THE NORTH -AMERICAN AND THE WEST-INDIAN GAZETTEER. THE 'NORTH- AMERICAN AND THE WEST-INDIAN GAZ ETTEER.' ,.,., CONTA INLNG m An Authentic Defcriptipn OF THE COLONIES AND ISLANDS I N THAT PART OF THE GLOBE, SHEWING THEIR SITUATION, CLIMATE, SOIL, PRODUCE, ANB TRADE*' With their Former and Prefent Condition. - t ALSO An exal Account of the Cities, Towns, Harbours, Ports, Bayt, Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, Number of Inhabitants, &c t ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS. LONDON, Printed for G, ROBINSON, Pater-Nofter-Rovr, MDCCLXXVI. 15,-f N7' PREFACE. T, HE prefent alarming difturbances in North A- merica exciting the attention of the natives of Bri- tain, render any apology for the appearance of the following pages entirely unneceflary ; the defign of which is to give a faithful defcription of the different countries known by the names of North-America and the Weft-Indies, their fituation, trade, extent, boundaries, and number of inhabitants ; the impor- tance of which renders them fo interefting, both in the fyftem of commerce and of politics, as to make a particular defcription as neceffary as it is ufeful. The various changes that have occurred in the face of affairs in this- part of the world, have rendered all former accounts of it ufelefs and con- tradictory to the prefent ftate : a new defcription was therefore highly neceffary; and there being no work extant which gives a concife and genuine ac- count of this part of the globe, as it now exifts, prompted the prefent Editor to attempt this perfor- mance, in compiling which all authentic .accounts lain before the public with any authority, any ways relating to this fubjecl:, have been confulted, and ex- ;trats made frcm a variety of original minutes and 74.4.064: memoirs, PREFACE. memoirs, on which dependance could be placed ; a~ mongft which is the valuable Weft -India Atlas, lately publifhed by Meff. Sayer and Bennett, FleeN ftreet ; all which materials have been difpofed in as clear and concife a manner as the nature of the work would admit, or the extent of the materials allow : its moft material occurrences have been re- marked, and every memorable event inferted, which any way concerned the fituation of the colonies, as well as the principal rivers, mountains, towns, harbours, and their conditions, the nature of the climate and foil, its productions, trade, {hipping, &c. But as many alterations are daily taking place, occafioned by the prefent unhappy difference between Great - Britain and her Colonies, it is hoped, when thefe alterations are not taken notice of in this work, it will be over-looked, fuch events having happened either fince that part was printed off, or before any account of them arrived in Eng- land, INTRO- INTRODUCTION. >EFORfi the invention of the mariner's compafs there was no probability of any great improvements in navigation, or of th,e difcovery of any land remote from the continent of Europe. But the amazing progrefs made in the diffe- rent branches of literature, and arts, in the fifteenth cen- tury, enabled feveral ingenious men to make many valua- ble difcoveries, and proved a fortunate sera to fociety; nor were they long without their proper effects. Indeed, from the invention of printing, 1441, may be dated the pe- riod from whence learning had its greateft encouragement. Soon after this, difcoveries in navigation began at the Canary f/2es t and a few years after at the Cape de Verd IJlands* Thefe fucoeflei animated both the men of genius, and the enter- prizing feamen, to carry their fpeculations into a&ual practice ; and being furnifbed with fuch an inftrumeat, they boldly ventured to fail on the pathlefs ocean, and made excursions from the European coatls ; in hopes of difcovering new countries. Various expeditions were un- dertaken, feveral of which proved abortive, but eveti thefe furnilhed obfervations ot the greateft importance to future navigators; as it is generally allowed, that one of thefe voyages furniflied Columbus with the firft idea of thofe extent! ve discoveries he afterwards accomplifhed. A notion at that time prevailed, that a great part of the ter- reitrial globe was undifcoveivd, which opinion was fup- ported by the writings of the antients ; and this engaged the attention of feveral Princes, and increafed the deiire of discoveries. Till the end of the fifteenth century, the whole known terreftrial world extended no farther than Europe, Alia, and AtVvca. But, however ftrongly the notion prevailed, that there was land to the weflward of Europe, none undertook to prove the truth of it till Chrif- topher Columbus appeared, who being perfuaded that there was another continent on the well, or at lead that b ii INTRODUCTION. he ftiould reach the eaflern more of the Indies by fleering to the \veftward, applied to the {late of Genoa, (of which city he was a native, of an obfcure family,) for afliftance to carry his fcheme into execution, but had the misfortune to fee his propofal rejected, and himfelf ridiculed. Vexed at the difappointment he met with from his countrymen, he refolved to get his projeft lain before fome more credulous {late, not doubting but the many confiderable advantages anting from it would induce fome foreign Prince to liften to his propofals. Confident of the fuccefs of his project, and confcious of the fuperiority of his knowledge, he retired from his native country in difguft, and applied to the court of France, where he again found himfelf difappoimed ; but being of a perfevering difpolition, he was not thus to be perfuaded to drop his favourite plan, therefore offered his fervice to the King of Portugal, in whofe dominions he refided fome years; but here he found every mortifying objection thrown in his way, without a direct refufal, and every method ufed to provoke him to difcover all he knew, that they might deprive him of the honour and advantage arifing from the difcovery. Fired with fuch ungenerous behaviour, he lent his brother Bartholomew to England, with propofals of the fame kind, to King Henry VII. who chofe rather to be a careful manager of a kingdom, than hazard any thing in a chimerical fcheme, and therefore gave a cool reception to Bartholomew. Notwithstanding thcfe mor- tifying difcouragements, which would have overwhelmed the fcheme of many other perfons ; Columbus, who was ilill fully perfuaded of the fuccefs of his deiign, applied to the Court of Spain ; where, after a delay of feveral years, and repeated difappointments, his plan was at length countenanced by Queen Ifabella, who pledged her jewels to raife money to carry it into execution, being the year that the Moors were expelled Spain ; fo that two of the moil memorable events that ever happened to the Spaniih monarchy was in the fame year. Columbus was furnifhed with three veilels, and 120 rnen, under the pilotage of Martin, Francis, and Ditus Pinfon, three brothers, and failed from Spain Auguil 3, 1492, foon after which they made the ifland of Gomera, one of the Canary-Jfles, where they refremed, and after- watds failed weftward, without any guide but his own <>i nius. In crofting the Atlantic his crew grew dif- coura&gd and mutinous with the length aud uncertainty INTRODUCTION. ill of the voyage, whom he appc.ifed and comforted with the cafual appearances of birds and floating weeds. In this expedition was firft obferved the variation of the compafs, which made great iippreffion on the pilots of Columbus, who were {buck with terror on finding that their only guide had varied, and, they feared, left them ; on which the crew infilled on returning, and with loud and infolent fpeeches threatened to throw him overboard. However, they focm after difcovered land, having been 33 days on a tedious voyage, during which time they had feen nothing but the fea and (ky. This land Columbus at firft hoped to be a part of the Indies he was in queft of, but it proved a clufter of iilands, fince known by the name of the Bahama or Lucayo Tiles, which are about 70 leagues E. of the coail of Florida. That on which they landed was Guanahani, or S r . Salvador, now called Cat-Illand. He gave it the name of Sr. Salvador, to commemorate the faving the fbips crews, but it is not remarkable for any thing but this event. He took pof- feilion of this ifland with great ceremony, by erecting a crofs on the (bore; great multitudes of the native inha- bitants looking on unconcerned at the time. Here the Spaniards remained but a fnoi t time, the ex- treme poverty of the inhabitants convincing them that this was not the Indies they fought for. Sailing from hence fouthward, after fome'diihculty, he difcovered Ilii- paniola, inhabited by a humane and hofpitable peop.e, and, what crowned the whole, abounding in gold, which induced him to make this iiland the principal 'object of his defign, and where he planted a colony before he pro- ceeded further in his difcoverie?. From hence, having collected a large quantity of gold, and a number of cu- rioiities, in order to enhance the merit of his fuccefs, and building a fort for the defence of 30 men he left on the ifland, he fet fail for his return to Spain ; and difcovered the Caribbees, having before landed upon Cuba, and gained a flight knowledge of fome other iflands which lie fcattered in fuch numbers in that great fea which divides North and South America. On his arrival in Europe, from whence he had been abfent fix months, he was driven by diftrefs of weather into the Tagus, which induced him to vifu Lifbon, where, by convincing that court of their error in rejecting his propofals, which were crowned with fuccefs, he triumphed over his enemies ; which now excited their envy, as they b 2 iv INTRODUCTION. faw thofe advantages they had flighted in the pollefiion of another. From thence he proceeded to Barcelona, where he entered in a kind of triumph, exhibiting to public view the native Americans he had brought with him him, as well as the curiofities and riches he had collected, the admiral clofing the proceffion, and was received by the King and Queen not only with the greateft marks of regard, but the higheft applaufe. The Portuguefe, near about the fame time, by directing their courfe towards the eaft, had pailed the Cape of Good Hope, and difcovered the Eaft-Indies. The rival- ihip or the nations of Portugal and Spain (Vewed itfelf at this time only by the emulation each of their navigators had to make different difcoveries, and enrich their coun- tries with the fpoil of other regions before unknown. Ferdinand and liabella, of Callile and Arragon, at this time provided themfelves with the Pope's bull, to fecuve to themfelves all the new iflands and countries which were, or might be, difcovered by their navigatois, under con- dition that the Gofpel fhould be preached there by good men. How iar they complied with this condition may be judged by the cruellies pra&ifed on the natives to difcover their riches; and of all the priefts who have gone from Europe to thefe unhappy countries, Bartholomew de las Cafasy who firfl propofed the introduction or ilaves from Attica, is the only one of whom hiftory has not tranf- rnitted the name and actions with execration. The Pope^ by an irrevocable decree, diftributed the new-difcovt red countries ; but as they were continually encreafmg, it was too tror.blefome, as well as expenfive, to be fo frequently applying to Rome : therefore the Spaniards and Portuguefe agreed to divide the globe by an imaginary line reach- ing from pole to pole, which the Pope confirmed, and placed this famous line of markation in the Atlantic, about 100 leagues to the weft of the Azores, which a few years lifter, by an agreement between Callile and Portugal', was removed 270 leagues beyond this ; by which all the dif- coveries aheady made, or to be made to the call or" this political meridian, were to belong to the Portuguefe, and that on the weft to the Caflilians. The honours which Columbus received were far from fatisfying him, a ferond voyage engaged his whole atten- tion ; and the hiccefs of his fit ft having removed every im- pediment, he was fupplied with 17 fail of {hips, with every for making feulements; and, having on board INTRODUCTION. v 1500 men, he fet fail again Sept. 2, H93 but on bis arrival at Hifpaniola, he found the tort totally demoliilseJ, and every one of his men that he had left there iiain. This was a mortifying circumftance, but it did not pre- vent him from taking more effectual meafures. He pitch- ed on a more advantageous iitu-uion on the N. E. part of the ifland, where he creeled a itrong fortification, and built a town, naming it Ifabella, where he fettled a co- lony ; before which time there- were neither horfes, oxen, ftieep, or fwine, in all America, or the Weft- Indies, (as it was afterwards called) ; and it is not unworthy of remark^ that eight fwine, and a fmall ilock of black cattle carried thither by Columbus, was the whole tiock which fupplied a country which at prefent fo plentifully abounds witb them. But while he was exerting his utmoft abilities to reduce this wealthy and exteniive iilandj and ellablifh the fou- elation of the Spanifh monarchy in America, his enemies at home tried every method to deilroy his credit with the Spanifh Monarch ; and had fo- far fucceeded as to order his return to juftiiy himfelf. As foon. as he appeared in Spain, having brought with him teftimonials of his fide- lity, all their accufations and prejudices againft him difop- peared ; notwithstanding which he had the mortification of experiencing numberlefs delays and impediments-, before he was able again to fail, though on a dilcovery of the- lait importance to the Spanim nation- Having procured, with difficulty,, the delired forces, he fet fail on his third voyage, when the firil land he made was the ifland of Trinidada > on the coaft of Terra Firma ;. and afterward* he proceeded to the continent, where he procured from the inhabitants gold and pearls in tolerable quantities, in aceomplifhing which he had encountered great fatigue and difficulties j and to increafe bis uneafinei's, on his arrival at Hifpaniola, he found the colony divided into parties,, that had proceeded to defperate extremities againft each other ; which by his prudent management he fuppreft, without being charged with feverity ; but this his enemies., in Spain- cwiilrued to his difadvantage, inlinuating that he had a defign of courting the friendfhip of the Indians and difaffefted people, and thereby eikblwhing aa independency for hknfcU, tO' the prejudice of his fovereign ; which pro* cured an order for his confinement, and the feizurc of his effects. He, together with his brother, was fent, loaded with irons, into Spain, where they wae cleared wiili ^ 3 via INTRODUCTION. Eaft and Weft Indies are the only ones now preferred : under the fiift is comprehended the greater part of Afia, &c. the fecond only takes in the middle part between North and South America. Geographers rommoniy divide the Continent of Ame- rica into two parts, North and South j the narrow iftbmus of Panama joining the two immenfe portions. This di- vifion, without doubt, is the moil fimple that can be conceived, and appears the moment we look at the form and difpoh'tion of America : it is likewife that which was made by the firft Spaniards who went from the ifthmus of Panama to difcover the South Sea, fo called in oppo- fition to that from whence they came. But this bay, fprinkled with innumerable {(lands, im- properly called, from one of its parts, the Guff of Mexico, ought to be called the Weft -Indian Sea. To this vail Gulf the Spaniards have retained the name of Weft Indies, leaving that of North and South America to the two op- pofite Continents. Under this name they comprehend all the coaft of the main-land which lies adjacent to it, as well as all the iflands, the chains of which feem to keep back the fea, which beats with violence againft this part of America. In one of thefe iflands of the mod northern chain, the little ifle of Guanahani, at prefent uninhabited, the difcovery was firft made of the Weft Indies, and in- deed of ail America, as before obferved. This Gulf is the center of the moft extenlive as well as moft precious trade of America, and which furpailes, at leaft in riches,, that of the Eaft Indies. The appellation of Weft Indies, in its whole extent, has been adopted by the Englifh, the Dutch, and all other navigators; and the merchants, in conforming to it, have obliged geographers to divide America into three parts, North America, the Weft Indies,, and South America, of which this Gazetteer comprehend* the two firft divilions. On viewing a map of the Weft Indies, you will find a fea comprized in three great bafons, divided from each other by large projections and finkings-in, and feparated from the Atlantic Ocean by a ftring of iflands, both frnall and large. This divilion is that of Nature, and what prefents itfelf at the firft view. The lea of the Weil Indies was moft likely formed by an irruption of the ocean always driving towards the weft : all the fhores that look towards the eaft, as well as the Iflands, bear the marks of this continual action j the firft are for the greater part INTRODUCTION. i* overflowed, and the others are torn and broke throughout. The waters, pufhed forward and accumulated in the fea of the Weft Indies, flow back to the ocean very rapidly through the Gulf of Florida, which, being the largeft and principal outlet, keeps up their circulation, and ad- mits of a conftant fupply The mod northerly bafon is known by the name of the Gulf of Mexico ; it is the largeft of the three we have juft taken notice of. To the E. it has, for a boundary, the peninfula of Florida, with the ifland of Cuba ; be- tween which is the outlet which leads to the Gulf of Florida, or Channel of Bahama : on the fide of the Cqn- tinent, it is bounded by the overflowed fhores of Florida, Louiliana, and of New Leon, with thofe of a confiderable part of Mexico, in which are contained the emire weft and north coafts of the peninfula of Yucatan. Thefe two coafts are furrounded by a large chain of Ihoals, fands, and rocks ; the terrible remains of the lands the fea has fwallowed up. This bafon terminates at Cape Catochc, about 72 leagues from C^pe St. Antonio, the moft wefterly point of the ifle of Cuba. Between this ftrait, and a line drawn from Cape Gracias a Dios to Point Negril in Jamaica, Nature has formed the fecond bafon of the Weft-Indian Sea j it is lefs than either of the others, to which it ferves for a communication. Its boundaries on the fide of the Continent, from Cape Catoche to Cape Gracias a Dios, are, all the eaftern fide of Yucatan, and all the north coaft of the province of Honduras, The waters, running con*. tinually out of this bafon into the Mexican Gulf, through a very narrow ftrait, aft with the greateft violence in the Bay of Honduras, which is full of overflowed iflands and rocks, fome under water, and fome juft level with it, fand-banks, &c. and all the eaftern coaft of Yucatan, which lies open to its action, is entirely torn and pierced with lagoons: fo that throughout the whore may be feen the ravages of a flow but continual inundation of the fea on the (hores. The third bafon is bounded on the W. by the Mexican coaft; on the S. by that of Terra Firmaj'to the E. and . W. by chains of iflands. The Spaniards, who firft dif- covered the fea which is on the other fide of the ifthmus of Panama, gave it the name of the South Sea, and called that of which we are fpeaking the North Sea, It has been fometimes called the Caribbean Sea y which name it x INTRODUCTION. would be better to adopt, than to leave this fpace quite anonymous, It fpreads from eaft to weft, and the ocean breaks in through a great number of inlets between the Caribbee-Iflands. Its waters, which may be faid only to Hide along the coaft of Terra-Firma, beat upon the Mof- quito fhore, and that of Cofta Rica, which are direclly oppofed to its action, with great violence : thefe coafts, of confequence, are overflowed, and cut into great lagoons and lakes. The ravages of the waters are equally fenfible in the fea, which is full of fhoals and fands. The opening of this bafon, between Cape Gracias a Dios and Jamaica, is quite filled with fand banks, loaded with rocks and lirtle iflands. The environs of the Cape, efpecially about 25 leagues off, Ihew nothing but overflown rocks, the terrible number of which often deceive the efforts of the mariner who has got amongft them. This is pretty nearly the phyfical divifion of the Weft- Indian Sea. The divifion of the iflands which bound it on the fide of the ocean appears more complicated j it is founded on their refpedlive fituations, or on the relations that the courfe cf navigators has produced. We fhall be- gin this divifion from the fouth. From the nth degree to ihe iSth, of north longitude, is a crooked chain, lying nearly N. and N. N. W. of fmall iflands, of which the largeft is hardly 18 leagues long. Thefe the firft difcoverers called the Antilas, or Forward-Ifhnds, becaufe they really form a barrier ad- vanced towards the ocean. The Spanifli navigators, who traverfed through the little channels that feparate them, to pafs into the inner part of the Weft-Indian Sea, diftin- guifhed them by the general name of Windvvard-Iflands, and at the fame time called thofe the Leeward- Iflands which lay from eaft to weft along the coaft of Terra-Firma, from the moft fouthern paflage to Cape Chichibacoa, or Coquibacoa, if we adopt the vicious appellation of failors. The winds, which almoft always blow eafterly, fhew na- turally this diftinclion between the iflands which lie more to the eaft, and thofe which are more diftanr. The Antilles, or Windward-Iilands, are ftill called Caribbee- Ifles, from the name of the firft inhabitants, exterminated a long time Once by the chriftians of Europe ; the unfor- tunate remains of whom, mixed with fome negroes, whofe anceftors were freed by them and faved from ftiipwreck, have lately fallen under the yoke in ihe Ifland of St. Vin- cent. INTRODUCTION. xi At the 1 8th degree, the curvature of the Caribbean chain ends. This rounding comprehends feveral fmall iflands, which the Englifh call the Leeward Caribbees. At this ending the line bends all at once, and ftretches out to the E. and N. W. This lengthening affords us feveral divifions. The iflands on the eaft, which are the moft confiderable of this fea, have been called, in their whole extent, the Leeward-Illands, for the fame reafon as thofe which we juft mentioned on the coaft of Terra-Firma, and by fome the Greater Antilles, to diftinguilh them from the Antilles properly fo called. Before thefe great iflands, there ftretches out a fecond chain of fmall iflands, long and narrow, placed in fand- banks, fome of which are of a prodigious lize. This is the exteniion of the line to the N. W. to which they have the general name of Bahama-Iflands, or Lucayos. The fubdivifions of thefe different archipelagos arife from the particular groups of iflands in this long feries ; fo the mime of Virgin-Hies diftinguiflies that clutter of iflands and rocks which fill up that part of the fea between the Leeward Caribbees and Porto Rico : and the names of iflands of Efpiritu Santo, of Cayques, of Turkifh-Jfles, &c. have been given to feveral parcels of rocks and fands which divide the Lucayos. This general view of the Weft-India Iflands naturally leads us to fome reflections on their formation. One cannot help regarding them as lands which have efcaped the irruption of water ; and, which ever way we confider them, we fee nothing but the remains of an immenfe (hipwreck. The Caribbees principally appear to be only the fummits of mountains, the lower chain of which, at prefent under water, is diftinguifhable in the channels of different breadths, which feparate thefe iflands : fome of them are 6 leagues broad, others 10 or 15; but in all of them we find a bottom at 100, 120, or 150 fathoms. There is between Grenada and St. Vincent a a little archipelago ot 16 leagues broad, known under the name of the Grenadilles, or Grenadines, where in fome places there is only 10 fathom. To this we may add, that, in all the Antilles, the principal mountains, which lie in the fame direction as the chain of iflands, are all volcanos, either now burning or extinguifhed ; and we find, through- out, the marks of a fubterraneous fire, which muft have Xll INTRODUCTION. joined its efforts to that of the ocean in the general irruption. Though philofophers try in vain to find out what was the firft caufe of this irruption, or what was that of the particular inundations which have drowned whole coun- tries, and left others uncovered ; or thofe exceeding gieat accidents, which have overturned a part of the earth's fur- face, and totally changed its face j it is certain that thefe grand changes in nature are atteiled by the mod authentic monuments. The knowledge and proofs of them are al- moft coeval with the greateft antiquity, and tradition has preferved them among the moil uncivilized and moft ditt ant nations. The principle of thefe alterations is to be found in the waters which furrouud the globe, and which act in all directions on its furface. Europe has not fuffered lefs changes than the part of America we are now con- fidering: and the ancients, who lived nearer to the times when thefe rtrokes happened, were as well convinced of it as the naturalifh of our own times. ' It was not enough, (fays Pliny, B. 6, ch. i.) for the ocean to furround the earth, and continually wear away the ihores, it was not iufficient for it, by opening a paflage between Calpe and Abyla, to have abforbed a fpace as great as it already took up, not contented with having fwallowed up the lands which filled up the Propontis and Hellefpont, it has, befides, deftroyed a whole country beyond the Bofphorus, fo that it has at laft joined itfelf to the Paludes Meotides, which have only been formed at the expence of the re- gions they have overflown." Thefe particular deluges, in conjunction with great earthquakes, and eruptions caufed by the volcanos and lulphureous earths, are fuiHcient to account for all the revolutions, both fudden and progreffive, which change the furface of our globe. The continual agitation of one element againfl another, of the earth which nvallows up a part of the ocean in its interior cavities, of the fca which tears otF and carries away great portions of the land in its abyffes, is the great caufc of ttiefe inevitable changes. To this we may add, the motion of the lea from eaft to we fly a motion imprefled on it by that which carries the whole globe from wtft to eaft : this morion is much greater at the Equator, where the globe, being more raifed, moves in a larger circle. Thus it is that the fea feems to break all the dykes that the land oppofes to it, and that it opens INTRODUCTION. xiii irfelf a number of paflages, in places where the tops of mountains which by their great height efcape being over- flowed, compofe at prefent the Caribbee-Iflands. All the parts of thefe iilands which are expofcd to the eaft, that is, to the {hock of the waters, are cut and wore away in their whole extent : the harbours and places of ihelter are on the oppofite fide, which is generally diftinguifhed by the name of BaJJe - Terre y while the eailern coaft is called Cabes-Terrc. In the fame manner Nature has formed the north-weft Iflands, which we have comprifed under the general name of Lucayos-Ifles. Thefe being much more flat than the Caribbees, may be contidered as the furfaces, not immerged, of feveral large fand-banks. We may eafily conceive, that, the lands, of which they made a part, being upon the whole more elevated than thofe from which the Caribbees have been detached, the water ought not to have cut them in fo precife a manner, and has overflown them with a kfs quantity. We might confirm thefe remarks, and feveral others, as well by the phyiical appearances, the difpofition of the flreams of water, &c. as by the natural productions, tthich would all tend to prove that the iilands of the Weft-Indies have been torn from the continent ; but we think that thefe new proofs would be imneceirary in fo general an ac- count as this : belides, the bounds we fet ourselves will only fuffer us to give a fuccind relation of each of the ob- jects. We (hall now go to connder the climate, productions, and commerce 5 which offer us fo large and fruitful a field, thru we are kfs embarreffed in the choice, than in the manner of comprifing, in a fhort as well as iuterefting manner, the objects which prefent themft Ives on all fides. There are but two feafons in the Weft-India Iilands; the dry, and the rainy. By their iituation between the Equator and Tropic of Cancer, they are fubject to fome differences, which arife from the pofition and qualities of the foil. The heat is continual $ it increafes from fun- rife to an hour after noon, and decreafes as the fun de- fcends. The thermometer rifcs to 44 degrees, fometimes even to 47!, above the freezing poinc. Nothing is more rare than temperate weather j fometimes, indeed, the fky is covered with clouds for an hour or two, but there arc never four days in the year in which they do not fee the. fun. Wherever the wind does not blow, one is xiv I N T R O D U C T I O N. and yet all the winds are not cooling: it is only the cafterly winds which moderate the heat; thofe from the fbuth or well: afford little relief, but they are more rare, and .lefs> regular, than the eafterly. This eafterly wind is not perceived in the lilands before nine or ten in the morning ; it frefhens as the fun rifes above the horizon, and dimintthes as the fun defcends, and falls calm about the evening : but it is only along the coafts, and not in the open Tea, that this wind conftamly moderates the exceffive heat of the climate. The rains likewife contribute to cool the air of the Weft Indies, In general, thefe rains are fo common, and fo plentiful, efpecially during the winter, which lails from the middle of July to the middle of October, that, ac- cording to the beft obfervations, they yield as much water in one week, as falls in our climate in a year. Thefe rainc,, fo falutary againft the heat, are, at the fame time, accompanied wkh all the difagreeable and bad effects of an exceffive dampnefs : the fruits rot, iron rufts from morning to night, meat cannot be kept frefh longer than 24 hours, and it requires continual attention and pre- cautions to preferve feeds until the feafon comes to low them in \ he ground. To thefe inconveniences of periodical rains fucceed thofe of hurricanes and earthquakes. A hurricane is moft com- monly accompanied with rain, lightning, thunder, and earthquakes, arid always with the moil terrible and de- ftru&ive circumftances that the winds can produce. It tears up the largeft trees by the roots, throws down the moft folid buildings, and deftroys the plantations ; you would fancy it was the laft convulfions of Nature, juft ready to expire. As none of the hurricanes come from the eaft, that is, from the great fea, to which the Caribbee Iflands are expofed, one is tempted to think that they are all formed on the continent of America, by the impetuous concourfe of oppofite winds. The earthquakes are not quite fo frequent as the hurricanes, but ate foroetiines more terrible and deftructive. The climate of the Continent of the Weft Indies, that is, of thofe parts which lie near the fea, and which are comprifed between the fliore and the chain of mountains nearly parallel to it, throughout the greater part of this country, -nearly refembles that of the Iflands ; and, in general, there are only diftinguiflied two feafons, the wet and dry. The rains caufe periodical inundations, by the .overflowing of the rivers ; ami the offenfivenefs of the ex- INTRODUCTION. x? ceffive moifture produced by them, is yet more augmented by the deftru&ive exhalations which they fpread in the air; ihc corruptions of vegetables, animals, and of deaJ fifties, which the floods bring with them, the ftngnant water collecled in the low grounds, and in certain plains of a prodigious extent, as in thole near the banks of the Oronoco, (lill add to thefe inconveniences. The great rivers iituated beyond the Tropic have alfo their regular inundations ; but thefe arifc from the melting of the fnov/ in the diftant mountains from whence ihey take their fources. The regular winds likeivife cool the lands within the Tropics, as they do the Iflands. On the coaft of the Caribbean fea, the wind is generally between the north and eaft. The wefterly wind, which upon the other coafta is perceivable almoft all the year, is predominant here only in, the months of December and January.. In ge- nera), the winds are more regular upon rhe coaib which look to the fouth, than upon thofe whofe afped is dif- ferent ; and every wh.ere they are fubjecl: to particularities, which arife from the jettings out and in of the more, more or lefs confiderable, and which render them more or lefs regular, and more or lefs fenfible. _ The hurricanes are never felt in that part of the Con- tinent oppofite to the fea of the Weft Indies, and earth- quakes are very rare there j but they often fufter from whirlwinds, called tornados ; thefe are ludden, dangerous, and impetuous fqualls, which are commonly againft the re- gular wind, and whoie duration is very fhort : they like- wife have fome periodical dorms, produced by the north- erly winds, efpecially in the months of December and January. All the fides of the mountains oppofed to this lea do not afford one volcano ; indeed, we fee fome peaks of hills, which look like decayed ones: it is towards the South Sea that all thefe burning mountains are collected together; and in this part it is, where earthquakes fome- times happen, and overturn the whole furface of the coun- try, as in 1773, when the city of Guatimala, and many thoufand inhabitants, were fvvallowed up. A perfon of a humane difpontion, who confiders the climate in general of the Weft Indies, both on the Con- tinent and in the lilands, cannot help deploring the infatia- ble defire of wealth that carries fuch crouds to thefe coun- tries. This climate, at all times dangerous to a European, deadly during fix months of the year, infectious to llran- C 2 xvi INTRODUCTION. gers accuftomed to a temperate air, to a convenient way of living, and to a wholefome nourifliment, becomes foon their grave. The moft moderate computations make the lofs of the English who go to the Weft Indies, amount to four tenths; that of the French to three tenths. It is very remarkable, that, on the Continent', which is much more, unvvholefome -than the Iflands, the Spaniards do not lofe more than one tenth. This elfeft of their conftitution, or temperance, gives them a man if eft ad- vantage over the two other nations; and it. Teems as if Nature had deftined them to occupy the Weft Indies, to enrich the indullrious nations, who could not live there, with its productions. We (hall place, conformable to the general Tenfe of mankind, gold and filver at the head of the productions. They do not, excepting the gold-mines of St. Domingo, properly belong to the Weft Indies, not even thofe of Mexico. The filver-mines of this country are, indeed, found near the mores of the Weft- Indian Sea, as well as in the inland parts ; but the firft are much poorer, and at prefent they do not work any which are not at a great diftance from the fea, for fear they might be expofed to the invafion of foreigners. The mines of Peru belong jftill lefs to the Weft Indies; but, as it is through their fea that a part of their product is brought to Europe, we may comprehend them in this account. The moneyers of Mexico make annually twelve or thirteen millions erf piaftres, the fixth part nearly of gold, the reft of filver ; about half this comes over to Europe, a fixth to the Eaft Indies, a twelfth to the Spanifh iflands : the reft runs, by an infenfible tranfpiration into foreign colonies, or circu- lates in the empire. It is commonly fuppofed, that the mines of Mexico employ about 40,000 Indians, under the direction of 4000 Spaniards. According to the moft moderate computation, the Spnnifh mines have fent into the metropolis, from 1492 to 1740, that is, in the fpace of 248 years, more than nine millions of millions of piaftres, the leaft part of which has remained with the original mailers ; the other has been fcattered over Europe, or carried into Afia. From the firft of Ja- nuary, 1745, to the laft of December, 1764, we are rot reduced to conjectures. During this period, Spain has received, in p;aftfes, 27,027,896 of gold, and 126,798,258 piaftres 8 reals of filver; thefe two united form a muTs of 153,826,154 piaftres and 8, reals.. Jf we divide thi INTRODUCTION. xrii fum in eleven parts, we (hall find that the common annual returns have been 13,984,185^ piaftres. We ought to add to thefe riches thofe which are not regiflered, in orde? to avoid paying the duty, and which may amount to abous a fourth more, and we (hall find that Spain receives annual, ly from its colonies about 17 millions of piailres.. We may obferve, that thefe mines might yield much more, and that they are inexhauftible, iince there arc ne// ones continually r forming. After gold and fiiver, cochineal is the mod precious article of this part of America, if it is not the moll lucra- tive upon the whole. N>ew Spain alone remains in pofief- fion of this rich production, without which we could not die either purple or fcarlet. Independently of what it furnifhes Alia, with, it fends every year to Europe about 2500 furrons, or bags,, which are fold at Cadiz one .with* another,, for 800 piallres each. It is a very considerable produce,, which coils no trouble to the Spaniards. They likewife have the bell indigo, the culture of which having been tried fucceiTively in different places, teems fixed at Mexico, and St. Domingo,, in the Weft-indies,, as it is at Carolina, upon the continent, a little more advanced to- wards the North. In the Spanifh pofieiTions are likewife found the belt woods for dying, as blood-wood, .fuilic, and wrrat is called the w-ood of Campechy, or logwood. I ihall not mention feveral other productions of an interior kind,, both by their nature and their quantity.; they (hail- be fpecified when, we run over the particular pofleffions of the Spaniards. Cacao is another precious production, of which the Spa- niards carry on a great trade. They reckon that the an- nual crop of this fruit is more than 100,000 fanegues, of no pounds each.. Thefe' come moftly from the province of Caraccas ;. the fanegue, which there cofls feldom more than 6 or 7 piaftres in mercantile commodities,, is foil to- t-he public ai the fixed price of 38. Europe receives from, 50 to 60 thoufand of thefe fanegues; the reft are dill ri* bufed in Mexico, Popayanj. and the Canaries. Sugar is the article in the Weil- Indies, after gold and? fiiver, \\hich.deferves the molt attention: its produce, and- that of its extracts,, known by the name of rum and mo- latfes, is more important than that of coffee, cotton, indi- go, in a word, of all the others put together. It is ulmoit peculiar to the iflands ; with that they procure every thing, needful or. agreeable to the inhabitants. As thefe ifUnds- c 3 xvm INTRODUCTION. will be more or lefs fpecified, we muft referve,. for thofe articles, the enumerations of the richnefs of their produce, and now go on to the manner of carrying on the trade in the Weftern Iflands. Europe is continually enriched by carrying conftantly to America not only all the goods which it produces, or ma- nufactures, but likewife thofe that its fliips fetch from Afia and Africa. The direft commerce of its own com* modifies, and many imported from the Eaft-Indies, and whole value has doubled in Europe, is without doubt, very great ; and the only one which comes near it is that of the Negroes, which they purchafe, together with other com- modities, on the coaft of Africa, to fell them again in the- Weft- Indies. This trade, to the difgrace of the age, has- Jfo deeply taken roo% it is become fo neceflary to the pre- fent ftaie of affairs, and our wants have juftified it in a manner fo abfolute, that it is now almoft a ridiculous com- mon-place to cry out againft the barbarity and cruelty of it. La Cafas, a prieft, gave the firft idea to replace the converted Americans, who were fmothercd by thousands in the mines, with blacks who were infidels. This diaboli- cal idea was but too much followed. The inhabitants of Africa fold one another j all the Europeans bought them : but, as they had not all mines to work, thofe who were obliged to make plantations began to employ Negroe-flaves for that work ; and fbon all the iflands were cultivated by Africans, badly fed, half naked, beat, and ufed more un- mercifully than the moft ftubborn beafts 0f our country. Every year about 5,2,000 fhves are carried from Africa to- the Weft-Indie?. The Danes carry away about 3000, the Dutch 6000, the French 13,000, the Englilli have all the reft, which they diftribute in their colonies : they fell about 3000 to the French, and near 4000 to the Spaniards,, the only people having any poffeffions in the Weft-Indies who do not go to markets for flaves on the African coaft. This trade of Negroes is carried on freely by all the merchants of thefe different nations,, as well as the com- merce of Africa, or the mother country, with the refpec- tive colonies: but, at the fame time, the intereft of each ration has made them exclude all others the entrance of their colonies ; and it is only the moll preilmg necelfny which has engaged the Englifh and the French to except fome places and Pjme certain goods. This exclufion might eal:ly be kept up by thofe nations which Only have the oi iihu;ds ; but Spain, which has aa INTRODUCTION. extent of country, of which it cannot fupply all the inha~ bitants, is put to much more expence and caution : hence the number of guarda coftas continually cruifing on the American eoalls ; and the contraband, veilels* itill more numerous, who, notwithstanding their vigilance, continual* ly furnifli the Spaniards with European commodities, which the deficient fupply of their mother-country makes them ftand in need of.. All the trade between Spain and the Wefl-Indies is car- ried on in the royal and privileged fleets. The {hips known under the name of galleons were alone employed for a long feries of years in this traffic : but, at prefent, the privileged fleets lets out from Cadiz every twx>, three, or four years, according to the demand or circtimftances.. They are commonly compofed of 15 or 2.0 merchant-mips,, under con\ r oy of two men of war, or more,, if there is any apprehention of danger. Wines, brandy, and oil, form the moil bulky part of the cargo ; the richeit is com- pofed of gold and filler fluffs, galoons* cloth r linen, filks* lace, hats r jewels, diamonds,, and fpices. The fleet fets off from Europe in the month of July, or,, at the latett, in the beginning of Augult, to avoid the danger which the violent north winds in the open lea might produce,, efpecially near the ports, if it (hould fet off in another leafon. The fleet ju-it Hops at Porto Rico to take in refrcfhments* and gets to Vera-Cruz, from, whence its cargo is carried to Xalappa, about a third of the dillance between this port and the city of Mexico.. The time of the fair which is held there, is limited by law to fix months ; it is, however, fometimes prolonged, at the requeft of the merchants of the country, or of thofe of Spain. The proportion of the metals and merchandize determines the gain or lofs in the exchanges ; if one of thofe- objects is mere pletuiful than the other, the feller or buyer are necefiarily lofers. Formerly the royal treafure was fent from the capital to Vera-Cruz,. to wait there for the fleet ; but fince this key of the New World was pillaged in 1683, by the buccaniers, fo famous in the hiilory of the Weijt- Jnclies, it remains at Puebla de los Angeles, which is 43, leagues off, till the arrival of the fliips. When the bu.mefs is finifhed, they carry on board the gold, ::lver, cochineal, furs, vanilla,, logwood, &c. The fleet then lhapes its courfe towards the Havannah, where after having been joineci by tome regiftei-ihips (the name given to nurchant-lhip?,, which, paying a certain fum ta X x INTRODUCTION; government, have the liberty of carrying goods to the Spaniih fettlements), fittted out for the Bay of Honduras,, and fome other ports, it fails to Cadiz, through the Gulf of Florida. In the interval between one fleet and another,, the court of Spain fits out tvvo men of war, which they call Azogucs^ to carry to Vera-Crtiz the qukkfilver neceflary tor the working the mines of Mexico. The Azogues, to which, there are fometimes joined two or three merchant-fhips, that are not allowed to carry any thing but Spanifh fruits, in their return are loaded with the price of the merchan- dizes fold fince the departure of the fleet, or with the produce of thofe which were left on credit. If there is any thing fiiH left behind, it is commonl-y brought back by the (hips of war, built at the Hava-nnah and which always go to Vera-Cruz before they fail for Europe. The commerce of the fouthern coatl is carried on by private perfons inverted with a privilege for that purpofe. This trade was a long time opened to all the fubjecls of the Spaniih monarchy, and is ft-ill fo to the Americans. Thofe of Europe are much worfe treated. In 1728 there was formed a company at Sebaftian, in Bifcay, called the company of Car?.ccas, which lias obtained an excluiive right of carrying on a correfpondenee with- this part of the. New-World. This mort Iketch may give us a fufficient idea of the commerce of Spain, in the New- World. The Well-In- dies are the center of it. It is kept under by abfurd re- gulations, hindered by all kinds of obfracks, both natural and artificial, cramped by a thoufand chains, and yet this commerce is the richeft in the univerfe. What then ought the countries to be, which fupport it without interruption ? Before the arrival of the Europeans, in America, the- natives had arts ot their own j they had fbme notion of painting, and aifo formed pictures by the beautiful arrange- ment of feathers of all colours, and in fome places had built palaces and temples. Though the ufe oi iron was unknown, they polifhed precious (tones,, cut down tree?, and made not only fmall canoes, but boats of coniiderable extent. Their 1 atchets were headed with a (harp flints; and of flints they made knives. Thus, at the arrival of the Europea;.- . they afforded a lively picture of the primi- tive fbte of mankind in the infancy of the world. At that period the arts and fciences, and all the learning that bad before long flouiifiied in thefe more elighter.ed INTRODUCTION. xxi of the earth, were entirely unknown. Thefe which had before travelled weft from Egypt to Greece, and from thence to Rome, had proceeded in the fame courfe, and were daily gaining ground where ignorance had reigned triumphant, till checked by the unhappy differences which at prcfent prevail between America and her mother-coun- try. Ttieie have fufpended its progrefs ; and for a while, it is feared, will be controuled by anarchy and confufion* Happy will it be both for the Provincials and Britons, when learning and arts are reinftated, and trade and commerce re-eftabliflied among the divided Americans. North -America is faid to contain 3,699,087 fquare miles, and all Europe but 2,749,349, fo great a difproportion is there in their magnitude; and in order to form a proper judgment of their fize, it may not be thought improper to give the principal iflands, and their contents in fcjuare miles, in the order of their magnitude. 38,400 36,000 Cuba, Hifpanioln, Newfoundland, 35,000 Sr. Jago, 1400 Maninico, Providence, Barbadoes, Jamaica, Cape Breton, Porto Rico Antigua, 260 j St. Chriitopher, 1 68 I Bermudas, 140 1 Rhode-Ifhnd, 6,000 4,000 3200 100 80 4 36 We fhall here fubjoin fome Roads that lead through its whole extent ; fixing the center at GSARLES-TOWN, South" Carolina: ths firft feven proceed South to St.Auguftine and Penfacola ; and the latter North tq Bofion and Qnelec ; in all 2226 miles. Miles I. To Beaufort, Port-Royal. Aftiley ferry Stone-bridge Ponpon-bridge Afhepoo- bridge Combahee-bridge RoupelPs ferry BEAUFORT IT. To Fort-Augufta. Dorcheftcr Smith's ferry Red Bank Kelly's Cowpen Colfon's Old Place Turkey Creek NEW WINDSOR III. To Purry&urgh. Miles 6 J9 7 10 16 35 42 Combahee-bridge (I.) I 5$ Coofahatchee 16! 69 Quirich's Plantation 1 8 87 PURRYSBURGH lo| 97 31 9 | [V. To Savannah in Georgia, and 12 74 Sf. Aagufliae ia Eaft-Florida. Coofahatchee (III.) : 69 a. Purryfbui-gh, new road 25 94- J 9 SAVANNAH, by water 24 16 35 Fort Barrington 60 ! 7 s it "5 ST. AUGUSTINE. 115 ZQ'l 12 62 1C 72 V. To Sunbury in Georgia. 35 107 .Savannah (IV.) 118 40 J47 Sunbury 40 i^$ 4 151 YJ. To xxii INTRODUCTION. VI. To Savannah and Frederics Goofe Creek 16 In Georgia, and St. Auguftine, Monek's Coruer r6 by water, inland. Markie's r6 48 Wappoo 5 .Eutaw Spring 14 New Cut 14 Boone's Point 19 J9 32 Serjeant Campbell's 15 Berwick's ji 11 Watt's Cut 13 4S Whiteford*s 1 1 GO Muflieto Creek 3 48 Beaver Creek 16 .7 T 115 Bower's Poiut 5 57 CONGA REEJ 18 133 Otter I/land 6 Twelve-mile Creek 12 145 Beaufort 20 8 3 Uayei's u Archie's Creek 9 92 Saluda River 17 171 Over Port-Royal Sond 5 97 Saluda Oldtown ^[^91 Through Scull Creek 3 ICG Ninety-Six 18:209 Hilton Head 9 log Plumb Branch 18*227 O ifcataqua 16 Baldwin's 3 *5 Upp'r Marl bo rough 16 Withers' s 17 3^ IKNAPOLIS, 2 Jerries 22 S. branch Santee River . 14 4 6 Hockitdll, by water 25 N. branch ditto 2 4 8 NTewton, on Cheder R. 14 Georgetown, a ferry 12 60 Ja^Tafras ferry, called^) Pike's 32 92 Georgetown and Fre- > 16 Lewis's 19 ii clericktown j Boundary-houfe . u Z2 Head of Bohemia R. 6 [North -Carolina.] [Penfylvania.J Bell's atLockwood s-fol-"> bird's 12 ly bridge J 44 Wilmington 2,0 Brpf*ick 2i 66 JhelVer 13 Egan's on Cape-Fear R. 14 80 PH> LADELPHTA 35 Wilmington, a ferries i 82 Fr^kfort 8 Collier's 5 97 3riftol 12 Sage's 3 10 [New- Jet fey.] Sncad's ferry, New R. 3 ^3 Trenton, a ferry ic Simmons's t 37 Princeton 12 Warburton's 2 249 BRUNSWICK, a ferry 17 Orm's ferry, Trent R. 3 262 Woodbridge u NEW BERN ; *75 Elizabeth-Town jo Kemp's ferry, Neufe R. 10 285 Newark 8 Jahnfton's 7 292 Powles-Hook fr S alter' s ferry, Tar R. a 313 NEW-YORK, a ferry") Brown's 17 53 over HudfoiTs R. 3 : Taylor's I 345 Kingfbridge j 4 Dixon's 22 367 New Rochelle Jc Halifax, on Roanoke R. 18 3*5 Rye Stanton's J [Virginia.] 396 [New-England.] Horfeneck 6 Rowell's 7 403 Stamford ^ Hicksford, New Inn 10 4i3 Norwalk je Hall's ordinary 2 438 Fairfield jj. Peterfturgh, Wild's 2 458 Stratford g Bermuda Hundred I 472 Milford 4 Charles's City Court- ") Newhaven jc houfc, a ferry over > i; 485 North-haven 7 James's R. ' j Wallingford Lorton's ferry at Chi- ~> cahomony J 500 Merriden Great Swamp WlLLIAMSBURG I 512 Weathersfield Doncaftle's I 528 HARTFORD 3 Ruffian's ferry i - 54 1 Windfor 8 Kg. William's Court-houfe i 553 Enfield S Tod's bridge i 565 Springfield jo Snead's ordinary 2 585 Kingrton j^ Port-Royal, on Rap- "> pahannock R. J ] 597 Weftern 5 Brookfield Hoe's ferry i 615 Leicefter 14 [Maryland.] Worcefter i taidler's, over Potow- \ mack R, j 6iS Shrewfbury 6 Marlborougb jo INTRODUCTION. Sunbury 12 "T4 Peck's Hill io 964 "Waterhoufe 9 '143 Rogers in the Highlands c 97S BOSTON 91152 Fiflvfkills zi 984 Ponghkeepjfie 14 988 XII. To Newport, Rhode-Ifland. Strafburgh n 1009 Boflon (XL) 1151 Schermerhorn's 16 1025 Dedham 14 1166 Livingfton's manor 14 1039 Wrentham 13 1179 Clavcrack 7 1046 Rehoboth 17 1196 Kinderhook 14 1060 Portfmouih 17 1213 Half- way houfe 10 1070 Newport 9 1222 ALBANY io 1080 Saratoga 36 1116 XIII. Another Road to Newport. Fort Edward 20 1136 Wrentham (XII.) |H79 Lake George 14 1150 Providence 2011199 Ticonderoga, by water 30 1180 Newport, by water 30] 1229 C R \V N P I N T 15 1195 Fort Chamble, by water 88 1287 XIV. To Quebec. Lapraire 15 1298 New-York (XI.) 95 MONT REAL 6 r 34 Kingflmdge 15 920 TROIS RIVIERES 80 1384 Ooncklin's 22 942 QUEBEC gc J 474 Croton's River 12 954 The number of ifihabitants in the Britiih Colonies, by a lift publifhed at Nevv-Jerfey, in 1765, was then as follows, fince which time they are very confiderably increased. Nantes of the Colonies. \Mcttabletobeararms Numb* of Inhabitants Canada, and Labrador 30,000 120,000 Nova-Scotia 10,000 40,000 .j f MafTachufets-Bay 70,000^ r 280,000 -\ , "5" j Connecticut 20 ' 000 ( 1 50,000 45,000 f 5 ' ^iSo'ooof 600 ' 00 ' IC ( Rhode- Ifland 15,0003 (. 6o,coo J New- York 25,000 100,000 The two Jerfeys ao,ooo 8o,oco Penfyivania, with the? counties on Delaware 100,000 -A- 400,000 Virginia, with Maryland 180,000 72-0,00 North-Carolina, 30,000 120,000 -South-Carolina 45,000 180,000 Georgia and Florida 10,000 40,000 Total 600,000 2,400,000 NORTH NORTH AMERICA, AND THE WEST INDIES. A C A .BACCO, or Providence, one of the Bahama Iflands, in the At- lantic Ocean, fubjeft to England. Long. 77. W. lat. 24. N. See Providence. ABERCORN, a fmall town in Georgia, about 5 miles from Elje- nezar, 13 N. W. of Savannah, fi- tuated on the river Savannah, and is che principal thoroughfare to Au- gufta, from whence it is diftant pi miles. ABINGDON, a town in Phila- delphia county, in Pennfylvania, fituated near Philadelphia city. ABINGDON, a fmall town in Calvert county, in Maryland. ABINGDON, a fmall town in the ancient colony of Plymouth, in New England. A B i T i B i s , a lake north of Ni- piffing Lake, the N. E boundary of Canada, in New South Wales, and has communication with James's- bay, near Moofe Fort. Long. 78. 5. lat. 59. 3. ABRojos,or Baxos de Babuca, a bank with feveral rocks and fmall i (lands, E. of Turks Ifland, in long. 69, 40. lat. a i, 5. between which and Turks Ifland is a deep channel for (hips of any burthen, 3 leagues wide. ACADIA, the name of a pro- A C A vince in North-America. See A r va- Scotia. A CAP ALA, a town in the pro vince of Chiapa, in New Spain, o Old Mexico. It is fituated on th river Tobafco, near the city o Chiapa, and not far from the ba] Tecoantepac, in the South Sea. ACAPULCO, a city in New Spain, on a bay of the South-Sea 220 miles S. E. of Mexico, th chief port on this Tea, and the prm cipal mart on the whole coaft. It harbour is fuperior to any on th coaft, being fo fpacious, that fevc ral hundred (hips may ride in it without the hazard of damaginj one another. The mouth, whicl is defended by a low ifland, abou a mile and a half long, and half ; mile broad, having a wide and dee] channel at each end; the wefter moft channel is the narrowed, bu fo deep that there is no anchoring and the Manila (hips pafs in tha way: but thofe from Lima ente through the S. W. channel. Thi harbour runs N. about three miles then growing very narrow turn fhort to the W. and a mile farthe it terminates. The town (lands 01 the N. W. fide, at the mouth o this paiTage, clofc by the fca ; an< at the cn4 of the town is a plat A C A form mounted with guns. Oppo- fitje to the town, on the E. fide, is a high ftrong cattle, with gwns of a large fize. Ships commonly ride near the bottom of the harbour, under the command both of the caftle and platform. The port of .Acapulco is by much the fecureft and fineft in all the northern parts of the Pacific Ocean, being a bafon ihrrounded by very high .moun- tain* ;"> but the' io'wff. js ;a moft wretched plsce-,' and?t>Strtrn J ely un- healthy,* T.he, place is, befideSj.de- lltijjud of'.freili \.vatr, ancf fo incpn- venie'nt, lH:tt" extc?pfa'f tKe time of the mart, while the Manila (hip is in the port, the town has but few inhabitants. When (he arrives in this port, is generally moored on its weftern fide, and her cargo deli- vered with all expedition ; when the town of Acapulco, from almoft a folitude, is immediately thronged with merchants from all parts of Mexico. The cargo being landed, the diver and the goods intended for Manila are taken on board, to- gether with provilions and water, and the (hip prepares to put to Tea with the utmoft expedition. 1 his city has high mountains on the caft fide, and from the end of No- vember to the end of May they have no rain; and it is fo hot here in January, when the fair begin?, that the merchants are obliged to do all the bufinefs they can in the morning. When the fair is over every body leaves the place but a few blacks and mulattoes. The chief -juftice has twenty- thoufand pieces of eight per annum, and the comptroller and other of- licers little lefs than that Turn. And the curate, though allowed but a hundred and eighty pieces of eight, makes his place worth fourteen thoufand, by the burial-fees of ftrangers who die here, or on board the (hips in the harbour. There is an hofpital here maintained by dt:dutions from he pay of the fol- (i'.crs, and the aims ui the uur- ALA chants. There are four mountains, which appear above the harbour, the loweft of which is next to the fea, the higheft farther within land, and S. E. of that lies a volcano. On thefe mountains there are deer, rabbits, and abundance of wild fowl of feveral forts. Within a league to the E. of Acapnlco is port Mar- quis, a very good harbour, where the (hips from Peru generally run in contraband goods. Lat. 17, i<5. N. long. 106. 29. W. AcAsABASTiA*, a river in the province of Vera Paz, in Mexi- co. It runs into the Golfo Dulce, and has a town lituated on its banks, named alfo Acafabaftian. The fource of this river is not far. from the South-Sea. ACAZATUI.A, a point of land and fea-port, in the province of Guatemala, proper in Mexico, on a bay of the South- Sea, about 4 leagues from Trinidad. It receives the greateft part of the treafures from Peru and Mexico. In its neighbourhood are three volcanoes. Ac o MAC, a county of Virgi- nia, in North-America, being a peninfula; hounded on the N. by Maryland ; on the E. and S. by the Ocean; and on the W. by the bay of Cheafapeak. Cape Charles is at the entrance of the bay, being the moft fouthern promontory of this county. ACOUEZ, a favage nation of Indians, inhabiting part of Ca- nada. ALABASTER, or Eleuthcra, one of the Bahama or Lucaya ! (lands, on which is a fmall fort and garri- fon. It lies on the Great Bahama Bank. The foil of this ifland, and Harbour-ifland, which lies on the N. end of it, r, better than Pro- vidence-ifland, and produces the greateft part of the pine-apples that are exported; and the climate is fo healthy that it is not uncommon - to fee pcrfons there above 100 years old. Long. 76, 5, to 77. lat, Z 5 to 26. ALB A LAT A MAN A, a conflderable river in Georgia, and is the boun- dary of that colony N, as the Sa- vannah is S. It rifes in the Apa- lachian Mountains, runs S. E. thro' Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic Ocean below the new town of Fre- derica. ALBANY, a county in the pro- vince of New-York, containing a vaft traft of fine low land. Ics chief commodities are wheat, peafe, and pine boards. The winters in this country are commonly fevere; and Hudfon's river freezes To hard an hundred miles to the fouth- ward of Albany, as to bear fleds loaded with heavy burdens. The great quantities of fnow that fall here are ferviceable to the farmers, not only in protecting their grain from the froft, but in facilitating the tran fportation of their boards, and other produce, to the banks of the river. ALBANY, the capi al of the county of its name, in the province of New-York, 150 miles from that city, and 140 from Quebec. It was the place of treaty between our governors and the Indians depen- dent on the Britifh crown. It con - fifts of about 350 houfes, built of brick in the Dutch tafte, governed by a mayor, recorder, fix aldermen, and as many afllflants; has a city- hall, and a fort, compofed of a fquare, with four baftions. The greatefl part is fortified only by pali- fadoes, and in fome places by fmall cannon, planted in block-houfes. It has alib a (heriff, town-clerk, chainbeiiain, clerk of the markets, conftables, and a marfhal. The fur-trade at Ofwego is of confidera- ble advantage to this place. Lat. 43. 10. N. long. 44. 29. W. ALBANY, a Britifh fortrefs, in New fouth Wales, fituated on the river of the fame name, emptying itfelf into James's-bay. Lat. 53, 10. N. long. 8 1, 20. W. ALBEMARLE. a county in Vir- ginia, which has the Fluvanna now AMP on the fouth-fide of it, fcveral branches from which run up this county. It is bounded on the E. by Goochland county, and by a ridge of mountains is divided from Augufla county on the W. and it has Louifa county on the N. ALBEMARLE, the mod Sou- thern part of North-Carolina. See Carolina. ALGONQJJINS, a favage nation, inhabiting part of Canada, on the N. fide of Lake Huron ; generally at war with the Iroquois. ALK.ANSAS, a favage nation in Louifania, fituated 34 N. latitude, on the weft fide of the river Mif- fiflippi, near a river of the fame name. ALL-SA i NTS , iflands near Gua- deloupe. See Xantes. AL MARIA, in New - Spain, Mexico. See Villa Rlcca. AM ATI Q_U E, a fea-port town at the mouth of the river Giianacos, that runs into a lagune, which ern- ties itfelf into the Amatique Gulf, or Gulf of Honduras, in the pro- vince of Vera Paz, Mexico. Hie inhabitants are chiefly logwood- cutters, and on the S. of the gulf is a iraft of land called Amatique Land. Long. 89. lat 15, 23. AMELIA, a county of Virginia, fituated among feveral rivers, hav- ing Cumberland county on the N. Prince George county on the E. Lunenburg county S. and W. AMELIA ISLH, fituated about 7 leagues N. of St. Augutiin, on the coaft of E Florida. It is about 2 miles broad, and 13 Jong, and is within a league of Sr, John's river. AMILPAS,IWO volcanoes in the province of Guatimala, in New- Spain, near ihe mountains of So- con ufco. AM PAL LA, a city and fea-port in the province of Guatimala, Mexi- co, fitnated on the Gulf of Guati mala, in the Gulf of Mexico. It is 235 miles S. E. of the city of Guatimala, and carries ou a briik E ^ A N G trade in cochineal, cocoa, hides, indigo, &c. AMSTERDAM, NEW, a place in North America, firft difcovered by Hudfon, and fettled by the Dutch, It lies on the bay and river formerly called Mantratte. See Tcrk t New. ANDALUSIA, NEW, a pro- vince of Terra Firma, on the coaft of the Atlantic oppofite the Lee- ward Iflands. ANDASTIS, a favage natron in Canada, bordering on Virginia. AN DOVER, a fmall town in New England, in the province of Maflachufets - Bay and county of Effex. ST. ANDRIS, an ifhnd on the Mofqniro Snore, offlhe Pearl keys, in Lat. 12. 36 long. 8z. 30. ANDROS, iflands on the S. W. of Providence, in the Bahama Iflands. Thefe the Spaniards called Yflas del Efpiritu Santo, and take tip a fpace of 30 leagues long and 4 or 5 broad, interfered by a num- ber of very narrow paffages. ANEGADA ISLE, one of the T"ir^in Iflands, and dependent on Virgin Gorda. It is about 6 leagues long, is low, and almoft covered by the fea at high tides. It has a point on the S. fide called Treafure Point. Long. 63. lat. 18, 35. ANGELOS, or TLAS CALA, a province of Mexico, extending to both the North and South Seas, having that part of the former which is called the Gulf of Mexico on the E the province of Guaxaca *>S the S. E. the Pacific Ocean on the S. the province of Mexico Proper on the W. and that of Penuco on the N- from which it is divided by the river Tufpa, or Cavones. From one fea to the other it is 100 leagues; about 80 along the Gulf of Mexico, and 20 upon the South-fea coaft. Its foil, climate, and product, are much the fame with Mexico Proper- On the W. fide is a chain of mountains of 28 leagues , well cultivated ; and A N G another great ridge of mountains on the N. W. the neighbourhood of which fubjects it to fhocking tempefls, horrid hurricanes, and frequent inundations ; yet this is allowed to be the moft populous country in all New Spain, which is partly afcribed to its having been originally an ally to Cortez, in the conqueft of Mexico, who obtained a grant of the Emperor Charles V then alfo king of Spain, by which* it is to this day exempt from all fervicc or duty whatfoever to that crown ; and only pays the king of Spain an handful of maize per head, as an acknowledgment, which inconfiderable parcels, almoft 40 years ago, amounted to near 1 3 ,000 bufhels ; for it produces formich of that Indian corn, that from thence it had the name of Tlafcala, i. e. the land of bread, which name it gives to its principal town. By this means the towns and villages fwarm with Indians. Its principal fowns are Acafuchithan, Achia- chica, Tufpa, Zacatlan, Gazeres, Naftla or Almira, Torre Blanca, Punta Delganda, Sampula.Xalappa, Puebla, Tepeafa, Cordova, Punta Brava, New Vera Cruz, &c. They fpeak the Spanilh tongue, and fcarce any other ; are perfedtly re- conciled to the Spanifh cuftoms, and grateful for the countenance and deference (hewed to them above their fellow-provinces. It was anciently governed by kings, till, civil wars ar'fing in it, the peo- ple formed themlelves into an ariftocracy of many princes, to get rid of one. They divided the towns into different diftricts, each of which named one of their chiefs to refide in the court of Tlafcala, where they formed a fenate, whofe refolutions were a Jaw to the whole. Under this form of government, they maintained themfelves againft the bifhops of Mexico ; and con- tinued their ariftocrucy till their re- ception of th Spaniards under Cortez. A N G ANGUILLA, or Snake Ifland, fo called from its windings and ir- regular form, being 10 leagues in length, and three in breadth ; 25 leagues N. W. of Barbuda, and 15 from St. Chriftopher's. It is the moft northerly of all the Caribbee Mauds, pofieflcd by the Engiifa ; and may eafily be feen from St. Martin's, which is about 18 leagues to the E. The country is woody, but perfectly level. It abounds with tame cattle fmce it was (locked by the Europeans, of which, before their coming, was to be found only theoppuffum. The Englifh fettled here in 1650, in a fruitful foil, where they cultivated tobacco, planted corn, and bred cattle, for which purpofe they brought a ftock with them ; but were, as they are now, very poor. Some have re- moved hither from Barbadoes, and others of the Englifli Caribbee Iflands. They fubfift moftly by farming, planting Indian corn, and other kinds of husbandry, but plant very little fugar or cotton. This poor ifland has been frequently pil- laged by the French. The num- ber of militia fome years ago was not more than fourfcore, and yet they repulfed a body of French in 1745, to the number of icoo, who made a defcent, and marched up to a breaft-work, but were fo well received by this handful, that they were forced to retire with the lofs of 150 men, befides colours and fire-arms. The climate is very healthy, and the inhabitants ftrowg and vigorous. The exports, in 1770, amounted, in fugar, rum, and cotton, to near 6000). 3800!. of which was for Great Britain, and the reft for N. America. Long. 62. 10. lat. 18. 