipal Councils and payers of dues. The Mackay Harbour Board was constituted in 1896 with the same number of members as in Bundaberg, elected in the same manner. An amendment of the Rockhampton Special Act in 1897 increased the number of members elected by the Municipality of Rockhampton from one to two. In 1905 the Cairns Harbour Board was constituted with nine members, elected by the ratepayers of the Harbour Board District, as defined by the Special Act. The number of members of Mackay Harbour Board was increased in 1911 to nine, elected by ratepayers simultaneously with the municipal election every third year, and under -the provisions of the Local Authorities Act. A Harbour Board for Gladstone was created in 1913 consisting of seven members, of whom two are appointed by the Governor in Council, and five, holding office for three years, elected by the ratepayers of the Harbour Board District, the election taking place simultaneously with the ordinary municipal elections. In the following year the Bo wen Harbour Board was constituted with the same number of members as that of Gladstone. The number of members of the Rockhampton Board was increased in 1914 to eleven, of whom four are elected by ratepayers of the City of Rockhampton, one each by rate- payers of the Municipalities of North Rockhampton and Mount Morgan and of the Shires of Fitzroy and Livingstone, and four by the Councillors of other Shires. The number of elective members of the Townsville Board was reduced in 1916 to seven. 3. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. The following table gives the revenue, expenditure, and liabilities of some of the Harbour Boards for the years 1905 to 1917 : QUEENSLAND. HARBOUR BOARDS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND LIABILITIES, 1905 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Number Year. of Boards. Wharfage and Harbour Dues. Government Loan. Other. Total. Work and Maintenance. Interest and Redemption of Loans. No. 1905 .. 4 43,627 42,992 3,796 90,415 ' 63,884 17,958 1906 .. 4 52,890 61,759 11,020 125,669 82,803 25,104 1907 .. 4 61,798 39,457 14,561 115,816 96,853 17,151 1908 .. 4 64,372 57,793 8,593 130,758 98,374 24,980 1909 .. 4 65,245 43,000 10,484 118,729 74,185 33,756 1910 .. 5 90,948 34,547 14,413 139,908 67,215 31,928 1911 .. 5 103,298 56,954 19,192 179,444 133,586 26,833 1912 .. 5 110,993 72,504 21,103 204,600 141,598 35,899 1913 .. 5 128,688 62,100 24,713 215,501 129,711 47,973 1914 .. 5 124,251 62,171 12,592 199,014 129,333 40,916 1915 .. 5 117,694 57,512 26,252 201,458 117,382 48,323 1916 .. 5 113,365 17,327 16,832 147,524 96,660 46,116 1917 .. 5 110,300 5,750 18,907 134,957 75,584 36,920 Expenditure continued. Liabilities. Annual Liability for Year. Outstanding Interest and Redemption Other. Total. Loans from Other. Total. of Government. Loan. 1905 .. 4,986 86,828 372,318 5,010 377,328 18,490 1906 .. 10,285 118,192 428,755 3,776 432,531 21,190 1907 .. 5,912 119,916 464,595 9,035 473,630 22,749 1908 .. 7,424 130,778' 517,014 6,864 523,878 25,324 1909 .. 9,081 117,022 552,244 2,771 555,015 28,171 1910 .. 19,500 118,643 609,083 3,952 613,035 31,625 1911 .. 13,000 173,419 659,415 17,150 676,565 26,833 1912 .. 45,290 222,787 723,171 31,013 754,184 35,899 1913 .. 45,553 223,237 788,168 13,701 801,869 47,973 1914 .. 32,507 202,756 841,475 16,321 857,796 1915 .. 24,513 190,218 882,657 15,163 897,820 1916 .. 15,934 158,710 874,849 21,741 896,590 1917 .. 13,942 126,446 860,011 29,624 889,635 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 217 4. South Australia. 1. General. Prior to 1914 the control of ports and harbours, together with the duties of licensing pilots, attending to buoys and lighthouses, certificating masters of ships, and so forth, was in the hands of a Board consisting of a President and four Wardens, appointed by the Governor, who commenced their duties in 1860 and remained in office until the passing of the Marine Board and Navigation Act 1881, when they were superseded by a new Board comprising a President and seven Wardens. Under this Act the first Board was appointed wholly by the Governor for three years, at the end of which period fresh appointments were made by the Governor for every three years of seven Wardens, of whom one was nominated by the South Australian Chamber of Commerce, one by the Adelaide Underwriters' Association, and two by ship-owners. In 1914 all the duties of the Marine Board were transferred to the South Australian Harbour Board, consisting of three members, appointed by the Governor for five years. The Government was empowered to take and acquire all existing wharves and docks, with their adjoining lands, in harbours, either by agreement or compulsorily, the prices being fixed by arbitra- tion if necessary, and the control of Corporations and District Councils over any waters and jetties ceased. All the property thus acquired was vested in the newly-constituted Harbour Board. 5. Western Australia. 1. Constitution of Harbour Trusts. Both the Fremantle and Bunbury Harbour Trusts are comprised of five members, including a Chairman, who are appointed by the Governor and have exclusive control over their respective harbours. The Act con- stituting the Fremantle Harbour Trust was passed in 1902, and that constituting the Bunbury Harbour Trust in 1909. 2. Fremantle Harbour Trust. The harbour works, which were commenced in 1892, were designed with the object of forming a safe and commodious harbour within the mouth of the Swan River so as to admit vessels at all states of the tide. Two ocean moles have been thrown out from the north and south heads, the former being 3,450 feet and the latter 2,040 feet long. A channel 450 feet wide and 30 feet deep at low water has been blasted and dredged through the rock, which formerly crossed the estuary to the river, to give access to the harbour basin, which has a width of 1,400 feet and a depth of 30 feet at low water, and wharves and goods sheds have been constructed along the reclaimed foreshore on both sides of the harbour. At the present time all the European mail boats and equally large vessels, which make Fremantle their last port of call in Australia, are able to enter and leave the harbour in all weathers and at all tides. For the year ending 30th June, 1916, the total revenue of the Trust was 187,345, and the expenditure 83,995. The gross amount paid to the Treasury for the year was 98,233, being interest 60,858, sinking fund 19,388, and surplus revenue account 17,987. 6. Tasmania. (A) Marine Boards. 1. General. Several Marine Boards have been constituted in Tasmania from time to time. The functions of these Boards are to appoint Harbour Masters and other officers, regulate ports, wharves and docks, dredge rivers -and harbours, make regulations for vessels arriving at and lying in port, appoint and license pilots, detain unseaworthy ships, see that ships are properly equipped, investigate casualties "and collisions, and perform other matters in connexion with shipping. In addition, the Hobart Marine Board is entrusted with the control of all lighthouses on the Tasmanian coast. The revenue of these Boards is derived from wharfage rates, harbour dues, fines, and other sources ; also the Hobart Marine Board can levy lighthouse rates. 2. Marine Boards Act 1857. The Marine Boards of Hobart and Launceston were constituted with five Wardens each, of whom the respective Chambers of Commerce nominated three, while the Mayor and Collector of Customs were ex officio Wardens. The duties mentioned in the preceding paragraph were vested in these Boards. In 1867 the Governor was empowered to alter^the limits of the jurisdiction of the Marine Boards, and to create other Boards within these limits, such new Boards to consist of three Wardens appointed by the Governor and to have the same powers as the Launceston Marine Board. 218 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. In 1874 the constitution of the Hobart and Launceston Boards was changed, and in place of the Mayor and Collector of Customs the Governor appointed two members, who retired annually. It was also provided that one of the three Wardens nominated by the Chamber of Commerce should retire annually. The number of Wardens of other Boards was to be not less than five nor more than nine. In 1884 the number of Wardens comprising the Launceston Marine Board was. increased to nine, of whom the Mayor, Collector of Customs, and Chairman of the Chamber of Commerce were ex officio members ; of the other six the Governor appointed two, the Municipal Council nominated two, and the Chamber of Commerce two, of these latter six three retired annually. In the following year the membership of the Hobart Board was also increased to nine, being based on the same system as that at Launceston. 3. Marine Boards Act 1889. This Act repealed and consolidated the previous Act and its amendments. Six Marine Boards were constituted Hobart, Launceston, Mersey, Leven, Table Cape, and Circular Head, and the Governor was empowered to create others. The Marine Boards of Hobart and Launceston consisted of nine Wardens each, elected by ship-owners, importers, and exporters. The Collector of Customs at Hobart and Launceston were to prepare annually rolls of all ship-owners, of all persons who had paid 5 and over in wharfage rates during the preceding year, and of all persons who had exported goods to the value of 200 or over. Owners were allowed one vote for each Warden for any amount of tonnage exceeding 10 tons and not exceeding 50 tons, two votes for tonnage exceeding 50 tons and not exceeding 100 tons, and three votes for over 100 tons. Importers who had paid in wharfage rates not less than 5 and up to 50 had one vote, over 50 to 150 two votes, and over 150 three votes; while exporters of the value of 200 and under 2,000 had one vote, of 2,000 and under 5,000 two votes, and of over 5,000 three votes. Three Wardens retired annually, and the Master Warden was elected from among themselves. The Marine Boards of other ports were appointed by the Governor during pleasure ; that of Mersey was to have seven Wardens, and those of Leven, Table Cape, and Circular Head five each. All such Wardens must be persons residing within a radius of 2 miles of the places mentioned in the schedule to the Act. The Marine Board of Hobart retained the management and control of lighthouses, but for the purpose of considering the necessity for new lighthouses a consolidated Board was formed, consisting of the Master Wardens and two other Wardens of the Marine Boards of Hobart and Launceston, and the Master Wardens of all other Marine Boards in Tasmania. In 1895 the voting qualification of importers was altered, and was based on the value of goods imported, instead of on the amount of wharfage rates paid. An importer of the value of 200 and less than 2,000 was allowed one vote, of 2,000 and less than 5,000 two votes, and of 5,000 and over three votes. In 1896 owners of boats of 5 tons or upwards licensed or registered at Hobart or Launceston were allowed to vote for Wardens. In 1902 the election of Wardens by ship-owners, importers, exporters, and owners of boats was abolished in Launceston, and every person who had resided in the City of Launceston or in the Towns of Invermay or Trevallyn for a period of six months and was entitled to vote for a Member of Parliament for the City of Launceston was given one vote for the Wardens of the Launceston Marine Board. In 1910 this privilege was extended to those residents in the Municipalities of Beaconsfield, Lilydale, and St. Leonards who were on the electoral roll. In 1914 the number of Wardens on the Launceston Marine Board was increased to thirteen, of whom nine were to be elected by the Citizens of Launceston, and one each by the electors of the Municipalities of Beaconsfield, George Town, Lilydale, and St. Leonards. In order to be qualified as a Warden a person must be a male citizen of Launceston or a male elector of one of the other Municipalities. 4. Strahan Marine Board. In 1898 this Board was elected by the municipal electors of Strahan, Zeehan, and Queenstown, each town electing two Wardens for a period of two years Four Wardens were also nominated by the Governor. The electors were HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 219 those on the valuation roll for the District, and had the number of votes prescribed in the Rural Voting Act 1884. This Board was abolished in 1903, and replaced by one of three members appointed by the Governor. 5. Mersey Marine Board. In 1903 the Board of seven Wardens appointed by the Governor was replaced by one of nine Wardens elected by the electors of three Towns and nine Road Districts. Three Wardens retire annually. 6. Table Cape Marine Board. In 1910 the area under the jurisdiction of the Marine Board of Burnie and Table Cape was defined and divided into two Wards. The Board consists of seven members, elected by the electors of Emu Bay and Table Cape, the electors of the former Ward electing four and those of the latter three members. 7. Circular Head Marine Board. In 1915 the Board of five members for Circular Head was also made elective. 8. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following tables are shewn (a) the revenue, expenditure, and outstanding loans of Marine Boards from 1858 to 1916 ; and (6) the revenue and expenditure of the Hobart Marine Board on Lighthouses for the years 1859 to 1916 : TASMANIA. MARINE BOARDS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1858 TO 1916. Revenue. Year. Number of Boards. Rates, Dues, &c. Other. Total. Expenditure. Outstanding Loans. No. 1858 .. 2 12,758 4,596 17,354 12,244 . . 1859 .. 2 11,301 1,725 13,026 13,383 . . 1860 .. 2 10,275 1,514 11,789 22,262 1861 .. 2 8,661 1,996 10,657 9,776 1862 .. 2 8,503 1,906 10,409 8,931 1863 .. 2 9,510 ,642 11,152 10,913 1864 .. 2 8,188 ,995 10,183 9,827 1865 .. 2 7,088 ,582 8,670 10,698 1866 .. 2 7,738 ,446 9,184 12,730 1867 .. 2 7,829 ,646 9,475 11,933 5,000 1868 .. 5 9,327 9,927 5,000 1869 .. 5 . 12,234 8,707 4,000 1870 ., 5 7,730 ',428 9,158 7,405 4,000 1871 .. 5 7,638 ,346 8,984 7,922 4,000 1872 .. 5 7,194 ,660 8,180 8,180 4,000 1873 .. 5 9,846 ,993 11,839 10,993 4,000 1874 .. 5 10,794 ,458 12,252 11,064 4.000 1875 .. 5 11,030 ,244 13,274 10,795 4,000 1876 .. 5 10,780 ,069 12,849 . 12,691 4,000 1877 .. 5 11,804 ,822 13,626 14,316 5,000 1878 .. 5 12,744 ,923 14,667 15,279 5,000 1789 .. 5 11,647 ,818 13,465 14721 5,000 1880 .. 5 11,316 ,554 12,870 10,601 5,000 1881 .. 5 13,545 2,924 16,469 11,724 * 1882 .. 5 16,769 1,638 18,407 15,163 t 1883 .. 5 18,131 2,078 20,209 20,138 t 1884 .. 5 3,384 18,211 22,374 22,374 rf 1885 .. 5 16,206 11,530 27,736 28,945 t 1886 .. 5 16,120 14,046 30,166 34,975 t 1887 .. 5 15,690 30,260 45,950 37,842 20,000 1888 5 15,161 16,096 31,257 35,057 t 1889 .. 5 16,322 13,934 30,256 29,323 t 1890 .. 6 17,302 21,633 38,935 40,902 t 1891 .. 6 18,332 26,734 45,066 61,490 1892 .. 7 16,401 36,039 52,440 49,858 % * Loan extinguished, t Outstanding loans, nil. t Not available. 220 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. TASMANIA. MARINE BOARDS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1858 TO 1916 continued. Year. Number of Boards. Revenue. Expendi- ture. Outstanding Loans. Rates, Dues, &c. Other. Total. No. 1893 . . '.'.. 7 13,147 38,805 51,952 35,390 42,000 1894 .. 7 13,381 10,340 23,721 24,618 42,000 1895 .. 7 14,847 6,820 21,667 20,854 42,000 1896 .. 7 15,439 4,062 19,501 20,167 42,500 1897 .. 7 17,893 5,112 23,005 22,737 44,500 1898 .. 7 22,557 16,973 39,530 33,114 44,139 1899 .. 7 23,358 7,221 30,579 30,928 105,639 1900 .. 7 25,786 39,482 65,268 63,927 80,339 1901 7 25,143 71,401 96,544 95,579 144,139 1902 .. 7 28,433 49,828 79,261 76,598 188,639 1903 .. 7 32,951 11,283 44,234 43,414 193,139 1904 .. 7 36,214 5,880 42,094 47,298 194,639 1905 .. 7 37,812 19,271 57,083 51,077 175,976 1906 .. 7 40,749 28,540 69,289 60,401 174,976 1907 .. 7 42,599 18,852 61,451 70,379 175,577 1908 .. 7 46,570 13,929 60,499 56,527 182,877 1909 .. 7 45,410 14,498 58,908 66,179 196,977 1910 .. 7 46,541 10,339 56,880 53,014 186,977 1911 .. 7 53,403 4,938 58,341 53,180 164,577 1912 .. 7 54,014 75,779 129,793 136,212 226,546 1913 .. 7 57,851 103,693 161,544 148,660 315,796 1914 .. 7 54,017 42,398 96,415 120,217 387,697 1915 .. 8 57,005 33,958 90,963 145,609 474,242 1916 .. 8 59,633 16,354 75,987 101,363 544,977 TASMANIA. LIGHTHOUSES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1859 TO 1916. Year. Number of Lighthouses. Revenue. Expenditure. Dues and Other Sources. From other Governments. Total. No. 1859 .. 6 4,020 632 4,652 3,554 1860 .. 6 3,734 5,099 8,833 3,350 1861 .. 6 3,444 9,753 13,197 4,324 1862 .. 7 3,408 4,497 7,905 5,908 1863 .. 7 3,607 3,805 7,412 4,613 1864 .. 7 3,863 1,222 5,085 5,160 1865 .. 7 3,052 3,052 4,758 1866 .. 7 2,774 4,063 6,837 5,653 1867 7 2,287 3,527 5,814 4,467 1868 .. 7 2,236 1,893 4,219 4,897 1869 .. 7 2,337 2,915 5,252 5,115 1870 .. 7 2,145 2,396 4,541 4,530 1871 .. 7 2,263 . . 2,263 4,826 1872 .. 7 2,080 4,444 6,524 4,867 1873 .. 7 2,472 2,314 4,606 4,121 1874 7 2,562 1,919 4,481 4,541 1875 .. 7 2,772 3,264 6,036 4,797 1876 .. 7 2,870 1,436 4,306 4,899 1877 .. 7 3,282 2,511 5,793 4,414 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. 221 TASMANIA. LIGHTHOUSES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1859 TO 1916 continued. Year. Number of Ughthoosee. Revenue. Expenditure. Dues and Other Sources. From other Governments. Total. No. 1878 .. 7 3,197 2,956 6,153 5,194 1879 .. 8 3,826 2,802 6,628 5,341 1880 .. 8 3,976 571 4,547 5,774 1881 .. 8 3,654 2,796 6,450 5,781 1882 .. 9 4,070 5,182 9,252 10,859 1883 .. 9 4,829 3,270 8,099 6,172 1884 .. 9 5,337 3,540 8,877 7,529 1885 5,954 3,549 9,503 8,874 1886 9 6,355 1,204 7,559 6,605 1887 .. 9 3,273 18J200 21,473 17,507 1888 .. 10 6,776 18,417 25,193 25,789 1889 11 8,012 6,457 14,559 13,658 1890 .. 11 5,717 9,249 14,966 18,256 1891 .. 13 5,954 6,621 12,575 17,685 1892 .. 14 5,952 3,823 9,775 12,301 1893 .. 14 4,388 4,668 9,056 9,574 1894 .. 14 4,493 2,887 7,380 7,245 1895 .. 14 4,834 3,818 8,652 7,469 1896 .. 14 5,634 4,009 9,643 7,615 1897 .. 14 5,271 4,215 9,486 7,429 1898 .. 14 5,557 3,284 8,841 10,605 1899 .. 15 6,442 12,147 18,589 16,772 1900 .. 16 6,345 1,824 8,169 8,410 1901 .. 17 6,801 2,570 9,371 9,378 1902 .. 17 7,560 2,808' 10,368 10,461 1903 .. 17 7,519 3,928 11,447 11,270 1904 .. 17 7,937 2,782 10,719 11,130 1905 .. 18 6,806 19,127 25,933 26,134 1906 .. 21 7,297 8,541 15,838 16,116 1907 .. 22 8,019 2,708 10,727 12,413 1908 .. 22 8,631 3,680 12,311 12,686 1909 .. 23 7,652 2,627 10,279 11,857 1910 .. 23 7,653 2,790 10,443 10,945 1911 .. 22 7,725 2,642 10,367 11,117 1912 .. 22 8,099 2,702 10,801 11,590 1913 .. 22 7,907 2,727 10,634 11,947 1914 .. 22 8,374 3,108 11,482 13,057 1915 .. 22 4,380 6,362 10,742 7,853 1916 .. 10 51 1,170 1,221 1,303 (B) Harbour Trusts. 1. General. Up to 1915 three Harbour Trusts had been constituted, each with a Board of Trustees. These Trusts exercise in their respective districts the same powers as are vested in Marine Boards. 2. Leven Harbour Trust Act 1901. The Board of this Trust consists of five Trustees, who are elected from among land-holders in the same manner as Trustees of Road Districts (see page 118). The Trustees were empowered to borrow 17,250 from Government, and to levy a rate not exceeding one shilling in the pound on the rateable land within their jurisdiction. Before borrowing, a poll of the owners of properties had to be taken in order to decide whether the proposed harbour works were to be constructed. This poll was to be carried out as specified in the provisions of the Rural Voting Act 1884. 222 HARBOUR TRUSTS AND MARINE BOARDS. An amendment to the Act in 1902 provided that if the District by a majority of three-" fourths of the votes decided in favour of constructing the works at a cost not exceeding 19,500, and that a shilling rate, together with one-half of the annual revenue from the port of Leven, would be sufficient to pay interest and sinking fund, the Government could grant permission for the works to be constructed and advance the sum of 19,500 on loan. 3. Smithton Harbour Trust Act 1909. Under this Act five male resident land-holders are to form the Board, and be elected by the land-owners in the District under the pro- visions prescribed in the Local Government Act 1906. In 1913 an amendment to the Act provided for occupiers as well as owners voting for Trustees, and fixed the maximum rate at one shilling in the pound of the rateable value. 4. North-Eastern Harbour Trust Act 1913. This Trust, which includes the Bridport District, is composed also of five Trustees, elected by owners and occupiers, with the same scale of votes as provided in the Local Government Act 1906. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are given the revenue, expenditure, and outstanding loans of Harbour Trusts from 1909 to 1916 : TASMANIA. HARBOUR TRUSTS. REVENUE, EXPENDITURE, AND OUTSTANDING LOANS, 1909 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Number Out- Year. of standing Trusts. Taxes, Grants Loans. Dues, and Other. Total. Interest. Other. Total. Ac. Loans. No. 1909 1 520 4,000 16 4,536 504 4,087 4,591 10,900 1910 2 720 4,400 64 5,184 654 4,281 4,935 19,000 1911 2 933 3,000 35 3,968 872 3,361 4,'233 22,500 1912 2 1,016 1,010 61 2,087 1,232 1,232 23,700 1913 2 1,182 1,000 202 2,384 3,454 3,454 23,700 1914 2 1,381 2,224 211 3,816 1,366 2,543 3,909 25,724 1915 2 . 