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\RTHtTR S. EAKI.K 
 
 
 NOTSS TO ACCOMI'.AiJY THE , LSCTUKfifl 
 ON ECONOMIC OEOiidaY DELINKED AT CORNELL 
 
 BY Jo 
 

 
 -r^ 
 
 K*RTH 
 
 SCIENCE^ 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 In the advance of geological scisnce the standpoints from .vhich 
 the strata forming the earth's crust are regarded, -necessarily 
 change , and new points of view are established . In the last fe^v 
 years two.:have become especialy prominent , and we may now say 
 that there are' two quite sharply contrasted positions from which 
 to obtain a conception ..of the structure and development of the 
 globe The first is the physical , the second the biological 
 We may for example consider the surface of the earth as. 'formed by 
 rocks differing in one part and another , and these different. 
 rocks , or groups of rocks are known by different names , The 
 names have no especial reference to the animal remains found in 
 them, but merely indicate that series of related strata form the 
 surface in particular regions. On the other hand, the rocks are al- 
 so regarded as having been formed in historical sequence, and as 
 containing the remains of organisms characteristic of the period 
 of their format ion They illustrate the development of animal and 
 vegetable life and in this way afford material for historical , 
 biological study . In' the original classification the biological 
 and historical considerations are all important . But when once 
 the rocks are placed in their true position in the scale , and are 
 named , these considerations for many purposes no longer concern - 
 us , The formations are regarded simply as members in the physical 
 constitution of the outer crust . The International Geological 
 Congress held in Berlin in 1885 expressed these different points 
 of view in two parallel and equivalent series of geological terms, 
 which are tabulated below . They are now very universally adopted. 
 For clearness in illustration , the equivalent terms employed by 
 Dana are appended to them . Equivalent Terms 
 Physical Terms , Biological Terms . employed by Dana. Illustrations, 
 Group, Era. Time. Palaeozoic. 
 
 System, Period. Age. Devonian. 
 
 Series, Epoch. Period. Hamilton, 
 
 Stage Age, Epoch. Marcellus. 
 
 In onsidsring the ore deposites of the country we employ only 
 
 physical terms . We of course understand the chronological 
 position of the systems in the historical sequence , but it is of 
 small moment in this connection what may be the forms of life 
 enclosed in them . The purely physical character of the rocks , 
 
 bher crystalline or fragment a.l , whether limestone , sandstone, 
 granites or schists are the features on which we lay especial 
 The classification briefly sumariz-ad is as follows . 
 
 .AEAN GROUP. If Laurentian System, II,Huronian System. (Addition* 
 al subdivisions' have been introduced by Canadian and Minn, ge- 
 ologists, Animikie, etc. ) 
 
 PALAEOZOIC GROUP : in. xeweenian System. (This may belong with the 
 in,) IV, Cambrian S 
 
 em^ .-/a) Acadian Stage, (b) Potsdam 
 
 IO 
 
..... 2 
 
 Stage. ( c ) Lower-' Cale if erous Stage. V Lower Silurian System. A, 
 Canadian S bos-. (a)Upper Calcif erous Stage, (b) Ou^bjc Stage. 
 (c) Chazy Stag^ . ' (Thi'e will probably experience revision*) B_ 
 Trenton Series. (a)Trenton Stage. (b)Utica Stage. (c)Cincin- 
 nati or Hudson R. Stage. VI. Upper Silurian System. A. Niagara 
 F-eries. (a)? /r .edina"Stage, (b)Olinton Stage, (c)Hiagara Stage. ^ 
 B.Salina Series*. C r Lower Helderberg. D,0rdskany Series. (The 7 
 ,_ % " Oriskany may be. made the base of the Devonian) . VII , Devonian . 
 System. A. Cornif erous Series, (a)Cauda-Galli Stage, (b)Schohar^ 
 ie Stage, (e )Cornif erous Stage, B, Kami It on Series, (a)Mareel^- 
 lus Stage, (b)Hamilton Stage? (c)Genesee Stage, C,Chemung ' ) 
 ries. (a)Portage Stage, (b)Chemung Stage. D,Catskill Series. 
 VIII, Carboniferous System. A,Subcarbonif erous Series. BCarbon- 
 if erous Series. C, Permian Series. 
 
 MESOZOIC GROUP. IX,Triassi& System. X, Jurassic System. IX & X ^re 
 not sharply divided in the U. S. and we often speak of Jura-. 
 Trias. XI, Cretaceous System. (Subdivis ions differ in differ- 
 ent parts of the country). Atlantic Border, (a }Rariton Stage, 
 (b)N.J. Greensahd Stage. Gulf States, (p.)Tuscaloosa Stage, 
 (b)Eutaw Stage,' (c)Rotten Limestone Stage,' (d)RipIey Stage. 
 Rocky M't'ns (a)Conimanche Stage, .(b)Dakota Stage, (c)Ber.tcn 
 Stage (d)Niobrara "Stage, (e)Pierre Stage, (f }I?os Kills Stage, 
 (g)Laramie Stage. Pacific Coast . (a)Shasta Stage, (B)Chico 
 Stage, (c)Tejon'. 
 
 CENOZOIC GROUP. XII .Tertiary System. A, Eocene or Alabama Series. 
 Gulf States, (a)Claiborne Stage, (b) Jackson Stage, (c)Vicks- 
 burg Stage, Western States. (a)Puerco Stage, (b)Vfahsatch Stages 
 (c)Wind River Stage, (d)Bridger Stage, (e)U:;. h Stags. B,Mi-T 
 ooene or Yorktown Series, including perhaps the Sumter of the 
 Atlantic Border. On the Pacific Slops, (a)White River Stag 
 (b)John Day Stage, (c)Loup Fork Stage. C, Pliocene Series.. 3f 
 doubtful American determination). XIII, Quaternary System.- A, 
 ' Glacial Seriea, B,Champlain Series, C, Terrace Series, D, Recent 
 " t Series. .*i c *' 
 
 Other terms are-aflso often used, especially when we do not 
 to speak too definitely , Format :".on is a word loosely employed 
 any^' of the above divisions. Terrane is used in much the -jame 
 but is rather more restricted to the lesser divisions. A ?.tratur(i is 
 one of the larger sheet like masses of sedimentary rocks 'of the : t ' 
 sanie kind; a bed is a thinner subdivision of a stratum.- Horizon i&., 
 
 used to indicate a particular position in the geological 
 
 thus speaking of the' Marcellus Stage, we say shales of this hor&'.on 
 
 occur in central N. Y. . 
 
 The rock species themselves are classified into threo reat : ;. 
 
 ^ 
 
 groups, the Massive, the Sedirnertary, and the Me t amor phi c , 
 
 The Massive (synonymous terms , igneous , eruptive, volcanic ,plu- 
 tonic), include all those which have solidified from a state of. 
 fusion. They are marked by three types of structure, the 
 
talline , porphyritic and giaser depending on the circumstances 
 under which they have cooled . Undsr the first typo of structure 
 come the granites , syenites diorites , gabbroa , diabasos and 
 peridotites ; un?lor tho ?;oeond , quart. SB -porphyries , rhyolites , 
 porphyries , trachytes , pon>hyri',ea , emiesites and basalt ; 
 under the third , pitchfttone , obaidian and other glasso* . 
 the sedimentary rock* arc thoso uhich have boon deposited in *rat9r. 
 They consist chiefi? of the fragment* of preexisting rocks or the 
 refrains of organisms they include grave 1 , conglomerate , b~3e- 
 cia , sandstone both argillaceous and calcareous , shales , clay 
 lime a tone and coal, vrith th?se we usually place a few that hav* 
 originated by the evaporation of solutions , as rock salt , gyp- 
 autt etc. .. . The jnotamorphic rocks are altered , and usual- 
 ly cryotailized msmbe>*3 of the sedimentary seri ;*; . They are all 
 more or loss crystalline , moro or less distinctly bedded or lami- 
 nated ; of ancient geological age or in disturbed districts . They 
 includa gneiss t crystalline schists , quertzite , slate , marblo, 
 serpontine . After a brief topographical survey we shall 
 amMoy the above terms to summarize the geological structure of 
 th U ,S.. The several puroly artificial territorial divis^iona 
 are made simply for convenience . Nothing but intelligent travel 
 will perfectly acquaint one ^vith the topographical and geological 
 structure of the country , and in this connection Mac .?arlanfc'8 
 Gecl. R.R. Guide , and a geological map are indispensable . 
 
 On the east we not a tho grsat chain of the Appalachians *ith a 
 more or less strongly marked plain betwoon it and the ssa. This 
 is eepecialfer marked in the south . It is of late geological age 
 and contains the pine barrens and sea coast swampc.Tho Appalach- 
 ians themselves consist of many ridges running on the north into 
 the ^ite fountains 4 the Green Mountains and the Adirondacks. 
 Further south the Highlands of N.Y. andN.J., the Couth Mountain. 
 of Penn, and the Alloghenies, the Blue Ridge and the other South- 
 ern chains , make up the eastern great continental ridge. In west- 
 ern New York and Ohio we find a rolling , hilly country , in Ken- 
 tucky and Tennessee elevated table-land , in Indiana , Illinois , 
 Iowa and Missouri prairie and rolling country , more broken in 
 southern Mo. by the Ozarks. In Mich., Wis, and Minn, the country 
 is rolling and hilly with numerous lakes. In Ark., La.-, anJ. Miss. 
 there are bottom-lands along the Mississippi and Gulf and low hill* 
 back in tho interior. West of these states comes the great bi^- 
 lowy prairie region, and then the chain of the Rooky M't'ns con- 
 sisting of high dome-shaped peaks, with great elevated valleys b-* 
 tween the ranges. Some distance east of the main chain are the Bl'l 
 Hills (consisting of later concentric formations around a central 
 older nucleus) and also the extinct volcanic district of the Yel- 
 lowstone National Park, In western Col., Utah and N.M. between the 
 Rocky M't'ns and the Wasatch, is the Colorado plateau, an elevated 
 table-land* This ie terminated by the north and sout.i Wasatch range 
 
and west of this the region called the Sreat Basin, characterized 
 by alkaline deserts, and subordinate north and south ranges of 
 mountains,. Next comes the chain of the Sierra Nevada^ and 3yinc; 
 bet /ro en it and the Coast Range is tho great north and south vaiioy 
 of California,, This rices in the comparatively low Coaso Kan 30 
 wr:ch slopes dovm to tho ""*acific Ocean. To tho north, these M't'ns 
 extend into eastern Oregon and Washington, with forests and fortil 
 river vall-is 
 
 I'c The New England, New York 5 NGXM Jersey and Eastern Fan 
 fli.%rict. In Now Enr; and northern N e Y tho Archaean is especially 
 developed forming the White M't'ns. the Adirondackr- .' and. the High- 
 lands of N,Y. and N.J. Tho;- all consist of granite and other mas- 
 sive rocks, of gnoica and of crystalline schists There are also 
 great areas of metamorphic rocks whoee true age may bo later,. Tho 
 Green M't'ns,, arc formed of these. In New Eng c thor-j are small 
 
 scattered exposures of the un'doubt>..d Palaeozoic (Devonian, Carbon 
 
 ifcrous), In eastern K.Y 8 and to some extent in II. J, and eastern 
 Ponn, t'-hc entire Palaeozoic, except the Carboniferous , is strongly 
 developed, EPp and down tho coast ther-.? are narrow north snd south 
 ustuary deposits of red Jura-Triac sandstone pierced by diabase 
 eruptions. Tho Cretaceous clays ar ; strong in 1LJ, Tertiary strat 
 occur at rlarthas Vineyard. And ovrsr all as far south aa Trenton is 
 fcunci thtf glacial drift 3etwo.-?n the Archaean ridgric of tho High 
 lands and the first foldings of the Palaeozoic on the v/eat ; is 
 v found the eo called Grsat Valley which also ftuns to the south: 
 
 IIo 'J'h-j Eastern, I.iddl.3 and Southeastern Coaat District, 
 Th-.J lev; plains of th'j coact ar j form;d by Quaternary, Tertiary 
 and Or.tacrous cand and clay,, Inland th-:r; ar' ';xpcsur;*s of Jura- 
 Trias, as in th north, Tht Archa an crystalline rocks ar^e also 
 c-.^n at num- rous points not far from th- oc;.'3.n, Plorid a is largel 
 
 mad- un of co^al limaston^/ 
 
 w 
 
 III, The Appalachian Region, 
 
 Thi^ Mountain system, extending from Mei; York to Alabama ; consists 
 principally of folded Palaeozoic, with Archaean ridges on its oast 
 orn flank. There ic an enormous development of folds vrith N.E, and 
 S.W t . axes and north extensions (See ]/ ic) On the west it is suc- 
 ceeded by the plateau region of Kentucky and Tonnes LOG., Along 
 central latitudes the Archaean does not again appear east of the 
 Mist. is:jippi . 
 
 IV, Tho Region of the Great Lakes, 
 
 In rich.. Vfis. and Minn, the Archaean rocks are extensively devel- 
 oped, both Laurent ian and Huronian. Around Lake Superior are found 
 the massive and sedimentary rocks of the Keweenian followed bjr the 
 lower Palaeozoic . LakesMich. and Huron are surrounded by Silurian, 
 Devonian and Carboniferous, Lake Erie by Devonian; Lake Ontario by 
 Silurian 6 Running couuh through Ohio we find an important fold 
 knovn as the Cincinnati uplift, with a north and south axis, this 
 *./r.o elevated at the cloce of the Lower Silurian : > In the lower pen- 
 insular of Mich, in eastern Ohio and western Penn. the Carbonifer#i 
 ous ic extensively developed. 
 
V 
 
 "'. lite "l3si-33ippi "alloy. 
 
 The head vataYs c^s in the Archaean . It then passes over Cambria 
 and Silurian in Minn ' and Y/is. northern Iowa and 111 'These are 
 succeeded by subordinate Devonian and in southern Iowa, 111 and 
 Mo, Carboniferous. In southern Mo. lower Silurian forms the west 
 bank. Thence to xheGulf the rive^ flows on estuary deposits of 
 Quaternary ago with Tertiary and Cretaceous further inland, 
 
 VI. Tito Gulf ^ eg ion, 
 
 The v.ulf states t'.long tho watev are formed by the Quaternary, Thi 
 is soon succeeded inland by ve^y extensive Tertiary which is the 
 principle forms ;, ion represented,, 
 
 VII, _'he Prairie District, 
 
 Vfest of the Palaeozoic rocks of the states bordering on the Miss- 
 issippi is found a great strip of Cretaceous running from the Gul 
 to British Amr-ric a, and bounded on the west by the foothills of 
 r,he "Rocky Mountains. A few Tertiary lake deposits a^c found in it 
 Ouite extensive Trias^ic rocks are developed on the south, The sir 
 face is a gradual!/ rising plateau to the Rocky M't'ns* 
 
 VITI. Th ; ^ 'gion, f >'ie Rocky M't'ns., the Black L : ills 
 and the T Taticnal ra"'k. 
 
 The Rockies i iso from the Prairies in long north and south ranges 
 concis iiri.3 cf A^c.pr>.oan axes with Palaeozoic in relatively small 
 amount ar.l abunc nt Mescucic on the cas~ and west flanks. In th3 
 Parks a'-e found i&ii<s deposi s of Tertiary ag;j , There a v 'e also 
 great ;:; lie:, of lik-ssive rocks which attendQthe various upheavals. 
 The outlying Blach Ililla consist of an elliptical Archaean core * 
 with concentric Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks laid up around it . 
 Th3 National Fj.r!t c-onsi^ts chiefly of massive 'volcanic) ^ocko in 
 
 , n , ^ -..,^ , ,T .. .3 A , ^ T ^ -! .^ r ,- /-.,-, j 
 
 --" ^ ~ ^ ' - ' I" ' ' * ' I 
 
 IX. The Colorado Plateau, 
 
 .-'h'j Rc^ky Ki't'ns shadecut on the v:est into a groat olovatod 
 platoau extending to con'c^al Ut^i -./here it is cut off by the nort 
 and south chc.. n of tho \7ahsa* ch. Th-v T Jintah r.'t'ns arc an east 
 and v;,;at chain i'-\ it . The ^ocki; on cho north chiefly Tertiary 
 with :'csozo:j and Palaeozoic in th--* r.ountaino. To v.h .t south aro 
 found Cretan :ous and T v -iassic strata with . assive rocks of .rraat 
 extent . 
 
 X Tho Region of the Great Basin. 
 
 i-0-.ivoon the r ahsatch and tho Si ex-ra Nevada is found the Great Bas 
 region^ once a lake bottom, now -/cry largely an alkaline plain of 
 Quaternary ago. Th-a surface is broken by subordinate north and 
 south ranges, largciy formed by great outflows of eruptive rocks 
 with some Palaeozoic. 
 
 XI, The Region of the Pacific Slope, 
 
 On the V/cst t^e Sierras slope down into the groat central valley 
 of California, The flanks are largly metamorphosed Jurassic and 
 Cretaceous rocks with a great development of massive outflows 
 The valley rises a^ain in ths Coast range, v/hich slopes away 
 
further west to tho Ocoan, In addition to . h : . T urassic and. Oroide- 
 
 OUL- tho Tertiary and Ouato~nary aro also dovolop -:d. 
 
 XII. Tho Region of tho Northwest. 
 
 V.'ashiiigton and Oregon along th.: coaLt a o formed b ' Grc-^ac .-out; j.:i< 
 T : v; i.irir-v s ;-. -TO +. -Mr-t-i la- f r n p \ i f o ^n > P . But inland irrarr>n c -; out.-nour- 
 ingL of ;ruptiv? rocks cov3" th.; ^roat^r portion of both states 
 and oxiond into Idaho. On th:; north tho Carboniferous is' .xtjnsiv 
 running aLtward into Mont ana. 0:.\at jrnar;- and T.rtiary lako 
 djpo:uit> cir-j also not lacking. 
 
 On th ; Forms assunud V-' 'Pock I.'asaos. 
 
 All sodirnontary rockij v/or,; form;d originally in approximately hor 
 zontal bods. We find th.;m noyv , nor; ;v .. ", in almost all cc.s &, cir:-.j 
 gjd from a horizontal position, by rnov;m ;nts cauL;-":d priinarily by 
 t,h:j contraction of tho ;;c.r h's crust. Th-.;y tii:n as^UiTij fol:ls Jmc.'i 
 
 s :-:.onoclin';G, an.iclin G .^.ncl s:/iicli:v;ij; ..t'fordi^: th j pruno:. .,r.a 
 rf 'Tip and strike . ^ r i )\7s aria ^ c :: ; on^ } , .".acsivo rocks c.r ... in th: 
 fc'Tri of oh; ts, knobu or boc^: s, Ir.ccolit .u and dikjs . ( v i-r,v's :.ncl 
 u colons . ) 
 
 0:i ^h 1 ^:;LultLi of rock :..ov ira n';^, .. nd :,h formation of 
 fJcvi^i.ss. In c^olin;: o-" dryin;; r nd harc^ii' 1 ^;, bo\,'i 
 
 a,;: iv;; rnd :: ;dim.;ntary rockt. b" v. .k into rnor-j or less r-.;gulr.r 
 
 :JL. :-L; alone divicion^ ils.n-.jc; ;;. 11 .d join c fv;cc.aioning n in -rouj 
 cr.'.ickL 1 ., . nd in i:hi;. .'L*J formin.j L,I;I: 11 c : -iv.i-ji; . ' Tllu:.. i -\-.i,ion^ } . 
 "1i -.n in :h ; cour:.o of folding ';h; rock:, r.ro av,rain-;d beyond T,h ir 
 limi -. of rDtiEtcimo th-jy oft n pare end flip pac^ : ch o v h-. r in 
 Ion. ^ cr.-.ckL; kno ;"! /c f: - u". ',c f-'orr; h ; nrn-crnf O--TI ..bility of \ih . 
 
 r.n ;rch Lid--?, V.TI ,n inclined o th:? horizon, th.j dip of c. 
 fulr, ii.- c:.ll -d itt had.o, , nd th j "ockL- usually tlip down on tho 
 ulp (i. /:/;> to tho do.-n th^n.;). L-J^C oft n thsy ^ia 1 ) a^ if pr c 
 : c toe :. r nn th : had-.; affo-'dinr; \-hat iu call -d a r-jv.:rL % -';d faul 1 
 ( T l luLt^r", ionc ) . 'h ; ^ubb-;d cidc-^ :x):ibi i. i^lipy or cchlick nLido^ 
 T n hi^ v;ry c; vi -, i ,L kno : .;n p.s fijt,u vi -;^ >r; formed. Th : clipping 
 p~\.t :;r.ch o"h>i" of corrugated ^u"*fac ;.. giv ^g riu .^ to cv; Hi, , nd 
 pinch ;ti in a f is BU^J ( Illustrations: ). ..^ 
 
 ; h? cub to "ran -2 an circulation of wat.';^ ..lt;o forma cs.viti 
 
 .cpocicill' in limo^ton^ rockc . Thtj samo ag*;nt mas.;; jerv-; to onlargj 
 joinv.c and fiucures. Ey the action cf water carrying mssnjsir. in 
 colu'.ion upon cr.lcci -- :ous ^ockL; a portion of th^ lim in the cai 
 ato of lim.' molacul , i^ r .jblac :-d by niaf;n:?sir. v by th ; procuiiu 
 dclomitization. Thar:; is thon .n att-.-ndant ^hr-inkag'.- v/hich also 
 fc"mc cavities. A -ock (and ;-LpjcialI/ r liia--;ston')) may bo entirely 
 ^'^plac:d Vr min .-rfvli. brought in solution by -,hy wate 1 " circulating 
 -.1 rou.'rh it. Th: cxch.ng IL ;ff oct ;d molccul by molecule, p.nd it, 
 cpok'.:n of r.c a m ;tr.. onr.tic int -jrciu-ns : or rypl?.comont .^cdioc of 
 min : > -: Ic LO formed ::-. y n-f t vrv/f.rd^ -md^rgc^ kit rr.i,ion ;-.nd occasion 
 CLViti-L 'v -':,h "i 1 - conc^qu-int shrinkage. 
 
 On th-, Cfrcuping of J"in5 v *:..lL; Import an - in -/ni; rjonn;-ctio2 
 "Oh...- minoT.lL thr.t snt r ira:r c^-. d pc.it^t rn..y b. divi.Ud in-;o f./< 
 
p eoo r t 3iri4 
 
 ' "- '-'t JHNi tffttfWM^ liHPVftWMiMf fe**."t 
 
 .-" 
 
 - . . - - : ' : 
 
 >a*A t rf* 1 
 
 r aitttf OWN*!* 
 
 *r 
 
 
 v 
 
 A * itwc^,-,^ | ato omi 
 
 sNttoD to iae; 
 
 t(Ci (* 
 
 ; 
 ; ' 
 
 * ~ 
 
 W^^HF 0^|p iPWv * v 
 8tA anicV acjfO*iotlXXs.t 
 
 . lSiSeioM Totatf aoonowli 
 
 ,aan:iiq3 toH texf If _|fl|jpa lo rto^uW Xe 
 
 lo ,eo3 *Xoe eo'i*! WiliA if 
 
 
 
 .XI .q II X^V xaooo no eai^fioitf *te 
 
 tXie^ 
 
 *q C 4X 
 
 
6b 
 'Wc Xnditativt Plants o' M E 3. 5 o46 , 
 
 ?' UotersueliWUgaH uber- Ersgange 3. 882, Theories cf- thfc 
 tion cf Mineral V'ainj B& M.Jour March 15 a 22, 29. 1S-1- 
 
 p a ps 1*5 7 218 o 2o2o 
 fads'V/erth M S "ho Theories of Ore Deposits* Proceedings of the 
 
 Boston Socd.aty of Natural History 1884 p 197, 
 
 The Lateral Secretion Theory of Ore Deposit3 c =>& M 6 jo - *ip. 
 
 May 17 1884 o p a 364. 
 F /liitnoy , J*D<, Remarks en the changes which take place in tho 
 
 Stry.ctur<3 and Composition of Mineral Veins near the surface 
 
 etCa'A.J.'S. II. 20 53, 
 
 Sliittlesoy .0. On the Origin of Mineral Veins'* A AoA a S 25 a 213. 
 '/illiams, A: Popu3.ar Fallacies Regarding Precioiss Metal Oi-e Deposits 
 
 Ec& Mo Jour o ^ r une 28 1884 p*481, 4th Annual Report of the 
 
 Mr oot or of the U 9 S, Geological Survey* 
 
 rriiuun J, D:.e Lagers tat ten dor Nutz baren Mineralien* 1869 . 
 
 Comp J M ?o A Brief He -view of the Literature on Ore Deposits* 
 
 S* of V? Quarterly X 54 116, 326 o 
 lev/berry J S Tha Origin arid classification of Ore Deposits S 8 'bf 
 
 M^ Quarterly I. 87. 1800 E.& M.Jour* July. 19. and -July 31. 
 
 1880 A.A.A.S. Vol. 32. p* 243* 1383. 
 
 The Deposition of Ores, S/ of M. Quarterly V. 329, 1S34; E tt & 
 -M a 'Jour. July. 19. 1839. 
 
 Genesis c our Iron Oros S 9 of M. Quarterly II. 1. 1880. 
 
 Eo& M^Jour. April 23* 1.081, Soc also under Iron* 
 
 Go/;.a k s'*3 arid' D1.gtrlbur.ion of GoHd 55. of M,, Q,Urirtorly III 8 6 a 
 
 188io 3,2 V; :: Jj:ir^ >,- 3o 2<t,, 5: 31. 1883, 
 
 Tao Cori-lr;r>jera1.e Ore Deposits of the U S a & Mexico,, Nat*l 
 
 Ac ad, Nc7orrbcr a 1880 
 
 c on Oro T-ot^sits Lsndon, 
 
cfd 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 .... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .II t-tT 
 
 ' 
 
 .#*, S <* 
 
 ;c .v xXit^suP J 
 
 
 
classes, ore minerals and gangue minerals. The first class includes 
 those that are useful and valuable, the second those that aro 
 worthless, and that must be separated from the first* The chemical 
 compounds forming the i'irbt class a^e w^ l^r"-*!-" F^l-nMr^s " r * > ' q 
 oxides, also in far less amounts arsenides, carbonates, silicates, 
 sulphates, phosphates, and chlorides. The gangue minerals arc com- 
 paratively few, including as the commonest quartz, calcite, sider- 
 ite,barite and fluorit^. The ores of each metal will be spoken of 
 under the metal itself. The original sulphides, oxides etc., when: 
 exposed to atmospheric agents tend to form alteration product s> 
 chiefly due to oxidation or hydration; Sulphides et&. change bo 
 sulphates, carbonates, oxides, hydrousoxides etc., and those lattor 
 are Called oxidized ores. In almost every ore deposit, the portion 
 lying above the line of permanent water level consists of those 
 alteration products or oxidized ores, and the? so in depth v as the 
 line of permanent water lovol is passed, graduate into unchanged 
 sulphides; honoe the term, zone of oxidized ores, zone of sulpheu* 
 rets, The decomposed outcrop of a mineral vein, usually has a rusty 
 color, from the amount of iron stains in it, and is e&llod thn iror 
 hat or gossan. The change; in the charaetor of the ores in depth 
 is an important thing in mining r*s it may occasion great al t-) r^t io* 
 v . in value, and in methods of treatment, Many veins possess :. 
 marked Vandod structure, due to the successive deposit of differ- 
 ont minerals which may correspond Inyor for layor on sach wall- 
 " r nr;n the two sides come together the opposite rows of crystals may 
 projeotjinto rach othc-^, causing what is c;..ll-jd EL comb structure. 
 Tot infrequently as a vein cu:s two different kinds of rock the 
 the mineral character changes with tha walls, affording two differ- 
 ent kinds of ores, or it may be, valuable and v/orthless material-, 
 Between the filling of the vein and the wall", of the fissure, ;here 
 is often a layer of clay, which is called a selvage or gauge; ths- 
 same is also found along lines of parting, perhaps of attrition in 
 
 ^A* f& ff 
 
 the vein itself. Masses of the barrenvToek are often found enclosed 
 
 A 
 
 in a vein, and these are called horses. In fissure veins they have 
 been caused by a movement of the walls after the vein was partly 
 filled. A portion of the wall has then been broken off and tecome 
 buried in the vein matter itself. 
 
 On Theories of Origin. (See v ..Gotta). 
 
 I. Contemporaneous Formation (i.e. with tho walls). Stahl(1700). 
 Zimmermann (1746), Charpentier (1773). v.Tcrebra (1785), 
 II o Lateral Sections. Delius (1770). Gerhard (1781), 
 Las ins (1789). Sandberger 
 
 III. Descension. Baumer (1779(. Werner (1791{. 
 
 IV. Ascension by (a) infiltration. Lasitts (1789(. (b ) sublimation 
 with steam. Lehmann (1753). (c) sublimation as gas. Becher (1703), 
 (d) igneous injection. Kutton (1790). 
 
 V. Replacement Posepny (1873). Pump o 3,1 y (1873). Curtis (1384). 
 Emrnons ( l.^ns ) . Irving ( 1336 ) . 
 
e 
 
 8 
 
 on of an electrolytic character was early s'nr-pe^tecl 
 ' : riy or tanf precipitating agent (Pox and others oir'oa 1BSO 
 
 i ..']: ut the best experiments have as yet been inconclusive.. 
 
 On the? Heoeseary Limitations in all Sshemes of Classification. 
 
 -3tt-?mpts at classification are based upon two fundamental 
 
 'j^v shape and erigin. It is readily seen that all the earl- 
 ier classifications attach too much importance to mere shape, 
 Mineral deposits vary much in form, and that should not be unduly 
 emphasized. The other principle, that of origin, is none too vroll 
 uridci' stood, and while at the present time v/e know vastly more of 
 the- M story of many ore bodies than has over been the case before, 
 it its unwiso to apply too hastily the results reached in one region 
 to phenomena not yet thoroughly studied in another. It would per- 
 haps or ing out the relations of ore bodies bost if we wore to group 
 together these of liko structure, and mineral contents, as has boon 
 done by von Graddesk. but so much in the way of convenience is 
 sacrificed by separating deposits v/orked for individual metals t . 
 that the metals themselves will bo ma do tho primary basis of the 
 
 ' ' 
 
 _ .. 
 
 classification ' But emphasis is here laid on the fa^t that on 
 
 account 
 
 a., i ,; 
 
 d 
 
 e 
 
 of the groat diversity the principles must bo elastically 
 Th-') principal schemes hitherto formulated arc appended, 
 
 has boon previously dono - 
 
 gve 
 1854 
 th. 
 
 u ..--. 
 
 I sSuperf ie iai , 
 
 ~ T Q -i -^ -' -i -I'M , rl 
 ... .L ,> D \, ; c: / J.. _ .1 .. .' CL j 
 
 (a; Ent: : .ro bods 
 
 O i ID C 1 r - '- L c '. . 
 
 / l-\ "^ T i -" > * ^ 
 
 (e) Deposited 
 from solution 
 but later 
 me t amc r phc a a; d 
 
 IT T r r * i 
 
 II , I'listrr cii xoc 
 
 (a) JlruTDtivo 
 
 n 
 
 5 v 
 (b) Disseminated 
 
 in oru j i , 
 
 a vi .^v; 01 Y/na 
 
 v,.Cctta 1359 
 
 Er z lager st at t 
 
 I, Regular 
 
 Deposits , 
 
 A u Beds- 
 
 3 3 v^ins c 
 
 (a) Tru 
 
 veins . 
 
 (b)Bcdded veins 
 
 (c) Contact 
 
 veins , 
 
 ( d) Lenticular 
 
 veins . 
 
 II - Irregular 
 
 Deposits , 
 
 Ao Segregations 
 
 Rocumbent and 
 
 Vertical also 
 Pocks (a) Floors, 
 ks, (b) Contact 
 
 1869,, 
 I n Ess :;nt ial 
 Component 
 Minerals and 
 Inclusions in 
 country rock,, 
 
 Lot trier Translated 
 by R a ymo r. d , T.-i i n w r a 1 
 Resouros 1870p447 
 I a Superficial, 
 
 (a) D--;bris. 
 
 (b) Surfac:? form- 
 
 fissure (a) Original with at ions in plaoo 
 
 the enclosing 
 
 rock., 
 
 (b) ^Fragments 
 brought from a 
 distance . 
 
 (e; 
 
 2oOre bearing 
 boulders, 
 breccias 
 II w Deposits 
 individual and 
 distinct from 
 the sountry 
 rocks . 
 (a) Tabular 
 Masses 
 
 (c) Cavity 
 
 Pillings 
 
 B. Impregnations ! 6 BedSo 
 
 (Disssminations ) o 2c,^ r sins a 
 
 II .Enclosed 
 
 Deposits 
 
 A, Sheet or Tabular 
 
 deposits .. 
 
 (a) lutdes, 
 
 (b)Bcds and seams. 
 
 BJvIass Deposit s c 
 
 (a) I-.'&sses. 
 
 ( b ) Impregnations 
 
 C. Other irregular 
 
 Deposits , 
 
 (a) Pockets dis- 
 tributed in other 
 deposits o 
 
 (b) Isolated 
 aggregations , 
 Gash ^reins eta -. , 
 
j.D.Vfhitney. continued, 
 .veins, 
 
 (-_} ,,-:Gash veins. 
 (hTissure veins 
 or ruo veins. 
 
 llewberry.1880 
 I.PrimaryDeposits. & 1884, 
 
 ?d\7dv -,. A. Superficial. 
 
 ranocus B. Stratified 
 v/ith v/alls. (a)Entire 
 (a) Surface. Strata. i 
 4b ) Interstratif ied. (b)Dissenii- 
 3. Massive, inated through 
 Lat^r than walls. Strata. 
 C. Cavity fillings (c ) Segregated 
 
 . continued, 
 3. Sheet shaped 
 Segregations. 
 Irregular 
 
 1. Intorbedded. 
 S.Uot interbedded. 
 3. Reticulated Veins 
 
 (a) Fissures, 
 
 (b) caves. 
 D.IIetarnorphic 
 Deposits . 
 
 II, Secondary or 
 Detrital 
 Deposits , 
 
 from Strata. 
 O.Tfnst ratified 
 (a) Eruptive 
 Masses. 
 (b)Dissemina- 
 ted through 
 Eruptive Rocks 
 (c) Contact 
 deposits . 
 (d)Stockwerks. 
 ( e ) ?ahlbands . 
 (f) Impregnations 
 (g)Chambers. 
 (h) Mineral 
 Veins. 
 
 l.Gash Veins. 
 2. Segregated 
 Veins. 
 3, Fissure 
 
 Pumpelly.jL386. 
 I. Forms due to 
 the texture of 
 the enclosing 
 rock, or to its 
 Mineral consti- 
 tution or to 
 both causes. 
 A. Disseminated 
 Concentration. 
 ( a ) Imp re gnat i ons 
 (b )7ahlbands. 
 B. Aggregated 
 Concentrations. 
 ( a ^Lenticular 
 Aggregations 
 and beds. 
 
 (b) Irregular 
 Masses . 
 
 (c) Reticulated 
 veins . 
 
 (d)Contact 
 
 Phillips. 1384. 
 I. Superficial, 
 (a)Deposits formei 
 Vy the mechanical 
 
 action of water* 
 (b)do.do.by 'i; 1 ' vert- 
 ical action, 
 II. Stratified, 
 (a)D-fposits con- jj 
 stituting the 
 
 bulk of metal- 
 liferous beds 
 p 'p ' ted from 
 aquoous Solution, 
 (b)Eeds original-- 
 ly deposited from 
 solution, but late 
 metamorphosed. 
 (c)Oros dissemi- 
 nated through sod 
 beds in which the 1 
 have been chem. 
 
 4.Beddod veins. F. Surf ace 
 
 Deposits. depositod, 
 II. Forms chiefly IH.U^stratifiod 
 due to preexist &$) True Veins. * 
 ing open Cavi- (b)Sogrogated 
 ties or fissures, veins, 
 C.Gave Deposits (c). Gash Veins. 
 
 ( d ) Impr egnat i ons , 
 (e) Stockwerks. 
 (f )Pahlbands. 
 (g)Contact depos- 
 its.- 
 
 (h) Chambers or 
 pockets* ' 
 
 D.Gash Veins, 
 fc. Pis sure Veins 
 
 The terms 
 
 and 
 
 is 
 
 lode ' ' and 
 a synonym 
 
 'ledge 
 of bed. 
 
 Deposits etc. . 
 
 (a) Residuary 
 
 deposits . 
 
 (b)Stream Deposits, 
 
 (c)Lake or Bog 
 
 Deposits, 
 
 'are used as synon>\'**of vein, 
 

Discussion of th : Schemes^ and Remarks on their comparative Merits 
 ^roir. a comparison /of the above it will be s.ien that J.D, Whitney's 
 classification contains *,he essentials of the others nub li shed in 
 English, and this with th'j modifications introduced by Newborr/- 
 --'I" 1 supply the phraseology i'o- thas-s nr*s. T n addition TYIUC> e:>- 
 phasis will bo placod on the character of the rocks containing th 
 deposit wheth<s v> unaltered sedimentary, massive, or m<3tamor"$rtiic and 
 whether or not there arc eruptive rocks in the vicinity, as these 
 considerations nt"r most largely into any explanations of 'tgin 
 The ore 'deposits will however bo illustrated bv types and thas * 
 greater clcUvf ir.i , .Jii .^s in : - rcduood following --h .:. .xanpl^ of ony cf v i 
 the best of r.iod^-n vri i-r-s v.Q.'oddeck. 
 
 Under each motal vill b3 givorn first a group of references to 
 general treatises and papers. Thsso v/ill be; marked Hist, whan JSP 
 ocialy valuable as history, and Rec. when rccomended for conaulta- 
 tior.o If not marked by oithu" th-jy aro valuable for special invs 
 stigr:,t ions , 
 
 The Iron Series. 
 Li;.:oni : f ; T i d r j : ^ ^ JI';/na v i v e , Magne tit j+ 
 
 ("!r.. Any good Mineralogy ;, The Iron Minerals ^ 
 
 Pe. HaO^Oj . 
 
 Limonito~( Brown Hematite, Bog Iron Ores . J'EIV^ 3 ;H 2 Oj59.P^ 14.4** 
 Sidcrite-(Spathic Iron, niaylronCtoneBlack band ) 7?^ 0(^ 43,3 37.9 
 Hematito-ned and Specular). F(5 z3 70 
 
 Magnetite. FeO ^^05 72.4 
 
 Native Iron-Met sorites. 
 
 Pyrites P<5S A 46.7 53, 
 
 General remarks on the ores. Universal presence of iron. Circulatii 
 
 in solution as protoxide, precipitation^hvdrated- S'lsqui-oxids 1 - 
 
 f . . General Literature. 
 
 Ei^kCr.Mn-- J B Prominent Sources of Iron Or 3 Supply, M.E. i7. 715 
 Statistical'." Kec. 
 
 Dhoct J>;A.H.On the Percentage of Iron inCertain Ores .M.E. T 7 , 519 Rs 
 Hojf ;r Hans. Die Kohlen und J^ison-jrzlagsrs ta-.ten Nord-Amerika . 
 
 Vienna. 1878. Rec. 
 
 Julieri A, A, Genesis of the C:ystalline Iron Ores.Proc. Phila.Acad 
 Soi. I88^o p. 335. Rec. 
 
 Lesley J,P.$he Iron Manufacturer's Guide 1865. Kist. Rec. 
 Uewb'srry J. S. International Review. Nov. Do,l'874., 1 % 
 Genesis' of the Ores of Iron. S.of M. quarterly .Nov. 1880. Rec 
 Genesis of the Crystalline Iron Ores . Trans .N.Y. Acad.Sci.Vol.il. Oc 
 
 Ue^^on.II.Tho Ores of Iron. Their Geographical Diut^ibution 
 
 M.E, Vol TIT. p 360. 
 
 Pumpelly e R. and othors a Tonth Census U.S. Vol XV. 1386. Rec.espsc- 
 
 ial^y pp 3-17. 
 
 Rammolsberg. On the constitution of the Titaniferous Iron Ores. 
 
 Pog,Ann. CIV 497.A.J.S. 11.27.137 ;': 423. 
 
fmock. J.C.On the Geolo5^ical Dis o vi ubur.ion of she Ores of Iron.. M,E 
 XII. 130. 
 
 ]>on Mines and Iron Ore. Dist . in .N.Y. 
 Bui 1 . 7 . H . Y . S t a t e J'.Xis eum . June 1 839 . R e c . 
 
 On the Occurrence of the Ores of Iron in the Azoic 
 System. A. J.S. II Vol. 22. p. 38. 
 
 A', and since 1385. Day.D.F. Mineral Resources of the U.S 
 Annual of the U.S. Gcscl. Survey. Rec . 
 
 Limonito . 
 
 "ype 1. Bog O'-e, Beds of Limonite under swamps and marshes , I 1 '." 
 circulating in running wator as FeOCQj, is brought to rest in tho 
 standing water of bogs. It is here oxidized to the Insoluble hyd,' 
 ted scsquioxide (Pe^O^ .xlf^O) ' sinks to the bottom and accumulatoa 
 r?.b cellular masr. os of limonite, Such dsfjpsits ara of very wide 
 distribution, but not often of valu on account of their impuri- 
 ti2G. In the vicinity of Puct Sound tlvjy aro however numerous an 
 have bo<.m utilized. 
 
 T'.-po l.a. Staten Island, Dopoeitu of Limonito in tho suporfi 
 cial hollows of serpentine rocks on Staten Island, They aro thous 
 by E v "-, TT, L.Eritton to have beon leached out, of the aevpontino, and 
 dcpcoi r.-.:-d in situ. They carry considerable Cr^0,.c Trioy have boon 
 quito oxtonsivrly vrorked in former years. 
 Lricton IT. L, S of M. Quarterly May 181. 
 
 Type lb, Prosscr Mines noar Portland Oregon. Deposits of 
 Limonito in the superficial hollows of basalt., of T rtia^y a r ' ! ., , in 
 ihc Casscadv; Rango. Th^ o^e contains rco-ca and trunk a of trooa, an 
 is cover. ;d by another flow of basalt. The Patton Minos aro noar b 
 and arj formed of the usual surface bog ore. 
 ^utnani.B.T, Tanth Census X^ r 49 r > & 1G . 
 
 Limonitos apparently surface deposits a^' also worked quite extern 
 sively in nhorol: e Go. Northeastern Tcsx. They aro knovm alao in L 
 Uinoral Rocourcvjc, l f \ -7.p . 51. 
 
 Typ.-j.-'i. Eodios of limonite in caviT/is of ferruginous rock.". 1 on 
 th-.i outcrop or below the surface; which have resulted from the 
 alteration of tho rock in situ. Residual clay, quartz and other 
 roniain : of altsvalion usually occur with thj or.. Ferruginous lim 
 . ulor.si: are tho con-ffnonect sources of such deposits but othar 
 rockt. may afford them. Th deposits are not limited to any one g) 
 logica.1 jjeris but in difforont parts of the country occur v/henov 
 '.hG condition;, iiavo bson favo:'-able. Considorabl/.. limonite hats als 
 rc-sul-.od froc! the T. T ,;athorin3 of clay-ironstone nodules, and black- 
 band bo da in.tlv; Carboniferous to be mentioned lator,and not infr 
 cuontly from thy alteration of nodula s - macsoa of pyrito. 
 
 Tli-j socond and third magnoaian limestones of tho LovAor Siluria 1 
 System in Southern Ho. haves numerous cavities filled .rith stalac- 
 tites linonite, and at Hot Springy, Saguachs Co. Col., groat dopoy 
 i^.c recur in caviti z in liraastonos cuppot:-)d by Rolkcr 1 to bi* Silu 
 

a 
 
 riaru Th^ Orisfcany in Penn. affords some silicious limonite but ir 
 Va^ xe Etrata enclose great quant it ies-t Low Moor and Longdale the 
 ore reaches a thickness of 40'. In Perry Co. Penru the ehales of 
 the 1 arid It on Series carry quite extensive limonite beds. The Sub- 
 n*rbcnife~ous li?'estones of veb-'.ern Ky tnd T*mn. contain great 
 quantities of limonite as potSjStrings and pipe ore in residual ol: 
 vfhich has resulted from the weathering of limestone. In Mo. on the 
 Upper Osage Piv. is also an extensive, bod in rocks of this sanr.* 
 series. In Colorado some of the Leadville limonites in the Subcar- 
 boniferous a>"e used as iron ore, although of different origin, anc 
 similar limonites occur in the East Tintec. Mining Dist. Utah in 
 supposed Carboniferous. The buhrstone ore of Laurence Co. Pe'nn, 
 fills cavities in Carboniferous limestone. 
 Boyd.C.R. The Ores of Cripple Creek Va, M.B. 12. 27. 1384. 
 
 Resources of S.V/.Va. K.Y. 1^1 
 
 Pcwees.J.H. 2nd Geol. Su^v. Penn. Report. P. 1378. 
 Lyman B. Geol. of the Lo.; Moor Va. I^on Ores. M.E. 14.807 
 KcCreeth A.S. The Iron Ores of the v a iley of Va. M.E.13,37.1884 
 Koor P.N. Mo. Geol. Surv. 1874 
 
 P.olker C.". Notos on Certain Iron Oro Deposits in Ool. I'.E. 14. J6C 
 Endlich P.!'. Hardens Rept . 1873. p. : 3o.In the Sangre de Cristo Mtns 
 Putnam B.'i. lOr.h Census Vol.l5.p.4S2 On Col. limonites. 
 
 Type 2a. Si luro -Cambrian Limoniv.es. Beds of limonito in so 
 called hydromica (talcose) slates and schists belonging to the 3an 
 brian and Lower Silurian Systems- The iviasaos of limonito are buriac 
 in oclveous clay and the vrtiole pres-j^ves t*io 5on-:ral structure of 
 the schist.oco ^ocks which thoy have replaced. The original soring- 
 ors of quartz remain follov^ing the original folds. Occasionally 
 dolomitic limestone forms one of the vmlls, and still less often 
 masa^B of side^ite a^e found enclosed. The deposits oxtond from V1 
 southward along the lino of N f Y, and New England, and arc exten- 
 sively developed in Lehigh Co, Ponn. They are not as abundant in 
 Va. but in oast ;~n Tenn.in the Knox Stage of the local geologists 
 they aro extensive ; but hero limestones replace tho hydromiea 
 schists of the north and the deposits aro more like tho principal 
 type. Tho or* uniformily occurs west of th* Ar-haoan ridgos and ir 
 tho though { th so called Great Valloy s=, * p. 4. ) botwojn thorr* 
 ard the mn^ T/^s^erly comjigations of the Palaeozoic. The Cornwall 
 ncgnotit ;(Si:o below Type i3o, ) is thought by L sl.;y to b* an altor- 
 oft limonits bod of this cha^ac c.ir, which has bo^n changed to mag- 
 notice by th; n i^hboring Triatsic traps. 
 
 As regards tho origin of these deposits Dr. Jackson of the first 
 Pnn, Survey, argu^i in 1839 their origin in situ. Percival in the 
 ^ept. on G;ol. of **5Snty>,132 attributed them to pyrits in the nii- 
 flrhbo-ing mica slate. Prim: in Penn. in 1875 and 1878, derives the 
 iron by leaching from the neighboring dolomites and slaves, it beir 
 in th3ia *ith :r as silicate earbonat-J or sulphide. ?raser(1^76) 
 traces th-so to original pyrite in the slato. J.B.Dana in Nov;Englar 
 
2U 
 
 (1.977) attribut :c th m to th weathering of fo~ttuginous limestones 
 which th y replace. For Naw England this is probably correct . fvluch 
 that is pur ly imaginative has been writ tun by fcihors rj 
 thCoi, sine-'* r> w , T U+ohcook f^om som** associated fossils in- V 
 rofcrrod thon all to the T rtiary times, and others derived th )m 
 fron tivj drc/inagj of Archaean Highlands in Silurfca&ambrian timos. 
 
 Jlxtonaivj deposits; of r^lat-jd charact :r occur in the Huronian 
 schists Beds-'3C. and XII of Erook near Negavneo Mi oh. whcr.j they 
 ar-5 called soft h-JHiatites, 
 
 Dana J.Pf Occu~rmc>) &0rigin N.Y.&N.E.Limonitos A, J.S. 1877,pl.'j5 Roc 
 Frjs-jr P. Perm. 2nd Gool. Surv. R-jp. C. (1876). 
 Harden J.W. Br, H:;m. Dop. of ?.. M'-c'n ::-tc M.E, 1.136. 
 Hitchcock P., On th'j Brandon Lignito ;tc. also G;;ol. of Vt , Vol,I t p. 
 
 A.J.S. II. 15. 95. 
 s on th.-s Salisbury Iron Minos &7. T 'ks, M.E. ' 3. 2.'iO 
 
 ."loll :yA. L. 
 L-.Jsl-:y J.P 
 
 . 
 
 Not 
 
 On !"ont Alr.o Penn etc. P^oc.Am. Acad. Sci . 1864.463-482. 
 
 Lr.'is , T 
 Lyman B 
 
 
 Th 
 
 Htm. (Br ) . Or*s ,::in?s ttc. E.of r/n^ Hudson R..M.E. 5. 21 
 . On th J Lovr-r- Sil.Br.H.im.B-ids of Am-.jrica. A-. A, A. S. 17. 114. 
 J,0. R,pt. on G-Jol. Conn. p. 1152 
 
 On th': Occur^^nc': of the Br.H.-.m.Dffp.of the Gr sat Vall.y* 
 
 Also Penn. 2nd Survey. Repts. D(1875) & 
 
 Prinv.-i F 
 
 M.^ :5.410 F.ec 
 D.D. (187.). 
 
 Rogers H.D. Trans. Ass. Am 
 
 Geol.& Wat. 1342. p B 345 . 
 Analyses of Limoni-,es 
 
 'ass. 
 
 Fe 
 
 47.52 
 50.48 
 
 -3 . 
 34 
 ?1 
 
 50 
 
 p 
 
 S 
 
 SiO^ 
 
 0.187 
 
 
 
 0.353 
 
 
 
 0.059 
 
 0,391 
 
 14 19 
 
 0,125 
 
 0,02 
 
 5 , 1-35 
 
 0,530 
 
 
 
 0.237 
 
 
 
 H ft O. 
 
 59 
 
 50.39 
 53.37 
 44,71 
 
 0.225 
 
 0.034 20 
 
 
 7.90 0.70 
 
 14.4 
 
 County, 
 Connecticut 
 T.r.aton Island 
 Pennsylvania 
 r ircinia(Low Koor) 
 Tennessee (Lagrange Furnace) 
 Alabama 
 Colorado 
 
 Prossor I'ine^Oregon* 
 Pure Mineral 
 
 Side^ite or Spathic Ore 
 
 VT"on oi' conc>-otionarv struc-&u v> e in shales, 
 much clayey matter, these oreu are called clayironctone; when form- 
 ins bods of limited extent in the coal moacuroc and having much 
 bituminous ma -.or they -.^e called black-br.nd. 
 
 Typo 3. Eurden Mine, near Hudson N.Y..Beds of spathic ore, en- 
 closed conformably bet Veen underlying slates and overly ins sand^--- 
 stones of the Hudson Fiver Stage. ''he beds vary up to 40' in thicfc 
 noss and consitt of gray or draft massive siderite with associated 
 elicit e and pyrite. The oro is known to outcrop over a distance of 
 four miles, but is not uniformily good. Much of it however is pure 
 mough fo* Bessomor Steel. The total output is estimated at 450000 
 tone. Somovh&t similRr ores aro known in the Marcellus Shales in 
 
 and containing 
 
14 
 
 Ulstjr Go. across the Hudson Rivar, and the presence of spathic ore 
 vith the limonite to the east (Of. Type 2a) has already been noted. 
 n c.y~ond R.V7 e The Spathic I^on es of the Hudson River. M. 3* 4. 339. 
 Olms tead T ,, Distribution of Phosphor v.s in the Hudson Rivo- Carbon- 
 ates, f/.T.. 10S9. 
 Smock J C, Bull. 7. N.Y. State Museum pp. 62-65. Rec, 
 
 Type 4v.Roxbu-y Conn. A fissure vein in gneiss, 3' to 3' wide 
 of siderit,* 1 with which are associated quartz and a great variety of 
 minerals; galena, chalcopyrite, blonde, etc. Although, productive 
 in former years it is nov no longer workid and is of scientific .. 
 rather thsn economic interest. It is a uniquo deposit. 
 Shspard G.U, Deport on the Geology of Conn. 1837. p. 30, Also A,J,,S,' 
 I> I?-, 311. 
 
 Typq 5. Clayi^onstone . Isolated mas.es of concretionary origin 
 which at times cnal'i^co to form beds of considerable extent, 'Then 
 in isolated masses they arc distributed tlvouhg shales; and on the 
 we'at'nring of the matrix are exposed and concent rated. 'Choy are es- 
 pecially characteristic of the Carboniferous strata and differ from 
 black band only in the absence of bituminous matter, and in the 
 consequent drab color. They weathe^ easily to limonite generally in 
 concentric shells v/ith a co^e of unchanged carbonate within. Possil 
 leave*, cr shells often furnish the nucleus for the original segre- 
 gation and are fchu:-, as at Mazon Creek 111. beautifully preserved* 
 When in shoots the' ore is sometimes called flagstone* oro; When 
 broken into rectangular masses by joints it is called black ore. 
 In wo s torn Penn. and in Ohio the o^e is of the g 'eateso importance. 
 In Vf.^a. in the Sr.bcarbonif : ?rous is found a bed said by W.B, Rogors 
 Cl.f!,) to oxtond 30 miles, often from 3-5 ' thick. If. is also known' 
 in Maryland -in Cretaceous clays, and in the Laramie Stage of th3 
 wostorn states, the shales associated v/ith tho coal often contain 
 it. A large bj?d has bo en reported in tho Claibo^m? Strata of 
 Enterprise ..." ^-. The ores arc calcinod boi'orc being smoltod. 
 
 Type ija,, Elack band. Dcds consisting chiefly of ca^bonato of 
 i v< cn v/ith more or loss earthy and bituminous matter. They aro of 
 varying thickness, though rarely moro than 6 f and are almost limi- 
 ted to strata associated with coal ssams. They arc thus especially 
 found in strata of tho Carboniferous Systepi and to a fav lo:_s deg- 
 ree in tho Eastern Jura-Trias . (Va.N. C .), They are also recorded 
 with the Cretaceous Coals of the ?/est (CoL). Those deposits are 
 especially developed in Ohio, W.Va. , Ky., and Ala., Thoy and Type 
 5. aro tho chief sources for local ores in Ohio and aro assigned by 
 Orton to 11 different horizons. 
 
 Erainard A,F t Spathic Oro at Enterprise Miss. M.E. 15. 143. 
 McCalloy.H.Ueol.Surv. of Ala. Ropt . on the Warrior Coal Piold 1SS6 
 
 p. 14 and elsewhere. 
 
 Orton Edw. Ohio. Geol. Survey Econ. Gool. Vols V and VI. 
 Platt.P. Payette Co. Perm. 2nd Geol, Survey Rep.L. 1-^75. 
 
 t.vr.G. A-nstrong Co. Pcnn, 2nd Geol. survey Rep.H 5. 13^0. 
 

 . 
 
Rogers Wo Bo The Geology of the Virginias 1884* 105-IOi /*:u^iier 
 S a P Notes* on the Black-band Iron Ores of W, 7a M<,3 e l0 
 ' Analyses of Spathic* Ores. 
 
 Pe C0 ? v - S SiC- -i..^ -10 
 
 Burden Mine N a Y (OalciYi*a)49'.6 V.^O^W^ft^-IKOa 25,37 
 Ohio Black-band. 27,3 0.'043 0*17 25,52 0,50 
 
 England (Clay ironstone). 31,42 22 0.47 14 10o36 5*52 4 C 45 
 Scotch Black-band 32.0 32,0 0,50 8,00 5 a OO 50 
 Pure Mineral 48,3 37*9 
 
 Hematite, ed and Specular, 
 
 The sesquioxide of Iron Pe a O^ is always of a red color when in 
 powder, if of earthy texture this color shows in the mass and the 
 ore is called red hematite; if -.S^ystallized the r&d color is not 
 apparent and tho brilliant luster of the mineral gives it the name 
 specular* The red hematites are first treated, 
 
 Type 6, Clinton Ore, One or more beds of red hematite inter- 
 stratified with shales and limestones of the Clinton Stage, They 
 are of extraordinary persistence, as they outcrop in \Vis 9 Ohio and 
 Ky, in.-fche interior; and the begining in N,Y. south of Lake Onta- 
 rio, they run easterly across the state. Again in Penn they fol- 
 low the waves of the Appalachian folds and run south in W,Va, and 
 Va, in groat strength. Again they are found in Tenn, and Nortnwest 
 em Ga and finally in Ala, are of unusual thickness and economic 
 importance. The structure of the ore varies somewhat, being in 
 places the replacement of fossils, such as crinoid stems, mollusca 
 shells otc,( fossil ore). Again as small nodular cone rot ions like 
 flaxes&d (flaxseed ore, lenticular ore), and elsewhere it is known 
 tis dyes tone ore, ..ffhe ore is really a highly ferruginous limestone 
 and below the water level in th^/weathered portions passes often 
 into limestone, but along the outcrop it is quite rich, In Dodge 
 Co, WiSo the ore is 14'-26 ? thick; but in N.Y. there are two beds 
 1U 01 and 24" rarely. reaching 30* . In Penn* $' is the maximum but 
 in Ala there are three beds which may aggregate as high as 37* 
 (Pumpelly). Olive colored shales every where accompany them. In . 
 N 3 Y 9 the on* runs about 44 Pe in the furnace (A.H.Chester), 
 These hematites -as atated above have undoubtedly originated in man 
 cases by the weathering ntffcs^erruginous limestone above tho water 
 level. Russel shows that the unaltered limestone in the bottom of 
 a mine .at Atalla Ala, 250' down contained but 7,75 Fe while the 
 outcrop afforded 57,52, and J,B. Porter has shown tho gra$&fcM incr- 
 ease of CaO in a mine in the same district from a trace at the out 
 crop tc 30o5i) at 130 ft below. Other writers have explained these 
 beds as due to the bringing o* iron in solution into the sea of 
 the Clinton Age and depositing it as small nodules etc, ojr as a 
 ferruginous mud (Rogers, Lesley*, Newberry,) . In this way an politic 
 mass originated as in the modern Swedish lake c( Newberry ). 
 Chamberlain T C, Geol. Surv, Wis, Vol. I, p. 179. 
 Chester A t H the Iron Region of Central N,Y. Utica 1881. 
 
16 
 
 Hunt ToS.Coal and Iron in Ala. M.E. 11, 236, 
 Irvin~ ftcD. Mineral R;sourc*s of Wis* M.E, 8. 436 
 
 Geol. Wis. Vol. I, 'p 625. 
 
 Ncwbwry J.S. G;ol. Surr. Ohio Vol. III. p. 7, 
 
 Po~t"~ - T .*. T ~on s : Coals of Al?..GHt.'1fc T-nn. >'.S. 1?. 170 
 Rothwcll R,P. Ala. Coal & I~on M.E. S. 144. , 
 
 Russoll I.K. Suba-trial D*cay of Rocks, Bull. 52. f.S, 0.$. p-2^- 8 1 
 
 Typ.j 6a. Grsonbrivr Co. W.Va. A b-sd of r*d hmatit< in Oriskany 
 sandstones. It probably corresponds to th>; Oriskany limonit'js olse- 
 wh.-jrr abundant but h">~-> d-shyd^at *d". -* 
 ?age VMI. r '"he Glenmore Iron Estate. Gresnbrior Co. W.Va. M.E. 17. 115 
 
 Type 7. Crawford Co. Mo. Masses of associated specular, and 
 ha'-d and sof hematites of lenticular or funnel shape, in the S*c- 
 ond Sandstone of the Missouri Lower Silurian. The hard and 5,0 ft 
 hematites have ^osulted from tho alteration of the specula 1 ^. Tho 
 dope sit invariably occu v '5i in clay and che v 't which fill irvegula* 
 cavities and hollows formed, b "he b'-okon and faulted Second Sand- 
 B'Lor.e. They a"e distributed in several counties in Contra! Mo, of 
 vrhich Crawford, Dont and Phelps aro the most productive. They are 
 thought by Dr. A. Schmidt (J!o. Survey l']73) to have eiT,ho:* repla- 
 ced preexisting rock or to have boon o^i^inally deposited in hoi- 
 lowt. , in tho then existing surface. Puinpolly hovrover ^ogards them 
 (vol. 15, 10th. Census p. 12), as having b )-::n derived 4^rom the docay 
 of tho original dolomitOL and deposited in subterranean drainage 
 chamois. There is also a bod of rod hematite associc : .--od vri-oh ths 
 S'.ibcarboniferouc sandstones of western centralMo. 
 Chauvonet v; t ?.: 9 lOth Centus . ^01.15. /-03 
 Tchnidt A. Ho. Gool. Surv^.in.7.; Ir*on Ores and Coalfields .p. 124 
 
 "ype* p -. Jefferson C. .N.Y. Bode of ed hematite './ith more o- 
 lose specular uncle^lyin^ Sandstones of the Potsdam Sta^e and asso- 
 ciated with serpentine crystalline lirioaoone and other tandstone 
 bods, of uncertain relation:;. Hot far avay the Lau^entian '.^^iss 
 outcrops although nowhere associated with the o-*o. The bedV occur 
 alons a northeast belt from Philadelphia, Jeff Co. to Gouve*rt*ur, 
 5t, Lawyr, Co. They ran-^e up -to 30* in thickness and are mostly of 
 od earthy hematite v/ith included mass^j* of specular, :'any inter- 
 inn minerals', ( s.iderite v millo-ite, quartz etc) are found in 
 
 ies. Emmons in the early N.Y. survey (aeol.2nd Dist) attribu i 
 m e-uptive origin to theeo o-- bods and serpentine, and ovon 
 tone , but this origin ir controverted by Brooks, who firct 
 5o:ch;th> associated lower lying andcton*. Sarol7 any frn 
 .t;- would c-edit an intrusive origin. No catisfactory explana- 
 ion nc.c yot been advanced. 
 Erool-s T.B. On Certain Lower Silurian Hockc in St. Lawrence Co. 
 
 N.Y, A. J.S. III. 4. p. 23. 
 
 Lby G.S. Jotfr, U.S.Acsoc. Chare. Ironworkers Vol. XI p. 263. 
 Bmmons N.Y. Oool. Su-vey. 2nd Dist. p. 93. 
 
 Type 9. Lake Superior Hematit.js, Beds of hematite both red and 
 

17 
 
 specular in crystalline schists and related ^ocks of the Kuroniaa 
 System,; Itore cr less Kagnetite is also often present/ Although of 
 widel'- diffe vv in^ physical characters all the Lake Superior h.3n>ati~ 
 ouc are hore grouped under one general type in orde v> to avoid anne- 
 cessary subdivisions and L .o emphasize their closely related 'reclo.^- 
 ical position. The individual cha^ac :- .ers a-o brought cut n/ the 
 sub- types. There are four principal o^e producing; belts, or dist- 
 ricts ," ""''he Hfirquet e J* just south of Lake Superio" in !'ich.,,"Th-j 
 Menominee" on the southern border of ' ich. between the upper oc-nin- 
 
 * i 
 
 sular of M.ich. and Y'is.J'fhe Gogebic on the nor-.h western bolder 
 between Mich, and Vfis , ^ The' r errnillion Lake 1 in I.'inn, nor '.hives t- of 
 Ls.ke Superior. 
 