4. CAPE ANGUILLE, a point of land in Newfoundland, on the W. fide in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 6 leagues N. from Cape Ray ; the &. W. extremity of the iiland in lai. 47> 57- ANN E. of the Great Bahama Bank, and N. of the ifle of Cuba. Long. 78, jo. to 79, 30. lat. 23, 30. to i4,io. ANNAPOLIS, the chief town of the county of Anne-Arundel, in Maryland. It was formerly called Severn, and by an aft of the af- femby, 1654, was made a port- town; and a collector and naval officer were ordered to refide here, at which time it was called Anna- polis. The county- court was re- moved to this place, a church was built within the port, which was made a parifh, and, in the year 1699, the port of Annapolis was made the chief feat of juftice within this province, for holding aflem- blies and provincial courts ; and all writs, pleas, and procefs, re- turnable to the provincial court, or to the court of chancery, were made returnable to Annapolis. The aflcmbly pafled an aft for founding a free-fchool, called King William's School, and ordered others to be erected here under his patronage, and thearchbiihop to be their chan- cellor. Truftees were alfo appointed under the names of reftors, truf- tees, governors, vifitors of the free- fchools of Maryland. But the de- fign of this good bill never took erTeft. The county-court for or- phans is kept there the fecond Tuef- day in September, November, Ja- nuary, March, and May. There- cords of the county of Anne-Arun- del are removed to this town, which) now confifts of, about 150 houfes, not having flourilbed according to> expectation; and while planters and merchants affeft to live feparately here, as they do in Virginia, there is liitle profpeft of there being any flourishing town in the province. It is not paved, and the ftreets are very irregular. It is fuuated on- a peninfula formed by the river Se- vern and two fmall creeks, and af- fords a beautiful profpeft of Chea~ fapeak-bay, and the E. there be- yond it. Lat. 39, 5, N. k>g, 7:6, 30, W. ANN ov AL, a town and bay in Nova Scotia, called Port-Royal by the French, when M. De Points came over from St. Croife with a French colony, in 1605. It had the name of Anna- polis in honour of Queen Anne, in whofe reign it was taken by the Englifh under Colonel Nicholfon. This harbour is of difficult en- trance, befides the great fogs here ; ANT exchange for European goods. It has alfo a pretty good trade in lum- bet and fifli. The governor refides here with a garrifon, which com- monly confifts of 500 Englilh. JLat. 44, 50, N. long. 65, 5, W. CAPE ANNE, a confiderable point of land, with a harbour, in Maflachufets-Bay, New England. Lat. 42, 45. long. 70, 17. PRINCESS ANNE, a county in fo that only one (hip can pafs in or Virginia, on the fea coaft, of which Norfolk is the principal town. It has the Back -bay, which runs through the Curratuck into the At- lantic, on the S. the Atlantic on the E. Cheafapeak-bay on the N. and Norfolk county W. ANNE-ARUNDEL, a county in Maryland, N. of Charles county, S. of Baltimore county, and is wa- tered by the river Severn, on which {rands the capital Annapolis. ST. ANNE'S, a port in the Ifle of Cape-Breton and Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the E. fide of the ifland, where the nfhing-vefiels of- ten put in. Long. 60. lat. 47. AN SON, an inland county of North Carolina, with the old boun- dary-line of South Carolina on the S. and the Catabaw nation and town on the W. Mecklenburg county on the N. and Bladen and Cumberland counties on the E. but is without to-wns. ANTJCOSTI, a barren ifland in the mouth of the river St. Law- rence. Lat. 49, 30, N. long. 62. 36, W. ] ANTIGUA, or ANTEGO, one of the Caribbee Iflands in the Weft Indies, fituated 60 miles to the eaftward of Nevis, and St. Kitt's. It i.s almoft circular ; being about out at a time, and that with the greateft precaution, the fhip being obliged to go fternmoft, by reafon of the ftrong currents and tides here. This difficulty excepted, Na- ture has fcarce omitted one thing to render it the fineft harbour in the world. It is two leagues in length, and one in breadth, having a finall ifland, called Goat Ifland, almoft in the middle of the bafon, which is faid to be large enough to contain all the (hips in America. Its depth of water is no where lefs than four or five fathoms ; the bottom is every where very good; and mips may be fecure in it from all winds. The town is not large, but has fome very handfomc build ings, though the generality are but two ftories high. The old fortifi- cations were demolished by the Englifli, and new ones creted,with lines, and four baftions large and well faced, with a deep dry moat, a covered way, and counterfcarp, a half -moon, and outworks de- tached from the body of the place; fo that it is in little danger from an attack. There are alfo feveral batteries of guns to the fea, fo dzf- pofed as to keep off an enemy; nor can it eafily be attacked but by a bombardment. At the bottom of 3 leagues long, and 4 broad, and the bafon is a point of land, fepa- 6 leagues in diameter, and near do '' " '"' miles in circumference, containing ic8 fcjuare miles, equal to 69,277 It is more noted for good rating two rivers, where the tide rifes 10 or 12 feet ; and on each fide are pleafant meadows, which in ipring and autumn are covered with all forts of frclh-water fowl. The place fubiUts by the traffic of fkins, acres. harbours than all the Englifh illands in thefe feas ; yet foincom- pafled with rocks, that it is of which the favages biing down in dangerous aeeefs in many farts of ANT -it, a ledge lying all along the north fide of it, near two miles from the fhore. It has fix remarkable har- bours, i. Five-Ifland harbour on the weft fide of the ifland, fo called from five fmall iflands that lie to the weft of it. a. St. John's har- bour, due north from the former, is a fort of double harbour, the beft and moft ufed in the ifland. There is a fandy bar acrofs the mouth of it, which runs from the N. point of the entrance, where the fort ftands, ftretching S. W. to the op- pofite point. On this bar there are but two fathom and half water, and but two in the N. point. Befides the fort at the mouth of St. John's river, which is mounted with 14 cannon, there are feven other bat- teries. 3. No/ifuch harbour, a fpacious bay at the E. end of the harbour ; on the N. fide of the harbour it is foul and rocky. 4. Willoughby bay, two leagues S. E. from the laft harbour, has a wide mouth near a league over, but there is a fand or fhoal which olmoft blocks it up, from whence another point, called Sandy-point, with an ifland in it, ftretches off. Between thefc, however, is a good entrance, and very good riding in every part of it. 5. Englifh harbour. And 6. Falmouth harbour to the S. W. At the bottom of Falmouth har- bour, lies Falmouth town, defend- ed by fort Charles, and Monk's Hill fort, which has a magazine. The climate is hotter than Bar- badoes, and like that fubjeft to hurricanes. The foil is fandy, woody, and without one brook, there being few fprings in the ifland : the inhabitants collect the rain in cifterns and ponds, as well for their own ufe as their cattle ; it is remarked that this water is very light, extremely pure, and very vholefome. The foil is much vari- ed, but in many places it is a fine black mold, in others a clay, pretty ftiff but fertile. The ifland pro- duces 16000 hogftieads of fugar, ANT one year with another, but does not make half fo much rum in propor- tion to its fugar, though both may be improved by due encourage- ment. They do not plant much tobacco, though what they do is very good ; the wild cinnamon grows in their low lands, or favanna woods. It abounds in venifon, black cattle, fowls, and moft of the animals in common with the other iflands. The number of in- habitants are computed (Englifli, white, and negroes, included) at about 34,000. It was difcovered much about the fame time with St. Kitt's, in 1639. The firft grant of it from the crown appears to have been from Charles II. about 1663, to William Lord Willougbby of Parham ; and a colony was plant- ed in 1666. It was furprifed by the French in the fame year, and furrendered to them. It made no figure in commerce, till Colonel ChriftopherCodrington, lieutenant- governor of Barbadoes, came and fettled here in 1690. There hap- pened a moft dreadful hurricane here in 1707, that did vaft damage to this ifland and Nevis, more than, to any of the Caribbees. In Oto- ber, 1736, was the plot of Court, Tombay, and Hercules, three Indi- ans, who had conveyed gunpowder under the ball-room, where the governor was to give a ball ; but it was happily difcovered, and they were all executed. It has a lieute- nant-governor, a council, and its aflembly confifts of 24 members. It is divided into 6 parishes and II diftrifts, of which 10 fend 2 mem- bers each, and St. John's 4. The number of veflels which enter year- ly is about 300. In 1770 they ex- ported to the value of 446,000!. fk-rling, including 500!. cotton, the reft fugar, molailes and rum. Lat. 15, 30. N. Long. 57.45. W. ANTILLES, a clutter of illands in the Weft Indies, diftinguilhed into Great and Small. The Antilles lig from jS to 24 degrees, north ART latitude; are diftinguifhed into Wind ward andLeewardlflands, and lie in the form of a bow, ftretching from the coaft of Florida, north, to that of Brafil, fouth; the moft remarkable of them are Cuba, Jamaica, Hifpaniola or Domingo, and Porio-Rico. See each under its prope; article. ANTIQJ;ERA, a Tea-port town in the province of Guaxaqua, in Mexico. APALACHIAN MOUNTAINS, or A L i G A N Y MOUNTAINS, an extenfivc chain of mountains, running parallel with the Atlantic ocean, and about 150 miles diftant from.it. APALACHICOLA, the river that is the boundary between Eaft and Weft Florida, which rifes in Carolina, and falls into the Apala- chian bay, near St. George's ifle and Cape St. Blaze. APALACHYA, the name of a town and harbour in Florida, 30 leagues eaft of Penfacola, and the fame weft from the river Del Spiricu Santo, which falls into the Gulf of Mexico, at the N. W. end of the peninfula of Florida : on both fides of it live the feveral nations called the Apalachian In- dians. APPLE ISLAND, a fmall unin- habited ifland in the river St. Law- rence, Canada ; on the S. fide of the river, between Bafcjue and Green iflands. It is furrounded by rocks, which render the navigation dangerous. ARC AS, an ifland in the Gulf of Mexico, in the bay of Campechy. Lat. 20. o. Long. gz. 50. ARAZIBO, one of the principal places in the ifland of Porto Rico, in the Weft Indies, yet has but few inhabitants, or little trade but fmuggling. ARMOUCHIQUOI% a wild na- tion of Indians in Canada. ARUBA, a little ifland in the Weft Indies, belonging to the Dutch ; from whence they bring A V E provifions for their garrifons and negroes. It is one of the Little Antilles, 14 leagues to the weft of Curaao. It is uninhabited, and produces little beftdes corn and wood. A RUN" DEL, a townfhip in the north divifion of New England, called New Hampfliire, fitnated on the fea coaft, and having the point of land Cape Porpus within its diftrift on the E. and Biddleford townfhip on the N. E. with Wells- tow n townlhip S. W. ASH FO RD, a town in the coun- ty of Windham, in Connecticut, New England. ASSIMOIS, a favage nation of Indians, inhabiting the forefts of Canada. ASTCHIKOUWIPI, a vaft Jake in New Britain, abounding with whales, and fuppofed to communi- cate with the Northern fea. ATRATO, a confiderable river, which runs into the Gulf of Mexi- co, near Carthagena. ATTLE BO RO UGH, a town in Briftol county, in the antient colo- ny of Plymouth, New England, N. of Rehoboth. It is remarkable for its great increafe of inhabitants, honfes, and trade, within a few years before the late difturbances; before which it was but an obfcure village. AVALON, a peninfula at the S. E. corner of the ifland of New- foundland, which is joined to the ifland by a narrow 'neck of land that has Place,ntia-bay on the S. and Trinity-bay on the N. The E. part of this peninfula is incompafled by the great bank, and has, befides the two former bays, the bay of Conception on the N. and the bay of St. Mary's and Trepafl~y-bay on the S. It contains feveral excellent harbours, bays, and capes ; among whom are St. Mary's, Pine, Race, Ballard, St. Francis, &c. AVES, or BIRDS ISLAND, in the Weft Indies, fiftuated in Lat. 15. 30, Long. 63. 15, named fc> A U G from the great number of birds that breed there, yet is without a tree, which obliges them to lay their eggs in the fand. A moal runs from hence to the iftands of Saba, St. Euftatia, and St. Chrifto- pher, which jis about 2 leagues broad, and from jo to 20 fathom foundings. AVES, another BIRD ISLAND, among the Little Antilles, between the coaft of St. Jago de Leon, in Terra Firma, and the ifland of Bonaire. AUGUSTA, a fort on the river Savannah, in Georgia, which is a thriving place, where the traders from Carolina and Georgia refort to for trading with the Indians. It is fituated about 230 miles up the river Savannah, which is navigable for boats. Roads are made from hence to the Cherokee Indian towns, on the W. of it. AUGUSTA, an inland county of Virginia, fituated among the moun- tains which divide it from Albe- marle county on the E. Lord Fair- fax's boundary N. and by moun- tains S. and W. It has ieveral rivers, and the great path from Virginia to Maryland pafies through it. ST. AUGUSTIN, a city in Eaft Florida, in N. America, fituated on the Eaftern coaft of the penin- fnla, wafhed by the Atlantic ocean, about 80 leagues from the mouth of the Gulf of Florida, or channel of Bahama, and 47 from the town and river of Savannah. It is built along the Ihore, at the bottom of a hill, in an oblong fquare, di- vided into four ftreets. Near it is the church and monaftery of the order of St. Auguftin. The caftle is called St. John's fort, built of foft ftone, has four baftions, a curtain 60 yards long, a parapet nine feet thick, and a rampart 20 feet high, cafemated, arched, and bomb-proof. There are 50 pieces of cannon, 16 of which are brafs, and fome arc 24 pounders : it has B A F a covered way, and the town is entrenched with ten faliant angles, In 1586, Sir Francis Drake took it ; and, in 1665, it was plundered by Captain Davis, the buccaneer* The Englifli and Indians of Caro- lina attacked it again in 1702, un- der Colonel Moore, who aban- doned it after three months fiege, after plundering and burning the country, leaving the (hips and ftores to the enemy, on the fight of fome Spanifh cruizers ; and marched back to Charles -town, 300 miles, by land. General O- glethorp was the laft who befieged it, in 1740; he bombarded both, the town and caftle, but was ob- liged to raife the liege. Lat. 30, 8,N. long. 8 1, 10, W. ST.AUGUSTIN'S Port and Ri- ver, on the coaft of Labrador, near the ftraits of Belle-Ifle, and oppo- fitc to the bay of St. John's, New- foundland. It is about 8 leagues from Great Meccatina Ifland, and has two i (lands in the harbour : about two miles S.W. runs a chain of fmall iflands, called St. Au- guftin's chain, the outermoft of which is a remarkable round fmooth rock. Long. 58, 50. lat. 51, 10. A VENN is, a nation of wild Indians, inhabiting part of Flo- rida. Azu A, a little town in the ifland of St. Domingo, in the Weft In- dies, on the Southern fide, be- longing to the Spaniards, at the bottom of a deep bay. B BAFFIN'S BAY, a gulf fo called from one Baffin, who discovered it in 1662, in his attempt to find a North -weft paflage into the South Sea. This bay runs from Cape Farewel into Weft Greenland, and lies between the parallels of 60 and So degrees N. lat. It a- bounds with whales, efpecially the upper part of it. BAH BAHAMA ISLANDS, called by the Spaniards Lucayos, take in, under this denomination, all the iflands in general which are to the North of Cuba and St. Domingo. The firft difcovery of the New World began O, 45. BATHTOWN, a fmait fea-port town in the county of Tyrrel, and diftricl: of Edenron, in North Carolina, lying on the northern bank of the river Pamticoe, where it has a cuftom-houfe, with a coU leaor. Lat. 35, 30. long. 77, 15, BEAUFORT,ato\vnanddiftritin S. Carolina, includes all the places to the S. from Com bah ee river, and the Avamp at the head of the 8. branch of that river, between the Tea, including the iflands ; the boundary continuing from the main fwamp to Matthew's Bluff, On Savannah river. BE-AUFORT, a feaport town in the county of Granville, in South Carolina, fstviated on the ifland of Port Royal, 16 miles from Pur- ryfburg, and 43 from Charles- town to the S. W. It has a good fort, but is not fo well fortified. It is expected from its harbour, and fituation, that it will become the capital of South Carolina, as it is already the Station of the Britifh fquadron in thofe feus. BEAUFORT a county of North Carolina, in the diftricl of New- born. BEAUFORT, a feaport town in North Carolina, in the county of Carteret, and diftricl: of Newbern, in Core Sound, BEEF ISLAND, one of the fmaller Virgia Illands, in the Weft - Indies, fittiated between Dog ifland W. and Tortr.la E. of it. It is about 5 miles long E, W. and near i broad, N. S. in Sir l ; rancis Drake's bay. Long. 63, 2. lat. 1 8, 23. BEDFORD, a fmall town in Middlesex county, Maflachufcts- bay, on the river Concord, 6 miles \V. of Woburn, and 7 N, from Concord* BEL BEDFORD, a town in Long I/land, New -York, 6 miles S. from New-York, and the fame diftance N. W. from Jamaica bay. BEDFORD, a town in the county of Weil Chefter, New- York, 35 miles N. from New-York, and 10 E. from the Topang Sea, ja. N. from Long-Ifland Sound, on a branch of Minimock river, near the Stamford river, from the head of which it is diftant 3 miles N. W. KEKIA, BECOUYA, or Bo- QJJIA, a fmall EngHfli ifland a- mong the Grenadilks. The French call it Little IvLminico; 55 miles to the N. E. of Granada, and 65 leagues from Barbadoes. It has a lafe harbour from all winds, but no frefli water ; and is there- fore only frequented by the inha- bitants of St. Vincent, who came hither to fiih for tortoife. The foil produces wild cotton -trees, and plenty of water-melons. BEI.HAVEN, or AXEXAN- DRIA, a town in Fairfax coun- ty, Virginia, on the W. fide of Pa- towm^ck river, 14 miles N, E. of Colchefler, 86 miles S. E. of Win- chefter, and 30 miles W. of An- napolis. BELINSGATE, a town and point of land in Barnftaplc county, in Plymouth Colony, New Englind, fitna.tcd on the W. fide of the peniniula, in Cape Cod Bay, 5 miles N. of Silver Springs, and ioS,from Cape Cod harbour. BELLINGHAM, in Suffolk county, Mafl;.chufcts-Bay, in the midway between Mendon and Wrentham, and 2, miles N. of Blackftone rivt-r. BEL L-J SLE Jsr. AND and Straights, at the mofl N. end of Newfoundland, and the entrance into the Gulf of St. Laurence. The illand is about 7 leagues in circuit, and on the N. W. fide has a fmall harbour fit for fmall craft, called Lark Harbour, within a little iflaud that lies clofe to the fliore ; and at the E- point it has another fmall harbour or cove, that will only admit fifliing ihaiiops ; from B E Pv whence it is only 16 miles to the Coaftof Labradore. Long. 55, 30. Jat. 51, 55. BERGKN, a town and county on Hudfon's river, in New Jer- fey, over againft New York, and was the firtt planted of any of this tract ; moftly inhabited by Dutch. See New York. BERKSHIRE, a county in Pen- fylvania whofe length is very great, bounded on the S. E. by Philadelphia and Chefter coun- ties, N. E. by Northampton county, and S. W. by Cumberland and Lancafter counties. BERKLEY, the name both of a town and county in. South Caro- lina, lying to the N. of Colleton county, near Cowper and Afhk j y rivers. On the N. is a little river tti!fd BcsraH-river, \vhich with a creek forms an ifland ; andoffthe coaft are feveral iilands called Hunting-iflands, and Sillwent's- ifland. Between the latter and Bowall river is a ridge of hills, called the Sand hills. The river Wando waters the N. W. parts of this county, and runs into Cowper liver, both uniting their (beams with Afhley river at Charles-town. BERMUDAS, a clufter of fmall iflands a considerable diilance from the continent. Hither re- tired feveral of the parliament party after the Reftoration ; and Waller the poet has given a very pretty poem on them, it being the place of his flight. They are not altogether 20,000 acres, very difficult of accefs, being, as Wal- ler exprtdes it, walied with rocks. As their coafts are dangerous, fo are their founds and harbours difficult of accefs, their entrances being narrow, and fboaly; but what renders thefe iflands frill more dangerous is the current, which fetsj to the N. E. from the Gulf of Florida, which is re- markably Itrong here. The air is extremely pleafant ; and its fine fn nation invited the great Berkley, biihop of Cloyne, to fol- licit queen Anne for founding B E R an imiverfity here, the plan of which that great genius had e- cellently well modelled; but ths" queen was diverted fror/i this pro- ject by the parties of her rv.ini- fters. The chief bufinefs here ufed to be that of building Hoops, and other fmall craft, for the trade between North America and the Weft Indies ; which are built of cedar, and are very durable, as no worms will penetrate them. The founds and furrounding feas, are well ftored with fifh, and ainbergrife is fometimes found a- mong their rocks in lumps of confiderable bignefs. They fend nothing to England; though for- merly, when the Bermudas hats were brought into fafhion by the bifhop, they got a good deal of caih from England. The hats were very elgant, made of the leaves of palmettoes ; but the trade and the fafhion went toge- gether. The foil is neglected, and their beft production is cedar, with fome white -ftone, xvnicft they fend to the Weft - Indies. Their whites are about 7000, the mulattoes and blacks aie about 6000. The blacks bred here are the beft in America, and as ufeful as the whites in navigation. The people of Bermudas are poor but healthy, contented and very cheat*- ful. Jt is well adapted to the cul- tivation of vines, and might be worth while even for the legifla- ture to encourage fuch an ufeful improvement. They are called Somer - iflands, not from their pleafant or warm fituation, but fiom Sir John Somers, bart. who was fhtpwrecked here; and as the fecond after John Bennudas > in 1503, that improved the dif- covery of them. The number of this clufter is computed to be about 400. They arediftant from the Land's-end 1 500 leagues; from the Madeiras izco, from Hifpa- nioia 400, and aoo from Cape Hattaras in Carolina ; which laft is the neareft land to them. U, 15. long. 64,8.. Cz B I L BERN, NEW, a fmall town in the county of Craven, in South C;i ; olina, lying pn the fouthern bank of the river Pamticoe, or Panlego. Lat. 35, 15. longitude 77- 3. BERRY - ISLANDS, a fmall cinder of iflands, on the N. W. point of the Great Bahama Bank, in the Channel of Providence. JLong. 75, 40. lat. 15, 50. BERTIE, a maritime county in "North Carolina, in the diftriel of Edentor, uith the Roanoke its S. boundary, and Albemarle found on the E. In it is fituated the Indian tower of Tufcaroravv. BERWICK, a town in York county, Pcnfylvania, abom 7 miles K. of Hanover, and 16 W. of York. BETHLEHEM, a village in the county, of Orange, in the province of New York ; very fruitful in pafture and makes large quanti- ties of excellent butter. BETHLEHEM, a town in Nor- thampton county, Penfylvania, 5 miles E. of Northampton, and 10 S. W. of Eafton, and ftands on a branch of the DeJawar river. BEVE&LEY, a maritime town in New England, in the province cf MalTachufets-Bay, and county of Eflex, fituated on the .S. of Cape Ann, and the N. fide of Burley Brook, 2, miles North of Salem. BIEQUI ISLAND, or BORI- QJUEN, orCRABS ISLE, one of the Virgin Ifles, i leagues from Porto Rico, 6 leagues long, and abroad. The Englifh fettled there twice, and have been driven away by the Spaniards, whofe intercil: it is to let it remain defobte. It has a rich foil, and a good road on the S. fide. Lat. 18, 2. long. tf4, 30. See Crabs Ijle. BIDDF. FORD, a town in the county of York, Province of New J-Jampfhire, in New - England, near the mouth of Sako river and bay, 10 miles N. from Wells, and 20 S. from Bruofwick. BILLS RIKA, a fmall town in B L A Middlefex county, Mjflachufets- Bay, on the banks of the river Concord, about 6 miles W. of Wilmington, and 5 N. of Bed- ford. BIRDS KEYS, a rock or ifland among the Virgin Iflands, in the Weft Indie*. It is round, and fituated about 2 leagues S. of St. John's ifland, and has its name from the quantities of birds which refort there. Long. 63, 20. lat. '7 55- BIMINI ISLE, one of the Lucaya or Bahama Iflands, on the W. fide of the Great Bank, near the Gulf of Florida, and has a good harbour. BISCAY, a province of Mexi- co, abounding in filvcr mines. It is bounded on the N. by Mexico, and on the W. by Florida. BLACK RIVER, an Englifli fettlement at the mouth of the river Tinto, 20 leagues to the E. cf Cape Honduras, the only har- bour on the Coaft of Terra Fir- ma, from the ifl;ind of Rattan to Cape Gracias a Dios, and was for more than 60 years the refuge of the Logwood Cutters, when the Spaniards drove them from the forefts of Eafl Yucatan; which occasioned adventurers of different kinds to fix here, where the coaft is fandy, generally low and fwam- py, with mangrove-trees : higher up, near the rivers and lagoons, which are full of Cfh, the foil is more fertile, and produces plan- tations, cocoa-trees, maize yams, potatoes, and fcverai other vege- tables; *nd the paifion of drink ing rum has made them begin to plant fugar-cancf. The furefts are full of deer, Mexican fwine, and game. The Chores abound with turtle, and the woods with mahogany, zebra wood, farfapi- rilla, cc. and indeed the whole fettlement flourifhcs fpontaneoufty without cultivation. BLADEK, a county of North Carolina, in the diflria of Wil- mington, and is the boundary county to South Carolina. BON BLANCO, an ifland 35 leagues from Terra Firma, and N. of Margarita-Ifland, in the province of New Andalufia. It is a flat, even, low, uninhabited iflind, dry and healthy, moft of it isvan- nas of long grafs, with feme trees of lignum vitas. It has plenty of guanoes. Lat. 11,45- lofTg-63, 36. Bi.ANDFORn,a town in Prin ce George's county, Virginia, on the S. bank of a branch of James river, 2 miles E. of Petersburg. Bo LI N B R o K K, a town in Tat- hot county E. divifion of Mary- land, on theN. W. point of Chop- tank river, Chefapeak - bay, 5 Aiifes E. of Oxford. BON AIRS, an iiland,almofl un- inhabited, on the coaftof Venizue- ki. in the kingdom of Terra' Fir- fna tt lies about 20 leagues from the continent, and 1-4 E. of Cu- *noa,, and belongs to the Dutch. It is about 1 8 leagues in compafs r fca<; a good bay and road on the S. W. Tide, near the middle of the jifland. Ships that come from the aftward make in clofe to fhore, ind let go anchor in 60 fathom deep water, within half a cable's length of the fhore ; but ms(t taake faft a-fhore, for fear of the land-winds in the night driving her to fea. There are onJy a few houfes, and about a dozen fol~ diers, who do little or no duty. There is a fort, with ve or fix Indian families, who are hufband- Tnen, and plant maize and Indian eorn, fome yams and potatoes. There is a great plenty of cattle here, particularly goats, which they fend to Cura^oa, failed every year. There is a fait pond hefe, where the Dutch come in for fait. Lat. 12, jo. long,. 67, 30. Bo N AVI STA, a bay. cape, and -port o'n the E. fide of Newfound- land, where the Englifh have a ftttlement, and ftages are erefted for the ftihery, which is carried on here with great fuccefs. Long. 5.3, 5. lat. 49, 5. Bo R i QJL/ IN or CRABS {See BOS BOSTON, lately a very rrofifd? and opulent trading town, the" metropolis of New -England, in North-America, in the county of Suffolk, till the town was pro- fcribed, and port removed by the* Englifh parliament, April 4, 1774^ for refufing a tax OH tea, which; they deftroyed in 1774. The Kings forces in a great meafure defaced the town, by pulling down feveral buildings to fupply themfelves with firing during ther lare contefts; before which it was the hrgeft and moft confiderable- city of all the Britiih empire in< America; and was built the lat- ter end of the year 1630, by a-, part of a colony which removed hitherto from Charles-Town, anct ftunds upon a peninfula of about four miles circumference, within* 44 miles of the bottom of Mafia- chufets Bay. It was greatly da- maged by an earthquake, on Oc>, 29, 1717.. It is the moft ad- vantageoufly fituated for trade of any place in North-America ; oa the N. fule are a dozen fmali- iflands, called the Brewfters, one- of which is called Noddle Vifland,,, The only fafe way for entrance- into the harbour is by a channel- fo narrow, as welt as full of iflands, that three Ihrps can fcarce pafs in^ a-breaft; but there are proper marks to guide them into the fair way ; and within- the harbour there is room enough for 50 fhips ti> lie at anchor in a good deph of water, where they were covered; by the cannon of a regular and very lircng fortrefs now in ruins. At the bottom of the bay is a very noble pier, near 2000 feet, in length, along which on the N.. fide extended a row of warehoufes. The head of this pier joins the principal ftreet in the town, which is, like moft of the others, fpa- cious and well built. The town had a rlnean.' ard s. This is the feat of the governor, council, aflcmbly, and court of chancery. About a mile from town to the N. E. the governor has a fine houfe, built by the afTembly, called Pilgrims :. though the governor's ufual refi- dence was at FontabeJ. The other for'.s are to the W. James's- fort, near Stuart's-wharf, of 18 guns: Willoughby's, of 20 guns i three batteries between this and Need- harn's-fori,of aogurs. Thechurch is as large as many of our cathe- drals, has a noble organ, and. a ring of bells, with a curious clock. Here are large and elegant taverns^ eating-houfes, &c. with a poft- houfe ; and packet-boats have been efiabiillied here lately to cany let- ters to and from this place month- ly. Lat. 13. 2,0. Long. 60. o >ee BnrhiilfjiS. B R i D G E w A T E R , a fmall town in the county of Briftol and colo- ny of Plymouth, in Maflachufetts- Bay, New-England, near Town- river, vh'ch empties itfelf into Narraganfet-bay, Rhode- I Hand. It is abovrt 5 miles N. E- ircra. Raynham, 10 W. from Duxbury. B R i r> L i N G T o N .. SzeBttr-lington. BRIO N--ISLK, one of the Mag- dalen -Iflcs, in the Gulf of St^ Laurence, 5 or 6 leagues W. from B R U fiers, the entrance of St. Laurence river, it is 39 leagues N. W. by N. It is in Long. 60, 40. Lat. 47, 45- BRISTOL, a county and town in New-England. It is the moft confiderable town in the county, having a commodious harbour, at the entrance of which lies Rhode* Illand. This town is laid out with more regularity than any in the province, and has more trade. The capital is remarkable for the King of Spain's having a palace in it, and being killed there ; and alfo for Crown the poet's begging it of Charles II. .Lat. 42. Long. 70. BRISTOL, the chief town of the county of Bucks, in Penfyl- vania, about 20 miles N. E. from Philadelphia. It (lands on the river Delaware, oppo'ite Burling- ton, in Weft New-Jerfey. It has not above 100 houfes, but is noted for its mills of feveral forts. Lat. 40. 71. Long. 74. 30. B R i s TO L, a fmall town in Ma- ryland, in the county of Charles, in the weftern divifion of the co- lony. BRITAIN, LITTLE, a village 5n the county of Orange, in the province of New -York, very fruitful in pafture, and breeds great numbers of cattle. BRITAIN, NEW, called alfo Terra de Labrador and Efkimaux, a diftrict bounded by Kudfon's- Bay on the N. and W. by Canada and the river of St. L.iurence on the S. and by the A'lantic Ocean on the E. It is fubjeft to Great- Britain ; but produces only (kins and furs. BRO OKH AVEN, a town in the province of \ew-York and coun- ty of Suffolk in Long-Ifland. See BRO OK LI s: E, a village in Suf- folk county, MafTichufets - bay, between Cambridge and Roxbury, about 3 miles W. of Boflon. BRUNSWICK, a town in the county of the fame name, in the diftricl of Wilmington, in North- BUR Carolina, of which it is the prin- cipal. It is fituated about 5 mile* E. from the Atlantic, on the river Cape Fear, is the beft built in the whole province, carries on the moft exlenfive trade, and has a colleiftor of the cuftoms. BRUNSWI.CK, a town in the county of York and province of Maflkchufets-bay, in New-Eng- land, in the bay of Cafco. It it the county-town, and is 13 miles from Falmouth, and 53 from York. BRUNSWICK. Sec New Brur.f- ivick. BUCK ISLAND, one of the lefler Virgin Ifles, fituated on the F. of St. Thomas, in St. James's Paflage. Long. 63. 30. Lat. 18. J 5- BUCKINGHAM, a county in the province of reni'yivania, S. W. from Philadelphia. It is feparated from Jerfey by the De- laware river on the S. E. and N, E. and from Northampton county on the North. BULLS, BAY oF,rBABOUL- BAY, a no'ed bay in Newfound- land, a little to the fouthward of St. John's harbour on the E. of that ifland. It has 14 fathom wa- ter, and is very fafe, being land- locked. The only danger is a rock 20 yards from Kread-and- Cheefe Point, and another with 9 feet water off Magotty Cove. Lat. 50, 50. long. 57, 10. BURLINGTON, a county in Weft-Jerfey, rear the boundary line of F^fr-Jerfey ; in which its capital town Burlington is on its W. fhore. BURLINGTON, the capital of Wefl- Jerfey. It is fituated on an ifland, in the middle of Delaware river, oppofite to Philadelphia. The town is laid out into fpdcious flrcets, and here the courts and aflc-mblies of Wefl-Jerfey were held. It is direfted by a gover- nor, a council, and affembly; was begun to be planted with the other towns from 1688, and con- tinued improving till 1702, and C A L from thenee till now. Its fitnation on the river, and contiguity to creeks and bays, has naturally in- clined the inhabitants to filheries. The country abounds in all forts of grain and provifions, particular- ly flour, pork , and great quantities of white peafe, which they (ell to the merchants of New-York, who export them to the Sugar-lflands. They have alfo a trade in furs, U'halebone, oil, pitch, and tar. This town formerly gave name to a county. It has a town-houfe, a handfome market-place, two good bridges over the river, one called London-bridge, the other York- bridge. But the court of afiem- bly, c. and that of the gover- nor, is in the town of Elizabeth, in the county of Eflcx, which is by thatthe moft confidenible town in ine iwo provinces, it carries' on a brifk trade by its ea!y com- munication with Philadelphia, through the river Selern, which falls into the bay of Delaware. Lat. 40, 5. long. 74, 30. BUSTARD RIVK R ,in the pro- vince of Quebec, which rims into the rivers St. Laurence, in a bay of the fame name. It runs a great way inland, and has com- munication with feveral lakes ; and at its mouth lie? the Oziers- iflands. Longitude 63, 5. Lati- tude 49, 20. BUTE, a county in N. Caroli- na, in thedHlricVbf Halifax, to which diftria it is theW.boundary. , a port in the V_j Iflhmus of Darien, in the Gulf of Mexico, z$ leagues N. "W. from the river Atrato. It was attempted to be eftablifhed 1698, but the unhealthy fituation of the climate deflroyed the in- fant colony. CALIFORNIA, a peninfula in the Pacific Ocean v in North-Ame- rica, warned on the E. by a gulf of the fame name, and on the W. by the Pacific Ocean, or Great South-Sea, lying within the three caper,, or limits of Cape ian Lu- CAM cas, the river Colorado, and Cape Blanco d San Sebaftian, which laft is its fartheft limit on its wef- tern coaft which has come to our knowledge. The gulf which wafhes it on the E. called the Gulf of California, is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, intercepted be- tween Cape Corientes on one fide, and Cape St. Lucas on the other; that is, between the coafl: of New- Spain on the N. E. and that of California en the W. The length of California is about 300 leagues ; in breadth it bears no proportion, not being more than 40 leagues acrofs, or from fea to fea. The air is dry and hot to a great de- gree ; the earth is in general bar- ren, rur.ged, wild, every where over-run with mountains, rocks, and fands, with little \vaterj cpu- fequently not adapted to agricul- ture, planting, or grazing. There are, however, feme level, wide, and fruitful trails of ground to the W. of the river Colorado, in 35 N. latitude, plenty of water, dt-lightful woods, and fin paf- tures, which is not to be faid of the peninfula taken in general; for'th'e grdateft ]>ait is not known to us, -being unconquered and pof- ff fled by th wild Californians and favages. C A L L i A QJJ A, a town and har- bonr at the S. W. end of St. Vincent, one of the Caribbee- Iflands. The harbour is the beft in the ifland, and draws thither a great part cf the trade, and the principal inhabitants of the ifland. CALVERT, a county in the province of Maryland, bordering on Charles county in the fame pro- vince, from which it is divided by the river Palufcent, as alfo from Prince George's county. 1 he ca- - pital of this county is called A- bington. CAMBRIDGE, a town in the county of Middlefex, the pro- vince of Maflachufets- Bay, in New-England; Hands on the N, branch of Charles - river, near Charles-Town, fevcn miles N.VV-. of Bofton. It has fever*! fio* CAM houfes, but is built very irregular. It changed i.s oil name of Xew- ton for that of Cambridge, on account of die univerfity called Harvard college, xvl.ii-'i confifts of 4 fpacii.ms collets builr-of brick, called Harvard, lloilis. Sfuugh- ton, Mrflach ufers. It wa* pro- jered in 1630, and w.is at fir It no more than i. fcho a iilulVrjs, or academical fr^-'.chool, till May 1650, when it was incorporated by a cha-tcr from the government of Ma'r>.chufets colony; f<> that br dor,. ii.,ns from fever?! learned patron?, namely, archbffb*>p Uilu r, Sir Jolm Maynard, Sir Kenelrn Digby, Mr Uaxtcr, and Mr. Theophilus Gale, fellow of Mag- dalen college, there were, before the .'((t-iil ,1 of Cniecn Anne, a- bove 4000 books of the moft va- luable anriioi'?. The college con- fided o! a prefident, five fellows, 4 tutor?, a librarian and butler, and ii treafurcr, but the latter had no voice in the government. There was an additional college erected for the Jn-lians, but, being found impra pebble being^ to be found ; how- ever, in proportion to the dillance from the fca, their fertility in- creafes, till they are exceeded by none, either for that or pitu- refque beauty. The chief pro- duftions are, indigo, olive, vine,, hiccory, oak, walnut, orange, ci- tron, pine, cyprefs, fafiafi as, caffia, and white mulberry trees for filk- worms : farfapariila, and pines yielding rofir, turpentine, tar> and pitch ; alfo a tree diililling an oil very efficacious in the cure of wounds, and another yielding a balm nearly equal to that of Mec- ca ; rice, tobacco, wheat, Indian- corn, barley, eats, pcafe, beans, CAR hemp, flax, and cotton ; great quantities of honey, of which are made excellent fpirits, and mead as good as Malaga fack. The great ftaple commodities are in- digo, rice, and produce of the pine. Indigo and rice S. Caro- lina has to herfclf ; and, taking in North Carolina, thefe two yield more pitch and tar than all the reft of the colonies. Rice form- ed once the ftaple of this pro- vince; this makes the greateft part of the food of all ranks of people in the fouthern parts of the new world. In the northern it is not fo much in recjuefV; and this one branch is computed to be worth 150,000!. a year. It is paid great attention to in S. Caro- lina, where it is cultivated to a very confiderable advantage, par- ticularly at Charles-town. There are in the two provinces which compofe Carolina, the following navigable rivers, and innumera- ble fhialltr ones; viz. Roanoke or Albemarle, Pamticoe, Neus, Cape Fear or Clarendon, in N. Carolina; Pedee, Santee, in S. Carolina; ail which, tho' fwarm- ing with filh, abounds with trou- blefome catarafts, which impede navigation. Along all tln-fe countries, the Atlantic Ocean it- fclf is fo (hallow near the eadern coaffs, that no Urge (hips can ap- proach them, but at a few places, In this divifion are the following capes : Hatteras, Look-out, and Fear. There are but few har- bours, viz. Roanoke, and Pam- ticoe, in North- Carolina; VVinyaw or George-town, Charles -town, and Port-Royal, in S.Carolina; all whofe rivers rife in the Apalachian mountains, and run into the At- lantic Ocean. On the back parts arc the Cherokees, Yafous, Mo- bille, Apakchkola, Pearl rivers, &c. the two firft of which fall into the'Milfiftppi-river, the others into the Gi:lf of Mexico. North Carolina is no: fo wealthy as South, but it has more white people. Edenton was the capital of North CAR Carolina, but it is now onfy a village ; from thefe colonies fome famples of filk have been pro- duced, equal to the Italian; but the fudden changes from heat to cold, which fometimes happen here, difagree with the worms. The making of wine has been of late years introduced ; and, with proper management, it is thought, cannot but fucceed. The value of the exports has amounted, for fome years pad, to near half a million fterling an- nually. In the year 1734, the value of the exports was com- puted at little more than 100,000!. fterling. The number of veflels cleared out at the Cuftom-houfe,inCharles- town, in 1772, was four hundred sad thirty-one; in 1773, five- hundred and feven. In 1734, the number of veflels cleared out was two -hundred and nine; and in 1736, two -hundred and feven- teen. In the year 1770, the number of dwelling - houfes in Charles- town was twelve -hundred and ninety- two. In the fame year, the number of white-inhabitants, in Charles town, was five thoufand and thirty. The number of negroand other Haves was 6276 ; free negroes,, mulattoes, &c. 24. Total 6,300.. The number of.men in Charles- town, (December, 17735) on the- militia mufter-roil, was upward* of 1400, and the number of in- habitants is computed at fourteen thoufand. The number of men on the fe veral militia murter-rolls through- out the province, in 1773, was a- bout 13,000; and the total num- ber of white inhabitants calculated to amount to about fixty-five thoufand. In 1770 the number of negro> and other fl'aves, exclusive of tho{e in Chorles- town, amounted to 75,452; free- negroes, &c. 135? great numbers have been fines CAR Imported, and the whole number of negroes, mulattoes, &c. now in the province, is estimated to be upwards of an hundred and twenry-thoufand. The number computed by the Congrefs, in 1775, was 225,000 inhabitants. The fums necelTary for defray- ing the annual expences of go- vernment, are raifed by a poll-tax on flaves and free negroes, a tax on land, value of town-lots and buildings, monies at intercft, or arifing from annuities, flock in trade, and the profits of all fa- culties and profeflions, the clergy excepted, factorage and employ- ment, and handcrafts trades ; which is called the general tax. In the law paflcd 1768, to raife the fum of 105,773!. 95. 6d. the proportions were as follows, being what are generally obferved, viz. flaves and free negroes, the head I2S. 6d. lands, the joo acres 12*. 6d. town lots and buildings 6s. 3d. on every jool. value; monies at intereft 6s. 3d. the loci, annui- ties 25?. on every 100!. ftock in trade, profits of faculties and profeflions, &c. 6s. id. on every icol. The general tax collected in 1769, was 146,199!. is. 5d. andthelaft co.Ueted, viz. in 1771, was 102, ml. 135. nd. The annual expences of go- vernment in 1767, amounted to 151,317!. 95. 3d. and in 1768 104,440!. igs, 3d. The fHpends of the eftabiiihed clergy, paro- chial charges, &c. amounting to about i8,ocol. per annum, are not included in the above fums, being charged to the general duty fund. The falary of the chief juftice, affiftant judges, and at- torney-general, now make an ad- dition of 15,400!. per annum to the expences of government. In 1772, the produce of the fe- veral country duties was 97,804!. 145. 6d. but this was a larger fum than they had produced for fome years preceding ; theincreafe arofc from the great number of negroes imported iu that year, CAR The amount of the poor-fax raifed in Charles town, in 1769, was 7ccol. the next year Soool. and in the two fucceeding years 9000!. each year. The poor tax raifed in the fame manner as the general tax. In North Carolina the number of taxables in the year 1770, was upwards of 58,000 ; in 1774, 64,000. The number of negroes and mulattoes is computed at a- bout io,coo. CARTERET, a maritime coun- ty in the diftrit of Newbern, N. Carolina, whofe principal fea- port is Beaufort. It has the river Nufe and Pamticoe Sound on the N. and the fea furrounds the E. and the S. parts of it : and it is bounded on the W. by Onflow and Craven counties. CARTHAGEN A, a large city of the capital of a province of the fame name, in the Terra Firma. It was founded in "7 527. From feveral natural advan- tages, particularly that of its fine fitnation, it was raifed into an epifcopal lee. Thefe advantages foon excited the envy of fo- reigners, particularly the French, who invaded it in 1544. The fecond invader was Sir Francis Drake, in 1586, who, after pillag- ing it, fet it on fire; but it was happily refcued from the flames by a ranfom of 120,000 ducats paid him by the neighbouring co- lonies. It was invaded and pil- laged a third time by the French", under Monf. de Pointis, in 1597, when their booty was 2,500,000!. fterling. The city is fituated on a fandy ifland, which, forming ^ narrow paffages on the S. W. open a communication with that part call- ed Tierra Bomba. As far as Bocca Chica on the N. fide the land is fo narrow, that before the wall was begun the diftance from fea to fea was only 70 yards, but afterwards the land enlarging by means of the wall, it forms ano- ther iUand on this tide, and the CAR whole city is, excepting thefe two places, which are very narrow, entirely furrounded with water. Eaftward it communicates, by means of a wooden bridge, with a large fuburb, called Hexcmani, built on another ifland, which communicates with the continent by another wooden bridge. The fortifications both of the city and fuburbs are conftrufted ia the modern manner, and lined with freeflone- The garrifon in time of peace confifts of ten companies of re- gulars, each containing 77 men, officers included, befides feveral companies of militia. The whole city and fuburbs are commanded by the caftle of St. Lazaro, which lies on the fide of Hexemani on an eminence; from whence and other adjoining hills there is an enchanting view of the county and coaft, to an immenfe diflance. The city and fuburbs are well laid out, the frreets being ftrait, broad, uniform, arul well pavrj. The houfes are moftly bviiit of ftone, and have but one iK>ry. All the churches and convents are of a proper architehire ; but there appears fomething of poverty in the ornamental part, and fome \vant what even decency might require. Carthagena, together with its foburb?, is equal to a city of the third rank in Europe. It is well peopled, though moft of its inha- bitants are defcended from the Indian tribes. As no mines are worked here, moft of the money feen in this partis fent from Santa Fe, and Quito, to pay the falaries of the governor, officers, and garrif thofe gems being now fallen in Europe, and particularly in Spain, the trade of them, for- merly fo confiderable, is now greatly lefTened, and confequent'y the reward of finding them. All thefe mines produce great quan- tities of gold, which is carried to Coco, and there pays one fifth to the King. This little fair at Car- thagena occafioned a great quan- tity of (hops to be opened, and filled with all kinds of merchan- dize, the profit partly refulting to Spaniards, who ufed to come in the galleons, which is now at an end. The produce of the royjl re- venues in ihis city, being not fuf- ficient to pay and fupport the go- vernor, garrifon, and a gre. t number of other cancers, the de- ficiency is remitted from the trea- fures of Santa Fe, and Quito, under the name of Situado, to- gether xvith fuch monies as are re- quifite for keeping up the fortifi- cations, furniihing the artillery, and other expences necellary for the defence of the place and its forts. Lat 10, 16. long. 77, 22. C A a T A G o , the capital of Cofta Rica in New Spain, fituated ten leagues from the North and 17 leagues from the South Sea, hav- ing a port in each. It was for- merly in a much more fiSurifhing fUte than at prefeat. Several ....i C A V merchants refided here, who carried on a great trade to Panama, Porto Bello, Carthagena, and the Ha- vannah. It had alfo a governor, and was the fee of a bifhop ; but at prefent it is only a mean place, has very few inhabitants, and hardly any trade. Latitude 9, 15. long. 83, 16, CARVEL OF ST. THOMAS, a rock between the Virgin liles, E. and Porto Rico on the W. At a fmall diftance it appears like a fail, as it is white and has two points. Between it and St. Thomas pafies Sir Francis Drake's Channel. . CAS co BAY, in the county of York, in the province of New Hampfhire, New England. This bay, if reckoned from Cape Eliza- beth to Small Point, is 25 miles wide, and about 14 deep ; is a moft beautiful bay full of little iflands. Brnnfwick (lands on the N E. cove of it, and Falmouth, a fweet pretty town, on a moft de- Jightfd fcite at the S. W. end of it, which is now no more, being deftroyed in January, 1776, by the British forces, for refilling to fup- ply them with naval (tores. Lat. 44, 10. long. 69, 35. CAT - ISLAND, or GUA- N AH AN i, one of the Bshama Iflands. It was thefirft difcovered by Columbus, on Oflober u, 1492, to which he gave the name of St. Salvadore. It lies on a particular bank to the E. of the Great Bank of the Bahamas, from which it is paited by a nar- row channel called Exuma Sound. Long. 74, 30. lat. 14, 30. CAT;CA, a river in the Ifihmvts of Darien, uhofe fource is in common with that of La M'-dalera in the Lake Papas, near the 3th 55 ditto. Turpentine, 10,429 ditto. Staves, 762,330 No. Shingles, 2,500,000 ditto. Lumber, 2,000,647 feet. India corn, 61,580 buihels. Peafe, lo,coo ditto. Tobacco, ioo hds. Tanned leather, 1000 huud. wt. BtTules a confiderable quantity of wheat, rice, bifcuit, potatoes, bees- wax, tallow-candles, bacon, hogs- lard, cotton, and a vaft deal of fquared timber of walnut, and cedar, with hoops and lumber of all forts. They raifed fine indigo, which was exported from South- Carolina. They raifc much more tobacco than is fet down ; but as it is produced on the frontiers of Virginia, fo from thence it is ex- ported. 1 hey export alfo a con- fiderable quantity of beaver, ra- coon, fox, minx, and wild cats- (kins, and in every fhip agoodtleal of live cattle, bcfides what they vend in Virginia. What cotton and filk the Carolinas fent 1 g- land was excellent. In 1756, it is faid that 500,000 Ib. of indigo were raifed there, though it was fcarce expected. The greateft quantity of pitch and tar is made in North Carolina. Lat. -Jz. AC. \ n / J ' "^ long. i>o, o. CHARLES RIVER, New-Eng- land, rifes in 5 or 6 fources on the S. E. fide of Hopking'on and Hollinfton Ridge, all running S. The chief flream runs N. E. then N. round this ridge, and N. E. into Natick town fhip, from thence N. E. till it meets Mother Brook in Deadham. The other branch, called Mother Brook, has three C H A fources, two on each fide of Moolhill, Naponfet, and Mafha- poog, which runs N. E. a third fprings from the high elevated track S. of the Blue-Hills ; thefe all join at Deadham, and form Charles River ; from thence it runs W. over falls at S. W. end of Brooklin- Hills, till it comes near Framinghain Pond; it then runs N. W. to Cambridge, where winding round in a S. W. courfe, it falls into Bofton Harbour. CH ARLE s - To WN, in the cour.ty of Middlefex, in the pro- vince of Maffachufets-Bay, in New England, fituated at the an- gular point formed by the two entrances of Charles and MifHc rivers, a neat, populous, well built trading town ; but was deftroyed by the Englifh troops, June 17, 1775, at the battle of Bunker's- Hill, which was clofe to it, to prevent the Provincials annoying them from the houfes. It took up all the fpace between Miftic- river and Charles-river, which laft feparatcd it from Bofton, as the Thames does London from Somhwark, and is as dependent upon, and in fome fenfe a part of it, as the latter is of the metropolis of Great Britain. It had a ferry over the river ; fo that there was hardly any need of a bridge, ex- cept in winter, when the ice would neither bear not admit of a boat. The proprietors out of the profits were obliged by law to pay 150!. fterling, to Havard College, in the neighbouring town of Cam- bridge. Though the river is much broader above the town, it is not wider at the ferry than the Thames between London and Souihwark. It was nearly half as large as Bofloa, and capable of being made as ilrong, ftanding as that did upon a peninfula. It was both a market and county-town, had a good large church, a market place in ahandfome fquare by the rirer fide, fupplied with all ne- eefiary provisions both of fiefh and rifh, and two long ftrctts C H A leading down to it. The river iJ navigable, only for fmall craft, and runs feveral miles up the country. Lat, 42, 26. long, jtt CHARLES-TOWN, the only- town on the ifland of Nevis, one of the Caribbees, in the W. Indies. In it are large houfes and v.ell f urn idled fhops, and is defended by Charles-fort. Here their mar- ket is kept every Sunday from fun- rife till nine o'clock in the fore- noon, when the negroes bring to it Indian corn, yams, garden- Stuff's of all forts, &c. Iron-wood and lignum vitas are purchafed by the planters of this ifland, a's well as thofe of St. Chriftopher, from the ifiands of Defcada, St. Bartholomew, Santa Cruz, in or- der to ferve as ports for their fugar-houfcs, mills, &c In the parifh of St. John, on the S. fide of Charles-town, is a large (pot of fulphureous ground, at the upper end of a deep chafm in the earth, commonly called Sulphur - gut, which is fo hot as to be felt through the foles of one's (hoes. At the foot of the declivity, on the fame fide of this town, is a fmali hot river, called the R: tH, fnppofed to proceed from the faid gut, which is not above three quarters of a mile higher up in the country. Its courfe is at lead for half a mile, and afterwards lofes itfelf in the fands of the fea. At a particular part of it, towards the fea-fide, a perfort may fet one foot in a fpring that is extremely cold, and the other at the fame time in another that is as hot. The water of Black- rock pond, about a quarter of a mile N. from Charles-town, is milk-warm, owing to the mixture of thofe hot and ccld fprings : yet it yields excellent fifh ; parri- cularly fine eels, filver fifh, which has a bright deep body eight inches long, and taftes like a whiting : alfo flim-guts, as hav- ing a head too large for the fize of its body, which is from ten to E 2 C H A twenty two inches long, and in tafte and colour like a gudgeon. A prodigious piece of Nevis- mountain falling down in a late earthquake left a large vacuity, which is ftill to be feen. The altitude of this mountain, taken by a quadrant from Charles-town bay, is faid to be a mile and a half perpendicular, and from the laid bay to the top four miles. The declivity from this mountain to the town is very fteep half-way, but afterwards eafy enough. The hill, here called Saddle-hill, as appearing at the top like a faddle, is higher than Skiddaw-hill in Cumberland, in the North of England. Sec Nevis. Latitude 16, 5. long. 61, 55. CHARLETON - ISLAND, or CHARLES-ISLAND, is fituated on the eaftern-fhore of Labrador, in that part of North America called New South Wales. Its foil coniifts of a white, dry (and, covered over with a white mofs, abounding with juniper, and fprnce - trees, though not very large. This ifle yields a beautiful profpedt in fpring to thofethat are rear it, after a voyage of three or four months in the moft uncom- fortable feas on the globe, and that by reafon of the vaft moun- tain of ice in Hudfon's-bay and ftreights. They are rocks petri- fied by the intenfenefs of the con- linual froft ; fo that fhould a (hip happen to ftrike again ft thefe, it is as inevitably dafhed to pieces as if it ran full upon a real rock. The whole ifland, fpread with trees and branches, exhibits, as it were, a beautiful green turf. The air even at the bo:tom of the bay, though in 51 degrees, a la- titude nearer the fun than London, is exceifively cold for 9 months, and the other three very hot, ex- cept on the blowing of a N. W, wind. The foil on the E. fide, as well as the W. bears all kind of grain : and fome fruits, fuch as goofe-berries, ftraw-berries, and dew - berries, grow abcut Ru- CHE pert's - river. Latitude 51, 30. long. 8z. CHARLOTTE TOWN, a town on the S. W. fide of the ifland of Dominica, on the South of a deep bay. CHARLOTTE-TOWN, in St. John's Ifland in the Gulf of St. Laurence. CHARLOTTE-BURG, a town in the county of Brunfwick, in North Carolina. CHATHAM county is in the diftrlftof Hillfborough, in North Carolina. CHATHAM, a town in Barn- ftaple county, Plymouth colony, New England, is fituated at the S E. extremity of the peninfula at Cape Malebar or Sandy Point, four miles E. of Eaflham, at the point of the elbow formed by the peninfula. CHEASAPEAK, a large bay, along which both the provinces of Virginia and Maryland are fituat- ed. It begins at Cape Henry and Cape Charles on the S. and runs up 180 miles to the North. It is 18 miles broad at the mouth, and almoft feven or eight miles over to the bottom of it. Into it fall feveral large navigable rivers from the weftern fhore, and a few fmalkr ftreams from the penin- fula which divides the bay from the ocean. CHELSEA, a fmall maritime town in Middle/ex county, Maf- fachufets-Bay, fituared on the N. fide of Bofton Harbour, and about 6 miles from Boflon by water, near-Nahant-bay. CHEPOOR, a fmall Spanifh town on the Ifthmus of Darien, and Terra Firma, in South Ame- rica ; fituated on a river of the fame name, within fix leagues of the fea, in going from which this town (lands on the left hand. The country about it is champain, with feveral fmall hills cloathed with woods ; hut the largcft part is favannas. The rrouth of the river Chepo is oppofite to the ifland of ChcpeJio. It rifes out CHE of the mountains near the North fide of the ifthmus; and, being pent up on the S. fide by the mountains, bends its courfe to the weftward between both; till finding a paffage to the S. W. it makes a kind of half-circle ; and, its ftream being fwelled confidera- bly, runs with a rapid motion in- to the Tea, feven leagues to the weftward of Panama. This rivt'r is very deep, and about a quarter of a mile broad ; but its month is choaked up with fand ; fo that fliips of burthen cannot enter, though b.uks may. On the S. fide of this river is a woodland for many leagues together. Lat. 10, 42. long. 77, 50. CHERAWS diftncl, in South Carolina, is bounded by a line from Lynch's Creek, the provin- cial boiindary, and the line divid- ing St. Mark's and prince Frede- rick's parifhes, and is continued till it interfaces the North provin- cial line. In it is Frederick/burgh townfhip. CHEROKEES, RIVER OF, a river of Florida, taking its name from a powerful nation, among whom it has its principal fources. It comes from the S. E and its heads are in the mountains which feparate tins country from Caro- lina, and is the great road of the trader; from thenceto the Milfifippi and intermediate pi ices. Forty leagues above the Chicazas, this river forms the four following iflands, which are very beautiful, namely, Tahogale, Kakick, Co- chali", and Taly, with a different nation inhabiting each. CHESTF. R, a county in the eaflern divifion of Maryland. CHESTER, a fmall town in Maryland, in the county of Kent, an 1 t-aft-rn di vifion of that colony, on the North fu!e of a river of the fame name, 6 miles S. of George Town. CHESTER, EAST, a town in Well-Cheiter county, New-York, 3 miles North of Weft-Chefter, and 13 Nr E, frem New- York , C H I CHESTER, a town on the S, bank of James river, in Cum-* berl?nd, county Virginia, 6 miles S. of Richmond, jj miles N. of Blandford, and 65 miles W. of York. CHIAMETAN, a province in the audience of Guadalaxara, or kingdom of New Galicia, in New Spain, fi'uated under the Tropick of Cancer ; one half in the Tem- perate and the other in the Torrkl Zone, lying along the South-Sea on the W. bounded by Zacatecas on the N. E. by Culiacan on the N. W. and by Xalifco and Gnada- laxara on the S. and S. E. It is about 37 leagues either way from N. to S. or from E. to W. Is a fruitful foil, yielding great quan- tities of wax and honey, befides filver-mines, The river of St. Jago, which,, according to our maps, comes from the lake of Guadalaxara, empties itfelf here into the fca It is one of the principal rivers on this eoafr, being half a mile broad at the rnouth r but much broader farther up, where three cr four rivers meet together. At ebb the water is 10 feet deep on the bar. The chief town in this province is St. Se- baftian. CHIAPA, art irrland province rn New Spain, or Old Mexico, irj the audience of Guatimala. It is bounded by Tabcifco on the N. by Yucatan on the N. E, by So- conufco on the S. and by Vera Paz on the E. It is 85 leagues from E. to W. and about 30 where narrowed:, but then fome parts are near too. It abounds with great woods of pine, cyprefs,, cedar, oak, walnut, wood-vines, rofin-trees, aromatic gums, bal- fams. and liquid amber, taca- mahaca, copal, and others, that yield pure and fovereign baifams j alfo with corn, pears, apples,, quinces, cocoa, cat tort, and wild cochineal, with all kitchen, herbs, and fa lids ; whirh, being once- fowed, lift forfeveralyart. Here: they have achiotit, which tht uai- C H I tlves mix with their chccolate to give it a bright colour ; likewife coleworts, or cabbage-trees, ic> large that birds build in them ; and yet they are fwect ami tender, Here are moft forts of wild and tame fowls, and very beautiful 'parrots ; alfo a bird called toto, fmaller than a pigeon, with green feathers, which the Indians take for its fine tail, but let it go again after they pulled its feathers out, it being held a capital crime by their law to kill it. It abounds with cattle of all forts, fheep, goats, and fwine from Spain, having multiplied here furprifing- ly ; efpecially a breed of fine horfes, fo valuable, that they fend their colts to Mexico, though 500 miles off. Beafts of prey, as lions, leopards, lygers, &c. are here in abundance, with foxes, rabbits, and wild hogs. In this province alfo is plenty of fnakes, particularly in the hilly parts, fome of which are 20 feet long, others are of a curious red colour, and flreaked with white and black, which the natives wear about their necks. Here are two principal towns called Chiapa : which fee. The Chiapefe are of a fair com- plexion, courteous, great matters of rnufic, painting, and me- chanics, and obedient to their fuperiors. Its principal river is that of Tabafco, which running from the N. crofs the country of the Quelenes, at laits falls into the fea at Tabafco. It is, ki (hort, well watered ', and, by means of the aforefaid river they carry on a pretty brifk trade with the neighbouring provinces, efpecially in cochineal, and filk ; in which laft commodity the Indians em- ploy their wives for making handkerchiefs of all colours, which are bought by the Spaniards and fent home. Though the Spaniards reckon this one of the pooreft countries belonging to them fn America, as having no mints or fand of go- (I, nor any harbour on the South-Sea, yet is C H I larger than moft provinces, and inferior to none but Guatimala. Befides, it is a place of great importance to the Spaniards, be- caufe the lirength of all their empire in America depends on it; and into it is an eafy entrance by the river Tabafco. Puerto Real, and its vicinity to Yucatan. CHIAPA, the name of two towns in the above province of the fame name; the one is fome- times called Cividad Real, or the Royal-city, and the other Chiapa de los Indos, inhabited by Spa- niards. Cividad Real lies 100 leagues N.W. from Guatimala, is a bilhop's fee, and the feat of the judicial courts. It is a very de- lightful place, fituated on a plain, and furrounded with mountains, and almoft in the middle betwixt the North and South-Seas. The bifhop's revenue is Scoo ducats a year, and the cathedral is a beau- tiful ftrucfture. Here are fome monafteries ; but the place is nei- ther populous nor rich. Its chief trade is in cocoa, cotton, wool, fugar, cochineal, and pedlars fir. all- wares. The friars are the prin- cipal merchants here for Euro- pean goods, and the richeft men both in the town and country. The Spanifh gentry in this place are become a proverb, on account of their fantaftical pride, ignorance, and poverty ; for they all claim defcent from Spanifh dukes, who were the firft conquerors, as they pretend, of this country. Lati- tude 17. long. 96, 40. CHIAPA, the other town in the above province of the fame name, is diftinguiflied from that called Cividad Real, by the appellation of Chiapa de los Indos, that is, as belonging to the Indians, who are about 20,000. It is the largeft they have in this country, lies in a valley on the river Tabafco, which abounds with fifh, and is about 12 leagues diftant from the former, to the N. W. Bartho- lomew de las Cafas, bifhop of haying complained, to the C H R court of Madrid of the cruelties of the Spaniards here, procured the people great privileges, and an exemption from flavery. This is a very large and rich place, with many cloifters and churches in it : and no town has fo many Dons of Indian blood as this Chiapa. On the river they have feveral boats, in which they often acl fea-fights and fieges. In the town are frequent bull-baitings, horfe-races, Spanifli dances, mu- fick, and plays. And when they have a mind for a feaft, they think nothing too much to fpend on the friars, &c. In the neighbour- hood are feveral farms well (rock- ed with cattle, and fjme fugar- plantations. The days here are fo hot, that both the friars and Indians wear towels about their necks, in order to wipe off the continual fweat ; but the evenings are cool, and fpent in walks and gardens near the river-fide. Wheat is brought here from the Spanifh Chiapa, and of it they make hard bifcuit. Thefe the poorer fort of Spaniards and Indians car- ry about, in order to exchange them for cotton, wool, &c. CHILMARK, a town in Mar- tha's Vineyard, Plymouth colony, New England, whofe chief inha- bitants are fiiherrnen. It is fi- tuated at the S. W. part of the ifland, on a fmall creek, and a- bout 8 miles W. of Ti{bury. CH o co, feveral mines of filver in Mexico. CHOW EN county, in the dif- trict of Edenton, in N. Carolina, in a fwampy foil, being furround- ed by water, viz. E. by Pequi- man's river, S. by Albemarle- Soundj, W. by Chowen river; and in it rtands the towns of Hert- ford and Edenton, CH RI STI ANSTED, the prin- cipal town in the Ifland of >nnia Cruz. It is fituated on t: c N. fide of the iff irfd, in a fine har- bour. Tt is the refidence of the Danifli Governor, and is defend- ed by a flony fortrefs, C H R ST. CHRISTOPHER'S or ST. KITT'S, an ifland in the Weft- Indies, the principal of the Carib- bees, which gave birth to all the Englifb and French colonies there. It is 15 leagues W. from Antigua, The French and Englifh arrived here the fame day, in 1645 ; tne y divided the ifland between them, agreeing, however, that hunting, fishing, the mines and forefts, fhould be in common. Three years after their fettliag the Spa- niards drove them away ; they Toon returned, and continued to live in good harmony till 1666, when war being commenced be- tween England and France, St. Chrittopher's became, at different periods, the fcene of war and bloodffied for half a century. In 1702, the French were entirely.ex- pelled, and the peace of Utrecht confirmed this ifland to the Eag- li(h. This ifland is about 14, leagues in circuit, the length be- ing about 5, and the breadth one league and a half, except towards the S. where it is narrowed into an ifthmus, which joins it to a head-land, about i league long, and half a league broad. It con- tains in the whole about 68 fquare miles. The center of the ifland is taken up by a great number of high and barren mountains, in- terfeted by rocky precipices al- moft impaflable, in many places of which ifiue hot fprings. Mount Mifery, which Teems to be a de- cayed volcano, whofe head is in the clouds, is the higheft of all thefe mountains, its perpendicu- lar height being 3711 feet; at a little diftance it bears the refem- biance of a man carrying another on his back. The aficmblage of thefe mountains makes St. Chrif- topher's appear, to thofe who ap- proach by fea, like one huge mountain, covered with wood, but they find, as they come nearer, that the coatt grows cafier, as well as the afTent of the mountains, which rifmg one above another, are cultivated as high as poffible. C H R , The climate is hot, though, from the height of the country, much Jefs than might be expected, the air pure and healthy, but un- luckily