1,266 2,736 34 4,036 408 3,188 3,596 28,994 1916 2 2,918 2,159 5,077 2,297 2,121 4,418 28,994 SECTION V. FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. 1. New South Wales. 1. Fire Brigades Act 1884. This Act only applied to the metropolitan area of Sydney. It provided for a Fire Brigades Board, composed of six members, appointed for two years. One member was nominated by the Governor, one elected by the City Council, one by the Councils of certain scheduled Municipalities, one by volunteer fire brigade companies, and two by insurance companies. The superintendent was appointed by the Governor, and the cost of plant defrayed from the Consolidated Revenue. The cost of maintenance and working was to be defrayed by contributions of one-third each from the Consolidated Revenue, from insurance companies, and from Municipalities, including that of Sydney. In the case of Municipalities a portion of the rates could be utilized for the payment of contributions. All volunteer brigades within the metropolitan area were to be registered. The Governor had power to extend the provisions of the Act to any Municipality, under which circumstances a Board was formed comprising the Mayor of the Municipality, one member appointed by Government, and one appointed by insurance companies. This Act was consolidated in 1905, and when it was repealed in 1909 there were, in addition to the Metropolitan Fire Brigades Board, 42 country Boards in existence. FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. 223 2. Fire Brigades Act 1909. This Act repealed the previous Act and dissolved all existing Fire Brigades Boards. A Board for the whole State, under the title of the Board of Fire Commissioners for New South Wales was formed, comprising a President, appointed permanently by the Government, and four members, one elected by the Sydney and suburban Municipalities, one by country Municipalities, one by insurance companies, and one by volunteer fire brigades. Fire Districts are established, and all property previously belonging to Fire Brigades Boards at the time of the passing of the Act is vested in the new Board. The chief officer is appointed by the Governor, and other officers by the Board, which is authorized to establish and maintain fire brigades, purchase property, &c., and obtain loans from the Treasury up to 100,000. The cost of maintenance of brigades is to be defrayed in equal proportions by the Government, the Municipalities, and the insurance companies. The expenditure must be so regulated that the proportion which is payable by the Councils in a Fire District must not exceed the amount obtainable from a farthing in the pound rate on the unimproved capital value of the District. 3. Revenue and Expenditure. The following table shews the revenue and expenditure of Fire Brigade Boards from 1888 to 1917 : NEW SOUTH WALES. FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1888 TO 1917. He venue. Expenditure. Year. Subsidies f r\ Salaries Plant, Elec- Sub- sidles Other. Total. to Volun- 4-rioT* of Perma- Buildings and Stores, and trical Work, Other. Total. tccr Com- panies. nent Officers. Repairs. Clothing Horses, /. : .2 oT 1 i to > Land and o o f| 5'E 11 1 I 02 3 i III Iff -2 31 II i Buildings. 1893 .. 29,452 765 2,472 32,689 11,043 11,087 2,241 5,789 401 30,561 84,358 1894 .. 23,334 709 2,286 26,329 11,616 8,223 1,787 8,140 100 29,866 8,529 1895 .. 29,814 541 1,940 32,295 11,669 7,622 2,182 8,109 33 29,615 3,924 1896 .. 27,001 423 1,270 28,694 11,679 7,208 1,785 8,203 107 28,982 802 1897 .. 27,450 485 1,248 29,183 12,422 5,962 1,542 8,114 1,203 29,243 17 1898 .. 30,679 591 2,656 33,926 14,028 6,845 1,810 8,085 163 30,931 1899 .. 31,287 682 1 589 33,558 15,526 7,994 2,075 8,066 249 33,910 1,533 1900 .. 34,611 815 1,665 37,091 16,420 8,844 5,555 8,071 310 39,200 1,609 1901 .. 37,083 1,344 2,244 40,671 18,852 9,557 2,938 8,087 446 39,880 1902 .. 37,921 2,062 1.926 41,909 19,772 9,738 1,162 8,051 587 39,310 1903 .. 38,153 727 4,561 43.441 20,002 8,738 3,344 8,101 1,721 41,906 1904 .. 37,864 692 2,804 41,360 20,002 6,993 2,650 8,057 4,082 41,784 1905 .. 37,981 754 3,371 42,106 21,002 8,962 2,773 8,103 1,629 42,469 "405 1906 .. 39,884 551 3,069 43,504 22,136 6,963 4,555 7,752 4,060 45,466 3,250 1907 .. 40,788 1,336 3,101 45,225 23,308 .8,439 2,900 8,448 2,623 45,718 2,623 1908 .. 50.674 2,833 2.483 55,990 25,513 10,029 8,048 8,467 4,592 56,649 244 1909 .. 51,518 2,908 1,580 56,006 27,805 12,708 3,857 7,781 4,014 56,165 3,203 1910 .. 56,497 3,226 2,078 61,801 29,922 15,652 4,874 7,838 2,126 60,412 155 1911 .. 56,993 3,106 2,884 62,983 33,920 13,937 2,955 7,806 4,377 62,995 72 1912 .. 63,775 5,172 2,025 70,972 40,462 17,097 5,594 7,995 4,455 75,603 417 1913 .. 66,238 5,941 3,669 75,848 42,058 16,824 2,195 8,358 2,752 72,187 14,796 1914 .. 1915 .. 68,433 77,794 8,241 6,634 1,380 9,957 78,054 94,385 45,143 46,640 20,095 24,615 2,043 2,464 9,432 11.573 2,656 4,527 79,369 89,819 19,373 28,808 1916 .. 1917 .. 86,771 82,422 7,595 5,589 4,110 1,419 98,476 89,430 48,903 50,975 23,235 20,723 3,580 4,445 13,397 13,171 4,460 3,858 93,575 93,172 14,711 5,209 4. The Country Fire Brigades Board. This Board is composed of nine members, three of whom are appointed by the Governor hi Council, two by Municipalities, two by insurance companies, and two by fire .brigades. Each country district has a local committee of three members, one of whom is elected by Municipalities, one by the brigades, or, if there be no brigade, by the Governor in Council, and one by insurance companies. The areas of the country districts are scheduled in the Act. FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. 225 5. Revenue and Expenditure. In the following table are given the revenue and expenditure of the Country Fire Brigades Board for the years 1893 to 1917 : VICTORIA. COUNTRY FIRE BRIGADES BOARD. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1893 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year ending 31st Salaries Plant- December. Contribu- tions. Interest and Sundries. Total. and Adminis- trative Purchases, Repairs, and Other Expendi- ture. Total. Charges. Sundries. 1893 12,659 12,659 10,696 2,285 839 13,820 1894 10,673 10,673 9,516 ,857 533 11,906 1895 11,268 11,268 8,565 ,359 510 10,434 1896 9,208 . . 9,208 8,069 ,054 505 9,628 1897 10,769 10,769 8,801 804 500 10,105 1898 13,480 . . 13,480 11,530 ,254 550 13,334 1899 11,320 42 11,362 10,234 ,661 550 12,445 1900 12,241 109 12,350 9,892 ,407 550 11,849 1901 11,411 80 11,491 10,162 ,465 555 12,182 1902 11,359 28 11,387 9,391 ,704 500 11,595 1903 10,849 65 10,914 9,247 1,518 500 11,265 1904 11,010 10 11,020 8,251 1,655 500 10,406 1905 11,102 71 11,173 8,749 1,816 729 11,294 1906 11,053 11 11,064 8,897 1,962 500 11,359 1907 11,146 15 11,161 8,851 2,883 511 12,245 1908 14,917 79 14,996 11,262 1,430 500 13,192 1909 12,829 69 12,898 10,348 2,486 515 13,349 1910 12,878 63 12,941 9,816 2,067 574 12,457 1911 12,844 155 12,999 10,905 2,237 920 14,060 1912 14,431 84 14,515 11,600 2,568 691 14,859 1913 16,302 56 16,358 10,950 3,427 759 15,136 1914 16,603 96 16,699 12,534 3,141 886 16,561 1915 16,037 36 16,073 12,800 1,760 1,910 16,470 1916 15,444 92 15,536 12,416 2,423 373 15,212 1917 14,452 187 14,639 11,178 3,115 . 280 14,573 3. Queensland. 1. General. Various Acts have been passed respecting Fire Brigades, those in 1876 and 1881 being the most important. The following are their chief provisions. 2. Fire Brigades Act 1876. In towns where a fire brigade was supported by the Municipal Council and insurance companies, or by voluntary contributions, the Governor could issue a proclamation forming a Board, and could appoint a superintendent, who was nominated by the majority of the members of the fire brigade. The Board consisted of the Mayor of the town as ex officio member in cases where the Municipal Council contributes to the funds of the brigade, one member appointed by the Governor, and one by insurance companies. Parliament appropriated moneys for fire brigades, and con- tributed an amount equal to that subscribed by fire insurance companies or Councils, whichever was the least. If either the insurance companies or the Council contributed twice the amount to that granted by Parliament that body was allowed an extra member on the Board. 3. Fire Brigades Act 1881. On the recommendation of the Council of any Muni- cipality the Governor could accept the services of a fire brigade and constitute it under the Act. The Governor could appoint a superintendent and assistant superintendent, but in the following year the Board was entrusted with such appointments. Fire Brigade Boards were retained, and, where necessary, new ones created. The funds of a Board were raised by equal contributions from the Municipal Council, fire insurance companies, and the Treasury. The sum contributed by the Council must not be less than 2 per cent., nor more than 8 per cent., of the total amount of the general rates received during the year then past. C. 7099. 8 226 FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. An amendment of this Act made in 1882 provided that the Mayor be an ex officio member of the Board, one other member be nominated annually by the Municipal Council, two annually by fire insurance companies, and two annually by Government. The Governor may appoint a fire brigade in towns where no brigade exists on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Municipal Council. 4. Revenue and Expenditure. -In the following table are given the revenue and expenditure of the various fire brigades for the years 1905 to 1917 : QUEENSLAND. FIRE BRIGADES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1905 TO 1917. Revenue. Expenditure. Year. timber of Brigades. Contribu- tions. Other. Total. Salaries and Buildings, Repairs, Plant, Stores, and Tele- phone, Horses, Other. Total. Wages. &c. Clothina. &c. No. 1905 .. 2* 7,289 411 7,700 . 4,414 459 782 363 887 6,905 1906 . 18 11,463 570 12,033 6,146 1,168 1,617 639 2,085 11,655 1907 . 26 12,867 840 13,707 6,755 . 3,906 1,173 826 2,394 15,054 1908 . 25 13,077 3,035 16,112 6,950 5,904 2,638 746 2,407 18,6-1 : 1909 . 26 13,398 879 14,277 7,428 387 2,618 864 2,228 13,525 1910 . 26 13,903 1,884 15.787 7,823 451 2,608 768 2,419 14,069 1911 . 26 14,239 787 15.026 8,249 870 2,008 774 2,024 13,925 1912 . 26 17,260 592 17,852 9.058 627 3.334 743 2,757 16,519 1913 . 27 17,950 1,114 19,064 10,765 2,517 2',700 889 2,741 19,612 1914 . 26 21.851 917 22,768 11,678 754 2.760 811 3,968 19,971 1915 . 27 24,220 641 24,861 13,339 1,305 5,118 913 4,270 24,945 1916 . 29 25,947 619 26,566 14,873 491 4,501 851 4.447 25,163 1917 . 32 29,654 1,239 30,893 16,816 1,588 4,573 668 4.245 27,920 * Metropolitan Brigades only, 4. South Australia. 1. General. Several Acts and amendments have been passed from time to time relating to Fire Brigades, the chief features of which are given in the following para- graphs : 2. Fire Brigades Act 1862. The Governor was empowered to appoint a Superintendent of Fire Brigades, and it was enacted that the expenses of a Brigade at a fire were to be recoverable from the owner, occupier, and insurer of the premises burnt. 3. Fire Brigades Act 1867. The Governor could appoint as Superintendent of Fire Brigades such fit and proper person as might be nominated by the majority of the insurance companies operating in the City of Adelaide, or of their agents, provided that such companies had made provision for an efficient Fire Brigade, and for the payment of the Superintendent's salary. The expenses of a brigade at a fire were to be paid either by the insurers or person taking the risk if the property were insured, or by the owner or occupier if uninsured, and a scale of charges was fixed. 4. Fire Brigades Act 1883. This Act applied to the City of Adelaide, and to any other place that the Governor might proclaim. A Central Board of seven members was appointed by the Governor, of whom two were nominated by the Municipal Council of Adelaide, and three by fire insurance companies. Local Fire Brigade Boards could also be formed, consisting of the Mayor of the Corporation or Chairman of the District Council, together with three other Councillors. The duty of these Boards, which were appointed annually, was to take steps for the maintenance of fire brigades. The Superintendent was appointed by the Board. ' The revenue was derived from three sources ; the Treasurer paying two-sixths of the outlay, the Municipality one-sixth, and the insurance companies three-sixths, but the amount contributed every quarter by the Treasurer was limited to 1,000, and that by the Municipality to 500. The owner of an uninsured property had to pay the expenses of the attendance of the brigade at a rate fixed by schedule. All insurance companies were to be registered. An amendment to this Act made during the same year reduced the number of members of the Central Board, nominated by the Municipal Council of Adelaide, to one FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. 227 and allowed the whole of the Local Fire Brigades Boards to nominate one member. Each Local Board also had to pay quarterly one-sixth of the outlay laid out within the limits of such Municipality or District Council, but not exceeding 500. 5. Fire Brigades Act 1890. The Board still consisted of seven members, appointed by the' Governor, but a change was made in their nomination, one now being nominated by the City Council and three by the insurance companies, until not less than three other Municipalities within a radius of 12 miles of the Adelaide Post Office came under the Act, when such Councils nominated one member and the insurance companies two. The Board was authorized to borrow up to 5,000, and to establish Salvage Corps. The Superintendent was still appointed by the Board, and volunteer brigades were to be registered. Three-ninths of the contributions towards the expenses were defrayed by the Treasury, four-ninths by insurance companies, and two -ninths by the Municipality of Adelaide. For other Municipalities the proportions were the same. Municipalities, other than Adelaide, were allowed to increase their rates to provide for fire brigades. 6. Fire Brigades Act 1904. The provisions of this Act were similar to those in the preceding Act, except that the personnel and number of members of the Board were altered ; there being now six members, appointed by the Governor, of whom one was nominated by the Municipality of Adelaide, one by the other Municipalities subject to the Act, and two by the contributing insurance companies. They were also appointed for two years instead of one year as heretofore. In 1910 the borrowing powers of the Board were increased from 5,000 to 25,000. 7. Fire Brigades Act 1913. The number of members of the Fire Brigades Board was again altered, and reduced .to five, of whom one was appointed by the Governor, one by the Council of the City of Adelaide, one by other Councils, and two by contributing insurance companies. In all other respects no change was made in the provisions. 5. Western Australia. 1. General. The principal Acts relating to Fire Brigades in Western Australia are three in number ; the first, passed in 1898, referred only to Perth and other Municipalities as proclaimed ; the second, in 1909, did not apply to Municipalities under the 1898 Act ; and the last, passed in 1916, and brought into operation in April, 1917, applied to the whole State. 2. Fire Brigades Act 1898. The provisions of this Act applied only to Perth, and to such Municipalities as might be proclaimed from time to time. A Fire Brigades Board was formed of seven members, elected annually, of whom three were nominated by the Councils of the Municipalities to which the Act applied, three by contributing insurance companies, and one by the Governor. The Board was empowered to maintain brigades, establish salvage corps, appoint a superintendent, and borrow money. The amount that could be borrowed was limited by the 1898 Act to 5,000, but in 1899 the limit was rajsed to 10,000, and in 1905 the clause imposing a limit was repealed. The revenue of the Board was derived from contributions from the Treasury, insurance companies, and Municipalities, the former contributing one-ninth, and the two latter four-ninths each. Any Municipal Council, other than that of Perth, could increase the general rate by the amount necessary to pay their share of the contributions. 3. District Fire Brigades Act 1909. The provisions of this Act did not apply to Perth, or any other Municipal District under the Act of 1898. A Western Australian Fire Brigades Board was constituted, consisting of nine members, of whom two were appointed by the Governor, three were elected by insurance companies, one by the Municipal Councils of Coolgardie, Kalgoorlie, and Boulder, and the Council of the Kalgoorlie Roads Board, one by other contributing Local Authorities, one by volunteer fire brigades, and, if the Act within six months of its passing was on petition of the Perth Council applied to that Municipality, then one by the Perth City Council. The elective members held office for two years. Two fire districts, the South-west and Central, were proclaimed, and the Governor could also proclaim sub -districts, each with a Board of three, of whom one, the Chairman, was elected by the Local Authority, one by insurance companies, and one by the brigades, if any, otherwise by the Governor. 8* FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. The Board elected its own President and appointed the chief officer. All the property in fire brigades was vested in the Board, and insurance companies had to pay the Board one-third of the value of all property vested in the Board. The annual expenditure was defrayed as to one quarter from the Treasury, three-eighths by insurance companies, and three-eighths by the Local Authorities pro rata on the amount of general rates levied, out of the annual general rate. The Board was empowered to borrow up to 5,000. 4. Fife Brigades Act 1916. Under this Act the former Acts were repealed, and the two previous Fire Brigades Boards abolished, the Western Australian Fire Brigades Board being appointed in their place. This Board consists of nine members, two appointed by the Governor, of whom one is President, two appointed by insurance companies, one elepted by the Council of the City of Perth, one elected by each of three groups of Municipal and Road Districts as scheduled, and one by registered volunteer fire brigades. Local Committees, which are Committees of the Municipal Council or Road Board of the Municipality or Road District/ constituted a fire district, are also formed. All members of the Board are elected for two years. The Board may purchase or acquire fire stations, engines, escapes, and other property, create permanent or volunteer fire brigades, establish fire alarms, and establish or contract for telephonic, telegraphic, or other means of communciation. THe Board's proposals as to the class of brigade and method of fire protection are to be submitted to the Local Authority for approval. The Board appoints all officers and members of a permanent brigade, while the appointment of members of a volunteer brigade must be approved of by the Board. The expenditure is borne as to one-fourth by the Colonial Treasurer, and three - eighths each by the Local Authorities and insurance companies. A Local Authority may raise the amount of its contribution either by the levy of a fire brigade rate or by increasing the annual general rate. The Board may, with the consent of the Governor, borrow money by debentures. 5. Revenue, Expenditure, &c. In the following table are shewn the revenue and expenditure incurred in connexion with fire brigades, together with the estimated value of the land, buildings, and plant connected therewith, from 1896 to 1916 : WESTERN AUSTRALIA. FIRE BRIGADES.--REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE, 1896 TO 1916. Revenue. Expenditure. Estimated Value. *Year ending "8 31st M 2 Grants Salaries, Addi- Land December. It and Contri- Other. Total. Fees, and tions to Other. Total. and Build- Plant. s'C butions. Wages. Plant. ings. . 1896 .. 11 4,939 944 5,883 876 1,633 1,678 4,187 5,250 3,662 1897 .. 11 4,625 308 4,933 1,470 2,123 1,362 4,955 3,536 5,159 1898 .. 12 4,959 316 5,275 2,092 1,948 828 4,868 3,217 6,997 1899 .. 14 7,062 333 7,395 3,342 1,477 1,847 6,666 3,468 7,145 1900 .. 17 5,613 274 5,887 3,367 800 1,797 5,964 13,784 7,077 1901 .. 19 6,886 213 7,099 3,455 480 2,298 6,233 13,351 6,669 1902 .. 21 9,331 820 10,151 3,521 1,112 3,204 7,837 16,690 11,206 1903 . . 24 8,875 773 9,648 4,301 1,542 2,886 8,729 18,526 9,974 1904 .. 25 9,901 1,420 11,321 5,131 2,459 3,265 10,855 20,093 8,117 1905 .. 25 11,841 933 12,774 5,924 1,840 4,180 11,944 19,700 10,248 * Prior to 1910 the financial years of individual brigades did not end uniformly, but ranged from 3 1st October to 31st December. FIRE BRIGADES BOARDS. 229 WESTERN AUSTRALIA. FIRE BRIGADES. REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE 1896 TO 1916 continued. Revenue. Expenditure. 1 1st i mated Value. 'Year ending *5 . 31st bj Grants Salaries, Addi- Land December. jj and Contri- Other. Total. Fees, and tions to Other. Total. and Build- 1'laiit. butions. Wages. Plant. ings. 190li .. 31 12,774 1,420. 14,194 7.HJ2 1,439 4,230 12,831 21,267 11,861 1907 .. 32 12,798 1,145 13,943 7,567 1,912 4,045 13,524 20,814 12,296 1908 .. 34 12,572 7,091 19,663 7,325 2,272 10,803 20,400 25,147 12,269 1909 .. 45 13,845 1,837 15,682 7. 