 Typo fa, ""arquotto District, '-'he Marquotte district, was earli- 
 est known and has been most thoroughly s udiecU ' ; 'he Iluronian rocks 
 form a broad synclinal trough with subovdina ") folds, and several 
 v.onrjuos or projections > -un .inrr out from the main body., '''hey "ost 
 on and are bounded by Laurent iar. gneiss., Vho Murom an consists of 
 quartzi-.es, schisms, banded jaspers, dikes altered to ' Mt soa*pstonoJ 
 limostono and the ores. Brooks divided i: into x, .'on-'.y m-jr,;ber;3. Beds 
 VI. X. XII, and XIII. and an horizon bole." V. afforded r,he ore. 
 F-ed XIII affords the magnetise which increases in amount towards 
 the' western portion of the fi -Id., ( C-oclogy cliso v! ibod at ].'.-ngt \ in 
 the lo etudes., with maps., sections and lantern vi-.iws)< '*hO Crcs avo 
 classed b'' Brooks under five heads, (a) Red Specula 1 "; (b) ''a'jnj'i-ic , 
 (c) I'ixedJ (d) Sof . Hematites^ (o) ; ? lag Ores, Class (a) includes 
 tho slaty hematites vrtiich break into irregular Capering plat3S, 
 and the massive so-callod granular o^os. Clrss(b) includes r^anu- 
 l ^ and moro o^ less friable magno fc . itos v/hich a^e rolatod to i'ypo 
 15. ''lass (c) includes tho highly silicious o^os, consisting of 
 hematite closo-ly intftrlaminatod with red or white jasper* V/hon 
 containing ov;? v> 45 or 50 po'-vct. iron hhoy a^o valuable, Class (d) 
 are limonitc>s closely Delated to *-?ype ^a whore they aro referred to, 
 Class (c) has a fl^^gy structure and a>"0 rolat ;*d xo class (c) but 
 aro less distinctly bandod and arc me^oly local variations of fer- 
 ruginous schists. On the east tho soft homa cites (limonito-s) are 
 first mo. L , , \.h^n in soing west the* red hematites and then the mag- 
 netic charac'.or increases 'intil at the '-'ostern'pnd of -ho district 
 .tho magnetites are most abundant. There is a small o-vtlior to tho 
 south cf tho district containing :h;) Ch'jsir:- min3. -ho oro bodies 
 c.re tru'-s bads oi' greater o*' loss oxtont, and often quite irregular- 
 ly disrributod. '"hoir origin has boon a sub joe* of much controver- 
 sy. Tho oa^ly explorers Poster and vrhitnoy, attributed an o vf uptivo 
 origin to them, a difficult thesis lat^lv attempted by Vfa* dsworth 
 (I.e. b;lo-:). All the otho- geologists, who he.cl studied fno.i 
 (Crodnor. Brooks. Puiupelly and at firs'. Irving) attributed to them 
 an o-igin like beds of limonitj ,;hich Tfiure subsoquontly motamorph^-; 
 osod to hematite, in the general raetarnorphism of tho region, Brooks 
 thought it probable that tho hematites we"3 altered magnet it os, an 
 
i<;ja 0onftra<! fc? th pre&l of naMitit wt that all hal boen 
 
 originally limonite, 
 
 I rooks T.B. Geol. Survey of Mich. Vol. I. 
 
 Credner.H. Zeitsehr. d.d. goal. Ge*. Vol.21. p.51G. i;'.f>9. 
 
 B & H 7.-*it. 1871 p. 369. 
 
 Foster and Vfhitney. (tool, of the Lake Superior J)i*t. Part- II. 
 ?,oniin:-e~.C Seal. Survey f Mich. Vol. IV. 
 
 '\a dsv/orth.M.E.Tot * on tho 3ol. of th* Trcn and Copper Dint. L.S.I' .1 
 "edding 7oit . f.P.K.u.S.in p. Staat. ".XI- r . p. 33$. 
 " N -iCht, f. .E.and Law ton C.D. Ropt's of the Com, of tha Mineral Etat* 
 
 istics. ?;ich. 1^ and to dato. 
 
 Typo Tb. Menominoo Pist. Tho roks ar: essentially like those 
 in *he Va^quetto Pis^. and the .ora bodies have siraila^ relations. 
 Tho homauito is found in Bed VI. of L rooks' Schorae. Tho ores aro 
 ' ;no v< all soft bluo homa;ites (powdo~in'; ^od) of oarthy structur'j, 
 and mad; up of vo-y fino particles of specula^". Tho brown hematites 
 r -"'.: of v?ry lirriitc?d occurrence, b ,inc kno-.m ho, /ever in tho PJiBKio'c 
 I "inc. 
 
 Prooka T.D. Wisconsin Surv;r ; '. Vol. ITT. 430|a3o. .^iV '\1*^ 
 } roi/n D.H. Distribution of Phosphorus in tho Ludington Kino.M.E. 
 
 17. ^>16. 
 Fulton J. I'odo of Poposinion of tho T^-on Or s of the Konondnoe 
 
 Rancc T.ich. M.E. 16. 525. 
 
 larsson Per. Th>: Chap in Mine. M.S. lo. 119. 
 V"ihi; C.K. V/isconsin Survey, Vol. III. 'VV5. 734. Also : ,h,. papors 
 
 c i t - d undo r T y p o T a . 
 
 Typ.3 9c. Ponok-..;.- 1 . Gon-?bic Dist.. Th--: rocks of this district crc 
 loss iii. 1 : camor|ahosQd than in tho previous tv/o. Th- s.ra a rim 3 and 
 \;i th a northorl" dip of ")0 -oO* 1 , and no subordin;. o folds. Thty 
 consis'c of chur-y lir*wston- ai, the baso, follov/od b- r quart z-slat.^* 
 q^iartxi -, ;, iron ore and i'.:" i ni;inous ch-j^ts^ rnd finally slatss an^ 
 schisms. The strata a 'o t.ravvsed by dikus. Th.: . oro is a sof; rod 
 Jioni)v/hat hydratttd hematic with nior.j or lass man^anosj, oft-vn con- 
 sido^abl-i, and mo-; abundant in thi: sou horn minos. Ila-d specular 
 ii. ! ra~o. I^vinr; fi x 'st showed "hat thosj ore liodics had origina-. 
 
 ted f^-om thcs r5placsm.:nt of dolomitic or calcitic bods ;i ah i^on 
 oxid'..'. La--.or "an JUs ; has shovn them to b:> in thj t ^ouchis form;d 
 >;' th=.) int '^^s action of north-?~lv dippin; compact qua^tziivjs snd 
 sou^ho^ly clipping trap dik-js. Ho trac s thc i^on to 'a source in the 
 layers of chsrty carbonates pa^all?! with quartziti-; and abovt? it. 
 '*rora this it has b on leached out by percolating vatcsr and dtposi- 
 t.o4 in the apices of the trough* wh..re it has replaced the original 
 cerbonar,e rocks. 
 
 7, & M Jour. (Joc^bic ^ang:. )!ar. 12, 1887. p. 182. 
 Iwing R.T>. eol. Wis., \ r ol. Ill pp.i0^*"ia7. 
 
 Origin of Fvrrugy Schists and I**on Ores of L.S. 
 A.J.S. III. 32.253T3S5, 
 
! .-.: ; b 
 
 
 ..- ' -' ' ::.. . -, 
 
 '' ' " 
 
 - 
 
 * r - j'fByri 
 
 : 
 
 
' 
 
 19 
 
 The Iron Ores of the Penokoe Qogebie Serios in Mich. 
 ld.tfU. AoJ.S; Jan. 1889 p. 32 Re i. 
 Wright O.E', Geol. Wic. Vol III pp. 239-301 
 
 Type yd, Vermillion Lake Minn., B^d.n of h**rt specular r r i*h but 
 little soft, in a series consisting of jasper (co called jacpilyto 
 of I'inn. geologists) chlorite-schists and quartzite, with decom- 
 posed dikes now altered to "coapstono" . They are situated some 70 
 mil' v sjnorth-v;est of Lake Superior and are analogous in their geolog- 
 ical occurrence to the other subtypes, There are two iron bearing 
 districts; ' : one, to the west the Mecabi Range in v/hich strata Ii3 
 horizontal, and closely resemble tho Penokee region contains mag- 
 netic Oreo, which have not as yet boen rendered productive; tho 
 other, on the east^ths Virmillion Lake. in which the strata lie 
 nearly vertical affords the specular. In the latter district the i-i e 
 ar^ two belt:' a r.iile apart, of which tho northern io tho larger and 
 most productive, They afford in many places; a total of 30* clean 
 oro, The northern deposit extends about ono milo on the atrikoj 
 the southern about one-half a mil;3 
 
 Chester AJ-L. llth Annual Ropt. Minn a Gcol, 155-187, Roc. 
 Gomutock ToB. Vermillion Lake Diet, in Brit , Ajuorica M B E, 16, 109 
 Winchell 1KH..& others in tho Ann, Reptt Minn, Goo^^^'lco forthcom- 
 ing Bulletin en I.! inn. I^-on Oroa,, Minn, State Survey* 
 
 Type 10, Pilot Knob Mo.. Tv/o beds of hard specular hematite, f \ 
 with a thin scam of clato between, intorst ratified v/ith oonglon*or- 
 atoc and sheets of porphyry of tho Huronian Sorioc, Tho Osark 
 Mfna of Mo. and Ark. being to daylight throujgh tho Lower Silurian 
 liraectoncc and sandstones a oorieu of knobs chiefly of porphyritio 
 rocks e Such -c, one is Pilot Knob with itc tv/o oro boda..lho lov/or* 
 bod has been the most productive and -,/afij from 25 '-40 ' thick, 
 The upp -r uai: thinner and lects rogular* They are nov; moatly yorkod 
 out.(Viowc and Sections). Two neighboring porphyry knobc,Shoptrd 
 M't'n. c.nd Cedar M't'n. alcojoontain oro in veins. Tho first a voin 
 of clocin magnotitOj and another of pyritous; do, : tho sjeoond, ono 
 of opooular, but noith-or hill affords much or. 
 Por Lit-sratur; cao undor Typo 11. 
 
 Typ><) 11. Iron Mountain Mo ftt ^ r inc of hard Specular irregularly 
 c^gmiiyt a knob of porphyry, Thouo voino aro difforont from ( Pilot .^i 
 Knob^v/hlch is a true bod. Th-':y r*>aoh at tim-ss groat thiakn*jq, 
 30 ! -4e-'-50 7 but also run out into tho wullo in small otrin'jors and 
 irregular maosoo. In cuch form th-^y oftvm uhow th-j oast of apatite 
 cryctalo nou vroath^rod au&y. The ehiuf cou^eu of tho or^j is not 
 hovevor ixt proo-snt th^ voinc but is derived from a mantling conglom- 
 erate (th; so-eallod "black oro, )of ; haatitfc oid parphyry boxxld*rs 
 vith clay otc., ,vrtiioh surrounds tho knob and dips avay under tho 
 Ic-tsr Silurian limestones and sandstones. It is the shore shingle 
 of tho early Silurian ocean. This is miMd uridar tho lator formed 
 Silurian atrata and washed of its barren rock \/hon brought to th* 
 the surfjice. An eruptive origin Yfc.c orisinally ascribed to these 
 

 
20 
 
 Mo. ores by J.D. Whitney, iji later inves'tljfations Dr.Adtlf Schmidt 
 considers them both at Pilot Knob and Iron M't'n, to have been 
 formed either by a replacement of tho porphyries with iron oxide 
 deposited from solution, or by a fillinj in the same way *& fissu- 
 res probably formed by the contraction of the porphyry in 2ooli:i. 
 Pumpolly also endorses this hypothesis, J.R.Gago has explained the 
 Pilot Knob bed as originating by replacement, the iron bein der- 
 ived by lateral secretion. 
 
 Gage .T.R. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 1873 pp. 181-192, 
 Pumpelly R. and Schmidt A. Iron Ores and Caal Fields of Mo. 1373 
 Shepherd F. Ann.Rept. Mo. Geol. Survey. 1853754 
 \Vhitnoy J.D. Mot. Wealth. 1854. 
 
 Typo 12. James River Va. Specular. Narrow bods of specular 
 intorstratified with quartzitos and slates of motamorphic charac- 
 ter and Archaean age. Mors or less clay is also beddod with i/ne ore 
 They run 4'-fi f or less in width with prevailing vertical dip and 
 furnish a ve"ry excellent grade of ore. They are situato-.i along both 
 sides of tho James ,. a fov; milec north-cast of Lynchburg. A faw 
 magnotito deposits are? associated with them and some limonite. 
 Bent on E.B. In tho Consus Ropt. vol.15 p. .263. 
 Cair.pbftll J.L.. Resources of "Iv; Jamas Rivor Valley. 
 The Virginias n !'onthly publish ;d by Jod. Hotchkiss Staunton Va. 
 Othar b'jds of spocular ar.; knov;n in I'.e.,N.j r .^ Ala. and in.manj 
 motamorphic districts. 
 
 Analyses of Hematites. R.3d and Specular. 
 
 Pe. P. S. SiO Al H 
 
 Clinton N.Y. (Fossil Cre). 44.10 O.G50 0.33 12.63 5.45 2*77 
 Vfisoonoin (Fossil Oro ). 51.75 1.392 
 Punn. (I'ifflin Co). 44.4 0.115 0.028 
 
 T^nn. (Moigs Co). 51.63 0.345 
 
 Ala. Birmingham. 56.4 0.'J4 1G.3 0^5 
 
 Antworp^N.Y. 4v^.32 O.^S3 
 
 Mo. Crawford Co. 59.41 0.085 - . 
 
 Mieh.Ma>*quotto Dist . (Specular) . ">8.4 0,5o 2.07 
 
 *' tr tf G4.83 0.057 3.oO 2.03 
 Dist. 60.47 .00^ 3.3 Q 
 
 I to.. Iron M't'n G5.5 0.040 0.010.15.75 
 
 II Pilot Knob 59.15 0.015 13.27 2.19 
 Jamos Rivor !'aud tr ein 4r.89 0.139 
 
 Blba 51.81 0.02 0.17 11.97 3.47 
 
 Pure Mineral 70.fc 
 
 These analyses are mostly taken from the State Reports and the Min- 
 eral Resources of the U.S. .They are intended to illustrate the 
 roneral run of compositions, but for Marquette are high. Analyses 
 necessarily vary widely. 
 
 Magnetite. 
 
 Type 13, Magnetite Beds. Beds of magnetite, often of lentic- 
 ular shape, inters tratified v/ith Archaean gneisses and crystalline 
 
. 
 
 . 
 
 r r ^ 
 
 .01 
 
 ' 
 
 
21 
 
 limes-tones. They: are extensively dev&loped in the Adirondacks, in 
 the IKY. and N.J, Highlands and in western N,C.The paiesenoe of 
 magnetite in Mich. (Type 9a) in Minn. (Type 9d) in Mo. (Type 10, in 
 
 Cl.op.uerd I.I f t f n) 5 ana in Va 9 (Typo 12) lias Already boon roforrod -co, 
 Other magnetite bodi^s^'are' known in 1ol.<j7tah^Cal. and ""yorainc a** 
 will be mentioned'"stiDsequc3ntly, Titanium is often present in such 
 amounts as to render the ore of no value. The same is truo of 
 pyrite, Apatite is always found although it may bo in vory small 
 quantity. Chlorite 4 hornblondeor augito, epidote, quartz, feldspar 
 and a little salcito are the common associated minorals* In row 
 Jersey the bsds occur in several parallel ranges or bolts, 
 
 Typo :i.3a, Adirondack Region. Tho magnetite .deposits occur in 
 v.he foothills of the Adirondacks on all sides and to c l"/ss extent 
 in the i-auntains thomsalvos. The mountains aro vory largely l:nobo 
 of massive rock which is chiofly labradorito^/ith soms hyparsthono, 
 Laid up against theso in the foothills aro gnoiss and crystalline 
 liraer tones, in the fo>*mer of v;hich occur the magnetite dopoeite , 
 At Lyon hft ; n on tho north, tho Chateaugay O"obodv is really a b,,d 
 of gnoie vory rich in magnetite, rich enough in places to afford 
 d. nv.'rc'.iar'.t,ciylc or-;, The greater part of it however requires concon- 
 t rat ion... It is known- for several miles on the outcrop. On either 
 cidi the ore shades out into the walls of barren rock. The little 
 Rivor Mines on tho west side, in St. Laaronc'3 Co, appear to b.; a 
 similar but larger bod of loan oro. (Said to bo 800 f -1500* v/ido 
 and 2 miles long), 
 
 Bosid-'js those -)xt ,-ndod bods, the"-: * oth -r d)posios ;xhibiting 
 mor; perfectly the peculiar lenticular shap / charact ;ristio of 
 magnetite bodies, and to this class aro to bo r.rforrod tho greater 
 nuiiibor of smaller bodies. Thoy pinch and sw..ll f roll and fold and 
 f-oathwr out, and como off sharp .)ly from the wafcls. Thoy of tun fol- 
 low and overlap on-j anoth ,-r like shingles. They aru ot infroquont- 
 ly cut by trap dik -a^ Other deposits aro of onormous size as .-at 
 MincvillCj (2CO v clear ore b^tvroon tho walls) and thlwr relations 
 aro irisb clear. Thoy may bo largo lenses folded or doubled ovor. 
 The Ohamplain magnetite i.s quite notably granular as controls iod 
 vrith NSW Jersey vrhich tends to break in ^tsrms-'s. O.E,Hall divides 
 those laetamorphic rocks into thy (a) Lowc?r Laurentian Magnetite 
 Iron Ore Series, containing tho most important or: beds, (b) Tho 
 Laurent ian Sulphur Ore Series, (c) Thu Limestones and cho Labrador 
 or Upper laursntian v^ith Titaniferous Iron Or s. (c) is certainly 
 later than (a) but tho relations of (b) ar.? uncertain. T SHunt 
 also states that th* titaniforous or-js aro associated with ^hv 
 Labradcritc Series or Tlo-rtart . (Goog. Hist, Ktatals). Commercially 
 tho -res arc divided into l.or>s high in phosphorus but low in 
 Aulphur. 2,, Ores lov; in both phosphorus- and sulphur. 3.. Pyritop.ss 
 4, . Titaniferous ores, (Census R-spt .Vol.18) . 
 T*^ r. 1 ?'? numerous magnetite deposits in Canada of analogous 
 but th :v ar-^ oftn highly titaniforcua. 
 

 
 cT * 
 
 . JUftl , : tfi , 
 
 J bk&' o 
 
 8A 
 
 
 ' ' . ' I 1-. r 
 
 r nojaprai 
 
 
Views showing the dis-tributions and geological sections 
 Or^dner K n 'Zoitsch,d,d, Geol.Goc-. 1369 XXI.p,561j and 
 
 B. & H.Z. 1871 p'369. 
 
 Dana.J.D-. On Theories of Magnetite, A.J.S. III. 22-152-402. 
 rramonsYRV Rept. on th 2nd. Di-M,. K.Y. Gool. Survey-. 
 I-i.ll,C,E, Ann. Rept. State Geol. N.Y. 1834. 32nd. Ann.P.ept . n ia-*' ^ T*ur, 
 Smocfc,J.C. Bull,?. N.Y< State Mus. 
 bedding Zeitschu f . B.H.&S. in p. St. XXIV 330. 1876 
 Also general references cited above. 
 SillimarioB. Rem'ks on the Magnetites of Clifton St. Laurence Co. 
 
 N.Y. M.E. 1. 364. 
 
 Type 15bo N.Y. & T-T..T. Highlands , Beds of lenticular chape in 
 Archaean gneiss and crystalline limestone. Prom Putnam N.Y. a ridgr" 
 of Archaean rune S.W across the Hudson River, Orange Go N.Y, and 
 northern N,J. into Perm. Lencis of magnetite occur throughout its 
 ,--entire extent. They are not as largo ac in the Adirondack^ but sirs 
 more regularly distributed, Pour courses or belts have been recog- 
 nized in N.J e The Ramapo, the Paasaie, the Muse one toong, and tho 
 Peque;jt. The lenses strike north east with the gncissoa, and 
 usually have, like thorn, high dips. In addition they havo also a 
 cocalled "pitch" along the strike so tha 4 ; they runjdia.gonally dov/n 
 in th? gri^icQ, EJtho^ b' r tho overlapping of Icncssc or by an approx- 
 imation to an elongated bed they sometimes, an at Hibcrnia., o:;tc:ii 
 a mile or moro. Again they may bo almoct circular in Grossest ion , 
 At Franklin Furnace one is found in crystalline limestone. The 
 Tilly Foster ore body of Putnam Co. N.Y. has been mos-; fully d > 
 cribed, and attention is especially directed to it as a typical 
 representative . 
 
 Compare also Franklinite deposits Type 28. 
 Cock^GeOoK, and Smock, J.C . % N. J. Geol Survey. 185S Rec. and 
 
 sub s e quent Annual Re p ' t s ' 
 
 Pullman, J : W, The Production of tMe Mibevnia Mine.N.J. M.E. 14. 904, 
 Huttmanr: .-TS. Notes on the Geol. of the Tilly Poster Ore Bod/ , 
 
 Putnam Co* II. Y. !!.E. 15. 79. Reo 
 
 Smock ,J B G, The Kagnot.ite Iron Ores of 1T.J. M.E.2, 314 Rec. 
 ^endt.A.P, Thn Tvon ?!ines of Putnam Co. N.Y. M.B, 1^473 
 
 ' : .':*po l-jc, Co v: n:rall Penn, Immense beds of soft magnetite associa- 
 ted with r;reen slates, limestones and Vr lassie sandstone d, and 
 pierood b^ dikes of Triassie diabase. The exact goolosical re-lat: 
 ons of th^se beds have been greatly disputed, i ,e . as tc- whether 
 '.hoy are c: Triassie or earlier age. They occur just at the junc- 
 ticn of thy older Siiuro- Cambrian schists and the red Triasnis 
 cs.ynictcne^ > and in thj came region are normal lenses in Archaean 
 gneisses r-nd slates. (Views and Sections ), These beds have oecn 
 thought e,'u-?tiv3 s but are now generally regarded as metamcrphio arid 
 Lesley's hypothesis that they were limonites like Type 2a,. which 
 have been r..3tamorphosed by the trap seems most reasonably (1'Sth 
 Can^u3/ 5 7ol.l5 p. 11;, (Compare also Type 14). Considerable a:;cii2X-.'-s 
 
23 
 
 of Copper ores ohaloopyrite etc* occur with the magnetite in fis- 
 sures -running across it* 
 Prsser*P- A Study of the Spec, and Magnetic Iron Ores of the New 
 
 Red Sandstones in York Co. Pa. M.E.- 5.132. 
 Hunt.T-yS. The Cornwall Iron Mines etc. M.E. 4. 319. 
 d'Invilliers E.V. The Cormrall Iron Ore Mines Leb. Co. Pa, M.E. 
 
 14. 873. 
 
 Rogers. H.D. 1st. Geological Survey Penn. II. 718. 
 Willis. B. 10th. Census. Vol. 15. p*.223. 
 
 Type 13d. Western North Carolina. Beds of magnetite of the char- 
 acters already d '.scribed, in^^neTssea and schistose rocks. 
 At Cranberry, which is the largest and best known, pyroxene is in 
 marked association with the ore. In the southern central portions 
 of the State the ore bodies are in mica and talcose schists refer- 
 red by Kerr to the Huronian. Professor Kerr also makes a distinc- 
 tion between Upper and Lower Laurent ian. The Cranberry beds are of 
 great size and have lately become very productive. 
 Kerr.W.C. Geology of North Carolina- 1875. 
 
 Type 13e. Rocky Mountain Region. Beds of magnetite a&J lenticular 
 character either in rocks described as syenites and diorites, or 
 between limestones and quartzites of supposed Silurian age. 
 Magnetites are known in Colorado at Iron Mtn. Fremont Co. (too 
 titaniferous to be valuable) of lenticular shape in diorite. 
 (Rolker); in Chaff ee Co. at the Calumet, Hecla and Smithfield Mines 
 lenticular masses in decomposed Syenite (they furnish excellent 
 ore); in Cost. 11 * Co. in lime stone (Gens us) or Syenite (Rolker); in 
 Gunnison Co. at the Iron King, and Cumberland Mines, excellent ores 
 in questionable Silurian quartzites and limestones. At Ashcroft 
 near Aspen high up on -the northern side of the Elk Mtn. is a great 
 bed of magnetite. :MI- ; . limestones with abundant eruptive rocks near. 
 It is thought by W.B.Devereux to be the altered outcrop of a pyrite 
 deposit. There are other smaller deposits in different parts of 
 the State. Some of the Colorado magnetites run into pyrite in depth 
 and they have originated thus. Still pyrite is a common associate 
 elsewhere. 
 Chauvenet.R. Papers on Iron Prospects in Col.. Ann. Rep f ts Col. Sch. 
 
 of Mines. 1885-86-87. Also The Iron Resources of Col. 
 
 Denver Meeting M.E. 18S9. 
 Devereux.W.B. Notes on Iron Ore Deposits in fc&lkin Co. Col. M.E. 
 
 12. 608. 
 
 Rolker. C.M.Notes on Certain Iron Ore Deposits in Col. M.E. 14. 266. 
 In Wyoming an immense mass of titaniferous magnetite is known near 
 Chugwater Cr. .It is described (Hague) as resembling a great dike 
 in grant ie, 
 HaguecA. Iron Mtn. WYO. 40th Par. Surv. Vol.11 Rl4. 
 
 Type 14. Utah and Cal. (1) Iron Co. Utah. Beds of magnetite and 
 hematite in limestones of questionable Silurian age bearing evi- 
 dences of being metamorphosed limonitcs. The limestones have bean 
 
ti A *Jtt*BM *iit i^^^^^^^H 
 
 - 
 
 ' 
 
 sis, a, 
 
 r-:r aeaaar-- 
 II --?. 
 .Xn^dcBjO fjrui , toil ari^ 4*c 
 
 wliS c 
 
 rri.ffjf*forf rf^ m: 
 ^nfi w 
 
 c3 -la erf^ s<f 
 
 s^iaoqi> 
 
 stao& J 
 
 ilWisf eJxaoqsCT flriC 'noil no so; 
 
 ri^-: 
 
 *!.. .1* i* 
 eOYiC ..,^ ,A,ew; 
 
 
 8J > iudtt!jL ^leodi 
 

 much upturned and metamorphosed and pi-erced by dik^s and erup 
 mds-ses or>: trachyte ( ? ) * In the Star Dist in the sain?; r-egicr-. ^V,c- ore 
 pr.:rj.r*.iv!,ly lies between quartz it e and granite* He-Aat.ite occurs in 
 large e^-.-UKt associated with magnet ite. Quartz is ab^naatr', vr,. tho 
 ore of -p.'jrr.e claims, and also in certain streaks large crystals c 
 apat-ilrtf i The-* Importance of those deposits lie;? In the futurn., 
 
 They are doubtless the largest in the west. They are interesting 
 in their rearing OK the general origin of magnetites., 
 B,*k3 ?/,!-', Irr>Y Ore Impcsits of Southern Utah M S 1-i, 809 c 
 Nev..eri'y T-S 7 The Ge:oer>is of Our iror^Ores, S c of M, Quar, Mir, 1800 
 
 ,& r.f, Journal April 23 1881 p 285, ,'W. , >UH OUatt , 'VfO, 
 Putnfun B.To 'lOhh Census . Vol.15 p P -i-85 
 
 (^) Cdlif^rMia Magnetite^ Beds of magnetite of J.ev-tioular 
 shapy i>i tr.e rnetrxm:-rphio slates and limestoriea of the western 
 s:.: opes- ::f the Sierras ^ Deposits of excellent ore &re known in 
 Sierra and .Flayer Ooimtiec often succeeding one another i'ofc- a con---- 
 siderable stretv-h on the striken 
 
 Browns J K. Kept, on Mining Resources etc, W, of KocV;y M'T. 'n?, 1863 
 King G. ;"fc .HagLie o.-.B, In Kuyiiionds Mines and. Miinii;^ V/,. of ^ocky 
 
 MouVitaJ.iiS 1S74 p s 4Ao 
 
 Hasiks H,G^& Xrel^n Wm , Anrj c Rep'ts of the Gal., Ltate Mineral ogisv.* 
 VoRichthofen 5\ Private Report quoted in 10th Census Vol. 15 
 Wliltney J/D, Geol, 3urv Gal.. Rep 1865. Vol. I, 
 
 Type 15 Magnetic Sands, Beds of magnetite sands conc 
 on beats he* by th$ waves Such deposits are very abundant at Moisie 
 on ths St. Laurence below Quebec 5 and in the U ? S, are known in 
 smaller developments on Lake Champ la in, at Quogue L/I, and in Gciin., 
 along the Gh-^-at Lakes and on the Pacific,, Grains of garnet, oli 
 vine, hon)bli?nae etc c Minerals of high specific gravity are asso- 
 ciated with the sands o Since the introduction and 'ose of 
 blotting :>jper they are less worked than formerly,, 
 
 Himt T e Sc Geolo Gurv c Can, 1836-69o 261-262, Can. Nat ,Vi; 9 p 79 , 1872 
 Julien a A a A 4 The Genesis of the Crystalline Iron Drew, Pwoc, AC ad.., 
 
 Ivat-j Scio Phil a c 1882 9 p, 335 E,&M, Jour Pcb,. 2nd 1884, 
 
 On the Origin of Magnetite Deposits, 
 
 It is important to note that they are almost, if :nofc qu.it o inva- 
 riably in ffistamcrphic rocks (gneises aspecially, less often ^rys- 
 talline li.Trje stones etc e ) and conformably interbeddedo As the exact 
 history of these met Dimorphic rocks is as yot uncertain,; the origin 
 of the rsagnetites shares the same doubt. In eruptive rocks magiia- 
 tite 5n snifi.ll grains is the most universally distributed of the if. 
 minerals. The following hypotheses have been advanced. 
 1,, , The intrusive (eruptive) Hypothesis; an origin analogous to a 
 
 trap dike, (Now very generally rejected) . 
 
 2co Ait^rerf .Tirr.onite or bog ore hypothesis. From limonito beds 
 either formed in marshes (See Type 1.) or in lakes (See Type 3,} or 
 as in Types2 and /ia. Subsequent metamorphism of the?? beds and the 
 enclosing rocks, cha^gss the former to magnetite and the latter to 
 

 
 3Xooi old 
 
 
gneises etc.o This seems to have been shown for the Cornwall (Type 
 3c) and Utah, (Typel4) *a*id is the hypothesis having the endorse- 
 mont of many authorities. The limonite may also have been derived 
 by the alteration of lenses of pyrites, and these metamorphosed, 
 p-s \T\ Col. Type 14a. 
 
 3 00 The Beach Sand hypothesis. Beds of magnetite sands derived 
 from the weathering of massive rocks and concentrated by waves and 
 then buried and metamorphosed. This is by no means improbable in 
 many instances. 
 
 4.. The River-bed hypothesis. That tha lenses are due to a con- 
 centration of magnetite sands in rivers, or flowing currents* 
 Honce the overlapping lenses, the arrangement in ranges or on line 
 of drainage, and the frequent swirling curves found on the feath- 
 o-inf odgos of lenses. (Original with Prof .H.S.Munroe of Golumbia > 
 prive.toly communicated), 
 
 In regard to the magnetite lenses of the Archaean Gneisses while 
 the hypotheses above cited are often reasonable, yot most candid 
 observers have grown with widened experience, less positive in 
 asserting them, 
 
 Analyses of Magnetites, 
 
 Chatoaugay Ore. 
 
 1 f Washed. 
 
 Lake Champlain (Mine 21) 
 Orange Co. N.Y, (P,oflX) 
 Putnam Co. N.Y. 
 New Jersey (Hibernia) 
 Cornwall Pa. 
 Cranberry N.C. 
 Col, Calumot, 
 Canada (Rideau Canal) 
 Col, Iron King 
 Utah 
 Calo Gold Valley 
 
 Pe 
 
 P 
 
 S 
 
 49-24 
 
 0.029 
 
 0,052 
 
 66,60 
 
 0.003 
 
 
 62.10 
 
 1.198 
 
 
 63.00 
 
 0.621 
 
 0.148 
 
 48.82 
 
 0.021 
 
 0.08 
 
 53.75 
 
 0,364 
 
 
 42.7 
 
 0.135 
 
 0,020 
 
 64.64 
 
 0.004 
 
 0.115 
 
 49.23 
 
 0.025 
 
 
 50.23, 
 
 
 
 58.75 
 
 0.044 
 
 0.123 
 
 62.6 
 
 
 0.12 
 
 60.687 
 
 
 
 TiO 
 
 SiO Al 
 18.447 1,363 
 
 11.75 3.50 
 
 3.85 
 
 9.80 
 
 4,80 
 
 15.87 * vc 
 
 '/)"' importance in connection with iron ore deposits are the 
 recent studios of the distribution of phosphorus along certain 
 lines in the beds, by. a knowledge of which it is possible to keep 
 more valuable bessomer ores (under O.^X P> distinct from less val- 
 uable '.ncn-bessemer. Such lines have been found in Mich, and have 
 been called by Mr Browne "isochemic lines". Though less 'marked at 
 the Burden Mines (Type 3) the phosphorus was characteristic 
 certain varieties of the ore. 
 Browne D.H. On the Distribution of Phosphorus at the Luddington 
 
 Mine etc..M.E. 17 616. 
 
 Olmsted.I. The Distribution of Phosphorus in the Hudson River 
 Carbonates. M.E. Col. Moating June 1889. 
 
. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 ' 
 
 ' -..- -: ; 
 
26 
 Pyrite. 
 
 Type 16 9 Pyrite Beds. Beds of pyrlte often of lenticular 
 shape and character analogous to the magnetite deposits, in slates, 
 schists anJ. less often gneiss of the Cambro -Silurian System, or 
 ' aean group, Slatec are most common, and gneiss least so. They 
 extend from Canada, down the Appalachians to Ala., being found at 
 Vershire Vt a Chatlemont Mass, (Anthony's Nose^N.Y.^ /the Gap-Mine 
 Penn^-be-i-ng^^^^^^t^e-- w-i-1-1 be mertt i oned unde r N tc ke-l~wi thc^t her 
 simllar_ox;-currenG-es), Louisa Co. Va. Ore Knob. N.C. and Duck town 
 Term, and at many points less well known in Ala.. Also at Sudbury 
 north of Lake Superior recent developments have shown another. 
 
 They lie interbec$5d in the slates a&6. , often the different len- 
 ses overlap and succeed each other in the footwall, and exhibit all 
 the phenomena cited under magnetites. Copper pyrites is usually 
 present in small amount^and where the copper reachee/4 or 5 X they 
 are valuable as copper ores (See under Copper}* At present they 
 are of increasing importance as a Source of sulphuric acid fumes 
 for the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Small amounts of load and 
 zinc sulphides are often present, rarely a little silver and nick- 
 4r& and cobalt especially in the pyrrh$titic varieties. They are 
 worthless as a source of iron. The auriferous pyrites of the soutX- 
 . ern ? states will be mentioned under gold, (Views and Sections). 
 They have probably accumulated in a way analogous to the Bog 
 Ore Hypothesis cited unfler Magnetite, but instead of the iron being 
 precipitated as oxide it has probably come down as sulphide from 
 the influence of decaying organic matter, and has subsequently 
 shared in the metamorphism and solidification of the wall rock. 
 At the same time it must be admitted to be an obscure point, 
 Adams W<,H<> The Pyrites Deposits of Louisa Co Va. M.S. 12. 527 
 Boyd CFU The Utilization of the Iron & Copper Sulphides of Va^ 
 N a C c and Tenn ME. 14 -s 1881. 
 Resources of S W. Va. 
 Credner H a At St 3 Anthony's Nose Hudson River B*Jl H. Zeit.1866 p/17 
 
 Pyrite in Va. Term. & Geo. B.& H, Zeit 1871 p. 370 
 Davis H 9 T 3 Min Rasources U.S. 1883-84 p. 501 
 
 WendtA The Pyrits Deposits of the Alleghanies. Sch . of M, Quarter- 
 ly Volj VII. and as separate reprint, also E.& M. Jour. 
 June 5th 1886 9 22 and elsewhere. 
 Wheeler H,A Copper Deposits of Vt. S.of M. Quarterly IV 219. 
 
 Statistics of Iron Ore. 
 
 In 1880 the total iron ore mined in the U.S, was 7 974-306 tons of 
 which limonite, 2. 119,218 or 27.6 % of total, spathic 922 P 88 or 
 11*5 X fossil(Glinton) 615.573 or 7 6 X > Spes. hematite, l896. 
 918 or 23,6^ , Magnetite, 2.387.369 or 29.7 /. The States ranked 
 in the following order Perm. Mich., NY 9 , N.J., Ohio, Wi s sour i, Ala* 
 Va. , Md. , Term*, Ga., Ky., etc.. Mich, now produces the most, and 
 others have come up, but the data for very accurate ranking at 
 present are not available. 
 
! Mitt MAm <9 
 
 ni /e*l'iW40^.o***ojiiaai erf* * atfoj^Xan* i$tft*tjsKo fcna eqarfa 
 oJaxE flalntt^a-oictaaO eriJ to a alerts jietto aaer .irta aJeJrfot 
 .08 ttM| aaJii. brza .rroMBOO *OOB era oe*aX8 .^woia oaea ' 
 
 jso!> .afcar^aD moil bmxo 
 M2|f ' 
 
 .oO 
 
 oelA" 4lA Hi nvofrt 'IlW ttel BJftioq yfrsm ts. hna 
 nworla evjwf *n0qoXo,vtl) ^rtsobi ioiiiqju3 eaUa to 
 
 , .l^^^e^lB ed^ ft* fc&a.dtejni 9iX 
 
 Jbns ,IlBWloot ,*r^ nl terfJo ifM ba0 toB qs/.tevo aet 
 ai 6>^xq teqqoO .**ttj6a&m t|uxu>l>etl9 ndracn(iq . &iti 
 Kt V e -so ^dOBf^f -re^qod trfV enei^ftnp.^m/omft llama " rrJt tneaeiq 
 taeaartq M (neqqoD teJbioj o3) aeio .icqqoo e ola^ulJBV 01* 
 6:^fi dliuriqii/a la soit;.B tiu^iogmi aniM^ienJb lo. e-ui 
 An, I lo a^rtuome Il4B8 ^ tJtoa oitiirf^Xtfa lo ft-ujjofllunn erf^ -rol 
 &n* i evil a X^*JtI a xlotjrf ^ lno*rq . oe tlo fii' fce|>h orris 
 
 ' 
 
 ert* lo aeJlijq at/oielifua oriT .noil o eoi&roa 
 fiol^eeB J&uw jawerV}. \bXos lebrar, bertp jVn em ed Hit/ 
 tot eti* pj fifOfcoXjifta xaw a ffi bot^ffnvooa xl^acioiq everi 
 
 fcotio aiaed^oq^YH eiO 
 
 ebhiq/jl-a, aa mrbb iS^p ^Ictadoi^ aua|f tl obijia aa boiatiqio' 
 jjp98^a a^*bfia t iettaiB olnayto iit|taoob to 
 XXBW '.-^rff lo rtcf tBOlJi^iXp^ brtJ^ ma^rfq-xoaifl^eo! e 
 
 #06 aa^jJoJ to, atiaoqtC aotl; 
 Id aot Jtiiq^fi" leq^oO A noil orft lo 
 
 ^jctex^x^^tj 
 
 ^ ; .ay ;.W ; s io ? 
 
 H A,'^ toyJtH, itoubuH oooV a* wbrf^/xA 
 OT5 f .q |T8X jlfS .H^i.lL oeO A ^onjoT ^V i c 
 
 XO^q* *8-58eX ,8^.i -aeoiJJOaeH ^^ 
 
 rfoS^aelffariiellA orf^ Id itiop^oC.etl-i 
 
 aa tna .IIV XoV 
 
 Jl 10,8 tV 10 Otlaoqta leqqoD .A.H 
 .oiO noil to 9oitaUat2 
 lo tnot ^O^>?pot aaw &(! ort| ni t>9ha tip no-il Xatot oxfl 088X nt 
 8BS.,S:e oirffaqa .Xatot lo ^ ft.Vfi 10 ftLS.CII.S,9t4- mil rfoiriw 
 eli^aaif .a<i8 t X^-Y ^o T^xi (notniXO)Xlpnol ^X 3*11 
 orft ^ftfll -OL QdTMt'o^l^ciaatfi ^ fp.? 
 oldO ,,^Tf ,.T.M t .rlo!M -iiino^ lo^c, yxivoXIol 
 aoi^^,iro'^ff5lM"-t^jro ,Xj *$ , .ixrroT ,. 
 eta^uroo^. Yfwr srol atai od| ; ilrd <qw not ^varf 
 
 .'oXdaX|atra ton oia tnoooio; 
 
. * -*;; 
 
 In 18S2 Great Britain 1S 62&.240 Other Countries ( exempt the 
 
 United States 1O,08O.OOO following) l-.10a-.000 
 
 Germany 8.?*l>47S^l81-Austria Hungary l.ljiVlOO 
 
 Prance 3857.00O Sweden 910,532 
 
 Belgium 275e500<,1880-Russia I,128r319 
 
 Spain 5.510,OOOol886-United States 10.000,000 
 
 Italy 385.700ol887- " 11,500.000 
 
 Popper 3 
 
 jrrrrrra Q U g Pe 
 
 Native Copper (Generally some Silver). 100 
 
 Chalcolite Cu 2 S 79,8 20,2 
 
 Ghalcopyrite CuFeS^ 34-6 34,9 30,5 
 
 Bomite CuFeSj 61,79 25.8 11 9 7 
 
 Tetrahedrite 4 CvS Sb a S,, (Variable) 36,40 25,7 
 Cuprfite Cu^O ^ 88,8 
 
 Melaco.rite (Tenorite) ,CuO 79 C 86 
 
 Malachite 2CuO 00 H 57 4 
 
 Asurite 3CuO+. CO^rH^O 55J 
 
 Chrysocclia GuC-hSiO^-V^h'^O 56,1 
 
 Type 16. Pyrite Beds with intermingled Chal(*opyrite u 
 See above page 26.^yrites (called Muncl.U- by the mi:ne> i s} is the pri- 
 ncipal oor:?titut!?nt of such bodies but often the copper percentage 
 reaches 4-!j $ and they are valuable for copper They havo been 
 worked for this metal at Capelton Quebec, just north of Vt. at 
 Vershiro or Ely, Vt. v Ore Knob and Blue Wing NC, and Due kt own Tenn. 
 and at various smaller l?eds in Md, and elsewhere, The^ beds are 
 often, altered on the surface giving the rusty ferruginous and oxi- 
 dized outcrop known as gossan. From such decomposed material at 
 Ducktown the copper leachod out and became concentrated at the 
 water line in a zone of very rich ore (called "black ore") consist- 
 ing largely of chalcecite, melaconito, and tho carbonates. 
 
 Below however were found the iron and copper sulphides, Consid- 
 erable subte^anean heat is developed at Due kt own by the oxidation 
 of the sulphides. All these deposits are now of less importance 
 than in former years as a source of copper, and but fen? are at 
 present in operation. For Sudbury, Ontario soo under Nickel 
 
 \ Vi?w3. sections, and particular descriptions),, 
 Bailey J,!', The Copper Deposits of Adams Co* Ponn, S,&,M,.T. n'ob* 
 
 17th 1883 P. 88. 
 
 Credner H On ffesoktown Term, B &<|H, Zeit ,J86?p.& 
 E& It t . Jour, Nov. 6 1886 p. 327. The Elizabeth Copper Mines Vt See 
 
 also April 10th. 1886, 
 
 Fraser P Some Copper Deposits of CrroM C'o, Md a M,I'.. v. 33., 
 .( Hypothesis of the Structure of the Copper Belt of the 
 
 South Mountain Penn, M E. 12, 1882, 
 
 Renders en 5 H 3 Copper Deposits of the South Mountain Poim Ji&a&3$36, 
 Hunt. T a -J.^ Ore Knob f^'pctfl2ttiM some related Doposita. M S 2c,123, 
 Kleir.sohmidr , (InVa, Teim, andN C a ) Gangs t *aoi en 7o."l 6 3 p.C-tfiG 
 c : 1 sho r t ac o ount ) a 
 
* ''. '-,. 
 
 ' 
 
 I 
 
28 
 
 51cott EcB, Ore Knob Copper Mine and Reduction Works. M,E, 3* 391 
 Mchardson- Copper Ore of Stafford Vt, A,J.S. I. 21 383. 
 Faomey M A brief Notice of some Faot-s connected with- the Duck- " 
 
 town Term, Copper Mines, A.J.S. II. 19 181, 
 
 '"endt . A . P . The Pyrites Deposits of the Alleghanies S.of M. Quar- 
 terly. Vol. 7. 1886. E.&. M-. J. Euly 10th & following 1886o 
 Yheeler H.A. Copper Deposits of Vt. S.of M. Quarterly IV 239 
 
 Type 16a. Spenceville Cal. Beds of pyrites with considerable 
 jhalcopyrite in Jurassic slater on the western slopes of the Sierra 
 Jevada. The ore affords about 31 jfe X copper. The deposits are 
 mown in several counties but are- only of notable importance at 
 Spenceville, Nev, Co. and Newton,) Amador Co. The same slates afford 
 ;he gold veins which are numerous near the copper mines ; 
 Cllis J.E, Min. Resources. 1884. page 340/ 
 
 !anks a H 6 G, & Irelan.W, Rep f ts of Cal. State Mineralogist. Scatter- 
 ed Mention. 
 
 Type, 16b. Gilpin Co. Col.. Bodies of pyrite, chalcopyrite and 
 >ornite replacing gneiss (or perhaps granite) and dikes of quartz 
 >orphyry and felsite, along the planes of the joints, which cross 
 ihe gnftiss' perpendicular to the laminations. These ores occupy a 
 rery limited extent of territory tlt/fe miles in diameter) but as 
 ihey are highly auriferous are vigorously mined primarily for gold. 
 The concentrates from the stamp are afterwards treated for copper 
 mt as an accessory to the metallurgy of the precious metals, 
 ?hey will bo again refe^ed to^under gold. 
 Jmmons ScF, 10th Census > Vol. XIII p. 68. The veins are described 
 
 as cited above, 
 lague Jc-D, 40th ParaW e\ Survey III p. 493 The veins are callad 
 
 fissure veins by Mr Hague. 
 
 jakes A Ann. Rep. Col. State Sen. Mines 1887 P Oil. 
 togers A S W, The Mines and Mills of Gilpin Co. Col, M.E. 11. -29. 
 
 Type 16c. Llano Co. Texas. Impregnations in granite and veins 
 rith quartz gangue in granite, carrying carbonates above but sul- 
 >hurets and tetrahedrite, with some gold and silverAbelow e Contact 
 Leposits between slates and granite are also known. 
 Itreeruwitz W*H. Mineral Res, U.S. 1884 p. 342. 
 
 Typeil?.. But^ Mont. .Veins, orriginally fissures but greatly 
 enlarged by replacement of the walls with ore, filled with copper 
 tulphides, bornite, chalcolite etc. in a siliceous gangue Some 
 lilver is associated with the copper. At BuA there is -a north and 
 louth valley 6 miles wide between high granite ridges on the east 
 ind lower rhyolite ridges on the west* In the middle arrises also 
 L conical hill of rhyolite (the n But*e tt K In the eastern part of the 
 'alley is a very basic dark granite and also on the extreme westo* 
 
 In the part west and south west .of the *Bue w is a highly -acidi? 
 t ight colored granite. In these granites east and west of the 
 ire the veins. On the east in .the baeie granite 'are two series, 
 if which the southern is the coppe/r bearing . The northern and ?, 
 
A ge 
 
 *il 
 
 tt 
 
 
 .,- : , , . 
 
 . 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 
 . 
 
 ' ''" 
 sis 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 eic .sfcjr 
 
 v^ i 
 
 f. 
 
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 The veins wejt -of the Buvbts are lilrftr-bearinf and will t-r? referred 
 to under silver. Strangely enough thy lack copper quite entirely, 
 Th But to district is alone rivaled by the Lake Superior district 
 in output^ see table below* 
 Emmons ,3 F, Notes on the Geology of Butte, MontM.E, 16, 49. 
 
 a-l'QC under Silver., 
 
 E,& M. Jour,* Bu^r.e Copper Mines, April 24, June 19, 1886. 
 Peters >,., Mineral Resources U.S., 1885-84, p,374, 
 
 ..."., . ."*. *. ' .' *?.'" v' % : ;' 1 
 
 Williams & Paters On Butte Montam e 3 & M.Jour.. Mar ft 28el885 
 Type 13 o o Keveenaw ?r;-int > Mi'?h tf e Native copper with gome 
 in both sedimentary and interatratiffftd massive rocks of the Xew- 
 eenian System, It occurs as a cement binding together and replacing 
 the pebbles of e. porphyry tf-ongl. ems rates Oi * Billing th6 amygdules 
 of the upper surfa^o of the inl;arbed<?ed sheets of massive roeks;* 01 
 as irregular masses^ some times of enr.rmous size, in vein with ft 
 gangue of caleite^ epid^te and various ,eoj.it6ej or in irregular" 1 
 masses, along tx,e contact botweon 8<*dim^j,tary and ifiaeslvt rodki*' 
 
 Tha ro(sks cf the Keweenian System aro moi.it strongly developed ' 
 on the south shore of Lake Superior, especially in Kew&onAWQl'OiiltV' 
 They extend- some distance east and west and are also kncwn on the 
 north shoro o They consist of sandstones arid thin beds of oonglon*- 
 trat flint ere trat if led with sheets of dla'u&8e y both compact and amyg- 
 daloi'cf^and of melaphyro tf There are throe principal min. .ing diatri- 
 ots, the Keweenaw Point on the end of the Point, the Portage Lake 
 in the middle, and the Ontonagon at tho western baas, mines have 
 also been worked on Isle Royale and ccppor is found In small anwifc* 
 nts en the north shore 6 The Portage Lalto is now the prineipal f if 
 not the only producer* In the first tiarned district the minei ejre' on 
 original fissures which have later become much enlarged by the 
 alteration of the walls * They are Dually from 1* to 3 J broad but* 
 may reach 10' to 20' and 30% this latter in the looeer textured ' 
 rooks. These expansions are also richest in copper, The veins 
 stand nearly vertical and oross the beds at right angles* They were 
 the earliest disvovered and the first to be extensively worked; 
 
 In the Portage Lake diatrioi; th mines are either in eonglomer* 
 ate (Calumet and Hecla r Tamarack, 1'eninsular, eto) or in amygdaloi* 
 dal, strongly altered diabase, certain very scoriaoeous beds of - 
 which are known as the ash beds (Quincey, Franklin, Atlantic etc,-). 
 
 In the conglomerates the copper has replaced the finer fragments 
 so-, as to appear like a cement and often the boulders themselves t ' 
 or particular minerals in them so that they are permeated with 
 eopperv The amygdaloids have copper- in their small oavities, but 
 in the open or shattered rock it- fills all manner of irregular 
 cavities, of ten in fragments of groat size. It is associated with' 
 calcite, the zeolites' (of great beauty;, epidote and chlorite (the 
 last containing Fe,^)* i n the Ontonagon district the copper follows 
 planes, approximately parallel to the bedding of the sandstones and 
 massive rocks, and in one case at least (the National Mine) along 1 
 
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30 
 
 the contact between the two. The copper i a quite irregular in itn 
 distribution but has the same associates that are mentioned abcye<, 
 In thier practical bearing the mines- are classed as Mass .Mines, 
 Amygdaloid Mines and Conglomerate Mines. 
 
 On the Origin of the Copper. 
 
 The original source of the copper was thought by the earlier 
 investigators to be in the eruptive rooks themselves and that r;ith 
 them it came in some form to the surface to be subsequently concen- 
 trated in the cavities, Pumpelly has referred it to copper sulphides 
 distributed through the sedimentary rocks as well as the massive, 
 from which the circulating waters have leached it out as carbonate^ 
 silicate and sulphate. Although the traps are said by Irving to 
 fee devoid of copper, except as secondary, it would be interesting 
 to test in a large way thier basic minerals as has so suoceeafully 
 been done 'by Sandberger on other roeks, for the metal. I think it 
 probable that such may be its source* Irving states that the coa- 
 rse basic gabbros of the System contain- chaleopyrite, but they do 
 not occur nearthe productive mines. The electro-chemical hypoth- 
 esis of deposition was earliest advoeated(Foster and Whitney) and 
 on account of the electrolytic properties of the two metals it 
 would appear probable, although the unsatisfactory ehai'adter of all 
 experiments militates against it. Pumpelly however has worked out 
 an explanation much more likely to be the true one. He found on 
 .studying the mineralogical changes which had taken place in the 
 rocks, that the alteration had been very extensive; that it had 
 proceeded through a series of minerals involving at one stag* a 
 change in the ircn present from protoxide to sesquioxide, which 
 would occasion a reducing action and at this stage the cope* ; was 
 deposited* ( Ment i orp?F the deposit of Melaconite at Oopper Harbor* 
 Historical account of the development of 'the mines, Prehistoric 
 Mining^ Views and See t ions* 
 
 It would be impossible and undesirable to givS in this place 
 any complete reference to the literature. 'Such bibliography- will 
 be found in Irvinga Monograph, and in wa: dsworth . The more inipor- 
 tant papers are givern below 
 
 Blake W 3 ? 9 Mass Copper of L Sup. Mines eto.,M.E. 4. 110. 
 Crotoer H, Neu.es Jahrbu/ch 1369 p.l. 
 E.& M*Jour History of Copper Mining In the Lake Superior 'District 
 
 March 18th 1882, p. 141. 
 
 Foster and "Whitney Kept on the Lake Superior Copper Lands 1856 C 
 Irving R D. The <J upper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior Monogr 3 V 
 
 U,S. Creel, Survey Esp p. 419 Ree. 
 Pwnpelly R Ge-ol. survey of Mich, 1873. Vol. I. 
 
 On the Origin of the Copper, AJ.S, Ill, 2, !S8~iy8 ? 
 
 243-258, 347-353 ReCo A later and fuller paper is in 
 ii Proo Aiasr, Acad. 1878. Vol. 13. p. 233. 
 
 M^JdU Notes on the Geol. of the- Iron and Copper Distp 
 
 Lake Superior. Cambridge 1880* 
 
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 the ^granite* Copper is known elsewhere in- sands tones, and the Lake 
 Superior conglomerates (See Type 18) where it has been reduced to 
 the- motaUic s$ate are of interest in this connection. 
 
 (Noty)o There are numerous other copper districts in Arizona of 
 minor importance or entirlly undeveloped, but the types above cited 
 probably illustrate the occurrences quite fully. Mention should be 
 made also of the mines n Iiower Californiaaopposite Guaymas* 
 Blake W F. The Copper Deposits of Copper Basin Arizona, M.E %3^.479 
 E. Mo Jour, Arizona Copper & Copper Mines Aug. 13 1881 p, 103 
 
 The Clifton Copper Mine-s Arizona. Peb 21. 1880 p. 133. 
 The Globe Dist. ApriJ 9 1881 p. 248. 
 Henrieh C The Copper Ore Qaposits near Morenci Arizona E, & M.jour. 
 
 March 26 1887. p. 435. 
 T$paiA 9 'Occurrences of Gold and Silver in Oxidized Copper Ores 
 
 in Arizona, E.& M & Jour. June 16 1888 435 9 
 
 Wendt A F Copper Deposits of- the Southwest. M.E. 15-25 also con- 
 densed in the B,& M Jour. Peb. 5. 1887 and in subs. N 
 Wtalizonuflo Santa Rita Mines MemoArlof a Tour in Northern Mexico 
 page 47, ( Historical ). 
 
 Type 20g , Wyoming, Oxidized Ores are found at the Sunrise Mines 
 in the Laramie Range and some copper has been produced. 
 
 Type 20h*o Crismon Mammoth. Utah. &"*great vein in dolomitic 
 limestone carrying copper, gold and silver ores. In the Tinti-e dis- 
 trict 70 miles south wost of Salt Lake City, are a number of veins 
 which produce considerable copper as accessory to the precious 
 metals-. The veins , or belts are of great width and afford rich 
 chutes or chimneys amid much low grade ore or gangue. They will 
 be referred to again under the precious metals. 
 Hunt ley D C B. 10th Census Vol. 13 p. 456. 
 Hollister O a J c Gold and Silver Mining in Utah. M S E. 16 p 10. 
 
 !Sype 21,<, Copper Ores*;;in Triassic Sandstone. Oxidized ores 
 native 'copper and chalcocite in contact deposits in Triassic sand- 
 stones at their junction with diabase or gneiss or as disseminated 
 masses replacing, organic remains. Copper ores are very common 
 throughout the estuary Triassic rocks of the Atlantic coast and 
 although formerly muen mined are now proved valueless, and only of 
 scientific interest, 
 
 Type 21a o Contact deposits in sandstone at its junction with 
 diabase o These include the New Jersey ores vigorously worked 
 before the Revolution. They consist of the carbonates, cuprite 
 and native copper disseminated through the. sandstone near the trap, 
 
 The Sehuyler Mines near Arlington N J. and numerous other open- 
 ings near New Brunswick are the best known. These Triassic diaba- 
 ses often show chalcopyrite and it is probable that the copper eame 
 from this or from copper in the- augite of the rock r in accordance 
 with Sandbergers investigations. 
 
 Typs 21boo Contact deposits in sandstone at the junction with 
 gncie:-: t ' A number of deposits were formerly worked of this character, 
 
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31 
 
 Whitney. J.D. On the 31ak oxide of Copper L. superior Proc. Boston 
 
 Society of Natural History Jan -1849 p. 10". 
 ,, Metallic Wealth U.S. p. 245 Rec* 
 Whi*tl8y C. On -the Electrical Deposition A.A.A.S. 24.60. 
 Wright C.E. and Lawton C.D. Mineral Statistics of Mich. Annual*' 
 
 Type 19.. St. Genevieve Mo.. Beds of chalcopyrite associated 
 with chert in magneaiah limestone of the Lower Silurian System. 
 There are two beds at St. Genevieve, of widths varying between 3" 
 and several feet . They lie between chert seams and are associated 
 with clay and sand. The limestone containing the ore bodies is the 
 2nd Magnesian of the Mo. geologists. The ore is thought by Nichol- 
 son to have been deposited by doloraitization etc.. as have the lead 
 and zinc deposits of south west Mo. and as is described under Type 
 25. 
 
 Nicholson P. A Review of the St. Genevieve Copper Dist. M.E. 10.444. 
 Shumard B.F. Observations on the Geology of the Co. of St. Genevi- 
 eve Mo, Trans. St. Louis Ac ad. Sci. Vol. I p. 40$$ Abstract 
 in A.J.S. II. 29. 126. 
 
 Type 20. Arizona. Ore bodies of oxidized Copper ores, in Car- 
 boniferous limestones associated with eruptive rocks. In addition 
 to these which are the most important, veins in eruptive rocks or 
 in sandstones or ore bodies of still different character as set 
 forth tinder the different subtypes. { The following descriptions 
 come chiefly from Wendt, I.e.) The Copper districts are nearly all 
 in the south eastern part of the state, online Black Range being 
 about the o enter. 
 
 Type 20a.. Clifton. The Clifton District lies in a basin 6-10 
 railes across, whose high surrounding hills consist of Carbonifer- 
 cus limestone, renting on sandstone and this on granite. In the 
 b^sin is a great eruptive mass of porphyry often with immense 
 inclusions of limestone. Pelsite dikes are abundant. There is also 
 an outflow of late trachyte. Prom this it appears that oruptive 
 phenomena are very abundant. . : 
 
 l.Ores in limestone. Veins of irregular eharatter, probably 
 originating along fissures (?) but afterwards djfsolved out into 
 irregular cavities, ( Longfellow) or else along the contact between 
 intrusive dikes and limestone (Detroit). The ore is a copper bear- 
 ing wad running as high as 20 f> Cu. in quantity. Great bodies of 
 clay are also present in close association with the ore. These 
 deposits seem to be quite analogous to those at Leadville. (Type32) 
 
 2.. ores in porphyry. Narrow stringers in porphyry above, join- 
 ing to a single vein below ( Metcalf ) or a fissure vein in a large 
 porphyry dike (Coronado) . Chalcocite is the principal ore running 
 into chalcopyrite below. 
 
 3.. Ores in Granite. Chalcoeite in fissure veins. These are lass 
 developed. Tho ore bodies in limestone, here as elsewhere in Ari- 
 zona are the most productive. 
 
 Type 20b. Bisbce Dist. Oxidized ores deposited along the bsd - 
 

 
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32 
 
 and Joints of Carboniferous limestone which has been 
 placed or dissolved nut to form great oavities, so that the ore 
 ''lee appear at times to be- eave fillings. Eruptive porphyry is 
 ondant in the neighborhood. 1 Wendt thinks that the ores have been 
 posited directly as oxidized ores, not having, been sulphur con*. , 
 unds ever in situ, The Copper Queen is the principal mine, 
 tier deposits chiefly chalcopjrfcgat*-. above and chalcopyrite below 
 B known in the porphyry but not worked, (cf. 20a). 
 'Type 20&. Globe dist. 1, ..Oxidized ores deposited in Carbonifer- 
 3 limestone along or very near its contact with eruptive diorite, 
 i with trachyte near. (Globe Mine). 
 
 2,, Fissure veins in sandstone containing arsenical and antimo- 
 al copper ores ( Old Dominion Mine). 
 
 SooFissure voins in talcose slate and gneiss filled by a quartz 
 tigue containing carbonate ores.(N.Y <fe Chicago Mines). 
 
 4* c Numerous small veinlets forming a stockwerk in gneiss near 
 dike of diorite. A dike of trachyte is also near. (Black Copper 
 oup too low grade for profitable working). 
 
 5., Beds of Chrusocolla just below the surface in the superfi- 
 al debris or wash. They appear to have been deposited by the 
 rface drainage from the stockwerk up the hill. (Cf . also Type la 
 i Ib.K 
 
 Type 20d., Santa Rita Dist. 1.. Native copper below, charging to 
 prite above, disseminated in pellets in an eruptive felaite (Sf , 
 pe 19. Lake 
 
 2.. Contact deposits of oxidized ores along the contact of the 
 Isite and the neighboring limestone, 
 
 Type 20e Black Range Dist,. Contact deposits of oxidized ores 
 ove, descending into sulphides below, in slates along their oozv* 
 ct with a dike of porphyrite and running into it. Carboniferous 
 meet ones arc near, and are pierced by numerous great dikes of. 
 eenstone, but afford no ores, The principal ndnss of the district 
 e the Hampton and Eureka, 
 
 All the Arizona deposits except the chrysocfclla (Type 20e,5) 
 e- referred by V/endt to fissure veins, a conception that it is 
 ten difficult to form from his subsequent descriptions, especially 
 r the limestone deposits. The invariable association of eruptive 
 cks are 'significant and it seems that these eruptive phenomena 
 t up an extraordinary circulation of copper bearing solutions at- 
 te subsequent to Carboniferous times (Cf .Leadville Type 32).- - 
 would appear as if the contact deposits may be more or less 
 f erred to an origin by replacement. 
 
 Type 20f , Copper Basin, Beds of ^osely textured conglomerate 
 
 sandstone resting on granite and gniess, with a c*unient of 
 pper carbonates. The granites are greatly decomposed and it is 
 ought by Blake that the copper has leached out from these as ^ 
 Iphats and been deposited then in the sedimentary beds as oarbon- 
 e a Many small veinlets and pellets of copper ore are found in 
 

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- 34 
 
 'specially at Bristol Conn* (Chalcocite in fine crystals) and at 
 :he Perkiomen Mine Perm.. The ores were both oxidized and sulphi- 
 te s and in both these places were associated with barite. -Other 
 related-veins contain lead (See Type 22a (3) under lead) , 
 Beck LeTC. Notice of the Native Copper, Ores of Copper etc* near 
 New Brunswick New Jersey. A.J.S. I. 36 107, 
 
 3ook O.K. Geology. of N, J. 188 P.675. Also L.C.Beck 218-224, 
 Shaeffer C 6 A. Native Silver in N.J. Copper Ore. E,& H.J.?eb<>8 p.,^ 
 
 Silliman B. & Whitney J.D. Notice of the Geol Position and charac- 
 ter of the Copper Mine at Bristol Conn. A. J.S-I1.20, 36.L 
 Whitney J,D, Metalic .Wealth. Rec. 
 