fubje to frequent ftorms . and hurricanes, as well as earth- quakes. In Aug. 30, 1772, they experienced a moft dreadful florm, . which did immenfe damage in that and the adjoining ifiands. The foil in general is light and fandy, but very fruitful, and well watered by feveral rivulets which run down both fides of the moun- tains ; it 'produces plenty of ma- nioc, a quantity of eatable roots, vegetables, fniits, &c. as well as excellent timber. The whole ifland is covered with plantations, well managed, \vhofe owners, not- ed for the foftnefs of their man- ners, live in agreeable, clean, and convenient habitations, which are in general built wilh cedar, and their lands hedged with orange and lemon (rees. The whole of their plantations take up 44,000 acres ; and it is aliened that only 24,000 are fit for canes, but the fugar is excellent. They have two confiderable towr:S in the ifland, the principal of which is Bafleterre, formerly the capital of the French part. The other is called Sandy Point, and always belonged to the Eng- lifh. There is no harbour, nor any thing that has the appearance of any ; on the contrary, the farf is continually beating on the fan- dy fhore at the few places fit to land at ; which not only prevents the building of any key or wharf, but renders the landing or (hip- ping goods inconveivent, and fre- quently dangerous ; they l.ave been obliged to adopt a particu- lar method to t mbark or put the heavy goods, fuch as hogfheads of fugar and rum, on board ; for which purpofe they ufe a fmall boat, ol a particular conflrv.ftion, called a mofes : this boat leti < f/' from the fhip with fome aclive and expert rowers; \\hen they fee what they call a lull, that is, -an. C H U abafement in the violence of thff furge, they pufh to land, and lay the fides of the mofes on the ftrand, and the hogfhead is rolled into it ; and the fume precautions are ufed in conveying it to the fhip. In this inconvenient and very hazardous manner fugars are conveyed on board by fmgle hog- heads; rum, and other goods that will bear the water, are generally floated to the ihip, both in carry- ing -to and bringing from the fhip.. Calculators differ very much in their accounts of the population of this ifland; fome make the whole number of its inhabitants only amount to 7000 whites, and 20, oco blacks; others make them io,cco whites, and 3o,cooblacks^ however, it is certain that this is one of the iflands belonging to the Englifh, where there is the leaf}, difproportion between the mailers andflaves. In 1770 the cx- portarions of this ifland amounted to above 419.000!. fferling in fu- gar, molafies, and rum, and near Sccol. for cotton. The public affairs are admini- ftered by a governor, a council, and an aflembly chofen from ibe nine parifhes into which the iflund is divided, and have each a Lrge and hand feme church. It has received immenfe damage by feveral ftorms. CHU RC HI 1. L-Ri v ER, a large frream in New South Wales, one of the northern countries in A- merica ; at the mouth of which the HudfonVbay company have a fort and fettlement. It lies in about Int. 59, and long. 05. The trade here is increafmg, being at too great a diftance from the French for them to interfere with it. In the year 1742 it amounted to 2OjOCO beaver {kins, when a- bout 100 upland Indians came hi- ther in their canoes to trade ; and about 200 northern Indians brought their furs and fkins upon fledges. Some of them came down the ri -er of Seals, 15 leagues fouthward, of- Chuicbill, C I N canoes, and brought their furs from thence by land. To the northward of Churchill are no beavers, no fuch ponds or woods being there as thofe animals chufe to live in, or feed upon : but they have great numbers of martens, foxes, bears, rein-deer, buffaloes, and other beads cloathed with rich furs. The country is moftjy rocky, and covered with white mofs, upon which the rein-deer, or cariboux, feed ; as alfo the moofe, buffaloes, and fome deer. Here is a great deal of fmall wood of the fpruce, or fir kind, near the old factory. But the wood improves as it is farther up the river from the bay, where they have juniper, birch, and pop- lar. And more foutherly the timber is large, and they have there a great variety of trees. They labour under great incon- veniencies at the company V new fort, which (landing on a rock without fhelter, clofe by the ihore, and furrounded with fnow and ice for eight months of the year, is expofed to all the winds and ftorms that blow. Here is no conveniency for grafs, hay, or gardening i and yet they had four or five horfes, and a bull, with two cows, near the factory, for feeding of which they were o- bliged, in winter, to bring their hay from a marfhy bottom, fome miles up the river. It is faid that there is a communication between the rivers of Churchill and Nel- fon, at a great diftance within land ; or a very fhort land-car- riage between them. For the In- dians who trade here, tell the Englifh, what chiefs, with their followers, go down to Mellon, or Albany rivers. CINALOA, a province in the audience of Guadalaxara, in Old Mexico, or New Spain ; it is the mofl northern in the audience, and ftretches out the fartheO, to the W. It has the gulph of Ca- lifornia on the W. the province of Culiucan on the S. and the king- C L A dom of New Mexico on the N and E. From the S. E. to the N. E. it is about 100 leagues; and not above 40 where broadeft. On the E. fide it is bounded by a ridge of high craggy mountains, called Tepecfuan, 30 or 40 leagues from the fea; from which run feveral irnall rivers, whole banks are inhabited by the natives for the fake of fiihing. The air is ferene and healthy ; and, befides paftnres, abounds with cattle of all kind ; the foil bears all forts of fruit and grain, particularly In- dian wheat, as alfo cotton, with the manufacture of which the na- tives cloath themfelves after the Mexican fafhion, both fexes wear- ing very long hair. They are a tall, lufty, and warlike people, formerly uflng bows and poifoned arrows, with clubs of hard wood, and buckles of a red wood. The Spaniards found a great deal of difficulty in fubduing them. CIVIDAD REAL, or ROYAL CITY, in the province of Chiapa, and audience of Guatimala, in New Spain, or Old Mexico, 10 leagues N. W. from the town of Guatimala. It is a bifhoprick, and feat of the courts of juftice. It lies in a plain, between the North and South feas; inhabited by Spaniards, and a few Indians. See Cblapa. CLARENDON, a county of Carolina, to the N. of Santec- river. In this county is the fa- mous Cape Fear, at the mouth of the faid river. A colony from Barbadoes formerly fettled here- abouts. See Carolina. The In- dians in this neighbourhood are reckoned the mofl barbarous in all the province. In this county is Watercy- river, or Winyann, about 25 leagues from Afhley- river, being capacious enough fo receive large veflels ; but inferior to Port-Royal; nor is it much in- habited. Between this and Cla- rendon-river is another Anall one, called Wingen-river, and a little ftittlement which has the name of COL Charles-town, and is but thinly inhabited. In the maps we find a town here, called Brunfwick- town, on the fea-coaft, in Jat. 34> 3- Co BAN. See Vtra Paz. Co EH AM, a town on the S. bank of James -river, Virginia, oppofite James -town, 20 miles N.W. of Suffolk. Co BH AM-Is LE, mentioned by Captain Middleton in the journal of his voyage for finding a N. E. palFage. Its two extremities bear N. by E. and E. by N. lying in lat. 63. and long, from Churchill, 3, 40. which he takes to be the fame which fox railed Brook Cobham. C o H A N z Y , a river of Weft Jerfc-y, and, though fmall, is yet deep, and navigable for fmall craft. On it is a town of the fame name, 10 or 12 miles up the river, containing about 80 fami- lies, who follow the fiflhery. COLCHESTER, a town in Fairfax county, Virginia, on the N. fide of Occoqnan - river, a branch of Potowmsck river, 16 jniles S. of Bclhaven, and 12 N. E. of Dumfries. Co LI MA, a large and rich town of Mechoacan, and New- Spain, fituated on the South-Sea, near the borders of Xalifco, and in the moft pleafant and fruitful valley in all Mexico, producing cocoa, caflla, and other things of value, befides fome gold. Dam- pier takes notice of a vo'cano near it, with two (harp peaks, from which fmoke and flame iiTue con- tinually. In the neighbourhood grows the famous plant oleacazan, which is reckoned a catholicon for refioring decayed ftreng'h, and a fpccific ap,ainft all forts of poi- fon. The natives apply the leaves \o the part afFefted, and judge of the fuccefs of the operation by their (licking or falling off". COLLETON, a county of Ca- rolina. It is fituated to the N. of Granville county, and watered by the river Stono, which is joined COM by a cut to Wadmoolaw river The N. E. part is full of Indian fettlements ; and the Stono and other rivers form an ifland, called Boone's Ifland, a little below Charles-town, which is well plant- ed and inhabited. The chief ri- vers in this county are North Ediftow and South Ediftow. For two or three miles vp the latter, the plantations are thick on both fides, and they continue for three or four miles higher on the N. fide ; and there the river branch- ing out meets with North-Ediftow river. This county is reckoned to have 200 freeholders who vote for aflcmbly-mtn, and fend two members. COLLERADO, a river in the moft northern part of California. See California. Co M M AND ES, one of the fmall Virgin Ifles, fituated to the N.N.E. of Tortula, Longitude 63. la- titude 18, 2C,. Co M PO STE LLA, the moft confiderable city, though not "the capital, of the province of Xa- lifcho, and audience of Guada- laxara, in New Spain. It is fitu- ated near the South Sea, about 30 miles N. of it. This is a rich town, and has fevcral mines of filver at St. Pecaque, in its neigh- bourhood, where the Spaniards keep many hundred flaves at work in them. But the city is in a bad fituation, the. foil being fo barren, that there is no paftnre for cattle, nor the neceflary ma- terials for building houfes ; and the air is fo hot and moid, that it breeds feveral infects. The Spaniards built Compolrella in 1531, and made it a biihop's fea ; but becaufe of its bad air, it was transferred to Guadahxara. 'I he Spaniards are net very numerous throughout this whole audience, except in the two cities of Gua- dalaxara and Compoftella. The Meftizo's, indeed, make a con- fiderable figure both in regard of mnnlier and eftate. But the bulk or. the people are the natives, CON who in general are well treated here, as being braver and more polite than any of their country- men, and well affected to the Spa- niards, efpecially their priefts, tho' far from being fuch flaves to them as in other parts of New Spain. Lat. 21, 4. long. 107,0. CON A, an ifland near the coaft of New Andalufia, on the Terra Firma, in America. CONCORD, a fmall town near Bofton, in New England, in the province of MafT.ichufets-Bay,and county of Middlcfex, near which was the firft attack of the King's troops on April 10, 1775. ^ ' s fituated on the river Concord,over which it has a bridge. CONNECTICUT RIVER. This river riles in lat. 45, 10, in long, 71, 30, in a fwampy cove, and at ten miles diftance, having tumbled over four feparate falls, proceeds to a fmall distance from St. Francis's Waters, from it pro- ceeds over feveral falls to Rock- ingharn townfhip, where it pafil-s with great rapidity between two rocks not 30 feet afunder, and, after forming an extend ve bafon, continues the courfe nearly S. be- tween the new fettlements, and forms the boundary-line between the provinces of MafTachufets-Bay and New- York, over feveral falls, and entering the province of Con- necticut, proceeds to Hertford town, very near which the tide flows, and where it meeting wi:h a level country, leaves its itraight courfe, and becomes more crook- ed. Hence for 36 miles, running by Weathersficid, Kenfington, Middleton, Haddam, and Dur- ham on the W. GlaiTenbury and Windham on the E. runs into Long Ifland Sound. CONNECTICUT, a province in New England, (comprehending New Haven, though deemed a county,) bounded on the W. by New York and Hudfon's river, divided from Long Ifland by an arm of the fca fouthward ; it has Rhode liland, with part of Maf- COO fachufets colony, on the E. and the refidue of MafFachufets on the N. The Connecticut river, which is one of the largeft and bcft in New England, runs through the heart of it, dividing itfelf into different parts, and is navigable above 40 miles for (hips of bur- then, and many more for fmaller veflels. The country on both fides the river abounds with tim- ber, and it is here that they pro- duce fo great a quantity of tar and turpentine as to require numbers of hands to extract it. The buii- nefs of the people here is, bciide fiiheries, that of timber- felling, or cutting timber for knee -tim- ber, plank for fhip-building,deals, baulks, and fpars for houfes, marts and yards for fliips. And the new-England merchants lent a prefent to Charles II. of feveral marts fo large as to ferve for firft- rates. The great floats of this timber brought down this river have very much improved their navigation. Several forts of me- tals have been found here, as lead, iron, copper. The iron- mines are ftill worked, and greatly improved ; but the attempts to raife a (tock for working the lead and copper have failed. The co- lony is populous and increafing, containing about 192,000 people. This colony is divided into the cojnties of Windham, Hertford, Litchfield, New London, New- Haven, and Fairfield, Lat. 42, 10. long. 72, 50. CoN NESTIGUCUNE, 3 fettle- ment a little to the N. of Al- bany, in the county of that name, and to the Eartward of Schenec- tady or the Mohawk's river, whick a little lower tumbles down a pre- cipice of about 70 feet high. Sec Albany. COOPER'S ISLAMD, one of the lefTer Virgin Ifles in the Weft Indies, fituated on the S. W- of Ginger Ifland. It is about five miles long, and one broad ; but not inhabited. JLong. 62, 57, Lu. 18, 5, cow CORCAS, or GRAND COR- CAS, an ifiand almoft in the form of a crefccnt, N. of St. Domingo, in the Windward Paflage, about 7 leagues W. of Turk's Ifiand, and about 20 E. of Little Inagua, or Heneagua. Long. 70, 55, lat. 21, 55. CORN WALL, a town in Litch- field county, Connca de Carriaco ; about which are feveral rich towns ; but its mouth is Ib ihallow, that no (hips of burthen can enter it. It has but few inhabitants and little trade. CUM The privateers were once repulied- at Cumana, without daring to at- tempt it any more, being the only place in the North-Seas they had in vain attempted. It isu'tuat- ed three leagues S, of the North Sea, and to the S. W . of Margaret' taHland. Lat. 9, 55. long 65, 3. Cu M A N AG A T E , a (mall town inabay o-n the coafr of Terra F.r- ma, in the Weff-lndies, in the province of Cumana, or Andalniia, It is fit Dated on a low flat (hoie > which abounds with oytters that produce pearls. Cu M B E R L A N D B A Y, in the mo(t northern countries of Ame- ric: 1 . Its mouth lies under the polar circle, and runs to the N. W. and it is thought to com- municate with Baffin's - bay on the N. In the cod of Cumber- land-bay are feveral frnall iflands, called Cumberland Ifl.mds. None but the Eryoiifh, as Mavtiniere obferves, call that bay Cumber- land-bay ; and De Lifle does not mention ir. Cu M B E R L A N D con n ty , in Weft jerfey, has the Delawar- bay, on the S. and W. of the county, and Greenwich is the- county town. CUMBERLAND, a county of Maflachufets-Bay, formerly the territory Sagodock. See the art:-- cL Man. CUMBERLAND, a county in Penfylvania, the lergeft and mod weftern in the whole province,, and is very mountainous. CUMBERLAND, a town 5nY New Kent county, Virginia, on Pamunky- river, 17 miles S. of Newcaftle, u W. of Delawar, and 26 N. W. from Williamf- burgh. CUMBERLAND ISLAND, in Georgia, is about twenty miles S of the town of Frederics. On it are the two forts called William and St. Andrew's. The former which is at its S. end, and com- mands the inlet of Amelia-found, is ftrongly pallifadoed and de- fended by eight pieces of cannon. Fa CUR barracks are bnilt here for 220 men, beildes ftore-houfes. With- in the pallifadoes are fine fprings of water, and a timber-honfe, ^'ith large magazines under it for amunition and provifions. CUMBERLAND - HARBOUR, is the S. E. part of ihe ifland of Cuba, one of the Great Antilles, was formerly called Walthenam. But admiral Vernon, and general \Vfintworth, who arrived here xvith a fquadrcn in July, 1^41, made an encampment on fhcre, vhere they built a forr, giving it the prefent name, in honour of the duke of Cumberland. It is one of the fined harbours in the "Weft -Indies, capable of (heltcr- irg any number of ft)ips from hurricanes : it lies in a wholefome country, abounding with cattle and provifions, ami a fine frefh- vater river, which the admiral called Augurta, .and is navigable forfeveral leagues. This harbour is about 20 leagues E, from St. Ja;;o de Cuba, with thick woods rnoft- ly all the way to it. Here the EnglSOi forces having (tayed till almofi: the end of November foilo\v ; n, were, by reafon of the ficknefs among them, extremely dirrunifhc !, and being obliged to quit the I/land, were carried back to Jamaica. Laf. 10, 30. long, 76, 50. CUK.AC.AO,, CURASSOW, or Qj; E R i s AO, one of the Leeward or Little Antilles I flands: it is the only iflahd of importance which the Dutch po-flefs in the Weft- Imlies. The north.moft point of this ifland lies about, ao leagues from the main, or Terra Firma, N. E. of Cape Roman. It is miles N. E. of Ridgefield, 7 miles E. from New-town, and 13 S, of New Fairfield. DARIEN, ISTHMUS OF, or TERRA FIRMA, properly fo call- ed, is that country lying between ihe Gulph of Darien and Mexico, or New Spain, along the coaft of the North and South Seas. It is thit narrow neck of land which joins Soath and North America together; and othervvife called the' Irthmus ofPanama^ or of Ame- rica. On the W. fide, its fouthern coaft extends to long.. 83. W. from London-, but its northern does not extend beyond-longituds 82. Beyond the great river Da- rien the land fpreads to E. and N. E. as that on the other fide does to the N. and N. W. fo that it cannot any further be called an il'thmus. It is moflly compre- hended between lat. 5 and 10, and near 300 miles long. But its iii the narrowed part is D A R about 55 or 60 miles from fea tb fea. On the N. and E. it is fuftV ciently bounded by each of the vaift oceans. And confidering that this is the narroweft land which disjoins them, and how great the compafs is which muft be fetched' from one fKorefo the other by Tea, having North and South Ame- rica for each' extreme, it is of a very flngular fituation, being ex- tremely pleafant and agreeable. Nor dors cither of the oceans- fall in at once upon the (hore, but is intercepted by a great many valuable ifldnds that l\z fcattered along each coaft. Thofe in the gulf of Darien are principally three, viz. Golden-ifland ; ano ther, the biggeft of the three, and the ifland of Pines; be fides thefe,. are the Samballoes-illands, great numbers of them diileminated in a row, and collaterally at very unequal diftances. The land of this continent is of an unequal furface. The val- lies are generally watered with rivers, brooks, and perennisl fprings. They fall (bme into ths N. and others into the South Sea; and moft of them take their rite from a ridge of high hills, run- ning the length of the ifthmus parallel to the fhore ; thefe are of an unequal breadth, and tend along, bending as the ilthmus i*- felf does. It is moft'y neareil the North Sea, feldom above 10 or 15 miles diftant from it. On the North fide the coun- try is every where fo covered with woods, .that it is all one- continued foreft. Same of the rivers which water this country are indifferently large, though few of them navigable, having bars and flioals at their mouth. On the North coaft the rivers are, for the moft part very fmall : for, rifing generally from the main ridge, which lies near the fhore,. their courfe is fhort. The river of Darien is very large ; but the at the entrance is not aa- D A R fwerable to the widened of Us mouth, though further in it is deep enough. The river of Cha- gre is pretty considerable : has a long winding cotirfe from the S. and E. part of the ifthmus, its fource being at a pretty great dif- lance from its mouth. The foil on this N. coaft is various : ge- nerally it is good land where rifing in hills; but towards the lea are fwamps. The fhore of this coaft rifes in hills directly, and the main ridge is about five or fix miles diftaat. Caret-bay Jhas two or three rivulets of frelh water falling into it. It is a fmall bay, and having two little iflands lying before it, make it an in- different good harbour, and it has clear anchorin^-groand, with- out any rocks. The iflands are pretty high land, cloathed with a variety of trees. To the eaftward of the pro- montory at the entrance of the river Darien, is another fine fandy bay. 'J he province of Darien is of reat importance to the Spaniards, and thefcene of more actions than any in America. From its fitua- tion both on the North and Souch Seas, the gold fands of its rivers, and the treafures of Peru, which are brought hither, and imported into Old Spain, have induced feveral adventurers to make at- tempts on Panama, Porto Btlio, c. T-he country is extremely hct, and the low lands are over- flown with continual rains. The mountains here are fo difficult of accefs, that it takes np feveral days to crofs therm though the diftance be inconsiderable. From the tops of fome of thefe the Spaniards firft difcoveredthe S. or {/eat Pacific ocean, anno 1513, and called it the South-Sea, in regard they crofTcd the ifthmus from the North-Sea : though in fart the Pacific Ocean lies tV\ of the main-laud of America. The jriucipul towns of Darien are Pa- ixarua and Pt/rto Beiioj which fee. D A U DARTMOUTH, a maritime town in Briftol county, in Ply- mouth colony, New'- England, fituatcd on Akufhnet river, Clarke Cove. It is about five miles S.W. from Rochefter, near 8 South of Dighton, and but 12, E. of Ti- verton. DA vis's -STRAIT, a very nar- row fea. lying between the North main of America, and the weftern- coaft of Greenland ; running N. W. from Cape Farewell, lat. 60. N. to Baffin's - bay, in 80. Jt had its name from Mr. John Davis, who fhft discovered it. For in the year 1585, he undertook, with two barks, to fearch the N. W. coaft, and came to the S. VV. cape of Greenland, in lat. 6z- where the ftrait firft begias ; and he called that Cape Defola- tion. Here he found many pieces of furs like that of beavers and wool ; and exchanged fome com- modities with the natives, who often came to him in their ca- noes, bringing him (tag - Ikins, white hare- (kins, final! cod, muf- cles, Delaware. This river is navi- gable for above 200 miles, b'it has a catarad or fteep water-fall in it above Briftol, which renders its navigation impracticable north- wards of the county of Bucks. DERBY, a town in Newhaven county, Connefticut, 14. miles N. W. of Newhaven, and 10 from Stratford. DERBY, a town in Chefter county, Penfylvania, fituated on Derby creek, which rurs into the JDdUwartf river aearCheiter, frota DOB whence it is diftant but 7 miles, and 5 from Philadelphia. DESCADA, DESIRADA, or DESJD F.R ADA, the firft of the Caribbee Iflands difcovcred by Columbus in his fecond voyage, anno 1494, when he gave it that name. It is fituated in the At- lantic Ocean, 3 leagues E. from Guadeloupe. The Spaniards make this in their way to America, fometimes, as well as Guadeloupe. It looks at a dittance like a galley, with a low point at the N. W. end. Here are fand-hills on the N. end of it, full of red veins. In fome parts it is fruitful, and well cultivated with cotton ; in others barren, and destitute of trees, tt breeds guanas, and a multitude of the fowls called fri- gats, &c. There is a very (Jeep cavern in this ifland, which is almoft full of bones, relics of the ancient Indians. It has no wa- ter, except in ponds. It is three leagues in length, but one in breadth. Lat. 16,36. long. 60, 30. DEVIL'S - MOUTH, a name given by our Tailors to a volcano near Leon de N'caraguay, a city of the province of Nicaraguay,in New Spain. It is fituated on the fide of Nicaragnay lake, which, ac- cording to fome, may be feen from the North Sea, or at leaft a great way in the lake towards that fea. It has a frightful ap- pcirance, being cleft down almoft from the top to the bottom, like a broken faw. Lat. 13, 10. long. 65, 10. DIAMOND or R o u K D ISLAND, one of the Granadille Iflands, in the Weft Indies. Ir is fituated between Grenada and Ca- riuacau, but is not inhabited, as it has no frefh water, though otherwife, for its fize, fertile. DIG.HTOJJ, a town in Briilol county, Plymouth colony, New- England, one mile E. of the Sta- tion-tree on Titiguit river, and 5 S.W. of Raynham. Do BBS County, in the did rift of Hevvbern, Nor:h Carolina, is DOM fllvided on the N. from Pitt's county by the river Nufe, and has Craven county E, and Du- plin county S. DOGS - ISLAND, one of the fmaller Virgin Ifles, fituated on the W. of Virgin Gorda, and E. of Tortula. Long. 6z, 55. lat. 18, 20. DOMINGO, ST. or HISPA- NIOLA, one of the Large An- tilles Iflands, in the Weft-Indies. It partly belongs to the Spaniard?, and partly to the French r The natives ftiled it Aitii, and the Spaniards, when Chriftopher Co- lumbus firft difcovered it, in 1492, called it Hifpaniola, or the Spa- nifh Ifland. The city, whieh he founded in 1494, being dedicated to St. Dominic, the name was fir ft extended to that quarter of the ifland,. and in procefs of time to the whole ; fo that it is now generally called in our charts, &c. it. Domingo. It is fituated in the middle between Cuba and Jamaica on the N.W.and S.W. and Porto Rico on the E..and feparated from the laft only by a narrow channel. It extends from lat 17, 37. to lat, 20. and from long. 67,35. to long.. 74, 15, being near 400 miles from W. to E. and almoft 120, where broadeft, from N.-to S. Some reckon it 300 leagues in cir- cuit, exchifive of its bays, creeks, &c. which, it is thought, would make up 200 more. It is diftaut from Cuba but 13 leagues, which flrait is called the Windward Paf- fage.. The climate lu j re is ex- tremely hot, but cooled by wir.ds that blow at certain feafons. It alfo rains exceflively at fome times, yet not at all places alike. Tho' the climate agrees but badly with Dew-comers, yet they live here in good health, and to a great age, many of the inhabitants exceed- ing 80, and fome reaching to 120 years. This ifland, which, next to Cuba, is the largeft of all the Antilles, is allowed to be the tnoft frukful, cuid by much the DOM pleafanteft, in the Weft Indies,, having vaft forefts of cabbage- trees, palms, elms, oaks, pines,, the jenipah, caramite, acajou, and other trees ftill taller and larger,, and the fruit more pleating to the eye, and better tailed than in the oiher iflands ; particularly ana- nas, bananas, grapes, oranges,, lemons, citrons, toronias, limes, dates, and apricots. Here are all: the birds common in the Weft. Indies ; as alfo the muflcettoes r and fire flies. In the meadows, or favannahs, are innumerable herds of black cattle, which be-- long to the country. There are a fufficient quantity of horfes in> the French part of the ifland to fupply all their neighbouring co- lonies, betides wild horfes and wild hogs of the breed firft' brought over by the Spaniards. The hunters fiioot the beeves for their hides, as they do in Cuba j. and, with regard to die pork, they ftrip the flefh from the bones, and jerk it as they do in Jamaica. Scarce a country in the worid is better watered, either by, brooks or navigable rivers, which are ail full of fiih, as the coaft is of crocodiles and tortoifes. Its principal river is called Ocoa. In. the fauds of the rivers they find gold-duft; and the ifland has- many mines of gold, filver, and- copper, which, though formerly worked with great profit, yet the Spaniards have found themfelves too weak to carry them on to advantage, and take all the care they can to conceal ihem from others. The principal commo- dities of this ifiand are hides, fugar, ir.digo, cotton, cocoa, cof- fee, ginger, tobacco, fait, wax, ambergris, various forts of drugs, and dyers wood. What corn they have ripens at fuch different times, that it cannot be reaped with any profit. The numbers of French on this fide is faid to equal, if not exceed, that of the Spaniards; though both together aie veiy f^r fton oi what the- DOM ifland is capable of maintaining. In 1726, the inhabitants were computed at 30,000 whites, and 100,000 negroes and mulattoes, namely Creols and Meftizoes, whofe daily allowance is potatoes, though they have leave to keep hogs. The Spaniards, by degrees, con- quered the natives ; and in bat- tle, and cold blood, deftroying 3,000,000 men, women, and children. As this ifland was a- mong the firtt difcovered by the Spaniards, fo it was the centre of their commerce in thefe parts ; and as they had been for many years fole poflefibrs of it, it was for fome part of the time a very flourifliing colony. But after the conqueft of Peru, and the confi- derable additions made to the territories on the continent of North America, they neglected this ifland, which encouraged the French, about the middle of the laft century, to fix themfdves on its W. part, where they have im- proved the fetdements. In (hort, the frequent defcents both of the EngUfh and French on the W. part of the ifland, by degrees obliged the Spaniards to abandon all that part of it to the W. of Monte Chrifto on the N. and Cape Mongon on the S. The French, indeed, had no le- gal fettlement here till 1697, when the Spaniards yielded the W. half of the ifland to them by the treaty of Ryfwick ; the boundaries between them and the French were fettled by a line drawn acrofs the country from N. '0 S. For many years its principal trade confided in tobacco, in which from 60 to TOO fhips had been ern ployed ; but that funk to nothing; upon the eftablilhing an exclufive farm of this commo- dity in France : and afterwards fugar became the itaple-commo- dity of the ifland, and generally it yields three or four fhillings a hundred more than that of any DOM among the other iflands. In 1726 it was computed here were 200 fugar-works ; and one year with another the ifland made 400 hogf- heads of 500 weight each, and that it yielded annually to the French 200,000!. and the indigo is reckoned to produce near half as much. The colony of the French here is allowed to be the moft confide- rable and important they have in thefe parts ; and would become much more fo, could they get a cefllon of the other part from the Spaniards, which they have ex- tremely at heart. They are al- ready poflefled of fo many noble harbours and forts as gives them an opportunity of difturbing and ruining the commerce of any na- tion which they happen to be at war with. And indeed fo many harbours are all round the ifland, that failors can fcarce mifs of one in which they may have fre(h water and provifions, The part of the ifland belong- ing to the French is under a Ge- neral of their own country. It begins at a large plain, called Ba- haia, on the N. fide of the ifland, and about 30 miles E. of Cape Francois : and extending all along the coaft from thence to the W. reaches on the S. fide as far as Cape Mongon ; meafuring all the bays, creeks, &c. cannot be lefs than 300 leagues in circuit : but, exclufive of thofe windings, it is 215 from Cape Francois on the N. to that of Mongon on th S. On the VV. fide from Cape Lobos to that of Tiberon, where is a round black rock, which is the moft Weftern point of the whole ifland, are four harbours larger and better than any in Eng- land From Cape Tiberon to that of Uonna Maria on the fame fide, but 25 miles to, the N. are two more excellent haibours ; and from this rape to that of St. Ni- cholas on the N. E. which is itfclf a large, deep, i*e hivbour, iz more, each of which lies near the DOM confluence of two or three rivers. The French governor-general has under him the governors of Cape Fransois, St. Louis, or L'lfle cle Vache, and thofe of Port Paix, and Pert Guaves. Them oft noted places in the French part of St. Domingo, as they lie from the S. W. to the N. E. are Sr. Louis, Vache, Dcnna-Maria-bay, Fond de Negros, Petit Guaves, Leogane, feveral defert iflands in the bay called Cul de Sac of Leogane, the Jargtft of which is called Gonave, La Pe;iteReviere, L'Efterre, Port Taix, Cape St. Nicholas, Toitu- gas or Tortudas ifland, and Cape Frar^ois. The E. part of this ifland, in the podefljon of the Spaniards, is the largeft. The commodities of the whole colonies of France in Sr. Domingo amounted in 1764 to 2o millions weight of rough fugar, 35 million of refined fugar, and 1,880,000 Ib. of indigo; at the fame time they gathered 7 million weight of coffee, and one million and half of cottor. Above half thefe were the product of the N.coaft alone; the reft came from the Weft and South. There was, befides, this difference, that the indigo and cotton were chiefly from the S. and W. and the fu- gar and coffee from the North. In 1764 this ifland had 8,786 whites able to bear arms; 4,306 inhabited on the N. 3,470 on the W. and 1,010 on the S. coafls ; from hence, according to the ge- neral method of calculating, the whole of the whites was above 35,000. To thefe were to be ad- ded 5,817 mulattoes, or free ne- groes, who were enrolled. The negroes were 206,000, and dif- perfed in the following manner : 12,000 in the nine great towns ; 4000 in country towns ; 1000 in raifi'ng vegetables; and 180.000 in the culture which produced the commodities for exportation. Af- ter this enumeration, in 1767, 51,567 negroes were imported in 171 French fhips. The deficiency DOM of dead ones has been more than fufficiently fupplied by thofe in- troduced in a clandefline trade, and it is confidently aflerted, there are not lefs than 250,000 now in the French divifion only ; and the culture of the land has cncreafed proportionably. The culture of indigo is diminished, but there are 40 new fugar-plarttations ; fa that they reckon 260 in the N. divifion, 197 in theW. and 84 in - the South. There are alfo fome plantations of cacao raifed in the woods. In 1767 there were ex- ported by the French from this ifland 124 millions weight of fugar, 1,769,562 Ib. of indigo, 150.000 Ib. of cacao, 12,197,977 Ib. of coffee, 2,965.920 Ib. of cotton, 8,470 packets of nw hides, 10,350 fides of tanned hides, 4,180 hogf- heads of rum, and 2i,iO4hogf- heads of molaflcs, all which was regiftercd at the cuftom -houfe, and exported in 347 (hips. To which may be added a fixth more,, that was fmuggled out j and yet thofe well verfed in the ifland fay it will produce a third as much more ; of fuch prodigious value is this ifland. DOMINGO, ST. the capital of the above ifland, firfi built by Columbus on the S. fide of it,, and fituated at the mouth of the river Ozama, or Ifabella, in a fine plain, wh/ch (hows it to a great advantage from the fea. Bartho- lomew Columbus, brother to the admiral, is faid to have founded it in the year 1594, and gave it the name of Domingo, or Domi- nick, in honour of St. Dominklt. It was taken by Sir Francis Drake,, in 1586, who held it a month,, and then burnt a part of it ; but fpared the reft, for a ranfom of 60,000 pieces of eight. It foon- recovered itftlf; but the trade, which was confiderable in fug^r, hides, tallow, horfes, hogs, and calfia, has decayed fince the Spa- niards have been tempted by later difcoveries in Mexico, &c. Ne- veitheiefs, it ftiil makes a good DOM figure : and its inhabitants, in- cluding the negroes, &c. are thought to exceed 25,000; and fome reckon them many more. They are Spaniards, Meftizoes, Mulattoes, and Albatraces, and of ihefe a fixth part is fuppofed to be Spaniards. St. Domingo is a large well-built city, a good port, and it has feveral ftruclures more magnificent than is ufual in the Well-Indies, efpecially thofe of the King of Spain's collegers. Here is a Latin fchool, and hof- pital with an endowment of 20,600 ducats per annum, befides an uni- verfity. Here is a fine cathedral, feven large rronafteries, and two nunneries, befides a mint, and a college, with a revenue of 4000 ducats. It is the fee of an arth- bifhop, w r hofe fufFragans are the bifhops of La Conception in this ifland, St. John's in Porto Rico, Sr. Jago in Cuba, Venezuela in New Caftile, and of the city of Honduras. Here alfo is the refi- dencc of the governor-general of the Spanifh Indies, and of the judges of the royal courts ; which makes it the fupreme feat of juf- tice, as it is the moft eminent royal audience of the Spaniards in America ; fo that the lawyers and the clergv keep this city from utter decay, Ymce the declenfinn of its trade. The greatelt part of the commerce carried on by the Spaniards of this iflani is however from this port, which has 15 fathom water at the bar; it is fafe and large, and defended by feveral batteries, with a cattle at the end of the pier, \vhich has two half moons within it, and reiches by two bulwarks to the river. On the utmoft fhore, near the S. bulwark, (lands a round tower. The prefi.Jcnt from Old Spain lives in a houfe in this city that is faid to have been built and occupied by Columbus himfelf. To this officer, on account of prior fettlement, appeals are brought from all the Spanifh Wt ft- India iihnds, as formerly they were from * D O M every province of Spanifh Ameri- ca; and his Sentence is definitive, uulefs it is called by a particular commiffion into Old Spain. As he purchafes his place, he confe- quently executes it with opprefllon. St. Domingo is built of ftone, after the Spanifh model, liaving a large fquare market-place in the middle, about which (lands the cathedral, and other public build- ings. And from this fquare the principal ftreets run in a direft line, being eroded by others at right angles ; fo that the form of the town is almoft quadrangular; and it is mod delightfully fituated between a large navigable river on the W. the ocein on the vS. and a fine fruitful country on the N. and E. Lat. 18, 15. Long. 69, 30. DOMINICA, the laft of the Leeward Caribbee Iflands, taking them from N. W. to S. E. but the Spaniards call it the laft of the Windward Iflands. It is fitu- ated much about half way betwixt Guadaloupe on the N. W. and Martinico on the S. E. 15 leagues from each. It extends from N.W. to S. E. and is about 8f leagues in length, and near 4 where broad- eft. It derives its name from the firft difcovery of it being made on a Sunday, Nov. 3, 1593, by Columbus. It is divided, like Guadaloupe, Martinico, and Tome of the other Caribbee iflands, into the Cabes- terre, and Bafle-tcrre : and the foil is much of the fame nature. Its appearance is rugged and moun- tainous, efpecially towards the fea, but the afcents eafy. The foil is good ; and the flopes of the hills, which bear the fined trees in the world, are fit for the produftlon. of our plants : fo that fome have reported it to be one of the beft of the Caribbees for its fruitful valleys, large plains, and fine ri- vulets : and will) eafe and certainty all the productions of the other Weft-India iflands may be culti- vated here. The Cabes-terre is watered with a great number of DOM frefk-water rivers, which abound with excellent fi(h. Only two or three places in that called the BafTe-terre are tolerable; the prin- cipal of which is called the Great Savannah, and fituated nearly in the middle of it; namely the traft from the point facing Mar- tinico, to that which is oppofite to the Saints. It produces una- nas, mandioca, caflava, bannanas, and the fined figs, which are left to rot on the ground, all but what they eat with their, food ; and rhefe they gather before they are ripe. They have potatoes and ignam^s in abundance, with a great deal cf millet and cotton. Here arc great numbers of hogs, ring doves, partridges, and orto- lans. They breed hogs and poul- try; and of the former are two forts of wild ones, defcendedfrom thofe that firft came from France and Spain. Here are the fined eels in the world ; but the Carib- bean s never eat them. The Caribbeans having, for the mod part, retired hither, as they \vere driven out of the other iflands by the Europeans, are consequently more numerous here than in any of the reft. The an- chorage is good all round the coad of Dominica ; but it has no port, or bay for retiring into : and all the advantage it has is the fhelter which mips find behind fome of its capes. The French have always oppofed the attempts cf the Engiifh for fettling on tins illand, becaufe it would enable them in time cf war to cut off the commuHication between Martini- co and Goada loupe. The climate is remarkable hot, even for this part of the world, though the air is pure and very thin. Among the mountains it is imagined (here is a gold mine, and two more towards the S. cud of the ifland called SoufFrteres, from the plenty of fulphur they contain. They have a!fo feveral fprings of mineral waters, whofe virtues are highly extolled, Irs fore Its afford DOR an inexhanftible quantity of rofe- "wood, fo e deemed by cabinet- makers. Dominica is divided in- to ten parifhes, 7 to the leeward, and 3 to the windward. On the leeward coaft is the capital. Lar. 15, 30. long. 60, 30. DORCHESTER, a little town of Berkley county, on the confines of Colleton county, and province of Carolina. It contains about 350 fouls: and in it is an inde- pendent meeting-houfe. Latitude 36, 10. long. 79, 20. DORCHESTER, one of the 5 counties on the E. fide of Dela- ware - bay, in the province of Maryland. It is fituated to the S. of Talbot county. Its prin- cipal psrifh bears a!fo the fame name, where the coi'hty-court is kept. The land here lying to the N. fide of Nantikoke-river, be- ginning at the mouth of Chicka- coan-river, and fo up to its fource, and from thence to the head of Anderton branch, and down to the N. W. fork, and to the mouth of the faid Chickacean- rivtr, was, by an acl of the af- fembly, anno 1698, declared to belong to Panqnafh and Artnar touquem, two Indian kings, and the people under their govern- ment, thtir heirs, and frcccfTrrs for ever, to be holder* by the lord proprietary, under ihc yearly rent of one beavcr-fkin. More Indian towns are in this, than in any other of the counties. DORCHESTER, a maiitime town of Suffolk cvunty, in New- En gland. It is for magnitude the next to Eoilon, from u her re it is difiant about 3 miles, ai.d l-uilt at the mouth of two fmall rivers, contiguous to the fea-fide. Before the prefent troubles, it fent four rrcmbers to the aflembly, and had two fairs, the one on the fourth Tuefday in March, and the other on the lad Wej^'nefduy in October. From hence it was that Bofton was bombarded pre- vious to the departure of the tfri- tifii trcops undtr Genera] Howe, D U K when lie relinquilhed Boflon in March, 1776. DOVER, a town belonging to Kent county, in Penfylvania. It was formerly called St. John's- town, and confifts of about 50 families. It is looked upon as the principal place of the county ; which, like Virginia, is fettled, not in townihips, but fcattered plantations. DOUGLAS, a town in Wor- cefter ounty, Miil'ichufets-Bay, otv the great road from Boflon to New Harnpihire, 5 miles W. from Uxbridge, and 7 S. E. from Oxford. DRAKE, a harbour in Califor- nia, the moft northern part of the Nevv World. It was fo called, becaufe the famous navigator, Sir Francis Drake, landing there, took poflelfion of the peninfula of California, for his miftrefs queen Elizabeth, by the name of New - Albion ; the king of the country actually inverting him with its foveveignty, and prtfent- ing him with his own crown of beautiful feathers : and the na- tives takingtheEnglilh to be more than men, began to facrifice to them ; but were restrained. Lat. a8, 15. long, in, 39. D R A K E ' s B A Y , fee Virgin IJles. DRAKUT, a village in Mid- dlefex county, MafTichufets-Bay, on the banks of Beaver-Brook, near the Station Troes, and Mc- riiruk river. DUBLIN, a pretty town of Philadelphia county, belonging to Penfylvania, 10 miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and the fame dif- tance S. \V. of Briftol. DUCHESS Co u N x Y , in New- York, on the E. fide of the Hud- fon's river, N of Philipfburg, and W. of Connefticiu. DUKE COUNTY, New- Eng- land. See Martha's Vineyard. DUKE'S COUNTY, in the pro- vince of New-York ; bounded on the S. by the county of WefU Chefter, on the E. by the Con- ne&icut-line, on the W. by Hud- and N, by the county HAS of Albany. The S. part is oc- cupied by iron-works, being moun- tainous : the reft is a good upland country, well watered. There are, in it two mean villages, Pogh- keepfing, and the French - kill. The inhabitants on the banks of the river arc Dutch ; but thoie more eaflerly, Englilhmen. Ic has lately rofe very much in com- merce. A few years have raifed it from 12, families, to that pitch, that by the lifts it will furailh at prefent 3500 fighting men. DUMFRIES, a town in Staf-, ford county, Virginia, on a branch of Patowmack river, ^^ miles S. W. of Colchefter, and 30 N. from Fal mouth. DUPJSTABLE, a town in the province of New-Hampfhire, in Ne^-England, on the banks of the river Merimack, where it has a large precinft. DUPLIN COUNTY, in the diftricl of Wilmington, in N. Ca- rolina, has the N. E. branch of Cape Fear river for its boundary on the N. and E. and Pclhani county S. DURANGO, a town belonging to the province of Zacafecas, and the audience of Guadalaxara, iti Old Mexico, or New-Spain. It is fituatcd 10 leagues from Nom- bre de Dios, and is a biihop's fee, at the confluence of feveral rivers, which render it convenient for trade. DURHAM, a town in Newha- ven county, Connefticut, 9 milt'i S. W. from Middletown, and the fame diftance E. from Hadham, and 8 N. E. from Wallingford. DWXBURY, a maritime town in Plymouth colony and county, Maflachuiets-Bay, on a river that runs into Plymouth -bay, front whence it is z miles diftaut, and about 30 from Ballon. E. EAex-CHESTER, a town Jti the county of Weft-Chefter, in the province of 'NewYo.k, See Wtf-Qxftar&Hfy of, EDO EASTHAM, a town in Farn- (Vaple county, Plymouth colony, New-England. It is fituated in the middle of the peninfula, on the W.coaft that forms Cape-Cod- bay, and is but 5 miles from Chatham on the E. coaft at Sandy Point. EAST MAIN: the county of JLabrador is fo called, as that of New Wales is denominated the \Vcft Main. E AS TON, a village in Briftol county, Plymouth colony, New- England, near the head of Rain- ham-river, 6 miles N. W. of Rain- ham, and 12 W. of Bridge- water, EASTON,atown inNorthamp- ton county, Penfylvania, oppo- fite Philipfburg, in New-Jerfey, 10 miles N. E. of Northampton, and is fituated on the Delawar river. E B E N E z E R, a town of Geor- gia, about five miles from Aber- corn, and up the river Savannah. It is a very healthy place where the Saltfburgbcrs are let tied, with two ministers, who are a fober in- duAnous people, that raife not only corn, and other productions, fufficient for their own fiibfi/tence, but fell great quantities to the in- habitants of Savannah. They have large herds of cattle, and are in a very thriving condition. Ten miles from thence, on a river running into the Savannah, is Old Ebenezer, where, till lately, was a cow-pen, and a' great r.um- ber of cattle for the ufe of the public, and for breeding. Lati- tude 32, 10. Long. 82, 20. E D E N T o N , a town in the coun- ty of Chowcn, and dill rift of iCdenton, in N. Carolina, and for- merly the capital of the whole province. It is fituated at the bottom of a bay of its own name, in Albemarle Sound. EDGAR, a town in the ifland of Martha's Vineyard, New-Eng- land, near the E. extremity of tbe ifland, about 14 miles from Barnihplc; couuty, on the coa- uaeat, E N G EDGECUMBE COUNTY, in the diflricl of Halifax, N. Caro- lina, is bounded on the S. and W, by the river Tarr, which gives it communication with feveral coun- ties in the province, and runs into Pamtico Sound. ELEN THERA.orEi.UTH ER A, or ALABASTER, one of the Ba- hama or Lucaya Iflands, where above 60 families, fettled under Dep. Gov. Holmes, eretfedafmall fort, and raifed a company of mili- tia for their dt-fcnce. bteAlabaJhr. ELIZABETH, a town of Eilex county, and the moft confiders.- ble of New-Jerfey. It lies three miles within a creek oppofite to the W. part of Staten-ifland. Here the Englifh fettled firft, and it has thriven moft : fo that it was, till the prtfent troubles, the feat of government of the two pro- vinces of Eaft and Weft Jerfey, and of the judicial courts and af- femblies ; though great endea- vours wereufed by the Scotch pro- prietors of Eait Jerfey, in 1683, to remove the courts from thence to Perth-amboy. The town of Elizabeth has above 250 families, and 40,000 acres of plantation. The proprieiors had one here, which went by the name of the Farm. ELIZABETH-ISLANDS, fevc- ral fmall iftands on the S. end of Falmouth, in Barnflaple county, Plymouth county, New-England. They are S. of Buzzard-bay, and W. of Martha's Vineyard. The largeft is Nafhawn, the next Tin- kers, the third Slokums; be/ides which there are two much fmaller, called Kuttihunt-ifles; which are as far diftant from the coafl of Barnftaple county, N. E. as the coatt of Briftol county W. ENGLAND, NEW, lately the mod; flourishing, and molt power- ful colony the Britifti nation had in America. It is bounded on the N. E. by Nova -Scotia. E. and S. Atlantic Ocean. W. New- Tork. N. and N. W. Canada. 450 miks long; 290 broad. It E N G lies between lat. 41 and 46, and long. 67 and 74. Though New- England is fmiated almoft 10 de- grees nearer the fun, than we are in England, yet the winter begins earlier, lafts longer, and is incom- parably more fevere than it is with us. The fummer again is extremely hot, and more fervently fo than in places which lie un- der the fame parallels in Europe. However, both the heat and cold are now far more moderate; and the conftitution of the air, in all refpefts, far better than at the firft fetdement. The clearing a- way of the woods, and open- ing the ground every where, has, by giving a free paflage to the air, carried off thole noxious va- pours which were fo prejudicial to the health of the firft inhabitants. The temperament of the Iky is generally, both in fummer and winter, very fteady and ferene. Two months frequently pafs with- out the appearance of a cloud. Their rains are heavy, and foon over. The climate of New-England, compared with that of Virginia, is as the climate of South-Britain is to that of North-Britain. New- England being, as has been faid, neurer to the equinoctial line than the old, their days and nights are corifequently more equal. The fun rifes at Bofton, on the longeft day, June nth, 26 minutes after 4 in the morning, and fets at 34 minutes after 7 in the evening. And on December 13, which is the fttorteft day, it rifes at 35 minutes after 7 in the morning, and fets at 27 minutes after 4 "in the afternoon. So that the longcft day in New-England is about 15 hours, and the fhorteft about 9. This country, when firft vifited by the En glifh, was one great foreft, the Indians having cleared a fmall fpot here and there for corn ; but every three or four miles our countrymen found fome fruitful valleys and brook?. The land next the lea. is generally low, and E N G and in fome parts marfhy; but further up it rifes into hills, and on the N. E. it is rockyand moun- tainous. About MafFachufets-Bay the foil is as fat and black as any part of England; and the firit planters found the grafs in the valleys very rank for want of cut- ting. But the uplands are not fo fruitful, being moftly a gravelly and Tandy foil, inclining to a clay. Few countries are better water- ed with fprings, rivers, and lakes, though the latter are not fo large as thofe to the N. and W. Of its rivers, which all abound with fifh, the Connecticut, Thames, Narra- ganfet,Pantncket,Piguakket, Con- cord, Patuxet,Merimack,Pifcata- qua, Sawko, Cafco, Kennebeck, and Penobfcot, are the largefl. : To the conveniency of fo many fine rivers, the number of large populous towns in this country is juftly afcribed : and in the trades between the rivers are fo many brooks and fprings, that there is hardly a place but frefh water may be had, by finking a well within 10 or it. feet of the furface, and fuch water as is ge- nerally good. The moil remarkable capes and points from S. to N. are Pe ma- quid and Small Points, Cape Eli- zabeth, Black Point, Porpus and Nidduk, or Bald - head capes, York Nubbles, Lock's Point, Great Boar's-head, Pigeon -hill. Cape Ann, Nahanr, Pullein's, Al- derton, Marfhfield, Gurnet, Mo- nument, and Sandy Points, Mur- ray's-cliffs, Sandy, Kelinfgate, and Race Points, Cape Cod, Head of Pamet, Cape Malabar or Sandy Point, Goofeberry Neck, Nini- gret, Qriakhoragok, Watch, Black, Pipe - itaves, and HemunafHt Points, Sachem's Head, South, Long-Neck, and Elizabeth Points, and Lion's Tongue; alfo Cape Poge, and Gay-Head, in Mar- tha's Vineyard. Bays chiefly to be noted are, Penobfcot, Kenne- bek, Caftto, Sawko, Wells, the great bay of Mallachufets, G a E N G CCd -bay (including Plymouth- Lay), Buzzard's and Narraganfet lay ; to which may be added the 1 evil's - Belt, or Long - Ifland Sound, between that ifland and Connecticut, and WinipilTioket- pond, in New-Ham pfhire. The coves and inferior bays are, Mer- rymeetinp, MufTequoif, and Har- rafekket bays, Broad-cove, Fxeter and Little bays, Sandy-cove, Na- hant, Oyfter-river, Falmouth and Nalkytukket bays, Clark's -cove, Nahantik, Guilford, and Fairfield bays, Tarpaulin and Homes's coves in Martha's Vineyard ifland, and Tarpaulin-cove in Nafhawn- ilUnd (one of thofe called Eliza- beth). Its principal harbours are, "Winter, Pifcataqua, Cap* Ann, tolton, Konohaffet, Scituate, Yar- mouth, Slokum's, New- haven, Ship, and Old Town (in Mar- tha's Vineyard-ifland). The foil of New -England is various, but bed as you approach the foiuhward. It affords excel- lent meadows in the low grounds, and very good pafture almoft every \vliere. They commonly allot at t'ne rate of two acres for the main- tenance of a cow. The meadows, which they reckon ihe beft, yield about a ton of hay each acre. Some produce two tons, but then the hay is rank and four. This country is not very favourable to any of the European kinds of grain. The wheat is fubjeft to be blafted; the barley is an hungry grain ; and the oats are lean and chaffy ; but the Indian corn, called maize, which makes the common food of the loweft fort of people, flourifhes here. About 6 quarts of feed is fuf- ficient for an acre, which, at a medium, produces about 50 bu- fhels. The New England people irot only make bread of this grain, but they malt and brew it into a beer, which is not defpicable. The greater part of their brer, however, 1s. trade of molafles , with- th iiiiUiiion, iumc- E N G times, of the tops of the fpruce- fir infufcd. They raife a large quantity of flax ; and have made eflays upon hemp, which have been far from unfuccefsful. They have great plenty of all forts of roots, as turnips, parfnips, carrots, radifhes much larger and richer than ours, though their feeds came originally from hence; ftore of onions, cucumbers, and pum- pions. But the feed of the water- melons, and fquafties, which grow here in great plenty, is brought from Portugal, to which the tra- ders here have all along fent great quantities of fi!h, They had a variety of fruits of the r own growth, before the Englifh arrived here; particularly grapes, currants, flrawberries, rafp- berries, hurtleberries, whitethorn- haws as big as our cherries, chef- nuts, walnuts, fmall nuts, fi'berts, and many more ; as alfo forrel, water-crtlles, favory, and the like falad and pot - herbs , befides others for phyfic, and feveral forts of pulfe, but efpccially kidney- beans ; and without doubt thofe vegetables have been fmce im- proved. The peaches here arc large, all ftandard, and the fruit better than ours ; and they com- monly bear in three years from the flone. They have alfo great plenty of apples, with which they make large quantities of cyder ; fo that, in 1721, at a village near Bofton of about 40 houfts, they made near 3000 barrels; and lome of their apple-trees yield fix or feven barrels, at the rate of eight or nine bufhels to the barrel. Here was a pearmain-tree, which, a foot from the ground, meafured 10 feet 4 inches round, bore 38 bufhels of fine fruit. Their horned cattle are very numerous, and fome of them very large. Oxen have been killed there of 1800 weight. They have alfo grea-t numbers of hogs, and thofe excellent ; and fome fo large s Co wei^h 25 fccre. They have E N G befides a breed of fmall horfes, which are extremely hardy. They pace naturally, though in no very graceful or eafy manner ; but with fuch f.viftnefs, and for fo long a continuance, as muft appear al- moft incredible to thofe who have not experienced it. The have a great number of fheep too, and of a good kind. The wool is of 'a ftaple futficiently long; but it is not fo fine as that of Old England. They, however, manufacture a grer.t deal of it fuccefsfully. Cloths are made of it, of as clofe and firm a contexture, though not fo fine, as our beft drabs, being thz'ck, and fuperior for the ordi- nary wear of country people to any thing we make in England. There are in many parts mines of iron ore, and fome of copper; notwithstanding which moft of the iron ufed there is brought from the more Southern provinces in pigs ; and none of the copper- mines have hitherto been worked. They have great quantities of bog- iron, which is ufed for caft metal, and much efteemed. The people, by their being ge- nerally freeholders, and by their form of government, have a very free, bold, and republican fpirit. In no part of the world are the ordinary fa independent, or pof- fcfs fo many of the conveniences of life. They are ufcd from their infancy to the exercife of arms ; and they have a militia, which, as fuch, is by no means contempti- ble, and in feveral fkirmifhes lately have proved themfelves good fol- diers. This, too, is much the bed peopled of any of our colonies up- on the conrinent. It is judged that the four provinces it com- prifes, namely, Maflachufets-bay, Conneclkut, Rhode-lfland, ar.d Nevv-Hampfh're, contain upwards of 6oo,coo fouls. Thefe four governments are confederated for their corrmon defence. The moft confiderable of them, for riches and n amber of people, being " th* latter, though not E N-G for extent of territory, Is Ma#a*- chufets-bay. Though in all the provinces of New -England are large towns, which formerly carried on a con- fiderable trade, the chief one was Bofton, the capital of Maflachu- fets-bay, and till lately the firffe city of New-England, and of all North-America. See Bojlon. For the towns of New-Enghnci fee the different provinces', viz, Neiv-HampJhlrCy Fork, M:ijjuchu~ fets-bay, Rbode-ljland, &c. We derive our rights .in Ame- rica from the dtfcovery of Sebaf- tian Cabot, who fit ft made the Northern continent in 1497.. Ic was, in general, called then New- foundland, a name which is now appropriated to an ifland on its N.E.coafh It wasalon-gtinretxifore we made any attempt to fettle int this country ; Sir Walter Raleigh fhewed the way, by planting a colony in -the Southern party which he called Virginia'. Early in the reign of King James I. a colony eftablifhed it- felf at a place which they called New Plymouth. They were but few in number : near half of then* perifhed by the fcurvy ? by want, and the feverity of the climate. But thofe who furvived, not dif- pirited with their lofles, nor with the hardfhips they were Oil I to endure, and finding themfelves out of ths reach of the fpirituat arm, reduced this favage country to yield them a tolerable liveli- hood, and by degrees a comfort- able fubflitence. This little fettlement was made in the year i6zi. Several of their brethren in England took the fame methods, whereby the colony of puritans infenfibly increafed; hut they had not extended themfelves much beyond New -Plymouth, In 1629 the colony begarv to flou- rifh, fo that they foon became a Confiderable people. By the clofe of the errfuing yrar they had built four towns, Salem, Dorcheiter, Charles-town, ami "~" 9 3 E N G Tnofe who found themfelves uneafy upon a religious account in England, and feveral on account of the then profitable trade of furs and fkins, and for the fake of the fheries, were invited to fettle in New-England. But this colony received itsprincipalafli fiance from thedifcontent of feveral great men cf the puritan party, who were its yroteftors, and who entertained a deiign of fettling among them in New-England, if they (houlcl fail E N G provided they were not contrary t the laws of England; a point not eafily fettled, *s they who com- pofed the new colonies were of a contrafted way of thinking, and moft violent trhthiifiafts. They adopted the books of Mofcs as the law of the land ; but the tirUt laws grounded upon thefe have fmcc fallen into difufe. As to religion, it was, as has been faid, the puritan. And as foon as they found themfelves at In the meafures they were purfuing liberty in America, they fell into for eftablilhing the liberty, and a way very little different from reforming the religion, of their the independent mode. Some cf thefe people fettled themfelves to the Southward, near Cape Cod, where they formed a new govern- ment upon their own principles, and built a town, which they cal- led Providence. This has fmce mother-country. They folicited for grants in New-England, and were at a great expence in fettling of them. Aaiongft thefe paten- tees we fee the Lord Brooke, the Lord Say and Seal, the Pelhams, the Hampdens, and the Pyms. And Sir Mathew Boynton, Sir William Conftablc, Sir Arthur Uafierig, and Oliver Cromwell, made the fourth and fmalleft, but not the worft inhabited, of the New-England governments, cal- led Rhode-Ifland, from an ifland wore aftually Upon the point of of that name forming a part of it embarking for New -England when archbifhop Laud obtained an order for putting a flop to thefe emigrations. The part of New-England cal- led Maflachufets Bay had now fet- tlements very thick all along the fea-Ihore. Some flips from thefe were planted in the province of "York and New-Hampfhire, being torn from the original ftock by that religious violence whiqh was The Britifn and India commo- dities annually imported into this colony, till the commencement of the prefent troubles,were eftimated at nearly 395,000!. and the ex- ports to Great-Britain at 370,000!. but their (hip-building and fifhery trade was on the decline. In their wars with the Indians the people of New-England (hew- ed very little conduct : and though they prevailed in the end, in a the chief characleriftic of the firft manner, to the extirpation of that lettlers in New-England. The pa tenteeslaft mentioned fettled upon the river Connecticut, and efta- rjaving before that fixed them- felves upon (he borders of this river, who fled from the tyranny of the Plymouth and Maflachu- iets colonies. For a confiderable time the peo- race of people, yet the Indians had always great advantages in the beginning ; and the reeafures of blifhed a fcparatc and independent the Englifh to oppofe them were j-overnment there ; fome perfons for the moft part injudicioiafly ta- ken. Their manner toe of treat- ing them in the beginning was fo indifcreet, as to provoke them as much to thofe wars as the French influence has done fince that time* ENGLISH HARBOUR, one of pie of New-England had hardly the ports of the ifland of Antigua, any regular form of government, in the Weft-Indies. It is the bed By their charter they were impow- ered to eftablilh fuch order, and make fuch laws, as they f Uafed, port in the ifland, and is HtuatecJ on the South fide ; and at a great cxpcncc has been rendered fit to E S K receive the largeft (hips of war, who find there a dock-yard with ftores and all the materials for repainng and careening. It is -fcut a fmall diftance from the town and harbour of Falmomh. EIUES, a nation of Indians in Canada. About the year 1655 they were extirpated by the [ro- quois : and though the beginning of the war did not turn out in favour of the latter, yet they were not at all difcouraged by it ; and at laft they got fo much the ad- vantage over the Erics, that were it not for the great lake which to this day bears the name of that nation, one would not have known that they ever exifted. This Erie-lake empties itfelf into that of Ontario, by a canal called the Leap of Niagara. EsCATARi, a fmall ifland a- bout five leagues N. of Louif- bourgh, in the ifland of Cape- Breton. EsKIMAUXjOrEsQJTTMAUX, one of the fierceft people of all North-America. They dwell on its mod Eaftern verge, beyond the river of St. Laurence, and fpread thcmfelves up N. and E. into the large track called Terra de Labrador, oppofite to New- foundl nd, from lat. 50 to 64. and from long. 59 to 80. They were at firft difcovered by the Danes, who did not think it worth their while to make any fcttle- ment, or even carry on any traf- fick among them. Their name is iuppofed to be originally Efqui- mantfic, which, in the Albenagin dialed, fi^nines eaters of raw floih; they being almoft the only people in thofe parts that eat it fo, tho* they ufe alfo to boil, or dry it in. the fun. By the complexions, cuftoms, language, &c. they fcem to be a qjtiite different people from all the other Americans, and pro- bably are defcended from the Groen landers ; but they are of fo ravage and brutal a nature, that no European nation cares to cUim kindred with them, And fugh'as E S K trade among them for furs, the only commodity they bring down from the inland, and exchange for knives, fciflars, pots, kettles, &c. are obliged to keep them off at ftaff's length, and not fuffer them to come in too great numbers ; for when they do, they make no fcruple of plundering, inftead of bartering. They hate the Euro- peans, and are always ready to do them fome mifchief ; fo that they will come to the water-fide, and cut their cables in the night, hop- ing to fee them wrecked upon their coaft again ft the next morning. They are generally tall, (tout, and nimble, with a {kin as fair as that of any European ,becaufe they always go covered, evert in the liotteft weather. Their hair and beards are either fandy or brown, and very bufhy ; and the latter, (rhofe being almoft the only peo- ple of this country who have any) grows up atmoft to their very eyes ; which gives them a very dreadful look ; at lealt one is at a lofs to difcover the features of their face. They have fmall eyes, that look wild, large and very djrty teeth ; hair commonly black, fometimes brown ; very much difordered, and a brutal appear- ance all over. Their manners and charatter and fait. The Dutch took pofleflion of this ifland in the year 1635, the . property of which the States granted to fome merchants of Flufbing, who foon fettled a co- lony on it of about 600 families, or, as fome fay, i6co perfons. In 1665, the Englifh, from Jamaica, turned the Dutch out; but it was foon retaken by the Dutch and French, then united in war a- faifift the Englifh ; and the 'rench placed a garrifon in it. Uut by the treaty of Breda it was refiored to the Dutch. In 1689, it was taken from them by the French ; and from thefe it was taken the very next year by the . Engiifh, under Sir Timothy Thornhill, having had only 8 of his own men killed or wounded in the attack, though the fort was mounted by 16 great guns, and furrounded with a (irong double pallifado, and defended on one lide by a deep ditch, and a nar- F A I row bridge over it to the gate, which admitted but one man at a time. The ifland being again refiored to the Dutch, by the treaty of Ryfwick, they have re- mained ever fince in the quiet pofleffion of it. Here they have alfo fine fields of fugar- canes. This ifland, as well as Curafiba, is engaged in the Spanifh contra- band trade, for whrh, howc- ever it is not fo well fituated. The illand lies in latitude 17, 29. long. 6x, 56. EXETER, a town in the pro- vince of New - Hampfhire, in New England, on the W. branch of the Pifcatacjiia river. EXETER, a town in the coun- ty of New Hanover, in N. Caro- lina, fituated on the N.E. branch of Cape Fear river, about 30 miles from Wilmington, and 22 from the New river. EXUMA ISLE, one of the Bahama Ifles, fituated on the E. of the Great Bank, between Stock- ing Ifles, on the S. W. and Long Ifle, on the E. it is now uninha- bited except by two families, yet is one of the bell of the Bahamas, not only for its fertility, but for the excellency of its anchoring- places in the found to which it gives name, where all the Britifh navy could ride in fafety. The only fugar plantation which has ever been attempted here, was abandoned laft war. It lies under the tropic of Cancer. Longitude 74, 30, lat. 24., 30. EXUMA SOUND, lies E. of the Great Bahama Bank, between it and the iflc of Guanahani. Lat. 24. long. 75. F AIRFIELD, a county on the coaft of Connecticut, New- England. Fairfield was formerly the Mol egin territory, and was in part planted by the Du?ch. It is bounded all along to the South by the province of New- York ; l>y New Haven to the N.E. and New- York to me F A L S.W. The inland part of the country, about eight or 10 miles from the fhore, is full of hills and fwamps, which are uninha- bited ; but ufed to have good game, and confequently a trade of furs. Moil of the towns are built in fmall creeks; but not much noted for trade. FAI R FIELD, a town or rather village of the county juft men- tioned. It is ficuated in a creek on the fea-coaft. JLat. 41, 16. long. 72, 12. FALLEN CITY, or OLD JE- RUSALEM, a range of rorks among the Virgin Ifles in the W. Indies, S. W. of Virgin Gorda. .Long. 62, 53. lat. 18, 10. FALMOUTH - To w N and HARBOUR, in the tfland of An- tigua, in the Weft Indies. It lies on the S. fide of the ifland, and is defended by two forts, which have a magazine. FALMOUTH, a fmall town in the county of York, and pro- vince of MafTachufets - Bay, in New England, which was deftroy- ed, January 1776, by the Britilh forces, for veftifing to fupply (lores when demanded. It con fitted of 600 families, and was divided in- to 300 parifhes; NewCafco,Sapoo- dock, and Stroud Water. The principal part of the town was fituated on a neck of land ftretch- ing out E. from Stroud Water, and formed a kind of mole to the Little Cove within it. This part confided of a church and town- houfe, with about 112 houfes. It was laid out in lots forming two ftreets parallel to the harbour, and five at right angles to them ; on which agre.it number of build- ings were carrying on. The har- bour was extremely fine, large and commodious, and mads and naval ftores were loaded here. There was much trade carried on from thence to the Weft India Iflands, and many fhips were built here. FALMOUTH, a town and bay, at the S, W extremity of the FES peninft>U in Barnftaple county, Plymouth Colony, New England, 1 6 miles S. W. from Sandwich, and 5 N. E. from Nawfhawn- Ifland, at the mouth of Buz- zards-bay, one of the Elizabeth- Iflands. FALM.OUTH, a town in King George's county, Virginia, on the N fide of the Rappahanock river, 5 miles N.of Frederick fburg, and 29 S. of Dumfries. FAREWELL CAPE, the moft foutherly headland of Greenland, at the entrance info Davis's- ftraits. Latitude 59, 37. long. 44 3'- FARM INCH AM, a town in Hertford county, Connecticut, N. of New Cambridge, and W. of Hertford. FE D'ANTIOCHIA, SANTA, the moft northern town of Po- pyan, a diftricl of Terra Firm a. It is fituated about 200 miles to the N. of Popyan city, near the confines of the province of Car- thagena, on the banks of the river Santa Martha, and near 180 miles to the S. of its conflux with the Magdalena. Thither the inha- bitants removed from another town called Antiochia, which was 15 leagues diftant from it; and now but fmaU, and thinly peo- pled; whereas Santa Fe d'Antio- chia is a confiderable place, being the capital of a government called the audience of Santa Fe. This town had the addition of Antio- chia annexed to it, to diftingnifh it from San taFedeBogata, S.America. FE, or FOY, SANTA, a place in the middle of Veragoa, a pro- vince in the audience of Guatima- la, where the King of Spain keeps officers for carting and refining gold. It ftands at the fource of a river which runs into the North- Sea. FB, SANTA, the capital of New- Mexico. It is fituated 130 leagues from the Tea, near the fource of llio del Nort, which running a great way through the country fouthward, and then FLO bending eaft, falls into the gulf of Mexico. Baudrand makes it nine leagues from that river. It is (aid to be a rich city, regularly built ; and is the fee of a bifliop, who is fuffragan to Mexico, as well as the feat of the governor of the country, who holds his pod for five years, and is then fuc- cceded by another. By fome it is called Santa Fe de Granada, and by others New Mexico, Lati- tude 7, 2.9. long. 77, 20. FISHERS ISLAND. It is fi- tuatcd about 5 miles from the coaft of Connecticut, near the mouth of the Thames river ; it Is E. and W. near 5 miles long, and about i and \ broad N. and S. FLORIDA, a country fituated on the E. fide of the Miflifippi- river, and extending to the fron- tiers of Carolina and Georgia, and forms an extenfive peninfula from lat. 25 to 31. This was difcovered by the Spaniards in 1511, and by the cruelties exer- cifed on the natives, it foon be- came a defai t, and the fmall num- ber of fettlements Spain formed here, which they never peopled, ferved lefs to make any advan- tage of the country, than to hin- der another nation from fettling in it ; and file was obliged, in 1763, at the peace, to yield it to Great-Britain, who divided it into colonies or governments, under the name of Eaft and Weft Flo- rida, whofc limits were fettled by proclamation, Oc"h 7, 1763. FLORIDA, EAST, comprehends all the peninfula; it is bounded on the N. by Georgia, and on the \V, by the river Apalachicola. It contains n million of acres, which is about the quantity of Ireland, Its foil, except in the middle, is very low, and cui into Jakes and rivers full of fifh ; the trees which cover it are not clofe together, as in the American fo- refts, but at a diftance from each other without any underwood. 