41'.") 2267 5,766 15,458 25,617 12,832 1910 .. 54 21,991 4,467 26,458 9,952 5,664 10,652 26,268 t t 1911 .. 48 25,163 5,509 30,672 14,933 4,436 12,280 31,649 t t 1912 .. 48 29,377 672 30,049 16,395 1,188 11,624 29,207 27,670 14,054 1913 .. 46 30,114 156 30,270 17,270 1,986 11,275 30,531 37,950 19,105 1914 .. 44 29,087 794 29,881 18,311 738 10,923 29,972 48,175 24,547 1915 42 31,237 1,496 32,733 18,412 944 1 1 ? ooO 30,692 t t 1916 '.'. 41 t t 33,152 t t t 32,062 52,175 27,307 * Prior to 1910 the financial years of individual brigades did not end uniformly, but ranged from 31st October to 31st December. t Not available. 6. Tasmania. 1. Fire Brigades Act 1883. This Act applies to the City of Hobart and the suburbs thereof within a radius of 3 miles from Wellington Bridge, and to the Town of Launceston within a radius of 3 miles from the Post Office. For each locality a Board is constituted consisting of one member appointed by the Governor, two members elected by the Municipal Council, and two members by fire insurance companies. Of the four elected members of each Board two retire annually. The duty of each Board is to establish and maintain a fire brigade, together with engines and other appliances. The Governor, on the nomination of any Board, may appoint a Superintendent for each District. The expenditure of each Board is to be borne equally by the fire insurance companies insuring property within the District, and by the Municipal Council, which latter may levy a rate if the municipal fund is insufficient. Volunteer brigades may be registered. 2. Fire Brigades Act 1900. This Act extends the provisions of the former Act to any Town, the Board of which has petitioned the Governor to do so. The Fire Brigade Board for any Town is to consist of six members, two appointed by the Governor, two elected by the Town Board, and two elected by fire insurance companies. The outlay for expenses is contributed equally by the Colonial Treasurer, the Town Board, and the fire insurance companies. A Town Board may increase the Town Rate by the amount necessary if the Town Fund is insufficient. In 1908 this Act was amended so as to extend to Municipal Councils in place of Town Boards, and allowed a Municipality to contribute towards the expenses of fire brigades either from the Municipal fund or from the proceeds of a special rate levied either on the annual or capital value. SECTION VI. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 1. General. In the following pages are given a conspectus of the Acts at present in force in Australia relating to Local Government, together with such Acts as relate to duties and functions which may be imposed on a Local Authority. In the headings relating to the Acts which apply to special subjects such as Dogs, Ferries, etc., only those which have been passed expressly with reference to them are included, in other cases the Local Government Acts of the various States apply. 230 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 1. General. (i) Names and Dates of Acts jocal Government Act 1906, 1908, 1915, 1916, 1917 Local Government (8hire Loans) Act 1914 tocal Government Act 1915 lunicipal Loans Act 1915 Municipal Rates Recovery Act 1916 Rating on Unimproced Values Act 1915 Local Authorities Act, 1902, 1903, 1905, 1910, 1912, 1913, 1917 ^ocal Works Loans Act 1880, 1898, 1899 (ii) Acts not to apply to City of Sydney (Sydney Cor- poration Act 1902) Cities of Melbourne and Gee- long (Incorporation of the City of Melbourne Act 1842) (Incorporation of the Toum of Geelong Act 1849) (iii) Areas into which State is divided Municipalities Cities Shires Municipalities, classified as Shires and Boroughs ; Towns and Cities, deemed to be Boroughs Towns Cities by Proclamation Shires (iv) Areas subdivided into Shires into Ridings Municipalities into Wards Shires into Ridings Boroughs into Wards Shires into Divisions Cities and Towns into Wards (v) Definition of Areas Municipality. To have popu- lation of at least 1,000, and not to exceed 9 square miles in area Shire. Rest of State except Western Division City. Must not be a suburb, and must have had during previous five years not less than 20,000 inhabitants, and a revenue of not less than 20,000 Urban Area. Governor may proclaim portion of a Shire an " Urban Area," when Council of Shire has powers of Municipality over such area Shire. Any area with rate- able property yielding 1,500 on a Is. rate on annual value Borough. Area not over 9 square miles, population of 500 inhabitant householders and revenue of 300 on same rate Township. Portion of Shire not exceeding 3 square miles, and more than 10 miles from Melbourne Town. Revenue not less than 10,000 City. Revenue not less than 20,000 Shire. Shires or Divisions existing previous to or constituted under the 1902 Act Town. An existing Muni- cipality other than existing Shire previous to the 1902 Act, or a City or Town constituted thereunder (vi) Reconstitution of Areas Governor may () unite areas ; (b) divide areas ; (c) alter boundaries ; (d) convert Shire into Muni- cipality and vice versa ; (e) unite parts of an Area ; or (/) add land to Shire or Municipality (except in Western Division) Governor shall divide Shires into Ridings and may divide Municipalities into Wards, or alter or abolish Wards Governor may (a) unite Boroughs ; (b) unite Muni- cipalities ; (c) sever and annex portions of Muni- cipalities ; (d) annex out- lying district to Muni- cipality ; (e) subdivide Municipality ; (/) alter boundaries ; (g) abolish subdivisions ; (h) alter number of Councillors ; or (i) alter name of Muni- cipality Governor may constitute Shires and Towns, may unite, divide, and abolish Areas, or may alter boun- daries (vii) Notice of Reconsti tution, &c., to be given Notice to be given in Gazette and newspaper of alteration abolition, or re-creation o Divisions Three months notice to be published in Gazette, anc three times in newspapers Notice to be published in Gazette and newspaper (viii) Petitions in favou of Constitution Reconstitution, &c. For union of Areas or parts o Area. One-third of rate payers affected may de mand a poll to be mad within 30 days of notice Petition in favour of division into Wards to be signed by Council or majority of rate payers Any Council, ratepayer, o creditor may make written representations on the sub ject of proposed reconsti tution Municipality. Abolition o Wards, 100 electors may request Governor to remi to poll For constitution of Shire, to be signed by 50 inhabit ants ; for constitution o Borough by 250. For severance or annexation, by majority of ratepayer affected. For subdivision or alteration of boundaries by one-fourth of rate payers. For annexation o outlying District, alteration of name of Municipality o number of Councillors, de claration of Borough, Town or City, by Council. For township, by 25 rate- payers. Deposit of 20 required. No petition to be made during April to August One-fifth ot the ratepayers may petition for expression of opinion. Each rate- payer to have one vote unless Minister directs other- wise Co.XSl'KCTUS OF ACTS. 231 GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Municipal Corporations Act 1890, 1896, 1903, 1909, 1912, 1914, 1915, 1918 District Councils Act 1914, 1918 District Councils and Corpora- tions Subsidy Act 1890 Ijiml Value Assessment Act 1893 Hnwlx Acts 1884, 1892, 1915 Municipal Corporations Act 1906, 1911, 1912, 1915 Roads Act 1911, 1912, 1913, 1915 Local Government Act 1906, 1911, 1918 Main Roads Act 1884 Main Roads Maintenance Act 1918 Cities of Hobart and Launceston (Hobart Corporation Act 1893) (Launceston Corporation Act 1894) Municipalities ' Districts Municipalities Road Districts Municipalities Wards Wards Not less than three nor mo're than five Wards as nearly as prac- ticable of equal rateable value Municipality. Revenue not less than 300 from general rate authorized under Act District. Rateable property capable of yielding not less than 200 on a Is. rate Townxhip. Any Government Township, any land laid out as a Township, and any Town or Village containing at least 40 dwelling houses, the boun- daries whereof are denned District. Any area not included in a Municipality proclaimed by Governor Town. Any land reserved as such under Land Act 1898 Municipality. Rateable property yielding not less than 750 upon an annual rate City. Population not less than 20,000, gross revenue not less than 20,000 Governor appoints five Commis- sioners to divide State into not more than 60 Districts, and each District into Wards. Any Town under the Town Boards Act may be included or ex- cluded by the Commissioners Toion. Rateable property cap- able of yielding upon a Is. in the 1 rate an annual revenue of not less than 200 Governor may create new Dis- tricts and Municipalities, may alter boundaries, name Wards, and may annex outlying Dis- tricts, may subdivide, iVr. Governor may constitute, divide, unite, sever, &c.. Districts and Municipalities. If revenue of District is less than 150 Gover- nor may abolish and include in another District Governor may unite, alter, abolish, days after occurrence of vacancy Shire. Not less than 30 nor more than 50 days after occurrence of vacancy (viii) Extraordinary vacancy not filled up when occurring Within two months of annual election if retiring Coun- cillor was due for retire- ment by rotation City or Town. Within one month of annual election if previous occupant was due for retirement Shire. Within three months of annual election (ix) Acceptance of Office If not effected within two months seat declared vacant except when engaged in war service (x) Allowances to Coun- cillors Reasonable expenses as dele- gates to conferences, &c. Municipality. Aldermen, no allowances Shire. Actual travelling ex- penses.- or 6d. per mile ; subsistence not to exceed 6d. per hour. Shire. Council may make by-law prescribing payment of expenses in attending meetings not exceeding actual fares or 6d. per mile one way. No Coun- cillor to receive more than 20 in a year (xi) Penalties Acting when disqualified, maximum 100. If con- victed of holding place of profit under Council or of being interested in contract, not less than 50, and dis- qualification for seven years Acting when disqualified, maximum 50 for each offence, except in case of unsoundness of mind Voting when self or partners pecuniarily interested, maximum 50 Acting when disqualified, maximum 50 Voting or discussing when pecuniarily interest ed. maxi- mum 50 4. Qualification* and Election of Chairman. (i) Persons qualified A'y Councillor Any Councillor Any Alderman or Councillor CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 235 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Munii-i/>nliti(. Councillor must not vote if he is a shareholder in company interested in contract with Council Dixtri,-'. Councillor must not vote on question relating to contract in which he is prr- VKRNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA cont inued. 239 S.HTH AUSTRALIA. WESTKRN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. (a) Death ; (6) lunacy ; (c) in- solvency or composition with creditors for less than 20s. in the 1: ('/) absence for three consecutive meetings without leave; (?) disqualification; (/) ouster ; (.'/) non-accept- ance of office District. (a) Conviction for felony ; (6) idiocy ; (c) resig- nation accepted by Council (n) Death ; (b) absence from three consecutive meetings with- out leave ; (c) ouster ; (d) dis- qualification ; (e) resignation () Disqualification ; (b) ab- sence without leave from three consecutive meetings over a period of two mouths at least ; (c) non-payment of rates for six months ; (d) ouster Upon application to Supreme Court within two months, and in case of Municipality, deposit of 20 Upon affidavit to Supreme Court within one month and deposit of 20 Municipality. Any person (ex- cept an alien) of full age, who, on the first of October, is ale>. lines, penalties, Govern- ment subsidy, and all other moneys received General rate, fees, rents, fines, and other moneys not loans Kates, tolls, dues, fees, fines, Government subsidy, and other moneys not loan (No distinction drawn in Acts between ordinary and other revenue) Proceeds of loans District. Government grants Proceeds of loans Mni,i,-if,tifitf(. Annual grant of .'is. in the 1 on proceeds of neneral rates not exceeding Is. in the 1 of annual value JUvtfiri. Annual grant equal to 5s. in the 1 on general rates collected Amount not fixed ; voted from time to time P.y Aid to Ho/id liatfx Act subsidy voted annuaHy to Councils which have levied a road rate of not less than Is. in the 1, and have not spent 10 per cent, thereof on ad- ministration Councils classified, and following subsidies paid : Class I., Is., Class II., 2s., Class III., 3s., class IV., -Is., Class V., 5s., cia-s VI., 6s. for every 1 of road rate 248 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 12. Revenue and Ex- penditure of Councils continued, (iv) Regulations as to Banking Moneys \ Money to be banked daily, when practicable, but not later than three days after receipt All payments, except wages, over 20s., to be paid by cheque Collectors to pay money dailv to Clerk All moneys amounting to 20 and upwards to be banked within 72 hours, or shorter period as Council directs Collectors to pay in money within three days in Muni- cipality, and within seven days in Shire (v) Maximum Expendi- ture permitted for certain objects Chairman's allowance not to exceed 3 per cent, of the revenue of the Municipality Not more than 3 per cent, of general rate to be expended on entertainments, &c., or 100 in Town and 50 in Shire Governor may prohibit expen- diture upon work which he deems unnecessary, and may cause any Councillor to whom an unnecessary pay- ment has been made to refund same (vi) Expenditure when Area is sub- divided At least one-half of the net income must be spent in each subdivision in pro- portion to the general rates received therefrom All moneys received in respect of general rates to be credited to account of several divi- sions, other ordinary revenue as the Council shall direct (vii) Cheques to be signed by Chairman or Deputy Chair- man and Clerk Three Councillors and Clerk (viii) Penalties Councillor, servant of Council, or Auditor contravening regulations, maximum 10 Treasurer not banking money, or Collector not paying in money in due time, maxi- mum 10 Officer failing to render ac- counts, &c., maximum six months' imprisonment 13. Accounts and Audit. (i) Separate Accounts General Fund Special Fund for each special rate Local Fund for each local rate Loan Funds Separate accounts to be kept for municipal fund, each separate loan, &c. Separate accounts for each rate, each trust fund, each loan, and each subdivision (ii) Accounts to be balanced Every six months at least, on 30th June and 31st Decem- ber Thirtieth September annually, and for special audit At least once a month (iii) Profit and Loss, how treated A balance to the credit of one fund may be carried to another fund with the con- sent of the Governor Balance from gas, electricity, or hydraulic works applied to liquidation of loan until paid off, then to a reserve or local fund.. If surplus ex- ceeds 10 per cent., charges to be reduced Balance from waterworks applied to maintenance, re- pair, and extension, or to reduction of principal loan only Balance from tramway to re- payment of trainway rate, with -I per cent, interest, and then to Local Fund (iv) End of Financial Year Thirty-first December Thirtieth of September Thirty-first December (v) Financial Statement To be sent to Minister, Go- vernment Statistician, and Auditor-General, on or before 1st April To be prepared up to 30th September To be prepared by Clerk and laid before Council at the first ordinary meeting after the 21st January (vi) Accounts Audited Municipalities and Shires with less than 1,000 income, annually. Municipalities with 1,000 income or over, twice a year As soon as conveniently may be after balancing Annually at least Auditor reports to Auditor- General CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 249 SOUTH ArsTKvi.i \. \\I>TI:I;N Ar-TKALiA. T\S\IAMA. Miniiri,,,ii;ti/.-Sum*ot U> Mud upwards to he banked within 48 hours (if no bank within Municipality, seven days) Dixtrirt. Treasurer to bank sums of 10 and upwards. Collector to pay in or bank within five days Sums of 20 and upwards in Municipality, and 5 and upwards in District, to be banked within seven days Treasurer to bank forthwith sums amounting to 10 and upwards Collector to pay to Treasurer within fourteen days, or bank with sanction of Auditor- General Mi/nii-i/ni/iti/. Not more than 2 per cent, of revenue, or 200 (Adelaide, 500) to be spent on public functions or enter- tainment District. Not more than one- third of revenue to be. spent on salaries and office expenses Municipality. Not more than 3 per cent, of ordinary revenue on purposes not within the scope of the Act District. Not more than 7 per cent, of ordinary revenue for district nursing, hospitals, or medical practitioner Up to 25 expenditure allowed for purposes not within the scope of the Act, with the consent of a two-thirds majority of the Councillors present District. At least one-half of the income must be spent in each Ward in proportion to the rateable value At least three-fifths of the road rate must be expended in each Ward, except with the consent of all the Councillors for that Ward Chairman, two Councillors, and Clerk Municipality. Chairman, Trea- surer, and Clerk District. Chairman, one Coun- cillor, and Clerk Chairman, Treasurer, and Clerk If Treasurer is not a Councillor, one* Councillor also signs Not paying in money as required, maximum 50 ; minimum 5.; and daily penalty from 1 to 50 District Fund Main Road Fund Separate accounts to be kept for loans Ordinary revenue paid into muni- cipal or district fund. Separate accounts to be kept of every loan Separate accounts to be kept of municipal funds, and of all moneys raised or levied for any special purpose Twice a year, on 30th June, and 31st December Municipality. Twice a year, on 30th April and 31st October District. Annually On or before 31st January an- nually Municipality. Where moneys not expended during year rate was collected, any balance may be expended on general pur- poses District. Unexpended balance of separate or special rate credited to persons paying same as against the general rat" next payable Any balance after liquidation of loan to go to revenue of Council Balance from undertaking applied to undertaking itself, or by poll to other work Balance from special purposes applied to other work by- special resolution Balance from tramway to repay special rate levied with 4 per cent, interest, and then to municipal fund .W/' iripulUy. Thirty-first of December District. Thirtieth of June Municipality. Thirty-first of Oc- tober District. Thirtieth of June Thirty-first of December M,inii-ipality. To be laid before ! 'a rl lament on or before 1st March 1)1*1 rii-t. Annual abstract of accounts to be advertised once in Gazette and newspaper Municipality. To be made an- nually up to the end of October District. To be made every three months To be made not later than 10th February, and sent signed by chairman and five Councillors to Auditor-General before end of February Municipality. Annually District. Half-yearly - Municipality. Ha If-yearly District. Annually Financial Statement, with vouchers, etc., sent annually to Auditor, who reports on or confirms same 250 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NKW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 13. Accounts and Audit continued, (vii) Special Audit At any time by certificated Local Government Auditor Governor may appoint ex- aminers of accounts Governor at the request of twenty Ratepayers de- positing a sum not exceed- ing 50, or without re- quest may appoint Auditor to make a special audit Minister may appoint special Auditors to examine ac- counts for any period fixed by Minister (viii) Penalties Not keeping books properly ; endowment may be with- held until Minister satisfied Refusing inspection of books ; maximum 10 Refusing to furnish informa- tion to Auditor : maximum 20 or one year's imprison- ment Not keeping books properly ; maximum, 25 Refusing inspection of books ; maximum, 5 Officer failing to render accounts, produce vouchers, or deliver up paper> : maximum, six months' imprisonment Keeping books negligently : Treasurer may withhold en- dowment Refusing inspection of books ; maximum, 10 14. Loans. iouer of Audit may inspect and audit ac- counts .