 Type 21c,. Chalcocite and copper carbonates, replacing vegetable 
 remains etc., in the Yriassic sandstones of Texas, New Mexico and 
 [Italic At various places in the abova states (Abiquiu N 6 M, Silver 
 Reef , Utah) the sandstones a* reported by Newbarry, and others have 
 disseminated through them copper ores deposited on fossij.s and. at 
 times with associated silver(Utah) . The. copper whether coming 
 from the waters along the shore line, or from subterranean currents 
 was precipitated by the organic matter (See also under Silver). 
 
 These deposits are not yet sources of copper,, 
 3azin ?.M 8 F<. The Origin of Copper and Silver Ores in Triassic 3<?.nd 
 
 'Rock. E & M.Jour. Dec. 111*880 p. 381. April 30 &$8Q 
 E.& M.Jour* The Nacemiento Copper Deposits. Aug. 22 1885. |M24, 
 Jackson, A, W, Rep't of Director of the Mint. 1880 p,384. 
 Newberry^ J a S P Copper in Utah Triassic Sandstones E.& M.Jour. Vol 
 
 XXXI p. 5. Also Oct. 23, '80 p. 269 Jan. 1*1881 p. 4 See also 
 10th Census, Vol. XIII, Precious Metals pp. 40 & 478. 
 Rolker, C. M, The Silver Sandstone Dist. of Utah M.E 9 e 21 . 
 RothwelXjRoP. Quoted in 10th Census^ol.XIII p. 478. 
 Silliman B. The Mineral Regions of Southern New Mexico M,E, 16.427* 
 
 Copper Production in Tons. 
 
 Atlantic Coast 
 Lake Superior* 
 Missouri 
 
 & N.M, 
 
 1850 
 
 78 
 57AO 
 
 1860 
 1800 
 5300 
 
 1870 
 
 10900 
 
 Montana. 
 
 3alifornia a 
 
 Wyoming. ( 1882. 50. 1883.481 ) fc 
 
 Dther Sources 
 
 Cotal U d S Sh.tons6500 7100 12500 
 
 * Long tons* 
 Cotal Europe 
 )ther Foreign Bounces. 
 
 1880 
 
 22200 
 115 
 
 63 
 
 33 899 
 234 
 
 30375 
 27000 
 59370 
 68405 
 
 11393 
 1250 
 39 350 
 
 800 
 
 82.937 
 74.053 
 76.258 
 75326 
 
 1887 
 
 100 
 37.735, 
 
 H. 
 9001 
 
 18SS 
 
 2 
 
 12 18 
 
 80,768 
 79 o 244 
 64300 
 
1 
 
 . " 
 
 
 
 
 att F 8*10*30* 
 
 .a/toT rrl noJ: ^ ^f* 
 
 OSSX SI OfiSX 
 
. 56 
 
 Lead Series. Pb S 
 
 Pb- S. 86 9 6 13 4 
 
 -Pb> GO/^ 77*5 
 
 Pb Cl^ 76 9 3 
 
 Eart.hy mixtures of these last arid limonite. 
 
 Type 22 c Atlantic Border, Veins of galena, in the Archaean of 
 the States along the Atlantic border; also others in the Palaeozoic 
 as described in the subtypes 
 
 Type ?.a c Veins in gneiss and crystal-line limestone, sometimes 
 with s. bat-it e or calcite gangue . These deposits were vigorously 
 exploited forty years ago or more but have since been of small 
 importance other than sclent if ic They may be best described by 
 districts as they hardly deserve greater prominence. 
 
 1, ,St 8 Lawren-je Co* N 8 Y, v eins v;ith galena in a gangue of oal- 
 cite in Archaean gneiss. Those near Rossie are perhaps best known 
 especially for their unusually inter- esting calcite crystals. 
 There are numbers of veins in the district which are notable in 
 thai the gailon**. is without zinc or iron associates. It carries a 
 very formal! amount of silver, not enough to separate/' Hornblende 
 and mica schists occur in the samfl region and the Potsdam sandstone 
 is not far removed, 
 
 Becko/JiC* Mineralogy of New York. 
 
 Emmons.E,, Geology of the Second Dist, New York Geol. Survey. 
 
 Whitney JoD* Metallic Wealth, Rec , 
 
 2, MasSo Conn 9 and Eastern Nev; York* Veins of galena with more 
 or lar.r, chaloopyrite and pyrite in a quartz gangue in gneiss, 
 slatfsij limestone and mica schist p The mines near Northampton were 
 forrwr'.Ly well known although never* producing a great deal of metal f 
 but fix this is a large prominent vein it attracted attention^ 
 Th^re are numerous others in the same region a Also in Conn, at 
 Middle 4 . .. m where much silver is said to have been found in the 
 galena. More recently (circa 1873) at Nevfbur yport Mass, argentif- 
 erous galena ac'iracted attention but was not of any importance. 
 Other v<?5.,is are known at Lubeck in Me, and various parts of N.H. 
 and Tfco,, Por a while small lodes in the slates in Columbia Co. were 
 unsuccasafu.Uy exploited and the Ancram Mine is of historic inter-* 
 est.c A i though those galena veins are numerous they must not be . ' 
 taken, too a eri easily., J 
 
 Sf S,E penn. Veins on the contact of Archaean gneiss and Tri- 
 assio ^ttad<rcono and diabase These were referred to under copper 
 
 Type; Ilb'o Ay acrced by Whitney the copper is especially strong 
 in ths .-jo^dstc/;^ and the lead in the gneiss. Trap dikes are abun- 
 diJ.T, and the eruptive phemomena in connection with them doubtless 
 occa-- u\i::d .he activity of circulation vrhich filled the veins. 
 ^rieatip s&in is the best knoifn, affording a great variety of 
 
 especially pyrornorphite, They have not been worked 
 
 -- 
 

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 ffl -: 
 
 tri* Jit* 
 
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36 
 
 4 Davids o* Or, No'Go veins In t?.lcose slate, Pomarly exploited 
 
 tu\ r: - -:.;.' known except as having furnished beautiful crystals 
 Of oxidized lead, niiriei-als. 
 
 ueologisal 'Reports of the Various States 
 
 I.*y CvA, Kouice of "he Ancrara Lead Mines A J,S, I 8, 47 <> 
 Nash A a 'Notice of -the Load Mines and Veins in Hampshire CO/f'Massv 
 
 Richards #,M... The ^e-^bu? yport Silver MineSp M,E 3* 
 
 Whitney^ Metallic Wealth U 3, ^ 
 
 T.rce ?.2a. SuJ.ivan and. Ulster Cc^s, N Y Veins along a line of 
 di G;.>.i a ;: nt on the contact between the Hudson River Slates and. 
 earidi: tcr^s bf the Medina Stage f Shawangunk (Jrit) carrying galena 
 &nd. sruil.ccpyrite in a quartz gangue, or else gach veins filled with 
 the *arrv. in the Grit : These mines formerly produced considerable 
 Ifead avid Copper but are now best known for the excellent quartz 
 prys \-als which they have pM&4ipA4 tc all the mineralogical c Glides 
 tions ci then lando 
 "iVhitnery J,D 8 Metallic Wealth and the N a Y State ReportSo 
 
 Typ'- 22 se Eonne 1 Terr? Mo, Galore, accompanied by niokeliferous 
 pyritc\ Disseminated through bod-3 of the Third or Lower Magnesian 
 
 ic^tone (Lower Silurian System? of the Mo, geologistBo The mines , 
 are at Bonneterre, Mine ia hlot ; .c 2nd Dne Run 2& miles west of the 
 Mise o River and 40 to 100 miles south of St. Louis* The strata lie 
 almost, horizontal and are known to carry lead through over 200 f in 
 thickness. The rich places fade out into barren rock and appear 
 to be IcK'.al enrichments of the limestone , of which the galena foms 
 an integral part t . l-Jo zinc whatever occurs with the lead and the - 4 
 silver ccn { ,er-o are very small 3 At. Mine la Motte some copper is ; 
 fomi'i and much jr.c-re ;\ickal and o ob:.2 t ; including siejjenite, a vari* 
 etj of . riir:,4ieite, vrh.luji impregnates a sandstone supposed to be 
 Potsdam* -Vi. ! the ere bodies aro crorfjed by small fa^ilts near which 
 they are invariably barren* Knobs of Archaean granite and diabasd 
 tjikos -.*rop nut- rjear th<=> Kiiiies both at Mine la Motte and Doe Run* * 
 
 T:ic ere is thcraght by the writer to have been deposited together 
 wioh *hr ".Lriestone^, probably by decaying vegetable tissues (Of ** 
 "Typ- 2,4 ^ on the bottom of the Lo,'er Silurian Sea, 
 
 ir>3.3S?.?led by Whitney for other but totally different deposits* 
 
 jCh* whcle region of Lower Silurian rocks, over nearly '3000 sq 
 rrii ,:3 contains; lead. These disjr-^rr.inated deposits are in no way to 
 be cor -fuse'd with ths gash veins > with ^hich thoy have nothing in 
 convr.cri The;/ ar now large producer s of lead and the only mines 
 wcri-.vd ir. the u\S, ; for lead alon* t Except, at Mine- la Motte lead . 
 
 Lac obtained fron this regi-. ii, previously to 1865 from small 
 gat, -. vf?in ? ihs th;^.^ of Type 2-4. iut the v/orkings were never com- 
 nci/isurcice- -with th ^reuc-i.t disseminated >.ines . Historical descrip*- 
 
 t i 071 >"'*' ' x ' 
 
 3roa:3hdad-G'.;C a ihe .Southeastern Mo, Lead Dist, M s Eo 5. 100 
 

 
 . 
 
 
.-, ;;,-R on the Occurrence of Lead Ores in Mo. M.E. 3. 116. 
 
 l?gi:'a:<. Survey of Mo, 1873-74 pp. 30 and 603. f ^ 
 Kemp j**-o N<-te-3 on the Ore Deposits etc, in S.E.Mo. S, of M. 
 
 3;;iarterlyo Oct. 1887, Rec* 
 
 Several othar papers have been published on the- metallurgical trea- > 
 tr.^.nt and ore dressing in the M.E. or Quarterly. 
 % lm.88 17 Colorado produced- much more lead than any other State, 
 Utah second, Idaho third. Missouri fourth*and Montana fifth. 
 
 Lead Production ( Short tonsK 
 1850, 1860. 1870, 1875. 1880, 1885, 1887, 1889. 
 Atlantic C,ast e 250 
 
 Mi,3t%?iv-:r List, 17700, 5000 
 
 S-,-oMi?30vri 17000 21600 [34000 
 
 BW 9 Missouri 8687 } 
 
 Utah 27159 228S8'' 22000 
 
 Nevada 10659 3500 3400 1500 
 
 Colorado 74815 70000 
 
 New Mexj.cc 8000 
 
 Montar.& ' v 8779 ) _^ 
 
 Idaho ~ Ar ' 20000J30000* 
 
 Californja * Arizona 800 1500 
 
 Dakota 1000 
 
 Elsewhere 31000 
 
 England 5740* 56900 37600 
 
 Germany 13000 28000 55000 69900 88800 92400 
 
 Spain 
 
 Other Countries 
 
 Tot s3. U,S C 160700 190000 
 
 Total Foreign ^ 
 
 Cf , Mineral Resources U.S. 1385 & 1887. The U/ S. produces more 
 lead -than any other single country. Of the product in 1887 84.3 X 
 came from lead- silver ores. The figures for 1889 are from the 
 !& M. Jour, Jan a 4th 1890 
 
 LEAD AND ZINC. 
 
 Type 24. .Upper Miss, Valley Gash Veins. Gash veins, or fis- 
 sures " irited to a single limestone formation (the Galena of the 
 Trentcr. -jtage) containing galena, zinc -blende and pyrite (MarcasiteJ 
 with tfaleite and residual clay. The deposits are found in S W 9 Wis 
 fo3 la & and NaWsIll., and similar deposits but of earlier geolog- 
 ical age were formerly wrought in S.E.Mo.. The Galena limestone 
 reaches a thickness of 200 ' of which the middle 100 ' is the portion 
 richest in leado The ore occurs in limited fissures supposed by 
 Whitney to have been formed by the drying and consolidation of the 
 limestone, i,e, to be joints, but since refe^d by Chamberlain to 
 gentle oscillations of the rocks and to the summits of anticlines 
 and the bottoms of synclines> The cavities have been enlarged by 
 water and are often partlyifilled by residual clay* The ores also 
 

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 to 
 
 / 
 
 -t l 
 
 
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 M .. 
 
 
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 t to t 
 
 ff 
 
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 bite 
 
 to 
 
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38 
 
 occur in horizontal cavities along the bedding planes. Chamberlain 
 makes eleven different kinds of openings, but tha' is an over-re* 
 finement. They form stalactites or wall-coatings or scattered 
 lumps on the floor". J.D.vnitney argued that the galena of these 
 deposits was precipitated from oceanic solution by the sulphuretted 
 gases arising from decaying organic matter and in this way were 
 deposited either directly in the cavities or sparsely throujifeout 
 the limestone and later segregated. Chamberlain has traced"V "' 
 series of Silurian oceanic currents with something of a Sargasso 
 Sea in the lead region which precipitated the lead etc. in depres- 
 sions of the bottom and later it was buried in the rocks and 
 leached into the cavities and precipitated by sulphurous exhala- 
 tions from lower bituminous strata. 
 
 Chamberlain T.C. Wis. tfeol. Survey. Vol. IV p. 367. 1882 Rec. 
 Daniels E. Vfis. Rep. 1854, 
 E.& M. Jour. The Lead Region of Wis. July 5.13.20.27. Aug. 3.10.24 
 
 Oct. 5, 1S78. 
 
 Litton.A. 2nd. Annual Rep. Mo. Gool. Survey 1854. 
 Owen D.D. U.S. Senate Documents 1844. 
 Percival J.G"; Wis. Report.. 1856. 
 Shaw J. 111. Oeol. Survey Vol, II, p,, '40. 1873. 
 Strong M, Wis. Grol. Survey .Vol. II- 1 p. 689. 1877. 
 White C.A, la. Geol. Survey. Vol. Ill p. 339. 1370. 
 Whitney J.D. Metallic Wealth p. 403. 1856 
 
 ,, la. Geol. Report Vol. 1$). ,22. 1858, 
 
 Wis Oeol. Survey 1861*65 Vol, I p. 221. Rec. 
 
 // 111* 0eof. Survey Vol. I. p. 153 1856. 
 
 Type 25. South west Mo.. Galena, 2ine blende and pyrite with 
 their oxidized products associated with chert^ residual clay, calotte 
 and asphejt in cavities of irregular shape in Subcarboniferous 
 strata. The ores occur principally in Jasper and Newton Co,s Ho* 
 and to a less degree in the adjoining portions of Ark* and Kansas. 
 Joplin and dranby Mo. are the chief centers. The ore bodies are 
 limited to about 150* of interbedded chert and limestone and an 
 intermediate rock called by Schmidt silico-calcite. The ores cemeftt 
 together fragments of these into a sort of breccia , and are also 
 found in cavities between the large fragments, the whole mass 
 appearing as if shattered or rendered cellular by some process pre- 
 viously to the ore "deposition. A Schmidt, and A Leonhard explairi& 
 them in a very able way by the well known theory of*dolomitization* 
 ( see also under Natural Gas). Schmidt traces six periods in the 
 history of the deposits. 1.. Period of rock formation. 2. .Period 
 of consolidation with formation of joints. 3., Period of dolomit- 
 ization fr/ofe the joints outward, of shrinkage and of ore deposition 
 as sulphides. 4.. Period of solution and removal of caloite from 
 certain strata and Continued deposition of ores. 5.. Introduction 
 of quartz and alteration of blende to oalamine. 6.. Period of oxt- 
 
*? >x 
 
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39 
 
 dation of sulphides. ( Views and Sections), The newly reorganized 
 Mo. Geol. Survey is now devoting attention to this region, 
 
 T*otev Other lead deposits are krkown in central Mo. generally 
 resembling the above quite strongly but of less economic importance 
 Some however are described by Schmidt as con ,cal stockwerks. 
 Clerc.F.L. Zinc in the U.S, Mineral fte, 1882. p. 368. JE.& M. Jv.ur t 
 
 Sep. 8. 1883 p. 148. 
 
 M Study of the S,W. Mo. Deposits E.&'M. Jour. June 
 Ing. & toin. Jour. Nov. 3. 1888 p. 369, Plan of the Granby Mine. 
 
 Also March 8. 1890 p ? 286. 
 Haworth E. A Contribution to the Geology of the Lead and Zinc 
 
 S Mining Dist. of Cherokee Co. Kan. Oskaloosa la, 1834* 
 Raymond R.WNote on the Zinc Dep. of Southern Mo.M.E. 8 165, E.& 
 
 M. Jour. Oct. 4. 1879. 
 
 Schmidt A. and Leonhard A. Mo. Geol. Survey. 1874. fJ 384,Reo 
 Schmidt A. Die Blei-und Zink Erlagerstatten von Sudwest Missouri, 
 
 Heidelberg 1876. Rec. 
 Seamon W,H, Zinciferous Clays of S.W.Mo, etc. A.J.S. Ill 39-38, 
 
 Note. Both the mines of Type 25 and those of Type 24 were orig>- 
 inally worked for lead, and the zinc minerals were regarded as a 
 nuisance; of late years the zinc has been rather more of an object 
 than the lead. The deposits in south west Va. (Type 28) also pro- 
 duce lead but are best known for zinc. 
 
 ZINC SERIES. 
 
 Zn S #e SiO Mn 
 
 Sphalerite (Cownonly called Blende) ZnS. 67 33 
 Zinc its ZnO 803 
 
 Pranklinite (Pe Zn Mn) (Pe Mn,.) 0* 55.4 51.8 735 
 WilXomite 2ZnO.SiO^ 58.5 27.1 
 
 Calamine 2ZnO . S i 0^ H^O . 54.2 25.0 
 
 SSlthsonit ZnOCO^ 51.9 
 
 Clare F.L. Zinc in the U.S. Mln. Res, 1882, p. 358. 
 Type 24 .Upper Miss. Valley Gash Veins. See p 37 under Lead. 
 Type 25.S.W. Mo. See p. 38 under Lead, 
 
 Type 26. Sauco Valley Pa. Zinc blende and its oxidation 
 products, calamine and smithsonite filling innumerable cracks and 
 fissures in a disturbed magnesian limestone thought to belong to 
 the Chazy Stage. The ore bodies occur in the Saucon Valley, near 
 the town of Priedensville about four miles from Bethlehem Penn. * 
 The limestone has apparently been shattered by the elevation of 
 the neighboring South Mth, and in the cavities thus formed along 
 an anticline the zinc ores were deposited. The ore follows the 
 bedding planes and the Joints normal to these throughout a zone 
 varying from 10' to 40 f , The oxidized ores were near the surface 
 the blende below. The blende is a peculiar variety that resembles 
 a greenish flint. A little pyrite occurred with it. The mines were 
 

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40 
 
 very wet<, Although strong producers from 1853 to 1875, since the 
 latter date the mines have been but little Vorked. The ore is 
 
 thought by Drinker to have ^een concentrated in the cavities from 
 
 a disssrcin-atQd -condition in the frimestonei 
 
 Clerr, r j?L s , Win. Resources* 1882, 361. Rec, 
 
 Driniiar H 3 On the Mines and Works of the Lehigh Zinc Co. 14E<>167 A 
 
 Hail 0,S a in Kept* D3 a 2nd Gecl. Survey, Penn p*239 
 
 Type 27* sSftvirginia. Veins or beds of oxidized ores probably 
 Changing to blends below in crystalline limestone or dolomite Just 
 abo\e the Calciferous but as yet not sharply determined^ The.ore*- 
 bearing terrace is known over a considerable extent of country, 
 running from near Roanoke west 100 miles, The largest mines are in 
 Wythe Co* to the west and ethers of great promise have lately been 
 opened near Roanoke According to Boyd thefre e-^^j are at one place 
 486* of strata impregnated with lead and zinc in varying amounts* 
 The ore bodies are at times of great size ( 40' wide) and are asso- 
 ciated with more or less of lead minerals and iron pyrites. 
 
 The descriptions thus far published do not give a very definite 
 idea of the character of the ore- bod$edoubtless because it is 
 Itself irregular but it would appear as if the region must beooMi 
 An important producer of zinc* 
 Boyd.C.R. Resources of S.W. Va. p. 71. 
 
 /' Mineral Wealth S.W, ya. M,E.5*$1. ;. ; 
 if Mineral Resources S.W, Xa,' M.S. 8* 540, R*c 
 Dewey F.P. Note on the Balling Cliff Zinc Mine. l*.E. 10. 111. 
 
 Type 28 Franklin and Sterling N.J. A bed consisting of 
 frankiinite, -willemite, zincite etc. 1 in Galcite, in Archaean crys- 
 talline limestone, analogous to the Magnetic- beds of Type 13 , 
 At Franklin Furnace and Sterling, towns about "5 miles apart In 
 Korthwestern NJ a is found an extended belt of crystalline lime- 
 stone and in it these two unique beds. At Franfclin the ore body is 
 three quarters of a mile long and bends around^an S shaped synell* 
 nal two of whose sides are folded together and that has afterwards 
 been tilted* Trap dikes intersect it,. The bed varies somewhat but 
 consists essentially of crystals of franklinite (approximating O 
 andooo) thickly set in a matrix of zincite, w^llemite and calclte 
 
 In the same lime stone magnetite lenses have also been found. . 
 At Sterling there are two beds outcroj^ng on a hillside with a 
 depression in the country rock between them from which a great 
 quantity of ealawizie was formerly extracted. (Views and Sections)* 
 Fhe ores are also an important source of manganese. 
 These deposits are entirely unique and a hard problem *s regards 
 origino On the analogy of magnetite they may have been a zine 
 manganese bog ore bed which mas later metamorphosed to the present 
 minerals. 
 Alge^F.On the Zinc Mines of Franklin Sussex Co, N.J A. J.S.I 48 ffift. 
 
,- > . - - ? . : 
 
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 Credner H. OR the Yraiftllnit* Bads B.fc'H.Zeit .1866 29, and 1871 369. 
 
 Geology of Hew Jersey.' 1868 (with a map) and subsequent annual Rept 
 Vanuxem & Keating On the Geol, 6s Mineralogy of Franklin Sussex Co. 
 
 N.J..Phila. Acad. Sci. Vol. II p. 277. 
 
 Note* Blende is known in numerous places in the Rooky Mtns. and is 
 often argentiferous but it is not as yet profitably smelted for 
 and is a drawback to the load .silver processes. 
 
 New Jersey 
 Virginia 
 
 ZINO PRODUCTION. 
 
 1850 1870 1875 1880 1885 1887 
 25000 13500 28300 38500 7440 
 
 1888 
 
 19400 22270 
 
 13100 20600 
 23000 
 
 129700 130990 
 
 79600 8137 
 
 23700 23100 
 
 40680 503340 
 
 Missouri -Kansas 
 
 long tons 1000 22000 
 
 Rhine Distl4700 45700 49900 98800 
 Germany { Silas ia) 28600 644 
 
 Other Countries 21500 
 
 Total U S, 15800 23200 
 
 Total Foreign 206800 256200 254800 
 
 Tho American "estimate is in short tons, the others in long tons* 
 The production of the U.S. in 1839 ia estimated at 59500. 
 
 Much of the N.J. oro ia employed to make zinc -oxide for paint, 
 hence the discrepancy in the totals, they being metallic zinc, for 
 the manufacture of which but a small proportion of the N.4 oro is 
 employed. 
 
 26633 
 
 133215 
 
 83375 
 
 23752 
 
 55912 
 
 267005 
 
 AND SILVER. 
 
 There are two general methods of extracting silver from its 
 ores; the one, indirectly by smelting with and for lead; the other 
 by amalgamation, ohlorination or some such process. Hence under 
 liver there are two classes of mines, lead-silver, being one; high 
 grade silver ores the other* Both have almost always varying 
 mounts of gold* The lead-silver mines furnish also as noted above 
 by far the greater portion of the lead produced in the tJ*S v 
 
 Ores adapted to lead-silver metallurgical treatment form in 
 general the oxidized alteration products of the upper parts, (above 
 permanent water level) of deposits of galena and pyrites. They may 
 be well marked fissuro veins, chimneys, chambers , or contact de- 
 posit * Ores which of themselves are adapted to other processes 
 are often worked in with the lead ores. 
 
 Utah Lrjftd Silver. Map of Utah shown and geography & general geol- 
 ogy -ut lined. 
 
 A*M<C 
 
 Type 29, Bingham^Big and Little Cottonwood Canons Utah. 
 Bedded vains often of great size, containing oxidized lead silver 
 ores above, and galena and pyrites below the water level, in Car- 
 boniferous limestones, or underlying quartzite or on the contact 
 
ittl 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 9 ta*.r. 
 * 
 
 onl* 
 
 tatl 
 
 ,* 
 
 feft* 
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 q n * 
 
 rti 
 
 
 
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 c-oc ec<?<? 
 
 ooox 
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 tef 
 
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42 
 
 between the two* The mines are situated in the Oquirrh and Wasatch 
 Mtns., south vest and south east of Salt Lake City in canons well 
 up towards the summits. The region is much disturbed and there a$e 
 great faults and porphyry dikes and knobs of granite associated 
 with the sedimentary rocks* The ores oceur in belts extending con- 
 siderable distaneees and these In places have the rith chutes or 
 chimneys of oxidized products. In Bingham Canon an immense bed of 
 auriferous quartz is found overlying the lead zone and next the 
 hanging. Some peculiarity about the gold prevents its esay treat- 
 ment* Other fissute* veins in the massive rock of the region are 
 known but are of less importance* ( Historical mention of their 
 discovery and development; the Old Telegraph droup, the Emma, etc.) 
 
 Type 29a. Tooele Co. Bedded veins in limestone or between it 
 and quartzite containing lead-silver ores with ochres^ in rich 
 chutes* The deposits .occur ftn the west side of the Oquirrh znQge 
 Ophir and Dry Canonqfover the divide from Bingham* The principal 
 mine is the Honor ine. Fissure veins also occur in the region but 
 are of less importance* 
 
 Blake WP* Brief Description of the Emma Mine, A. J.S. III. 2. 216. 
 E*& M. Jour, ^Little Cottonwood ft Bingham^ Utah Aug. 14. 1880. p.106 
 Hollister. O.J. Gold and Silver Mining in Utah-M.E.16. 3. Rec *-*' 
 Huntley.D.B. 10th. Census Vol. 13. p. 407, 
 Lavagnino*. Q.. The Old Telegraph Kino M.E* 16. 25* 
 Raymond. R t w. M* n Resources West of the Rocky Mtns. 1368? 76. and 
 
 Brown J*R. do. 1867. 69. 
 Reports of- the Director of the Hint. Annual, 
 
 Silliman B. Oeol, and Mineral* Hotes on come Mining Dist. of Utah 
 A. J.S* III, 3* 195. 
 
 Type 29b. Tintic Diet* Ore' fcoda or belts, three in number, and 
 one to three miles tttig, parallel with the*st ratification of ver- 
 tical blue limestones, but sometimes running across them* The ore 
 bearing zone ie 300 f -600* wide in at least one belt and bears in 
 places rich chutes of carbonate ore* Tha Grismftn Mairoioth has been 
 referred to under copper (Type &0h) as it contains much copper. 
 The oro ie thought by Hollister to have replaced limestone. ,**- 
 Huntley D. B.as above. s^lso Hollister O.J. as above* 
 Newberry J.S. E.& M. Jour. Sep. 13 & 20 1879* 
 
 Note* Mention should also fee made of fceadfcilver ores in Summit Co. 
 at the Crescent and other mines* 
 
 Type 30. Hemsilver Mine Utah* A contact fissure between lime- 
 stone and rhyolite containing at the Homsilver Mine a*chimney*of 
 lead-silver ores with considerable barite in the gangue. This con- 
 tact fissure is known for two or three Miles but has been proved 
 of value alone at the above mine* Here the walls have pinched 
 twice in going down making three ore bodiea* Considerable arsenic 
 and less antimony are found in the ore, and some rtibr silver. 
 Hollister O.J. As above. 
 Hooker W.A. Report quoted in 10th Census Vol. 13* p. 464. 
 
' 
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45 
 
 Type 30a Carbonate Mine Utah, yissuro vein; in hornblendo- 
 andesite filled with pebbles from the walls, cemented by clay and 
 galena, oxidized near the surface. The mine is but two and a half 
 miles from the Horns ilver and has been cited by Ne\rberry as an 
 instance of two veins of different character in the same country 
 rock. But the microscope shows that the walls of one are' rhyolite 
 of the other hornblende-andesite. (Of Type 37a). 
 Literature as above , 
 
 Type 30b. The Cave Mine. Caves in limestone conneeftted by small 
 ore charie"lsnand more or less filled with deposits of limonite and 
 oxidized A lead ore. ( Compare Kimball J.P. On the Silver Mines of 
 Santa lulalia Ohi^huahua, AJ,S 11.49. 161 
 
 Literature as above, 
 
 Note .The larger portion of the Utah Mines are for load-silver but 
 two others of great importance remain.', to be mentioned under 
 silver itself. See Typo 41a, & Type 41b. 
 
 Nevada^ Lead Silver. Map shown and geography and geology . M r .:t 
 outlined. 
 
 Type 31. Eureka Nev,, Bodice of oxidized lead-silvor ores in 
 greatly faulted and fractured Cambriah limestone with great out- 
 breaks of eruptive rock near. The ores occur along a zone which 
 was e rushed by the movement of tho faulted rocks on each aide. 
 
 the limestone is filled with fissures along which the ore bearijip 
 solutions have come and replaced the limestone in large irregular ** 
 bodies. Cavlties'^oteur between the ore and the roof which resemble 
 eaves. A considerable section of the Palaeozoic rotrks 5s exposed 
 at Eureka and very investing comparative studies have been made 
 with parallel series In the east (Geology explained at length). 
 
 J.S.Curtis considers tho ores to have boen probably derived at 
 great depth from the neighboring quartz-porphyry (rhyolite) and that 
 they have replaced the limestone as sulphides* Subsequent elevation 
 above the water level caused their oxidation and shrinkage leaving 
 cavities above them. JyS.Nowberry has argued that they are cave 
 deposits like the Cave Mine{Typo 30b). ( Historieal mention of the 
 great Eureka Richmond cont rovers ey). 
 
 Backer 3.P, 10th Census Vol. ,XIIJ p. 32. Ree t j 
 
 Blake W.P.The Ore Deposits of the EurekaaDist.E.Nov, M.E. 6. 554. 
 Curtis.J.S. Silver Lead Deposits of Bureka Nev. MonographVir o tJ$QS. 
 Hague jA,Geel. of the Euroka Dist. Unpub. Monograph. U.S.fi>S. 
 
 Abstract in 3rd Annual Report Director U.S.G.S. 
 Koines W.S. Eureka Lode of Eureka Nev. M rf. 6. 344. 
 Newberry J.S. S. of M a Quarterly, March 1880. 
 Raymond RW. The Eureka-Richmond Case M. E. 6. 371. 
 . * 
 
 Type 32. Leadville Col. . -Bodies of oxidized lead-silvor eres 
 passing in depth into sulphides, deposited irt much faulted Lower 
 Carboniferous limestone in connection with dikes and sheets of 
 
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44 
 
 porphyry* Palaeozoic rooks are exposed at Leadville from a bottom 
 quart site through a series not too well determined, to undoubted 
 blu* "Carboniferous limestones. (Geology of the Mosquito and Sawateh 
 range explained)* These have been extensively faulted and pierced 
 by eruptive outbreaks making the geological structure very compli- 
 cated* Along the contact between the porphyry and the blue lime- . 
 stono (er dolomite) the ores have replaced, the limestone often in 
 bodies of great size, making Leadville by far the largest source 
 of these ores yet discovered. They do however run as much as a 
 hundred feet into the limestone and also are found in the porphyry. 
 
 Tho principal mine occur on throe hille, Fryer, Carbonate and 
 Iron Hills* The ores are chiefly earthy carbonate of lead with 
 chlorite of silver in a clayey or silicious mass of ,hydrated oxides 
 of iron and manganese. Somo zinc also occurs and a long list of 
 rarer minerals* All the mines produce small amounts of gold, which 
 in one case ( the Printer Boy) is of more importance than the . 
 silver* A few ore bodies are found at other horizons than the Lower 
 Carboniferous* The ores are attributed by Ernmons to a replacement 
 of the limestone by sulphides when all wore at a great depth ( at 
 least 10000 ft. ) below the surface and before being elevated to 
 their present position* The ore is thought to have been leached 
 from the eruptive, porphyries and deposited by descending solutions, 
 A, A, Blow (l.o*) in a valuable paper argues against the descending 
 curronte and strongly for an ascent of mineral solutions from below. 
 
 (Historical account of the discoveries)* 
 Azaolung P.M. The Geology of the Leadville Ore Dist. Z.& M.J. April 
 
 10. 1880. p. 25, On the Origin of the Ore do. Dee. 20 1579 
 Blow. A. A, Tho Geology and Ore Deposit ef Iron Hill Leadville Col*. 
 
 M.S. June 1389. 
 
 ii Annual Kept. Col. Sch. of Minos. 1887 i*p. 62, 
 Emmona S.J. Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville Monograph 12 
 
 U.S.G.S. 
 ^./Annual Kept .of Director f U.S.G.S. Ree* 
 
 10th Census Vol. XIII. p. 76. 
 
 X.& M.Jeur. Origin of the Leadville Deposits. May 12 1888, p. 33\. 
 /' On the Evening Star Mine May 7. 81. p. 361* Leadville 
 ,, Geology June 3410 82. Historical May 80. Apr.6 9 13. 20. 
 
 27. 1878. Also many other allusions 1879-80-81. 
 
 Preeland P.T. The Sulphides Dep. of SIron Hill. Leadville ftUSl*4U 
 Henrlch C. The Character of the Leadville Ore Deposit* X.& M.J. 
 
 Dec. -27. 1879. p. 470 
 
 Raymond R.W. Kept, on the Little Pittsburs Mine E.&. M.J. June 28.79 
 Rieketts L.D. The Ores of Leadville . Princeton. 1883. 
 Relker G.ll. Notes efl Leadville Ore Deposits M.E. 14. 273. & 949. 
 Vinton P.L. Leadville & the Iron Mine.B,& M.J. Feb. 15. 79. p. llOu , 
 
 Type 32a. Aspen Col.. Bodies of load-silvor ores largely oxi- 
 diaed, occurring with much barite along the contact of the blue \ 
 
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Lower Carboniferous- limestone and a brown doloraitized lowor lying 
 portion of the same. Aspen is west of Leadville on the other side 
 of the granitic continental divide and the ere occurs in the samo . 
 bolt of limestone separated only by the uphe^ral of the Sawatch. 
 T^e or3 lies on the sides of a faulted synclinal fold. The rocks 
 are much disturbed and associated with both granite and porphyry 
 erupt ions* The lower portion of the limestone" strata appears to 
 have been dolom-itized to a rusty brown dolomite, while the upper 
 is a very pure calcium carbonate. Along the contact between the 
 two and more or less in cross fractures are found the ores* They 
 are known over a stretch of several miles, north an4 south, but 
 the principal ores are on both sides of the valley of the Roaring 
 Pork near Aspen* Other deposits are known in the underlying quart- 
 zites, (Geological Sections, Views, and history)* 
 Bruntcn D.W ^spen Mtn. Its Ores and Mode of Occurrence. E.& M.J. 
 
 July 14. & 21. 1888. pp.22 & 42. 
 Emmons S e P. Proc. of the Col. S^i. Soe. 
 Hanrioh C. Notes on the Geology and on some of the Mines of Aspen 
 
 Mtn. M.E. 17. 156. 
 Lakes A. Geol. of the Aspen Mining Region. Ann. Kept. Col. Sen* 
 
 Mines. 1886. 
 Newberry W.C. Notes on the Geol. of the Aspen Mining Dist. M.E. 
 
 June 1889. Rec. 
 Si'ver L.D. The Geology of the Aspen Col* Ore Deposits. E.& M. J. 
 
 March 17 & 24. 1888. 
 
 Type 32b. Ten Mile Col. Bodies of argentiferous galena, pyrite 
 and blende, in thin beds of Upper Carboniferous limestone on th&ir 
 contact with overlying micaceous sandstones or with sheets and 
 dikes of porphyry. Ten Mile is nortfc of Leadville and at a hihfcer 
 altitude and in a region enormously disturbed and pierced even^more 
 than Leadville by sheets and dikes of porphyry. The ores are far 
 loss oxidized than at Leadville and also more rebellious. The 
 Robinson is the principal mine. 
 
 Type 32c, The Eagle River Mines ne$ Rod Cliff Eagle Co. may be 
 mentioned here* They contain galena and its alteration products 
 in Carboniferous limestone on the contact between it and quartzite 
 or porphyry. Lying lowefc than the lead silver deposits and in 
 Cambrian quartzite on the contact with an overlying sandstone are 
 found chutes carrying gold in talcose clay. The Monarch Mine in 
 Chaffee Co south of Lradville deserves mention in this connection 
 producing lead silver ores from limestone* Small deposits of lead 
 silver ores have also been worked in tho San Juan dietrict in con-- 
 nection with the high grade silver ores (See Type Sd) 
 Emmons S.F, Tenth Census Vol. XIII p. 73. Also forthcoming Mono- 
 graph of US. Geological Survey* 
 
 Olcott E.S. Battle Mtn Mining District. Eagle Co. Col. X & M. 
 nj Jvne 11. 1887. pp. 417 & 436. 
 
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Type 32v Kelley Lode* N*M. A deposit of oxidised lead ore* with 
 
 some blende, oale.TNoetc along the contact between slates and porp- 
 hyry a The ore body is In the Magdalen* Mtns. 30 miles woaV of ' 
 Soeorro and 'has supplied the smelter located there* The ore Is low 
 in silver. In the Lake vallfiy turther south In Dona Ana County are 
 found other deposits of oxidized lead ore* along the bedding planes 
 of limestones apparently of Subcarbemiferous age* Similar ores are 
 found on the west side of the Miembres Mtns* In Ctrant Co., 
 Report of the Director of the Mint* 1882 p. 376* 
 Silliman B. The Mineral Region* of N.M. M,B. 10* 424* 
 
 Type $3* Wlek** r Mont ana* Veins carrying galena, blonde, and 
 copper and iron pyrites in a quarts gangue on the contact between 
 granite and eruption* of liparlto which penetrate It* The district 
 is near Helena and the ore is made available by the introduction \ 
 of concentration. Other deposits near Qleniale in the southern 
 part of the state produtfoja large quantity of base bullion. * 
 The Hoola Mines are a aeries of ore bodi*s containing "galena 
 blende, copper and iron pyrites, and their oxidation product** a* 
 different horizon* on the stratification planes of a blue gray 
 limestone*' 
 
 Bmmons- S-,?, 10th Cexteus Vol. XXIX* p*.97 t 
 JCemp R.H.The Gregory idc H.& MJ* May 8* 1380* p* 316. 
 Lindgron V Min* Hesoroe tfS 1383-84, p* 
 
 Type 33a Black Rill*- f Dak* Although geographically rc*wwc4X 
 from- the above the lead silver deposit* of the Black Kill* arc > 
 
 mentioned here* Deposits of galena In larboniferoix* limestones 
 associated with porphyry dike* and cfceet* arc known In the northern 
 portion of the Kill* near Carbonate and Palena* Various attempts 
 never very successful have been made to smelt them* 
 Carpenter FB* Prelim* Rep. on the Geol* etc. of the Slack Hill* 
 
 Dak* Seh. of Mines. Rapid City 1888* p. 124* 
 H Ore Dcp* of the Black Hills* M.S* 17* 570. 
 
 Eiroions S.p. 10th Census Vol. XIII p*91 r 
 
 Type 34* Weed River Idaho. Bodice of argentiferous galena and 
 It* oxidized product* irregularly distributed in limestone, 
 The country 1* formed by limestones slate* and granite and bears 
 other silver ore* of different character* A load smelting plant 
 has been recently established at Ketchum* 
 Becker Q.F. 10th Census Vol. XXII p. 55. 
 .& M, Journal July 2nd 1887* . 2. 
 Rept. of the Director of the Mint. ( Bqrchard) 1882* p* 198. 
 
 Type 34a. Coeur d'Alene Idaho* Galena and its oxidized prcducie 
 In a mineralized zone having a well marked quartzite footwall and 
 a brcceiated impregnated hanging; the ore being in large chute* 
 and filling smaller fissure* in the fractured roof * The mince are 
 in Milo Creek Canon ifc the Bitter Root Mountains, northern Idaho* 
 
**** i**i ***** t* 
 
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 Tne roeks are quartzite and thin beds of sehist much folded along 
 eadt and west axes* In this way they beeame faulted and shattered 
 and n the principal mineralized belt afford an opportunity for th 
 deposit of the lead ores* The mines are very important and supply 
 large asew smelters in Mont* and on the Pacific coast. 
 Clayton J*B. The Coeur d c Alene Silver-Lead Mines 9 E 6 & M.J.Feb 11 
 
 1888 p. 108. 
 
 No-fte, Other smaller lea^d silver districts are known in Arizona 
 and Calo and elsewhere in the States referred to above, but they 
 are not commenrsurate with those mentioned. 
 
 SILVER SERIES- GOLD* 
 
 The two "precious" metals are so generally associated togethe: 
 that they cannot be separately treated* While endeavoring to pre- 
 serve the* distinctive impression giveir by types it is practicably 
 impossible to embrace all the widely varying phenomena of the 
 silver-gold veins of the west in any other than an approximate way 
 Hence geographical considerations are placed fir,Bt and where mark- 
 edly similar ore bodies in different States are grouped together, 
 cross references are giveir * 
 
 SILVER MINERALS a 
 
 Ag S As Sb Cl 
 
 Wrr.Tive Silver 100 
 
 Argent ite (Silver Glance) Ag.S 87 vl 12 o 9 
 
 f: ca>;tite (light ruby Silver |3Ac S As S^ 65o5 19 ,4 15.1 
 Pyrargerite.(dark " * fr". )$Ag^S ; Sb JL 5 5 59V8 1T.7 22,5 
 Stephanite (Brittle Silver )5Ag,, S ) So, ?, 68*5 16V2 15,3 
 Cerargerite ( Horns ilver) Ag pi 75.3 24,7 
 
 Also with galena (Of, Lead), with Tetrahedrite, (Cf.Copper). 
 Gold occurs combined with tellurium in a few raee tellurides; 
 mechanically mingled with pyrites, and as the uncombined native 
 metal * The ores of the precious metals are divided into two 
 classes from a metallurgical point of viev. 1st. those whose. 
 amount of precious metal amalgamates readily with mercury and is 
 thus obtained with comparative ease. The Free Milling Ores* 
 
 2nd* those which require roasting, or some previous treatment. 
 before amalgamation, chlorination or similar treatment or must be 
 smelted primarily for lead or copper from which the precious metal 
 is afterward extracted, the Rebellious Ores* 
 Annual Reports of the Director of the U S. Minto Rec 
 Blake W*P. The Various Forms in which Gold occurs in flatfcre. Kept 
 
 of the Dtr, Mint. 1884. p 573. Rec, 
 ^rown, Raymond and others. 1868 to 1876, Annual* 
 ? Lock AG. Gold. 1882. 
 
 ^Mineral Resource* West of 'the Rocky Mountains. 
 Mineral Resources of the US. Publication of the tool Survey* 
 Phillips JcA. ore Oopotit*. IBtt.fb* Minim ant Motallurfy of 
 
 Gold and Silver JL**7. < 
 10th Census Report on the Precious Metals. 
 
rfsas <HAum to ,6,4 Ui AM* *f 
 
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i 48 
 
 Type 22a* Atlantic Border.Already mw*tioned f (p3y). Only of 
 historical interest although lately some attention has been direc- 
 ted to Sullivan Me The veins have pyrite and probably stephanite 
 in a quartz gangue in slates associated with granite knobs and trap 
 dikes of later age than the veins. ' Some silver is generally found^ 
 In the galena of the eastern States* <' 
 
 Kempt on C.W-, Sketches of the New Mining Dist. at Sullivan Me.MJ?. 1 
 
 7. 349. 
 
 Wadsworth M-.E, Theories of Ore Deposit Proc. Boston Soc. N-.H. 1884 
 PV205. E.& M.J.May 17. 84. Bull. Mus. Oomp. 3Vol. VII 9 181 
 
 Type 35. Silver Islet. Lake Superior. A vein carrying native 
 silver, argentite tetrahedrite, galena, blende and some nickel and 
 cobalt compounds in a ganguo of ealcite, in flags and shales l..the 
 Animikie or Huronian Systems, and cutting an iuoiHure diorite dike, 
 within which alone is the vein productive. Although Justbover the 
 national s boundary the Silver Islet vein is mentioned as it v/as own* 
 ed in the* U.S.. The north shore of Lake Superior contains numerous 
 argentiferous' veins althouhg none have proved as productive as this 
 one. It is a striking illustration of the influence of the v/all 
 rock on the contents of the vein. The Islet was only a rock less 
 than 90 f square and the difficulties of mining were very great 
 Over $3,000 vOOO* in Silver wero taken out* 
 Bell R. E.& M. Jour.' Jan 8 & 15, 1387, The Silver Mines of Thunder 
 
 Bay L.S. See also Ifay 14 * 1887. 
 
 Courtis WM. On Silver Islet.E.ft U. Jour, Bee. 21. 78. and M.E.5 n 474> 
 Geology of Canada* 1863. 717. 
 Lowe F.A, The Silver Islet Mine and Its Present Development E 3 A II. 
 
 Journal Dec, 16th. 1882 p. 321. 
 Mac Far lane T /Silver Islet. U.K. 8. 226 
 
 Canadian Naturalist Vol. IVY p. 37. 
 McDermott B.& M. J. Vol. 23* Ko'e 4 * 5. . 
 
 The Region of the Rooky Mtna. rta ^ihe Black Hills (VIII) 
 
 Type 36. New Mexico. Geology of the teri1&ry explained at 
 length. The chain of the Rooky Mtns* trends across it from south 
 to north. In the southwestern corner of the tex&tory is 
 
 Type 36a. Grant Co. whose lead silver deposits have already been 
 referred to. (Type 32c). North of Silver City are quartz veins with 
 gold and silver in diabase end quartz -porphyry; and again west of 
 Silver City are ferruginous deposits with chlorides and sulphides 
 of silver iji limestone. In the Burro Mtns, are th silver ores in * 
 limestones' apparently of the Lower Silurian System. The Santa Rita 
 Mountains contain as well ae eopper (See T3fpe 20d) silver and gold 
 in quartz veins in eruptive rocks. 
 
 The mines of Dona Ana County have been deferred to (Typo 32c) 
 In Lincoln Co, Gold Ores are reported from the White Oak Dist, 
 The principal mines of Socorro Co. have been mentioned (Type 32a)' 
 
; . i? **.. .*'"'. 
 
 v ' ' ' ~ 
 
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49 
 
 and the copper in Parrrrian sandstone under Type 21c, There are 
 otiasr &ilv^r bearing lodes in the -Socorro M^ns<> near the tr.vm of 
 the* sa&e na^e, H^tirich has described (3,e<')'a curious .'3i:-:sit of* 
 quart ii aai*ry:lr.& fold and silver (the Slayback lode) on ths cent act 
 betvssn clvlar lidded eruptions- and a later silieio<js dik* in "he 
 ^ Mo go}. Ion ite&e<> In Santa Pe Co, are '".+ :,, important plaser Minoa 
 *4Ac Typa 4^) ai-*a thin veins of galena in rhyolite* lv Bertmlillo 
 Coo ai : r, i-thfcr placers on the elopes of the Sandia Mtii^o r t C 
 Coo in tha Aosiiiy Mtns a are other placers and reported geld and 
 silver winefe* These notes are mostly taken from '.l.^: Vol. XIII 
 of th* -jOi'n GsnciiSo' 
 
 Blaks -W^&olA in New Max, Proc* Bost.Soc* Nat^Hist.VII,, July^So^ld* 
 * Observations on the Geol,- eta. near Simta Pe A.A,,A.S1859. 
 Henrioh 0, The Slaybaok Lode N M. E a & M.J e July 13 s 1839 a p27. 
 Owen H,B.& -Cox 2 d T Kept, on the Mines of N,M, Wash, 18&5 
 Report of the Diretor of the Mint. 1882. p. 339. 
 SilHman 3 Mineral Resources of Southern N.M. U,2 10.424* 1 & II* 
 
 Jour, Oot*14 & 21 1882, pp.199 & 212. 
 
 > . * 
 
 Type 3? Colorado. Geology of the State explained at length* 
 Prairies on the eaet, mountains and parks in the middle, plateau 
 on the vcsto San Juan Region, Portions of several counties in the 
 outh western* part of the state. The ehain of the San Juan Mtns. 
 oasists of great suoo-ossive outflows of' eruptive rocks, porphyry, 
 diabase, dioritt, basalt oto. which .cover up the Archaean and later 
 edimontary terranee exoopt in a few scattered exposures 
 Considerable raasrea of rooks formed of fragmental ejoot amenta are 
 also Kn'wru Ail thsae are arossod by .iiwmcwse vertical veins large-* 
 ly vith qiu*r*t gar/gu, and cortAining tirfijonfciferous rainsra.ls of 
 the / Lwi*& t gftltna, tetrahedrite, pyrargerite and native 
 ilv*?7 ins *;irtll ?a bismouth compounds,,- Gtold has been quite subor- 
 dinate, a'j.tho^h so^tio late developments near Ouray have shown souje 
 s.ni -i-ntcrestirig deposits, RaOHJ.lls in the Proc 9 Golo Sei* 
 
 1883 tran?d three systems of veins* 1st ... Silver bearing, 
 narrow(6' f to $*;> nearly vertical, veins with base metal ores and no. 
 Ml^af^i 2nd liarg*, strong gold bearing voins, dipping 60 vithr- . 
 elvagos and intersecting (1) 3rd Like J^ but larger and more 
 part intent and oucasionally carrying bismuth and antimcnial ores 
 and gold with little or no silver. T,B a Oomatoqk (ttX e 15. 218) has 
 classified the veins in three radiating systems* 1st. the northwest 
 with tetrahedrite (freibergite), 2nd. the ea?t and west with bismuth 
 and leas often niakel and molybdenw* 3rd. the north- east with 
 tellundes, with aittiwony and sulphur compounds of the preeious 
 stals. Quite recently a series of small oaves in quartzite over* 
 laid by bituminious shales^ear Ouray have been found to contain 
 native gold and have excited great interest. They are thought by 
 Bndlich to be in the place of shale inclusions now dissolved away, 
 and that then the gold was precipitated on the walls. Placer Gold 
 

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 Mines (Type 47) are quite extensively worked in San Miguel Co 
 Silverton and Ouray are the principal townsc/rtJe Srwt. Ju.,*.-*. . 
 Comstock ToB.- The Geology and Vein Structure 'of S.W.Col, MJS, 15* 
 218 Also ll' 165and E & M.J. numerous papers running 
 through 1885. SL(p/ 
 
 *- Hot Spring Formation in the Red Mtns.Bist.Col.etc* M,E,,17/i 
 Emmons S e P. On the San Juan Dist E.& M.Jour June 9. 1883, p, 332, 
 (/ ,, Structural Relations of Ore Deposits M.E. 16. 804. 
 f , ,-, 10th Census* Vol. 13. p. 60. Rec. 
 
 Xndlich.JVM. The Origin of the Gold Dep. ne*ar Ouray Ool.E.A M.Jour 
 ** . '...* 4 .0et, 19* 1889. 
 
 X.& M, Jour. Thv San Juan Region. Col. Aug. 27 81. p136. Also Sept. 
 24**81. p. 201, July 17. '80, Dec. 20, *79. and many othor 
 
 references' about 1879. 1880 etc* 
 
 Hills RvC: Proc. Ool. Sci. Soc. '83, On the San Juan Disti 
 
 Ihlseng MC. Review of tho Mining Interest? of' the San Juan Region. 
 
 Rep. Ool. Stflto Soh. of Minos 1885. P. 27. 
 
 Kedzie GvB. The Bedded Ore Deposit of Red Mtn. Mining District. 
 
 Ouray Oo. Ool. M.S. IB. 570, 
 
 Xoenig G.A. & Stockder.M, Lustrous Ooal and Native Silver in a Vein 
 
 in Porphyry Outay Oo, Ool. M.E.9* 650, 
 
 Schwarz T>E d Tho Ore Dep. of Red Mtn, Ouray Oo. Ool, M.E 9 1339, 
 Van Diest PH. On San Juan Dist. Proo. Ool* Soi. Boo. Jan. 1886. 
 
 The Gunnison Region. This lies on tho western elope of tho 
 oontinontal divide and embraces both mountains and plateau. 
 Wtst of the main and older range are the later Elk M't'ns in which 
 voral mining districts aro located. Aspen has already been men- 
 tioned and the long series of ore bodies in the Carboniferous lime- 
 stones. The other principal districts are Independence, Ruby, 
 Gothic, Pitkin and Tin Cup. The ores at Independence are sulphides 
 with silver in the Archaean. In the Tin Cup district the Gold Cup 
 mine is in a black Itoe stone and contains argentiferous eervssite 
 and copper oxide. In the Ruby district the ores are in the Orota- 
 eeous rooks, and in the Forest Queen ero ruby silver and arsenopy- 
 rite partly replacing a porphyry Aike. On Copper Creek near Gothic 
 a series of nearly vertical fissures traverse eruptive diorito 
 roeks. They contain sulphide of silver and native silver* The 
 Sylvanite is one of the principla. mines. ( These notes are taken 
 from Smmons and Lakes as cited below). Summing up we have. Type 37b 
 Gunnison Region (1) veins carryinghigh grade silver ores in Archaa- 
 an granite. (2) Veins carrying argentiferous lead carbonate in 
 limestone. (3) High grade silver ores replacing porphyry dikes in 
 Cretaceous sandstones, (4) Most important of all more ol* less 
 oxidized argentiferous lead ores in Lower Carboniferous limestone 
 (Type 32a) t xAmeluns F. Sheep Mtn. Mines Gunnison Co.E^HM. J^Aug.- 
 
 <-' " : 28 1886. p. 149. 
 Chadwick FoM The Tin Cup Mines. Gunnison Col. E & M.Jour. Jan* 1 
 
 1881 p. 4, See also(TypeSe) for Iron Minos.\Type 32ajfor 
 
 lead silver. 
 
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51 
 
 Eagle Co. The lead silver mines at Red Cliff have already been 
 mentioned (Type 32b) and also the underlying gold deposits. The 
 Homestake mine north west of Leadville over toward Red Cliff is a 
 vein of galena in granite and one of the first openings made in 
 the region. 
 
 Mining Industry Denver, Jam 3.0, 1890 p,28 Battle Mtn.Quartzite Mines. 
 Oltott E,E. Battle Mtn. Mining Dist. Eagle Co, Col.X.db M.Jour. June 
 
 11 & 18 1887. p. 417 '436. 
 Tilden G.C. Mining Notes from Sagle Co. Col, State Soh of Mines 
 
 Ann. Rep. 1886. p. 129. < 
 
 Suirnii* Co. The Ten Mile District which is the principal one has 
 been mentioned under Type 32b. The Pride of the West Mine on Jac- 
 qae Mtn. is peculiar being on a quartz porphyry dike which is 
 partly replaced by ferruginous quartz and barite. Lake Co con- 
 taining LeadvillQ has been treated under Type 32. Mention should 
 also be made ofthe placer deposits in California Gulch which first 
 attracted prospectors ( 1860) to tho region. ( Type 47), 
 
 Type 37c. Park Co. lying east of Lake and embracing the South 
 Park has somo mines on the eastern slopes of the Mosquito Range 
 and in the Colorado Range in its north eastern corner 6 The latter 
 are similar to the Georgetown silver ores mentioned under Clear 
 Cr. Co. but the former are bodies of argentiferous galena and its * 
 alteration products in limestone and quartzite. Pyrite is also 
 abundant and at times a gangue of barite appears* The mines are 
 in the sedimentary series resting on the granite of the Mosquito 
 Range and pierced by the vyiry outbreaks as at Loadville, 
 
 The Placer Deposits at Pairplay deserve mention as it was from 
 these thatthe prospectors spread over tho divide to the site of 
 Leadvillo in i860 (See also Type 47 ). 
 Jernegan J.L. The Whale Lode of Park Co.' Col. M.E, 3. 352. 
 
 Chaffee Co. on the south contains the iron mines referred to 
 under Type 13e. There are other gold veins near Granite and Buena 
 Vista. The lead silver deposits of the Moni&h district are mehtiod 
 ed under Type 32b. In Huerfano Go. in the Spanish Peaks, veins of 
 galena, gray copper etc* are known and worked to some extent. 
 
 Type 37d. Rio Grande Co. In the Summit Dist. are a number of 
 rich gold Mines of which the Littlo Annie is the best known. They 
 gold occurs in the native form, in quartz on the contact between 
 a rhyolite and a trachyte breccia or andesite. The deposits are 
 thought by R.C. Hills to be due to a silicification of the rhyelite 
 along these lines, probably by the sulphuric acid which brought the 
 gold. Then the rooks were folded and then oxidation and impover- ' 
 ishment of the upper parts followed to form bonanzas below. 
 Hills R.C, Proe. of Col. Sci. Soc. Mar. 83. Abstract by S 9 FEmmons 
 in the E.& M.Jour, June 9. 1883, p. 332. 
 
 Custer Co, affords some of the most interesting deposits in the 
 west. Rosita and Silver Cliff are the principal towns and are situ- 
 ated in the Wet Mountain Valley between the Colorado ratige ' on -:>he 
 
to 
 
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 ; cf ^.1 ,f^& 9W*Hfl. <&; .4Bi.. ^fp|?. 
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north and the Sangre de'Cristo on the south* 
 
 Type 37e. At Silver Cliff an outbreak of pinkish rhyolits occurs 
 apparently resting on granite, and impregnated with silver chloride 
 affording a- free milling, abundant although rather low grade ore. 
 
 Type 37f . Bull Domingo and Bassick. The first named is two 
 miles north of Silver Cliff and the latter seveir miles east near 
 Rosita* The Bull Domingo is in Archaean hornblendic gneiss and 
 consists of what appears to b pebbles or boulders of the wall 
 rock coaled with argentiferous galena which covers them and ie 
 itself further mantled by a silicious shell. The ore body is 40 f 
 to 60 f wide. The Bassick is in andesite and likewise consists of 
 what appear to be boulders and pebbles of the country roe 3s in an 
 elliptical chimney 20 '-100* wide and coated by concentric shells 
 of rich ores. The first is a mixture of lead, antimony and. zinc 
 sulphides and is always present. A second somewhat similar but of 
 lighter color and richer in lead and the precious metals is seme- 
 times seen. A third is chiefly zinc blende rich in silver and gold 
 the large- ?t of all . A fourth of chaloopyrite sometimes occurs, and 
 lastly a fifth of pyrite. Various other minerals aro found and 
 curiously enough oharooal on the outer limits Both these deposits 
 have bo en -thought to bo the tubes of geysers in which boulders 
 have been tossed about and rounded and finttfely cemented together. 
 Mr EmnaenS' . argues against this viow and in the forth-coming Mon- 
 ograph will present the results of more careful . study than has 
 yet been given, these deposits* 
 
 Typo 37g. HumbolAt-Poeahontas. Fissure veins near Rosita in 
 andesite but of a different flow and kind from the wails of the- 
 Bassick, and filled with gray copper and chalcopyrite in a barite 
 gangue, Other mines of less importance occur in the district but 
 the three above cited are given: the prominence because of their- 
 own intrinsic interest and because they have beon often cited in 
 discussions, about the origin of ores* 
 Clark R.N. flumboldt Pocahontas Vein, at Rosita Col, M,E 7SU . 
 
 Silver Cliff Col. E.& M.Jour. Nov-.2-.1678. p, 314', 
 Eamons S*P. The Genesis of- Certain Oro Dep, M.B. 15. 146. 
 
 10th. Census Vel. 13. p. 80, Rec. 
 Graybill L.C-. On the Peculiar Peaturos of the Bassick Mine M.S. 
 
 llV 110 a B.& M.Jour. Oct. 28,1882. p 226, ReCc 
 Gilpin Co* has already been referred to under copper Typo i6b* 
 
 Type 37h,. Clear Creek Co. Veins along the faulting of jointing 
 planes ef gneiss ( pr granite) or associated with perphyry dikes 
 and more, or less a replaeement of the walls-, and containing argen- 
 tiferous galena, tetrahednte and pyrite. They resemble in struc- 
 tural features the veins of Gilpin- Co. but are entirely different 
 in their ores. At times the ores seem to impregnate porphyry dikes 
 or pegmatite segregations. Georgetown is the principal torm and 
 mining center, the others being Idaho Springs, Silver Plume, and 
 the Geneva Diet. 
 

 
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 Ermions --s^U 10th -Census* Vol. '13. p*7d.~- ftec. -.. 
 
 Hague Jo-Do"- 40th* Parallel Survey Vol. III, P&.589', 
 
 VintciT F.L*' Tbe Georgetown Col*Mines. EV& M.Jour. Sept. 13/1879p 9 184- 
 
 Type 3 Tho' Boulder Co. ^ r eins along Joints or faulting planes in 
 gneiss cr granite or associated with porphyry dikes or pegmatite 
 segregations and carrying tellurides of the precious metals mcra 
 of less as an impregnation of the country rock. The prevalent -eoutv 
 try rool^is called by Emmons a granite-gneiss, .Van Diest (l^Co) 
 distinguishes -ftfeur successive terranes of massive and schistose 
 rocks folded along three principal axes and two side ones, and 
 states that the mines are on the slopes of the folds'. The country 
 is very generally pierced by' porphyry dikes with which the ore 
 bodies are often associated. A large number of species of tellu- 
 ride minerals have been determined from the region especially by 
 Dr-cGentii of Philadelphia. The mines afford very rich ores, some- 
 what irregularly distributed. 
 Eilers.A^M new Occurrence of the Telluride of Gold and Silver 
 
 M.Bi 1. 316, 
 
 Emmons 3 P 3 10th<, Census Vol. 13. p. 64; 
 
 Genth FA, On T^llurides. A,J.S.II. 45. 305 & other later papers 
 * in tho same Jpurnal. 
 'Van Diest oPHi The Mineral Res. of Boulder Co. Ann. Kept* Col. 
 
 State Sen. of Mines. 1886. p, 25. 
 
