THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 ■3 'ft//,
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF 
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS.
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE 
 
 OF 
 
 WOOD PULP 
 
 AND 
 
 WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 By JAMES DUNBAR, 
 
 Author of "The Practical Papermaker." 
 
 Price, 2s.; hy Post, 2s. od. 
 
 PRINTED for the AUTHOR BY 
 MACKENZIE & STORRIE, 35 SHORE, LEITH. 
 
 MDCCCXCIV.
 
 T5 
 PREFACE. 1)11 /v 
 
 TN my previous efforts to put before the paper trade 
 a reliable Guide to the Manufacture of Paper, based 
 upon my own practical experience, I confined myself to 
 the raw material best known to me at that time. But 
 since the issue of the last edition of my book a decade 
 in papennaking seems to have passed over us ; and, with 
 the advent of a popular and comparatively new material, 
 which is better known on the Continent of Europe than 
 with us, and which is fast coming to the front, I con- 
 sider the present a fit opportunity to put my experience 
 of wood fibre manipulation on the Continent before the 
 trade. The result I leave to practical men. If I am 
 enabled to add a little to the knowledge of those en- 
 gaged in the papennaking industry (especially the rising 
 and younger portion), it will be a pleasure to me to 
 know that I have thus been of some help to them. 
 
 I have endeavoured to confine myself to what I 
 consider up-to-date information relating to Wood Pulp 
 and Wood-Pulp Papers, and the application of the latest 
 ideas to machinery used in their manufacture, with 
 suggested improvements which have for their object the 
 saving of time and consequent cheapening of produc- 
 tion. In this I am much indebted to Bertrams Limited, 
 St Katherine's Works, Sciennes, Edinburgh, who have 
 
 852010
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 kindly sui)plied the illusti'ations, which will, I am 
 confident, be found useful for reference, and an aid 
 to what is meant by the various suggestions as to 
 improvements. 
 
 I assure my readers that the details here given have 
 all come under mv own immediate observation — nothing; 
 having been added to nor taken from them. In short, 
 they are precisely what I have seen put into practice 
 day after day, with the most satisfactory results as to 
 economy and efficiency. 
 
 JAilES DUNBAR. 
 
 NoTE.^ — The matter contained in this book is entirely distinct from 
 that appearing in "The Pkactical Papermaker," which may 
 still be had from Mackenzie &, Storrie, 35 Shore, Leith.
 
 1 N DEX. 
 
 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sulphite Pulp .... 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Sulphate of Soda Cellulose . 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 Hand-Barking 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 Boiling Department 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 Draining Tanks . 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 "Washing Department . 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Straining Department . 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 Bleaching Department 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 Cellulose Drying Machine . 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 Sorting Department . 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Packing Department . 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Soda Recovery Department 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 Sulphate of Soda Pulp : its '. 
 
 Manufacture int< 
 
 3 Pap 
 
 er 
 
 17 
 
 Treatment in the Beater 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 Esparto Papers . 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Spanish Esparto . 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 African Esparto . 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Tripoli Esparto . 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Cleansing Esparto 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Esparto Boiling . 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Washing and Bleaching 
 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 Half-Stuflf Machine . 
 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 Mechanical Department . 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Conical Engines . 
 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 Paper Machine . 
 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 Water-Power 
 
 
 
 
 ; 40 
 
 Chemical Department 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 Tub-Sizing 
 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 Bleach Test 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 Phlorogusine 
 
 
 
 
 43 
 
 China-Clay . 
 
 
 
 
 44
 
 Vlll 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Possible Improvements . . . . 
 Couch-Roll Brackets .... 
 " Doctors " on Cylinders and Calenders 
 
 Remarks 
 
 High-Class Duplex Paper 
 
 Finishing Paper 
 
 Web (Calendering Department 
 Friction Calenders . . , . 
 
 Pearson and Bertram's Refining Engine 
 
 Paper-Machine AVire . . . . 
 
 Conclusion ...... 
 
 I'ACiK 
 
 48 
 50 
 50 
 
 55 
 
 63 
 
 65 
 66 
 70 
 
 73 
 
 75 
 
 82
 
 Wood Pulp and Wood-Pulp Papers. 
 
 > •<- 
 
 SULPHITE PULP. 
 
 OULPHITE PULP is one of the strongest of tlie 
 O wood-pulp family ; it is also one of the best brands, 
 and ought to be ranked as a perfect fibre. The process 
 of manufacture being protected by patents, I have no 
 right to enter into details on that subject, but mil 
 confine myself to a description of the manufactured 
 article. 
 
 The best brands are clean, of a slightly rose tint, of 
 a fine silky fibre, and pleasant to the feel and the eyes. 
 One will say. What has the feel of a fibre to do with its 
 value as a papermaking material ? I must say it has 
 much to do with it, as a hard harsh material will not 
 make a kindly-feeling paper, which is so much desired 
 1)y the printer, but will produce a paper which does not 
 take kindly to the type, the result being an imperfectly 
 printed sheet, — which is a source of much annoyance to 
 the workman, and the cause of blame being thrown 
 upon the shoulders of the person who is neither respon- 
 sible for nor able to bear it. This pulp, if properly 
 treated, may enter into the composition of a comparatively 
 fine paper, with the best results. But the extraordinary 
 care Avhich must be exercised in its preparation, to pre- 
 vent its tendency to flake or cloud, has been the means 
 of giving it a bad reputation as a material for the pro- 
 duction of fine papers. This tendency can be avoided
 
 :2 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 if the material gets full justice. It can be, and is, 
 successfully manufactured into cartridges, manillas, 
 engine- and tub-sized writings, and fine printings, if 
 used either alone or with rags, both of which sj'stems 
 are practised on the Continent. 
 
 In the production of news and other common papers 
 with Sulphite and Mechanical Pulp the result is most 
 satisfactory. This, of course, means the use of the 
 common brands of Sulphite Pulp. Although not per- 
 fect in cleanness, it is strong, and well fitted, as far as 
 strength and cleanness are concerned, to compete most 
 favourably with the common iil:)res used for the same 
 puri)ose, economically and otherwise. To compare 
 Sulphite Pulp with rags, as an economical fibre and a 
 fibre which will produce an equal paper when the cost 
 of production is taken into consideration, is entering 
 upon debatable ground, as every papermaker's facilities 
 are not alike for economical production ; and it is a 
 well-known fact that the same paper is not produced 
 in diff'erent mills from exactly the same material, the 
 reason being best known to the papermakers themselves, 
 and possibly in a great measure attributable to the local 
 surroundings and the available facilities for producing 
 an up-to-date and first-class article. But I must say 
 that the very best brands of bleached Sulphite Pulp, in 
 my opinion, are more valuable and cheaper as a paper- 
 making material than many of the grades of rags used 
 for papers for which Sulphite is best adapted. Sulphite 
 Pulp is cleaner, stronger, and keeps the mill clean, 
 which is a very important consideration indeed. There 
 is no dirt or dust blowing about the mill, no boiling, no 
 washing and bleaching — that is, if the pulp is purchased 
 in a bleached condition. In fact, there is a total absence 
 of all the dirty processes which have been the bone of 
 contention between the paper manufacturer and either 
 the landed proprietor or tht; sanitary authorities — and
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 ^ 
 
 which have cost the former so much money, and given 
 him so much trouble — as to the pollution of streams 
 which never were clean. 
 
 To treat Sulphite Pulp as is done on the Continent 
 of Europe for a fine printing or engine-sized writing 
 paper, the beater roll should never be put down heavily 
 upon it. The fibre is an exceedingly fine one, although 
 of great length, and is best treated with the drawing- 
 out process, which has the tendency not only of clearing- 
 out but of finely separating the fibres, both in length 
 and in diameter, to the desired uniformity for the 
 various papers for which this pulp is suited. And, by 
 giving the stuffs a firm hard brush at the end of the 
 beating, a finished pulp will be produced, capable of 
 making a close and uniform sheet of paper, which will 
 not flake or cloud, or take the appearance of a wood 
 paper, but will feel and look more like a hard rag paper, 
 made from a much more expensive material than Sul- 
 phite Pulp. 
 
 I Avill now try to describe the action of Sulphite Pulp 
 on the paper machine. We will conclude that the 
 beaterman has done the best he can in his department, 
 which, 1 must say, is the vital part of papermaking. If 
 the stuff has been prepared for a fine printing paper, 
 the shake motion must not have a high speed, but a 
 reasonably long throw. This treatment will avoid the 
 flaking, and a close uniform sheet will result. On the 
 other hand, if an antique or cartridge paper is desired 
 (which means in most cases a hard rattling paper, to 
 take the character of a hand-made paper), it must be 
 shaken on the machine at a high speed with a compara- 
 tively short throw. Under no circumstances should an 
 exceedingly long shake be given to wood papers, as it is 
 this, and this alone, which facilitates the flaking, and 
 makes the paper look like a rope-brown — wild, cloudy, 
 and marley. A few experiments with the shake motion
 
 4 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 are of more value than any written instructions, especially 
 when applied to the manufacture of tine printings — this 
 not applying so much to antiques and cartridges. 
 
 A most important item in the management of wood 
 papers on the machine is the drying of them. This 
 amounts to a tine-art in the manufacture of wood 
 papers, and it takes a highly proficient machineman to 
 carry the process through in a thoroughly satisfactory 
 manner. 
 
 Paper machines have been built in this country and 
 in Germany specially for the manufacture of wood 
 papers, with the most satisfactory results — particularly 
 so with our own make of machine, which I will describe 
 at some length, showing where we produce a perfect 
 machine, and where the German errs. 
 
 It is well known to papermakers that wood papers are 
 most difficult to dry, under ordinary conditions ; but 
 with a properly-constructed machine the result is most 
 satisfactory. One of the largest engineering liouses in 
 Scotland has built a machine which meets all the re- 
 quirements of the paper manufacturer in this respect, by 
 the introduction of the three-sets-of-press-roU system. 
 The origin of this system is undoubtedly German ; but 
 the German counteracted the benefit of three presses 
 by reducing the number of drying cylinders. Hence 
 the desired efi'ect was not obtained by him. Our engi- 
 neers at once grasped the situation, and introduced a 
 machine which fulfilled all their expectations by pro- 
 ducing the desired paper. This three-sets-of-press-roll 
 system not yet being adopted to any great extent, re- 
 quires from me some explanation, which I will try to 
 give in as intelligible a manner as possible. 
 
 The first idea of introducing three sets of press-rolls 
 was economy of fuel ; but, at the same time, it accom- 
 plished another and very important change in the 
 working of the paper machine. The German, as he
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 5 
 
 added presses, reduced the number of cylinders, con- 
 sequently destroying the first efi'ect ; Avhereas our 
 engineers have been rather inclined to add to the 
 number of drying cylinders along with the additional 
 sets of press-rolls. And rightly too in practice, for the 
 reason that, by the use of three sets of press-rolls, the 
 paper is made comparatively dry while not yet having 
 been subjected to artificial heat. As a natural conse- 
 quence (a lower temperature being required on the 
 cylinders), the paper passes on to the reel without being 
 subjected to that roasting process which is common on 
 many of our ordinary machines. But the German, by 
 reducing the number of the drying cylinders, had still 
 to keep up a high temperature, which roasted the paper, 
 and, in the case of wood papers, produced them brittle 
 and unsatisfactory. Of course, paper manufacturers 
 naturally ask, What about the bulk of the paper under 
 the pressure of three sets of press-rolls? I maintain 
 that the bulk is not injured in the slightest degree. 
 The idea (held by myself as well as others) that hard 
 pressing injured the bulk of the paper, is now exploded. 
 Paper pressed between felts will not get thinner. 1 have 
 had it tested upon many difierently-composed papers, 
 with the result that there was no material diiference. 
 The smoothers and the calenders do thin the paper in a 
 small degree. But I do not call even that a thinning 
 process ; it is rather a very necessary levelling and 
 smoothing operation. When the stationer cries out 
 about bulk, believe me, it is not the press-rolls which 
 are at fault; and if he wants an 18 lb. demy to feel 
 like a 20 lb. demy, the best way is to tell him that it 
 cannot be done. 
 
 The excessive use of china-clay will, to a certain ex- 
 tent, injure the bulk of the paper and make it feel thin 
 for its demy weight. But such paper would feel thin if 
 you should pass the press-rolls altogether; and I am
 
 6 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 pleased to say that such paper is never put on the 
 market by the British paper manufacturer. 
 
 I strongly advocate the three-sets-of-press-roll system, 
 and consider it one of the best additions to the paper 
 machine for the rational manufacture of paper from any 
 fibre, but especially wood fibre. I have met men in 
 my wanderings who, if they could, would dispense Avith 
 press-rolls altogether, with a view to save felts — a very 
 laudable object certainly, if it could be accomplished. 
 As I understand the manufacture of paper, press-rolls do 
 more than lead the paper and press out a certain amount 
 of water from it. They solidify it, level and smooth it, 
 and render it fit to be handled in leading it through the 
 cylinders. The advocates of dispensing with the press- 
 rolls overlook or forget these facts, while every in- 
 telligent papermaker will, I am sure, agree that I am 
 right in this matter. 
 
 I Avill now try to describe the manufacture of Sul- 
 phate of Soda Cellulose ; and, as there is no fear of 
 meddling with other people's private affairs, I will begin 
 at the foundation, and finish with the manufactured 
 paper.
 
 IMPROVED WET END 
 
 Section No. 1 of Paper-making Machine. 
 
 Section No 2 of Paper making Machine. 
 
 Section No. 3 of Paper-making Machine.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 SULPHATE OF SODA CELLULOSE. 
 
 The wood is conveyed to the mill by sea and rail. 
 It is a mistake to imagine that wood-pulp mills are 
 planted down in the midst of an inexhaustible forest, 
 where the wood supply is ample for all time coming. 
 This is not the case. The pulp manufticturer must 
 go many miles for his supply of raw material, and this 
 at considerable cost. 
 
 Swedish wood for consignment to Norway is, as a 
 rule, carried by rail, and most of the Norwegian wood 
 by sea, or by small Craft which ply on the fjords. 
 When the wood arrives at the mill, each lot is piled up 
 in the mill-yard separately, and allowed to remain there 
 until it is examined and the management satisfied that 
 the various consignments are according to contract, and 
 fit to be manufactured into the best brands of pulp. 
 
 They are then passed over to the bark-removing de- 
 partment, which is the first cleansing process to which 
 they are subjected. This bark-removing process was, in 
 the early history of pulp manufacture, done by hand ; 
 but of late years several sorts of machines have been 
 introduced for the purpose, but with indifi*erent success 
 where economy of wood was a consideration. The 
 machine for bark-removing which is considered the best 
 will remove the bark quickly and economically if the 
 wood is perfectly straight and round; but if it is 
 otherwise, there is so much of the good wood removed 
 before all the bark is off, that it comes to be a very 
 expensive operation. Consequently, many of the mills 
 which had adopted these machines have abandoned 
 them and gone back to the old system of hand- 
 barking, which is cheaper and more economically done, 
 especially when you take into consideration the probable
 
 8 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 percentage of crooked and uneven wood to be found 
 in a consignment of, say, five or six cubic fathoms 
 given out to each man, from a consignment of 800 to 
 1000 cubic fathoms received at the mill. However, a 
 description of the barking machine will not be out of 
 place, as it might be a very valuable machine to have 
 where there is a possibility of trouble with the workmen, 
 which is not at all a rare occurrence in nearly every 
 trade. 
 
 The machine consists of a strong cast-iron V-shaped 
 trunk, cast in one piece. Across the top is a malleable- 
 iron shaft, 4 in. in diameter, and extending over each 
 side of the frame, on which are keyed two cast-iron 
 circular plates, one on each end of the shaft. Into each 
 of these plates are four openings for receiving the tools 
 which remove the bark. These tools are fixed in the 
 plates at an angle exactly the same as in a joiner's plane. 
 Speed is a very important item in working this machine 
 satisfactorily. If too slow, it jams itself, and will not 
 remove the bark ; and the speed must not be under 
 1500 revolutions per minute to enable the machine to 
 do its work satisfactorily. Facing the plates there is a 
 lifting apparatus, which enables the man in charge to 
 keep the wood close up to the cutting tools. At the 
 same time, by means of rotary toothed gear, the wood 
 is kept revolving in front of the barking tools, the rotary 
 motion being supplied by the main shaft of the machine 
 and operated in connection with the lifting gear. Two 
 men can work at this machine — one at each side ; and, if 
 the wood is piled beside them, they can remove the bark 
 from an enormous quantity in one day. The machine 
 absorbs from 18 to 20 horse-power, and is capable of 
 cleaning wood for ten tons of finished cellulose per day. 
 It is an admirable piece of mechanism, and in many 
 respects does its work cleverly. But, for economy of 
 wood, the hand-barking is preferable.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. V 
 
 Hand-Barking. 
 
 Scandinavian pulp manufacturers are not behind the 
 times or indisposed to adopt the most modern tools in the 
 market, nor are they slow in finding out if these tools 
 meet their requirements as far as efficiency and economy 
 are concerned. Hence the adoption of mechanical means 
 in removing the bark, and its subsequent abandonment 
 and falling back upon the old and better system of hand- 
 barking. In the process of hand-barking, the workman 
 is provided with a stool or trace, about 10 feet long, 
 and sufficiently high to enable him to work comfortably. 
 At one end of this stool is a hollow piece of wood, and 
 at the other a spike or spur, which holds the log in 
 position while the workman removes the bark. When 
 it is necessary to turn the log, the workman lifts the end 
 where the spike is, and turns the log with ease — this 
 turning process being continued until all the bark is 
 removed. 
 
 The first operation in hand-barking is the removal of 
 any projecting knots or inequalities with a hatchet, and 
 then with a draw-knife the bark is removed in a very 
 cleanly manner — the bark being, as a rule, taken off by 
 beginning at the root-end and finishing at the crop-end. 
 The reason for so doing is the easier removal of the bark, 
 and the operation is performed quicker and cleaner. 
 A good workman will earn as much as three or four 
 shillings per day of ten hours, which is very good pay 
 for this class of work in Norway. 
 