-it any time MuHirijinliti/. On request of fifty ratepayers, or of creditors, with or without deposit of 25, Government appoints special Auditor District. Minister may direct at any time Failing to render accounts ; maxi- mum, 50, or six months' im- prisonment Municipality. Allowing books to get in arrears; maximum, 25. District. Refusal of inspection of books ; maximum, 5 Books improperly kept; Trea- surer may withhold subsidy Refusal of inspection of books ; maximum, 5 Execution of works for which a special or separate rate has been declared Permanent works Scheme approved by Minister Repayment of previous loans Works or undertakings Repayment of previous loans Permanent works Liquidation of previous loans Making and re-making streets. Construction and purchase of bridges, ferries, jetties, tram- ways. Sewers and drains. Water, gas, and electric light works. Offices. Pounds. Markets. Machinery for treat- ing refuse. Baths and wash- houses. Pleasure grounds, museums, &c. Hospitals, asylums, '. and three times (.Municipality, once) in news- paper, not less than one nor more than three months before proposal adopted / Loml limit,-* Loans Act. Once in (!n::cttc and twice in news- paper, not less than one nor more than three months before proposal adopted Twenty Ratepayers may demand a poll within one month of last ptil'lication of notice Twenty Katepayers may. within one month, demand poll to In- taken not less than 21 days nor more than one month after de- mand. Special roll to be pre- pared. Voting as for election of Chairman in Municipality or Councillor in District Local Bodies Loans Act. Five Ratepayers may within one month demand a poll to be taken not less than 21 nor more than 25 days after demand, and advertised three times in newspaper Unless two-thirds majority of votes in favour, Council not to proceed Permanent Works. Forty-two years Thirty years Municipality. Xot less than one fiftieth of total sum of deben- tures Xot less than 2 per cent, of prin- cipal to be invested in State securities or repurchase of de- bentures Local Bodies Loans Act. Not less than 2 per cent, of prin- cipal to be invested in Govern- ment Stock and \ per cent, to Consolidated Revenue Local Public Works Loans Act. State Treasurer to set aside 1 per cent, of interest on loan received as sinking fund Six per cent, lor permanent work interest not to exceed A 4id. (Municipality) 3d. (District) in the 1 rate Local Public Works Loans Act. Seven per cent. Interest on loan for repayment not to exceed interest on original loan Municipality. One-fourth of the income for the previous year District. One-half of the esti- mated revenue for the year One-third of the ordinary revenue for the preceding year One-half of the revenue for the preceding year Supreme Court appoints a re- ceiver Supreme Court appoints a receiver Supreme Court appoints a re- ceiver M uni ipality. On average an- nual estimated rental. After petition, poll, and proclama- tion, rates may be ievied on land values only District. -On assessed annual value Municipality. On annual value District. On capital unimproved value. Annual value optional for town sites On annual value To be published in Gazette within fourteen days of declaration To be published in newspapers To be gazetted Municipality. From time to time, consent of Ratepayers to be obtained /)ixt>-irt. After makin;*tri,-t. -On.' ..hillinir in tin- : 1 on assessed annual \a!ur District. One penny in the 1 on unimproved capital value ; 9d. on annual value General Road Rate, 6d. in the 1 Occupiers of Crow r n land pay half road rate Tf general rate insufficient, special rate may he made Lighting rate ; maximum, 4d. in thel .If days of end of financial \ i-ar Municipality. To be completed in December, and initialled by Chairman District. To be completed in July, and initialled by Chairman To be signed by Chairman, and at least one Councillor Occupier. Tf no occupier, owner Municipality. Occupier or owner at option of Council District. Rateable owner Occupier. If property under 10 annual value or let to weekly or monthly tenants, owner Municipality. Occupier may de- duct rates from rent Occupier may recover rates from owner, except in the case of Crown land Occupier may recover half the rates and all expenses for over- due rates from owner, except water and cleansing rates Municipality. Fourteen days after declaration District. Twenty-one days after notice served upon ratepayer Municipality. In moieties within 30 days of 1st January and 1st July rest .<> tivrlv District. Within 30 days from date of making After being published in Gazette to be paid within 21 days 256 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 16. Liability for Rates continued, (iv) Priority of Rates over other Debts Rates a charge on all, except Crown, land in priorty to sales, mortgages, &c., and recoverable within ten years Rates a charge on property, except on Crown lands or- land vested in Minister of Public Instruction or certain corporations Rates a charge on all, except Crown land, in priority to all mortgages, charges, liens, and encumbrances ' (v) Interest on overdue Bates Four per cent, after six- months Six per cent, after six months Five per cent, if unpaid on 31st December (vi) Discount on Hates Discount not allowed on rates Council may remit whole or portion of rate on account of poverty of person liable Not exceeding 10 per cent, if rates paid within 30 days after notice Council may remit rates due by person on active service (vii) Proceedings by which Rates re- covered Rates due and owing for more than six months may be sued for in District Court or Court of Petty Sessions If not paid within fourteen days of demand, rates may be recovered before Court of Petty Sessions, or by an action of debt in any Court having jurisdiction By summons or distraint. Imprisonment for non-pay- ment of rates prohibited (viii) Land may be leased if Rates not paid within Four years Five years, if property un- occupied Four years (ix) Notice to be given Two months' notice to any one entitled to the land to be given, and to be posted up on ground Twenty-eight days' notice to be served on every person in Victoria entitled or affixed on property if no such person known Three months' notice to be given to interested parties and to be posted up on land (x) Length of lease not to exceed Seven years Fifteen years Twenty-one years (xi) Land vested in Council if Rates unpaid for Sixteen years Thirty years Twenty-five years (xii) Land may be sold if Rates not paid within Ten years, provided land has been vacant for more than five years Seven years (xiii) Notice to be given . Notice requiring payment of rates to be served on owner, and posted on property and at office of Council for one month Notice of sale to be advertised and posted up Three months' notice to be sent to owner or occupier, and advertised in Gazette, and three times in news- papers 17. Valuations or Assessments. (i) Rateable land All lands except (a) commons, public parks and reserves ; (b) cemeteries, public hospi- tals, benevolent and charit- able institutions ; (c) churches and free public libraries ; (d) unoccupied Crown lands ; (e) land vested in the University of Sydney, and used for edu- cational purposes ;(/) Crown leases for oyster culture ; (g) land vested in the Com- missioner of Railways and used tor railway or tramway purposes All lands except () Crown lands unoccupied or used for public purposes ; (b) land used exclusively for commons, mines, or public worship, mechanics' insti- tutes, public libraries, ceme- teries, free primary schools, technical schools receiving Government grants, charit- able purposes, agricultural colleges and experimental farms ; (c) lands vested in Municipal Council, any Authority under Water Act 1915, Railway Commis- sioner, Minister for Public Instruction, Board of Lands and Works, Melbourne Harbour Trust, Melbourne Board of Works, Geelong Harbour Trust, Geelong Waterworks and Sewerage Trust, unless leased or occupied for private pur- poses All lands except (a) Crown lands unoccupied or used for public purposes ; (ft) land in occupation of the Crown ; (c) land used for public pur- poses ; (d) land vested in a Council ; (e) commons : (/) land not exceeding 50 acres in area used for public worship, educational pur- poses, orphanage, mechanics' institute, public school, or library ; (g) cemeteries ; (A) land not exceeding 5 acres in area used for public hospitals CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 257 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Municipality. Rates have priority over all claims, except Crown debts District. Bates have priority over every claim or security of any description Bates have priority over mort- gages, &c. Municipality. Ten per cent, after becoming due, if not paid within three years District. Ten per cent, after six months Municipality. Five per cent, after outstanding for twelve months District. Five per cent, after 30th June Five per cent, after 30 days' notice Municipality. If authorized by by-law ; not exceeding 5 per cent, if rates paid within 30 days District. Council may, with ap- proval of Minister, wipe off arrears of rates If building vacant for over six months, only half rates payable Council may remit rates in cases of poverty Before two or more Justices, not members or officers of Council, or in any Court, or by distress warrant Distraint if rates not paid within period specified in notice Municipality. By distress, action, or complaint District. Before two Justices, or any Court of competent juris- diction By summons and distress. Im- prisonment for non-payment of rates prohibited Three years Three years Four years Municipality. By post to owner, and three times in Gazette District. To owner and mort- gagee by registered letter, and in Gazette Three months' notice to any one appearing to have an interest in the land to be given, and to be posted up on the land Three months' notice to any one entitled to the property to be given, and to be posted up on the land Municipality. Seven years District. Five years Seven years Twenty-one years Twenty-five years Twenty-one years Three years. Supreme Court may order sale Five years. Clerk of local Court issues warrant of execution Five years. Council to petition Supreme Court for authority to sell Municipality. By post to owner, and three times in Gazette District. To owner and mort- gagee by registered letter, and in Gazette To be advertised in Gazette and newspaper, and served by Clerk of local Court on any person who appears to have an interest in the land To be advertised in Gazette, and three times in newspaper, one month before presenting petition All property except (a) un- occupied Crown lands ; (fc)land used by Government ; (e) hospitals, benevolent or charitable institutions ; (d) buildings for public worship ; (e) land exempt under the Recreation Grounds Taxation Exemption Act 1910 Municipality. (a) Lunatic asylums ; (b) buildings belong- ing to incorporated academical institutions District. (a) Public or private schools ; (b) urban, suburban, or country institutes All lands except (a) Crown land unoccupied or used for public purposes ; (b) land belonging to a religious body, place of public worship, Sunday school, minis- ter's residence, convent, nun- nery, or monastery ; (c) land used for public hospital, benevo- lent asylum, orphanage, public school, private school (the property of a religious body), public library, museum, art gallery, or mechanics' institute ; (d) land used for charitable purposes ; (e) land vested in Council under Parks and Re- senex Act, or in trustees for gardens ; (/) cemeteries ; (g) land declared to be exempt District. Land held under con- ditional purchase during the first two years All land except (a) land occupied by the Crown ; (b) churches, Sunday schools, and places of public' worship ; (c) public libraries, museums, schools of arts and mines, and cemeteries ; (d) hospitals, almshouses, luna- tic and benevolent asylums, and buildings used for charit- able purposes ; (e) agricultural and pastoral show grounds ; (/) property of a Marine Board or Harbour Trust No exceptions for water, fire brigade, cleansing, drainage, and sewerage rates C. 7099. 9 258 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. ,\E\V SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 17. Valtiations or Assess- mentscontinued.. (ii) Unimproved capital value The amount for which the land would sell in fee- simple, allowing deduction for improvements The sum which the land might be expected to sell for if unencumbered The fair average value of un- improved land of the same quality held in fee-simple in the same neighbourhood (iii) Annual value Nine-tenths of the fair average rental, but not less than 5 per cent, of unimproved capital value The rent at which the pro- perty may be expected to let from year to year, free of usual tenants' rates and taxes and deduct ing average annual cost of insurance and maintenance (iv) Crown lease The unimproved capital value is taken as equal to twenty times the annual rent Hated on annual value, not on capital value Unimproved capital value taken as twenty times the annual rent, but not less than 5s. per acre, if occupier is bound to eradicate noxious weeds (v) Mineral Land Coal. The unimproved capi- tal value is taken as equal to 3s. per ton of large and Is. 6d. per ton of small coal on the average output, or on the value in fee simple at option of Council Other Minerals. Unim- proved capital value taken at 20 per cent, of annual average value of ore sold, or capital value, less improve- ments, at option of Council Unimproved capital value is taken for j.old at twenty times the annual rent, and for oth T minerals at the fair average unimproved value or twenty times the annual rent (vi) Mineral Homestead The unimproved value , is taken as equal to twenty times the annual rent Unimproved value taken at fair average unimproved value, or twenty times the annual rent (vii) Valuation of Con- ditional Purchase Twenty times the annual rent Fair average unimproved value of fee-simple (viii) Valuation of Tram- ways Council may make a fair annual charge, based on the nature and extent of the benefit enjoyed by the person concerned Charge in lieu of rate, 1 per cent, of the gross earnings of vehicles running through the area (ix) Valuation of Gas Mains Council may make a fair annual charge, based on the nature and extent of the benefits enjoyed by the person concerned Charge in lieu of rate 3-in. mains, 1 ; over 3 to 6-in., 2 ; over 6 to 9-in., 4 ; over 9-in., 8 per mile (x) Valuation of Elec- tric Mains Council may make a fair annual charge, based on the nature and extent of the benefit enjoyed by the person concerned Charge in lieu of rate : if in pipes or other receptacles, same as gas mains ; other underground, 1 per mile ; overhead, 5s. per mile (xi) Valuation of Hy- draulic Mains Council may make a fair annual charse. based on the nature and extent of the benefit enjoyed by the person concerned Charge in lieu of rate : for high-pressure pipes, 5 per mile during first ten years, 10 thereafter (xii) Minimum Valua- tion Annual Value. Five per cent, of unimproved capital value Annual Value. Five per cent of the fair capital value of the fee-simple Rateable land not to be valued at less than 30 in Town; 20 in Shire: 10 on gold or mineral field (xiii) Valuation to be made As soon as practicable after passing Valuation of Land Act., of unimproved capital value, improved capital value, and assessed annual valne Valuation list to be furnished to Councils by Valuer- General every three years thereafter From time to time City or Town. Every three years at least Shire. Every five years at least CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 259 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. District. The price at which the land would sell in fee-simple unencumbered without refer- ence to minerals M u n icipality. Average estimate< annual rent, clear of all out- goings, at which property would rent for seven years, but not less than 5 per cent, of value of fee-simple Dixlri'-t. Building and land, four- fifths of the annual rental or 5 per cent, of the capital value. Unbuilt on township land, 5 per cent, of capital value The fair average rent, less rates, taxes, and 20 per cent, for outgoings, but not less than 4 per cent, of value of fee- simple. If land unimproved and unoccupied, not less than 7 per cent. (Municipality) and 5 per cent. (District) on capital value Machinery not included as an improvement The annual rental that could reasonably be demanded, less rates and taxes District. Unimproved capital value taken as twenty times the annual rent District. The annual valuation of a Crown Lease for minerals must not exceed the rental Annual value taken as fair annual value with buildings without regard to other improvements or minerals Annual value taken as the annual rental less rates and taxes, not inclusive of the value of minerals " " Annual value taken as fair annual value with buildings * * .- Charge in lieu of rate, 3 per cent, of gross earnings of vehicles running through the area District. Timber and firewood lines, not exceeding 5 per cent, of cost of construction, less depreciation Annual value not exceeding 100 per mile exclusive of buildings. Capital value not exceeding 1.000 per mile Charge in lieu of rate, not more than 1} per cent, of the gross receipts Charge in lieu of rate, not more than H per cent, of the gross receipts Municipality. Annual value, 5 per cent, of fee-simple No property to be valued at less than Municipality. 2 10s. District. 15 Annual value 3 per cent, of capital value Municipality. Annually, or Council may use assessment of previous year with necessary alterations District. Annually, or at least once in every seven years, if previous assessments adopted Municipality. In or before De- cember, annually District. On or before 7th July, annually Before 1st October annually 260 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 1 7 . Valuations or A ssess- ments continued . (xiv) Appeal against Valuation to be made To Valuation Court To Justices in Court of Petty Sessions Decision as to valuation final, but appeal as to rate may be made, if net annual value amounts to 50 To Valuation Court consisting of Police Magistrate or two Justices of the Peace, but Governor may fix the con- stitution of Court (xv) Appeal to be made within The time stated by Valuer- General on valuation notice One month. Fourteen days' notice to be given to Council Twenty-eight days after re- ceipt of notice of valuation (xvi) Appeal against Decision of Court Decision of Valuation Court final To County Court. Court may state case for Supreme Court To Supreme Court (xvii) Fresh Valuation At any time or on demand of owner Made from time to time. Same appeals allowed as with ordinary valuation May be made annually of whole area or at any time of portion thereof. Notice to be given to. occupier and owner, and appeal to be made within 28 days (xviii) Appointment of Valuers Valuer-General and Valuers appointed by Governor under Valuation of Land Act 1916 Valuers appointed by Coun- cil. Must be competent persons Valuers appointed by Council. Must not be Councillors Uix) Penalties Owner or Occupier refusing information, &c. ; maxi- mum, 10 Valuer making wilfully in- correct valuation or state- ment ; maximum, 50 Owner refusing information ; maximum, 10 Valuer making wilfully incor- rect valuations ; maximum, 20 for each error Licensee or lessee making wil- fully incorrect return of rent paid ; maximum, 20 18. Contracts. (i) Provisions regarding Contracts Council may enter into a con- tract for performance of any duties under the Act Five days' notice to be given in newspaper for contracts of 100 and upwards, ex- cept in cases of emergency Fourteen days' notice to be given in newspaper for con- tracts of 100 and upwards, except in cases of emergency (ii) Miscellaneous Pro- visions regarding Contracts Effective and substantial preference to be given to goods manufactured or produced inCommonwealth; if this not possible, pre- ference to be given to United Kingdom 19. By-laws, Ordinances, VERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 261 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. To Council. To be heard within 21 davs (Municipality), 32 d:iys (District) Municipality. To Court consist- ing of Chairman and at least one-third of Councillors District. To Council (at least six days' notice of sitting to be given) To Council Municipality. Ten days District. Twenty-one days. Municipality. Thirty days. Half the rate to be deposited District. One month. Half the rate to be deposited Thirty days To Local Court within ten days Court may state case for Supreme Court To Local Court within ten days. (Municipality, with deposit of 1 Is.) Court may state case for Supreme Court To any Commissioner appointed to hold a Court of Requests under the Local Courts Act 1896 Municipality. Amendments made at any time, except within seven days of annual election District. Amendments made at any time, except within four- teen days of election or taking a poll t Council may amend rate book from time to time. Seven days' notice in Municipality to be given to person whose rates are altered; fourteen davs' in Dis- trict. District. Whenever necessary, Minister may direct fresh valua- tion from time to time Chairman may at any time amend roll when change of ownership occurs, and Council at any time on other grounds ; fourteen days' notice to be given to person affected By Council Council may make valuation or appoint outside valuers Council may make valuation or appoint a competent Valuer Municipality. Obstructing valuer ; minimum, 5s. ; maxi- mum, 5. Valuer neglecting to leave assessment notice ; minimum, 1 ; maximum, 10 District. Owner refusing to answer questions or making false statements ; maximum, 20 Valuer making wilfully incorrect valuation ; maximum, 20. Owner refusing to answer ques- tions or giving false answers ; maximum, 10 Owner making wilfully false statements. Ac. ; minimum, 2 ; maximum, 10. Valuer not making impartial valua- tion ; maximum, six months' imprisonment ; acting before making declaration, maximum, 20 Obstructing officers ; maximum, 10 Council may make contracts Council may make contracts Fourteen days' notice to be given for contracts of 20 and up- wards, except in cases of emergency Contracts made verbally not to exceed 5 Passed at meeting at which two- thirds of Councillors present, confirmed by Governor, pub- lished in Gazette, and laid before Parliament for 30 sitting days (Municipality), fourteen d:ivs (District) Passed by C'ouncil and sealed, confirmed by Governor, pub- lished in Gazette, and laid before both Houses of Parliament Passed by special resolution of Council, advertised, approved by Attorney-General, gazetted, and laid before both Houses of Parliament for fourteen sitting days Munirlpality. 