1 he fhores are fandy or marfliy to a great distance within land, The FLO agitation of the waters violently attacking with a continual force its fouthern extremity, which they inceflantly wear away, has divided it into a great number of iilands, keys, banks, and rocks, whofe mafs bending from the W. to- wards the N. has followed the direction of the current. Thtfe feparations, in which are formed feveral channels for fmall veflels, were named by the Spaniards The Iflands and Keys of the Martyrs. Befides, the fituation of this co- lony between two feas renders the air colder, and the rains more frequent, than in the neighbouring parts of the continent. The mild- nefs of the feafons,and the whole- fome quality of the climate, be- came a proverb among its firft m afters, who u fed to refort thither from the Havanna, Vera Cruz, and feveral other places, for the recovery of their impaired healths. The country abounds with all forts of timber and fruit trees, efpecially oaks, firs, pines, but thefe lalt without bearing fruir, nut-trees, fmall cherry trees, iiiul- berry trees, both white and red, which here grow much larger than in any other part of America, ma- hogany, walnut, maple, a(h, Jen- tifques, limes, chefnut, cedar, lau- rel, and palm-trees, with vines, which grow naturally, of which la ft is a kind whofe grapes are lar- ger betwixt the two tropics; and it is reckoned as good as our man- chet, and fix times cheaper. Al- fo others that ferve for dying, as ftifiic, braziletto, logwoo'd, &c. the faflafras and tolu-tree ufed in phyfic ; the magnolia, tulip lau- rel, the tupelow-tree, &c. are be- come the greateft ornaments of gardens ; and other fhrubs which may become of great coHfequence in trade, fvtch as the myrtle-wax fhrub, which grows in every foil, the opuntia or cochineal fig-tree, the fenna fhrub, c. to this ma be added, that Eaft-Florida haf the greateft part of the fruit-tree of the New World, awi almoft al FLO thofe of Europe fucceed wonder- fully there ; where alfo may be cultivated to advantage not only all the productions of the Antil- les, but likewife filk, indigo, and vines. In 1772 they exported from this colony 30,000 weight of indigo, of an excel'ent quali- ty. It is the only Englifli (ettle- nient that produces much of the plant called Barilla or Kali, with which pearl-afhes are made, and of which the Englilb import a considerable quantity for manu- faft jring of glafs, foap, &c. All the fhores and overflowed lands sic covered wilh it. When this country was yielded to England, it was defolate in fome degree ; and as \tt it contains but a fmall num- ber of planters. One of the moft tlouriihiagf-ittlementsisMr.BoU's, which is S.of St. Auguftine, the ca- pital of the colony. In 1 770 E. Flo- rida received 50 (loops ami fitted out 52;. fo flouriihing is it in its infant ftate. Its ancient inha- bitants were exterminated by the Creeks ; a (kvage nation who lived further in-land. Here is a fort of grain like our oats, and when rightly prepared, exceeds our Ueft oat-meal. It grows Coon- taneoufly in marfhy places, and by. the fides of rivers, like rufhes. '1 he Indians, when it is ripe, take handfuls, a -id (hake them into their canoes, and what cfcapos di^m, falli'ig into the water, produces, without any further trouble, the next year's crop. In Florida they have alf> the tunas, a inoC! delicious food, efpecia'ly in hot weather; and fo who'efome, that, when ripe, Iiu- ropeans call it the cordial julap. Th?re is good beef, veal, and motron, with plenty of hogs, efpcclilly on the fea-coaft; a- corns, cocoa - nuts, and other rnafts. Here are not only cattle for draught of t!*e Tartar breed, but hortcs for the faddle, the latter incredibly cheap. Every where on this coatt is fhelter for vefTels, auu fonacumes a little fiihing and FLO hunting. It appears that fev* favages inhabit this part of the country. But this coaft is the. kingdom, as it were, of oyflers, as the great bank of Newfound- land, the gulph and river of St. Laurence, are that of cod and/ haddock. All the low lands on. the coaft, as far as they can be approached, are bordered with mangier-trees, to which adhere a> prodigious quantity of fmail oy- flers, of anexquifite tafte. Others a great deal larger, and not fo de- licious, are to be met with in the- fea ; and that in fuch numbers, that they form (helves therein, which at firft one takes for rocks level with thefurface of the water. WEST FLORIDA is feparated from Eaft Florida by the river Apahchicola on the Eaft, by the Gulf of Mexico on the South; on the North, by the 31(1 parallel of latitude ; and on the Weft, by the lakes Maurepas andPontchar- train and the river Miflifippi. Jt is a long land of more than So leagues, in which fet dements are enclofed, yielded to Great-Britain at the peace in 1763. The cli- mate is very hot, damp and un- healthy, particularly sear the fea; t'ne Strand takes up a great depth, it is a white and dry {and. Ai you advance into the country, which is tolerably even, the cli- mate becomes. more healthy, and the lands mere fruitful ; they get- every year two harvefts'of maize,, and have very good paftures with plenty of cattle. The trees and plants are nearly the fame as in Eaft Florida, but this affords feve- ral articles which are wanted there. The inland parts are alib much better. Pearls are to be found here in great abundance; but the Indians value our beads more. Upon the whole coaft, for 200 leagues, are feveral vaft beds of oyflers ; snd i;i the ficfh-water lakes and rivers is a fort of fliell-fifh between a mufcle and a pearl -oyfter, 14 H FLO which is found abundance of pearls, and many larger than or- dinary ; and on the coaft they of- ten gather ambergris. Here are two forts of cochineal; one the wild fort, which is far inferior to what is cultivated in the gardens and fields ; and the plant of which indigo is made, is very common in moft of the S. parts of this province. Here is to be found alfo, efpecially after high S, winds, a fort of ftone-piten, which the Spaniards, who call it copea, moiften with greafe, and ufe it for their veflels in the na- ture of piich ; than which they fay it is much better in hot coun- tries, it not being apt to melf. The high grounds contain mines of copper, iron, lead, and coal, and they find orpiment and fan- da rac in fevenl places. Great part of the inhabit ants are French, who build (hips and cultivate rice, cotton, and indigo. Their cotton is very tine, of a bright white, and their indigo is more brilliant than that from St. Domingo, The inhabitants of this colony amount to about 6coc; bur. they have lately increafed rapidly to- wards the MifTilippi. At prefent their chief trade is in furs and wood for dying and bu5ldinj>> In 1768 their ex orts amounted to 10,495!. th year following to jo, 806. In 1770 30 vefleis en- ter .d their ports, and they fitted out 41. On '.he banks of the Midifippi sre feveral fprings and lakes, which produce excellent fair. The p-lants producing hemp and flax aievery common in this country; and i hat fort of filk-grafs, of which arc made fuch (luffs as come from the Eafl Indies, called berb-flntfV. Vaft flights of pi- geons come hither at certain fea- ions of l he year, for above a Je?gue in length, and half as broad; which rood on the trees in fuch numbers, that they often Weak, down the branches, In FOR many places are mines of pit-coil, and iron-ore is often found near the furface of the earth, whence a metal is extracted little infe- rior to fteel. Here are alfo fome mines of quickfilvt-r, or rather the mineral from which it is ex- tracted, and only ufed by the na- tives to paint their faces and bo- dies in lime of war, ci high fef- tivals. With regard to the rivers which do not communicate, wi:h the Mi/fifippi, only two large ones arc betwixt it and the peninfula of Florida, namely, theCoza, CouiTa, or Mobile, and Palache, The diftance between thefe two rivers to the E. is about 190 miles; and the coaft between them is very deep and bold. The chief har- bour betwixt them allb, and in- deed the beft upon all this coafl of the Gulph ol Mexico, is Pen- facola. The other places in Flo- rida may be ften under the re- fpeclive names. FORIHSHKR'S STRAIT, fo called from the difcovcrcr of it, Martin Forbifher, who in 'the year 1578 found it out, in lat. 62, N. when he went a voyage in t)i;e(i of Groenland ; and from thence, forcing his way through the ice, he arrived at a place in thefe northern countries, which he called the Countefs of War- wick's Sound, where hedefigncd to build a fort; but part of the timber which he brought from England being loft, he returned home, loaded with a glittering fort of fand, which he had imagined to contain gold. (See Greenland.') FORDHAM, a manor in the county of W'eft-Chefter, and pro- vince of New- York. FoRT-RovAL, the capital of Granada, one of the Caribbee Iflands,in the Weft Indies, which lies at the bottom of a fpacious harbour, that is capable of con- taining 25 Ihips of the line with eafe and in perfect fecurity. It is fuuated at the S, W. end of the ERA ifland, where the feat of govern- ment is fixed, which retains the French divifion of the iftand into 7 quarters or parilhes. F o R T - R o Y A L, one of the principal towns in the ifland of Martinico, in the Weft Indies. It is the feat of government in the ifland ; its ftreets are regular, and houfes agreeable, and the in- habitants addicled to luxury. To the E. of the town, on a neck of land, is an irregular fort, badly built, and worfe deiigned, which gives name to the town it poorly defends. Since the peace the French have built a citadel, which has coft 325.000!. fterl. Its har- bour, where the men of war winter, is one of the beft in the Weft Indies. FRANCKFORT, a town of Philadelphia counry, Peufylvania. It is as well built, and as large, as Briftol town, in Buckingham coun- ty. The inhabitants were at lirft Swedes and Dutch, who had dwelt in feveral places of Penfylvan ; .a. The former fettled themfelves principally on the creeks near the frefhes, and the latter planted near Oxford, upon the bay. At Franckfort is a Church-of-Eng- land congregauon ; and in the town are ahout 80 families. It is about 4 miles E. of Philadel- phia, on a branch of the Delawar river. FRANCIS, Lake of, St. in the river of St. Laurence, belonging to Canada. It is 7 leagues long, and at moft 3 in its greareft breadth. The land on both fides is low, bin apparently pretty good. The road from Montieal to it lies a little to the S. W. and the Lac de St. Francois runs W. S. W. and E. N. E. FRANCIS, St. at the weflern extremity of Lac de St. Pierre, in Canada, is a vaft number of ifles of all dimenfions, called De Richelieu. In turning upon the left, as one comes from Quebec, are particularly fix ifhnds, which F R E border a deep neck of land, into which a fine river difcharges itfelfj whole fonree is in the neighbour- hood of New -York. The ifles, the river, and the whole country watered by ir, all go by the name of St. Francis. Each of the iilands is upwards of a large quarter of a leagus in length, bat of unequal breadth ; but the g.rcateft part of thole called Pe Richelieu are fmalier. la the river of St. Francis, and at its mouth, they Ca ch excellent fiih. In winter they make holes in the ice, through which padiog r.eti five or ii>i fathoms in length, they feldom draw them emp'y. The filh which they commonly take are, barbel, jilt-fifh, achi- gans, mafqsi.iouge^, a fpecies of pike with a head larger than that of ours, and a mouth under a crooked fnout. The foil of St. Francis, if we may judge of it by the trees produced on it, and the little which has hicJierto been cultivated, is very good ; yet the inhabitants are poor. FRANCOISE CAPE, in St. Domingo. See H-fpaniola. FRAN KS-To \v N, in Cumber- land county, Penfylvanii, fitu- ated among the mountains at the N. W. extremity of the province, 22 miles S. W. of Huntingdon, on the fame river, which runs in- to the Sufquehannah. FRAYLES, an ifland near the coaft of New Andalufia, on the Terra Firma. FREDERICA, fo called from Frederick late Prince of Wales, a town of Georgia, It is fuuatel in the middle of St. Simon's ifiand, near the coaft. Roun-l the place are good fortifications, at the mouth of the river Aba- tamha, particularly a regular for- ttefs, ihengthened by four baf- tions and a fpur-work, towards the river, mounted with feveral pieces of cannon. Here is a ma., giftracy as at Savannah, the ca- pital of the province, fupponed H ^ FRO at the expence of the truftecs for the colony of Georgia. In 1742, the Spaniards, having invaded St. Simon, tcok the fort of that name ; but, upon march- ing to befiege Fredcrica, were re- pulfed, and forced to quit the en- terprizf. This iflund is 13 miles long, and 3 or 4 broad, 20 leagues N. of St. Auguftine. The fort of St. Simon is 7 miles from the tow:*, jkfldes this are feveral fmali iflands in the mouth of the river, fortified. Lat. 31, 12. long. 8 r, 42. FRS D E RI c x's-To wis r , or Wi NCHESTER, an inland town in Freder'ck's county, Virginia, jjear the head of Opeckon creek, which runs into the Patowmack river. FREPERICKSBURG, 3 town in Spotfylvania, Virginia, 5 miles S. of Falmouth, 107 N. of Wil- liam/burg, on the S. bank of the Rappahannock river. It is 26 miles S. E. to Pert-Royal, 52 S. E. to HobbVHole, 61 to Bel- haven, 84 N. W. to Winchester. - FREEHOLD, the chief town of the county of Monmouth, in New E. Jerfey. F R o u s A c CH A N M E L, a (trait v lying between Neva Scotia and Cape Breton, which is no more than 5 common French leagues in length by i in breadth. FRONTENAC, a fort built by the French. It is fituared in Ca- nada, on the river St. Laurence, about !< o leagues above Quebec, and at about a Ihort league from its moirh uhcre it discharges it- fclf on the lake Ontario, or Pretty hke, called alib Fronten; c. [t was erefted with a view to fup- prefs the ravages of the Iroquois. 7 he winter about this place is much fhorter than at Quebec ; and the foil is fo wdl cul'ivated, as to produce ail forts of Euro- pean and Indian corn, with other fruits. The fort at firft was but indifferent, being only furround- d with mud banks and palli- FUN fades ; but afterwards its walJs, baftions, and other fortifications, were built of fquare (lone, found here in great plenty, and ready polifhed by the beating of the waves of the lake, on the N. fide of which it is erefted. It is a fquare of 4 baftions, a crunrttr of a league in circuit. Its fituation, indeed, has fornething in it that is very agreeable : the banks of the river pr.fent every way a landfcape beautifully varietal ed ; as likewife does the entrance into the lake Ontario, which is fown with iflands of difTerenr magnitudes, all well wooded, on a peninfula ; and near it is a good haven, where all forts of ve(fels may ride in fafety. Some of the colonies which came hiihcr, brought nith vlitm feveral forts of horned cattle, fowl, and other ufeful animals; fo that there is no want of any thing : and, be- fides, the fortifications are greatly improved. But the misfortune is, that the advantageous com- municaticn between this lake, Montreal, and Quebec, is fome- what difficult anil dangerous, on account of the river being fuil of rocks and waterfals, and may be eafily obftruckd by the am- bufcades of the Iroquois, who lie on each fide : fo that the French abandoned the fort, and damaged thofe works which they could not demolifh, in the year ]63g. But fince that time they retcok and repaired the place, and were in quiet poffeilion of it till the En}> Jiih. under the command of Co- lonel Bradftrcet, took it in ths year 1750, to whom it xvas con- firmed at the peace in 1763. FuNDY-B.AY, a hroe bay on the coaft of Nova Scotia, run- ning aTjo've 200 miles irrto the land, from Cape Sable', the moft fouthtrn point of Nova Scoria, to the ifthmus which joins that province to the continent. The mouth of it lies in lat. 43, 12. lor>g. 66 ; 40. CAN G ABORT, BAY or,isonthe S. E. coaft of Cape Breton. The entrance into it, which is 20 leagues from the ifles of Sr.Pierre, is a league in breadth, and lying between iflands and rocks. To every one of the former veflels may approach very near ; fome ftre'ch themfelves into the fea about a league and a half. The depth of this bay inland is two leagues, and here is good an- chorage. GALETTE, LA, a neck of land in the river St. Laurence, belonging to Canada. From the point oppoflte to 1'ifle de Mon- treal a road might be made to Galette, by which means 40 leagues of navigation would be avoided, which the waterfals ren- der almoft imprasflicable, and al- ways very tedious. The land about la Galette is very good ; and in two days time a bark may fail from la Galette to Niagara, with a good wind. La Galette is a league and a half above the fall Called les Galots. GALOTS, a waterfal fo called, which lies in the river Sr. Lau- rence, in Canada. ,It is the laft of the cafcades here. Betwixt the neck of land la Galette and les Gatots is an admirable coun- try, and no where can be feen finer forefts. GALOTS, L'JSLE AUX, an ifland in the river of St. Laurence, in Canada. It is fituated 3 leagues beyond 1'ifle aux Chcvrcs, in lat. 43, 33- GANOS, a place in Canada, where the Ohio or Fair rivtr joins that of St. Laurence. It is 60 leagues above the mouth of the letter, and 10 leagues more by land to the right hand, before one comes to the Ohio. At Ga- nos is a fpring, the wafer of which is like oil, and tallcs fer- juinous. A little further is a&o- GAS ther of quite the fame nature, which the favagcs make ufc of againft all forts of pains. GARDINER'S ISLAND, a final 1 ifland about 5 miles long, and one broad, at the E. end of Long Ifland, Ne-v York, on which are two pretty villager. GASPE, or GACKEPE, THE BAY AND HEADLAND OF, lies z 1'utie to ihe S. of Cape des Ro- fiers, in Canada. Below this bay one fees a fort of iHand, which in reality is no other than a fleep rock, about 30 toifes long, id high, and 4 broad. One would take it for the point or flope of an old wall; and it is aflbredi that it was formerly joined to Mount Joli, which lies oppolite to it on the continent. This rock has in its middle an opening in the form of an arch, through which a Bifcayan chaloupe may pafs under fail ; and on this ac- count it has had the name of 1'ille Percce. The natives of the dif- trlft of Gafpi are commonly dif- tinguifhed by the names of the rivers along whofe banks they live, the three principal of which are St. Jean, Kiftigonetie, and Mizamiche, or Miramichi, and by the French St. Croix. Tiny are tall and well fhaped, civil and hofpitabie ; and their women handfome and chatte. With legard to Gafpe itfc'f, it is not remarkable for anything, only that it takes its name from the bay on which it is fituated, and which lies between the Cape des Rcfitt-s,and 1'ifle Percce, or the Hollow Ifland, above mentioned. Ecfides this bay, are two other noted ons upon the coa(r, name- ly, dc-s Chalenrs and Campiieus ; all which are moftly frequented by fifherrr.cn, who commonly catcL falmoii, jack, cod,porpoifes, and the like. GASPE, the capital of a terri- tory called Gafjpffia, in Canada Proper, extending itfelf along the eaftern coafls of this province, B 3 G E O from Cape des Rcfiers, at -the mem h of St. Lawrence river, to another promontory uhich lies cppofite to Cape Breton, about no ieagues, and flretches much ft; .1 er inland. GzwssiE, Fort of, in the ri- ver of ,M. John, after the taking of Peutagoet, in 1674, by no *nen under the command of an Englishman in a Flemifh coifair, by furprze. fell Cdlily into our hands foon after. GEORGIA, a large tract of Jand between Carolina and Flori- da. It is feparated from South- Carolina by the river Savannah on the N. has the Atlantic Ocean on theE. is bounded by theMifli- Xippi on the W. and parted from the Floridas on the S. Its extent is 170 miles from N. to S. near the fea, but widens in the re- moter parts to above 150. It is divided icto the following coun- jties, viz. Savannah, vvliich con- tains the capital towns of Savan- nah and Ebenezer ; Halifax, has the town of Queenfborough ; Au- gufta, which has Augufta and Wrightfbojough ; and Southern, which hag Sunbury, a port of en- try, and FreJerica. George II. was pleafed to grant a charter, dated the gth of June, 1732, eonftitcrng a corporation under the name ef Trufiees for eftablifhing a colony in Georgia; which included all that country fituated in South-Carolina, which lies from the moft Nor -h cm ii ream cf the river Savannah, along the eoaft, to the mofi Southern ftream of the Alatamacha, and W. from the fources of the faic! rivers, re- fpedHvely in dlrecft lines, as far as the South or Pacific Sea. Georgia is b\;t indifTerer.'Jy peopled, tho' it is now upwards of 40 years lince its firft fettjement. Not one of our colonies was of fo (low a growth, though none had fo much cf the attewion of the go- vernment, or of the people in e- ftcral, or r^ifed 4b grcai txj[tcta~ G E O tions in the beginning. They export fome corn and lumber to the Weft-Indies, ihey raife fome r ce, and of late have gone with fuccefs into indigo. After pafUng the bars, (hips meet with a fecure and commo- dious harbour in the mouth of the Savannah river; and to the S. of it is a flill more capacious road, called Teky-found, where a large fleet may anchor in be- tween 10 and 14 fathoms water, being land-locked, and having a fcfe entrance over the bar. The tide of flood generally rifcs on this coaft to feven feet. This country produces Indian corn, as alfo wheat, oats, and bar- ky, of which the two bft grains grow beft. Very good wheat is likewife reaped in May; and they mow the grafs HI June. Here arc potatoes, pumpkins, water and imifk melons, cucumbers, all frrts of Englifh green peafc (which,, with proper care and culture, may be had almoft the whole year round), and garden-beans, but the WindiVr fort will not ftouriih here; Indian peafe, all fcrts of falading the year round, and all farts ot fweet herbs and pot-herbs. Here are nectarines, plumbs, and peaches; which three, efpecially the laft, are almoft as common as apple-trees are in Hereford fnire, 1 he plumos are ripe the begin- ning of May; peaches and nec- tarines the latter end of June. Here re no ha^ie-nut*, but chin- capins very fweet and geo^ ; wild grapes in abundan-re, wlv-eh are ripe in Jr.ne ; a? alfo four or five forts of good wind- berries ; pre- fimmins, much like or.r medbrs; -wild cherries, th?t grow in fprays like currant?, and are rsot mi'ch larger, but tafle like a fmall bhck cherry, and are ripe hi May. Here are a few Englifh cherries in the gardens and orchards ; alfo apple, -pear, and a few apricot trees: many of the apple-trees bcai- twice a' ye*r j but the laur G E O crop is fmall. Here are great qimmties of white m ulberry-trees, the fruit of which is not to com- pare wuh thofr of England, tho' the leaves are the belt food for the filk-xvorms. Olives flourifh here in the greateft perfection ; and fo do oranges, efpecially in the S. part of the province, where an orange-tree has been knourt, in feven years, to rife 15 feet from the root to the branches. The chief timber-trees are, pines in a- bundance, fix or feven fpecies of oaks, hiccory, black walnut, ce- dar, white and black cyprefs, white and red laurels, bays, myr- tle, of whofe berries they make candles; faffafras, an infnfion of which makes good drink ; beech trees, and many others which have no particular name. Infome places here the land is as good as any in Kngland, were there but hands enough to cultivate ir. This country alfords a great deal of wild game, particularly in winter, from Nov. to March, fuch ES wild gfcefl', ducks, teals, and widgeons, wild turkeys from 20 to 30 pounds weight, turtle-doves in abm.dance, euclewi, land- birds, woodcocks, and partridge?, but much frmiJer than in England ; deer, a creature between a rabbit and a hare, which is very good tating : and, when it is very cold weather in the Northern parts of America, here are vaft flights of wild pigeons, wh ; ch are very eafy to {hoof. The chief game here in the fummer feafon is deer and ducks. Here are many tygers, but fmall; and bears, the fteih of whofe cubs eats like that of youn^ pigs. Here are wild cattle, and wolves, that often run away with the calves of the tame ones. In the woods are abundance of makes, but none venomous, except the rattle-fnake. In the rivers are abundance of (harks and ailirra- tors. Here is plenty of fiih. With regard to (hell-fill), here are oyfters inauruerable, but not fo good as G E O the Englifh, crabs, clams, nvufcle*,, conchs, and very large prawns. Of all manufactures, none Teems fo practicable, and wirhal fo be- neTicial he;-e, as the raifmg of (ilk, the foil of Georgia being extreme- ly proper for the culture of mul- berry-trees, and the climate no lefs agreeable to filk- worms. The principal rivers are 'the Savannah, Altaniaha or George, and St. Ma- ry's, in Georgia, the laft dividing it from Florida ; and its chief harbours are the mouths of the rivers Savannah and Altamaha. The following account of the exports for twenty-three years,, Ihews the progrefs of the trade of the province : In the firft column is the year, the fecond contains the number of vclTels cleared, and the third the value in fterling mo- ney of the exports in each years 1750 8 20041. i75i ii 3io J 75 z 17 4841 ^753 23 6 4 C 3 17 54 42 95^7 1755 5 2 15,744 42 16,766- 1757 44 15,649 1758 21 8613 3 759 48 12,694. 1760 37 20.8^2 1761 45 15,870 1762 57 27,021 1763 92 47, 55* 1764 1765 148 73,426 1766 '54 81,228 176- J 54 67,002- ,7*2 186- 93,1^4 1769 181 8 6,4 So 1770 186 99-3^3 1771 185 106,387 1772 . i 217 121,677 Of tt'e exports in 1771 about 20,000'. was froin Sun bury, and the re, : t from Savannah. The number of white inhabi- tants is very en certain. The num- ber of negroes and other /laves is fuppofed to be 14,000 ; that of free necrroes, mulacioes, &c, very inconfutcrahie. G E R Tbe fum granted in 1773, to defray the expences of govern- ment for the three preceding years, was 5171!. 155. io*d, ; to raife which, every 100 acres of land, and every Have, was taxed 2S. 6d. goods imported, 75. 6d. per cent, which are the principal articles; other fmaller articles were taxed in proportion. The principal town of Georgia is Savannah ; which fee. GEORGE TOWN Diflricl, in S. Carolina, includes all places be- t\veen Santee river, the fra, and the line which divides the parifhes cf St. Mark and Prince Frederick, which is continued in the fame courfe acrofs Pedee river to the N. Carolina boundary, GEORGE TOWN, a fua-port in the above diftritl, at the mouth of the Pedee river, and has a good harbour of its own name, where refides a collector, &c. to receive the duties ; at the mouth of \\hich is Craven Ifland. S T. G E o R G E'S TOWN, a town in Newcaftle county, Dela- war, Penfylvania, 9 miles N. of Noxan, and 10 S. W. of New- call Je. ST. GEORGE'S TOWN, the capital of the ifland of Granada, in the Wefl Indies. It began to be conflrucled fmce the peace of 3762, and was defiroyed in 1771, by a dreadful fire, and on Nov. i. 1775, a g ain iuffered the like misfortune, when, as the hoofes, which were become very numerous, were built moflly of wood, tK-y were all deflroyed, to the lofs of above i;cc,ccol. -. ST. GEORGE'S RIVER, in the county of Lincoln, in the pro- vince of New Hampfhhe, New- England It is 2 leagues S. W. from Penpbfcpl - Bay, and is a mile wide at the mouth, on which is a fort of the fame name, 2 miles above which the navigation is cbftrucled by feveral falls. GE R M AN TO w N, in the coun- ty of Philadelphia, and province G O Y of Penfylvania, is the moft con- fiderabie place, next to the city of Philadelphia, in all this country; and is a corporation, confining of High and Low Dutch : in it arc between 2 and 300 houfes : peach- trees are planted all along befrre the doors; and the town is very pleafant, and well cleared from trees : 5 miles N. from Phila- delphia. GINGER ISLAND, one of the frnalier Virgin Ifles, fituated be- tween the Round Reckon the N. and Cooper's Ifle on the S. be- tween which is the King'sChannel* Long. 62, 53. lat. 18, 5. GLASSEN BURY, a town in Hertford county, Connecticut, about i mile E. of the Connecli- cut river, 4 miles S. E of We- therfiHd, and 8 miles N. E. of Hadham. GLOCESTEH, a county and town in W. Jerfty, not above 4 miles from Philadelphia, on the river L-elawar. GLOC ESTER, a maritime town in the county of Eflex, MaflJchu- il-tJ-Bay, New England. It is fituated on the iflhmus of the peninfula that forms Cape Ann. GLOC ESTER, a maritime town in Gloceiter county, Vir- ginia, on a point of land the N. f;de of York River, which is de- fended by a fort oppofite York city. GOLD RIVER, according to Wafer, lies to the fouthward of the river Santa Maria, in the Terra Firma, or Iflhmus of Da- mn, affording gold-clult in great plenty ; whence it has obtained its name. G o s T E N , a village in the county of Orange, and province of New York. It is fruitful in cattle, cheefe, parture, and butter. Near it aie woods of white cedar and black walnut-trees. GOYGGOUIN, the third can- ton of Nova Scotia, bordering on New York 10 the wtftward ; and hence, with thofe of Onneyoutb, G O Y Onant.igne, and Tfonnouthonan, following each other in order, are Cilled the Upper Cantons, unlefs they have been fo denominated from meeting with them in the arrangement as one goes up the river of St. Laurence, and the lake Ontario, through which that river runs. This canton of G^yogouin furpaflesali the others in the goo-lnefs of the foil, and mildnefs of the climate : and the inhabitants appear the mo ft trac- table arnongft all the Iroquois. Over the whole extent of thefe five cantons, our European fruit- trees may be cultivated with fuc- cefs : feveral grow of themfelves there without culture ; and others are to he found there which are unknown to us. The forefts in thcfe parts abound with chefnut and filbert-trees of ail forts : the one bears a fruit which is quite mild, and the other very bitter : but paffing them through alhes, a good oil is extracted from them by means of A mill, fire, and wa- ter, in the fame manner as we do from linfeed. In feveral places are cherries without kernels, very good to eat ; alfo a tree, the bloflbm of which refembles our white lilly, and its fruit of the fiie and colour of an apricot, with the tafte and fmell of a citron. Here is qlfo a wild citron- tree, which is very fmall : its fruif, of the magnitude of a china-orange, is very agreeable to the tafle, and very ivfrefhing : it iflues from the middle of two leaves, which are of the form of a heart ; but the root of this plant is poifon. Here arc apple-trees, t he apples on which are of the figure of a goofe-egg, and the feed a kind of bean : this fruit is f.veet-fcented, and very delicious : u is a dwarf-tree which requires a rich and moid foil s the L-'Kjviois hive brought it from the country of the Ericz. Thefe dif- trifts have a great many roofs which arc fit for dying, and fome. G R A of them give a very lively colonrv See Irrquois. GOYOGOUIN.S, BAY OF, in No\a Sconi, lies 10 leagues from the river of Onnoniague. All the coalt in this (pace is intermixed with marfhes and high grounds a little Tandy, covered with very fine trees, especially oak. A pe- ninfula well-wooded ftretches out to the middle of a bay, and forms a kind of theatre. On the left hand, at entering it, one per- ceives in a corner a little ifland, which hides the mouth of a river, by which the Goyogouins go down into the lake. GRACIAS A DJTOS, a town belonging to the province of Hon- duras, or Comaiagua, and au- dience of Guatimib. It is fiiuat- ed at the mouth of a river upon a rocky mountain, which has fome gold mines in its neighbourhood; and it was built the fame year as Vallidolid the capital, from which it lies about 27 leagues to the W f for the fecurity of the miners. G KAN AD A, ISLAND OF, or GRENADA, one ot the Caribbee Iflands. It is fituated in latitude 12, 10. and longitude 43, 40. about 20 leagues N. W. of To- bago, and id N. of New-Anda- lufia, on the continent of Ame- rica, to which this is the neareil of all the French iflands in the Antilles, 30 leagues S, W. of Barbadoes, and 70 from Marti- nico. Irs extent from N. to S. being 9 leagues in length, and 5 where broadeft, it is twice as large as St. Chriflopher's, and about 24 leagues in compafs. This ifland, has a chain of mountains, fome of which are very high, erodes it from N. to S. Ifc enjoys a good air; and has a foil fo fruitful, that all the trees upon it, both for fruit and tim- ber, are better, ftraighter, taller, and larger, than thofe in the neighbouring iilands, the cocoa-, tree excepred, which does not grow fo high here as in the other G R A neighbouring iflands. The moft remarkable tree in this ifland is the LatiB-trce, which, has a tail trunk; and, inftead of boughs, bears leaves, like fans, in long ftalks, which, growing together in bundles, ferve for the roofs of houfes. Here are falt-pits, and plenty of armadillos, whofe fiefh is as good as mutton, and is the principal food of the inhabitants, befides tortoifes and lumantins. The coaft has abundance of fine vallies, watered with good rivers, moft of which ifl'ue from a lake at the top of high mountains in the middle of the ifland : and one of them runs into the fea on the S. W. where the Chore is low, with good anchorage at the dif- tance of 12 leagues ; but an ex- ceeding ftrong current, which both ebbs and fl)us in a few ki>urs. Round the illand arc fc- vcral litre bays and harbours, which ferve for mooring of fiiips, and landing cf goods, and foaie of the ha hours are fortified. '1 he whole E. coaft is very fafe clofc \>y the ihore, and the ifland is net fubjeft fo hurricanes. In fhort, the foil is capable of producing all the commodities of the cli- mate. Its particular articles, be- fides cattle and wi'd fowl, are fugar, ginger, indigo, and to- bacco, with milkt and peafe. Along the fhore run mountains, and alfo about the barbour, where the habitations are ; but all the reft is a very fine country ; and here is good travelling either for horfes or carriages, Its principal port, called Fort Royal, (lands in the middle of a large bay on the S. W. fide of the ifland, having a Tandy bottom, vrhere 2.5 (hips of the line may ride fee ore from fiorms ; and thd harbour will contain ico (hips of loco tons, moored. Near the har- bour is a large round bafon, parted from it by a fand. bank, whi h, if cur, would hold a vaft number of vtflels : by rcafon of this bank G R A large (hips are obliged to pafs within Eo paces of one of the tuo little mountains at the mouth of the harbour, and about h.'lf a mile afunder. Upon one of thefc a French engineer ere Till the year 1759, it was fub}eft to the French; when Commo- dore Moor and General Barring- ton entirely reduced it to the obedience of Great Brilain. Gua- diloupe is the largeft and one of the fineft iflands which belonged to the French in thofe parts ; be- ing, near 60 leagues in circuit, It is divided into two parts by a channel not a league and a half long, and from 30 to 8 yards broad, called the Salt-river, na- vigable for barks of 50 tons bur- then ; which runs N. and S. and communicates with the fea on both fides, by a large bay at each end, of which that on the N. is called Grand Cul de Sac, and that on the S. Petit Cul de Sac, The E. part of the ilhnd is tailed Grande Terre, and is about 19 leagues frohi Antigua point on the N. W, to the point of Guada- loupe en the S. E. and about 9 leagues and - in the middle, where broadeft ; and about $O leagues in circuit. The W. part, which is properly Guadaloupe, is fob-divided by a ridge of moun- tains, into Cabes-terre on the V7. and Bafle-terre on the E. This is 13 leagues and from N. to S, and 7 and | where broadeft : and 35 leagues in circuit. Both parts would be joined by an ifth- nms a league and a \ in breadth, were it not cot through by the ud canal. The cold on thofe rock<> fuflcrs nothing to grow but fern, and fome uftlefs trees co- vered with mof. Towards the S. point at the fummit of them, rifes fo high as to be loft out of fight, in the middle region of the air, a mountain called the Sulphur Mountain, which exhales, out of an opening 100 feet wide, a thick and black fmoke, mixed with fparks, which are vifi'ole in the night. Out of thefe mountains run a great many ftreams that car- ry fruitfulnefs into the plains which they water, and temper the burning air of the climate. The GU A whole ifland is divided into * . parifhes, 14 in Guadaloupe, and ' 8 in Grand Terre. Grande Terre is detthute of frefh water, and 2,5 leagues in compafs: both iflands togetherabout 60. The Salt-river" is aho.it 50 toifes or 300 feet over at its mouth, towards the Great Cul de Sac, from whence it grows narrower ; fo that in Com? places it is not above 90 feet over. Its depth is likewife as unequal as its breadth ; for in fome places ic will ca. ry a fhip of 500 tons, and in others hardly bear a veflel of 50. It is a fmooth, clear ftream, from the one Cul de Sac to the other, and finely fhaded, for the molt part, with mangroves. The air is very clear and healthy, and not fo hot as in Martinico. Here is alfo plenty of water, and as good as the foil is rich ; which laft is not inferior to that of Mar- tinico. It is as well cultivated, and fortified with equal ftrength. Irs produce is the fame with that of Marcinico, and its export of fugar is as great, befidcs indigo, cotton, and th-o-fe other com mo- di lies produced in a!i the ifhnds of that part of Aaicrica called the Weft Indies The chief product of the foil, is caflacta tobacco, cafTia, ban-' nanas, pine-apples, ftore of rice, maize, and potatoes. Some of the mountains are overgrown with trees ; and at the fooc of of hers are large plains, watered by frelh and fweet (h earns. Here are fc- veral boiling hot fprings-; parti- cuhily one' to the W. fi'le near the ifland of Goyaves. The two gulphs called the Culs de Sac, abound with tortoifes, fliarks, pi- lots, and the other fifh common to thefe feas : and here is a!un- dance of thofe called land-crab's, with fwarms of rnufqu'.tos and gnais. The forts cf this ifland, are, I. Fort .Lewis in the Grande Ter- re, on the E. fide of the bay called Petit Cul dc Sac, It ia too I * G U A high to defend the veflels that an- chor at the bottom of it ; and therefore they have creeled a re- doubt below it, with a battery of ijx guns, which play into the road. From this fort may be ften not only the greateft part of the Cabes-terre, and Grand Cul de Sac, and many fmall iflands in the Petit Cul, with the iflands of Xaintes, but alfo the moun- tains of Dominica in clear wea- ther. This fort lies in the parifh of Gofier, on the Grande Terre. Certain abylTes are in the Grande Terre, which are great indentures made in the land by the fea, af- fording (belter for veflels, in very deep water, from the hurricanes or an enemy ; and where they are moored to palmetto-trees on each fide. 2. The Great Cul de Sac con- tains a bafon five or fix leagues in length, from the point of Grofle IVJorne, in the Bade Terre, to that of Antigua, in the Grande Terre. It is alfo nearly three leagues in the broadeft part, and at leaft one in the narrowed ; with fafe riding for (hips of all rates. 3. The Petit Cul de Sac is a populous, well cultivated, and trading parifli, to the N. of that of Goyaves : and both are in the Cabes-terre, on the E. fide of Gaudnlonpe Proper. Here are no ids than eight rivers, beficies near as many brooks that run into the iea. in the fpace of four leagues, hftwixt the river of Coin, which is to the \V. of the Salt-river, and the Brick-kiln river. Ginger comes up extremely well in the E. part of Gaudalunpe Proper, betwixt the Great Cul de Sac and the river of Cabes-ferre; .nd though the climate of thcfe ifiands is very hot, the people eat a vaft quantity of it, even when green. The Cabes-tcrre river, called the Great river, is in feme places 1 80 feet wide. Its water is very clear ; but almoit impafTa- ble by reaibn of numerous rocks. G U A The next river to the S. is the Grand Carhet, and a little further is the Grand Bananiers, that ter- minates the quarter called Cube?- terre, which is by much the fined part of the ifland. For from this river to the Grofs Morne, where begins the Grand Cul, it is a very even country, near 20 leagues in extent by the fea-fule ; which is only a league in fome places, and at mod but four from the moun- tains. The quarter of the Trois Ri- vieres on the S. E. fide is four miles troad, with a good foil for fugar-canes, and Teveral ccnfidtr- able fettlements. They have here at the S. end, what they call the Old Fort, for the fecuriiy of the coaft, which is very even, has good anchorage, and fmooih wa- ter ; where, fhould an enemy make a de/cent, and pofltfs themftlves of this part, they might cut off the communication betwixt the Cabes-terre aod Bafle- terre, and fo make themfclvts mafUrs of the whole. In the fuiphur moun- tains is a redoubt called Dos d'Afnc, to which, upon a de cent, they fend their beft efFe&s, wives, children, See. But the country lure is fo full of woods and preci- pices, that a handful of men might keep off an army. The river of the Galleons on the S. W. fide, where is another fort, is a confiderable river; and when fordable, the only paffage from the Cabes terre to the Bafie- terre. Here is excellent anchor- age, but the water lafles of ful- phur and vitriol, caufmg fluxes. The chief fort of the whole ifland is that at the town of Bafle- terre, two leagues N. from the point of the old fort; which at the fii(T peopleing confided of two confiderable towns, one clofe by the river St. Louis, or the Ri- viere des Peres* i. e. the Jacobite Friars river; the other on both fides of the Bailiff liver, where was at firft a chapel, now turned G U A ro a parochial church. But the former having been carried away twice by the inundations of the river in hurricanes, the inhabi- tants removed towards the fort, where they built the town of St. Louis, which is now the princi- pal to^vn of the ifland, having fe- veral churches, monafteries, &c. and a caflle with four bulwarks, befides a fort on a neighbouring mountain : yet it has been ruined morc than onee. In 1691 it was burned by the Englilh, together with fome other forts; and when entirely rebuilt, it was carried away 'by an inundation' of the river Bailiff. It was begun to be re- built when the Englifh burnt it again in 1703, together with Magdalen and other forts. Acon- f>derable addition is planned to be added to it, called Le Bourg, which will make it the hanfomeft of any in the colony. This fort ftjnds- upon higher ground than trie town r its walls-are wafhed on the S. E. by the river Galleons ; on the S.W.- it feces the fea, be- ing only 100 paces from it; and on the N. VV. fide it looks towards ttie tow-n and the mountains. The moft confiderable part of the town is between the fort and the river of He-rbs; and this is- pro-- perly the town of BafTe-terre; and' that which-extends from the river to the brook of Billan, is called- the town of St. Francis, from a church and convent- of Capuchins in it..- In May, 1759; by the unanimity between Commodore Moore and General Barringtorj, together with the great valour pi the Britifh troops, this ilUnd canje gradually, and in a very fhort time, into our hands; as did that of Murigalante foon after; but by the Peace in 1763 it was re- turned to the French. Betwixt the river Bailiff on the W. and the great river of Goyaves, or St. Charles, on the L. are the ruins of. another fortification de- flroysd by the Engtilh in 1651, G U A All the ground between the Bai . Jiff river, and that of Pieffis, is called the Marub of St. Robert. .The top of the Sulphur moun- tain, to which you muft pafs- over the ri.ver St. Louis, is bare,, withoat any thing but fern, and forne ferry i'hrubs full of mofsr From hence may plainly be icen not owly Dominica, the Xaiv.tes iflands, and Marigalame, but.a- cirar view of Mariinico one way, as well as Mouierrat, Nevis r andt the neighbouring iilands, the other. Round the hill are burnt ftones and whitilh sfhes, which fmell flrong of fuiphur. Thefe increafc the higher you afcended ; and at the top, which is a vaft rugged' platform, cohered with all fues o-f burnt ftones ; fmoke HFues out from fuiidry clefts and chinks. di the E.-llJe of the mountain are two mouths of this Sulphur pit, one of which was oval, and judged to be about ico feet in its greated dianietc-r ; every now and then e.r.itting thick clouds of fmoke, with fparks of fire. The negroes who fell brim Clone- fetch it from this mountain. About 200 paces below the lea ft and loweft mouth are 3 little pools of very hot water, 4 or 5 paces afun- dcr,.the biggeft of which may be about 6 feet in diameter. Its wa- ter is very dark- coloured, aad fmclls like that in a frmth's forge,- 1 he fecond is whitifh, and has the tafte of alum. The third is- blue,, and of a vitriolic taftc.. He-re arcalfo fcveral fmali fprings,. which, uniting, form divers rivers or torrents; one of them, called the White river, from the afnes and liilphur covering, it, .falls- into that of St. Louis, The middle and bottom of this burning moun- tain are as different from tbe top as if in q:ii.e another country, be- ing covered with a delightful vtr- dure of tall trees and herbage, watered with abundance of ' jivxj- lets, and very carctully cultivated.. The French, when they G IS A G U A nanas, 2118 fqnares of land with yams and potatoes. Among its plantations were 72 anattas, 327 cajflia-'rees, 134,204 cacxe-trees, 5, 881,176 coffee -trees, 12,155,769. plants of cotton, 21,474 i^'ares of land with fugar-cancs. The woods take up 22,097 fquares of land; there are 20,247 f paflure or favannas, and 6405 uoculti- liere in 1635, began by attacking For provifions it had 30,476^21$ tbe Caribhs, who pofleflf.d the holes of manioc, 2,819,262 ba- ifland. This war was followed, lS. GUASTAC A, or PAN u co, (which fee,) a province which bor- ders on New Leon, and Mexico, in which province they gather- cochineal and feveral grains, and it abounds with very rich filver mines. All the fhores are low, overflowed, unhealthy, and full of fait marfhes ; in other refpecls it is like Tlafcala. Go ATI MALA, Audience and Province of, in New-Spain, is a- bove 750 miles in length, and 450 in breadth. It is bounded on the N. by Chiapa and Vcra- paz ; on the S. and W, by the SoHth-Sea, and on the E. by- Honduras. It abounds in choco- late, which they make ufe of in- fread of money. It has IT. pro- vinces under it ; and the native G U A Americans, umler the dominions of Spain, profefs chriftianityj hot it is mixed with a great many of their own fuperftitions. There is a great chain of high moun- tains, which run acrofs it from E. to W. and it is fubjecr. to earthquakes and ftorms. Jt is, however, very fertile, and pro- daces great quantities of choco- late, cochineal, cotton, and indi- go. The merchandize of this province are generally conveyed to the port of St. Thomas, in. the bay of Honduras, to be fent to Europe. The way acrofs this province ta the South-Sea is about 65 leagues, and is the next to that from Vera Cruz to Acapulco. St. Jago de Guatimala was the capital of the whole audience; a large and rich town, wkh a bi- (Iiop's fee, and an urriverlity, but it was fwallowt'd up by an earth- quake in April, 1773. It 'con- tained about 60, coo' inhabitants of all colours, and was immenfe- ly rich, but there are no traces of it left. The lofs was eftimated at 15 millions (lerling r in mer- chandise; and it was the third city of the Spanifh, empire m America. GUATIMAI.A, the Volcano of,, is a mountain which throws out fire and fmoke. St.. Jago de Gua- timala was atmoft ruined by it ins 1541. It was rebuilt at a good diftance from this dreadful moun- tain, which totally demolifhed it in April, 1773. GUAVES. PETIT, in St. Do- mingo. See Hiffcmlola. GUAXACA, a province be- longing to theaudienceof Mexico, or New Spain. It reaches from the bay of Mexico on the N. to the South Sea on the S. having the province of Tlafcala on the N. W, and thofe of Chiapa, Gua- timala, and Tabafco, on the E. It extends nearly 95 leagues along the South Sea, 50 along the bay of Mexico, and near 120, fay ibme, along the cuiiJines of Tlaf. G U A crata, but not above 50 on tliofe of Chiapa., The air here is good, apd the foil fruitful, efpecially in mulberry-trees ; fo that .it pro- duces more fiik than any province in America. Exceft the valley of Guaxaca, the greatett part is mountainous, yet abounding uith wheat, cattle, fugar, cotton, ho- rey, COCOH, plantanes, and other fruits. It has rich mints of gold, filver, and lead; and al! its rircrs have go)d in their fand;<. Caffia, cochineal, cryftal, and copptras, abound- alfo here. Were the peo- ple of this province inclu fir ions, they might be the richeft in the Weft Indies ; but they are accuf- tomed to a lazy life by the clergy, who have 120 rnonattcries, befscles Several hofpitals, fchools, and o- ther places of public charity, in- fomuch thit the Indians purclrafe provifions principally by the gold which the women pick up in the rivers. This province was for- merly reckoned to contain 150 confiderable towns, befides up- wards of 300 villages ; but no* it is faid to be thinly inhabited. Great part of the eftates belong- ing to the Cortez family lie in tiiis country. The It-aft difficult pafs from one fea to ano'.her is through this province by the ri- ver Guazahualcos to the pott De la Ventofa, in the gulf Tcquan- tepec. The mountain of Cocola, which feparates this province from Tlafcala 3 has mines of gold, fil- vcr, ciyftal, vitriol, and different forts of precious ftones. The vanilla, a drug ufed as a perfume to give chocolate a fla- vour, is the produce of Guaxaca. It <>rows, indeed, in divers parts of Mexico, b-jt no where fo plen- tifully as in this province. GUAXACA, the capital of the laft -mentioned province bearing its name, in New Spain, It is the fee of a biftop, and the re- fidence of a governor. It lies 120 miles VV. of Sptrito Santo, and 230 S. of the city of Mexico, 1* in the fame direction from G U I the gulf of this laft name, arxT S. of Vera Cruz, in the delight- ful valley of Guaxaca, which is 1 8 miles in length, and 12 in breadth, and in the road leading through Chiapa to Guaumala. - Here is a very (lately cathedral, and ir contains feveral thoufand families, both Spaniards and In- dians. Of the former are feveral which ere rich, and defcended from the old Spanifh governors. This, though a middling city,, and but indifferently built, carries on a confiderablc trade both with the North and South Seas. The river here is not fortifieji ; fo that fmall veflels might eafjly fail up and fubdue the country. The* beft chocolate in America is made htre by the nuns, and exported from hence to Spain. In ihis valley, which Charles V, of Spain gaveCortez, with the title of Mar- quis del Vtlle, are feveral rich towns, eloifters, and churches ; with an excellent breed of horfes, and great herds of black cattle and 0>eep, which furnift) the clo- thiers of Los Angelos with wool, and Spain with hides. The Cre- olian clergy here are as great ene- mies to the Spanifh clergy as ihe native Americans are. Accord- ing to fome, the proper name of Guaxaca is Aniiquera ; but this laft others make a feparate town, and bi (hop's fee alfo, fituated a- bout 80. miles to the S. W. It i? faid to have a (lately cathedral, adorned with many large and h ; gh pillars of marble, each of which is as one entire ftone. It is fituated in lat. 18, 2. long.. JOJ, JO. GUIARA, a town of Terra; Firma. It has a harbour on the Caracoa coaft, 212 miles E. of Maracaibo; where, in the years 1739 and 1743 the Englifh were twice repulfed, and loft fome men- in attacking this place. It lies in, lat. 10, 39, S. long. 66, i. GUILDFORD, an inland coun- ty in the diftrid of SaliAnuVj in HAM H HACHA, RlO DE LA, On the coaft of Terra Firma. The Spaniards formerly called it Nueftra Senora de los Neieves, and afterwards De los Remedies. It is fituated on the banks of the river of the fame name, namely, Rio de la Hacha; and but a fhort mile from the fea-coaft upon a little hill, and containing not much above 100 houfes. It lies about 246 miles E. of Carthagenn. It is fituated within the govern- ment of St. Martha, and is the fecond city of the province. It is but fmall, but fortified, and the Indians about it do not ac- knowledge the yoke of the Spa- niards ; they are generally fhep- herds, and breed vait flocks in their fruitful pafhires which their plains and mountains afford them. HAD HAM, E. and W. two to'-vns in Harrford county, Con- ne ti(h troops retired when they eva- cuated Bofton in March, 1776. HAMPSHIRE, a county, the weftern extremity of MalTachu- H A V fets-Bay. through which Conner* ticut river runs; and.it is the lead cultivated of any of the counties of this province. HAM P STEAD and HIGH- GATE, two villages, inland, be- longing to Georgia. They are about a mile afunder, and 4 miles from Savannah, the capital of the province. The inhabitants apply themfelvcs principally to garden- ing, and fapply the town with greens, pot-herbs, roots, &e. HAMPTON, a maritime town in Elizabeth county, Virginia, at the bottom of a bay near the mouth of James river, 15 miles S. E. from York. H A M i> T o N, EAST and SOUTH, two towns in Long Ifknd, in the province of New York, and county of Suffolk, on the S. E. coaft. HA.VOVER, a town in York county, Penfylvania, 17 miles S. W. of New York, 7 S. of Berwick, and the fame distance N. from the limits of Maryland. HA R LEY, a village in the county of Ulfter, in the province of New York. HARTFORD, a town inChowen county, and diftricl of Edenton, in N. Carolina. It is fituated on Perquimans river, which empties itfelf into Albemarle found, from whence it is diftant about 15 miles S. E. and about 13 N. from Edenton. HARTFORD. See Hertford. HARWICH, a town in Barn- ftaple county, Plymouth Colony, New England, on the N. fide of the peninfula, on a fmall creek of Cape Cod or Barnftaple ba)'. It is fituated near the middle of the peninfula, 6 miles W. of Ea(l- ham, and 10 from Chatham. HATFIELD, a town in Hamp- fhire county, MaflTachufets-Bay, on Mill river, which runs into Connefticut river. It is 5 miles N. E. from Northampton, and 4 fr-jm Hadley. HA V ANN AH, a city fituated on the N. W. part of the illand H A V of Cuba, one of the Greater An- tilles, at the entrance of the gulf of Mexico. The city and port of Havannah (lands 191 miles almoft directly S. of Cape Florida, and confecjuently commands the gulf of that name. It was built in 1511. It was originally called the port of Careunas ; afterwards, when the city, by its alteration of file, and encreafe of wealth, grew confiderable, it was called St. Cbriftopber of the Havannah. In 1536 it was taken by a French py- rate, and was of fo inconfiderable a value, that it was ranfomed for 700 pieces of eight. It was taken feme time after by the Ep.gHfh, and a ftcord time by die Frt nch ; nor was it till the reign of Philip II. of Spain, that the importance of it was thoroughly unHej fto<->d, and any care taken in foitifying it. V hat was thtn done proved act fufficienr, and moft of (he fortifi- cations CR- in n vrry had conc'i- tirn when Fifencis Coreal was therf in 2666; and very Hale bet- ter when he vifited it again, 20 ye*r$ afterwards. Since the ac- ceflion of the Honfe of Bourbon to the throne of Spain, more pa'ns hare been taken about it, and therefore we (hall defcribe fjrft the city, and then the port, in the condition they now are. 7 he city of Havannah, accord- ing to the laft and exact map of thefe p?rts, lies in 23, 10, of lat. and confecjuently within 22 of the Tropic of Cancer; and its long, fror. London is 82, 13. It (lands on the N. fide of the ifland, and Vf. fide of the harbour, HI a very beautiful and pleafant plain, ha- ving the fea before ir, and being furrounded on all fides by two "branches of the river Lagida. The buildings, tho' low, are built of ftone. and make a very good appearance, though but meanly furnifhed. Here are feveral hand- fbme churches, monafteries, and hofpitals* The churches are rich and magnificent, that dedicated H A V to St. Clara having 7 altars, all adorned with plate to a great va- lue; and the monaftery adjoining contains 100 nuns, with their fer-. vanls, all habited in blue. It is not a bifhop's fea, though the bi- Ihop generally refides there ; but the cathedral is at St. Jago, and the revenue of this prelate not lefs than 50,000 pieces of eight per annum. The number of in- habitants in this city are about 15,000. One piart of the ifland is under the jurifdiction of this ci'y, as the other is under that of St. Jago ; but the di drift belonging to the Havannah is by far the btft cultivated, and has the moft towns and villages in it ; and thefe are not above 6 in mimbtr The port is not only the bed in the Weft-Indies, but perhaps one of the fined in the univerfe. It is fo capacious, that icco fail of fhips may ride there commo- diouOy, without either cable or anchor; and there is, generally fpeaking, 6 fathom water in the bay. The entrance is by a chan- nel about 2 fourths of a mile in length, which is pretty narrow, and of difficult accefs to an enemy, being well defended by forts, and platforms of guns; which is ren- dered more difficult fmce 1762, when the governor ordered three men of war to be funk there j and through it jou come into the bay, which lies like a bafon at the bottom .of it, with a fmali ifland at the E. corner thereof. At the entrance of the channel there are 2, ftrong catties, which are fuppofed to be capable of de- fending the place againfl any number of fhips. The firft of thefe is called the Moro, and ftands on the F. fide of the chan- nel. It is a kind of a triangle, fortified wiib baftions, on which are mounted about 40 pieces of cannon, ft tied the twelve apo flics, almoft level with the water, and carrying each a bnll of 36 pounds, On the' other fide of the than- H A V nel (lands a ftrong fort, called the Punra, a regular fquare, with good baft tons, well mounted with cannon ; which fort, &c. (lands fo very high above the level of the fea, that it is impoffible for the largeft (hips to batter them. Between this city and the fea there is a watch-tower, where a man fits in a round lanthorn at the top, and, on the appearance of (hips at fea, puts out as many flags from thence as there are fail. The third is (Hied the fort; it is a fmall, but ftrong work on the VV. fide, to- wards the end of the narrow chan- nel, with four large baftions, and a platform, mounted with 60 pieces of heavy cannon. Befides thefe, there are two forts, one on the K. fide, called Cajemar, the other on the W. called the fort of Chorrera, of 12 guns each. The governor has a very numerous garrifon, this being the key of the Weft-Indies. The commerce in this port is the mod conCderable of any in America, and for the fake of per- fpicuity we will divide it into the particular commerce of the i(]e of Cuba, and into the general by the regifter-mips. The former con- filts in hides, fugar, tobacco, gin- ger, maftic, aloes, farfaparilla, o- ther drugs, and great quantities of tortoife-(hell. It muit be ob- ferved, that the commerce of the iiland of Cuba is not entirely con- fined to the Havannah, but ex- tends itfelf to other ports, particu- larly St. Jago, where there are frequently many little veflels from the Canaries, and other parts, which trade entirely for the com- modities of the country. As to the general commerce, this port is the place of rendezvous for all the fhips, particularly from Porto Bello, and Vera Cruz, which re- turn into Spain from the Indies ; fo that there are frequently 50 or 60 fail in the port at once. While they ride here, there is a fair 1 Jsept on fhore, where they trade H A V -for immenfe Turns; and with fo great honour, that it is faid they never open the bales, but take the goods according to the bills of parcels, without any infpetfion. While the fleet is in the bay, pro- vifions are excefllvely dear on ftiore, and money fo plenty, that a Spaniard expect* half a piece of eight a day from a male (lave, and half fo much from a female, out of what they earn by their la- bour. The fleet generally fails from thence through the channel of Bahama, in the month of Sept. and is the richeft in the world, fince in filver and mer- chandize there is feldom lefs than 30,000,000 pieces of eight on board, or 6,750,000 pounds of our money. The town of Havannah is not 2 miles in circuit; and the num- ber of inhabitants does not ex- ceed 15,000 fouls, confiding of Spaniards, mulattoes, and ne- groes, befides the garrifon, the governor of which is (tiled Cap- tain-general of the iiland. It be- longs to Spain. Havannah lies 18 leagues from Cape de Sed, which, is a promontory on the N. fide of the ifland. The heit here is ex- treme, and more intolerable even in the night than in the day time. This port with theSpanifh fleet of war, and 25 merchantmen, who had taken refuge there, the forts, the city, its immenfe magazines, 3 millions of piafters, <5cc. were all taken, July 30, 1762, by the En a very great amount. Tiup- pofe the fugar at zo (hillings the hundred, the whole muft yield 300,000 fterling. The indigo is fomewhat fallen it its price fmce; but as it has increafed largely in its quantity, it is not too much to value it at ioo,oool. If to thefe we add the produce of cotton, ca- cao, ginger, and hides, it will not be too much to allow 100,000], more ; fo that at this rate her fnure of the ifland is worth to France 550,000!. fterling. But considering that thefe feveral ar- ticles have greatly increafed fince that time, it will not he exceffive to rate the value of this colony at 750.000'. fterling a year. The large ft town in the French part of Hifpaniola is Cape Fran- c.oife, which is fjtuated on the northern part of the ifland, upon a very fine harbour. It is well built, and contains about 8000 in- habitants, blacks and whites. But though this be the largeft town, I^.cogane, on the weftern fide, is a good port too, and a place of considerable trade, being the feat HEW of government, which here Is lodged in the hands of a go- vernor and the intendant, who are mutually a check upon eacli other. There are, befides, two other towns confiderab'e for their trade, Petit Guaves on the W. end of the ifland, and pore Louis on the S. W. part. The E. part of this ifland is in the polleflion of the Spaniards; and this is the largett part, and has mod towns. Their capital is St. Do.