 It must be distinctly understood that hand-barking 
 does not only mean the removal of the outer bark, but 
 also the inner bark, which is of a yellow colour, and 
 full of minute grey specks, which, if left, it would be 
 impossible to remove by any subsequent cleansing pro- 
 cess through which the boiled material passes. The 
 wood, being thoroughly cleaned of its bark, is now passed
 
 10 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 over to the examiner, whose duty it is to reject any por- 
 tion of it wliich does not come up to his standard of 
 cleanness — the perfect being passed over to the chop- 
 ping- department, which is the first process of disinteo^ra- 
 tion which the wood passes through. 
 
 Before entering upon the chopping process, I may 
 mention that all the wood is thoroughl}^ examined, and 
 any log showing the slightest indication of being imper- 
 fectly cleaned is at once sent back to the " barker " to be 
 done over again. 
 
 The cleaned wood which has passed the examiner is 
 now sawn into lengths convenient for the man at the 
 chopper to handle. The chopper consists of a cast-iron 
 circular plate, about 4 feet in diameter by 2| inches 
 thick. There are three recesses in the plate —two for 
 the cutting knives, and one for the ri[)per. The ripper 
 cuts deep enough into the wood to disintegrate suf- 
 ficient material for the two chopping knives to remove. 
 This divides the wood into small pieces, which facilitates 
 the sorting and the l)oiling. The wood is not cut off 
 square at the end, but at an angle, which takes less 
 power, and is more expeditiously done. The cut Avood 
 falls from the chopper into a pit, where a belt elevator 
 is working for the purpose of raising the wood up to the 
 sortino; screen. This sortino- screen consists of a wooden 
 frame with a wirecloth bottom, all of l^-inch mesh, 
 except a small part of the screen at the end where the 
 cut wood enters, which is covered with a much finer 
 wirecloth, that carries off any sand or sawdust before 
 it enters the screen proper. This sorting screen has a 
 sharp shaking motion, which enables the good wood to 
 pass through the meshes of the wirecloth, and the large 
 knotty pieces to fall over the end of the screen, where it 
 is collected and conveyed and mixed with the bark in 
 the soda recovery department as fuel. 
 
 The sorted wood Avhich passes through the wirecloth
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 11 
 
 now coines in contact with a Ian, which blows itthrongh 
 an 8-inch pipe up to the boiling department. This is an 
 admirable system of conveying material from one depart- 
 ment to another. And when one begins to think over 
 such a mode of conveying raw material in a cleanly 
 manner, there is practically no end to the uses to which 
 it can be applied. Cut straw, cut wood, and cut rags 
 could be blown any reasonable distance with such a fan. 
 I cannot say how it would behave with esparto, not 
 having tried it. The system is perfectly cleanly, and the 
 material can be blown directly into the boiler — thereby 
 saving manual labour, and rendering any waste of fibre 
 absolutely impossible. 
 
 Boiling Department. 
 
 In this department (like the boiling department of a 
 paper mill) is carried on the most important operation 
 through which the raw material passes for the production 
 of a thoroughly reliable and satisfactory cellulose. Any 
 blundering in this operation cannot be rectified in any 
 of the subsequent processes through Avhich the puljj 
 passes, but will have to pass through the mill as defec- 
 tive pulp, and be sold as such, not for papermaking 
 purposes, but as a lining which is put between the wall 
 and the sheathing of wooden houses, no defective pulp 
 being allowed by the pulp manufacturers to leave the 
 country. 
 
 The form of boiler used is the upright stationary 
 boiler, made of steel, and capable of withstanding a 
 pressure of 200 lbs. per square inch. Attached to each 
 boiler is a square cast-iron box, into which (by means of 
 a pipe attached to the boiler) can be blown a small por- 
 tion of the boiled wood, to enable the man in charge to 
 determine whether it is sufficiently cooked. The quan- 
 tity of cut wood contained in the ordinary-sized boiler 
 is 1 7 cubic metres.
 
 12 NOTES ON THE :\rANUEArTrRE OF 
 
 When the filUng-in of the boiler is comj^leted, the 
 steam is turned on, and the average time from the 
 turning-on of the steam until it indicates 120 lbs. of 
 pressure on the boiler gauge is about 2^ hours. The 
 wood is then allowed to boil at that pressure for 3 hours, 
 after which the steam is shut off; and from the time of 
 shutting-ofF the steam until it comes down in pressure 
 on the boiler to 45 lbs. about an hour is occupied. The 
 pressure being down to 45 lbs., the boiled pulp can with 
 perfect safety be blown over to the draining tanks. 
 The boiler contains in all 29 cubic metres — 17 cubic 
 metres of wood and 12 cubic metres of lye (7'4 cubic 
 metres of lye at 17° Beaunne, and 4*6 cubic metres of 
 spent lye blown from the adjoining boiler) — which com- 
 plete the boiling contents. 
 
 The most important feature in the economical manu- 
 facture of cellulose, and one which the Scandinavian has 
 ^carried through in a most perfect manner, is the economy 
 of manual labour, the conveyance of the materials from 
 one department to another being almost entirely auto- 
 matic, and wholly done by mechanical means. 
 
 Draining Tanks. 
 
 The draining tanks are close vessels, connected with 
 the boiler by the blow-off pipe, and having a steam- 
 escape pipe on the top for the escape of the steam blown 
 over with the pulp. Inside these tanks is arranged a false 
 bottom, for the purpose of draining the pulp of its lye, 
 which is collected, and is subsequently conveyed in 
 pipes to the soda recovery department. The draining 
 tanks are each capable of holding the contents of one 
 boiler, and will thoroughly drain and partially wash the 
 contents in a very short time, the pulp being now in a 
 lit condition to be run to the washing department.
 
 WOOD PULP xVND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 13 
 
 Washing Department. 
 
 The pulp enters this department in a dirty brown state, 
 containing much matter which must be washed out. 
 Hence the importance of having a plentiful supply of 
 clean water for this purpose, as, if the washing is con- 
 ducted in an efficient and cleanly manner, a correspond- 
 ing amount of chlorine will be saved in the subsequent 
 bleaching process, and a better-coloured pulp produced. 
 The pulp coming from the draining tanks is passed over 
 a series of sand-traps, with skimmers, which catch a 
 considerable amount of impurities of a light and float- 
 ing character. It then falls into the washing tanks, 
 which is the first real washing process, the previous one 
 being simply draining and flushing. Into these washing 
 tanks is arranged a series of drum washers, which, with 
 the addition of an unlimited supply of clean water, 
 change the pulp from its pi'cvious dirty brown colour 
 to a pleasant golden brown, indicating that the washing 
 has been sufficiently done and the pulp is in a fit state 
 to be conveyed to the straining department. 
 
 Straining Department. 
 
 There are 
 various types 
 of strainers 
 used for strain- 
 ing wood pulp 
 — from the old 
 jog strainer to 
 the latest im- 
 provements in 
 strainers, into 
 the merits or 
 demerits of 
 
 PATENT SELF-CLEANSING STRAINER. 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, SCIENNES, EDINBURGH.
 
 14 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 Avliich it is unnecessary to enter. Suffice it to say, that 
 in any case the pulp must be reduced to the thinnest 
 possible consistency before you attempt to strain it, if 
 you desire to make it perfectly (;lean. I may here men- 
 tion, that possibly, if we acted upon this system in 
 straining (jur half-stuff at our presse-pate machines, we 
 would immediately obtain a much cleaner material, and 
 with less waste. By this diluting process the good pulp 
 is thoroughly separated from the impurities (the form(T 
 floating and the latter sinking), which are conveyed 
 to an auxiliary strainer, where any good pulp passes 
 through the plates to the original supply, and the im- 
 purities remain, and are periodically removed and cast 
 into the refuse heap. The strained pulp from the 
 strainers keeps continually passing through a conical 
 washer, where its density is increased sufficiently to be 
 lifted up in a comparatively thick mass from the well 
 into which it is collected. The belt elevator, which 
 lifts the pulp, discharges it direct into the bleaching 
 en seine. 
 
 Bleaching Department. 
 
 The bleaching engines, which are made of wood, are 
 lined inside with cement to the thickness of about 1| 
 inch. This is done in a very ingenious manner, as 
 follows : — The sides of the engine (not the bottom) are 
 fllled with scupper or claut nails — that is, nails about 
 2 inches long, Avith large heads left projecting about 
 1 inch. The cement is laid on this, and the nails 
 hold it in position ; and I have been infonxied that an 
 engine lined in this way will last for many years. When 
 the desired quantity of pulp is in the engine, it is 
 first washed with warm water for about an hour. The 
 pulp is then washed down until there is sufficient
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 15 
 
 room for the bleaching liquor ; it is then bleached in 
 the ordinary way. 
 
 The quantity of bleaching poAvder necessary to 
 bleach 10 tons of Sulphate of Soda Cellulose is 2000 
 kilogs., or 4375 lbs. — that 
 is, when the pulp is brought 
 up to the standard colour 
 suitable for the English 
 market. The bleaching 
 being finished, the pulp is 
 again washed with a plenti- 
 ful supply of clean water 
 until it shows no traces of 
 chlorine. It is then emptied 
 down to the cellulose dry- 
 ing machine. 
 
 Cellulose 
 Drying Machine. 
 
 This machine, commonly 
 called a drying machine, is 
 practically an ordinary Four- 
 drinier machine, the only 
 difference being that there 
 is no shake motion on the 
 wire, and no felts on the 
 cylinders. The web of pulp 
 is run on this machine as 
 thick as it can be dried. It 
 is led direct off the machine 
 through the cutting machine, 
 where it is cut into sheets, 
 which are conveyed to the 
 sorting department. 
 
 W ^ 0) 00 •-' ,_ . 
 
 ■^ ;, 53 c3 .ti 
 
 a> tj t^ eg !jf) cc 
 
 ^ 01 S <u a, Qj
 
 16 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 Sorting Department. 
 
 A stranger, upon entering this department when the 
 girls are absent, would fancy that an orchestra of 150 
 musicians had j ust walked off and left their music-stands 
 behind them. The cut sheets of cellulose are placed 
 upon these stands, and a powerful electric light placed 
 behind the stand. The stand being an open frame, the 
 Hght shines through the sheet of pulp, showing the 
 sorter any impurities which have been taken up or have 
 escaped the previous cleansing process. These the sorter 
 picks out very quickly with a small knife-like tool. 
 This sorted pulp is called the best quality, and is passed 
 over to the packers as such. If the pulp is for the 
 French market, it must be perforated with round holes 
 all over the sheet, with a view to meet the demands of 
 the French Customs authorities. 
 
 Packing Department. 
 
 The sorted pulp is now press-packed in bales contain- 
 in 2: 125 kiloo-s. — that is, a little over 237 lbs. The bales 
 are covered with hessian, and held together with wire 
 binding, this being the only packing the goods get for 
 shipment to America. 
 
 Soda Recovery Department. 
 
 Before closing the description of the manufacture of 
 Sulphate of Soda Cellulose and entering upon a descrip- 
 tion of its manufacture into paper, alone and with the 
 addition of Mechanical Palp, I purpose giving an outline 
 of soda recovery as it is in operation at some of the 
 Scandinavian mills.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 17 
 
 The lye drained from the pulp in the drainers is col- 
 lected in a large tank, whence it is pumped into another 
 tank, and at the same time strained through fine steel 
 wirecloth, with a view to separate the lye from any 
 tine fibre which may have escaped through the per- 
 forations in the false bottoms of the drainers. After the 
 lye is strained it is taken over to the soda recovery de- 
 partment, in quantities to suit the requirements of that 
 department. This system of soda recovery differs some- 
 what from anything which has previously come under 
 my notice. In connection with the incinerating furnace 
 is built a boiler of the Lancashire type, 20 feet long by 
 6 feet 6 inches in diameter, with the flues 24 inches in 
 diameter each. The strained lye is contained in this 
 boiler, where it is subjected to the heat of the burning 
 lye underneath it, and to the draught of the roasting fur- 
 naces, which passes through the flues of the boiler. This 
 system claims considerable saving of fuel. The lye from 
 this boiler, when sufficiently dense, is passed over to the 
 yaryan, and thence back to the incinerating furnace, 
 where it is treated with the refuse bark and knotty 
 rejections from the wood sorting. It is next taken to 
 the smelting ovens, where it is mixed with the neces- 
 sary quantity of sulphate of soda, and then conveyed to 
 the causticising department, where, with the addition 
 of lime, the well-known process of lye manufacture is 
 carried out. 
 
 Sulphate of Soda Pulp : its Manufacture 
 into Paper. 
 
 This pulp is very reliable in its best brands. It is 
 
 naturally slightly inferior in strength, and has not so 
 
 decided a silky feel or appearance as Sulphite Pulp ; 
 
 but it is of a better colour, and for felting, surfacing, 
 
 and kindliness of feel will compare most favourably 
 B
 
 18 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 with Sulphite, and is, as a rule, much cleaner. From 
 its nature in process of manufacture, it takes a higher 
 place in the paper mill as a thoroughly cooked material, 
 and one better fitted for the ordinary run of paper- 
 making. 
 
 The best brands of this pulp are mostly used for line 
 printings, cartridges, and antique papers. They are 
 better adapted for the latter than Sulphite, not being 
 so liable to flake or cloud, and can be manipulated with 
 greater confidence ; and antique papers produced from 
 them compare favourably with any made with other 
 materials. Of course I do not include the high-class 
 papers made by Cowan, Pirie, and Annandale, but the 
 good average papers made in our writing and printing- 
 paper mills. I am of opinion that the best brands of 
 this pulp are more valuable to the paper manufacturer 
 than many materials used by him, as they are fully as 
 strong as the majority of raw materials. They keep the 
 mill clean, and there is no dust or dirt about, which, with 
 the total absence of chemicals and the small amount of 
 labour and power required, speaks for itself. 
 
 Treatment in the Beater. 
 
 Sulphate of Soda Cellulose, when it comes into the 
 hands of the papermaker, cannot be called anj^thing 
 but a half-stuff, — not, I must say, such as esparto half- 
 stuff, it never having been subjected to the same violent 
 action to which esparto has been during the process of 
 manufacture. The Scandinavian considers it a material 
 containing all its native strength, which ought to be 
 treated for the first half-hour in the beatino^ enoine 
 (more like a breaking process) before the beating begins. 
 I may here state that the beating of wood pulp is like 
 the beating of any other raw material. The man in
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPEKS. 19 
 
 charge must know the character of the material upon 
 which he is about to operate, with a view to bring to 
 light its hidden qualities. And it is surprising how 
 many there are in wood pulp when developed by an 
 intelligent and painstaking workman. 
 
 The beating process must be very gradual, if the 
 native strength of the material is to be maintained and 
 the best possible made of it. For fine printings, it 
 should upon no account be beaten fast, as, if so, it com- 
 pletely changes its character ; and fast stuff on the paper 
 machine has the appearance of marbled paper, both to 
 look through and on the surface. It is a well-known 
 fact that wood papers often have, and are very liable 
 to take, a cloudy and flakey appearance, which shoAvs 
 more plainly that they are made of wood than any other 
 appearance they have. But this should not be, as it 
 can be completely avoided ; and a perfectly close and 
 uniform sheet can be made, if the stuff is intelligently 
 treated in the beating engine by slow and careful beat- 
 ing. What I mean by slow beating is, not taking a long- 
 time to do the finished work, but doing it in a specified 
 time by a judicious and gradual process. The British 
 papermaker is a very conservative gentleman to deal 
 with, and it is difficult to convince him that any one can 
 do anything better than himself. But I assure you, 
 that from my experience in countries where wood fibre 
 has been developed and made the very best of, the 
 mode of procedure has opened my eyes considerably 
 on the subject; and I maintain, because I have seen 
 it done under my own superintendence, that a very 
 handsome soft-feeling book or fine printing paper can be 
 produced from this Sulphate of Soda Cellulose which 
 will compare favourably with esparto paper, with the 
 advantage that it will carry more china-clay for its demy 
 weight without injury to the strength or bulk, the clay 
 having the tendency to give it that fine kindly feel so
 
 20 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 much desired by the printer. On the other hand, if a 
 hard rattling paper is desired, the treatment in the 
 beater must be somewhat different — that is, it must be 
 taken at first much faster, and at the end brushed, and 
 cleared out, and shaken on the machine wire at a high 
 speed. Upon no consideration should a long shake be 
 given for these papers, as it flakes them and makes them 
 look wild and cloudy. That is as applied especially to 
 fine printings. But for a cartridge or antique paper, 
 Avhich you desire to take the character of a hand-made, 
 and for which this stuff is admirably adapted, you 
 must have a reasonably long shake, and not too much 
 speed. Any one producing wood papers, and taking a 
 special interest in making the very best of them, will, by 
 a few experiments which cost nothing, soon find out 
 that I am correct in what I say ; and it will amply 
 repay any one who takes the trouble to make these 
 simple experiments with the closing of wood papers. 
 
 Of course I wish it to be distinctly understood that 
 this article is based upon the use of the best brands of 
 cellulose, there being a large amount of rubbish offered 
 to papermakers which is only fit to enter into the com- 
 position of common news, and for any better class of paper 
 is perfectly useless. The pulp must be of the best reliable 
 brands, and hand-sorted. Such pulp is almost perfect 
 in cleanness, and uniform in colour and strength. The 
 lower qualities are either made from inferior Avood, or 
 mixed with imperfectly cooked stuff, which in both cases 
 contains a great deal of dirt, which partly comes from 
 that resinous film which surrounds the knots. It is of 
 so minute a character that no straining will clean it — it 
 generally being of a gummy nature, so that when it 
 comes to the calenders of the paper machine it magnifies 
 500 times, and shows up in spots, which clearly prove 
 broke, and consequent bad retree. Hence the nuisance
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 21 
 
 to all concerned if such pulp gets into the composition 
 of a fine paper. 
 