 The resources of the renalning counties of Col* are chiefly in coal 
 which will be spoken of in its place* 
 
 g* Geology explained at length. The production of Wyo- 
 ming in tho precious metals is insignificant as yet. Several years 
 ago (1887) the Sweetwater region attracted attention but it has not 
 been of mash importance since. Mines may be opened up in time in 
 the Mountainous western portion of the Teritory. The eastern part 
 is prairie or plateau -country. The resources in coal are very 
 great (See later under coal) and iron is known (See Type 13e) and 
 copper has been produced in some quantity (See Type 20g), 
 Emtcons 8,9* 10th Census Vol. XIII. p,86. 
 RaymonJ.JcUW, Mining Statistics 'West of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Tjrpe 38, Black 'Hills, S. Dak. Geology explained at lengtho 
 the principal product, of the Black Hills at present is gold, 
 The Isad-oilver deposits have been referred to above (Typs 33a) and 
 the tin deposits, mica etc. will be mentioned later. The gold 
 occurs in placers (See Type 47) of Quaternary and Recent age as 4$ 
 well as in Potsdam sands tones (Compare Type 45a) which are old shore 
 beaches i*ow hardened to rock; in pyritous beds in schistose rocks 
 ana in segregated quartz veins. (Cf. Type 48). The Quaternary and 
 recent Xa<*ei!*ff are the usual gravels which are more fully described 
 und/sr Cal & , The Potsdam Sandstone is an extremely interesting dep- 
 osit > It has resulted from the wearing action of tho waves of the 
 
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54 
 
 Potsdam ocean on the Archaean schists* The Potsdam also carries 
 other deposits in the vicinity of porphyry sheets and dikes, which 
 consist of auriferous pyrite, sometimes oxidized which has replaced 
 the original" calcareous cement of the quartzite, Tho pyritous bds 
 are in-a broad imp rotated zone 2000' bwoad (Carpenter) of elatos 
 and schists with portions especially rich in auriferous puri',ea a 
 The ore is not of high grade running $3~$4,00 per ton but it is 
 treated at great profit by mining it in gnssatocus quantities, 
 
 In 1883 at the Homes take 24&o335 tons were mined yielding $3 068 
 gold per ton and 03 silver at a profit of $119 per ton. This 
 of course is only attainable in an excellently organized and man- 
 aged enterprise. ( Compare in this connection the occ^wrencc of 
 gold in the Southern States, Type 49). There are a&sfc many so 
 called segregated quartz veins, in the? schists and slates Thefee 
 are lenticular m&%i of limited extent horizontally and below 
 (some what like a magnetite lense Typo 13 in shapo), arid carrying 
 a small amount of gold vrith little or no pyrites (Soe Cal* Typa 48) 
 
 ( Views and Sections), 
 
 Bowie A C J, Notes on Gold Mill Construction M.E* 10, 1887, 
 Carpenter F B, Prelim. Rep. on the Geol. of the Black Hills Rapid 
 
 City. Dak. 1883* 
 
 /i Ore Dop of the Black Hills. M,E, 17. 570. Rec. 
 Devereux W fl B, The Occurrence of Gold in the Potsdam Formation* 
 
 M.E. 10. 465. Eo& M.J, Doc, 23. 1882. p. 334:. 
 
 Eramons S.F. 10th Census Vol. 13. p. 89 Rec/ See also under Tin* . 
 Hofman H.O. Gold Milling in the Black Hills. M,E. 17. 498. Also in 
 
 Prelim, Rep, cited under Carpenter. 
 Newton & Jenney* Rept. on the Black Hills Wash. 1880. 
 
 p 39 o' Montana. Geology and geography described at length* 
 Montana took the lead of all the states in 1887 in the production 
 of silver and was second in gold .and first in the total production 
 of the two. In its mineral wealth it yields to no other state in 
 the Union* ' The raining districts are mostly in the western central 
 and western portions of the state. The Rocky Mtns. are lower in 
 Mont a than in Col* and broad valleys suitable for agriculture and 
 as' a rule wall watered add to its advantages. Developments have 
 progressed so rapidly in Montana that all the desirable data are 
 not available. 
 
 Type 39a. Madison Co* Veins in gneiss containing galena and 
 pyrite in a quartz gangue, Virginia City is the principal town 
 and the veins are north of it in the northern portion of the count 
 Emmons S,F* lOth* Census Vol. XIII p. 97. 
 
 Type 39b. Bewerhead Co* Near Bannack City* quartz veins with 
 auriferous pyrite on the contact between limestone and so called 
 granite. At Glendale in the northern part of the county arc the 
 Heel?- mined referred to under lead silver (Type^33) Auriferous 
 quartz veins are reported 'further north. 
 Emnons S F 10th Census Vol. XIII a '97, 
 
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55 
 
 'I'ype 39o & Jefferson Co The county contains ore bodies chic-fly 
 ?rous q* warts in gneiss, porphyry or- limestone/. The lead silver 
 nera- Wak have be6n -referred to (Type 33l 
 
 Sa'o lOth. Censas Vol, XIII p. 97* 
 Type 39c2 u Silver Bow Co. The copper min and the general geol- 
 ogy of the Butte Oity region were referred to under copper (Type 
 17}o In the basic granite and north of the-ioopper zone is a belt 
 of j$Kii*z& carrying sulphides of silver lead, zinc and iron in a 
 siliceous gangue but abundantly associated with manganese compounds 
 of various aorta, eispaoiaily rhodolite* No manganese id known in 
 the eoppar belt, nor any copper in the silver belt, a mos.fr striking 
 phRttOEMSAH in veins in the same wall rock* Here occur the Alice, 
 Lexington and Moult on Mines In the more acid granite west of the 
 But i , 5.8 another silver belt with the silver minerals as in the 
 other veins and likewise in % gangue of manganese miner als a 
 
 The Bias-bird 1*3 the principal mine of this zone. The manganif- 
 eroua outcrop of thea veins was a notable feature in the landscape 
 bit*g a broad rusty black belt, not very rich on the surface and 
 only showing the silver in depth* The Gagnon vein, however, lacks 
 quite entirely and contains other ourious minerals as 
 by Mr Pearce* tenons argues strongly that these veins 
 were formed along circulation fissures, probably of small original 
 sisss but afterwards much enlarged by a replacement of the walls 
 with ore?, Placer mines have also been worked near Butte* 
 Blake Y; O ? Silver Mining & Milling at Butte Mont* M.E.16 38 
 
 >. Thft Rainbow Lode. Butte City Mont. M.E. 16. 65, 
 BirKncrris SoP a Notes on tho Gaol, of Butte Mont.M.B. 16.49* p. 208 
 Pearoe Rich, Tho &8sooiatfcn of Minerals in the Gagnon Vein Butte 
 
 Oity Mo'^o 16a 62. 
 
 Peters E.Do' Min, Kai U S 1883-84 p 374. 
 Spilabtiry SvG plaoer Mining in Mont. E.& M.J, Sep. 3. 1887 p167. 
 
 The Silver Mines of Butte Mont. April 18 1885. p261* 
 Williams & Peters On Butte Mont. E& M.Jour. Mar 28. 1885. p.208v 
 
 Type 3<?0 9 Dec-r Lodge Oo. Placer deposits (Type 49fr are numeroua 
 along the Deer Lodfee River, arid auriferous quartz veins are known* 
 the gre&'ksist mine is the Granite Mtn now yielding very hand^- 
 roturnfto ?}$ is in the southern part of the couxfty near 
 
 rg ai).d is a fissure vein in granite, principally with 
 era a and considerable gold. On the same vein is the Bimetal- 
 lic,, Further ^est sedimentary rooks come in much metamorphosed by 
 c'Ctatact with later eruptive granite. 
 Goodala C W 8 <fc AkeJ W C A Concentration etc. with notes on the Geol* 
 
 of 'the Flint Oroek Mining Dist* M d E 1890 Reo. 
 B.>&-M ft J a The Granite Mtn ft Mine. Deo. 10 1887. -Nov. 23, 1889. 
 Gpilebury 1- G Placer Mining in Mont. E e & M.J Sep. 3.87. p. 167. 
 Type 3$ f a Lewie Clark Co. The plaoer mines (Type 47) near 
 Kelena (X-ast Chance and Prickly Pear Gulches) which wero found by 
 the prospectors #ho spread through the Roc-ky Mtns. as the Cal. gold 
 
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66 
 
 a <x*t/- 3 TW-S ths first to attract attention* 'Jj;ir.&* ross 
 
 z ..veins' "in -granite and slates have foe: en de? vole- 
 20 miles north of Helena is the Drumluosnon Group of vevn.j 
 !-/.; r^frtKiiory silver and gold ore in a quar&z gangue on the 
 contour btyf**<;':i &. granite knob and the surrounding metwaorphio 
 sehii.;.-. i :'-. .7h;:'e 3.re also ether veins in the -granite aa, -..Ufcaa -of 
 .eruv-v..;/o roovr occur aBsou.i.av,6d TV'ith the ore bo41* 
 -Clayton JV2. '.['& 'Dr^nLjuj^on Group of Ve inapt c S e i &U ^oar\, Au#. 
 
 . 4 & 11 1883. pp. 85 4 10S-* 
 Ecrtions So3? 10th Census Vol, XIII,v p97. 
 
 Misso.XU Co-, in the ncvt!T'/r,:-:i;orn comer of t.h;% st,ctu is 
 of lale:-: O.ever. c-prssnts, o^po^iaily since th lT 9 ?ac H'^ a ivj 
 built thrcu.gh it, At Iron Mtn^ and el&ewhero rdning 
 growing up 'but available descriptions have not. y0t 
 
 Type 40. Geography and Go.vlogy explained at length. 
 
 The ijour,hern psr^. -of the territory partakou of the char^t.er of 
 
 Great Basin (See p s 5} 9 north oi* this 'in tho Snake iU^ei 4 Val;i,i?y Is 
 an h.'flfieu.sc outpouring of basalt The northor-o part of tJ'itr tit at ft 
 is on thfe we stern s.!cpee of tho Hooky Mtnii? 'anci if? 
 varied :-n topography,, In th most northern county 
 quartz vs-jins and placers are reoordod but available 
 descriptions are yet to be placed in print In Shonnonr Ou* ar 
 the rich Goaur- d' Alenc load silver mines, already referred to 
 under Type 34a Ns l^rlos^cxmWol are also known 1,0 contain gold 
 quartz and placers, Xiemhi Co 9 in in the central part of fch tdrri 
 tory on' the western s|opes of tho Rocky Wtns-j Ite .r\int'ii are 
 placer e along the Sa^jtaon River, Ouster Co/ south of 
 several veil known sriines( Ramshorn^ Char lea Dickens, 
 Thosa TBitTs isi fitcaor j phi rooka, (gTiftiss slate te a ) \vlth aai-oci&f 
 te^orphyry at the Ouster, and certain various gold arul silver ores* 
 
 The Ouster- vein is a groat ledge vrith silver sulphide a find leaa 
 abundant gc.ld ^hc- Charles Dickens procixices gold ajjd silver In 
 about equal amounts ft Smelting ores also occur in the ragion, as in 
 the R&mshorn and cthor mines in vh^ch small smelting ops^'&tions 
 have been carried oru In Boise r.nd wsetarr. Altuvab Cc-'&r a granite 
 area foyiG the greet er pasrt of the Burfaoe, and in it are jttJiserous 
 productive veins* I\ fcho former thoyaftxo chiefly gold qu^rt^: except 
 in the Bsuaier district wfcers silver predominates,, Th pla^tr- 
 deposits of th oounty irhi^h were developed in 1363 urert* ve\ v y riah 
 but are -now less productive than in former years* In Ail.uras Go 
 the saxno gold quarts voins occur r and also others oarryixig silver.. 
 and the Bounty ia a strong producer Tho Wood River ?/ii^ies in , 
 elates and JLluiest.one-S; s'jutii at of the granite have already boon 
 referred to ,Typs ^4 0-yh*e Co 3 is in the south- vrecti-srn oorno^V 
 It' is probable ^hat ths gratrStft of the t/ffo last B'isirc A0??fjd e.-rlsnii^ 
 under over^y^n^ Jrift and e&acs up again naar Silver O.lty (B^oJcar}^ 
 South w^st of It quarts porphyry and raeilamorphie recks ftre found 
 
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 96* 
 
 . 
 
 teaftol 
 
 cai 
 
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57 
 
 and dikes of- basal W Sold quartz aiid high gr.de silver orer^aro the 
 ones- prssoiito' The Poormaiuf Lode is a i?azncns one . f orr ruby silver 
 o:-ssc "We/FoBlafc me nt ions seeing a pitsce'-from this mine at 'the Paris 
 i which weigj^bottt 200 Ibs* (Av<T S II 45* 197). 
 sife ard Oue'ida two ether aovmtiee in the southern / 
 
 or have been work-Del and in Bear Lake Co in -the 
 south -eaBT. corner salt, and. sulphur deposits are reaov&dd* 
 Beaker G '? -'.&tfc Genmpfi Vol Xirr po59 
 Export of -the .Dimeter of the Mint 1882 -p, 227 
 
 The Colorado Plat oau and the Great Basin Region,, (Part of 
 Idaho belongs &er) 
 
 Typu 4-i UtahcGoology arid geography explained at lengthy 
 The grsat*:" number of the Utah mines have been mentioned 'under 
 Typo ?,s and SO The north western county. Box BXd^j'^n the alkaline 
 dsaer-t region of the ftre&t Basin a Then down throiS^ the central 
 part of the st&te in the Wahaatch and Oqu^Vrh mountains the mining 
 d IK; trices oftcur p and in the extreme south west, 
 
 Type 4-1 a o Ontario Mine^ Noar.ly east '6f Salt Lake City in Summit 
 Coo IB tb? 0-ntario Mine, a vein from 4 6 to 28* ttldo -o.ve raging 8 1 , 
 in qiwu^'iiy-itf tf but oxtrDie."iy porftiateirit! boing opened continuously 
 for 6'X)0 8 5 In tho lower workings a porphyry dike has oomo in as 
 one of thft walls The ores consist of galena, gray copper, silver 
 gianoOj,- blonde eto The beat grade runs about $95, tho seoonG 
 about $0 The mins has been finely managed from the start and is 
 one of the most creditable enterprises in the yr&sto ' Other somewhat 
 similar ore- bodies are Known in tho some r*gion but are less devel* 
 ope do 
 
 Aajfny SVJo History of the Ontario Mino* Park City Utah M,B16 35. 
 E '& ^: Jv The Ontario Mine May 28, 1881., po365 
 Himtley DvB 9 lOtho Oerwiiia Vol., XIII p,,43S. 
 
 The D.cad silver bedded veins of Blrigham 'Oanon f in Salt Lake 
 OOo have already boon mentioned,, Typo 29 Reference may again be 
 mad* to th* great bed of gold quart a associated with them. Ophir 
 and fcry Canons in Tooale Cos 1'ypo 29a have also been described, -and 
 the intia .Oist in J'wab Obo{TypM 2 Oh and 29fc} 9 in addition to the 
 smelting ort?.-a others have boon treated by milling, In Beaver Co. 
 $hi* Interenting doposit* of the Horns ilver, the Carbonate and the 
 Cave ore bodies have been menlilcxaed uti-der Types 30, SOA and 30br 
 The great iron sain as of IVon Co* vill bo found under !Type 14. (1) 
 lil Piutd Cc> 3 i:ar th,i;oim of Maryevala, aro'und Mt ^aldy are'-tf* 
 n\*nbe*r of asinea with 19 ad silver or milling oreB ? in o.viarts porph- 
 yry (Oopper Belt) or between limestone and qucrtssitc. vl'eer Trail, . 
 s d Mv:;^r> t fti* e t e a ) 
 4:ibo SiJ/ver Reef Utiaho Native silvor f ce^ftigerite and 
 
 * t ini l>iassic eandstaar^s .kid often replacing - 
 ?hes tie .posits were ref^rrod to undor Typo 21o 
 They -sore discover sd in 1677 AT. Silver &ecf ,. there ar* two silver 
 

 
 ./*'-- h 
 . 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 * k i ft -^* yC 
 * . ^ -. ~*^*i> 
 
 tet I 
 
 cf 
 
 o 4tfe*r;Ji 
 
 
 ll rtf 
 
 
 
N ;x 
 
 OW N 
 
 bearing strata or reefs, with bede of lower cla^ shale between* 
 Above th* water line the ore is hornsilver, below, it is argent it e tf 
 At times it replaces' plant remains, at other times no visible 
 presence of ore ean be noted e.-Hhotagh the rock ma^ afford $30, Oo to 
 the ton. The silver always occurs along certain ore chanels, dis- 
 tributed throufefc certain parts of the sandstone. The origin of 
 thee deposits has giveoi occasion to a vigorous discussions 
 J 3 S,lIev/berry holds that the silver was deposited in and with the 
 sandstone from the Triassic sea, although it may have been cone on* .si 
 trated since, in the ore channels, F,M.F,Cazin holds that tha 
 organic remains were deposited -in and with the sandstone and- that-- 
 these werejtlje immediate precipitating agents of the ores, 
 
 Ce'M. Rolker, vfho was for some years in charge of several of the 
 mines, has also written about them and is probably nearest to the 
 truth* Rolker argues that the impregnation 7/as subsequent to the 
 formation and was caused by the igneous outbreaks in tho neighbour- 
 hood and probably is along old lines of partial weakling or rush- 
 ing that afterwards healed up. Eruptive rooks are known in the 
 neighborhood both, in Utah and. in the "Sacemiento Copper district 
 of New Mexico, From what we know of ore deposition in gonoral 
 this seems most probable. 
 Gazin F.M,F, The Origin of tho Copper -an^Silver Oros in Triassic 
 
 Sand: \Dnok. E.& M.J. Dec. 11*80. p. 381. "&pr. 30 e '81. p 300 
 E<& M.J. The Silver Sandstone Formation at Silver Reef, May 22 
 
 1880. p. 351. Jan. 10,17,& 24. 1880 pp.25, 4-8 & ?*4ft*tii 
 Jackson A 6 N. Silver in Sedimentary Sandstone Rept , of Dirootor of 
 
 the Mirvt 188B, p. 38*. quoting Cal, Acad, Sci e 
 Newberrv J.S, Rept. on the Properties of the r Stormont Silver 
 
 ".M$80jig Go. etc. E.& M.J. Oct. 23. ifeo p 2S9. 
 
 // The Silver Reef Mines. E.& M.J. Jan. 1,1881. p. 4. * ' 
 Rolker G.M.- The Silver Sandstone Dist.of Utah M.E 9 21. 
 . 
 
 Type 42 . Arizona .Geology and geography explained at lengths 
 Th^ rainfall is slight and the country lacks water. The ynorth east- 
 ern portion comes into the plateau district but is largely^liy TTura 
 Trias and Carboniferous strata. In the south east it is mountain- 
 ous and rich in mining districts (See Type 20 ) a The same is true 
 of the central and nprth eastern but the south western is a sandy 
 desert and probably the hottest portion of the U.S.. 
 
 Apache Go. is in the north eastern corner. In the southern 
 part of the county gold and silver ores, in veins in limes tono 
 associated with copper ores are reported and some small placers*- 
 Yavapai Co. Gold and silver ores ivx quartz veins in granite and 
 metamorphic rocks. The -Black Range copper district has already 
 been referred to under Type 20) Mohavo Co. Silver sulphides, 
 arsenides etc and alteration products above the water level (low 
 grade sulphides below) in veins in granite at times showing a * 
 
-ti/ "> 
 
 >^|TOi4<> > ri* r- 
 
 ta--" 
 
 r ~\ a *rf 
 ri^tw bnA f* 
 
 .T.Mi* 
 
 ^^a^ 
 
 Ie^ 
 -^e ft* ai*t oe 
 
 tSW ^^ * *ft* 
 
 ^iOi 
 
 ajU**<*Jiro <5JLfo9fq|l 
 
 'a*w Xi*^q to so/til "fi ai \rlcf5 
 
 si /T^ ^gyyy i 3XjBerf 8fc*uanr*i^^fi tjsr* 
 
 >^ erzi- 
 
 
 . - r r T T V '* *U rav 
 
 .X88I*Ittc 
 
 -' ' " ' . - 
 
 J-* ^eniJlqxs- 
 
 **-'*'. fl "A :* ' ; ; M - o "i" ' <-" : ' / "" :"i ,!".''. "..': -''," MM ;T'3j.--> T : 1 
 
 ltt*8lfc tf 
 
 C^ 
 6 ai PX?9*W rf^'cs: 
 
 t< 2U v lae^^oH *c* 
 
 t : ~* m. *>*$&& 
 
 *e 
 
 &>- ^*|<w ** <*^ 
 
 iS *o-J-*^*Mfc. 
 ^ J*ta; 
 
59 
 
 gneissoid structure. Only the richest can now be worked, Yuma Cov 
 Quartz veins with silver* ores and lead Minerals in metamorphic 
 rocks (gneiss, slate^etc.) or in granite* Maricopa Co, contains 
 both Palaeozoic and Archaean exposures. The ore deposits lie mostly 
 along the contact of the two, in granite or highly metamorphQsed 
 strata. They are usually quartz veins with silver ores and copper, 
 lead and zinc minerals. The Globe Dist, extending also into Final 
 Co* is the principal one. Mention has already been made of it under 
 copper (Type 20). Final Co. adjoins Maricopa on the south and 
 contains a number of important miftes. They produce mostly silver 
 ores with lead and copper associates, and some blende. The gangue 
 minerals are qoartz ,calcite etc. occasionally manganese compounds 
 and sometimes in the granites, btxrite. Limestone, slate, sandstone 
 and quart zite as well as granite, diabase and diorite occur as wall 
 rocks * 
 
 Type 42a The Silver King Mine. A central mass or chimney of 
 quartz with innumerable radiating ve inlets of the same carrying 
 rich c^-ljrer ores and native silver, in a great dike of feldspar 
 porphyry, with associated granite , syenites (Blake), porphyry gneiss 
 and slates, all of Archaean age. The veinlets ramify thr-ju&i the 
 strongly altered porphyry and form a stockwerk which furnishes the 
 principal ore- In the region are also Palaeozoic strata whose 
 upper limestone beds are referred by Blake to the Carboniferous, 
 
 The minerals at tha mines are native silver, stromeyerite, 
 argentite, sphalerite, galenite, tetrahedrite, born"ite, chalcopy- 
 rite, pyrite, quartz, calcite, siderite, barite. (Views and bc^iions 
 from Blake). Sraham Co. contains the Clifton Copper district refer- 
 red to under Type 23, Cochise Co. is the southeastern Co, and 
 contains the Tombstone Dist,, the most productive of the precious 
 metals in the territory. 
 
 Type 24b. Tombstone. A great porphyry dike up to 70 feet wide 
 cutting folded' Palaeozoic strata and itself extensively faulted; 
 and altered, and carrying above the waterline in numerous vertical 
 Joints orrpartings, quartz with free gold, horns ilver and a little 
 pyrite, gai&nito and lead carbonate* Curiously enough in the por- 
 phyry itself and far from the quartz veins, flakes and scales of 
 free gold have been found evidently introduced in solute in* Ore alec 
 occurs along the sides of the dike. There are also other fissures 
 parallel with this principal dike, and still another series cros- 
 sing these and the axis of the great anticline of the district * 
 Connected with these fissure veins are bedded deposits in the lime- 
 stone, along the bedding planes or dropping from one to another, 
 appearing to have originated by replacement. Blake offers two 
 explanations of the first mentioned dike deposit. Either that the 
 dike itself held the precious metals or that they came from the 
 pyrite of the adjoining strata a Considerable manganese occurs in * 
 many of the mines. There are several other mining districts of less 
 note in the country, and the copper deposits of the Bisbee region 
 have already been mentioned under Type 20b. 
 
w acf woa A* Jae ad* xXnO ^i/*3irc*s 6Jtoaa*o* 
 
 citim 
 
 aagUI 
 
 to 
 
 bit* 
 ai 
 
 .{OS nt) 
 to ^edrtswi a 
 
 trui ^aaJ xf^iw 
 a*Ula, 
 
 -tea rftooa ei no a aM 
 
 *w/l>aij 
 arft atoaXd a/noa to 
 
 a<ft aS* 
 
 to tw*Jf+ -10 aaaoi Xa^fnaa A .etttu 
 
 to 
 iaqaf)Xat to aaClfc taat a n* f iavlla 
 
 to XXa , 
 
 : rfolrfw jfievraf&oys & mot brra ^n T fcia*Xa 
 
 e ai oaXa s*r nois^ s -o Xaq 
 
 aiaia Y< 
 
 aeotai ari^ 4a aJUrrtiai aiff 
 
 ai , 
 to arJUaufconqr ^aott t >rf^ ,al<E ao^acfo^ arf* 
 
 afciw t*t or o* cjw atfla ryfqpoq ^afm A . 
 
 ffavlaftatxa tXaa*i tea ata-i^a oiosoeaXa^ bnlblot 
 al alX9aw *d$ sroda 
 
 ot 
 
 to 
 
 tad^o oela aia ei wft .aj(tb adt to aa6ia rf> yi^la rwaao 
 
 XXJtta tea t U* Xa<ri*f alii* 
 
 , *oittai!> ttf* to mlXaitiia ^aa*q arf* to aixa aAt Ana ****** 
 al alteoqa* JaaMt4f a-wi anJtsv oraail taacf* H*Iw 
 aaoit titt^qonfc to aawaXcj $rtibtoK* arU 
 
 .Jiaoqaf? aiClli bwiciv-ntw *flt art^ to 
 J moit anaa X*rf* ^ad^ 10 aXataf nwoiaanq art* 6( 
 * ni aiuooo oaa>aatttaai aX^a^ftiaaoO *al%t iitinlo^a eri^ to 
 aaaX to a + tti^exi) an it n Is tart^o Xateva ^ta a%*ifT .aafi^m aidt to 
 
 to attaoqsb leqqoa ari> Nia % x j i^'/o 
 
 fccMOaa* *ad 
 
60. 
 
 Pima. Ooo is the .central- one of the southern tier an 5. has 
 Tucson as its principal city There are numbers cf Hiii^.a of the 
 precicvis raet&ls and a fey less in-port ant ' oopp&r d.rpoaitV.'o\ 
 Yuena Co a in ths /southwestern corner has sorue rninjj along iha Colo- 
 rado River on quartz veins in metasnorphii rcclis 9 containing silver 
 and lead- minerals ' 
 
 Becker <JP 10th Consols Vol XIII p d 4d* 
 
 Blake W B P<, The Oeology.^of Tombstone Arizona M 10 t 334. 
 E & Mo J *Tune 24, 1882 * po'323. 
 
 The Silver King Min*<> /tahort Monograph* Nev; Kavtn Maroh 
 1883 ReCa 'See also **&?, April 3* 18&5 ' p238 . 
 Blandy J P S She Mining Region aro^d Preaoott Ay is. M b S lib 236f- 
 Eo& MpJcur. On To-.mbi-tona Ar'l;%o May 7 1681U p316t Mar 18' S3 6 
 Silver in Ar:iz e Genor^l v/^v.JLeYr Sep.ai & 5 6 18CO ppl7t 
 Central Arizor-a Ap,:".:.l CSj- 1881 pofc&3e ' v 
 
 Silliman 3 P Rept. on -the ?.-.-i a i- ;.{:-; ):.& a oi* Ari/.orr^. n^ar the Hio Colo- 
 rado". AoJoS. I.?o-4T. 269, Sea klco ^ 4 M,0rcur AU* 11 
 1877, pan. 
 
 Type 43 Nevada * (Jeca^ftphy f,nd geology txplfcuMul at ." 
 Koto the.Gh'ssat B.^in wiv-h the ^'ij.jTOi^t * north v.~r!. ^.vv-lV.-. 
 largsly of eruptive- rocks . 
 
 k Lincoln Go is in the souths sis v.ei'A florae r, and Mjsvh&irtf 
 ber' of small mining districts, -Iha orss'*re in ganor&l Oliver lead 
 ores in limestone or veins with swlphurst crss in jUtU'^l'.e and 
 granite o Pioche is one of the principal tc^na r.s&r itfh:Uh tha onoe 
 famous Kaymc?id <fe I-'.ly Mino ie I ; :vv,i'';clo Th'y I ,ij*^v ^,^^.'(. ^^1 KwlMa* 
 ute -dir>trits at&ll fv,vthsr p.outh 'r, : r-'r; v *-- , *)Ut thi 
 
 uholo* region Is -i?o ::^r rror* 3.13 ' ' : >> . ' 'tr* tfori- 
 
 d^tions are harci r.^/s ic. 
 
 Type 4oa- N^y Oo next west 1*2 - t : ?..:: i::vo ..:-< ?.nt ail:'.;.'.'.:r.e! a^trtr in' 
 It a* northern portion, around ths -V./.v.a of y^lv.ont 9 QptffHtMti aM 
 slates rest on granite in th* crd*r >r:*d &n in thdm arft voina * - 
 with qirnrtz g&ngue &" silvsr ohloz*i-:.e:3 H:V .'i'-'rdig very riah orti 
 
 Southeast of Belmont is Tybo ' 
 
 firinons -S,'P -Survey of tho 40th Parf..'Me!i. V;:v., !CI?! p t>Q3 - 
 
 .Type *Sbo l^hite Pine GQ 'is no'rthAs^, and rtCTitai;.\s %h* tlhit" 
 Pine Dist r fhs prirx^^aX to^rn i? T 5;v-:i:.3.-iiori about l.'LO rj.il* south 
 of Blko en tha Osnto* ?sc-. o ^,'ie / :/,. v .'jj.Ai ir n oft.timwtio^. PA th- Hu?*** 
 boldt Range r^jis ^ith ' ?o'ae. Tjrc?xn h^'Ou floy;r ;.?(; :l#; ohi*ly of , . 
 folded Devonian liww^vm** At TIs-jr-lA-Un th^"/".*{ .,rebt-nt' into a proa>i 
 nent aniieline s ' ane this has a ifc**6nf f i^Httl 1 ** ro*irg ites iM^V 
 
 The geol-cgisal ni^tion is DevoT::*.*:*. U/'^r-ton^ 9 thin- 
 shale, thin ailioious l*J.:r<eetone^ !&.r,'.;ilIaoeGir.s hAl'' 
 bonifarous, Mtti4atonr ; Mid. Onrbonif *rt>uui :iiv.ato:nd,- { 
 
 "The. ere bodies oc.i-nrr i^-.r>^r*cii:;:^ to /.i;r:^^d IJXjue 1] 
 
 elir>a-l axr. ?e (,?.^ Tn ccntftft. deptvrltn b^^'O^n tho linnet t,&n und 4 
 :'.., *.'',* 
 
to *na -I**; 
 
 
 
 ; 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 MC* 
 
 
 V 
 
 ,- 
 
 M * 
 
 
 
 
 to tod 
 
 i 
 Mi 
 
 
 
 
 
 -:: 
 
 to 
 
 
 
6 
 
 shales (3) Inr beds' or chambers in the limestone parallel to the 
 stratification,, (4) - In i-r regular vertical- -and. oblique se-*ttn:; or 
 joints across the beddings -The ore is chiefly .ehlorido. of wi 
 an quartz gangue,,' It is thought by Mr Hague to have probably 
 up through the main cross fissure and meeting the impervious shale 
 to havo spread through the limestone in this way, 
 
 Clayton J E Sections of the Rocks in Hamilton Nev a Cal a #&& Scvi. 
 Hague a A,- 40th Parallel Survey Vol. Ill, p. 409 
 
 Egan Canon is in the northern part of the county anc. nh&vs- a 
 geological section of granite, quartzite and slate in i:<ba or* 1 .:*? 
 named? In the 'slate and perhaps extending into the quari^Ite is a 
 quarts vein 5 ? -8 8 wide carrying gold and silver ores s 
 Emmons S 'F. 40fch Parallel Survey Vole III p 445 ' M 
 
 Eureka Oo is the next county west of White Pino,, Tlv..- dt-rosi 
 its at Eureka have, already been doscribod under Iead-yi.I.vei' Ty;o<* 3 
 Type 43c Lander Co* lies next wast of Eureka* The Tcryabe range 
 runs through it from north to south and in its southern port iorikttt 
 Nye Co, contains the* Belmont deposit -(Type 43a) P At Aast.tn whi^h i 
 80 cr 90 miles south of the Centc pao* RRo now fiorjn?cto:-l irtth l-i; 
 by a branch, are the mines of the Reese River Diet i nur^,<'l xrosr* the 
 principal stream near by From Mt Prometheus, which sontista of 
 biotite granite or granitite pierced by a groat dike of rhyo,U.te ? ' 
 a western granite spur runs out known as Lander Hill* SPh* ere * 
 bodies are narrow fissure veins with a general northwest fttii south 
 east trend, and carrying rich ruby silver ores, with gray copper ? 
 galena and blende, in a quartz gangue with associated Kto&OBhr&tilt 
 and ealeitee They are also often faulted* , . 
 
 Sn^f-ns S a P 4 40th Parallel Survey Vol, III p 349 6 
 
 Elk Co, lies north of White Pine and Euroka Go r s S.H <?-^t.;v:V.a 
 the Tuscarora Mining Dist 9 The deposits are high &:s'&i<D silver , 
 ores in veins in a decomposed Ito^n-blende andesits^' 
 Becker G.T. 10th Census Vol, XIII. p. 34, 
 
 Huaiboldt Co* is the middle one of the northern tier,, and oon 
 tains a number of mininfc districts which produce both ail^or and 
 gold from quartz veins in Mesozoic slate- Small amocur;.; ; : of \;:,r< 
 precious metals come also from Washoo Co in the nerthvrst e^rxi-er 
 of the State* 
 Be-cker G<,-P> 10th Censias Volo XIII S p* 35c 
 
 Churchill Co d adjoins Landor on the west, and pcsseses a 
 silver mines* Esmeralda Co. in the south west has a eonsj. 
 number of rich silver and gold mines', which produce high (gra&e 
 ores from veins with a quartz gangue- in metamorphic roa.lv? s 
 schists etc*. See also under NickelY 
 
 Storey and Lyon are two small counties in the western central 
 portion of the State but the former contains the most i:cp;:r^ 
 sLnd interesting ore deposit in Nev. , if indeed it is net th* 
 largest and richest single vein yet discovered* 
 
 Type 44 6 Comstock Lode, A great fissure vein, four ir.llss lc:;& 
 
ii*sem taa eiuaatt aaoio ni&m erf* ri 
 
 ?.tmU erf* nl 8Y9<fiarfo 10 aJ&eo 
 Ido 1 / ruiXtfinTi nl-U) 
 
 :.eirio si: exo wfT. .$fcib&d erf* 
 
 <*VBrf o* eirgsH rtM -d *rf$i/orf* at tl 
 
 eirf* rti eno*39ffliX erf* 
 .IBO .veM no*Xim6H ni a^ooH atf* Ico anoi^oo' 
 
 .eC^.qcIII .XoV Ysv^a lolljsis 1 ! rfd-0* A 
 :. .too ftrfor lo j-iAq iwwid-xan t ai norw:: 
 
 3 &fi ai-JcsifiBup siB <io nol^oe ^3 
 
 erf* 
 
 ;inn 
 
 e &-3 isv 
 
 O q[ loV tevxire lellmiA 1 ! iftK)* , 
 
 lift e^-lrflRf lo taew Y^J */OA srf* ai .c 
 
 ^sljnjj Ad-diioaab eed ^boilB evsrf 
 
 ttfS lo *86W d-xerr ^oO lebifsJ .&5* 
 
 ..- joa ati rti fin rftuoa flioit iti ria^ 
 
 o(s^ ^Jtaoqefc "8 'erf* 8 ^^ 
 
 B *eO (v 
 
 19VIH seseH sd^r %o aenim erf* S^B 
 r:w t eweri*ernoi c l ,*M moil *xrf ! ffi*e'f*s laq 
 -slJtJb tsetB B Tjd Jaeoieiq e*i*J:nsi 10 9*lnaia e*j 
 MO arft ,IXiH 'iejbrtil aa ffworut *uo aron iwqa e*iitflii nie 
 
 2 *R6Vrf*ton iBienea * rf*iw aniev eiJJaail woitfl/t ena aei: 
 
 ./:.; - ' ' , ' : . : ; "-' - '' '* ' ' " /: 
 
 Jba*eiooaaa rf^iw wigfu S*TJBWP s ni f ei>neld >nA snelaa 
 
 'J*JJJB^. ite*1o oalB emB xe^T 'iolBo 
 d e* e q III cXoV ^evii;3 XellB'xa*! rf*0* 
 >0 ^o*u/a JbrtB ftfii'i 9*irfW r io ri*'ioix aeiX oC 
 
 ( irf eiB a*iaoqei3 erfT ,.*aJta aniniM Bioi*oeir1 
 Jbrteld-n-.-orl- fc^a^qawoef) s ni artiev 
 
 f j^ .q ,IIIX .loV ai/aneO rf*OI .I'.O idie^a 
 f5-xw orf* lo eno eIJbI)JOT ori* at .oO 
 oawboiq rfoJtrfw a*ei'x*ai> ^tmim *lo ie<fa. 
 IXBa oO*BXa oiosoaeM ni erciev S*IBI/P 1>I 
 
 srf* ni oOO eorfaaW aiofl oala ecnoo sis* ; 
 
 
 rf*OI ^, 
 
 v/ot saaeaaoq btt* f *aew erf* no -sato*! sniot** .oO 
 
 6 a/sri Jaew rf^oa erf* ni .oO BfelBiemaS .E isv 
 
 ^o^otq rfoirfw ,'aertiia Aloa Jbn* levlia rfoit lo 
 
 : -;oi oidTM* ^ -wnwai *"? B rf * iv anlev m ' 
 
 ee3 
 
 .w erf* ni aeUwxoe UBWI ew* eiB noyJ fcnB v* 
 
 irft niBtaoe -iiot erf* *"d e*B*3 erf* to rrox* 
 
 eio 9ien 
 
 8 i *i 
 
 t^^ievoeaiD *et ^^ Ilrtt taerfoif DHB 
 -;t ,lev ewaatt *Bei A .ebod .Coo*^^ .** 
 
61 
 
 forked into two branches above, along a line of -faulting in erup- 
 tive rocks of Tertiary age and chiefly andesiteso In the centr-al 
 part of the vein the displacement has been about 3000 5 shading out 
 however at the ends* The ores are high grade silver ores in -quartz 
 arid occur' ih great bodies called bonanzas along the footv/allv 
 Over 'IsOO o 000 000 in gold and silver have been' extracted in the 
 ratio of 2 of the former to 3 of the latter* Views regarding' the 
 geology of the Comstock have changed in the course of years, and ai 
 they have been influenced by the successive writings of v e Richtho~ 
 fen, King, Church, Becker and Hague and Iddings, the points in 
 especial controversy being the determination of the rock species 
 It may be remarked that the whole scheme of classification of 
 our volcanic (effusive) rocks rests largely on VeRiobthofen's earl; 
 studies, and that perhaps the most important generalization; of 
 late years is due to the work of Hague and Iddings on the same* 
 vRichthofen (1865) showed that the ore body filled.fi fissure on, 
 tho contact of a so-called syenite and an eruptive rock that he . 
 called pcjrpylitev The ore and gangue are thought to hava been 
 brought up from below by solfataric action in which fluorine f chlo- 
 rine and sulphur were the principal dissolving agents* Clarence 
 King (1867-68 published 1870) brings out $orsibiy tho fact that 
 , the foot wall of the vein approximates closely the natural contin 
 uation of Mto Davidson and contend* that the vein fills a fissure 
 between the syenite of which MtaDavidson consists and the late 
 Tertiary eruptive rocks poured out against its flanks o He traced 
 the geological succession of these and the filling of the voin froi 
 solfataric action attendant on a thin dike of andesite which for~ 
 ced its way into the contact fissure. J 6 A. Church (1877) imagines 
 the diorite (called syenite above) of Mt Davidson to have been 
 poured out originally in thin horizontal sheets, which were folded 
 in east and west folds, 'This wa^s to account for the bedding of the 
 of tho lode as now seen. On the diorite was poured out next th 
 porpylite likewise in successive horizontal sheets Then they 
 were air tilted along a north and south axis and eruptions of ande 
 site penetrated between their bods in very large amount a Further 
 movements forced the convexities of the first formed folds against 
 the andesite and crowded their substance sidewise to some extent- 
 into the' synclinals ' This movement slightly parted the beds, 
 affording water courses through which rose siliceous waters , 
 These dissolved away the neighboring beds, leaving extensive quartz 
 bodies in their plaoes They also remeved the andesitic caps, '* * 
 
 No oro was formed as yet* Now followed great trachyte eruptions 
 on the east and loaded down the hanging wall of the lode so heavi'l] 
 as 'to cause a downward movement of it, on the foot, making a new 
 series of openings, and into these poured the ore bearing solutions 
 which brought the precious metals * No one who intelligently follo- 
 ws this explanation will ftoubt that Mr Church is a very ingenious 
 man and yet few would be inclined to have very much -confidence in 
 

 
 a hit* 4 s-3^ lo eaTOO< 
 
 + fT! 
 
 . eJnloq ed? t s 
 sioaqa v 
 
 t. ?!> 
 
 
 art* no ft8jk$&2 
 
 : . Jbe C 
 
 t 
 aved 
 
 noised 
 
 to jli 
 
 6 "* 
 
 1: 
 
 
 l ifelrfw 
 
 
 &iit t 
 
 ce iitir r ? 
 
 is--s 
 
 fcriB 98fidJ lo itoisae "*Jts<: 
 
 to ta(Jt6 ttiif* B no ^rwfcn^, 
 
 lo 
 
 iol 
 
 to 
 
 w eldt .1 H9* 
 
 won M 
 ni es 
 dt < rtl*i&it a 8*iolJi * 
 
 lo 
 
 ^, 
 
 f t>e<f 
 
 
 r 
 
 i 
 
 i l>oX 
 
 woK * 
 
 
63 
 
 this long unnatural hypothesis when a 'simpler course will lead to 
 the same results. At the time of Mr Churchus visit the workings 
 were becoming very deep, and the grea<t heat was manifesting itself 
 which has been since such an obstacle. , Flooded drifts- it was thou 
 ght had been noticed to grow hotter and from "this the remarkable 
 hypothesis of kaolinization was eanceived, It was that the kaolin- 
 ization of the feldspar in the deeply buried rock occasioned the 
 heat of the lode. G.F.gecker (1879-82) comments on the excessive 
 alteration which the rocks have undergone, as it figures largely 
 in his hypothesis of origin. He then traces the. results of faulting 
 and shows that under conditions like those present the surface 
 would tend to assume a logarithmic curve, which coincides surpris- 
 ingly well with the present outline of the country. After describ- 
 ing the lode itself, the origin of its metalliferous contents is 
 traced as follows. Waters under hydrostatic pressure from the 
 hights to the west are supposed to have percolated toward tho lode 
 passing through deeply buried regions of heat. They were probably 
 diverted from rising directly through the lode by an impervious 
 clay seam, and were thus forced to soak through the diabase hanging 
 relieving it in passage of tho metals which were afterwards depoc- 
 ited in the higher portions of the lode. The metals themselves 
 were probably largely derived from the augite of the rook* 
 
 Mr Becker had associated with himself e, for the sake of studying 
 the heat phenomena ( and especially the hypothesis of kaolinization 
 and the electrical manifestations of the lOdeJ Dr Carl Barus* 
 The results of Dr Earus* careful experimants throw great doubt on 
 kaolinization as a source of heat. The electrical experiments were 
 not very satisfactory and were carried on also at Eureka Nov. No 
 very definite results were reached. 
 
 Hague and Iddings after demonstrating that the forms assumed by 
 the various rocks depended largely on the dojbths at which they 
 solidified, concluded that w the Comstock Lode occupies a line of 
 faulting in rock of Tertiary age, and can not bo considered as a 
 contact vein between two different rock masses". 
 
 Beeker G^F, Geology of the Comstock Lode and the Washoe Dist. Mono- 
 graph III.U.S.G.S. Rec, See also E.& M.J. Mar. 1. 1884 
 "po 162 and 2nd Ann. Rep. Director U,S.G.S, Rea. 
 Church JA. The Comstock Lode, its Formation and History. N Y 
 
 John Wiley & Sons. Reviewed E.& M.J, Feb. 21 1880 p c 397 e - 
 See also shorter paper- in the E & M.J. July 19 79 PO 3S> 
 Deco28'78 p. 456. .& M.J. Jan. 23. 1886 p. 52 
 Dec 12, 1885 p397 e 
 Enga & Mine Jour On the Changes in the Comstock vein Dee. i8 6 * - 
 
 1886. p. 434. 
 
 Hague & Iddings On the Development of crystallization in tho Igne- 
 ous Rocks of Washoe Nev, etc. Bull, 17. US tt G S, See 
 also Bull. 6.Cal.Acad. Sci. and E.& M, J.Dec .11,36^*4150 
 
OO 
 
 :*I II iw afj^wt 
 
 ' 
 
 . 
 
 u- 
 ,- 
 
 -64 a^ri,lt ^i a* ,wioai^fcntf evjwf a^ot n Is 
 
 artt ftejr$l nwi-t cH f al%llo 
 
 .-KA 
 
 fiftb ufcirfo 4 y*ttfS A 9OK588A 0^ Mt 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 tjgwot hw^JiIde^eq avsri -V>T l/ooq:qpr e- ^oer I a^dsirf 
 
 ;> .ted[ ^o ^ Kf^***> Ml^ -3rti*r 
 ?n* ri^ttomft v 
 
 ao o,t ^9orcot jt/rf* $*rw jbn 4 w9 t& 
 
 '$aaj: Srttvj 
 
 - f* v*t%frC 
 
 f , 
 
 ,** o . 
 
 sKi*^rt t ': 
 tC JL<?I e?ii-'i.> *t0j ***tiec*ii ioi-itpc 
 
 - : 
 
 ^ftci( tp oofofoa' B da m-.iysr 
 jterttif .tA oeA* >i*ifi& itw &*ift irtlnta^^ T^ev 
 
 >i*H*n t*if aljtufttt tti^Jt" w 
 
 ^iioastfe *<&stt>bl JNu Q9lH 
 
 frf * f^: ^I^'^Bl Jbi>Jf^^ii& SJftCl ttD 
 
 oi--uoao f 
 
 JflBOO f1'C 
 
 Ml 
 
 
 ..^*L e . A.X-^*wf . 
 
 xi^ *;.* **5 ^^ i" f**fOi*i.-. 
 
 *&i ,*?(!. rti&ir 3l^c^ioO w$J ftl Ktoi3 rft 4i<3 **jjol ^ * 
 
 0vv # ^X ,/Xi*8 *o^"^ voiJ jftttdNMRp iO 
 
Kong 01. 40th Parallel Survey Volo III. pj/ 9 
 VtfRichthofen F a Report for the Sutro Tunnel Co, 1865 
 
 The Natural 'System of Volcanic Rocks Cal. Aad 9 Sciv 
 
 16?7v als-c Zeitsch\,d o d c Geolo GesV 1868, 663, Abstract 
 
 A 8 J.SV II-. 45, 267 
 Raymonds Report a:-Jd the Reports of th& Mirdt'c have numerous other 
 
 snort and less important papers, 
 
 Note The Steamboat Springs in the same regions, as the Comstock 
 are mentioned under Mercury 
 
 THB REGION Off THE PACIFIC SLOPE* 
 
 Type 45V Oregon and Washington,, Geography and geology explai 
 n3d at length <>' An increasing amount of gold and si.lver is being 
 obtained in Washington, the former chiefly from placer mines in.-'. 
 Yaiima, Stevens and Kittitas Go 9 s which are largely worked by 
 Ohlnese VOc/ttsiderablQ silver is also obtained in Stevens Co<> in th 
 northeastern corner of the state In Oregon., Baker Co, in the east 
 em portion produces the most and here there seems to be a north- 
 erly de'/eicprcsnt of the Cal gold belt affording both placers and 
 gold- quartz, in slates and granite* Next is Grant Go with placers 
 and Josephine Co* with the came* While a number of others produce 
 less amount e In Curry Co c is found- 
 Type 45a a Port OrforcU Auriferous beach sands at the foot of 
 gravel cliffs and shifting with the winds and tides* ( Compare - 
 under Magnetite Type 15 , amd in the Black Hills Type 38 the Pots- 
 dam shore deposits). They can only be reached at low tide* They 
 extend along tho coast noar the junction cf Oregon and Cal in 
 both states* 
 
 Becker G^iFV -10th Census Vol. XII1 3 27* 
 Blakd W c Po 'AVJ.S. II, 18. 156. 
 Chase A a W, The- Auriforous Gravel^Doposit- of Gold Bluffs Gala* (ja-1. 
 
 Acad 3ei. lS74 a A'^J.B^ I.II 7' o67 
 ;& M,J Dredging- for Gold Juno 23* 1SS3. p 36S 
 Silliman S AV^3 ' I Ho 6 a 132 
 
 Californiao Geography and geology explained at length. 
 Historical rnerrit i on of its settlement and the gold excitement of *49 
 'California's principal metal vproduot is gold, but quite recently 
 an important silver district has tie en developed;, 3? or copper see ' 
 Type jL5a ? for iron sea Type 14;,2) ? for mercury see Type 55 , for 
 chromite see Type 53, 
 
 Typo 4-6 Calico Pistoc Deposits of silver shloride in fissiir 
 vftitts, stsall fra'stui'es and po3<;ets in -liparites and tufaceous sand 
 stones probably of the .Pliocene Series, They occur in south wester 
 Calo in a- pert ion of tho state belonging rather to the Great Basin 
 thai* the Pacific Slcpe An immense outbreak of liparites has forme 
 a aeries of elevations and the attendant tufas ard extensively 
 
 op o do The ore is thought by Lindgren to have come in heated 
 
-sol: 
 eoloV Sp <a$Jat2 Iis-Ji/taH erf* 
 
 tfA t 3$r-aS OB I %?*.& 
 
 Xoo^amoO erfl as .aioxaei *u;o3 eri, a-tC -. oH 
 
 - ".tt 
 
 ^ -ft 
 
 x f :'tdo i0rrol cif^ 
 
 >2How \IaiI dijs iiairfw s, T fcff an- -At 
 
 i elddto&i;. ' -oxiirfO 
 ?" fi4*6^a - r 
 
 6 9<f o* eai^a eio i t< 
 
 , ... ; : . - >" ! ;. ^/T.t.fntOttfi . - : ' " I ' ' tO N"!i ^Ol'SVeJJ X^" J 9 
 
 tttc, 
 
 eau&o**^ sir -t(tejif JQ tflirfW . 
 
 -ijjol -^mfi vat! 
 
 1-; T^a rf9B9vi ewo-i at iii/A *Jb 
 
 / brto sfeitlw 
 ^* ,t se ioalfi 
 
 ^iiT .U f>orf>eoi od xlno rras t'-'fTT ,(8#loqef> eiorft 
 
 ,XJBD 'onut s>*i* ts en w oii* ano.Ha - 
 
 X .XoV e0t : 
 
 .e n .1 w Msia 
 
 .*XsO r ,v/cA eearfO 
 
 69 
 
 ,4t3T*0! ^f 
 
 to ^ome^lsx Jblc 
 
 '" *X QL 8 JB j J** *- 
 r 
 
 ?8 \ 
 
 i-iolrfa f*v *.*a.'. 
 
 is ^*li a^ftrft. 
 
 ; ; iwcoo ^. iteS /t&oll i -. 
 
 to 
 
 8r^ tc jfa r T. ?*snssnr nA e 
 
 ^ *iu - rf^ iwifi ar;o2^ 
 
 .t rid^ 
 
65 
 
 solution from below and to have filied the fissures and over -f lowed 
 forming the siirfaae deposits in the tufas, ( Compare Silver Cliff 
 Colv Typo o7d)V 
 Lindgren W, The Silver Mines of Calico Cal. M.'E 15. 717, 
 
 ';."" '. i-i ':."'' ' rt( 
 
 Type 47v Auriferous Gravels* (1) River Gravels or placersi$ 
 auriferous gravels in -the bods of running streams. These havo been 
 of ten referred to in other states but the typo is placed in Cal as 
 they are there best known. They were the first gravels washed in 
 '49 and although substantially exhausted by 1860 were very productive 
 
 (Outline of the -topography of tha western slope of the Sierras* 
 A quite gentle rise over Mesozoic slates with quartz veins and high 
 gravels). The present streams have out deep canons and in their 
 bottoms concentrated much of the heavirle, material of the higher 
 gravels and the neighboring slates. Such concentrations were called 
 bars and the streams were sluiced around them in order to reach 
 the gravel. (2) Hi&h Gravels (or Deep Gravels). Lying above the 
 present river bottoms are found great bodies of gravels belonging . 
 to a former and now extinct system of drainage, doubtless refera- 
 ble to the Pleioeene epochs These gravels extend for 260 miles 
 along the Sierras and up to 5000 7 above the sea. They reach a very 
 considerable thickness and often detrital material to a thickness 
 of 100* or more is removed by the hydraulic proses s. They must have 
 b^en accumulated during a period of mush greater rainfall than now. 
 
 After the deposit of the gravels great outbreaks of eruptive 
 rocks occurred, covering a groat part of them with a .cap of basalt v 
 They -are sometimes mined out from under this cap by tunnels. 
 The fine cementing material in the lov/er portions of the gravels 
 is often colored blue (from FeO) giving origin to the term "blue 
 lead" while the upper portion is oxidized red (from Fe^O^). 
 
 Many trunks of trees silicif ied or replaced by pyrite or only - 
 lignitized occur in the gravels, also some bones etc. (Note the 
 Calaveras skull) and leaf impressions in the clays. Mention of 1 
 other hypotheses of origin for the gravels now generally rejected; 
 from one great river; of marine origin; from glaciers, Mention of 
 chemical- theories to account for the formation of nuggets. 
 Becker <JyF. Notes on the Stratigraphy of Cal. Bull. 19. U.'S-.G.Sv 
 Blake W,'P C The Various Forms' in ?/hich Gold be curs in Nature. Rept a 
 
 of Director of the Mint. 1884, p-. 573, 
 Egleston T 8 Formation of Gold Nuggets and Placer Deposits. M,E.9</63 
 
 Working Placer Dep in the U.S. S.of M 9 Q, VII, 101 s 
 Hammond JVH. Auriferous Gravels of Cal. Kept, of Director of Mint 
 
 1881o p, 616, reco 
 
 Hanks HyG. Placer Gold. Kept. of Director of Mint 1882. p.728 
 Hanks H,G & Irelan W'm. Kept, of the Cal. State Mineralogist Ann, 
 Hunt T S, on a reuent Formation of Quartz and on Silicaf icatien in 
 
 Calo E & M.J, May 29. 1880. 369-. ;. 
 Leconte J.The Old River Beds of Cal.A. J S.III. 19. 1880, p 
 
Jbna asrn/aait erf* f>*IXit o*arf o* I>ns *olod mot': >a 
 
 > *jwli2 eisqraoO ) .afittfJ erf* ni sJiaoqofc 9st" Qt 
 
 V(' 
 .VIV .dX K.M .XaJ> OdiXaO to aaniM *vXia orfT W 
 
 (I) .XevaiC ajJO-otiiwA .V* 
 
 oaorCT iMinU TJtfrrfrr- to <sod orft- rrl alevaia BJJC f s 
 
 XaO ni Jb0J<l ml oqx* rf^ *wd aetatB lertto rtr o* tc 
 isi Jberlaaw 
 
 erf* to eqola rrcetaew Brit : rf* to 
 
 tv ^iBJJp rf^tw ** oloaoB- o esii eXtne- 
 
 nl tit BfionBt qat^ ttrt avarf 8ioa*cta ^naaotq axtT U 
 
 arft to IJtia^a ^ftJbvaeri art* to lioum L3^ail- amot 
 
 aiav anol^Bftnaonoa ilaiia .ae^ela snitodifjiiefj ari* f>r ala. 
 ai e* isMc ni mori^ ftiffiois ftaolule GTQW ameai^a erfd 
 
 lttl*I ,(aXav-rO qeaQ xo) al9 $) /^ rf^ 
 
 eXarfif 9 to aalfcod *aa*m Um/ol ai* a0**od isvii tnaeaiq 
 aX^f- ajjenlB^ to cie^a^a ^orxi^ca won IMT tcrfol A ol 
 
 OdS iot brtsj-xs elsv ^ cadriT oflooqe ortaaoJtal^ e. 
 A rfoaa^f ttUT .aa art* avods 'OOOfi o* a aa-nata 
 
 iaJfcii^ a o^ laliata* Xatiitafc rcerto brtfi aaeroCoiff* aXt;- 
 :ri . 3? .aaetoiq atXajaife^fi erft ^d fcevomai ai iom 
 
 nr rtarf* ilalnijBi i9*aeis riww ^ *>^' :aiwA UD*aXrauooa i 
 
 avljqJL-19 to BjCaaidtae ^aarcs aXavatn crf^ to ^iaoqab ^rfi 
 
 qaa a ^w morf^ to aiaq *aois * yiiievoo f l>e^irooo erf 
 
 3 airft leJbnw 'wo benira aomi^aaoa ai 
 
 to anoi^ioq iswoJ ortt ni Xxsi'iS*^ 
 
 oil* o^ nisiio snivis (Oat wo-it) awXd Aa'ioXoo nsno ai 
 .(.O.e 1 ? mo-it) fiai basx)ixo ai noiifoq -xaqcjn til lw 
 
 10 elxitq ^d JbaoaXqo-i ic fceitiaiXia aaei* to siiu/i* 
 arl* 0*oW) .0*0 eanod aaaaa oala t alovais orf* ni two; iiqi 
 
 rtOi-tfiaM .axaXa erf* ni anoiWKprt taaX Itfta UIW*B 8iev 
 
 aXava-ia oift 10! ni^iio to aaaaritoq^ri ia 
 
 ifo aa*<s**t to *eii 
 
 eri^ iot ^nx/ooea o* aai'xoa*** 
 
 .. .ex .ixus .1*0 to vf^BftaiJai^ cri * no aetoW ft?v ' fa * 
 
 tqaH .aw^aH ni a-w>o > i>XoO ddirfw ni er.no^ auoxifiV eriT .^.W r 
 
 ,V6 .-q .^88X ,4-niM erid to lod-ootlQ to 
 .9.S.M .a^iaoqaQ isoaX* Iwia B*8MH MoO to noilaanolL .T 
 
 I ellV .P,M to^a .a-.f oiU ni .qod ISOB!^ si 
 t* tOfoeiiCI to .t^H .XeO to aXova-v !. 
 
 .MY.q .S88X tlflU to lOJ&eiKl to.tqeH .bXoO isoal*! .-0',H 
 .nnA tai^oIa^sniM o^a^ .IaO ed^ to .^qoH .n. W naXet Ha 
 
 1 noitaj>iti)oiXi3 no bna s^tanp to noitannof *naoi a no .a.T 
 
 
 to abdc, i IO ei 
 
?'- 66 
 
 MeGillivxwty JvJ. The Old Riffer.Beds of the Sierra Nev*; of <Jal. 
 
 Kept, of the Dir,- of Mint. 1881. p. 630. 
 Murchinson Rol* Siluria etc ^Sketch of the Distrib. of Gold over 
 
 -'th-a 3arth ' " 
 
 Newborry J;S.- Oil the- Genesis and Distrib'. 'of Gold, Siof M.Quarterly 
 
 V01,Iir. pv6. E.&'Me'Jv Dec. 24. & #1. 1881 Rec. 
 Phillips J.A. Notes on the Cher/u- Geol. of the Cal. Gold Fields.phil 
 
 Mag-. Vol. XXXVI. p. 32L/ Proev Royal Soc. XVI. 294. A.JyS. 
 
 IIV47. 134 o 
 Silliman B. On the- Deep Placers of the South & Middle Yuba Nev. Co. 
 
 Cal. Aft'J.S.' II,. 40* 
 Whitney J.D. Auriferous Gravels of the Sierras. Cambridge 1880. 
 
 Climatic Changes in later Geological Times. Cambridge. 
 
 See also General works cited on p. 47. 
 
 Type 48. Gold quartz voins* Beds or veins of quartz J 
 ly described as segregated veins) in slates and metamorphic schists 
 parallel t'o the beddirig ( quite analogous in shape to the magnetite 
 beds '(Type 13) and the pyrite do s (Type 16) ) and carrying free 
 gold, auriferous pyrites and other sulphides. Frequent mention has 
 been made of deposits of this character in connection with ore 
 bodies of a different character* Those in Cal, which is the most- 
 productive* state , are in the Mesozoic (chiefly Jurassic) slates 
 already referred to under Type 47, The largest is the so-called 
 Mother Lode, which extends 80 miles with a few breaks. It is 
 probably a sillcifiod of replaced dolomite ( Whitney) as it often 
 contains more or less ma^rv*ti^U7nrock. The other quart* voins ai*e 
 of far less extent but furnish very great amounts of old-quartz 
 They split off at times into the slates, and are themselves divided 
 by thin fault ings of slaty material. These are thought by J.D. 
 Whitney to have all been formed during the metamorphism of the 
 slates which was probably attendant on the elevation of the Sierras 
 about the close of the Jurassic. Various beds of rocks that are 
 regarded by Wadsworth as altered volcanic tuf:.a occur with the 
 slates, so that Jurassic volcanic action may have been a factorv . 
 Certain it is that a very extensive circulation of silicious solu- 
 tions was in progress, and this probably concentrated the gold in' 
 the veins. G.P.Becker CUcy) thinks that th ;\ stane disturbanccf.:. 
 which determined tho existence of the Coast Range added the gold- . 
 belt proper to the Sierra Nevada*' 
 
 Becker GvP. The Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope p. 460v 
 Slake W,P 6 Remks.on the Extent of the Gold Region of Cal. etc. 
 
 A.J.S. II. 20* 72. 
 Bowman.Aa Geology of tho Sierra Nevada in Relation to Vein Mining*' 
 
 Raymonds Reports. 1875. p. 441. . - * 
 
 Corning E.G. The Gold Quartz Mines of Grass Bailey Cal. E.& M.'J* 1 . 
 
 Deo lla 188Gi p 6 "416o" . - -V 
 
 El<fc MvJ. Mines- & Mining in Ca3. Sep 12 e 1885. pi 184; *'. 
 
as 
 
 
 vft 
 
 c a*fi t^tH! 5.CO 
 
 * .*1M :ia ar: ja* 
 
 .r I .* 
 
 to' .tfiVfraiCl .** ? MW! 
 
 <a? 
 
 .1 o *t*eH *A> 
 
 t*^ 
 
 aif * to stoa*! 1 ? qeeC em rrt 
 .*.!! ' #5 
 
 a 6*9 
 
 : 
 
 itr 
 
 ait* 
 
 t ft 
 
 fciag 
 
 a**xel9 
 
 ana 
 
 w 
 a 
 
 f 
 
 t (ti feija Jirjp / 
 
 ^q 
 
 '- ' 
 
 ta^AfU 
 
 %>r<.t ot 
 
 *Y!*ftci&a*tt; 
 
 arf* 
 
 wet 
 
 rfalifv ', 
 **!* 
 
 Ana ., 
 aaorft 
 
 otxti 
 
 * 
 
 art* nc 
 ta efcad wlnfiV 
 
 *. 
 te at ^ 
 
 ta 
 
 & 
 
 
 .OS ,11 
 
 
67 
 
 Dewberry J.^ On the Genesis and Distrib. of Gold* S. of M.Q,. III tt p.l6 
 *emond A..Mining -Statistics No 1. Cal.Geol. Survey t On Gold Quartz 
 
 Mines . ' 
 
 Phillips -J.A. Ore Deposits, p. 524. Rec. 
 Whitney J.P. & others in the Repts f the Qeol. Survev of Gal. 
 
 Type 49, Southern States. L.Gold quartz veins (segregated 
 ireins) in rne-ttamorphic slates, talcose schists etc, of late Archaean 
 ar early Palaeozoic age, with associated granite and s^hite rocks 
 and trap dikes . (2) Bands of auriferous slates with pyrite. The 
 belt of auriferous metamorphic slates really begins in Md. although 
 jold is known in the states further north. It runs in varying 
 yidtfc into Ga. reaching its maximum of 70 miles in N.C. and being 
 L5 miles in Va.* Lieboo the early state; geologist of SC, in the 
 sapor cited below from the Gangstudien, divided- the auriferous 
 ieposits into I. Schists, II. Veins (a) endogenous (b) deparital, 
 [c) exogenous, a classification of small value, and mentions also 
 an auriferous limestone that was mined. Kerr (M,E, 10. 470) roports 
 the gold in a great variety of associations so that it seems Very 
 generally distributed through these metamorphic rocks, Genth men- 
 tions it in a diorito dike. 
 