-rsingo, which was built firffc by Columbu?, on the S. fide of the ifland, at the month of the river Hayna, or Ifabella, as our maps call it, in a fine plain, which fhews it to great advantage from the Tea. In 1586, Sir Francis Drake took it, who held it a month, and then burnt part of it, but fpared the reft for a ranfom of 60,000 pieces of eight. This and feveral other places were quit- ted in the reign of Queen Eli- zabeth, as being judged unpo- litic then to keep them. How- ever, Cromwell thought other- wife; for he fent his generals Penn and Venables, with the grcatelt force the Englifh ever had in thofe feas, in order to pof- fefs themfelves of St. Domingo ; of which being difappointed, they afterwards, in 1654, reduced Ja- maica. The trade of St. Domin- go, which was a considerable one in fugar, hides, tallow, horfes, hogs, and cafiia, has decayed fince the Spaniards have been tempted to Havannah and other places : yet for all that St. Domingo makes a good figure, and its in- habitants, including Negroes, &c. are thought to exceed 25,000 : thefe coniift of Spaniards^ Mef- tizoes, Mulattoes, and Albatraces, of all which number a fixih part is fuppofed to be Spaniards. HEWK.EUL, a village of Ca- nada, confining of between 25 and 30 houfes well built, with a fort, where was a governor and a garrifon. It was takea by the French in the year 1708, K H O H HILLSBO ROUGH, a town in the county of Orange, and diftritt of HillCborough, N. Carolina. It is fuuatcd near the head of the Nufe river, on a branch of the fame. Hi LL-To WN, in Chefler coun- ty, Penfylvania, is near the center of the county, 28 miles W.of Phi- ladelphia, and 20 N. from Wil- mington, in Newcaflle county, Delawar, and 21 miles N. W. from Chefter. Hi N G H A M , a town of Suffolk county, MafTachufets-Bay, fitu- ated on a fouthern creek of Bof- ton harbour, on the banks of the river Way, 5 miles VV. of Kono- haflct, and the fame diftance E. from Weymouth. HOBBS-HOLE, a town in Ef- fex county, Virginia, on the W. hank of Rappahanock river, 15 miles N.E. from Walkerton, 32 S. E. of Port-Royal, and 67 N. of William/burg. HocHELAGA.a village of wild Indians in Canada. It is pretty large, and fituated in the iflancl at this day known under the name of Montreal. It is of a round figure, and 3 rows of pallifadoes inclofe about 50 huts, each up- wards of 50 paces in length, and 34 or 15 in breadth, and made in the form of funnels. The en- trance to this inclofure is by one j*ate, over which, as well as the firll row of pallifadoes, is a fort of gallery, the a 1 cent to which is by a ladder, and it is plentifully provided with Clones and flints lor the defence of the place. The inhabitants of this village fpeak the Huron language. It is fitu- ated at the foot of a mountain called Montroyal, now Montreal. HOHIO, or OHIO, a famous river, having its fourcc in the Apalachiao mountains, near the borders of Carolina and Virginia; and after a S, W, courfe falls into the river Miffifippi, of which it is reckoned the priucipai ttream, **-See (jkio, H O N HOLLISTON, a town in Mid- djtrfex county, MafTachufcts-Bay, about 4 miles N. fro*rj Mtdway, and the fame diftance S. W. from Sherborn. HONDURAS, orCoMAiACNA, a province of Old Mexico, or New Spain, which, including the country of the Mofkitoes, is Citu- ated between lat. 12 and 13, and between long. 85 and 94. It has the bay bearing its name, and the North Sea, on the N. and E. is bounded by Nicaragua and Gua- timala on the S. and by Vera Paz on the W. It extends E. and W. along the North Sea above 130 leagues, and in Tome places is near 60 leagues over from N. to S. but it is narrower at both ends. The Spaniards claim this country; but the Englifh have been long in poflelfion of the logwood tract in the Bay of Honduras, cutting large quantities of it there every year. And the Mofkito Indians to the E. of this province have entered into treaties with the Engliih, received them into their country, and done them feveral fervices. Bcfidcs, the Spaniards have no forts in this bay, or in the country of the Mofkitoes,only 2 fmall towns. This country confifts in general of hills and deep dales, and has a good air. It is rendered the mure fruitful by the inundations of its rivers about Michaelmas, when the natives convey the wa- ter by canals to their fields and gardens. The foil in many parts bears Indian corn thrice a year. It alfo yields European wheat anil peafe, cotton - vycol, called vi- goion, &c. has excellent pailure, with honey, wax, and abundance of all forts of provisions, befides mines of gold and Cilver. It pro- duces alfo great quantities of ex- trordinary large gourds or cala- bafhes, which the Hifpaniola In- dians call H ; bueras. And the fir ft discoverer, feeing many of them fioat along the coail, called it H O N Golfo de Hibueras, and the pro- vince itfelf Hibuera ; yet afcer- wards, finding very deep water at the great cape of this country, they called it Cabo de Honduras, i. e. the Promontory of Depth, and the country itfelf Honduras. The vineyards bear twice a year; for immediately after the vintage the vines are cut again, and the fecond grapes are ripe before Chriftmas. HONDURAS, BAY OF, noted for cutting of logwood, as that of Campeachy formerly was. It lies in the province of the fame name, betwixt Cape Honduras, in lat. 15 i, and Cape Catoche, the eaftermoit point of Yucata;i, in lat. 21 i. Moil makes the dif- tance between thefe capes above 270 miles. The gr^at lake of Nicaragua has an outlet into it by a river called Rio de Anuzelos, or Angelos, only navigable by fmall craft. In this bay are fe- veral fmall iflands, particularly the Pearl Iflands, a little to the N. but the pearls fiihed up here are not ia Rich quantiu^s as for- merly, nor fo large. Into this bay runs alfo a finall river from the province of Veraguas, called by the Spaniards Rio de Sucre, i. e. Sugar river, from the fugar- works here, with which the coun- try fo abounds, that, did not tire Spaniards confume large quanti- ties of it in fweetmeats and pre- ferves, &c. they might fend fe- vcral (hip-load i of fugar into Eu- rope. The country where the Eng- lifh cut their logwood is all a flat, and a great part of it a.morafs, with feveial lagunes, which are ve/y often overflown. In the dry fe ifbn, when the cutters have found a good number of trees, they build a hut near them, where they live. After cutting down a tree, they chip of the bark and lay it in heaps, marking paths to each, that, when the rains corne which overflow the ground, they H O N are as fo many channels, where they go with fmall currents and land i hem, bringing then) fomc- times 30 miles to the bavcaderas, whence the buyers fetch it at 3!. iis. 6d. trerl. a ton. During the floods, the cut'crs dwell at the barcaderas, which are 42 miles up the river, where they have hnts built on high banks to fe- cure them from the floods. As foon as they have notice of any veflcl's arrival at the mouth of the river, they flock down to piirchafe whatever they want. They amount to 15 or 1600 men, but form no regular colony ; yet they chufe a chief, who cannot have lefs authority, luxury, or emolument, or whofc fubjeria, in lat. 55, 15, where James's bay begins, to the bottom of the bay, is about 100 leagues, and of much the fame breadth all the way, being between 50 and 60 leagues over. On the eaflern fhore, or Labra- dor coaft, lie feveral iflands, cal- led the North Sleepers, the Weft Sleepers, Baker's Dozen, BeJchier's liles ; and in James's bay are Bear ifland, Viner's ifland, Charlton ifland, Cape-Hope ifland, &c. All the country from Button's bay S, and E. as far as Labrador, is cal- led New South Wales. HUDSON'S RIVER, a large HUD nver whofe fource has not been d i fcov eved . R u n n i ng fo u th war d , it approaches the Mohawk's river, within a few miles of Sacoundau- ga. In general we know that it has itsfource in themopntainous country between the lakes Onta- rio and Cbamplain, From its ap- proach near Sacoundauga, it runs N. and north - easterly towards lake St. Sacrament, now lake George, within 10 mil-s of it. The courfe then to New- York is very uniform, being in the main S. iz or 15 W. The difLince from Albany to lake George is computed at 65 miles. This river in thai in.erval is navigable only to batteaus, and interrupted by ril'rs, which occtuon two portages of half a mile each. In the paf- fage from Albany to Fort Ed"ward the whoieland-carrrage is 12 miles. There are 5 roires from Cro.vn- Pouit to Hudibn's rirer, in the way to Albany ; one through lake George ; another through a branch of lake Champlain, bearing a fouthern courfe, and terminating in a bafon, feveral miles E. of lake George, called the South bay, The third is by afcending the Wood-creek, a fballow dream a- bout 30 yards broad, \vhi;h com- ing from the S. . empties itfelf in-'o the S. branch of the lake Champlain. The place where thefe routes meet on the banks of Hudson's river is called the car- rying-place* Here Fort Edward is built ; but Fort Henry, a much ftronger garrHon, was erected at the S. end of lake George, after the repulfe of the French forces under the command of Baron Diefkaw, 'on the 8th of Sept. 1755, The paflage through the highlands is about 16 miles ; the tide flows a few miles above Al- bany. The navigation is fafe, and performed in floops of 40 or 50 tons burthen. About 60 miles above the city of New York the water is frcfh, and in- wet fea- Ibns very low, and, abound^ vviih variety of fiili. H U R Hu M M EL'S-TO WN, a town in Lancafter county, Pcnfylva- nia, fituated on the Great Swa- tswro creek, 7 miles from the SuTqUchanrrsh river, 5 N. of ]Vlid- dlctown, 16 W.of Lebanon, jcj S. E. of Manheim, and 85 from Philadelphia. HUMTERTOM, a county jti Nevv-Jeiley, near the Delaware river, the principal town of which is Trenton. HUN Tircr; i?o 'v . * .own near- the N. W. cKtTtrtvry t^f Cnmb^r- ' land county, Penfylvania, fiiua- ted on the. J.\:.!v"ata 'river, a*hr?noli of the Sui'q'ia'hr.mi.th r : .Ve\', -^z miles M. E. of Franks-town, n miles N W. of Fort Shirley, and 60 from Caiflille. HUNTINGDON, a town in Lon^-l!land,\ T ew-York,in King's coanty divifion, on the N. fide, at the bottom of Brandon har- bour,. 7 miles W, of Smith town, the fame diilance E,. of Oyfter- bay, and N. of Ha r,p(lead-p!ain. HURON, Lake of, a lar;e col- lection of inland waters, in Cana- da. It lies between !af, 43 and 46. and- between long. 84 and 9. This lake communicates with lake Michigan or Illinois by a ftrait, and rs 350 leagues in circuit. It is in the f.Tm of a triangle. The lands about this lake are called the country of the Htirons. HURONS, flivages Irihatjuiirg the country contiguous to the lake of the fanve name, in Canada s their true name is Yendats, The couarry inhabited by tl^efe peopte, at the beginning of ther laft century, had the lake Erie to the S. the lake Huron to the W. and lake Ontario to tire E. It is fituated between lat. 42 and 45 M. Here they have a good many can-' tons, or villages ; and the whole nation (Hll confifts of between 40 and 50,000 fonls. In this Country are large mea- dows, which would bear wheat and all other grain that the natives wonld fow in them. Tiie iorett* JAG are full of very beautiful trees, especially cedars of a prodigious magnitude, and proportionable tallnefs. The country ^s well watered, and the water is very good. Here are fome ftones that can be fufed like metal, and con- tain veins of filver. This country is well fituated for commerce : whence, by means of the lakes with which it is almoft furrounded, it would be an eafy roayer to p-ulh ofl-difcdverics even to &e extreme' part's of North- America. H\ r>E, a'm-iritr.Tie county in the r'tfip ft of 1 Newbern, -North- Carolina. JAGO DE LEON, SANT, a town of Venezuela, a province of Terra Firma, in South America. It is fituated about 18 miles from the fca-coad to the S. To it are two ways from the fea ; the one fhort and eafy; but may be eafily guarded by a few people, being about the middle pent in by inac- ccffible mountains and groves, fo that it is hardly 25 feet broad : the other road is through craggy mountains and precipices, which the Indians generally ufe, Af'er pafling thofe mountains is a plain in which the town is built. In . 1599, the Englifh took this town, after making themfelves mafters of the Caraccas. JAGO DE GUATIMALA, ST. one of the principal towns of New-Spain, the capital of the province of Guatimala. The old city was utterly deftroyed by a hurricane and earthquake in 1541, when 10,000 Spaniards loft their lives. It was built at the bottom of a volcano, with two tops, from one of which iflued fire, and from the other water. It was rebuilt in 1550, in a fine valley, on a ri- ver, about three leagues from the volcano, and was again totally de- ftroyed by an earthquake in April, J 773 before which melancholy accident it was the rcfiderce of the prefidents, the feats of ihc royal cyuas, and of a rich bifhop, JAG fuffragan to Mexico. It had aB univcrfity, and was the center of commerce in all thofe parts. It contained about 8000 families t and the citizens carried on a coii- fiderable trade through all the provinces of Mexico, and even into Peru, by the ports of La Trinidad and Realejo. I'.s trade wilh Spain was from Golfo Dolce, The principal commodities in which they dealt were hides^ in- digo, anatta, fylvefter, cochineal, cocoa, &c. And indeed no city could Hand more cominodioufly for an extenfive trade, and be fafer from pirates an;l privateers, lying 8 leagues from the South- Sea, and about 40 from the Gulph of Mexico : yet ftill was liable to frequent earthquakes, as well as to eruptions from a neighbcu"- i:ig volcano, which burns rnoft fiercely during the rainy feafon, and throws out huge Hones and pieces of rock. This mountain is feen a great way off at fea, it being 9 miles high. The cathe- dral and parifh churches here were extremely rich ; and here were a'fo 2 fine monafterks, btfldes a good hofpital. The valley in uhich the city flood was about 2 miles and ^ broad, opening a little beyond the old town into a wide champaign towards the fea. Though it was furrounded with mountains, yet there were good roads over them. The government of the adja- cent country, and of the pro- vinces of Honduras, Soconufco, Vera Paz, Nicaragua, Cofta Rica, and Chiapa, was fubordinate to the chancery here, which confift- ed of a prefident, who had as great a power as the viceroys of Peru and Mexico, allb of fix judges, the King's attorney, and two chief juftices. They had all handfome fabrics, which they very much increased by trading and bribes. The univerfity here was founded, in 1624, by Philip IV. joined to the Dominican con- vert, a (lately pile, with a yearly JAG revenue computed to be at leaft 30,000 ducats ; and its treafury would have made it 100,000. The nunnery of the Conception confsf- ted of 1000 women, including fervants and fcholars ; and they received none but fuch as brought with them from 500 to icoo du- cats. Lat. 14, 10. Long. 92, 18, JAGO DE NEXAPHA, ST. a town of Guaxaca, one of the pro- vinces in the audience of Mexico. It has the addition of Nexapha from the valley in which it is fi- tuated, on the fide of a river, which falls into the Aivsrado, 18 miles S. of IJdefonfo. It has a convent of Dominicans, much enriched by prefents of votaries, who come far and near to fee an image of the Virgin Mary, and its pretended miracles. JAGO DE LOS VALI.RS, ST. a town of Panuco, a province of New-Spain. It is fnuaced 5 leagues S. W. of Panuco city, on the ri- ver of the fame name. Here the Spaniards have a garrifon, and in its neighbourhood are falt-works. JAGO DE CUBA, ST. once the capital, though not the mod Considerable town of the iiland of Cuba. It is fnuared at the bot- tom of a fpacious bay, on the S. fide of the ifland, about 2 leagues from the fea. The entrance into this bay is narrow for fever al rniies ; but within it are little jflands forming a mo ft commo- dious harbour, and flicker from ftorms. It was built by Velsfcjuez, the fir ft conqueror, who made it the feat of his govern rnenf. The city is (till the fee of a hifhop, with a 'cathedral, where the ca- nons are rtfidentiary, but the mi- tred head refides at the Havannah. It had once a good trade : but this is alfo removed to that city; fo that St. Jago has dwindled al- rnort to nothing ; though it has jurifdidtion over one half of the ifland. After the Englift had left the ifland, about 400 men were continually employed for fomc J AM time in repairing its fortifications". Within 3 leagues of it, at Co- very, is a rich copper mine. In 1766, a terrible earthquake hap- pened here, which did confide- rable damage. Latitude 20, 15. long. 76, 40. JAGO DE LA VEGA, ST. commonly called SpanUh-T'own, the capital of the ifland of Ja- maica. It is filuated 5 milts N. of Port-Pafiage and the bay of Port-Royal. It is the refidence of the governor, and the general aflembly and courts of juftice are held here. It is a fmall city, with about 20 ftreets and 4000 inhabitants, in a healthy fuuation; and the greateft part of the in- habitants are people of fortune, or rank, which gives it the air of fpltndor and magnificence ; but being 2 leagues diftant from the fea, is deflitute of trade. It is has a very handfome church, a chapel, and a Jews fynagogue j but the principal building is the governor's hoafe, one of the handfomeft in all America. It received great damage from a ftorm, July 16, 1772, when the halftones were as large as oranges. Lat. 18. 26. long. 76, 32. JAMAICA, one of the prin- cpal towns on Long Ifland, or Naflau Ifland, belonging to Queen's county, in New York. It is fituated on the W. fide, 3 miles from Hampflead, and the fame diflance E. of Bedford, and has a church in it. JA M A r c A, one of the Greater Antilles, in the Weft Indies, and fituated in the Atlantic Ocean. This iflacd being difcovered by CoJumbus in the year 1494, in his fccond voyage from Spain to this part of the world, he changed the name of Jamaica to that of St. Jago, which it retained while it was in the hands of the Spa- nia-rds; but they were difpoflcfled of it, in 1655, by the Englifh, with a fleet primarily defigned for the reduftion. of Hifpanioia ; un- JAM der the command of Penn and Venables : it yielded without much oppofition, and recovered its old appellation. Afterwards the Spa- niards ceded the ifland to the Britilh courr. The whole people on the ifland did not exceed 3000, including even the ftaves, who were 1500. Scon after the Rcftoration of Charles II. this colony had encreafed the number of its inhabitants to 18,000, who had almoft no other trade but their depredations on the Spa- niards ; but they foon after be- gan to make fugar and plant cacao-trees, and ereifb fait works. This is the large ft of all the Englifh ifland-colonies, and ev^n of any of the Greiter Antilles, except Cuba and Hifpaniola, It extends itfelf between lat. 17 and I?, 27. and between long. 76 and 79. fo that it is about 140 miles in length from Point Ncgrit on the W, to Point Mo rant on the E. and 60 in breadth where brnadefr, namely, from Gallina Point on the N. to Portland Pitch on the S. but, it being of an oval form, it grows narrower to- wards each end. The acres it con- tains are computed at 4,000,000; of which, fome fay, one half is planted, and others 1,500,000. It is placed in a mo(\ happy fitu- ation at 36 leagues to the S. of Cuba, and 39 to the W. of St. Domingo. The difpofirion and number of its harbours enable it to trade with either of the iflands of the Weft Indies or the con- tinent. It has about 16 principal harbours, befides 30 bays, roads, or good anchoring-placcs. Jt is divided by a ridge of mountains which inns through the whole ifland from E. to W. The eaftern part are called the " Blue Mountains." They con- tain the fprings of fine rivers, ftored with fifh of various kinds; and many of them navigable by canoes, in which fugars are car- ried from the plantations to the JAM fea-fide. In feveral dift rifts they go by feveral names, being crown- ed with trees of almofi TOO va- rious kinds, particularly cedars, lignum vita:, mahogany, &c. ever verdant, forming groves and cool retreats. The tops of fome of thd mountains are higher than others ; on each fide of the ridge are others much lower, which, with the woods on their brows, and the little plantations on their fides, form at fea a very agreeable profpect. Thefe mountains con- fUt either of rock, of ftirT clay. The vallies too are always ver- dant, being embelliflied with plan- tations curioufly laid out, and producing the richeft plants In the univefe. Several of its ri- vers difappear, or alter their courfe, after a fiorm, and iofe their names; and fome of them run for many miles under ground, and then emerge again. In fome parts of the ifiand, indeed, where it feldom rains, the water is- brackifh and unwholefome. The number of rivers in this ifland, Sir Hans Sloane reckons to be near 100. Thtfe may more pro- perly be called torrents; for they come precipitately down the moun- tains, running but a few miles before they fall into the fea, and carrying with them in their courfe large flones, pieces of rock, and timber, generally much clay or earth, uhich fouls thewaicr; but this, after fettling fome days in jars, proves good. One frequently fees cataracts io the rivers among the mountains 50 or 60 feet high. Spring-water remote from the fea. is preferred to that of livers or ponds. The well-water near the fea. as parlicuhrly at Port-Royal,, is brackifb, and occafions fluxes and other difeafes to fuch as drink it, Some fprings ia this ifland, as well as rivers, perrify their channels, and flop their own courfe. The moft remarkable river of this kind is at Abraham's on the Ni fide of the JAM ifl.inu*. Near Port Morant, in the E. part of the ifland, is a hot bath in a wood, the water of which has been ufed with great fuccefs, by drinking as well as bathing in it, for the cure of the gripes, the common difeafe of the country. In a level ground, un- der the hills in Cabbage-tree bot- tom, about two miles from the fea, rife a great many falt-fprings, which, uniting, form what is called the Salt river. Here fait is made in the ponds into which the fea-water comes, where the moifture being exhaled by the heat of the fun, leaves the fait in great plenty, particularly at the ponds about Old Harbour, &c. It is not perfectly white, nor granulated, but is in large lumps, with a caft of red in it. Here alfo are many lakes, one of which, called Rio Hoa, receives a great deal of water by a river, with no vifible outlet to it. The climate of Jamaica is more temperate, and the weather more various, than in the Caribbee Iflands : and there is no country between the Tropics where the heat is lefs troublefome, the air being continually cooled by bree- zes from the E. frequent rains, and noftarnal dews. The E. and W. parts of the ifland are not fo agreeable, on account of the thick forefts there, as the S. and N. parts, which are not only more open, but much lefs fubject to ftorms of wind and rain. The air in the mountainous parts is cooler. Though it rains fre- quently in January, yet May and Oftober or November are thofe diftingmftfed by the name of the winter-months, on account of the ra-n and thunder, more violent at fome times than others ; and fometimes the rains laft for a for- night together, without any in- termiflion, laying the level grounds fcveral inches under water, and rendering the roads almoft im- pafidblc. All the year round, JAM the mornings are exceffively hot, till about eight o'clock, when the eafterly breezes begin to blow. Thefe are cilled the Doctor, the people, while they la?t, being able to ftir about their bufinefs, and the Negroes to work in the fields. Thefe gales gently ap- proach the fhore, the fea before them coming on as fmooth as can be imagined. In half an hour after the breeze has reached the Ihore, it fans pretty brifldy, and gradually increafes till about 12, when it is generally ftrongeft, and lads till 2 or 3, when it be- gins to die away till about 5, when it is quite fpent, and re- turns no more till next morning. About 8 in the evening begins a land-breeze, which blows 4 leagues into the Tea, and continues in- creafing till 12 at night ; after which it decreafes till 4 in the morning, when no more of it is to be felt till next night. The fea-breeze is more violent at fome times than others; and particu- larly at the change or full-moon, when it gains very much on the land-winds. And in December, January, and February, wken the N. winds reign, they blow over the ridge of mountains with vio- lence, and hinder the fea-breeze, which blows ftronger and longer near the fea, as at Port-Royal, or Paflage-Fort, than within- land, as at Spanifh-Town : as, on the contrary, the bnd-wihd blows harder at the town than it does at PafTage-Fort or Port- Royal. As the trade-wind be- tween the Tropics comes not di- reftly fro-n the E. but varies from N. E. to S. E. according to the place and pofition of the fun ; fo the fea-breeze here has the like variation, not coming always from the fame point. On the contrary, the land-breezes come always from the ridge of mountains, and from the fame point of them, on the N. and S. fi;lcs. Sometimes the fca-brsexc JAM blows in the winter-months 14 days and nights together ; and then no clouds gather, but dews fan : but, if a N. wind blow, which it fometimes does full as long in the winter-months, then no dews fall, no clouds gather. In the vallies among the moun- tains neither of thefe breezes has any great influence ; but the N. winds often blow down trees. The land-wind blowing at night every way at once, and the fea- breeze in the day-time, no Paip can come into port, except in the day; nor any go out, but foon after day-break. The N. winds come in when the fun is neareft the Trop'c of Capiicorn, and conicvjuenrly moft to the S. This is a very cold, unhealthy wind, and ij- moft violent in the night, vthen it has the additional force of the land-wind. It checks the growth of the fugar-canes, and all vegetables, on the N. fide ; but it is hindered by the ridge of mountains from venting much of its fury on the S. where it is feldom accompanied with rain. Tht S. v inds bring the moft lafting rains ; but none from the land are lafting on the S. iide. Storms ufed to be very rare here, till within thefe 70 or 80 years, that terrible hurricanes and earth- quakes have extremely incom- moded vcfids on the coaft. The nights here are fometimes pretty cool, the fun being fo far under the horizon, that fcarce any re- flee'ted rays enlighten the atmo- fphere, which caufes an increafe of the cold. Every night here are piercing dews, which are rec- koned very unwholefome, efpe ciaiiy to new comers, who are too apt to expofe themfelves j but in rhe plains or fandy places near the fea, there are few, if any fogs. The rains are vio- lent, and the drops very large. The tides are fcarce difcernible, their increafc or decreafe depend- ing moftly on the winds, and not JAM according to the age of the moon. The days and nights here are al- moft of an equal length all the year round; the longeft day of all being a little above 13 hours, and the night proportionally. The twilight is not above three quarters of an hour. The months of July, Augufr, and September, are called hurri- cane months, in which fcarcely a year but fome fuch ftorm hap- pens in a greater or lefs degree. The ftrong winds from tjie N. bring ftorms of very large hail- ftones. It lightens almoft every night, but without much thun- der ; which, when it does hap- pen, roars very terribly, and often does a deal of damage. Earthquakes here are but too common, as well as in Hifpaniola, and commit dreadful devastations in this ifland, particularly thofe of 1688 and 1691; as did a fire not long after, that burnt down almoft the whole remaining town at the point called Port-Royal, which has never fince been rebuilt; and moft deftruclive hurricanes, one in 17 12, and another, ac- companied with an earthquake, in 1722. The valiies in Jamaica are very level and fmooth, with- out rocks or ftones, or fcarce ly any rifing ; and the mountains very fteep, and fome of them impaflabie, being furrounded on both fides by deep channels caufed by the violent rains. This ifland is fo far from being all over cultivated, that it has as much lying wafte as would pro- duce about three times what it does at prefent. One third of the ifland is uninhabited. There are plantations round the ifland ; but none at any great diftance from the fea, and even one half of the ground in thefe is over-run with. wood. The foil in fome places is fo fertile, that one acre has been known to yield feveral hogfheads of fugar : yet here .and there are favannahs, or large plains, where JAM the Indians ufed to plant their maize, and where the Spaniards afterwards bred their cattle, grals growing there in fuch plenty, that the inhabitants have been forced to burn it : fo that now they are quite bare and barren. In all o- ther parts, however, the foil is good and fruitful, efpecially in the northern parts, where the mould is blackifh, and in many places mixed with potters-earth: But in others, efpecially towards the S. E. the foil is reddifti and fandy. Jamaica, as well as moft of the fugar-iflands, has a fort of white chalky foil, called marie, lying two or three feet deep, which is of fo hot a quality, and that fo increafed hy manure, that their crops in all dry feafons fail. In a wet year the leaves grow rank, and never come to maturity. The natural productions of Ja- maica are fugar, rum, ginger, cotron, coffee, indigo, pimento, called all-fpice, or Jamaica pepper, cocoa, feveral kinds of woods, fome medicinal drugs, and to- bacco ; but this laft of fo ordina- ry a fort, that it is only cultivated to ferve the negroes, who are paffionately fond of it. Jamaica bears no fort of European grain : ytt it produces maize, or Indian corn, Guinea corn, peafe of vari- ous kinds, but none like ours, except fome Englifh peafe in gar- dens, with cabbages, and a vari- ety of roots. Fruits grow here in great abundance, as the Seville and China orange, the common and fweet lemon, ihaddocks, ci- tron s, pomegranates, ma mies, four- fops, papas, pine-apples, cufhrd- apples, ttar-apples, prickly-pear?, Alicada-pears, pompions, melons, guavas, and feveral forts of berries to be found every where in the woods. But our common apple- trees, it is obfcrved, will not grow here, or at lead only in very few places, as roay Be faid of o- ther fruits which proffer raore in colder climates. JAM Some of its productions deferve a more particular description : a- mong thefe, pimento and fug^r, with fome others as follow, claim the principal regard. They have here the wild cina- mon-tree, the bark of which is fo ferviceable in medicine; the man- chenille, a moft beautiful tree to the eye, with the faireft apple in the world , and, when cut down, a very fine ornamental wood'forthe joiners and cabinet - makers ; but the apple and juice, in every part of the tree, contain one of the ranked poifons. Here is the ma- hogany, which is in fuch general life with us ; of which in 1)70 they exported to England to the value of 50,000!. fterling. The cabbage-tree, a tall plant which has been known to grow 270 feet high, famous for a fubftance look- ing and tailing like cabbage, which grows on the very top, and pro- duces but one in a year ; for the extreme hardnefs of its wood, which, when dry, is incorrupti- ble, and hardly yields to any tool. The palma, from which is drawn a great deal of oil, much efteemed by the negroes both in food and medicine : the white wood, which never breeds the worm in lliips ; the foap-tree, whofe berries anfwcr all the pur- pofes of wafhing ; the mangrove and olive-bark, ufeful to tanners; the fuftic and red-wood, to the dyers ; and lately the logwood. Their forefts alfo fupply the apo- thecaries with guaicum, fariapa- rilla, china, caflia, and tamarinds; they have aloes too; and do not want the cochineal planr. The whole produce of the ifhnd may be reduced to thefe general heads, viz. fugars, of which they export near 100,000 hogflieads ; 30,000 puncheons, or three- mil- lion gallons of rum; and 300,000 gallons of molafles ; 3,000,000 pounds weight of pimento, or Ja- maica pepper ; 500 bags of ginger of 500 Ib, weight each ; jooo bags JAM of cotton of i8olb. weight each; and 800 cafks of coffee of 30016. weight each ; the indigo, former- ly much cultivated, is now incon- fiderablc. With thefe they fend home a considerable quantity of drugs for dyers and apothecaries, fweatmeats, mahogany and man- chenille plank. But fome of the mo(t confiderable articles of their trade are with the Spanifti conti- nent of New Spain, end Terra Firma ; for in the former they cut large quantities of logwood ; and both in the former and latter they drive a large and profitable trade in negroes, and all kinds of the fame European goods which are carried thither from Old Spain by the flota. Few colonies in America are fo well florcd with cattle as Jamaica. 1'heir horfes, ailes, and mules, are very cheap; the oxen and cows are large ; and there would be much greater quantities of thefe, only that ihe Englifh mind plant- ing more than graling ; fo that they are fupplied with fit (h from the northern colonies, as well as the Leeward Iflands. Their fheep are generally large and fat, and the flcih good, but the wool is worth nothing. Here is an abundance of goats, or cabrettos, .rabbits and hogs ; and their pork is as good as :hat of Barbsdoes : but here are no dee* nor hare?. Their bays, roads, and rivers, abound with excellent fifli of all kinds ; but the umoife is by much the moft valuable, both for its (hell and fifh. Here are all forts of fowls, wild and tame; and more parrots than in any of the other iliands ; be- (ides parroquets, fnipes, Guinea- hens, pigeons, turkeys, geefe, ducks, and poultry. The pelican is al>jut the fize of a goofe, and lives on the fmall fifh it picks out of the fea ; its wings will extend fcven or eight feet. The nre-flits, a fpecies of can- tharides, fo called, as contracting JAM and expanding their light as they fly. They look green in the day- time, but glow in the night, even fome days after they are dead. Here is a great variety of birds ; but the moft remarkable is the colibry or humming-bird. On the yth of June 1692, one of the moll violent earthquakes happened at Jamaica that perhaps was ever felt, by which Port Royal wasalmoft entirely deflroy- ed. The number of people who periflied on this dreadful day was upwards of 30,000 ; and a general ficknefs happened after it, which cut off u great many more. Though Jamaica fuffered moft by this earthquake ; yet it was felt much about the fame time in moft parts of the world. In the year 1703 was an uinvtrfal Ikkntis in Jamaica, which carried off abun- dance of people : and about th beginning of the following year the whole town of Port Royal was burnt to the ground in one afternoon ; but, by the help cf the men of war's boats, moil of the merchants fa'ved their bcoks and money, and fome of them confiderable quantities of mer- chandize. Auguft 28, 1712, arofe a hnr- ricane here, which Jailed from 8 at night till 2 in the "morning, whereby 14 (hips belonging to the ifland were loit, together with others from London and Briftol, and 400 of their crews drowned. On the aSth of Auguft, 1722, happened another hurricane in Ja- maica, aln.oft as ruinous as the earthquake of 1691. The inhabi- tants were put into a terrible cori- flernation the day before, by a prodigious fwell of the fea. '1 he hurricane began, with a violent rain, next morning a 8, and held till 10 at night. Near half of the houfcs at Kingfton were thrown down or (haltered. The wharfs at Port-Royal were all deftroyed, and moft of the fngars and other commodities waited away. Of JAM 26 top-fail vefiels, and 10 (loops in the harbour, only 10 were to be feen after the hurricane, and of thefe only 5 or 6 repairable. Though the town-wall of Port- Royal was 9 feet above the fur- face of the wa'er, and 7 feet thick, the fea broke over it, car- rying vaft numbers of large rtones along with it. In fhort, above half the town of Port-Royal was ceftroyed, and near 400 lives loft. The whole ifl.md is divided in- to 19 diftrifts or pariftles, which fend each two members to the af- feaibly, and allow a competent maintenance to a minilter. The pariflies are, St. Catherine's, Port- Royal, Kingfron, Sf. Dorothy's, Clarendon, Vere, St. Elizabeth's, Weftmoreland, St. Ann's, St. Thomas in the Eaft, St. Andrew's, St. John's, and St. Thomas in the Vale ; which have each a pa- rochial church. St. Catherine's, Clarendon, and St. Anne's pa- rilhes, have alfo each a chapel of cafe ; but the parifhes of Hano- ver, St. George, St. James, St. Mary's, and Portland, have nei- ther church nor chapel. In the year 1736, there were fix forts in Jamaica ; namely, Fort Charles at Port-Royal, the rex k- port at the entrance of Kingflon harbour, a fort at Parr- Antonio, Fort-\Viil ; arr, Fort-Morant, and a fort in Carlifle-bay. The forces of the ifland confided then of 9 regiments of militia, horfe and foot, containing about 3000 men, which are under the direction of officers appointed by the gover- nor, and 8 independent compa- nies in his Majcfty's pay, amount- ing to 800. By the laws of the ifland, every man between i<5 and 60 is oblig- ed to inlift in their militia. This and all the Britifh colo- nies of America, are under the infpeftion of the Bifhop of Lon- don ] but learning is here at a low ebb, there being no public fchool in the whole ifland, Read. JAM ing, writing, and cafting accompts, is all the education defired. The adminiflration of public affairs in Jamaica is by a gover- nor, who reprefeuts the King, a council of 12, which form the upp*r houfe, and the 43 repre- fentatVes of the people, which compofe the lower houfe, and sre c'nofen by the parirtie?. The whole of the emoluments of the governor in time of peace a- mounts to 5000!. per annum, the annual fupply required from the colony is about 30,000!. befidcs Soool.the amount of its revenue; and the total of all the taxes, both public and parochial, is ne- ver above f o,cocl. per ann. In 16^3 Jamaica contained but 18,068 inhabitants,8564of whom were whites, and 9504 were blacks. In 1768 they reckoned 17,949 whites, and 166,904 blacks, in- cluding free negroes and mulaf- tocs. At prefent they eftimate the number of plantations and inhabitants as follows : 680 fugar- plantations; no cotton-works; 100 pimento-walks ; 30 ginger- plantations ; 500 breeding-pens ; 600 polink and provifion places ; 150 coffee -plantations ; and 8 indigo-works: all which take up and employ 600,000 acres; 18,000 whites ; 170 ooo blacks ; and i36,coohorfes, mules, and horned rattle. This number of negroes require a recruit of 6oco every year. Among the whites, who are all enrolled and form the mi- litia, are reckoned 8 or 900 Jews, who are here permitted to pofiefs eflates. The commerce of Ja- m.:ica is very confiderable, as well as univerfal throughout Europe and America ; and the whole of its annual exports are reckoned by a mean proportion at 1,310,000!. fterling, while the total of the im- ports amount to only 1,054,000!. The annual (rate of the (hipping of the ifland is about 503, mak- ing 58,000 tons, which, employ 3000 white Jailors. JAM part, asad the mort fouthern divifion of Hutlfon's-Bay, in the northern countries of America. The dif- taasc from Cape Henrietta Ma- ria r in lat. 55, 15, where James'- feray begins,. to the bottom of the t>ay r is about joo leagues, and of wash; the fame breadth ail the way, being between 50 and 60 leagues over- In James'-bay are Bear-jfland, Viner's-iftand, Charl- ton-ifland, Cape Hope-iiUnd, &c. JA M Ks-Cou.NTV, a diftrift f Virginia. It lies to the eaft- wasd of Charles -county, and ex- tends on both fides the river of the fame name. The number f acres it contains amount to 308,362-, and is divided into 5 pariihcs -, namely, Wallingford, "Wilmington, James-town, Mer- hants Hundred on the north fide of the river, and Brutoa on the fouih fide. JAMES-ISLAND* See Nortb- jAMSS-RlVER, Virginia; it Uas its rife within 40 miles of the Katahawa, a branch of the Ohio, and extends as far as Augufta.. It has feveral falls,. notwithltanding k has a good inland navigation, extends to New Virginia^ and ampties itfelf intoCheafapeak-bay,. J A.M.ES-TG WN-, formerly the capital of James -county, is ii- tuated on a peninfula upon the north fide of James or Ponha- ian river, fotty-two miles above its-, month. The buildings in this glace are neither many nor conti- ueus,tJieir number at prefent not exceeding 70, sind thofe princi- pally inhabited by lea-faring peo- ple ; the feat of the government and the Courts of Jullice being ycmoved to Williamiburg, 8 miles- to the north of it, which is a dry and healthy fnuation ; whereas the water neat James-town being brackift, produced flow and in- fe:r.muting fevers*. It lies in lat,, 37, .3 6* long. 76, 51, J E R ST. JAMES, GREAT and LIT- TLE, two of the fmaller Virgin Ifles, fituated in the King's Chan- nel, E. of Tertula, and W. of St- Thomas, between which and them is St. James's-paflage. JK K Y l.-So u N D, a fmall bay of St Simon's ifland, in the mouth of the river Alatamha, in Geor* gia- Here 10 or 12 ihips of 40 guns may fafely ride, and for its defence a (Irong caftle and battery were erected by General Ogk- thorpe. JERSEY, NEW, one of the provinces of America* It was at its firft fettlement, in 1682, di- vided into two provinces, namely, Eatl and Weft -Jerfey ; but in- Q._ Ann's reign were united into one. It is bounded on the N. by New-York ; It. and S.E. by the Atlantic Ocean; W-and S.W.by the Delaware river and bay. Lat*. betw_ 39 & 42. long, bet w. 74 & 76. from London, 1 60 miles long,. 60 broad. It now forms one roy- ai government, the king appoint- ing a governor and council, and the fieemen chufing the member* of the afiembly or reprefentativc body of the commons. Some- times the governor of New-York is- alfo governor of New-Jerfey, but by diilinft commiffions. The climate of New-Jerfey, in general, is fomewhat warmer than that of New-England or New- York, by reafbn of its more loutherly lituation. The produce of both the Jerfeys is all lorts of grain, with horfes, black-cattie, hogs, furs, ilcins, and pipe-ftaves.. They ufed to export bread, corn, fioiir, beef, pork, and fifh, alfo hemp, fome butter, hams, bcer r flax-feed, bar-iron, and lumber, to the Weft-Indies ; for which they receive rum, fugar, &c. in return. They alfo, before the prefent un- happy difturbances, exported furs, Ikins, tobacco, pitch, tar, and other productions to Old Eng~ land; which they bartered for fur- ttiture, cloathiflg, &c, The New* J E R Jerfey (hips alfo often took whales, the oyi and bones of which they fent to England. As the towns generally tie up in the country, the trade was chiefly over land to New-York. 1'here arc from 100 to 150, or 400 families in one place, great part of which are Dutch. There are in this colony two copper mines, the ore of one, which is on the Paffaick river, ibid for 70!. fieri, per ton ; and the ore of the other, which is on the up- per part of the Raritan, in 1754, fold for 62!. fterling, per ton. JERSEY, EAST, the largeft and moft populous of the two, extends eaft and north -for 100 miles all along thefc coafts, and Hudfon's-river, from litile Egg- harbour, to that par.t of Hudfon's liver which is in lat. 41. and is Divided on the S. and W. from Weft-Jcrfey, by a line of parti- tion paffing from Egg-harbour to Crefwick-river, Stony-brook, and the fouth branch of Raritan-river. Its breadth is very unequal, being in fome places much indented by Weft-Jerlfey. v Tis, however, the moft valuable part of the country, and is fubdivided into Monmouth county on the fouth of Raritan- river, Middlefex and Eflex coun- ties on the north of it, and Ber- fen county on Hudfon's-river. n this divifion are the following ^counties : Middlefex ; Mon- nnomh ; Eflex ; Somerfet ; Bergen. JESSEY,WEST,IS not fo well planted as Eaft-Jerfey ; yet by reafon of its navigable creeks ly- ing at a convenient diftance, and fome of them running up a good way inland, this province is ren- dered very commodious for trade. Dr. Cox, with propriety, caufed feven counties to be laid out ; but Irs fucceflbrs dropped the project, and, till lately, no part of this province had the name of a county, except that called Cape- May county, being a traft betwixt Cape-May, its mod eatferly point J E R of land, at the mouth of T>e1a~ ware-bay, and Little Egg-har- bour, dividing the two Jerfeyj. On this neck of land are feveral (haggling honfes, the principal is CbxVhall. The falls on Pa- faic river deferve-s particular men~ tion. From a confiderable width the channel becomes contracted tx& that of about 40 yards, and t-he current runs with great rapidity till it is eroded by a deepf the fame name in the nonh of ^ko?land, and carried from thence by Captain William Mackintofh, in the year 1738, by order of {he Georgia truftees, and under the command of Capt. George Dun- bar. It lies in the S. part of the province, on the river Alatamha, about 20 miles from Frederica. JOHN'S, ST. an ifland in the Gulf, at the entrance of the river of St. Laurence. It has Nova- Scotia on the S. and W. and Cape fcretcn on the E. It is fituated in long. 63. lat. 46, 30. and is computed to be about 100 miles long from E. to W. and about 26 broad from N. to S. It has feveral commodious harbours for carrying on the fifhery, sr\d a- bouads with a variety of nfeful timber, and moft kinds of game common "to the neighbouring Country. This ifland was fo well improved, when in the pofleflion of the French, that it was juftly called the granary of Canada, which it furnifhed wuh plenty of corn, beef, pork &c. and when taken by the Engliih had up- I R O wards of 10,000 head of black cattle, and fome of the farmers raifed 12,000 bufheJs of corn annually. ll has feveral ri- vers, which abound with falmon, trout, eels, &c and the furround- ing fea affords plenty of ftur- geon, plaice, and moft kinds of ftiell-filh. The ifland is divided into three counties, viz. King's, Queen's, and Prince's counties, which are fubdivided into 14 pa* rifhes, confining of 67 townfhips, which in all make i, 363, ,400 acres, the contents cf the ifland. The principal towns are, George- town, Charlotte-town, and Prin- ces-tovvn; befides which are Hillf- borough - town, Powna'.l - town, Maryborough-town, &c. Jo N As's So u ND,the mod nor- thern inlet on the weflern coaft of Sir Thomas Smith's bay, lying near the aic tons burthen can arrive, being 30 miles diftant from Merry- meeting bay. KENT, a town in Li tch field county, Connecticut, 9 miles N. of Woodbury, and 7 S. of Corn- wall. KENT, a county in the E. di- vifion of Maryland, and an ifland of the fame name in Cheafapeak bay. KENT ISLAND, an ifiand iz miles long from N. to S. and 6 from E. to W. in Cheafapeak bay, Maryland. K.I c APOU s, a favage people of Canada, who, with the Mafiontins, inhabit a very fine country, efpe- cially that which extends itfelf S. t the Illinois river. KING'S, or PEARL Is LAN D^ a fmall iilaod in, the bay of Pana- ma: it belongs to Spain, and is famous for its pearl fiihery, and lies in lat. 7, 12, long. Si, 36. Ki L.LISTINO NS, a people of. Canada, otherwife called Crifti- nanx, or decks. KING'S- COUNTY, in New- York, lits oppofite to New-York^ on the N. fide of Long ifiand. The inhabitants are all Dutch,, and, having a good foil near our markets, are generally in eafy c:r- cumftsnccs. The county which is very fmall, is fertile in every part, and contains fcveral pleafaat villages. KINGSTON, a pretty well built and populous town, in the province of New -York, fituuted on the banks of Hudfon's er Iroquois -river, about 90 miles from its mouth. It is inhabited by Englifh and Dutch, but the houfcs, are Draggling, except a~ bout 100 that are pretty com- pa circuit. The harbour is more than half an Englifh mile in breadth, froro N. W. to S. E. in the narroweft part; and 6 miles in length, from N.E. to S. W. In the N.E. part of the harbour is a fine careening wharf to heave down, and very fccure from all winds. Oa the LOU oppofite fide are the fifhing ftages^. and room for 2000 boats to care their fifh. In winter the harbour is total- ly impracticable, being entirely frozen up, fo as to be walked over s which feafon begins here at the clofe of November, and lafts till May or June t fometimes the frofts fet in fooner, and are more in- tenfc; as particularly in 1745, when by the middle of October a great part of the harbour was already frozen. The principal, if not the only, trade of Louiibourg is the cod- ftfhery, from which vaft profits accrued to the inhabitants ; the plenty of fi(h being remarkable, and at the fame time better than any about Newfoundland. Their wealth conhfted in their ftore. houfes, fome within the fort, and others along the fhore ; and in the nvimber of fifhing barks* One inhabitant maintained forty or fifty, with 3 or 4 men to each, with a fettled falary, but were obliged to deliver a certain number of flandard 6(h So that the cod (tore- houfes never failed of being filled againft the time the (hips reforted hither with pro- vifions and other goods in ex- change for this fifh : veflels alfo from the colonies brought fugar, tobacco, coffee, rum, Sec*. and returned loaded wiih cod : and any furplus, after Louifboorg was fupplied, found a vent in Canada ; the return from which was made in beavers (kins and other fine furs. Louifbourg lies in lat. 45, 55. long. 5#, 50. from the meridian of London.' LOUISIANA, a country of pretty large extent. It is bounded on the S, by the Gulph of Mex- ico ; on- the N. by the river Illi- nois, and the territories of the PaniafTus, Paoducas, Ofages, Tro- nonte, Tecagas, Chavanons, and other wild Indians ; on theE, by Weft Florida, Georgia, and Caro- LOU Una ; and on the W. by New Mexico, and New Spain. It ftretches from N. to S. about 15 deg. namely from lat. 25 to 40; and from Et to W. about 10 or j i degrees ; that is, from long. S6 to 96 or 97, for the limits are not precifely fixed. M. de Lifle gives it a much greater extent, ef- pecially on the N. fide, which he joins to Canada : fo that part of it is bounded by New-York, Pen- fylvania, Virginia, c. and on the Vf, by the rivers Bravo and Salado. Notwithflanding the feveral attempts of the Spaniards and French to make fettlements in this country, which generally mif- carried, it appears that the latter had hardly sny tolerable fetile- ments in it till i72o,except that of Ifle Danphine, on the banks of the Mobile, about 80 leagues E. of the mouth of the MilTHippi. They indeed increafed their Iet- tlements fince, both along fome of the coafts, and the banks of the Mobile and Mifllllppi, which are inconfiderable, that of Ifle Dau- ?hine and Fort Lewis QJJ E, another of the Bahama Jfles which lies about 9 leagues further E. than the for- mer, whofe length is 28 leagues, and breadth 3, and lies North and South. LUCIA, ST. by the French called Saiute Aloufie, from its being difcovered on St. Lucia's day ; one of the Canbbee Iflands, 6 miles S. of Martinico, and zi N. W. of Barbadoes. It is about 27 miles long, N. and S. and 13. broad. Here are feveral hills, z of which being very round and ftecp, are called the Pins-heads of LUC St. Lucy, and were volcanos. At the foot of them are fine valleys, having a good foil, and well watered. In thefe are tall trees, with the timber of which the planters of Martinico and Barba- does build their houfes and wind- mills. Here is alfo plenty of co- cao and fulVvc. The air is reckoned healthy, the hills not being fo high as to inter- cept the trade-winds, which al- ways fan it from the E. by which means the heat of ths climate is moderated, and rendered agreea- ble. In St. Lucia are feveral com- modious bays and harbours, with good anchorage; particularly one, called the Little Careenage, oneof the principal inducements for the French to prefer it 'to the other Neutral Iflands. This port has 'feveral united advantages; there is every where depth enough, and the quality of the bottom is excel- lent. Nature has formed there three care-ning-places, which do not want a key, and requite no- thing but a cap'lern to turn the keel above-ground. Thirty (hips of the line might lie there, (hel- tered from hurricanes, without ths trouble of heirrg moored. The boats of the country, which have been kept a long time in this harbouv, have never been cat by the worms; however, they do not txpecft that this advantage will hit, whatever be the caufe. For the other harbours, the winds are always good to go out with, and the largeft fquadron might be in the oftiiig in lei's than an hour. This ifltnd has been poffdleci and quitted by the Engiilh and French alternately, more than race. Hut at Jaft the Courts of both Rations agreed, about the year 1721, that St.JLucia, toge- ther with St. Vincent and Do- minica, Ihould be evacuated, 'till the right to them \vas amicably determined. In 1763, it was allured to the French by the trea- ty of Verfailies. There arcalrta- MAD dy 9 parifhes in the colony, 8 to the leeward, and only i to wind- ward. This preference given to one part of the ifland more than another, does not proceed from the fuperiority of the foil, but from the greater or lefs con- veniency in fcn.iin? out or re- ceiving ihips. A highroad made round the ifland, and 2 others, which crols it from E. to W. afford all manner of facilities to carry the commoditiesof the plan- tations to the barcaderes. In January, 1769, the free in- habitants of the ifland amounted 102524.; the flaves to jo 2^0. It had in cattle 598 mules and horfcs, 1819 horned beafts, and 23^8 fheep. Its plantations were 1,2,79,680 plants of cacao, 2,463,880 of coffee, 63 1 fquares of cotton, and 254 of canes ; there were 16 fugar-works going on, and 18 nearly com pleated. Its produce yielded 112,000!. which by improvement might be increafed to 500,000!. Since Eu- rope has acquired pofleifions in the New World, none has been more favourably treated than the inhabitants of St. Lucia, who enjoy a free trade, and encumber- ed but with 50 troops in the whole ifland, and pay no tax whatever. Itliesiniat. 13, 45. long, 61. LUM LEY'S ISLET, a gulph of the North-Main, in the Arc- tic countries of America. It-lies on the eaftern coaft, and is fltuat- cd E. of Whhebear-bay. LYN, a market-town of Eflex county, and Mafiachuftt Proper, i:i N-w-England. It Lies at rhe bottom of a bay, S. of Marble- head, and near a river, which, at the breaking up of winter, and the melting of the ioe and fnow, runs into the iea with a very rapid current. M. Ao RE DE POP A, a fown -. . aru ' convent of Terra Fir- rna, utuatcd on the river Uraiuio M Kt A G The pilgrims in S. America refort f*i great numbers to this religious foundation, wnich is there in tilmoft as great reputation as the Santa. Cafa, or Holy HoUfe'of Lo- retto, is in Europe ; great num- bers of miracles being faid to have been wrought niere, by the Holy Virgin, in favour of the Spanifh fleets and their; failors, who are therefore very -liberal in tueir donations at her fhrine. It lies fifty four miles E. of Cartha- gena, lat. 10 deg. 51 min. long. 76 deg. i 5 min* MAGDAL ENA,a targe river, the two principal fotirces of which are at no great diftance from the city of Pcpayan, in Terra Firma. Belcazar, by going -down t-his river, found a pafTsgc to the N, lea : and returned to Old Spain, in order to follicit the; title of G-c- vernor of the country which be had discovered, conqnejed, and peopled. This river, after unit, ing its waters with the Cance, takes the name of Grande, and falls into the N. fea fallow the town of Madre 6-. Pop?.. The banks of this great river are well inhabited, and it has a courfe of above 200 leagues. Its mouth- -is much frequented by imagglers, and conveys toCartha- gena the prbdiijftions of New- Granada, viz. gold -and grab, .Among many other configurable places on its banks are, Malambito, Tenerife, Talaygua, Monpox, 1 amalaraeejue, &c, MAGDALEN, CAPE OF, a promontory in thecent: e of Cana- da, where there is an iron-mine, which promifea great advantages, lioth with regard to the goodnefs of the metal, and the plenty cf the ore. MAGDALEN ISLES, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, long. 61, 30. lat. 47, 30. They arffitwated about 50 niiies N.. W. of St. Lawrence's Cape, the N. end of Cape Breton. The principal one as alrcoft round, and i* 5 miles M A 1 over each way, and furrounded by rocks. MAGU ELON, themofl wefterly Of the three iflands of St. Peur, lying off Newfoundland. This ir not fo high as the other two ; and its fiityvery indifferent. Ic is about 3 c^uar.<.ers of a league in length. MAINE,'* province of New. England, by others made only a county in the province of Mafla- chufets-Bay, by (he name of York County. It is bounded on the N*. E. -fe^y-Nova ,Scotia ; on the So by Maifachufets-Bay ; ami on the S. W. and N. W. by New Karrpftvee. - 'It is divided -m.to the counties cf York, Cumberland, and Lin. coin, and contains the follow! Townfhips : Totvnjhifs In York County* I Kitceiy a Berwick 3 Lebanon 4 ^andford c Btixton ^ Wells 7 Arundel 8 Biddeford 9 Naraganfct, N". T. Io Pepperelborough n York, the county town, foliin/fiips in Cumberland Count] 1 Scarborough a New C,ifco 3 New Yarrhouth 4 Harpfwcll 5 Brunl'wick 6 New Bofton ) Wind ham 2 New Glocefier 9 Pearfontdwa 10 New Marble-Head ji Falmouth the county town. Tcw:?J1iips in Lincoln County* 2 Bowdointown z Woolwich 3 George-Town 4 Naflalborough 5 \\ inthorp 6 \Yinflow 7 B.iftol MAR IT Gardners Towa 9 Hollowell Jo Edgecomb 11 Medumeook 12 Boothbay 13 Waldoborough 14 St. George - 15 Belfaft 16 Pownallfborongh, the county town. This and Cornwall being two frontier counties, and chiefly ex- pofed to the Indians, moft of the towns are defended by regular blrx-k-houfes, which ate kept in good repair. M A L D- K N . a (ov/n in Middlefex ceunty, Maflachufe f .s-8ay, fituated about 5 miles N. of Charles- Town, and has a river of the fame name runs by it, which empties |tfelf into My ftic river, * " MANHKIM, a town in Lsn- cafter county, Penfylvania, on a branch of a creek which runs into the Sufcjuehanftah river at 10 miles diftanee ; ir is c miles N. W. of Lancafter, rr W.. of "E'u- phrata, and 13 S. of Lebanon', - MANITO-U ALiN.---See Ma- twalin. 'MA-N&FTELD I c r AND,a.fmall ] ft and in the mouth of Kudibn's Bay. MANSF iEt.D,a town in Wind- b-am county, Connecticut, on tlie vivcr VV*illim.int , which ruiis ifjto the Thames. It is 5 mites N. of Windham, and o S. of Willing- tof), i 5 E. of Giaifcnbury. 'MANTOVALJN, an iflnnd in the lake Huron, in Canada. It lies along the northern coaft, is upwards of thirty leaores Icnig, and abouc four or frve broad. MARACAIBO, or MARA- c AY A, a fmall, but rich, city of Venezuela, a province of Terra I 7 irma, iuuated on the welterh banks of the lake of the fame name, about 18 miles from its mouth, and 73 S. W. of the rnins of the city of Coto. It is ex- tremely well built, has feveral it&ely houfci, very regular, and MAR adorned with balconies, f?on> which there is a profpeft of th lake, which has the appearance o( a fea. Here are about 5000 inha- bitants, of which 800 are able to bear arms. It has a Governor fubordinace to the Governor ci ? Terra Firma. Here is a large pa. rochial church, an hofpital, and four convents. VclTi-ls from 25 to 30 tons are continually coming hither, with manufactures ajid merchandifes from the places near the take, which are after- xvards pat on hoafcl Spanifh (hips .that crime hither to htiy them. $hips are built" at Maracaiho, Which trade all over America, and even into, Spain, this place being very commodious for (hip-build- ing, It lies 338 miles E. of Rio de la Hacha, Lat. 10, 51. long. 70, 15. MARACAFBO LAKE, or ra- ther Gu'ph, a lan>e collection of waters, on which the town above- mentioned is fituated. It is near (5o miles long, and, in fome parts, f)t) in breadth, running from S\ to Kand emptying itfclf into the N. lea ; the entrance of which it \ye\l, defended by (trong forts~ but Sir Henry Morgan palled by them, plundered feveral Spaniih towns on the coifr, and defeated a ftfjadron which' had been ftric to in it-Kept him.- As the tide flows- into this lake, its water i fomething brackifh, notwithstanding the many rivers it receives. It abounds with all forts of Hlh, fome of which are very largei By the navigation of this lake the inhabitants of Ve- nezuela carry o'n a trade with thofe of New- Granada. M A R a L E H p A D , a t o wn of Eflex county, and Maflachufet Proper, in New-England. It lies four males' ro the S. of Salem, has a fmall h3rhour, but a rocky fhore,. Here the fociety for pro- pagation of the Gofpel have a. miffiomry. It carries onaacx- tcnfivc fiJhcry MAR MA3CARETTA, or SANTA MARGARITA DK LAS CARAC- CAS, an ifland of Terra Firma, from which it is parted by a ft rait, 68 miles W. of Paria, or New-Anda!ufn. Columbus dif- covered it in his 3^ voyage, anno 1498. It is about t;o milts long, and 24 broad. ' The climate is f r.J to be unhealthy, from the f'ViM.ient fogs with which the iiland is covered. It produces Indian corn, with the ufiul fru ts of the Torrid zone* The N. parts are high land, and have a Toil proper for ftigar-canes, tobacco, &c. Here are feyeral forts of ?.r;ro:i's, particulai.|y. wild ho??, vvitli /iih and fo-.il. It is fu,Bfcel to MKiin, snd : s rein? rkeJ for its pearl firhcry, having pro- duced the fined 1 ' ever feen, valued at 25,000!. fterling, bought by the king of Spain. The inhabi- tants are a mixture of Spaniards and Indian?, who are lazy, thievifh, rrj-l fuperflitious. This ifiand is N. of Cub siJua, another ifland. I, at. 11, 46. long. 64, 12, iVl A ii i G \ i A N'T t, /.>ne of the Caribbs-: iil.'.:iJs, in rhs Atlantic Ocean ; A> railed from the (hip's name i i which Columbus difco- vered it, iii 14.07. It is of an f.l'ij'nc.il figure, 4 leagues and an l.alf from N T . to S. and 3 from V:. to \V. It lies near Guada- Inipe : from which it is fl-panted l.-y a clnnnel 5 or 6 leagues broad. Jt is covered with barren moun- tains above half its furfdce. TJiere are only 2 pari.hes, the principal at the S. defended by a fort called LafTe-terre. It is indifferently watered, but produces 8co,occlb. nf c-ifTee, 100,000 cotton, and a million of fugar. Lat. 16, 32. lonj^. 60, 5T. MARTHA'S VINEYARD, or Duke's Cownty, an ifland near Barnftaple county, Plymouth co- lony, New-England, from whence it is didant only 8 miles S. W. and 76 miles S. of Bofton. Ics ' iuhabi'.a.its, as well as thofe of MAR Nantucket, another ifland, follov/ the fifneries, in which they have great fuccefs. In it are the fol- Ipwing towns : Sherborn, Chil- mark, Tifbury, and Edgar, the county town. Jt is one of the counties of MafTachufets-Bay, by tl.e name of Duke's County. It is a very peculiar fpot of ground, being a triangular piece of mea- dow ground, hemmed in on the N. W. and N. E. by hilly rocky fides. It fwarms with inhabitants, and is a fettlement of confede- ration. Lat, 41, 20. long. 70, 40. MARTHA, ST. a province of Terra Finny. It is bounded oa the N. by the N. fea ; on the E. by Rio do la Haclu ; on the S. ny New-Granada; and on theW, by the territory of Carthagtna The a:r is colder here and more pure than in the adjoining coun-> tries. The vallies are fertile, and produce maize, with other grains and flints, efpecially oranges, le- mons, pine-apples, grapes, &c. alfo a little indigo and cecbineal, and forne woods for dying. The mountains, which are known to failcrs by the name cf the Snowy Mountains cf St. Martha, produce gold, emeralds, fapphires, chalce- donies, jafper, and curiou s mar- bks. On the coafls, where fmug- gling is carried on, are fait- works,, and 2 fisheries for pearls. It is about 300 miles in length, and 2co in breadth, is a mountainous country, and reckoned ihc higheft land in the world. MARTHA, ST. a city in the province lart-mentioned, with a harbour on the N. fea, at the mouth of the Guayra ; a^out 124 miles N. E. of Carthagena. It is a maritime city, and the refi- dcnce of a Governor and Bifhop. The houfes are built with canes, and are very nea f . Its harbour is large, convenient, and fafe j- and the environs agreeable and , fertile. At,prefcnt it contains about 3000 inhabitants, who carry on an extenfive rich trade, and Ejake a preat qiTantity of cottons, ftdffs, &.C, W'ith earthen ware, v hich is rriuch efteemed. It has "a valuable pearl fifhery, wherein great number of Haves are em- jployed, whofe dexterity ia pro-. curing the oyfters is very extraor- dinary, fome of whom will re- main for a quarter <>f an hour underwater, and v.-iU rife with a bafltet fail. -jLat.ii'^ 55. long,. 74, 56. >IARTINICO, one of the hrge-ft of the Caribbce, or Wind- Aard liland". It belongs to tlie French, and is the feat of their Governor-general of the iilands. jft is about 60 miles long; J and 6 in breadth, and lies 40 leagues to the N.- W. of Barbay anpiher earthljuake, whtu 1600 in4khitstU5 loll their Jives, and a jjreat liumber of the planta- tions and buijdiiM-s .wtredeltroyed, It allb fuffc red very Severely froin arurri'-iar. on ^ptember iz.-jhGy ami in March 1772,, by arr ear .\\- <};.ike' that deftroyed .the French Ibrtifications. The town of Jjjartinico is IUQ rcfidence of many merch-ors, and is much frequented by i!iip- ^ing', 'ti r >cciafiy lioiu i.. ^iit :<=, \vnofe cargoes are furtf of &. quick. fale here. The hurb'ocr . is allo ^ iafe retreat 'in 1 the '.iucric^nc Ica- tbo^aivl at the (I'.rU'tuve v o wiiiil- vyard of a'U'tho iilands ; a circum-, ft'ance of gr^at advanraj/e to ibips bound'- to Europe. Th^ chvn.h is dniy a wooden ftruc'.'^. I r. July, 1767, the iila.io i. MAR MAR 11,450 white inhabitants, 1814 fait water, which run a great way free blacks or mulattoes, 70,5*53 within the ifland ; but has no fhves, 443 fugitive negroes, in ail frefh water but what falls from 84,817 fouis. The number of the clouds, and is faved bythc in- births in 1767 was a ^oth part habitants in cifterns. The fait among the whites, and a 2.5th lakes abound in good fifh, parti- among the black-:. The cattle of cularly turtle ; and the faltwater- the colony are compofed of 3776 pools are frequented by vaft num- horfes, 42,14 mules, 293 afles, bers of birds. In the woods are 12,736 horned beafts, 975 fwine, wild hogs, turtle-doves, and par- and 13,544 (heep and hogs. For rots innumerable. Here are fe- its proviiions it has 17,903,596 veral trees producing gums; and holes cf caflada, 3,509,048 bana- plenty of the candle-tree, fplinters Has, 406 fquares and a half of of which, when dry and lighted, yams and potatoes. The planta- emit a very fragrant fmell. Its tions confift of 11,444 fquares of tobacco, which is reckoned the land with fogar-canes, 6,638,757 beft in all the Caribbee Iflands, is plants' of coffee, 871 ,043 of cacao, the" principal commodity and trade 1,764,807 of cotton, 59,966 of of the inhabitants, caflia, and 61 of anatta. The The Spaniards formerly ke paftures or favannas take up garrifon here in a fort ; but, a 30,972 fquares of land; there are 3 1,966 of wood, and 8440 uncul- tivated or abandoned. The num- ber of plantations for coffee, cotton, cacao, and other objects, is 1515, there are only 286 where they make fugar. All thefe plan- tations employ 116 water-mills, 12 wind -mills, and 184 eattle- mills. Before the hurricane in 1766, they reckoned 302 of the fmaller habitations, and 15 fugar- chafed a confidcrable number of work?, more than in 1767. The negroes. But in i 689, the French produces of this ifland at prefent million lb. kept a bout the year 1650, they blew up the fort, burned their houfes, and abandoned the place. Then the Dutch and the French fhared the ifland between them, and they lived very amicably. The French had, however, the bed part of the iflar.d ; but the fpot where the Spanifh fort flood fell to the Dutch, who creeled fine houfes, with Urge frore-houfes, and pur- are computed at 23 weight of fngar, 3 million Ib. of coffee, 6oo>ocolb. of cotton, and 4C,ooolb, of cacao* Foreigners carry off privately about a izth part of die produd of the ifland, and the reft goes to France ; for which exportation in 1766, 143 veflels were employed. Lat. 14,, S3. long. Co, 54. MARTIN, ST. one of the Ca- l-ibbce lilmds, fittiated in the At- la . Ocean, between Angnilla on th. N. from whence ii is fituated a leaoiie and a half, and St. Bar- tholomew on the S. E. 15 mil^s. It isahnu. '5 leagues in circumfe- rence, will; commodious bays and roads on the N. W. fide. Here are good fail-fits, and lakes of a were attacked and plundered by Sir Timothy Thornhill ; and in July, ' 1744, driven out by the EngliOv, and did not return till after the peace 1763. They now enjoy about 35,000 acres out of the 55,000 - which the whole ifland contains.. Through this large fpace are fcattcred about loo white inhabitants, and 300 blocks ; but it is capable i' con- taining 400 white faimhi.s, and 10,000 ilaves. The line of fe- paration, lying from L. to W. was agreed upon in 1684 ; the two nations ugniog iheir treaty on a mountain, which makes it- felf a natural divifion. ami has been firce named, * The '.