 Sulphate of Soda Cellulose is a good carrier of clay, 
 size, and colour, when used by itself. I do not, as a 
 papermaker, believe in using wood with any other fibre, 
 as I do not think that any one can do it justice if mixed 
 — that is, if the treatment that wood requires to bring 
 it to perfection is so different from most other fibres. 
 Hence the difficulty comes in, when mixed, of doing both 
 fibres justice, and also my advocacy of the use of wood 
 fibre alone (or certainly beaten alone) if you wish to get 
 the full value of the pulp. It is almost impossible to 
 give a fully detailed account of the system of practically 
 working wood f)ulp as it is so successfully done in Scan- 
 dinavia, as every practical papermaker knows that much 
 depends upon the available plant, the natural surround- 
 ings, and many other things which crop up to interfere 
 with the carrying out of details. But the few hints 
 which I have thrown out for the production of fine papers 
 from such a material will, I hope, be useful ; and I trust 
 my brethren in the paper trade will not think unkindly 
 of me, or fancy I am thrusting my opinions down their 
 throats, my intention being quite the reverse of that. I 
 am simply actuated by a desire to give my experience, 
 based only upon what has been actually practised under 
 my own superintendence, and what is known to me to 
 be correct. 
 
 I will now devote some space to a description of the 
 manufacture of Common Printings and News by the use 
 of Chemical and Mechanical Pulps. 
 
 News made in Scandinavia for the English as well 
 as the Scandinavian market is generally composed of 20 
 per cent, of Cellulose and 80 per cent, of Mechanical.
 
 22 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 The paper is certainly not a handsome article to look at, 
 but it compares favourably with the home-made article 
 in strength, and is much more cleanly. 
 
 I will now try to describe the almost instantaneous 
 process by which this paper is produced in Scandinavia. 
 
 LARGE ENGINE IN PLATES FOR WOOD PULP. 
 
 ELEVATION OF BEATING ENGINE. 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, SCIENNES, EDINBURGH. 
 
 The beatino'-mill consists of one or two mixino- engines, 
 into which is first put 20 per cent, of cellulose, which is 
 almost immediately broken up into fibre, then is added 
 the mechanical pulp, clay, size, and alum, and then the 
 colouring matter. The pulp, now being thoroughly 
 mixed, is immediately emptied into a chest. I may here 
 state that the pulp is never subjected to the action of 
 the roll and plate, but simply mixed by the action of the 
 roll, the process being a purely mixing one. The mixed 
 pulp contained in the chest is now supplied to the 
 conical engine in such quantity as it will conveniently 
 take, w^hen the whole work of refining or clearing takes 
 place. Understand me, refining^ not beating, as the 
 conical engine does not, and will not, beat stuff* as it is 
 understood by a papermaker, simply because the action 
 of the machine is instantaneous — the pulp entering at one 
 end and passing out at the other in a continuous stream. 
 As a clearing engine nothing can surpass it. It does 
 its work to perfection. But it is no more than that ; 
 and if makers of such engines would confine themselves 
 to representing it as such, papermakers would under-
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP P^iPERS. 23 
 
 Stand what was offered them, and know what to expect 
 of the machine. 
 
 This refined pulp passes through the conical engine 
 direct into the paper-machine chests, the production of 
 1000 lbs. of pulp occupying one hour only. The stuff 
 is cleared completely from knots, and even an 11-lb. 
 demy carries its water beautifully. This is barely what 
 our old papermakers would call papermaking. Still, it 
 produces an article which meets the demand of the 
 newspaper proprietor, and serves its day and generation, 
 although "fearfully and wonderfully made." 
 
 There is also made in Scandinavia a paper (called 
 Common Printings) from 50 per cent, of Cellulose and 
 50 per cent, of Mechanical Pulp. This is a fairly strong 
 paper, and requires the use of the engine roll and plate 
 in its production. Still, with the assistance of the 
 conical engine, it is produced in an incredibly short time. 
 The great difficulty in producing papers which contain 
 mechanical pulp in any quantity is the surfacing of them. 
 
 I may here state that upon the subject of the admix- 
 ture of mechanical pulp with another and a stronger 
 fibre much can be said. Of course the amount of 
 mechanical depends upon the paper to be made. And 
 if any intelligent engineer could invent a refining 
 engine which would absorb a moderate amount of 
 power for the work done, and still do it as well as the 
 existing refining engines, he would confer a lasting 
 benefit upon the users of such an engine where power 
 is the first consideration, as there would be, practically 
 speaking, no end to the papers which could be made 
 with an admixture of Sulphite or Sulphate Pulp and 
 Mechanical Pulp. But for the present we must confine 
 ourselves to the existing appliances in the trade and our 
 own experience. 
 
 In using Chemical and Mechanical Pulps together, the 
 chemical must be filled-in first and w.ell broken up before
 
 24 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 the mechanical enters the engine. If the paper contains 
 from 20 to 30 per cent, of mechanical, the mechanical 
 must be boiled, — not boiled as it is understood for rags 
 or esparto, but boiled in an open tank (or, if preferred, 
 a close one) Avith about 3 lbs. of crj'stal soda to the cwt. 
 This has a wonderful eifect in softening the mechanical 
 — preventing the rosin from sticking in the wire, and 
 rendering the mechanical more pliable, and more liable 
 to be subdivided in the engine, and consequently better 
 distributed in the paper. This is the only arrangement 
 known to me for preventing the mechanical pulp show- 
 ing up on the surface of the paper in clear specks. I 
 do not wish it to be understood that this is an absolute 
 cure, but it is considerably in the right direction, and 
 makes a material difference in the surfacing and general 
 appearance of the paper. If the quantity of mecha- 
 nical exceeds 30 per cent., then, upon economical prin- 
 ciples, the papermaker must decide whether he can or 
 can not boil his mechanical pulp — that is, for casings, 
 grocery, and small hand-papers, where the percentage 
 of mechanical pulp is so high. 
 
 The surfacing of papers which contain much mechani- 
 cal pulp is certainly a difficult operation . Where l)oiling 
 is not resorted to, you may give them a comparatively 
 good surface on the machine ; l)ut, when they are cool 
 and the electricity leaves them, they again get rough. 
 The mechanical pulp seems to rise up on the surface, 
 which gives the paper a rough feel and woody appear- 
 ance, and it at the same time throws off a sort of fluffy 
 or floury dust, which is very objectionable, and is much 
 complained of by the paper merchant and the printer, 
 as it does considerable injury to the printing plant, and 
 is a great obstacle in the way of producing a perfectly 
 printed sheet. But, unfortunately, to a certain extent 
 this cannot be avoided, for the simple reason, that so 
 long as an uncooked material enters into the composition
 
 ^YO^D riJLP and wood-plli' papees. 
 
 25 
 
 of any class of paper, so long will it show up in all its 
 natural qualities ; and, as to mechanical pulp, through 
 whatever mechanical process you pass it, it still retains 
 all its primitive character. You may reduce it to the 
 finest possible fibre by the kollergang, the beater, or the 
 refiner. Still, 
 it, or a great 
 portion of it, 
 will float and 
 come to the 
 surface dur- 
 ing the pro- 
 cess of manu- 
 facture into 
 paper, and 
 show itself in 
 clear specks, 
 which, when 
 dried, will 
 twist, curl, 
 and stand on 
 end, do what n-aiso,,. 
 youAvill. Cer- 
 tainly, it is the nature and character of the fibre to do 
 so, it not having been subjected to any chemical process 
 to change its character and make it a more pliable and 
 obedient article in the hands of the papermaker. 
 
 KOLLERGANG OR EDGE RUNNER. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED. SOIENNES EDINBURGH.
 
 26 NOTES ON THE :\[ANUFACTURE OF 
 
 ESPARTO PAPERS. 
 
 Before closing the details of the manufacture of wood 
 papers and entering upon some details of esparto paper, 
 I may here state that I will, further on, treat upon the 
 machinery which is considered best adapted for wood 
 papers. 
 
 Esparto has experienced many changes. Since its 
 introduction to the paper trade the quality has very 
 considerably deteriorated. You now seldom see the 
 fine, clean, golden article which was first introduced, 
 but more of the coarse, rooty, and impure kind. I am 
 speaking generally. The good article can yet be had, 
 but at an increased cost. Hence the necessity of the 
 esparto, of whatever grade, being thoroughly examined, 
 much depending upon its condition and quality as to 
 whether it will meet the requirements of the paper manu- 
 facturer and produce the article desired. One of the 
 great evils which the papermaker has to contend with 
 is the large quantity of loose esparto contained in a 
 consignment, it being a fruitful source of conveying dirt 
 into the mill, and assisting to pollute the clean material 
 which is received in bale. I believe that, according to 
 contract or use and wont, the papermaker does not 
 require to take more than 10 per cent, of loose along 
 with any consignment ; but this quantity is often ex- 
 ceeded. It is a matter, therefore, which ought to be 
 considered by the papermaker. 
 
 Esparto should never be allowed to get wet or damp 
 before baling, as there is a danger of it heating, which 
 renders it liable to take fire ; or, if allowed to remain 
 long in a damp condition, it Avill mould and get black 
 and rotten, which will render it perfectly useless for 
 papermaking purposes. Consequently esparto should
 
 WOOD PULP AND AVOOD-PULP PAPERS. 27 
 
 be at all times stored under cover, and kept off the damp 
 ground. If you wish to keep it in such a condition that 
 you can draw upon it at any time with confidence, see 
 that you have it as clean as it can possibly be imported. 
 
 The Esparto family is of various grades, which are 
 described as under : — 
 
 Spanish Esparto. 
 
 This esparto may well be considered the " aristocrat," 
 as it is utilised in the manufacture of the best papers, 
 for which it is admirably suited, it being stronger, 
 cleaner, and bleached at less cost than the other varie- 
 ties. It has, as a rule, a superior appearance, being of 
 a pleasant amber colour, and having a hard wiry feel, 
 with an almost total absence of weeds and roots. It is 
 never found long and rank, but short and curly, and 
 matured in appearance. 
 
 African Esparto. 
 
 Of the African varieties there are several, which vary 
 in quality according to growth and situation. Possibly 
 the Oran variety ranks as the best in quality. In ap- 
 pearance it more closely resembles the Spanish than the 
 other sorts, but it is upon some occasions greatly mixed 
 with weeds and roots, which are very objectionable, and 
 difficult of removal. When comparatively clean and well 
 baled, it (with an admixture of Spanish esparto) will 
 make a very nice printing paper, soft and kindly to the 
 feel, and which takes the type beautifully and clear. 
 
 Tripoli Esparto. 
 
 This is one of the strongest grown of the Esparto 
 family, and probably one of the coarsest. It arrives in 
 this country in bales. It sometimes grows to a height 
 of three feet, and is thick and bulky. It is a soft and
 
 '28 
 
 N(^TES (~)N THE ^MANUFACTURE (^F 
 
 spongy article, and contains much moisture, conse- 
 quently it does not yield so well as the others. 
 
 There are several other varieties, such as Sfax, Gabes, 
 and Susa, all natives of Africa, and more or less corre- 
 sponding in character to each other. All the varieties 
 of esparto produce two crops yearly — one which is 
 called the winter and one the summer crop. There is a 
 considerable difference in these espartos. The summer 
 crop being more matured, and containing less moisture, 
 is of greater value to the papermaker than the winter, 
 the latter having an unripe and green appearance, and 
 consequently of a less yielding capacity. 
 
 Cleansing Esparto. 
 
 Of late years there has been a considerable change in 
 the mode of operation in this department. The advent 
 of the esparto willow or duster cleared off the girls, 
 and turned esparto cleansing into a purely mechanical 
 process, which only served the purpose of freeing the 
 esparto from dust and sand, leaving the vegetable im- 
 purities to be 
 removed by 
 a subsequent 
 process. Con- 
 sequently we 
 Avill follow 
 on until we 
 come up to ~ 
 
 tlii«irnnt-flnfl °^- conical esparto duster 
 
 ' J^l^'' ' '-"-'^ CllH-l BERTRAMS LIMITED SCIENNES, EDINBURGH. 
 
 weed-removing process. 
 
 Esparto Boiling. 
 
 This being the process ^thich follows the dusting, or 
 removal of the sand and dust, we had better enter into 
 full details of the mode of procedure in this department.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPEllS. 
 
 29 
 
 as it is well known to the paperniaker to be the most 
 portant one in the 
 process of paj^er 
 manufacture. 
 
 In this depart- 
 ment every care 
 sliould be taken to 
 ensure the boiling 
 operation being- 
 done at one time, f- 
 not only as a 
 matter of economy 
 in chemicals and 
 coal, but as a means 
 of economy in fibre. 
 If the boiling oper- 
 ation has to be re- 
 peated, the loss of 
 fibre is consider- 
 able; consequently 
 it is imperative that 
 every precaution v 
 should be taken to 
 avoid this evil, as 
 re - boiling is an 
 expensive operation. 
 
 nn- 
 
 PATENT FIBRE BOILER. 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, SCIENNES, EDINBURGH. 
 
 Washing and Bleaching. 
 
 I am of opinion that the engine for this purpose 
 should be as large as possible — that is, as large as will 
 allow the pulp to circulate with ease. Small engines 
 cannot serve any good purpose as washing and bleach- 
 ins: eno:ines. The furnish should never be denser than 
 allows it to circulate and mix thoroughly, as without 
 perfect circulation you have the liability of grey specks 
 in the half-stuff machine.
 
 30 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 Half-Stuff Machine. 
 
 We may now enter upon a descrip- 
 tion of the half-stuflf machine, which 
 has of late years undergone some 
 considerable alterations and improve- 
 ments ; and I am of opinion that still 
 further improvements could be made. 
 I will now endeavour to describe a 
 system, to the study of which I have 
 devoted some time in thinking out 
 upon economic principles. The vital 
 part of the half-stuff machine being 
 the strainers (the machine serving no 
 purpose but conveying the strained 
 pulp to the beating department), my 
 idea of the matter would be to empty 
 the half-stuff from the breaker into 
 chests provided for it — the chests 
 being sufficient in number to enable 
 the man in charge to keep the different 
 sorts separate. Let the chests be at a 
 lower level than the breaking engines, 
 and the strainers at a still lower level. 
 Run the stuff from these chests into 
 the strainers, and allow the strained 
 stuff to fall into chests on the extreme 
 ground floor ; or chests could be con- 
 structed under the floor, if fall Avas a 
 difficulty to be contended with. From 
 these final chests, where the strained 
 stuff was contained, a pump could be 
 erected, having starting and stopping- 
 communication with the beating- 
 engine house, so that when the beater- 
 
 Q 
 
 I 1 
 
 ro=&=^^
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 31 
 
 man -svanted to iill-in his engine, he simply had to start 
 the pump and let doM'n the washer, which woukl bring 
 the furnish to the proper consistency. The wire on the 
 washer being a fine one, would ensure that no fibre was 
 washed away. 
 
 This would be a considerable saving of labour and 
 plant, and concentrate the whole beating process into 
 the hands of one man — that is, the beaterman. As no 
 assistant would be required under such a system, there 
 could not be any possible mistake in carrying out the 
 orders given by the manager, as the man in charge 
 would not require to be dependent upon his assistant in 
 carrying out a portion of the details of the furnishing, 
 which it is, as a rule, his duty to perform. I may here 
 state, that if the strainers were of the proper type, and 
 the stufi* properly diluted, a most satisfactory half-stufi^ 
 for the beater would be the result. 
 
 As to the question of dilution, it is an important one, 
 and one which I have watched very carefully, and, from 
 my experience in the straining of wood fibre and its 
 most satisfactory and cleanly results, it deserves to be 
 entered into and explained very minutely. It is a well- 
 known fact that there is a considerable amount of waste 
 at the strainers of the existing half-stufi" machine, in con- 
 sequence of the pulp coming too dense to the strainers. 
 If the pulp was sent to the strainers in a more diluted 
 state, there would be a more perfect separation of the 
 impurities from the good fibre, the straining would be 
 facilitated, and absolutely no fibre of value would be 
 contained in the rejections. 
 
 Another very important matter in the straining, with 
 a view to perfect cleanliness, is the system of strainers. 
 I have refrained in previous articles from entering upon 
 the question of strainers, as all the strainers in the market 
 have claims with which I have nothing to do. But I 
 may say that my own opinion, based upon close observa-
 
 32 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTUKE OF 
 
 tioii, is that the present type of strainer (that is, flat 
 strainers) is wrong upon principle. It is well known 
 to all papermakers that during the manipulation of 
 the material (of whatever sort it may be) the impurities 
 get the same treatment as the good fibre, and are conse- 
 quently reduced in size and rendered more difficult of 
 separation from the good fibre, and, as a consequence 
 of this reduction in size, they are more liable to pass the 
 plat(; of the strainer along with the good pulp, and show 
 up in the paper at the paper machine. If the strainer 
 
 was constructed (as I am informed it has been since I 
 connnenced to write this article) with the same plate 
 surface, but with less distance to travel, the impurities 
 would be more quickly washed from the plate surface 
 and on to the auxiliary strainer, thereby not giving the 
 more minute particles tune to pass through the plate. 
 
 Strainers are, as a rule, put upon the market as guar- 
 anteed to pass so many tons of paper per week. In my 
 opinion, the passing power of the strainer does not add 
 to its value, as a strainer can be made to pass any quan- 
 tity of pulp in a given time. But will the pulp be clean,
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 33 
 
 and perfectly cleared from its impurities ? That is an- 
 other question. Certainly, the shorter time the pulp is 
 on the plate surface the better it will be cleaned. It 
 surely cannot add to the cleanness of any fibre to 
 have its impurities dancing upon the strainer plates for 
 half-an-hour before it is either washed off or removed 
 by hand ; consequently the flat strainer is the pulp- 
 cleaning machine when properly constructed. 
 