10 20 20, or 5 a day Municipality. In same way as making District. By fresh by-law, regu- lation, or proclamation by Governor Municipality. By subsequent by- law District. Council may alter or repeal by-laws By proclamation of Governor 262 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. XKW SOUTH WALKS. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 19. By-laws, Ordinances, &c. continued, (iv) Testing Validity of By-law Ratepayer may dispute validity by application to Supreme Court, with de- posit of 15 Resident Ratepayer may test validity in Suprene Court, deposit 15 20. Acquisition and Disposal of Land. (i) Land held by Coun- cil Council may, with approval of Governor, sell or lease lands not required for pur- pose of Council Council may sell land not re- quired with consent of Governor, or may let on lease for not exceeding seven years, or with con- sent of Governor 21 years, or on building lease 40 years Council may erect and let buildings, or lease land on building lease for not ex- ceeding 30 years with con- sent of Governor (ii) Voluntary Acquisi- tion of Land Council may acquire or rent land for lawful purposes with consent of Governor Council may purchase or lease land from persons willing to sell or lease Council may purchase or rent land and buildings (iii) Compulsory Acqui- sition of Land Council, after passing reso- lution by absolute majority, petitions Governor. Min- ister appropriates land under the Public Works Act 1912 and vests it in the Council. Land for new roads to be acquired under the Public Roads Act 1902 Consent of Governor required Plans, &c., to be prepared. Notice to be given in Gazette and twice in news- paper Public Works Land Resump- tion Act 1906, 1916. Council to cause survey to be made and open for inspection, and advertised in Gazette and newspaper. Consent of Governor required (iv) Notice of Acqui- sition Notification of acquisition published in Gazette and one or more newspapers circulating locally Forty days' notice to be given in' Gazette, and seven days after publication therein Council to send notice to each owner. Objectors appear before Council Thirty days' notice to be given in Gazette and newspaper (v) Compensation Council repays Government the compensation paid in accordance with Public Works Act 1912. Interest on sums due as compen- sation fixed at 4 per cent. Council to make full com- pensation for value of land and damages Claims to be made within two years. Enhancement in value to be considered. Police Magistrate settles cases of 500 and under, County Court Judge over 500 Claim to be made within three years. Enhancement to be considered. Compensation determined by Land Court (vi) Exchange of Land Compensation for land re- sumed for road may be made wholly or partly in land Owner of adjoining land from whom land is taken may be required to take portion of former road in exchange (vii) Land held in Trust Council when appointed Cemetery Trustees have the powers under the Cemeteries, Act 1915 Council may hold land in trust for charitable or public pur- poses, if not connected with religious worship 21. Main Roads. - (i) Definition Shire. Government may de- clare a Main Road, where a large amount of Crown lane is thrown open, to be a national work Those determined by the Country Roads Board, con sisting of three members appointed by Governor A road, which, being a main thoroughfare, passes through two or more areas, or is a boundary road abutting on more than two areas, or fulfils both of these con- ditions (ii) Construction Municipality. By Council Shire. Government may de fray a portion of the cost of construction Government pays one-half o the cost of construction Municipalities other half Government may borrow up to 400,000. Counci pays to Government 6 pe cent, annually on the amount due in respect o permanent works, and may levy a special rate no exceeding 6d. in the 1 on annual value By Joint Authorities or l.ocai Authority CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 263 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. \\ KSTKKN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Anv person may apply to Suireme Court, deposit 15 Municipality k Ratepayer may test validity in Supreme Court. Deposit 20 Elector may test validity in Supreme Court. Deposit, 15 Council may lease land by tender or auction, for period not ex- ceeding 50 years, except parks Council may sell land with con- sent of Governor or lease same for a period not exceeding three years without such consent Superfluous land acquired under Lint (I Clauses Act to be sold within ten years of time for completion of works, to be offered to original owner first and then to adjoining owner Council may lease land for not exceeding 21 years without consent of Governor Council may purchase or accept as gift land for public purposes, except for religious purposes Council may purchase or lease land and work quarries Council may purchase land < onsi'iit of Governor required Plans to be prepared and open lor inspection lor 40 days alter notice given in Gazette and twice in newspaper Council may acquire land com- pulsorily with consent of Governor, subject to the Public Work* Art Land Clauses Act 1857. Council may compulsorily acquire land Notices to be served on owner, lessee, and occupier. Objec- tions heard by Council after expiration of 40 days Notice to be published in Gazette and served on owners of land Notice to be given to all parties, if not found to be advertised and posted up on land Compensation settled by arbi- tration or jury under the Land cinuxe* Consolidation Act. RnbsDoement in value to be considered Claims for compensation to be made within two years Claims not settled by agreement, decided by Compensation Court of two Assessors and Resident or Police Magistrate, if under 500, and Judge if over 500 Claims to be made within 21 days, settled by arbitration. Appeal allowed within ten days to Supreme Court, if sum exceeds 50 fiislrift. Council may exchange reserves and other lands vest d in them. Objections to be heard. Consent of Governor required District. When any road is closed and -a new one made in lieu thereof through land be- longing to same person exchange to be made Council may hold property in trust for 'charitable cr public but not for religious purpu-^s. Land on trust cannot be leased for longer than 50 years Municipality. -~ Council may be- come trustees of Cemetery Roads which are scheduled under the Roads Acts 1884, 18v> and 1915 District. Governor may proclaim a Main Road. Government Road is a road declared under the Pvt.lic Works Act 1902 Such roads as are proclaimed by the Governor to be Main Roads on the recommendation of the Main Roads Advisory Board Local Authority constructs main roads out of moneys voted from time to time by Parlia- ment District,. Bv Government, under I'i'Mic Works Act 1902 By Government, under Public ' \Vorkx Execution Act passed annually 264 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 21. Main Roads con- tinned. (iii) Maintenance By Council Same as construction, except that Council pays annually the amount due in respect of maintenance By Joint Authorities" or Loral Authority 22. Public Roads. (i) Definition Any road which the public are entitled to use under the Public Roads Act also any road proclaimed or dedicated under any Act dealing with public roads, or a main road, or a. road of which Council has control On request of Council, Governor may proclaim any hind reserved or purchased to be a public highway. Any street, at least 33 feet wide, made at expense of adja- cent owners, is deemed dedicated to public, unless owner objects within three months of the making thereof A street, road, or highway dedicated to the public (ii) Construction By Council By Council. Streets on private property and those giving ' access to back premises and drainage constructed by Council at cost of owners abutting, fourteen davs' notice to be served 'on owner, who may object Council charged with con- struction or all roads within its area other than those excepted by proclamation of Governor (iii) New Roads Minister or Council may open new roads, notice to be published in Gazette and newspaper and sent to owner or occupier. Objec- tions within one month. Owner to be compensated. Council to construct and maintain Council may Open new roads Plans to be submitted to Council, whose decision must be made within 42 days. If Council objects, it must send plan to Minister, who hears objections within 42 days, and decides Council's objection final if road less than 1 chain in width (iv) Closing Roads No road may be closed under the Public Roads Acts with- out consent of Council. Minister may close road for six months on giving notice in Gazette Governor may under Land Act 1915, with consent of Council, close unused road and sell same to owner of adjoining land Person desiring closure and Minister to give two months' notice to Council, specify- ing time for objections. After considering objections Governor makes order (v) Width of Roads No street to be less than 66 feet wide, under the Width of Streets and Lanes Act 1902 Fixed by Governor No new road to be less than 66 feet wide, except with consent of Minister \ (vi) Alteration and Di- version of Roads Council may divert any road, alter or increase the width of any public road. Land for this purpose to be acquired under the Public Roads Act 1902 Council may make deviations through Crown lands Council may reduce width to not less than 66 feet with consent of Board of Lands and Works, and of three- fourths of owners abutting thereon, or in certain cases of every owner Council may alter or divert road s (vii) Fencing Roads If a fenced enclosure is broken by a road, Minister may either make a grant-in-aid towards the cost of fencing or grant permission for gates under the Public Gates Act Council to fence new roads and keep same in repair for three years Council may fence footways Council altering or diverting fenced road, or opening new road through enclosed land or taking away fence for widening road, to fence road and compensate owner (viii) Alleys and Courts No lane to be less than 20 feet wide, under Width of Streets and Lanes Act 1902 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 265 GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WKSTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. /'//// and District. Local authority uith (i<>\ eminent Grant Jti-trirt. Bv Associated Dis- trict Council Road Board, if any District. By Government Partly by Councils and partly by Government, the amounts to be expended by each being fixed annually by the Main Roads Advisory Board Public roads within the moaning of the Roads Act 1884 are those shown on maps as public, opened by Council, vested in Council by owners or Supreme Court, or declared public by Council Xtistrict. Also those in use by public for five years in Town- ship, ten years outside Town- ship. Any street in Township, wholly or partly sold, may be opened by Council at request of two-thirds of adjoining owners Municipality. All lands reserved or acquired for roads dedicated by Government. Surveyed streets not less than 66 feet wide or not less than 25 feet wide if already in use may be dedicated. Private road may be declared public on applica- tion of owners or occupiers abutting thereon District. Any land notified as road in Gazette also any public highway not a Government road Roads which are not main roads or by-roads By Council By Council District. Governor may exempt roads from jurisdiction of Coun- cil. No road to be constructed within 66 feet of permanent building without consent of owner except in Town or subur- ban lands Eith'er by Government under Public Works Execution Act, or by Council with assistance of Government subsidy Municipality. No new street to be less than -40 feet wide, except right-of-ways to back premises, which may be not less than 12 feet District. In Township, Council may recover half the cost from owners abutting, but not ex- ceeding 2s. per foot of frontage Municipality. Council may open up new roads District. New roads to be con- firmed by Governor Council may open up new roads No new street in a Town to be less than 50 feet wide if a carriage road, otherwise 20 feet M'lniciptility. Council may close road if majority of Councillors resolution. Confirmation of Governor required. Appeal may be made within three months District. Unoccupied road may be enclosed and leased Council may close road on resolu- tion of majority of ratepayers, or on application of owner or occupier of adjoining land. Con- sent of Governor required District. Council, by resolution, may close track not being a road When any new road is constructed or any existing road diverted, Council may close old road, unless it leads to house, etc., when it remains a by-road Municipality. Not less than 40 feet, except continuations of existing street . In Township not less than 40 feet No new street to be less than 66 feet wide No road to be more than 66 feet wide, except with consent of owners on each side Council may increase or decrease width of footpath, road, or i-arriaire way, also divert and alter same Municipality. Council may de- clare new road in place of old road, and may sell old road Council may alter, divert, or in- crease width District. Council may alter roads, diversion to be confirmed by Governor Council may widen, divert, or alter roads Municipality. Council may order land abutting on public street not enclosed to be fenced Jiixt.fi'-t. Council may make by-laws regulating the erection or construction of fences abut- ting on public places Council may cause land abutting on a footway to be fenced District. If road passes through fenced land, owner may require Council within 90 days to fence same or erect gates. Owner to maintain same Council may compel owner to erect fence on land abutting on formed footpath Temporary road to be fenced Municipality. Alleys to be not less than 20 feet wide, to have two entrances, and be secured against ingress of horses and cattle Owners may request Council to make and repair right-of-way at owner's expense 266 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. XEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSIAXD. 22. Public Roads con- tinued, (ix) Crossing Places Council may make by-laws in accordance with schedule Owner makes and maintains crossings Council may make bv-laws imposing on owners the duty of making and maintaining crossings over footways and channels (x) Strips of Land along- side Roads Owner of fee-simple of land abittting on strips not ex- ceeding 4 feet in width is entitled to purchase same (xi) Footpaths and Kerbing Council may recover half of the cost of kerbing and footpaths from the owners of abutting land. Seven days' notice, with estimated cost, to be given Half the cost of kerbing and making footpaths borne by the owner of land fronting thereon xii) Unused lloads Unused roads may be closed by Minister on giving one month's notice to owners of land fronting thereon A road adjoining purchased lands, not required for public use, may be sold. Minister may grant licences for occupation of unused road for three years at a fee of 5 per cent, of the capital value (xiii) Tree Reserves on Roads Tree reserves not to reduce the width of a road to less than 44 feet Tree reserves not to reduce the width of a road to less than 46 feet, nor be more than 10 chains in length. Governor to make order Governor may declare tree reserves, but width of road must not be reduced to less than 44 feet, and reserve must not exceed 40 chains in length (xiv) Miscellaneous Quarries, water-holes, or shafts within 50 yards of highway to be fenced Obstructions to be removed within 60 days, notice to be given in Gazette and twice in newspaper Dangerous holes alongside road to be filled lip or fenced in by owner Council may erect refuges, statues, fountains, monu- ments, seats, cabmen's shelters, closets, urinals, Ac. Drifting sand on roads a nuisance under Public Halth A"i Overhanging trees to be removed by owner or occupier Dangerous holes alongside road to be filled in, covered, or fenced by owner Council may erect refuges Ac. Railways to maintain crossings and 6 feet on each side ol rails Overhanging trees to le re- moved by owner (xv) Penalties Obstruction of road, maxi- mum 100 Wilfully injuring trees, Ac., minimum 2 ; maximum 20 ' Obstructions on or across roads, maximum 20 and 5 per day Allowing animal to stray, minimum 5s. ; maximum 5 General penalties, minimum 10s. ; maximum 20 Trees obstructing or injuring roai. maximum 5 Removing materials of road, maximum 5 and up to 5s. for each square foot re- moved Obstructing road, maximum 20, and 5 a dav there- after Not filling, Ac., dangerous holes, maximum 20 Injuring or defacing street names and numbers, maxi- mum 10 Surveyor failing to deposit \ plan of new road with Conn- " cil, maximum 20 Owner not removing over- hanging trees, maximum 1 \ per day | 23. Alignment and Levels of Roads. (i) Alignment Made by Minister on applica- tion by Council. One month's notice in Gazette to be given Council may make or lay out any new street, road, lane, or passage Minister may cause alignment to be made when necessary. Council to bear cost. Plan to be open for inspection ] during three months (ii) Objections to Align- ment Objections to be lodged within one month after notice Council deals with objections to satisfaction of Minister Owner of rateable land affected may lodge objections with Minister. Objections heard by Minister or authorized surveyor within 30 days CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. \ KRXMKXT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 267 SOUTH A r< 1 1: ALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. M"tii>-!pii/iti/.- Kt'u'iilatcd by Council. Owner may have -ame made and repaired at his "wn expense Mnnicipiilifi/. Council may fix and may require owners to make and repair crossings Council may require owners to make and repair crossings IVr-,m submitting plan of new road may be required either to procure any strips of land less than 10 feet wide a but tint; on public street to be vested cost free in Council, or to pay to the Council the compensation to be paid by the Council Municipality. If owner has re- served strip not more than 5 links wide, Council may, when road dedicated, include same, unless it has been improved Half the cost of kerbing and making footpaths borne hy owners of adjoining land Owner may charge tenant 7 per cent. (Municipality), 5 per cent. (District) of his share of the cost Half the cost of kerbing and mak- ing footpaths borne by owners of abutting land Municipality. If footpath over 9 feet in width, owner only pays one-third On application of two-thirds of owners of abutting lands, Coun- cil may cause whole or part of street to be formed, paved, Ac., at owner's expense District. Council may lease to owner of adjoining land for not longer than twelve months, providing road is fenced off and gate erected Municipality. Governor may au- thorize sale of road, if it is re- quired for access to purchased land only Council may lease unused road for period not exceeding three years. One month's notice to be given Municipality. Council may plant trees when road exceeds 100 feet in width Di^ti-'xl.. Council may plant trees, but not so as to obstruct traffic Municipality. Reserve not to reduce width of road to less than 50 feet, nor be more than 5 chains in length Reserve not to reduce width of street to less than 46 feet, nor to be longer than 10 chains. Reserves proclaimed by Gover- nor at request of Council Municipality. Council may re- quire owner to fence in to pre- vent sand, &c., drifting on to a road Dangerous holes alongside road to be filled in or fenced in by owner within 24 hours of notice Holes not to be dug within 5 feet of road, and to have batte/ of 1 in 5 District. Council may make bicycle tracks on public road Drifting sand. District Council may clear trees, plant grasses, &c., and call on owner of ad- joining land to do same Under Sand Drift Act 1889, Council may call on owner to bush, fence, wall, &c., in default Council does so at his expense Council may erect refuges, &c. Encroaching trees, weeds, tVc.. to be kept clear from road District. Dangerous holes along- side road to be fenced in Quarries and pits to be filled up or fenced in Municipality. Laying out new street, etc., without notice, minimum 10 ; maximum 50, and 5 to 10 per day Erecting house on street less than 40 feet wide, minimum 1 ; maximum 10, and 1 to 5 per day Removing materials of road, maxi- mum 5 and maximum 10s. per square foot Municipality. Encroachment on streets, maximum 20, and maximum 5 a day. Failing to remove obstructing trees, &c., maximum 5 Damaging lamps, roads, bridges, etc., maximum 20 and damages Encroachment on road, obstruc- tion by hedges, obstructing road, &c., maximum 20 Animals straying on road, maxi- mum 5 Council may align roads and streets, and fix permanent marks Notice to be given within three months (Municipality), one month (District) Municipality. Council may cause streets to be aligned Under the Alignment of Streets Act 1844 Surveyor-General in- structed to align streets in Towns Objections made by caveat to Supreme Court 268 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 23. Alignment and Levels of Roads continued. (Hi) Encroachment of Buildings, ntiis>inii for irate ; fee, :N. M. lor cadi ualc Dixtrict. -Inorrupied roads may be leased and enclosed, but must have gate 12 feet wide. Lease for not longer than twelve months Municipality. Where t raii'n- slight, unlocked swing gates may be erected with consent of Council and Governor District. Application to Council can be made for permission to erect a gate. Registration fee, maximum 2s. 6d. Gate may be erected on by-road. Gate not to be less than 10 feet wide Municipality. Notice to be given in Gazette and once a week for four weeks in newspaper District. Notice as Council sees fit * * Municipality. " Public Road " District. " Leased Public Road " " By-road Gate. Shut the Gate under penalty of Five Pounds." If gate rabbit-proof, " Rabbit- proof Gate. Shut this Gate or incur a Penalty of Twenty Pounds " District. Leaving gate open ; maximum, 2. Destroying gate ; maximum, 10 ; sub- sequent offence up to six months with hard labour District. Leaving gate open ; maximum, 20 Leaving gate .open, maximum 5 ; if rabbit-proof, maximum 20 Municipality. To be approved by Surveyor-General and Coun- cil. Not to be less than 40 feet wide (except in Adelaide). Access to back premises, mini- mum width, 12 feet Dint rid. Constructed at expense of owner Municipality. Subject to pro- visions of Act as to prevention and suppression of nuisances after it has been set out and aligned By-road defined by Surveyor at request of land-holder. Board acquires land. Land-holder constructs Council after special resolution may cause private street to be constructed at abutting owners' expense. Carriage road to be not less than 60 feet wide, unless by-laws permit of 50 feet. Other private streets not to be less than 30 feet Municipality. Occupier or owner to keep clean, and repair By Council By-roads maintained by land- holder and fenced for five years or gate erected Dedication by owner, or use by public for five years in Municipality or Township, or ten years otherwise Municipality. On application of owners of greater part of rateable value abutting Police Act 1905. On application by majority in value of occu- piers of lands and buildings in the street Miitiiri/Hiliti/. Not keeping pri- vate road clean; minimum 10s., maximum 2. Forming alley contrary to regulations ; minimum 5, maximum 20 ; and minimum 1, maximum 5 per day District. Council may make by Jaws regulating traffic Council may make by-laws regu- lating traffic, &c. Council may make regulations and by-laws regarding traffic 272 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 27. Traffic continued, (ii) Stoppage of Traffic Council may stop traffic during repairs to road, or when road deemed unsafe ; seven days' notice to be given in newspaper. No vehicles with load exceeding 10 tons may be used on high- way without permission Council or Commissioner may temporarily prohibit and divert traffic, after adver- tisement in newspaper, and may temporarily or per- manently close a road to any particular kind of traffic (iii) Traction Engines and Steam Hollers Traction Engines. Not to travel at night without a man 100 yards ahead. Must have two men one to render assistance. Owner to give from three to 48 hours' notice of intention to travel by daylight. Pace not to exceed 2$ miles per hour in City, Town, or Borough. Owner of bogged of broken down engine not to leave road in dangerous state Driver to be licensed unless certificated ; fee, 5s. Engines to be registered under Country Roads Act ; fee, 3 3s. per annum Steam Rollers. Under Steam Rollers Regulation Act 1892 two persons to be employed, one to walk 50 yards ahead with red flag or red light. Warning notices to be put up. Speed limited to 2 miles per hour in City, Town, or Village ; otherwise 4 miles an hour (iv) Penalties Breach of Ordinance not to exceed 20 Offences with traction en- gines first, maximum 3 ; second, maximum 5 ; thereafter, maximum 10 Failing to comply with direc- tions regarding roads closed to traffic ; maximum, 10 28. Motor Traffic. (i) Acts relating to Motor Traffic Motor Traffic Act 1909, 1915 Motor Car Act 1915 Traffic Act 1905, 1910, 1916 (ii) Regulations Made by Governor Motor vehicles to be num- bered, to carry lights in front and behind, also bell or horn. Car to stop and driver to render assistance in case of accident caused by presence of car Governor may make regula- tions Council or Commissioner may make by-laws requiring licences for motormen and conductors on tramways, and prescribing the quali : fications of persons who are required to obtain licences (iii) Registration of Motor Vehicles Registration fee. Motor ve- hicles 1 ; motor cycles 2s. 6d. per annum Commissioner of Police registers. Motor cars, from 1 Is. for 6 h.p. to 6 6s. for over 33 h.p. ; motor vehicles for goods, 3 3s. ; motor cycles, 5s. per annum. Dealer's fee, 5 Commissioper may make regu- lations regulating use of and registration of motor cars (iv) Licensing of Motor Drivers Fees motor cars 5s. ; motor cycles 2s. 6d. per annum. Learner's permit 2s. 6d. Driver of car to be over seventeen years of age and of cycle over sixteen years Fee, 2s. 6d. per annum. Driver must be over eighteen years of age and satisfy Police as to his qualifica- tions Maximum fee for motorman or conductor, 10s. per annum (v) Penalties Driving recklessly, &c., when intoxicated, without licence, with false number plate, without consent of owner, failing to provide licence, maximum 20, and/or suspension or disqualifica- tion from holding licence . Offences against the Act first, maximum 10 ; sub- sequent, maximum 25, or three months with or with out hard labour Offences against the Act, maximum 20 or two months' imprisonment CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 273 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WI.>TKRN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. . Council may make by- laws suspending t radio upon streets and roads Council may close a road under repair and stop traffic thereon Commissioner of Police, with consent of Chairman, mav temporarily prohibit or divert traffic in any street. If prac- ticable, notice to be given in newspaper Municipality. Steam" Rollers. Two persons to be employed, one to walk ahead at least 20 vards. 1'arriers to be erected. Not to traverse any streets or roads except between mid- night and 6 a.m. Steam Rollers. Two men to be employed, one to precede on foot. Barriers to be erected Steam Rollers. Two persons to be employed, one to go at least 20 yards ahead with a flag. Barriers to be erected Traction Engines. [Local Go- vernment (Traction Enainen) Act 1907.J Name and address of owner to be painted on. Two men to be emploved, one to render assistance. 'Man to go about 100 yards ahead at night. Traction engines to be licensed by Council; maxi- mum fee, 10 per month Not having name and address of owner on traction engine ; maximum, 5 Traction engines exceeding 8 h.p., having tires less than 16 inches in width, carrying excessive loads first offence, maximum 10 ; subsequent, maximum 20 Motor Vehicles Act 1907 Motor Vehicles Tax Act 1915 Motor Traffic Act 1907, 1913 -2. Cemeteries con- tinued, (iii) Powers of Councils Council may acquire powers for the provision, main- tenance, and management of public cemeteries. Go- vernor may impose same on Council Governor may appoint Coun- cil to be Trustees Council may establish, main- tain, and manage cemeteries, and make by-laws regarding those under its control. Governor may place any Cemetery under manage - ment of Council (iv) Crematoria Trustees of Cemeteries have power to establish crema- toria Crematoria may be established by any person if approved by Public Health Commis- sioner and licensed by Governor 33. Dairies. (i) Acts relating to Dairies Dairies Supervision Act 1901 Dairies Supervision Act 1915 Health Act 1911 Dairy Produce Act 1904, 1905, 1911 (ii) Administration Municipalities, and, on recom- mendation of Board of Health, Shires, are the Local Authorities under the Act. Samples of milk and cream to be taken, premises kept clean, Citi/.en- present at nn-t-tinir may compel Trustee-; to convey cemetery lands to Council in certain caaee .\lnniri />tilit,>/. Council may be appointed Trustees Council may, after six months' notice, close cemetery, either on own authority or after petition of twenty Katepayer- residing within half mile, or 40 within quaiter mile Governor may vest control of public cemetery in Council Ain person may establish crema- torium provided siic, plans, and apparatus lie approved by Hoard of Health Governor may make regulations Governor may make regulations with maximum penalties of 50 Penalty for unlawful cremation, not exceeding 500 or five years' imprisonment 11 tilth AH 1898 Health Act 1911, 1912, 1915 Dni ru Produce Act 1910 Council may make regulations for inspection of dairies, prohibit- in^ adulteration of milk, Ac. Council to make by-laws Gov.ernor appoints supervisors and officers. Governor makes regulations. Supervisors in- spect. Ac. Council may register and license dairies, and make regulations. Licence-fee not to exceed 10s. per annum Council to register dairies Dairies to be registered annually by Director of Agriculture, dairies free ; factory, 1 per annum Supplying milk from diseased animal. 20 Offences against Act first, maxi- mum 20 ; subsequent, maxi- mum 50, or six months' im- prisonment with or without hard labour Where not specially provided, not to exceed 10 Do-/ Art 1867 r 1884, 1888, 1889 Dog Act 1903 1'olire Act 1905 By Council which also appoints .Registrars By Council which appoints l{ei:i-- tering Officer Register to he kept at office of Town Clerk Dog to wear collar with disc sup- plied by Council. Kach adult aboriginal allowed two un- ]-.' i>t. -red do<_'s. Dogs with- out collars may le sei/.ed and. if not claimed within 24 hours, killed. Keward tor sei/.in<_'. ~>*. Dog to wear collar with disc sup- plied by Council. Aborigines may keep one unregistered dog each. Police or officer of Coun- cil may seize stray dogs, and if not claimed within three days, destroy or sell them, or if with disc after 48 hours' notice to owner T)og to wear collar with disc supplied by Registrar. Dogs at large may be seized and, if not claimed within 24 hours, sold or destroyed Fee dog 5s., slut 7s. 6d. per annum from 1st July ; half fee for half-year. Dogs under three months exempt. Dis- trict Council mav reduce to 2s. 6d. and :>s. if District in- fested with vermin Fee dog. 7s. 6d. ; slut, 10s. I)ogs tending cattle, 2s. 6d. ; sluts, 5s. Packs of hounds not less than ten, 2. Dogs under three months and blind men's dogs, free Dou's under four months of age, free. Registration fee, 5s. per annum ; half-fee for half-year Occupier, after notice in three sncce-.-i\r is>nr> of two news- papers or of Uu-rltc. may destroy trespassing dogs, ;m ,| may lav JHHSOII. if notice thereof be exhibited Owner or occupier of ( nclo.-ed land in which sheep or cattle are con- fined may destroy trespassing dogs Unregistered dogs found on pro- perty may be destroyed. Dogs biting or attacking persons or animals or running at large among sheep or cattle may Le destroyed 280 CONSPECTUS OP ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 34. Dogs continued, (vi) Penalties Non-registration, minimum 10s. ; maximum 20s. Dogs attacking persons, mini- mum 20s. f maximum 5 and damages Using dogs "for purposes of draught, first, maximum 40s. ; subsequent, maxi- mum 5 Constable failing to report or neglecting to destroy un- registered dog, minimum 10s. ; maximum 20s. False declaration as to dog, minimum 10s. ; maximum 40s. Registration officer not fur- nishing receipt, 10s. each offence Non-registration of dog, first 5s. to 10s. ; subsequent 10s. to 40s. Council neglecting to carry out Act after complaint by ratepayer, 20 each week Dog without collar 5s. to 40s. Wilfully removing collar, maximum 5 Dog attacking person, cattle, horses, or sheep, maximum 5 35. Ferries. (i) Acts relating to Ferries (ii) Administration, &c. Council may a'cquire powers for construction, mainte- nance, and operation of ferries Boundary ferries to be built, maintained, and managed by united Councils Council to invite tenders for care, control, and working of ferries for period not exceeding five years. No fees or tolls to be charged, except in certain places Council to have management of all public ferries. Council may collect tolls by special order confirmed by Gover- nor, and may farm same for . not more than one year by tender advertised at least 21 days. All tolls to be expended on ferry. Boats not to ply for hire within half-a-mile of ferry Boundary ferries managed as Governor directs Council has exclusive right to ferry within its area, and may make by-laws. Council may lease ferry for not more than fourteen years ; any lease for over three years must be advertised four times during two months Governor decides as to control of boundary ferry (iii) Penalties Obstructing or improperly in- terfering with boat, maxi- mum 50 Other penalties against Ordi- nance, maximum 2 Evasion of toll, maximum 5 Offences by toll collector, minimum, 5 ; maximum 20 36. Fire Sriagdes. (i) Acts relating to Fire Brigades Fire Brigades Act 1909, 1910 Fire Brigades Act 1915 Fire Brigades Act 1881, 1882, 1902 (ii) Administration Board consisting of President, appointed by Governor, and fo'ur Members, ap- pointed one each by subur- ban Municipalities, country Municipalities, insurance companies and volunteer fire brigades, elected for three years Council may acquire power to establish and maintain fire brigades in towns Metropolitan Fire Brigades Board. Three members appointed by Governor, three by Councils, three by insurance companies Country Fire Brigades Board. Three members appointed by -Governor, two by Councils, two by insurance companies, and two by fire brigades Local Committees One member appointed by Council, one by fire brigades, one by insurance companies All elected for two years Boards to consist of Chairman of Council as ex officio mem- ber ; one member nominated by Council, two by Governor, and two by insurance com- panies, annually (iii) Remuneration of Boards Chairman, 300 per annum. Other Members, 600 di- vided among them (iv) Revenue of Boards Estimated cost to be paid by Council not to exceed a rate of id. in the 1 on unimproved rateable value of land. Councils, insur- ance companies, and Go- vernment contribute one- third each Government, Council, and insurance companies con- tribute in equal pro- portions Government, Council, and insurance companies con- tribute in equal proportions Council contribution not less than 2 per cent, nor more than 8 per cent, of general rates. Government and in- surance companies not ex- ceeding 4 per cent.. of same CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 281 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Keeping unregistered dog, mini- mum *.'! : maximum (> Dog at lame without collar and disc, minimum 5s. ; maximum Dog attacking persons, minimum 2 ; maximum 5 Constable not destroying dogs improperly at large, minimum 2 : maximum 5 Illegally removing collar, mini- mum 1' ; maximum 5 Non-registration, minimum 10s. ; maximum -10s. False reaistration, maximum 5 Eemoving disc, maximum 5 Dogs attacking persons, cattle, poultry, ind Pedlars Act 1901 Hawkers and Pedlars Act 1915 Hawkers and Pedlars Act 18J9, , 1852, 1905 Ha>rker.t Licenses Amendment Act 1869 (ii) Powers of Councils Council may make regulations regarding hawking Municipal it u . Council may- exercise powers of regula- tion and licensing of the hawking of goods Council may make by-laws (ft) regulating use of public places by hawkers ; (6) ap- pointing stands for same ; (c) fixing charges for same ; and (d) prescribing rules When a Council has established a market it may by by- laws, prohibit or regulate the hawking or itinerant vending of goods sold in such market during any hours prescribed as market hours (iii) Hawkers Licenses Hawker to find two certifi-* catesof character. 1 icences granted by Justices in Petty Sessions Fee, 1 per annum for hawker on foot ; 2 with pack- horse or vehicle Maximum under Local Go- rernment Act for fish, tcr Board may borrow on debentures at up to 6 per cent., with ap- proval of Governor Board may borrow with consent of Governor To regulate the necessary steps for extinguishing fires, main- taining briirades, salvage corps, &c. charu'e.s for attendance at fires outside district fixed by schedule Volunteer brigades to be regis- tered Board may form b/igades, acquire plant, purchase or lease pro- perty, &c. Governor makes regulations To establish and maintain an efficient fire brigade, provide engines, officers, A-C., make regulations, with maximum penalty 5 Volunteer brigades may be regis- tered Schedule of fees for attending fires on uninsured premises This Act applies to proclaimed Municipalities and Districts Municipal and Road Districts pro- claimed Fire Districts Governor may proclaim an area within three miles of principal Post Office a Fire District Council may petition Governor to proclaim a Board MttnicijHiU'.i/. Council may pro- cure engines, organize brigades, fix alarms. Ac., may increase rates for fire brigade purposes Councils act as local Committees Council may contribute to Board either out of municipal fund or special rate Council may make by-laws for the prevention and extinguish- ing of fires I nsurance company neglecting to furnish return, minimum 5 ; maximum 10 per day. Making false statement, maximum 100. Failing to permit in- spection of books, maximum 5 Obstructing, vc., brigade, mini- mum 2 ; maximum 50 or six months' imprisonment with or without hard labour Regulations may not impose a greater penalty than 20 Insurance company making default in transmitting return, or fur- nishing incorrect or incomplete return, maximum 5 per day during which it is in default Failing to pay contribution within 30 days, 5 per day \ A/n Hiring or lending licence, 40 i'i-ii>(ttit>f. Failing to oII;\I.IA. WKSTKKV Ai STIIAUA. TASMANIA. Occupier or owner ol enclosed land may destroy goaN (ex- cept Angora), pig-, dogs, and [loulfry. except by poison, provided that notice of inten- tion is sjiven twice in news- paper Owner may kill dogs, ?>igs, goats, rabbit^, poultry, or pigeons found trespassing, and may castrate any entire horse, ass, or bull over one year of age it' unbranded. under \\'il \nitnir<' Aft 171. licences granted for killing unbranded wild cattle and horses, annual fee 2 Di-ra-rd, injured, and disabled animals ma\ be destroyed Animals not 'sold may be de- stroyed After seven days' notice to owner, or lil days in . J.P. to make order. Sales not less than ten or 24 days respectively after order. Tm- pounder, poundkeeper, .T.P. who made order, Councillor, or Council Clerk may not . purchase After seven days' impounding J.P. makes order for sale. Poundkeeper and impounder may not purchase Sale by auction after 24 hours in Town, or six days in other parts, when notice has been given to owner, or six days and fourteen days respectively when notice has been adver- tised Poundkeeper may not purchase After two years passes to Council or Treasury Passes to public revenue if not claimed within one year Passes to public revenue if not claimed within twelve months Fees, from 2d. for a sheep to 2s. fid. for an entire, per dav Trespass, |d. to 5s., accordirig to animal and nature of crop Sustenance, Ud. to 9d. per head per day Sustenance fees fixed by Justices Trespass fees. Any land, entire, in day-time, minimum 2, maxi- mum 4 ; in night-time, mini- mum 3, maximum 5. Un- enclosed Country land, great cattle 3d. ; small, Id. per head. Enclosed land, maximum 2 ; streets, maximum 2. Un- branded great cattle, double Poundage fees. Sheep, d. to 2d. ; cattle, 2d. to 6d. ; entires, 2s. 6d. : mares, goats, pigs, Is. Sustenance fees. Cattle and horses, Is. ; pigs, 6d. ; sheep and goats, Id. per day Unlawfully impounding, maxi- mum 10 > T ot keeping pound clean, or animals fed and watered, maximum 5 Rescue from pound, minimum 4 .'."> or in default from fourteen days to three months' im- prisonment witli hard labour Illegallv purchasing. vr> Hull straying, maximum 2 : stallion straying, maximum 5 Penalties not to exceed 5 Damages on enclosed country land, maximum 30 ; on enclosed town or suburban land, maxi- mum k .'.">s., maximum fit.) Wild Dogs Act 1912, 1914 Vermin Act 1914, 1915, 1916 Sparrow Destruction Act 1889 De*truHii-<> lih-'fx and Animals Act 1893 linhhit Act 1902 Vermin Boards Act 1909, 1915 I Rabbit Destruction Act 1S89, 1893 Wire Netting Act 1910 C.7099. 10 290 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. XEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 43. Noxious Animals and Birds continued . (ii) Animals or Birds proclaimed to be noxious Marsupials, native dogs, and animals proclaimed by Governor on petition from Board of District Governor may proclaim any District to be rabbit- infested Rabbits, foxes, dingoes, dogs run wild, and any animal or bird proclaimed by Governor to be vermin Rabbit Act. Rabbit > Marsupial-proof Fencing Act. Wallaby, kangaroo, walla- roo, paddamelou, bandicoot, kangaroo rat, and dingo Marsupial Boards Act. Dingo, fox, wallaby, paddamelon, bandicoot, and kangaroo rat (iii) Powers of Councils Council may acquire powers under Native Dog Destruc- tion and Poisoned Baits Act 1902, may declare noxious animals not under Pastures Protection Act 1912, extir- pate same on land vested in it, and require owners or occupiers to extirpate on their property Shire may borrow money from Government for pur- chase of vermin-proof fencing on petition from owners Council to pay rewards for destruction of vermin within its boundaries. Council may purchase net- ting on terms from Minister and sell to owners of land Council may contract for or undertake destruction of noxious animals (iv) Districts and Boards Pastures Protection Districts notified by Governor. Board for each District to consist of eight members, elected by Ratepayers of District Special Area is whole or part of Shire for the benefit of which a loan is applied for netting . Marsupial-proof Fencing Act. Governor defines infested areas Marsupial Boards Act. Governor proclaims Dis- tricts. Board of five mem- bers, one appointed by Governor, four elected by resident owners or managers of stations for two years Rabbit Act. Central Board and District Boards consti- tuted, to erect rabbit-proof fencing and destroy rabbits (v) Revenue of Boards, -t. Rabbits, wild dogs, foxes, and other proclaimed animals Destructive Birds and Animals Act. Sparrows and other birds and animals proclaimed by Governor Rabbit Act. Rabbits Vermin Ad. Rabbits, wild dogs, and other animals declared by Governor Rabbits Council to enforce destruction of vermin and may borrow money tor purchase of wire netting Council to suppress and destroy sparrows and make by-laws ; in default, Commissioner of frown Lands takes action District. Council may apply ordinary revenue to destruction of vermin, except in Vermin Districts under the Vermin Act Council to take measures to destroy rabbits under Rabbit Destruction Act. Council may purchase wire netting under Wire Netting Act, and advance same to owners Sparrow Destruction Act. Governor may declare any District a Sparrow District Vermin Act. Council may de- clare Crown lands to be vermin infested Government proclaims vermin- infested Districts ; and ap- points members of first Board, who are afterwards elected by Ratepayers Wild Dogs Act. Fund consti- tuted of rates, subsidies, and advances Vermin Act. Governor consti- tutes Districts with Boards, elected by Ratepayers. Board to erect and maintain fences and destroy vermin Governor on report of Inspector declares infested District. A Municipal District is a District under the Act Sparrow Destruction Act. Coun- cil may make rate not exceed- ing 2d., or with consent of Ratepayers, Gd. in the 1 Wild Dogs Act. Rate, 3d. per square mile within vermin- infested Districts or land sur- rounded by a vermin fence, up to Is. on other land; minimum, 5s. Occupier of less than 3 square miles exempt. Subsidy 1 for 1 up to 2,100 in a year. Treasury loans up to 2,000 at 4 per cent. Vermin Act. Council or Board may collect rates. Rates by Board not to exceed 5s. for each quarter of a square mile Vermin Act. Board may make a rate not exceeding Is. per 100 acres, and may borrow from Treasury Council may levy a special rate Sparrow Destruction Act. Coun- cil appoints Inspectors, who may destroy sparrows' eggs if occupier fails to do so Vermin Act. Commissioner of Crown Lands appoints In- spectors Rabbit Act. Governor appoints Inspectors Vermin Act. Governor appoints Inspectors Governor appoints Chief In- spector ; Council appoints other Inspectors Sparrow Destruction Act. Any person may destroy sparrows. Occupier to destroy sparrows' eggs within 21 days after notice Vermin Act. Occupiers and owners to destroy vermin. Simultaneous action may be ordered Vermin. Owner, on receipt of notice, to destroy vermin Rabbits. Occupier or owner to destroy rabbits Destructive Birds. Not to be im- ported, kept, or set free. Any person may destroy Owner to take measures to destroy within seven days of notice Occupier may recover from two- fifths to four-fifths of cost from owner, according to length of tenancy ; pastoral Crown tenant one-half Sparrows. Rewards may be paid Wild Dogs. Rewards fixed by Treasurer, but not less than 5s. Rabbit Act. No bonus for destruction of rabbits may be offered or paid without licence from Minister Vermin Act. Board may grant bonuses 10 292 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 43. Noxious Animals and Birds continued, (ix) Fencing Government may advance netting or money therefor to Board, repayable over twenty years with 5 per cent, interest. Board may sell netting to private owners on same terms. Board may erect rabbit- prooi barrier fence Money borrowed for fencing to be repaid within ten year? without interest from municipal fund or from owner, who repays annually one-tenth of loan from Council with 4 per cent, interest Governor may supply occupier or owner with wire netting, &c., to be paid for in equal instalments up to 25 years with interest (x) Penalties Wilfully using or disposing of netting, maximum 50. Owner" or occupier failing to destroy first, maximum 10 ; second, maximum 25 ; subsequent offence, maximum 50. Imper- sonating Inspector, maxi- mum six months' im- prisonment with or without hard labour or 100. Ob- structing Inspector, maxi- mum 20. Passing live rab- bit through fence, leavhm gate ripen, injuring fence. c*ti-nrtion Act. Penal- Tie-; under by-laws not to ex- ceed 2. 1'ersonating Inspector, maximum 20 or three months. Obstructing Inspector, maxi- mum 5 or one month. Letting loose sparrows. maximum 10 or three months with or without hard labour Vernt'n Act. Destroying fence, leaving gate open, maximum 20 or six months with or without hard labour. Im- personating officer, maximum twelve months with or without hard labour, and minimum 20, maximum 100. Obstructing officer, maximum 20. Letting vermin loose, maximum 100 or six months with or without hard labour Rabbit Act. Failure to destroy first offence, maximum 10 ; subsequent, 50. Impersonat- ing Inspector, maximum six months or 100. Obstructing Inspector, maximum 20. Leaving gate open, destroying fence, &c., maximum six months or 100, or both. Liberating or keeping rabbits, maximum 100. Offering rewards or selling dead rabbits west of fence without licence, maximum 50. Vermin Boards Ant. Destroying fence, minimum 20, maxi- mum 100. Leaving gate open, maximum 100. Ob- structing Inspector, maximum 50 Destructive Birds and Animals Act. Breach of Act, first, maximum 50 : subsequent, maximum 100 Babbits. Obstructing Inspector or setting rabbits at large, minimum 5, maximum 20. Failing to destroy rabbits, minimum 2, maximum 25 Netting. Using netting not for purposes of advance, maximum 100 or six months' imprison- ment Vine, Fruit and Vegetable Protec- tion Act 1885 Plant Diseases Act 1914 San Jose Scale Act 1915 Veqetation Diseases Act 1898 Codlin Moth Act 1888, 1891, 1900, 1912 Phylloxera mstatrix, Carpocapsa pomonella or codlin moth. .-!*- pidiotux aurantii or round orange scale insect, Doryphorm dectmlineata or Colorado beetle. Any insect proclaimed by Governor Any parasite which commonly attacks or is found on plants Codlin moth, San Jose- scale. Any insect proclaimed by Governor. Importation of plants liable to introduce disease prohibited Commissioner of Crown Lands Governor may make regulations, appoint ports of entry, quaran- tine grounds, &c. Every Municipality may be pro- claimed to be a Fruit District Moneys appropriated by Parlia- ment Where owner liable, expense a charge on the land Tax 'eviable of 6s. per acre of fruit-bearing and 3s. non- fruit-bearing land ; if insuf- ficient, Governor may autho- rize addition up to 4s. per acre on every orchard. Levy not exceeding 6d. per acre made towards paying salaries Inspectors appointed by Com- missioner of Crown Lands Governor appoints Inspectors and .Minister temporary Inspectors Inspectors appointed by Muni- cipality or Governor Inspector may direct occupier to eradicate or destroy noxious insects Occupier of orchard to give notice of disease, must eradicate when called upon, must destroy prun- ings within fourteen days To give notice of infected trees to Inspector. Occupier to send annual return of fruit- bearing and non-fruit-bearing acreage by 1st September Introducing prohibited insects, minimum 5, maximum 100 or six months' imprisonment Not eradicating pest, minimum 5, maximum 100. Not destroy- ing prunings, minimum 10s., maximum 10. Selling diseased fruit, A r c., minimum 5, maxi- mum 100 Not sending in returns, maximum 5. Not giving notice of in- fection, maximum 10. Ob- structing Inspector or selling infected fruit, minimum 10s., maximum 5 Offences against Vegetation Di- seases Act, maximum 10 294 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. "45. Noxious Plants. (i) JActs relating to Noxious Plants Prickly Pear Destruction Act 1901 Thistles Act 1915 Pnekly Pear Destruction Act. 1912 (ii) Plants proclaimed to be noxious Prickly Pear. Plants declared by Council to be noxious Bathurst burr, Canadian thistle, and other plants mentioned in Act or de- clared to be Thistles by Governor Prickly Pear Weeds declared noxious by Minister to be notified in Gazette Council may by by-law declare a plant to be noxious (iii) Powers and Duties of Council Council may acquire powers to declare plants noxious and extirpate on land vested in it, and cause owners to extirpate Council administers Prickly Pear Destruction Act Municipal officer may require owner to eradicate noxious plants, and, in default, may do so at owner's expense Council may extirpate on un- occupied Crown land, public reserve, private land or road, and may remove weeds, refuse, &c., from water-courses (iv) Duties^of Occupiers Occupier to take steps to eradicate within one month of receipt of notice, landlord and tenant each pay half cost, unless other arrange- ment made Inspector may eradicate at owner's or occupier's ex- pense. If owner or occupier absent from New South Wales Minister may let land after twelve months for not more than 21 years Occupier to eradicate and keep clear for six months on notice from Justice or municipal officer. In de- fault Authorities to do so at occupier's expense Owner to extirpate within one month of notice. In default Council extirpates at owner's expense. Owner of land fronting non-tidal water- course, to keep banks and water-course to centre free of noxious weeds, at direction of Minister (v) Crown Lands Minister may eradicate or lease in areas not exceeding 640 acres for 21 years con- ditionally on lessee eradi- cating Council may, with permission, destroy noxious weeds on Crown lands Notice to be left in Melbourne at the office of the Board of Land and Works. Board to eradicate Treasurer liable for cost of extirpation Minister may agree with per- sons for the eradication on unleased heavily-infested Crown lands under a land grant system, or may lease at nominal rent for 50 years, lessee to destroy prickly pear (vi) Penalties Neglecting to eradicate noxious weeds, minimum 5 ; maximum 20 Other offences against Act, maximum 20 Refusal to permit inspection, maximum 5 Not destroying noxious weeds within fourteen days first offence, maximum 5 ; sub- sequent, minimum 2, maximum 20 Not destroying noxious weeds, minimum 5, maximum 50 Person in occupation of land on which water hyacinth is found, maximum 50 Owner and occupier of land on which prickly pear is found after order to destroy, - minimum 5, maximum 50 46. Noxious Trades. (i) Acts relating to Noxious Trades Noxious Trades Act 1902 Health Act 1915 Health (Consolidated) Act 1900-1911 (ii) Trades proclaimed to be noxious Those declared by Governor to be noxious Abattoirs, bone mills or bone manure depots, fell- mongeries, tanneries, fish curing, glue, manures, marine stores, piggeries, storing, drying or preserv- ing bones, hides, hoofs, or skins, soap or candle works, boiling down, &c. (iii) Noxious Trade Areas The Act to have effect in the county of Cumberland, and such other parts of the State as the Governor, on the recommendation of the Board of Health, may pro- claim Council to register noxious trades establishments, maximum fee 5. Council may refuse registration Council may make by-laws defining areas for noxious trades CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. <;o\KRNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 295 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Thistle ami Hun- Act 1862, 1887 It Aft 1891 Noxiou* Weeds Act 1904 Californian Thistle Act 1883, 1884, 1887 star thistle, I'.athurst burr, and any weed declared by resolu- tion of Parliament to be ooxknu Plants declared by Minister by notice in Gazette Calit'ornian thistle, Bathurst burr Council to destroy noxious plants on roads or lands under its control Commissioner of Crown Lands to call on Council to exercise its powers of eradication within :iO days of noxious weeds growing on any land within its jurisdiction Council to clear land under its control of noxious weeds, and apply ordinary revenue for the purpose Council to eradicate noxious weeds on roads Council to cause all thistles growing on roads to be cut down before blossoming ; in default, Inspector does so at Council's expense Occupier or owner to eradicate from land and half of road within 21 days after notice, in default Council may do so at his expense Inspector may require owner to clear land of noxious weeds, in default he may do so at owner's expense Occupier bears whole expense if he has right to land for six years, if for four to six years two- thirds, if for two to four years one-third, and if for two years or under owner bears expense Occupier to clear land within fourteen days of notice from Inspector, in default Inspector does so at occupier's expense. Occupier to make an annual return of area of infested land Crown land to be cleared by Commissioner of Crown Lands at Government expense if not under management of Council Crown land within one mile of culti- vated land to be cleared by Government Minister to cause thistles to be cut down before blossoming on unoccupied Crown lands -Vot eradicating within 21 days, maximum 10 Occupier not clearing land, maxi- mum 50 Obstructing Inspector, maximum 50 2fot effectually cutting down noxious weeds, maximum 20 Obstructing Inspector, maximum 20 Removing or selling hay, straw, or grain containing thistle seed, minimum 2, maximum 25 .Vo/.s?/ Trades Act 189* Health Act 1898, 1909, 1916 Manufacturing Districts Act 1881, 1882 llpiilth Act 1911, 1912, 1915 Health Act 1903 Those carried on in (a) candle houses, melting houses, soap houses, fellmongeries, tan- neries, slaughter houses, or places for boiling meat, offal, or blood, or for boiling, burn- ing, orcrushing bones ; (ft) those causing offensive effluvia ; (c) those where lead or other poisoning may be caused ; (d) those declared by pro- clamation Abattoirs, bone mills, manure depots, chemical works, cleaning and dye works, fat rendering establishments, fellmongeries, tanneries, or wool scouring, fish curing, fish shops, flock, glue factories, laundries, manure works, marine stores, piggeries, storing bone, drying hides,' hoofs or skins, soap or candle works, tripe boiling, boiling-down estab- lishments, &c. Blood or offal boiling and treat- ing, bone boiling or crushing, candle making, chemical or acid making, copper or lead smelting, fellmongering, slaugh- tering, soap boiling, tallow melting, tanning, gut scraping, gut spinning, glue making, manure manufacturing, &c. Soisy Trades Act. Council may petition Governor to proclaim noisy trades, and may make by-laws licensing same Manufacturing Districts Act. On petition of resident house- holders, Governor establishes and defines areas and may exempt therefrom Health and other Acts Governor, on advice of Chief Health Officer, may proclaim noxious trades areas Council may license persons to carry on noisy trade within 200 yards of dwelling-house i 296 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 46. Noxious Trades continued. (iv) Powers of Councils Council to register annually noxious trades, and report to Board of Health. May refuse or cancel registration", and may require owner to keep premises in sanitary condition. Inspection of premises at least once a month Council may cause removal of noxious trade, if oH'onsive. and may compensate owner. Resolution to be adopted by special order and confirmed by majority of Councillors Consent of Council necessary before establishing noxloua trade (v) Penalties Carrying on trade without registration, maximum 5 per day Breach of regulations or con- travention of Act. maximum 20 Carrying on noxious trade without consent, minimum 5, maximum 50 ; and minimum 2, maximum 5 per day KsTa Wishing noxious trade without consent of Council, maximum 50 and 2 per day 47. Places of Recreation. (i) Acts relating to Places of llecrea- tion Public Park* Act 1912 State Forests and \titioimf Parks Act 1906 (ii) Administration Public Parks are under Trustees Municipality and Shire may acquire power to manage parks, &c. Council may acquire powers to establish parks, recrea- tion grounds, ml. 297 SOt'TII Al-IKAI.IA. WKSTKRN AVSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Council's con-cut necessary lie- ion- romnici,ciiiar\ before establishing noxious t rade Offensive trades to be registered, fee not to exceed 5 per annum Council may, and if required by Health Commissioner must, mako by-laws Noxious trades establishment to lie registered annually in Janu- ary, fee 20s. per annum Keeping offensive refuse, 20 Keeping pigs within 50 feet of house or street, 10 Commencing or extending offen- sive trade without consent of Council, 50 Establishment of noxious trade without consent of Council, maximum 50 ; carrying on same, maximum 5 per day Establishing noxious trade in breach of Act, maximum 50 Carrying on in breach of Act, maximum 5 per day Not registering establishment, maximum 2 per day PfM l.ibrurl,-* Art 1898 OnMMMfltaJ Grounds Act 1881 \'iti(,,iiil l'l<"ixniT Itcxartx AH 1914 A///.-* mid Hewn en Act 1895 J'uMir Libraries Act 1867 Public /if creation Grounds Act 1888, 1889, 1910 Minister has control of parks, *c., under the Sutioixil Pleasure Resorts Art Council has control of other parks Council may make by-laws, with penalties not exceeding 10, may charge fees, and let part of grounds for not exceeding 21 years Parks and reserves vested in the Crown are controlled by Board appointed by Governor, which may make by-laws J/?//t/Ji.y. Council may im- prove park lands, reserves, &c. District. Governor may place reserves, parks, and recreation grounds under control of Coun- cil, except those managed by- Board of Parks and Reserves Grounds not under control of Council managed by seven Trustees ; three appointed by Governor, one retiring an- nually, and four by electors, two retiring annually Council, with consent of Rate- payers, may establish free libraries, borrow, declare rate, make rules, CYC. Council may lease parks in blocks not exceeding 10 acres tor sport for 21 years after resolution by Ratepayers Council may grant licences to depasture on public parks, and in District to cut timber, quarry. Ac. Municipality. Council may pro- vide museums and libraries, and improve same and recreation grounds out of ordinary revenue District. Council may maintain agricultural halls. libraries, and reading-rooms vested therein Council, by special resolution, may purchase or rent land within 10 miles of chief Post Office for pleasure grounds, libraries, Xrc., and may apply part of rates for public libraries I'ublic Recreation Grounds Act. Council may, with consent of Governor, lease portion not exceeding one-third of parks for 21 years for recreation pur- pOtM Public Libraries Act. Council may apply part of rates towards formation and maintenance of public libraries ///////, Art 1898, 1909, 1916 Food and Drutj* AH, 1908 lli'iillh Art 1011, 1912, 191 T. Hrnllh AH 1903 Food and Druys Act 1910 Every Council is a local Hoard <>f Health for its District, and must appoint an officer of health, and administer the Act Local Boards may unite to form County District No consumptive or infectious hospital to he established without notice to Council. which may petition Governor Each Municipal District is a Health District. Governor mav constitute a Road Board, a Health Board, or appoint a Local Board of Health Dixtrict. Council may subsidize nurs'ng systems and hospitals Governor may declare any Coun- cil to be Local Authority under ih'nin, Act 1'ndcr Food and Drutj* AH Council mav. and, if required by Chief Health Officer, must appoint inspector of food and drugs Health Act 1898, 1909, 1916 (.!s of Public Entertainment Act 1913 Health Act 1911. 1912, 1915 Places of Public Entertainment Act 1917 Theatres, &c., to be licensed by Minister. Fees, from 2 to 10 per annum, according to ac- commodation ; if property of Council or Institute, fees re- duced to one-fifth Governor may make regulations Notice of intention to build to be given to Health Commissioner To be or/en to inspection by any Officer of Health or Council Council may license Governor may make regulations Minister may, and Council must, appoint Inspectors. Approval of Chief Health Officer required before building. Licence-fee, maximum 4 Same as theatres, &c. Municipality. Dancing saloon may be registered on applica- tion from twenty householders resident in immediate neigh- bourhood Council may make by-laws, licensing, regulating, and in- specting dancing saloons Holding entertainment on un- licensed premises or on Sunday, maximum 100 per day. Let- ting unlicensed premises, maxi- mum 50. Overcrowding, maximum 50 Municipality. Keeping, &c., un- registered dan.-ing ?aloon, mini- mum 5, maximum 20 or three months' imprisonment Opening without approval of Board, maximum 100 and 10 per day. Overcrowding, maxi- mum, 100 Opening theatre without ap- proval of Chief Health Officer, maximum 100 and 10 per day. Public entertainment in xmlicensed places, maximum 100 per day. Allowing same, maximum 50. Overcrowding, maximum 50. Selling tickets after warning from Inspector, maximum 10. Obstructing gangway, minimum 5, maxi- mum 20 General Tramways Act 1884. (This Act applies to every tramway undertaking autho- rized by a Special Act, except the Municipal Tramways Trust Act 1906.) Tramways Act 1885, 1903, 1904 Local Government (Tramways) Act 1907, 1911 300 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 5 1 . Tramways contd . (ii) Petition for Tram- way Ratepayers holding one-third of votes may petition Conn- oil . Petition to be published in Gazette, and three times in newspaper. Ratepayers with twenty votes may within one month demand poll. Consent of Governor required (iii)' Construction of Tramway Council to obtain Order to construct tramways, which are deemed " permanent works." Council may dele- gate powers under such Order, but must obtain consent of Ratepayers, if demanded Council may compulsorily acquire tramways after four- teen years or 25 years where mechanical power is used Council may construct tram- way under Tramicai/x Art Council may enter land after fourteen days' notice, com- pensating owner Company must o'fer to sell tramway to Council before selling elsewhere (iv) Loans for Tram- way Shires may borrow at 4 per cent, for 30 years from Country Tramways Trust Fund. No sum to exceed 2,000 per mile Either by debentures or from Treasurer. In latter rase, limit 5,000 per mile, re- payment of principal and interest accumulates for three years, payable there- after half-yearly (v) Tramway Rates (Store. Council may levy Tramway rate, on petition from one-third of Rate- payers affected Council to have rateable land in area valued, including betterment. Fresh valua- tion to be made every live years (vi) Miscellaneous Pro- visions Council, with consent of Governor, may authorize private tramway, but not for carriage of goods or passengers for hire Gauge, 3 ft. 6 in., or as Go- vernor prescribes. Kails. iron or steel, not less than 10 Ibs. to yard. Maximum speed. 20 miles per hour. Junction with railway at Government expense. Ma- terials for tramway to be carried at half rates on Government railways Council may, with consent of Governor, authorize persons to construct and work light tramways for agricultural purposes 52. Vehicles. (i) Acts relating to Vehicles Stage Carriages Act 1899, 1903 Carriages A"t 1915 Traffic Act 1905, 1910, 1916 (ii) Powers of Councils Council may acquire power to regulate and license public vehicles. >'/"?."' Carriages Act not to apply in such cases Hackney Carriages and Muni- cipal Stage Carriages regu- lated by by-laws made by Council. Stage Carriages regulated by Can-i'ti/cx -l<'t Council may make by-laws in Districts "not under Traffic Act (iii) Licensing Vehicles Vehicles and drivers to be licensed by Council, which fixes fees. Driver must not be under sixteen years of age. Vehicles, harness, and animals to be inspected annually. Council may fix fares Hackney carriages licensed by Council ; maximum fees Melbourne and Gee- long, 3 : other Councils, 1 per annum. Municipal stage carriages licensed by Council, maximum fee 2 per annum. Stage carriages licensed by two or more J.'sP., fee 5s. per annum Council or Commissioner of Police may make by-laws regarding licensing of ve- hicles for hire in Districts not under Traffic Act Maximum fees Omnibus, f! cal), fl 10s. ; van. dray, or waggon, 10s. per annum Maximum lee for driver, "is per annum (iv) Lighting Vehicles Vehicles to carry lights on each side from sunset to sunrise Council or Commissioner of Police may make by-laws requiring vehicles to carry liirlited lamps at night Vehicles to carry lights from sunset to sunrise CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 301 GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. \v K STERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Fifty owners of rateable land may petition Council to take poll for survey, two-thirds majority of votes neces^u-y. Owners of one-third votes may require Council to apply to Governor for a loan. Owners of 50 votes may demand poll, two-thirds majority necessary Council or other persons may obtain Provisional Order for Tramway. Special meeting of Council, after one month's notice, to be held ; two-thirds of Councillors to be present. Consent of Parliament to be obtained. Council may lease for 21 years, and subsequently for periods of nineteen years Council or Joint Council to construct and control tram- ways Bonds Act. Council may, with consent of Governor, authorize tramway along or across any road Municipality. Council may borrow for the construction or / purchase of tramways Loan from Government not to exceed 3,000 per mile ; no interest charged for first three years ' ' Council may compound for rates with promoters Tramway rate to be sufficient for interest and sinking fund, to be levied on capita! values Government may purchase tram- ways after fourteen years or any period of seven years thereafter, price to be fixed by arbitration Gauge as per specification, other- wise 3 ft. 6 in. Speed subject to Special Act. Council may make by-laws and may license drivers fee not to exceed Is. Pro- moters of tramway to main- tain road within 18 inches of rails District. Council may. with con- sent of Minister, construct or authorize tramway and permit use from year to year Connexion with railway at ex- pense of Council. Maximum speed on road, in Town 9 miles, not in town 12 miles ; at road crossing, 5 and 4 miles ; on other parts, 20 miles per hour. Tramway materials carried at half rates on Govern- ment railways Licensed Conveyances Act 1853, 1854 LiiiM* o \'rhirltK Art 1872, 1876, 1903 Width of Tires Act 1867, 1868 Cart and Carriage Licensing Act 1876 Width oj Tires Act 1895 Police Act 1905 Width of Tires Act 1913 Council mav make bv-laws under Width of Tires Act Council may fix stands for licensed vehicles, and mav make by-laws for regulating and licensing vehicles for hire, Ac. Council may make by-laws and mav examine axle-arms and tires under Width of Tires Act. Council authorized to grant licences, and examine carts and carriages M uniriinilitii. Council may fix stands for licensed vehicles Council's officers authorized to measure wheels under Width of Tiffs A'-t. Council mav fix stands for licensed vehicles Vehicles plying for hire to be licensed l>y police. Speed not to exceed 9 miles per hour. Licence-, for six months with one horse, 10s. : with two . horses, 15s. ; with three or more horr sunset to half-hour before sunrise within City of Adelaide and 50 mile- radius thereof, and within anv corporate Town or proclaimed Township Vehicles to carry lights from -tiiiM't to sunrise All vehicles to carry lighted lamps from half hour after sunset to half hour before sunrise 302 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 52. Vehicles continued, (v) Width of Tires i Applicable after proclama- tion. Two-wheeled ve- hicle 4 cwt., four-wheeled 4i cwt. for each half-inch width of tire, including weight of vehicle. Weight of vehicle to be painted on Council may make by-laws regarding the width of tires of wheels of vehicles used in the area (vi) Penalties Not to exceed 5 for breach of Ordinance Excess weight, maximum 40s. per cwt. Refusal to allow weighing, maximum 10. Unauthorized person mea- suring wheels, maximum 10. Neglecting to have weight painted on, maxi- mum 2 Placing distinguishing mimber on unlicensed vehicle, allow- ing other than servant of owner to drive, or being unlawfully in possession of licence, maximum 20. Allowing person without knowledge of English to work on tramway or omni- bus belonging to Council, 1 per day for each person 53. Water Supply. (i) Acts relating to Water Supply Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Act 1880 (applies to Sydney and Suburbs only) "Hunter River Water Supply and Sewerage Act (applies to Newcastle and District) Country Towns Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1890 Water Act 1915 Water Authorities Act 1891 Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Act 1909, 1915 (applies to Brisbane and Suburbs only) (ii) Water Boards and Areas Works constructed by Govern- ment and when completed handed over to Council Council to manage works, levy rate, &c. Council applies to Minister who appoints Waterworks Trust to construct and maintain waterworks. Dis- tricts to be defined. Com- missioners of Trust elected by Council and ratepayers. Trust may levy rates and charges Governor may constitute a Council a local governing body to construct and maintain waterworks Governor constitutes W^ater Areas and appoints Boards, with power to construct and control waterworks, and make and levy water rate, or may sell water by measure Water Authority may borrow money from Treasury (iii) Powers of Councils Council may acquire powers to provide water for Vil- lages and Towns not sup- plied by Metropolitan Board of Water Supply and Sewerage with or with- out reticulation Council may construct, man- age, and control water- works with consent of Governor, and make water rate All waterworks for gratuitous supply of water to be main- tained by Council. Council may make and maintain dams, tanks, and reservoirs. Council may contract for water supply for period not exceeding ten years If water area is co-extensive with the area under the control of a Council, the Council is constituted the Water Authority 54. Wharves and Jetties. (i) Acts relating to Wharves and Jetties Wharfage and Tonnage Rates Act 1902 (ii) Powers of Councils Council to have control and management of wharves, &c., which are vested in them under section 3 of the Wharfage and Tonnage Rates Act Council may exercise powers for the construction and maintenance of wharves, &c. Wheie wharves, &c., vested in Council, it may levy tolls, &c. Council may let wharves and jetties for ten years, or, with consent of Governor, up to 21 years, Council may let frontage of road abutting on river for period not exceeding 21 years CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. GOVERNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 303 SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRAI.I \. TASMANIA. Limit, 1) c\vt. for each inch of width of HIV. Name of owner and weight of vehicle to be painted on vehicles, except private passenger vehicles No waggon, cart. AT., to be built, imported, or driven, unless when the diameter of the axle arm is 2 inches, the width of tire is :> inches ; or axle 2J inches, tire 3 inches ; axle 2 inches, tire 4 inches : axle 2-f inches, tire. 4 inches ; axle 3 inches, tire 5 Inches. Diameter of axle arms to be painted on vehicle Limit, 3J cwt. for each inch of tire. Governor may reduce weight or declare weight by measurement Carrying greater number than licensed, minimum 2, maxi- mum 10 or maximum two months' imprisonment. Ply- ing for hire without licence, maximum 5 or 30 days' im- prisonment. Driving at ex- cessive speed, maximum 10 or one month. Excess weight, Is. per cwt. Not having name and weight painted, minimum 5s., maximum 5, per day. Refusal to allow weighing, m illinium 2, maximum 10 Vehicle not carrying lights, maximum 2 Failing to take out licence, maxi- mum 10. Using vehicle for hire with name, Ac., painted and without licence, maximum 10 in addition. Not having name, &c., painted on vehicle for hire or cart, maximum 2. Not having diameter of axle painted on vehicle, minimum 5s., maximum 5. Carrying excess weight, maximum 5. Using tires not of prescribed width, maximum 5 Excess weight, maximum 2 per cwt. Refusal to allow weigh- ing or unauthorized person weighing, maximum 10. Un- lighted vehicles, maximum 2. Keeping or using unlicensed vehicle, maximum 20. Not having name. &c., painted on vehicle, maximum 5 Waterworks Act 1882, 1888 Metropolitan Water Supply, Sewer- age, and Drainage Act 1909 (applies only to districts of Perth, Fremantle, Claremont, and Guildford) i Water Boards Act 1904 Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Act 1912, 1913 Various local Acts Water Districts are proclaimed and placed under the control of the Commissioner of Water- works Rates may be struck Water Boards Act. Governor constitutes Water Districts and appoints Boards, constituted by election or appointment, which may construct and control waterworks, make rates, &c. Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Act. Government De- partment created* to have charge of constructing works until vested in Board On petition of Council, Water District may be constituted under control of Council or joint Council Commissioner may, with consent of Governor, lease waterworks to any Council except those within the Water District of Adelaide Municipality. Council may re- serve water-courses, and con- struct dams, reservoirs, Arc., but not at cost of more than 500 without consent of Governor : may contract with owner of waterworks for three years, or longer with approval of rate- payers, and with same approval may purchase waterworks District. Council may construct and maintain tanks, wells, dams and reservoirs, and may bore for water Council may borrow, levy special loan or water district rate, fix charges and maximum supply ; may, with sanction of Gover- nor, contract for supply of surplus water for one year, and may agree with owner of land for supply of water for fourteen years Harbours Act 1913 Jetties Regulation Act 1878, 1912 Mmiiic Boards Act 1889 Council may build and let landing places, boathouses, &c. Council may lease ends of streets for wharves for not exceeding 21 years Municipality. Council may make maintain, &c., wharves and jetties ; may lease ends of streets for wharves for period not ex- ceeding 30 years District. Governor may place public jetties under control of Council. Council may con- struct and maintain jetties Council may construct and main- tain wharves, jetties, and em- bankments, and make by-laws regulating same 304 CONSPECTUS OF ACTS. 2. CONSPECTUS OF ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL PARTICULARS. XK\V ^OUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 54. Wharre* and Jetties continued . (Hi) Construction. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Wharves, jetties. ,v,-.. within tho limits of ,-i harbour may be. ;ic jiiired by Governor, and those previously vested in a Council are vested in the Harbour Board Governor may make r(v- r ulation> Concerning jetties, wharves, VKRNMENT NOW IN FORCE IN AUSTRALIA continued. 307 SOUTH ArsTKAi.iA. \VI.;. LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN AUSTRALIA (EXCLUDING AMENDING ACTS). 309 >i in AISI-KU.I \. IT.KX AUSTRALIA. TASMANIA. Pure W r ater for Hobart Town .. .. .Mau-igement of Roads and Streets Police Towns Improvement Municipal Corporations Roads Great Eastern Road Towns Improvement Roads and Streets Ratepayers in Towns Alignment of Strn-ts Hobart Town Commissioners Roads Hobart to Launceston Main Road Cross and Bye Roads .. Hobart Town Water Main Roads Municipal Corporations Towns Improvement Building Cross and Bye Roads Main Roads District Councils Hobart Town and Launceston Municipal Councils Launceston Water Supply Launceston Building Launceston Building Hobart Town Rivulet Improvement Water Supply and Drainage for Adelai.tr ' Hobart Town and Launceston Police Hobart Town and Launceston Powers Hobart Town Corporation. Hobart Town Improvement Property Valuation Marine Boards District Councils Adelaide Waterworks City of Perth Improvement Rural Municipalities Hobart Town Building Launceston Corporation Launceston Improvement Rates Collection and Recovery Hobart Town Water Cross and Bye Roads Hobart Town Water Municipal Corporations Fire Brigades ... Rates Relief Waste Lands Roads Rural Municipalities Police Fire Brigades Rural Police Rate I/x-,.1 Public Works Launceston Paving 3lO CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ACTS. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL YEAR. NEW SOUTH WALES. VlCTOKfA. QUEENSLAND. 1870 1871 1872 1874 Local Government .. 1875 Rockhamptou Wate r works 1876 Melbourne Harbour Trust Fire Brigades 1877 JK .. Local Government 1879 Sydney Corporation .. Divisional Boards 1880 Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Country Towns Water Supply and Sewerage 1881 Victorian Water Conservation Fire Brigades 1882 Tramways Act 1883 Water Conservation 1884 Fire Brigades 1885 1886 Irrigation Waterworks Construction Encouragement 1887 , Water Conservation Divisional Boards 1888 1889 Wollongong Harbour Trust ' Brisbane Water Supply 1890 Wentworth Irrigation Local Government . Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works Water Fire Brigades 1891 Water Authorities Irrigation 1892 Hunter River Water Supply and Sewerage Hay Irrigation Harbour Boards 1893 Balranald Irrigation .. 1894 1895 Mallee Tanks Mildura Irrigation Trusts 1896 Electric Light and Power 1897 Municipalities 1898 ( 'lli;o.\()l.()(ilCAL T.M'.LK OK ACTS. (JOVKKNMKNT IN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING AMENDING ACTS) contfwterf. SMITH A:--:-i;\i.r. \V, trict Councils Miinicipal Institutions Rabbits Destruction South-Eastern Drainage Launceston Water .Municipal Corporations Main Roads Building Branch Roads Construction Roads Maintenance Local Bodies Loans Places of Public Amusement Rabbits Destruction Fire Brigades Fire Brigades Roads Building Roads Town Boards Rural Voting Public Health Water Conservation Public Health Hobart Building Hobart Municipal Council Powers District Councils Codlin Moth Rabbits Destruction Sanitary Rate Roads Codlin Moth Rabbits Destruction Public Recreation Grounds Waterworks Rabbits Destruction Public Health Appropriation in Aid of Road Rates Marine Boards Municipal Corporations District Councils and Corpora- tions Subsidy Fire Brigades Local Public Works Loans Gas and Electric Lighting Town Boards Metropolitan Drainage lien mark Irrigation Trusts Land Values Assessment Hobart Corporation Hobart Water Launceston Corporation Launceston Building Municipal Institutions Launceston Water and Light Metropolitan Waterworks Coolgardie Goldflelds Water Supply Loan Town Boards Hobart Light Free Libra rirs Health Goldflelds Water Supply Con- struction Fire Brigades Assessment Aid to Road Hairs Metropolitan J >raina<_ r r 312 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF ACTS. 2. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE PRINIPCAL ACTS RELATING TO LOCAL YEAH. NEW SOUTH WALES. VICTORIA. QUEENSLAND. 1899 Water Supply Advances Relic 1900 Water 1901 Drainage Promotion 1902 Sydney Corporation Water and Drainage Local Authorities 1903 1904 1905 Local Government (Shires) Water Geelong Harbor Trust Charters Towers Water Board 1906 Local Government Extension Local Government 1907 Geelong Municipal Water- works 1908 1909 Fire Brigades * * Metropolitan Water and Sewerage 1910 Rights in Water and Water Conservation and Utiliza- tion 1911 1912 Water Country Roads 1913 1914 Local Government (Shire Loans) Rating on Unimproved Values Workers' Dwellings 1915 Local Government Water Fire Brigades 1916 Municipal Rates Recovery 1917 1918 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLK OF ACTS. 313 (J()\ KRNMENT IN AUSTRALIA (EXCLUDING AMENDING ACTS) continued. SOUTH AUSTRALIA. WESTERN ATSTKALIA. T \SMAXIA. . South- Eastern J)r;iinage Municipal Institutions Land Drainage Assessment Fire Brigades Leven Harbor Trust Roads Goldfields Water Supply Fremantle Harbor Trust Public Health Tramways Electric Traction Fire Brigades Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Water Boards Health Rate Police Municipal Tramways Trust Reclaimed Swamp Lands Trusts Municipal Corporations Local Government Launceston Tramwav Aid to Road Rates Metropolitan Abattoirs Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Launceston Tramway Aid to Road Rates Metropolitan Water Supply Sewerage and Drainage Bunbury Harbor Trust District Fire Brigades Smithton Harbour Trust Abattoirs Perth Municipal Gas and Elec- tric Lighting Roads Health Annual Values Assessments Water Supply, Sewerage, and Drainage Hobart Corporation Tramwav Hobart Sewerage Fire Brigades Roads Supervision and Works Electric Light and Power Agreement North Eastern Harbour Trust District Councils Irrigation and Reclaimed Lands Aid to Road Rates Fire Brigades Municipal Association Drainage Promotion . Main Roads Maintenance Hobart Building By Authority: ALBERT J. MULLETT, Government Printer, Melbourne. RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT TO* 202 Main Library LOAN PERIOD 1 HOME USE 2 3 4 5 6 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS Renewals and Recharges may be made 4 days prior to the due date. Books may be Renewed by calling 642-3405. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW INTERUBRARY LOAN 1AM 1 < - UNIV. OF CAt-li- ., BERK. FORM NO. DD6, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY BERKELEY, CA 94720