- n- tai;i of Concord.'' Their ji n, fliguing a leis part to the L/utch,, MAR has fufliciemly made them amends by the pofleffion of the only har- bour in the ifland. Thefe repub- licans have not, however, profited more from, this advantage than the French, fmce their divifion contains no more than 60 families, and about 200 flaves. The txvo Colonies breed poultry and (heep, which they fell to the other iflands. They have always culti- vated cotton, and lately planted coffee, with fuccefs* Lat. 18, 6, long. 62, 30. MARY LAND.oneof theBritifh colonies ; it was always reckoned part of Virginia, 'till K.Charles J. made a grant of it to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, of Ire- land ; who dying before the pa- tent was made out, his fon finifhed itini632. Thefettlement of the colony coft a large fum, and was made, at firft, with about 200 perfons, all Roman Catholics, and moft of them of good families : but the proprietary very wifely in- troduced a general toleration for all Chriftians : a meafure that f ready tended to the flourifiiing ate of the colony.. It is divided, by the north ex- tremity of Chefapeak-Bay, inp two parts, called the eaftern and weftern fhores ; and lies between lat. 38 and 40. and between long. 74 and 78. It is divided in two by the Bay of Chefapeak., into the following counties : ~W. Divifion. E. Diviiion.. Arttndel. Dorfct.. Baltimore.. Somerfet. Calvcrt. Worcofter. Charles. . Tallk.t, Prince George. Queen's* St. Mary's. Kent., Maryland is Dpunded by P fylvania on the N. b" ar part of the fame pro c, cal Delawar, and the A' ; -i-.'tic O en the li. by < Apalachian mountains on the v\ . and by Vir- ginia on the S, lt^ is about 140 MAR miles long, and nearly the fame iu breadth. The lands next the Tea are low,. but rife gradually 'till they termi- nate in the Apalachian mountains. Great part of the country was co- vered with wood, 'till cut and cleared by the planters ; but in- terfperfed with favannas and* meadows, watered with feveral fmall ftreams and fprings. Maryland, like Virginia, has no- confiderable town, and for the fame reafon ; namely, the num- ber of its navigable creeks and rivers. Annapolis, however, is the feat of government ; it is fmall, but beautifully fituated on the river Patuxent : and here is the principal cuftom houfe, and about 150 houfes. The people of Maryland are of the fame eftablifhed religion as thofe of 'Virginia, that of the church of England ; but the clergy are here provided for in a mcch more liberal manner. At prefent the people of Mary- land chiefly cultivate tobacco, as they do in Virginia; and theplant- ers live in farms Scattered about the country, and have the like conveniency of (hips coming up to their very doors, by means of Chefapeak-Bay, and its rivers. Their tobacco, called Oroonoko, which is ftronger than that of Virginia, and on that account greatly in demand in the eaftern and northern parts of Europe, where it is preferred to the fweet- fctnted tobacco of James and York rivers, in Virginia, amounts to about 40.000 hogiheads. The white inhabitants are about 10,000, and the negroes upwards of 260,000. Th re is lit tic or no wool Jen ma- rr.'.fifture followed by any of the inhabitants, except what is done in Somerfct county. Their com- mon/lrink is cyder, uliich is very good ; and, when prope>]y made, no: 'inferior to the belt white MAS ^ine. They lia,ve rum from Ear- dadoes, wme from" Madeira and Fiat; alib beer, malt, and various Torts of wines, from England, Plenty of good grapes grow- wild In the woods, but no wine is inade from them. Moft of the Indians live on the eaftern fhore. Some of them in- deed come over to the oilier fide "in winter, to hunt for deer, iu .\vhich they greatly delight : and it is very rare that any of them will embrace the life or worfhip of the Chriftians. But their num- ^ber is now inconsiderable, occa- iSoned by the -pergelual difcqrds among ihenifelves.- '. . Tker (bj&ef. bay is Chefapeak, including many creeks.; ^Numc- "yous rivers interfeft this province, -the chief of which are, the Pa- towmac, Pocomac, Patuxent, Pa?- tapfico, Cheptcuk, Sufquehannah, Severn, Safjkfras, &c., Maryland, PenfyJvama, and' Virginia, enjoy peculiar commer- fiaL advantages from th'eir nume- rous harbours,, cr-eeks, and large navigable rivers; but, being def- titute of fortifications, cannot but prove of equal difad vantage in. a war, if the enemy be matter of - the adjacent feas, who will have ~it in his power, by *hefe ii meanj i to cany dtfolatid'n into the beft fettled parts of the feveral coun- tries; as uphappify 'pay be too jfoon experienced. ST. MARY'S, a frnall'maritimc town in a county ' of ~ the fame ' pame, in the Weltern divifion of Maryland,, on the E. fide of Sf. " George's river, near 'St. George's ifiand, at the entrance of Patovv'- " mac river and Chefapealc bay. ' MAS SAC H u S'E T s-BAy , a province, the.principal fubdivifioh of New-England. It is bounded on the N. by New-Han, plhirt-'; on the E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean and Connecticut ; and on the W. by New-York j producing 1 idian corn 'n aii'inJance^thoiirh *b';i; Lrcle clTier gnih, khtz is M A S plenty of mutton, beef, porky, fowl, and h'ih, with ftax and hemp ; and the h)b^'bita^(s are erriplo.yed in manu failures of liuen, woollen, and leather. They build great numbers of fnips, having pic-nty of limber and other materials for that purpofe. They have copper and iron mines, ancj(ojfjie of the latter ar-2 mamifa^ured; but fbetr fabrics ij>' g,cf>ea), pa rly thofe of hats, are difcouragetl by the mother-country. They fur- ni(h the fngar-ifl^nds uiih fait provifions, in return for which they take fugar and mob fits, They Lave dills for making rum, aad lamf A}ar4u>u(es.. This province is divided into the follpwiag counties, to each of which we.have annexed the towa^ (hipji tl}at belong to it. . "County of Hampihire.,. *! Canada a. Pe^uiong 3. Saletn.. 4 Peterfham 5, Narraganfet 6 Greenwich 7 Brim field 8 Kinofton - 9 Peiham, 10 Sunderlandi 11 Hacllcy ja N..Hadley 13 Northampton-' 4~ North field' ' 16' llttrhUd 17 BlandTbfd .-?& Gnanville 19 We'ft field* 20 Springfield the co. ' County yf Suffolk. r Roxbury ft .'.Dorchefter 3 Ncedham 4 Me<1way 5 I'illinyhawj- 6 Wrent ham- , 7 Meri field ' 8 Walp.-le . o Sfi'i-ohfon l ^ HraiiT i ?e M A S 12 Higham 13 Milton 14 Deadham 15 Bofton, the county town. County of WorcelUr. 1 Dudley 2 Stourbridge 3 Weitern 4 Hardvvick 5 New Ipfwich 6 Canada to Dorchefter 7 Lunenburg 8 Bolton 9 Shrewsbury jo Weftborough ji Hopkinton 12 .Graf ton 13 Meriden 14 Uxbridgg 15 Douglas 16 Oxford 17 Sutton 18 Gore 19 Brookfield 20 Drain tree 21 Weil Wing 2.^ RUM and 23 Holden 24 Worcefter, the co. town. Cctwty of Eflex. 1 Beverley 2 Middlcion 3 Tapsfield 4 Andover 5 Bradford 6 Rowley 7 Newbury S Almbury 9 Haverhiil 30 Methuen 11 Dracut 12 Lynn, the county town, County of MiddJeftx. 1 Towntliend 2 Hollis 3 D unflable 4 Cheimsford 5 Reading 6 Maiden 7 Medford 8 Groton 9 BiKarica 10 Weftford 1 1 Bedford iz Tewkfbury MAS 73 Lexington 14 Woburn 15 Marlborougb 1 6 Stow 17 Concord 18 Walthara 19 Wefton 20 Sherborn 21 HoSiWon 22 Charles-Town 23 Cambridge, co. town. County of Bristol. 1 Attleboroiigh 2 Rehoboth, or Sea Rank 3 Barrington 4 Su'anfey 5 Dighton 6 Rainham 7 fca(ton 8 Norton 9 Berkley 10 Freetown 11 Dartmouth 12 Taunton, the co. town* County of Plymouth, 1 Hanover 2 Abingdon 3 Diixbury 4 Kingfton 5 Halifax 6 Pembroke 7 Brid^ewater 8 Mid tha's Vineyard, i Chilmak a Tilbury 3 Edgar, the co. town. County and I/land of Nantukket. Sherborn, the co. town. M A Y Befides the above, there belongs to this colony ^h-e territory of Sa- gadok, or York, Lincoln, and Cumberland', (which fee,) with Elizabeth Iflands, viz. Nafhawn, Tinkers, Slokums, Mufkejet, No- man's, and Kuttihunt ifles. The inhabitants of this pro- vince are commuted at 400,000, of whom 80,000 are capable of bearing arms. This is by far the moft power- ful of the BjitiQi colonies ; to which there has lately been an- nexed the counties of Cumber- land, York, and Lincoln. The bulk of the people are of the In- dependent perfuafton. See Neiv- nglayd : * MAS SEDAN, a bay between Acapulco and Aqaiacara, a port near the Cape of California, where Sir Thomas Cavendifh lay, after parting the Magellan Straits. MASTERKOUT, a fmalltown j;i the Bounty of Prince George, in t'.}t weftern divifion of Maryland, MATANE, a river of Canada, the mouth of which is capable of receiving veflels of 200 tons. All this coaft of the river St., Law- rence, efpecially near Matane, for "upwards of 2.0 leagues, abounds jn cod, and might employ above 500 fhalops, or fifhing-fmacks, at a time. Th" fifli is very fine, and fit for exportation to the Straus, Spain, and the Levant. Great numbers of whales have been faan here floating upon tlv? water, which may be ftrek with the harpoon, and prove a very valua- ble fifhery. MATTHIAS, ST. the wefter- mctt of the two iflands difcs.ered by Dampier, on the coaft'of'New- liritain, and fouthern countries of America. It is about nine or ten leagues in - length, mountafnous and woody, but inrcrfperfcd witli feveral favannas, and feme fpots which Teemed to be cleared. MAYEN'S ISLAND, or JOHN MAYEN'S ISLAND, an ifland ly- ing S. W. of Spitsbergen, in lat. 71, 2 j, Ihe fett which wallics its E C coafl was formerly frequented b^ abundance of whales ; buf theil* fifh removing furtflcr to the N. the ifland has been forfakfn. A very kigh mountain, beginning near its noithern extremity, calkd Beer^iibergen, or Bear-mountain^ extends f fjl- ver, and a few of gold and cop- per. Among its numerous pro- ductions are the cacao or choco-- late nut, the root mechoacan, fe- veval odoriferous gums and bal- fams, farfaparilla, ambergirs, va. nillas r eflia r &c. The natives, now incorporated with the 'paniard*-, learn all kinds of tr?.d< s ; and are particularly curious in making cabinets, and weaving*filk : but their greateft a-rt is in making images of imall feathers, equal to the roft exqui- fite painting. The country is in- fefted with fox*s, fquirrels, lions > wild dogs and tygers. Kut it has- alfo a numerous breed- of excel- lent horfts for tl* faddle or hnr- nefs ; and produces plenty of ho- ney and wax ; and the fea and ri- vers are Uorcd with excellent fifh. Mechoacan was formerly a king- dom, but the Spaniards havs re* M E R it to a bifhopric, in which spe about 200 towns of converted Datives, The greateft part of the trade in this province is carried on 1>y land, there being hardly any feaports deferving that nan*e. ME c HO A CAN, an epifcopai city, and the capital of the pro- vince of the fame name, fitnated on a large river^ abounding in filh, near the weft fide of a lake, about 120 miles W. of Mex ; co, It is a large place, beautifully de- csrated with a fine cathedral, and handfome houfcs belonging to rich Spaniards, who own the fil~ ver mines at Guanaxoato or Guax- ; MECKLENBURG, an inland county, in the diftrift of Salif- bury, North-Carolina, uhofeprin" cwal town is CharJotteburgh, It is. the moft S. limits of the pro- vince, as boundary to the Cheraws precinc"t, S m Caroline. MIDFIEI,I>, a town in Suffbjk eaunty, Maflachufets-Bay, in thti miJway. between Wrentham and Deadham, being 7 miles diftant from each, aod about 18 S. Ws from Cambridge, near the river Charles. MEDFORD,a town in Middle- iek county, Maflachufets- Bay, which (lands near the head of th Myftic rjve*, about 7 miles N. of Cambridge., and 9 S, of Wil- mington, MED WAY, a town in Middle- fex county, Maflaclvufets - Bay^ near the river Charles, on the principal road to Providence, 6 mile^s N. from Wrentham, and about the fame diftance S* from Sherburn. " MSNDON, a town in Worcef- tcr county, Mafidchufets-Eay, 5 miles E. of Ukbridge, and 4 N.. W. from Bellingham. MERIDA, the capital of- Spa- ni(h Yucatan, a province in the audience of Mexico, It is the feat of the Governor, and the fee of the biihop, and lies near the north de of the province, be- M E X tween the giilphs of Mexico ani Honduras. It is a handfome city, of afquare form, with ftraight and fpacious ftreets, cutting each other at -right angles; the boufes are of (lone, and their artificial white-. nefs is very hurtful to the eyes in. this binning climate. There are about 30 churches. The greatefl part of the inhabitants pals their lives in idlerfefs, fupporred by the continual labour of the Indians. It ftands 45 miles fouth of the ocean, and ij^north-eaft of the city of Campeachy. Lati aj, 38, long. nd Ke- nebeg ; rivers, oh which is built Riehiffia-nd fort; Nc- groes, and Mulattoes ; in fhprt, men of all the tints that the mix- ture of white, copper colour, and M EX black, can produce. It is greatly admired'for ftraight and fpacious ftreets and fquares, its cool luna- tion in fuch a hot climate, and its natural ftrength. It contains 29 convents, 22 nunneries, and a great number of parifti-churches, befides the cathedral. Their enor- mous riches, and (hocking luxury, can only be paralleled by the ex- cefs of their fuperftition, and the corruption of their morals. It is the residence of the Vice- roy, the feat of the firft audience, and one of the richeft and nioft fplendid cities in the world. And though it has no Tea -port, nor any communication with the Tea by navigable rivers, it enjoys a prodigious commerce, and is it- felf the centre of all that is car- ried on between America and Eu- rope on one hand, and between America and the Eafl-Indies on the other. The goods from Aca- pulco to La Vera Cruz, or from La Vera Cruz to Acapulco, for the ufe of the Philippines, and, in a great meafure for the ufe of Peru and Lima.pafs thro' this cit^, and employ an incredible number of horfes and mules. Hither all the gold and filver is brought to be coined ; here the King's fifth is depofited ; and all that im- mcnfs quantity of plate wrought, which is annually fent into Eu- rope. The {hops glitter on all fides with gold, filver, and jewels, befides great cherts piled up to the cielings, \x r aiting for an op- portunity of being fent to "Old Spain, &c. The city itfelf is re- gularly built, and ihehoufes hand- fome, though not lofty. The or- naments of the churches are ex- travagantly rich, though the tafte of their architecture is compari- tively poor. It is 170 miles W. of the gulph of Mexico, and 190 N. from AcapulcO. Lat. 2,0, 15. long. 103, 12. MEXICO, NEW", including California, is bounded by un- known lands on the N. by Flo- N M I A rida on the E. by Old Mexico on the S. and by the Pacific Ocean on the W. It is a temperate, and in fomc parts a fruitful country; though California is a mountain- ous, craggy, and barren tracl, both in the outer and inner coafts towards the gulph : and notwith- ftanding the indefatigable pains of the Jefuit miffionaries, among the natives of this country, for con- verting them to chriiliunity, by feeding them regularly every day, and ufing all the endearing me- thods to win them, they Teem itiil to retain their priftine bruta- Jity : of which they have given feveral inftances ; fcr after feizing upon a horfe belonging to one of the miffionaries, killing and feaft- iog on him, in a ring round the carcafe, they not long after pro- ceeded to a more fhocking extre- mity, and barbaroufly mafTicred the fathers Caranco and Tamaral, with many more peifons, fbme of whom were natives attached to the miffionaries, who fell into their hands, having totally ruined four other miffionaries, the re- maining twelve or thirteen nar- rowly efcapingthe fame fate, The fathers, by their furveys, have found California to be a penin- fula, joined to New Mexico on the N. E. near which are pearl- fifheries ; and thefe feem to be the chief thing valuable ; tho' the paltry natives cannot b- made to labour in queft of that treafure, or any thing elfe. See California. In Mexico are rich filver mines, the principal of which are thofe of St, Barbe. Mi A MIS, a favage nation of Canacb, ar the bottom of lake Michigan, where they have x vil- lage .a Chicagou, the rtfidence of the Chief, or Cacique, who can raiie between 4 and 5000 warriors, ' and never goes ahroad without a j.uard of 40 foldier.*, who keep ic.uiy tliiy and right round his i cabin, while he is there. si- .'I'iclom nppears in perfon to M I C his fubjefts, but contents himfelf with fignifying his orders to them by one of his officers. MICHIGAN, one of the five principal inland lakes of Canada* Between a point of the neighbour- ing continent at Michillimakinac, a Huron fettlement, extending 5t- felf S. and oppofite to another, which looks N. is formed a firait, through which the lake Huron communicates with the lake Mi- chigan. This is an incommodious place for a fettlement, the cold being exceffive; owing, undoubtedly, to the ufual agitatiop, by very tem- peftuous winds, in the waters of the three lakes among which it lies; the lead, namely, Michigan, being 300 leagues in circuit, with- out reckoning the bayDesPuans, 28 leagues more in depth inland, that empties itfelf into it. The inequality of the tides dif- turbs very much the navigation of thefe lakes ; for they are ob- ferved to keep no fort of regula- rity, and they are pretty ftrong in fomc places Near the little illand of Michillimakinac they rife and fall once in 24 hours, at full and new moon, always run- ning into lake Michigan. It is no lefs certain, that, independently of thefe tides, there is a current which is continually directed from lake Huron into the other; a phe- nomenon apparently occafioned by fprings, fuch as are frequently to be met with in the open fea. This current| howe\ er, does not hinder the natural courfe of the Michigan, which difcharges its waters into the lake Huron, as well as the Superior lake. The firft of thefe two currents, name- ly, that of lake Huron into lake Michigan, is more perceptible when the wind blows from the oppofite quarter; namely, from the S. at which time flakes of ice are feen to be carried from the former into the latter, with as much velocity as a fhip before the M I c \vind. This is known to be cx- aftly the cafe in the flraits of Bahama. In the channel by which the Superior lake throws its waters into the Huron lake there are cur- rents in great numbers under wa- ter, and fo ftrong as fometimcs to carry away the fifhermens nets : from which it is conjeclured, that this large lake difcharges a part of its waters into that of Michi- gan by means of filbterraneous channels, which it has hollowed for this purpofe, in the fame man- ner as it is thought the Cafpian fea communicates with the Eux- ine, and the latter again with the Mediterranean. All this is the more likely, as the Superior lake receives into it at leaft 40 rivers, jo or IT. of which are as large as the (trait itfdf, and would not give out fo much water, by a great deal, as it receives, had it no other outlet than this channel. The fame thing may be faid of Michigan, which, befides the wa- ters of the great lake, receives alfo into its bofom a vaft number of rivers, many of which are very large, and have a long courfe : for, befides the vifihle difcharge of its waters into the lake Huron, it mud necefT-irily have hollowed alfo a fabterraneous paflage for it- felf, as has been faid already of the Superior lake. A difcovery which has been made on this head corroborates theconjefture; name- ly, that all the rocks which are found at a certain depth in the rtrut called the Sault or Fall of Sr. Mary, are perforated, or porous, like fponge, and many of them are even hollow, in the form of grottoes; and this ap- parently owing to the currents which have been already men- tioned. In failing froTi Michillimakinac to the river St. Jofeph, at the bot- tom of lake Michigan, it is found, though the wind is contrary, that a vellcl will go about eight or ten M 1 C leagues in a day : and this proves that the currents muft increaftf her velocity. The fame thing has been obferved at entering the bay Des, Puans. There is no doubt but that this bay, which has no vifible outlet but on one fide, difcharges itfelf into lake Michigan ; and that the Michigan, which is circarriftanced in the fame manner as that bay, empties its waters into the lake Huron i and the rather as Michigan and the bay receive feverai rivers into their bofoms, efpecially the Mi- chigan lake, to which there is an acccflion of a very great number, fome of them not inferior in mag- nitude to the river Seine in France. Yet thefe currents are perceivable only in the middle of the channel, by a kind of eddy, or counter- current, on both fides of their banks, of which an advantage ; s made by coafling along ne^r the fhore, as thofe are obliged to do who fail in canoes made of bark. At firll they run 5 leagues to the W. in order to gain lake Mi- chigan, and afterwards fleering to the S. which is the only courfe veflels have to take for 100 leagues (the extent of this lake from N. to S.) till they come to the river St Jofeph. Nothing exceeds the beauty of the country which feparates lake Michigan from lake Huron. Mi CKILLIM AKIN A'c,afmalL ifland in the Huron lake of Cana- da. It lies in lat. 43, 30. Here is only a middling village, in which, however, a pretty good Irade in peltry was carried on till lately, as being the pafs, or the place of rendezvous, for feveral favage na- tions ; but this traffic is removed to Hndfon's-Bay, by the channel of the river Bourbon. The fituation of Michillimaki- nac is very advantageous for the purpofes of commerce. It lies between three great lakes; name- ly, Michigan, which is 300 leagues in circuit, without faying any N z M I D thing of the great bay Puans that empties itfelf into it ; lake Hu- ron, which is 350 leagues in cir- cuit, and is in the form of a iri- arigle ; and, laftly, the Superior Jake, which is 500. AH three are navigable for the largeft barks : and the two fir ft arefeparated only by a fmall (trait, in which there is alfo abundant water for the fame veffcls to navigate through, without obftrudlion, over all lake Erie, as far as. Niagara. There is indeed a communication between Jake Huron and the Superior lake, only by means of a canal of 22 leagues in length, but very much interrupted by cataracts or water- fals : yet fo as not to hinder ca- noes from coming to unload at Michillimakinac all that they can bring from the Superior lake. See Superior and the other lakes, under their proper names ; alfo Canada, MIDDLESEX, the moft con- f'derable county in the province of (Vlafldchufets-Bay. . MIDDLESEX County, in New E.Jerfey, which has the provin- cial town of Perth-Amboy in its MIDDLE TON, a town in Berks ecmnfy.Penfyivania, fituated about i miles N. from Newrnan's-tovvn, ; F. from Tulpehocken, and 12 S. W. from Reading; Mi DDL ETON, a pretty good town of Mon mouth, the inoft for them county of Eaft-Jerfey. ft confirts of 'ico families, with cut-plantations of 30,000 acre?. The fhore near this place, winding like a hook, and being fandy, is denominated Schdyhook. It lies 2.6 miles S. of Piftataway. MIDDLE T o \v N , a ' town in I_,ar,cafter county, Penfylvania, on the Great Swatawro creek, 2 miles 'from the Sufquehannah ri- ver, 5 miles '5v of Hummel's- tbwnj'and ib mi!esE.of Lifburn. MIDDLETQ'^ NY a town- in Haft ford 'countyyCo'nfnec'ticuf, oft the W, bank of Connefticut river, M I S 14 miles S. of Hartford, and 9 N. of Ha'dham. MILFORD, a town in New- haven county, Connecticut, fuu- ted en the W. fide of a creek of its own name, that runs into L,ong-T(land Sound. It is 4 miles E. from Stratford, and 6 W. from Newhaven. MILTON, a town in Suffolk county, MalTachufe's - Bay, fitu- ated on a river of the fame name, that runs into Bofton harbour. It is about 7 miles S. of Bofton, 2 from Dorcheller, and 6 N. W from Kratv.ree. Mi N CAN ISLANDS, at the N./ide of the rnouth of the river St. Laurence, \vi(h ihe 3 flan d of AnricoOi S. from whence it is diflant but 10 leagues. It is a very fecure harbour for (hips in all weathers, with excellent an- chorage and plenty of cod-fifh. It is very convenient for the fi(h- ery ; has the advantage of a level good foil, and provable Indian trade; and has its tides rife 10 or 12 feet. They lie in long. 63, 25. lat. 50. 15, M'ISAS s T PF i, MESCHA- s i P F i , or M i s s i s i P P i . It- is bounded on the N. by Canada ; on the E. by the Brltifh plantai. tions ; on the S. by the gulph of Mexico; and on the W.by Loui- fianz. Alfo a large river of the fame name with the preceding country, rifing in Canada, and runt ing to the fouthward, till it falls into the gulph of Mexico/ It is na- vigable, and faid to inn upwards of 2100 mi'es, in a veiy winding courfe ; which, as well as the neighbouring country, the French po fit fled from the year 1712 till the peace of 1763. This river was then fixe"d on as the boundary between the Englilh and Spaniih American dominions, the navi* oation of it being left -free to th.e fubjefts of both nations. Upon founding the entrance into the Miffifippij it was found M I S to have 16 feet water upon the bar ; after which the Neptune, a fhip juft arrived from Franca, was immediately fent, and (he eafily failed up the river as far as New Orleans, 24 leagues from the mou hs. From Fort Crevecoeur theMiffi- fippi was entered by the Sieur Dacan and Father Hennepin, who failed up it as far as lat. 46, where they were flopped by a pretty high water fal for the whole breadth of the river, called by them Sault de S. Antoine de Padoue, or St. Anthony of Padua's Leap. The fource of the Miflifippi is ftill unknown ; hut it runs almott quite through North America. The lake Affiniboils is very far from the places where thefe two voyagers were ; and it is certain that tike French had at that time no fettlerrtent on the banks of the river which they failed down. It receives a great number of large rivers in its courfe, as the Ohio (almoft equal to the Da- nube), the Ouabache (fcarcely inferior to it), with the great ri- vers Alibama, Mobil'e, &c. fonie of which briug down fuch pro- digious quantities, of rnud and flirrve, that it can hardly clear it- felf in the courfe ot zo leagues. Jt breeds vaft numbers of cro-- codiles, and other amphibious creatures. It hath plenty of wa- terfowl, and the country on both fides is pretty fertile, and inha- bited by a great variety of na- tions, It difcfiarges itferf by two branches, which form an iftand of a confrderable length. Its mouths lie between lat. 29 and 30, and long. 89 and 90, bei.ig filled with feveral other frnau iflands, The conntry on each fide thcfe two month* is quite uninhabita- ble, on account of the frequent inundations, as well as barrennefs of the foil, producing nothing but rulhesjcaaes, and frme kinds MI S of trees, great part of which lie rooted up by the force of the water. But a few leagues higher, towards the ifland, it is a delight- ful country, covered with vines and all forts of fruit-trees ; the ground producing plenty of In- dian corn, pulfe, and other grain, and yielding two crops in ihft year. About 60 leagues h'ghcr up-ott the E. fide, is the rrver of Yafona, which comes into the MiflTifippi 2 or ^oo miles out of the country; and its borders are inhabited by the nations of the Yafones, Tou~ nicas, Kowrotias, Sec. 60 leagues higher is the river and nation of Chonguc, with fame others- to the K. 30 leagues higher the MifE- fippi receives a river which iflues from a lake about 10 miles dif- tant, 20 miles long; and receives 4 large rivers: i. The Cafqui, or Cufates, the moft fouthern of thefe, being the river of the Che. rokees, a mighty nation, among which are its principal fources. Jt comes ftorn the- S. E and its heads are among the mountains which feparate this country from Carolina, and is the great road of the traders ftom thence to the Miirlfippi and iutermediare pkces, 40 leagues alcove tb.e Chikazas, this river forms four delicate iflands, namely, Tahogale, Ka. kick, Cochaii, and Taly j and thefe have each a nation in-ha- biting tltem. 2. The jiver O- ncfpere, which, about 30 league^ to the N. E. of the lake, divides, into 2 branches, of which the moft fouthern is called the Black river ; but with very few inha* bitants upon either, thefc having been deftroyed or driven away by the Iroquois- The heads of this river are fuuated rn that vaft ridge of rnotnUa-ns which run on the back of Carolina, Virginia, and; Maryland, through which moun- tains is a fliort paflage to ihfr foiirres of the great rive* Polo- mack on the i fiac of W 3 M I S MOB 3. The river Ohio, or Hohio, is cagou is above 406 miles, navi- more.to the N. It is a vafl river gable above half-way by fhips j and moft of the reft by floops- and barges. it receives many fmall rivers, and forms 3 or 3. lakes ; one efpecially called Pime- which comes from the back of New-York, Maryland, and Vir- ginia. In the Iruiian language it iignifis a fair river,, and is na- vigable for 600 miles, It runs teovi, 2.0 miles long, and 3 broad, through the rnoft pleafant conn- \vhich affords great quantities of tries in the world, and receives good fifh. On the S. E, bank of the river Checagou, M. de Sale ereftcd a fort, which he called Crevecceur, or Heart-breaker, on account of the troubles he met with here. The fort (lands about half-way betwixt the gulph of Mexico and Canada-; and was formerly the ufual road of the French to and from both, till they difcovered a fhorter and ea- fur pallage by the rivers Oaa- bache and Ohio, which rife at & fmall diilanee fro-m the lake Erie r rablc rivulets. Several nations formerly dwelt on this river, as the Chawanoes, or Chcuanons, a great people, who, with many others, were totally extirpated by the Iroqaois, who made this .ri- "ver their ufual road, uhen they entered into a war with the na- tions either to the S* or W. 4. The rnoft northerly river, which runs into the faid lake, and which comes, like the reft, from the N. . is 'he Ouabachc, or fome rivers entering i*ro cr St. Jeremy's river. 25 leagues 80 leagues higher, the Miffifippi' above the Ohio is the great iiland receives the Mifeonliag, a river rtfembling that of the necks in- breadth, depth, of .the Tamarcas, with a nation oppofite to it that goes by its and; name ; and another by that of courfe ;.. and the country adjacent Catiokia, .\vho dwell on the banks of theChepuflo, 30 leagues higher is the river Checagou, or the river of the lllinonecks. corruptly tailed Illinois; w ; hich nation lived up-. on thisTiver in about 60 towns, and confifted of 20,000 fighting to its branches is alike pleafant snd fruitful. 60 miles before it falls into the MiffiCppi it is joined by the river Kikapouz, which is alib navigable, and comes a great way from the NVW. 80 milec further, almoft direftly E. is a men, before they wtre deltroyed a communication, by land-car- by the Iroqiiois, and driven to the W. of ihe Miffifippi. This riage of two leagues, with the river Mifconqui, which runs to is a large pleafant river, and, a- the N. E. and, after a paflage of bout 250 miles above its entrance 150 miles from the land-carriage,, into the.Miffiflppi, is divided inlo falls into the great bay of Pon- two branches ;" the leiTer comes keontamU, or the Puans, which from N. and by E< and its fource joins on the is within 4 or 5 miles of the W. fide of the great lake of the ll- linonecks, o& Micliigan. The Jargeir come? dirt-ftiy from the E. and ifiues from a morafs within two 1 miles of the liver Miamiha, vhich runs ir.to ihe fdine lake. On the S. E. fide is a communi- cation between ihefe two rivers, by a lan.t-camagc of 2 leagues, abouc 50 n.iks to the S. E. of Uie i4kt, Th: c< urfe of theChe- N. W. Tide to the great lake of the lllinonecks.. Higher np the Miflifippi is the river Chabadeba, above which the Miffifippi forms a fine lake, 20 miles long, and 8 or 10 broad. 10 -miles above that, lake is the river Tortoifes, a large fair river, which runs into the country a good way to the N, E. and is navigable 40 miles by the largeft boats. MOBILE, a river of Canada, M O N and one of thofe confiderable ftreams which fall into the Mifft- fippi. On its banks is the fcttle- ment of Dauphin Ifknd, about 70 leagues E. of the latter river. MOHAWKS, one of the Five Nations of the Irotjuois, in al- liance with Great Britain. Their country lies between New-York and the lake Ontario. Of the fame name is alfo a river, which runs through the Mohawks country. Mo MA, one of the Antilles Jflands, not far from Hifpaniola, and due E from St. Domingo, in the way to Porto R.ICO ; not above 3. leagues in circuit ; bat is faid to have an excellent cli- mate and foil, bearing oranges, much the largeft and fineft in America, betides other fruit. Here is plenty of good.water, and the ifland is pretty populous. Mo NATO MY.) a -village in Middlcfcx county, Maffr.chv.fets- Bay, 3 miles N. of Watertown, and 4 N. W. of Cambridge. M o x H s G A ti ISLAND, near the coail of the county of Lin- coln, in the province of New Hamplhne, New England. It is fituated between 3 and 4 leagues S. S. E. from Duck harbour, and forms the W. poini of Penobfcot bay.. M o N M OUTH, 'a county of New E. Jtrfey, whofe chief town rs Freehold. Mo N r o x , a large city on the Terra Firma, in the province of Carthugena, in New Spain, on the river Magila'ena, which is a place of great trade, and receives the products of New Granada, by means of that river, which ir conveys to Carthagena. MONTREAL, a town of Ca- nada. It (lands in an ifland of the fame name, in the river St. Laurence, and tfa leagues (others fay 100 miles) S. of Quebec. It is a well-peopled place, of an cb- lcn<>; form, the ftreers very open, and the houfcs well buiir, 'ihe M O N fortifications are pretty being farrounded by a wall, flank- ed with n redoubts, which ferve inftead of baftions ; the ditch is about eight feet deep, and of 3 proportionable breadth, but dry, encompafling the town, except that part which Jies towards the river. It has four gates, one of them very ftnall. It has alfo a fort or citadel, the batteries of which command the ftreets of the town from one end to the other j. and over the river St. Peter is a bridge, The bank of the river St. Lau- rence, on which the town of Mon- treal is built, rifes infenfibly from the wate/s edge to the oppoiite part of the town ; which is di- vided into two parts, called the Lower and the Upper Town; tho' the afcent in pafiing from the for- mer to the latter is Icarcely per- Ccivabif. The merchants in ge- neral ref:de in the Lowef Town ;, and here is alfa the place of arms, the nunnery h'ofpital, and royal magazines : but the principal flruclures are in the Upper Town'; among which are the Recollcts convent, the parifh - chnrch and free-fchool, thejefiiits church and ' fcniinary Y the palace ef the gover- nor, and the hcufes of moft of the officers belonging to the gar- rifoif. The Recollets convent'fs a fpacious ihu duftry, carry their goods into the remoteft parts of America, and difpofe of them to nations entire- ly unknown to us. This in re- turn brings the market horr>e to> them, as the Indians are by this means encouraged to trade at Montreal ; for which purpofe peo- ple from all parts, even thofe who dwell above icoo miks di'ftarrf, come to the fair at Montreal^, which is annually holder* in June; and it fometimts con'inues for three months together. Many fo- kmmtki ate obierved on this oo M O N cafion ; guards are planted in proper ftations, and the governor himfelf affifts in perfbn to pre- ferve order among fuch a vaft con- courfe of favage nations. Nor are all thefe precautions fufficient, as the fivages too often find means of intoxicating themfelves with fpirituous liquors, which produces a temporary madnefs, during which they are guilty of the moft enor- mous exceflTes. MONSERRAT, one of the Ca- rtbbee - Iflands, and among tne fmalleft of them in the Atlantic- Ocean. Columbus difcovercd it in. 1493. J* * s f an ova l f rm > a - bout 3 leagues long, and 2 in breadth, being 18 or 20 in cir- cuit; and contains about 50,000 acres. It was fettled in 1632. The firft fettlers were Irishmen, and the prefent inhabitants are their defcendants, or other natives of Ireland fince fettled there, by which means the IriQi language is preferved there, even among the negroes. The government of the ifland is compofed of a Lient. Governor, a Council, and an Af- fembly of 8 reprefentatives, ^ for each of the 4. diftricts which di- vide the ifland. Its mountains are covered-with cedars, &c. Its. valleys are well watered and fruit- ful : but the climate and foil, the latter being light and fandy, thV. highly fertile, are much the fame with thofc of the other iflands ; as are alfo its animals and trade. Its chief produce is indigo, but of a very inferior kind, befides fume fugar, and the commodities de- rived from the cane. It is fo fur- rounded with rocks, that the rid- ing before it is very precarious, and dangerous on the approach of a tornado, having no haven. It coa f ains about 1500 Europeans, who are m afters of about .12,0.00 African fhves. The exports in 1770 amounted to. 90)000!. to, Great - Britain and Ireland, and. 12,000 to N. America, It has) only 3 roads, viz. Plymouth, Old- harbour, and Ker's-key ; where M O R they are obliged to obferve the fame methods as at St. Chrifto- pher's in loading or unloading the veflels. On the agth and joth of June, 1733, a hurricane happened here, the whole damage of which, ex- clufiveof the (hipping, was reckon- ed not lefs than 50,000!. curren- cy. It lies 30 miles S. W. of An- tigna, the fame diftance S. E. from Nevis, and is fubjetft to Great. Britain. Latitude I 7, 10. longi- r tude 62, 100. MOOSK RIVER FACTORY, an English ftttlernent in New* South -Wales, which has been creeled ever fince 1740. It is built near the mouth of the river Moofe, in lat. 51, 2.8, on a navi. gable river, which at 12 miles* diftance from the fort is divided into 2, branches ; the one comes from the fouthward, and the other from the S-W. Upon the foutheni branch thrive all forts of grain, as barley, beans, and peafe do at the faftory, though expofsd to the chilling winds from the ice in the bay. Upon the foutherrt part above the falls grows natu- ' rally along the river a kind of wildcats, and rye like rice. In the woods, at the. bottom of the bay at Moofe and Albany, as well as at Rupert's- river, are very large timber- trees of all kinds, oak, afh, &c. as well as pine, ce- dar, and fpruce. They have ex- ceeding good grafs for hay; and they may have every where, with- in, land, pulfe, grain, and fruit- trees, as in the fame climate ia Europe. The ice breaks up at Moofe fa'5 Ni-.w ALBANY, called alfo Orange-Fort, in the province cf New-York. Here is a (trong ftone fort See Albany. N E AV A L B i o N, the name given by Sir Francis Drake to California, in New Mexico, when he took pofleffion of it, anno 1578, in Queen Elizabeth's name, the King of the country actually inverting him with its fovereignty. See California, and Mexico, Keic. NE \VARK, a town of EfTex county in New Jerfcy. It is the rhoft compact place in both the Jerfeys, confining of about 100 families, with 50,000 acres laid out for cultivation ; about 6 or 7 miles N. of Elizabeth, 7 miles N. of Staten ifland, and n W. from New-York. NEW BERN, a town in the county of Cra\en, in North-Caro- lina, fituated on the E. fide of the "river Nufe, which at about 30 milts diftance empties itftlf into the Pamtico Sound. It. is a very thriving place, has the refidence of a Governor, and is not above 20 miles E. from Fort-Earnwell, on the fame river, and nearly the fame diftance from Bathtown. NEW BISCAY, a province of Guadalaxara audience, in Old Mexico, or New Spain. It is bounded by New Mexico, on the N. by part of Florida and Pannco on the E. by Zacatecas on the S, and by Caliacan on the W. It is NEW about 100 leagues from E. to W. and no from N. to S. From its ^eiug well watered, it is fruitful ; and being fituated a little above the Tropic of Cancer, its climate is temperate. , Though part of it is a mountainous, barren fpot, mod of the country abounds with all forts of provisions; and tho' this province is inland, the inha- bitants are very rich, not only in corn, cattle, &c. but alfo in filver- mines, and fome of lead. The natives are not yet totally .re- duced : fo that between the mines of Zacatecas and thofe of this coun- try, they have four large towns fit ui ted ia morafies. NEW BRUNSWICK, a 'town in the county of Brunfwick, In Ne\v E. Jerfey, fituated on the Raritan river. NEW BRU N'S WICK, in New- "York, on a W. branch of Hud- fon's river, 20 miles N. of New- Windfor, and the fame distance S. of Kingfton. NEW BRITAIN, comprehend- ing Labrador, New North and South Wales, &c. Bounded on the N. by frozen feas and parts unknown. E. Atlantic Ocean. S. Canada. W. parts unexplored. No precife divifions have yet been made in thecountry forming 'this great portion of North Ame- rica ; but it confifts, indefinitely, of New Britain and New South 'Wales on the S. New Denmark, Ne'.r Nonh Wales, and Princ.e William's Land, on the W. and of unknown arctic parts on the North ; an the E. lie New or Wed Greenland, belonging to Denmark, and part of the Atlan- tic Ocean : the whole inclofing the two vul bays called Hudfon's and Baffin's, with the adj cent ftraits, iflands, &c. S:c. O.) the lands bordering on Hudfoa's-Buy, "the conpany fo called (confiftlng of ibout ic perfons) have feveral forts and fmall fetdements for the purpofe of defending and carrying 'On .their fur and peltry trade with N E W the Indians, and their fiihery ; the chief are thofe on the rivers Chur- chill, Nelfon, Albany, and Moofc, The forts on New Severn and Ro- pert rivers are deftroyed. Th; boundary of the Hudfon's-Bay country runs from a certain prd- montory on the Atlantic Ocean in 58 N. lat. S, W. to the lakes Miftaflln andAbitibis, then S.W. to lat. 49 N. and thence due W. indefinitely. The principal rivers are St. John's, EfkimaKx, Moofe, Alba- ny, New Severn, St. Therefas Or Hayes, Nelfon, and Churchill. Among others are the folio win* capes : Chudley, Churchill, Dobb?, Hope, and Elizabeth's; with the great bay of Efkimaux, Hod. fon's (including James's, But- ton's, Piflol, Wager, Rupert's or Repulfc, the whole length abouc 530 leagues, breadth from 35 to? 130), Baffin's - -bay, Miflaken- bay (in the l(le of Good For- tune) ; and the (Traits of KeJ!e- Ifle, Hudfon's (between Labra- dor and the I fie of GooJ For- tune), Sir Thomas Roe's Wel- come, Davis's (between James's Ifland and Weft Greenland), Baf- fin's, and Cumberland. The fiimmer -begins not tirl July, and ends in September ; and, as fpring and autumn may be faid not to be known here, the reft of the year is winter, which reigns with urvcontrouled rigour. The foil is rocky, producing little more than fpruce and pine-trees. The anirr.als are moofe and rein-deer, bears, wolves, foxes, porcupines.mountain-cats, lynxes, martins, beavers, otters, hares, ermines, eagles, hawks, horn- owls, f^uirreis ; all kinds of \vi'< fowl, geefe, ducks, buttards, any the Atlantic Ocean. Cape Km, the in oft IcutlierJy point of NEW the ifland, lies in the lat. 46, 45. the mod northern point in. 51, 30. and Cape Raye, its weftermoft point, in 47, 35. The ifland is full of hills and mountains covered with pines, fo that the country can be traverfed only in thofe parts where the in- habitants have cut roads through the woods. The trees of this fpe- cies of pine feldom exceed 18 or ao feet in height, except thofe growing in the valleys, where they are (heltered from the pier- cing winds, which often are 40 feet high. The cold during the winter is exceflive here ; and the frofts, which are remarkably fe- vere, fet in about the middle of November, and foon after the harbours and bays are entirely frozen. The whole circuit of the ifland is full of fpacious bays and har- bours, well (heltered by the moun- tains, except their entrance; fo that veflels lie in perfect fecurity. Some of thcfe harbours are a league and a half or two leagues in length, and near half a league in breadth ; having feveral rivers and brooks of excellent water falling into them from the adjacent mountains. They are alfo very near each o her, being only feparated by a point of land, feldom above two leagvies in breadth ; fo that the whole coaft of the ifland is a fuccdfion of har- bours. But it muft not be ima- gined that there are towns or vil- lages at every harbour ; thqfe are only to be found on the larger and more commodious bays, where the nature and difpofitionof the coun- try are moil convenient for a iet- tlement, the inhabitants being few in number, confidering the great extent of the coaft. Cod- fifhing is the only bufinefs followed here ; and the inhabitants, be. fides their dwellings, have large (tore-houfes for preparing and lay- ing up their fifli till the time ar- rives for fending it into Europe on their own account, or bartering it NEW for European goods, with the (hips tint frequent the ifland for that purpofe. None of thefe viU lages are w ; thout a fOrt or battery for their fecurity in time of war ; it being common for fmali priva- teers to vifit them. Newfoundland was formerly peopled by a race of favage Indi- ans, who have fince retired to the continent ; but fomctimes pay a vifit to their ancient abodes. Thefe Indians generally live by Milling and hunting, and both Newfoundland and Cape Breton abound with buftards and wild geefe. Here are alfo foxes, bears, beavers, and other quadrupeds found in Canada, though not in any great plenty ; the continual fearch after them, for the fike of their furs, having greatly leflencd their number. Notwithftanding the feverlty of the climate, the inhabitants are not deftitutc of horned cattle, tho 1 they find it difficult to procure food for them during the feverity of the winter. The inhabitants have alfo their fmali kitchen -gardens for fummer- herbs ; but all the other fpecies of provifions, as flour, fait, meat, &c. are brought from other colonies to the fouth- ward; goods of other kinds are brought from England. Though all the coafts of New- foundland may be faid to abound with cod, yet in fome parts it is found in greater plenty than in others. This is owing to the qua- lity of the bottom; for where it is fandy the fifti are far more nu- merojs than where it is rocky ; but if the bottom be muddy, fiih are very fcarce. The depth of water fhould be alfo considered ; for though cod be found at all depths, yet they are not taken in foch plenty as between 30 and 40 f ithom, When a (hip has taken her fta- tion, {he is immediately unrigged ; and at the fame time a proper place chofen for fecuring the fifh, as it is prepared , huts are likewife NEW run up jjr the men who work afhore, fo as to form a kind of village ; and at the water's edge a large ftage or fcaffold is ereftedt Here the number of (hallops de- (lined for the filhery is got ready, and, when the feafon is over, left there till the next year ; when he who firfl enters the hay has the privilege of applying them to his ownufe. Every rhing being ready, the whole (hip's company, officers included, without any exception, are divided into as many clafles as there are different occupations ; fomc fifh, fome cut off the heads, fome gut the fifil, and others have the care of faking and laying them up. The filhers go out early in their boats, that they may be at their ftation by break of day, and do not return 'till the evening, unlefs they happen to have loaded their boat before. This fifhcry is wholly carried on with a hook ; and every boat is provided with a fuflicicnt quantity of fifhing- tackle, in cafe of any accident in break- ing their lines, or lofing the ; r hooks. On their return, the fifh is delivered to thofe who open them ; and that this may be done with the greater difpatch, a boy ftands by to hand the fiih to them, and take them a A';iy when fmifhed. This work is done in a very me- thodical manner ; for he that be. heads them does nothing elfe. They are opened with one cut lengthways, the back-bone and all their entrails taken out, and the offals thrown into the water. While fome open the fifli. others are employed in falling, and others in laying them in heaps. The next day, or when the fait appears fufHciently to have penetrated the fifh, they wa(h them, to take off the fcum extracted by the fait ; afterwards, that the water may drain off, they are piled up on little boards ; then they are ft retched out, one by one, with the Ikin upwards, for drying, and turned three or four times. When thoroughly dry they are piled up O 2 N E W fn fmall parcels, that they may Rot entirely lofe the heat commu- ricated to them by the firft fait ; and now, being ftltetl a fecond time, they are piled np in regular lieaps on the fla-ge, where^they re- main till the time of fiap'ping them. As the boats go conftantly every day, the work of the feve- tal clafles may be imagined pretty tard and fatiguing. On the re- return of the boats they immedi- ately begin with opening and fak- ing the fifh, which takes up the reader part of the night ; and the iucceediaw parts cf the cutting above-mentioned neccfTarily em- j>loys them the following day, vhen the return, of the Gallops fdfls upon them to renew their tafk ; fo that they have very few Itourslcft forfteep and refrefhment. What is called the Great Bank of Newfoundland is, properly fpcak- iag, a vart mountain under water. i.bo'Jt 53omile5 in length, and 270 an breadth. The depth of the water is very unequal, from 15 to 60 fathoms. The bottom is co- vered with a vafl quantity of fhells, and frequented by vaft fhoals of fmall fifh,. moft of wbich ferve as food to the cod, which are !>ere in amazing plenty ; for tho* a or 300 veflels have been armuIIy- ioade.l with them, during the laft and prefent centuries, yet the |>roc!igious confnmpt-'on. has not yet leflened tlieir plenty. And vecannot help obferving, thai this ftery is a mine of greater value than any of thofe in Mexico or Peru.. NEW FAIRFIELD, a town in J'airfiefd county, Conne^icut, on a branch of. Stratford river, 14 miles N. of Danbury, 6 miles W. of. New Mil ford, and 12 S. W. of Kent, and within 2 mile? of the equivalent lands granted New- York. NFW GOT TIN CRN, a town on the river Savannah, in the county of S.,vannah, 35 miles N. W. of Kbenezar, in die province cf CJeorg'a, NEW GRANADA. See Gra, nada, AVw r NEW HAMPSHIRE, adiftincl province of Maflachufets - Bay, New England. It is immediately dependant on the Crown, which appoints the Governor, Deputy- governor, Council, andMagirtrattSr Jt extends S. from Maflachufets to the limits of Quebec N. as fettled by proclamation in 1774, and on the F. are the three an- nexed count : es of Maflachuftts-, of which Main or York is one, and Lincoln the moft eaflernly, from which it is divided by the county of Cumberland. New Hampfhire is not divided nito> counties, but has the following, townfhips : 1 Kingdon 2 Windham 3 Pelham 4 Nottingham 5 DunfUbie 6 Hoilis- 7 Ma ion S New Ipfwich 9 Rindge 10 Richmond 11 Henftlale 12 Swanfby 13 Lin/borough 14 Wilton 15 Amherft 1 6 Merrimack- 17- Bedford . ' iS Derry field 19 Poplia 20 Kenfington, zi Rye 2A Durham 23 Dover 24 Onain 25 Epfom 26 Allenton 27 GorTstown a 8 Bow 2,9 Wears 30 New Boficn 31 Frances Town 32 De*ring 33 Linri brick 34 Paekersfiel?} 35 Keene 36 Gilfoaie NEW 37 Wertmorehnd 38 Alftead 39 Marlow 40 Hi llfbo rough 41 Bradford 41 Fifherfield 43 Almft>ury 44 Hennakcr 45 Hopkintown 45 Concord 47 Barrington 48 Rochefter 49 Ne A' Durham 50 Gilmantown 51 Sambertown 52 Canterbury 53 London 54 Bofcawen, or Cantoocock 55 Perr 7 56 Alexandria 57 Salilbury 58 New Britain 59 New Cherter 60 Plymouth 6 1 Montonborough 62 Cockermouth 63 Grafton 64 Ciaremont 65 Plainfield 66 Lebanon 67 Hanover 68 Dorcherter 6<> Rumney 70 Campton 7 c Sandwich 72 Tarn worth 73 Eaton 74 Thornton 75 Farfield 76 Picrrepont 77 Haverhill 78 Landaff 79 Warren 80 Lyman 8 1 Lloyl Hills 82 Chifwick 83 Whitefield 84 Brerton Woods 85 Dartmouth 86 Lancafter 87 Northumberland 88 New Stratford 89 Cockburntown 90 Colebroketown 91 Stuart Tovrn iji Millsfieia NEW 93 Errol 94 Dummer 95 Cambridge 96 Paulfbourg 97 Mainfbourg 98 Succefs 99 Durand 100 Shelburne. This province fupplied the royal navy with marts, yards, &c. The inhabitants are eflimated 150,000; and their chief exports are marts, fpars, (hips about zoo annually, cattle, fifh, c. NEWHANOVER, a maritime county in the ciiariftof Wilming- tan, whofe coafts are lined with iflands and inlets, and its princi- pal town is Exeter. NEW HAVEN, a town and county in the provinceof Connec- ticut, fituated at the bottom of a bay in the ftrait that feparates Long-Ifland from the continent. The town is the capital of the county, and in a very flourishing condition, with a well-furnitfied college for academical learning, called Yare-hall, fituated 6 miles N. E. of Milford. Lat. 41, ! long. 72, 41. See er NEW LONDON, a county m Connefticut, bounded on the E, by Providence and Rhode-Idand, on the S. by Long-tfland Sound, on the W. by Newhaven county, and on the N, by Hertford. Ntfvv LONDON, the chief town of the foregoing county, on the W. of Thames - river, 10 miles E. from Se-a brook, and 3 W. from Groton. NEW MART.BOROUC, a town in King George's erunty, Virgi- nia, on the W. fide of Patow. mack-river, 10 mtJes E. of Fal- mouth, and 22 S. of Dumfries. NEW MILFORD, a town in Litchfield county, Connecticut, near the river Stratford, 7 miles S. W. from Woodbury, 6 E. fronj Fairficld, and 9 S. of Kent. NEW NORTH -WAi-E3 See Wales. O 3 N I A N E w O R L E A N s . See Orleans , Kc-w. NEWPO R T, -the chief tcV*n of Rhode-Ifland-, fituated on the S. W. part of it, having a fafe commodious harbour, defended by a regular fort at the entrance, on vhich are pl.TAed. 300 pieces of cannon. " It has a very good trade, and fame few years ago had above 70 f iil of ihips and veflels belonging to it.; it has alfo in time of war 2 court of Admiralty. It lies 60 niles S, of Barton. Lat. 41, 30. Jtirg. 71, 22. NEW SCOTLAND. See JVo- T^^Cffftft. NEW SEVERN. See Severn, .Wi'Tttt NEW SOUTH WALES. See 74b&*. NEW SAVANNAH, a little flou- r.faing town, in the diftrift of Avrguua, in the province of Geor- ta, 13 miles S. E. of Auguita Town, on the river Savannah. NK-WTON, a fmall town of Cheflcr county, Penfylvania. It orJifts of between 30 and 40 fcoufes, and lies zz miles S. of Philadelphia. NEWTOWN, a town in Bucks county, Penfylvania, 5 miles S. of Wrightftown, 10 W..of Tren- ton, in New-Jerfey, and u N. of Briftol. NBWTOWN, a town in Fair- field county, Connecticut, near the Stratford - river, 7 miles E. of Danbury, and 16 N. of Strat- ford. NEW WIMDSOR, a town in New-York, in the county of O- ' range, on the W. bank of Hud- fon's-river, 25 miles N. of O- wnge. NE w Yo R K. See Turk, New. NIAGARA, a fort built by the French on a river of the lame name, at its influx into the lake Ontario. NIAGARA, FALL OF, a fa- BJOUS cataract in the river of the toe name, abo.ut mid^^vy be- NIC twccn the lakes Erie and Ontario. This is fuppofed to be the ereateft cataract in the known world, the water tu-mbling down a precipice near 140 feet high.. The river at the fall is near half a league in bieadth, and the water runs with fuch rapidity a quarter of a league above it, that all beafts attciiipt- ing to crofs it arse fwept away by the dream, tumble down the precipice, and perifh. Above the fall, in the middle of the river, is an ifland, which divides the wa- ter into two flreams, and in that manner it tumbles down the fall. When the water has reached the bottom of the fall, it jumps back to a great height in the air, and in other places is as white as fnow, and all in motion like a boiling cauldron. Abundance of vapours likewife arife, representing a thick fmoke, and on thefe, when the fun mines bright, is painted a beautiful rainbow. NICARAGUA, a province of New-Spain, bounded on the W. by Guatimala Proper, and the South-Sea; on the N..and E. by Honduras and the North-Sea ; ai.d on the S. by Coita Rica and the South-Sea. The winter in this province is rainy and tempeftu- ous ; the fummer exceffive hot, but healthy. It is reckoned the mod woody part of New-Spain.. It produces good flax and hemp, together with the wood ufed by the dyers in Europe, called Nica- ragua wood ; but little wheat. It abounds with black cattle and hogs, but fheep are fcarce. Balm, co'ton, fugar, American pepper, liquid amber, and turpentine, are here produced in very great plen- ty ; with which, and the produce of their fil\^er mines, the inhabi- tants carry on a confiderable trade with Panama and Nombre de Dios. It abounds in turkeys, and parrots are fo numerous they, are become a nuifance ; and the coun- try itfelf is fo pleafant, as well as fruitful, that, U is confidtreJ as N O M tRe ga.-den of America ; the hills and fands of the rivers abound with gold, and the fields and woods are perfume.l ; fo that when the Spaniards firfl vifited it, they called it Mahomet's Paradife. NICKER, one of the final! Virgin - 111 mds, fuuated between Anegada and Virgin Gorda, on, the latter of whom it is depen- dant. Long. 65, 5. lar. 1-8, 30. NICARAGUA LAKE, a large collection of water in the province of the fame name, 117 leagues in circumference. The water in it flows and ebbs like the fea, is in- terfperfed with feveral iflands, and full of fifli, but infcfted with cro>- codiles. The veft end of it is ealy a few leagues from the South- Sea, and it falls into the North- Sea at t^ie port of St.. Juan, by a pretty ^>roud channel 7 called alfo- Nicaragua. " Ni c CX.Y A, a' pretty large town ou the riv^y Cipan^b, near its in- flux into the South- Sea, on the frontiers of Nicaragua. The in- habitants fend, from hence to Pa- nama fait, honey, maize, wheat, fowls, and the purpk juice of a /hell-fiih found in the bay of Sa- linas, about 30 miles E. of the town. The Spaniards have alfo a pearl -fifhery here, Lat 9, 50. long. 85, 30*' NINETY -Six DISTRICT,, Smitb.-Girolina, includes the wef- tern divifion of that colony, whofe boundary is the Savannah-river S. Orangeburgh difrrict E. Camden N. and the Cherokees W. NINETY-SIX, the principal town of the above difVritl. NOMANS ISLE, an ifland 2 miles broad, and 3 long, 5 miles S. of Martha's Vineyard, New- England. NOMB.RE DE Dios, a large populous town, a little to the N., of the Tropic of Cancer, 60 miles. N. of Guadalaxara. The Spanilh General who fubdued it having, granted the property of fome of the fiivc- rranes to the natives, it N OR drew fo many people hither, tfiatr it foon became the moft populous- town in the province. Lat. 23, 38, long, 104. There was formerly another place called Nombre de Dios, fi- tuated on the iflhmus of Darien, but deftroyed in its infancy by the Indians of Darien. Some years after, however, it was rebuilt, and the inhabitants maintained their, ground 'till the year 1^84, when orders arrived from Philip II. for their removing to Porto Bello, it much better fjtuated for the com- merce of that country. NOMBRE DE Dios BAY, a bay in the iilhmus of Darien, at the bottom of which the town of Nombre de Dios ftood, and in which are the iflands called BafH- mentos. See Ba^imentos. No o D L E Is L A N D , a firj'a! 1 ifland in Boftcn-Harboiir, MafTachufets- Bay. NORFOLK, a maritime toan, in Princefs- Ann county, Virginia, on the S. bank of James-river, and was burnt by the Liverpool man of war, Jan. i, 1776, to the amount of 300,000!. flerling da- mages. The rents of the houfes and warchoufes deftroyed amount- ed, in 1773, to Soool. in 1774 to 9313, in 1775 to nenr J o,oool. in fo flouri/hing a condition was its trade. NORTHAMPTON, a county and town in Penfylvania. The coun- ty is bounded E. by Jerfey, S.W. by Bcrkihire, and S. by, Bucks. The town is 5 miles W. of Beth- leham, and 30 E. of Reading.. NORTHAMPTON, ah inland town in Hampihire county, Maf- fachufers-Bay, about 2 miles W. of ConnecfUcut-River, and 5 S.W, of Hatfield. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY, in, the diflrift-of Halifax, North-Ca- rolina, whofe N. E.. boundary is Chawen-river, and its S. W. the Roan ok e- river, NOR THFiELD,a town in Hamp- fliire county, MufLchufcts- Bay, N O V on the E. fide of Conneclicut-ri- ver, and near the boundary line f New Hampfhire, where thenew granted townfhips commenced, NORTH- RIVER, a river of Old Mexico, which, after running a long cour/e through the king- dom of the fame name, falls into the Gulph of Mexico. NORTON, an inland town in New Weft-Jerfey, on a branch of the E. branch of the Delawar, ao miles E, of Philip/burgh. NORWALK, a town, river, and bay, on the coaft of Fairfield, Connecticut, off which, in the Long-Ifland found, are fome fmall iflands of the fame name. NORWICH, a town in New London county, Connecticut, on a branch of the Thames, near the Falls, 15 miles N. of New- Lon- don, and II S. of Canterbury. NOTTINGHAM, a town in the eaftern divifion of Maryland, 6 miles N. of Charles and Chefa- peak-Bay. NOVA- SCOTIA, a province called by the French Acadie. It is bounded on the N. by part of Canada; E. Gulf of St. Laurence and Atlantic- Ocean; S. Atlantic- Ocean; W. New-England. Lati- tude between 43 and 49. longi- tude between 60, and 67. Length 350 miles, breadth 250. Though in a very favourable part of the temperate zone, it has a winter of an almoft infuppcrtable length and coUnefs, continuing at leaft 7 months in the year : to this immediately fucceeds, without the intervention of any thing that may be called fpring, a fummer, when the heat is as violent as the cold was in the winter months; the heat indeed is of no long con- tinuance, the country being wrapt in the gloom of a perpetual fog, long after the fummer feafon has commenced. The foil in moft parts is thin and barren, the corn it produces of a ihrivelled kind ii-ke lye, and the grafs intermixed with a cold fpongy roofs. It is jiot, indeed, uniformly bad, there N O V being traces in Nova-Scotia not inferior to the beft land in New* England. But however unpramifmg this country may be, fome of the firft Europeans, neglecting all the de- lightiul tracts to the fouthward, here formed theirfettlem ems. The French feated themfelres here be- fore they made any eftabiiftment in Canada, and increafed largely with very little afiiftance from Europe ; whereas the colony we have lately planted there, not- withftanding the immenfe fums expended in its eftabliihment, would, in all probability, fink into nothing, if the fupport of the royal hand was withdrawn. The country round Halifax has a flourishing appearance, and re- wards the labours of the fettlers. Among other particulars it has the following Cafes : Sable, St. Mary, Rofiers, Sambro, &c. Numerous fmall lakes without names. Bays (including Fundy, Chenitfto, and Green): Gafpee, Chaleur, Chenibuclo, Verte, Che- buclo, &c. Rivers : Rifgouche, Nipifiguit, St. John, and St.Croix, (feparating this province from New-England). In Halifax har- bour (in Chebufto-bay), ivhich is capable of containing 1000 veflels in ftcurity. The harbour of An- napolis-Royal, but for its very difficult entrance, would be one of the fineft in the world. A very confideri-ble expence at. tended this fettlement, to accom- pli/h which the Britifli Parlia- liament granted, within the firft 7 years, for its fupport, no lefs a fum tlian 4,15,484,!. 145. nd. |, and in April, 1775, 4346!. los. 5d- more was granted. The Britifh exports to Nova -Scotia eonfiils chiefly of fiihing - tackle, rigging, for fhips, woollen and linen cloth r to the value of about z6, joo!. an- nually ; the imports in return are timber, and the produce of the fifhery, to the amount of about 38,000!, O H S KOXAN, a town in Newcaftle county, Delawar, Penfylvania, a i miles N. of Dover, and 9 S. of irt. George's. OHIO or Honro, a famous river, rifing in the moun- tains on the back of New-York, Maryland, and Virginia, and after a long cou:fe falling into the Mif- fifippi. It is the boundary of Que- bec governmeat. Its mouth is 1164 miles from Fort Pitt, and near the entrance of the Cherokee-river ; it is between 700 and 800 yards wide. The Mufkinga^n - river, which runs into the Ohio 1 , in tat. 39, 10, is 250 yards wide. The Ohio, fro-m 50 miles above this river to Sio^o, is moft beautiful- ly interfperfed with numbers of iftands, and in fome places is 700 yards wide. The name is formed from an Indian word, fignifying fair or pleafant, and hence it is e-fteiT called' the Fair River. Ji rans through the moft beautiful and fertile countries in the world; and receives 10 or 12 rivers, be- fi3es an innumerable number of riVulets, and is navigable above 600 miles. OMASUOS, a jurifdi&ion in the diocefe of La Paz. It begins al- moft at the gates of La Paz, and extends 20 leagues, being bounded on the W. by the famous lake of Titi Caca The air of this }u- rifdi&ion is fomewha.t cold, fo that it produces little grain ; but that deficiency is abundantly com- penfated by the great numbers of cattle fed in its pafhires ; befides a very advantageous t^ade carried on in another jurifdiftion by the Indians living on the borders of the lake, who are remarkably 5n- djfh-ious in improving that ad- OMOA, a fmall fortified town, upon the coad of Honduras, in pofleffion of the Spaniards. The harbour is excellent for ihe lar* ' O R C ONSLOW, a maritime in the dittrift of Newbern, North- Carolina, whofe weftern bounda- ry is New-river. ONTARIO, LAKR, a large col- lection of frefh waters, above zyo miles in length from E. to W. and 65 in breadth from N. to S The fortrefs of Ofwego ftands on the fouthern fhore of this lake. It has a fmall rifing and falling of the water, like tides, 12 or i& inches perpendicular. The fnow is deeper on the.S. fide of this lake than any other, and its wa- ter does not freeze in the fevereft winter out of fight of land, ORANGE, a county and town- r in New-York, on the W. bank, of the Hudfon-river, 25 milts N of New-York. . ORANGE, an inland county, in the di(tri ifland on the coaft of Venezuela,, in the North Sea, lying between the iflinds of Tortu^a and Roca. It is divided into fevcra! /mall iflands, the greatefl of which, being almoft all low land, is in the form of a crefi-ent, or half-moon. They are all feparated from each other by very (hallow canals. On the E. and W. capes are fome hills^ and on thefe the goats chiefly feed. On the S. W. fide of the- ifland the water is very,deep, aadj O X F the fhorc perpendicular like a wall, for which reafon fhips may come very near it. The N. W. ftde has hardly any trees or grafs; t}Ut on the E. and N. fides plenty of both. The foil, from its flat- nefs, is fait, and confequently produces few plants. There is very little frcfli water on the ifland,and the only animals found there are goats and lizards. Lat. ii, 40. long. 66, 42. ORLEANS, an ifland in the river Sr. Laurence, at a fmall diftance below Quebec. ORLEANS, NEW, a town of Louifiana, fituated between the eaftern (hore of the Miftifippi and the Fifti river, 24 feagues from the fea. The foil about it is rich and fertile, and the climate excellent. It is the metropolis of thrs country, and the refidence ef the Governor, Grand Council, and Courts of Juflice, as well as the giand emporium of Louifi- ana. Lat. 30, 5. long. 90, 7. O s \VEGO, a fortrcfs erected en the fouthern bank of the lake Ontario, at the mouth of the Onondaga river. Here the In- dians carry on a confiderable trade with theEnglifh.exchangJng their furs for the .corn modifies they are in want of. This trade begins in May, and continues till the latter end of July. It was taken b.y ihe EngliuS from the French i" 1756, and confirmed to them by the peace in 1763. Lat. 43, 1,3. long. 76, 30. OXFORD, a fmall town in the county of Talbpt, in the eaflern Hivifion of Maryland, on the N. bank of the Choptank river. OXFORD, a town in Worcefter county, Madachufets - Bay, 10 miles S. of Leicefter, and the jme diftance S. W. from Wor- cefler, 5 W. from Sutton, and 6 N. W. from Douglas, on a branch of the French river, that runs into the Thames in Connecticut colony, OXFORD, in New W. Jerfey, PAN on a branch of tbe E. branch of the Delawar river, 15 miles E. of Philipfburgh, and 7 N. W. of Norton. P. A c H vc o , a town of Mexico, 60 miles from the city of exico. It is famous for filver mines: Gemelli fays, that in the fpace of 6 leagues there are not lefs than a thoufand. One of them, called Trinity, is fuppofed as rich as any in Mexico, there having been taken from it in 10 years time only above 40 millions of filver. PAKEPSEY, a town on the E. bank of Hudlbn's river, 70 iyiles N. of New York. PAL TZ TOWN, a town in New York, 7 miles W. of Hudfon's river, and 8 miles N. W. of Pa- kepfey. PANAMA, a large city, built on the iflhmus of the fame name, and on the court of th South Sep. The firft difcovery of Panama ire Spaniards owe to Tello de Guz- man, who landed here in 1515. This difcovery was, in the year 1518, followed by the fettlemeijt of a colony under the Governor of Terra Firma. And in 1521 Panama was conftituted a city, with the ufual privileges. In the year 1670 it was taken, facke^ and burned, by John Morgan, an EngHfh adventurer. This mif- fortune rendering it abfolutely neceflary to rebuild the city, it was removed to its prefent fitua- tion, which is about a league and a half from the former, and much more convenient. It is furrounded with a wall of free- (tone, and defended with a large garrifon of regulars. 