 END SECTION OF SIMPLEX STRAINER. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED. SCIENNES, EDINBURGH. 
 
 Papekjiaker's Opixiox. — A well-known papermaker, who is using this 
 Strainer, writes as follows: — "In reply to yours of yesterday, I am glad to 
 inform you that the Experimental Strainer fitted up here has been working 
 continuously for the last fortnight, keeping No. 2 Machine going, passing 750 
 to 800 pounds per hour clean paper pulp through plates of half No. 4 and 3h 
 cuts. This Strainer occupies very little space, and, with its continuous over- 
 flow to the Auxiliary, I consider it to be one of the best in existence. Had my 
 Strainer plant been less extensive I would have liked to apply it to all our 
 machines." 
 
 It is a well-known fact, that when revolving strainers 
 were adopted the papermaker soon found out that they
 
 3i NOTES ON THE MANUFAC^TURE OF 
 
 had one great drawback : that was, they were continually 
 working-in their own rejections, which in a very short 
 time rendered the vat a mass of pollution, necessitating 
 either a stoppage for washing, or making dirty paper. 
 Of course the makers of such strainers soon saw that 
 something must be done to cure, or at least mitigate, this 
 evil, and at once introduced the auxiliar}^ or flat strainer, 
 to work along with the revolver by having a continuous 
 stream of pulp passing from the one to the other, which 
 to a great extent counteracted this tendency. But still 
 this looks very like as if the flat strainer was the dirt 
 remover.
 
 W(30D PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 35 
 
 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 I will now enter npon the Mechanical Department, 
 which will, I hope, be of interest to my readers, as I 
 will try to describe what at least was new to me, and 
 what 1 took a special interest in, during my sojourn on 
 the Continent. And it is surprising, indeed, how much 
 there is to arrest the attention. Papermaking machinery 
 of all descriptions, which has been constructed in Scot- 
 land, can be seen at work, with a curious combination 
 of British and foreign systems, in perfect harmony with 
 each other, with the best results. 
 
 I at first intended to enter upon a description of the 
 materials now used for the production of all classes of 
 paper, from the finest air-dried to the common news and 
 shop papers ; but, upon mature consideration, I decided 
 to omit " rags," which have already been fully described 
 in one of my previous works called "The Practical 
 Papermaker." And as the matter would only be to a 
 great extent a repetition of what has already been before 
 the trade, I have confined myself to what I consider 
 new and up-to-date, and therefore of greater importance 
 to my readers. 
 
 Conical Engines. 
 
 The existing conical refining engines are not at all 
 economical. Much has been said and written as to what 
 they can do, and as to their value as modern machines 
 for papermaking purposes. I will try and explain my 
 experience of these machines, which I have carefully 
 studied and experimented with for the last two years. 
 
 A conical engine, of whatever type, cannot be used 
 according to any written or printed instructions. It
 
 36 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 being (like the beating engine) dependent upon the 
 material used, inucli depends upon the condition of the 
 bars in the cone and in the body of the machine. It 
 certainly will not beat stuff as I or any other practical 
 papermaker understand the process of beating stuff 
 with a view to produce a certain paper ; but it will 
 clear out hanks, knots, or broken ])aper into a perfect 
 fibre, without the slightest particle remaining, if the 
 machine is i)roperly used. But when j^ou take into con- 
 sideration the enormous amount of power the machine 
 takes when at full work, and the consequent quantity 
 of fuel consumed in a mill where the power is all steam, 
 it comes to be a question of £ s. d. 
 
 I had no means of accurately ascertaining the exact 
 power taken, but I made experiments with one with a 
 view to finding out the difference between it and the 
 ordinary beating engine. I made the experiment when 
 I was using cellulose alone, witliout the admixture of 
 mechanical pulp. I had three beating engines of 1000 
 lbs. capacity each. Two of these engines were working 
 with the roll hard on the plate, and the third one newly 
 filled-in, the conical engine not being at work, and the 
 turbine running easy with its load. I put the conical 
 engine to work, at the same time lifting one of the 
 beater-rolls off the plate. The turbine began to slow 
 down. I then lifted the roll of the second engine. Still 
 the speed of the turbine did not come up sufiiciently to 
 do the work until I put more water on the turbine, and 
 then it came up to its correct speed. I then shut off 
 the water to exactly the same amount as I put on, 
 when the turbine again slowed down ; after which I 
 took off the conical engine without putting down the 
 engine-rolls. But I was glad to get them down as 
 quickly as I could, as the turbine immediately went 
 off at a very dangerous speed. 
 
 What power it takes to drive one of these conical
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 37 
 
 engines I cannot tell — th^it is, when it is at full work. 
 But this I do know : that in a steam mill it will show up 
 very prominently in the coal account. In Scandinavia, 
 where the power is all water, it does not come to be a 
 serious matter, as water there is, as a rule, unlimited all 
 the year round, and of the purest description. 
 
 Paper Machine. 
 
 I will now try to describe the system of paper machine 
 used, and best adapted, for wood papers. 
 
 In my wanderings on the Continent of Europe I have 
 seen, and have had under my charge, paper machines 
 of foreign make — viz. French, Belgian, and German — 
 as well as machines of British manufacture. But, for 
 solidity, and steadiness in running at a high speed, 
 none could compare with those made in our own country 
 for the manufacture of any sort of paper; and for the 
 manufacture of wood papers, when constructed for such, 
 they will compete with any in the world. 
 
 Some one will probably say that I lean rather too close 
 to my own people. But I must say that I am adhering 
 to the truth, and giving my personal experience as a 
 practical machineman and paper-mill foreman. 
 
 A paper machine, especially for wood papers, should 
 be supplied with a revolving sand-trap — that is, a sand- 
 trap supported in the centre by a beam of wood extend- 
 ing from one side to the other, it being kept upright by 
 two moveable legs or supports on hinges, so that, when 
 washing is necessary, the legs can be let down and the 
 sand-trap lowered to the floor at one end, to facilitate 
 the washing-out, which may be done in a few minutes. 
 The strainers should be of the flat type, and also self- 
 cleaning, as the revolving strainer is not at all adapted 
 for cleaning wood fibre, most of the impurities being 
 of a floating nature, and best washed from the surface
 
 38 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 of the flat strainer. The only fault in the present system 
 of flat strainers is that they are too long, the dirt having 
 so far to travel before leaving the plate surface that a 
 considerable quantity of it is washed through the plates 
 before it passes over them and on to the auxiliary. If 
 the same plate surface could be presented to the pulp 
 with less distance to travel, it would be a decided im- 
 provement, and one which would meet the requirements 
 of the paper and pulp manufacturers. 
 
 The breast of the machine for wood papers should be 
 high — that is, with a 40 ft. wire which will present 
 about 18 ft. of papermaking surface. One inch of rise 
 is sufficient, simply because the wood fibre should pass 
 on to the travelling wire as soon as possible, with a view 
 to prevent the mechanical pulp getting time to come to 
 the surface and to float, after being thoroughly incorpo- 
 rated with the other fibres during its previous agitation. 
 The couch-roll jacket should have a liberal supply of 
 Avater — hot, if possible — which prevents the long wool 
 of the jacket catching the woody fibres of the mechani- 
 cal pulp and raising them up to the surface. The wire 
 should be abundantly supplied with washing pipes, 
 to wash out the fine fibres of the mechanical pulp, 
 and thus always present a clean wire coming round to 
 the pulp. 
 
 The press-rolls should be in three sets, for reasons 
 previously mentioned ; and I may say here, that any one 
 adopting this three-sets-of-press-roll system should see 
 that all the felts are of one length and one texture, as, 
 in practical working, the new felt should be put on the 
 first press, and when half worn-out transferred to the 
 second press, and then finished up on the third press, 
 which is a matter of economy in felting, as naturally the 
 pressure on the tliird press is not so great as on the first 
 and second, and the old and comparatively worn-out 
 felts suit admirably.
 
 WOOD rULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 39 
 
 I wish to say a little more upon this first, second, and 
 third pressing system ; that is, I wish to appeal to every 
 papermaker upon this important question as to its 
 merits and usefulness in the manufacture especially of 
 wood papers, as well as in the manufacture of papers 
 made from other materials. 
 
 Our old papermakers insisted upon the first two 
 cylinders on the paper machine being kept cold, and 
 the heat being raised on the rest by a gradual process 
 up to the extreme dry end of the machine. The meaning 
 of this is perfectly imderstood, and was in the right 
 direction. But I am of opinion, with all due respect to 
 our forefjxthers, that, even at the slow speeds they were 
 accustomed to drive their machines, the temperature of 
 the cylinders was too high at the dry end of the machine 
 to produce the desired result. Hence the modern paper 
 machine, at the present rate of speed, with three sets of 
 press-rolls and the present popular number of cylinders, 
 will produce the article our forefathers aimed at. And 
 when you take into consideration the materials now used 
 in the manufacture of paper of the medium and lower 
 grades, this addition to the paper machine will meet a 
 long-felt want. By this system of pressing with three 
 sets of press-rolls the temperature of the cylinders is at 
 all times low, the paper never being subjected to that 
 roasting process which is common with forced drying. 
 
 I have been in a mill where I saw a machineman 
 drying the paper (18 lbs. demy) upon a 16-cylinder 
 machine with 20 lbs. of steam on the gauge. I have 
 also seen paper fully heavier than that dried Avith 12 lbs. 
 of steam upon the same number of cylinders and at the 
 same speed, but with three sets of press-rolls — the first 
 set pressing fairly hard, the second a little less, and the 
 third pressing slightly — the result being in the latter 
 case an improved paper, stronger and tougher, with a 
 considerable saving in fuel.
 
 40 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 The drying cylinders are of the ordinary kind, but 
 in some mills on the Continent they have an arrange- 
 ment of rolls between the cylinders whereby the 
 machineman can at pleasure miss one or more of the 
 paper-drying cylinders, thereby turning them into felt- 
 drying cylinders for the time being. Whether this is a 
 benefit to the paper manufacturer or not, 1 leave my 
 readers to judge. 
 
 Water-Power. 
 
 Water in Scandinavia, being so plentiful and of so 
 pure a quality, ought to be a source of great wealth 
 to the nation, as it naturally takes the place of coal in 
 supplying power, and is most suitable for papermaking 
 purposes. The Norwegian srjs that his country is a 
 very poor one ; but he forgets to say that it is so only 
 from an agricultural point of view. Norway, in natural 
 power, is exceedingly wealthy ; and capitalists, of what- 
 ever nationality, who embark in manufacturing indus- 
 tries, will at least obtain cheap power in abundance. 
 The natives are industrious and intelligent ; the schools 
 and other educational institutions 
 are first-class ; the climate is 
 magnificent; and there is an 
 upper class who, for kindness 
 and courtesy, will stand com- 
 parison with that of any other 
 country. There is none of the 
 fleecing and misleading Avhich is 
 so common in other parts of the 
 Continent of Europe. 
 
 The principal motor in Scan- 
 dinavia is the turbine. This piece 
 of machinery was at one time 
 
 J THE HERCULES TURBINE 
 
 imported ; but of late years the scr.lll^ZoZlloH.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 41 
 
 Scandinavian has produced at home some very fine 
 turbines, which compete most favourably with the 
 German article, and are only rivalled by the Swiss and 
 American turbines. As a rule, the water beino- nn- 
 limited all the year round, the turbines laid down are 
 generally greater in power than what is immediately 
 required of them ; which means that, Avhen extension of 
 business is contemplated, the additional machinery is 
 put down and connected with the existing power without 
 any interference with the original motor. 
 
 I have visited, and have seen on my travels through 
 Norway, many valuable water-powers, not far removed 
 from rail and sea, which are running to waste, no advan- 
 tage being taken of them. And I have often thought 
 that if cotton, woollen, and other manufactories which 
 depend upon steam-power were planted down beside 
 these waterfalls, what an annual saving would be made 
 — that is, if the raw material could be imported into 
 Norway as cheaply as it is done into England or Scotland. 
 At all events, the water is abundant and of the purest 
 description, fit to enter into the manufacture of any 
 class of goods, brewing and distilling included.
 
 42 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Tub-Sizing. 
 
 Tub-sized papers are now much more common than 
 they -used to be. At one time only high-class papers 
 were tub-sized, but now comparatively common papers 
 are sized in this way, and, owing to the cheapness of 
 these papers, an economical system of sizing them is of 
 value to the paper manufacturer. For such papers I 
 have, from my experience, prepared a cheap sizing com- 
 position, as follows: — 
 
 Two wooden boxes or tanks, lined with lead, are 
 placed on a high level above the sizer, the capacity 
 of each being 36 cubic feet, and each of which will 
 contain enough size, when full, to size 3000 lbs. of 
 paper. The contents of one of these boxes can be in 
 use for sizing while the other is in preparation. Dis- 
 solve in each of them 1 cwt. of gelatine. Do not allow 
 it to boil, as it will turn black, but dissolve it under 
 the boiling point. After it is thoroughly dissolved, 
 take 84 lbs. of starch, and mix it up in cold water to 
 the consistency of cream ; then gradually add the starch 
 to the gelatine, keeping the solution just under the 
 boiling point, when the starch will swell and burst up, 
 forming Aparatim. 
 
 This composition will size paper well and cleanly ; 
 and, if the sizing is done on the paper machine, it will 
 not stick to the calenders if rightl}' done.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-l'ULP PAPERS. 43 
 
 Bleach Test. 
 
 Pound 50 grs. of bleaching powder in a mortar, put 
 it into a crucible, and just cover it with cold water. 
 Wash the mortar, and empty the bleaching powder in the 
 crucible into it, adding a little hot water. Then pound 
 them. Decant from the mortar into a burette till it 
 contains 1000 grs. of bleaching solution. Take 1 gr. of 
 Potassium Ferricyanide, and dissolve in half a wine- 
 glassful of water. Now spot it on a clean white plate 
 with a glass rod. Fill a basin quarter-full of water, add 
 12 drops of Sulphuric Acid, then heat. Now weigh off 
 78 grs. of Protosulphate of Iron, and dissolve in a basin 
 of water. When the Protosulphate of Iron is dissolved, 
 add cold water until the basin is three-quarters full ; 
 then add the bleach solution from the burette, stirring 
 with a glass rod, and spotting a droj^ from the basin into 
 a drop of the Protosulphate of Iron solution till it ceases 
 to turn blue. It will take 55*4 of the burette to do this. 
 55-4) 2000 = 36-10 % of Chlorine. 
 
 Phlorogusine. 
 
 This, as a test for mechanical pulp, is unrivalled for 
 delicacy. Take 2 grammes of Phlorogusine ; put in a 
 close-stoppered bottle, add 25 cubic centimetres of 
 Alcohol and 5 cubic centimetres of Concentrated 
 Chloric Acid (H C L). It is best to keep this solution 
 in a dark-coloured bottle and away from the light, as 
 the light destroys its delicate effect. 
 
 I may mention that the best way to make up this 
 solution is to confine yourself to small quantities ; that 
 is, make up as small a quantity as possible, with a view 
 to having the solution always fresh and ready for use.
 
 44 NOTES ON THE ^fANUEACTURE OE 
 
 China-Clay. 
 
 This being an article which enters to a considerable 
 extent into the manufacture of paper, deserves some 
 space to describe its composition and usefulness. Many 
 people outside the paper trade have the idea that china- 
 clay is an adultrant, and a source of great profit to the 
 paper manufacturer. This is a mistake, as much of the 
 beautiful satin glaze on our highly-glazed papers is in 
 some measure due to china-clay ; and the close, easily- 
 written-upon paper, which has an even and smooth 
 surface, is partly due to a small percentage of china- 
 clay being used in its manufacture. 
 
 If Ave consider the loss of china-clay in the process of 
 paper manufacture, we will find that the paper manu- 
 facturers Avho use it have not such a handsome margin 
 from it as is generally supposed. Taking the price of 
 the best brands of china-clay and the present price of 
 finished paper, we come to the conclusion that china- 
 clay is not an adultrant, but an essential material in the 
 production of a Avell-finished paper. 
 
 The best brands of china-clay must be free from grit, 
 and have all the best carrying capacity — that is, the 
 clay should l)e in so finely-divided a state that it will 
 adhere to the pulp Avithout being separated during the 
 process of manufacture, as, Avhenever an excess of china- 
 clay is used, it Avill be found lying in the sand-traps, 
 and, in fact, all over the Avet end of the machine. This 
 is deliberate Avaste, and, Avhere such exists, the original 
 quantity should be reduced, or the matter investigated 
 to find Avhy the fibre is not carrying the proper quantity 
 to finish the paper. 
 
 There are several tests for china-clay, Avhich it Avill be 
 better to enumerate in detail, as folloAvs : — 
 
 If a sample is submitted, retain it, and judge your
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 45 
 
 consignment from the sample sent — that is, if the sample 
 sent meets all your requirements. We will therefore 
 suppose that the sample submitted will lie taken as a 
 standard. 
 
 Place 20 grains of this standard on a piece of glass 
 along Avith 20 grains of the stock or bulk of the; china- 
 clay received ; then rub both into a paste, and test 
 each by the feel for grit. If there is any grit in the 
 clay, it can be felt at once. It is also very important to 
 judge of the colour. Place a small quantity of the 
 standard sample and the consignment in two small 
 heaps, as close to each other as possible, without mixing 
 them ; then press both flat at one operation with a 
 piece of glass. The line where the two samples meet 
 will at once indicat(3 any difference in colour. Of 
 course there are difficulties in judging colour in this 
 wa}', as sometimes the china-cla}' is dyed with an inferior 
 quality of ultramarine, making it appear to the e^^e to 
 be a very handsome article. But, as a rule, these dyed 
 china-clays are of a very inferior quality, and, in testing 
 for grit, they are generally discovered, as they contain a 
 certain amount of sand and dirt, which can be easily 
 detected, and which is foreign to the best brands of 
 china-clay. It is scarcely necessary to add that goods 
 adulterated in this way do not emanate from the best 
 china-clay merchants, but from unscrupulous specula- 
 tors, with whom the paper manufacturer is seldom 
 induced to do business. 
 