 ^lacer deposits arc also quite wide spread and were first worked 
 Phey however never attained great development. 
 
 Historical Views and sections. 
 
 Blake W.P. ,Eaton A.,01mstead D., Shepherd C.U. and the older Silli- 
 nan and others have many references to gold in the southern states 
 Ln the early numbers of the Am. Jour, of Soi^ . 
 tavereux W.B. Gold and its associated minerals at Kings Mtn. N.C. - 
 
 E.& M.Jour. Jan. 15, 1881* p. 39. 
 B*& M.Jour. Auriferous Slate Deposits of ths SoutHorn Mining Region 
 
 June 11. 1881. p. 397. 
 
 lenth P. A. Contributions to Mineralogy A.J,S. II. 28, 246. 
 land P.O. Southern Gold Fields. ,<: M.J. Dec. 7. 1889. p. 495. 
 fauna G.B.The Fineness of native Gold in the Carolinas and Ga. E.& 
 
 M.Jour. Sep. 18, 1886. p. 201. 
 Cerr W.C, Gold Gravels of N.C. M.E. 8. 468. 
 
 Some Peculiarites in the oeourronce of Gold in N.C. M.E. 
 
 10. 475. 
 [ilebe* O.M, Ueber das Gold-vorkammen in N.C. Gangstudin Vol. ,5*. 
 
 p. 253. Liobo* states that Whitney's Metallic Wealth was 
 
 written to "boom" certain Mines !!!! 
 " Gold in S f C. In Gansstudien Vol. III. 253. 481. 
 tfall.P.H. Auriferous Slato Deposits in Southern Mining Regions M.B. 
 
 9. 399. 
 Spillsbury E.G. Gold Mining in S.C. M.E. 12.99* 3,& M.J.June 23. 
 
 1883. p. 362. 
 
 Appendix to Type 49. Typo 49a. Ishpemina Mich. Gold quartz 
 reins in tho mot amor phi c rocks of the iron bearing Huronian System, 
 
- - ' 
 
 5 j v.i* ** .***** tew 
 
 . * 
 
 
 jsnsF* -^r.r.55 ;- * .^ 
 
 *3i0&fc* XjCn## *f0 
 se*l6 fr 
 
 ti : *lAt ft&jl 
 
 mx*m **" . .. frif -t -fr. 
 
 *(* . 
 
 . 
 
 ^^ i, H S ]|itptf>m) ; e*sJc 
 
 . * ***>*v'n ^ 
 
 fit \ ^P !t Wl^* "' * W> ^ 
 
 ^^''Wir^P 3 
 
 dtU Hri^ir ** W|*P r f r "* 
 
 
 
 vVp ft* i *w*- 
 
 . 
 ft|(y^ ^ * **t*rt**n* t nttt '^f{j' H> 
 
 
 Nrvtt 
 
 AM 
 
 "'*" i . x *"' - - - 
 
 > A ^ iflAIMMfe' 1 
 
 I , * 4M- &2 
 
 jA orC^ 
 
 rf^t MW W * * < "^ R ** . 
 
 * " * '-i i ^&JST 
 
 '-* ' - - *! jl Jl 
 
 i^P^l^wr ^wl^ 
 
 0te ^ ,iira-t 
 
 > &l*^ to teMCMH7 ^ ^ * '^ -** 
 
 ' l*t*A M&JL 
 
 |l r^j- ^P f*W* *t^HPi 
 
 .^tBi- *% *tiX *V,^ J^%* 
 
 ^L ^ ^ ^ .^ '^*" ^ *B **; 
 
 
 
 " 
 
 ; wa?;^ *"' 
 
 . 
 #* * 
 
 ***- 
 
 ' 
 
 \ - r '. 
 
 
 
 *6i?* :^^rtrf . 
 
 
 
63 
 
 Kecent developments especially at tho l?opes mine . havo shovm 
 that gold quartz veins oxit in paying quantity in the same region 
 as the specular hematite mines of tho Marquette district (See Type 
 
 E,& M.Jour. The New Mich. Gold Finds. Sep. 22. p. 238. 
 
 Lawton C.D. Aina.Rep, of the Mich. Com. of Mineral Statistics ! S7pl37 
 
 Alaska. Geography and geology outlined as far as possibles, 
 The territory produces nearly a half million dollars in sold annu- 
 ally from placer workings on tho Yukon River and from mines on the 
 Aleutian Islands* 
 
 Type 50. Douglass Is. A dike I or boss ?of granite 400 : wide 
 piercing alates regarded as Triassic by G.M.Dawson. and impregnated 
 ( io a the granite) with auriferous pyrites* This eni,<rmatical ora 
 body is thought by Dawson to be the upper part of a granite dike, 
 It consists in great part cf a mass of quartz, feldspar, calcite 
 and pyrite in which are buried the so-called kernels which have 
 been shown by F, D.Adams to be masses of less altered granite^ Almost 
 without the pyrite. Both varieties show abundant cataclastic cr 
 crashed structure, as evidence of having suffered from dynamic 
 movements. Adams concludes that the mass was originally a 'horn- 
 blende granite ,and Dawson that it has altered by solfatarie cir- 
 culations which brought in tho *;old. The gold itself is in irregu- 
 lar masses in the pyrite. Tho Troadv/ell Mine located here is very 
 extensive and the chief source* of the Alaska bullion. 
 Adams F.D. On the Microscopical character of the Ore of the Tread- 
 
 well Mine. Alaska. toor*.a*ol. Aug. 1889* p. 88. 
 
 Dawsen G.M. Notes on the Oro Deposit of the Treadwell Mine Alaska. 
 Amr. Geologyst August 1839. p. 84. 
 
 SILVER* PRODUCTION 
 1850 1860 
 
 IN 1000 DOLLARS. 
 
 Arizona 
 
 California 
 
 Colorado 
 
 Dakota 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Montana 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Now Mexico 
 
 Other States 
 
 Mexico 
 
 Central America 
 
 South America 
 
 Australia 
 
 Germany 
 
 Austria 
 
 Oilier Countries 
 
 Total United States 
 
 Total Foreign 
 
 50 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1885 
 
 1887 
 
 
 2325 
 
 3800 
 
 3800 
 
 
 1150 
 
 2568 
 
 1500 
 
 
 16549 
 
 15800 
 
 15000 
 
 
 
 
 40 
 
 
 464 
 
 3500 
 
 3000 
 
 
 2905 
 
 10060 
 
 15500 
 
 
 12450 
 
 6000 
 
 4900 
 
 
 392 
 
 3000 
 
 2300 
 
 
 120 
 
 190 
 
 393 
 
 
 25167 
 
 32111 
 
 37570 
 
 
 V. - /O 
 
 350 
 
 350 
 
 
 17500 
 
 25984 
 
 21640 
 
 4691290 
 
 227 
 
 1048 
 
 256 
 
 
 5576 
 
 5915 
 
 995? 
 
 
 1994 
 
 2090 
 
 2219 
 
 
 4S79 
 
 565Q 
 
 9523 
 
 16000 
 
 39300 
 
 51*00 
 
 53433 
 
 
 55351 
 
 66345 
 
 72219 
 

 
 
 * 
 
 !t* ** ***** **-**$ 111 
 
 
 t *i 
 
 
 - 
 
 A 
 
 
 f?J|w fs?Jinra * 
 && *4 *j fOHMMlt V- .ijfcV- 
 
 
 ** 
 
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 . ; ' .- ., - : -.f " . ^ - - 
 
 A|jMI ^HNl'41^ wA 'g^I/e/nmr jflNtf . ^.-.T.r-tq[ *H 
 fflo-fl ft^trl'lj/a ' v.arl!v tH 
 
 i ' , ,.^ v. H - r r^ rto HI .. - ; "' : < :Ji * fr " : ' 
 
 " ' ~ fff&B'Wl 
 
 tcaa 
 tui; ^ t 
 
 2iS*YiM 
 
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 WBfU 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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x,Mont. 2.U01.., 3. Utah. 4 9 Nev,. 
 5*Ariz. 6. Id. 7.N.M. 8. Gal. 9. Tex. 10. Wash. etc.. In 1888 the total 
 production of silver in the U.S. is -estimated at $59.195.000, and 
 of the rest of the world $83.242.150. These figures are taken 
 chiefly from the Mineral Resources of the U.S. ,the Annual Report 
 of the Director of the Mint and from the E.& M.Jour. Jan. 4 1890 
 There is some discrepancy in the totals on account of different 
 authorities. 
 
 1850 1860 1870 1880 1885 1G37 
 
 Alaska 6 300 675 
 
 Arizona 211 880 830 
 
 California 17151 12700 13400 
 
 Colorado 2699 4200 4000 
 
 Dakota 3305 3200 240010 
 
 Georgia 31 136 110 
 
 Idaho 1479 1800 1900 
 
 Michigan 35 
 
 Montana 1805 3300 5230 
 
 Nevada 4888 3100 2500 
 
 New Mexico 49 800 500 
 
 North Carolina 118 152 225 
 
 Oregon 1097 800 900 
 
 South Carolina 13 43 50 
 
 Utah 291 180 220 
 
 Washington 135 120 150 
 
 Ala. Tenn. Va. etc. 43 90 22 
 
 Central America 2274 150 
 
 South America 5171 9963 10140 
 
 Europe 29956 27604 23028 ' 
 
 Africa 1993 2643 1919 
 
 Australia 240304 1923 28765 27439 27327 
 
 Total U.S. 50000 46000 50000 33378 31801 33147 
 
 Total Foriegn 70436 73954 
 In 1887 the States ranked l.Cal. 2. Mont. 3. Col. 4.Nev. 5. Dak. 6. Id. 
 7.0reg. S.Ariz. 9. Alaska. 10.N.M. ll.N.C. etc.. The total produc- 
 tion of gold in the U.S. in 1888 is estimated at $33.175.000 and of 
 the rest, of the world $72.819.150. On the totals of gold and sil- 
 ver in 1887 the states ranked I.Mont. 2. Col. 3.Cal. 4.Nev. S.Utah. 
 6, Id. 7. Ariz. 8.N.W. 9. Dak. lO.Oreg. 11. Alaska etc.. These figures 
 are taken from the Reports of the Director of the Mint, and the 
 Mineral Resources. 
 Remarks on Australia and the Urals as gold producers. 
 
. NT!*! . ' .":,,. .^ *M.H*V t fel,0 si*sA 
 
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 no 
 
70 
 
 THE LESSER METALS. 
 
 The lesser metals will bo treated in alphabetical order. Types 
 will be made of important and well known deposits. 
 
 Aluminium. 
 
 This metal is of growing importance especially in its alloys. 
 It is obtained from coripmdum (Al^Oj) $eee under Abrasives) s from 
 alum, and from cryolite large quantities of which are imported to 
 Philadelphia from Greenland. As so much of the aluminium goes into 
 alloys no statistics are available. 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 
 Stibnite Sb' 5 S^ Sb.71.8. S.28.2. Antimony is chiefly valuable 
 for a few alloys into which it enters. It is necessarily produced 
 in small amount as any great quantity would break the market 
 It sometimes occurs in composition with silver in the ruby ores etc 
 
 Type 51. Kern Co. Cal. In San Emigdio Southern Cal* is the 
 only deposit of commercial importance. Here is a large vein in 
 granite with quartz gangue, varying from a few inches to several 
 feet. Its capabilities are thought good. Several other deposits are 
 worked in a small way in San Benito Co. and a number of others 
 localities are recorded by Hanks. (le)> 
 
 v Type Sla.Sevier Co. Ark.. Stibnite occurs in veins with quartz 
 gangue in sandstone. Some antimony ochers re found in the upper 
 portions. 
 
 'Type 51b, Humboldt Co. Nev, Stibnite occurs in several places 
 in Humboldt Co. Nev. in veins with a quartz gangue. 
 
 Type 52. Iron Co. Utah. In southwestern Utah some remarkable 
 deposits of stibnite are known, occurring as masses of the radia- 
 ting needles following the stratification of sandstones, and betw- 
 een the boulders of an associated conglomerate Peaces weighing 
 several tons have been obtained! According to Blake it must have 
 crystallized probably from descending solutions in the sandstone 
 after the formation of the latter. Eruptive rocks are present 
 above the sandstone. Attempts have been made to work the ore, 
 always resulting in failure. Considerable antimony has been 
 produced in New Brunswick from near Fredericton and also from Nova 
 Scotia. An interesting deposit of S]rtarmontite as worked for a 
 time in Sonora Mex. just south of Arizona. 75 short tons were 
 produced in Cal. in 1887. 
 
 Bailey L,W. Discovery of Ant. in N.B. .A. J.S.II. 35, 150* 
 Blake W a P. General Distrib. of Antimony .Win. Res, 1383-84 P S 641 Pec. 
 Douglass J. The Antimony Deposit of Sonora. E. M,J, May 21* 31p350. 
 Dunnington F,P. The Minerals of a Deposit of Antimony 6res in 
 
 Sevier Co. Ark. A.A.A.S. 1877. Rec . 
 Hanks H.G. Kept Cal. State Mineralogist 1884. 
 Zu," G,F, Native Antimony etc. from Prince William, York Co, N,3, 
 
 A,J.S. III. 30. 275. The paper gives the re fc rennet . 
 -\ -:>;- ;y j r s. The Ant. Mines of S.Utah.Proc, Nat'l Ac ad 18 
 
***** I**tJ 
 
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 * 
 
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 trt4*f 
 
 10 6 
 
 -^ 
 
 
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 ft *tt$4vtf ti tf14* o,tfl 2V'?/'.. c *$' 
 
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 ofi a^^Rtiay jteit nf '?ax l 
 
 r^v e<$fi a si *iratl e*ffiaJ*s^pKl ^alimiiBMKo 
 X^-fevflia o^ wwt*icl vat a ajo'rt ^atix*f** %^WlBi tt*i? rfHw 
 
 ifiiv3 
 
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 to 
 
 
 
71 
 
 Wait C.E, Antimony Deposits of Ark. M.E. 8. 42. 
 
 Williams C P. Notes on the Occurrence of Antimony in Ark. M.E.3,150 
 Qtolc&cal SVrt/tfeij afA^X*^***. .(/rf \ f f 
 
 ARSENIC. 
 
 Although arsenic is not produced in this country commercially 
 it is very common in the silver ores of the west. It is produced 
 in the form of the oxide from the Del Oro Mines Ontario,, .from aurif- 
 erous mispickel, 
 Mineral Resources. 1883-84. p. 656. 
 
 BISMUTH. 
 
 Bismuth is known -in various Col mines in the Sas Juan Dist. 
 (See Type 37), Some small amounts have been experimentally extract 
 ted. Lane's Mine at Monroe Conn,' is an interesting locality for 
 native bismuth in quartz, 
 Mineral Resources. U.S. 1885. p. 389. 
 
 CHROMIUM. 
 
 Chromite (PeO, pr$0 s . Pe^0 ? ). Cr^ 0^ 68, Although chromium is 
 is not used in the metallic state, it is an important chemical 
 reagent and pigment and gives a great hardness to steel. The min- 
 eral chromite is its universal source. This is found in connection 
 with those serpentine rocks, which are probably altered peridotites 
 and in general with rocks rich in magnesia. Extensive developments 
 of serpentine occur near N.Y. City, with disseminated chromite 
 (New Rochellj'* The presence of chromium in Staten Island limonite 
 Type la. has already been mentioned. 
 
 Type 53. Ohromite in Serpentine, In Southeastern Penm. and 
 the adjacent parts of Md the serpentines are very extensive and 
 have afforded considerable ohromite in the "etgst, ^ making Baltimore 
 the center of its manufacture. The chromite occurred in masses 
 interbedded in the serpentine. Other deposits are reported from 
 N.Co But the present almost exclusive producer in Ctil, and several 
 thousand tons are annually obtained from Del Norte, San Luis Obispo 
 Placer and other counties. It is very generally distributed in the 
 Cal, serpentines . Traces of nickel minerals almost always also 
 seen. 3000 long tons of chromite wore produced in Cal* in 1887. 
 Chester P,D. Arm. Rept. Penn. Survey 1887. pp. 93,. 105. 
 Day D.T. Mineral Resources U.S. 18S2 p. 428. 1883-84 p. 567. Rec. 
 
 1885. p. 357. 1886. p. 176. 1887. p. 132. 
 
 Parser P. The Northern Serpentine Belt in Chester Co. Pa.M .E,12 34? 
 Williams G.H. The Gabbros and associated hornblende rocks near 
 Balto. Bull. 28. U.S.G.S. pp. 50-59. 
 
 COBALT. 
 ( SSe under NICKEL ). 
 
IV 
 
 .S .8 ..M .<*rA lo 8*iaoqe<I xnonriJfiA ,3,0 j 
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 .DIHS3HA 
 
 aWt rri beatffcotq frorr si oirreafB 
 si *I , Ja9W erfJ le ee*JO tevlia or*? ni nomnoo 
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 ifoiqaxni 
 . aeotuoeefl Ia*xen 
 
 .HTUM3I3 
 3 erft itl aenxm *XoO BJ/OXISV rti nwomC si 
 
 neecf ev^ri s^nuomfl IIn emo3 . (T5 eqyT ee8) 
 jo'l x^i^eool grtitssie^ni HB ax .nnoO eoirroM JB eniM 8*9nflJ 
 
 rrx rf^umaxd 
 
 al flft/itfoid* ifsiforf^IA .83 5 ,jiO .{,0^ 
 
 iBoxaerio ^nsd-ioqral ns ai ">x r^fli erf^ rrx fc^aw j-on aJt 
 
 -nxm p;fT .Xeota o^ 88nx)iaii ^aiB aevlg fcns .tfteinaxq has 
 
 f) ni Lrttrol ai axrfT .eoii/oa Ifiaievim/ a^l el eJxmoirfo 
 
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 alnomqolevel) evxaxi9tx?T .alaMpn rrx rioii tsieoi ritxw Isienas nx r.is 
 e^xmoirlo bd^snimQaaxi) rl^xw ^^xD ,Y.M -raen 11/000 enitfreq^^ lo 
 txnomxl brtfilal ns*t8 rtl corxmofrfo lo do/teaaiq erfT ^C-irerfoo. ! woM) 
 
 me*aari^i/o8 ! .erri^noqnea ni e^JtmoirfO . 
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 . ni s^irnoirio tXd*xeJblMo bcbiollB e 
 
 aeaaem ni bix/ooo e^ira' . ewHaYbWatt a^i ^o ^o3-/teo erf* 
 
 erf*0 ,enx*eqiea erf* rrf 
 
 jj>xe *aom *fiq 
 
 oqaxdO siirJ na2 t e*ioM leCI mofT: l)orrxfi*do Ylli/ftnfi ei 
 erf* nx fc**idii*ax6 xllats/fos YTOV si *I .BexJrtjjoo ietl*o l>fia leoal^ 
 osls ayswlB Jaomla alaicnira Is^oin lo ao*tT . iftx*rfeq*c98 
 V88I ni .IBO /fx beouljoiq e-rov e^imonrfe lo no* BfioJ. .rf9ea 
 
 .601 ,t ,qq .T88I tov*u/8 .ffne<! .JqeH .rrn/. 
 
 *q .V88I ,9YI .q .3881 , 
 .B*! .oO ie*aerfO ni *Io3 onx*neqn:e8 morfJioW erf lf 
 83fooi ebneldmorf be*fltos*s b-fia aoiddsD erfT .H.D anueilXxW 
 
 .ea-oa .qq .a.c.a.u .ss .litre 
 
72 
 
 MANGANESE. 
 
 Pyrolusite MnQ^ Mn 63.2 
 Brauiiite Mn^O^ 
 
 There are also psilomeli&ne and various hydroxides and earthy 
 deposits. Franklinite mentioned; see under zinc. Type 28. 
 Manganese ores generally occur in much the same way as limonite 
 and often associated with it. The ores are known in almost wvjry 
 state but are worked in but few. About 45X metallic Mn should at 
 least be present and for spiegeleisen there should be but little 
 phosphorus, The deposits of the New England states especially in 
 Vt. and Mass, deserve mention, the ore being in much the same 
 association as the limoni tea. Type 2a. The ores from the franklin- 
 ito deposit (Type 28) after being deprived of their zinc are smel- 
 ted for spiogel. 
 
 Type 54. Orimora Va. In Virginia the most productive mines 
 aro found. The largest are the Crimora Mines in Augusta Co.. 
 They occur in^elliptical basin , hollowed out of Potsdam sandstone, 
 and filled with beds of sand and clay. Nodules of concretionary 
 psilomelane are found scattered through the clayT The original 
 source of the ore is doubtless the lower members of the Middle 
 Cambrian (Auroral) consisting of ferriferous shalest Lime was 
 probably the precipitating agent. In northwestern Ga near tha 
 town of Cartexflrille are tho next most productive mines. Here like 
 wise tho ore occurs in superficial deposits of sand&'andl achroous- 
 dirt, resting on the Potsdam. Both pyrolusite and psilomelane are 
 found. 
 
 Type 54a. Batesville Ark. Recent developments have brought to 
 light extensive deposits of manganese ores in two districts in Ark. 
 
 The first centers around Batesville in the northern central part 
 of the state. The oro is in two forms of deposit, first as boulders 
 like those already mentioned above, distributed through diluvial 
 clay etc. resting on Subcarboniforous limestone, Tho ore was prob- 
 ably derived from veins originally in the limestone and set free 
 by its weathering. The second class of deposits consists of nod- 
 ules of manganese oro buried in a red matrix of silicious iro?i ore 
 that underlies the Sub carboniferous limestone referred to above. 
 
 The second manganese area is in southwestern Ark. and contains 
 
 trtie veins] -aad pockets. Forthcoming publications of the Ark. 
 Geol. Survey willl probably fully describe these as well as the 
 Batesville district. The presence of manganese in the Qogebic 
 hematites has already been referred to (Type 9e) also at Butte 
 Wont* (Type 17. p. 28). Mention should also be made of Red Rook, 
 San Francisco Harbor, and f the New Brunswick and Nove Scotia 
 Mines. 34524 long tons of manganese ore were produced in 1887. 
 Day !>.?. Mineral Res. 1882. p. 424. 1883-84 p. 550. 
 EO& M.J. Creraora Manganese Mines. Va. Mar. 22. 1890. 
 Hoy H.Ores of Manganese and their use Proe. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat, ' 
 Sci. 1864. p. 139 " . .-. ..... . /. . -, ' 
 
 tfeeks J.D. Mineral Resources 1885, p. 303. Rec 1886.-p.l80.187 p. 144 
 
ffttr.fitf i/ta 9l>ix',>i&trf 
 
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75 
 
 MERCURY. 
 
 Cinnabar HgS Hg 86.2 S, 13,8 
 
 Wetaciunabavite is a black sulphide of Mercury. Native mercury 
 also occurs. 
 
 Mercury deposits a^e found in workable quantity in the US r 
 only in California and in one locality in Nevada. In all cases 
 cinnabar is the princi^T. ore. The Cal. deposits are limited to 
 the Coast Range and seom to have followed great basaltic eruptions 
 of Post-pliocene age 
 
 Type 55, New Ajtaiadexi. Cinnabar with subordinate native mer- 
 cury in a gangue of crystallized and chalcedonic quartz, calcite, 
 dolomite and magnetite, forming a stockwerk or "chambered vein" in 
 shattered rnatamorphic rocks (pseudodiabase, pseudo-diorito, serpen- 
 tine and sandstone). There are two main fissures forming a sort -of 
 ! 7 with a wop.se of country rock between. The ore bodies are in the 
 fissures and also in the intervening wodge and V.ivo associated 
 tfith them much attrition-clay* A great dike of rhyolite runs 
 nearly parallel to the fissures and to this Booker attributes the 
 activity of circulation which filled the vein, Now 1'dria is fur- 
 ther south high up toward the summit of the Coast Range* The re 
 is deposited in shattered rno.tomorphio recks of Neoeomian (Lower 
 Cretaceous ) Age and in ovorlying Chico beds, Tho ore is accomp- 
 anied by bitumen. Basalt is abundant 10 miles away. North of San 
 Francisco other mines have boon opened, among them the Oat Hill, 
 Sroat Eastern and Great Western. The mines are situated in a 
 region pierced by eruptions of basalt and andosite whioh doubtless 
 gave impetus t the ore bearing solutions. The ores are deposited 
 in both metamorphic and unaltered sedimentary rocks % 
 
 Type 55a. Sulphur Bank. This is in tho same general region as 
 tho last but has been from its peculiar character one of the best 
 known of ore deposits.. A great flow of basalt has come down t the 
 shores of Clear Lake from the v;ost. Waters charged with alkaline 
 { including ammonia) carbonates, chlorides, berates and sulphide: 
 and with CO., H^S, SO^ and marsh gas havo circulated through it. 
 
 Sulphur and sulphuric acid havo formed at the surface and the 
 latter has dissolved tho basos of the rook leaving puro \?hito * 
 3 a behind. Lower down cinnabar is found both in the basalt and in' 
 the underlying sedimentary -rocks .with Ofehoi? .sulphides and oh&loed- 
 ony. Leoonto attributed its precipitation t tho cold surface 
 waters charged with sulphuric acid, trickling down and ciaetittg the 
 hot alkaline solutions * Becker attributes the same to the aisraonia 
 set. free toward tho surface by doninirhod heat and pressure-. 
 
 Typo 55t> 9 Stcambsat Springs Hov. These are in Nevada only six 
 nil.es frpm the Cemstoek Lode. Granite is the principal rock, while 
 on i-t, j i& the metamorphic rocka of the Jura^Trias and rmch jrr.de site 
 and oasa'i'.t ^ Vhc liot springs couiii^g up through small fissure 
 ' chalucdony in come places, carboiioites in ethers, rith oinn-- 
 MS i7v:iii rs G G 'ld "fciuIphicLcs of fcrsenio, antinonjr^ sulphides or 
 
5V 
 
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 ; ni btt& ^XaaBii orf^ ni ri- (ol at ledBitnio mrofc rrs 
 
 
 feloo 6ri* oJ- ^iqiooiq a*i fed^ud 
 
 ..ioii^ ^iofi oiiurfqar, 
 ^ o^ emfte orf. o^ 
 
 Orc^ ^. 
 
 xia ^Xno jsJbarsH rti eia 0f t*rq2 
 
 elirfw 1 3(001 I^qxorciiq ari* nr e^ 
 
 0^7 'BTJL/T, etf 
 
 k iXBfiia i \J qu 
 
 ,-i*iiJo al a 
 ic vjlaa v^ 
 
74 
 
 sulpho-aalts of silver, load, copper and zinc; iron oxide and pos- 
 sibly iron sulphides; and manganese, nickel andcobalt compounds and 
 a variety of earthy minerals " (Becker). Becker thinks the source 
 of the cinnabar is in all cases in the underlying granite and that 
 it has come up in solution with sodium- sulphide, and has been pre- 
 cipitated toward the surface by the other compounds in the hot 
 alkaline waters with which it would remain in solution at greater 
 depths, temperatures and pressure. The Steamboat Springs are often 
 cited as metalliferous veins in active process of formation. 
 
 The Gal. cinnabar deposits have been often referred to vapors of 
 the sulphide volatilized by internal heat and condensed above. . 
 
 33825 flasks ( 76 1/2 Ibs each) or 2.607.613 Ibs were produced 
 in 1887, almost all from Cal.* The highest production ever reached 
 in the U a S was in 1877 of 79396 flasks. The amount varies greatly 
 .from year to year, 
 
 Blake W P, Quicksilver Mine at Almaden. Cal. A.J.S. 11,17* 438. 
 Becked G P. Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope, Monograph 
 
 XIII. U.S.G.S. Chap. 17. Rec. 
 Ca$. Geol, Survey I. p. 68. On Nev Almaden, 
 Christy S.B, On the Genesis of Cinnabar Deposits A.J.S. June 1379. 
 
 pv453* E 8 & M.J, Aug. 2. 1879. p. 65. 
 de Cortazar D, General Review of Occurrence etc. of Mercury, 
 
 Reports & Awards *p I. Centennial Exposition p, 196. 
 Laur, On Ste-amboat Springs. Ann des Mines 1863, 423, 
 Leconte Jo& Rising. Metalliferous Vein formation at Sulphur Bank* 
 
 A',JS. July 1882. E.& M.J. Aug. 26. 1882 . p,l09. 
 Leconte, J. On Steamboat Springs. A.J.S. June 1883 p. 424 * 
 
 Genesis of Metalliferous Voins A.J.S. July 1883. 
 Phillips J,A. On Sulphur Bank Cal. Phil. Mag. 1871. 401, Quar. 
 
 Jour. Geol. Soc, 35. 390. 1879. 
 Silliman B. Notes on the New Almader, Quicksilver Minos. A.J,S. II 
 
 38. 190. 
 
 Siveking, B,& H. Zeit. 1876. p. 45. 
 Rolland. Ann. des Mines XIV. 385. 1878. 
 
 NICKEL AND COBALT. 
 
 These two metals almost always occur together. 
 Millerite NiS NI.64.4 S.35,6 
 
 Niccolite NiAs Ni- 44.0 As 56.0 
 Linnaeite Co*S>, Co. 58.0 S.42.0 
 
 o 
 
 Also in small percentages in pyrrhotite, and a fow oxidized 
 compoundSo - 
 
 Type 16d. (See p. 26). Pyrrhotite beds. Lenticular masses of 
 pyrrhotite interbedded in gneisses and schists as described for 
 pyrite p 26. They are known at various places i# the east* 
 Openings have been made at Lowell Mass, Chatham and Torrington Ct 
 and Anthony's Nose N,Y., the last in search of pyrite for sulphuric 
 acid. NickelQC ^'.vs up to 3X of the ore, but these mines have never 
 
s Jbflfl x<noo t i>BeI f ivUa 
 abmroqmeo 3 XeXoin ,ee< nasriBm &TTJB ;B- 
 
 szmroa erf* atfftlri* le^aea .(le^oaS) 11 aXBnerttm ^ri^tBS 
 fcfta e^rir ^ erff * 8eB * Ii ni si 
 
 tori srit ni afjroio^P 1 e8Bt*rr f a erid 
 
 jloa ni fflsmei Jblwow J riolrfv rf^tw B- 
 tfiodOTaetS BifT .eiut- ::nB aei;- 
 
 to aaeooiq evi^oB ni aniev 8i/otttiXItn ^ 
 to BIC oiietai vari a -is 
 
 oda TJ afidtoo o f>nB ta$n 4MWMM8 
 booi/botq e^ow a^X SJB.VOft.S to (rifla 
 tevt 
 
 v-I: 
 
 ** 
 
 WB1 
 
 .VI, II .B.t.A 
 
 rfqjs-i ' .oqo 
 
 ,f 
 
 ^ c 
 
 ,5o * 
 
 60fietJttO 
 
 :l xfl laifUid ',- 
 
 O 
 
 
 us J* 
 ec . 
 
 .B.Ti.A 
 
 ^ Jxvai 
 
 ;eJ 
 
 ^81 v . 
 
 ? 8 ^BOdmaor 
 -> to elat 
 
 * A > 1 ' 
 
 II .8.1.A . 
 
 t r 
 lev MNa weU dt no a 
 
 
 - -3V8X 
 8Y C; .I .V1X 
 
 ^.M< 
 
 o.aa aA 
 
 O.Si-3 
 6esii)ixo 
 
 to BOBBBW 
 tot fcsdiioaeb BB etairioa 
 
 or I* Ai aw 
 
 ni 
 
 tscmXfl 
 
 tf| 
 
 Hi 
 
 i 
 
 rrworsrf 
 
 owt r 
 
 
 Ilawoil ^e efcfltfi nod evsrl 
 
 
 -rt 8vcri 
 
 to 
 
75 
 
 amounted to much. Recently at Sudbury Can. mines originally opened 
 for copper have been found rich in nickel. Great beds of pyrrho- 
 tite as much as 160 1 across have been opened up, in Huronian sch- 
 ists associated with diorite dikes. They promise to be very pro- 
 ductive. Some chafr&opyrite occurs with the pyrrhotite. 
 
 See literature under Type 16. 
 
 Crodner H,. On Anthony's Nose B.& H.Zeit. 1866. p 17. 
 Eustis -W,E.G, The Nickel Ores of Orford Quebec'-;. M.E, 6i 209. 
 Petors E.D. The Sudbury Oro Deposits M.E. 1889. Ottawa Meeting, 
 
 Type 16o. Gap Mine. Lancaster Go. Penn. A groat wedge or lense 
 of hornblende rock appears to be hero enclosed in mica schists, for 
 a space from 6' to 30 f it is impregnated with millorite, chaloo~ 
 pyrite, siderite quartz etc., The millerite occurs as a coating, 
 lining cracks. This has boon described as a body of pyrrhobito 
 but Eraser makes no mention of this mineral, A groat trap 'diko is 
 near. 
 
 Blake W.P. Mineral Resources, -1882. p. 399. 
 Eraser P. Rapt. COG 2nd -Ponn. Survey 5 p. 163, 
 
 Type 23a. Mine la Motto. Considerable pyrite occurs vrith the 
 lead ores mentioned under Type -23. and this is separated in the 
 oro dressing and treated by itself as it ctmtains nickel and oobalt. 
 
 Such pyrito is most r.bundant at Mino la Motto and considerable 
 matte is made and shipped abroad. The siogenite in Potsdam sand- 
 stone is interesting but not rich enough to b* available practically. 
 
 See under Type 23, 
 Noill J.M. Notos on tho Treatment of Nickel and Oobalt Mattes at 
 
 Mino la Motto. M.E. XIII. 634. 
 
 Numerous othor localities of nickel ores, chiefly of an oxi- 
 dized character have been reported, as at Webster, Jackson Co N 
 in the olivene rock, dunite; in Nov. at tho Lovelock Minos , Chur- 
 chill Co., and near Riddle Station Douglass Go. Oregon, At the 
 latter place the ores are hydrated silicates of magnesium and 
 nickel associated with serpentines ( which are derived from an 
 altered Alivine rock), These nickel minerals are doubtless an 
 alteration produat from olivt'ie* Niokeliferous pyrrhotite is re- 
 ported in the neighboring Go, Jackson, at Rook Point % Nickel ores 
 have also been reported from Saline Co. Ark*. Millorite occurs in 
 a vein with quartz gangK*. in black shales. It is not yet practi- 
 cally productive. Nickel is also reported in a rather fine con- 
 glomerate from Logan Go. Kan., It occurs with manganese and limori- 
 ite in the cement material of the rock. 183125 Ibs of metallic 
 niekel were produced in 18*?7, m-T^e. i^-S, 
 Ark. Geol. Survey 1888. Vol. I. P. 34-35." 
 
 Dcwey P.P.. On the Nickel Oro of Russell Spr. Logan Co Kan. M E.17. 
 Hodges. A.D. Note on the Occurrence of Nickel and Cobalt in Nov li. 
 
 E. 10/657. 
 
 Mineral Resources 1887. 126 
 
 Newberry S.B, Nickel Ores from Nev. A.J.S. HI. 28. 122* 
 Wurtz.H-. On the Occurrence of Cobalt & Nickel in Gosten CooN,C> A 
 J.S. II. 27. 24. 
 
ev 
 
 Iptvreqo vXlBitlslTfo aerrim ,rr0 iiudhuZ t xXJ 
 Ojircn^q' to ai^d jB3t . Xerfein iiJt cfo 
 
 ;rod VBri aeoid/;; 
 
 ,v erf OJ in tjafilf XrfT *aaxxi 
 
 Mtt MtV 4fMMa OstiT^cjoM^ o oraoc 
 
 JJJjEn9v*-H "02 
 
 edsup Jbtot* 
 
 aKiJkuorwvi ijWAsojv 7&6X 3[*M 3j^4NaW|^ dr;>G 
 
 to *$&ev IJBOIQ A uxrro^ 
 lot ,a tain oe ssim 5aol&n0 *t to 
 
 -* in ritiw bstaaQ&Hgtti . al ti ^ B 
 
 OBtf) latdcf ajsrf allfT . a:^:- rrf 
 
 .... . . - .. ... 
 
 ' (^C :-^BX ,3^o*JOai 
 
 .f, 
 
 o ^ti^^'i. o Xdtfva&l-ajno oj*oM nl on" . < 
 -ja oi airft fef 
 
 . , '... : 
 - 
 
 ion 
 gJMi-XiBV^ /& iHlto *t/d ^niAMHMNi^ ar or, 
 
 :Yt 1 
 
 b^ * orft no oo r 
 
 . 9 . - . '--.-' :.,. ' 
 
 ,Soo 
 
 tA OHif9u oD a^rtlWG wlJa*& XJbMS ice.^ 6rtB V .o0 
 
 to aotaoilia ^^MH^Y^ ef 85^o erf^ 
 3l> ei ;|l?>ixfw ) -08 rf,* 
 
 .a|fl*xsf; .i"oin oa^-ifT-'-i 'tattoo oitlv 
 
 -01 al 6ttorff*vi 8/ortoli||||||[IrI tvlXo-xjibrfl' tatfibr 
 
 a0io XojioJtM .tnio*! jlocfl .ta r , -& .oO Bfiiiocfrfsldit er? 
 
 otl^eXXIM * f 3CiA ,.oO sni ttioqr .: 9VB4 
 
 tort ai tl ra JlttJ^-d rri jn^srcBB S^B- 
 
 -/toe erttl 3i a ni otMjU oalB ai Xorfc r V- ^^B 
 
 beta eserts&rujfn r r tiw aruiooo tl . .itBH . oD ita^oJ mot 
 
 adX dfilSSX jfooi 6rf^ ^o XBiiotflm tnamao erft rtt f- 
 
 I fr**ffi>o*f<i 
 
 .^ .1 .XoY .8331 tov*tJj2 .lodi 
 
 .tl,a H .nsX .oO njzsoil iq2 XXO38JJ51 lotfoitf orft rr* 
 
 .M vell fti ^XrdoO fjrui XejCoJkM to *0*ufd&0 grfv* no otoW .a, A . 
 
 .7d3\OX .2 
 3SX V8^X 890*itfOaJ 
 
 ^1 ,8S .III *8.r,A .voU raotl 8nO X3faJM .a. 
 A 0,JfoO nctaod Hi XoioiM * JXadoD to oanoTmooO orit nO --H. 
 
 AC t*O TT ? 
 
 *C!k S 1 1 . ^ 
 
76 
 
 TIN. 
 
 -ter.te SnO L Su, 78.67 0.21.33 
 
 The sulphide stannite,is a rather rare mineral. 
 
 Cassiterite occurs In small stringers and veins on the borders 
 of granite knobs or bosses either in the granite itself or in the 
 adjacent rocks in such relations that it is doubtle.ss Hte-.- result 
 of fumarole action consequent to the intrusion of granite.* 
 
 It would appear that the tin oxide may have been forme a from the 
 fluoride. A favorite rock for the ore ia th so-alled greisen a 
 mixture of quartz and muscovite or lithia-miaa and probably an 
 l granite Altered by fumarole action. Topaz, tourmaline, 
 e^ca'issTterite indicating fluorit and boras ic fumarole s. 
 Cassiterite seems also to crystallize out of a granite magma with 
 the other mineral*'*' Cassiterite being a very heavy mineral also 
 accumulates in stream gravels like gold, affording the stream tin* 
 When of concentric character it is called wood tin. 
 
 Type 56* Black Hills. Knobs of granitic rock containing cas~ 
 siterite disseminated in a mass of albite and mica or associated 
 with iimdnse crystals of spodumene, Columbite, tantalite and beryl 
 are also found,, There are t\7o granite? knobs which are best known* 
 the Etta and thfc Ingersoll. The former is a conical hill 250 L> 
 high by 150* x 200*, piercing mica and garnetiferous slates* 
 
 Tunnels show it to hav* a concentric structure, first a zone of 
 mica, second a zone of great spodumene crystals with albite " groin. 
 sen and Cassiterite in the interstices, and lastly a mixture of 
 quartz and feldspar as a core. Other tin-bearing granites occur as 
 dikes as much as 80* wide, and bearing the so-called greisen and 
 tin ore in quartz. They are called segregated volns by Carpenter 
 who doubts thifer igneous character, probably on good grounds. 
 
 No tin is yet commercially produced. The tin deposits extend 
 also into "TTyo.. 
 Blake T7P. Mineral Resources . 1334-84- p. 602. See. 
 
 A.J.S. Sep. 1883. p. 235. E.& M.J. Sep. 3. 1883. 
 i. Tin Ore Deposits of the Black Hills. M.E. 13. 691. 
 Carpenter ?,R. Prelim. Rep. of Dak. Sch. of Mines. 1838. Also M.E. 
 
 17. 570. 
 
 E.& M.J. Tin in the Black Hills. Nov. 29* 84. p. 358. Nov.6.86.p.325 
 Mineral Resources in General under Tin. 
 
 Tin ores as stream tin have been found in gold washings in 
 Mont.. and Idaho. It is also known in the Temessal Mtns. southern 
 Calt^iooording to^iiP in various small ve inlets in a granite region,, 
 This locality attracted much interest years ago but has never 
 yielded any practical results. 
 Blake W 8 P. Occurrence of Wood Tin in Cal. Idaho and Mont. Mining 
 
 and Scientific Press. Aug. 5. 1862. 5 :.; T^V,:M. r-u t' J , 
 Hanks H.tJ. Cal. State Mineralogist. Ropt. 1384. p. 121. 
 Re -Terence to the Missouri tin swindle. 
 Narrow veins carrying cassiterite are being exploited in the gran-. 
 
av 
 
 .HIT 
 5S.XS.O T8.8V f fi3 O/ sct-nat- 3- 
 
 lait^ifH *fB*t terf fii ai^etinnaJa ebiriqljja srfT 
 8io>tocf ori* /to *niv fcna a-re^nitta XXama ni aix/aoo 
 
 erft ni 10 IXaati etinaia aift nJt ?*rftie aaaaod 10 sdooX 
 
 aaaXtdjJO* ai $1 tarft enoJtBXn rfai/a ni 2X001 ^n-5or: 
 
 lo noiairxtni tilt ot tH9iipsanoa noitoa 9X01010/1 to 
 srft moil 0*nrio*t n9tf evarf ^m eMxo nl* orf^ tjrf.t taeqqft Muow .tl 
 A nsaieis fcsilat-o* rf.t ti o*xo rit *to^ Xsot e^iiovjBt A 
 
 n& tlcfBtfoiq f>na lm->&irftil TO eiivooauai Jbrus stiju/p to 
 oniIanrxiK>J ,SJHOT .rfoitdA elo-xomjl: 
 
 lo tero sillA^aynd ol oala ameaa 
 
 msei^a erl^ iniJb*xoll f i>Io^ orfil alevsi^ ouiei^a ni 
 
 ni^ hoow iIXas ai ti *re*OB*n*rfo ain^nsonoa 
 3(901 di^lnsi^ lo adoi^X .aXIiH 
 10 al ins e^idls to iusn a iti 
 ecf L-na o^ilc^nB^ ,slidrai/XoO .snatffcoqa to aXa taxis oarteciii rf. 
 v/ofi?[ Jaod GIB rfoirfw adonX otinBTS ov/J- 9T* oiorfT .fcnwot oaXs 
 <j oeS IXiri Xaoinoo a si tswio'i srJT .XXoaiaanl ftrf* IJHB BJ^-3 
 .aed-Bla ax/o*rotit9m3 Mt **)* &iltt$t<t /OOS x 'Oex yd r 
 io enos B JBiit f 9iw*3irt^ oin > s *vad ot ti woria aXoiinuT 
 
 .rtjj * oJicfXa ritiv aXc^Btrd on->rar^opi lBa*fa lo arros A bnoooa t aoint 
 lo oiirtxira a xXtaaX jfca fftttitsieJrri srit nl atliatiaaB Ami 
 8A tuooo aatirtfii^ ^rritA^d^nicr loiCJO .sioa a ac laqabXet bruc 
 
 ;<* yiifsod iftB ,o!>lw '0 a* riawm s 
 v5 anlv Avtaaenaaa JboIXaa ona TfTC .S^IBI/P ni erco 
 
 ** no xldBdonq 4 fetaBiBiio wosnji igftrit atrfwof) orfw 
 stiaoqaJb itit eriT .Jbsojjfco-iq xIX**iw> **T ai nit oH 
 
 . .ox^ otni oaXa 
 XaianiM ' 
 
 .8.^. A 
 
 lo atiaoqad aiO niT 
 
 oaXA886X 
 
 .ova .vx 
 
 8.d.voW .8d5.f .f .OS .voM .aXXiH *a*xa erft ni niT ,L.M A.S 
 
 .niT ioi>ni/ Isisndt) rtr aeoitfoaeH IB it 
 
 ni agniriaBW JXoa ni i>m/ot ied VBrf it wiaita 8B aaio niT 
 morftuoa ,8/rtU XBcaaiirtT t>rft ni nwo/ijf oaXs ai tl .orfsJal 
 
 ns^is * ni ateXniov IXama awoiiav ni 
 isvan aarf ttfflf o^fi a^B^t taototni rfouox AetoBittc 
 
 atXuaai luoito/Jiq 
 
 .tnoM BHB onjsJbl .140 ni fflf AooW to aanrtwooO . 
 >:-< '?" ,.-* -'.^ .SS8X .a .aA .8391^ oilitnoioS hns 
 
 .XSX .q .*88X .^qoH . tai^oXaisniU etat2 .XaO .O.H a: 
 
 .tXbffiwa nit iiuoeaiM orit ot eonoieT -5?! 
 rft ni batioXqx* ^nierf e-ia tiietiaaeo snix*iis aniev sW 
 
77 
 
 1>'L 
 
 itic and schistose rocks of Rockbridge and Nelson Co.sVa.^N.C. and 
 in Ala e and companies have been formed to work the two former. 
 Campbell H.D. Tin Ore, Cassiterite, in the Blue Ridge in Va. "The 
 
 Virginias" Oct. 1883. 
 Ledoux A*R. Tin in N,C.*B.& M.J. Dec. 14. 89. p. 521. See also Feb. 
 
 1887. polll. 
 
 McCrcath and Platt. Bull. Iron & Steel Assoc. Nov. 7/83 p*209. 
 Robertson Wo London Mining Jour. Oct. 18. 1884. 
 Winslow Ao Tin Ore in Va, E,& M.J. Nov. 7. 1885. Rec. . .,. 
 
 Cassiterite has been discovered in narrow veins in mica aeh-' 
 ists, with l?pidolite and flu^ite, at Wins low Me. and is known at 
 other places in Me. and N.H. , 
 Blake W C P 6 Mineral Resources 1884. p. 59 8. 
 Hitchcock* C H. Discovery of Tin Ore and Emery at Winslow Me. E,& 
 
 MJ Oct. 2. 1880, p,218. 
 Hunt T,S. Remarks on the Occurrence of Tin Oro at Winslow Me. M.E. 
 
 1. 373. 
 
 Jackson- C 9 T. Tin Ore at Winslow Me. Proe . Best. Soc. N.H XII 267. 
 A -jp. Remarks on the geographical "distribut'ioh'of "tho" western Ibre 
 deposits* General Review of the region of the Cordilleras on the 
 western border of the country. Elevated Plateau rising from the . 
 Mississippi to the Rocky Mountain Hango, then various ranges of 
 general north and south, or north wost and south oast trend with 
 broad valleys between, then the Colorado plateau; then theWahsatch, 
 then the Great Basin, with various subordinate north and south ran- 
 g es, then the Sierra Nevada, then the great valley of California, 
 thon the Coast Range, finally the Pacific Ocean. Prom tho Archae- 
 an t the elose of the -Carboniferous- there were granite islands 
 around which active sedimentation proceeded. At the elose of the 
 Carboniferous the elevation of the Wahsateh and the region of 
 eastern Nevada occurred. At the close of the Jurassic the eleva- 
 tion of tB Sierra Nevada took place. The elevation of the Rooky 
 Mountain system came at the close of the Cretaceous, and of the 
 Coast Range at the close of the Miocene Tertiary. Smaller and 
 unimportant oscillations have occurred since. Each elevation was 
 accompanied bij foldings, fault ings and extensive uutpourincs of 
 eruptive rocks. ;These fraoturs and the solfatar* ic action result- 
 ing from the dying volcanic activity constitutes the primary eausc 
 of. the formation of the ore deposits which in some cases lie in 
 ranges along the lines of faulting or disturbance; in others are 
 irregularly scattered. We can recognize the Coast Range belt with 
 Mercury and Chromium, the California. Gold belt in the western Sier- 
 .ras, the Silver belt ef Utah on the western flank of the Wahsatch, 
 and a belt in Arizona from south east to north west on the contact 
 between Palaeozoic limestone, mostly Carboniferous, and the Arch- 
 aean Tho other areas are scattered and apparently exhibit nofsuch 
 grand general relations to these geographical and geological dis- 
 turb an0es 
 

 V? 
 
 , noaXett fcfts eafciidrfooff to ; esoo 
 
 owd- e o* Jeenn ^d evarf aei 
 
 fix tsiH ex/XH trfJ 1 rti 9Jx-? aO ,eiO : Hoc: 
 
 i81 . "BBxnxa*. 
 
 ee3 .XSd.q ,98 .*X.otd .'&.& *0M x xtiT .H.A 
 
 .JJX.f .V88I 
 8'.V .vaM ,oaaA I9*a A noil .ilua 
 
 .iirol. anJtrti"- off 
 
 ,08ll -S .jsV T 
 
 ni anxev votiBrr ni jjetevo8 ? 
 ei I) OB *oM woIanlW ^B ,9tl^iXt bfis otlloblqsl ritiw ^ 
 
 >d.q .*8- H Xa^ .'I.If ostr 
 
 .aM \roXsniV ^B ^i^iriS fcna eiO niT ' vooaia 
 
 .2 
 
 ^ oiO niT ^o ?ono- 
 
 T6S ^IIX .K.K! .008 .JaoS .0 :W ^B e^ ; s 
 
 01 r/dii^ ^ 3 erlj 
 
 no aB'ioi/iMc 
 
 mot -liii u^otBi^I ^3^^veXS \ "' orf* " io * 1 - 1 
 
 ao^itBi aj^roiiav rtsdJ t ojifjr-n itiaJn." i rfj oJ icr 
 
 iltjjo* fcrrn ! ^ r oa firro rfJion XBI* 
 
 ; stoXoC. stl* ncrft .noew^Ted 8Y9XXc\ 
 
 lifts rf^on e^BH a auoJ^BV rftiw t rttaBfl tBSiS arit nartt 
 
 XlfiV vtjsoia ftt nor-t ,BfefivtM siieiS arf* rtorU 
 ori* m^ .lUioeO oilios^ orfcT ^XXBnil t &anBH ^EisoO orf* 
 
 ^ew eii(* ai;r ' eaoX$ ori^ o^ ti& 
 
 lo doX rit M Jb9&oeao*trr rfoi^BtfftffllbSB ovltd, r 
 
 to itoisei yrf* fens lisJBBiifiW erft It noitaveXe rf* 
 
 ii/T, rft ^t ^ X0 el* M ^eiinoot B*AV* 
 to ffox^aveX 9rfT .eoaX^ atoo* a&BVtM aitoxB rU It ntx 
 i^ to 6KB ,si/ososteiO eri^ .Tto eaoX rft ta traat mo^aYB nx 
 & loXlBtfB .x-TBitieT encsoiM crit 1o caoXo exit Js ottBH 
 aw .itJtJ-avtld rfOB3 .esrrxa fee^nusoo 9VBff BftelJ-aXXloa 
 
 It 8iix/oqJaDr tvianstxt axte a^nx^Xi/Bt t a8rcxbol yd Jin 
 
 noitOB ft.t tB^BlIoa trf^ ^xta aiu^oBil taerfT .aaiotrr ov ^qu- 
 wtf*** art* ee^^x^axioa x^ivx^os oxnatXov ani>c* eri^ rao-rl an 
 ni elX aaB8 eraoa nl ricxriir aJrsoqefc oto tf* It xroitBKnol 
 aierf^t nx ;^/tBd*oj^ax6 it vJ*X*rat It asxixX erf* 
 atO 9ftt esin^ooef nso oW .feeie*^so 
 ni *Xed feXtO aJtmoliXaO rft ^urxmotri 
 3inBXl xneJaaw ri* no rfa^U It JXetf isvXxa Y 
 erf* no Jaaw rii-xon * ^ase rttyoa moit enasx^A led a 
 
 -rfoiA orft I)na f ajjoi9llnocfia0 ^Xla*m t no*8e:; osooslc*! 
 
 riw/abn J-idxxixo xX^neiaqqa brxa beisj^^oa OIB BBOIB -roxfto 
 -aifi XaoisoXtta *na XBtirlqa^atta etoii* oJ taXai XBIOXISS 
 
 
 
. > 
 
 V 
 V 78 
 
 Becker G.F. Amer. Jour, Sei, III. Series Vol. 28. 1384 ;\ P- 209 - 
 Blako YJ. P.- Report. Cal; State Board of Agriculture 1886. - 
 Emmons S.F, The Structural Relations of the Ore Deposits. sM. 33* 16. 804 
 Raymond R.^T. Geographical Distribution of Mining Dist. inNfhe u s - 
 
 M.E. I. 33* i i 
 
 40th Parallel Survey. Vol. Ill* Chapter 1. ,' 1 '< 
 
 10th. Census. Vol. XII Precious Metals* 
 
 "\ 
 
 A fcv; general conclusions suggest themselves from the |?r ^ced- 
 ing pages. ^ 
 
 (1) The extreme irregularity in the shape of metalliferou^ 
 sits (instances cited) and from this the unwisdom of the U.S. 
 in the west which is based on fissure veins* The only 
 method is that a man should own all that is embraced in 
 erty lines whether tho ore body outcrops outside or not. 
 location is the square thing" ( Raymond). 
 
 (-i.) The very general proximity of eruptive rocks in some forn$ 
 to the oro bodies. Except in the case f iron^ -there are only a 
 \rhero these are not present and apparently strong factors in thp 
 circulation which formed the ore. The lead and zine deposits of 
 eastern and western Missouri and the neighboring states, and cf 
 New York and Virginia are almost the only ones, and we are justi- 
 fied in concluding that eruptive rocks are of great importance. 
 
 (3) . We know from the invest ications of Sandberger and others 
 that the dark silicates of many rocks contain percentages of the 
 common metals. The choice is open whether to refer our re to 
 original dissemination in those and derive it by gradual concentra- 
 tion probably at great depths, or to acme indefinite unknown 
 source . 
 
8? 
 
 .q f.*8fI .82 .XoV 
 
 '. . :'. i 
 
 t9 l4/iTl .Jala yilttill 1* 
 
 ; 
 
 -- .- / : 
 
 
 If 
 
 nx 
 t 
 
 ill 
 
 
 19 Jjrrc C 3e.tflia 
 
 I 
 
 Tf.fl 
 I ,*. 
 .XoV .xevitt;3 laJI-vfa? 
 
 IIX i 
 
 . 
 
 no 
 
 IJT& mro 
 c " xl>o' 
 
 t A 
 
 % i; 
 
 sjif (X) 
 eo^ 
 
 si nl 
 
 iucj 
 aex 
 
 0*IBIIB: 
 
 aia eoo: 
 
 bonnol 
 Jftfi f-TifosalM 
 
 Ime 
 
 
 voru( 
 aetat 
 
 
 ot >r>H 
 
 
79 
 
 *<* .-4 
 
 THE CARBON SERIES. 
 Peat Lignite' Coal Graphite Petroleum Asphalt Natural Gas , 
 
 General description of the condition of the vegetable growths 
 on the surface today, formed of C. H. 0. N. Cellulose? C^H /0 5 - 8 
 Unless, however, the fallen vegetation is protected by water it 
 decays, passes into gases, and leaves only the small mineral resi- 
 due contained in it behind,ra slow combustion with a small ash 
 Swamps are the chief places for the collection and conservation of 
 vegetable tissue. Freshets and floods collect also and bury much 
 in the deltas of streams. ( Dismal Swamp, Red River Raft, Missis- 
 sippi Delta ). 
 
 Newberry's Illustrative Diagram, ( Slightly Abridged) 
 
 Plant Tissue, 
 
 Residual -Products* Evolved Products. 
 
 Peat. Carbonic Acid CO^ 
 
 Lignite. ^ -^'Carbonic Oxide CO 
 
 Bituminous Coal. p ~jCarburetted Hydrogen 
 
 Semi -Bituminous Coal. . f /and other hydrocarbon gases. 
 Anthracite, ^ water. 
 
 Graphitic Anthracite. f Asphalt. 
 
 Graphite. Petroleum < 
 
 Ash. ( Asphaltic Coals , 
 
 Bailey J.TT, On the detection of Spinally dotted or Scalariform Ducts 
 
 etc. in Anthracite Coal. A.J.S. II. 1. 407. 
 Bunker J.M. Vegetable Origin of Anthracite. A.J,S- I. 24, 172. 
 Cooper F. New Theories of the Formation of Coal. .& M.Jour. Aug 
 
 13. 1881. p. 103. 
 Dawson J.W. On the vegetable Origin of Coal..Proc. Geol, Soc. 
 
 London. Vol.XV. 626. A.J.S. II. 31. 290. 
 
 On Spore Cases in Coal. A.J.S. III. 1. 256. 
 Ehrenberg. On the Microscopic Constituents of the Ash of Fossil 
 
 Coal. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XVI. 1S45. 69-70/A. J.S.II a l. 
 B.& M.Jour. Formation of Coal. Dec. 3. 1881 p. 373. 
 
 * Aug. 26. 1882. p. 110. 
 Praser P. Classification of Coals, M.S. 6. 430. Penn, 2nd Geolo 
 
 Survey. M.N. p. 144, 
 Gnoppert. On the Origin of the Coal of Silesia. Proc. Brit, Assoc* 
 
 From the Athenaeum. Sep. 19. 1846. 
 
 Hunt T.S. The Origin of Anthracite. Nat'l Acad. Nov. 1880 * 
 Jackson C.T. Bituminization of Peat and Conversion into Coal, A f .J 
 
 S. I. 34. p. 395. 
 Johnson T7.R-. The Heating Power of Various Coals. See also A.J.S. 
 
 I. v 49. 310. 
 Lesley J.P. Manual of Coal and its Topography. Phila. 56. p. 224 
 
 See also A.J.S. II 22. 3D2. 
 Lesquereux L/ On some Questions concerning the 'Coal Formations of 
 
 North America. A.J.S. II. 23. 21. Excellent Statement of 
 

 {HAD SHT 
 fl*j*X:.iJ* at 
 
 XXawa ri^ yXno sovasl i>na 
 orfas XXama B rfJiw noitaudmoo v/oXa fi- 
 le rroid'BV'iaanoo brtf3 no.r,toeIXoo arft "tot i 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 8^1 
 
 \ miis 
 
 a^oi/iso'j^ 
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 e$i; 
 
 >nlm 
 
 -^ nod- 
 
 
 
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 cnc .502 to 
 
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 i 
 
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 .II.8.^A\OV 
 
 rs.q XM1 .s .ooa .XsoO lo noi't 
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 -I .q ..H.M . 
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 oJni noianovno' *B^ 1o noltfisinJtnwtia .f .0 
 
 ct9C*q * - 
 oaXa o2 .alaoO auoitfiV 16 lewo 1 * yti^oH erfT ,R.W 
 
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80 
 
 the Poat Theory. Also. II. 30. 63. 367. II. 32* 15 . & II. 52.193 
 See also ^J^ r *J>33, '&&,> 35. 375, 
 
 Lyell C, The Origin of Goal Fields and the time required for their 
 Formation. A.J.S. II. 16* 33, Prom Proc* Rcy Soc a Great 
 Britan Mar. 18. 1853. 
 
 MaoFarlane T. Goal Regions of the U.S. N.Y Rec. 
 
 Na.thurst E 0. Formation of Coal. E& M.J 4 Mar. 17* 88 a p 194 
 
 Newberry JS, On the Mode of Formation of Canriel Coal. A*J 6 So II. 
 
 23. 212. 
 /i Origin and Relations of the Carbon Minerals. Anuals NY, 
 
 Acado Sci. Vol. II. 1S82. No.9 I?ec, On the Physical 
 .< / Conditions under which Coal was formed 3 S ft of M Quarter- 
 ly. Vol. IV, p. 169. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Vol. ITS p* 125. 
 
 Prime F. Rept. on Goal. Repts on Exhibits at the Centennial e Repts 
 
 and Awards. Qfp I. p. 50. 
 ( ' 10th Census Vol. 15. p. 605. On the Coals of the U 9 S Rec* 
 
 Teschmacher J E. On the. Fossil Vegcitation of Anthracite Coal A JoS 
 II* 4. 420. See also A. A. Gool. cb Nat. 1347. 
 On the Resinous Nature of Coal. 3ost. Soc N 6 H. April 7 
 1352. A.J.S. II. 14. 70. 
 
 Geological Classification. 
 
 Peat- Recent or at most Quaternary. 
 
 Lignite- Post carboniferous, i.e. Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, 
 Tertiary. In this country chiefly Upper Cretaceous and 
 Lower Tertiary. This term is less applied than formerly 
 as v/e now know the Cretaceous coals to be as good as any 
 It is not strictly used in these notes. 
 
 Goals Proper, Carboniferous. 
 
 Graphite- Principally Archaean, but known also in connection with 
 coals. V/e do not know that the Archaean Graphite is cer- 
 tainly of vegetable origin* 
 
 Gas os- From Lower Silurian on. 
 
 Petroleum- From Lower Silurian on. 
 
 P7JLT, 
 
 Brande.On Peat and its Products. Proc. Roy. Soc. Jan* 31. 1851* 
 Johnson, Peat and its Uses as Fertilizer and Fuel, 
 Low.firit.ToH. Facts about Poat, 
 Losquereux L. Sphagnum as a Peat Maker. Hayden's Reports 1372 A 
 
 JS, III. 6. 383. 
 
 Lyell* Principles of Geology. Vol. II. pp. 502 ff. ' 
 Sonft. Humus- Marsch- Torf- und Limonit- bildungen. 
 
 In temperate climate peat is derived mainly from sphagnum a 
 moes. It contains as well all kinds of vegetable matter and often 
 various animal remains. Many peat bogs are old lakes and ponds and 
 hence are underlain by shell marl; many also by bog iron ore. (See 
 Typo 1). Peat does not occur south of 35 IT, Lsit, nor north of 45 
 S. Ijat. It is found very generally in our northern states,, Y/ith us 
 
561. ';-. . r & .61 Vc) d .II o?;IA ,Y**-^ JBOt- orfJ 
 
 dVS cS idttk'tfflN Xl &fc* 
 t srfJ brta 
 
 " ,81 : -;t.A 
 
 
 
 - !> wA - TJWl'lO a. * ^lAJn.\T 
 
 ^0 jftOl^fflflTXOa r lO 0I)OM 911^ ffO 
 
 QTC 
 
 , CfcjLCk 
 
 IT 
 ~T aav. r JsoO ffolri arroi^ 
 
 ,IoV -q .VI .loV . 
 
 a.: iBiftitoJ/ioO srf^ *B . XfioO no hj9n T omi 
 
 :i^BW/ 
 1 .loV BJJaneO ri 
 
 rfj no *r 
 . J't,. ^.A o. 
 
 Y iJiqA 
 
 l^r JX 8,TA 
 
 toi -l^ole* 
 
 ,v-.^i: iaom 4bs to tn 
 
 aoiollnc 
 
 .. iA \-Itolrio xiJrt'ros airi^ rtl si^1 
 
 fjsxlqqB safrl ai n? I*iT 
 
 3d oJ aleoo BJ 
 
 ni fcosij ^XJs 
 
 nc 
 ioo --'* $ >3r ^ 
 
 : 
 ' 
 
 .IcCI .15 008 ,\'oH 0'ji" .atowfcoi*! .alt fcn -rO^ebnana 
 
 a call a^i fcna 
 
 ,160^1 tWOdt /iFOtI 
 
 ^ 
 
 rti^ i IBS^ a 8 m;/fi8Br[qS .J XMM 
 II .lo vr f< 
 
 il xXriis/n r b si tc- 
 
 A/os*v to sfjnipt II 
 i IJ.''-:OQ forte a^. Co IG a^od tcecj \^.. 
 
 r. OOlt&rf 
 
 auoir 
 
 . 
 
 lo so^ if 
 
 > ' ' .' .'-' "' ' 
 
it is more important as a fertilizer (muck) than fuelj, but in for- 
 eign countries it is of very great importance as fuel, ( Ireland^ 
 Germany V. p repeiration for use is necossai-yv 
 
 Analyses of Virginia Peat by Prof. Johnson of Yale. 
 
 I II III IV 
 
 V'a-ter 20.00 20.00 Not Est Not Est 
 
 Vol. Matter 50-.05 52.59 62 C 56 65,74 
 
 Coke 24.97 25.44 31.21 31,81 
 
 Ash 4.98 1.97 6.23 2,45 
 
 The Ash is chiefly CaO. Fe 2 3 and insoluble Silicates a 
 View of a peat bog. Section do. Historical reference to the peat 
 craze of ISvVY . 
 
 LIGNITES AND COALS. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 See Report AC. Second Perm, Geol. Survey p. 15. do. Report 
 fflott. p. 128. Trans. Inst, M.E. Vol. VI. p. 430. 
 
 Per Cent Fixed Fixed Carbon 
 
 Volatile Ash, Ratio 
 
 r :. *.Y t *>'- JTy^r ^r.vtfon., Carbon Vol 3 Hydro carbon 
 .Anthracite 0-7 , 100-93 X 7 00/C to 13/1 
 Semi Anthracite 7-10 93- 90 X li/l to 8 A 
 Semi Bituminous 1Q-13 90-82 X a/1 tg 5/. 
 Bituminous ISl.^/o. 82- X 5/1 to 
 Cannel 40-66 X 
 
 Post Carboniferous Coals are called Lignites Lignites are 
 also called (especially abroad) Brown CoalSo Other classifications 
 are employed which are based on physical properties, such as cleav- 
 age, character of burning, coking or not coking etc.. See Ures Diet, 
 Bd. 1345 p. 969. Watts Diet. Chonu Vol. I. p. 1032. 
 Rogers H.D. General Kept, First Penn. Geol, Surv. Vol.11. p|>.2.p933 
 Ohio Geological Survey Rept. Progress. 1370. 
 Trade classifications aro based on size of lump and color of ash. 
 
 Lignites or Post -Carboniferous Coals 8 
 
 Tho Coal (Idgnito) areas 6f Va. and N.C. are generally called 
 the Richmond Field and the Deep and Dan River Fields, They aro &n 
 Trias sic or Jurassic strata, v/hich are much broken and seamed by 
 trap dikes (diabase) converting the coal in many places into a 
 natural coke, (Carbonite). The areas form several narrow N.& S* 
 strips along the border of Va. and N.C., The coal cannot compete 
 in any grsat amount with the better fuel brought from the western 
 part of Va. . 
 
 Chance H.M. Tho Deep River Coal Fields of N.C. M.E. 13. 517. 
 Coryell M. Eastern Va. Coal Fields. M;E. 3. 228. 
 Heinrich O.J. The Midlothian Va. Collieries M.E. 4. 308. 
 Lesley J.P. Coal Formation of S.Va. Proe. Amor, Phil, Soc. Jan, 
 
 1862. A.J.S. II. 34. 413. 
 
 C, On the Strueture and Probable Age of the Coal Field of 
 the James River near Richmond Va.Geol. Soc. Lond. April 
 14. 1847. A.J.S. II. 4. 1*3 
 
rsiJt r^rU Uoi/m) t9simi9l * es JrusJioqmi e 
 
 *^ ^* *** r -fr ? or*f 4*/*ffrrx*i r r 
 
 c n^leil ) . Istfl 6* eQ-ffBJtoqmi Ja9*i3 ^iev to ai 
 
 ?f 98U -* *"> H-f^**/**** 1 ^ - f ** 
 
 1o - 5 aw-x to 
 
 vi in i-i * 
 
 toW Ja!* loll 00, OS 00. OS 
 
 ^v e e? sa.sa .sa eo.^a la^jtf- 
 
 _ _ *, ^- --. 
 
 18.15 XS.Xfi ^.S Vt 
 
 ss.a ve.i 8c..* 
 
 ' TJC sidJtrloeni bns .O.al /-' xIl*Mo i QfH 
 
 -L. ^ ^* ** -- ^ "^ * * ** * -_ ^ * 
 
 s lo waxV 
 
 _i ] 'w.- 1 W w- 
 
 '. 
 
 , 
 .cb .ai .q xev^S .XoaD ./re<T f>noo8 . 
 
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 aXttaloV 
 
 rio^t ?0 
 X W-4 .isB-fcfd^ 
 
 -9 9liOBlrfi 
 
 X f>~08 P>I~D1 8JJorrifnuliS 
 
 x 3 .3X auorrimt;*ia 
 
 X 63-0* lennfiO 
 
 if[ 
 
 f)9qae) 1: O3lfi 
 
 -. rlw boYOlqrae < 
 
 w , 4 ^ vw .^ 10 3HXSOO f yfir^^ 10 i 
 .2501 .q .1 .IoV .merfO .laid allsW .? e. ^^ 
 
 .rf8 lo loloa bna qiiul to asia na 'i> 9 sacf ^ inoilaarmtMlB ofectT 
 
 aalBoO ajjoi9liorriB-- 180*! *io ao^i3i* 
 
 ellsd yllBtortos SIB .O.H f>nB .sV 1* 8fi9i (olifi3^) ^aoO 
 nJ a YerfT aLoi* -taTlH nsa An qooa eif* ^ MoW bnomriDi 
 jbfiB noXoid ffowa eie riaiffw .Bljrfla alatiMiV'l 
 ^-.-r^ ^r*m fijt IBOO eril sniliovitOD (essd^xb) 
 
 ISt^lBH 
 
 , ..V 
 
 erl* 
 
 Via EX S.M .O.W to afiXei 1 ? XseO isviH qoaCt orfT .M.H esosriO 
 * " less .8 .S.M .rtl.W X.oO ..V nwt.rt-.H-IJ.t-.oO 
 
 .80S .* .S.M aeltoiXXoP .aV nairi^oXfciM .1.0 
 
 .n.1 ..oB .Xiril .19mA .soil ..V.3 to no^^mol XBO! 
 
 .5X* .*5 .II .B.^.A 
 
 1o bXei 1 ! IsoO eri* to ajA sldadotH bam aii;*wn*8 erf* 
 linqA .fcnoJ .908 .XoaO.BV fcnonrfeiJI -j9fl iavi .wrf 
 
 .* .II .8.1-.* 
 
82 
 C 1ms t is ad D On the Sandstone and Coal f- N.C. of the A.ge of th- 
 
 Richmond Coal basin. A.J.S. 11.19. 430 from trie G-ee":, 
 
 Report N.C. 1824. 
 
 Raymond R 9 1Y. The Natural Coke ef Chesterfield Co Va. M S*11.* 4-45 9 
 Rogers Vf B. On the Relations of the New Red Sandstone of the C^rrru 
 
 Valley to the Coal bearing Rocks of Eastern Va* and N r ..C a 
 
 AoJaSc II. 19. 123. Proc. Boat. Soc . NH. 1854 a p a ::.4 
 \7ccldridge A & S. Geological and Statistical Notice of the Goal Mines 
 
 in the Vicinity of Richmond Va. A.J.S. I, 43. '.: . 
 V/urtz. H & Preliminary Notes upon the Carbonite or so-called Natural 
 
 Coke of Va. M.E. 3. 456. 
 Coc.l (lignite) in the Rocky Mtn, and Plateau Regions, 
 
 A bread bel$ said te be 400 miles wide runs up and down the 
 Rocky Mtn.' region and affords excellent coals of all characters, on 
 on both sides of the continental divide. These beds of fuel t.re 
 of the greatest value to the country lying near them, for smelting 
 cuid all industrial purposes and also for household purposec in the 
 treeless prairie region on the east of them. They belong to the 
 La ramie. 
 
 L.New Mexico, Coals are known in Do'fia Ana Co,, in the souta but 
 arc- not extensively developed* Coal is also reported from near 
 Silver City Grant Co. somovrtiat anthracitie. Coming south in Sooor- 
 ro Coo at Carthago aro the San Pecfo Mines where very excellent 
 coking coals aro mined and extensively used in N.M. and Ar-izona 8 
 The seam is 6*, Over in the v/astern part of the territory near the 
 Arizona line in Valencia and Eernalillo Go's, are the mines which 
 at present are the most productivs of all. The chief centers are 
 Gallup and Defiance and the coal is mined for the Atlantic and PaCo 
 H tt R. which transpdrtfc it as far as Cal,, A number of seams from 4 s 
 to 9 f ara exposed. Tho existence of anthracite (due to local igne~ 
 ouo outbreaks) in Santa Pe county has long been kimwn. The mines 
 arc knovm as Los Carilloe and produce small amounts yearly e 
 Tho Monero Mines in Tao-s Ce. produce somo coal for the Durango 
 branch of the D & R.G.R.R. The mines near Raton, Coif ax Co, were 
 tho first to be extensively workod- and are now the most important 
 source of fuel for the A,T.& S.F.R.R. A number of bods are kn&wri 
 from 3 1 to S 1/2 'thick. The ceal field is virtually a southern 
 extension of the Trinidad area of Col.. Ratan and Blossburg are 
 tho centers *> 
 
 In 1SS2 N.M. produced 157.092 short tons, in ! S5 306,202o in *S7 
 508.0c34. y $~ 
 
 Loconte John. Cretaceous Anthracite near Santa Pe. N.M. AJ,S,, IIol.3 
 rs! Resources Especially 1883 & 1884. 
 
 ti-3 R 6 W, Remarks on the Occurrence of Anthracite in NoMoM.E^.lV 
 Arizona* The Gallup field of N.M, runs -across the line into Apache 
 Co. Ariz, but ic not as yet much developed. Other coal seams are 
 recorded in Final Co. 
 
 K,& M,J. The Deep Creek Coal Fiolds Ariz. -Dec. 17. 1881, p 404, 
 Mineral Resources L883 & 1884 p. 18. 
 
S8 
 
 > JCfioO bn# OJfOjTabft-- 
 
 mo-it OG> .91,11 ,3.t.A .nlaisd XsoO l 
 
 .* 
 
 <,IX.E.M .fiV .oO bXexlieJeorfO lo sjfoO Xii/*flW eriT .V 
 
 ofi\+ le ono*ab/ta8 bH waft rtt lo a/xoUaXaJ! orfJ ETo^ofT 
 
 .O.,ii bits ,aV moJejsSI lo arfooH anliattf XsoO orfj oJ yoU 
 
 2 ,Jaaa .00-1*1 .01 , ,A 
 
 M i. t .# lo odi^oM XBSi*i^cf2 l>rcs Isolscio 
 
 .2.L.A .BVi>nomrio ; 
 
 rroqu e- t .H ,j 
 
 'to eaf. 
 
 .r-. ; ' ' ,-{j- rri (eJin^il) X:oO 
 
 bnfi qjj a/tut obiw oelhrr 00^ o^ >',.!> la a (I 
 'rfiria lla tQ aiAoo .rf-XIeoxo MotJfci fut^ rrc oH 
 
 lo el)ed eaerlT^ ,of>lvl& Ifl^rrenlJfroo en 
 
 S^ - r ^ol tan 3nlxX V* ***" n f * ot oulav lo 
 
 rft ai .Toaoqrujq Aloiiov/oxf ^ro^ osXc ba ooac UlicfanMI 
 
 oo- SrtoXed ^erff .modi %i ^ms erf* no xioisoi t 
 
 crit ni ,oO a4 J^oQ Jt itworr3( rrui alcoO .ool S I 
 
 i'.8art mvil Joe*ioqi aX ai JcoO .fie 
 ? rcr.r/oa Bftlwor, .UJtoanf*ns ^orfvoraoa .oO 
 
 nwiw oulM oid? iraR erft 013 l|alf*fl* *i , 
 Jbn/3 .M.M nx ijesu Ylavlano^txe fins 6e/th 
 i9rx viotliio^ erit la J?** OT*B&W Off* ! lovO f F 
 
 aoniffl eri^ 01* ,a f oO oXIiX^nica ftrrc jsleneXr -fA 
 
 sie^neo loirlo erfT ,XI* lo cviw* swn r!^ ra 
 
 na ol^n^XM orfl Tel : >rjj ai X^Oi tlod 
 
 moil emfioa lo i&dMM A ..Xs9 js *r*t ais ^1 3*i6<|erTiir* rfoldv 
 
 rre^alx wl? 'a<Mpfe c- 
 
 aenirn erfT .mraicrf nfed snoX a^f Y$nro f AtHsS ^flc* 
 
 Btnuwn* XXraa eeti&v^cr IStw ooIXtfeD soJ 
 erl* tel IBOO M4 eoubofq .oO aoaT ! gc c/fT 
 
 oiew .oD xjalXot) t not*H 1MV NUia rfT ..f.fT.O.JI 
 
 ^ns^roqcni- d-aorn eri^ von e^ im 07(10 w Y*vlan?>Jx0 ecf o ?rft 
 
 mrfcrrrl eta afcod lo iedKJ/i A 5!.fJ.1.2 A.TfA erf^ 10! 
 ftiori^jjoa YXXfiJJ^ii.v ai bX*l XBOO fri3' \J r? 
 
 eis suudaaexa f>na nd-s5f ..XoD lo aei* xo 
 
 , 
 T8 nt 7.Q05 as'ni t sno^ ^torfa S^C.veX byoirfio- 
 
 ano^sc 
 i-rsx * 
 
 M.M ni c ^xojjiri^itA lo do/tiii/soO srf^ no 83(iBine5r .W.5 *:.;crcr, 
 o^nx nlX dri* aa^toa sn- ^o bXail q oiiT 
 
 -rorilO .fcoqoXeveb riowm ^ex & 
 
 .oO XB1*I rrl bM 
 
 .VX .09Q-sliA ftlelY XoO 3l&9ir M A, 
 
 H X- 
 
S3 
 
 Colorado. No other state is richer in coals than Colorado 
 exoept perhaps one or two in the Appapachians, and iv is fa;i-t becoa 
 ing one of the foremost producers* . / 
 
 THE EASTERN SLOPE. 
 
 As the prairie region rises in the foothills the up -turned edge, 
 of the Cretaceous rocks appear from under the Tertiary lake depos- 
 its of the plains, ' In their upper members, the Laramie Stago, are 
 round the coal seams, extending along the foothills with broken 
 intervals from the southern portion of the state to its northern 
 boundary o In the extreme south in Las Animas Co is the Trinidad 
 fdeid s which is the northern prolongation of the Raton district of 
 UjMao The entire field covers perhaps 750 sq. miles The principal 
 seam is the Trinidad from 6 f to 14 f thick but Wheelers Survey 
 records in all 32 seams although only two or three are workable 
 
 The coals make excellent coke* The hief mining towns are K.I 
 Itoro, Sopris and Starkville, they furnish more coal than any o.Vncir 
 one district, (Views and Geological sections). 
 
 Coming north the next important district centers aboui Walscn>- 
 burg Important mines have been worked for some years just north 
 of the Cucharas River and recently important developments have been 
 made . at Rouse* (Views and sections). 
 
 The next important mining center to the north is near Oanon City 
 at the entrance to the Royal Gorge. The coal which is of a super- 
 ior quality is obtained from a small basitr south of Canon City at 
 Coal Creek,/' 
 
 ^Oak Creek, Rockvale and Williams burg. Two workable seams are 
 known both rather narrow being but from 3 l/^ f to 4 ? and numerous 
 smaller ones. Out in the prairie 10 miles east of Colorado Sprin- 
 gs a limited exposure of Laramie strata is found at Prance villa and 
 in it a 10* seam. This is extensively worked by the Denver and 
 Now Orleans R.R. . North of here the coal does not occur* for some 
 Distance, Sedalia being the next mining district Much attention 
 has lately been given to the so-called Denver basin, and its geolo- 
 gy will form the subject of a forthcoming monograph by S P 'B?nraoiis a 
 
 Nearly twenty miles east of Denver at Scranton in tho upper 
 Laramie mines in lignite of a rather inferior character have been 
 opened. West of Denver the Laramie is again found in the foothills 
 end is mined at various points. Golden is an important one, then 
 in or dor going north come Louisville, Langford and Erie, The seams 
 run from 3 J to 12 f averaging 6*. These are the oldest mines and 
 were opened in the early sixties Those mines of the eastern slope 
 are usually classified as the Northern,- it he central and the south-/ 
 em divisions. . . > 
 
 THE PARK REGION. 
 
 Only one coal area occurs in the parks (see p. 5, VIII) and this 
 is at Como on the U PR,R t ,0no seam 5* to- 7 f thick is worked 
 furnishing what is called tho Leehner coal* 
 

 
 
 
 . 
 
 qA erf* nt ow* to 
 
 r aIIirf*oo'J erf* fil aet-H: noiBi 91 
 
 p arfsoi a, 
 
 x'ifij erf* t e*i0<fcBWtt ^eqcfif tierf* 
 
 sooj wtt s*- ->iiii>iij>_t ^>g 33 
 
 rr: ti 0* e*s*t erftf to flpWI^il^W^W 08 rft 
 
 Ib ft- 
 
 
 
 : . ; 
 
 its 3d 
 
 
 i 
 
 ei 
 
 awel 
 
 ' 
 
 
 :' 
 
 fcnwt 
 
 fcftJB it 1<J &* 
 
 -ur tf 80C 
 
 1 fc snlrflm 
 
 . 
 
 t ni 
 
 
 ' 
 
 erii 
 
 
 
 09 8 *n 
 
 : 
 
 Orf* 
 
 
 eqo. 
 
 rU 
 
 - 
 
 r sea) wKiiJi erf* ni tt'Pittt 
 .U 'V o* f 3 rracs citO ,H,H 
 
 X. . 
 c*O9 ^PMMMPi^ ^^* 
 
THE WESTERN SLOPE* 
 
 Great interest is now centering on the coal seams of La Plata 
 Coo in the south west near Durango* They are developed to- som-3 
 extent and promise to supply the neighboring portions of N,M- ' P.nr1 
 Utah in the near future-. The ccitl is in the usual Laranrio and 
 forms a mumber of seams The Maranoth was reported at 90 3 but reaHJy 
 is a great inter lamination of shale and coal, the largest ss-am 
 being but 7 ! * Considerable mining has already been dene to supply 
 the local smelters and general demand. Coming north the country 
 is very badly broken by eruptive outpourings, and the next impor- 
 tant coal area is met about the middle latitudes of the state a 
 
 In the Elk Mtns of Gunnison Co, are a number of outlying fields, 
 some changed to anthracite (Crested Butte) while others arc coking 
 coals Some as Coal Basin and Gunnison Mtn are not yet reached by 
 rail* Coal Basin is described by J*S.Newberry as an eliptical 
 valley from which the strata dip away on all sidec* show ing five 
 or six workable beds. St*ll -further north the upturned Laramie 
 beds run north westerly in a creat so-called Hog-back. This brings 
 to the- surface in Jerome Park a long exposure of noal seams v/hieh 
 are now reached by the Midland R.R.. Again belov; Glenwcod Springs 
 along the Grand River this ridge crosses the stream making the 
 coal accessible and important mines aro developing at Newcastle* . 
 
 Here are six good seams of whieh one, the thickest is 4-5 and 
 another 16 ', the rest smaller. (Detailed description). 
 
 The coal bearing strata then bear away tor the north west to the 
 TThite River country whore they are abundant but not yet developed* 
 
 In 1875 Col. produced 98838 tons, in 1880 375000, in 1385 1U398, 
 796, in 1889 2,373.954. The Trinidad region produced rather more 
 than one third of this total. 
 
 E.& M.J.our. The Coal Fields of La Plata Co. Col. Juno 29. 78 p 441 
 Hayden F.V. Prelim. Ropt. 1869. See also 40th Parallel Survey Vol 
 
 III. p. 481. 
 
 Hewett^C. The Northwestern Col. Coal Region. M a E. XVII* 375., 
 Hills, R.O. In Vol. II. Halls Hist of Col. 
 King Clarence The Green River Coal Basin. 40th Parallel Survey 
 
 Vol. III. p. 451 
 
 Lakes A, Annual Rpts Col. Sen .of Mines especially 1889 Rec* 9 
 Lesquereux L. On the Formation of the Lignite Beds of the Rocky 
 
 Mtn Region A,J,S. III. 7, 29. 546. 
 
 McNeil J, Reports of the State Inspector of Goal Mines. 
 Mineral Resources. All the Volumes. 
 
 Newberry J.S. The Coals of Col. Sof M. Quarterly IX, 327 Rec* 
 Potter H? B, The Character and Composition of the Lignite Coals f 
 
 Col, M.E.V. 365. Rec. 
 
 Utah* The coal fields just mentioned in northwester Colo 
 extend westward into Utah and northward into Wyoming* The Laramie 
 is overlaid by Tertiary strata but is exposed 'dn places by esosion 
 or disturbance. Coal is extensively mined along the D & RG R.'R 
 
HT 
 
 won ai Jsatetax j 
 
 <.cO 
 drf?,x^ .IB oJ ec *xo 
 
 .eti/ti;! is 
 
 .91 BBW rfJoatsaM (T .amae ddteR 
 
 ,taX 9rfJ ,Xsoe baa oljeria lo no j a a$ 
 
 od x^eila SBfi Bxtxrcim aid, ..'V * ted 
 
 laaol eriJ- 
 ic' si 
 
 er!J lo aoxjjj^iJ-aX elbjbxa erf* Juodjs ^am ai JBOIS I BOO J-nct 
 
 a e*ia .oO rcoaxnxu/3 'io aojtf -rl 
 
 ^, oia Bieri^o elxrlw (cU'jja -beiT- *x oa-iri tna o* )9aftario omoa 
 
 tY j-on eta ftJM noaxnm/C bna niaaS XaoO aa emo3 .&IBOO 
 
 XJD . na aa v*rie<5w; foael) ax nlaafl .Ix^t 
 
 ra IXa no yawa qxi) aJ'^iJ'a >ii^ ri-- :o*xl ^oXIav 
 
 ion terl^rirl 1X4^ bed c > to 
 
 aj^ni'id t. e >{oscf ..)-oa : iwt sbed 
 
 rfairfw.emcoa Xeot *io ;X5 BnoX a Xia*! waot^t, r 
 
 C _/ *sf t ^^ A tf Cf t-. t*r r -. rfcaM" * x^ rv f\Am 
 
 _aff nxajg^ >i*n JDCISJL 
 
 ari* eaaaota ;,t teviH bt 
 
 ' tutinff&Vi *a s/tiqfoJ.cvsr otjs tafflm ^naJ^ioipal bns ol: 
 Ian 
 
 (noxlqJbVMNKb JbeXlB^eQ) .foIXana ^aa^f oiW c ' " '*'- 
 
 '- 
 
 vl) J*9T ^cn to/d cfftsbni/ds ot5 o^xiffr 
 
 >aVS 088X nj I nl' 
 
 e-:-.-r it iiooiifc -q n b^binxiT orfT .^66.? 
 
 .Ijard 
 
 .two. 
 C^ oela s3 .608X .tqoH .mUdt^I .V.I 
 
 : . T 
 
 '.'7X-.a,M .nox*fl XsoC .IcO ntodriowil^toW erfT 
 
 .XoO CxH 
 
 ltla8 Xa 
 
 ac a*qH laiotrt^ .A e^tel 
 
 "o B.&eS edinaiJ i^ufio^ erf^ nO *I xi 
 
 .o^a *e .V .III .2.1, A no*3*a iNM 
 .aoitiM Ise 'O^aeqawl t ed^ lo aMoqefl .1. 
 
 . 
 
 XI ^Ii9nMPM *o ' ; to alaoO .teW 
 
 is -aoqaiG-' b;ts Tf:toAiifO ariT .a,W -so; 
 
 aleewfC^ion fix Jbenox^rtwn fatfl laoo oriT rf 
 
 ulawxP o*" A'rilnoa IMHI da^U oini bnawJaew bno^xo 
 
 M al^T^T 
 
 H.B.r A a arf* 3nola lieitlM Hvl8if9tM al IMt MfMntarb 10 
 
at the Pleasant Valley' Mines and at Sohof ield* In the former the 
 soam is reported at II 9 in tho latter at 28 a Further vast &onl Ir; 
 mil) pel at tho San Pete Mines and down in the southwestern pat- 1. of 
 th? territory near tho iron deposits mentioned under Typo l.; P coal 
 is found at Cedar City which may be of importance in csnnetttion 
 with tho iron oro of Type 14. The oldest productive district of 
 Utah is however along the Vober River northeast of Salt' Lake, 
 v/horo are tho Coalvillo and Grass Creek Mines or scares 7 s and 11* 
 thiclr, In connection with these reference should be made to the 
 mines at Evanston and Almy just over the Wyoming line* 
 Utah produced in 1885 213.120 tons, in 1887 1SO121 tons 
 Ashburner C.A. Coal Production in Utah in 1886 M,E, 16 35G 
 
 C 9 Tho Green River Coal Basin 40th Parallel Survey V01.IH451 
 
 T7yomin&. The northern extension of the Utah and northwestern 
 Col. fields afford much coal in Wyoming. The scams outcrop soms 
 350 miles along tftie U.P.R.R, by which corporation they are virtu- 
 ally controlled. The coal at Rock Springs is the bes.t for ^ner-al 
 uso and is one of tho Groat domestic coals of the prairie region- 
 The mines at Carbon (scam 9*) find at Almy supply the fraiiro-id with 
 fuol In 1G70 105,295 tons v;oro produced, in 1375 s 300 803 r in 
 1080, 527.311, in 13S5* S07.32G, and in 1837. 1.170,318, 
 Mineral Resources. All tho Volumes. 
 
 Montana, Much attention lias boon siven in tho last few years 
 to Montana coal, especially in connection with railways* Coal is 
 known in several districts, which however do not socm to equal 
 those of tho country to tho south The most important field is 
 at Bozcman on tho H.P.R.R. in tho southern central portion of tho 
 state. A 4 f soam affords the railways its fuel for the Mont* div:ls 
 ion. They arc placed by G.H.Slclredso (lth Census Vol, XV p a S95 
 and 739) below tho Fox Hills probably in the Colorado Sta^o* 
 
 North of Bozeman is the Judith fiold, and further east, south of 
 StiUv/ator is tho Rock Creek, and north ef Billings is tho Bull 
 Mtn. Then to tho north, near the treat Palls of the Missouri is 
 the Groat Palls Field oponcd aion^ Sand Coulee Creek, Eldrodge 
 referred this to tho Lower Cretaceous and fossils sinee described 
 by J'*SNewberry prov* it to be belov; the Dakota Stage Much poer 
 lignite is also known alone the Kissourl River. 
 
 Montana produced in 1333 19795 tons, in 1SS5 06440 (Max) 
 in 1CC7. 10202. The small amount in '07 was due to tho strikes 
 Davis T7 M 6 Relation cf the Coal of Mont, to the Older Rocks, 10th 
 
 Census XV. p. 697. 
 
 G.T7. The Coals of Mont. 10th Census XV. p. 739, 
 Mineral Resources All the Volumes, espooially ,^4 Rec, 
 Newbcrry J 9 S. Tho Great PaUs Cor.l Field. S.&f M. Quarterly VI 1 1/32 7 
 
v; aeitJtU \eXJ:sV Jrifc fi 
 
 II JB fc 
 orus eorriM eJo<! nar 
 
 rtt i/ 
 
 ad ^{fira rfoJrrhr Y-**^ isbe 
 TOi/bO'iq: JaofcXa cwiT .X acr^T *io 
 
 t'"^2 lo JasoriJton tcvJt^ iedeW oftt s^ 10 ^ tovewerf ai fCalV 
 
 /t oIIlrvlB o* 
 
 roltoonnoo rrl 
 
 ifllA I tBHEV^ C- 
 
 X nl ,axiel OSI.&I2 db*U 
 
 tU it/ on^oi^ j 
 
 ,-r W 2 ; iaa XnoD levlf! nee-rC orfT D 
 
 1 
 
 AM^tOtfT arfT .; 
 
 'OfMMff n; 
 
 ori^ $ 
 
 ) cilBonot 
 
 oisoa) od^ 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 1 . 1 /to v E d ftdfl fi 
 
 ^oun- 
 
 .or a on ;.^wwtf lHrto ^a^ortcraib ax 
 
 r *. . - . *. .~ 4r*- ~cv r f * T.I ^MflB 
 
 , " - "ft & /' dl^^H ^i^^^Hi 
 
 ** v 
 
 oifr 1 lfii*fio irwtW -:I* ni .H.Tu^.O exli o 
 
 cvif> *$tt' -^ s^i ax^' 7 ^^^* 1 of ^ abiol^s nus a ^ A Ml 
 
 loV enanoO rf^iX) osbsifcir:.H.O x^ bocXg cn^ ^erfl .n 
 
 loIoC :; aXIl 
 
 I /cawosol lo rf^ 
 
 lO Xe 
 
 si i-xx/oaaxM : 5 eXI j : ^ taofl riJ ^ * n 
 
 S v "^ <Uw pJU ^mHHW'"" '^P^HWl^^^ flBBB*^* c** **w * ^ 
 
 rM ori.- r^noXu mroroC ocXrs ai 
 
 [5 orit o* .taM 1o 'io rtoi^aXoH 
 
 V .q .VX awanoO ri^rCX . tnoM te aXuoO odT .17.9 
 
 . xXXsiaeqa* .semwXoV sdt XIA *MVMW*i J 
 
 _ r r tr * m r\ _ -. ' *~i"*f -^^0|H^I 
 
86 
 
 COAL (LIGNITE) ON THB PACIFIC SLOPE 
 
 California, There is one small csal field in Cal j'"si;- ^as'c 
 of San Francisco known as the Monte Diablo Field* This contains 
 three v/erkable setups (Sections)*' The e^al* is net of very excolTe 
 quality ft-nd is chiefly Used for ct earning as it contains amah su.l* 
 phur , Other iEi.ij.ar lignites have been worked to some extent* 
 
 Cal receives its eoal from Oregon, W&sh British Colvjvibiu. r ana 
 rotnrruns grain shi^s, from Australia and Graofc Britain* Ua;. u 
 produced in 186 1 6620 tons, in 1S?0 141890, ISSfo 13372^,, 
 1885V 77405, 1387 . 50000* ' 
 Goodyear W A C Coals of the Pacific Ceast. /?cc , 
 
 Kept cf Gal, State Mineralogist 1887 * 
 Minor al Ro r : cure c 3 3 
 
 f*4f 
 
 Oregon, There is one coal field in Oregon known now t? ec-ver 
 several humdred square miles, the Coos Bay about 100 alias north 
 of the Calo line. One seam of sS out 4 l/ ? is mined at several 
 point 8<> The ce-al is of fairly good quality but the harbcr is bad 
 and oixl.y s3ma3.i vessels oan bo used and even these may 'be stern: 
 bound^ The coal is called Tertiary* - The production of Oregouo 
 1G60-, 3lft5 tens, 1370, 20557, 1S80* 35415, 13S5. 5 0000 / in 
 1C^7 6 ' 31G96 a The earlier yaars are the receipts at San Franc isooo 
 Goodyear \T 6 A* Coal Mines of the Pacific Oiast p t 83 Ree 
 Mineral Ro sources. 1385. and 13S7, 
 
 Washingten, The coal area around Puget Sound is extensive 
 and furnishes excellent coal that is shipped all along the coast. 
 The coal is found along a bolt 10-34 miles bask of Pu#et Sound and- 
 extending from British Columbia south almost to the Columbia River-, 
 
 The coal is accessible in comparatively few place--; because of a 
 great development of gravel, f volcanic disturbances 9 and of deep 
 forests that hinder prospecting. The coals occur in the Laramie 
 which is from 8-14000*. They vary in quality from a soft air 
 slacking lignite to good bituminous coking coals. Their properties 
 are largly due to the geolecie-1 disturbances through which they 
 have passed and to their nearness to igneous outbreaks. Bcllingham 
 Bay on the north ij TChatcome Co. Is the oldest mining district but 
 was abandoned in 1873-, The How Castle and Rent en Mines are oast of 
 Seattle and^tho Franklin further away"". on the came railrthad* 
 
 The \7ilty3on field is southeast f Tacoma and contains eight or 
 ten beds fram 3 C to 14-* 3 Another exposure occurs at the headwaters 
 of the Yakiraa River (Ln ths? eastern slopes of the Cascade Mtns at 
 R^ilyr^Seotlen^J The production of \7ashingt on ^1S60 Bellingham Bay - 
 5490, 1865, 14446. 18G9. 20552. 13S0 12o741. 10D5. ?S0250. 
 1887 609-023, The earlier years are the receipts at San Francisco 
 Goodyear '^oA Coal Minos of the Pacific Coast p,99< 
 Mineral Resource s, Espocially 1836o p.337<, Roc, 
 
33 
 
 3 01*1 OA* EHT MO (JCTItfOU) JAOD 
 t Isf>o Xlsma eno ai oiorfT sxn 
 -ia oJnoM srfj a* 
 
 '.ri-*)V '.' ' J" TJS09 Off? - 
 
 ni***m J* SB s&nxmBeJo il Jbd.aJj \ r 
 -3,tAo *ncm $ fcejteow need avsri aetlfr^ir t 
 
 s 
 ,E 
 
 I 0?8! nf. ,8fto^ 02 ..-rfcj 
 
 -3 cTOC: 
 
 erf^ 1c .0 
 
 - 
 
 
 ct wort rtwOiijC no^ft^O nt blot no aJt eiorf? ,n: 
 
 n 001 J-JJOda ^c3 ac IJtn oio&rpB i9tb=tujri 
 
 fcorrlm 81 '^\f -^ *wo efe lo r: c *rxll I 1o 
 
 fi Oilt *i/d X^i^si/p boos vlitsl. ^o I toq 
 
 cauiIJ- nsvt Lrts Aeai/ orf rtse alosG^r i tcr^ ^.D 
 :r:0 lo nojtJ*;Jb9tq orfT ,VJfi^*i T fcoXI* J J 8-^ Isof; f 
 
 ni \ooooa <ai*es .ofxai t vceos ,OVPI 
 
 ft/sB ^B ad-qisoet erit o*c afcc^ foll^tss odT , ,f ' 
 
 .o BOiiiH IsoO .^ 
 .V na .ci"'CI .aoD'tr. 
 
 aJ: J>mroS te^w^ fcm/oi nets laoo crfT 
 .18JBOO rf* sjfiolfj Jbogqiria al 
 
 > ai 
 
 :idn.:'of) ori^ * J-aomJLa rltuoc .^id.^rloD riai^xiS 
 a *rc oaaorf asaelq wol ^Ic-vl^nc ;ntoo ni dia8ocoo el 
 qoot re ,30oftsd*oj^3ib o. r lo t !ovBt3 1: 
 
 efiO9 crff .nffi^-oqeo*rq; loBnirf tol 
 
 dloa a mott v*H&;/p nf '.;ir.v ^arfT .*OOQ*J-3 arorrt ei rlolrfw 
 tiorfT .alnoo snirfoo auoniLiuJ-icf Jboo^ o^ oJ*/rrxI -a 
 
 rfoiilw fi^i/oiri^ aeoxtedruj^all) I::ot^Jooa x!^ oJ- t 
 
 awooxt^i oJ aaorrt^en *rrorf* o^ IJCTCB fcoeaaq 
 jrft af ,oO om I fi rfjforr orif no 
 
 J3BO mil i V8I nx I ^3dfi 
 
 no '^Y/S i.rlttirt: niljtoan^ 
 to Jrf3*e anxs^rtoo xjrra amooeT *o d-aEorftwoa sx I>rcil rro- 
 orft ^e aii/ooo saraocpc r irrttonA c f > o* ; rnc 
 ? ert.-tH o: " orfif lo oocpla ms^aso ^rf^ flA novxH .^!i^tfiY odJ 
 
 OS3X,_ftoJ3nirfaJB\7 lo noitoirBoiq "aoH 
 
 OSGX .saaos t>ecx 
 
 crfj- ores aicex noiXiuo rfT C S> 
 
 orfJ- IG aortlM IcoD 
 c a 
 
87 
 
 Cr^y- Jo So' AaAoAa'Bv l5d. ' 
 "tfi^V^" c 1'^ GenaUgo Vel* XV, p. 
 
 note* fetfwo aoala extend into British Calixdbia an4 are extensive 
 ly mined on Vt^>simr^ Z^j^l , lifcm&ji 5 an ftwmtl&tj drws-& 
 part of its siapplyV 
 
 Alaska* ccal is also know* in ft^iawtw of phases in 
 Admiralty Is., Ot.Jctes Bay nft*r*0itk*$ artid in 
 Passing vessel* occasionally tide lt 
 Mineral Rssour</*s* 184 p*19* 
 E*& MoJour Jan. 17* 18SO p,47* 
 ?vioss RJ e Coal in the Ai*rHlc ftogionfi* Proc. Roy. 8oe Dub. May. 1873 
 
 lignite is tallied in *$*&&& fher* are three areas 
 according to S^T,Du3ible avite (jreA^JUrft. (a) the 2olignit4o on the 
 north oast, (Jb) the Central in the middle of the State, !?o) the 4 
 Mount ali? ;>' in trui smith ^f03t* r rho last naimd is Laramie, the 
 first is Sc^corie* About 7500Q short tons were produced in 1S8T, 
 Bumble f Miiumtl Heumtroas 1006 p3'i7, Reo. ^^Vi i ^r^ y '^v 
 Note,, ln^':^ie't*^2:1/ Xlgnito fcorl^ are imovm in Miss and at Gay ; ' 
 Head Mar^l)ja,j Vit;c?ya]f'(l a^d lkfcifc!BtdjS*10<M of vogotable material 
 more or less carbon J.^^d aro elce^rliors hioim but are of no practical 
 value a 
 
 fable of Analyses of LirJ/UHi t also Areas* 
 
 Volatile 7ixed 
 
 Hybroct Carbon Ash 8 HO Sp.Gr SgM 
 Tav& Wartb Carolina 3O.5 ' 5B4 6V36 2*19 Iv95 
 Wyoming Rock Sprlcg 55> to S - t ,&4r4 1V73 7*00 2avOCX) 
 
 Colorado 2H,o 34r#5 4r7*3 3>40 148 
 
 * Canoil City 35v3 50^*9 3.15 1>'04 5V03 1V363 
 
 * El Itoro 29V82 56v41 1S'82 0^'4l 095 
 CJ' .'.ton J'naji Mine 3^'30 54>39 6.S9 0.8S4 1.112 
 
 * Crested Butt a 5.35 89v7S 2v77 1V58 
 Kftwcastle. Seam B. 42>5S 43*60 797 O ft ^09 1.85 
 
 Hew Mexico Raton 35vOO SI/. 50 10.40 3.10 
 
 Utah Plesant Valley 3975 49,35 5.60 0.27 4.80 1.27 
 
 3^59 41.9 5v34 2O.O 
 4^'fi4 43'CS 7v41 4.16 
 Alaska /dmlpaUy Id o7 96 57,49 U55 0.73 S.OO 
 
 Coals 
 
 These analyses are mostly takon from the Mineral Resources 
 and 1S85 C Several also from Vol. 15 10th Census. 
 
 BMJiS PROPER, I. BITUMINOUS. 
 
 , Iron and Oil ( Unscientific). 
 
 Lesley JP. Manaal of Goal and its Topography. Philadelphia 1856 
 , MacFarlane J Coal Reg : ^:is of Ar^yiea Roc. 
 " Prlne F - The Coels of t; .^ U S S. 10th 09nsus Vol. XV p. 505 Rec. 
 
 Taylor R Gc, Statistics of Goal* {.' ...-*?*"/ ' 
 

 .* .V3C . 
 
 VJUofetea eta ftim aJdarlO KaJbJl^S ojn* ar; 
 
 ft* 
 
 J^ AV '*-n + 
 
 oata 1 laoO c 
 
 aatf '{IXer;oi8jioo 
 
 ^ .oarH IsisnxW 
 
 *V i! VI .xTflT* litoli'oM A 3 
 
 iit'MA 8rf* itl X . H aaoM 
 
 tw ai s^twaU woa *<iaxeT.^ 
 o e**tiioS erfi () .jna-y^c^ jri^o tldtoiia.T.a .oooe 
 
 trf* (oV t e*mta td^ to ftjUkfcfu crft itl 
 
 flatJ: al ixmrr 
 rrl 
 
 *i;^.n-*^4..V.j. JJ . :, .. 
 
 ' i / KTS%3r n *sV e> w *\ciq c< a oXtfanid 
 
 k''! A^tk^i.^._Jb%t..l. 
 
 lo 
 on lo arts ^ird mrorrl c to ^-irm 
 
 m ^ - A \^44I 
 
 oaXs ,p ;J lo 
 
 OH 8 rfaA nod^taO ,o*f<fxH 
 
 I 9XS a&rd >.,O W 8 v a; aitiJoiaD r; 
 
 00T Tvl ^-,M. V 
 
 S'*X 0^5 5,T4S -^ 
 
 cova *ox 5xc 9.oa ^*io 
 
 ae*o x*vo sr *$ 13 
 
 icx.i w^-.o w,o er w *e ot^c 
 
 8avx TT-.-S svey . 
 
 cCi Vvp- T(rV 03*t ^ 9^'ft\IA> . St 
 
 x.fi c*vO N j oe, oo<a Kotj 
 
 OB.* ffto oaa ao. 
 
 X* a V v* K* 9/.tb&D 
 
 00*5 STO aax w*Ta 
 
 ricf itiott rroXat xXJac/ 
 rfJOl ax .XoV moict oeXa I/rieveB ,?*U 
 
 *1 
 
 ) X10 IM-J-^ 
 
 881 aiifqXoJbaXlif 1 ! trfqa-fao<toT ^1 bna Is 
 
 *oeH at 
 
 . - *^ A *^- - - * *-- 
 
 VX ,IoV auerrcC' r{,*Cl ,2 4 U "io a enIH^ 
 
 ( .IoD r l-j SSid'GJ. IfBj? 
 
83 
 
 The bituminous coals of Carboniferous- Age occur in four great 
 areas in the U.S. and one in Nova Scotia* In describing then they 
 will be taken up from vest to east in-arder to lead up geographic 
 cally to the anthracites. 1 In the Ui S' , 120yOOO square 7nil3 are- 
 estimated to contain workable beds. ' 
 
 1. The Alleghany Area. 59000 sq. milos* In Penn. Ohio, Wost Va 
 Mdop Va., Ky s , Tenn, Ga. f Ala., 
 
 2 The Eastern Central Area 47.000 sq milos in 111,, Ind* and 
 West- Ky a * 
 
 3 The Miahigan Area 5700 sq miles, in the southern Peninsular 
 of Midi* This area is so buried under glaeial drift as to bo but 
 imperfectly explored and not much developed* Views* 
 
 4* Tho Western Central Area 78000 sq miles (not all of work- 
 able coal) in lov/a, MSJs*.; Kan,, Ark., Ind. s Ty. and Texas, 
 
 5 The Acadian Area 2200 sq, miles in Nova Scotia, If ooal is 
 put on the freo list, this area will be of vast importance to the 
 New England States* 
 
 THE WESTERN CENTRAL AREA. 
 
 Indian Territory. The important productive eoal mofcmuros begin 
 in the south in Indian Ty. in whoso eastern portio$ th*y are 
 strongly developed. Tho mines are situated at Ataka, Lehigh and 
 McAllister and supply the southwestern railways. They arc operated 
 under loas^from the Chootaw tribo. 
 
 Arkansas. The eoal area of Ark. occurs in the western central 
 part of the state and has attracted much attention of late years 
 especially since the geological survey spread Information about It. 
 
 The coal is both bitumlnious and semi anthracite. The wrk&ble 
 bods run 4 f ~6 f ; at Coal Hill in the most productive mine the cross- 
 section is Ooal 21 - -22 f Shale 4 1 Coal 24"-25 f . The analyses show- 
 these coals to bo high in sulphur. In the older books they are 
 often spoken of as the Spadra coals from one of tho mines. 
 Mineral Resources, All tho Volumes. 
 TTinslow a A, Annual Rept. Ark. Qeol, Surv. 1888. Vol. Ill* 
 
 Kansas. In Kansas the coal occupies a strip about four coun- 
 ties deep on tho east* Tho Cherokee seam in tho southeast is the 
 most productive. It ranges from 3 f -4 f . It furnishes a good bit*- 
 uminous coal which is coking and is used in the local lead and 
 zinc works. (Seo Type 25). Osage Co. in tho eastern central part 
 of tho state also furnishes much ooal, but tho seam is only from 
 12 f ~20*o All these coal belong in tho middle ooal moasures 
 
 Tho Kansas area runs north into south' atom Neb. wharo some 
 small mining is- done. 
 Hicks L,E 3 A,AoA a S. 1880. p, 217. 
 
 Missouri. Nearly the northwestern half of Missouri is under- 
 lain by coal d the area being estimated at 27000 sq miles ^ Bates Co 
 in the west is most productive, followed by Macon, Lafayotto, and 
 Randolph along the Mo. Rivor in the central portion. The Rich Hill 
 
'. 
 
 o aA ai/otatiffOd-wO to alJioo affoniirxitid 
 dxioaei* xil ,aijoa3 avoH ni erto Jbn* 
 
 tafiiavrti Jaas o* taew moi^r -.H fi j : w 
 
 ;& : 3T8*rpa OOOvOSX , *8 *J rft ni , 8 *t^o 
 
 .afcad IdaaCiow nxaJnoa j-arnx* 
 
 JaoW pxrfO .me? rtl .aeXxar ,pa OOOee ,*otA xarfseIl-A. ;uiT ,x 
 
 *aXA t j> ,rt. 
 W fiftc 1I ^XII rtl tollfli pa 000. V* A*iA Xa'x^ftcO rrts^e, 
 
 fU al ,!! pa OOVa aeiA ftaalrfciM orfT 
 ocf o^ afi m-l> Ifi^tjiXa iJbnii fcelrtwd oa ei ! airfT . . 
 avtiV ,fc<|plvot rfowm ^on l>na fceiolqpce 
 ) a*IJcm pa OCOft? aetA XijrdD mo^aoV/ 
 
 f UiA ,.nX 8t t awol -rf i 
 
 nl aalJra.pa OOS& tA jwibaoA sri r 
 o* cnsJioqpn* *MV to od lllw AJSIB airft - t txi os , 
 
 ,ASHA lAHwarc Kflsraanr 
 
 oaorfw nl ^T rtBxJbnl nx 
 
 rr* >lm orfT 
 \-eriT .t*^Xxjif xfxetewil^j/oa wit 
 
 odxiJ 1 wsJeo/iD !sr(t moil^aoX 
 x iweao ,3Ct4 to *< Xoa orfT .aaemiiA 
 
 atft*t ttfaX to ftox^necfla rfoinn fc4*Mttfl ari iirui e*^a odt to ttsq 
 ^otfa ftoxtaartotnx I>**TC[B xsvore Xaox^oXooB eri^ ortia vilaxooqao 
 
 fcttB ax/oifrxnwJM ri^od ai 
 
 erf* onxst evi^ow^oici ^aom ari* rtf XXxH XeoO ^^ sfiod 
 
 woria aeatrftfu rfT dS-*^ XoO f ^ Xil8 ^SS- 11 ; tooa 
 
 eta X*rf^ a^ood foAXo erf^ nl .iwrfqXua nx xiaxri o 
 
 aanim :> ano moit .uo fq;E orf* a i no 
 
 .aaoB/XoV arit IIA ,ao 
 
 .in ,iov .aaox ,v*u/a ,xo0Q XIA u-ieH x/r 
 
 -m/oa iwot ^irod* <jxi*a a aexcprooo Xaoa art* ajQanra) aX 
 
 orf* ax *anorf*i/oa orf* nx auea ionerfO adT ..tajis rf^ no q*el> ael* 
 6001 a eerfalrt-art tl , f > f 5 mortt aeaoai tl .evx^cuLoiq 
 
 XaaoX arf* rr* &OBJJ ai fcrt* jifljtoo ai xtoxxfw I*oo awcnxraw. 
 Xaid-noa incraji orit ni .oO a^jsaO .(SS^aq^T ocB) .33(10 
 raoxt xXno al Aaaa erf* twd ,1/jca rfajura aariaJtrrf^t oalB a*,. ^/' 
 
 aru/aaoffl Xaoo oXx>x>xe orf* 1 snoXed Xaoa^ eadt IXA ,C 
 aixioa oicariw ,daM iriotaaaRrf^xroa o^nx rf^non enxn seia eflanoX arfT 
 
 9fco si gnirrim XI ana 
 .VXS ,q .OSCX .8. A. A, A 
 
 -fefcrxw ai iwoaaiH to tXrf irtataewrf^on art* xXiK ,i-ujoaelM 
 oO ae^S ,aeXlm pa COOTS it* ^o^ramx^Bd gnied uaijs orl^ 4 Xsoo ^-. 
 
 bn& -e^iTotBtflJ f nocl.( \'d l>wo!Xot f ovitoii)O^ teow 
 
 XXIH rfoxK arfT .noitioq Xi^aa ad* ni tovxH .oM ciir gnols rfql 
 
Mines in Bates Co "are best known, and furnish- an exoollent ooal 
 from a seam 3 1/2* to 5 I/ 2 * thick* Cannel coal, Utm^ly kndifR as 
 Osage Cannel is found in Cooper Co. in thick pockets 
 Pnmpelly R - State Geol. Kept on Iron Ores "and Coal 'J?ield-s 18"4 
 Swallow GoC-,, On the- Coal Measures of Mo, State Rep a 18S5a eo r/loo 
 Ao'J.'S, II, 26. 113. 
 
 Iowa. Nearly the southern half of Iwa is underlain by c-oal- 
 but the productive portions are mostly along the Desmoines R-.b T ey a 
 
 Tho coal seams vary from 2* up to 5' or 6' averaging about 4 ( ' Q 
 M$haska Ksokuk, Lucas and Polk are the most productive scunvleso 
 The coals are inclined to be sulphurous and are only adapted to 
 heating purposes, \^ 
 
 Geological Reports of Iowa, 
 
 V/hitc C 9 A 8 Character of the Unconformability of the Xa a C-:,al Meas- 
 ures on the older Socks A e J S;II, 45 3 331 
 
 THE EASTERN CENTRAL AREA* 
 
 Illinois. Two-thirds of 111. are underlain by the coal meaa= 
 ures and a vrst amount of coal is mined The moat productive <ioun 
 ties are in a diagonal line from the northern central part of the 
 state south to the Miss, River. La Salle Co* on the ncjrth prodaoes 
 rather tho most and next ii\ St Clair Oo opposite St Louis ft 
 Vermiliion Co 3 on the east is also an important diit^dtst^OJ* ooal 
 soams arc reported from 111. but they do not fui'nish especially 
 excellent fuel as the moisture and sulphur are higho ?rom one 
 field however in the southwest in Jackson Co, a vory ^jood quality 
 comes known as the Big Muddy Coal. 
 Cometocko T 4 B a The P^ssil Fuel of 111. etc S e &-M J a May 25th- 
 
 18S*7 and subsequently. 
 
 Johnson J a On tho Wilmington 111. Coal Fields* M,B 3 18Cc 
 Wonthen A H 9 Fuel Resources of 111. A.A^A.So 17. 
 
 t 
 
 Indicia* The 111. Coal fields are oxtenfiod into Indiana 
 covering a strip on the southwestern corner 9 Thero aro ^hrsc beds 
 of coking coal 4 1/fe* to 10* and three open burning 2 1/2- 5 ' 
 Clay Co.. is the most productive and affords the well knos/n 
 block coal", much used for iron furnaces a 
 Geological Reports of Jndiana. 
 
 Kentucky The same field crosses the Ohio River into Ky 
 forms the eastern K*y field* Twelve seams are krxcvm -. oiily" 1 four 
 of which much mining has been done, The coals are apt to he high 
 in Sulphur but some occurrences of good quality have been la'teZt/ ' 
 an^uncedU Tho fiold forms a broad sspolinal with aomsr jalncr folr?.? 
 having the Green River in the axis o? tho troughs The 
 Canine 1 coal occurs en the eastern rim of the basin and 
 for its large yield of oil on distillation. . 
 Reposts of tho Kentucky Geological Survey 
 Allen J.H .Western Ky* Goals and Cokes. M 6 E. 16 , 581., 
 
' 
 
 oO neq ot si l9*itfL' 93 / 
 
 fxo*fl no JqeH .loeO eJeJS ,fl Yllw?*f* 
 .oil to aeweaeK IsoO 
 
 II c 
 
 ; al aw*I to tlarf iriarfjjyoa ei *ol 
 
 9.JJ a/iolfi x^^ooffl erca anoit** 
 
 $1ft?B f d. "TO f fi 0^ qjJ *S /HOT^t V. -C lac 
 
 som eri* *! ilo*! fcfti; BSOJ. ;WM 
 
 >rta aj/ortifriqli/a ed o* ben etB ^ an'T 
 
 rf 
 
 fiwol lo aJ-t -BO 130X0 aO 
 
 . >. 
 
 '.'A - ed* no ec- 
 
 AKXA JAKTKXO fOTOPBAS 3HT 
 ^iisbm/ ot .III to abiJtrf^-owT 
 v; M/tiot al IBOO to tauooui Is v 
 
 erf* mo*xt enll Isnoa^^^ A ni eifi 50 it 
 
 eO 9ll8 BU ,ievUI .saiM arKt o.f ff^cfce s^B-ts 
 
 nlleoqqo t oO ifalO ^2 / i txen fifta taom uh* lori^Bi 
 
 ^ite^toqral na oal al tae rfl rto 
 
 i ,ton ob yorft -.tj;rf III rrrci'i bo^tc -.3 amsea 
 
 e>*f tx/dqlira bna ^*u/tnlB erC^ ec i 
 
 tJ taewrftuoa erit 
 .XBCO x^M sia ari^ aa 
 A *.X ?t .1/1 lo I9JJ* II88..1 srfT ,,a 
 
 Y*rt&tfp0adjja bnrs V38I 
 ^ t M ^.afcletl IoD .III no^yiimliW ori^ 
 VI &.AA,A .III to aoe^ii/oaeJI lew 1 * H A 
 
 AIT I od-rxl bofciio^xe 01* afoldit IoO .III drif 
 T t *jen"ioo n-ro^aowff^woa t)rf* no 
 tud eqo eetrft fwia 8 0l o^ *S\I * laroo $ni 
 
 evfi^ojjfcpiq tao erf* ai ,o 
 noil lot Jbewr rfoi/m , Id 
 
 to aJioqeH 
 
 ; olrfC srl-t 33aeo*io bleJtt emBs eiiT 
 
 - ^ evIevT ,fXeit .x f ^ nioJ-sor; ortt 
 alaoo rfP ,errob rred a/i gnl/fim rfown rfoWw to 
 - / need" evBrf x^-^^wp 1003 to aon0nirooo noa twd iwrfqlwa ni 
 
 fUw IsrrJtlonaa Jbaotd a aimot f>Ioxt orfT 
 
 e^: I crfioiJ oitt to alxB drft nx leviH neeiS ori^ 
 
 s fftaisd orid to mil jfteJaa* erfJ- 1x2 a-u/ooo Icoo 
 
 o 1o fcleiy egifil eti ict 
 
 x^iutm to 
 
 alaoD <,i0 
 
v, Eastern Central Field is separated irrcn- thes Allegh&o? 
 the southern extension of the Cincinnati uplift iSc p c . 4-, iv),; 
 The intervening- country is formed by the earlier Palaooaci^ otrr 
 
 *." ~ * . , 
 
 THE MICHIGAN AREA. 
 
 The Central portion of the southern paninaufa is rfonvd '. -v" % - 
 coal measures. The beds are covered by a heavy sap uf dHftv >uKd 
 are difficult to locate. The mining too has proved very wy& awA as 
 the coal is of inferior grade the developments are comparatively ^j 
 small. The seams run 4 1 and less, 
 
 THE ALIJBGHANY AREA, 
 
 This is the largest and moat productive area and being 1*1 liho ^ 
 oldest po-rtion of the country it has .been most tttt nattily J.etrcX*- 
 opedv It extends from Penn. to Ala. along the line ot th& A"U '^$t] 
 antes 
 
 Alabama.^ The coal fields of Ala, are of o comparatively ; 
 development but they have grown to be of the great-sat import 
 
 The close association of coal, iron ore, and lirfcestono ha. a 
 them a great impetus, (Soo also Type 6) There are librer M 
 the Black Warrior, which is the largest, the Oahaba a -ad. -hft C 
 
 They are separated by the foldings and erosion of the 
 Fifty coal seams are recorded in Ala. but all arc not at pvosont 
 available, Jeffereon Co. in the Warrior field is tho .ja 
 ducer, and of this the principal part comos from tho ih'a 
 Ashburner C ft A a The Development and Statistics cf th Ala 
 
 Fields for 1887 -M S E.- 17 d 206 e Ked. 
 
 Hunt T S e Coal & Iron in Ala* M.E. 11, 23 5 v ?, & M.u, Mar 
 Lyell Cho Coal Field of Eusaaloosa Ala, A 3 JS li:.;^ U7I^ Bos aiVeo 
 
 II. 2. 228. - 
 
 MoCallcy H, Kept on the Warrior Coal Field. Ala fcool.v 37v 8 18?I6'<> 
 Porter "J.B- InC'n Ores <fc Goals of Ala, Ga* & frerm<, M^a 16,, 170 
 P.othwell R a P Ala. Coal and Iron. M<Ec, 2, 
 Smith E Ho Repts of Progress Ala, Geological 
 
 Georgia, The coal measures just cross the bordoi" of C)a.-> and 
 appear in its northwestern county, Dado ft A $ean varjs'i'^ from 153 J * 
 to 14 r with an average of 4 f i-s quite extensively rniinod and fu'rn- 
 ishos about 300000 tons yearly. \ 
 
 ',i 
 
 Tennessee, The eastern portion of -TeKH'\ contains C'XTitmer/.vo - 
 coal fields. These are a southern prolongatiop of the Ci,tbcrl 
 table land of Ky, and run across Temau in a stjt'ip about thrwo . 
 tiss v/idc and fifty miles and more west of tho) eastern boundary 
 and continues into Ala, and Ga,, There are 20i'to 30 oal-soacac 
 rccorded r but only a few have been worked* T?A* Sevrayjnoo Beaun o 
 Grundy Co, is well known and the Aetna mines of */iSii*ic.a Oc ^ar 
 coking coals. The seams average under 4' J 3 The Beq^t^hle ValAKcj 
 
I f>Ia.t r i Iflijrrcv) 
 TJ-O 9sli lo ac . m.- 
 
 Jb9flrool ai 
 
 WACIHOIM 8HT 
 torfjiroa srfJ lo ncJtaoqf iBiJnr 
 s yd fce-xevoo eia abed ariT .as- 
 | rco arfT ,sJsoo! ofr Jf. 
 aJaaatqoIaval) erft absta -xoii^n.; 
 
 ,AIHA YXAHOSilOLA HHT 
 
 evitowbO'xq taom ixrts *a8ial arf> si eirfT 
 < ;' erf *1 vi^f*>o wl- i-cq 
 
 j/tola tIA o^ ,nno^[ moil afcnatxe ^1 f>9(jc 
 
 e /i.f.A lo ahiJ& IBOO 
 ed of rnroi^ a*; 
 ( . Jbrta 1 9*to fto*it fXaoo lo .noJb^al 
 
 ...,. ; : 
 
 r t *3eg* <w t ioiitfiW ioa 
 
 ^Xol srf^ Y^ l>o tBiacjaa 9*ia 
 
 t ia ^ X 
 
 nl oO noaial-'let *oIdaIxavB 
 
 3 9rfJ a~J:ri/' 
 one J-ndtnqoldvad erfT cA.O lamt/orrisA 
 
 ol ai, 
 B .J'.I rroil A lac 
 
 8 e X:A fiIA BBooiacairS lo bldl^ laoT ,ifO IlettI 
 
 ttStS S 
 o aLA 9 MaJt? IBOO ^cin'tfiW orfj no IqeH *H \ oil 
 
 :-T.M nonl na XaoO aiA 
 aae-rgo't*! to 
 
 a A 6 obMd I 
 vm ^IoV/ f ^ lo -6&a*taVa na 
 
 00000 S 
 
 >/ 6j? ;oi^ioq me^aaa srCT 
 
 r^a^noloiq nt oxfftroa a aia aa^. ^Ijloil 
 -"^^ ,icAT9 r aa ran Jbna * 
 
 TB9W 9'iora brr aalim 
 sis 9i9rIT .a^ brta *iA 
 
 T9l B 
 itWOfDt IX^ 
 
 y$ ariT ,.-> i ^v5i9VB amaoc 9rfT ,sl 
 
91 
 
 penetrates the district from south to north and is an important 
 mining region. The recent development of Tenn. has been vary exten- 
 sive* "- 
 Bowron W M. The OeOlogy and Mineral Resources of the Seqttatc'alc 
 
 Valley. Tenn. M.E. 14. 174. 
 
 Oolton HE. The Upper Measure Coal Fields of Tom. M.E 14, && 
 E& M,J, Jan, 7th 1838, Tenm. Number, 
 
 Eastern Kentucky. A broad strip of eoal^bearing at rat a comes i>$ 
 eastern Ky, aifidL furnishes excellent and abundant coals vrhloh arc- 
 being more and more developed as transportation facilities increase, 
 
 Twelve to fifteen seams are recorded of which one of two raach 
 S 3 or 9 8 . The Elkhorn is one of the boat known aiad. f urn A e ho 3 
 excellent coke. Cannel coal is more extensive in Ky than in any 
 oth'jr state, the Hunnawoll cannel being an important coal for gas -^ 
 production* 
 
 Virginia. Prom Ky. the coal ax^a runs across into 
 Va where it forms a small area with several eastern outliers* 
 There aro two areas in the western part of the atato* The more 
 easterly is in the section known as **-s Appalachia and is formed 
 by the outlier of the main Alloghany field. Further woct is the 
 Pocahontas field directly connected with the main field. An exefcl- 
 lent coke is produced in the last named. Tho recent railroad deveS. 
 opments have served to increase the production vory groatly* 
 The Jura-trias coals near Richmond have already boon men! 5. one da 
 
 West Va . Almost tho entire state is underlain by coal, 46 
 out of 54 counties containing it, and about 14 being active produ 
 ccrso The beds in general dip liorth westerly forming isith tho 
 Ohio field a great synclinal trough. Tho coal is especially devel- 
 oped along the Kanawha and New Rivers in the west and the upper 
 ws.tors of the Monongahela in the north and in tho panhandle e 
 
 The Pittsburg seam is the principal one, affording'xLO* and more 
 of eoelo With increased facilities of transportation tho state 
 will be more and more productive although 'now one of tho largest a 
 Kill^drew 8T e B. Notes on the Coal Field of S.W,Va 9 E & M e Jour J'an. 
 
 19th 1889. p. 64. 
 
 Buck S.)l. Notes on the hard Splint Coal f Kanawha Valley M,EolO.Cl 
 Morris S,P e The New River Coal Field of W s Va. M 15 So 261 = 
 
 Ohio. Nearly the eastern half of Ohio is underlain by eoal 
 making the state a very large producer. The bods correspond, with 
 a few local variations, to those of Perm* a There are 13 recognize- 
 No I and No VI (from t&e bottom up) aro the most mined, end nly 
 two or three o-fchors arc much develepedo No I is tho well known 
 Brier Hill block coal and is used directly in the 'furnace,, It is 
 especially mined in the north western part of the field. No VI is 
 
rot a! bn* rftnort oJ rfJi/oa mott Jo^iJaiB f*rJ 
 rtaed earf *ftttT to JirarnqoXayafc Jneaei crfT 
 
 to 
 
 ,*?X .M .8.M .irrtuT 3 V 
 
 c*X *8.M ./ttoT to B&X&lf XaoO etusaeM *rqqU orfT . 
 
 tnit**tf J| Iiioa to cjH^a baotd A 
 
 ii.Caoo taAJbOWf* Ana ^nftII9X9 Borfetxrti/t &nm rK mousse 
 eel^ilioat fro^a^o^wtanJ- as fceqolevef) eiom bne eiom sniocf 
 ow* %0 no alilrfw lo fcaModet eic cciaoa nea^lil ol ovJEowT 
 'ialrtft/t JbctA nwoitat ^aod orft lo eno el nioriiia: *>rfT , f e 10 
 fti ;crft o^X 01 svxe/tdJx* eiora at IBO IfunaO 
 tot Xaoei'titatiajBa na gified Xsmiao IIowenm/H orft , 
 
 mtfMt ICISVSQ rftiw sets llama a arrr 
 
 erT .o^si-a orft to J-a)f fwetfaew ori.t ni aaeia owa- i orfT 
 
 JS>oflrto'i 8Jt fcrtt aiHoalfiqqA c-^* aa mronrf rtoi^ooa fl^ nx si ^Iiocr; 
 81 Jaow tori^tir^ .l>Xoit \:narisoXXA nJtam rfJ to neil^i; 
 
 taeorx oiT Jbwoajtx ta^X eri^ nx ^ow/hoiq ai e^oo 
 
 ot birta erar 
 
 en'T 
 
 t l00 xrf fii-rjliobm; ax otfitft otij/ie ori^ j-aomXA eV 
 
 a t *i a/tlnlatxtoo aeitoioo *a to 
 rftioiT qlfc Xawnes nx aJbed o 
 
 \;.Uazoeqea al Xao* orff rii;oi* Xa/rxXonxa ^aeics a Z>X>lt oirfO 
 teqq;/ od* bna J-aew orfl nx eievtH wc-11 ina ad^wtaX 9iit s^ r 1 
 
 c eibrtsftasq orit ni fcna <lt*con orf^%nl ^l-rfj^aroifDM o 310*3* 
 
 firm ^Xr^lUlftWttl t eno Xaqxonxiq ri* ax oiaaa atudst^x^ *>. 
 
 orij noiJ-Xi^io^aftai^ to aei^xlloat fetaaait-nx riji\7 a .Csoo to 
 
 ^t/ori^Xfi ovxJoubciq eiom foni? eiom o-- 
 to Xex*T XjsoO rf* no aetoM ,a*U wertB^fltX 
 
 .*3.q .W 3X 
 
 arfwanaX t XaoO *niXq2 Marf eri^ no at^o1f .1C. 8 rfoi/a 
 .5T.M .aV,W to jbXeW XaoO -javlH vad erfT 
 
 Xaee yd rflaXiohrxw ax oxriO to tXail mt$i* oriJ xXiaoPf .oirfG 
 t i>rtoqa<>ioa afced edT . ttwfconq igiil irv a s^cTa arl^ a* 
 
 ^xia ^sora or!* ot^ (qjj moJJod ori 
 low oricT ax I oH bsqoXovob xioi/m oia 
 
 u/I erf^ fix xX^oorrxfj i>oau si fxra Xooo jfoolf f 
 3it erfj to d-iaq me^asvr xfJ-ion erfJ ni bonin 
 
92 
 
 the coal of the Hocking Valley and is mined and shipped largely to 
 
 tho west.- "The seam varies from 4* to 13' ' 
 
 Andrews EvB, Observations 'on a seam f- Goal. -AJS- II-. 38* 194. 
 
 Parallelism f Coal Seams* AtfJ^S,- In 4 3. 56. 
 
 Comparison between -th-e -Ohio and TjT*Va- sides of tho Alle- 
 
 ghany Coal Field. A J a S III. 10. 283-. 
 Hunt TS. The Coals f t&e Hooking Valley. 0. M.E. 2. 273-. 
 
 The Coal and Iron of the Hocking Valley 0. M E. 7. 313* 
 Orton E. The Bedford Carmol. E y & M.J. Mar. 3. 1084. p. 175. 
 Ohio Geol, Survey, Early volumes and especially Econ. Geol Vols V 
 
 and VI. 
 Tappan Judge, Cannel Coal in Ohi a A,J*S. I. 18. 370* 
 
 Poruisylvaniaa The western portion' of Penn. is largely coal 
 bearing end contains the most productive aroa of bituminous eoal 
 in the U S.. The region aroimd Pittsburg takes the lead and cont- 
 ains the best known seams Tho Pittsburg bed is the most important . 
 it runs from 6 V to 10 s thick and affords the coking coal for tfite 
 Connelsvillo ovens There are 12 or 15 seams in all, others of 
 which are of great importance and are known by loeal names* 
 
 Views and Sections. 
 E.& M: Jour* The Coimelsville Coke Region of V.Pa. Mar. S. 1879. p. 
 
 163. Map. 
 
 Mines of the Pittsburg <?c Wheeling Coal and Coko Co. Fob 
 
 14th. 18G5. 104 
 Hill. F.Ao Geology and Mining in the Northern Coal Fields Of Pa. M. 
 
 E-. 15. 699 
 Kimball J.P. The Quemaboning Coal Field of Somerset Co. Pa. *T'J. 
 
 M.E. 12, 459. 
 
 Lesley J.P. The Geology of the Pittsburg Coal Region M.E, 14, 613. 
 Ray. A. The Hahoning Valley. Cal Region M*B, 4. 188. 
 de Rivere E e The Mines of Mineral Coal in Penn. Ann. des Mines (5) 
 
 viio iss5 a - p. 459. .,...'..". r. ^1-^v. ;.'* 
 
 Shinn W.P. Pittsburgo Its Resources and Surroundings. M.I. S. 11 
 See general works on Coal Macfarlane otc. 2nd Perar. Geological 
 Survey o Loeal Reports. 
 
 Analyses of Bituminous Coals .." * ' 
 Volatile Fixe& 
 
 Carbon. Ash. 
 59 6 So23 
 57 3 3 47 
 
 Hydroc a 
 
 (Pittsburg Seam) 20 1 
 
 West-Va.Va.(Kanaw}ia P'd) 35 9 
 
 Ky. ^(Eastern F*d) 390 
 
 Tonrt. (Sewanee Seam) 27.0 
 
 Ala^' (Warrioe Seam) 31-,X 
 
 Ohio- (Sharon Seam) 32- ft 4 
 
 Indo (Block Coal Clay C) 32 5 
 
 Ill : ,(Vermillion Co,) 23,3 
 
 Kentucky (Western F f d. ) 3S 
 
 S. H 0. Sp.gr.SgvMs 
 0.784 1V26 12302 
 O.CO 3.25 1.328 17000 
 
 5.00 
 
 62. 
 61. 
 57-. 
 61-. 
 51-. 
 57. 
 
 
 6 
 5 
 5 
 3 
 S3 
 
 9. 
 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 10 
 2. 
 
 
 
 13 
 5 
 .60 
 
 32 
 
 0.92 
 
 0.88 
 
 10.24 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 9 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 50 
 
 5 
 47 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 .247 
 
 .241 
 
 5100 
 5530 
 10000 
 6500 
 36800 
 3700 
 
i 
 
 * fceui fate*'/ 
 
 anr tfc ii9 v 
 
 0*1 IA 
 
 t* 
 
 * 
 
 St 
 
 .S 
 >K .0 
 
 ftft * t t 
 
 ffl *fltnf 
 
 te*r t* ur 
 
 *> ^ ilfiHKWterf (<*:, $*m.;i 
 
 .01 .nJ.8*t.A 
 *C,^>IXaV ^rxJhC^ 
 
 
 
 > * 
 
 IMBI ift*& rciwf(? 
 
 ****** 
 
 
 f ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 
 T .4 
 
 H 
 
 Ot.O 
 
 *5 
 
 ,** 
 
 * t 
 
 c. 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 aD i UI t *m> 
 
93 
 
 Volatile Fixed 
 Hydros Carbon, Ash, S 
 49-aO 45-. 2-o 00 2.00 
 
 2.00 
 
 \ 70 
 42V52 41-. 14 17< 
 35.72 33.97 9.00 
 
 1.29 
 
 $700 
 
 18000 
 
 23X00 
 
 17000 
 
 See under Semi-bituminous* 
 34'.! 61 o 4 4.77 2.39 
 
 37.8 
 
 35 .5 
 
 59.3 
 57.4 
 
 2.60 
 6,25 
 
 2200 
 12000 
 
 S003 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Towa 
 
 Missouri ,Rich Hill-, 
 
 Kansas , Crawford Co. 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 Nova Scotia, 
 
 3ncland (Staffordshire ) , 
 
 Tfales . 
 
 France. 
 
 Belgium* 
 
 Germany * 
 
 Australia* 
 
 These analyses are mostly taken from the Mineral Resources T J*S t 
 The State Reports, and Hbfers Kofclen und Elsenerzlagar-Btatten 
 Nord Amerika f s. 
 
 SEMI-BITUMINOUS COALS. 
 
 The principal areas of these coals are in outliers of the 
 main Allcghany field S we come east through Pena. and Md. w The , 
 strata arc extensively folded along NE & S W. axes and in out** 
 l^ing synclinal basins on the hill tops are found those scattered 
 fields. In Md. we hav the Cumberland which is a prolongation of 
 the Potomac field of W,Va. . The Pitteburg seam 14* thick is tho 
 <fiier one mined and furnishes a most excellent coal that is shipped 
 away in great quantities. In Perar* are the Broadtop, tho Johns- 
 town, the Snowsho t tho Mclntyro, the Barclay and tho Blossburg* 
 The somibituminous coal of Ark has already boon referred to 
 For litorature soc under Bituminous. 
 
 Tabl of Analyses 9 Semi-Bituminous Coals, Areas. 
 
 Volatile Fixed . ** 
 
 Ash 
 9. IS 
 9.55 
 9.125 
 
 Bl oss burg, 
 
 Barclay 
 
 I'clntyre- 
 
 Snow Shoe 
 
 Johnstown 
 
 Eroadtop 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Hydroc , 
 
 , Carbon 
 
 a. 13.5 
 
 69,0 
 
 17.1 
 
 71.9 
 
 17.940 
 
 71.151 
 
 1G-.540 
 
 74.456 
 
 17.5 
 
 74.6 
 
 d. 15.5 
 
 74.0 
 
 S 
 
 0.65 
 
 Sp,0r 
 
 5.95$ 
 7.50 
 10.5 
 351 
 
 O.C34 
 
 i.aso 
 
 1.05 
 75 
 0.950 
 
 50 
 
 0.30 1.327 
 1.33 
 
 . 
 
 25 
 150 
 
 3. 672 1.017 1,333 
 These analyses are taken from Repts and If.M., Penn Survey 
 and! from Macfarlane. 
 
 ANTHRACITE COAL, 
 
 Still further to the oast, the volatile matter in tho coaX 
 tinues to docre as e and in eastern Poruu are found the antlu-^acito 
 basins 9 The so are synclinal troughs of crescent ic out lino ? f: 
 in ntanber, (1) the Sohuyllcill Fisld, including the Toaiaqua ar/r 
 Fotbsvillo districts. (2) the TiTostom Middle Field s including 
 
 /o 
 

 
 OS. I 
 
 ^ W v* 
 
 
 al 
 
 ^ 
 M 
 
 a 
 
 oe.o 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 t.fcf 
 
 ft*,* 
 
 to 
 
 JEIld 
 
 **** 
 
 ot.t 
 
 v 
 
 
 ss. 
 awuuHA 
 
 03 v 
 
 Im . 
 *sei 
 
 -.; ' 
 
 *a 
 
 VI* 
 
 1, * 
 
 \T* 
 
 lclli 
 
 j ? 
 
 
 * 
 
 <jjO 
 
 uy *+*'> 
 
 - 
 
 to 
 
 corfT 
 M^ 
 
 <> -> 
 
 i^l 
 
 ol* (fi) ^ 
 
Shamokin & Mahanoy S2id Broafi Mtn District So {3} the Eastern Middle 
 Ficld 9 including Drifton Haaelton^ Audonroid and other centers* 
 (4) The Northern 5'iold including the Lackawarja and "'Wyoming distri- 
 cts. (5) "The Layalsock ?leld with Eernice.' in' (1; "fifteen beds 
 have been recognized, with a total thickness of 113% SO* bo ins in 
 workable bcds In (4) thero are twenty bods, of which nino as a 
 maximum are workable, The Mammoth scam is the best. known (reaching 
 80--90 3 by foldings) and being often over 29 s * This is no advan** 
 tag for a S' seam is cheaper to min 
 
 Views and sections, 
 Ashburnor C S A Engineers Club, Phila. Ponn. Juno 21. 1384. 
 
 The? Classification and Composition of the Pom. Anthra- 
 
 cite Coal MvEo 14 70G, Roo 
 
 The Anthracite Coal Beds of Penn. M.E, 11 * 13G. 
 
 Seo also local Reports and Maps of tho 2nd .GooL Survey 
 
 C B R-, Notes on the Bornioe Anthracite Coal Basin Sullivan 
 
 Co, Penn, M.E, 17. 605. 
 
 Cox D 8 B a Notes on a peculiar Variety of Anthracite. M.E. 7. 213 
 Losloj J 8 P Coal beds in the Subcarboniferous of Perm. A.J.S. Ill 
 
 10, 153. Letters describing coal bods near Broadtop. 
 Sillintin Bo Notice of the Anthracite Region in tho Valley of tho 
 Lackawarma, and of Wyoming on the Sus'quehanna. A.J.S. I 
 1C. 303 Also) , Notes on a Journey to Mauch Chunk and 
 other Anthracite regions of Perm. A.J.S. I 19. 1 
 
 The Rhode Island Area The most easterly outcrop of coal is 
 in R.Iot It is also lowest in volatile matter and approximates 
 graphitGo Various attempts have been made to mine end use it but 
 not very successfully. The Carboniferous rocks extend also into- 
 Mass 
 
 Emmo?is A.B. Notes ofl the Rhode Island and Mass. Coals. Ma.E.lS. 510. 
 Hayes A. A. On Rhode Isl&nd Coal (Portsmouth) A.J.S.II." lie 257 
 Hitchcock E.Sr. Tho Coal\ Fields of Bristol Co. and of Rhode Island 
 
 A*J.S. II. 1G. 327. 
 Hoi Icy A,L C Notes on tho Iron Ora and Anthracite Coal of Rhode 
 
 Island and Mass. M.E. 5. 224. E.& M.J. Doc. 1. 77. p. 399. 
 
 The Colorado anthracite, that near Santa Fo and that in Wash- 
 ington have already bo en referred to. 
 
 Table of Analyses, Anthracite Coals. Areas. 
 
 Volatile Fixed 
 
 Semi Anthracite Hydro. Carbon Ash S HO Sp.Gr Sg.Ms 
 Layalsock (Bernice) 8.100 33*344 3.230 1.031 1.295 14(?) 
 Carbondale (Northern P'd) 7.07 90,2 2.7 
 TTilksbarre 7.S S3-. 9 
 Lykens Valley ( Southern? f l))8 35 f>?t.2 2.9 
 
 Anthracite. 
 Pa. South. P'dCSchuylkill) 4.27 S3.S S.1S O.C41 3.09 1.63 14S. , 
 

 a!sfJ *$*! 
 
 - -.nt x* aaofnti 
 
 in ifoJtiiw to ,&><$ 1 
 .tworoi 5 t - 
 al eiift 
 
 a 
 
 . 
 
 <i* I*',**:: 
 
 , 
 
 r*f 
 
 e- 
 
 da 
 
 < 
 
 
 no! i*cccr?icD 
 
 o^ 
 
 ur3 *toof; 
 
 Xao^ ttMnui^AA 
 
 ^ 1- TOtli** 
 
 II y *A . 
 
 tefi 
 
 X .5 
 
 /jio to 
 
 4*flBfl^ 
 
 fix! tt owl fcn 
 oe I A 
 
 
 t 
 
 ni 
 
 II 8 
 
 
 
 toxi 
 rfA 
 
 53. 1 0.5 4MM> It; 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 *od 
 
 ' 
 
 -Uc 1 *I 
 .^^tH 7 
 
 ., ' . 
 
 .it .? 
 
 ->..tefoff .*ItA f 
 
 MI C5in 
 
 
 
Volatile 'Fixed 
 Hydro , Carbon Ash 
 
 Pa. West Mid.F'dCShamokin ' 
 
 3.72 
 
 3.08 
 
 end Mahanoyl 
 
 Pa.East Mid.Fd(Lehigh) 
 
 PaaNorth Mi dFd( Wyoming 
 
 and Lackawai\a) 
 
 Rh, I'd Newport* 
 
 Gt. Britain & Wales 
 
 Anthrac^. Lignite Santa 
 
 Fe New Mexioo 
 
 Anthrac Lignite Crested 
 
 Butfte. Cal. . 5.16 
 
 Pure Graphite 
 
 81.1 
 86.4 
 
 11.1 
 5.92 
 
 0.90 
 0.50 
 
 4.38 
 
 83.7 
 
 8.20 
 
 0.73 
 
 5.42 
 
 74.4 
 
 12.5 
 
 0.28 
 
 6.0 
 
 92.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 3.18 88,71 5.21 
 
 $.40 
 
 3 ,,16 
 4*12 
 
 3 42 
 
 2.90 
 
 1 20 
 
 ,65 
 
 91 
 35 
 
 198 
 500 
 
 90.24 
 
 100 2.089 
 
 These analyses are chiefly taken from the Mineral Recourses 
 U a So 1883-84 and Rep't M,M. 2nd Oeol. Survey, Penn 
 
 Mention made of the Acadian Coal Area in tt.S. and general review 
 of the structural relations of all the Areas. 
 
 Theories of the Formation of Coal. 
 
 The Swamp or Peat- Theoriefc that coal seams are fossil bods of 
 peat compacted together. 
 
 The Raft Theory, that the vegetable material has boen accumu- 
 lated in river deltas. Various inorganic and laboratory hypotheses 
 which have .few claims to credence. The Swaflp Theory is the moat, 
 roasonabla. The character of the plant remains in Carboniferous 
 coals ( Sigillarids, Lepidodendfcids, Porns, Conifers) all lowor 
 forms of vegetation. 
 
 Table 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 P^nn. Anthracite 
 
 Perm Bituminous 
 
 Wast Virginia 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 of Coal Production in 1000 Long Tons. 
 1850 1860 1870 1875 1880 
 
 14 6 
 
 3321 8143 15648 2864 
 
 7800 1842! 
 
 1400 
 
 669 100 
 196 788 2342 2136 
 2527 7000 
 * 500 1000 
 
 600 
 
 11 60 323 
 100 
 
 2624 6115 
 800 1500 
 28 100 
 . 621 750 844 
 1461 
 550 
 
 1885 
 
 1887 . 
 
 
 6 
 
 34228 
 
 39506 
 
 20647 
 
 30866 
 
 3098 
 
 4836 
 
 567 
 
 795 
 
 2865 
 
 3278 
 
 6078 
 
 10301 
 
 1700 
 
 1933 
 
 893 
 
 1900 . 
 
 2225 
 
 1950 
 
 134 
 
 313 
 
 9791 
 
 10278 
 
 2375 
 
 3217 
 
 45' 
 
 71 
 
 2750 
 
 3209 
 
 3579 
 
 4473 
 
 1212 
 
 1597 
 
B 
 
 nodifiO *oUH(H 
 
 . 
 
 as 
 
 ea.x ai.e oe.o i.n x,j sv.s 
 13*1 si.* oa.o se.a *.as 80.c 
 
 fY 
 
 
 to 
 
 SV,0 02.8 V.S8 
 
 8S.O 3. SI *.*V S*.6 
 
 a. i a.se o.e 
 
 ' 
 
 oe.s 
 
 ooixeM weM 
 
 
 OCX 
 
 - 
 
 Itaaot 
 
 J---I 
 
 vaa 
 
 . V88I : 
 
 I 
 
 aoa9 8SS*s 
 
 aasoc T*aos 
 
 ass* woe 
 
 aov 
 
 8?SS 
 
 lOsox evoa 
 
 seei oovx 
 oo ex 
 
 oaei asss 
 
 I 
 8V&OI 
 
 vise 
 
 IV 
 
 eoss 
 
 T** 
 
 veai 
 
 |MMK . 
 
 0001 nl 
 0081 3V8X 
 
 to 
 
 
 00*1 
 ooi 
 
 oosv 
 
 
 mm 
 
 toov 
 
 ox 
 
 ooa 
 
 . ,. . ;o- 
 
 riW 
 
 oiriO 
 
 xeve 
 
 a* 
 
 oevs 
 etae 
 
 OCX 
 
 axxa 
 
 ooax 
 
 ooi 
 
 Mi 
 
 oca 
 
 03 
 
 oer 
 
 Xi 
 
 offllXl 
 
 oaa 
 
 .Ol 
 
 a*- 
 
9G 
 
 185.0 1860 1870 1875 1880 1885 1S7 
 
 Indian Territory 221 500 685 
 
 Arkansas 134 150 
 
 Wyoming 105 300 - 580 : 807 1170 
 
 tf-tah . S^5 ' 190 180 
 
 Colorado 13 98 462 1356 17S1 
 
 Ne-XF Mexico ,-275 508 
 
 California . . ' 175 64 50. 
 
 Oregon V 30 744 31 
 
 Washington 175 339' 772 
 
 Montana 77 \ 10 
 
 Australia . , 2749 
 
 Elsewhere \ 103 
 
 Gt Britain .'; : -71079 ' 159351 ' 
 
 &ra.nce,, Belgium | 19800 36880 
 
 Germany 12000 7211$ 
 
 l^va Scotia 77 
 
 Other Countries 14962 35957' 
 
 Total U d S ' 16513 30182 46712 65414 95832; 129 .'975 
 
 Total Foreign 110000 309000 \ 
 
 These figures are mostly taken from the 10th Census anii the 
 Mineral Resources . 1885 and 1887 
 
 Analyses of Statist ids* Remarks on the equivalent foot pounds of 
 
 ASPHALT AND ASPHALT 1C COALS, 
 
 These seem to be inspissated petroleum and have been found 
 filling fissure^ veins and beds. The Grahamite of W 3 Ya 9 , $ Alber- 
 tite of N,B ,the Uintahite of Colorado and Utah, and the lonito of 
 Cal. belong here. The Graham! to filled a fissure vein cutting 
 across the coal measures. They are used as gas enr ichors o 
 
 Asphalt oozes to the surface in the Cal. oil region an& in 
 Trinidad, It also saturates a Swiss limestone. They are.aw.oh 
 sought at present for material for street pavements, 
 
 General and Foreign Literature. Broadhead G.C. Cent&'aftial 
 
 Repts and Awards O'p I, p. 2 On Asphalt, Bitunu.n Petro- 
 
 leum etc. * ^ ^ 
 
 Green F.V. Asphalt and |ts UstB. M.B. 17 355 
 Kimball J.P. On tho occurrence of Orahamite in the Huastaca Mex. , 
 
 and Notiee of the Geology of thet Region *A fl J^5.III*12 
 Mauross N.S. Notice of tho Pitch Lake of Trinidad. A.J*$.J,II.20ol53 
 Fcckham S.^. Notes on the Origin of Bitumens with expts etc* Am* 
 
 Phil. So. X. 445. Also Abs. A.J.S. II. 4S. l-'l, Rec. 
 Silliman B.Note on the ITallovgongite etc. A.J.S. II. 48o'|'-5 
 Wall. Kept on Trinidad Asphalt N t J.Geol.Soe. XVI. 467 
 Vfurtz. H. A Theery of Asphalts, E,<fe M.Jeur. July 27, 15'-$ p 9 73 RQC 
 California. Hilgard E.W. Win. Resources U. S. 1333-84 p a 93*'; 
 
 Powell S. On lonite a new Mineral .From lone Amadoi < CO/ Cal 
 
 Mining & Soi. Press S.F. Mar. 24 1877. A.J.S. ill 16, 154 
 Colorado. Newberry J.S. Grahamite in Col S. of M.Q. VII tv. 332 
 

 ai 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 oex 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 01 
 
 TV 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0883S 
 
 
 SXlSV 
 
 
 : 
 
 o o i x dl 
 
 JB i n*i o *] 
 nr 
 
 
 tmr 
 
 008 tX 
 00 CSX 
 
 BBirialea ^ 
 
 *x*aa 
 
 moil adtf 
 
 need avail taa 
 
 to o*tea*a*P H * 
 
 en* bits .da*!* b*a ofcBioXcD t* 
 
 a boXXIt e* 
 
 as 
 Xio .XsO eri^ 
 
 ~*~~* i.-.g 
 *eei*a tot Xalft 
 
 *o*ft MIBfro*ia tttpajaf 
 
 - 1 laai ( | . 
 Mtt Ana XBie 
 
 , si ,11 t-.. 
 
 os.ir ; c u.A 
 
 j*tO 
 
 XlB,' 
 
 *a* oil JMI MP >) *>**' 
 to 
 
 ,- - -- 
 
 to e^CaJ ffallt ori* to eoiiolf ,a..- 
 la to ni^iiO orf* fso ao^oH .f^.3 nmri 
 
 D T a\ ^ A 9 A ^ & k ^^ ' ' T * ' 
 
 ^P^a^^ ^a^^^ ^p^Bfla^^^ ' ^^^% 4 ^t^P^F 19 rf iP^F^w A A i * * 
 
 II3LA .6*0 0*$ao3oJCXoV ojit no o*oK.a stead 
 
 . ; M IXaifqaA bablnJtfT rrc iqeft .XX^W 
 5V., : .VS xXw^ ,-moL.M A V S .a*XriqaA to tykjirfT A .H 
 
 .^q -K$-58CX8U aoo^roaoH.lltll W.S bijBSXJTt .BlrrrolilBO 
 -XaC -smA onol rae-rtU Xa^err e*tnol. nO ..3 
 
 I^ffifc f LO i*%nf '-i: 
 JL c< > . ^ /^- 4 v^^NI wk 4pHM * 
 
 :iiv .p.M to .2 loO ni o*imai!a*0 .8.1. 
 
 
'-'; 97 
 
 New Brunswick*- "HiiidoHoY; Prelim* Rapt'o^ri the G^al^y- of iUBsOhap'-V 
 Ki t chc e-ck o'C d H The Alb art C al c- Alb c *'t it 3 of N 9 B , A w J a ,> u 1 1 
 
 39,, 67 '*J 
 
 Jackson C T e On the Asphalt ic Coals of N B, 'roc. Bost Soc 
 
 Nat. Hist. April I860, p a 279, AjJ.S. TI lla C92 
 Pechharn S ?o On the Prcbbalo Origin of Albert It e %r.d ullVi^d 
 
 Minerals A J S. II. 48. 362. Mai>y ftef. givon. 
 Ohio* Loeds A Ro' Asphalt Ic Coal from the Shale- of tho Huron fiivfcr^ 
 
 Ohio. A-'jn. Lye. N 3 H Jv/ne 1875. /^J*S. III. 10, 003 
 Utah -E.& Mo Jour. Uint&hite a n*w Variety of Asphalt v,n from the 
 
 Ulzrteh Mtns . Utah Lcc. 26, 1885, p. 431 
 
 Blake V P.UintaMte S & M,J. Doc 26. 18SC/ A. J.I.III, 31, 231 
 Locke J M Gllsnite or Uintahita a new Variety of Asphaltum 
 
 from Uiiitah Mtns* Utah M 16 * 1(52 
 Raymond RoX7-. Ncte on a Specimen of Gilsonito frem l/intah Co, 
 
 Utah M.2; 17 o 113 Uintahita ,Albertlte oto-a 
 Wurta H, Ulntahlte a variety of Or&'haaito!S<,&*M J, Au^{ 10. 
 
 1889 p. 114 
 
 West Virginia. Fontaine \7m* M. Grahamita at tho Ritohio Mine A.J 
 So III, Q 9 409 Als& Notes en the Yf,,Va, Asphalt tun Dop/ 
 A d JS III. 60 409 i e, en W^'Va. Crahamit.Oi 
 -Lesley J P 'On an Asph&lti^m Ccal Vein in \7 4 Va Am* Philo Soc. 
 
 VII, I860* 185 t 
 
 Wurtz H. On Grahawite A.J.S, II. 42. 420/ 
 
 Note* Shales occur at times no soaked with bituminous matter as 
 to yield copious distillation products. They are virtually r. coal 
 enormously high in ash, and have been distilled isn'tho 0*.ely w-nnu*- 
 
 facture of kerosene* 
 
 s^^. ?<x^-u/. '6+6+$*4v+4- 
 
 Graphite in*Hev Brunswick A.J c So II. 14o 280 
 
 E & M 3 ?eur a Oecurrenee, prdufttion *tc Apr- 17 a 1SS6 p 283 
 
 "Vacation Notes on N,Y. Tleondereg^ Graphite AugV24. 1809 
 
 PC 158. 
 Bawson J D* On the Graphite of the- Laurent ian of Canada ^warto *Tour 
 
 Goolo Sot. 1869 a 112o A 6 J S. II. 50 150 Xt 
 Praaer P. Relations of the Graphite deposits f Chester Oo Pao to 
 
 th Geology of the roeks containing tha M 9 2o 9> 730 
 Nason P Lo- Bull 4 a p]A, X 9Yf State Museum. 
 Kewberry- J a S. Origin of Graphite S-.o-f M. Quarterly VI H ' 334., 
 Walker J.A. General Article. E& M J Sept. 22 a 83* p ft 186.. Kec.. . 
 
 Graphitio oshists are not uncontnon in tbPArohaean P in th3 
 region of rks of motamorphic oharactr ; G'Jrqphitft has been 1 mined 
 at Ticonder^ga N,Y and at various plaoa thrwfthut the Ksv 3n^ 
 land States, aiac in Canada o Tho greater part new used is imported 
 from Coylon, The eld mines near 5fic.>T<5.a*og were in a srsrias of 
 elliptical ehiniaays filled with o&Xcit andgs-'aphitw probably mark- 
 ing decided swoll and pinches '-nlong a '73in 2h0y were lMg sinoe 
 worked ut c The present workings ai-o on a b^i of graphite 
 
I*0 JtecUA eriT 
 
 watt 
 
 
 
 i*M(jfA .rit .T.O 
 
 .CVS.q .0831 
 * Jttsi-xO oladcf 
 
 a . VI*M .CM .* .11 . a .t. A 
 
 trf* 
 
 B - 
 
 s.f.. 
 ,63 
 
 
 C *0*fm 
 
 
 .2^5 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 : 
 te. 
 
 erft . 
 
93 
 
 e 2 1/2 milas west, of Hague n Lak Gsrge a Tha- QcMcfts consist 
 graphite and quartz with abcut 10?o &f the fttnnsiv II; :;U ortts&sd 
 cl washed* Graphite in' many instances is undoubtedly & h:;../v-.y 
 altorod form of organic (vegetable ) matter ( R I, Gi-aphitiU Aat&ra*- 
 oitajv The origin ef the metamarphic racks, havre'rer^ J.savoe i^/ah 
 to speculation, nor as yot can anyone sp&ak d&oidedly /er -AJ.3. the 
 
 contained graphite. 
 
 ' 
 
 PETROToEUMo NATURAL GAS, 
 
 Andrews E Q B Petroleum in its G&clogical Relations. AoJoSa XI 42 
 23, Seo also Rock Oil, its Geologloal Relatiais and , 
 Distribution A, J S a II, 32, S5 
 
 Buck W^J, Sarly Accounts of Petroleum in 'the U a S Hist* Qae 
 
 Mar. 3.5 1876 ., Mineral Paiuplilott Cornell Library Vol. I 
 
 Carll J.Po 2nd Gol a Surv. Penn, Rept . III.P.270 Roc, 
 
 Dana J^D., System of Mineralogy a Chap, on Mineral? f?f the H;/d ( 
 
 Evans S W 3 On the Action of Oil Wells (Dovelopwent f Cavity f.h 
 
 A. J 3 S. II. 38, 159 
 E,& M Jour Kerosene etc. Kistofry @f a great industry in years 
 
 past, and the possibility of its revival. Pobo9 S4-,pc,99. 
 11 The Mendeleeff Theory, Theory of the Format ifcn of Fetro 
 
 leum Dec 22 18SO - 525 
 Hoefer Kanns* Petroleum and its Contents* Reviewed Ai^5 4 2883 p 81 
 
 Hitchcock C,H, Petroleum in NAmer Geol, .Mag* IV 35 186 7 Nrxan 
 
 Jahr. 1S67 p. 623 Rec, 
 Hunt T 5 S Contributions tfc the Chemical and Geological -History of 
 
 Bitumens and Pyroschists r Bituminoiis Shalas A^Jc. S T" 
 
 33 157 Sec also Chemical and Geological Bssays-e 
 Kramos ue Bottger. Pishoil Theory* Ber, d a Chm, 6es@ll 20 295 fl > 
 
 Anu Chem. Jour. 11 130 
 Lesley J Pa On the Geological Position f Oil Wells Proc .Amc. 
 
 Phil, Sod. Vol. X. p. 139. A 3 J 9 S. II, 41, 139- 
 Hewberi'y JbS,> Origin and Distribution of Petroleum in the U.,8* 
 
 Proc Nat, Ac ad, 1865 
 B Origin, and Relations of the Carbon Minerals Armais N 3 Y 
 
 Acadc Sci Vol. II Ne, 9^ 1SS2- . . - 
 Orton E a Oeol Ohio Val VI Chap ft II p,60,Ka. 
 Peckham S F* 10th Census Vol X p,3 Bec a lAiIl References up ta 
 
 1880 in this Mngraph 9 . . - 
 
 S e F 9 peskham in 10th Census Vl X. classified these evolved 
 products er- bitumens as fallo^rp. (1) Solid. Asphaltum; (2) Semi- 
 fluid. Maltha; (3) Fluid Petr^lu; (4) SassQus, Natural Gas o 
 T/e have to do with $3) and $4). 
 
 Petroleum and Natural Gas Are of necessity treated in connec- 
 tion with each other. Both havQ been known i in this scuritry freai -a 
 
:.-cT ait-tD arfail rt* ex/ssH It te ow 3- 
 
 . 
 
 >u*ts/ ai aewuiJani ^nam nx 9 
 
 teSfrBi'R ( eldsJ^sev) olna^io 
 
 : )el)xodl) at&^qa 9JtdYns nas JOY ac i~on - 
 
 
 
 
 
 ttl 
 
 II A ixi 3JH XAdlr r ni rruioltnjo'! 
 
 f>ff me^ltuX&H lAci^oIoaO a^l XxO atoioH oaXB oeS 
 
 C8 tSS *II .8*^, A rtoi^dxi^.' 
 
 ,S C U erf* AX uwol^f^e^ t atnoA Y- Jl/a 
 
 XI&* fqtrrf X**toiflMvOT6X M 
 
 ,JqJ! wne^ vrtir3 .Xeo^ 
 orfJ t^ nXJS'r^Xflll nt .qarlO ,xs^XiiMilM to r ..ne^ 
 
 110 lo net*s>A ri$ i 
 
 a ! T* * 9 anaec 
 
 s^r lo ^txlidta^oq dt ba& t *c. 
 D /ioi^jBafio'J ftilt lo xioerfT % xio9rf? l*3teXeiifM t 
 
 '. - C3X Sfi MKI roX 
 18 * j^rA *v*t**JUiiH**no9 att bcui oueXeitol .annsH 
 
 cCS Tt iffiM. .Ioe .imA/ii nr 
 
 n m 
 
 \rt-fptH Xflols^** ti XaoimerfO at* gt e*lti/dli*jw 
 r .A seld3 tflwataftia 19 BlaMoa^TT^ ^rta axiomwtiH 
 
 JtwlD oaXfi 99,2 VcX 5 
 medt) .b .tea v*+*i* JJtwfsW .nsa^ofl ; 
 
 t .XI 
 
 X10 ! nox*lBo 
 .II a 8,T,cA c[ .X . 
 
 to noUi/rfx 
 
 *ad3X biA n 
 
 *faiA caX^sftiM nocfnxsr ^ncl^fiXoH him 
 
 . . &J58X c6 . 6 if IT .XV .Io2 
 
 .oa.q II .qsrfO IV XoV oxxfO .XoeB 
 C. X 
 
 . 4l :^-i a I **** 
 
 .X X*V aci3it*9 iMOl Hi * 
 */iqeA .MXoa (X) .awXX*l a anew.* a - 
 
 fr 
 
 rftxw b 
 
 lo OIA flO XjnuJeW brw to> 
 etrf^ rrx' itwoni rted eycrf rf^a .iqrf^t rfoas a^xv n 
 
r early period but the farmer camo into extended i&ss $l:<om, 1SGO 
 time latter in the, last ten years (Historical ra-aar^s) ' ; : j&it 
 
 water is well-nigh universally' associated with the oil aud $sa 
 The Penno anl N.Y* Fields. The productive oil districts 
 
 nd in two principal belts, running from northeast t# oeuthwcst* 
 
 The most northerly.' begins in Alleghany Co. NY with tho AXleghany 
 district, and runs southwest . through Cattaraugus Oo* HY and Mc~ 
 Kean Co Penn ' (Bradford .Diet.}; Warron and #ort?0t Oos I'fee/^cn^-'/Sr 
 Forest Dist); and nuns eut in Venango Oo<> (Venaaig JD10t} 1'he- 
 next belt begins in Clar- ion Co and extonds flouth^wst in*o ftutler 
 (Butler Dist); and Beaver C '8 (B&avsr Bist}* "'htire &ro 
 small fields- in Weftoerelstiod and Croons Co 's ID th c^^h 
 of the state a~ 'The first disaa'tfsriee w^re in the Von^r/^ DilU at 
 Titus ville judt over the border of V^riaugs 0i>o and J,aor i?t Oil 
 City in the county itself , In subsequent years the ethar fields 
 were opened*- The early veils develeped the fact that in a 1000* 
 ansL laere of Gatf?kill Shales tkere wf?re thre3 b$do of p-arc'as &an<5 
 stcne -\edLi sa'nds) that e^nt&incd petr^le'o^i, and. ian 0X9ftpti4Aal^ 
 cases a fourth* ^han all v/ore present /the ^Sl was fcmrt in t'h 
 lowest be do One r more might be wanting; and than tho la*7C3i' 
 the remainder contained it> The! wells vars first su^c in if;? 
 river valleys but later ones spread baofc in the hills aad 
 subordinate sandstone beds lying higher than the oil eunda pr* 
 and these were called mountain sands* Another lower lying eeries 
 has been tapped in the Bradford -field Th9^. v - sandstcns bda are 
 
 a very porous rocldome times a deeided conglamerat^* 
 a thin lentieular shape being proved by the drill to bo thickest 
 in tte middle of the fields and tappgieg to a feather edge in the 
 outskirts* They were early regarded as originally sand bars er 
 river beds but probably they only swell and pinch as sandstone beds 
 always do* The necessary combination is an ittperrioitts reof (Gener- 
 ally slate) a porous reeepticlo, ( here sandstone) and a bitumi- 
 nous source (lying belotr) 
 New Yerk Ashburner C A/ Petroleum and Natural Gas in. NY ' State- 
 
 kUB, 1$, 906 
 
 Sillimart B*Sr Koti&e of a Ponuation of Petroleum o&lled the 
 Oil Spring { near Owba Alieghasiy Co a N-,Y a ) A d J d fiT^3 97 
 
 'f.0il in l-sm*' and N C Y* 3E * M.Jeur. 
 p-o 315 - 
 
 Esi KaJour* The ' ona Oil Regions,, Their Geoicg/ and History 
 
 3dpte/cber 3 1881. p 150, 
 
 Oil Walls off Pona, and Ohio A.J.S^ -II* 30<, 3C5, 
 AshbuiTtei- G a Ao The Bradford Oil Dist a Pena. M 9 E ft 7 SIS- 
 
 * The- Product and Exhaustion f the Oil Region of Ponn* and 
 
 HY,- M,1 14, 419 o 
 
 Garil J-p- 2nd Geol Stirvey P0nn 'Kept. III - 
 
 Lesley J P, On th- Allegheny River at IBradys Bond, Proe Atn q . 
 Phil. SOG X. 266 1866. 
 
too- 
 
 o x 
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HoEv 2nd Geoi Survey Kept. J Petroleum of Penn Rec* 
 \7rigley H E. On the- yPresent and -Prospective Condition of the 
 '.Peytroleum fields of Pem* E& M.J. Aug. 2. 1879. p70 
 
 ?:h3 Eastern Ohio and West Va. Fields. Various scattered 
 occurrences are known in the first named state* The Mecca Field 
 of Trtsnbull Co* affords lubricating oils from the Berea Grit of the 
 Lower Carboniferous. The most productive wells lie however along 
 the so-called -"White Oak anticlinal which extends from Wirt Oo. West 
 Va, across the Ohio at Marietta and north through Washington Co. 
 having the Macksburg field on the north. The Volcano Pield of West 
 Va. is the one best known in that state. The anticlinal axis it- 
 self undulates and in the do press ions the oil is found. This anti- 
 clinal is often called the'oil break*. The oil is contained in the 
 Berea Grit, being roofed by the Cuyahoga Shale. These districts 
 wore developed about 1865. 
 
 * 
 
 Tho Northwestern Ohio District. In the northern prolongation 
 of tho Cinsinnati Arch, a very productive oil and gas field has 
 lately been cponod up about Pindlay and Lima Ohio. The oil comes 
 froKi the Trenton limestone here forming a flat arch, with gas at 
 the summit 9 oil next on the flanks and brine further out* 
 
 ( Map and Geological Sections)* 
 Ohio. Orton E c Boon. Geol,. Ohio (tool. Survey. Vol. V.ob VI. Roc. 
 
 Preliminary Kept, on Oil & Gas in Ohio. 
 Warner A.J On the Oil beaming Rocks of Ohio and W,Va. A.J S. 
 
 IH. 2* 215. 
 Tfest Va. Bvans E,W. On tho Oil producing Uplift of V/.Va. A.J.S.II 
 
 42, 334 
 
 Kentucky and Tennessee Fiords. Various districts have produ- 
 
 y fl but tho best known is the Burkesville, along the 
 Cumberland River, in southwestern Ky. and Temu. The neighboring 
 fcowTi oi Glasgow ig now tho only active Qroduoer and the amount is 
 no* very snail. Its source is from the horizon of the Utioa 
 31ates a Oil is also known in other parts of the state, 
 Kentucky and Tennessee* Lesley J.P. Petroleum of Ky. and Records 
 
 of Borings in Perm. Proo. Amer. Phil. Soe. Vol. X.75. 33 
 Popular Pallacos respecting Petroleum. Vol. X. p. HO/ 
 Safford J,M. Noto on the Geological position of Petroleum 
 
 reservoirs in South Ky. and Tenri. A.J.S.II. 42. 104 
 Shaler N a S, On Mineral Origin from Devonian Shales. Report Ky 
 Survey III, 109 
 
 Colorado* Fremont Co, Col. produces considerable oil for loeal 
 t comes from the Col^ Shales, of the Cretaceous. 
 
 are near Florence Just below Canon City, on the Arkansas 
 River fr,a:iid on the outskirts of the Canon City Coal region* It yields 
 about 4<? illuminating products the remainder being lubricating oilS. 
 
K .rmQ^ lo fltt/sXotJeS .L .JqeH Y9VW3 .tost) b^S Sc.H 
 
 'to noiJ-JtenoO evi$0S4f8O*f$ jbm *$$***, *rfJ-nO ,3 
 OV.q .e?8X .S .3*rA .L.M &*St ^ntel 10 
 
 A . * 
 
 a0oiitaV *fcj:oJM9: .BV J-aaW fcrtB olrfO me;; -.-. 
 BooeM erfT e*B*a JbsraBit Jail;* w*jf ; rtl nrorof eis 89> 
 Ml lo ili aa*fea eri^ caotl allo snijaolicfca afciot^a .oO Hi; 
 
 ivaworf ell fillaw erf^oirijoiq ^aom erfT .Bi/oiollnodiBD ir 
 .oO ^ffW raotl aJtaeJxe rfoirfw InnJtloi^nB jtfiO sJirfW f>ellBo~c 
 oO no^niriBBW d^Moirf* ritio/t bus jmeiiaM J^B c 
 to MtiV o/woloV erfT .rttiojt orf* no 
 
 erto > ; 
 
 
 axrfT bxtzsol ax Xxo ftrf^^'ioiaae^cqol) arf.fr nt Jbruj 89*jBXui>ftt/ IXoa^'" 
 rti fcenia^noe si Xxo erfT "iBOTd Xlo w sr{.t f>eXXao ne*lo ai XBXT. 
 
 eaerfT .eXarfa BaorfBxwO erf* yd f>oloon aniod ,txie BOieS 
 
 OTOW 
 
 olriO ntstaowri^ic 
 
 B ? rfotA i^ 
 8nod lio orfT .oil* MliI bft tXtalt tuotfB qy 
 
 rf^iw f rfoiB ^B!) a sa^onol otorf oAo^taonil noinot? od- 
 onind brxa aiCdfill eri* fro txen Xio ,*ifmr8 
 
 .o 
 
 .olifO ni 8B> * 110 no . 
 ,8.L,A .BV^W bm oirfO lo arfooH ^lOtfied XiO rft nO W L 
 
 .C& S .1 
 II.8.L.A .aV.W lo tlilqU aloxiJbotq JiO orft HO ,W,t avat ,BV ^aoTT 
 
 ..... ; , -5 &* 
 
 Jblc'i:^ ooaaaxxrreT I: ITS \ 
 
 ji n ; . -* erf^ *<M ox> 
 
 orft ..itnet ** .^ |HNi*wa 
 erf* Jtaa iaotl>oaj| erite^ ylno orW ^wotaall 
 
 erf* lo nosliorf erf^ moil si eotuoa aK* airnra 
 
 s^rala erft lo ****q *trf^o rri mronit o '-; 
 toa .t^ ^o o*fl*ft ( * .^^ X^Xc -asd^f; jr^no 
 
 .SVX .XoV .doa .Xlifl .taoA .ooiI .nno^ ni 
 \OIX q X .XoV .nBreXoiiol anJ:*covf3<T 
 
 to itoi^iao^ Xa*iaoXoo erf^ no otoH *M.L jj-rottai- 
 IX*&t*A .meT I>HB .\X rf^wo8 n:8iiomer 
 
 XX ^roqeH .apXBrfa nairtOVeG moil ittatiO Xanentfi rtO , -..oXarfa 
 
 eoi .in 
 
 -.- -. i " t r^ ij VBi * X V _ W T B~m ^ ."-^ r f~~ 1 . .. . * -_..- k-T~ . v 
 
 XaeoX fol XI o dirfaieJbxanoo aewifco-iq.IoD t oO tftomei 1 * 
 
 l lo .aoXArfa ^XoO ? 
 no v ?*0 AO/taO woXed ;-. 
 
 oO x*^- 1 noiiBO.>rL+ *: , . T ,' 
 Xio /rtJaaitdifX oied leJbniBfnoi erf* ad .' 
 
Ihlscng M.C. Ann, Report Col, Scho of Mines'o 1806, 
 Newberry J.S. j-he Oil Fields of Col Sof 'MQ. X, Jan e 1889 3 Reo 
 E.& M.Jour. Dec. 15 1388. p. 479. 
 
 California* Considerable oil is produced in Ventura and Los 
 An^clos Cn's, in *lw sotrth^ stern part of tho etat?. The otl rrhieh 
 has been obtained in increasing quantities of lato yoars comas 
 from shales of the Miocene Tertiary. I thardens ' readily to asphalt s 
 quantities of which occur along the outcrop of tho shales. 
 California. Goodyear V. A. State Mineralogist Report 10&7. 
 Silliman B.Jr. Petroleum in Cal. A.'j.S.II. 39. 101 
 
 11 Exam, of Petroleum from Cal. A. J.S, II. 30* 341 
 Silliman B. onr>Naptha and Illuminating Oil from Heavy Cal. 
 
 Tar. A. J.S. II. 43, 242 
 
 * On the Oil Property of the Philadelphia and Cal. Petro- 
 leum Co. Separate Print, 1365 
 
 Canada. Petroleum also occurs at Enniskillen Just northwest 
 of Lake Erie in the Corniferous limestone. 
 
 Hunt T,S, On the Geology of Southwest cm Ontario, A,>J d S a II 4G* 355 
 Reports of Canadian Geological Survey. 
 Winchell A. Note on tho Goal, of Petroleum in Canada Wost. A,J<,S, 
 
 II. 41. 17S. 
 
 Mention made of the oil fields of Galicia, Austria and of Baku 
 on the Caspian Sea. (Mioceno Tertiary). Maps and Socticms of the 
 Amorieon localities. It vrill bo remarked that in America we obtain 
 oil from sandstone roceptaclos, (Ponn. and Eastern Ohio) from liir.c- 
 stonc (Northv/estorn Ohio and Canada), and from shalos( Colorado and 
 California). These points will be referred to again in speaking 
 of t&e theories of formation aftor describing Natural Gae 
 
 t 
 
 NATURAL GAS. 
 Ashbumcr C.A. The Geology of Natural Gas. ME. 14. 428. 
 
 The Geological Distribution of Natural Gas in the U.S. 
 
 H.E. 15. 505 E*& M.J. Jan. 15& 22. 1O37. 58. Prolim. 
 
 Paper. E.& M.J. Nov. 6. 1CGG. p. 332. 
 
 Amer. Man. & Iron World. Dec. 30. irT7. General Review to 1387. 
 Chance H.M. The Anticlinal Theory of Natural Gas. M.E. 15. 3 
 Goetz. G.T7. Nctes on Fuel Gas. M.E. Tfash. Mooting Pob. 1390. 
 Mineral Resources. Tho Volumes containing ^11 Annual Reviews. 1\ec. /$i 
 Newberry J.S. The Origin of tho Carbonaceous Matter in Bituminous 
 
 Shales. Nat'l Acad. 13C3. p. 357. 
 Orton.E^l Dolomitization Idea. Am. Man. and Iron World. Pittsburg 
 
 Doc. 2. 1087. p. 21 
 
 . /, On the Pressure of'Natural Gas. Am. Geol. Soc. 1590. Sf-. 
 
 Whits J,C ft Anticlinal Theory, .Sci, June 2G.lSTt5 Petroleum Age for 
 
 Mar. 1.T33. A.J^s,,!!!,, 31. 393. See also Ashburner, Soi^-)'; . ' 
 
 July. 1^-5. 
 
; . 
 
 1o 8&Xc ''' srf-f ^Txo.dweM 
 
 . 
 
 ao*I fcns atuii '"Ofq si lie Waiebifi- 
 
 Xto *iT' rrre$rv >e ?*1 ,* f 
 
 eiieoolM erf^ to aol 
 - anola itro^o dairfw 1 ao 
 
 .. . ; . ;.. . -L>'.-. .' o .... ' -' " - :i.n'- ' *l0 
 
 3.t.A X0Jt.iw- 9^ *-ii;.S r: 
 
 ** aweHw*^ lo ,wdl 
 J i*H nan* 
 
 UrtB aiifXl>fiXJbi cif^ to x***q- 
 
 aenx 
 
 ^toO arts ni *& afaJ to 
 
 ,Q t^OlOOC ; ,a t T .^ 
 
 ^l^oXo^ itctbB/tfit) to Q^toqoK 
 
 . : . , . . , ' ., : r- -.j-r.--. 
 
 .n 
 
 *t\* MJt^eo3 f>na r .(^ 
 
 d ow o^iemA ni *r 
 
 if oit (oxrfC m .nreol) ,ol^ 
 
 ;wiJHon) onoja 
 
 ,. x _ i - _ B ^.k '4- r > r 
 
 ' , : . ... ' . ' '-.'-- * *--> 
 
 to JMI|<KP^ aciT *A* 
 
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 ^a e ,a.i 
 
 
 e .ax . 
 
 
 .awetvofl XaifiteU - 
 
 tiw^ta ni to^taM ai/oooartodf- t to 
 
 .f)J f 
 
 aiudi^li *!** rtX JbB .oai'i m 
 
 -* n 
 -jot t 
 08 . 
 
102 
 
 The early oil wells, and the still earlier salt wells often 
 liberated great quantities of gas whose inflammability was known* 
 In ?. few pla-oe-s' -it was locally used for illumination and heat 3 
 (Predonia, N 8 Y ) Its explosive nature and the apparently very 
 greet pressure at which it oame out militated against its ousa. 
 
 Within the last five or six years it has however beezt success- 
 fully collected,- piped long distances, and employed for all the 
 purposes of fuel. It is incomparably the best fuel that has been 
 burned* The search for it has been prosecuted vigorously in many 
 parts of the country and has served to reveal its presence in a 
 number of regions not thought to contain it 
 
 Nevr Yorko Energetic search has-been made in N.Y. GHs lias 
 been found and is #ew used in the southwestern part of the state 
 in the oil region. Its geological occurrence is similar/ to the 
 oil referred to above* Smaller amounts have been obtained near 
 Buffalo from the Sa^'ilina; in Ontario Co. from tho Marcellus; and 
 near Oswego from tho Trenton*, 
 Ashburner C^A* Petroleum and. Natural Gas in N.Y. M.E. 16. 906 
 
 Geology of Buffalo as related to Natural Gas Explorations 
 along tho Niagara River* M.E. 17. 398. , 
 
 Williams H C S. Geology of Southvrott N,Y, Petroleum Age Bradford : Ponn. 
 1857. p. 1642 
 
 Pennsylvania,, The chief productive regions are in the neigh- 
 borhood of Pittsburg to which tho gas is piped* The wells are 
 located along the Allegheny River, and further north on the out- 
 skirts of tho oil fields. Also to the southwest in Washington Co.. 
 
 The; & comes from several horizons from the Portage up into 
 tho Goal Measure BO The wells aro situated along anticlinals as. 
 will bo noted later. s ' 
 
 See Papers cited under General Literature above. 
 
 Oho^lo Considerable gas is obtained in tho eastern part of 
 jOhoo, in the oil regions and is locally used. (Bast Liverpool, 
 Wellsburg) e It comes from the Berea Grit of tha Lower Carbonifer- 
 ous,{Soe under Ohio Petroleum above). But the greatest source of 
 gas is in the northwestern part of the state near Pindlay. The gas 
 comes from the Trenton limestone along the northern prolongation 
 of the Cincinnati arch* 
 Newberry H c S tt In Am* Chern* Doc 1870 Notices two or three strong 
 
 Wells. . 
 
 On Ohio and -other Gas Wells A.JS,III. 5. 225. 
 Orton S a Preliminary Report Columbus 1887 
 
 Vol. V & VI Ohio Gool. Survey on Economic Geology. Ree 
 
 Indiana* Much gas has also been obtained from the region 
 about Kokomo, Nobiesville, and Muneie Ind, from the. Trent on. 
 Gorby 15th Annual Report Ind. Geological Survey. 
 Phinney Natural Gas in Ind, Amer. Man. & Iron Vorld Aug* 1887 
 
 :' 
 
 I 
 
SOI 
 
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 v 
 
 SB* 
 
 >9df 
 ->t 
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 xls 
 
 3/10! 
 eri* tl<ftqoo/ti 8i tl .Xn lo a 
 
 noed 8J3x: IOB 
 
 6 ni 
 
 erf * .10 
 
 nosr 
 
 ai 
 
 tOt 
 
 84* X*UI**M Ot 
 
 41* 
 at* 
 
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 10 
 
 
 eoiaoa 
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 sc*ui* 10 
 
 It 
 
 erf 
 
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 >39waO T 
 
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 BB C 
 
 piiK orft Bol 
 
 to f8^ aw 
 
 Si 
 
 ffavXxsin 
 ^tl<r Ic 
 
 XX Iw 
 
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 at 
 
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 iCovoda 
 lo ***** 
 
 AXioV ttwl A 
 
 olffO i^bmr oea).ai;o 
 erf^ 1 si 
 
 ei 
 
 ^ i^jw- 
 n! 
 
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 tc'^It^^ . 
 
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 aa 
 
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103 
 
 *. TS-.I '*?.> 
 
 "Analyses of Natural Gas. 
 
 CIV C^H 6 N - H C^H^ CO^ {JO H^S 
 
 Pcnn, (Grapevine) 35.08 28.87 27,87 7,05 0*17 0*16 O a 5S 0*22 
 Ohio Christ Liverpool) 
 
 Ohio Oindlay) 92 62 3.61 2-.18 0-.30 0.34 26 050 20 
 
 Xiid (Mutxele) 92,67 3.53 2.35 25 35 0,>25 45 15 
 
 Those analyses wsre taken from Orton's Reports Ashburiier'' a Paper 
 
 The Origin of Petroleum and Natural Ga3 
 
 (The- Students are referred to Ortoris Papers Geol Ohio Vol VI 
 Chap II for a clear review and statement to which those not 03 are,. 
 largely indebted). 
 
 Chemical Theories. Bertholet (1866) a By the reaction of water 
 at high temperature carryong CO^ in solution en the alkalies sup 
 posed to exist in a metallic state in tho interior of the earth* 
 Mendel e Jeff (1877)* By the reaction of water at high temperat^cr^ 
 on rootallic iron and metallic Carbides supposed to exist in the 
 interior of the earth. 
 
 Bertholot, Annales Chem, d Phys. IX 481, 
 Mendolejeff Revue Soientifique 1877 409, 
 
 Organic Theories. In general by the chemical alterations 
 which organio matter undergoes when buried in the rooks. It would 
 e com as if the limestone and shale oils and ajgs may have resulted 
 from the animal matter buried in them.. They have moro sulphurous 
 compounds as shawn by the nalyss quoted above of gas frem tho . 
 Trenton, and have stronger and more disagreeable odors and larger 
 percentages of nitrogen. Recent experiments have shown a close 
 analogy between the produets obtained from fiih 11 (Menhadtm) and 
 petroleum. 
 
 Engler C Beriohte d chem. SOB. 21. 2188 Am. Chenu Jour, llo 130 
 Peckhaia S P. 10th Census Vol. X. 69. 
 
 Per tho oil and gas so far obtained from sandstone, an origin 
 frorr< vegetable tissues is more probable and these were fcaubtless 
 in a lower lying sourc*; so that the sandstones are only the reoep~ 
 tacle The evolved products passed off as indicated in the ddBB- 
 Gioii of tsoal and Tie re collected in the higher lying receptacles 
 
 On the basis of a universal origin of petroleum from organic 
 Tissue in limestones, Hunt (1863) has argued its derivation by the . 
 decomposition f this tissue in the Calcareous receptacle., 
 Newbcrry (1S59 qnd later) has described the changes of organic 
 mat tei*, probably chiefly of vegotable character .in chales,as a 
 spontaneous distillation at lov temper at ures f and to be continuous, 
 not distinguishing with all desirable sharpness between tho chemi- 
 cal processes of decamp 05 It ion- and distillation, but furnishing 
 a conception whose main points hav beeii widely aeopted since<> 
 S.F^Peekiisun uses distillation moro aecitrdtely and refr/^a tho oil 
 and gas of Penu te tlitt h^at engendered by the elevation and met"' a- 
 morphism of the Appalaohiajic , (1*9, destructive distillation) r:c-tini; 
 

 
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 eo-.t snitX -fadgW a<f* ni be^asXXoa otv ba 
 aJkrf^to noil mJ6lofia<j la iflgNo Xctvtir s la s 
 on noi^cvinaJb ati bauyia aaxi {a8X) tnyH f ajajaata 
 
 nl 
 
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on organ is tissue in.- .bituminous shales* Ag Crtcn eays h0<7f?fir, * 
 There is no metamorphism and comparatively little diftuyfetltet in 
 eastern Ohio 9 Conceiving its formation to bs tor gom-i eueh POi* 
 sss-s as these, the collection and storage ream in, to & ien*idO**d* 
 E.,:-. .Andrews of 'Ohio, developed in 1^1 (A.^n.n, &&* -5) -h 
 "Cavity Theory" which concolvod of oavo*OJ*n^f Issuroi in v/hidh wore 
 coiiec-ted gas, oil afcd salt water in the order of th@i? ipeeifia 
 gravities, the lightpst on top. Th prodttstii of tho heriaoh at 
 which the drill 1 ' penetrated, were first yielded* Ehig was an sttQfflf 
 to accoimt for neighboring 0as f oil and vmt&r vellg and vas the 
 explanation most widely accepted untile tho roeent iftttPdlt in &*% 
 
 Tho general alifiruttont of wells alonfi afltielinsfi bid 
 notod 9 Prom this suggestion and by a series of 
 level ino;s and v/oll records IO f Tfhitd of V/*Va* d 
 clinai Theory (Scien^b Jiano 2(5 1S05) now 'quite 
 
 for many regions. The gas, oil and salt wftt^r ^rs thou/Jf*t te ftO,l 
 lect beneath tha anticlinal arch with tha 0as at th t^p*, A v/oll 
 at tho crest would thus ' yi old gag f a little way out en th 
 oil; further out, sajbt wator, Orton shewed in 18S7 
 & lorn T7orld, Pittsbferg Dec. 2. 1887)that mnftlygtg bf 
 from tho Tronton lim)stone of Ohio indicated a dolomite 
 
 OaOOi Mft 00^ fe^O^Al^ 
 Unchanged Tronton Limestone 79*30 OtfS 7*00 1200 
 
 w S2.36 1.37 0,aS 12,34 
 
 Trenton Limes tono. Okfe Region 53.50 43.50 Ii26 1,70 
 
 r f " 51. 7S 36 9 80 
 
 From this the inforonc'.? is dra^m tliat dolomltlaation has ejeis 
 ted in making tho lifcestonc porous. Orton has alee shown that 
 anticlinals are not ,taarkod in Ohio but aro of a gently dhuracter 
 and fthat often they are only nioncclinal, ("Arrostod AntioliAOf"). 
 but at the crests of'-'thoaa the oil etc. collocto. (Boon. CfQQl, of, 
 Ohio Vol. VI.) The same author has also shown that tho proattttUP 
 of tho- gas is purely hydrostatic. (Bull, of tho 3ol fl &Qti Amor. 
 Voi i c p. ^"jJan. 189&). Tho rocont work of Orton and flhito ooneti 
 tvitos a brilliant chfcptor in Amoricnn Zoology. 
 
 Ozocerite or l!*rioral TTax. This ha* gonorally boon desorlbed 
 as a natural paraffino 'belonging chemically to the paraffin? 
 and the result of tho inspiration or natural diatillfition of 
 petroleum under conditions that produced ,-, Mlfiov&l '7ix ins toad of 
 on asphalt o Recently Dr. H.Wurtz has advancod tho thoo*y that tho 
 ozocerite belongs to the olofine series and that it b9 rSnultod .,. 
 from petroleum by a polymeric change Th'j ncitra.l VP^S'^O tiro found 
 in this country in Utah, in tho San Poto salloy. finfi oooui 1 in sand 
 stones, Tho quantity is said to. fo$ lar^o and is naw an important 
 Q-eonomic product ^130000 Ibs. woro produced in 1889* 
 E & M, Jour a Blatorite or Mineral tfax. Jul ( y 6. 1882* p 9 2 
 w Ozocerite or Mineral tfa*. Mar. 14. 1886, p. 163 
 c " p Mineral Wax. July 6. 1389. p. 8. Roc. 
 
t *ti*0rf ,a^aa W>flO fcA aaXada -waftta*** *<*>** snsa 
 
 ia owixifciiomfitom Of 
 
 iteifcttttol a** $utivi*onoO 
 ... ; . ... (t*B*< irtH Mi *t**f{jNi Nil iSp-r 
 
 A) X*X ft* **!i>*o*l> ,uldO 
 Otow rfoJfto ft* M*mattV"WV* 10 ftov*owt riw ^ 
 
 XBl Mft X*o % aa? 
 no t****JI ^i* 
 
 taw tlrtf %tMo*x twn o'Aijr >******** ttttb 
 ttav few: ftlXtw teUv taa JCio t uq| jpUtodfrlaJitn to- 
 
 xo 
 
 ftXXow lo ^rtoariaUB IB 
 bit* no^aiMt ttr 
 vofe , lo l*ir0*l feitt^t Hew JbriB t 
 
 i^r 
 
 16 03 orf^ rf^iw Hw XartU***** rf* ricTatttfod 
 m> ^o taw oX^ax a t aa* *>Io*t apip Wwov; taoto orw 
 
 '-tui 
 
 ottfQyio enofa^mlX noir 
 J0 W 
 
 MtO 
 
 * 
 
 orah= 
 
 r , MX 
 
 at tie 
 
 tarf itoitiwi^taoXoft *axl* nvctb a( caooietel ^rf* ai 
 tad not*tO ,3^0*! oq oo^3oc5lX e 
 
 ogt * ^' tf oix:0 ^ J^*Urt fJ l*i ona al 
 
 . ) tlcftUoort^ ^irto **** m*H . 
 
 to tXOD^ .I**!) .ft^oeXXoo .0^0 I*o orf* tMNfrHo atae^r 
 ort* tatft MH oaJU aar! to^i/a onma eiff (.* 
 
 otfidf iMta nttnO tt wr titofoit erCT ifMI ,m>i 
 
 o* mal^M * totqtddo UsalXlJ 
 
 aif a*riT .iu to ei. 
 
 ot tXXat*worf& ?:iaoXd<f ounta^Bq 
 Xa-iiftaa 10 rtoitaaaigsr 
 ato\.: -,iq *aifl amltiMfo*- 
 
 crft boen^vfcn acii a**iVH^a 
 Iifu^ .*v oa eni^oXo e 
 
 oaft^."i o*iennloq a ^d av- 
 /ti ir? out daa n ^oXjQf oto^ naft w!t nl rfi 
 *r.-- nl na vdir el IbxtA eaiaX td-.ot J^i X* .,. - 
 
 ,.:.', . . ;;., - ' , : - - - ' " ; ' ; " ; '^ 
 
 ,< -.fiB8 .a tXirt fc xaV IaiAn*r/ ^.* 
 
 ,d88X *^X ' 
 
105 
 
 Lay Yf.L. General Occurrence in Europe and America. Trans. N.Y 4 Aoacl 
 
 Sol. Vol. II, 1882. p. 4-3 j 
 
 NcYrberry J.S. E.& M.jour. May. 17. 1S79 p.349. A. J.S. III. 17, 340 
 T^iT-trs !*. Thff-Utah Mineral ^ax.^.A M.Jour. ycb. 15 1379. p 9 19? 
 " The Utah Ceroid Minerals E.& M.J.Ajtatl 5. 79 p. 334 Also 
 
 March 22. 1879. p. 199. 
 
 Tho Utah Mineral Waxes. E.& 'ft. Jour. July 3. 1889 p. 25, 
 
 * A Theory of Asphalt c-Gnesls E.& M.J. July. 27. 39. p23 
 Various fossil gums and resins lllke amber, cum copal etc. are 
 
 produced elsewhere in the world but are of no importance in the U.S 
 
 Reference may also he made to the diamond pnd itc probablo 
 origin in some cases through the action f eruptive rocks on bitu- 
 minous shale. ( the Kentucky peridot ite dike described by J. 
 
 STRUCTURAL UATBlftALS. Z;BUXXJDXNO STONE. 
 Bartlctt TT.H.C. On Contraction fcnd expansion in Building Stone 
 
 A. J.S. I. 12. 1832 
 
 Cutting H.A. Durability of Building St.or.oa. A. J.S. III. 21. 410 
 Or ill mo ro QA. aept on the OoMparativo Strength Sp Gr. and Ratio of 
 
 Absorption of Building Stones in the U.S, Official Kept 
 
 Chief of Engineers 1375 (Vcn Mostrand). 
 Orocnloaf J.L. Building Stcnos, Their Properties and Uses. S.of If. 
 
 Hetfleld R?8t r ^es^Z e^fiufldfnj fono. Jcur. Franklin Inst, Mar. 68 
 Haves & Merrill 10th Census Vol. X. ^specially Recommended. 
 fcnrjr J^^Cftintho HcdQ ef. test, in-* Building Materials r.nd^an account 
 
 cf ^he r,wVlj| .+* t 
 
 A. J.S. IT. 22. 30. 
 Hull E. A Tre^ise on the* Building and Ornamental Stones of Great 
 
 Britain and Foreign Countries A.J.S.III. 5. 23-i 
 Hunt T.S. On Porosity of Building Htona. Chen & Geol. 
 Indiana Geological Report 187G p. SO 
 Johnson T7.R. Coi^parison of Exporlmonts on Auwr. and Foreign 'Build*' 
 
 ing Stones etc. AJ.S, II. 11. J 
 Warble and Serpentine in Vt. A. J.S. 35 p. 390 
 Merrill *E The Collection of Building rjid Ornwaontal Stones in 
 
 the U.S.Nat*! Museum. Smithsonian Rcp't lo85-83 JJt II p. 
 
 277. 643. Haforenca to separata TfSTo'rks otc on p519. 
 
 Especially Reoonmendod. 
 
 ITcwberry J.S. Repts and Awards Centennial Judges Group I. Rc. 
 Orton E. Ohio Geol. Survey Vol. V. p. 577. Roc. 
 Presidents Message 32 Ccnsroao 2nd Session 1G52 
 Prime P. Hopt D3 Vol.1. 138-143 2nd Gool Survey Penn. 
 Heport of Come on la. Capitol Building Stone. Dosmoinos 1871. 
 Hop, of Tosts rnado at the T7atertovm Arsonal fc/ ?hila. Com. 1382 
 Richards C a B. On tho Crushin;: Resist anco of Stone Trans . A,S e CE. 
 
 June 5&6 72. p. 145 j- n o 1373 
 
301 
 
 Oi. *.qr C .II .loV -. 
 
 .VI ,x*M .^'o^ ' 
 
 
 J&jl ..xfl" ir '* ,17-s*- 
 
 lAiH/ BlstortJtK LioioD ife*U oriT 
 
 71. q 4 (?VOI .22 
 . xl^ **t ,3ox*W Xaionl? 
 
 ri/^ % l.J' A. a aXon0-.^X6rfqsA lo xi^orfl A 
 ores o*o ifti ; ^rodma c;ffr Mtifi J^rra cmirt iiaaol 
 
 8.U orfct >^ lo f j r ii rf^ ni eierfwosld 
 
 -dMPlf 9fl J^ni tffWiift w|l *f oJbam odf oala 
 
 looi cvfJ'cprto to n*l*-0 Q, r ^irf^Boano ono nl 
 
 all **** o^l^o^Ntq ^ouinoX arf^ ) . 
 
 JBfOYfl 
 
 nO .0./!.vr 
 .21 ,!..,, A 
 
 . . . .. . | | . :-K^ Effl ' |*JtJCJ If : , ' 
 
 ,iD 4 (j8 iJ.tjjUof ^i o;/ilfi*xqr.io9 orfl no ^qe- .Ap 
 
 11 noV) a| WNHSlaffa to toxrfO 
 ,11 to.8',oatf fcnc aol^fotjo*:? *rJtcrfT ^rn^r IJtua J^ tuel/J 
 
 !*ft x ? XllS^^n MmBH 
 
 ,tobr:oor.ii>oH xllfi*oq3fr * 1V ajjrrD rf^OX XII*rcfM ^ 
 M 
 
 * rft ^y* tMH ^ t^ 
 
 .05 .- S .tT .' 
 
 -arft no eai'tT A ,'T IXH 
 
 Mt .3 .III.E^I .eli^ni/oO -;t il 
 
 ^'^>S -I^o AflNgV MmNI:VilftIitf8 to x^tso-o^ nO .5.T 
 
 Jhtc .iifli OcaM*^pff 1* itoeliaqpion 6 H.T7 
 
 (.XX .II ,S. T *A .0*0 aarto^ /I: 
 
 OS5q 35 .3.L.A *lV^i; i:ft ftJttooqiOc 
 
 rtlfcXIija 1o nai^J>H&^ ^rfT S S IXlTto?!, 
 
 ; : '\ . , - .; coa '-.-: ^.i>H*r^* -'" '-- 
 
 tea 
 
 .0* .Vft.q .V .IrtV xov*u3 i**t AMI *S rtc^iO 
 otaaeS Ml 
 Xoo LnS 
 
 .xvnx 301 iifcXh 
 
 6&X .meD 
 ^2.A .an;3it ,orro^8 lo coru&feta: rrfairt' UO 
 
Seely H.Mo & Brainard E, The Marble Border of Postern Nev/ En-gland 
 
 Qtc. Middlebury Hist. Soc. Vol a I 6 PTI 1GG5 Kso 
 Smcck J,C t Building Stone in the State 8? N,Y, Bull, NY St. lit a 
 
 Museum No. 3; 1833. Ro. - 
 
 Sperr P.'T, lOth Census Vol. 10. pp/ 38-42 Methods of fforfcf?!S 
 True Gael 1* Jour, Assoo. 3n. Soc. June 1805 a p 302 
 
 Y/inchall II. H.- The Comparative Strength of Minn* & ?to7 Br^. Gi-mltc^ 
 AoAoA,S jdnneapolis Meeting 12th Ann. Hep, '.'ri.r.., Oov 
 
 Ao Mas sire Rocks and Gneiss* 
 
 Occurrence* As irregular masses of indefinite extent , (dlkc-a 
 sheets and bosses); f ermine the sreat rnaes cf the ArchtiOa^. ? and ?.s. 
 various erupt ivo outbreaks in all a^Qs. Generally of a cray colo: 
 corr.o times rod a 
 
 Aroasa Gonoral description of tha Arcliaoan Areoo o.:' tho U S0 
 Now England, tho Adirondacks, the Eastern Appalachian, fi!Uw6tf4tfe, 
 Missoui'i and \7e stern States. 
 
 Orthoelas* Rocks (Granites, Syenites, Gneisses }. O.i tho Mai 
 Coast thore are numerous quarries of /pranito in tho Arohftsan, tiect-v 
 lr "biotite granites* (Dix Islandjotc ). Now Hampshire, (Tlio Gran- 
 its State) affords numerous quarries in the Archaean aspooially 
 near Concord, Tho rocks r.ra chiefly biotite/- museovitcTsraniba, 
 rr.r^ly fpieiss and syonito. Vermont has s. few quarries of ^ranito 
 chiefly of tipper Silurian Age. Massaohuaetts. ^xtonsiva quArrios 
 occur in tho eastern and central portions of tho state, ohiafly of 
 homUlonde -granites, (Quincy near Boston is the chief oanter? tho 
 roch is popularly called syenite) and c^iss (Monson) ^ All of Arch- 
 aean A^e. Rhode Island. F.xtQnsive quarrios of biotite-granito 
 (especially at Westerly) of Archioan Age. Connortieut , The quarries 
 produce ji^isc with scrno ^rroiite. (No-./ London, an important contor) . 
 Granitic rocks are abundant in tho Archaean of the Adirondacks and 
 in the* Highlands on the? Iliidcon Hivsr, but are not extensively quar- 
 ried. The norite from Kees*\rills affords a fine greenish etone a 
 It is called Au Sable Granite, Some ;?ieiss is quarried near Ph.ilao 
 Pa* Granite and gneiss are qn^rriod in !\!j*y3.and and Dolawr.,ro, but* 
 not in great quantity. Considerable granite and gneiss ara obtai-% 
 ned in central Virginia The granite rocks arc also queried s 
 in Iliiinasolta^' Missouri and Calif oi*nia e The later- members of -C?A 
 
 v 
 
 ortheclase series (rhyolites) aro much used in Colorado 
 
 Reference made to tho Bay of Fundy rod granite; to Scltotch gran- 
 ite, also tottho aesthetic qualities of c^^^ito in general, polish, 
 endurance - t fusibility and crushing strength* 
 
 The Plagioclas Recks, ( Diorlto, Diabase, oto,)'tro far lass 
 used. 'than the orthoclaso rocks They are in general of a dark 
 sombar color, finely crystalline, less easily quarried, and aro 
 often popularly called black granites. Diabaso of Devonian A&e is 
 quarried in Main&(noar Addison Pt.y n molaphyro of "the Archanan , 
 near Boston, and sons diabase of Triasslc A^o in Uow Jorsoy^ Penm, 
 and Virginia, Tho rooks aro extensively knoun in tho vest. 
 
. ' 
 
 . 
 
 -' 
 
 .. . 
 
 
 
 ,1! t,tt 0*3*2 orf* tti Off o*3 3/i&Xj/8 ,f)T, 
 
 .c-*;oii 
 
 >kf OA-JIF 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 :iorf 
 
 tj '- 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 .- 
 
 I i . 
 
 
 
 
 ort . 
 seqsa moflrfaiA 
 
 ivo9m >*< 
 
 tO if 9* -' 
 
 aeJt<rNNft c 
 
 to x<n*Jrf* ,oti'*a anol 
 
 rrfSf ;i- inoe te^trio erl* ai 
 to XXA ,(noanoi 
 
 *** 
 
 faciiits*: ^ tt TT I 
 
 0*1 orfT />' 
 
 ..;r v :-. ; :-d r ;;' " 'ooo 
 
 
 
 
 ||tfC ftOSXcI oborff! . cvA 
 t;j 
 
 
 eta tod to srjt.- 
 
 ttt A aWo'ttiS elXl^oeX focft e 
 
 inert be liiLp si aalen; 1 cnio2 ^t^litniS Xdfi3 aA 
 w^XoCI l>ff J^ftr; i :f* tl f . 
 
 or; .Y*itrrm/p 
 a^'oj'i i*xfr-r: orIT . 
 fui^ to 8'icdftiem -!B*uI odf ttifnc'ri. 
 OJbA^lOX . .i.fta c'fB 
 
 .S c* ;o.> 
 
 ftl D*t jf( 
 
 fairto tea x*il 
 oacX fAt cij (.** _lMrfnr / T t o*tioid ) 
 
 ox jj 
 :H ^:I* nl 
 fT li 
 
 ' 
 aXc o $i 
 
 Mi 
 
10V 
 
 Reference has been made to the norite of tho Adircndaeks above* 
 
 The schistose members of the metamorph1.cs rocks arc locally used 
 for rough masonry and foundations where they occur { "Mev York,. 
 Phila. Baltimore ) but possess no architectural baay-ty a 
 ?V he Stratified or Sedimentary Rocks * 
 
 Sandstones and Limestones ara treated by geographical distri- 
 bution from east to west. They occur as stratified masses of all 
 geological periods from the Cambrian on* 
 
 Areas* General proliminary description fo the geological 
 formation of the country oast of tho Alloghanios and Ohio s In the 
 No -.; England statos but little sandstone Is q-j^rried except at 
 Portland Conn* and Longmoaclpv/' Mass, vrhoro very extensive quarries 
 or Triassic rod sandstone { generally called "brown sotne") aro 
 operated, Some coarse Sandstone and conglomerate of Lov.ro r Silurian 
 Ago (?) is obtained noar Bostoiio Vory extensive quarries of the 
 Triassic rod Bands tono aro situated near Newark N d .T fl (Bolleville) 
 vhiclT chiefly supply Nov/ York end vicinity. Thoro are also quarries 
 nosr Philadelphia in Petfl.. In Nov; York at Potsdam, and vicli-.:i.ty s 
 the Potsdam sandstone Cambrian System is extensively quarried 
 ( remarks on its oxcollonco) 8 Ins Medina sandstone (Upper Silririan 
 System ) f rom ttoo eoiantry couth of Lake Ontario is much usod (exam- 
 ples on the ccmpus). Devonian sands tono generally more or less 
 argillaceous, are extensively yitarried especially in Ulrtor and 
 Delav/aro count ios* They are ospoc tally adapted to flagstones for 
 which they aro chiefly usod. ^ocal use of Devonian sandstones in 
 th.) older university buildings referred to. In Ponn, Devonian 
 sandstones aro somov;hat quarried especially in Wyoming Co aliko 
 for flagging and building. Tho principal sandstone in the western 
 prqtion of Penn 8 aro from tho Carboniferous and Sub-carboniferous 
 strata* Thoy are generally coarse in toxture and adapted only to 
 loctl use, Tho same is true of Wcct Va In th* Statos to the 
 south, but little sandstone* is quarried. Mention made of the- 
 Florida shell sandstone or "Ooquina*. 
 
 General preliminary description of tfte geological formation 
 of tho country between the ALlcchan5.es and the Mississippi* 
 
 Tho Ohio sandstones arc chiefly of uV carboniferous Age, and 
 aro very extensively quarried in the nor thr/es torn portion of the 
 str.to. (Berea, Euclid, Aroherst, otc) v;honeo they are shipped far 
 and near. The Carboniforjus sandstones further south aro also 
 extensively used for ordinary constructions* Small emotmts of 
 Carboniferous and Sub-carboniferous cc.ndct:onos aro qur.rriod in 
 IncU , Ill a , T/isoonsin, Iowa, Mc a> and Kan., but alnost entirely for 
 loocl consnmptioiio The; Cambrian of Lako Superior supplies tho 
 Port ago stono. The Loi?er Silurian furnishes considerable in Minu. 
 Further vrest and south the quarry industry is not as yet much 
 developed or else the chief stone is line stone to be subsequently 
 referred to* The red quartzte of Sioux Palls, Dak tthich takes a 
 polish like jasper deserves mention. A T/arm red sandstone is 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
quorriud in western Col along Prying Pan Greek whish makes a 
 1 lonesome stone and n the eastern slope of the mountains aro 
 nj'.n?bers of places which furnish Denver and other places with mate- 
 riolev 
 
 CLAYS. 
 
 ICvcmi:; GA. Ency, Amor, Supp, to Ency, Brit. Vol. II, p a !27. Roc a 
 Colorado, Col* Clay Manufactures. Mining Industry Denver Jan 24 9Q?3'J 
 T!-yj Jorsoy Rep. on the. Clay Bop. of TToodbridge, South Amboy, and 
 other places in N. J. together with their use for fire-- 
 brick pottery etc. N.J.Gool. Survey 1277. 332 ff. 
 llowborry J S- a On the Raritan Clays N.J. A.A.A.S* 1869,. 
 Smock J,0 E*& M.Jcui* Mch. 23, 4878 p.200/ also Mch. 16 1373 
 p 9 185. Geol. Report on Clay Deposits 187 S, Mining Clay 
 Trans. Inst, K,35, Vol. III. p,211. Fire Clajs, Plastic 
 Clays etc. of N 8 J, Trans Inst. M.E VI e 177, Potters 
 Clay, A,J\,S II, iOO'c, 
 
 Ohio Clay end Kaolin Ohio Gool. Rept. Vol. V, p. 643. 
 Poiiii, Hoilprin A, Chapter on Philadelphia Brick oto. in Tov/n Gool - 
 
 r, a-w " ^^ 
 u g,^; a. QO J ^ 
 
 Ponn* ^nd a Survey 1879 KcCroaths Report 
 Wisoonsin.Swe^t BoT Analyses of !.!ilwaukoci Clay and Milwaukee Brick 
 
 Clr.y A.Jo'S. (3) Vol. 24. (124) p. 134. 
 
 Clay consists of the finest particles resulting from the 
 orecicn of rocks They are essentially the hydrated silicate cf " 
 alumina- (kaolin irhon pure) ^onorally with smaller amounts of SiC ?> 
 as -fine quartz grains, of Ba^ ,CaO f K and lla^O, The feldspars 
 of th-3 nassivo rocks by ths loss cf thdir alkalies furnish tho 
 n3cessary hydratod silicate cf alumina. lira Clays lack tho iron 
 lime, potash and soda. Brick clays are higher in iron and henco 
 color en burning. The infusible property of fira clay is due to 
 its froadom from those four elements. 
 
 Occurrence and Areas. Clay bods occur quite generally thpough- 
 ut tb sorias of stratified rocks but in the older are indurated ^ 
 
 less iretonorphosod aggregates. Pire clays arc espec-' 
 ially obtained from thu Carboniforcns (Cheltenliam near St Lcuis,. 
 various places in Peiin. Ohio and other iron manufacturing 
 
 all varieties come from the Cretaceous (Perth 
 N.J.). Cretaceous clays are also wrought at 
 
 :-he limits of tho glacial drift ara abundant - 
 S a especially throughout Hew England, (Ohamplain Stage-) 
 
 mparativoly recent geological origin These el^v^ -p fe * 
 ago furnish the cTatQri.nl -pf>-- T^^^I u-.,4^i. 
 
 . if ^ r IOG * 1 bi ' lck ^^tries. They arc 
 
 narked strata, often, unless weathered into a -. 
 olid exhibiting thin bods. (New England clay, feverstrair N,Yv 
 

 
 : 
 
 3.q 
 
 . 
 
 '3 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 T . O r : 
 
 frfxirt' firt + { ti f* f n- 
 
 *.iv tn pl JT; 
 
 -. 
 
 ^Ila^ories ^JtJ^P *sr/80o 
 
Analyses sf Cl4:ys ; 109 
 
 G oin b 1 n e d omb isio d 
 
 Quartz %0 Ko.,0 CaO Pe-0, 
 
 Kaolin i- & 9 46*3 39 : j8 
 
 U.,\T tf piro Clay 1I.V2 4*94 -AOvSO Ovl Ov41 0,08 0,10 0*51 
 
 Ohio * * 11V63 35,34 31-6 S4 17<<>13 0- ,59 0-50 O67 
 
 Missouri * 11.30 38*10 31*52 12'$C 40 iv92 
 
 Colorado * 
 N.JYRed Brick Clay 11 30 2bc'50 1,7*70 31,30 1'64 16 6 a 40 
 
 The oxlds of titan;ii2m Is vory ^v'?rxera'J,ly present in firo clays. 
 Reference nado to c',hal.l: 3.3 a fir*o litntUa^Ateon't, and to 
 eo-:-r;3 oar";h fcrrnod of tho remains of microscopic 
 valuable a^ a poli,?hiii^ a 
 
 Tho liiriostoneo for-?r< strp.tiflsd mfces^s in all 0i5 
 systoms m fi*orn the Archaean on^ 
 
 Areas. (Kc<*all the goolc^ical do script ions given undor sand- 
 stc??ios). O'ha Ilav England states clo- nt ftxnuyh ttxuch limestone 
 strictly o-ealjA?d, marble oxocpted* (soo marble later) 4 In Now 
 York tlio liniostorio's of /. th Lower Silurian, Upp^r Silurian and 
 Devonian arc? Quito extdnsivoly quarried for lecal iioe through the 
 interior of the stata.*' (marblo not included) a Considerable lime- 
 stcnc of LoTfor Silurian Age is qttarriod in south western Ponn. 
 
 Unimpcrtarit quarrios of limestone occur in Maryland, Virginia^ 
 and otb-jr Southern States, In caotorn Tennessee, many limestones 
 of Lov;or Silurian Ago (called in" the trade marblea) of v/onderful-' 
 varioty and beauty aro quarried., {Knoxvill o and Rcfioreville are the 
 chief contors). In Kentucky ncjcr Ltiiiiswlllo and Ccv5n^ton are 
 extensive quarrioA of tPm Lov;er Si3.urian arid Sub-carboniforous 
 Systems o 'in Ohio ara very extonsivo quarries in t2i3 Devonian, Uppwr 
 Silurian (Niagara, Holclorbor^Stacos) Lower Silurian (Cincinnati'' 
 Staco) in the northern and wo stern portions of tha state* 
 
 In Indiana, the Uppor Silurian and Sub-carboniferous limestones 
 arc the bo sis of a vory considerable quarry industry a Prom tho 
 latter coiiios tha famous Bedford stone or Indian?, limestone whioh 
 consists of- fossil fra?nf>nt8 s and which is -shipped all over the 
 least orn U & S., and is one* of tho principal ornamental etones of 
 Chicago ; In Illinois th:- Upper Silurian and Sub -carboniferous 
 limestones arc- extensively used for locsnl purposes - In Wisconsin 
 tho Lo*;:or Silurian and Upper Silurian strata in tho southern port 14 
 cnc of tho ctivfcG furnish oxtonsivo amount s In Minnesota tho 
 Lor/or Silurian is tha source of the limestone and affords a variety 
 :cf building & tone t- 5 ( the MarJcato one of the beet known) In lovra 
 almost all th'o Series of tho Pals.eozcic furnish limestones for* 
 locr.l ivsc and. are much quarried* In Missouri tho Sub-carbonifortjus 
 limcfitonos near St Louis and the Cp.r-bon5 forous near Kansas City 
 furnish much to each of thsso cities^ In Kansas the Carboniferoias 
 is tho source of tho limes tons employed for local use o In the " ^. 
 Dthr western and southern states the industry is not as yet exton- 
 3ivc-Iy clovolcpod. a 
 
; ' ' x .' -' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 /- r' 
 
 
 
 
 W6>H v'tOJ 
 
 ' /- / 
 
 >^^t(^Wr{ 
 
 = 
 
 ,Gi 
 
 -~\ a**m 
 
 . 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 .. 
 
 - , j 
 
 
Slates, Marbles and Serpentines .- 
 
 -rut Slate* En a & Mining Journal, Vol. ^oNOa 19* May 10 1370 
 Muauf* & Builder PC 83 about 1870 (Reference for year only 
 
 approximate) 
 
 Seely H.M.& Brainard E. The Marble Border of Western New Eng- 
 land! etcv Middlobury Hist. Soc'.' Vol I Pt.I 1HS5 RecV . 
 York Smock J e C. Building Stone in tho State of N.Y. Bull. N.Y 
 
 State Museum No. 3. 1838 Rec . 
 ?-3i2i, SI ate. Perm 2nd Geol Survey Report D, 
 11 Engineering News Jan 31 1885. p.67 
 
 Brief description of the origin of those from sedimentary or 
 stratified beds of similar composition. 
 
 Areas* Slate. Western Vermont (Cambrian Period).' Eastern Pnn 
 (Lower Silurian Period), and less important regions in NY,y NvJ., 
 and Ga <, 
 
 Somewhat detailed description of tho Vermont and Pen*., Areas. 
 Marble is obtained in large quantities from B*region in western 
 New England bordering on the N.Y a line. It is considered metamor- 
 phosed Lower Silurian limos-tono^an obseure point not yet fully 
 cleared, Rutland Vt, Sheffield and Lee Mass are the chief centers,/ 
 
 In southeastern UY / / is an extension of the above* Tuskahsa -ind 
 Pleasanoville aro the chief centers. Marble also in the northern 
 central portion of N.Y in St. Lawrence Co. The majority of the 
 c chor so-callsrd marbles are strictly speaking limes tones a Ma: re 
 e-^p-Qoially the Tennessee marble referrod to under limestones * 
 J a S, New berry has reported b eaut if uH marble from western Colorado., 
 
 Serpentine is somewhat quarried noar New York City, and near 
 Philadelphia-, Small amounts aro used as an ornamental stono . 
 
 Appendixo Building Stones are treated from almost every possi- 
 bles point of view in Vol-X of the Tenth Census. The student is 
 also referred to the Monograph by G.P.Merrill cited above from tho 
 Smithsonian Reports and it v/ill be found the best reference bok 
 yet publishode Por resistance to crushing the student is referred 
 to the various engineering treatises and papers mentioned above* 
 ' In general it may be said that the chief source of weakness or- 
 decay is either some constituent mineral especially liable to 
 alteration, such as pyrites 5 or the wearing of tho eementing mate- 
 rial of the individual grains.' 
 On Flagstone sea New York Times* Vol. XXI. No. 6342 2nd page. 
 On tfte decay of Building stone in New York City. Trans. N.Y. Acad. 
 Sei. Vol. II. p.67 and 120. Paper by M Julien. Also additional 
 later anes by Dr Elliot. On Stone Cutting, Sch. of Mines Quarterly 
 Vol. IV. p. 265., Paper by Prof Trowbridge. 
 
 WATER. 
 Chamberlain TC The requisite and qualifying conditions f Artesiai 
 
 wells . 5th Ann* Report Director U.S.GvSo 
 
 Hunt T So Contributions to the Chemistry -of Natural Waters A J a S a 
 II. 40, 43. also 193 
 
rtt 
 
 01 \. 
 
 ijjji *' i stf. a" ; ~ - 3-7 //.: <:' 
 
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 tue: moe 
 
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 IS *ta 
 
 
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 hunt A a Eo& Clapp G H Tho impurities of Water M,E 3.7 336U 
 Airy good- ceo3.egy f GeiXls and T>ana specially recommended chapters 
 on water. Humej*us and instructive analyses in Justus HotJas 
 All gome ine undl Chemische Geologic. Band I/ 
 
 Yfator is the universal solvent and erosive agent r gathering 
 mineral matter in solution while percolating through tho rocks 3 
 
 This action is a$4?<id by CO* in solution. The chief elemrmfcs 
 affected are calcium, magnssium 3 iron, potassium and sodium '' 
 
 'Tho ccirmon salts arc carbonates, sulphates and chlorides?' 
 Or^anis matter is frequently present as well. Limestone regions are 
 prcno to have hard waterSft^ranites, alates and sandstones afford 
 the purest. Lakes with no outlet ( as the- Great Salt Lako and - 
 others of tho Great Basin) become strong brines.' 
 
 Analyses of Various Waters* 
 
 Delaware River Ocean Great Syracuse MielW K3G?.c Salt 
 
 Rain in 10000 pts Average, Salt Brines^ Brines 
 
 & 5376 CaCo, 0,223 Water 9<3 e 5 85,0060 83.5747 78^6799 1.5 
 
 H.6447 HB00 a 0^152 NaCl 2-.6S5 11,862 15.'5317 17 W 5105 9 3 -.9c 
 
 CO' 1,77 1C SO. 0,032 MjCl. 0,315 1 4:908 0-.14441 1 0685 Ov298 
 
 fc, : . r; N-aCl 0- 9 01S KC1 0.140 0*0062 0,01X9 
 
 ^ v. w K 5 C1,-0,;002. .Ca SO V 0,175 0- & 0853 0'57754 
 
 ^ SiO^O.'OSS MgSO^ 0-.216 0.9321 
 
 - ^ K^CO^ 0.029 HaBr 0.035 
 
 05363 
 
 VMJtJ? - OaCl 0.1533 2.6430 0,136 
 
 " 0,0024 
 
 < ^* ^ I PeOO,. 0.0044 - Xneol- 
 
 v - J ^ ~~ ^ O'104 
 
 Remarks on its connection with general health^ and steaming 
 pm*poses 
 
 Artesian V/ells. The necessary condition for success is -the 
 existence of a basin with a porous or permeable stratum between 
 two impervious layers* Views to illustrate, 
 
 Remarks on the success of artesian wolla in regions of bad water 
 Denver Colorado cited 9 
 
 a 1 DEPOSITSo 
 
 General GaessmawiC ,A* Cent rib tit ions to the Chemistry of C-onanon 
 Salt Y/ith partisvLlar reference to our horns resouraas. 
 A J S, II. 49, 1878, Rec 
 v Huftfc T S a On the Extraction of Salt from Sea Water. A J.S ,' 
 
 Mineral Resourceso 1882/8hp84, 85, 86, of U a S a Geolo Survey 
 
 2ach contains a good Resumea 
 
 TTinchella u-eol. Studies p,186 Popu3.ar ao count of Salt a 
 IGth Census Vol. II. on Manuf aotui'es, contains important Sta- 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 T^v-, 
 
 
 
 
Canada. Gibson John, On the Salt Deposits of WCto.tario A J,S,III 5 3fe 
 Hunt T.S, The Goderich Salt District Ontario M fl 'B</5*530 
 Heinrich 9 J 8 The Manhattan Salt Mine <Jcd@ricfc CanM3,126 
 
 See also Geological Survey Canada 1867-69 
 Kansas. Hay- Robert Notes on a Kansas Salt Win P$b90 p66 
 Tjouisiana* Petite Atise Mine E,& M.Jotir Oct, 6th 183$, p,280 > * 
 Vermillion Rook Salt -at Petit Ans I/a, A*JS. H, 36, 300 
 Goossmann C.A. On the Rock Salt Dopoaita of Pot it Aag0 la, 
 
 Am. Bureau of Minos. Also A tf J*S,II 43* 284, 
 Hiigard E 6 T7* On the Gool, of iha Miss, Dslta and th Salt 
 
 Dop. of Petita Ause. A,A,A,S,17th Mooting., Published Itt 
 Abstract in A.J*S, II, 47, 77, 
 Owen R, On the Deposit of Rock Salt at Hew Ibaria 
 
 St Louis Ac ad, Sei. II, 250, A, J, 3,11, 42, 
 Pomaroy,R,A,Th0 Petite Atjse Salt Min#, M,B,17, 107, 
 Michigan T/incholl A . Qn tho Salif oroujj Rocka and Salt Springs of 
 
 Mich, A,J,S, II, 34, 307 
 
 Gool. Survey of Mich. Vol,III, 1S7376 App, B, p,171; ^ ^< ,Oii 
 Now York. Salt Deposits of H,Y, E,& M,J. F0b* ^<, Ii80 133* 
 
 N;Y, State Assembly Dooumenti; Vol, 3, Ho, 35 (1S) f17 Vel &-, 
 
 No, 34 Roc, X. 
 
 Formair J, Remarks upon the Salt 7onuation of Salina N,Y, and 
 
 other Placos AJ,S, 1/19, 141 
 Gocssmarm C,A, Ropt on tho Brines of Onondaga, Syractusa Doo6 
 
 62. Ropt on tho Manufacture of SolarSalt from thdm do, Dd 
 
 63, Contributions to tho Choaistry of th^ Minoral Springs 
 of Onondaga H,Y. A*J,S. II. 42, 211, 368, 
 
 * Contributions to tho Chermistrjr of Brines A,f/$*lX 4477 
 MacFarlanc^Discovery of Rock Salt at Wyo* in vogtarn H,y, j 
 
 Syracuse Journal Juno 29. 1878 
 Permsylvania^Stieran Edw, Observations on tho Salt 17ator of tho 
 
 Allegheny & Keskonnistas Valloys AJ,S, II, 34, 46 
 Virginia Haydon C.B, On th Rock Salt Jid Salines of tha Holston. 
 
 A,J.S. 4A. 173 
 Rogers H,B, Rept on th^ Salt and Gypsum of tho Praatan Salt. 
 
 Valljy & Holston River Va, Preston 1864, A,3.S,II, 18*273 
 Brines ar-j obtained either from ths ancient soa wator which 
 still soaks porous strata (soe under Petroleum) or from otoros 
 formed by tho leaching of bods of rock salt which have resulted 
 from the drying up of ancient isolated branches of tho ooa or salt 
 lakes. 
 
 Salt producing areas * Syracuse N,Y. Tho brinos aro pumped 
 Tom walls 360 to 420 feet Qoap which penetrate to m ancient 
 rivor channel now filled t/ith gravel, T/atero soaking through tho 
 neighboring salt bearing strata of the Salina Period (Upper Silu- 
 rian) collect in the natural reoepticals and ari pumpod out. * 
 Extonsivo bods of rock salt aro nov; known to oxiot undor the sur- 
 face- of contral N.Y. in tho Salina strata. It is minod in Wyoming.^ 
 
txt 
 
 8l A o.tfatnC,W to e 
 t 
 
 lo 
 
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 flat rfooft itt nO A;0 nnrmaa&c 
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 54 *^S %II a^A 
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 JboqtK/q -- r u> tortltd 
 ^nelom: 
 
 rffcw6i:rfJ s^^-^e ^13 fl^tw fc 
 
 tcqqU) fco**<i : io 
 
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 -ta 
 
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 monl 
 
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113 
 
 Coo (Warsaw), A total thickness of about 250 ft, was found in the 
 Ithaca Gas VJ'oll in sovoral bods between 2000 and 2600 t\ 9 be Lew tho 
 surface o Hook salt is generally interbedded in shales and gypseous 
 stratao' Ohio brines are obtained from the Lower Carboniferous 
 strata (Beroa Qrit} Michigan brines como from Carboniferous strata 
 Others arc; obtained in less amounts for local consumption in tfest 
 Va, , Virginia (from Triassic strata). Dakota Kansas and elsewhere, 
 
 So-called salt licks or springs are not unoomaon throughuot the 
 country. Rock salt is known in very expensive amount and is now 
 mined at Petite Anse La., (of Quaternary Ago). Salt is obtained 
 from many drying or dried lakes in Cal. f Arizona, Nevada, and other 
 western States. Mich, produces the most salt, N.Y. second Ohio 
 third. Remarks on tho analogous Borax deposits of California. 
 
 Views of geological sections and to show geographical distribution! 
 
 '" b >;<* < 
 California Hawks H.G. Roport -ft T Cal. Mineralogist 1833 part II Rc. 
 
 Whitney J D. On Boirax in Call &eol. of Cal. I f 96 A.J.S.H. 41 
 
 255 * - 
 
 SOIL, 
 
 Any good geology, Goikie and Dana reeomnonded. 
 
 BTilliams S<,G Applied Geology Chap. VI. p. 101 In which many additi- 
 onal references will be found. 
 
 Soil consists either of decomposed rock in place, or of recent 
 sedimentary deposits* tfo distinguish (1) Vegetable soil, (2) 
 Subsoil. (3) Undo composed rock. Remarks on tho influence of plants., 
 earth worms end rains and the continual erosive action of the last* 
 In the northern portion of this country the original decomposed 
 roc!: is largely scraped away by tho glaciers of the Glacial Period. 
 v7o may trace the southern termination of theso on the map through 
 Long Icland, How Jersey, northern Pcmio, northern Ohio, IndU , 111*, 
 and then north westerly. Rotmrks n glacial drift and recent 
 alluvial deposits in this region. Further south decomposed surface 
 recks occur to great depths* Tho character of the soil depends 
 largely on th-3 character of the- rocks beneath. 
 
 FERTILIZERS. 
 
 In the? mcmograph by Penroce cited below an*, extended biblio- 
 graphy will be found* ^ The other references here given are int3ndod 
 to supplement this list, so far as they concern phosphates a 
 
 E fr & !! a Jour June 8.1878. p.393 Phosphate of Lime. ' 
 Bailey J<,YT. On the Origin of Greoncand and its formation in 
 th3 Ococ.n of tho present Epoch* AJ,S,II, 22<,280 296. 
 ?/*o.Boaton Soc. Nat. Hist. V, 364. 
 Da la Boche> Phosphate cf Lima in Greunsand and Marl. Gecl. 
 
 Sec. London Proa. J.tay 1349 p.IXXXII. A.J e SII 8. 422 
 MinornL Statistics U a S, All tho Volumes* 
 
 Psnroso "S^F, The Nature rjad Origin eaC' Deposits of Phosphate 
 cf Lit-fci . Contains a .1 BiblioGi-apli f p.l29. Bull. 46 
 
i 
 
 ,n 
 
 
 las* itl 
 
 03$ 
 
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 X*9*rre* rU .' 
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 u^iii 
 
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 eia a/ia id U ^Xn& 
 
 won 
 
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 o 10 
 
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 XXJtv 
 
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 rf* fto a^ 
 lo aoi*a ovi^ia X^nilnoo ori.t 
 
 si** 0|fl t?^ v 
 
 >its<l XQloaXO oc- 
 
 qam crlt its oawi* 
 
 . ' 
 
 asi fine 
 
 
 aulat !>i aanov 
 
 &t 
 
 
 rf 
 
 Xioa 
 
 
 * a pif^ 
 
 .' 
 
 aiiw.io?f '..xXfc.-liwv 
 
 alrit nl a*laoi| 
 
 * >* ^ 
 
 o nojaotarid tfCt no 
 
 '.. 
 
 -oildid aoftoeJjtflr nr. -. v 
 viar^^a:- 
 
 ., 
 
 . ysrfcjaorfl Q S^;.q ^ 
 ni ftaiffiflrrol a^l brt/; ta^aiftwfi lo 
 
 oift r.fciajp)' 
 
 Ji^* . 'oJ 
 
 t : J ;H 
 
 
 ^ 
 - 
 
Sharpie ss S*P. On some rooks and other dredgings from the 
 
 (hilf Stream AoJ^S,,!!!, I/ 168* 
 
 Alabama,, Smith -E. A, In Perry Co. Ala. A,J,S. June 1884. 492 
 Canada, E.& M. Jour. Feb. 24, '83. P.103. Canadian Apatite*- - 
 
 Brooms G. Apatite Deposit of Lattafck Co. Ont. Can.,A.A,A, S 
 
 1870. Good Account. 
 Falding F.J. Notes on Canadian Pluor Apatite or phosphate of 
 
 lime E.& M.Jtfur Deo, 4. '86. p. 402 Also probable Origin 
 
 November 27. p. 383 
 Horsford E N. Guano the Origin of tho Apatite of Rideau Can. 
 
 A.A.A.S. 187 O/ 
 Hunt T.S. Apatite Deposits of Canada E.& M.J Fob, 23, 84 p. 138 
 
 Canadian Apatite E.& M.J. Fob. 1883 p. 163 
 
 " Apatite Mining in Canada E.& M,Jour Oct. 20 1888 
 
 9 Future of Phosphates in tho U,S, Ss Canada E,& M. Jour. Jan 
 
 26. 1889. & Fob. p. 181 f 
 
 Florida. Lodoux A.R. Tho Phosphate Bods of Fla. E.& M.J Fob*8, 90*17 
 Robertson F.L. Florida Phosphates. Manufactures Record, 
 
 Baltimore Jan. 25. 1390 Cor. Exchange Place & Commerce St, 
 Michigan Minors! Statistics of Mich. 18$1& subsequent years on 
 
 Gypsum, 
 
 Now Jorsoy Geological Report N.J. 1868 on Marls and Groonsands, 
 EOT/ York. Jackson C.T. On Eupyrchroit 3 of Crown Pt. M,Y, A.J,S, II 
 
 12. 73. Also N.Y. Rep. on Mineralogy p. 240 
 Williams S.G. On the N.V.Gypsum Bods. A.J.S. 111,30. 212 
 Uorv/ay E,& M.Jour. July 2. 81. p. 4. On the Occurrence of Apatite 
 
 in Norway. 
 Touth Carolina 13, & M.Jour. Oct. 29,31, Mining Phosphate* . Rocks in 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Holmos F.S. Tho Phosphato Rocks of S.C. Charleston 1870* 
 
 Noticed in A.J,S,III. 1.221 
 
 Shopard C.N, Ir. lloto on Hio Origin of tho Phosphatic .Forma- 
 tion A,J.S. II. 47. 338. 
 
 |T otos on tho occurrence and composition of tho Nodular 
 Phosphates of S.C, A.J.S.II. 47. 354. 
 
 General description of the geological structure of the Atlan- 
 tic coast especially tho Cretaceous, Tertiary and recent sedimen* 
 tary deposits from New Jersey southward, consisting of sands, clays 
 and inc. ohorent shell bods. 
 
 Peat. Already described -p, 80 ealted muck in this connection. 
 
 Marie, Marls are vory calcareous clays. Tho limo is often 
 present as comminuted shells and thus givos a sandy character to 
 this mass. Phosphoric acid is also high. The so-called "greensandS 
 arc similar to marls, but have enough green silicate of iron 
 (glatteonito) to color them. Marls ^ are of Cretasocus, Tertiary 
 and Recent geological Age, Tho Crotacoous aro abvjncl-.ir.t in ITcvf 
 Jersey (map and sections shown) and extend to aomo' extont into "Del. 
 and Md* . Tertiary marls run through Va.,and tho ctat JG on tho 
 
-.td &tff 8> ,> jT {8 
 
 r ; " 
 
 ,*88X aitfrt a,T^A sXA ,oO i A^ 
 
 >'** S8' ,* .^cfe* .wot,.*! =&,3 .- 
 
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 4-fUJDdoA 1)0 , 
 
 to &Jarfqaortq fc efJJagA - aaJoH .L,fi. 
 
 Ov -*.q' , SB 1 ,**o 
 
 i .q .TS toe 
 
 M&H to &tJttqA oil^ lo fris^fO ri^ 
 
 A A 
 
 *a.CS%tf r SC BJififTBO to 8*1- .8.T 
 
 ^ *T, .?.< A % K f^itsq/^ 
 
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 r .as 
 
 to abofl c*^j3rfqaori a A -dT ,H . 
 
 .aotcri toll ,J 
 
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 no etrox ^nowposdws AI68X raits 
 
 ;ta sltaM rtc t slaotoo' 
 
 YW -;*T nwoiO to ttlo^ 
 
 q xaoXi *cAA 
 
 > ,aJbo3 nwaq\' 
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 I8S.X ;TI T 
 
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 *% T**I VtiL VT tt 1 !* A _ a. A. 
 
 dpfco 1 , d u t A r 
 
 orfj- to noJ^laocjraoa fcj . ; . j ltroo srtt'rro ao.^o,,, * 
 
 .^a ..Tf .II.aVv.A .0*8 to ae^.fiqaoxf^ 
 -naJT . ; v to etjj^ox/i^a Ifioiaolo&s rfJ" ->o /tol^qjbioa.etb Xate: 
 
 T t aj'oopal<rfO eri^ x-CIataeqae 4*aaoo 
 . ; s jjoa YQt^ v/eH aort' aJJ 
 
 , i*af>od 'ileria 
 
 tXXao. 08 .q- J)ediiiot - 
 eiil? .BYBQ two^ti v? ^a aXtaT^ 
 
 v:Brifl8 i MYl^ uriuf Jbnta eXXorfa fco^iininintfo .aa 
 
 r; TII oJ teXimi:3 O"ia 
 
 to ..;!* to;. v *s) 
 
 '' * ' ; ' '':' 
 
 ta frfwojfa ttMAktf^fl rrp^n^- 
 
 * 
 
 . ,^V ffjrcmtt rcu'i 3. . . .JbH 
 
115 
 
 Atlantic and the Gulf. These are only dug for local use oiitside 
 of New Jersey, Recent marls are found under peat bogs and in the 
 bottoms of dried up ponds and lakes* 
 
 Gypsum is the hydrated sulphate of calcium CaSO, v 2K..O. 
 It contains more or less esirthy matter as quarried. Its general 
 occurrence associated with rock salt commented on. (.See SaltK 
 
 *. V l~l 
 
 In !Jew York in the Salina; in Mich. Subcarboniferous ; Ohio. Holder- 
 berg or Vfaterlime; known, and to a smaller extent utilized in Va,, 
 Ala., La,, Tex., Ark., Kan., and the west* Ohio and I'ich* manu- 
 facture by far tho greater part of tho gypsum or plaster at Sanduc- 
 ky, and Grand Rapids. Quarries on Cayuga Laka at Union Springs 
 notod and described 
 
 Phosphates. The mineral Apatite (3CaO,.P^O r . CatCl^)) in 
 the Archaean, and bods of fossil bonos, phosphatic nodules, otc. 
 of Tertiary Age, are tho principal commercial sources of phosphates 
 Tho latter are found in North and South Carolina along th'j seak 
 board and in Florida (recently discovered), 
 
 Apatite occurs in moderate amounts initho Archaean rocks at 
 BoltonJ'Iass. and Crovm Point. H.Y. but is not commercially abundant. 
 It is mined however at Buv^ocs and. Elms Icy in tha S.E, port, ion of 
 Ontario, Can., north of tlv) Thousand I : s, and in Quebec r.long tho 
 Ottawa River, Tho mineral occurs in veins and pockets associated 
 with calcite, feldspar, mica, pyrito, sphono, zircon and pyroxene i. 
 metamo^phic rocks, gnoinr, , quart zite and crystalline limestone, 
 It is of ton in crystals which at timos attain great sizj and r.ro 
 alwr.ys curiously roitnded, and again in crystalline masses. It has 
 b-M'ii variously thought oruptivj or intrusive, cegrcsatod and organ- 
 ic in origin. (Maps, sections and specimens). 
 
 The Phosphates of North and South Carolina ar-) bods of fossil 
 bonos etc., or the nodular layers which havo resulted from tm,- 
 
 scolving of such original bods, They form at timus strata of 
 'ogularity but also occur as scattered nodules in marl beds* 
 lay ar.- mined and dredged from river bottoms. They afford from 
 V- phosphate of lime. Beaufort and Charleston S.O. r.ro tho 
 
 ' centers. In 1385 nearly 400,000 long tons 7/ore produced, 
 f. especially Mineral Resources U.S. 1883-34 p, 733 for 
 aluablo descriptions analyses, and statistics. 
 Specimens exhibited and views of geographical distribution.- 
 
 Abrasives. 
 
 In general the volumes of the Mineral Resources of the U.S. 
 
 in the most accessible literature. See especially Vol. forlSG6 
 Scfford J.H. Grindstones etc. Centennial Exposition Reposts and 
 Avrarda Group I. 
 
 The rock materials used in grinding etc. are buhrs tones or mill- 
 stones, grindstones, novactilite and whetstones, corundum and emery, 
 ami infusorial earth for fino polishing 
 
 Che buhretoni or millstone is a fino quartsito or yrntlctono 
 
 which does not glaze nor yet rub off too easily. The* principal 
 
ST 
 
 
 
 aV ; 
 
 nl ((^ 
 
 . 
 
 lo 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 : I JUCfi 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 .ijo<j'. 
 
 -IXlia *io a 
 
 tuter/^ 
 
 riOfii- 
 
 
lie-, 
 
 sources are the so-called Esopits Stone from Ulster Go. N.Y, the 
 Coc&lico from Lancaster Co, Perm, and one from North Carolina* 
 All these are n.sod for grinding drugs, paints etc,' as stssl 
 rolls are now mostly *ised for grain, 
 
 Grindstones are mado of gritty and firm sandstones and aro of 
 various qualities and grades The Lower 'jCarboniferoug Series of 
 Ohio and Mich. (See also under building stono) furnish tho greater 
 portion, arid smaller amounts are imported*' In 1837 40000 tons 
 v;crc produced. 
 Orton 33. Reports on tho EC on,, Geol, of Ohio f Vol's V & VI* 
 
 Tho small whet stones are mad from tho novaoullto of Ark which 
 corcos from several counties noar Hot Springs and from a grity 
 schist in northern N.H, and Vt The grit is chiefly duo to small 
 angular quartz crystals, and in tho How England stono to garnot 
 and- rutile au well. A fino grained sandstone from Oortland Co, T 
 lUYc just north of us also affords considerable amounts known as 
 "Labrador 1 ' stono, and Indiana furnishes two brands called Hindostan 
 and Oranco. 
 
 Button J.J S V/aehita and Arkansas Oilstones and Quarries* E.& M.Jour 
 October 12 1839. 
 
 Corundum (Emory). 
 
 Smith J.L. On the? Gtoology of Emory and Corundum A.A.A.S. 6*274 
 Asia Itinor. Kmory Minos of Asia Minor. Ey& M, Jour. June 5^86 p410 
 
 Report of Consul Stevens of Smyrna. 
 
 Smith J.L. Emorjr formation of Asia Ivlinor. A.J.S. II. 7.283. 
 List of Minerals with A*J,S. II* 9*' 28$ . Not important, 
 "eirioir on Emory. PtI Gjol. &. Kinv.'ofvlSnfiery from obser- 
 vations mado in Acin Minor. A*J,S.II. 10. 554. Ft* II. 
 On tho Hincrals Associated with 3Smory. A.J.S, II; 11, 53 
 "ass, Jackson- C.T, On tho Discovery of Emory at Chester Mass. 
 A.J.S, II, 39. 1887, 
 
 Chemical Anals. of Minerals associated with Emery of 
 Chester Mass, Andes ino, Biasporo, Mcyfgaritc, Clinochlore, 
 & Chlorite, Bost. Soc. N.H. Vol. 10^ p. 321. 1864-66 
 ( Shopard C S U, Corundum & Associates at Chester Mass. A.J.S. II. 
 40. 11 0, 7,, 123, Unimportant, 2nd rof. says Emory from 
 associated Talc rock* 
 Smith JL 9 On tha Emery Mino of Chester Hampden Co. Mass, with 
 
 remarks on tho nature of Emery & its associateaMinor-als 
 \ 3 AJ,Sc IT'.. 42,pV#3, 
 Jackson C-T 9 Analyses of somo Minerals from the Emery Mine 
 
 Ghost or Mass AJ,S. II . 42. 107 
 NOT/ York, Williams G.H. Norites of the Cortland Series en the 
 
 Hudson River near Poakskill N,Y. A 9 J, S, III. 33, 191. '87 
 North Carolina U a & M.Jcur Jn&jf 21. 30. 46 Gnoiss-Dunite Contacts^ 
 
 Corundum Hill N.C. 
 
 Genth P 9 A, Coruradum its Alterations and associate^MinQrals 
 Proc. Am c Phil. Soc. Sept. 19. 73. A.J.S. III. 6. 461. 
 
rfj ,Y,W .oD letfalU mov* cwxoJS sucroaS fceXXe 
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 fcita 
 
117 
 North Carolina* J-enks C.W. Corondum and its Gems t E.& M.J. IIov* 2. 
 
 137S p. 311/ Roc-. 
 Xorr .0;- Geology N0v 1375, 
 Raymond R.W. Jenks Corumdum Mine Macen Co. ft.C, M.I!. 7, '#5 
 
 Corundum in five bods of chlorite or dunite, This is tho 
 Mino noar Franklin N.C. game as Culsagc* Mine . 
 Shepard C.U, Sr. On the Corundum Region of 1UC, & Ga, with 
 
 description Etc. A.JVS. III. 4. 109. 175. 170 miles long 
 10 miles broad, in chitfrsolite ro^k. 
 Smith J/L Not o-s on the Oorundum of N .C. Ga. '& Mont, with a 
 
 description of tho Gem Variety of tho Corundum from those 
 localities. A.J.S. III. 6. ISO. Roc. 
 
 Corundum is crystallised Al^Ojf and is the mineral of hardness 
 9, in tho common scale. The varieties with vitreous luster and 
 light colors are called sapphire, th duller, more smoky colors, 
 still of vitroaus luster, eerundom, and thanvariaty mixed with 
 more or loss magnetite, hematite, spinol etc* and appearing like a 
 powdered iron oro . called omory* Those varieties are tho 
 comrnon abrading agonts whon groat hardness is recjuir0d</ 
 
 Corundum or emory is fovind in tho U.S. at Chester Mass., noar 
 Pockskill NY, , and In N a C, v and Ga.. At Chester it occurs as a 
 bed or voin in gnoics nar its contact with mica schist and is 
 quite- persistent f-or a considerable distance. Much talc in tho 
 plnchod portions of tho voin, and th usual mi florals, margarlto, 
 corundophilite, 41asporo to. are found asuociati-d v/ith it* 
 
 Of latu/ yoars it has boun loss productive than formerly. * The 
 corundum naar Pookokill occurs as a contact phonomonon associated 
 with tho oruptlvo rooka of the Cortland sories and tho neighboring 
 echiete. Tho matorlal mined consist* chiofly of a mixture of the 
 sp 1 nol j nor cyn it off corundum, garnot and ma^notito and la now no 
 longer produced. V- 
 
 Worth Carolina and Georgia aro tho most productive of tho Amor, 
 localities* Tho corundum occurs in tho dunite *or olivino rock that 
 forms a bolt in tho woetorn portion of thoso ctatoe. At tho Jenks 
 { or- Culiagoo ) Mina tho corundum is fotmd in fivo bods of chlorite 
 thc/t traverso tho groat dike or mnco of dunito. Many boautiful 
 mtnarala oome/from tho mines and neighborhood and numorouo intorc^- 
 ting paramorphfl of corundum to various othar spocios havo boon 
 described by Dr Gonth Corundum has been report od as an int. or- 
 eating ndnoral from varioue othor portions of tho country, notably 
 from Choeter Co* Ponn. but as actual producers nono havo figurod 
 as Inrgoly as tho localities speoifiod. 
 
 * Tho researches of Dr. J. Laurenco Smith of Louiavlll, whilo 
 in tho omploy of tho Turkish Government in Asia Minor and tha 
 Grocinn Arohipolago about 1046 addod vastly to cur knowledges Qf'tho 
 odcurronco and aseociatos of corundum* In tho Levant it occurs 
 in'variably in limostftno or on tho v/onthorod outcrop, cond near 
 assoclatod schists and c n issos* Tho reciQ^s p.ro highly mctamorphic 
 
' 
 
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 rfJlw .*& & ..-,: 
 
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 laaJf to^nfifi rtJt JSn/jot al \; v xema 10 m 
 
 a aa aooc ^1 to^ar >.l! rrJt na ,,Y % M III; 
 
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 oriT 
 
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 ^ ev,- a/i ^wcf dno^t .oO tetaorf^ 
 
 boitioeqa seitiiAtoX orit aa tXogtaX aa 
 ^XXivalwoJ to rf.- .-rd to aMlMBMet aiiT - 
 
 ,A rcJfc firn^rnrrnf- rfali'ttiT */a > ta xXc|BiB 
 
 ttfMl S*Xaq[Jtrfc*TA n 
 
 i^voJ: orfj I ^rorioo /:ooeafl I>IT/S 
 
 "L\ I^O^D^JLTO bet fiftf^fy 04^ no jo itfMNlQHlX rt ^Xdr 
 
118 
 
 Much cf ths product cornea to fhis country In 1S3& the NoC<>- and 
 Gao mines produced 64-5 s&tort tons worth $116*190 4 004j Infusorial 
 earth is a common polishing agent for fine- work arid is ob+.aimrt. 
 mostly from Maryland on the Patufcent Rivar* Other depaiita are 
 known in N J,, in NM and on the Pacific* It is a common thing 
 on the bottoms of ponds and lakes, and is left by their drying up* 
 
 New England Shaler NS Mica Mines of N*E* 10th Census Vol15 p.333 
 New York E& MJour. Nov. 24 * CS p.439r Notts on Mica and Asbestus 
 
 in New York 
 North Carolina Kerr V/C 9 Mica Mines of N a C. MSJ C 457. 
 
 The Mica Veins of M.O. B, M.Jour. Mar 20, Ml. p.2ll 
 Phillips Vf.B. Mica Mining in N C, Eo& M,Jcur ApHl*' 21* p2fia 
 
 alao in following 306 9 322* 3ft2, June June 5. 16, 436. 
 
 Mineral Resources LT.7. And !3 e & M.Jour Sep a 26. 10C5 
 Although tho uso of mioa is substantially limit od to the Eoors 
 of anthracite stoves, its annual product in later years is valued 
 at $75000- $100,000, Muscovite or .loss frequently phlogopite sup 
 plios tho marketable kinds*, It is prodttflfcd in North Carolina and 
 New Hampshire, and tc a far loss dogroe in th'j Black Hills, in 
 New Mexico atid olsowhore in the wests N*0. leads with N H., eocond, 
 The mioa occurs ; in the south in rjraat ,oarsly crystalline granite 
 dik^s or veins ^ more probably tho Iattor 5 of tho segregated typo, 
 ad 'tho result of aquo igneous action,, Tho veins aro in gneiss* 
 
 -Tho Now England mines aro said by Prof Shalor to bo on bods* ' 
 Tho occurrence of great granito voins or dikes in tho Black Hills 
 was roforrod to undor Tin* Tho mica is by no moans tho largest 
 component of the vein, but is in scattered burichos r -*sin&lGd with 
 qaartz ? -feldspar and a variety cf minerals The so same voins occur 
 within tho city limits of Now York and recently some fino largo 
 plates have boon obtained* 
 
 Barite, 
 Mineral Resources all tho volumes* v 
 
 '"Barito valued at 30-40000, ie produced aruiua^ly and used in 
 paints, and for chemical purposes* It co^os especially from 
 Missouri and Virginia In Mo, it occurs in tho region south from 
 Sti Louis, near but not with,tho load mines mentiono^ undor Type 23 
 
 In south woot Virginia in tho region mentioned undi>r Typrf 27 
 oft nor masses of barite fcro found in veins, and in various parts of 
 the country it is a comnon vein fillfnga Chesire Oona is a .well 
 known locality and tho gash voin s of tho Miss* Valloy., Type 24 
 contain it a 
 
 Sulphur, 
 Foreign E,& MaJour June- 16. *CT. p,435 Sulphur Mines oi V the 
 
 E.& M.Jour. Aug, 9 Ift79. p. 09. The Sulphur Dop, jri" Iceland 
 H.Jcur. Sop, 1 & 3'J3G p a 174, Tho Sulphur Minos of 
 ns N 5 S. Sulphur Dop 8 of the Island of Saba, 
 A JS. II, 4^* 27r./ Extract from a Report,, 
 
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 erf4 ot fcoJimil \[Iltftiedii8 ti uoim to can rf* rt 
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 tftutht 
 
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 r* \ - 1 r> ^ \ T T 
 
119 
 
 Utah Faber du Faur A. The Su3j)hur Deposits of S Uifth M 'S*' 16o 33 
 vont Rath G* Neues JaJibV.tfh 18<M 1 , 
 
 & Nev. Russoll IC* Sulphur Dep in Utah aiid Nciv* 2 ' MoJo-ur 
 Jan 20. f o3 p31. On the general geology of >,h# N-ov 
 region, soo Ruse oils Monograph on Lake Lahoutan 
 Russel IC Sulphur Deposits of Utah & Nov, Trans 'KVYy 
 Sci* 1381, -03 p.168 
 
 Sulphur occurs in tepoi^tant quantities &% a iitufcer of plaoee Ir 
 tho west raid from theee it has boon practicably obt&ined Tno 
 most important are tho Oovo Creels District in Mi Hard Co, Utata, and 
 tho Rabbit Holo Mines in Humboldt Co. northwest ern Nevada Tho 
 Sulphur Bank doaoribod undor Typo 55a t - has furnished considerable 
 sulphur in previous years, , Sulphur is also knovrn but in small 
 quantities at Humboldt House, Humboldt Cj&. Wov wh^ro it osours - 
 in tho conos of defunct hot springs 20^50* high* Cn tho Rabbit 
 Holo Minos the sulphur fills cavities in a breccia v/hich are often 
 of considerable size, Tho deposits extend several miles along tho 
 northern edge of the Black Rock Desort and aro thought to b on a 
 north and south faulted belt, and to have boon filled by sublimatin 
 from belov perhaps in part as H^S* Tho Cove Creek Mines aro now 
 tha only producers, According to Russell they are of three types* 
 
 Tho largest fills an extinct aolfatara forming a circular 
 deposit 1000 9 in diaraotor and averaging 25 f thick of sulphur and - 
 earthy materials* The second typo consists of volcanic tufa impreg 
 nated with sulphur, over cm oxtondod area. Tho third type is on 
 fissures either in trachyte er Carboniferous limostono f and tho 
 sides ai*o lined with crystals* All those lie along tho border 
 between the Colorado Plateau and th'9. Oroat Basin, and are closely 
 associated with eruptive out breaks The sulphur has probably boon 
 sublimed from great depths along v/ith CO^ etc* and condensed above. 
 
 It is still forming* Bods of gypsum and alum are associated . 
 Lack of cheap transportation militates against those mines* 
 Sulphur is a).. so known in the Aleutian Islands in quantity* 
 
 Sulphur occurs ao an intoroatlnc mineral in tho gypsum 'bods, at 
 Union Springs, on Cayu^a Lake, and has uafeofctpdcTfrom the alteration 
 or gypsums The Sicilian doposits which chiefly supply the* world, 
 have boon formed in this way* 
 
 Review of the course in tho form of a brief surrruary of the 
 rostmrcoa of each individual state and territory from Mains 
 ward to Alaska, tho locturor being followed en maps* 
 
& M 
 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 
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