7 he houfcs were at firft, in general, of wood, having but one flory and a tiled roof. Without the walls is an open fuburb, larger than 'the ciiy itfelf, and the houfes of the fame materials and conftru&iou. The PAN flrects both of the city and fub- urb are ftraight, broad, and for the molt pait paved. Though the houfcs were in general of wood, fires were rarely known in Panama, the nature of the tim- ber being fuch, that, if any fiie is laid on the floor, or placed again ft the wall, it is productive of no other confequence than that of making a hole, without kind- ling into a flame 5 and the fire itfelf is extinguifhed by the afhes. But, notwithftanding this excel- lent quality in the wood, the city was almoft entirely burned down in the year 1737, the goodnefs of the timber being unable to fecare it from the ravages of the flames. The fire began in a cel- lar, where, among other goods, were great quantities of pitch, tar, nuphtha, and brandy; io that the fire being, as it were, faturated with thefe fubftances^oon reached the walls, and this fmgular kind of wood became a more eafy prey to the devouring flames. In this conflagration the fuburb owed its fafety to its diftance from the city, which is above a mile and a quarter. Since this misfortune, it has been again rebuilt, and the greateft part of the houfes of (tone, all kinds of materials for buildings of that kind being here in the greateft plenty. In this city is a tribunal, or royal audience, in which the Go- vernor of Panama prefides ; and to this employment the captain- fhip of Terra Firma is generally annexed. Panama has alfo a ca- thedral and a chapter, confiding of the Bifhop and a number of Prebendaries; a corporation com- poftd of Alcaldes and Rcgidores ; three officers of the revenue, un- der an accomptant, treajfurcr, and agent; and a court of inquilition, appointed by the tribunal at Car- thagena. The cathedral and all the convents are of (tone : indeed, before the conflagration, feveral of the latter were of wood ; but PAN that terrible misfortune (hewed them the necefllty of ufing more folid materials. The harbour of Panama is formed in its road by the fhelter of feveral iflands, where fhips lie very fafe, at aboat two and a half or three leagues diftance from the city. The tides are regular, and is high -water at the full and change at 3 o'clock. The water rifes and falls confiderably ; fo that the fhore, lying on a gentle flope, is at low water left dry t.o a great diftance. The trade of Panama is very confiderable ; it is the port where the fhips from Lima, Guayaquil, &c. unload the trtafure fent to Old Spain, and the ftaple for the goods brought up the river Chagre, The roads here, though the diftance is but fliort, by croffing the chain of mountains called the Cordillera, are in fome parts fo narrow, that a beaft of burthen can hardly pafs along, and confequently the em- ploying mules in this fervice would be attended with imminent danger. But this is not the whole cf its commerce. Panama, even during the abfence of the armada, is ne- ver without ftrangers, it being the thoroughfare for all going to the parts of Peru by the South Sea, as alfo for the coming from thence for Spain ; to which muft be added the continual trade carried on by the Peruvian mips, which bring variety of goods, as meal of dif- ferent forts, wine, brandy, i'ugar, tallow, leather, olives, oil, and the like. The (hips from Guaya- quil bring cacao, and quinquina, orjefuits-bark, which always meets with a quick exportation here, ef- pecially in times of peace. The coafting-barks, which make fre- quent trips from the adjacent ports, iupply the city with hogs, poultry, hung beef, hog's lard, plantanes, roots, and different kinds of ve- getables, with which this city i$ plentifully fupplied. PAN The dearnefs of provifions in this city and its diftrict, occa- fioned by the large quantities con- fumed, and the great diftance froiii whence they are brought, is amply compenfated by the mul- titude and value of the pearls found in the oyftcrs growing in "its gvilph. The firft to whom the Indians .made this valuable difcovery was Bafco Nunez de Balboa, when, in his voyage thro' Panama, to make further d ; fco- Yeries in the South Sea, he was prefented with fome by Tumaco, an Indian prince. At prefect they are found in Tilth plenty, that there are few perfons of fub- flance near Panama, who do not employ all, or at leaft part of their flaves in this filhery, which is carried on in the following manner : The negroes who fi(h for pear'-s rrtuft be both expert fwwnmers and capable of holding their breath a long time, the work being performed at the botrom of the fea. Ihefc flaves they fend to the iflands in thegulph of Panama, where they have hurs built for their lodgings, and boats which hold 8, 10, or 20 negroes, under the command of an officer. In thefe boats they go to fuch 'parts of the gulph as ate known to produce pearls, and where the depth of the water is not above 10, 12, or 15 fathoms. Here they come to an anchor, r.nd the negroes, having one end of a 'rope fattened about their bodies, and the other end to the fide of the boar, take wi:h them a fmall weight to accelerate their finking, and plunge into the water. On reaching the bottom, they take p art oyfter, which they put under their left arm; the fecond v s alfo feveral gofd mines; but they are greatly neglected, the Spaniards chvfing rather to ;^ppiy tliemfeivcc PAR to the pearl-fifhery, than to the mines, as it affords a more cer- tain profit, and at the fame time is acquired with much greater eafe. PANUCO, or Gu AS TIC A, a province of Mexico, bounded on the N. by New Leon, and part of the audience of Guadalaxara ; on the E. by thegulph of Mexico; on the S. by the province of Tlafcala and Mexico Proper; and on the W. by the provinces of Mechoacan and New Bifcay. The Tropic of Cancer erodes this pro- vince, which is iltuated partly in the Temperate, and partly in the Torrid zone. It is about 55 leagues in length, and the fame in breadth. The part neareft to Mexico is by much the beft and richeft, abounding with provi- flons, and having fome veins of goid, and mines of filver. The part adjacent to Florida is wretch- edly poor and barren. The coun- try was one of the firft difcoveries of the famous Cortez, who took a great deal of pains to conquer and plant it ; though it is a coun- try rather fruitful and pleafant than rich ; nor has it ever had any great number of inhabitants. PAS u co, the capital of the diftrift of the fame name; it is the fee a bifhop, and ftands upon a river of its own name, about 17 leagues from the Tea, and 60 N. W. of Mexico, ft was built in the year 1520, by order of Cor- tez, and called St. Iftevan del Puerto. It contains about 500 families; and the houfes are flrong and clean, being built of (tone, and neatly thatched with palmet- to leaves. The river on which it ftands is navigable for large fhips a great way above the city; but the harbour Ins fo large a bar be- fore it, that no fhips of burden can enter it ; which has proved of bad confequence to the com- merce of the place. It lies in lat. 23, 5. long. 100, z. PARIA, GutF OF, a ftrait P A U lying between the N. W. part of New Andalufia, or Cumana, and the fouthern fliore of the ifland Trinidada. Lat. 9, 12. longi- tude 6z, i. PAR HAM TOWN and HA R- BOUR, on the N. fide of the ifland of Antigua, in the Weft- Indies. PASAMAC^UADA RIVER, which runs into the bay of the fame name, is the fuppofed boun- dary between New-England and Nova-Scotia. In and off this bay are feveral fine iflands. PAS QJJO TANK, a maritime county, in the diftrifr. of Eden- ton, N. Carolina, is a very fwam- py fuuation, and has a river of the fame name, which runs into Albemarle found. PASSAGE, GREAT and LIT- TLE, two of the Virgin -Ides, near the E. end of Porto Rico, and is claimed by the Spaniards. Long. 64, 5. lat. 18, 10. PASSAGE-FORT, a fmall town in Jamaica, fituated in the road between Port-Royal and Spanifh- To\vn, 7 miles S. E. of the lat- ter, and at the mouth of the ri- ver Cobre, where it has a fort with 10 or iz guns. It has a brilk trade, and contains about 400 houfes, the greateft part of them houfes of entertainment. POT A MACK, a large river, feparating Virginia from Mary- land. It rifes in the Apalachian, Mountains, and after a courfe of above 200 miles, falls into Che fapeak-bay, in the lat. of 37, 56. PATIENCE ISLAND, in the Bay of Narraganfct, Rhode-Ifland Colony, is about 2 miles long, and i broad. PAucAR-CoLLA, a jurifdic- tion in the bilhoprick of La Paz, bordering on Chucuito. It is fitiiated among the mountains, which renders the air very cold; fo that it produces little grain and efculent vegetables, but abounds in cattle both of the European and American kinds. It has ic- P A Z veral filver mines, and particular- ly one called Laycacota, which was formerly fo rich, that the meul was often cut out with a chiflel, but the waters broke in and overflowed the works ; nor has any labour and expence been wanting to drain it : but it is now entirely abandoned. PAUL, ST. an ifland in the (trait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton. It lies about 15 miles N.E. of North- Cape, a promontory in the ifland of Cape- reton. PAZ, LA, a fmall jurifdiclion of the audience of Charcas, fi- tuated among the mountains, one of which, called lllimani, con- tains, in all human probability, immenfe riches ; for a crag of it being fomc years fince broken off by a flafh of lightning, fuch a quantity of gold was found among the fragments, that it was fold for fome time at La Paz for eight pieces of eight the ounce. But the fummit of this mountain being perpetually covered with ice and fnow, no attempt has been made to open a mine. PAZ, LA, the capital of the above jurifdif his fovereign. The in Ncw-Jer- fty, fo called from James Drmu- mond, Earl of Perth, one of its ancient proprietaries, and Point- Amboy, on which it fhn-'K. It is finely iruated at the mouth of Ra- ritan-river, which here falls into Sandy-hook-bay, and is capacious enough to hold 500 fail of fliips. But though it is fo commodiouf* ly fituated for trade, and vefTels might alfo be built very cheap, it is not in a flourishing con.li- tion, confiding only of about 40 fcattered houfes, befides that Be- longing to the Governor, Yet the original plan, as laid out by the Scotch proprietors, contains 1070 acres, divided into 150 equal {bares for purchafors to build upon ; 4 acres are referved for a market-place, and 3 for a public wharf. And had it been built according to the defign, it would have been one of the fined towns ia North- America, P H I PETAPA, a town of the pro vinceof Guatemala, in New Spaifc, fhuated near the coad, on the river Guatemala, and 2J miles S. E. of the town of that name, It (lands at the weftern extremity of the valley of Mexico, and is reckoned one of the pleafanteft towns in the province. The river, which wames it. has a mill erefted on it, which ferves modi part of the valley ; and within half a mile of the town is a rich plantation of fugar, the foil being very proper for producing that commodity. PETERSBURG, a town in Prince George's county, Virginia, on a branch of James river, over which it has a bridge, 16 mjles S', of Chefter, and iS miles N. VV. of Bermuda. PETERSHAM, a town in Hampfhire eourty, MafTachufets- Bay, iltuatcd at the fork of the eudern branch of the river Ware, which runs into Connecticut ri- ver ; 20 milts E. of Narraganfet, PETER'S ISLAND, one of the Virgin Ifla-.uJs, which fee. PETIT GUAV ES, in St. Do- mingo. Sec: Hifyqniola, PHILADELPHIA, the capital cf the province of Penfylvania, fituated on a reck of land at the confluence of the two fine rivers Delawar and Schuilkill. It is l.-ikl out iu the form of a parallello- gtam, cr long f jture, extending z miles from river to river, and compofingS long ftrects, interfeift- ed at right angles by 16 others, each a rullc iu length, broad, fpacious, and even ; with proper Ipaces tor the public buildings, churches, and market-places, [it the center is a fipiare of 10 acres, round which the public buildings are difpofed.. The two principal (li-tets, called High- ftreet, s.ml Broad-tired, are each 100 feet in breadth, and mofl of the hot fes have a fin all garden and orchard. From the rivers are cut fmall canals, equally agrettble and be- * 3 P H I liefida!. The wharfs are fins and fpadous ; the principal 200 feet wide; and the water fo deep, that a veflel of 500 tons burden may lay her broad- fide to it. The vvare- lioufes are large, numerous, and commodious ; and the docks for fhip-building are fo well adapted to their purpofes, that 20 fiiips have been feen on the ftocksat the jame time. The city at prefent, exclufive of warehoufes and out- houfes, confifts of about 3000 houfes, moft of them of brick, well-built, and very fpacious; and the number of inhabitantsamounts to above iSjOOO. The original plan is far from being completed; but fo far as it is built, the ftruc- tures are erected conformable to it ; and the buildings are daily increafing, both in number and beauty : fo that there is great reafcn to believe that it will in a few years be one of the fineft pla- ces in all America. A great number of very wealthy merchants inhabit Philadelphia ; whicb is three-quarters of a mile broad. The ftreets are well light- ed, and watched : a pavement of broad (tones run along each fide for foot-pafiengers. Befides the quantities of all fcircs of provifions produced in this province, which is brought down the rivers Delawar and Schuilkill, the Dutch employ be- tween 8 and 9000 waggons, each drawn by four horfes, in bringing the product of their farms to the market of Philadelphia. In the year 1749, 303 veflels entered in- wards at this port, and 291 cleared outward?. There are cuftom- houfe officers at other ports of this province, but the foreign trade in thefe places is not worth notice. .Lat. 40, 50. long. 74, There are in this city 2 chur- ches, i Swedifli, i Romifh Cha- pei, 3 Quaker's mee'.ing-houfes, 2, Prtfby erian, i Lutheran, i Dutch Citiviniii, i Annabaptiir, and i Moravun raecting-hoofe. P I S one of the diviiions of Penfylva- nia, jo called from the capital of the whole province round which it lies, jt is bounded N. E. by Buck's county, S. E. by Jerfcy, S. W. by Chefter, and N. W. by Berk's county. PHILJPSBURG, a town and manor of New-York, on the E. fide of Hudfon's river, oppofite Orange, about 23 miles N. of New- York, and 15 from Stamford, - in Connecticut. PHILIPSBURG, a town in New Weft Jerfey, on the E.bank of Delawar river, oppofite Eaton, in Penfylvania. PHiLiPPiNA,a fmall town of the province of Guatimala, in New Spain, fituated on a bay of the South-Sea, in lat. iz, 50. long. 9i> 3- ST. PIERRE, the firft town built in the ifland of Martinico, in the Weft-Indies. It is five leagues S. of Fort-Royal, in a round bay on the W. coaft of the ifland. It is the place of commu- nication between the colony and mother-country. It is the rtfi- dence of the merchants, as well as the center of bufmefs ; and, notwithstanding it has been re- duced four times to afces, it con- tains near 2000 houfes. A port fituated along the fea-fide on the Strand is the anchoring-place, but very unhealthy. Another port of the town is feparated from it by a river, and is built on a low hill, which is called the Fort, from a fmall fonrefs which defends the road, which is very good for the loading and unloading the fhips, and the facility of coming in and going out ; but the fhipping are obliged in winter time to take (helter at Fort-Royal, the capital of the ifland, PJSCATAQUA, a river of the province of New Hampshire, in New-England, which after a courfe of 40 miles falls into Pifcataqua- harbour, near Portfmouth. It is P L A the only port of the province, and for 15 miles has more the appear- ance of a deep bay than a river. There is in the mouth of it the iflamlof Newcaftle, i ^ long, and i i broad. It is navigable up the firtt courfe for (hips of any bur- then, for 9 miles more up the W. branch to Exeter it is navigable for iloops, and alfo up the E. branch to the falls. This river makes the boundary between York and New Hampfhire. PISCATAWAY, a town of the county of Middlesex, in New Jerfey, confifting of 90 families, and 40,000 acres of land, fituated on the Raritan river, 6 miles from its mouth. PLACENTIA, a famous bay and harbour in Newfoundland, greatly frequented by Ihips employed in the cod-fiih-ry. The entrance of it is a narrow channel, through which but one fhip can pals at a time; but the water is deep enough for the largeft, and the harbour capacious enough to hold 150 fail of fliips, which are there fecnre againit all winds, and can filh as quietly as in a river. Before the narrow channel is a road of a league and a half in extent ; but expofed to the wefterly winds, which here often blow with great violence. What renders the chan- nel fo narrow, is a ridge of dan- gerous rocks, which muft be left upon the (larboard fide in going into the bay, and on this ridge the French had formerly a fort, cal- led St. Lewis The currents are very rtrong here ; fo that fhips mutt be towed through the chan- nel. The great ftrand, or drying place for fifh, which is about a league in extent, lies between two very deep hills, one of which, on the S. S. VV. is fcparated from the Strand by a fmall rivulet, which runs out of the channel, and forms a kind of lake, called the Little-Bay, in which plenty of falmon is caught. The great itrand is capacious enough to dry PLY fifli fuffident to load <5o (hips, Befides this there is another called The Little Strand, ufed by the in- habitants in drying their fiftl, which they catch all along the coaft. On both thefe places fiih may be laid to dry without any danger. Along the above-men- tioned rivulet the French built little huts with branches of pine- trees for drying their nth in rainy weather. Near this are the houfes of the inhabitants, which form a village called Placentia. Lat. 47^ 10. long. 52, 20. PITT County, in the diftricl of Newbern, North-Carolina, is fitu- ated between the Pamtico river N. and Nufe River S. and has Tarrburg its principal town. PLAINFIELD, a town in Winclham county, Connecticut, New- England, fituated on the Thames river, 23 miles N. of New-London, and 2 S. W. of Canterbury. PLYMOUTH, NEW, Colony, a fubdivifion of the Mallachufets- Bay. It extends about 100 miles along the coaft from Cape Cod to the northward, and near 50 broad. It was called Plymouth colony from its firfl town being built by the Council of Plymouth, in De- vonfhire, the firft adventurers to this American continent. It is fubdivided into three counties, viz. Briftol, Plymouth, and Barnftaple. PLYMOUTH, a fubdivifion of the colony of the fame name, fituated in the fouthern part of the colony, and watered by 2 or 3 fmall rivers ; the foil in general is rich, and consequently fertile. PLYMOUTH, NEW, the capital of the fame, fituated near a bay, formerly called the gulph of Pa- tuxet, now Plymouth-Bay. It contains about 500 families, or 3000 fouls ; but the lands adja- cent are not very fruitful. Lat, 41, 56. long. 70, 30. PLYMOUTH, oneof the roads in the ifland of Monferrat, one tf the Caribbce Iflands, FOR POCOMOAK, a river of Mary- land, on the E. fle of Cheiapeak- Bay. It riles near the borders of Penfylvania,and, after a courfe of 45 miles, falls into Chefapeak-Bay, in the lat. of 37, 55. POMFRET, a town in Wind- ham county, Connecticut, New- England, on the Nathumy branch of the Thames river, 5 miles S. W. of Killinglcy, and 10 N. of Canterbury. PORT-ANGEL, a harbour on the coaft of the Scwh-Sea, in the kingdom of Mexico, in the mid- dle between St. Pedro and Com- peli a. It is a bread open bay, with good archorage, but bad landing. The Spaniards reckon it as good a harbour as Guatulco. Lat. 13, 32. long. 97, 4. PoR-i-MARojj i s, a harbour on the coaft of 'he South- Sea, in the kingdom of Mexico, a league to the cad ward of Acapu'co, which (hips from Peru generally frequent to land their contraband goods. Lat. 17, ay. long. 102, 26. PORTO-BEL i.o, a fea - port town, on the ifthmns of Darien, in the kingdom of Terra Firma. It Rands near the fea, on the de- clivity of a mout tain, which fur- rounds the whole harbour. JVIoft of the houfes are built w : th wood. In fotne the fit ft ftoiy is of ftone, and the remainder of wood. They are about 130 in number, but moft of them remarkably fpacious. 1 he town is under the jurifdiftion of a Governor, with the title of Lieutenant-General,as being fuch under the Prefident of Panama. The town confifts of one prin- cipal ftreet, extending along the Strand, having feveral others crof- fmg it, and running from the de- clivity of the mountain to the fhore ; together with ferae lanes parallel to the principal ftreet, where the ground will admit of it. It has 2 fquarts, i oppofne to the cuftom-houfe, which is a ftone- fh-uclure built on the quay ; the other faces the great church, which FOR is alfo of (lone, large and decently ornamented, and fervedby aViciif and fome other priefts, who are natives of the country. Belidea the great church, there alfo two others, one belonging to the Fa- thers of Mercy, whcfe convent is contiguous to it ; the other dedi- cated to St. Juan de Dios, and was intended for an hofpital. The church belonging to the Fathers of Mercy is of ftone, but very mean, and in a ruinous condition ; and the convent fogreaiiy decayed, that the religious are obliged to live in the town, difperfed in pri- vate houfes. That of St. Juan de Dios is a fmall building refembl'ng an oratory, and, like the other, in a very ruinous condition. At tl-e eaft tnd of the town, in the road to Panama, is a quar:er called Guinea, being the place where all the negroes of both fxes, whether fiaves or free, have their habitations. T his quarter was greatly crowded when thegal- Irons were at Poito-Bello, moll of the inhabitants of the tow-n re- tiring hither for tl.e fake of letting their houfrs. At the fame time great numbers of mechanics, who then flock hither from Panama, lodge in this quarter for cheap- nef. Porto Bello, which is but very thinly inhabited, became at the time v.hen the galieonswere there, one of the moft populous places in the world. Its fituation on the iflhmus between the South and North Sta, the gocdnefs of its harbour, and its fir. all difhnce fiom Panama, have given it the preference to all other places f( r the rendezvous ot the joint com- merce of Spain and Peru at its fair ; but this trade is difconti- nued. As foon as advice arrived at Panama that the fleet from Peru had unloaded their merchandize at Panama, the galleons may the government, both in Eng- land and Carolina, undertook to fettle a colony of Swirzers here. See Granville County. Purryfburg lies in the lat. of 32, 15. long. 81. UEBEC, the capital of Ca- nada, fituated at the con- fluence of the rivers of St. E Laurence and St. Charles, on the N. fide of the former, and about 112 leagues from the fea. The bafon is very fpacious, being fuf. ficient to contain 100 fail of men of war of the line. The river St. Laurence, which is about 4 leagues wide above the town, here fhrinks itfelf at once to the breadth of a fingle mile, and on this ac- count the city was called Quebec, which, in the language of the Indians of that country, fignifies a (hrinking or growing narrower. The firft object that falutes the eye in failing up to the town is a fine cafcade, called by the French the Leap of Montmorency, fituated at the entrance of the little channel of the ifland of Orleans, which is about 40 feet high, and 33 broad, though caafed only by the fall of an inconfiderable brook. A little above this cafcade the city of Quebec is fitnated, on the narroweft part of the river ; but between it and the ifle of Orleans is a fpacious bafon, extending a league every way, and into this bafon the river St. Charles dif- charges its waters, fo that Quebec is fituated between that river and Cape Diamond, a lofty promon- tory. The harbour, which faces the town, is fafe and commodi- ous, and the water about 25 fa- thom deep. At the time when the city -was founded, in 1608, the tide reached the foot of the rock; but fince that time ihe ri- ver has funk fo far, that a large fpot of ground is left dry, and on this a large fubtirb is built, called the Lower-Town, which ftar.ds at the foot of a rocky precipice, a- bout 48 feet htj>h. Ihe houfes in the Lower-town are of ftone, ftrong, well-built, and chiefly in- habited by merchants , for the con- veniency of their trade. It con- tains 12 or 15000 inhabitants. The fortifications are cxtenfive, but far from being regular; tho* the place, from its fituation, is capable of making a (tout defence, QJJ E Q_U E if attacked by (hips from the ri- ver, as their guns cannot injure the works of the Upper-Town, while they themfelves muft fuf- fer greatly from the cannon and bombs from thefe lofty ramparts. The Lower-Town is defended by a platform, flanked with two ba- ftions, which at high water and fpring-tides are almofl level with the {urface of the water. A lit- tle above the bafHon, to the right, is a haif-baftion, cut out of the rock ; a little higher a large bat- tery ; and higher dill a fquare fort, the moft regular of all the forti- ficat ; ons, and"in which the Gover- nor refides. The paflages which form a communication between thefe works, are extremely rugged. The rock which feparates the Upper from the Lower Town, ex- tends itfelf, and continues, -with a bold and fteep front, a confjdera- \vay to the weftward, along the river St, Laurence. The Upper-town is alfo well- built, and abounds with noble edifices, as churches, palaces, ef- p.ccially that of the biihop ; the courts of ju.-fr.ice, the houft of the Hoipiral lers, which is a noble build- ing of fcjua.re (tone, faid to have colt 4.0.000 livrcs ; feveral mo- naftcrics, nunneries, chapels. &c. which would taHe up too much room o defcribe. But the nobleft ftrufture of the whole i>s the pa- lace, where the Governor refides, where the Grand Council of the colony, while Quebec was in the hands of the French, and where all the royal (lores are dcpofite-J. The cathedral is- rather, a ciumfey building-, and its architecture, choir, painting, and carving, are all in a mean lade. The only thing beautiful is its tower, which is very large and well-built, and fo advantageoufly lituated.as.to.be feen at a great diftar*:e. The fc- minary and cloifters aire defigned in a better taftc, but- were never finished, having been t-vwiae con- fumed by fire, uamd.y, ,i and 1705. The chapter - houfe, once a famous edifice, was alib confumed, fo that the communi- ty had hardly room for lodgings* Befides the Lower To\vn above mentioned, there is another be- yond the Upper Town, fituat'ed on the banks of the river St Charles, which"are decorated with country-feats and houfes of plea-i fure, gardens and orchards, that river flowing in beautiful mean- ders through a fpacious plaini There is another fort that (lands on the brow 'of a rugged hill, about 40 fathoms above the town j but is an irregular fortification, having no di f ch towards the city. There is alfo another fort, called Diamant, or Fort of Cape Dia- mant ; a very confiderable placd both for ftrength and beauty, Befides thefe there are alfo ie- veral other fortifications, which add to rhe ftrength of the place. Cape Diamant, which is a folid rock, 400 fathoms high, owes itk : name to a vaft number of fine ftones found on it, fame of which wjnt only the hardnefs of the: diamond to make them pafs for* fuch. Tne Jefuits here, as in mofr. places, were befl accommo- .dated; their church fine and large, though the convent is fmall ; but both are well built, and advan- tg p oufly iituated in the Upper Town: their garden is large and well planted, and at the end of it a pleafant little copfe. Though the princip-.l firucVares are in the Upper To'.vn, fiom its beinvr ori- ginally the only place, -fn' the Lower To \vrt has greatly tbe^ai^- vantage, tile -former (Lmcli'i very bleak, that th" cold is d'oubl'e fo wh^t it is in the latter, B . this, the Lower Town has plenty of water, which is ibmttime^ 'foarce in tlie Upper Town.... This city, the Capital 'of Canada, was beiicged by the- Engliih in when, they were ( repulfe4 ; was taken in Xcpte ' the .army undui die c ' ' RAP Lieut. Gen. Wolfe, who .periled itt the glorious conqueft ; and with the reft pcfiefled by the Englifh. r It was befieged by the provin- cials in,; December, 1775, who wtrc repulied with confiderable Jofs, befides the death of Gen, Montgomery. Quebec lies in the Ur.of A 6, 55. long. 69,48. . .QV E F. N S BO R O V QH , 3 tOWO in the county of tfalifax, in the province of Georgia. Q^u E.N's-Towtf, a fin all town' in a county of 7'albot, in the eaftern divif;on of Maryland. 5 miles from Kent ifland. QUEEN'S COUNTY, in New- "York, comprehends the N. fide of Long Illand. Qy ESNE, FORT DU, a for- tification ere fled by the Marquis 4u Quefne, on the banks of the riyer Ohio, in the territories of Fenfylvania, . 232, miles W. of Philadelphia, About 9 miles from this fort, Gen. Braddock's army was defeated, and himfelf ilain, on the gtn of July, 1755. It was, however, afterwards taken in the year 1760, fince which the fortifications have been greatly augmented, and its name changed into Pittfburg. Lat. 46, u. long* 79> 57- QJJIVA, a province in Cali- fornia, very thin of inhabitants, and thofe very barbarous. It is little known, but lies between 36 and 35 degrees of latitude. R. E AD NOR, a fmall tow of Philadelphia county, in jlvania. It is well built, yery pleafantly fituated, and eon- tains about 80 families. Jiere is a congregation of the church of England. It was originally called Am it el. by the Dutch, who be- gan building here. RAPPAHANOCK RIVER, a large river of Virginia, fifing in a low marfhy Around, at the loot R E A of the blue ridge of the Apsis- chian mountains j and, after a courfe of about; 130 miles, falls intoChefapeak-Bay, in lat. 37, 35. It;is very broad, deep, and navi- gable, above 40 miles from its mouth. RAPPAHANCCK COUNTY, a divifion of Virginia, fometimej called Eflex Cotinty. It lies on the banks of the river of the feme name, and contains 140,920 acres, and 3 parifhes. Part of the great fwamp or bog, called Dragon- fwamp, lies in this county, It is 60 miles long, and covered with briars and thorns, which afford a fecurc retreat for wild beafts, the place being almoft in- acceffible to the inhabitants. The fouth fide of this county is wa- tered by a navigable river, called Mattapayne, the weflern branch of York river. RATUTAN Riv EH, a fine na- vigable river of New Jerfey, fal- ling into Sandy-hook bay. The town of Perth-Amboy (lands at its month.- See Pertk-Amboy. RATTAN ISLAND. See Rtt~ atan Ifiand. RAYNHAM, an inland town in Briftol county, Plymouth Co- lony, New-England, 3 miles N. of Taunton, on the river Rayn- ham, 25 miles S. from Bofton. REA.D'S BAY, a road for fhips in the ifland of Barbadoes, about midway between Hole-town and Speight's-town. It is about half a mile over, but more in depth. Ships may anchor here very fafely, there being from 6- to.iz fathom water, the ground a foft ouze, and be defended from all -winds, except the weft, which blows right into the bay. Lat. 13, 7. long. 59. 47* R E A D I N G-, a pretty, populous, well-built town, in the county of Middlefex, MaflachofetsrEay, 5 miles ,E. of Wilmington, com- modioufly fituated on. the banks Of a large lake, and has two mills, one for .grinding coin^ .and the R E A other for fawing deal- boards, large quantities of which are fent to the Weft-India Iflands. Lat. 42, 40. long. 71. READING, a town in Berks county, Penfylvania, fituatcd on the Schuylkill river, 12 miles S. E. from Middleton, and 12 N. E. from Adam's Town. REALEGO, a town in the pro- vince of Nicaragua, in New Spain, fjtuated in a plain, on the eaftern bank of a river of the fame name, near its influx into the South Sea, 30 miles N. W. of Leon, to which kTerves as an harbour. The ri- ver at this town is deep and ca- pacious, capable of receiving 200 fail of fhips; and the (hips in- tended for the South Seas were fome years ago bailt hero. There are large intrenchments for de- fending the town, and very fine docks for building and repairing (hips ; but the place has fuffered confiderably from the buccaneers. It is a pretty large town, has 3 churches, and an hofpital fur- rounded by a very fine garden ; but the place is fickly, from the creeks and ftinking fwamps in its neighbourhood. Its chief trade is in pitch, tar, and cordage, for which it is the moft noted place in ail Spanifh America. The ad- jacent country is well watered with rivers, whereof that which runs into this harbour has eight branches, whereby goods are car- ried to and from the villages, farms, anil fugar-plantations, be- longing to the inhabitants of Leon and other towns, Dampier fays, the land here is the moft remarkable of any on all the coaft, there being a high horning mountain, called the Old Volcano, feven leagues up the country, and may be feen 20 leagues at fea. The creek which leads to Leon is on the fou'.h-eaft fide of the harbour; but the lands on both fides of it are fo low, that they are overflowed every tide, and fo thick wiih mangrove-trees, as to R H be almoft impaflable. The pw% however, is the moft frequented by (hipping of any between Aca- pulco and Panama, (hips coming to it from all parts of the South Seas. At the mouth of the har- bour is an ifland, which breaks off the fea, and renders it fafc and commodious. This ifland, by lying in the mouth of the harbour, forms two channels ; but that on the north-weft fido is much the beft. Lat. 12, 17* long. 87, 36. REDONDO, a rock between Monferrat and Nevis, Caribbee Iflands. It is about a league 'in circuit, of a round form, where is neither culture or inhabitants. Long. 61, 35. lat. 17, 6. REIMS-TOWN, in Lancafler county, Penfylvania, on a branch of the grest Concftogo creek, which runs into theSufqaehannah river. It is 12 miles S. W. of Reading ; 5 miles N. E. of Eu- phrata, 20 from Lancafter, and xoS.of Newmanftown. REHOBOTH, a town in Briftol county, in 'New England, fettled about i 30 years ago, by a num- ber of En-jlifh families, who, being ftraitened for room at Wey* mouth, removed hither, and cal- led the pface Rehoboth, but is frequently known by that of Sa- conet, its Indian name. It is a large, populous town, of a cir- cular foTn,ftanding in the middle of a plain, and about a mile and a half in diameter, having the church, the minister's houfe, and the fchool in the center. It is a very thriving place^ arid the town of Att'eborongh, 6 mites to the N. of it, has grown c?ut of the increafe of its inhabitants; REPU.LSE-BAY. Bee Wales, North. R H o D E-I $ L A N- D, a fnyall iftand in the river Delawar, in Newctftle county, in Penfylvanb, oppofite a pretty village, Called St. George. , the fmalleft R H O of the provinces which compofc New-England, lying off' Mount- Hope. It confifts of a fmall ifiand of that name, and the old planta- tion of Providence. It is a difb'ncl government, by virtue of a char- ter granted by King Charles II. The ifiand, whence the province has its name, lies in Narragan- fet-Bay, and is about 15 or 16 miles in length, and 4 or 5 in breadth. Its firft inhabitants were thofe that were banifhed from Boflon, in the year 1659; and was for fome year? the general afylu'm for fnch as fuffered from the fpirit of perfecution. There \vere for many years great conten- tions between them and their neighbours the Mafllichuiets ; but fihce there have been 2 churches in the ifiand, theone Prefbyerian, and the other according to the Church of England, they are to- lerably good neigh Kmirs. Rhode-Ifland is, with jufHce, called the Paradife of New- Eng- land, for the fruirfulnefs of the foil, and the temperatenefs of the climate; which, tho' not above 60 miles S. of Bofton, is much warmer in the winter, and, being furround- ed by the ocean, is not fo much affected by the land-breezes as the towns on the continent are. There was a very considerable trade car- ried on from hence to the fugar- colonies, with butter and cheefe, horfcs,. fheep, beef, pork, tallow, timber, frames for houfes, &c. till the late troubles. The plea-' fantnefs of the ifiand invited fo many planters hither, 1 that it was in a few : year over-flocked, and fome of' them wtre obliged to re- turn to the continent, where they purchased a tract of land, now covered with the towns of Provi- dence and Warwick. } . The province is cH'vldecHrito the follow!nVccuntics'and ! t.oWnfhip : s: ' County of Providence. i 1 Smithfield 10 Z^jy * lfi< * "VWarwick 3 Glocefter R O A 4 Scituate 5 Coventiy 6 Providence, the county town. King's County. 1 Greenwich Weft 2 Exeter 3 Wefterly 4 Richmond 5 Nor h Kingfton 6 South Kingfton 7 Eaft Greenwich Newport County. 1 Portfmouth ") . _,.. 2 Middleton < 'V^' 3 Newport 5 lflann of a high, white, rocky hill at the W. end of it, which may be fcen at a great diftance. On the S, fide of the northern R O S ifland is a frefh - water ftream, flowing from the fide of the above- mentioned hill, but of an alumi- nous taOe, which render- it very unpleafant. The middle of the ifland is low, and over-grown with long grafs, among which are mul- titudes of fmall, grey fowls, not bigger than a black-bird, but lay fggs as large as a magpye. The E. end of the ifland is overgrown with black mangrove-trees. The foil there is a light fand, and overflown by the fea at fpring- tides. The road is on the S. fide, near the middle of the iiland. The reft of the Roca iflands are low ; the next to the northernmofl is fmall', flat, and even, without trees, bearing only prafs. About a kague from this are two other iflanJs, not 200 yards diftantfrorrx each other, yet the channel be- tween them has water fufficient for large (hips to pafs. They are both covered with red mangrove-trees, which flourifh prodigioufly in low drowned land. The other iflands are alfo low, and covered with red mangrove-trees. There is good riding in many places between the ill.mds, but not without, except to the weftward or S. W. For on the E. and N. E. of thefe ifl inds, the trade-wind blows, and makes a great fea ; and to the fouthward of them there is no ground under 70,80, or 100 fathom, clofe under the land. The Roca I Hands lie in the lac. of u, 40. long. 67, 30. ROCHESTER, a town in Br'\C- tol county, in Plymouth Colony, New-England, about 5 miles N. from the fea-coaft,and 5 miles W. from Wareham. Ros E, ST. a bay in Louifiana, flickered by a very long iflnid of the fame name, extending to the bay of Penfacola. The channel between the ifUnd and the conti- nent is fufficiently wide for (hips to pafs from one of thofe bays to the other* The ifland is well-watered. ROY and abounds with a variely of game. The tides here are more regular than ih other parts of the Gulph of Mexico, and the tide flows regularly every 12 hours. Lat. 33, 32. long. 86, 42. ROSALIA, a fort on the Miffi- fippi, in the country of the Nau- chees, an Indian tribe inhabiting that country. It (lands about 105 miles N. of New Orleans, in a very pleafant and fertile coun- try, but thinly inhabited. Lat. 31, 9. long. 90, 25. ROSEAU, the capital of the ifland of Dominica, one of the Caribbee Iflands. It is fituatcd on the S. W. part of the ifland, on the N. fide of a bay, oppofite to which is Charlotte-town. ROUND ROCK, one of the fmaller Virgin Ifles, in the Weft- Indies, fuuated a little to the N. of Ginger Ifland, and to the S. of the clutter of rocks called the Fallen City, or Old Jerufalem. Long. 62, 53. lat. 18, 10. ROWAN, an inland county, .in the diftria of Salifbury, North- Carolina, in which the town of SaHibury, the principal of the dif- trift, is tituated. ROXBOROUGH, a town of Suf- folk county, in the colony of Maf- fachufets, fhuated at the bottom of a /hallow bay, without any harbour, but is well-watered. The river Smelt runs through it, and the river Stony a few miles to the N. of it. It has a good free- fchool, and is in a flourishing con- dition. Lat. 42, 36. long. 70, 30. ROXBU R y, a village in Suffolk county, in Mallachufets - Bay, about a mile W. of Bofton Neck, where a camp was formed at the commencement of the prefent dif- turbances. Ro Y AL-ISLE, an ifland in the river St. Laurence, about 60 miles below lake Ontario. The foil is very fertile, and produces great quantities of grain. It had a ftrong fort on it built by the French, which was taken by Ge- R U A neral Amherft, on the 23d of Auguft, 1760, two days after the fitft firing of his batteries. RUATAN, or RATTAN, an ifland in the bny of Honduras, 8 leagues from the Mofcjuito Shore, and about 200 W. and by S. from Jamaica. It is about 3omiles long, and 13 miles broad, and contains about 2 50,000 acres, naturally for- tified with rocks and fhoals, ex- cept the entrance into the harbour of Port Royal, which is fo nar- row that only one fliip can pafs at a time ; but the harbour is one of the fineft in the world, being fuf- ficiently capacious for 500 fail of (hips to ride in the utmoft fafety. The ifland is overgrown with wood, but remarkably healthy, and not near fo hot as Jamaica, there being continually a breeze at E. which keeps the atmofpherc cool. It has plenty of excellent water, a great ( number of wild hogs and deer, ducks, teal, pi- geons, and parrots ; and the fea abounds with fi/h of all kinds, particularly crab-fifh and fine tur- tle. Here are great quantities of cocoa-nuts, wild figs, and excellent grapes. But there are alfo ferpents, called owlers, as big as a man's waift, and 12 or 14 feet long, with a very wide mouth; when they lie ftretched out at length, they appear like old fallen trunks of trees, covered with a fhort mofs. This iftand was totally uninhabit- ed till the year 1742, when the Englifh, under the command of Major Crawford, began a fettle- ment, in order to protect the log- wood cutters, and fecure a trade with the Spaniards of Guatemala, for cochineal, indigo, me 4 miles from the fhore, and from one another, extending a very con- jfiderable diftance along the nor- thern fhore of the ifthmus of Da- rien, and with the adjacent coun- try, its hills and forefts, of perpe- tual verdure, form a lovely prof- pet from the fea. Thefe iflands ieem to lie as it were parcelled out iu clufters ; and between molt of them are navigable channels, by which fhips may pafs through, and range along the coaft of the ifthmus, the fea between them ^nd the- fiiore being navigable from one end to the other, and affords every whre good anchor- ing in firm findy ground, with good landing t-uher on the ifl mds or the mam. In this long chan- jiel a number of mips may always find foeUer, be the wind which way it will ; fo that it was the general rendezvous for the priva- tcei s on this coaft. Moft of thtfe Vhu.J* arc iow^ flat, and fandy, SAN covered with a variety of trees, and abound with fiiell-fifh of fe- veral kinds: fouie of them alfo afford fprings of frefh water, and convenient places for careening (hips. The long channel between the Samballas and the ifthmus is from 2 to 4 miles in breadth, ex- tending from Point Samballas to the gulph of Darien and the coaft of the ifthmus, full of fandy bays, with many brooks of water, bA N D \v i c H , a town in Bai n- ftaple county, Plymouth Colony, New-England, 5 miles E. of Buz- zard r s-bay, and 10 N. E. of Fal- mouth, on the ifthmus that forms the peninfula, near a river of the fame name, at the bottom of Cape-Cod- bay, whence runs a point of land called Sandy-Point; and notwuhftanding its fituation is but an inconfidcrable place, hav- ing no harbour, and the approach to it impeded by fands. SANDY POINT, a cape, or point of land, in Barnftaple county, Ply- mouth Colony, New - England, forming the northern cape of the ftrait between the main land and Nantucket-ifland. A preity large fand ftrttches off from the point to the eaftward, and thence it had its nJy well ; and the progrcfs of this colony was fuch, that, in the fhort fpace of n years after its foundation, it con- Uitie,! 822 white inhabitants, with a proportionable number of flaves. It foon after belonged to the Or- der of Malta, who, in 1664, fold it to the French Weft-India com- pany. The regulations of thi; com- pany werefo injurious, that this co- lony went to decay, and in 163 6 the whole of the inhabitants, amount- ing only to 300 whites and 400 blacks, quitted the ifland ; when it was left deftitute and uncul- tivated till 1733, when France fold its property to Denmark for 164,000 rixdollars. The Danes at firft reflric~ted the tr-ide ; but in 1754, this and their other iflands were opened to all the Danifh fubjecls, who began to import ne- groes, by paying 4 rix-dollars per head tax. There are now above 3^,000 flaves, who pay each a ca- pitation of i crown. The la- bour of thefe negroes furnifh the Ctrgoes of 40 (hips, whofe bur- then is from izo to 300 tons. The plantains yield a little ccf- fce, and finger, fome wood for inlay-work, 800 bates of cotton, and 12 Mnillions weight of rough fugar This ifland is dividtd in t SAN 3^0 plantations, each plantation containing 150 acres, of 40,000* fquare feet each. Two thirds of trie land are fit for fugar. It has on'y one to-.vn, called Chriftiap- ffaxl, which is defended by the cannon of a fortrefs, as well a* the principal hafbo'tir on the ??, co:i!t ; 'on! another town is now building on the W. coaft, to be called Frederickflzd. Thegieateft part of the inhabitants conGil of Englifh, with Irifh, Germans, Moravians, and a few Danes. The Engiifh and Dutch poflefs the beft plantations in the iftand, and the chief part of its riches pafs into the hands of foreigners. It re- ceived eonfiaerable damage by a ftorm, Aug. 30, 1772, when the Tea f welled above 70 feet above the ufual height, and the wind tore all the houfes near the fhore even to the foundations; beams, planks, &c. flew through the air like feathers. The wall round the King's ftorehoufes, though a- bcve a yard thick, was totally fWept away, and the trees torn up by the roots, which lefc holes in the earth 6 feet deep. 250 perfons w?re overtaken by the fea in their flight to (he mountains; and at Chriftianftxd 460 houfes were demoliflnd. All the magazine? and ft ores were ru- ined; and the fhips in the harbours were drove on fhore, 50 and 100 yards on land ; and the whole da- mage computed at above 5, coo, coo of dollars. On the N. fide there is a large bay. having in the mid- dle of it a little ifland ; and on the W. fide of this bay the Go- vernor's houfe is ereftcd. Lati- tude 17, 40. long. 63 33. SANTA FE. See Fe, SANTA MARIA, a river In the ifthirus of Darien, fa-King into the gulph of S 1 . Michael, in the South-Sea. The tide fi->ws up it 8 or 9 leagues, and fo far it is navigable ; b'.it beyond that the river divides into ^'branches, and is only fit for canoes R 2 SAN SANTA MARIA, a town on the river of the fame name, a- bout 6 leagues from its mouth It is a considerable town, occa- Jioned by the gold-mines in its neighbourhood, which are worked to great advantage; but the conn- try about it is low, woody, and very unhealthy. Latitude 7, 30. long. 82, 20, SANTA MARTHA, a province of Terra Firma, in South-Ame- rica, bounded on the E. by Rio de la Hacha; on the S. by New Granada ; on the W. by Cartha- gena ; and on the N. by the North-Sea. Its extent from E. to W. is about 140 miles, and a- bove aoo'from N. to S. The cli- mate is fultry and hot, efpecially near the fea-coaft ; but the tops of the high mountains arc cover- ed with fnow, which render the inland parts much colder. SANTA MARTHA, the capital of the above province, fituated near the fea, at the foot of a prodigious mountain, vvhofe fum- rnit is generally hid in the clouds, but in clear weather, when the top appears, it is covered with fncv/. The city was formerly very populous, but is now much de- cayed, occafioned by the Spani/h fleets not touching there, as they anciently ufed to do. The houfes in general are built with canes, and covered with palmetto-leaves; fome are covered with pantiles. The Governor of the province, together with the other officers, reiides here. It is the fee of a bifhop, fnfFragan to the metro- politan of New- Granada. The inhabitants trade with the In- dians in the neighbourhood, who bring hither earthen-ware and cot- ton -Muffs. The country round the city produces but few cattle, be- ing extremely mountainous, and the Spaniards who inhabit it are but few. At a league and a half diftar.ce from Santa Martha are large fait - ponds, from whence they exiraft very good fait, and S A V carry it into the neighbouring pro- vinces. Between the city and the mountains of the Andes, which are rocky and barren, the land is level, and produces abundance of oranges, lemons, pine-apples, and grapes. In fome places there are gold mines, and in others precious ftones of great value. Lat. 1 1 , 37. long. 74, 15. SAONA, a fmall ifland near the S. E. point of the ifland of St. Domingo, abounding with plea- fant woods and p aft i: res, but is at prcfent uninhabited, and frequent- ed only by fifhermen, at the time when turtles come on fhore to lay their eggs. It lies but 5 miles from the neareft part of St. Do- mingo ifland, and 3 E. of St. C3- taline. The N. and S. fides of the ifland are foul and rocky ; nor is the' E. fide, where fhips may . ride in 7 or 8 fathom water, xvell- fteltered from the winds. It is between 7 and 8 leagues in length, and about 4 in breadth. SAVAGE-ISLAND. See Wales, North. SAVANNAH, a river in Caro- lina, rifing in the Apnlachian Mountains, and, after a S. E. courfe of 200 miles, falls into the ocean about 32 miles to the fomh- ward of Port-Royal ; the lower part of it feparates the colonies of Carolina and Georgia. SAVANNAH, the capital of Georgia, finely fituated for trade, on the river of the fame name ; the navigation being very fafe, and fhips of 300 tons burden may lie clofe to the town, and, if ri- quifue, go 200 miles above it. It is about 10 miles from the"'kM. It has, bt fides a church, a conrt- houfe, a ftore-houfe, a goal, a wharf, a guard-houfe, where are feveral cannon mounted, and a con flan t watch ; bcficles fome o- ther public buildings, and above 250 houfes, which are regularly built 22 feet by 16, at fome dif- tance from each other, for the fake of bein g more airy, and form S C A /ereral fpaciou 1 ; fqviares and tlreetr r There is a regular magillracy fet- tled in it, couiiiting of 3 bailiffs, and a recorder, a conftables, and z tything-men, with a prefident, and 4 afllftants of the council, whofe board-days are commonly once a fortnight, and the court - days 4 or 5, and fometimes 6 in the year. The firlt houfe in this town was begun on the gth of February, 1733. The river here forms a half-moon, with banks on the S. frde 40 feet high, having on the top a flit, which failors call a bluff, at leaft 60 feet high from the river, and extending 5 or 6 miles into the country. In the center of this half-moon the town is fituated, and over-agaihft it is an ifland, confiding of very rich pafture-land. On July 4, 1758', a dreadful fire broke out in the public Folature, or cuftom-houfe, which deftroyed the whole build- ing with fuch irrefiflible fury, thar 30,000 Ib. of cocoons were de- ftroyed, with o'her goo.ls of value, and it was with the utmoft difficulty that the council-houfe, public re- cords, ftores, &c. were preferved. Lat. 32, 5. long. 81. SAYBROOK, the oldeft town in ths county of New -London, in the colony of Connecticut, in New-England, fituated on the W.. fide of the mouth of Conneclicut- river, 14 miles from New Lon- don, and i-j from Brentford E. It owes its name to the Lord Vif- count Say and Seal, and the Lord Brook, by whofe agent the to.vn was built. Its fort was the itcu- rity againft the Pequet Indians, who attacked them in the year 1637. The fort has aifo been of great ufe fince, in defending the entrance of Connecticut-river a- gainft enemies more formidable than the Indians. Lat. 41, $<;. k>ng. 71, 50. SCARBOROUGH, the capital of the ifland of Tobago, one of the Caribbee-iflands. It is but in its hifaat ftate,. having been began S C H flnce the year 1763, when tne 1 ifland was ceded by the French; to the Engliih; however, it floir- rifhes beyond the moft fanguinc expectation. SCAT ART, afmall ifland on the eaftern coaft of Cape Breton. It i 6 miles in length, and 2in breadth, but uninhabited. Latitude 46, 5* long' 59, * 5- SCHENECTAIM-, 3 tOWH in tPC county of Albany, in the pro- vince of New-York, fituated ore the banks of the Mo hawks -river, rS miles N. W. of Albany.. It is compaift and regular, built prin- cipally of br'ck, on a rich flat of low land, fin-rounded with hii!?, It has a large Dirch church, with; a fteeple and town-clock near the center. The windings of the ri- ver through the town and fields, which are often overflo-ved m th fpring, form, about harvefl, a moft beautiful profpeft. The lands in the vale of Schencctady are fo fertile, that they are corrr monly fold at 45!. per acre. Tho* the farmers rfe no manure, they till the fair's every year, and they always produce, foil crops of wheat or peafe. Their church was in - CTporited by Gen. Cofby and the town has the privilege to fendi a member to the aflembiy. Frotn this town onr Indian traders fet out for Ofwego. Latitude 42, 35, long. 74, 20. S c H u c A n E R o , a fm all vil- lage, fttuated on the eaft fide of the mouth of the river Santa Ma- ria, in the ifthmus of Darier)- It f^iiids upon a rifing, ground, open- to the gulph of St." Michael, fo- that it is fanned with frefh breezes from the fea, which renders ic very healthy. Is has a fine ri- vulet of frtfh water, and ferves as a place of refreshment for the miners. Lat. 7, jc. long-. ?r, y. .S c H v y L K i L L, a rivtr in Pen- fylvanb, which has the tide abovl traders, and thence called Lit- .tle Briftol, It is a vtry pretty town, containing about 350 well- built houfes, tlifpoftd into four regular and fpacious ftrtets, of which the longeft is called Jew's- ftreet, and, with ihe other three, leads down to the water-fide. 1 he planters in that part of Barbadoes -called Scotland, ufed to fhip off their goods here for England, vl.ich occafioned the building of florehoufes, and a concourfe of people refort hither, to (he great advantage of the town ; but moil of the trade is now removed to Bridgetown. It has a church, de- dicated to St. Peter, which gave S T A name to its precinct, and is the place where the monthly feffions are held. The town is defended; by two forts, befides another in Heai h cote's bay, forr.e diftance S. of the town. One of the above forts Hands in the middle of the town, and is mounted with 14 guns ; the other, which ha-h 32, ftands at the N. end of it. But there are, befides thefe, feveral platforms on the feafhore, erected after the commencement of the late war. Latitude ic, 9. long > 59. ai- SPRINGFIELD, EAST and WF.ST, two towns in Ham p (hire county, Maftachuie:s-Bav, have their dftinctions from be;n^ fitu- a'ed on each fide of Conntcticut river, near where Weft-Springfield river branches off, about 8 miles be'ow the falls.. Sq_u A M , a large creek on the N. E. fide of Cape Ann, a few leagues from Bofton, in New- England. STAMFORD, a town and river in Fairfield county, Connecticut,, on the N. coaft of Long Ifland Sound, 7 miles from Greenwich, and 10 from Norwalk- STANINGTON, a town and harbour in New London county, Connecticut, 8 miles E. of New- London. SxATFN-Isi.AND, an ifland forming the county of Richrr.ond,. in the province of New York, about 9 miles N.W. of New-York, city. It is about ia miles long, and at a medium 6 in breadth. On the S. fide is a confiderable- tract of good level land ; but tha ifland is in general rough, and the hilU high, but pleafant and fruitful. 'I he inhabitants ara principally Dutch and French. 'Ihe former have a church; but the latter, having been long with- out a minifter, refort to an epif- copal church in Richmond town, a poor mean place, and the only one in the ifland. The minifter receives 40!, per .annum, ra : fed SUN by a tax upon the county. Lat. 40, 34. long. 74, 2J. STEPHEN'S FORT, a fquare fort in the province of NewHamp- fhire, fituated on the eaftern bank of Connecticut river, 30 miles N. of the village of Northfield, and 59 S. W.of Crown-Point. STOUGHTON, a town in Suf- folk county, Maflachufcts-Bay, 5 miles S. of Milton, and 10 N. E. of Walpole. STOW, a town in Middlefex county, in Maflachufets-Bay, on a branch of the river Concord, about 20 miles W. of Cambridge. SUDBURY, a town in Middle- fex county, Maflachufets - Bay, fituated on a river of the fame name, which runs into Concord river. It is about 5 miles S. of Concord, and 14 W. of Cam- bridge. SUFFOLK. COUNTY, adivifion irr MarTachufcts - Bay, including Bofton, Bofton-harbour, Sec. SUFFOLK COUNTY, a divifion of the province of New- York, including all the eaftern part of Long - Ifland, Shelter - Ifland, Fi/her's-Ifland, Prum-Ifland, and the Ifle of Wight. This large county has been long fettled, and, except a fmall epifcbpal congre- gation, confifts entirely of Englifh PrefbyterSans. The farmers are, for the moft part, graziers, and, living at a great diftance from New York, the principal part of their produce is fent to the markets of Bofton and Rhode-lfland. The Indians, who were formerly nu- merous here, are now very incon- fiderable ; and thofe that remain generally bind themfelves fervants to the Englifh. SUNBURN, a town in New Weft Jerfey, on the E. bank of the E. branch of the Dclawar river, iz miles S. E. of Phiiipf- burgh. SUNBURY, a town in the dif- trift of Southern, in the province of Georgia. SWNDERLAND, 3 town in S U T Hampshire county^MafTachufcts- Bay, on the E. fide of Connecticut river, 8 miles N. E. of Hatfield, and 2 S. E. from Deerfield. SUPERIOR LAKE, a large colleftion of waters, or rather a freih-water fea, being near 100 leagues in Iength,and7oin breadth, and interfperfed with feveral very confiderablc iflands. The middle of it lies in the lat. of 47, 10. long. 85, lo. The country round it is very little known, being fre- quented only by the Indians in their huntings. It is 500 leagues in circuit. SUR.RY, an inland county in the diftrift of Saiifbury, North- Carolina. SURRY, one of the counties of Virginia, lying to the N. of that called Ifle of Wight county. It contains 111,050 acres of land, and has two parifhes, namely, Southward, and Lyon** Creek. SUSSEX, a county in New Weft Jerfey. SUSSEX, oneof the counties in Penfylvania, and had its naiie from Mr. Penn's feat in the coun- ty of Suflex, in England. It lies along Dehwar-Bay, and is inha- bited by planters, whofe plantati- ons lie Scattered at a diftance from one another, according as the fet- tiers made choice oj' different fpots of ground. SVSQJJ EH ANN A, a rirer who rifes near the lakes in the country of the Mohawks, in Mew York, and running S. has feveral falls, which prevents its having any extenfivc navigation inland; yet one of its branches extends itfelf near the head of the Ohio, where is a car- rying-place for 40 miles, and makes way for a communication with that river. It empties itfelf intoChefapeak-Bay, in Maryland. S u T T o N , a town in Worcefter county, Mi/Jachufsits-Bay, on a branch of Mumford river, 7 miles N. of Uxbridge and Douglas, and the fame dirtance E. from Oxford^ and 9 S. from Worcefter. TAB SWAVSIY, a town of Nevr- Ergland, in New-Plymouth Co- Jcr.y, fruited at the mcuth of Providence river. It is a large fcattering town, but carries on a tolerable trade. Lat. 42. 5. long. 71, 10. T. TAflAGO, or TOBAGO, one of theCarribbee-Iflands. See Triage. TAB > sco, a province of Mex- ico in New Spain, bounded on the V". by that of Guaxaca ; on the E. by that t f Yucatan ; on the N. ty the Gulph of Mexico, and bay of Campeche, along which it ex- tends about 40 leagues from E. to \V. It is a narrow flip running along the fea- (bore : hut neither very hea'thy, nor ifthmus, including the whole province of Panama, and part of that of Darien. It contains the three provinces of Panama, Da- rien, and Veraguas: which others fubdivide, from W. to E. into Popayan, New Granada, or Santa Fe, or Caftello del Oro, and New Andalufia on the S. then, going .from E. to W. Venezuela, Rio de la Hacha, Santa Martha, Car- thagena, and Terra Firma Proper, which is the ifthmus of Darien, on the N. Terra Firma has part of Peru, the Amazon's country, and part of Guiana, on the S. the river Oroonoko, which parts it from Guiana, on the S.E. the Atlantic Ocean on the E. and that part of it called the North Sea on the N. and the South Sea on the W. where the ifthmus of Darien alib parts it from Mexico, or New Spain. The narroweft part of the ifth- mus is from the rivers Darien and Chagre, on the North Sea, to thoje of Pito and Caymito on the Sotith Sea ; and here the diftance from fea to fea is about 14 leagues : afterwards it iucr cafes in breadth T H A towards Choco and Sitara ; and the fame weftward, in the pro- vince of Veraguas, forming an interval of 40 leagues from fea to fea. Along this ifthmus run, thofc famous chains of lofty mountains called the Andes; which, begin- ning at fuch a prodigious diftance as the Terra Magellanica, traverfe the kingdom of Chili, the pro- vince of Buenos Ayres, through Peru and Quito ; and from the latter province they contract them- felves, as it were, for a paflagc through this narrow ifthmus ; afterwards, again widening, they continue their courfe through Ni- caragua, Guatimala, Cofta Rica, St. Miguel, Mexico, Guajaca, la Puebla, and others, with fevc- ral arms and ramifications for ftrengthening, as 'it were, the fouthern with the northern parts of America. The capital of the whole king- dom of Terra Pirma, as well as of its particular province of the fame name, is Panama ; btfides which are the two cities of Porto- Belio and Santiago de Nata dc los Cavalieros, with one town, fome few forts, feveral villages and country -feats, &e. The other places in the two remaining dif- tricts are not very confiderable. TERRA FIRMA PBOPER, See Darit 1 ).. TESTIGOES, iflands near the coaft of New Andalufia, in Terra Firma, in South America. TE \VKES BURY, a village in Middlefex county, Mafiachufets- Bay. ' THAMES, a river of New- England, which, rifing in a lake N. of the Maflachufets country, runs directly fouth, and falls in- to the fea, below New London, and E.of Connecticut river. This is a confiderable ftream, with fe- veral fmall branches, the princi- pal of which are called Glafs ri- ver, Ruflel's Delight, and the Indian river, T H O THOMAS, ST. or the DANES ISLAND, the largeft and moll northerly ifle 10 leagues to the E. of Porto Rico, one of the Vir- gin-[fles, in the Weft-Indies. It is about 3 leagues in length, and, on an average, one in breadth. The foil is fandy, and badly wa- tered. It abounds with potatoes, millet, mandroca, and mod forts of fruits and herbage, efpecially fugar and tobacco ; but is ex- tremely infeited with mulketoes, and other trouulefome vermin. This iilmd produces oranges, ci- trons, lemons, guavas, bananas, and fig-trees ; but they have few horfes or black cattle, yet are fur- nifhed with flefh-meat enough from Porto Rico. Here are excellent kids, and all forts of wild-fowl, but from the numbers of people, and great plenty of money here, provifions are, as is mod com- monly the cafe, dear. Here is a fafe and 'commodious harbour, with z natural mounds on it, cal- culated, as it were, for placing z batteries for the defence of its entrance. Though the ifland is only 6 or 7 leagues in circuit, it has 2. mafters ; the Danes and Brandenburghers, the latter of w hich are under the protection of the former ; though all the trade here is carried on by the Dutch, under the name of the Danes. Nearly in the center of the har- bour is a fmall fort, without ditch or out -workb ; and the town, which begins about 50 or 60 paces W. of it, confifts chiefly of one long ftreet, at the end of which is the Danifh factory, a large building, with convenient ware- houfes for the ftowage of the goods, as well as the reception of negroes, in which article they trade with the Spaniards. On the the right fide of this factory is the Brandenburg quarter, confifting of 2, little ftreets, full of French re- fugees from Europe and the iflands. Moft of the houfes arc of brick, being built and tiled in the Dutch T I c fafhion; yet but of i ftory higb,oti account of the foundation, where, before they dig to the depth of 3 feet, they meet with water and quickfands. The trade of this fin all ifland, particularly in time of peace, is very confiderable : this being the ftaple for fuch traf- fic as the French, Englifh, Dutch, and Spaniards, dare not carry on. publicly in their own iflands : and in war-time privateers bring their prizes hither for fale. A great number of vefil-ls trade from hence along the coaft of Terra Firma, and return with a great deal of fpccie, or bars, and valua- ble merchandize ; fo that the place is wealthy, and always well-ftock- ed with all forts of goods. In i6SS the Daniih factory here was attacked and plundered by the French buccaneers. A large bat- tery has fince been erected, mount- ed with 20 pieces of cannon. In Aug. 30, 1772, it fufFered 200,000 dollars damage, by a moft violent ftorm. THREE RIVERS. See Treble River. TIBERON CAPE, a round black rock, which is the mod weftern point of the whole ifland of Hifpaniola, in the Weft- Indies. See Hifpaniola and St, Doming. TICKLE -ME-QJJCKLY HAR- BOUR, fo called by the Englilh, a fine little fandy bay of Terra Fir- ma Proper, on the ifthmus of Darien, at the N. W. end of a riff of rocks, with good anchorage and fafe landing, the extremity of the rocks ou one fide, and the Samballas iflands (the range of which begin from hence) on the other fide, guard it from the fea t and fo form a very good harbour. It is much frequented by pri- vateers. TICONDERAGO, a fort, built by the French in the year 1756, on the narrow paffage, or com- munication, between the lakes George and Champlin. It had all the advantages lhat art or nature S TLA could give it, being defended on 3 Tides by water furrounded by rocks, and by half of the fourth by a fwamp, and where th.it fails the French erected a breafUwork 9 feet high. TJNKEKS-ISLAKP, the fecond largeft of the Elizabeth-iflands, at the entrance of Buzzard's-bay, and is the middlemoft of the three. It is about i mile W. from Nafhawn- ifland,and about S from the neareft land of Barnftaple county. This ifland is about 3 miles from N, to S, and i and \ from . to W. be- tween it and Naftawn is a chan,- ijel for floops, as well as between it and SloXums-ifle, about i mile further W. TisBURY,a town on the S. fide of the ifland of Martha's Vine- yard, New- England ; fituated a- bout 9 miles from Chilmark, on a convenient creek, ^nd inhabited by filhermen. TtASCALA.OrLOS A.NGELOS, a province of New -Spain. See Angelas. T i. AS c ALA, the antlent capital of Angelos, once the fee of a bi- fhop, 45 miles E. of Mexico, and 60 N. of Los Angelos, its mo- dern capital. It has a pleafant (he on the banks of a river which runs into the South.