 If china-clay passes the above ordinary tests in a satis- 
 factory manner, you may rest assured that you have got 
 the article you desire and have contracted for. 
 
 China-clay is a chemical compound of silica and 
 alumina. It is understood, as a rule, that, as the per- 
 centage of alumina in china-clay increases, the soft oily 
 feel increases in proportion. The quality of china-clay 
 differs much, and depends not only on the mine it is
 
 46 
 
 NOTES ON THE IMANUFACTURE OF 
 
 taken from, but on the cleansing treatment it receives 
 before it is put on the market. 
 
 The analysis of china-clay may be of interest to some 
 of my readers. It is the work of a thoroughly-qualified 
 chemist. 
 
 Silica 
 
 46 per cent. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 40-47 „ 
 
 Oxide of Iron . 
 
 0-38 „ 
 
 Lime 
 
 Absent. 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Slight traces. 
 
 Potash . 
 
 1-27 per cent. 
 
 Organic Matter 
 
 11-88 
 
 Another analysis from a different mine. 
 
 Silica . . . . 
 
 47-20 per cent. 
 
 Alumina 
 
 38-80 
 
 Lime 
 
 0-24 „ 
 
 Magnesia 
 
 Absent. 
 
 Potash . 
 
 1-76 „ 
 
 Soda 
 
 Absent. 
 
 Oxide of Iron 
 
 Absent. 
 
 Manganese 
 
 Slight traces. 
 
 Water . 
 
 12-00 per cent 
 
 n rvwT wrn q f . n a 
 
 clay, suited in every respect for paper finishing, really 
 ought to be. 
 
 But the most important features which the paper- 
 maker has to consider in china-clay are its percentage 
 of moisture, its colour, its freedom from iron, and its 
 adhesive qualities. In using china-clay as a surfacing 
 agent in the manufacture of paper, care should be taken 
 that no excess should be put in the engine, as ouly a 
 certain quantity will adhere to the pulp, and any excess 
 is lost in the process of manufacture. It is very difiicult 
 to determine to a nicety the quantity which the different
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 47 
 
 materials will cany without injury to their texture. 
 But the paperniaker can, as a rule, judge pretty accu- 
 rately as to the quantity which can with safety be put 
 into the different thicknesses of papers which he makes 
 with a view to get the desired result — that is, of feel 
 and surface — without injury to the bulk or strength. 
 
 Much could be written on the subject of china-clay; 
 but I consider it sufficient to point out a simple method 
 of examination, which can be adopted by the youngest 
 workman in the mill, and which will prepare him in 
 future for more elaborate examinations.
 
 48 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 I have many times experienced (when running the 
 paper machine, and since I have acted as paper-mill 
 foreman) a difficulty in bringing forward the paper 
 uniformly-pressed at one operation to the calenders — 
 in many cases the web of paper being over-dried at 
 one side and insufficiently-dried at the other, the fault 
 arising from unequal pressure with the press-rolls. It 
 is the practice in most paper mills for the machineman to 
 press the front side, and the machine assistant to press 
 the back side, the consequence being, upon many occa- 
 sions, an unequally-pressed paper and a complete mess at 
 the calenders until the presses are adjusted and the 
 paper is pressed uniformly on both sides. I would sug- 
 gest, as a remedy for this evil, that both sides of the press- 
 rolls should be 
 connected, so 
 that the pressing- 
 can be done from ^ga^ 
 [the front of the v^j- 
 machine by the 
 machine m a n 
 alone. 
 
 This could be 
 managed on the 
 same principle as 
 a cylinder felt is 
 tightened up — 
 that is, with a 
 clutch arrange- 
 ment on both 
 endsofthecross-"^ ^ ...„ 
 
 PRESS ROLLS WITH IMPROVED PARALLEL LIFTING GEAR. 
 shaft so that, Bertrams LmnEo. scenn.s, Edinburgh. 
 
 when changing a felt, the one side of the press-roll could
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 49 
 
 be raised without interfering with the other side. By 
 this arrangement, a perfect and uniformly-pressed paper 
 at one operation would be the result, saving at every 
 alteration of the pressing a considerable quantity of 
 broke — thereby avoiding loss to the employer as well 
 as annoyance to the machineman. It is in these little 
 things that a saving can be effected. Nothing should 
 be considered of so little importance that it is not worth 
 adopting, when it has a tendency to produce perfect 
 paper, and to add not only to the comfort of the work- 
 people but also to the daily production of the mill. 
 
 I have had the question of automatic leading of the 
 paper under consideration for some years, and have come 
 to the conclusion that it can be done — that is, that the 
 paper can be led automatically from the wire to the first 
 press in the following manner: — The ordinary wet felt 
 remains intact, and a second felt of a somewhat more 
 open texture passes between the top couch-roll and the 
 wire (consequently over the paper). This second felt 
 passes on and under the top roll of the first press ; that 
 is, the paper at the first press will be pressed between 
 two felts, the leading being accomplished on the same 
 principle as on the single-cylinder machine. This pro- 
 cess can also be continued on to the second or third j^ress 
 by a series of felts (but I do not approve of the matter 
 being carried further than the first press, as it will make 
 no material difference to the paper but what the other 
 presses will obliterate), and it will certainly prevent the 
 possibility of any fibre being wasted at the wire — the 
 whole being carried to the first press-roll, where any 
 broke can be cleanly collected and sent back to the 
 beater. It also has the tendency to completely oblite- 
 rate the wire mark. It does not involve any considerable 
 alteration of plant, nor does it create any great expense, 
 and the subsequent saving of material is a very important 
 
 consideration. 
 D
 
 50 
 
 NOTES OX THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 If roiifrh-surfncecl iinitatioii hand-iiiade papers are de- 
 sired, this system facilitates tlieir manufacture, and pro- 
 duces the requisite article at little cost, the extent of the 
 pressure on the first press varying the roughness of the 
 surface on both sides of the paper. 
 
 Couch-Roll Brackets. 
 
 Couch-roll brackets on wide and large paper machines 
 stand in need of some improvement, the top couch -roll 
 being so heavy that tlie machinemen experience some 
 difficulty in taking off and in putting on the top roll 
 when changing a wire. Could not the top couch-roll 
 brackets be made with a joint or hinge near the framing, 
 so that the top 
 couch -roll could 
 be lifted clear of 
 the wire, leaving 
 sufficient I'oom to 
 lift the under roll 
 when putting on 
 the new wire ? 
 The top roll could ^ 
 be lifted with a 
 chain-tackle, and, 
 when the wire 
 was on, it could 
 be lowered down gradually and exactly at one operation 
 into its place upon the wire, thereby saving damage being 
 done to the wire by the tmsting and shifting of the top 
 roll to get it to go up on the wire in a parallel manner. 
 
 .-** Doctors" on Cylinders and Calenders. 
 
 This cannot rightly be called a possible improvement, 
 as it is an existing one, and one which deserves the 
 attention and consideration of paper manufacturers who 
 
 ELEVATION OF IMPROVED COUCH-ROLL BRACKETC 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED. SCIENNES. EDIHBUROH.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 51 
 
 have not adopted it. In mills where mechanical pulp is 
 used, doctors on the cylinders are absolutely necessary, 
 as, when the paper comes in contact with the heated 
 cylinder (however low the temperature), the minute 
 particles of rosin contained in the mechanical pulp melt 
 and adhere to the cylinders ; and where there are no 
 doctors, the surface of the cylinders assumes a rough- 
 ness which in time renders them absolutely useless for 
 drying purposes, and causes them to pit and mark the 
 surface of the paper, rendering it almost unfit to be 
 flattened at the dry end of the machine. This roughness 
 does not altogether consist of rosin, but is composed 
 of fine fibre, which the rosin draws with it from the 
 surface of the paper while in the act of adhering to the 
 cylinder. Consequently the application of a doctor 
 not only keeps the cylinder clean, but it reduces the 
 tendency of the rosin to stick to the cylinder, as, wher- 
 ever there is an accumulated mass of sticky matter, the 
 paper has a greater tendency to adhere to the cylinders, 
 and deposit a larger percentage, especially of fibre, than 
 when a perfectly clean surface is presented to the paper. 
 
 DOCTORS ON DRYING CYLINDERS. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED. SCIENNES, EDINBURGH. 
 
 These doctors require to be fitted to the cylinders very 
 accurately, and the doctor blades should not be too hard ; 
 as, in the first case, if not accurately fitted, they are liable
 
 52 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 to miss portions of the cylinder, which is very objection- 
 able, this having the tendency to send away a portion of 
 the web rough and " cockly ; " and, in the second case, 
 if the doctor blades are too hard, they are liable to cut 
 into the cylinder surface, which might permanently 
 roughen them, and render it necessary to have them 
 turned and polished again. But, by care and a little 
 looking after, all this can be avoided. 
 
 I generally made it a rule to note, as they came under 
 my observation during the week, any little things which 
 might possibly impede the progress of the work, and at 
 the end of the week, when the mill was shut, have them 
 put right. This system, I must say, saved me a con- 
 siderable amount of trouble during the working days of 
 the week, and was the means of preventing stoppages. 
 
 My own opinion is, that if I were a millowner 
 I would have a doctor on every cylinder on the 
 paper machine. Doctors keep the cylinders clean, and 
 absolutely prevent the possibility of a piece of paper 
 sticking on them. I have seen much broke made, and 
 much trouble caused in the night-time, before it was 
 discovered that a damp tail-end of the paper was sticking 
 on the cylinder and making a slight crack on the edge 
 of the paper, which broke at the calenders. If the crack 
 is large, it is at once discovered ; but these little ones, 
 caused in the manner described, are very difficult to 
 find out, especially at night. 
 
 As to doctors on the calenders, it is a mystery to me 
 why they have not been universal years ago. I have 
 seen, in my experience, many tons of paper sent back to 
 the mill for no other reason than calender stamps. And, 
 bear in mind, this was no fault of the machineman, as 
 at the end of every break the calenders were thoroughly 
 cleaned. Of course, paper will occasionally break at the 
 paper machine (and there are a thousand-and-one reasons 
 for it doing so, which are discovered by the machineman
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 53 
 
 and cured by him). Still a certain amount of broke 
 must necessarily be made before the cin^e is effected, and 
 every time the paper is led through the calenders and 
 on to the reel there will be calender stamps. 
 
 IMPROVED DOCTORS FOR CALENDERS. 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, SCIENNES, EDINBURGH
 
 54 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 All the ContiHcntal mills have a doctor on each roll, 
 effectually preventing the possibility of stamps, and send- 
 ing the paper on to the reel perfectly clean, which is a 
 saving of a large percentage of broke, besides facilitating 
 the work in the finishing department. By the adoption 
 of doctors, the danger to the fingers is considerably 
 lessened, and the paper easier led through the calenders. 
 
 I may also mention that I have seen, when making 
 thick highly-machine-surfaced card-papers, such papers 
 considerably damaged by wool marks on the surface 
 — that is, detached threads or fibres of wool from 
 the cylinder felt coming off -with the damp paper and 
 sticking to the calenders, and consequently marking the 
 surface of the paper to such an extent as to render it 
 retree, if not broke. These woolly fibres are very diffi- 
 cult to see during the night ; but, by the aid of doctors 
 on the calenders, this is completely remedied. In fact, the 
 small cost of adopting doctors will in a very short time 
 repay the paper manufacturer, and save the machine- 
 man much trouble, by allowing him and his assistant 
 (if the paper is troublesome) to devote the time usually 
 taken up in cleaning the calenders to the quicker dis- 
 covery of the cause of the breaking, and an earlier cure. 
 
 I am aware that some mills in this country have 
 adopted doctors on the calenders, and I am sure that 
 what I have said as to their utility and economy will be 
 borne out by those employed therein.
 
 WOOD rULP AND WOOD-rULP PAPERS. 55 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 I am not sufficiently a commercial man to discuss the 
 question of foreign competition ; but, as a practical 
 papermaker, I may be allowed to ventilate my opinion, 
 which, I may say, is based upon a close study of the 
 matter, and keen observation as to what the foreigner is 
 doing. The foreigner has certainly many natural ad- 
 vantages in the shape of unlimited motive power and 
 comparatively cheap labour — I say, comparative!}^ cheap 
 labour ; but I do not think this should be taken into 
 account, as the difference in wages is so little that it 
 comes to a very small item in the expenditure of a 
 paper mill. I am, therefore, of opinion that the advan- 
 tage of competition does not lie in that quarter, but in 
 the foreigner's indefatigable industry, and his adoption 
 of the most modern plant and the best mechanical 
 appliances for transporting his materials from one de- 
 partment to another, which means a saving of labour, 
 with the work done better and cleaner. His machinery 
 is of the most modern type, and is fitted with all the 
 latest improvements for economy of production and 
 efficiency of work. 
 
 In the foreign mills you will not find any of the obso- 
 lete and ancient paper machinery which is so abundant 
 in our own country ; and I think, if papermakers would 
 keep up with the times, by adopting more modern plant, 
 better suited to their requirements and to the material 
 which they are now compelled to use, we would not hear 
 so much of foreign competition. But, so long as we go 
 on using the old rusty tools our fathers were getting 
 tired of, so long will we hear of other people getting in 
 front of us and driving us out of the markets of the 
 world.
 
 56 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTUKE OF 
 
 I knew an active and intelligent paper manufacturer 
 Avho would not consent to change the wheels on his 
 paper-machine cylinders, although the number of cylin- 
 der felts destroyed every year by the wheels being bolted 
 on to the end of the cylinders was pointed out to him. 
 When the felt began to travel, it got amongst the wheels, 
 and was not only cut, but greased on the edges, which 
 continued for days to make broke by greasing the edges 
 of the paper; whereas the trifling expense of putting 
 wheels outside the framing would have been repaid in a 
 very short time. The foreigner does not hesitate one 
 moment over these things, but goes into the matter at 
 once, where anything can be saved and economy in 
 working assured. 
 
 Until we come up to the foreigner in the equipment 
 of our paper mills Avith a view to economy and efficiency 
 of production, we had better say as little as possible 
 about foreign competition and its results. 
 
 I may possibly be told that my ideas of meeting 
 foreign competition are rather expensive, and, if adopted, 
 would mean extraordinary alterations and consequent 
 large expense. Yes, the process will certainly be at 
 some considerable cost in the first instance. And it is a 
 well-known fact that there are paper machines and other 
 paper-mill plant running at present in this country 
 which should have been in the scrap-heap years ago. 
 But, if we look around us, we can see at a glance that 
 the modern and up-to-date mills are the successful ones, 
 and that the antiquated aifairs are gradually dropping 
 out of existence, which amply proves that I am stating 
 the truth. And, to further confirm this, we must note 
 the fact that the foreign mills which most successfully 
 compete with the British papermaker are the mills of 
 most modern construction, fitted with all the latest im- 
 provements for economy of time and material, and for 
 facilitating a large production.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 57 
 
 I have endeavoured in this article to put before my 
 readers all that has come under my observation relating 
 to money and labour-saving improvements, and, before 
 concluding, I will de- 
 scribe a feature which 
 I think is worthy of 
 notice : that is. the 
 latest system of driving 
 as applied to the paper 
 machine. 
 
 Many of the paper 
 machines on the Con- 
 tinent which have been 
 made in this country, 
 as well as those of 
 Continental makers, are 
 driven by the vertical 
 system, which means 
 two lines of shafting 
 extending the full 
 length of the paper 
 machine. The first line, 
 which is driven by a 
 belt direct from the 
 steam - engine or the 
 turbine, as the case may 
 be, is hung upon wall- 
 brackets at as great a 
 height from the floor 
 as space will permit ; 
 the second line of 
 shafting is placed upon 
 stool - brackets resting 
 on the floor. Upon both 
 lines of shafting are 
 conical driving pulleys, so that the machineman can
 
 58 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 alter his draws with the greatest ease and accuracy for 
 the different thicknesses of paper which he is called upon 
 to make. This means an enormous savino- of beltiii":, 
 no packing being used. Connecting up evi^ry section of 
 the paper machine is a cross-shaft, driven by bevel gear- 
 ing from the under line of shafting. This method has, 
 in my opinion, many advantages over the horizontal 
 system of driving a i)aper machine. The floor space is 
 less encumbered, and the belting lasts longer (it being 
 vertical, and lighter belting does the work). The draws 
 can also be adjusted with such accuracy that the steadi- 
 ness of the various sections cannot be excelled. With 
 the horizontal system, we have the pulleys covered with 
 pieces of felt, which continually keep coming off or 
 sticking to each other, and forming lumps upon the 
 pulley, thus making a very unsteady drive, which, if it 
 does not actually cause broke, makes '•' cockly " paper, 
 the tension of the paper not being uniform. 
 
 Of course, when I mention the under-line of shafting 
 on stool-brackets, it must be understood that I do not 
 mean a continuous line, but a broken one — a break at 
 every section. I may here also state that a machineman 
 (when he becomes acquainted with these draws, or the 
 changing of them) can with the utmost accuracy set 
 them all for the paper he is about to make before he 
 starts his machine, which means a clean start-off", with- 
 out any changing of draws wdiile the pa^^er is running 
 into the pit. 
 
 I now feel inclined to finish this article with a few 
 remarks which may prove useful to my young friends 
 in the paper trade, and which will be devoted to them 
 and their interests. I may say that the young paper- 
 maker of the present day has to contend with a class of 
 difficulties almost unknown to our forefathers. In addi- 
 tion to being a skilled paj^ermaker, who must have a
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 59 
 
 good practical experience in the use of all the most 
 modern and up-to-date materials which enter into the 
 manufacture and composition of fine papers as well as 
 the commoner sorts, he should also be able to understand 
 enough of chemistry to l)e in a position, at least, to 
 conduct simple experiments and tests connected with his 
 business. Many mills cannot afford to keep a thoroughly 
 practical chemist (not having sufficient work for one), 
 but at the same time find it necessary to have some one 
 on the premises who is capable of conducting these 
 examinations with a degree of accuracy, and who is able 
 to determine correctly if they are being supplied with 
 the article contracted for, and what is best and most 
 economically suited for their requirements. 
 
 The young papermaker who has an ambition to rise 
 in his profession has many difficulties to contend Avith — 
 many more than his predecessors had — in consequence 
 of the frequent changes that are taking place, which are 
 of a varied character. In the days of our forefathers, a 
 man who had sufficient education to read and write 
 and be able to figure a little, combined with a thorough 
 practical knowledge of his business of papermaking, was 
 eligible to fill a position of responsibility and trust in the 
 mill. And I must say that, judging from the old paper- 
 makers I have seen and those I have heard of, they were 
 shrewd hard-headed Scotsmen, with their heads screwed 
 on the right way. It was in these days that paper was 
 made that proved the lasting article. But things are 
 now very much altered ; and if one wishes to get on 
 he must move with the times, as what was suited to 
 the requirements of the old papermakers will not, and 
 does not, satisfy the modern paper manufacturer. 
 Hence the young papermaker must ask himself some 
 very important and vital questions as to his future 
 guidance, such as, What do I require, independent of 
 my practical knowledge and skill in my business of
 
 60 NOTES ON THE MANUEACTUEE OF 
 
 pnpermakiiig, to fit ine in an efficient manner to fill 
 a position of trust and responsibility in a mill '? 
 
 Well, I will try to give you the benefit of a little of 
 my experience, some portions of which I have a lively 
 recollection of gaining-. You must not get the idea into 
 your head that the life of a papermaker who has spent 
 much of his time abroad has been a bed of roses, as it is 
 by no means such. You have, first of all, the language 
 of the country to contend with, and the nature and 
 character of the natives to study ; — that is, if you wish 
 to get along with them, you must not only learn to 
 like them, but you must learn them to like you. And 
 when that is accomplished, the whole matter is plain. 
 Wherever you are placed, you will require to have a 
 fairly liberal education, and an ambition to thoroughly 
 master the practical details of your business of paper- 
 making through every stage. You must not only study 
 how any given part of your work can best be done, but 
 how it can be so done with the greatest economy. This 
 economy must not only be applied to great undertak- 
 ino;s, but also to the most insio-nificant details in the 
 working of the mill. Nothing which comes under your 
 notice should be considered of so little importance as to 
 be overlooked or neglected, as the times Ave live in de- 
 mand the utmost economy. There is such a small 
 margin of profit in the manufacture of paper at the 
 present time, that the economy which was necessary 
 under former circumstances is now of much greater 
 importance. When prices for the manufactured article 
 are so low, the profit comes out of the economy, or 
 rather the economical working, of the mill. This economy 
 does not only mean the actual saving of material which 
 might go to waste, but also consists in producing the 
 best possible article in the shortest possible time, and 
 making the very utmost of all the materials entrusted 
 to you to operate upon.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. Gl 
 
 To rise in your profession, you will find it necessary, 
 in the first place, to possess a knowledge of the raw 
 material, and, if you have a tendency in that direction, 
 you will find it a most interesting study. Get samples 
 of the various sorts of rags ; examine them — their tex- 
 ture, their character, their strength ; form your own 
 opinions upon them ; then consult one who is older than 
 yourself, and whose experience warrants him in guiding 
 you if your opinions are at fault. You should also 
 acquaint yourself with the various processes through 
 which esparto, straw, wood, and other fibres pass. Ex- 
 periment for yourself at your home. Do not act rashly, 
 but take time ; and, whatever the question be, think it 
 out, examining not only the foi\ but the against. Be 
 at all times courteous and civil to the workmen who 
 are older in the business than you, and listen attentively 
 to whatever opinions they have formed of anything 
 new which has been adopted in the mill. Examine 
 the matter in question, and see if your own opinions 
 coincide with theirs, and judge accordingly. Upon no 
 occasion set yourself as an authority upon any subject 
 until you are thoroughly matured and fully understand 
 what you are talking about, and even then you must be 
 very careful. I strongly advise calm plodding, careful 
 study and observation, and quiet unobtrusive manner, 
 as a sure means of success. 
 
 There are many things upon which one could advise 
 the young papermaker, but these can best be discussed 
 as the occasion demands ; and, in whatever position he 
 is placed in the mill, he will always have an old head 
 convenient, who will at all times be pleased to get him 
 out of a difiiculty and advise him for the best. Avoid 
 all inclination to get speedily out of the mill. The 
 sound of the bell comes quickest to those who are most 
 interested in their work ; and, by such exemplary con-
 
 62 NOTES OX THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 duct, you will not only be a pattern in stimulating 
 others, but will yourself be commended. 
 
 I might stretch out this article to unlimited dimen- 
 sions, but it would serve no good purpose ; I have 
 conveyed my ideas and experiences in as few words as 
 possible ; I have adhered consistently to my own ex- 
 periences, having neither taken from nor added to them, 
 but have given them as best I can ; and I hope that 
 they will be received in the same spirit as they have 
 been offered.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 63 
 
 HIGH-CLASS DUPLEX PAPER. 
 
 To produce a hiirli-class Duplex Paper, the old system 
 of running a stream of coloured pulp over a brown or 
 grey ground has been much improved upon. The new 
 method makes a perfectly uniform paper, completely 
 free from lumps or inequalities. 
 
 The paper machine for the i)roduction of high-class 
 duplex papers is a combination of the ordinary paper 
 machine and the cylinder machine, with this advantage, 
 that the cylinder machine can at pleasure be left stand- 
 ing while the paper machine can go on and make any 
 ordinary paper. The duplex part of the machine can 
 be attached when desired. 
 
 This machine consists of the ordinary paper-machine 
 wire and wet felt ; but, instead of the paper passing on 
 from the wire to the wet felt proper, it passes on to a 
 felt directly above the wet felt, and placed between the 
 couch-roll and the first press-roll. This felt has an in- 
 dependent drive and no press-rolls — it being simply a 
 carrying felt to convey the pulp from the wire on to the 
 entrance to the first press, where it is joined by the layer 
 of pulp from the wet felt proper, which receives its 
 supply of pulp from a drum or cylinder underneath the 
 wet felt, exactly the same as on a cylinder machine. 
 The two layers of pulp meet each other at the first press, 
 where they are joined together, and carried on the 
 machine to the dry end as a perfect duplex paper. The 
 colour can be arranged to suit the papermaker. He can 
 run any colour he chooses, both on his wire and on his 
 cylinder — the top side being one colour and the under 
 side another. 
 
 I have seen an endless variety of coloured papers 
 made by this system, and some of them for envelopes,
 
 64 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 which for opacity and beauty could not be surpassed. 
 This is an addition which can be made to any paper 
 machine at so trifling a cost that (taking into account 
 the beautiful papers which are produced by it) it is not 
 worth considering. The beauty and utility of the system 
 is, that any tint you desire can be given to either side of 
 the paper — not in the rough and spotty way which is 
 done with duplex Avrapping paper, but in such a perfect 
 manner that it is impossible to detect where the two 
 colours come together. 
 
 The favourite colours used are mottled under side — 
 that is, mottled grey, mottled red, and a great variety of 
 mottled colours, with blue, red, green, and, in fact, every 
 possible shade of colour on the upper side. These 
 papers, when made from wood fibre, have a handsome 
 appearance, and are very strong, and well adapted for a 
 high-class envelope paper, as well as being a novelty in 
 fancy note paper. 
 
 The fine brands of wood fibre, wben properly treated, 
 produce an astonishing variety of papers, for which the 
 character of the material is well adapted, and into which 
 it can be utilised with the greatest economy. Envelope 
 papers, Avhen made of this material, have all the best 
 qualifications which they should possess — that is, great 
 strength, absolute opacity, and a surface appearance 
 which takes the eye admirably.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 65 
 
 FINISHING PAPER. 
 
 The finishing departments in a Continental paper mill 
 are conducted on somewhat different principles from 
 those of our home mills. As a rule, there is no machi- 
 nery in the finishing house except the guillotine and the 
 folding machine. The cut paper is placed upon a waggon 
 
 IMPROVED GUILLOTINE CUTTING MACHINE. 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED SCIENNES, EDINBURGH, 
 
 at the cutting machine, which, when full, is conveyed 
 mechanically by a wire rope to the finishing house. The 
 man at the cutting machine sets this waggon in motion, 
 and, upon its arrival at the proper place in the finishing 
 house (where it comes in contact with a check lever, 
 which operates upon the main drive of the rope by 
 changing the belt from the driving pulley on to the 
 slack pulley), the waggon comes at once to a stand- 
 still, is immediately unloaded, and then sent back by 
 E
 
 66 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 reversing the gear. Of course this system is only ap- 
 plicable to mills constructed upon the most economical 
 principles for the saving of time and labour. The pa])er 
 is now given out to the girls, who sort it much in the 
 usual way ; only, where there is no folding machine, 
 each girl must finish her own paper — that is, she over- 
 hauls it, folds it, places it down in front of the tier, and 
 in some cases (that is, if the weight of the paper is not 
 satisfactory) she must weigh every ream as it is finished, 
 and report the result to the head finisher, who advises 
 as to what shall be done. Notwithstanding all this 
 routine, the girls make very good wages — in many cases 
 much better than our girls at home. There is very 
 little tied paper sent out either from the Scandinavian 
 or the Russian mills, for the reason that the former is 
 press-packed for shipment abroad, and the latter pressed 
 for the Russian markets — many of the mills keeping 
 hundreds of tons of paper in stock until the annual 
 market at Nijni-Novgorod takes place, when the Avhole 
 is sent off and sold there. 
 
 Paper made on the Continent has, in the finishing 
 department, to be clearly and distinctly marked " Manu- 
 factured in Norway," or " Manufactured in Sweden," &c., 
 as the case may be ; and I must say that the Scandinavian 
 carries this out to the very letter. Foreign paper may 
 be sold in the British market as of home manufacture, 
 but, as far as I have seen, the fault is not the foreigner's, 
 for he honestly carries out the Customs regulations. 
 
 Web Calendering Department. 
 
 In the calendering of paper upon the Continent and 
 in our home mills there has been a very marked ad- 
 vancement indeed, as not so many years ago it was 
 considered almost impossible to calender a full width of
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 67 
 
 paper (say 60 in. or 70 in.) satisfactorily. But of late 
 years all the difficulties have been overcome ; and one 
 of the largest paper-mill engineering houses in Edin- 
 burgh is, and has been, supplying the trade with super- 
 calenders, which, for efficiency in working, the quantity 
 of paper glazed, and the small percentage of broke, 
 compare most favourably with any such machines made 
 on the Continent. And, with the universal cry for more 
 surface, the results with these machines are astonishing. 
 It is a well-known fact that, finish paper on the paper 
 machine as you like, the surface has always an inclina- 
 tion to come back, and this is so to a greater degree 
 when the surface has been imparted to the paper while 
 in a very hot state. 
 
 MILNE S PATENT DAMPER. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, SCIENNES. EDINBURGH. 
 
 This machine has been specially designed to obviate 
 defects in existing machines, and consists essentially in 
 carrying a regular and uniform quantity of water in a 
 fine wire cloth to an air blast, which projects the water 
 on to the web, to be damped in the finest possible spray. 
 The advantages claimed are — (1) The range of damping 
 power is very great, and can be regulated from almost 
 nil to a very large quantity, while in existing machines 
 the range is very limited, and not easily regulated or 
 kept uniforai all over the web ; (2) The damping is 
 quite uniform all over the web, as, from the construe-
 
 68 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 tion of the machine, it cannot hv, otherwise ; (3) It is 
 easily and quickly regulated to give the required 
 amount of water, and when once set cannot be de- 
 ranged ; (4) It can be a})plied to the web at any 
 angle, and to both sides if necessary ; (5) It is simple 
 in construction, easily understood, and operated with- 
 out difficulty. 
 
 I have not the slightest hesitation in saying that, 
 in producing a perfect super-calendered paper, the 
 damping of the paper is the most important part of 
 the operation, and ought therefore to be properly and 
 intelligently carried out. Taking tlie roll of paper 
 coming from the papermaking machine, and containing 
 the amount of heat it generally does (even although 
 means are taken in an ordinary way to extract the 
 electricity and heat before the paper is wound up on 
 the roll), it is most advisable that the moisture should 
 not be imparted to the paper until it is cooled. For 
 such a purpose, I would advise that there should be 
 at least one cooling cylinder, or preferably two, on the 
 damping machine, constructed in a similar manner to 
 damping-rolls, but having cold water inside. This 
 would have the effect of cooling the paper, and, when 
 the moisture was imparted to it, it would not be 
 absorbed by the heat which otherwise would be in the 
 paper. Little heat as the paper may contain before 
 damping, when wound up into a solid roll it becomes 
 greater, and the moisture is absorbed. I am not 
 acquainted with any better method of damping paper 
 for the super-calender than b}^ a roll running in water 
 for moistening the one side, and Annandale's spray for 
 the other. This spray-damping is an admirable system, 
 the moisture being so finely distributed ; and the perfect 
 absence of drops or unequally damped paper renders 
 it a machine which can be used with confidence, and 
 which requires little attention when in operation. To
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 69 
 
 obtain this, however, I recommend that the water jets 
 be fixed by nuts, so as to keep them in position. 
 
 IMPROVED WEB-GLAZING CALENDER WITH 12 ROLLS. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED. SCIENNES. EOINLURGH 
 
 The super-calender is now built by our own engineers 
 in various styles, but for stability I prefer the double- 
 jawed bracket, having from eight to ten rolls, half of 
 that number being of cotton. There are rolls of woollen 
 paper and brown and white linen paper, but I think 
 the raw cotton is the best. I recommend that the dia- 
 meter of those for esparto papers be larger than when 
 wood papers are used, as, the higher the finish re- 
 quired, more moisture has to be imparted to the paper. 
 And as I consider that esparto papers are more apt to 
 be injured in the bulk, therefore I would advise that 
 the rolls be larger in diameter than for wood papers. 
 Most of the Continental engineers construct these calen-
 
 70 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 dere with automatic feed, which however is, in my 
 opinion, more a hindrance than a benefit. Super- 
 calenders are now brought to a high state of perfection, 
 being fitted with numerous labour-saving appliances, 
 such as that for lifting up the roll of paper by a simple 
 arrangement on the planing machine, and the reversing- 
 motion system, which enables the man in charge to 
 place the roll of paper about to be passed through the 
 calender in any desired position to suit the draw. An 
 eight-roll calender should have at least two steam-rolls, 
 and, with a well-damped paper and high-j^ressure steam 
 in these rolls, the most satisfactory results will be gained. 
 Of course it is well understood that paper which has to 
 be super-calendered must be very carefully made. The 
 web must be of as uniform a thickness all over as pos- 
 sible. Thick edges Avill often destroy the glazing, or 
 prevent a uniformly -glazed sheet. The deckle edge 
 should also be carefully trinnned, to prevent projecting 
 fibres from sticking to the rolls. 
 
 Friction Calenders. 
 
 A great many of our envelope papers are glazed by 
 means of friction calenders, which are now being built 
 combined with rolling calenders — that is, Avhen friction- 
 glazing, three rolls are used for the operation, the two 
 cotton-rolls on the top of the friction-roll being jammed 
 down so as to take up any deflection of the friction-roll. 
 In this process, as also in the rolling, satisfactory results 
 depend upon the damping ; and I strongly advise that 
 the paper be damped according to the finish wanted. I 
 have seen very high surfaces gained when the water was 
 almost forming in small worms before the friction-roll, 
 and the friction-roll heated up as hot as possible with 
 high-pressure steam. This seems to me to act instantly, 
 like a smoothing-iron on a well-prepared shirt front.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 71 
 
 The power necessary in friction-glazing is very great, 
 and you may I'eckon that to friction-glaze a web of 
 paper, say about 60 in. wide, at least 50 horse-power is 
 required. I recommend that the driving of the friction- 
 roll be done by belts, as I have seen, in the case of a 
 highly-glazed paper which had been moistened accord- 
 ingly, and where the roll was driven with wheels, the 
 pitch of the wheels show up on the surface of the paper. 
 This, of course, is not of so much importance in common 
 papers, but in high-class or envelope papers it is very 
 objectionable. 
 
 As to the amount of slip, I consider that, for the 
 average friction-glazed papers, this should be about 2g 
 to 1. The cotton-roll below the friction-roll should be 
 made of the very best quality of raw cotton ; and, 
 whether the calender is used for friction or rolling, it is 
 absolutely necessary that such cotton or paper rolls 
 should be re-2:)ressed three months at least after starting, 
 the duration of the rolls being thus greatly increased, 
 and a continuous uniform surface given to the paper 
 when the rolls are in good order. 
 
 Hydraulic arrangements have been applied to these 
 calenders, so as to keep the rolls separate one from the 
 other while the calenders are not at work. These I con- 
 sider very good and necessary, as, after a mill has been 
 cooled down, the chilled rolls retain their coldness, and, 
 when the mill re-starts, the warm atmosphere condenses 
 on these cold rolls, runs round to the joints, and rusts 
 and otherwise damages both the cotton and the chilled 
 rolls. The arrangement for lifting them free from each 
 other is very simple, and can be worked with the utmost 
 ease by the attendant. 
 
 I am aware that calenders have been imported into 
 this country from Germany, which I deplore, as I am 
 confident that, for economy and efficiency, Scotch engi- 
 neers can produce, and are producing, super-calenders
 
 72 
 
 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 and friction-calenders which cannot be surpassed ; and, 
 from those which I have seen and heard of made by 
 them, little can be desired beyond their production. 
 
 The German calender may at first sight appear very 
 attractive ; but when it comes to the actual workino-. or 
 to the production of a perfectly-glazed paper, it is quite 
 a different affair. Their calenders are, in my opinion, of 
 too light construction, having no solidity about them ; 
 consequently they soon get out of order, and come to 
 be very costly in upkeep. 
 
 END ELEVATION. 
 
 IMPROVED FRICTION GLAZING CALENDER. 
 BERtRAMS LIMITED. SCIENNES, EDINBURGH.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 73 
 
 REFINER IN 
 
 WORKING POSITION, 
 
 WITH 
 
 PEARSON AND BERTRAM'S 
 
 REFINING ENGINE. 
 
 By the kind permission of the EUangowan Paper 
 Company I was allowed to visit their works, and there 
 saw the new refiner at full work. The machine is very 
 compact, occupying little floor-space, and certainly having 
 no expensive foundations. As the machine has been 
 built with a view to efficiency of Avork and economy of 
 power, we will hear more of it in the near future. What 
 principally 
 attracted my 
 attention was 
 the easy, cool, 
 and steady 
 working of 
 the machine. 
 There did not 
 seem to be 
 any of the 
 hard ginnd- 
 ing of metal 
 which exists 
 in the conical 
 engine. The 
 engine seemed 
 to be brushing 
 
 away without any effort, and discharging a cleared-out 
 pulp, which I examined very carefully. I could not 
 find the slightest trace of knot or inequality of any 
 kind ; and, judging from the paper being made from 
 this refined pulp, nothing could be desired which the 
 machine did not accomplish. Being thoroughly satis- 
 fied with the quality as well as the quantity of the work
 
 74 , NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 produced, I now directed my attention to the power 
 absorbed. The machine was passing a continuous 
 stream of refined pulp, sufficient to keep any paper 
 machine at full work, with a varying power of from 
 28 to 30 horse. If this can be maintained, the machine, 
 I must say, has a great future before it, especially in 
 mills where a considerable quantity of mechanical pulp 
 is used, as the subdividing qualities of the machine are 
 admirable, the fibres, upon close examination, being in 
 such a finely-divided state. By that action which is 
 peculiar to all refining engines, and which seems to be 
 done by this machine in a most perfect manner, there is 
 no maiming or cutting of the fibres, but a splitting or 
 dividing process, which, while making the fibre suffi- 
 ciently fine for the paper desired, does not interfere with 
 its native strength or appearance when formed into a 
 sheet. Upon examination of the strainers on the paper 
 machine, there was a total absence of knots, hanks, or 
 inequalities, or of any unrefined pulp : the whole mass 
 seemed to have been operated upon in a most cleanly 
 manner. This, I must say, is one of the valuable points 
 to be considered in the refining engine. It supplies the 
 paper-machine strainers with a pulp which will pass a 
 finer cut with ease, simply because there are none of the 
 hanks and knots continually accumulating upon the 
 plate surface, which is a natural consequence of stuff 
 emptied to the paper machine direct from the beater, 
 and which continually keeps choking up the plates, 
 causing variations in the thickness of the paper. When 
 the plates are rubbed, or the accumulations on the 
 plates disturbed, a mass of dirt escapes, which produces 
 a considerable quantity of dirty paper ; whereas, in the 
 perfectly refined pulp there is nothing to choke up the 
 slits, and any dirt in the pulp is washed away to the 
 auxiliary strainer.
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 75 
 
 PAPER-MACHINE WIRE. 
 
 This being the most fragile and delicate part of the 
 paper-machine mountings, it is necessary to handle it 
 with great care, as any damage it may get in the act of 
 putting it on the machine may materially affect its life ; 
 and, as a rule, if the wire does not last out its time, or 
 produce a given quantity of paper, the manufacturer 
 of the wire is taken to task for its inferior quality, when 
 possibly the evil was beyond his control. 
 
 I must certainly admit that wires are introduced into 
 this country composed of differently -blended metals, 
 which have an influence upon the longevity of the wire. 
 If a wire is made of the very best metal and is of the 
 best workmanship, it will give highly satisfactory results. 
 I do not think it is rifjjht to value a wire accordino- to 
 the length of time it is on the machine. I am rather 
 inclined to estimate its value having regard to the 
 quantity of paper it will produce. This I am sure is 
 the most just method of valuation, both to the paper- 
 maker and to the manufacturer of the wire. Of course 
 a new wire could be j^ut on a paper machine, and, 
 OAving to circumstances, might be on the machine for 
 many weeks and produce very little paper — the wire 
 meantime deteriorating in value. Under these circum- 
 stances (which are, however, of rare occurrence) the 
 life and the production could not be taken as a basis. 
 
 The quantity of paper a first-class wire will produce 
 is a matter which it is difficult to determine, and it is 
 very doubtful where the mean can be comjjuted. 
 
 With a view to my writing on this subject in an 
 intelligible manner, Messrs George Christie, Limited, 
 Glasgow (one of the largest firms of paper-machine wire 
 manufacturers in Scotland), afforded me every facility 
 to view their extensive works, and ascertain how it was
 
 76 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTUKE OF 
 
 possible that a wire could be termed imperfect when it 
 reached the paper manufacturer — that is, by im2:)erfect 
 weaving, imperfect wire-drawing, and damage in transit, 
 as well as imperfect packing. All paper-machine wires 
 are examined before seaming, or, as the wire manufac- 
 turer calls it, " coupling." If any flaw is discovered, 
 that portion of the web of wirecloth is rejected, and 
 laid aside to be sold as washer covers, &c. 
 
 I am told that at one time in the history of the 
 manufacture of a paper-machine wire — or rather in the 
 drawing of the wire — much difficulty was experienced 
 in getting the fine wire drawn perfectly round. This 
 difficulty has of late years been removed by the wire 
 being drawn through diamonds. The efi'ect of com- 
 paratively flat-drawn wire was that the sharp edges cut 
 one another, and, as a natural consequence, the wire 
 broke out in holes much sooner than might have been 
 expected. All this has been avoided ; and now, in 
 manufactories where the most modern plant has been 
 adopted, and where only the best workmen are em- 
 ployed, a machine wire can be turned out absolutely 
 perfect in every respect. 
 
 Still there are many fruitful sources of damage to 
 which the wire is subject; and these are occupying the 
 attention of the wire manufacturer, as far as he can 
 control the matter. Instead of the old system of 
 nailing-up the packing cases, not only the lids, but the 
 sides and the bottoms, are now fastened by screws. 
 This is certainly a great improvement, as many a wire 
 has been irretrievably damaged by a nail taking the 
 wronof direction and enterino; the wire — the motion in 
 transit making such a hole that the wire was in many 
 cases unfit to be put on the machine. Again, we have 
 an evil which is even greater, and completely beyond the 
 control of either the maker or the consumer : that is, a 
 package containing one or more wires being dropped on
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 77 
 
 end. The effect of this is to wrinkle the Avire or crease 
 it in such a way that it will not live its time, and proves 
 most unsatisfactory both to the paper manufacturer and 
 the wireworker. In a lar2:e mill where I acted as fore- 
 man, I arranged that no wire cases should be taken off 
 the railway waggons until I had examined them ; and, 
 if any damage was apparent, I only took delivery at 
 the railway company's risk. If this plan were adopted 
 in all mills, there would be less cause of dispute with 
 regard to the delivery of goods in jDcrfect condition. 
 
 I will now enter upon the difficulties the papermaker 
 has to contend with in the woi'king of the wire. There 
 are many diseases to which the wire is subject, and 
 many cures for them. The wire manufacturer may, 
 with the utmost conhdence, send out a wire which he 
 believes to be a perfect piece of workmanship ; and 
 yet, when the papermaker comes to handle it, he finds 
 many difficulties. And, in explaining this, it will be 
 better to start at the beginning, so that it may be in- 
 telligible to all concerned. 
 
 Therefore we will suppose that the old wire has been 
 cut off the paper machine. First, put a man and a boy 
 to remove the old jacket from the under couch-roll and 
 put on a new one, then two men at the vacuum boxes, 
 and two men at the tube-rolls, leading-rolls, and the 
 save-all. This division of labour facilitates matters, and 
 much time is thus saved in changing a wire. I do not 
 think that much cleaning should be done during the 
 removal of the various parts of the machine ; it had 
 better be done in the building-up, as small particles 
 of metal from the machine-room floor often adhere to 
 the rolls and the save-all, which are best removed in the 
 building-up of the wire. In the action of building-up, 
 if the same division of labour is studied, a considerable 
 amount of time will be saved, which is all-important in 
 the present day.
 
 78 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTURE OF 
 
 We will now suppose that the wire is hung on the 
 under couch-roll, and the breast-roll and all the vacuum 
 boxes, tube -rolls, leading- rolls, and save -alls are in 
 position, and the wire practically ready to start. Now" 
 run the wire for a few minutes without the action of 
 the guide, which will show you at once if the wire has 
 any tendency to run to one side of the machine. If the 
 wire has any decided inclination to do so, it at once 
 indicates that there is somethino; wrong;. Some of the 
 wire-rolls are not parallel or are off the level. The 
 machineman will soon find this out and put it right. 
 Now put the guide in motion and run the wire empty 
 for a few minutes, and, if all is right, start up and get 
 the paper on. It is a well-known fact that a wire 
 will run steadier when the paper is on than when it is 
 off. This can only be accounted for by the strong 
 vacuum on the boxes, which (if all the wire-rolls are 
 in right position) will have a steadying effect on the 
 wire. It has often been noticed by the papermaker, 
 that so long as the paper is on the wire it will guide 
 very steadily ; but when the wire is bare, it has a 
 tendency in some cases to run to one side of the 
 machine. The reason of this I was long in discovering, 
 but I found it out at last. I had some considerable 
 trouble with this in more than one wire, and had tried 
 many experiments with them, all of which were of no 
 use, until upon examining the seam of the wire I found 
 it to be going fast on the back side — that is, the back 
 side of the seam was fin. faster than the front. I noAv 
 thought that probably this had something to do with 
 the wire running off when the paper was not on it, I 
 therefore straightened the seam in the same way as you 
 would straighten the seam of a felt. After that was 
 done I had no more trouble with the wire ; and I have 
 made it a rule ever since to keep all my wires straight 
 in the seam. Of course this must be delicately gone
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 79 
 
 about, as a wire will not stand the usage a felt is sub- 
 jected to in the straightening process. 
 
 Another matter which has been a source of much 
 trouble to the papermaker is the wire filling-ui) at and 
 behind the seam. This is a grievance which should be 
 properly ventilated by papermakers who are troubled 
 with it. The cause is assigned to a deposit from the 
 pulp ; and this is perfectly correct. Some will say that if 
 it is a deposit from the pulp, why does it not deposit all 
 over the wire instead of in one particular part of it, and 
 why are some wires absolutely free from such deposits? 
 Such questions one would naturally anticipate ; and the 
 fact that some wires are free from such deposits to the 
 end of their lives, confirms me in the idea which I have 
 formed on the subject. 
 
 To understand the whole matter, we must go back to 
 the wireworker's establishment, and see what he has to 
 do with it. After a wire has been seamed it is stretched 
 upon two beams of wood, the seam being brought upon 
 the rounded edge of one of the beams, where it is beaten 
 flat with a wooden mallet. This beating process is 
 absolutely necessary with a view to flatten the seam, 
 which otherwise would cut the paper at the couch-roll. 
 If this beating is not done by a thoroughly experienced 
 person, it has a tendency to close up the seam, as well 
 as small portions of the wire immediately before and 
 behind the seam. In fact, the seam may be almost 
 completely closed, and the immediate front and back 
 only partially so. Now, as long as pulp is in a com- 
 parative state of agitation there will be very little 
 deposit ; but when the pulp is well forward on the wire, 
 and has practically ceased to be in suspension, there 
 may be a deposit upon the wire, which, on the arrival of 
 the pulp at the vacuum boxes, will be drawn through 
 the wire and pass on with the back water. But when 
 this matter is deposited upon the seam and immediately
 
 80 NOTES ON THE MANUFACTUEE OF 
 
 before and behind it, it is retained — the meshes of the 
 wire being so closed up with the beating of the seam 
 that there is no room for the particles to pass through, 
 and, from their fibrous nature, they are retained, and 
 they rapidly close up the minute meshes, consequently 
 showing up on the paper. 
 
 Hence I am of opinion that the cause is defective 
 beating of the seam, as two wires from the same maker, 
 run on the same machine and making the same class of 
 paper, will not show up alike — one filling-up at the 
 seam, while the other remains clean until the end of 
 its life, — which goes to prove to a certain extent that 
 I am right. Of course the theory which I have put 
 forward is not absolute, but is feasible, and ought to 
 bring the opinions of practical men to the front. 
 
 Again, we have often in our experience seen wires 
 breaking out at the seam. This cannot be attributed 
 to the maker of the wire, unless he seams his wire with 
 a defective metal, which I am sure no maker would do. 
 I am informed that the fine wire which is used for 
 seaming is of the very best quality and of extraordinary 
 strength. If a wire goes at the seam, the cause is, as a 
 rule, due to defective vacuum boxes. The seam being 
 the most prominent part of the wire, it comes in more 
 violent contact with the vacuum boxes than any other 
 part of the wire ; and if these boxes are in bad order 
 (that is, waved on the surface), the effect is greater. 
 To get a vacuum, the machineman finds it necessary 
 to keep raising up the boxes in more close contact with 
 the wire, which invariably results in wearing out the 
 seam. Of course it is quite possible that the seam 
 itself may be faulty, which can be seen upon examina- 
 tion at the end of the wire. 
 
 I once saw a Russian machineman completely cure a 
 wire which I considered past all possibility of making 
 paper. In starting the machine he had what we call a
 
 WOOD PULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 81 
 
 " lick up " at the coucher, and a lump of pulp passed 
 through between the couchers, making a large slack 
 place in the wire. He at once stopped the machine, 
 and made walls of pulp from front to back on the wire. 
 The slack part of the wire being about three inches 
 wide, he made the walls of pulp six inches from each 
 side of the damage. He now poured dilute sulphuric 
 acid on the wire between these walls of pulp. After a 
 time he washed out the acid, and then held a bar of 
 hot iron inside the wire, moving it from front to back 
 until the wire was thoroughly heated. He then tightened 
 up the wire, and started off as if nothing had happened. 
 It was the best and simplest cure I had ever seen for 
 such an accident. 
 
 I have often remarked that wires generally come out 
 in holes at the back of the machine first, which 1 can 
 only account for by the fact that all accumulations of 
 fine sand, clay, &c. which lie on the breast-apron and 
 all over the breast of the machine, are, upon shutting 
 down the machine, washed by the machineman to the 
 back side, where they pass through the couchers, and 
 often stick to the top coucher and frequently go round, 
 thereby damaging the wire. It is surprising how small 
 a particle of sand or metal will partially cut or fracture 
 the surface of the meshes of the wire ; and the continual 
 bending of the wire as it passes round the various rolls 
 soon causes it to break and come out in a hole. 
 
 I have used a very good contrivance for the preven- 
 tion of such ; — that is, I placed a doctor behind the 
 doctor proper and down the back of the couch-roll to 
 slightly under the centre. This doctor had slotted 
 holes in the end, whereby it could be put in contact 
 with or taken oif from the couch-roll at pleasure. It 
 was only used in starting and in stopping the machine. 
 This doctor requires a strong stream of water running 
 over it from front to back, to wash away anything 
 
 deposited upon it by the couch-roll. 
 F
 
 82 WOOD rULP AND WOOD-PULP PAPERS. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 My theories, arguments, and practical experience may 
 not be in unison with the ideas and experience of many 
 of my fellow- workmen, whose lines have been cast in 
 diiFerent, and possibly more pleasant, places tlian mine 
 have been. At all events, I must say that they are the 
 outcome of my own experience and my own observa- 
 tion, both in my own country and amongst strangers. 
 I could write much of what I have heard as to how 
 business was carried on outside of where I have actually 
 been em23loyed, but such information would not bo 
 reliable, and it would possibly be considered as interfer- 
 ing with the affairs of other people, with whom I have 
 nothing to do. 
 
 I have been as careful as possible to avoid giving 
 offence to any one, either by referring to their private 
 affaii's or in exposing in any way that which is of a 
 confidential nature; and, if anything I have written 
 can be construed into giving offence, I am at least 
 innocent of such intention, and hope that these Notes 
 will be looked upon in such a light.
 
 ADVKRTISKMEKTS.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED 
 
 (Successors to GEO. & WM. BERTRAM, Established 1821) 
 
 ENGINEERS, 
 St, Kat^iepirie's Works, Sciennes, 
 
 EDINBURGH. 
 
 HIGHEST AWARDS FOR 
 IMPROVEMENTS IN PAPER-MAKING MACHINERY. 
 
 GOLD AND SILVER MEDALS. 
 
 LONDON 1862. 
 
 EDINBURGH 1886. 
 
 EDINBURGH 1890. 
 
 Makers of all classes of Machinery of the Newest and Most 
 
 Improved Construction for the Manufacture of 
 
 the various grades of Paper. 
 
 Oar Paper-making Machinss 
 
 ARE AT WORK THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, AND ARE EQUAL TO A 
 PRODUCTION OF ABOUT 
 
 300,000 Tons of Paper annually.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 SPECIALITIES. 
 
 SUPERIOR 
 
 Chilled Rolls 
 
 Fop calenders, PRESS and SMOOTHING ROLLS. 
 
 jELBOXjrr 2000 i^^ox^x^s a.t mrois^K:. 
 
 PATENT DECKLE for WIRE FRAMES 
 
 (ARCHIBALD & PURDIE'S). 
 
 ABOUT 60 AT WORK. 
 
 STEAM ENGINES OF ALL CLASSES, 
 
 High-Pressure, Condensing-, or Compound, up to any 
 Indicated Horse Power. 
 
 ABOUT 500 AT WORK. 
 IMPROVED 
 
 PAPER-MAKING MACHINES. 
 
 ABOUT 140 AT WORK. 
 
 PATENT FLAT STRAINERS. 
 
 ABOUT 320 AT WORK. 
 
 SPECIAL STRAINER PLATES. 
 
 MANY THOUSANDS AT WORK. 
 
 ANGLE & SQUARE PAPER CUTTERS. 
 
 ABOUT 250 AT WORK. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, Engineers, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, 
 EDINBURGH.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 W. G. TflYliOH & GO., 
 
 83 Queen Victoria Street, 
 
 ^}c LONDON, E.C. 
 
 MANCHESTER. 
 
 Sole Agents for the U. K. for the Celebrated 
 
 CUAflDEIi 
 
 PATENT AUTOMATIC 
 
 Rotary Strainer 
 
 Simple in Construction, 
 
 Does thoroughly Clean Work, 
 
 Requires no attention, and 
 
 Very Moderate in Price. 
 
 •«■ TT ^ •?f ^ 
 
 1100 are at present in use on the Continent, in Eng-land, 
 and elsewhere, all griving the greatest satisfaction.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 W. G. TAYLOR & CO., 
 
 83 Queen Victoria Street, 
 LONDON, E.G., 
 
 AND AT MANCHESTER, 
 
 SUPPLY AT LOWEST MARKET PRICES 
 ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF 
 
 Raw Materials for Paper-making. 
 
 i — 95~^ — "'"' U- (^ 
 
 ESPARTO, 
 
 WOOD PULPS, 
 CHEMICALS, 
 COLOURS, 
 
 SIZINGS, 
 
 LOADINGS. 
 
 Samples and Quotations on application.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 General JVLaehinery 
 
 Steam Engines, 
 
 Turbine Wheels, 
 
 Main Gearing, 
 
 Rope Driving, 
 
 Belt Driving, 
 Machine Moulded Wheels 
 
 With Plain or Helical Teeth; 
 
 Also 
 
 Complete Installations of Shafting, Pulleys, &c. 
 
 FOR 
 
 Electric Lighting, 
 
 Flour Mills, 
 
 India-Rubber Mills, 
 
 Linoleum Factories, 
 Breweries, Distilleries, &.C., &.c. 
 
 For the LINOLEUM TRADE. 
 
 Mixing Mills, Calenders, 
 Disintegrators, and other Machines. 
 
 BEt^Tt^fl]VIS LiljVLITE© 
 
 ENGINEERS, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes,
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 fleuu Patents. 
 
 I^APER- MAKERS or OTHERS having brought out NEW 
 INVENTIONS which present some decided advantage 
 in PAPER-MILL WORK, will always find us ready to 
 make an arrangement for pushing the Sale of such among 
 our CLIENTS ALL OVER THE WORLD, under Royalty 
 to the Patentee as usual. 
 
 Valuations. 
 
 TT IS A SPECIAL FEATURE OF OUR BUSINESS to 
 ^ VALUE PAPER-MILLS, including their 
 
 Water Rights, Buildings, and 
 all Appurtenances, 
 
 for the purpose of Selling or Purchasing Mills, Partner- 
 ships, &c. 
 
 These we have done largely both at Home and 
 
 Abroad, and we are prepared to ^Va>lu.e Sknid 
 
 I^epox*t u.po]:i IVfills in. £Lny j^SLX^t of 
 tlie lAToi^ld. 
 
 Bertrams Limited 
 
 St, Kathepirte's Works, Sciennes, 
 EDI N BURGH.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 FRanufactureps of 
 
 W0VE3|£-^ 
 
 ^)c SPIRAL 
 
 
 ^(c L A I D 
 
 DANDY 3|H- 
 
 ROlibS. 
 
 Matermarks anb flDonoorame a Speciality. 
 
 First-Class Workmanship. Moderate Prices. 
 
 Ladywell Wire Works, GLASGOW, 
 
 130 Fleet Street, LONDON, E.C, 
 
 Telegraphic Address: "LADYWELL, GLASGOW."
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1865. 
 
 GEORGE CHRISTIE, Limited, 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 PAPER machihe wires. 
 
 MACHINE WIRES * * * 
 
 OF OUR 
 
 SPECIAL RUBY METAL 
 
 ixtia itrong table ffarp lires, 
 
 Tinned and Untlnned — Specially Seamed. 
 
 C^Itnber Covers. Masber Mive. 
 FINE CLOTHS to No. 200 Mesh. 
 
 Large Stock alivays on hmid. 
 
 Fine Brass and Copper WEAVIWI} WIRE, all Sizes, 
 
 Liadymell UXirz (Xlopks, 
 
 GLASGOW, Scotland. 
 
 Telegraphic Address: " LADYWELL, GLASGOW."
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 PAPER-MAKING MACHINES 
 FOR WOOD-PULPS AND OTHER FIBRES. 
 
 These we have made a speciality of, from tlie Strainers to the Reel, 
 fitted with New System of Brackets for Couch and Press Rolls, Felt 
 Drying Cylinders, Cone Gearing for the various parts of Machine, and 
 also for altering the speed in place of Change Wheels. 
 
 Some of the Finest Machines in Scandinavia 
 
 are of our construction, and we have received from the users the most 
 satisfactoiy references as to their working. 
 
 PULP-DRYING MACHINES. 
 
 We make a speciality of Pulp-Drying Machines for Drying any 
 quantity of Pulp, combined with Sti'ainers, Improved Press Rolls, and 
 Cutting Arrangements, for which we can give excellent references. 
 
 FRICTION 8l WEB-GLAZING CALENDERS. 
 
 These Calenders are constructed by us for any width and for any 
 number of Rolls, combined with Friction arrangements, so that the 
 Calender can friction-glaze or impart the finish to the Paper by rolling. 
 
 These Calenders are fitted with Hydraulic arrangement, for 
 keeping the Rolls clear of each other when not at work, and they are 
 also fitted with labour-saving appliances. 
 
 We also build Calenders specially for Friction-Glazing purposes, 
 and combined Cooling and Damping Machines on the most improved 
 principles. 
 
 EDGE-RUNNERS OR KOLLERGANGS. 
 
 Various sizes of Kollergangs, with flat or angle Surface Stones, 
 are made by iis. 
 
 VARIOUS FIBRES. 
 
 We are prepared to give tlie best advice on the conversion of any 
 Fibre into Paper, and at all times to give the closest attention to new 
 ideas coming from any source whatever. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, Engineers, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, 
 EDINBURGH.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 liatest Patents. 
 
 PEARSON AND BERTRAM'S 
 
 Constructed on most modern and improved principles. 
 Takes less indicated horse-power than any other. 
 Occupies smaller space. 
 
 Bars wear longer, and can be replaced in twelve hours. 
 No heating of bearings which are outside of the Refiner. 
 Pulp produced is much cleaner than by ordinary Beater. 
 One-Third to One-Half fewer Beaters are employed. 
 Appearance and strength of Paper is improved. 
 
 D. N. BERTRAM'S 
 
 PATENT SIMPLEX FLAT STRAINERS. 
 
 Specially suited for Wood-Pulp Papers. 
 Ensures the whole Surface (6 ft. by 2 ft. 6 in.) to be efficient. 
 No Refuse Pulp remains on any part of the plates. 
 One Strainer is keeping a large Machine going producing over 
 40 Tons per week of Fine Printings. 
 
 D. N. BERTRAM'S 
 
 PATENT REELING MACHINE. 
 
 Vertical or Horizonal Systems. 
 
 This Machine Reels and Slits various classes of Paper, from 
 thin Bag Paper to heavy White and Brown Paper. 
 
 The Deckle Edges are cut off the web before being wound up, 
 and as the web is being wound up it is cut into widths. 
 
 This Machine has an Automatic arrangement for applying the 
 Slitting Knives with any desired amount of contact, which 
 will be retained until the whole web is finished. 
 
 All particulars of above Machine to be had from the 
 Sole Makers of these Machines : 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, Engineers, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, 
 EDINBURGH.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 W. G. TAYliOH & CO., 
 
 83 Queen Victoria Street, 
 
 MANCHESTER "^t^ LONDON, B.C. 
 
 ^ger^ts fop all kinds of 
 
 Wood Palps. 
 
 ''.x^" 
 
 SODA, 
 
 SULPHATE, 
 
 SULPHITE, 
 DRY PINE, 
 
 MOIST PINE. 
 
 Shipment to any Port in the U.K. 
 
 'j\' T? -Vr -TT TT 'tP T^ 
 
 SAMPLES AND QUOTATIONS ON APPLICATION.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 THE BEST BELTS FOR PAPER 
 AND PULP MILLS 
 
 ARE THE 
 
 ADVANTAGES: 
 
 1. They work in water, steam, heat, or acid 
 
 vapours. 
 
 2. They are unequalled in grip, strength, and 
 
 durability. 
 
 3. They run absolutely true and steady. 
 
 4. They stretch less than any other Belt. 
 
 5. They do more work than double leather, 
 
 though costing less than single strapping. 
 
 •7^ "TV* 
 
 En olb '\Il6cr 6a^6 : 
 
 "I have used these Belts for the last twenty-five years, and find 
 them to be the corx'ect Belts for Paper Mills, as they WOrk wet OP 
 dry. They last five to eight years on our Rag Engines, and give us 
 no trouble. We formerly used Rubber Ply Belting, but found the 
 " Lancashire " Belt, at about half the cost, a much better lasting Belt. 
 We know there are many imitations of your excellent Belting, but we 
 are well satisfied, and will use no other than yours, as it does its duty 
 so well, both on Rag Engines and Paper Machines, &c." 
 
 Beware of Imitations. Tiie SOLE IVIAKERS are the 
 
 lancashire flatenl Selling & lose ^0., 
 
 New Bridge Street, MANCHESTER. 
 
 JVew Illustrated Catalogue on appUcatioii.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 I>XJBlL.ICJI-TIONS 
 
 Supplied to Clients, Free of Cost, by 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, EDINBURGH. 
 
 Paper-Mill Machinery Catalogue, 
 
 With Large Illustrations from Photographs and Drawings. 
 
 Steam Engine Catalogue, 
 
 Including Steam Boilers and Mill Gearing, with Illustrations 
 from Photogi'aphs and Drawings. 
 
 Paper Testing, 
 
 In the German Government Laboratory at Charlottenburg, 
 including reduced Illustrations of Pa[)er-Mill Machinery, 
 
 Photographs of the Scottish Capital, 
 
 With Descriptions of the City, Ancient and Modern. 
 
 Souvenir of Paper-Mills, 
 
 With Illustrations of many of the most important Home and 
 Foreign Mills. 
 
 Specimen Book, 
 
 Containing Samples of various classes of Ordinary and Special 
 Papers. 
 
 The "Practical Engineer's" Pocket Book and Diary, 
 
 With useful Tables and Memoranda for Engineers of all kinds 
 of Mills. 
 
 Wheel and Pulley Catalogue, 
 
 With Weights of Castings in all sizes, and full Engineering 
 Tables for reference. 
 
 Directory of Paper-Makers of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 POCKET EDITION. 
 
 Any Client not supplied with one of the foregoing Boohs will 
 receive one on mahing application by post.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 REPAIRS AND ALTERATIONS. 
 
 WE give the closest possible attention to urgent 
 Repairs and special Alterations, so as to reduce 
 the time of stoppages at Mills and make the most of 
 existing Machinery and other Fittings. 
 
 A Large Staff of Experienced Workmen 
 AND Draughtsmen is available for attention to the 
 foregoing classes of work, and in all cases personal 
 supervision is given, so as to meet the views and re- 
 quirements of our clients. 
 
 Customers' Machinery Insured against Fire whilst in our Premises. 
 
 RE-SURFACING OLD ROLLS. 
 
 Cluillecl Csklendei? I^olls, 
 
 Cliille<l Sn^ootlxin^ I^olls, 
 
 IixcLi£i>x*ULl3l)e]? Rolls, 
 Cotton !Rolls, 
 
 P£i.|c>e]? JRolls, &c. 
 
 Our Plant for re-surfacing the foregoing classes 
 of Rolls is of the most extensive and accurate 
 
 DESCRIPTION. 
 
 It is constantly in full employment, and most of the 
 year is working overtime, very frequently double shift, 
 which is perhaps the best evidence we can give 
 of the success of our work in this direction. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, Engineers, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, 
 
 G
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 FELTS FOR PAPER-MAKERS. 
 
 FELT- MAKERS, 
 
 MAKERS OF ALL KINDS OP 
 
 FELTS 
 
 For PAPER-MAKERS. 
 
 Patent Cotton Dpy pelt 
 
 with Improved Seam. 
 
 -®^|ipe:€i(!iritg^^ 
 
 WET AND PRESS FELTS 
 
 for Fast-running- Machines making* News from Wood Pulp. 
 
 COUCH-ROLL COVERS, Sec. 
 Telegrams - - - "KENYON, BURY."
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. xvii 
 
 Awarded Seven Gold Medals at International Exhibitions 
 for Excellence of Manufacture. 
 
 Thornton & Co., 
 
 patentees, Materproofers, 
 
 ■AND- 
 
 5nMa*1Rubber Manufacturers, 
 
 EDmBUR&H, GLASGOW, 
 BRADFORD, LEEDS, LONDON, & BELFAST. 
 
 ■ > i < < e o i»>"^ ' 
 
 INDIA-RUBBER BELTING, 
 
 Superior quality of the most approved construction. 
 
 DECKLE STRAPS, 
 
 A product of reliable manufacture. 
 
 STRAINER BELLOWS, 
 
 For Revolving and Flat Strainers. 
 
 VALVES, 
 
 For Marine and Land Engines. 
 
 Delivery Hose, Suction Hose, Steam Hose, Sheet Rubber, 
 Packing, Washers, &c. 
 
 TszoiiasTTonsr & co. 
 
 3nMa^1Rubbcr flDannfacturere, 
 
 Ex"p^o%r^^a?lhSS^e:} 2 Haiiover street, EDINBUR&H. 
 
 Price-Lists and References on application.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Our PLATES are made of a SPECIAL MIXTURE, 
 which will withstand the effects of Chemicals, and RECLOSE 
 OFTENER than any other, as has been testified by many 
 Paper-makers using them. 
 
 PillCES. 
 
 ^ in. thick on body, edges |^ in. deep, 3d. sq. in. 
 
 3kl. 
 
 Class B 
 
 . iin 
 
 „ B2 
 
 6 
 
 „ c 
 
 3 
 
 is; J5 
 
 „ C2 
 
 rs 5 5 
 
 „ D 
 
 * „ 
 
 „ I or 1 
 1 
 
 4d. 
 
 4id. 
 
 5d. 
 
 Subject to Discount, which may be ascertained on application, according to Class, 
 Size, and Quantity required. 
 
 We have many other Patterns of Plates to suit Special Strainers. 
 Sample Pieces of Plates supplied, showing the various Numbers of Cuts. 
 
 USUAL SECTIONS OF STRAINER PLATES. Full Size. 
 
 pm^ 
 
 Class B, Ordinary Section. 
 
 Ci.As.s Bi, Ordinary Section. 
 
 '"/' T 1 
 
 Class C, 1" Margin for Patent Flat Strainers. 
 Class C, i" Margin for Jog Strainers. 
 
 Class C2, Ordinary Section. 
 
 Class D. Ordinary Section. 
 
 BERTRAMS LIMITED, Engineers, 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, EDINBURGH.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 BEf^Tt^fl]V[S LiI|V[ITED 
 
 ENGINEERS, 
 
 St. Katherine's Works, Sciennes, 
 
 Makers of all classes of Machinery 
 
 OF THE NEWEST AND MOST IMPROVED CONSTRUCTION 
 
 FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THE VARIOUS 
 
 GRADES OF PAPER. 
 
 During^the past few years we have supplied an exceptionally 
 large number of New Paper-making Machines, with all Modem Im- 
 provements, for Mills at Home and Abroad, to which we shall be 
 pleased to give special references to intending purchasers. 
 
 TO BUYERS OF PAPER-MAKING MACHINERY. 
 We can give a List of Millowners to whom we have supplied our 
 Machines during the past 70 years in different Countries, per above 
 Map. 
 
 We produced 12 Large Paper-making MacMnes in one Year— 1890. 
 
 This fact speaks for itself. 
 
 INSPECTION OF OUR WORKS by Customers invited at all times, 
 giving us a few days notice, that Principals may be at home.
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 CHR. CHRISTOPHERSEN, 
 
 CHRISTIANIA, 
 
 ctartr and @ip@rt@r 
 
 OF ALL KINDS OF 
 
 IhGmical and iGchanical 
 
 WOOD PULPS. 
 
 ^ -5f Brancb ©fKcce: ^ ^ 
 CHR. CHRISTOPHERSEN'S FILIAL, 
 
 G-OTHEnSTBTJI^a-. 
 
 CHR. CHRISTOPHERSEN & CO., 
 
 39 Lombard Street, 
 
 LonsriDOiisr, e_c. 
 
 Bocuts for Scotlan^ ^ ^ ^ 
 
 Messrs ANDREWS & CO., 
 
 9 South St Andrew Street,
 
 ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 WOOD PULPS. 
 
 W. Grant 8t Co., 
 
 ^l£ L E I T H 3|H- 
 
 Hoents for tbe Best ilDafters. 
 
 SULPHITE, 
 
 SULPHATE, 
 
 PINE, 
 
 ASPEN. 
 
 Third Edition, Revised and Enlarged, 
 
 OF 
 
 THE PRACTICAL PAPERMAKER : 
 
 JI GoiTipIete Guide 
 
 TO THE 
 
 MANUFACTURE OF PAPER. 
 
 By JAMES DUNBAR. 
 
 Leith: MACKENZIE & STORRIE, 35 SHORE.
 
 -^ M S M R A N D A ^
 
 -^ M S M H A NBA®--
 
 -^ MEMORANDA ^
 
 -^ M E M H A N I) A ^
 
 -^MEM0R1ND1<^-
 
 -^ IvISMOHANDl ^
 
 -^ MEMORANDA ^
 
 -^MSHORARDA 
 
 m- —
 
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