-Sea ; but is moflly inhabited by Indians, who in general are very rich, being free from all taxes and duties, as we obfcrved before : and having been entirely converted to chrif- tianity, they have feveral good churches and monafterie?. In Gage's time there were no lefs than 28 towns and villages under the jurifdiclion of this city, con- taining 1 50,000 families : he writes that it was worth all the towns and villages between La Yera Cruz and Mexico, the former being 740 miles S.E. of it. When the Spaniards firft arrived here, it con- tained 300 ooo inhabitants ; and it had a market place large enough to hold 30,000 buyers r.nd fellers; rfcat in the lhambies were leldom T O B lefs than 15,000 (heeps, 4000 ox en, and 2000 hogs. But matters were fo much altered, that Ge- melti, who was here in 1698, fays, it was then become an ordinary village, with a pari/H-church, in which hangs up a picture of the fhip which brought Cortez to La Vera Cruz, This city, according to Captain Cook, ftands in the valley of Ailifco, which is a league and an half over, producing above 100,000 bufhels of wheat in a year. Lat. 19, 51. long, 102, 5. To A, one of the Drivers (Baja- mond being the other) which empties itfelf into the harbour of Porto Rico, in the Antilles ifland of the fame name. It rifes from Mount Guiame, on the S. fide of the ifland, about 16 leagues from the town, and, running N. in a large ftream to Mount Curvas, di- vides itfelf into a branches, be- twixt which the other river Baja- mond has its fource. TOBAGO, or TABAGO, one of the Caribbee-lflands, 30 miles N, of Trinidad, and 120 S. of Bar*- badoes, It is about 72 miles long, and 12 broad. It was firlt peo- pled by the Dutch, who made an eilablifhment there in 1632, who were expelled by the Indians, and foon after the Courlanders took, their place, under the protection of the Englifh. The French con* quered this ifland, and returned it to the Dutch, who ihey expelled in 1677, and left itdefolate, From this period it continued as a neu- tral ifland till the peace of 1763, when it became the property of the English. It is about 25 leagues in circumference, and a- bounds throughout with little hills that might be cultivated, and has a few craggy mountains at the N. E. end, out of which run nu merous ftream s and rivers. The air is cooled by the fea-breezes, that, notwithftanding its vicinity to the line, it becomes very fup- portable to Europeans. The coafl affords JO or iz large and conve TOM nfent bays, among whom are z where the largcft fhips may an- chor. All forts of vegetables and life ful trees are very abundant here, and fo'me of the laft grow to a prodigious fize ; there are be- fides whole thickets of fafTii'ras of a foperior qualify, as well as of thofe trees which afford the true gurn-eopai. There is produced a baftard kind of the nut-meg, and cinnamon trees, and the woods are full of game and wild hogs. The foil, though fometimes fandy, is always black, deep, and as fruit- ful as in any other of the Carib- bees ; and it is aftoniftiing to fee the activity and fuccefs with which the culture of this ifland has ?.- fiftn and increafed fince the peace. The whole ifland is comprized in 7 diviiions, and contains 52,058 acres They reckon at prefenfi 286 plantations, among whom 40 for fu^ar, of whirh the ifland ex- ports atreucy above 3000 hogf- hcuds a y^ar. On the S, fide is the fifing town of Scarborough. Near the coal!:, and principally to- wards the S. are fome families of the Caribbs, Tobago is not lia- ble to hurricanes, like the other Caribbec-Iflands, owing to its vi- cinity to the continent. Lati- tude u, 36, long. 59, 10, Toi.u, a town of Terra- Fir- ma, with a harbour en a bay of The North-Sea. The famous bal- fam of the fame name comes from this place; 114 miles S. W. of Carthagena. Lat. 9, 36. iongi- tuoe 77, 5. TOM A co, a large river of Po- payaa, and Terra Firma, about 3 leagues to the N. E. of Galla- ifle. And about a league and an half within the river is an Tnc'.inn town of the fame name, tho' but fmall, the inhabitants of which commonly fupply little velfels with provifions, when thty put in here for refreshment. At this ri- ver begins a great wood, extend- ing i o or ia leagues to the fouth- ward. All along this co*ft are fe- TOR veral rivers, at whofe heads both the Spaniards and Indians waifi for gold which vvafKes down from the mountains. This is a very rainy place, efpccially from April to October, which is the winter feafon here : at which time from hence all northward along the coaft of Mexico is continual thun- der and lightning, with rain, and feveral violent tornadoes or whirl- winds. The land-marks here are^ that the land is higher than the coafls of Gorgon a, and very full of hills and ti'ees, particularly one Very high mount. To PI A, a mountainous barren part of New-Bifcay province, in Mexico ; yet moft of the neigh- bouring parts are pleafant, abound* ing with all manner of provifions, TOPSFIELD, a town near the middle of the county of EfTex, the rnoft N. of the MafTichufcts- Bay. ft has a very pleafant fit na- tion, but no river near it, and is the midway between Reading ani Rowley. TORTOISES, THE RIVER OF, lies 10 miles above a lake 20 mUrs long, and 8 or 10 broad, which is formed by the Miftlfippi, in Louifiana, or Carolana, and Flo- rida. It is a large fine river, which runs into the country a good way to the N. E.-and is nn- vipble 40 miles by the large ft boats. TOR TO LA ISLE, one of the Virgin -Iflands, near Porro Rico, on which depend the little iflands of Jcft Van Dykes, Little Van Dykes, Guana -ifland, and Keef and Thatch iflands. f n this, which is the principal of the Engliflj Virgin -Iflands, is almofi all the trade carried on ; it is near 5 leagues long, and 2 broad, but badly watered, and reckoned un- healthy. They cultivate cotton here, which is much efteemed by the manufacturers. Long. 53, 35. Lar. 18, 15. TORTUGA, SALT, or SAL Ton TUG A, an ifland on the W. S 2 TOR Of New-Anda!ufia, and Terra Fir- ma, fo called in contradiftinftion to the fhoals of Dry Tortugas, near Cape Florida, and to the ifle of Tortnga, near that of Hifpa- tfiola. It is pretty large, uninha- bited, and abounds with fait. It lies in lat. u, 36. and long. 64. 34 leagues northerly from Marga- rita, and 17 or 18 from Cape Blan- co on the main, The E. end of Tortuga is full of rugged, bare, and broken rocks, which ftretch themfeives a little way out to fea. At the S. E. part is an indifferent good road for (hipping, and much frequented in peaceable times by merchantmen, who come hither to lade fait, from May to Auguft. For at the E, end is a large fall- pond within 200 paces of the fea. Near the W. extremity of the ifland, on the S. fide, there is a /mall harbour and fome frefti wa- fer. That end of (he ifland is full of flirubby trees; but the E. ind is rocky, and bare of trees, producing only coarfe grafs. The turtles, or tcrtoifes, come into the fandy bays to lay their eggs, and from hence the ifland has its name. There is no anchoring any where but in the road where the falt-ponds are, or in the har- bour. TORTUGAS, or TORTUDAS, one of the Antilles-Ifles, in the Weft-Indies, near the N. coaft of Hifpaniola. It was formerly the great refidence of the buccaneers, and lies off Cape St. Nicholas, 86 miles N. of Petit Guaves, ard 35 Spani/n leagues E. from Cuba. It is furrounded with rocks on the N. and W. fides ; and the road on the E. fide is very hard to find, and very difficult and dan- gerous when found, by reafon of rocks and fands; and the difficul- ty of accefs, probably, made this the retreat of the buccaneers. The Spaniards, however, deilroy- ed their fettlements here in 1638; with extreme cruelty ; notwith- ftanding which the buccaneers re- TOR turned, and fettled here again, under the command of Capt. Wil- les, an Englishman : but not long after he was obliged to x abandon it to the French, who were harrafled many years by the Spaniards, and driven off the ifland more than once. The French, however, hav- ing conftant fupplies from their their iflands, and being joined from time to time by adven- turers of all nations, they (till kept up their claim, and at laft not only fixed themfeives in this little ifland, but began to make fettlements on the W. end of St. Domingo, where they built fome villages and feveral forts. It is rocky, efpccially on the N. fide ; yet full of tall palms and other trees, producing not only tobacco, but yellow fandtrs,gutacum, gum- elemi, china-root, aloes, fogar, indigo, cotton, ginger, oranges, citrons, apricots, bananas, maize, aromatic Jautcls, and moft of the fiuits which grow on the oiher iflands, together with peafe, and the ufual rco^s for food. But from want of fprings the people are forced to fave rain-wate*; in citterns. Here are great numbers of wild boars, which they are for- bid to hunt, as fcrving for pro- vifions whenever an invafion o- bliges the inhabitants to retire into the woods. rkfides parrots, thrufhes, and other birds, here are wild or wood pigeons, which are very good at a certain feafon, but at other times are lean and bitter. Here is (kie of land and fea crabs, wlvch, if eaten fre- quently, occafion giddinefs, and dimnefs of fighf. The N. part of the ifland is defolate, from the air being unhealthy, as well as the coaft rugged ; but the S. part is pretty populous, with good an- chorage, and abounds with fifli. If has but I convenient harbour, the entrance into which is by z channels, and is capable of re- ceiving large fhips. It lies at the bottom of a deep bay in that part T R E of the country called the Low- Lands. And the town of Cayo- na is defended by fort Dageron, fo called from a French Gover- nor, the founder of this now flou- riihing colony* Latitude 20, 10, long. 73, 15. TOULOUSE PORT, formerly called Port St. Peter, on the coalt of Cape Breton, jurt at the en- trance of the Strait of Fronfac. It lies between a fort of gulph, called little St, Peter, and the ides of St, Peter, oppofite to thofe of Madame, or Maurepas. To\rNSHND, a village at the Nr extremity of Middlefex coun- ty, Mallachufets-Bay, near theN. branch of the Nafhnay-river* TREBLE - RIVER, fo called from 3 rivers which center their ftreams about a quarter of a mile below the town, and fall into the greit one of St Laurence. It Irands in Canada Proper, and was formerly the capital of the French government, and much reforted to by ieveral nations, which come down thofe rivers to it, and trade in various forts of furs. The town has pallifades round it, be- i'ng commodioufly frtuated IB the center of the country, and confc- quently free from the eruptions of the Iroqnois. It was the refidence of the Governor, who kept a im- jor under him, with a monaltery of Recolleis, who are the curates of the place. It was like wife the common emporium, or mart, to which the natives ufed to bring their furs and other commodities to fell, before the Englifh fir ft feized it and the feulement at Montreal. The town itfelf is faid to be but thiniy peopled, though the inhabitants are weal- thy, and the houfjs very large and richly furnifhed. The coun- try round it is pleifant, and fer- tile in corn, fruits, &c. and has a good number of lordfhips-, and handfome feats belonging to it : en each fide of the river are great enteel hoafes, bard- T R I Iy a gun-fhot from one another, and the river is covered with plea-* fure and fiihing-boats, which catcht vail quantities of filh, efpecsally eels of a prodigious fize. Thefe commonly corne in with the tide y and are caught in bafkets laid for the purpofe ; and being falted and- barrelled will keep good a year. The tO'A'n is about 50 miles S. from Quebec, and the failing up and down from one to the other extremely pleafant, and even 15 leagues further up Lat, 46, 51, long. 75, 15. TRENTON, the county town of Hunterdon, in New-Jerfey. It is fitmted on the Delawsr-river^ 27 miles N. of Philadelphia, and is a pretty well-built town, wherer the bufmefs of the county is tranf- acted. TRIESTE, an iftand of Yuca- tan, in Mexico. It lies on the? V,'. fide of Porr- Royal -ifle, and is about 3 lea out- s from W. to E. TRINIDAD, or TRINITY, a town of New- Granada, and Ter- ra- F ; rma, about 7.3 miles N. E. of ST. Fe. Ft (lands on the eaftem bank of ibe rivsr Magdalena* The fite is very convenient, but the inhabitants have had frequent wars wish the neighbouring In- dians, %vho are of a martial and turbulent difpodtion.- TRINIDAD, TRINIDAD.*, or TR INITY, an ifland of New- An- dalufia, in Terra-Firma. It par:- ly forms the ftrait of Paria, or Bocca de Drago, and is much lav- ger than any of thofe on this- coaft. f f s eaftermoir. point lies Si\ 1 ''. to, 38. long. 60, zy. T his ifland is 36 leagues in length, and 18 or 20 i-n breadth. Its climate is unhealthy, the ifland berug very often covered with ihick fogs, Sir Walter Raleigh r who was- there feme time in the year 1593,. a-nd CAamincd the ifland, gives an account that the northern- part of it is high land ; but that its kiii "was good, proper for-pla&ticg of ftigar-canes, tobacco,, ^c, Jtitr? T R I are feveral forts of animals, plen- ty of wild hogs, fifh, fowl, and trui f . It alfo produces maize, callava, and other roots, and in ge- neral all that is commonly found .in America. The port of St. Jo- feph, on the W. fide, is the prin- cipal one on the ifland. The in- habitants are a mixture of Spa- niards and Indians, who are lazy, th:tvi(h, and fuperftitious. It is iubjecl to Spain. TRINIDAD, LA, an open town of Veragua, and audience of Mexi- co. It (lands on the banks of the river Belen, 3 leagues from the fea, but the "inland way to it is almoft imp affable : it lies 8 leagues E. from La Conception, and 124 miles S. E. of Guatemala, and belongs to Spain. Lat. 13, 12. long. 94, 15. TRINIDAD, or LA SONSO- NATE, a port -town of Guati- rnala Proper, in Mexico, or New Spain. It (lands on a bay of the Sfuth Sea, about 4 leagues from Acaxatla, 65 miles S. E. of Pe- tapa, and 162 from Guatimala. It contains 4 or 500 Spanifli fa- milies, bcfides Mulattoes and In- dians, with 5 churches and a mo- nafteiy. To this place are tranf- rorted all the goods which are brought to Acaxat'a from Peru and Mexico. It is 3 leagues from the town to the harbour, which is of great refort, as being the chief place of trade, as has been juft mentianed,between New Spain and Peru, and the ne^reft landing harbour to Guatimala, for (hips \vhich come from Panama, Peru, abd Mexico. But it is a place of no defence. In the neighbour- hood are 3 volcanoes. The coaft is low, but with good anchorage. TRINIDAD, LA, one of the fea-ports and towns on the foil h part of the ifland of Cuba, in the Weft-Indies, which is under the jurifc!ic"tion of the diftrift of Spi- ritu Santo. TRINITY PORT, a large bay ef Martiuico, cue of the Carib- T R U bee Iflands. It is formed on the S. E. fide by the point Caravelle, which is 2 leagues in length ; and on the other fide by a very high hili, about 350 or 400 paces in length, which only joins to the main-land by an ifthmus not a- bove 200 feet broad. The E. fide, oppofite to the bottom of this bay, is flopped up by a chain of rocks, which appear level with the water when the ebb-tide is fpent. The town here is a very thriving place, being the refulence of fe- veral merchants, as well as of the Lieutenant governor of the Cal es-Terre>and much frequented by (hipping, efpecially from Nantz, the cargoes of which are fure here Co meet, wiih a quick fale ; the people, who are very numerous in the adjacent parts, chufing ra- ther to buy what they want near at hand, than to fend for it from the Bafle-Terre. Befides, during the hurricane feafon, (hips have a fafe (ration in this pert. Ano- ther advantage they have heit is, that, when they fet out for Eu- rope, they are to the windward of all the iflands, and Cave above 300 leagues in their paflage, which they would find by tbe way of St. Domingo or Porto Rico. Tho* this parifh takes in all the reft of the Cabes-Terre, the church is only a wooden ftrufture. Great quantities of cocoa, fugar, cotton, &c. are made here and in the neighbourhood. TROIS RIVIERES, the fame with Treble River, which fee. TROPIC KE-V ' S, are fmall iflands or rocks on the N.of Crab Ifland, and off the E. coaft of Porto Rico, and have their name from the great number of Tropic birds which breed there, and are never feen but between the Tro- pics. TRURO, a village in Barnftaple county, Plymouth Colony, New England, near the northern ex- tremity of Cape-Cod harbour, T U C TRUXILLO, or NOSTRA SE- NIOR A DE LA PAZ, a town of New Granada (Venezuela), and Terra Firma, 125 miles S. of Maracaibo lake, and fubjeft to Spain. On the fouthernmoil bank of the lad-mentioned lake is a village called Truxillo, depending on this city, and whither its in- habitants ufed to cany meal, bif- cuit, bacon, and other provisions, which they embark on that river, where they are tranfported into other provinces of South Ame- rica, by which means they drive a very profitable trade. This they do twice a year, in May and No- vember. The city is in lat. 9, 21. long. 69, 15. TRUXILLO, a town of Hon- duras and Guatemala audience. It Hands high, about a league from the North Sea, and between two rivers, the months of which, \vith fome iflands before them, form the harbour at the bottom of St. Giles's bay, above two leagues broad, being deep and fecure, and defended by a cattle, but its trade is inconfiderable. The counrry is exceeding fruitful in corn and grapes, and, notwithftandmg the heat of the climate, very popu- lous. The city is defended by a thick wall towards the fea, and is inacceffiblc but by a narrow, fteep aficent. The caftle joins to the wall, and ftands on a hill. Behind the city are very high mountains. It lies 300 miles N.E. of Amapalla. Lat. 15, 36. long. 88, 36. TR VON COUNT v,in the dillrift of Salisbury, the moft weftern of all North Carolina, which has its W. boundary the Tryon or White Ohe Mountains, and is the boundary on the S. to South Carolina. T u c u Y o, a town of New Gra- nada and Terra Firma. It ftands in a valley of the faaie name, every where furrounded by moun- tains, and not above halt a league in length and breadth, A river VAC divides the place in two. Tne air is very healthy, and the foil fruitful, producing plenty of pro- vifions, wheat, fruit, fugar-canes, &c. The woods abound with game. It lies 200 miles S. of Maracaibo city. Lat. 7, 10. long. 68, 36. TULPEH C K E N-TOWN, ft town in Lancafter county, Pen- fylvania, on a branch of Schuyl- kill river, 6 miles W. of Middle- town, 5 miles N. of Heidelberg 1 ., 6 N.E. of Lebanon, and 65 N.W. of Philadelphia. TURKS ISANDS, feveral fmall iflands in poffefiion of the Eng- lifli, N. E. of St. Domingo about 35 leagues, and 60 S. E. from Crooked Ifland, where the Ber- mudans come and make a great quantity of fait. The fhips which fail from St. Domingo frequently pafs in light of it, TUSCARORAS, a nation of Indians, fituated near the Mo- hawks river, in the province of New ^ork. T Y B E Y , an ifland at the mouth of the river Savannah, in Georgia, to the fouthward of the bar. It is very pleafant, with a beautiful creek to the W. of it, where a fhip of any burthen may lie fafc at anchor. Here is great plenty of deer, and a lighthoufe 80 feet high. See Savannah. TYRREL, a maritime county in the diftrici of Edenton, North Carolina, fituated in a low,f\vano- pyfituation,with AlbemarleSound N. and Pamtico Sound S. the At- lantic E. and Bertie county W. In it is fituated Bath town. V. VAcHE or Cow's ISLAND. about 3 leagues from the ifland .of -St. Domingo, one of the Antilles. The foil is very good, with two or three tolerable ports. It lies very convenient for a trade with the Spanilh V E N on the continent and with Cay- enne. Only black cattle and hogs are kept on ir. VALDIVIA. See Batdivia. VALLADOLID, a town of Yu- catan, and audience of Mexico, in New Spain. It is called "by the Indians Comayagna, and is fitu- ated on a river. The feat of a bifhop has been lately transferred hither ^from Truxillo ; it is the refidence of a governor, and they worked fome filver mines in the neighbourhood; but they are o- bliged to defift, as it depopulated the province, which othervvife en- joyed a good air and a fruitful foil. Their chief trade, befides logwood, is maize, cotton, wheat, honey, and wax, in abundance; and its pafhires feed an incredible number of cattle. They export fkins, cafHa, farfaparilla, wool of the guanaco, and filver in fmall quant ties. It is little known to flrangers, but lies 30 miles W. of the gutph of Honduras, 170 S. W. of Truxillo, and 65 S. E. of Merida. Lat. 14, 10. long. 51, 2I - VAN CYKES, JOST and LITTLE, two of the fmaller Virgin Iflands, fituated to the N. W. of Tortola. Long. 63, 15. lat. 18, 25. "VEGA, S-j. JAGO DE LA. See Spamjb To-wii, in the ifland tf Jamaica. VENEZUELA, a province of Terra Firnvj. It is bounded on the E. byCaracc-s ; on she S. by New Granada; on the W. by Rio de la Hacha ; and on the N. by the North Sea. It abounds with wild beads and game producing plenty of corn twice a year, wiih fruit, fugar, and tobacco, and the beft cccoa-planiations in America. Here are very good meadows for cat'le. It fpre;-.ds round a gu-iph ef ffie fame name, that reaches rear 30 leagues within land ; and the rniddle of this country is taken up by a lake 20 leagues long, and 30 broad, with a cir- V E N cumference of 80, and deep e- nough for veiled of 30 tons : it communicates vu-h the gulph by a {trait, on which is built the city of Maracaiho, which gives name to both lake and ftrait, which is defended by ftveral forts, who were attacked in the laft century by Sir Henry Morgan, and the whole eoaft laid under contribu- tion, and Mnracaibo ranlomed. The length of this province is about ico leagues, and its breadth equal. It had its name from its fmall lagoons, which make it ap- pear like Venice at the entrance of the lake. It was the fcene of cruelties in 1528, when above a million of Indians were maflacred by fome Germans, who were ex- tirpated by the natives. This muffacre was renewed in 1550, when it was again depopulated, when a great number of Black flaves were brought from Africa, and was one of the principal c- pochs of the introduction of Ne- groes into the Weft- Indies. Soon after a revolt of the Negrces was the reafon of another maffacrf, and Venezuela became again a de- ferr. At prefent it is inhabited by ioc,oco inhabitants, who live tolerably happy, and feed vaft quantities of European flieep. They cultivate tobacco and fugsr, which are famous over all America. They manufacture alfofeveral cot~ ton (tuffs. And in this province are gold-fands, with many po- puhus towns. Its capital of the fame name 7 or Coro, (wlvch fome diftingu /h- as two,) ftands near the fej-ccafr, about 50 miJt-s S. E. of Cape St, Roman. Lat. 10, 30. long. 70, *5' VE N EZU FLA, a fpaciou* gulph in the fame province, communi- cating by a narrow ftrait with Mar&Ciubo lake. V K N T A ' D E CRUZ, a town on the ifthmus of Daritn and Terra Firma. Here the Sp 3 -ni*h merchandize from Fansma to I J o V E R to-Bello is embarked on the river Chagre, 40 miles S. of the latter, and 20 N. of the former. Lat. 9, 26. long. 81, 36, VERA CRUZ, the grand port of Mexico, or New Spain, in the E. extremity of the province of Tlafcala, or los Angelos, with a harbour which will only contain 30 or 35 (hips, and thofe fome- times expofed to terrible accidents from the fury of the N. E. winds: it is defended by a fquare caftle upon a rock of a neighbouring ifland, called St. John d'Ulua, in the gulph of Mexico, which is furnilhed with a numerous artil- lery and a fmall garrifon. This is a place of very great extent, and perhaps one of the mod: con- fiderable in the world for trade, it being the natural center of the American treafure, and the ma- gazine of all the merchandize fent from NewSpain, or of that tranf- por.ej hither from Europe. It receives a prodigious quantity of Eaft India goods over land from Acapulco, being brought hither from the Philippine Iflcs. Upon the annual arrival of the flota here from Old Spain, a fair is opened, which lafts many weeks, when this place may be faid to be immenfely rich. Its fituation is unhealthy, from the rank bogs around it, and the barrenncfs of the foil. The rains make it very unhealthy from April to Novem- ber. Mod of its houfcs are bu ; lt of wood, and the number of Spa- nifh inhabitants is about 3000, Mulattoes and Mungrel<,who call themfclves whites. Vera Crui having been taken and plundered feveral times by the buccaneers, the Spaniards have built forts, and placed centinels along the coa-ft, their ordinary garrifon con- filling only of 60 horfe, and 2 companies of foot. At the Old Town, i 5 or 16 miles further W. Cortez landed on Good-Friday, 1518, when, being determined to conquer Mexico or die, he funk V E R the (hips that transported his handful of men hither. La Vera Cruz (lands 215 miles S. E. of the city of Mexico. Lat. 18, 41. long. 102, 15, VEHAGUA, by Ulloa made a province of Terra Firma, but o- thers have it as a province of Guatemala and New Spain ; join- ing on the W. to Cofta Rica, on the E. to Panama, with^the North Sea on the N, and the South Sea on the S. The coaft was firft dif- covered by Chriftopher Coiximbus in 1495, to whom it was granted with the title of Duke, and his pofferity (1511 enjoy it. This pro- vince is very mountainous, woody, and barren; but has inexhauitible mines of filver, and fome of gold, the du/t of the latter being found among the fands of the rivers. Santiago de Veraguas, or SantaFe, is the capital, but a poor place ; and in this province is the river Veragua, on which that town (rands. VSR A PAZ, a province of Guatimala audience, and New Spain. It has the bay of Hon- duras and Yucatan on the N. Gua- tirnala on the S. Honduras on the E. and Soconufco, with part of Chiapa, on the W. is 48 leagues long and 28 broad. One half of it is healthy, and the other nor. The country is fubjecl to earth- quakes, thunder, and nine months rain. The foil is mountainous, yielding little corn, but abounding in cedar, &c. Here are wild beafis. The principal commo- dities are drugs, cocoa, cotton, woof, honey., &c. Its capital of the fame name, or COBAN, ftands on the weft fide of a river, which runs into Golfo Dolce, 184 miles eaft of Guati- mala. J^at. 15, 10. long. 93, 15, VEXR, one of the pan/lies of Jamaica, having Manury-bay in it, a very fccnre road for (hipping. VERMILLION, PURPLE, or RED SEA, the name given by foaie to the &u!ph of California, V I N VILLA RICA, or ALMERIA, a town of Tlaicala and New Spain. It ftands on the coaflr, and on a fmall river, with an indiffe- rent port, but in a better air than Vera Cruz, 20 leagues north of the latter. A clandeftine trade is carried on here between fome Spanifh merchants on fhore, and the French of St. Domingo and Martinico. VILLIA, LA, a town and river of Veragua and Guatimala audi- ence, in New Spain. Its fite is good, the frreets regular, and houies pretty, with feveral farms, and fine favannahs in the neigh- bourhood. The river is very large, and at Lw water breaks at the mouih as on a flat fhore; fo that great fbips anchor within can- hon-ihot, but barks cf about 40 tons may go up a league and a half. The harbour is higher about a quarter of a league ftom the town. And about a league to windward is a large rock always covered with vaft numbers of left-fowl; VINCENT, DK LA PAZES, ST. or ON DA, a town of Po- payan and Terra Firma; about 25 miles eaftward of San ScbafHan, with a port where canoes from Carthagena and Santa Martha un- locd their merchandize. VINCENT, ST. one of the Caribbee Jflands, in the American ocean. It lies about 60 miles W. from Barbadoes. It is about 4 leagues long and 2 | broad. On it there are feveral mountains, which erodes it from N. to S. from which iflue feveral rivers full of fiih; among which, are tv/enty-two capable of turning fugar-mills: thefe mountains in general, are of an eafy afcent; the vallies fertile and exrenfive, and the clearing the ground has rendered the climate healthy. It is more favourable than any other for the culture of fugar, coffee, cacao, and anatta. 1 he part in- habited by the Englifli, is divided V I R into four parishes ; of which, Kingftown is the capital. For a long time after the difcovery of this ifland, it was the general rendezvous of the Red Caribbs^ who formerly polIeiTed all the Antilles; and it now is the only one, where their fmall remains exift in the form of a nation, as 1 they have been almoft entirely ex- terminated by the B!ack Caribb?* Notwithftandmg the neutrality of this ifland, the French made fe- veral plantations here, whofe cul- ture confided chiefly in coffee; and before its ceffion to Great Britain, in 1763, they exported above 3,000, ooolb. weight of that commodity, when their num- ber coniifled of about 8co, whcr had 3000 negroes an the ifland. At the pence the government fold the lands of St. Vincent, as it had thole of Tobago, and left the" French, whom the fear of confif- cation ha.'i nat driven away, thofe* they pollLilid, paying a moderate fine, and a yearly rent dill moie moderate. Thefe proceedings, en* croaching on the poffeflions of the Caribbs, occaiioned their rc- fiftance, which the troops fent aguinfl them could not iubdue, and a peace was concluded with them in 1773, when the N. part of the ifland, making a third, wa* affigned them ; fince then, St, Vincent has enjoyed tranquility. The exports from this ifland in 1770 produced u 0,000 h fter- ling, which has fince confiderahly increaied ; among which coff e made but i6,oco'. It is the only one of the Antilles, where they have cultivated cinnamon, manyo, fe&rnum, vanilla, China taiiow- tree, camphire, guin-ftorax, &cv Lat. i-, 5, long. 60, $o. VIRGIN ISLANDS, a groupe of twelve or more little ifluids of the Antilles, moftly barren, craggy, and uninhabited. They lie E. of Porto Rico, and W^ of Anquilla. Though the pafTige- through them is pretty difl&cult, v i R and formerly reckoned very ha- zardous, Sir Francis Drake went through them with fafety, when lie made his attempt on St. Do- mingo, in i ;So. One of the ifles is called 'Bird- Ifland, where the booby birds are fo tame, that a man may catch enough with his hand in a fhort time to ferve a fleet. They belong to Spain, and take up a fpace from E. to W. of 24. leagues long, quite to the E. coaft of Porto Rico, with a breadth of about 1 6 leagues. They are compofed of a great number of iflands, whofecoaflrs are every way dangerous to navigators, and fa- mous for fhipwrecks, particularly feveral galleons. Happily for trade and navigation, nature has placed in the middle of them a bafon of 3 or 4 leagues broad, and 6 or 7 long, the fined: that can be ima- gined, and in which fhips may anchor, land-locked and flickered from all winds, called the Bay of Sir Francis Drake. The pofieflion of thefe iflands is divided between the Engliih and Danes; but the Spaniards claim thofe near Porto Rico. The Englifh pofiefs Virgin Gorda, on which depend Anegada, Nicker, Prickly-pear, and Moikito iflmds, Cammanoes, Dog iflands, the Fallen City, with the round Rock, Ginger,- Coopers, Salt ifland, Peter's ifland, and Dead Cheft; Tortula, to which belongs Jolt Van Dykes, and Little Van Dykes, Guana ifland, with Beef and Thatch iflands; all which iflands, within a few years, have been put under a regular form of government. The Danes poflcfs St. Thomas, on which depend the ifland of Brjfs, Little Saba, Buck ifland, Great and Little Sr. James, and the Bird Keys; St. Jtbn, to which belong, Lavango, Cam ifland, and Witch ifland; SantaorS^nt Croix. The Spaniards claim Serpents ifland, which the Engli(h call Green ifland, the Tropic Keys, Great and Little Paflage ifland, anil particularly Crab i V I R VIRGIN GORDA, one of the principal of the above ifles. It lies 4 leagues to the E. of Tortula, of a very irregular fliape, whofc greateft length from E. to W. is about 6 leagues, is (till worfe wa- tered than Tortula, and has fewer inhabitants. A mountain which. rifes in its center, is affirmed to contain a filver mine. Long. 63. 10. lat. 1 8. 20. VIRGINIA, one of the Britifli colonies. It is remarkably pleafant and commodious; havingtheriver Patowmack on the N. E. which feparates it from Maryland; the Atlantic Ocean on the E. Caro- lina on the S. and the Apalachi-an mountains on the W. which di- vide it from a vaft traft of land in Canada, and then Louifiana. The exte.it of Virginia is from lat. 36, 30. to 39, 30. on the W. fide of Che/apeak bay, but on the E. fide only from Cape Charles, in lat. 37, 13. to 38. It is 750 miles long; 240 broad ; but to the weftward it has no bounds, which by our late conqueft of Ca- nada are pretty fecure now from the invafion of the French, and their Indian allies. The air of Virginia, depending very much on the winds, is of various temperaments; for thofe from the N. or N. W. are ex- tremely (harp and piercing, or tempeftuous, while the S. and S. E. are hazy or fultry. The winter in this country is dry and clear; fnow falls in great quanti- ties, but feldom lies above a day or two; and the froft, tho' keen, is feldom of anv long duration. The fpring is fo'mething earlier than in England; May and June are pleafant, July and Auguft fultry, while September is noted for prodigious (howers of rain. Towards the coaftthe land is low, and for an hundred miles inland, with hardly a hill or (lone to be feen allth.it' way. Here are trees of various fpecies, and of an in- credible fize, with abundance of V I R paflure grounds. The foil pro- duces rice, hemp, Indian corn, flax, fiik, cotton, and wild grapes. But tobacco, tfce ftaple commodity of Virginia, is fo much cultivated, that the inhabitants hardly mind any thing elfe, fb this plant may be brought to a tolerable market. And this trade is brought to fuch perfection, that the fweet- fcented tobacco which grows on James and York rivers is reckoned the bell in the world, and gene- rally vended in Great Britain for home confumption, in various forts of fnuffs and fmoaking. The other fort, called Aranoacke, turns to as good an account, being ex- ported to Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. Though the common way of traffic here is by bartering of one commodity for another, or of any one for their ftaple tobacco, they have fomefilver coin among them, both Englifh and Spani/h. Not- withftanding the .great plenty of excellent timber and naval flores in Virginia, and the whole country being but one continued harbour, after entering Chefapeake bay be- tween Capes Charles and Henry, yet they build no (hipping. They have few towns; the principal are James-town and Mid- dle Plantation, now Williamf- burg, in the latter of which there is a college. This is the capital, and feat of the governor, aflembly, and courts: fo that the Virginia planters refiding on their eftates or farms, mo(t of which lie conti- guous to fome great river that falls into the bay abovementioned, fhips can come up almoft to their doors, and take in their cargoes of tobacco. Virginia is divided into the fol- lowing counties, viz. Amherft Henrico Richmond \Villiamfburg Prince William Sjpotfylvania V I R Charlotte Ja/hes Northumberland Nanfemond Buckingham King and Queen Stafford Mecklinburg Loudoun Louifa Dinwiddie EfTex, or Rappahanock York Prince Edward Lancafter Fairfax Goochland Cumberland Brunfwick Fauquier Frederick Middlefex Northampton Hampfhire Prince George Augufta Svirry Bedford Ifleof Wight Hanover King George Gloucefler Princefs Ann Warwick Albemarle Caroline New Kent Southampton J.unenburgh Cnlpeper King William Halifax Suflcx Norfolk Amelia Elizabeth Cheflerfield Pittfylvaria And in thefe are 54 parilhes, 30 or 40 of which are fupplied with ministers, and to each parifh belongs a church, with chapels of cafe in fuch of them as are of large extent. The minifkr's maintenance is commonly fettled V I R at 16,000 pounds of tobacco an- nually, befides perquifites. The revenue from tobacco in Great Britain, was above three hundred thoufand pounds fter- ling per annum, till the prefcnt unhappy ditlurbances : and the far greater part of the profits of ex- ported tobacco comes to the Bri- ti(h merchants, which brings nearly a* great a fum every year into the kingdom, the whole weight falling on the phnter, who is kept down by the lownefs of the original price. To fay nothing of the great advantage which we derive from being fupplied by our own colonies with that for which the reft of Eutope pay ready money, befides the employment of 330 large veflels, and a proportionable number of fcamen, which are oc- cupied in this trade; from us the Virginians take every article for convenience or ornament which they ufe; their own manufactures iut deferving mention. This colony and Maryland, be- fore' the commencement of the pr-'fent di ft urbanr.es, annually ex- ported into Gr. Britain, of tobacco only, to the value of 768,000!. in 96,000 hogfheads : 13,500 fcrved for home cont'umption, yielding a duty of 351,675!. to the revenue; the remaining 82,500 were exported. Jt employed 330 fail of ftiips, which contained 4000 feamen. Their whole ex- ports in naval ftores, iron, &c. to Great Britain, was 1,04.0,000!. annually, and their return from G.-eat Brirain in manufatlures was 865 cool. The number of people in Vir- g'mia is 6>o,ooo. In Virginia are confuierable numbers of French refugees; but the negroes are by much the larger part ot" the inha- bitants, who cannot be fevverthan 500,000, of which are imported into the 2 tobacco colonies only between 7 or 8000 annually. Virginia Capes are the two vi?. of Henry and U X B Charles, opening a pafiage into the hay of Chefapeak, one of the largeft and fineft in the world, being 1 8 miles broad at its mouth, and 7 or 8 throughout a leng'h of near 300 miles which it runs N. up the country, and receiving from the weftern (bore feveral lar^e na- vigable rivers, and a few fmaller ftreams both from thence, and from the peninfula which divides the bay from the Atlantic Ocean* Its chief rivers are James, York or Pamunky, Rappahannock, and Patowmack, whofe noble and ma- jeftic appearance cannot, perhaps, be exceeded in the known world ; for they not only admit large ftiips into the very heart of the country, but abound with To many creeks, and receive fuch a multi- tude of inferior yet navigable ri- vers, that Virginia fee^nsunrivaJled throughout the univerfe for con- venience of inland navigation : indeed it has been obfervod, and with reaforj, that every planter here has a river at his door, which renders the conveyance of com- modities extremely eafy. ULSTER, a county in New- York, on the borders of Penfyl- vinia, S. of Albany, and N. of Orange counties, without any coa- fiderable town in it. VOL UN TUN, a town in. Windham county, ConnedTticut, 2. miles VV. of Canterbury, 15 S. of Killingflcy, 12 E. of Wind- ham, and 29 N. of New London, with which it has communication by the Thames. URBAN NO , a town in Middle- fex county, on the S. W. bank of the Rapahannock river. UTRECHT, a fmall village on the N. W. end of Long-Uland, New-York, 3 miles E. of Hen- dric, and 8 N. W. of New-York. UXBRIDGE, a town in Wor- cefler county, Maflachufets- Bay, near Blackftone-river, 5 miles W, of Mendon, and 5 miles E. of Douglas, and about 7 S. from Sutton, W A L w. WAGER's-SrR AITS. See the following article of WALES, NEW NORTH, one of the northern countries. It has Prince-WilliamVLand on the N. part of Baffin's-bay on the E. an undiscovered country, called New-Denmark, on the S. and another unknown land on the W. Provided Wagcr's-Straits commu- nicates with the eaftcrn ocean, or South-Sea, as is very probable, then North- Wales muft be entire- feparated from the continent of America : for it lies beyond the polar circle, whereas the mouth of V^ager's-Straits is about lat 66. This country of New North Wales is very little known, nor are we much better acquainted with the Jand lying fouthward pf Wager's- S traits. WAKE, an inland county, in the diilrift of Hilliborough, N. Carolina. WALES, NEW SOUTH, one of the northern countries. It is of vatt extent,, lying all round the fouthern part of Huclfon's- bay, and mak-es upwards of joo leagues. It is bounded by Cana-r da on the E. and S. a large tract: of unknown countries on the W, v hich are inhabited by feveral In- dian tribes, who come hither to trade ; but its extent cannot be aicertained, the Englifh, who a- lone trade here, having no feftle- inents inland but in their forts and near the coaft. Acrofs the country from S' . Margaret's-river, which runs in;o that of St. Lau- rence, to Rupert's- river, at the bottom of Hualbn's-bay, there is not above 150 mils. Labrador is called the E. Main, and New Wales the W. Main. The Hudfon's-bay company have fevcral forts and fetfiemcnts on New- Wales, or that called the ii'eji- M'i'.n (which fee). About 5 or 6 leagues from the W A L Wed Main , there is an ifland call- ed the Little Rocky Lie, it being a mere heap of rocks and (tones, with fome fmall bruflawood grow- ing upon it. This is fuppofed to be ovei flowed with high N.W. winds, which oecafjon a great tide all over the bay- In this ifle is plen- ty of gulls and fwallow?. About 3 miles from the S. E. part of the ifland lies a dangerous reef of fand, dry at low-water. Charlton ifland is a dry white fand covered over with a white mofs, full of trees, juniper, and fpruce. though not vtry large. This ille affords a beautiful prof- pe, a town in Newhaven county, Connecticut, 8 mile? S. W. from Durham, 13 N. from Newhaven. and 21 from N; wcown. WALTHAM, a fnail town in Middle Ox countv, MafTachufctj- B.iy, about 5 mi'cs S. E. from Co; cor. 1 , 4 S. f r > n Lex'-ngton, and 8 W. fjom Cambridge, and was the thoroughfare for the Nc*- Hampfliire rangers, for the battle of BunkerVhill. WALPOLE, a town in Suffolk county, MafTachufet^-Bay, on the mod confiderable road from Pro- vidence for Boflon ; about 6 miles N. E. from Wreniham. WARWICK, a county of Vir- g'nij. It lies S. E. of York coun- ty, containing 38,444 acres, in a parifh.es, Den bury and Mulberry- ifland, WARWICK, a thriving town of Providence and Rhode- 1 Hand co- lony, near the mouth of ihe rivtr patuxet. It f offered much in the Philippic war, every houfe in it but one having been deftroyed : yet it foon recovere i. The inha- bitants are faid to he Co hofpitab'e as to entertain Grangers at their houies gratis. It is 9 miles VV. of Briftol, and the Tame diftance S. from Providence. WATKRTOWN, a village in Middlefex county, Maffichnfets- Bny, fituated on ttier-ver Charles, about 3 miles VV. of Cambridge, \V E 3 near which was an encampment at the beginning of hoftililies at Boilon. WELCOME, SirThomas Roe's, or A'e Ultra, a narrow ftrait fa cal'ed in New N T . Wales, and the arft ; c countries of America, which opens be; ween lat. 6z and 63. On the W. or N. fhore of ihe Welcome h a fair he;u!land, la'.i- tude 66, 30, callel the Hope, from r,.ipt. Middi and placed on a platform near high -water mark, fo as to rake a (hip fore and aft, before fhe can bring her broadfides to bear againit this caftle. It is a quadrangle, furrounded with a covered way, and joined by a line of communication from the main gate to a redoubt, ami two others from the main battery, which is fo near the channel, that no ihips an enter it, without puffing even 1 within piftol-fliot of ir. W I i. L i A M s B u R G H , a fown- fhip in S. Carolina, in George town precinct, which received confiderable damage by a dorm in July g, 1758, when fcveralof (he hail-ftones were as large as hen's ! WILL i VMSBDRGK, formerly Middle plantation, in Jamei coun- ty, Virginia; abcu-t fix miles N. of James Town, and fifty W. of cape Charles.- It is the capital of Virginia, the feat of the governor, general aflfembly, and judicial courts, tho' not very confidera- blei the planters of this colony g -MiiraUy chufmcr to live on their e'i.i'es or plantations in the coun- try. It is lituated between two creeks; the one falling into James, the other into York river, and contains above 200 honfes, which have the advantage of being free from mof^uitos. Here is an aca- demy or college, toward? endow- ing of which king William and queei Mary gave 2000!. and ao,oco acres of land, with the W I L duty one penny per pound on #& toJacco exported. The college was burnt dawn : but it has beent fince rebuilt, nicely contrived ad adorned, being not altogether un- like Cheifea college, W, of London, In Will: am (burgh- is a fmall fort, or rather battery, mountel with 10 or 12 guns. Colonel N:- choifon caufed a ftatehoufe or ca- pitol to be erefted here, and fe veral ftreet-s to be laid out in ths form of a W. Fronting the college, near its whole breadth, is extended a noble ftreet, juft three quarters of a mile in length, at the upper end of which (lands the capitol, a beau- tiful and commodious pile. Here is kept the fecretary's office, \vi h all the courts of justice and lauv The building is in the form of an H. Parallel to the main ftreet juflr mentioned is one upon each fide, but neither ftreet eiKte Jo lon^ nor broad ; and at proper diflandcs are frrall crofs-ftreei s for the con- vemer.cy of communication. Near the middle of the town ftands the church, which is a larg? and firong piece of brick -werJf, built in the form of a crofs. Ntcr k is a large octagon tower, a ma- gazine for armsand amm'inition : and not far from thence is a large* f^uare for a market-place, and near it a bowling-green, and a pla-y-houfe. Here is alfo a COOK- ty-prifon for criminals, and near it another for debtors. The pri- vate buildings have a !fo- been very much improved, fbveral gentlemm having built large br;ck->bou(es OJf many rooms on a floor, but not high, becaufe they have roo.u enough, and are now and tlic^ix vifited \vi h high winds. Froiu hence it is 12 miles E. to York'y 24 S. . to Hampton ; 42 S. K- acrofs the haven to Norfolk, no./ deftroyed ; 30 N. W. toDe'awar; 50 N. W.to Newcaftltf ; 67 N. i<> Hobb's-hole; 93 N. W. to Port Royal; icy N, t-jFrcc! trick ilmr^ W I L 168 N. to Belh.ven; 194. N. W. to Winchdler. WILLIAM'S LAND, Prince, a ci>un;ry lying round Baffin's bay, in North Main, and the ardtic c untries of America. WILT. i . MST ADT, the name given by ' aft of afiembly to Oxford, the capital of ^Talbot county in Maryland. It was made a port- town at the fame time. The fe- con-i fchool to be built was ap- pointed for this town, and a col- lector and naval officer ordered to refiJe here. WILLINGTON, a town in Hartford county, Connecticut, fi- tua ed near Willimanti river, 6 tniles S. of Somers, 9 miles N. cf Mansfield, 3 miles W.of Afliford, and 17 E. of Windfor. WILLOUGHBY BAY, near ^ Jeagues S. E. from Green ifland and Antigua, one of theCaribbee Jfles in the Ameiican ocean. It has a very wide mou h, little lefs than a league over; but is above two thirds blocked up with a fand or fhoal ftretching from the N. point directly to the S. point : v/hence another point called Sandy point, with an hland in it, fpits off as if it would meet the fii ft, and block up the harbour. Be- tween thtfe, however, there is an open channel, where fhipsof good burthen may enter; and when they are in, there is very good riding almoft every where except in the very entrance ; and on the larboard-fide there is a little flioal called the Horfc-fhoe: but it is above water, and plainly to be difcerncd by the rippling of the fea. WILMINGTON, inNewcaflle county, Delauar, Penfylvania, fjruated on a river 2 miles N. W. cf Delawar river, 5 miles N. of Newcadle, ia miies S. W. of Chefter, and 25 E. of Notting- hitrt in Maryland. WILMINGTON, a town in MidcHefex county, Maflachufcts- iiijy, iuiuted about 25 miles N. W I N of Cambridge, and IT S. of Andover, throvi^h which the troops from New Harrpfhrre marched for the battle of Bunker's hill. WILMINGTON, a confide- rable town in the county of New Hanover, in N. Carolina. It is fituated at the fork of the N. W. and S. W.. branches of the river Cape Fear, at the head of the harbour, 15 miles S. from Brunf- wick, and about 8 from the At- lantic E. WILTON, by fome called New London, a little townof Colleron county, in Carolina. It conlifts of about eighty houfes. It was built by the Swifs, under the di- reftion of a gentleman of that na- tion. It ftands on the N. bank of the river North Ediftow, about 12 miles from its mouth. The buiidirg of this town has prov- ed detrimental to Purryfburgh, which lies on the frontiers of the county. About 22 miles above Wilton Ls fort Ncrth Ediftow, to keep the Indians in awe. WINDHAAI, a county inCon- nefticnt, New England, who is bounded on the N. by Worcefter, in Maflachufets-Bay, E. by Pro- vidence and Rhode-Ifland colony, S. by New London, and. W. by Hartford county, in Connecticut* W I N D H A M , the" principal town in the foregoing county, fituated on a river of its own name that runs into the Thames river. It is about jo miles W. of Canter- bury, 5 S. of Mansfield, and a8 N. of N-ew London. WINDWARD PASSAGE, a courfe of above 160 leagues, fo called from cape Morant, the eafl point of Jamaica, to the north fide of Crooked ifland,in the Ame- rican ocean. Ships may and haveoftcn failed through this channel, from the N. fide of it to Cuba, or the bay of Mexico, notwithftanding the common opinion, on account of the current, \vhieh is agunll it, W O R that they keep the Bahama fhore a-board, and that they meet the wind in futnmer tor the moll part of the channel eafterly, which with a counter current on ihorc pufhes them eafily through it. WINDSOR, EAST and WEST, 2 towns in Hartford county Con- necticut, on each fide the river Connecticut, North of Hartford 6 miles. WIN GEN, a fmall river be- tween thofe of Winyjn and Cla- rendon, in the county of the latter name, and Carolina. Upon it is a fmall fertlement called Charles-town, thinly inhabired. WIN i six IT, a town on ihe N. fide ot Bofton harbour, in the county of Middlefex, MafTuchu- fets-Bay. There is a ferry of ab :ut 3 miles from Bollon to this place, to the W. of which was Charles-town, from which it was divided by Myllic river. Wi N VAN, or Watery river, in Clarendon county, and N. Ca- rolina. It is about 25 leagues from Afhley liver, and capable of receiving large fnips, but in- ferior to Port Royal, nor are there yet any fettlements upon it. WOBURN, a town in Middle* fex county, in Maflachufets-Bay, between Medford and Wilming- ham, 10 miles N. of Cambridge, and 7 N. E. from Lexington. WOODBRIDC?E, a good town of Middlefex county and E. Jerfey. It (lands on a creek within the found formed by Staten ifland and this county. It has 120 families, and 30,000 acres of plantation ; and lies about 7 or 8 miles from Pifcataway. WooDBURY,a town in Litch- field county, Connecticut , near the river Shepoag, which runs into Stratford-river, 15 miles N. of New town, 7 N. E. from New- MilforJ, and 8 S. W. of Litch- fitld. WORCESTER, a county in fVafiachufets - Bay, bounded by oa the VVt Suffolk on X A I the E. Providence and RhodV- Ifland on the S. and New-Ham p* fhire on the N. WRENTHAM, a town in Suf- folk county, Maffachufets - Bay, 6 miles S. d' fro-n Walpule.. on the principal road to Providence, and about 10 N. of Attlebo- rough. WRIGHTS BO ROUGH, a town in the district of Auguila, in the province of Georgia. W R i G H T s T o w N , in Bucks county, Penfylvania, 4 miles N. of Newtown, and 4 W. of Dela- vyar-river. X XAlNTES,SANTOS,OrALI> SAI iv TS - ISLANDS, part of the government of Guadaloupe, one ot the Caribbees. Thefe are 2 final 1 ifles on the S. E. fide of Guadaloupe, the mod weflerly of which is called Terra de Bas, or the Low - ifland, and the mod ea fieri y Terre de Haut, or the High-iiland : the third, which lies exacllyin the middle, between the other two, feems to be nothing more than a large barren rock, and helps to form a very good harbour. In 1696, there were about 90 inhabitants on the 2 iflands rit to bear arms* Terra de Bas is 3 leagues in circuit; Terre de Haut is the largeft. There is good land in the val- leys and on the other file of the hills, the tops of which, though ftouy, are covered with wood. The a : r here always blows frefh, let the wind be frorn what quarter it will. Mandioco, potatoes, peafe, cotton, and tobacco, thrive here to perfection, with plenty of hogs fed, as well as goats and poultry. In the wild -grain feafon come great flights ot wood-pigeons and parrots ; and at other times here is abundance of turtle - doves, thrufhes, and fea-fowl ; but they have here no frefli water, Among Y A R the rocks there is fhell-fifb, lob- fters, grigs, and congars. On land are fome few black cattle. On the Terre de Bas is a neat wooden church, with two very convenient creeks both for an- chorage and landing. The prin- cipal trade of the inhabitants is in cotton, p u ^ e , tobacco, and poultry. They are fituated 2 leagues from Guadaloupe, and 5 from Marie- galante, and their produce in 1767 was 50,000 lb. of coffee, and <}o,coo lb. of cotton. XALISCO, the moft fouthern province on the COB it of Guada- laxara audience, and New- c pain. Jt is uafhed by the S. Sea on the S.and W. bounded on the E. by Giudaiaxara Fieper, and Jvlecho- acan, and feparated from Chia- rnetlan on the N. by a narrow flip cf land belorgincr to Guadi- laxara, and running out into the iVa. It is not above 50 leagues in extent either way. It a^eonc's v i'.h Indian wheat ard fiivcr mints, but has very few catHe cf any fort. The Xsi'.icr, . an ancient city, is the capita! oi the province j yet the mcft confiderable place in it is Compofhii% XERES KE i.A FRONTEJ.A, a town in the rroft fouthern part of Zacatecas, c province of Gua- dalaxaraaudieiu-e, and New-Spain. Jt is garrifoned by Spaniards for defending the mines again ft the favage Indians on the frontiers of Guadalaxara. Y. YARMOUTH TOWN and HARBOUR, in Barnftaple county, Plymouth Colony, is fi- tu ted on the S. fide of the Pe- ninfiila that forrrs Cspe-Cod-bsy, of which this is one of the har- bour*. It is but 5 miles from Birnftaple, on the S. fide of the peninfula, YARMOUTH, a maritime town, iii the county of York, New- Y O R Hampshire. It is fitnated at tne bottom of Cafco - bay, at the mouth of the river Royal, and is a fmall town, the midway between Brunt wick and Falmouth. YASOUA, a river of Florida* Jt lies about 60 leagues higher on the F. fide of the Midifippi, into which it comes ^ or 300 miles out of the country. Upon it dwell the nations of t'ie Yafoues, Tounicas, Kowreuas, &c. YORK, a county and town in Penfylvania, whofe S. boundary is Maryland, ks N. W. Cumber- land county, and it is divided by the >ufc{uehannah - river, on the N. E. from Lancafter county. The town is a fiourifhing place, on a branch of the Sufquehannah, from whence it is ciiflant 10 miles W. and 25 S.E. fiom Cariifie. YORK, one of the counties of to which it is now joined, tho T formerly ditlircl, under the title of the Province of the Main, which fee, Yo R K, the caprtal of the above coun'y, a maritime town, with a riv%r of the fame name near it. It is 6 milts N. from Portfmcuth, and 26 fiom Salifbiuy, in MbiTachu- fcts-Bay, and 70 from Bofton. YORK, a county of Virginia,. It lies S. F. of James's coi nty, between James - river and York- river, containirg 60,767 acres of land, in the 3 parifhes of York, Hampton, and New-Pokofou.' 1 he latter (lands at the mouth of York-river. York - River, by the Indiana called Pamunky, in Virginia. The name Pamunky, the upper brincb of this riv-er, in King William's county, (till retains, it is navi- gable 60 miles by laige fnips; and by ketches ard (loops, 30 more. By croflirg the reck of land to 1'okofou, one comes to its mouth. It runs the fame courfe with James-river for ico miles ; and fo near it, that in foine places it is uot abcve 5 Y O R miles over land, from one to the other : which land between them being fo will accommodated for navigation, and fo n-ear z fuch great rivers, is beft inhabited ; and here the richeft planters are feated. Forty miles up this river it divides itfelf into z branches, navigable each a confiderable way for (loops and barges. The fmall flip of land which divides James - river from York-river, is reckoned a very rich foil, producing the beft tobacco in that country, known by the name of Sweer- fcented ; which is dripped from the ftalk, before it is packed up in the h<->g(heid ; and then fo clofe- ly preiTcd, that a hogfhead w.ll formtimes weigh abouc 14 or 1500 weight. And fome particular crops of the moil careful planting of this commodity, have frequently been fold at the key for la pence per pound. This fpot of ground, fo happily fituated, ha$ alfo the conveniency of ^ inlets, naviga- ble by flat-bottomed boats ; the one runs from James -river, and extends to the northward, about 5 miles acrofs the country, to*i fafe landing-place. The other runs S. from York-river, up into the land ; fo that the fpace be- tween the landing-places of thefe a rivulets is only a mile, and the foil gravelly; and here Williarn- (bnrgis fituated : which, by means of thefe z inlets or creeks, com- mands the navigation of James and York rivers. YORK, NEW, a city and pro- vince, formerly called Nova I3el- gia, from its being planted by the Dutch. The province of New-York, at prefent, contains Long - Ifland, S.a'en Ifland, and the lands on the E. fide of Hudfon's-river, to the bounds of Connefticut : on the W. fide of Hudfon's - river from the fea, to lat. 41, lies New- Jerfey : bounded N. by Canada ; on the E k by Mew-England ; on the S. by the Atlantic-Ocean and Y O R New-Jerfey ; and W. and N. W. by Penfylvania and Canada. La- ' titude between 40 and 45. lon- gitude between 71 and 76 W from London. 300 miles long 1 , 150 broad. Long - Ifland, loo miles long ; 15 broad. The city of Mew- York, at firft, included only the ifland, called by the Indians, Manhatans, Man- nino's-ifland ; the z Barn-iflands, and the 3 Oyiter-ifhnds, were in the county. But the limits of the city have fince been augmented by charter. The ifland is very narrow, not a mile wide at a me- dium, and about 14 miles in length. The S. VV. point projects into a fine fpacioas bay, 9 miles long, and about 4 in breadth ; at the conTuence of the waters of Hudfon's river, and ihe ftrait between Long-Ifland and the nor* them fhore. 1'he Narrows, at the S. end of the bay, is fcarce a miles wide, and opens ehe ocean to full view. The pafoge up to New -York, from Sandy Hook, a point that extends farthcft into the fea, is fafe, and not above 25 miles in length. The common naviga f ion is between the E. and W. banks, in ^^ or 23 feet water; An 80 gun fliip may be brought up, though a narrow, winding, unfrequented channel, between the N. end of the E. bank and Co- ney-ifhnd. The city has, in reality, no na- tura! bafon or harbour. The fhipf lie off in the road on the E. fide of the town, which is docked onf, and better built than the fide, be- caufe the frefhes in Hudfon's river fill it in fome winters with ice. The city of New- York confifts of about 3000 houfes. It is a mile in length, and not above half that in breadth. Such is its figure, its center of bufinefs, and the fituation of the houfes, that the mean cartage from one part to another, does not exceed above one quarter of a mile ; than which noihing. can be more advantage- Y O R eus to a trading city. But one great natural evil is, the inhabi- tants are obliged to f\ tch their water from fprings at a confidera- ble diflance from the town. It is thought to be as healthy a fpot as any in the world. The E. and S. parts, in general, are low, but the reft is fitmted on a dry, elevated foil. The ftreets are irregular, but, being paved with round pebbles, arc; clean, and lined with well-built brick houfes, many of which are covered with tilfd roofs, and have rows of trees before them. No part of America is Tup pli- ed with markets abounding with great'. r plenty and variety. They have beef, pork, mutton, poul ry, !>'i!ter, wild fowl, \eniibn, fiflh, roots, and herbs of all kinds, in their feafons. Their o\fter are a nfijtrabie article in' the fup- pnrt of the poor. The'rr beds aie within view of the town ; a fleet ({ 2,cc fmall craft are often firen there, at a time when the weather is mild in winter; and this fingle article is computed to be worth, annually, 10 or 12,000!. This ciiy is the metropolis and grand mart of the province, and, by its commodious lltuation, com- mands alfo all the trade of the wefhrn part of ConnecY-cut, and that of Eait-Jerfey. No feafon p r events their /hips from launch- ing out into the ocean. During the Created feverity of winter, an equal, unreftrained activity runs through all ranks, orders, and employments. Upon the S. W. point of the ci:y Hands the fort, which is a ifyuare wi-h 4 baftions. Within the \vails is the ho life in which the Governors ufually refide; and oppo-fite to it brick-barracks, built Joi merly for the independent com- p.'.n : e. The Governor's-houfe is in height 3 (tories, and fronts to the W. having, from the fccond (lory, a 6ne profpeift to the bay and the Jerfcy flic- re. A.C the S. Y o R end there was formerly a chapef, but this was burnt down in the negroe conspiracy of the fpring, 1741 : as was the whole of the Governor's-houfe, Dec. 29, 1774, which destroyed, in a few hours, all the public and private papers, and valuable furniture. Accord- ing to Governor Burnet's obfer- vations, this fort (lands in lati- tude 40, 42. Below the walls of the garri- ion, near the water, they have litely raifed a line of fortification, which commands the entrance in- to the eaftern road, and (he mouth of Iludfon's-river. This battery is built of (lone, and ihe merlons confift of ccdar-joifts, filled with earth. It mounts 92 cannon, and thefe are all the works they have to defend the place. About 6 fur- longs S. E. of the fort, lies Not- ten-iflmd, containing about 100 or 12.0 acres, refer ved by an act of aflembly as a fort of demefnc for the Governors. The inhabitants of New-York are a mixed people, but moftly defcended from thcoriginal Dutch planters. There are ftill ^churches, in which religious worfhip is per- formed in that language. T he old building is of ftor.e, and ill builr,. ornamented within by a fmall or- gan-loft, and brafs branches. The new church is a high heavy edi- fice, has a very extenfive area, and was completed in 1729. It has r,o galleries, and yet will, per- haps, contain ico<> or '2co au- ditors. The tteeple of this church affords a mod beautiful profpecl, both of the city beneaih, and the furrounding country. The Dutch congregation is more numerocs than any other ; but as the lan- guage becomes difufed, it is much diminifhed ; and unlefs they change their worfhip into the Enghfh tongue, mil ft foon fiiffcr a total didipation. Their church was in- corporated May n, i6c,6, by the name of the minifler. elders, an are King's, Queen's, and Suffolk- - counties ; beiides which is Rich- - mond, or Staten-Ifland. The only capes are May, San- dy-Hook, and Montock points : - and the only Straits are, the Nar- rows and Hell-gate. Through the latter, about So yards wide, it is extremely dangerous failing, on account of the different rapid cur- rents ; for if a veflel gets into any but the right one, (he inevitably- runs on a fhoal of rocks on one fide, or is whirled round and Aval- lowed up by a dreadful vortex on the other. There are alfo the fol- lowing rivers ; Hudfon's or the North, Mohawk, and Sorre). On the Mohawk is a large cataract, called Cohoes, which fulls '70 feet perpendicularly* YUCATAN, a province and-3 peninfula in Mexico, See -Juca-* - tan. U Z A C ZACATECAS, a province in New - Spain, bounded by Kew-Bifcay on the N. by Panuco on the E. Mechoacan, Guada- laxara, and Chiametlan on the S. and by part of Chiametlan and Culiacan on the W. It is well inhabited, and abounds with large villages. Part of it lies in the temperate and part in the torrid ione; it is about 100 leagues in length, and 45 in breadth. The weftern part of it is an arid traft, and would not be inhabited, were it not for the mines, which are reckoned the richeft in Ame- rica j but the caftern part abounds Z A C with corn, and fruits of various kinds, and its forefts are full of deer. ZACATECAS, the capital of the above province, fttuated under theTropic of Cancer, 40 leagues N. of Guadalaxara, and 80 N. W. of Mexico. Its garrifon confifts of 1000 men ; and there are about 800 families of flaves, who work in the mines, and perform other laborious works for their SpanSfh matters. Latitude 23, 29. longi- tude 103, 2CV ZACATU LA,afmall port-town of the province of Mechoacan, fi- tuated at the mouth of a river of the fame name, on the coaft of the Pacific- Ocean ^ Lat. 17, 22 >. long. 104, 58, ADDEtf- ADDENDA. IN order to form fome judgment of the prefent oppofition in North America, it may not be unpleafing to many to know what Britifh and foreign forces are at this time (July, 1776,) there; which arc as follows : CORPS, Rank Total and Efta- File. bliih- ment. f 16, 17, dragoons, - - 828 984. Guards, I,OCO 1,105 4, 5, 6, 10, 16, 17, 22, 23, 27,") 28, 3.5, 38, 40, 43, 44, 45, j 46, 49, 52, 55, 6 3, 64, each > 12,320 10 companies, and 560 rank and j <( file : J 42, or royal Highland regiment, 1,010 i,i6S 71, or Fraier's ditto, 2 battalions 2^00 2,29^1 Artillery, 6 companies, 414 486 Marines, 2 battalions, 1,000 I I7Z Heffian?, 10,303 I2 ,579 ^Ditto Artilleiy, 429 588 29,304 34,6i4 r 8, 9, 20, 21, 24, 29, 31, 34, 47,"") 53, 62, each ten companies, and > 6,160 ~ 560 rank and file, j Artillery, 6 companies, 414 486 Brunfwickers, 2,901 4,278 Ditto Artillery, 16 16 Hannau, 573 668 Ditto Artillery, 100 128 Waldeckers, 568 670 Ditto Artillery, 14 10,746 ~n^~ 7 C'S, 33, 37, 54, 57, each 560 rank > J and file, j ^.Artillery, 2 companies, 138 3.235- 162 2,938 3>397 With General Howe, 29.304 "7^1 Carleton, 10,746 *li377 ... .. Clinton, 2,938 3'397 Total ftrength in America, 42,986 5^388 ADDENDA; Befides the.- 14 companies of BrifHh artillery fd, as above, to be- in America, there is one company of artillery invalids ar Newfound- land. The total of which is 53. One of the 6 companies faid to he with General Howe, is as yet at Penfacola; and the greateft part of 2 of the 6 companies faid to be with General Carleton, are at prefent prifoners with the rebels; as are alfo the yth and z6th regi- ments of foot, which regiments are not mentioned above. The i4tU regiment, being fo very much difperfed, is likewife not confidered in the above lift. As the regiments of foot ferving in America have each two companies at home, for the purppfe of re- cruiting, the calculation in the preceding page is made ast only ten., companies per regiment. H E EN Dl * I 1 s > -0 m S3 Cn ro CO II ton ^o 5 m C cn en ^ A U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY