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 E^^w^'imi^^'^-''^^M'\-' 
 
 WOMEN'S 
 WAR 
 
 WORK 
 
 «3f^ 
 
 ISSUED BY THE 
 
 WAR OFFICE 
 
 September 1916 
 
 LONDON 
 
 Printed under the Authority of HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 
 
 By the CHISWICK PRESS, Tooka Court, Chancery Lane, E.G. 
 
 PRICE ONE SHILLING 
 
 {Can be purchased in the manner indicated on the back) 
 
'f-v 
 
 '^ 4.- 
 
 
WOMEN'S 
 
 WAR 
 
 WORK 
 
WOMEN'S 
 
 WAR 
 
 WORK 
 
 In maintaining the 
 
 Industries & Export 
 
 Trade of the United 
 
 Kingdom 
 
 INFORMATION OFFICIALLY 
 COMPILED FOR THE USE 
 OF RECRUITING OFFICERS, 
 MILITARY REPRESENTATIVES 
 AND TRIBUNALS 
 
(4) Wt. 16869—44 25,cxx3 9/16 C.P. G.51 
 
; 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 P«ge 
 
 r t^x^ r x\^^ Ci *<• ••• ••■ ••• ••• ■•• ••• ••• ■«• ••• ••• sBa ^ 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE by the ADJUTANT-GENERAL TO THE FORCES 7 
 
 Part I 
 
 TRADES AND PROCESSES in which Women are successfully 
 employed in temporary replacement of Men 
 
 INDEX OF TRADES (including Agriculture) ... 1 lo-ii 
 
 DETAILED LIST OF PROCESSES 13-30 
 
 MUNITIONS WORK _ _ ... „ 31-38 
 
 Part II 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS OF WOMEN WORKERS illustrating the suc- 
 cessful employment of Women in temporary replacement 
 of Men. 
 
 INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS 40-41 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS 42-77 
 
 Part III 
 
 LISTS OF OFFICIALS whose assistance is available to Recruiting 
 Officers and Military Representatives on questions affecting 
 the supply of Women Workers to release men for the Army, 
 and the conditions of their employment. 
 
 H.M. INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES 81-82 
 
 MANAGERS OF LABOUR EXCHANGES 83-90 
 
 BOARD OF TRADE WOMEN AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZING 
 
 OFFICERS 91.92 
 
 HON. SECRETARIES OF WOMEN'S COUNTY COMMITTEES 
 
 FOR AGRICULTURE 93-94 
 
 Sfino-oo 
 
PREFACE 
 
 THE formation of large Armies has necessarily had a far-reaching 
 effect on the industrial and commercial life of the Nation, and in 
 view of the increasing demand for men of military age to bear 
 arms in the defence of liberty, it is incumbent on those not engaged in 
 Military Service to make a supreme effort to maintain the output of 
 Articles required for the War and the export trade. 
 
 It is considered that a more widespread knowledge of the success 
 which has been attained by Women in nearly all branches of men's work 
 is most desirable, and will lead to the release of large numbers of men 
 to the Colours who have hitherto been considered indispensable. 
 
 Employers who have met the new conditions with patience and 
 foresight readily admit that the results achieved by the temporary 
 employment of Women far exceed their original estimates, and even 
 so are capable of much further extension. If this is true in their case, 
 how much greater must be the scope for such substitution by those 
 Employers who have not attempted it from reasons of apprehension 
 or possibly prejudice? The necessity of replacing wastage in our 
 Armies will eventually compel the release of all men who can be 
 replaced by women, and it is therefore in the interests of Employers 
 to secure and train temporary substitutes as early as possible, in order 
 to avoid any falling off in production. 
 
 Military Representatives and Chairmen of Tribunals will, it is 
 hoped, find the lists and examples given in this book of service in 
 dealing with claims put forward on grounds of indispensability, while 
 Employers of Labour may find new ways of increasing their output in 
 spite of the shortage of male labour. 
 
 The Factory Inspectors of the Home Office, of whom a list is 
 shown on pages 8i and 82, should be consulted in regard to the 
 suitability of any particular process for the employment of women, 
 or in regard to the conditions under which they are to work. 
 
 Particulars of Divisional Offices and Labour Exchanges, also 
 Agents with Labour Exchange powers, will be found on pages 83 to 90. 
 
 The Divisional Officers and Managers of Labour Exchanges, who 
 represent the Board of Trade and Ministry of Munitions, will be able 
 to give information as to the local requirements of labour and the 
 probable labour supply which would be available to fill any given 
 vacancy. They will give every attention to requests for information on 
 
 i 
 
; , PREFACE 
 
 these lines, and are anxious to assist by registering, advising, and 
 finding suitable employment for women workers. Reference may also 
 be made to the Information Bureau of the Board of Trade Employment 
 Department, Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington, S.W., and 
 to the Women Agricultural Organizing Officers and Honorary Secre- 
 taries of Women's County Committees for Agriculture, lists of whose 
 names and addresses are shown on pages 91 to 94. 
 
 In some parts of the country most effective substitution has been 
 achieved by getting one of the womenfolk of a soldier's own family to 
 replace him in civil life. Thus wives have taken up their husbands' 
 work, sisters their brothers', daughters their fathers', even mothers their 
 sons'. Substitution of this kind has much to recommend it. It helps to 
 avoid domestic disturbance and the breaking-up of homes. 
 
 Women of Great Britain, employers of labour, remember that : — 
 
 (a) No man who is eligible for Military Service should be retained 
 in civil employment if his place can be temporarily filled by a woman or 
 by a man who is ineligible for Military Service. 
 
 (b) No man who is ineligible for Military Service should be retained 
 on work which can be performed by a woman (for the duration of the 
 War) if the man himself can be utilized to release to the Colours one 
 who is eligible for Military Service and who cannot be satisfactorily 
 replaced by a woman. 
 
WOMEN^S WAR WORK 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 BY THE ADJUTANT-GENERAL TO THE FORCES 
 
 THE impossibility of forecasting in any degree the extent to 
 which the resources of the Empire may be taxed before the 
 "War is brought to a successful conclusion, makes it imperative 
 on all who are engaged in the Recruiting of the Army to acquaint them- 
 selves fully with the measures by which it is possible to extract the 
 maximum man power of the nation with a minimum dislocation of 
 trade. The manufacture of munitions of war is as essential to success 
 as the upkeep of our armies, and equally so is the maintenance of our 
 position as the great trade power of the world. 
 
 Men, especially those who are young and physically fit, are neces- 
 sary to keep up our fighting strength in the field, but unless the work 
 normally carried on by these men in civil life is maintained, our armies 
 can never attain full and complete victory. 
 
 It is therefore towards the replacement in civil life of men drawn 
 for the Army that the efforts of all engaged on recruiting work must be 
 constantly directed. 
 
 In some measure the void can be filled by men not physically fit for 
 Army work, but this source of supply is not enough for the country's 
 needs. Since the outbreak of war the women of Britain have shown 
 themselves ready and anxious to undertake every form of work where 
 their services could be accepted, and this book is intended not only to 
 indicate that women have shown themselves capable of successfully 
 replacing the stronger sex in practically every calling, but is offered also 
 as a tribute to their effective contribution to the Empire in its hour of 
 need. 
 
 It is not claimed that the following pages embody by any means a 
 complete synopsis of all work in which women can relieve men who are 
 required to fight actively for their country; they are merely published as 
 a guide for Recruiting Officers, Military Representatives, and Members 
 of Tribunals, whose untiring efforts must be devoted to amplify and 
 extend the scope of women's usefulness, by which alone our country 
 can hope to emerge victorious from a struggle without parallel in her 
 long and glorious history. 
 
 War Office, 
 
 Whitehall, S.W. 
 
 ist August, igi6. 
 
 Ljsh^. 
 
PART I 
 
 TRADES AND PROCESSES 
 
 In which Women are successfully employed 
 in temporary replacement of Men 
 
 INDEX OF TRADES (including Agriculture) ... pages lo-ii 
 
 DETAILED LIST OF PROCESSES pages 13-30 
 
 MUNITIONS WORK ... ... pages 31-38 
 
INDEX OF TRADES 
 
 In which Women are successfully employed 
 
 Chemical Trades 
 
 Page 
 
 Candles 13 
 
 Chemicals for Tanning, Textiles, and other Trades 13 
 
 Drugs, Fine Chemicals, etc 13 
 
 Heavy Chemicals (Salt, Soda, and Alkali) 13 
 
 Manures and Fertilizers 13 
 
 Matches and Fire Lighters 13 
 
 Oil, Oil Seed Cake, Seed Crushing 13 
 
 Paints, Colours, and Varnishes 13.14 
 
 Soap 14 
 
 Starch, Glue, and Polishes 14 
 
 Clothing Trades 
 
 ... 14. 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 15 
 
 ... 15. 
 
 16 
 
 
 16 
 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 Corsets 
 
 Dress, Mantle, and Shirt Making 
 
 Dyeing and Cleaning, and Laundry Work. 
 
 Gloves 
 
 Hats 
 
 Tailoring 
 
 Food Trades 
 
 Aerated Waters 16 
 
 Bacon Curing, Margarine Making, Meat Preserving, etc 16 
 
 Biscuit Making ... 16 
 
 Bread, Cake, and Pastry Making 16,1 
 
 Brewing and Bottling Beer i 
 
 Distilling Spirits i 
 
 Fruit Preserving, Chocolate and Sugar Confectionery Making i 
 
 Grain Milling i 
 
 Sugar Refining i 
 
 Munition Work — see pages 31-38- 
 
 Paper and Printing Trades 
 
 Cardboard Boxes ^° 
 
 Paper and Wall Paper ^8 
 
 Printing, Bookbinding, Stereotyping, Engraving, etc i8 
 
 ' Publication of Newspapers and Periodicals 18,19 
 
 Stationery, Pencils, Gum, etc. ... ... ... ••■ ^9 
 
 10 
 
INDEX OF TRADES 
 
 Textile Trades 
 
 Cotton 
 Hosiery 
 
 Jute 
 
 Lace 
 
 Linen... 
 Mat and Fibre 
 Rope and Twine 
 Sack Making 
 
 Silk 
 
 Textile Small Ware, Tents, Belting, 
 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing 
 
 Webbing 
 
 Woollen and Worsted ... 
 
 Braid 
 
 etc. 
 
 21 
 
 Page 
 ig, 20 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 ao 
 
 20 
 20 
 
 20, 21 
 21 
 21 
 21 
 
 22, 23 
 
 23 
 23 
 
 Woodworking Trades 
 
 Box and Packing Case Making 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Saw Milling 
 
 24 
 24 
 24 
 
 Miscellaneous Trades 
 
 Basket Making and Wicker Work 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 Bricks 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Brush Making 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 China, Earthenware, and Pottery 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Games, Toys, etc 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 Gas and Electricity Supply 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Glass 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 India Rubber and Gutta Percha 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 Leather Dressing and Tanning 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 26, 27 
 
 Leather Goods 
 
 .* ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Linoleum, Floor Cloth, Celluloid, Horn, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 
 Pianos and other Musical Instruments 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .. 27, 28 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Non-Industrial Occupations 
 
 Clerical Work 
 
 Porterage and Light Labouring 
 
 Post Office Work 
 
 Retail and Distributive Trades 
 
 Transport Trades 
 
 Warehouse and Stores Work ... 
 
 28 
 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 
 29 
 29 
 
 Agriculture 
 
 List of Occupations in which Women are successfully employed 
 
 30 
 
 II 
 
DETAILED LIST OF PROCESSES 
 
 In which Women are successfully employed * 
 
 CHEMICAL TRADES 
 
 Candles 
 
 Bleaching Wicks 
 
 Casting Dips 
 
 Doubling Wicks 
 
 Making Night Light Cases 
 
 Moulding Dept. (Filling, Winding-up, and 
 
 Emptying) 
 Packing 
 Plaiting Wicks 
 
 Putting Wicks on Night Lights 
 Scraping Blocks of Paraffin Wax 
 Stamping Name on Candles 
 Trucking 
 Winding Wicks 
 
 Chemicals for Tanning, Textiles, and 
 
 other Trades 
 
 Bricksetter's Labourer 
 
 Digging out and Placing in Dishes 
 
 Discharging and Loading on the Tip 
 
 Emptying Coolers 
 
 Feeding and Tending Elevators 
 
 Loading Ashes, etc., into Barges, Trolleys, 
 
 and Wagons 
 Mixing for Furnaces 
 Packing 
 
 Shovelling into Chute 
 Varnishing Kegs 
 Yard Labourer 
 
 Dr ugs, Fine Chemicals, etc. 
 
 Attending Boiling Pans 
 
 Bottle Washing 
 
 Coating Photographic Plates 
 
 Crystallising 
 
 Laboratory Work 
 
 Making Gum 
 
 Packing Patent Medicines 
 
 Pill Making 
 
 Removing Jubes from Tins 
 
 Scent Making 
 
 Shampoo Powder Making 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Weighing up in Coating Room 
 
 He avy Chemicals (Salt, Soda, and 
 Alkali) 
 
 y^ 
 
 Blue Beds 
 Labouring 
 
 Heavy Chemicals (continued) 
 
 Shaking Bags 
 
 Stacking 
 
 Sweeping 
 
 Taking from Presses and Putting on Racks 
 
 Manures and Fertilizers 
 
 Feeding Elevators 
 Taking Bags from Chutes 
 Weighing Bags of Manure 
 Wheeling Barrows 
 
 M atches and Fire Lighters 
 
 Box and Case Making 
 Chopping up Fire Lighters 
 Tin Lining 
 Tray Carrying 
 Veneering 
 
 Oil. Oil Seed Cake, Seed Crushing 
 
 Anti-fouling and Anti-corrosive Comp. 
 (Manf of) 
 
 Armour Injection Comp. (Manf. of) 
 ,^ Attending Filter Presses 
 " Auto Bag Filling 
 
 Cake Breaking 
 
 Chalking up 
 - Cleaning Hydraulic Presses 
 ^Enamelling Barrels 
 
 Filling Bags and Cans with Meal or Nuts 
 
 Labouring and Light Trucking 
 
 Locust Cutter 
 
 Maize Bruising 
 
 Mechanical Cooperage 
 
 Painting Cans 
 
 Press Shop 
 
 Riddling over Screens 
 
 Sealing Cans 
 
 Sewing up Bags 
 
 Stacking small Tins 
 
 Sticking 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Paints, Colours, and Varnishes 
 
 Colour Mixing 
 
 Feeding Granite Rolls 
 
 Filling Tins and Barrels 
 
 Filling Varnish; attending Roberts' or 
 
 other Filling Machines 
 Grinding; attending Cone or Roller Mills 
 
 * The inclusion of the name of a process in this or any of the following lists does not of course necessarily imply 
 that every man stated to be performing that process can be replaced by a woman. The possibility of actual replace- 
 ment depends in each case upon the particular circumstances of the case, including such matters as the extent to 
 which substitution had already been carried in the factory, the availability of suitable women for the work, or (in the 
 case of agriculture) the nature of the land. 
 
Processes 
 
 CHEMICAL TRADES 
 
 Paints, Colours, and Varnishes (continued) 
 
 Soap (continued) 
 
 Labelling and Stencilling Packages and 
 
 Rolling Full and Empty Barrels (in Melting 
 
 Tins 
 
 Dept.) 
 
 Mounting Shade or Colour Cards 
 
 Scraping Resin off Barrel Staves 
 
 Packing 
 
 Shredding Toilet Soap 
 
 Painting Kegs and Drums 
 
 Stamping (hand and machine) 
 
 Screwing down 
 
 Trimming Toilet Soap 
 
 Soldering, Washing, and Dipping Tins 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Wrapping 
 
 Soap 
 
 Starch, Glue, and Polishes 
 
 Can Filling (with Liquid and Soft Soap) 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Carrying Fob (in Soap Boiling Dept.) 
 
 Cutting Glue 
 
 Carrying and Emptying Cases in Melting 
 
 Drying 
 
 House 
 
 Emery Cutting 
 
 Crutching Machine (attending) 
 
 Emery and Glass Washing 
 
 Cutting into Bars 
 
 Feeding Hopper 
 
 Drying Toilet Soap 
 
 Filling Bags 
 
 Drum Filling (with Glycerine) 
 
 Filtering 
 
 Loading Vans 
 
 Grinding 
 
 Milling 
 
 Milling 
 
 Mixing Machine (tending) 
 
 Mixing Blue 
 
 Packing 
 
 Mop Making 
 
 Plodding 
 
 Packing 
 
 Regulating Fall Pipe (in Soap Boiling Dept.) 
 
 Presswork 
 
 CLOTHING TRADES 
 
 Boots and Shoes 
 
 
 Finishing Department {continued) 
 
 
 Clicking Department 
 
 
 Inking 
 Packing 
 
 
 Clicking Presses 
 
 
 Stitch Separating 
 
 
 Hand Clicking 
 
 
 
 
 Marking Machine 
 Measuring Machine 
 
 
 Heel-Making Department 
 
 
 Pattern Cutting 
 
 
 Heel Building 
 
 
 Sorting 
 
 
 Heel Compressing 
 
 
 Splitting Machines 
 
 
 Rand Tacking 
 Tip Nailing 
 
 
 Closing Department 
 
 Beading and Folding Machines (Booth 
 
 Making Department 
 
 
 Duplex, etc.) 
 
 
 Assembling 
 
 
 Bench Work 
 
 
 Automatic Leveller Operating 
 
 
 Button Hole Machines (R( 
 
 ;ece, etc.) 
 
 Bench Men 
 
 
 Cylinder Golosh 
 
 
 Blake Sewing 
 
 
 Ensign Lacer 
 
 
 Breasting Machine 
 
 
 Eyeletting Machines 
 
 
 Channel Closing Machine 
 
 
 Flat Machines 
 
 
 Channel Opening 
 
 
 Gold Blocking 
 
 
 Heel Attaching Machines 
 
 
 Hooking Machines 
 
 
 Hercules Leveller 
 
 
 Knot Tying 
 
 
 Inseam Trimmer 
 
 
 Perforating and Punching 
 
 Machines 
 
 Lasting Machines 
 
 
 Seam Rubbing Machines 
 
 (Stanbon Ma- 
 
 Loose Billing 
 
 
 chine) 
 
 
 Loose Nailing 
 
 
 Wax Thread Machines 
 
 
 Nailing 
 
 Piecesole Attaching Machine 
 
 
 Finishing Department 
 
 
 Pounding-up Machine 
 Pull-over Machine 
 
 
 Bench Men (Knifers-up and Takers-oflT) 
 
 Rough Rounding 
 
 
 Bottom Buffing 
 
 
 Sole Laying 
 
 
 Edge Trimming 
 
 
 Sole Tacking 
 
 "* 
 
 Edge and Waiste Setting 
 
 
 Standard Screwing 
 
 
 Heel Scouring 
 
 
 Staple Tacking 
 
 
 H 
 
CLOTHING TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Boots and Shoes {continued) 
 
 Making Department {continued) 
 
 Stitching Machine 
 
 Universal Slugger 
 
 Upper Trimming (Goodyear) 
 
 Waste Skiving 
 
 Welt Beating 
 
 Welt Sewing 
 
 Preparation Department 
 
 Cementing Machine 
 
 Feather-edge Shank Reducer 
 
 Fitting up 
 
 Gem Canvas Machine 
 
 Insole Channelling 
 
 Julian or Planet Rounder 
 
 Nichols' Evener and Grader 
 
 Mantle Making 
 
 Cutting Fittings 
 Cutting Linings 
 Cutting Stiffenings 
 Ironing by Hand 
 Pressing 
 
 Shirt Making 
 
 Cutting and Assisting in Cutting Room 
 
 Folding for Cutter 
 
 Making-up 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Stamping 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Washhouse Work 
 
 Dyeing and Cleaning, and Laundries 
 
 Outsole Channelling 
 Piecesole Bevelling 
 Size Slamping Machine 
 Skiving Machine 
 Sole Moulding 
 Stiffener Moulding 
 
 Rough Stuff Department 
 
 Cutting Presses 
 
 Rolling 
 
 Rough Stock Keeping 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Splitting Machines 
 
 Corsets 
 
 Assembling Parts 
 
 Cutting Ends with Heavy Hand Shears 
 
 Cutting (hand) 
 
 F"itting 
 
 Folding Cloth for Cutting 
 
 Marking 
 
 Measuring 
 
 Overlooking 
 
 Packing 
 
 Platen Printing 
 
 Pressing Machine Operating 
 
 Pressing with Gas Iron 
 
 Printing on Bands 
 
 Rotary Machine Operating 
 
 Dress, Mantle, and Shirt Making 
 
 Dyeing and Cleaning 
 
 Cleaning 
 
 Curtain Folding and Framing 
 
 Driving 
 
 Drying 
 
 Dyeing and Assisting in Dyeing Room 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Glazing 
 
 Laundry Work 
 
 Packing 
 
 Portering 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Stringing 
 
 Tailor-pressing 
 
 Laundry Work 
 
 Curtain Framing 
 
 Mangling 
 
 Washing 
 
 Washing Machines (attending) 
 
 Gloves 
 
 Fur Cutting 
 Glove Cutting 
 Leather Dressing 
 Scouring 
 Supervising 
 
 Hats 
 
 Felt Hats and Caps 
 
 Dressmaking 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Cutting and Assisting in Cutting Room 
 
 Fitting-up (wholesale) 
 
 Laying-out 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Stock Keeping 
 
 Travelling 
 
 Trimming 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Window Dressing 
 
 Body Making (Hats) 
 
 Bright Finishing 
 
 Bronzing 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Examining Bodies 
 
 Forming 
 
 Fur Blowing 
 
 Machine Feeding 
 
 Labelling 
 
 Packing 
 
 Pasting 
 
 Planking 
 
 15 
 
Processes 
 
 CLOTHING TRADES 
 
 Hats {continued) 
 
 Tailoring 
 
 Felt Hats and Caps {continued) 
 
 Buttonholing 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Cutting and Assisting in Cutting Room 
 
 Printing 
 
 Examining 
 
 Proofing 
 
 Felling 
 
 Settling Machines 
 
 Folding 
 
 Shaving 
 
 Machining 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Making-up 
 
 Steaming 
 
 Oiling 
 
 Washing after Proofing 
 
 Passing 
 
 Wiring 
 
 Pressing 
 
 
 Putting Trimmings ready for Machinists 
 
 Straw Hats 
 
 Shrinking 
 
 
 Sorting Cut Pieces 
 
 Cutting Wheels 
 
 Stock Keeping 
 
 Polishing 
 
 Supervising 
 
 Press Blocking 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 FOOD TRADES 
 
 Aerated Waters. Bottling 
 
 Biscuit Making 
 
 Bottle Sorting 
 
 Bottle Washing 
 
 Carrying Crates 
 
 Cleaning Syphons 
 
 Filling 
 
 Fixing Capsules 
 
 Labelling 
 
 Packing 
 
 Polishing Syphon Tops 
 
 Re-rubbering Stoppers 
 
 Bacon Curing, Margarine Making, 
 
 Meat Preserving, etc. 
 
 Bacon Curing 
 
 Boning and Rolling 
 
 Packing 
 
 Sewing up for Army 
 
 Soldering 
 
 Stencilling 
 
 Washing Hams, Bacon 
 
 Margarine Making 
 
 Bakehouse Processes (except stoking) 
 
 Carrying Trays from Ovens 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Dough Brakes (assisting at) 
 
 Feeding Ovens 
 
 Feeding Travelling Ovens 
 
 Fruit Cleaning Machines (attending) 
 
 Labelling 
 
 Nailing Cases 
 
 Operating Lifts 
 
 Operating Weighbridge 
 
 Packing 
 
 Soldering 
 
 Sorting Biscuits 
 
 Stacking Tins 
 
 Stencilling 
 
 Trucking and Trolleying 
 
 Wafer Machine (attending) 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Bread, Cake and Pastry Making 
 Bread Making 
 
 Bakrncr 
 
 Analysis of Water, Oil, and Fats 
 
 Lard Compounding Rollers (attending) 
 
 Packing 
 
 Meat Preserving, Meat Pies, and 
 
 Sausage Making 
 
 Bakery 
 
 Boning Meat 
 
 Filling Tins, Pies, Sausages, etc. 
 
 Jellying 
 
 Lacquering 
 
 Linking 
 
 Packing 
 
 Preparing Skins 
 
 Soldering 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Washing 
 
 Carrying 
 
 Cleaning Tins 
 
 Delivering (Bread rounds) 
 
 Greasing Tins 
 
 Mixing 
 
 Moulding 
 
 Packing 
 
 Washing 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Cakes and Pastry Ma king 
 
 Baking Cakes, Confectionery, Scones, and 
 
 Smalls 
 Boiling 
 Carrying 
 Decorating and Finishing Cakes and 
 
 Pastries 
 
 l6 
 
FOOD TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Bread, Cake, an d Pastry Making {continued) 
 
 Cakes and Pastry Making {continued) 
 
 Iceing 
 
 Mixing 
 
 Moulding 
 
 Pastry Making 
 
 Stamping 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Brewing and Bottling Beer 
 
 Brewing Beer 
 
 Cask Filling 
 Cask Marking 
 Cask Washing 
 Cleaning Rubber Tubing 
 Rolling and Stacking Casks 
 
 Beer and Wine Bottling 
 
 Bottling 
 
 Bottling by Machine 
 
 Bottle Sorting 
 
 Bottle Washing 
 
 Cap Filling 
 
 Carbonating 
 
 Cellar Women (work as) 
 
 Collecting Stoppers 
 
 Corking 
 
 Discharge of Empty Cases 
 
 Drawing off from large to small casks by 
 
 Rubber Tube . 
 Feeding Roller Runners 
 Filling Boxes and Cases 
 Labelling 
 Packing 
 
 Passing Cases down Spiral 
 Pulp Washing 
 
 Refrigerating Machine (attending) 
 Rotary Filling 
 
 Small Hand Filter (attending) 
 Stacking 
 
 Taking off Runners 
 Trucking 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Washing on Exposed Revolving Brush 
 Wrapping 
 
 Distilling Spirits 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Catching Draff from Machine 
 Chemical Work 
 Cleaning in Slummage House 
 Despatch Work 
 Digging and Spreading Barley 
 Fermenting Room (work in) 
 Granaries (work in) 
 Light Labouring in Grist Loft 
 Loading and Stripping Malt Kilns (oper- 
 ating machine for) 
 Malting Work 
 Packing 
 Sewing Bags 
 
 Skimming Room (work in) 
 Taking from Presses 
 Washing Sheets and Fermenting Vessels 
 Yeast Making 
 
 Fruit Preserving, Chocolate and Sugar 
 
 Confectionery Making 
 
 Fruit Preserving 
 
 Boiling 
 
 Bottle Washing 
 
 Bottling 
 
 Filling 
 
 Lifting Cans of Sugar 
 
 Packing 
 
 Sterilizing 
 
 Chocolate and Su gar Confectionery 
 Making 
 
 Cake Machine (feeding) 
 
 Carrying 
 
 Confectionery Centre Machine (attending) 
 
 Cream Making Machine (feeding) 
 
 Filling Chocolates 
 
 Kneading 
 
 Moulding and Knocking Cakes from 
 
 Mould 
 Moulding Chocolates 
 Packing 
 Starch Hands 
 Sugar Boiling 
 
 Transferring Chocolate in Grinding Room 
 Trolley Work 
 
 Grain Milling ' 
 
 Bag Cleaning 
 
 Branding 
 
 Brushing Belts 
 
 Cardboard Box Making 
 
 Cleaning Plant 
 
 Emptying into Hoppers 
 
 Loading Hoist (assisting in) 
 
 Nailing up Boxes 
 
 Packing 
 
 Picking 
 
 Portering 
 
 Riddling Damaged Bran 
 
 Sack Cleaning 
 
 Sack Filling 
 
 Sack Mending 
 
 Stowing 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Sugar Refining 
 
 Bag Washing, Mangling, Drying, etc. 
 
 Bag Sewing 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Cube Cutting ^ 
 
 Cutting Machine Minding 
 
 Filling Bags, Casks, and Glucose Moulds 
 
 Filling Treacle Tins 
 
 Granulating 
 
 Light Work on Glucose Manf. 
 
 Melting and Mixing (assisting in) 
 
 Mould and Stove Work (assisting in) 
 
 Raw Sugar Centrifugals (attending) 
 
 Refined Sugar Centrifugals (attending) 
 
 Packing 
 
 Spreading Sugar in Boxes 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Weighing Bags and Casks 
 
 Unloading Raw Sugar 
 
 17 
 
Processes 
 
 PAPER AND PRINTING TRADES 
 
 Cardboard Boxes 
 
 Binding 
 
 Calendar Rolling (leather boards) 
 
 Corner Punching Machine 
 
 Creasing Machine (card boxes) 
 
 Cutting Machine (card boxes) 
 
 Cutting Card (fancy boxes) 
 
 Damping 
 
 Drying 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Gold Blocking 
 
 Guillotine (feeding) 
 
 Laying-on 
 
 Nailing 
 
 Packing 
 
 Paste Filling 
 
 Platen-Machine Work 
 
 Plating 
 
 Printing 
 
 Punching 
 
 Rolling 
 
 Sand Papering 
 
 Scoring 
 
 Sheet Laying 
 
 Stamping 
 
 Stock Keeping « 
 
 Stripping 
 
 Waste Sorting 
 
 Paper and Wall Paper 
 
 Baling 
 
 Beaters and Kneaders (feeding) 
 
 Boatermen (assisting) 
 
 Boilers (feeding Esparto into) 
 
 Bundling, Tying into Reams and Half 
 
 Reams (generally up to about 40 lb. 
 
 weight) 
 Burnishing Machine (attending) 
 Calenders (assisting at) 
 Chopper (feeding) 
 Coating Machine (assisting at) 
 Coating Silver Paper 
 Collar Gang 
 Collecting 
 Combing 
 
 Combing for Paper Coating 
 Cutting Machines (filling: in some cases with 
 
 aid of lifting tackle) 
 Edge Runners (feeding) 
 Embossing 
 
 Enamelling Paper (feeding machine for) 
 Esparto Dusting and Handling 
 Glazing 
 
 Grass Breaking 
 Grinding Machine (feeding) 
 Guillotine (taking off) 
 Hand Crane (working) 
 Kneaders and Beaters (feeding) 
 Labouring 
 
 Loading (vans, railway truckg, and steamers) 
 Making up Rolls 
 Melting Resin in Pans 
 Mixing Paper 
 Packing 
 
 Pattern Department Work 
 Potchers (feeding mechanical and chemical 
 
 pulp into) 
 Presse Pate 
 
 Paper and Wall Paper (contimied) 
 
 Printing Wall Paper 
 
 Pulp Bleaching 
 
 Pulping Machines (feeding rags and paper 
 
 clippings into) 
 Reeling Machines (assisting at certain kinds 
 
 oQ 
 "Rollergang" Machine (feeding) 
 Sampling 
 Sewing up Bales 
 Sheet Catching 
 Sorting Rags 
 Storing Waste 
 
 Stowing Bales of Esparto and Wood Pulp 
 Taking from Cutter 
 
 Trucking Bales of Wood Pulp (up to 4cwt.) 
 Trucking from Esparto Boilers 
 Twist Catching at Reeling Machines 
 Tying and Bundling into Reams and Half 
 
 Reams(generally up to about 40 lb. weight) 
 Willowing Machines (feeding Esparto and 
 
 mechanical pulp into) 
 Varnishing 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Printing, Bookbinding, Stereotyping, 
 Engraving, etc. 
 
 Binding 
 
 Blocking 
 
 Case Making 
 
 Compositors' Work (type-setting) 
 
 Colour Printing (feeding and minding ma- 
 chine) 
 
 Copy-holding 
 
 Correcting Type 
 
 Counting Paper 
 
 Cutting Paper 
 
 Cyko Printing (photo enlarging) 
 
 Distributing Type 
 
 Eyeletting 
 
 Feeding Printing Machines(Platens,Wharfe- 
 dales, Drum Cylinders, Two-revolutions 
 Perfecting, Two-colour, etc.) 
 
 Finishing (litho work) 
 
 Finishing (photo enlarging) 
 
 Machine Minding 
 
 Monotype Operating 
 
 Monotype Keyboard Work 
 
 Packing and Tying-up 
 
 Paper Bag Folding, Labelling, Sticking- 
 down, etc. 
 
 Picture Post Card Cutting and Developing 
 
 Platen Hands 
 
 Reading 
 
 Ruling Machine 
 
 Storing Pages of Type 
 
 Type Setting 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Wire Stitching 
 
 Publication of Newspapers and 
 Periodicals 
 
 Copy-holding 
 Cutting for Printer 
 Despatch Work 
 Folding 
 
 18 
 
PAPER AND PRINTING TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Publication of Newspapers, etc. (contintied) 
 
 Stationery, Pencils, Gum, etc. (continued) 
 
 Letterpress Machine Work 
 
 Embossing 
 
 Machine Ruling 
 
 Envelope Adjusting, Printing, Stamping 
 
 Numbering 
 
 File Makintj 
 
 Reading Proofs 
 
 Fixing Metal 
 
 Stitching 
 
 Gum Mixing 
 
 Sub-editing 
 
 Label Making 
 
 
 Law Writin'^ 
 
 
 Laying-on 
 
 Stationery, Pencils, Gum, etc. 
 
 Lead Milling 
 
 
 Machine Ruling > 
 
 Bending 
 
 Packing 
 
 Binding 
 
 Platen Hands 
 
 Blocking 
 
 Printing 
 
 Brass Turning 
 
 Punching 
 
 Coating 
 
 Ribbon Making 
 
 Crate Making 
 
 , Reading 
 
 Creasing 
 
 Taking-off 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Tube Making 
 
 Drilling 
 
 Warehouse W^ork 
 
 TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Spinning , Doubling, etc. 
 
 Balling Warp 
 
 Banding 
 
 Blowing 
 
 Bobbining in Ring Room 
 
 Can Tenting 
 
 Carding 
 
 Condenser Tenting 
 
 Conditioning Box Feeding 
 
 Creeling 
 
 Crossballing 
 
 Derby Doubler Tenting 
 
 Doffing 
 
 Doubling 
 
 Dyehouse Linking 
 
 Dyehouse Unlinking 
 
 Foreman (assisting) 
 
 Gassing 
 
 Hand Winding 
 
 Hoist Work 
 
 Jobbing 
 
 Knotting 
 
 Making-up 
 
 Mixing and Feeding Machines 
 
 Mixing and Blowing Room 
 
 Moving Cans in Card Room 
 
 Oiling round Mules and in Ring Room 
 
 Opening Bales 
 
 Overlooking 
 
 Packing Cops in Warehouse 
 
 Papering Bundles 
 
 Piecing at Mules 
 
 Preparing Waste 
 
 Quilling 
 
 Ring Spinning 
 
 Ring Twisting 
 
 Roving Carriers 
 
 Scavenging 
 
 Scrutchers (assisting) 
 
 Shaking 
 
 Spinning, Doubling, etc. (continued) 
 
 Slubber Tenting 
 Sorting Bobbins 
 Splitting 
 Spreading 
 
 Spinning Room Work 
 Stripping Bobbins 
 
 Tenting to Derby Doublers on Condensers 
 Testing 
 Ticketing 
 
 Tidying and Sweeping at Cards 
 Twisting 
 " Tubing 
 
 Weaving 
 
 Baling Waste 
 
 Beaming 
 
 Bobbing Carrying 
 
 Braiding 
 
 Card Cutting 
 
 Card Tenting 
 
 Cleaning Waste 
 
 Clipping 
 
 Clothlooking 
 
 Cutlooking 
 
 Drawers 
 
 Drying Waste 
 
 Finishing (stitching) 
 
 Giving out Weft 
 
 Hand Warping 
 
 Loading Waste 
 
 Looming 
 
 Plaiting 
 
 Reaching-in 
 
 Roller Covering 
 
 Rolling 
 
 Sett Carrying 
 
 Shearing 
 
 Sorting and Grading Tares 
 
 Sorting Waste 
 
 Trucking Yarn 
 
 19 
 
Processes 
 
 TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Cotton {continued) 
 
 Weaving (continued) 
 
 Velvet Cutting 
 
 Warp Making 
 
 Waster Breakers (assisting) 
 
 Weaving 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Willowiiig 
 
 Winding 
 
 Wrapping Pieces 
 
 Hosiery 
 
 Boarding 
 
 Carrying and Packing 
 
 Circular Head Machines 
 
 Circular Tenters ' 
 
 Coton's Frames 
 
 Coton's Machines 
 
 Coton's Frame (power) 
 
 Countermen 
 
 Dolling 
 
 Drying 
 
 Dubred's Flat Machines 
 
 Fettling 
 
 Fettling and Changing Patterns 
 
 Fine Knitting Machines 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Flat Machines 
 
 Folding 
 
 Foster and Harrison's Flat Machines 
 
 Hand Frames 
 
 Jersey Heads 
 
 Measuring 
 
 Overlooking 
 
 Pearl Machines 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Scott-Williams' Machines 
 
 Supervising in Various Depts. 
 
 Trimming and Overlooking 
 
 Warehouse and Inspecting 
 
 Warehouse Overlooking 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Warping for Milanese Fabric 
 
 Winding 
 
 X.L. Machine 
 
 Yarn Men 
 
 Jute 
 
 Batching 
 
 Calendering 
 
 Cloth Picking 
 
 Cropping Machine Winding 
 
 Dressing 
 
 Hand Cutting Bass 
 
 Hydraulic Press Packing 
 
 Machine Feeding 
 
 Packing 
 
 Preparing 
 
 Putting up Yarn in Dyehouse 
 
 Rove Frames (working on) 
 
 Sack Bundling 
 
 Sewing Ends 
 
 Shifting Bobbins 
 
 Spinning 
 
 Stitching 
 
 Tenting 
 
 Twisting 
 
 Weighing up Cans 
 
 Lace 
 
 Beaming 
 
 Brass Winding 
 
 Punching at Cards 
 
 Reading-off 
 
 Shuttling 
 
 Spooling 
 
 Stripping 
 
 Threading 
 
 Threading Levers Lace 
 
 Warping 
 
 Linen 
 
 Balling 
 
 Beaming 
 
 Bleaching Cloth 
 
 Breaker Cans 
 
 Brindling 
 
 Card Copying 
 
 Carding 
 
 Cropping Machine Winding 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Dressing 
 
 Drying 
 
 Examining 
 
 Finishing Cloth 
 
 Finishing Thread 
 
 Hackling 
 
 Hemp Breaking 
 
 Lapping Machine Winding 
 
 Loom Tenting 
 
 Machine Repairing 
 
 Mounting 
 
 Piecing 
 
 Roughing 
 
 Roving 
 
 Spinning 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Warping 
 
 Weaving 
 
 Yarn Preparing Machine Minding 
 
 Yarn Weighing 
 
 Mat an d Fibre 
 
 Balling-up 
 
 Cleaning Fibre 
 
 Fibre Mixing Machines 
 
 Hand Finishing 
 
 Hand Hackling 
 
 Hand Loom Weaving 
 
 Large Power Loom Weaving 
 
 Pulling down Yarn 
 
 Quill Winding 
 
 Rod Mat Weaving 
 
 Stranding 
 
 Winding 
 
 Ro pe and Twine 
 
 Balling 
 Doubling 
 Foreboard 
 Knotting 
 Machine Minding 
 Machine Twisting 
 
 30 
 
TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Rope and Twine {continued) 
 
 Making Twine 
 
 Making-up and Packing 
 
 Preparing 
 
 Rope Walk Stranding 
 
 Small Rope Making Machines 
 
 Splicing 
 
 Splicing Fixing Pegs on Ropes 
 
 Stretching 
 
 Stripping 
 
 Supervising 
 
 Tarring 
 
 Winding 
 
 Sack Making 
 
 Beating 
 
 Cleaning 
 
 Cleaning at Power Driven Brushes 
 
 Examining 
 
 Hand Cutting Machine 
 
 Hand Stitching Coal Sacks 
 
 Machine Stitching Nosebags 
 
 Packing 
 
 Power Machining 
 
 Receiving 
 
 Repairing 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Stamping 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Twining 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Weighing 
 
 Silk 
 
 Appold Looms (warping for) 
 
 Bobbin Carrying 
 
 Braid Tenting 
 
 Combing 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Looming 
 
 Reeling 
 
 Spinning 
 
 Supervising in Spooling Room 
 
 Throwing 
 
 Twisting 
 
 Warehouse Work 
 
 Warping for Appold Looms 
 
 Weaving 
 
 Winding 
 
 Textile Small Ware, Tents, Belting, 
 
 Braid, etc. 
 
 Braiding Rubber 
 
 Brattice Cloth Machine Minding 
 
 Brass Winding 
 
 Carrying Washed Hair to Kilns 
 
 Cleaning Cylinders 
 
 Cording 
 
 Cutting Holdalls 
 
 Cutting Out Tents 
 
 Eyeletting 
 
 Feeding Machines (Brattice Cloth) 
 
 Textile Small Ware, etc. (continued) 
 
 Feeding Teasing Machines (Hair) 
 
 Garnetting 
 
 Grummetting 
 
 Hammock Sewing 
 
 Inspecting 
 
 Machining Tents 
 
 Mixing Clay 
 
 Rag Washing ^ 
 
 Scribbling Machines 
 
 Sizing Hemp Spinners 
 
 Splicing Small Cords 
 
 Stitching Tents 
 
 Strap Sewing 
 
 Stripping 
 
 Tarpaulin Spinning 
 
 Tent Finishing 
 
 Threading 
 
 Warping Belting 
 
 Weaving Horsehair Cloth 
 
 Weaving Small Wares 
 
 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing 
 
 Yarns 
 
 Bundle Dyeing 
 
 Banding and Assisting in Grey Room 
 
 Heading (in dry process) 
 
 Making-up and Pressing (on power 
 
 presses) 
 Papering and Ticketing 
 
 Cops 
 
 Packing Cops in Cases after Drying 
 Packing in Dyeing Machines 
 Spindling 
 Stoving 
 
 Raw Cotton Dyeing 
 
 Feeding Cotton Breaker (preparatory 
 to drying after dyeing) 
 
 Warps 
 
 Assisting in Grey Room 
 
 Balling Machines up to Warps of 25 lb. 
 
 each 
 Box Watching of Dyeing Machines, 
 
 and in some cases Size Machines 
 Warp Splitting (either by hand or 
 
 power) 
 
 Piece Goods 
 Bleaching 
 
 Assistants on Tins 
 
 Guiding-in on Clip Stretchers, Belt 
 
 Stretchers, and Stenter 
 Marking Lot Numbers in Grey Room 
 Piling Light Goods 
 Scutching 
 Stitching 
 
 Making-up Room 
 
 Assisting in Carrying-off for Stampers 
 Assisting in Filling and Emptying 
 
 Hydraulic Press with Light Goods 
 
 (not lifting iron plates) 
 Banding 
 Creasing 
 Cutting 
 
 21 
 
Processes 
 
 TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing (continued) 
 
 Piece Goods — Bleaching [continued) 
 
 Cutting Patterns 
 
 Light Stamping 
 
 Making up Light Goods 
 
 Making up Light Shirtings 
 
 Parcelling Light Goods 
 
 Parcelling Light Shirtings 
 
 Paring 
 
 Piling Light Goods ready for Press 
 
 Plaiting 
 
 Ribboning 
 
 Silking 
 
 Straightening 
 
 Taking Light Goods out of Presses (not 
 
 lifting pieces) 
 Taping 
 Ticketing 
 
 Packing Room 
 Marking-off 
 
 Making out Pack Tickets and Invoices 
 Taking Lengths 
 
 Calico Printing 
 
 Bleach Croft 
 Plaiting Down 
 
 Dyeing and Soaping Departments 
 Guiding Pieces 
 
 Plaiting down from Drying Machines 
 Sewing 
 
 Finishing 
 Guiding Pieces 
 Sewing 
 Taking off Drying Machines 
 
 Grey Room 
 Sewing 
 Stamping 
 
 Machine Room 
 
 Plaiting down for Printing Machines 
 (provided the heat is not excessive) 
 
 White Room 
 Drying Tins 
 Stamping and Sewing (not carrying) 
 
 Stentering 
 
 Feeding and Plaiting down (provided 
 
 the heat is not excessive) 
 Sewing 
 
 Warehouse 
 Clerical Work 
 Cutting and Straightening 
 Pattern Cutting 
 Plaiting Machines 
 Silking 
 
 Dyeing (Velvets and Cords) 
 
 Ageing, Loading, and Unloading 
 Bleaching, Ashpans, Sour Kettles, 
 
 Chemic Machines, WashingMachines, 
 
 Winces, Mangle, etc. 
 Cord Cutting by Hand and Machines 
 
 on Velvet Goods only 
 Doctoring 
 Drying Cylinders — Edge Minding, Tail 
 
 Ending, Wiring-in, and Carrying 
 Examining Cloth 
 
 Piece Goods — Dyeing {continued) 
 
 Finished Goods Room — Charge of 
 
 Mender Room 
 • Finished Goods Room — Checking 
 
 Goods for Town 
 Finished Goods Room — Stamping 
 Finishing Machines 
 Gregging Room 
 Grey Treadles, etc. 
 Grey Stock Rooms (receiving, wheeling 
 
 trucks, etc.) 
 Laboratory (assistants) 
 Mole Department (backing, shearing, 
 
 finishing) 
 Passing Table (marking-off, carrying, 
 
 etc.) 
 Peg Machines, Minders, Pulling Over, 
 
 and Carrying 
 Piece Carrying, Trucking, etc. Grey 
 
 Departments 
 Plaiting Machines 
 Pony Driver 
 
 Scouring Winces (first time and picker) 
 Setters up 
 Shearing Machines 
 Soaking Becks 
 Stretching 
 
 Tramway Attendant 
 Washing and Brushing 
 Whizzing (first time pickers and dyed) 
 
 Dyeing (other than Velvets and 
 
 Cords ) 
 
 Cloth Overlooking 
 
 Stiffening and Drying on Continuous 
 Machines: Guiding-in or taking-off 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Back of Schreiner Calenders — Guiding 
 
 on Batch at back 
 Damping Machines — Guiding on from 
 
 Wagons and Plaiting-off 
 Holding through Endless 
 Making-up Room: 
 
 Banding, Taping, Silking, and 
 
 Ribboning 
 Cutting and Straightening 
 Cutting Patterns 
 Filling and Emptying Press (plates 
 
 must not be lifted by women) 
 Light Hooking and Stamping 
 Light Parcelling, Making up Light 
 
 Goods 
 Marking-off and Ticketing 
 Papering and Tilloting 
 Plaiting and Creasing Machine 
 Pin and Clip Stretching. Guiding- 
 in and Plaiting-off 
 Storekeeping 
 
 Strap Stretching — Guiding-in and 
 Plaiting-off 
 
 Grey Room 
 
 Sewing, Measuring, Weighing, Stamp- 
 ing, and Piling Light Work 
 
 Hot Air Stenter 
 
 Guiding-in and Taking-off, Weft 
 Straightening 
 
 2i 
 
TEXTILE TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Textile Bleaching and Dyeing (continued) 
 Piece Goods — Dyeing (continued) 
 
 Mercerising 
 
 Assisting at Mercerising Machines, 
 Guiding and Plaiting-off 
 
 Raising and Felting Machines 
 
 Scutching 
 
 Open on to Wagons 
 
 Sewing 
 
 In any Part of the Works 
 
 N.B. — Batch Carrying and Lifting must 
 be done by men. 
 
 Webbing 
 
 Band Knife Cutting 
 
 Cloth Shrinking 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Eyeletting 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Fitting Ends to Straps 
 
 Riveting to Wood Battens for Shell Slings 
 
 Stitching 
 
 Stretching 
 
 Stringing 
 
 Taking off Calender 
 
 Taking off Dyehouse Machines 
 
 Washing Pieces on Winces 
 
 Washing Machines 
 
 Waxing 
 
 Working Hydro Extractor 
 
 Woollen and Worsted 
 Woollen 
 
 Banking and Bolting 
 
 Blanket Folding, Beaming, Raising, 
 
 Stacking 
 Blending 
 Blowing 
 Burling 
 Carding 
 
 Condenser Watcher 
 Creeling 
 
 Cutting and Cropping 
 Drawing 
 Dyeing 
 Examining 
 Feeding Rag Shaker 
 Filling Patent Automatic Hopper Feeds 
 Filling Quilts 
 Hoist Work 
 ■ Knotting 
 
 Laying-on Departments 
 Machine Tenting 
 Milling Department 
 
 Woollen (continued) 
 
 Minding Machines in Finishing Depart- 
 ment 
 Minding Scrubber Machine 
 Mule Spinning 
 Packing 
 Perching 
 Pattern Weaving 
 Piece Inspecting 
 Piecing 
 Pressing 
 Rag Grinding 
 Raising 
 Reaching-in 
 Reeling 
 Ring Spinning 
 Scouring 
 Sorting 
 
 Stock Keeping and Handing out Yarns 
 Taking Bobbins from Condenser 
 Twisting-in 
 Warehouse Work 
 Warping 
 Warp Sizing 
 
 Watching Wool at Scribbler Ends 
 Weaving 
 Winding 
 Yarn Dyeing Machine 
 
 Worsted 
 
 Back Washing Machine Minding 
 
 Bobbin Carrying 
 
 Breaking-off 
 
 Can Catching 
 
 Card end Minding 
 
 Card Feeding 
 
 Card Picking 
 
 Carding Machine Minding 
 
 Combing Machine Minding 
 
 Doffers' Asst. Overlooker 
 
 Gilling Machine Minding 
 
 Hanking 
 
 Loosing after Combs 
 
 Papering Yarns 
 
 Perching 
 
 Preparing Box Minding 
 
 Set Weighing 
 
 Twisting-in 
 
 Warping 
 
 Wash Bowl 
 
 Weaving 
 
 Weft Room Work 
 
 Wetting 
 
 Willeying Machine Minding 
 
 Yarn Drying 
 
 Yarn Testing 
 
 23 
 
Processes 
 
 WOODWORKING TRADES 
 
 Box and Packing Case Making 
 
 Furniture 
 
 Backing-up 
 
 Boring 
 
 Barrel Ma-cing 
 
 Buttoning Cushions and Mattresses 
 
 Boring 
 
 Carving (hand and machine), etc. 
 
 Box Corner Planing 
 
 Cording 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Cover Making 
 
 Branding 
 
 Cramping 
 
 Buffing 
 
 Dowelling 
 
 Carrying Boxes 
 
 Drawing Cushions and Mattresses 
 
 Checking 
 
 Enamelling 
 
 CircularSaws (small) Feeding and Taking-off 
 
 Finishing (upholstery), etc. 
 
 Compressing 
 
 Filling Cushions and Mattresses 
 
 Corner Hinging 
 
 Fixing Webs and Springs 
 
 Dovetailing 
 
 French Polishing 
 
 Drawing from Saws 
 
 Glueing 
 
 Drilling 
 
 Inlaying 
 
 Feeding Box Making 
 
 Moulding 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Painting 
 
 Fitting Posts, Pegs,- and Chairs 
 
 Repetition Machine Work, Light (as undei 
 
 General Transport 
 
 Box and Packing Case Making, above) 
 
 Glueing Boards 
 
 Sand-papering 
 
 Grooving 
 
 Seating throughout Pin-stuffed Chairs 
 
 Hand-holeing 
 
 Sewing 
 
 Handle Finishing 
 
 Staining 
 
 Jointing 
 
 Tracing 
 
 Knotting Handles 
 
 Turning 
 
 Labelling Wooden Pegs 
 
 
 Labouring 
 
 Loading Staves on Trucks 
 
 Saw Milling 
 
 Machine Drilling 
 
 J5ench Saws 
 
 Machine Minding 
 
 Boring 
 
 Making-up 
 
 Carrying Timber 
 
 Matching 
 
 Circular Saws (small). Feeding and Taking- 
 
 Measuring Staves 
 
 off, etc. 
 
 Nail Straightening 
 
 Cork Sizing 
 
 Nailing 
 
 Cross Cutting 
 
 Packing 
 
 Dovetailing 
 
 Painting 
 
 Glue Department 
 
 Piling Staves and Heads 
 
 Hole Boring Machine 
 
 Planing 
 
 Labouring 
 
 Printing 
 
 Lathe Work 
 
 Putting Together 
 
 Loading Boards 
 
 Rope Knotting 
 
 Loading Pit Props 
 
 Sand-papering 
 
 Making Rifle Holders 
 
 Screwing 
 
 Mortising 
 
 Small Turning 
 
 Moulding Machines, Feeding and Taking-off 
 
 Splicing Handles 
 
 Nailing Blocks together 
 
 Stacking Boxes 
 
 Papering Boards 
 
 Tacking 
 
 Paving Blocks 
 
 Tongueing 
 
 Planing Machines, Feeding and Taking-off 
 
 Turning Bobbins 
 
 Tenoning 
 
 Turning Tool Handles 
 
 Vertical Spindle (straight work) 
 
 a^* 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Basket Making and Wicker Work 
 
 Basket Fitting 
 
 Basket Making (lighter branches) 
 
 Cane Work 
 
 Lining Panniers 
 
 Packing 
 
 Painting 
 
 Peeling 
 
 Sorting Willows 
 
 Wood Cutting 
 
 Bricks 
 Common Bricks 
 
 Loading 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Setting 
 
 Stacking 
 
 Taking off from Presses 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Glazed and Enamelled Bricks 
 
 Cutting Clay 
 
 Dipping 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Enamelling 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Glazing 
 
 Moulding 
 
 Pressing 
 
 Putting on Slips 
 
 Setting 
 
 Taking off from Presses 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Brush Making 
 
 Boring by Machine 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Dressing, Fibre and Bristle 
 
 Drilling 
 
 Fashioning (second fashioning) of Bone 
 
 Brushes 
 Filling 
 Finishing 
 Glueing 
 Hair Dressing 
 Hair Mixing 
 Packing 
 
 Paint Brush Making 
 Painting 
 
 Pan Work (fibre and hair) 
 Passing 
 Planing 
 Polishing 
 Sand -papering 
 Shaping 
 Tacking 
 Trimming 
 Varnishing 
 Wood Turning 
 
 China, Earthenware, Pot tery 
 China 
 
 Board Washing 
 
 Casting 
 
 Cleaning Stoves 
 
 Cleaning Mangles 
 
 Colouring Machine Attending 
 
 China {continued) 
 
 Decorating 
 
 Dipping 
 
 Dusting 
 
 Dusting-off Machines 
 
 Filling Saggerswith Ware (both Glost and 
 
 Biscuit) 
 Flat Jolleying 
 Flat Knocking 
 Hand Colouring 
 Handling 
 
 Hollow-ware Jiggering 
 Hollow-ware Jolleying 
 Litho-transfer Making (various subsidiary 
 
 processes) 
 Mould Running 
 Placing (not heavy carrying) 
 Tile Pressing 
 Turning 
 
 Fireclay Goods 
 
 Application of Bodies and Glazes 
 
 Carrying Pipes (small sizes) 
 
 Fettling 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Laying out Tiles 
 
 Making Tiles (by hand) 
 
 Making Small Sinks, Basins, etc. 
 
 Setting 
 
 Stacking-up 
 
 Taking off Firebricks from Presses 
 
 Wheeling to Kiln 
 
 Stoneware 
 
 Dipping Jam Jars and Stone Bottles 
 Making Jam Jars and Stone Bottles 
 Packing Jam Jars 
 Turning Jam Jars 
 
 W are, Red and Buff Clay 
 Glazed 
 
 Clay Preparing 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Glazing 
 
 Setting 
 
 Taking-off from Thrower 
 
 Unglazed (Flowerpots, Tiles, etc.) 
 
 Carrying to Kiln 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Taking from Presses to Machines 
 
 Throwing Flowerpots 
 
 Wheeling 
 
 Tobacco Pipes, Moulding 
 
 Games, Toys, etc. 
 
 Cross Cut and Circular Saws 
 
 Cutting Out (football covers) 
 
 Lathe Work 
 
 Leather Work 
 
 Machine Work 
 
 Packing 
 
 Painting 
 
 Picture Frame Joining 
 
 Polishing 
 
 Power Presses 
 
 25 
 
Processes 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRADES 
 
 Gas and Electricity Supply 
 
 Barrowing Coke 
 -^ Cleaning and Maintaining Lamps, Burners 
 and Mantles 
 
 Cleaning, Repairing, and Painting Meters 
 •J Collecting Accounts 
 
 , Fitting Stoves 
 >y Inspecting Meters 
 
 Labouring (lighter work) 
 ^Lighting Street Lamps 
 
 Loading Coke or Breeze 
 
 Packing Coke or Breeze 
 
 Reading Meters 
 
 Screening Coke or Breeze 
 ^Show-room Attendants 
 
 Show-room Cleaners 
 
 Switchboard Attendants 
 
 Testing Meters 
 
 Washing Coke or Breeze 
 
 Glass 
 
 Glass Bottle Making 
 
 Carrying from Blowers to Ovens 
 
 Carrying from Tables 
 
 Emptying and Filling Lehrs 
 
 Packing 
 
 Puntying Bottles 
 
 Riddling 
 
 Sorting Bottles 
 
 Trucking 
 
 Other Glass Making 
 
 Bending 
 
 Box Making 
 
 Carrying Plate Glass 
 
 Cementing Leaded Panes 
 
 Cleaning Glass 
 
 Crane Driving 
 
 Discharging 
 
 Glass Cutting 
 
 Glass Edging 
 
 Glass Grinding 
 
 Making Iron Hampers 
 
 Mixing (assisting) 
 
 Packing 
 
 Polishing 
 
 Silvering 
 
 Syringe Work 
 
 Working Broken Glass 
 
 India Rubber and Gutta Percha 
 Manufacture and Reclaiming of 
 Rubber 
 
 Calenders (assisting) 
 Chemists' Department (assisting) 
 Crushing on the Masticators 
 Drying Cylinders (assisting) 
 Feeding Calenders 
 
 Mixing Machine Minding (Dry Powders) 
 Mixing Machine Minding (Wet, prepara- 
 tory to spreading) 
 Rough Spreading 
 Packing, etc., in Stores 
 Taking off Strip Rubber from Calenders 
 Warming-up 
 Washing on the Masticators 
 
 Manufacture of Rubber A rticles 
 
 Armouring Machine (Hose of Small Dia- 
 meter) 
 Asbestos Cloth Cutting 
 Blowing on and off Cycle Tubes 
 Buffing 
 
 Building up of Treads 
 Building up of Tyres 
 Case Making 
 Cleaning Tyres 
 Cold Cure Department 
 Corrugating Vacuum Hose 
 Covering Bands 
 Covering Wringer Rollers 
 ^—Cutting and Making up Joints, Valves, 
 
 Washers, etc. 
 ^-.Cutting and Making up Cushions, Hot 
 
 Water Bottles, Water Beds, etc. 
 Cutting and Making up Rubber Gloves 
 Cutting Canvas 
 Cutting Ground Sheets and Garments by 
 
 Cutting Machines, Short Knife, and 
 
 Slot Knife 
 Cutting Rubber for Tyres, etc. 
 Cutting 
 
 Cycle Tube Making 
 Fixing Tread 
 Hose Making Assistants (Large Diameter 
 
 Hoses) 
 Hose Making, Machine and Hand (Small 
 
 Diameter Ho. es) 
 Hydraulic Press Attending 
 Making up Joints, Valves, Washers, etc. 
 Measuring 
 Moulding (Hydraulic Presses and helping 
 
 a at Steam Vulcanisers) 
 Pasting up of Cloth 
 sgjveting Steel Studs 
 Rubbermg Bands 
 Sieving Cushions, Hot Water Bottles, and 
 
 Water Beds, etc. 
 Short Knife Cutting 
 Slot Knife Cutting 
 Spreading Department, Pasting-up 
 Steam Vulcanisers (helping at light work) 
 Steel Stud Riveting 
 Solid Tyre Department, Covering and 
 
 Rubbering Bands 
 Tube Making by Hand 
 Tubing Machines 
 Tyre Cleaning 
 Tyre Examining 
 
 Vacuum Hose Making up (by hand) 
 Varnishing 
 Vulcanite Buffing 
 Warehouse Processes 
 
 Leather Dressing and Tanning 
 
 Blue Striking out 
 
 Brushing-off 
 
 Brushing-on 
 
 Buffing 
 
 Carrying off from Machines 
 
 Carrying off from Sorters 
 
 Colouring 
 
 Carrying 
 
 Dipping in Hypo and Acid Liquors 
 
 Embossing 
 
 36 
 
MISCELLANEOUS TRADES 
 
 Processes 
 
 Leather Dressing and Tanning {continued) 
 
 Linoleum and Floorcloth {contifiued) 
 
 Emptying Barrels 
 
 Cork Trimming 
 
 Emptying Tumblers 
 
 Felt Rolling 
 
 Glazing Machines (slow action) 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Hair Sorting and Dyeing 
 
 Inlaid Making 
 
 Handling at Lime Pits 
 
 Laying 
 
 Handling at Slings or Pits 
 
 Packing 
 
 Hanging Leather 
 
 Stove Work (filling and emptying) 
 
 Hooking Light Leather from Pits 
 
 Trimming 
 
 Horsing-up 
 
 Varnishing 
 
 Ironing 
 
 
 Light Labouring 
 
 
 Liquor Pumps (attending) 
 Offal Parts (all processes) 
 
 Celluloid and Horn 
 
 Oiling 
 
 Butting 
 
 Opening out Skins 
 
 Button Turning 
 
 Paddles (attending) 
 
 Dollifying 
 
 Piling Skins on Horses 
 
 Drawing 
 
 Pinner Machines (assisting) 
 
 Grinding 
 
 Polishing 
 
 Polishing 
 
 Printing 
 
 Setting 
 
 Rolling 
 
 
 Scouring 
 
 y 
 
 Scraping off Hair which Machines have 
 failed to remove 
 
 Pianos and other Musical Instruments 
 
 Seasoning 
 
 Pianos 
 
 Serial Striking-out 
 
 
 Setting Machines (attending) 
 
 Actions 
 
 Single Striking-out 
 
 Broaching 
 
 Sizing 
 
 Bushing 
 
 Softening 
 
 Centring 
 
 Sorting Hair and Leather 
 
 Checking 
 
 Splitting 
 
 Covering 
 
 Staining 
 
 Drilling 
 
 Staking 
 
 Finishing 
 
 Storing in Racks 
 
 Regulating 
 
 Straining (hand work) 
 
 Screwing-down 
 
 Stuffing 
 
 Slotting 
 
 Vat Attending 
 
 Wire Buttoning 
 
 Washing 
 
 Wiring 
 
 
 Case Making 
 
 
 Filling 
 
 Finishing and Regulating 
 
 Leather Goods 
 
 Cutting 
 
 Dressing 
 
 Einishinf^ 
 
 Fly Finishing 
 
 Staining 
 
 Varnishing and Polishing 
 
 Machining 
 Nailing 
 Packing 
 Passing 
 
 Varnishing Sounding Boards 
 Veneer Cutting 
 Veneer Laying 
 Veneer Trimming 
 
 Pasting 
 
 Hammers 
 
 Press Working 
 
 Cleaning 
 
 Punching-out 
 
 Felting 
 
 Riveting 
 
 Making 
 
 Sewing 
 
 Shanking 
 
 Stamping 
 
 Stitching 
 
 Stitching 
 
 
 Sorting 
 
 Keys and Key-Boards 
 
 Varnishing 
 
 Boring 
 
 Vyse Working 
 
 Cutting 
 Finishing 
 
 
 Saw Milling 
 
 Linoleum, Celluloid, Horn, etc. 
 
 Metal Stud Making 
 
 Linoleum and Floorcloth 
 
 Wrest Pins 
 
 
 Cutting Machines 
 
 Block Building 
 
 Drilling Machines 
 
 Colour Mixing 
 
 Filing Machines 
 
 Cork Grinding 
 
 Hammering Machines 
 
 27 
 
Processes 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS TRADES 
 
 Pianos, etc. {continued) 
 
 Tobacco (conttTiued) 
 
 Other Musical Instruments 
 
 Inspecting 
 
 
 Knocking off Covers 
 
 Assembling 
 
 Labelling 
 
 Cleaning 
 
 Leaf Handling 
 
 Light Machine Work 
 
 Leaf Stripping 
 
 Packing 
 
 Liquoring 
 
 Player Work 
 
 Machine Dressing 
 
 Sand-papering 
 
 Marking and Hooping 
 
 Store Room Work 
 
 Packing 
 
 Varnishing 
 
 Packing Presses 
 
 Woodworking Machines 
 
 Plugging Machine Feeding 
 
 
 Printing 
 
 
 Proctor Machines 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Roll Making 
 
 
 Rotary Machines 
 
 Basket Wheeling 
 
 Shag Spreading 
 
 Blending 
 
 Sorting in Warehouse 
 
 Cardboard Box Making 
 
 Spinning 
 
 Cigar Making 
 
 Stove Soldering 
 
 Cigarette Machines 
 
 Supervising 
 
 Cigarette Collecting 
 
 Sweeping 
 
 Cutting Machines 
 
 Tobacco Cutting 
 
 Helping Stovers 
 
 Tray Carrying 
 
 Hydraulic Plug Pressing 
 
 Wetting Machine 
 
 NON-INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS 
 
 Clerical Work 
 
 Women are now employed in all kinds of 
 Clerical Work in: 
 Banks 
 
 Business Houses 
 Government Offices 
 Insurance Offices 
 Municipal Offices 
 Professional Offices 
 Railway Offices 
 
 Porterage and Light Labouring 
 
 Women are being employed upon carry- 
 ing and light labouring work in most trades. 
 They are fitted for all such work except 
 where heavy lifting or pushing is required. 
 In some cases the introduction of mechanical 
 devices has brought work otherwise too 
 heavy within their powers. 
 
 Instances of heavy physical work success- 
 fully undertaken by women are illustrated 
 in Part H of this book. See footnote to 
 Index of Photographs, page 40. 
 
 Post Office Work 
 
 Women have long been employed on Post 
 Office work both Clerical and Manipulative, 
 and are now employed on many duties 
 hitherto performed mainly or exclusively by 
 men. For example, several thousand women 
 
 Post Office Work {continued} 
 
 are now engaged in three shifts covering the 
 twenty-four hours in sorting letters and 
 parcels at the Inland Circulation Office at 
 Mount Pleasant. Others are engaged in 
 sorting work for the Army Post Office, and 
 some even in the Travelling Post Offices. 
 Large numbers are employed as postmen 
 both in town and country. 
 
 Clerical duties (head-quarter or administra- 
 tive offices) 
 
 Counter duties (sale of stamps, licences, etc., 
 issue and payment of postal and money 
 orders, and Savings Bank, Parcels Post, 
 and Telegraph business) 
 
 Manipulative Duties — Indoor (Telegraphy, 
 Telephone Exchange work. Trunk 
 Telephone work, sorting of letter- 
 mails,^ bag-opening,' etc., sorting of 
 newspapers ' and of parcel mails ') 
 
 Manipulative Duties — Outdoor (Postmen's 
 work," i.e., collection and delivery of 
 letters and parcels, on foot or on cycle 
 — both in town and rural areas) 
 
 Special. — Travelling Post Office work ' 
 (sorting in the Post Office Mail Vans 
 attached to the chief mail trains) 
 
 ' Duties marked thus have hitherto been mainly per- 
 formed by men. 
 
 ' Duties marked thus have hitherto been exclusively 
 performed by men. 
 
 28 
 
NON-INDUSTRIAL OCCUPATIONS 
 
 Processes 
 
 Retail and Distributive Trades 
 
 Women are being extensively employed 
 by retail tradesmen for counter work, pack- 
 ing, and delivering, in trades where men 
 were previously employed. Packing and 
 delivering are considered under Warehouse 
 Work and Van Work (Transport) respect- 
 ively. The employment of women on coun- 
 ter work depends to some extent on the 
 weight of goods to be handled. In some 
 trades, e.g. grocery, the goods may be 
 packed in smaller quantities than was for- 
 merly usual, while in others a few men must 
 be retained for heavy lifting. Even in the 
 latter case, however, there is often much 
 work which can be done by women. In the 
 piece goods department of a large draper, 
 for instance, women may not be able to lift 
 the heavy rolls of cloth, but all the actual 
 serving, measuring, etc., may be done by 
 them and the male staff thus greatly reduced. 
 
 Transport Trades 
 
 Railways i 
 
 Booking Clerks 
 
 Carriage Cleaners 
 
 Carriage Washers 
 
 Carriage Repairers (seats, upholstery) 
 
 Clerks (Administrative offices) 
 
 Cooks in Dining Cars 
 
 Electric Train Cleaners 
 
 Engine Cleaners and Greasers 
 
 Goods Porters (harrowing, etc.) in Goods 
 
 Yards or Warehouses 
 Labourers in Repair Sheds 
 Lift Attendants 
 
 Labourers in Stations (trucking, etc.) 
 Machinists in Railway Workshops 
 Messengers 
 Number Takers 
 Parcels Porters 
 Platform Porters 
 Telegraphists 
 Ticket Collectors 
 
 Railways {continued) 
 
 Ticket Inspectors 
 
 Waitresses in Hotels, Refreshment Rooms, 
 
 and Dining Cars 
 Wagon Sheet Repairers 
 
 Tram and Omnibus Services 
 
 Chauffeuses 
 
 Cleaners in Electric Power Stations 
 
 Magnet and Coil Winders 
 
 Switchboard Attendants in Electric Power 
 
 Stations 
 Tram and Omnibus Cleaners 
 Tram and Omnibus Conductors 
 Tram and Omnibus Drivers 
 Tram and Omnibus Inspectors 
 
 Van Work, Delivery, etc. 
 
 Women are now employed to drive 
 motor and horse vans and to deliver for 
 business houses of all kinds and more 
 especially for retail traders. 
 
 Warehouse and Stores Work 
 
 Women are now employed for packing, 
 loading, harrowing, and other warehouse 
 work in the Post Office stores. Railway 
 stores, Railway goods stations and ware- 
 houses, and business houses. The only 
 work of this kind which they cannot under- 
 take is that which involves heavy lifting. 
 
 In some cases, e.g. "Manchester" ware- 
 houses, much of the heavy lifting must be 
 done by men, though by a rearrangement of 
 work their labour may often be " diluted " 
 by that of women. In other types of busi- 
 ness, e.g.. Grocery Trade, Flour Milling, the 
 goods can be handled by women if packed 
 in smaller quantities than formerly. 
 
 Instances of heavy physical work success- 
 fully undertaken by women are illustrated 
 in Part II of this book. See footnote to 
 Index of Photographs, page 40. 
 
 39 
 
H 
 
 AGRICULTURE 
 
 List of Occupations in which Wonmen are successfully employed 
 
 Occupation 
 
 Agricultural Labourer- 
 Farm Servant 
 
 Agricultural Labourer — 
 for Cattle 
 
 Agricultural Labourer — 
 for Horses 
 
 Agricultural Machine 
 Attendant 
 
 Gardeners 
 
 Market Gardener (in- 
 cluding Labourer) 
 
 Nurseryman, Seedsman, 
 Florist 
 
 Plantation Labourer 
 Shepherd's Help 
 
 Miscellaneous workers 
 engaged in or con- 
 nected with Agricul- 
 ture 
 
 Particulars of Occupation 
 
 Bondager; datal man (on farm); 
 drillman; hay and straw binder; 
 hedger and ditcher; hop ground 
 labourer ; mulcher ; strapper ; 
 twitcher. 
 
 Cattleman ; milker ; dairyman (on 
 farm) ; stockman's assistant ; 
 yardman. 
 
 Carter (on farm) ; ploughman ; 
 teamsman. • 
 
 Reaping machine attendant; motor 
 plougher; straw presser; thresh- 
 ing machine attendant. 
 
 Cropper ; landscape gardener ; la- 
 bourer; orchard gardener. 
 
 Remarks 
 
 Filbert grower; grass-keeper; hop, 
 fruit, pea picker; osier grower, 
 trimmer ; peat cutter ; poultry- 
 man ; teasel grower ; turf cutter ; 
 twig cutter; watercress gatherer; 
 willow hoer and trimmer. 
 
 Large numbers of women are 
 doing the different kinds 
 of work mentioned, and 
 are being increasingly 
 useful. 
 
 In large numbers and with 
 success. 
 
 To a very limited extent, as 
 only the women who have 
 a knowledge of horses are 
 suitable. 
 
 To a limited extent. Quite 
 suitable work, but experi- 
 ence required. 
 
 In large numbers. Demand 
 much exceeds supply. 
 
 In large numbers. Demand 
 much exceeds supply. 
 
 Largely." 
 
 To a limited extent 
 
 In a few instances. More 
 might be done by women. 
 
 In very large numbers. Much 
 of this work is habitually 
 done by women. 
 
 30 
 
MUNITIONS WORK 
 
 Successfully Undertaken by Women in Temporary 
 Substitution or Dilution of Male Labour 
 
 For convenience of reference the information under this head is arranged 
 in three lists: 
 
 I. LIST OF CHIEF TRADES REPRESENTED (see below). 
 II. SUMMARY OF PROCESSES USED (pp. 32-34). 
 III. LIST OF ITEMS MADE— Manufactured Articles, Parts, etc. 
 (PP- 35-38). 
 
 I. LIST OF CHIEF TRADES REPRESENTED 
 
 Aerpplane Manufacture 
 
 Ammunition Manufacture 
 
 Artillery Manufacture 
 
 Brick Making 
 
 Canvas Goods, Manufacture 
 
 Chemical Trades (Explosives) 
 
 Electrical Trades (including Telephone, Telegraph, and Wireless) 
 
 Engineering generally 
 
 Explosives, Manufacture 
 
 Instrument Making (Optical and Scientific) 
 
 Leather and Canvas Goods, Manufacture 
 
 Marine Engineering 
 
 Mechanical Engineering 
 
 Metal Trades 
 
 Optical Instrument Making 
 
 Rubber Manufacture 
 
 Scientific Instrument Making 
 
 Shipbuilding 
 
 Soap Manufacture 
 
 Wood Working 
 
 31 
 
Munitions Work 
 
 II. SUMMARY OF PROCESSES 
 
 Acetylene Welding — aero engine parts, brass tubes 
 of 1 8 gauge, etc. 
 
 Angle-Iron Smith's work (as helpers and back 
 banders) — shipbuilding 
 
 Armature Winding — small coils 
 
 Assembling — aero bomb droppers, cages for ball- 
 bearings, countershafts, electric fittings, motors 
 (small), switches, fuse adapters, gear parts, etc. 
 
 Banding — pressing and turning copper bands on shells 
 
 Beading — sheet metal, etc. 
 
 Bench Work (fitting) — assembling, filing, fitting, 
 marking-off, scraping 
 
 Bending — aero engine parts, pressure gauges, tubes, 
 etc. 
 
 Blading — turbine rotors and stators, threading blades 
 
 Blending — explosives 
 
 Blocking — mirrors (prisms — optical munitions) 
 
 Boiling — cotton for explosives 
 
 Bolt Making — on automatic machines 
 
 Boring — castings, forgings, howitzer bombs, lathe 
 spindles, turbine segments, wheel blanks, etc. 
 
 Braiding — wire 
 
 Branding — files 
 
 Brass Casting 
 
 Brass Finishing 
 
 Brazier's Work — as Plumbers' and Coppersmiths' 
 
 helpers 
 Brazing — turbine blades 
 Briquette Making — coal (small) 
 Broaching — to limit of '0005 
 
 Bronzing — parts of electrical apparatus and scientific 
 instruments 
 
 Buffing (metal) — cartridge cases, etc. 
 
 Buffing (rubber) — vulcanized rubber sword handles, 
 etc. 
 
 Cable Covering and Insulating — electric, tele- 
 graph, and telephone 
 
 Casing — rubber tyres 
 
 Casting — brass (foundry work) 
 
 Casting — shrapnel bullets, etc. 
 
 Caulking — turbine segments, etc. 
 
 Cementing— lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 Centring — lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 Chamfering — lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 Chamfering — woodwork, ammunition boxes 
 
 Charging — nitric acid retorts (explosives) 
 
 Classifying — bolts (shipbuilding, etc.) 
 
 Coiling — steel strips for cartridges, wire (electric) 
 
 Colouring — patterns (wood) 
 
 Core Making (foundry) — brass, copper, iron 
 Countersinking — holes in ships' plates, etc. 
 Crane Driving — electric overhead travelling cranes 
 Crucible Making — clay, for foundries 
 Cutting — carbons (electric) to length; condenser 
 
 tubes; files (by hand and by machine); flue holes 
 
 in boiler end plates, gears, bevel, helical, and spur; 
 
 key ways (on slotting machine); machine tools; 
 
 turbine segments; wire for darts; etc. 
 
 Cutting — oxy-acetylene process 
 
 Dial Writing — boiler and engine fittings, pressure 
 gauges, etc. 
 
 Dipping (nitrating) — cotton for explosives 
 
 Dipping (plating) — electric apparatus, etc. 
 
 Dividing — clinometers, compass dials, etc. 
 
 Doping — aero wing covers 
 
 Dovetailing — woodwork, ammunition boxes, etc. 
 
 Drawing — wire 
 
 Dressing — castings (foundry work) 
 
 Drilling — aero parts, bearings, boiler end plates, 
 boiler flues, boiler shells, bombs (howitzer), 
 brackets (cast iron), breech mechanisms, clocks 
 for scientific instruments, horseshoes, turbine 
 segments, etc. 
 
 Drilling — multiple spindle machine 
 
 Drilling — slot drilling (slotting machine) 
 
 Drying — cotton (raw or nitrated) for explosives, etc. 
 
 Dry Soap Making 
 
 Edging — glass (lenses), sheet metal 
 
 Enamelling parts (electrical apparatus, instruments, 
 etc.) 
 
 Engraving — dials (boiler and engine fittings, pressure 
 gauges, etc.), scientific instruments, etc. 
 
 Explosives (processes generally) — blending cubes, 
 boiling cotton, centrifugalling, charging retorts, 
 cutting sheets into cubes, dipping, drying, firing 
 retorts, grinding, incorporating, mixing, nitration, 
 pressing, reeling cordite, rolling paste into sheets, 
 sifting, sulphuration, etc. 
 
 Facing — bolt holes, nuts, pipe flanges, etc. 
 
 Ferruling — condensers and oil coolers 
 
 Fettling— bearings, small parts, etc. 
 
 Filing — aero engine parts, aluminium packing for 
 rotors (turbine), armature cores, brass wedges 
 for rotors (turbine), gear parts, wheel blanks for 
 hardening, etc. 
 
 Filling Ammunition — bombs (explosive, gas, or 
 smoke), cartridges, shells (H.E., shrapnel, or star), 
 and explosives generally 
 
 Filling In and Marking — indicator plates with wax; 
 wood patterns, etc. 
 
 32 
 
SUMMARY OF PROCESSES 
 
 Munitions Work 
 
 Firing — nitric acid retorts (explosives) 
 
 Fitting (bench work) — aero bomb-droppers, clips, 
 countershafts, machine-gun parts, slide rests, etc. 
 
 Flaking — picric acid (explosives) 
 
 Flanging — pipes, sheet metal, tin work, etc. 
 
 Flatting — motor cycle parts 
 
 Fluting — aero-engine parts, taps, etc. 
 
 Folding — sheet metal 
 
 Foundry Work (brass, copper, iron) — clay work 
 (crucibles), core making, dressing castings, mould- 
 ing, tub work 
 
 French Polishing 
 
 Galletting — ore (putting up in hand briquettes) 
 
 Galvanizing — small parts, etc. 
 
 Gauging — fuses, shrapnel bullets, small parts, etc. 
 
 Glueing — woodwork, ammunition boxes, etc. 
 
 Grinding — ball races, bearings, files, glass (for engine 
 fittings, pressure gauges, optical instruments), 
 liners, machine tools (milling cutters, twist drills, 
 valve seating cutters), nuts (faces of lock nuts), 
 tools (saws, small tools, etc.) 
 
 Grinding (interior) — friction rings 
 
 „ (to size) — to ^ thousandth of inch, pins for 
 registering lathe turrets 
 
 Grinding and Mixing — explosives 
 
 Guillotining — sheet metal, tin work, etc. 
 
 Hammer Driving — power 
 
 Hand Stitching — canvas haversacks, etc. 
 
 Hardening — saws, etc. 
 
 Heating — rivets (shipbuilding) 
 
 Heat Testing — explosives 
 
 Holders-UP — shipwork 
 
 Incorporating and Mixing — explosives 
 Inspecting (generally) — parts and finished articles 
 Insulating — cable (by machine) 
 
 Japanning — tin work 
 
 Jointing — making metal joints, soldering, welding, etc. 
 
 „ making rubber joints for ships' pipes 
 
 Joggling — assisting at Joggling machine on small 
 plates (shipbuilding) 
 
 Labouring Work — bagging slag, harrowing, carrying, 
 cleaning (shops and machinery), clearing up, 
 red leading, chipping (shipyards), cutting soap, 
 driving horses, loading, packing, shovelling 
 (cinders, coke, loam, etc.), sorting (scrap, etc.) 
 stable work, teeming horses, trucking, washing 
 (carboys, etc.), wheeling, weighing, etc. 
 
 Lacquering — brass parts, fuses, radiator tubes, scien- 
 tific instruments, etc. 
 
 Machine Tool Making — various automatic and semi- 
 automatic processes (boring, cutting, drilling, 
 milling, slotting, turning, assembling, fitting, etc.) 
 
 Machining (engineering) — generally 
 
 „ (sewing) — aero wing covers, canvas, leather 
 
 equipment, etc. 
 
 Marine Engineering — various processes 
 Marking — dials and gauges (pressure, etc.) on card 
 or metal 
 
 Marking Off — bench work, fitting 
 Marking Out — casting, etc., on surface table 
 Micrometer Work 
 
 Milling — cross, slot, spiral, and vertical 
 
 ,, aero engine parts, cutters (teeth in), machine 
 guns (cross milling), square turrets for lathes, 
 taps, turbine blades, segments, etc. 
 
 Mixing — explosives 
 
 Moulding (metal) — foundry work, shrapnel bullets 
 „ rubber 
 
 NiCKELLiNG parts 
 Nitrating (dipping)- 
 
 explosives 
 
 Operating Machines — automatic machines, band 
 saws, bolt centring machines, cable insulating 
 machines, cranes (electric overhead travelling), 
 dovetailing machines, drills (multiple, spindle, and 
 sensitive), engraving machines, grinding machines 
 (Churchill cylindrical grinder), joggling machine 
 (shipbuilding), lathes (capstan, centre, chuck, 
 turret, etc.), milling machines (cross, slotting, 
 spiral, vertical), reamering machines (special), 
 screwing machines, studding machines, tapping 
 machines, etc. 
 
 Oxy-a'cetylene — cutting and wplding 
 
 OXYDISING 
 
 Packing — generally 
 
 Painting — generally 
 
 Papering — ammunition boxes, dynamometer bars, etc. 
 
 Pelleting — picric acid (explosives) 
 
 Photography — photo plan work 
 
 Picking — cotton for explosives 
 
 Planing (machine) — general light work, plate edges 
 (ship's plates) 
 
 Plate Bending (machine) — ship's plates 
 
 Plating — as platers' helpers (shipbuilding) 
 
 „ (electro plating) — electric apparatus, fuses, 
 
 instruments 
 
 Polishing (glass) — lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 „ (metal) — electric apparatus, fuses, instru- 
 
 ments, etc. 
 „ (wood) — see French Polishing 
 
 Pressing (metal) — seams (tin work), sheet metal, 
 shrapnel bullets 
 „ explosives 
 
 Press Stamping — brass, tin work, etc. 
 
 Profiling — machine guns 
 
 Pulping — cotton for explosives 
 
 Red Leading 
 
 Reamering — (special machine) 
 
 Recessing — ends of Lincoln pins (chains) 
 
 Re-forming (hydraulic) — cartridge cases 
 
 Riveting — base plugs for shrapnel; boiler flues 
 (operating portable hydraulic rivetter) 
 
 Rolling — carbons (electric), sheet metal 
 
 Rolling Out — dents in cartridge cases 
 
 Rope Making — hemp core for wire rope; wire rope 
 
 Roughing — lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 Rubber Work — electric cables covering, and insulat- 
 ing; tyres, casing; sword handles (vulcanized 
 rubber), buffing, rubbing, shellacing, polishing, 
 solution work on aeroplane wings 
 
 33 
 
Munitions Work 
 
 SUMMARY OF PROCESSES 
 
 Sand Blasting (cleaning) — motor cycle parts, etc. 
 
 Sandpapering — wood patterns, etc. 
 
 Scoring — brass parts for pressure gauges, etc. 
 
 Scouring — for electro-plating 
 
 Scraping (bench work) — gear castings, slide rests, etc. 
 „ (for enamelling) — motor parts, etc. 
 
 Screw Cutting — parallel threads to limits 
 
 Screwing (machine) — pipes, etc. 
 
 „ (wood) — aeroplane parts, woodwork 
 
 generally 
 
 Seaming — sheet metal 
 
 Shanking — lenses (optical munitions) 
 
 Shaping — carbons (electric) 
 
 „ metal; gear parts, pressure gauges, etc. 
 
 Shellacing — vulcanized rubber sword handles 
 
 Sharpening — band saws, saws, taps, etc. 
 
 Sherardizing 
 
 Shipbuilding — various machining processes, and 
 
 labourers' work 
 Sifting — explosives 
 Silvering — mirrors (optical munitions) 
 
 Sizing — aero wing covers 
 
 „ cartridge cases, fuses, etc. 
 
 Slitting — glass (optical munitions) 
 Slot Drilling — general 
 Slot Milling — general 
 
 Small Tool Making — various automatic and semi- 
 automatic processes, grinding, sharpening, etc. 
 
 Smoothing (glass) — lenses 
 
 „ (wood) — dynamometer bars, etc. 
 
 Softening — cartridge cases 
 
 Soldering — as Plumbers' or Coppersmiths' labourers 
 „ acetylene lamps, fuse boxes (tin), respir- 
 
 ators, etc. 
 
 Solution Work — on aero wing covers 
 
 Sorting — balls (for bearings), bolts, rivets, rollers 
 (for bearings) 
 
 Spinning — tin work 
 
 Splicing (wire) — assisting in rigging aero wings 
 
 Spot- Welding — projections on core plates 
 
 Staining — wood patterns, etc. 
 
 Stamping — armature cores, brass, tin, etc. 
 
 Stencilling — boxes, etc. 
 
 Stitching (hand) — haversacks (canvas), etc. 
 
 „ (machine) — aero wing covers, leather and 
 canvas equipment 
 
 Storekeeping — tool stores, etc. 
 
 Straightening — files, shafts, spindles, etc. 
 
 Stranding — wire 
 
 Studding — tyres (rubber) 
 
 SuLPHONATiON — for picric acid (explosives) 
 
 Tapping — ^fuses, holes for rivets, nuts, tube plates, etc. 
 Teasing — cotton for explosives 
 
 Tempering— saws, tools, wire 
 
 Testing — bandoliers, boiler tubes, bombs, condenser 
 tubes, electric apparatus, instruments (scientific), 
 mirrors (optical munitions), etc. 
 
 Testing — heat tests for explosives, laboratory tests 
 for explosives 
 
 Tin Work — tin plate making 
 
 „ flanging, guillotining, japanning, pressing, 
 
 pressing seams, stamping 
 
 Tool Making (machine tools) — various automatic 
 and semi-automatic processes, cutting, drilling, 
 turning, etc. 
 
 Tool Making (small tools) — various automatic and 
 semi-automatic processes, grinding, sharpening, 
 etc. 
 
 Trimming — armature cores, cores (foundry), soldered 
 and welded joints, steel strips for cartridges 
 
 Turning — ball races (bearings), bar brass, boiler end 
 plates, boiler flue flanges, bombs (howitzer), cart- 
 ridge cases, cast iron sleeves, conveyer chain links, 
 "former" handles for machine tools, machine 
 tool parts, motor parts, piston rings (aero engines), 
 rod ends, shafts, spindles, studs, taps, etc. 
 
 Twisting — electrical wire for fuses and detonators 
 
 Upholstery — shipbuilding 
 
 Varnishing — aero wing covers, bombs, wood patterns, 
 etc. 
 
 Viewing — generally, parts and manufactured items 
 
 Wa shing — explosives 
 
 Weaving — wire for submarine nets 
 
 Welding — acetylene welding 
 
 ,, general light welding on marine engineering 
 
 work, trench bombs 9 inch 
 
 Welding — spot welding projections on core plates 
 
 Wheel Building (fixing spokes) — for motor cycles 
 
 Winding — armatures (up to 100 h.p.), coils, electric 
 motors (alternate and direct current), rotors, stators 
 
 Wire — braiding, cutting for darts, stranding, temper- 
 ing, twisting for electric fuses, detonators, etc., 
 weaving for submarine nets 
 
 Wire Drawing 
 
 Wire Rope Making — hemp core making and wire 
 rope making 
 
 Wiring — (electrical) lighting, power, telegraph, tele- 
 phone, and wireless (radio-telegraph) apparatus 
 and installations, general ship work 
 
 Wiring (fastening) — assisting in rigging aero wings, 
 fastening turbine blades 
 
 Wood Work (generally) — boring, chamfering, counter- 
 sinking, cutting, dovetailing, drilling, french polish- 
 ing, glueing, painting, papering, recessing, rubbing, 
 screwing, stencilling. 
 
 34 
 
Munitions Work 
 
 III. MANUFACTURED ARTICLES, 
 PARTS, ETC. 
 
 AcETYLENB Lamps — Soldering, riveting, and painting 
 
 AEROPLANES: 
 Engines: 
 
 Machining parts for aeroplanes, milling, drilling, 
 filing, fluting, turning taps, and simple fitting 
 
 Light Wood and Metal Work : 
 
 Building, making and finishing ribs, spars, and 
 
 small parts 
 French polishing 
 Wood screwing 
 Acetylene welding 
 Marking gauges on cards and metal 
 Cleaning, bending, and enamelling metal fittings 
 Filling in and marking indicator plates with wax 
 Simple fitting and assembling 
 Inspection 
 
 Wing Covers: 
 
 Machining, stitching, doping, sizing, varnishing, 
 
 putting covers on wings, stretching and fixing 
 
 fabric, solution work 
 Assisting in the rigging department on wire 
 
 splicing 
 
 AMMUNITION, see also EXPLOSIVES: 
 
 Adapters (fuse) — machinery assembling, packing 
 
 Base Plugs — for shrapnel, riveting, inspecting 
 
 Bombs — 2 and 3 in., core making, boring, drilling, 
 turning 
 „ 9 in., welding 
 
 , cleaning, varnishing, painting, testing, in- 
 specting 
 
 Bullets (shrapnel) — moulding, casting, washing, 
 pressing, gauging, viewing 
 
 Cartridges (.303) — all processes 
 
 „ (blasting), making and packing 
 
 „ filling bandoliers with 
 
 „ filling chargers with 
 
 „ grummets in connection with cart- 
 
 ridge manufacture 
 
 „ steel strips for trimming, coiling, and 
 
 packing 
 
 Cartridge Cases — turning, buffing, gauging, 
 rolling out dents, sizing, tapping, softening, 
 and reforming (hydraulic process) 
 
 Detonators — twisting wire for electrical fuses 
 and detonators 
 
 Fuses — machining, sizing, tapping, lacquering, 
 gauging, electro-plating, and polishing 
 „ electrical, twisting wire for 
 
 Gaines — all operations in manufacture, assem- 
 bling, and packing 
 
 Grenades (hand) — all operations in manufacture, 
 assembling, examining, filling, and packing 
 
 Shells — shrapnel, 3 in., all operations. H.E. 
 shells, all machine operations on all sizes up 
 to and including 9.2 in. (in some cases with 
 assistance of special tackle for lifting 6 in., 8 in., 
 and 9.2 in., in other cases with one labourer to 
 five or ten women to do the lifting. Copper 
 banding, riveting base-plugs, inspecting shell 
 cases, and containers manufacture of 
 Ammunition Boxes, see Woodwork 
 
 Ammunition Carriers — canvas for 4.5 in., stitching 
 
 and making 
 Armatures, see Electric Motors and Apparatus 
 
 ARTILLERY, etc. : 
 
 Breech Mechanism — all fitting on breeches of 
 3 in. submarine gun, breech rings, etc., of 6 in. 
 guns, etc. 
 
 Gun Sights — for 4 in., 6 in., and 8 in. howitzers, 
 
 and 3 and 6 pounder naval guns 
 Machine Guns — machining parts, cross-milling, 
 
 profiling and bench work on less intricate fitting 
 
 operations 
 Asbestos Washers — for boiler fittings* 
 
 Bags (forage) — canvas, stitching, and making 
 
 Ball Bearings, see Bearings 
 
 Bands (brass) — marine, polishing and turning 
 
 Bandoliers — filling and testing 
 
 Bars (marine) — turning 
 
 Base Plugs, Shrapnel, see Ammunition 
 
 Bearings (ball and roller) — fettling, drilling, grinding, 
 sorting, turning, assembling, and viewing 
 
 Belts (leather and canvas equipment) — stitching and 
 making 
 
 Bevel Gears (machine tools) — cutting of 
 
 Boilers (marine) — shell and flue drilling 
 
 Boiler End Plates (marine) — turning and drilling 
 
 Boiler Flues (marine) — cutting, drilling, riveting, 
 turning 
 
 Boiler Tubes (marine) — preparation and testing of 
 
 Boiler Tube Plates (marine) — tapping 
 
 Boiler and Engine Fittings — dial writing, making 
 pressure gauges, asbestos washers, etc. 
 
 Bolts — bolt making on automatic machines 
 „ bolt making on turret and capstan lathes 
 „ (marine) — centring and facing 
 „ (ships) — sorting, classifying, re-screwing, and 
 cleaning 
 
 Bolt Holes (marine) — facing 
 
 Bombs, see Ammunition 
 
 Boxes, Ammunition, see Woodwork 
 
 Boxes, Hand Grenade, see Woodwork 
 
 Brasses — for lathes (machine tools), milling 
 
 Brass Bands (marine) — polishing and turning 
 
 Breech Mechanism, see Artillery 
 
 Bullets, see Ammunition 
 
 Cables (telegraph and telephone) — wiring and fitting 
 
 Cages (for ball bearings) — assembling 
 
 Cans (oil and motor spirit) — stamping and cleaning 
 
 Carbons (electric torches) — rolling, shaping, and cut- 
 ting 
 „ (telephone batteries) — rolling, shaping, and 
 cutting 
 
 Carts (water)— brass pumps for, turning and painting 
 
 35 
 
Munitions Work MANUFACTURED ARTICLES, PARTS, ETC. 
 
 Cartridges and Cartridge Cases, see Ammunition 
 
 Castings (brass) — core making, fettling, cleaning, 
 fitting, machining, stamping, and lac- 
 quering 
 „ (marine) — boring, marking, dressing 
 
 Chains (conveyer) — turning links and recessing ends 
 of Lincoln pins 
 
 Clocks (for scientific instruments) — drilling, polishing, 
 lacquering, assembling, and fitting 
 
 Coils — electric rotor and stator winding 
 
 Conveyer Chains — turning parts of links 
 
 Cores — for brass casting, filing, and trimming 
 „ in foundry 
 
 „ for armatures, stamping 
 
 Countershafts (machine tools) — fitting and assem- 
 bling 
 
 Covers (for aeroplane wings) — machining, stitching, 
 doping, sizing, and varnishing 
 
 Crucibles — clay work in the making of 
 
 Cutters — milling teeth in (machine tools) 
 
 Dials (engine fittings and pressure gauges) — writing 
 and marking 
 
 Dynamometer Bars — papering and smoothing 
 
 ELECTRIC APPARATUS, MOTORS, ETC.: 
 
 Ammeters — making 
 
 Armatures — stamping and winding 
 
 Batteries (telephone) — finishing and packing 
 „ (motor cycle) — polishing and packing 
 
 Brush Rockers (brass) — filing and assembling 
 
 Cable covering 
 
 Cable insulating 
 
 Carbons — rolling, shaping, and fitting 
 
 Coil — rotor and stator winding 
 
 Fuses — electrical wire for 
 
 Gear — filling and assembling 
 
 Generators — filing and trimming cores 
 
 Meter — shop work 
 
 Motors (alternate and direct current) — forming 
 and winding 
 
 Painting — motor parts 
 
 Plating and Dipping 
 
 Test Room Work 
 
 Torches (electric) — cutting carbons for 
 
 Transformers — manufacture of 
 
 Switches (electric) — assembling 
 
 Switch Gear — polishing 
 
 Voltmeters — making of 
 
 Wire (electrical) — for fuses 
 
 Engine Fittings, see Boiler Fittings 
 
 EXPLOSIVES: 
 
 Abelite— drying, grinding, mixing, cartridging, 
 packing 
 
 Ballistite — mixing, pressing, and sifting of paste ; 
 drying, incorporating, rolling into sheets, cutting 
 into cubes; sifting, drying, and packing cubes 
 
 Collodion Cotton — picking, teasing, drying raw 
 cotton, boiling pulping, centrifugalling, pressing 
 and drying nitrated cotton 
 
 Cordite — mixing and sifting for paste; pressing 
 into cords and strands; blending, reeling, dry- 
 ing, and packing 
 
 EXPl^OSIYES—eonftnued 
 
 Gun Cotton — same processes as Collodion 
 Cotton and also dipping for nitration 
 
 Nitric Acid — charging and firing retorts 
 
 Phenol — synthetic production from benzol 
 
 Picric Acid— sulphonation and nitration of 
 phenol, washing, whizzing, working up of crust, 
 drying, sifting, and packing of picric acid 
 
 T.N.T. — nitration, washing, pelletting, drying, 
 flaking, and packing 
 
 Miscellaneous Work — routine tests in labora- 
 tories, heat tests, miscrometer work, making 
 wooden cases, filling tins and cases, nailing or 
 screwing down cases, stencilling, washing, fill- 
 ing, sealing, weighing, and loading carboys, 
 transport work, including teeming horses 
 
 Files — cutting, branding, straightening, dry grinding, 
 viewing, and packing 
 
 Flanges (marine) — facing 
 
 Flues (marine) — drilling, riveting, and turning 
 
 Forage Bags (canvas) — stitching and making 
 
 Forgings (marine) — boring holes in 
 
 Forms (wooden) — training, screwing, assembling, and 
 finishing 
 
 Fracture Boards — boring 
 
 Fret Saws — hardening and tempering 
 
 Friction Rings (machine tools) — internal grinding 
 
 Fuses and Fuse Adapters, see Ammunition 
 
 Gaines, see Ammunition 
 
 Gauges (Pressure) — manufacture of 
 
 Gears (bevel) — helical and spur (machine tools), cut- 
 ting of 
 
 Gear Cases (for motor cycles) — assembling, finishing, 
 and packing 
 
 Glass Slitting, see Optical Munitions 
 
 Gratings (ships) — making of 
 
 Grenades, see Ammunition 
 
 Grummets (for cartridge making) — see Ammunition 
 
 Gun Sights, see Artillery 
 
 Handles ("former") for machine tools — turning 
 
 „ (for motor cycles) — scouring, scraping, enam- 
 elling, polishing, inspecting, and packing 
 
 „ for swords (vulcanized rubber) — buffing, 
 rubbing, shellacing, and polishing 
 
 Harness (cavalry and gun teams) — manufacture of 
 
 Haversacks (canvas)— hand stitching of 
 
 Helical Gears (machine tools) — cutting 
 
 Hemp — core for wire rope 
 
 Hinges (doors and scuttles, ship)— fitting and ma- 
 chining 
 
 Horse Shoes — drilling 
 
 Instruments, see Scientific Instruments, and Op- 
 tical munitions 
 
 Kit (leather and canvas) — manufacture of 
 
 Ladders (ship)— making of 
 
 Lamps (acetylene) — soldering, riveting, and painting 
 
 36 
 
MANUFACTURED ARTICLES, PARTS, ETC. Munitions Work 
 
 Leather and Canvas Goods — manufacture of equip- 
 ment (belts, pouches, harness, etc.) for cavalry 
 and gun teams. Handstitching haversacks and 
 4.5 ammunition carriers 
 
 Lenses, see Optical Munitions 
 
 Lincoln Pins (for conveyer chains) — recessing ends of 
 
 LiNBRS (marine) — grinding 
 
 Machine Guns, see Artillery 
 
 MACHINE TOOLS: 
 
 Brackets (cast iron) — drilling 
 
 Countershafts — fitting and assembling of 
 Cutters — milling teeth in 
 Friction Rings — internal grinding of 
 Gears (bevel) — spur and helical, turning, cutting, 
 and shaping of 
 
 Lathes (turret) — cutting bars for 
 „ (brass) — milling 
 
 Nuts — grinding of 
 
 Pulleys — turning on 1 5 in. centre chucking lathe 
 
 Rings (friction) — internal grinding of 
 
 Shafts — turning and milling of 
 
 Sleeves — turning 
 
 Side Rests — fitting • 
 
 Spindles — boring 
 
 Turrets (square) — milling 
 
 Wheel Blanks — boring 
 
 MARINE ENGINEERING: 
 Bands (brass)— polishing 
 
 Band Saw — sharpening 
 
 Bars — turning 
 
 Boilers — shell and flue drilling 
 
 Boiler End Plates — turning and drilling 
 
 Boiler Flues — cutting, drilling, riveting, turning 
 
 Boiler Tubes — preparation and testing of 
 
 Boiler Tube Plates — tapping 
 
 Bolts — centring and facing 
 
 Bolt Holes — facing 
 
 Castings — boring, marking, and dressing 
 
 Core — making 
 
 Flanges — facing up to a plate 
 
 Flues — drilling, riveting, and turning 
 
 Forcings — boring holes in 
 
 Liners — grinding of 
 
 Nuts— centring, tapping, facing, cleaning, re- 
 screwing, classifying, and sorting 
 
 Pipes — facing of 
 
 Plates — turning, planing, drilling, tapping, spot- 
 welding 
 
 Rods — turning and cutting 
 
 Spindles — turning of 
 
 Studs — turning of 
 
 Tube — bending, cutting, welding, testing 
 
 Turbines — machining, etc., blading, caulking, 
 wiring 
 
 Mess Tins — pressing and cleaning 
 
 Mica — cutting 
 
 Mirrors — blocking, testing, and silvering 
 
 Motors, see Aeroplane Engines, Electric 
 Motors, and Motor Cycles 
 
 MOTOR CYCLES AND ACCESSORIES: 
 
 Batteries — finishing, inspecting, and packing 
 
 Gear Cases — assembling 
 
 Handles — scouring, scraping, enamelling, polish- 
 ing, inspecting, and packing 
 
 Mud-guards — enamelling, polishing, screwing, 
 
 inspecting, and packing 
 Shafts — straightening of 
 Wheel — building of (fixing spokes) 
 Motor Spirit Cans— stamping seals for 
 
 Mud-guards — enamelling, polishing, screwing, in- 
 specting, packing 
 
 Munitions Cases — see Woodwork 
 
 Netting-wire (submarine) — weaving of 
 
 Nuts, Bolts, and Washers — manufacture of on 
 capstan or turret machine. Also (marine) cen- 
 tring, tapping, facing, cleaning, re-screwing, 
 classifying, and sorting 
 
 Oil Cans — press stamping 
 
 OPTICAL MUNITIONS: 
 Glass — slitting 
 
 Lenses — roughing, smoothing, polishing, edging, 
 shanking, chamfering, cementing, and centring 
 
 Prisms — blocking, testing, silvering, mirrors 
 
 Patterns, wood (ships)— filling, colouring, varnishing, 
 
 and sand-papering 
 
 Pipes (marine) — facing of 
 
 „ (ship) — making rubber joints for 
 
 Plates (marine) — turning, planing, drilling, tapping, 
 spot-welding 
 
 Pouches (leather and canvas)— manufacture of 
 
 Pressure Gauges — manufacture of 
 
 Prisms, see Optical Munitions 
 
 Pulleys (machine tools) — turning 
 
 Pumps (brass) — for water carts 
 
 „ (motor cycle) — polishing, drilling, packing 
 
 Races (for ball bearings) — turning and grinding 
 
 Raii^ (ships) — fitting and machining 
 
 Respirators — making and soldering 
 
 Ribs (aeroplane) — making and finishing 
 
 Rings, friction (machine tools) — grinding 
 
 Rivets (ship) — sorting and heating 
 
 Rods (marine) — turning and cutting 
 
 Roller Bearings, see Bearings 
 
 Ropes — making hemp core for wire ropes 
 „ making steel wire ropes 
 
 RUBBER: 
 
 Studs (tyre) — manufacture of 
 
 Sword Handles (vulcanized rubber) — buffing, 
 rubbing, shellacing, and polishing 
 
 Tyres — studding and casing 
 
 Rubber Joints — for pipes (ship) 
 
 Scientific Instruments — drilling, polishing, lacquer- 
 ing, assembling, and fitting clocks for, coil wind- 
 ing and engraving. 
 
 Seaplanes, see Aeroplanes 
 
 Shafts (machine tools) — turning and milling 
 
 37 
 
Munitions Work MANUFACTURED ARTICLES, PARTS, ETC. 
 
 Shells, Shell Cases, etc., see Ammunition 
 
 Sleeves (machine tools) — turning 
 
 Slide Rests (machine tools) — scraping and fitting 
 
 Spars (aeroplane) — finishing 
 
 Spindles (machine tools) — boring 
 
 Spokes (motor cycle) — fixing of (wheel building) 
 
 Spur Gears (machine tools) — cutting of 
 
 Stancheons (ship) — fitting and machining 
 
 Stays (ship)— fitting and machining of 
 
 Studs (marine) — turning of 
 „ (tyre) — manufacture of 
 
 Switches (electric) — assembling 
 Switch Gear — polishing 
 
 Sword Handles (vulcanite rubber) — buffing, rubbing, 
 shellacing, and polishing of 
 
 Taps— milling, turning, filing, and sharpening 
 Telegraph Switch-gear — wiring and fitting. See 
 
 also Wireless Telegraph Apparatus 
 Telephones (carbons for) — rolling, shaping, and 
 cutting 
 „ (switch gear) — polishing 
 
 „ wiring and fitting of 
 
 TIN WORK: 
 
 Tin Plate manufacture 
 
 Press Work, japanning, etc. 
 Pressing seams on mess tins 
 Press stamping oil cans, seals for motor spirit 
 
 cans 
 Making, soldering, tin boxes for grenade fuses 
 
 TOOL MAKING: 
 
 Grinding saws, milling machine cutters, and 
 
 other tools 
 Grinding twist drills to size 
 Milling teeth in side and face cutter 
 Milling, fluting, turning, and sharpening taps 
 Producing double-angled cutters 
 Turning " former " handles for machine tools 
 Slot Milling (special machine) on shell boring 
 
 lathes 
 Backing off lathes producing form cutters 
 
 Tools, see Machine Tool Making and Small 
 Tool Making 
 
 Torches (electric) — rolling, shaping, and cutting 
 carbons for 
 
 Transformers (electric) — manufacture of 
 
 Tube Plates, Boiler (marine) — tapping 
 
 Tubes (brass) — press and capstan hands on 
 „ acetylene welding of i8 gauge 
 
 Turbine Blades — drilling, milling, boring, cutting, 
 wiring, and brazing 
 
 Turbine Rotors — blading 
 „ Stators — blading 
 
 Turrets for lathes (machine tools) — turning and 
 milling 
 
 Tyres, see Rubber 
 
 Vices (saddle tree) — all operations except assembling 
 
 Voltmeter — making of 
 
 Vulcanized Rubber Sword Handles— buffing, rub- 
 bing, shellacing, and polishing of 
 
 Washers (asbestos) — for boiler fittings, pressure gauges 
 
 „ (metal) — making of 
 
 Water Carts (army) — brass pumps for 
 
 Wheel Blanks (machine tools) — turning and boring 
 
 Wheels (motor cycle) — building of 
 
 Wing Covers (aeroplane) — machining, stitching, dop- 
 ing, sizing, and varnishing 
 
 Wire — electrical 
 
 Wire and Wire Rope — making of, braiding, strand- 
 ing, cutting, tempering, drawing 
 
 Wire-netting (submarines)— weaving of, twisting for 
 fuses and detonators 
 
 Wireless Telegraph Apparatus — lacquering, pol- 
 ishing, staining, plating, dipping, engraving, and 
 assembling 
 
 Wire — winding 
 WOODWORK : 
 
 Aeroplanes — ribs, spars, etc. 
 
 Boxes (hand grenade) — all processes 
 „ (i8-pr. ammunition) — all processes 
 „ (spare part and tool) — for Vickers' guns 
 
 Cases (for explosives) — making, painting, sten- 
 
 cilhng, etc. 
 Dynamometer Bars 
 
 Forms (soldiers' collapsible) — training, screwing, 
 etc. 
 
 Fracture Boards 
 
 Joinery (shipbuilding) — assisting at saw, etc. 
 „ ,, upholstery 
 
 Patterns — colouring, varnishing, sand-papering 
 
 Shell Cases and Containers — manufacture of 
 
 38 
 
PART II 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS OF WOMEN 
 
 WORKERS 
 
 Illustrating the successful employment of Women 
 in temporary replacement of Men 
 
 INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS pages 40-41 
 
 PHOTOGRAPHS pages 42-77 
 
 39 
 
 D 
 
INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 Agriculture : 
 
 Carting turnips ... 
 
 Harrowing 
 
 Harvesting "laid" wheat by machine 
 
 Harvesting, scything ... 
 
 Horses, care of, stable work ... 
 
 Potatoes, shovelling to sieving machine 
 
 Threshing, feeding machine ... 
 
 Turnips, loading and caning ... 
 
 Stable work 
 
 Ammunition bo.xes — see Munitions 
 
 Armature, working on 
 
 Bakery work ... ... 
 
 Barrowing : 
 
 ♦ Coke at gas works 
 
 ♦ Coke into railway wagons 
 
 ♦ Flour in flour mill 
 
 ♦ Goods in railway goods yard and warehouse 
 
 ♦ Leather from dipping beds (tan yards) 
 
 Brewery work : 
 
 Barley room work 
 Washing out vats 
 
 ♦ Yard work, rolling barrels 
 
 Butchers' work 
 
 Carriage cleaning and washing (railways) 
 
 Carriage repairing (railways) 
 
 Cartage : 
 
 Carting turnips ... 
 Delivery van work (horse van) 
 „ „ „ (motor van) 
 
 ♦ Loading cwt. coal bags to lorry 
 Stable work 
 Wagon washing 
 
 ♦ Clay digging 74 
 
 Cleaning work : 
 
 Carriages (railway) ... ... ... 50, 51 
 
 'Electric trains ... ... ... .,. ... 50 
 
 Engines (railway) ... ... ... ... 51 
 
 Streets (road sweeping) ... ... ... 67 
 
 Wagons (cartage) ... ... ... ... 53 
 
 Windows (high ladders) 66 
 
 Coal workers: 
 
 ♦ Loading cwt. coal bags to lorry ... ... 47 
 
 ♦ Weighing out coal from railway wagons into 
 
 cwt. bags ... ... ... ... ... 47 
 
 44 
 42 
 42 
 44 
 43 
 45 
 45 
 44 
 43 
 
 75 
 57 
 
 48 
 49 
 77 
 68 
 
 . 70 
 
 52 
 53 
 52 
 
 56 
 
 50, 51 
 
 68 
 
 44 
 56 
 69 
 
 47 
 43 
 53 
 
 Cooking : 
 
 Preparing dinners for soldiers ... ... 73 
 
 Teaching soldiers use of travelling field 
 
 kitchens ... ... ... ... ... 73 
 
 Cycle delivery work (postmen) ... ... ... 67 
 
 Cycle repairing ... ... ... ... ... 72 
 
 Delivery work: 
 
 Cycle (postmen) ... ... ... ... 67 
 
 Horse van ... ... ... ... ... 56 
 
 Motor van . . ... ... ... ... 69 
 
 Dentistry, modelling artificial teeth in wax ... 65 
 
 * Digging clay 74 
 
 Dock labour : 
 
 * Loading props into railway wagons ... ... 46 
 
 * Unloading props from railway wagons ... 46 
 
 Electric apparatus, working on an armature ... 75 
 
 Electric train cleaning ... ... ... ... 50 
 
 Engine cleaning (railway) ... ... ... ... 51 
 
 Engineering workshops and shell factories 
 
 54, 55. 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 75 
 
 * Labourers' work in ... 61, 62 
 
 See also Shipyards 
 
 * Enginemen's work (stoking furnaces) ... ... 49 
 
 * Gas workers, barrowing coke ... ... 48, 49 
 
 Glass workers, carrying sheet glass ... ... 74 
 
 Grocers' assistants ... ... ... ... ... 57 
 
 Horses, care of, driving, stable work, etc. 42, 43, 56 
 
 Ironworkers— see Engineering Workshops and 
 Shipyards 
 
 Kitchen work — see Cooking 
 
 * Labourers' work 
 
 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 61, 62, 68, 70, 74, 75, 76, 77 
 See also Agriculture 
 
 Leather workers : 
 
 * Barrowing from dipping beds 
 Dipping in tan yards ... 
 Oiling, hanging in drying sheds 
 
 Rolling by machinery ... 
 
 Splitting by machinery 
 
 Local authorities, work for: 
 
 Road sweeping ... ... 
 
 Steam roller driving 
 
 Milling Trade, barrowing in flour mill 
 
 70 
 70 
 71 
 71 
 72 
 
 67 
 66 
 
 11 
 
 ♦ The photographs marked with an asterisk illustrate heavy physical work successfully 
 performed by women. 
 
 40 
 
INDEX OF PHOTOGRAPHS 
 
 PAGK 
 
 Motor driving (delivery van) 69 
 
 Railway work — conlinited. 
 
 FAGB 
 
 Motor repairing (motor cycle) 72 
 
 Municipal authorities, work for — see Local au- 
 
 ♦ Goods yard and warehouse work, harrowing 
 
 goods from lorry to railway wagon ... 68 
 Labourers' work : 
 
 thorities 
 
 Barrowing coke into wagons 
 
 ... 48 
 
 Munitions: 
 
 Unloading props from wagons, loading 
 
 Engineering shops and shell factories 
 
 54, 55, 64, 65 
 
 props into wagons 
 
 Munitions work in railway workshops 
 
 ... 46 
 
 54, 55, 64 
 
 Shipyards ' 76,77 
 
 Wood working (ammunition boxes) 58, 59, 60, 75 
 
 Road sweeping 
 
 ... 67 
 
 Newspaper offices, correcting type and pulling 
 
 Shell factories — see Munitions 
 
 
 proofs ... ... ... ... ... ... 69 
 
 * Ship yards, heavy work in 
 
 76, 77 
 
 Piano manufacture, finishing, tuning, and toning 59 
 
 Shop assistants: 
 
 
 Postmen's work (delivery and collection) on cycles 67 
 
 Printers' work, correcting type, pulling proofs ... 69 
 
 Railway work : 
 
 Carnage cleaning 5°, 5' 
 
 Butchers' work 
 
 Grocery shop 
 
 Stable work ... 
 
 Steam roller driving... 
 
 ... 56 
 
 ... 57 
 
 •■• 43 
 ... 66 
 
 Carriage repairing 68 
 
 ♦ Coal workers, unloading wagons, weighing 
 
 * Stoking furnaces ... 
 
 49 
 
 into cwt. bags, loading cwt. bags to lorry 47 
 
 Wagon washing (cartage) 
 
 •■■ 53 
 
 Electric train cleaning 50 
 
 Engine cleaning 51 
 
 Window cleaning (high ladders) 
 
 ... 66 
 
 Engineering work 54,55,64 
 
 Wood working (ammunition boxes) 58, 
 
 59, 60, 75 
 
 ♦ The photographs marked with an asterisk illustrate heavy physical work successfully 
 performed by women. 
 
 '^ 
 
 41 
 
[ Photo Tof'knl Press 
 
 Harrowing Wheat into the Ground 
 Taking charge of pair-horse harrow after three months' experience 
 
 w 
 
 »IH&i!§l«BP*9»iK?3iBi 
 
 
 Harvesting 
 p'armer's daughter driving and cutting "laid" wheat, which work she carried out the whole of the season 1915 
 
 42 
 
[f'/idto A 'fieri 
 
 Care of Horses 
 The above is a general view of the Depot in which sixty horses are stabled and entirely looked after by women 
 
 Grooming and Cleaning Horses before Stabling them for the Night 
 
 The horses belong to a large London firm 
 
 43 
 
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 45 
 
Women on Planks Loading Props into Trucks 
 This is work of a particularly heavy nature which women have successfully undertaken 
 
 Unloading from Trucks and Stacking Props 
 
 46 
 
■J ') .,-0 
 
 Women as Coal Workers 
 Weighing out the coal from the railway trucks into cwt. bags 
 
 \t'!wtn 'I'of'ical Tress 
 
 Women as Coal Workers 
 Loading coal on to the lorry 
 
 47 
 
 \Hltoto Topical Press 
 
[Photo Central Press 
 
 Women Barrowing Coke into Railway Trucks 
 
 Riddling Cinders 
 18 
 
[ Photo Central Press 
 
 Women Barmwinc: Coke at a Gas Works 
 
 [Photo i\ewspapey Photograph c Service 
 
 A Woman Stoker working at the Furnaces of a large factory in South London 
 
 49 
 

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 Large numbers of women are thus employed 
 
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 Women as Carriage Washers and Cleaners 
 
 5' 
 
[Photo Central Ne^vs 
 
 Brewery Workers 
 
 Women workers rolling barrels in the brewery yard. They wear suitable costumes and are 
 
 remarkably capable and energetic 
 
 [ I'fwto Central l^ews 
 
 Brewery Workers 
 
 Barley room, women in the breweries 
 
 52 
 
Brewery Workers 
 Washing out a vat 
 
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 53 ■ 
 
 \tkoto I'opical Press 
 
Women Workers in a Railway Workshop 
 
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 Copper Banding in the Shell Factory of one of the largo Railways 
 
 54 
 

 Women employed on Shell Work in a Railway Workshop 
 
 \Photo Topical Preis 
 
 Shell Turning at the Works of one of the great Armament Firms 
 
 55 
 
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Shop Management 
 Taking the place of grocer's assistants 
 
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 Women Bakers in London 
 
 Bakery work, although arduous, is being learnt by women in large numbers 
 
 57 
 
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Piano Finishing, Tuning, and Toning 
 
 Boxing and Screw ing up of Ammunition Boxes 
 
 59 
 
Papering and Chamfering Ammunition Boxes on Disc Papering Macliine 
 
 Women as Sheet Iron VVf)rkcrs Making Boiler Laggings 
 
 60 
 
Women Transporting Refuse 
 
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 Women Transporting Radiators from Test Room to Machine Shop 
 
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 62 
 
Electric Spot Welding on Boiler Laggings 
 
 Drilling and Tapping Air Vent Tappings in Radiators 
 
Making Shells 
 Ranimint,' up risers on shell moulds in foundry 
 
 [Pholo Alfieri 
 
 Women Mechanics 
 Delicate electric work is well done on the drilling machines in a railway workshop 
 
 64 
 
Gauging Shells 
 
 \_riiolo 'J'opiiiil I'ress 
 
 Volunteers making shells at a large munition works. They have been met with every encouragement 
 from the firm, who guarantee to turn them out efficient hands in three weeks 
 
 . --to sport and General Press Agency 
 
 Dentists 
 
 Modelling artificial teeth in wax 
 
 65 
 

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 66 
 
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 Women acting as Postmen 
 
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 Women Roadsweepers 
 
 67 
 
Women Porters in Railway Goods Yard 
 Loading lorries 
 
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 Repairing the seats of railway carriages 
 68 
 
 \Photl> Alfttri 
 
[Photn Tofical Pms 
 
 Driving a Motor Van 
 
 Women in Newspaper Offices 
 
 Girls pulling proofs and correcting type 
 69 
 
 {rKo:o rkotopress 
 
Handling Leather in Tanyards 
 Leather dipping 
 
 Conveying Leather from Dipping Beds on Barrows 
 
 70 
 
Rolling Leather by Machinery 
 
 Oiling and Hanging up Leather in Drying Sheds 
 
 71 
 
[Photo Central Nejvs 
 
 Putting the finishing touches to a Motor Cycle 
 
 Splitting Leather 
 72 
 
Preparation of Soldiers' Dinners 
 
 Instructing Recruits as to tlie use of the Travelling Field Kitchen 
 
 /o 
 
.• • • 
 
 
 -;^>- 
 
 *^i:.r.>^ 
 
 
 \_rhoto Daily Mirror 
 
 Digging Clay 
 
 Glass Manufacture: Carrying a large Sheet of Glass 
 
 Women are now assisting in the manufacture of glass, and undertake many kinds of labour, even 
 
 to working the overhead cranes 
 
 74 
 
i ••• ■■ 
 
 "•• I. "c • "• o* ' 
 
 Woodworking: Drilling Ammunition Boxes 
 
 Working on an Armature 
 75 
 
 [/'/„.',. Da^iy 
 
Heavy work in Shipyards: Handling long Steel Bars 
 
 [Photo Cenffal .Vnvs 
 
 [Photo Central Neivs 
 
 Work in Shipyards: Handling Rods and Pipes 
 
 76 
 
■'.I >: :.•'■, 
 
 Heavy work: Barrowing in Flour Mill 
 
 i/'/toto Lcntral t\cws 
 
 {Photo Central A'e^vs 
 
 Shipyard: Working on a Piopeller 
 
 77 
 
PART III 
 
 LISTS OF OFFICIALS 
 
 whose assistance is available to Recruiting Officers, 
 
 Military Representatives, etc., in questions affecting 
 
 the supply of Women Workers in replacement of 
 
 men withdrawn by enlistment 
 
 H.M. INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES pages 81-82 
 
 LABOUR EXCHANGES • -, 
 
 \ pages 83-Qo 
 and Local Agents with Labour Exchange Powers J 
 
 BOARD OF TRADE — WOMEN AGRICULTURAL 
 
 ORGANIZING OFFICERS pages 91-92 
 
 HONORARY SECRETARIES OF WOMEN'S COUNTY 
 
 COMMITTEES FOR AGRICULTURE pages 93-94 
 
 79 
 
HIS MAJESTY'S INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES 
 
 CHIEF INSPECTOR: Home Office, London, S.W. ^^,7^^^. 
 
 Divisional Office. 
 South-Eastern Division ... 
 South-Western Division 
 
 Midland Division 
 
 North-Eastern Division... 
 North-Western Division 
 Northern Division 
 
 DIVISIONAL OFFICES 
 
 Address. 
 
 Home Office, London, S.W 
 
 25, Baldwin St., Bristol 
 
 174, Corporation St., Birmingham 
 
 41, Park Square, Leeds 
 
 72, Bridge St., Manchester 
 
 74, York St., Glasgow 
 
 Telephone No. 
 Victoria 2774. 
 Bristol 539. 
 Central 6776. 
 Central 2508. 
 City 3787. 
 Central 4820. 
 
 District Centre, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 South Eastern Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Home Office, London, S.W. 
 Victoria 2774. 
 
 I. South London 
 
 2. South West London j S.E. Hop 3578. 
 
 \i4. 
 
 New Kent Rd., London, 
 
 S. Kensington, 
 
 West London, 114, Cromwell Rd. 
 
 S.W. Kensington 4862. 
 
 XT ..L 117 .. T J 1 Holborn Hall, Gray's Inn 
 North Western London ^ , ^ ' -,,, „ 
 
 -T ^, T J f Road, London, vV.C. 
 
 North London xt ,■ 
 
 ; Holborn 1104. 
 
 North Eastern London "1 'S^i Bishopsgate, London, 
 
 East London / E.G. London Wall 6 10. 
 
 Kent, 14, New Kent Rd., London, S.E. Hop 3578. 
 
 Reading, 63, Hamilton Rd., Reading. 
 
 10. Northampton, 6, The Parade, Northampton. 
 
 Northampton 269. 
 
 11. Norwich, 14, Rampant Horse Street, Norwich. 
 
 Norwich 1275. 
 I a. Ipswich. Apply to Norwich. 
 
 Southwestern Division 
 
 Divisional Office: 25, Baldwin Street, Bristol 
 Bristol 539 
 
 13. Bristol, 25, Baldwin St., Bristol. Bristol 539. 
 
 14. Gloucester, 3, Market Parade, Gloucester. 
 
 15. Yeovil. Apply to Bristol. 
 
 16. Southampton, 32, Above Bar, Southampton. 
 
 Southampton 1828. 
 
 17. Plymouth, Lloyd's Bank Chambers, Bedford Street, 
 
 Plymouth. Plymouth 1422. 
 i8. Swansea, Savings Bank Chambers, Heathfield Street, 
 Swansea. Central 973. 
 
 19. Cardiff, 9, Kingsway, Cardiff. Cardiff 5025. 
 
 20. Dublin, 6, Grafton St., Dublin. Dublin 4257. 
 SI. Cork. Cork. 
 
 District Centre, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Midland Division 
 
 Divisional Office: 
 
 174, Corporation St., Birmingham 
 Central 6776 
 
 22. Birmingham, 174, Corporation Street, Birmingham. 
 Central 6776. 
 
 Coventry, Bayley Lane Chambers, Coventry. 
 
 Worcester, 38, Foregate Street, Worcester. Wor- 
 cester 478. 
 
 Wolverhampton "177, Darlington St., Wolverhamp- 
 
 26. Walsall / ton. Wolverhampton 794. 
 
 27. Stoke on-Trent, Town Hall Chambers, Wolfe St., 
 
 Stoke-on-Trent. Potteries Central 1503. 
 
 28. Leicester, Victoria Parade, Gallowtree Gate, Lei- 
 
 cester. Leicester 1300. 
 Nottingham, King John's Chambers, Bridlesmith 
 
 Gate, Nottingham. Nottingham 2215. 
 Derby, Babington Bldgs., Derby. Derby 163. 
 Lincoln, Monson Chambers, Corporation Street, 
 
 Lincoln. Lincoln 9. 
 Wrexham. Wrexham. 
 
 32 
 
 North Eastern Division 
 
 Divisional Office: 41, Park Square, Leeds 
 Central 2508 
 
 33. Leeds, 41, Park Square, Leeds. Central 2508. 
 
 34. Hull, 37, Jameson St., Hull. Central 751. 
 
 35. Sheffield, Stirling Chambers, Campo Lane, Sheffield. 
 
 Central 4104. 
 
 36. Huddersfield, 19, Market St., Huddersfield. Hudr 
 
 dersfield 1058. 
 
 37. Halifax, Post Office Chambers, Halifax. Halifax 
 
 951- 
 
 38. Bradford, 26, Bridge St., Bradford. Bradford 3969. 
 
 39. Keighley, " Briar Bank," High Utley Keighley. 
 
 81 
 
H.M. INSPECTORS OF FACTORIES 
 
 District Centre, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 North Eastern Division (continued). 
 
 40. Newcastle, Prudential Bldgs., Mosley St., Newcastle- 
 
 on-Tyne. City 33. 
 
 41. Stockton, Victoria Bldgs., High St., Stockton-on- 
 
 Tees. Stockton 332. 
 
 North Western Division 
 
 Divisional Office: 72, Bridge Street, Manchester 
 City 3787 
 
 72, Bridge St , Manchester. City 3787. 
 
 42. Manchester > 
 
 43. Stockport 
 
 44. Oldham 
 
 45. Bolton 
 
 46. Rochdale 
 
 47. Wigan, 122, Swinley Rd., Wigan. 
 
 48. Warrington, "Clooney," Higher Knutsford Road, 
 
 Latchford, Warrington. 
 
 49. Liverpool, St. Luke's Chambers, Bold Place, Liver- 
 
 pool. Royal 3622. 
 
 District Centre, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 North Western Division (continued) 
 
 50. Blackburn, Bank Chambers, Lord Street West, 
 
 Blackburn. Blackburn 1520. 
 
 51. Burnley, i. Red Lion St., Burnley. Burnley 927. 
 
 52. Preston, 46, Miller Arcade, Preston. Preston n8i. 
 
 Northern Division 
 
 Divisional Office: 74, York Street, Glasgow 
 Central 4820 
 
 53. Glasgow ■> 74, York Street, Glasgow. Centra' 
 
 54. Lanarkshire / 4820. 
 
 55. Kilmarnock. Kilmarnock. 
 
 56. Edinburgh, 5, St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh 
 
 Central 8235. 
 
 57. Stirling, 21, Randolph Rd., Stirling. 
 
 58. Dundee, 7, Ward Rd., Dundee. Dundee 613. 
 
 59. Aberdeen, 207, Union St., Aberdeen. Aberdeer 
 
 1244. 
 
 60. Inverness. Inverness. 
 
 61. Belfast, 124, Donegall St., Belfast. Belfast 3965. 
 
 62. Londonderry. Apply to Belfast. 
 
 S2 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 LIST OF LABOUR EXCHANGES (including Local Agencies with Exchange 
 Powers) ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY BY DIVISIONS 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE : Board of Trade Employment Department, 
 Queen Anne's Chambers, "Westminster, S.W. 
 
 Victoria 8018. Tel. Addresi: " Labez, London ' 
 
 Divisional Office. 
 
 London & South Eastern 
 
 Southwestern 
 
 West Midlands 
 
 Northern 
 
 Yorkshire & East Midlands 
 
 North Western (Lancashire and 
 Cheshire) 
 
 Wales 
 
 Scotland 
 
 Ireland 
 
 DIVISIONAL OFFICES 
 
 Address. 
 
 Martlett House, Bow St., W.C 
 
 Carlton House, Woodland Rd., Bristol ... 
 
 Dalton House, Corporation St., Birm- 
 ingham 
 
 Old Royal Infirmary, Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 South Parade, Doncaster 
 
 Empire Hall, Museum St., Warrington... 
 
 Law Courts, Cathay's Park, Cardiff 
 
 Grassmarket, Edinburgh 
 
 Lord Edward St., Dublin 
 
 Telephone No. 
 Regent 2125. 
 Bristol 4517. 
 Central 7076. 
 
 City 1268. 
 Doncaster 411. 
 Warrington 404. 
 
 Cardiff 3834. 
 Central 9027, 
 Dublin 3700. 
 
 London and South Eastern Division 
 
 Divisional Ofifice: Martlett House, Bow Street, W.C. Regent 2125 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, London 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Acton, 217, High St. Chiswick 1466-7. 
 
 Southal!, H. G. Sansoni, 66-68, Western Road. 
 Uxbridge, S. Norton, 46, New Windsor St. Uxbridge 69 
 
 Aldwych (Insured Men), 6, Catherine St., Strand. Regent 
 2220-2. 
 
 Aldwych (Belgian), General Buildings^ Aldwych. City 5208. 
 
 Bermondsev, 67, 69, & 71, Union Rd., Rotherhithe. Hop 
 4874-5. 
 
 Borough, 222-224, High St. Hop 4510-3. 
 
 Borough (Women & Juveniles), 107- 1 11, Newington Cause- 
 way. Hop 4510-3. 
 
 Brentford, 10, Stile Hall Parade, Chiswick. Chiswick 
 1690- 1. 
 Hounslow, N. L. Samuels, 54, Staines Rd. 
 Richmond, Surrey, C. H. Major, Dome Bldgs., 5a, The 
 
 Square. Richmond 1601. 
 Staines, H. Gale, 39, Thames St. Staines ■^■>,. 
 
 Camberwell, 21 & 22, Camberwell Green. Hop 4370-3. 
 
 CamberweLL (Women & Juveniles), 21 & 23, Church St. 
 Hop 4370-3. 
 
 Camden Town, 59, 60, & 61, Park St. P.O. Hampste.id 
 6190-2. 
 Finchley, F. E. Stratton, 2, Bank Chambers, The Broad- 
 way. Finchley 132 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Canning Town (Men), 11-13, Victoria Dock Road. East 
 
 3706-7. 
 
 Canning Town (Women & Juveniles), 171 Barking Road. 
 East 3708. 
 
 City (Men & Women), 9, New Bridge St. City 3485-6-7-8. 
 
 City (Juveniles), 5 Tudor St. City 4492. 
 
 Clapham Junction, 79-85, St. John's Road, Battersea. 
 Battersea, 1207-8-9-10. 
 
 Clapham Junction (Women), 33-35, St. John's Hill, Bat- 
 tersea. Battersea 249. 
 
 Croydon, 49, London Road. P.O. 582-4. Female Dept.:— 
 P.O. 561. 
 
 Deptford, 9-15, Deptford Bridge. New Cross 1500-2. 
 
 Earl's Court (Belgian Labour only), Central Hall, Earl's 
 Court. Western 655. 
 
 East Ham, High St. South, East Ham. East Ham 405. 
 
 Edgware Road, 439-445, Edgware Rd., Paddington. Pad- 
 dington 6510-3. 
 
 Enfield, 318-322, High St., Ponder's End. Enfield 435. 
 
 Finsbury, 207A-221, Pentonville Rd. North 3110-3. 
 
 Great MARLBiiROUGH St. (Women & Juveniles), 60, Great 
 Marlborough St., W. Regent 5200-4. 
 
 Hackney, 27 & 29 Well St., Hackney. Dalston 450-1-2. 
 
 NoTB. —Exchanges are shown in shall capitals. Local agencies, which are indented, follow the Exchanges to which they are attached. 
 
 83 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 London & South Eastern Division {continued). 
 
 Hackney (Women & Juveniles), 310-312, Mare St., Hack- 
 ney. Dalston 1000. 
 
 HOLLOWAY, 284-8, HoUoway Rd. North 854-5. North 1838. 
 
 Ilford, 65, High Rd., Ilford. Ilford 141. 
 Romford, C. H. Thorpe, Victoria Chambers, Victoria Rd. 
 Romford 159. 
 
 Lewisham, 263-7, High St., Lewisham. Lee Green 1520-2. 
 
 Pence (Temp. Regs. Room), 97, Anerley Rd. Sydenham 
 102. 
 
 Poplar (Men only), Old Post Office, King Street, Poplar. 
 East 3896. 
 
 Poplar (Juveniles), 52, East India Dock. East 116. 
 
 Shepherd's Bush, 84-90, Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush 
 Green. Park 3120-3. 
 
 Shoreditch, 350-6, Old St. London Wall 4301-4. 
 
 Stepney, 59-60, High St., Whitechapel. Avenue 7245-6. 
 
 Stepney (Women and Juveniles), 6, The Minories, E. 
 Women's Dept. Av. 5729. Juvenile Dept. Av. 5730. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 London & South Eastern Division {continued). 
 
 Stratford, 393-7, High St., Stratford. Stratford 821-3. 
 
 Tooting, 220-226, Upper Tooting Rd., Tooting. Streatham 
 1202-3. 
 Wimbledon, C. S. D'Alton, 179, Merlon Rd. Wimbledon 
 
 1866. 
 
 Tottenham, 522-528, High Rd., Tottenham. Tottenham 
 2157-8. 
 
 Walham Green, 2, 4, & 6, Jerdan Place, Walham Green. 
 Western 781-2-3. 
 
 Walthamstow & Leyton, 592-8, Lea Bridge Rd., Leyton. 
 Walthamstow 255-6. 
 
 Westminster, 99A-101, Horseferry Road, Westminster. 
 Victoria 6273. 
 
 WiLLESDEN, Constitutional Hall, St. Mary's Rd., Harlesden. 
 Willesden 2225-6. 
 
 Wood Green (Men & Women), 274, High Road, Wood 
 Green. Palmer's Green 709. 
 
 Woolwich, 8, 10, & 12A, New Rd., Woolwich. Woolwich 
 546. 
 
 South Eastern Division (excluding London) 
 
 Divisional Office: Martletf House, Bow Street, W.C. Regent 2125-33 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, London 
 
 Bedford, 42a, Midland Rd., Bedford. Bedford 132. 
 Wolverton, H. J. Clarke, Maison Beige, Stratford Rd. 
 
 Brighton, 43, London Rd. Brighton 513 P.O. 
 Horsham, G. W. Flint, 61, London Rd. Horsham 183. 
 
 Brighton (Women & Children), 93, London Rd. Brighton 
 5823. 
 
 Bromley, Old Fire Station, West St. Bromley 1624. 
 
 Cambridge, 104, Regent St. Cambridge 864. 
 
 Newmarket, A. Challis, Newmarket Co-operative Society, 
 Ltd., All Saints Rd. Newmarket 31. 
 
 Canterbury, 5, Upper Bridge St. Canterbury 219. 
 
 Chelmsford, 221, Moulsham St. Chelmsford 274. 
 Braintree, H. C. Brown, 61, High St. Braintree 89. 
 
 Colchester, 20, Queen St. Colchester 209. 
 Harwich, F. J. Rose, 8, Church St. Harwich 34. 
 
 Dartford, 23a Lowfield St. Dartford 8. 
 
 Dover, 4, King St. Dover 535. 
 
 Eastbourne, Livingstone House, 14, Seaside. Eastbourne 
 541. 
 
 Erith, 88-90, High St. Erith 143. 
 
 Folkestone, 32, Tontine St. Folkestone 525. 
 Ashford, Kent, L. H. Lee, Wellesley Hall, Wellesley Rd. 
 Ashford 88. 
 
 Gravesend, 4, High St. Gravesend 78. 
 
 Grays, 23, Clarence Rd. Tilbury 114. 
 
 Great Yarmouth, 20, King St. Yarmouth 459. 
 
 Guildford, 20-21, North St. Guildford 291. 
 Godalming, C. R. Moir, i, Brighton Rd. 
 Haslemere, W. C. Jones, West St. Haslemere 91. 
 Woking, G. F. J. Peters, Waring & Co., Surveyors. 
 Woking 236. 
 
 Harrow-on-the-Hill, Comer of Station Rd. & Fairholme 
 Rd. Harrow 244. 
 
 Hastings, 37, Havelock Rd. Hastings 927. 
 Bexhill-on-Sea, A. E. Wood, 4, Windsor Rd. Bexhill 132. 
 
 Hove, 12, Goldstone Villas. Hove 2025. 
 
 Ipswich, 86a, Princes St. Ipswich 824-5. 
 Bury St. Edmunds, A. E. Pearce, Hicks Hotel, Market 
 Thoroughfare. Bury St. Edmunds 47. 
 
 King's Lynn, 21, New Conduit St. King's Lynn 123. 
 Wisbech, W. F. Bray, i, Ely Place. Wisbech 147. 
 
 Kingston-on-Thames, 64-66, London Rd. Kingston P. O. 
 1413 & 203. 
 
 Letchworth, 14, Eastcheap. Letchworth 81. 
 
 Hitchin, B. iJaker, Bancroft Post Office. Hitchin 120. 
 
 Lowestoft, 10, Waveney Rd. Lowestoft 111. 
 
 Luton, 50-52, New Bedford Rd. Luton 401. 
 
 Dunstable, C. A. Allcorn, 76, High St. Dunstable 41. 
 Leighton Buzzard, F. C. Meeking, King Street. Leighton 
 Buzzard 95. 
 
 Maidstone, 20, Broadway. Maidstone 422. 
 
 Margate, 9, Cecil Square. Margate 221. 
 
 Norwich, Prince of Wales Rd. Norwich 1122. 
 Thetford, I. B. Aspland, 34, Castle St. Thetford 42. 
 
 Oxford, 65 & 65a, St. Aldates Street. Oxford 615. 
 Banbury, F. Anker, 52, Parsons St. Banbury 102. 
 
 Ramsgate, 6, Turner St. Ramsgate 99. 
 
 Reading, 29-31, London St. Reading 912-3. 
 
 High Wycombe, J. R. Child, Corporation Water Office, 
 
 Easton St. High Wycombe 90. 
 Maidenhead, W. J. Gilroy, 63, Queen St. Maidenhead 38. 
 Newbury, J. Brondsdon, 18, Craven St. Newbury 145. 
 Slough, H. F. Elston, Central Chambers, High Street. 
 
 Slough 54. 
 Wallingford, E. G. Heamess, 4, St. Mary's Street. 
 Windsor, P. H. Grove, 10, Clarence Rd. Windsor 386. 
 
 84 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 South Eastern Division (excluding London) 
 
 {continued). 
 
 Redhill & Reigate, 55,Hatchland Rd., Redhill. Redhill 52. 
 Rochester & Chatham, 386-388, High Street, Rochester. 
 
 Chatham 27a 
 St. Albans, 4-6, Verulam Rd. St. Albans 400. 
 Hertford, B. Ellingham, Church St. Hertford 142. 
 
 Sheerness, ioi & 103, High St. Sheerness 92. 
 
 Southend, 3, Electric Parade. Southend 521. 
 
 Sutton, 242, High St. Sutton 65. 
 Epsom, S. J. Flight, Church St., Leatherhead. Epsom 6?6. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 South Eastern Division (excluding London) 
 
 (continued). 
 
 TuNBRiDGE Wells, 43, High Street. Tunbridge Wells 
 1030. 
 
 Watford, 64, Queen's Rd. Watford 477. 
 
 Aylesbury, F. Samuels, Kingsbury Printing Works, 
 Kingsbury Square. Aylesbury 99. 
 
 Chesham, F. E. Howard, 75, High St. 
 
 Hemel Hempstead, F. Bonaker, i, Marlowes. Box- 
 moor 15. 
 
 Worthing, 106, Chapel Rd. P. O. Worthing 422. 
 Chichester, R. Ball, 17, North Pallant. 
 
 South Western Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Carlton House, Woodland Road, Bristol. 
 Telegraphic Address : Divex, Bristol 
 
 Bristol 4517 
 
 Aldershot, 79, High St. Aldershot 324. 
 Camberley, R. King, " Willington," The Avenue. Cam- 
 
 berley 93y. 
 Farnham, Surrey, J. Matthews, i, South St. 
 
 Avonmouth, 20, Gloucester Rd. Avonmouth 49. 
 
 Barnstaple, 24, Boutport St. Barnstaple 167. 
 
 Ilfracombe, J. D. Sommerwill, The Laurels, Northfield Rd. 
 
 Basingstoke, 2, Wilton Squar^. Basingstoke 83. 
 
 Bath, Chandos Hall. Bath 725. 
 
 Radstock, E. Wyatt, Hope House, The Street. 
 
 Bournemouth, 20, Lansdowne Rd. Bournemouth 1761. 
 Poole, T. Hitchcock, Twillingate, Wimborne Rd. Poole 
 
 I02. 
 
 Swanage, J. R. Senior, i. Station Rd. Swanage 12. 
 
 Wareham, R. H. Holland, South St. 
 Bristol, 18-20, Victoria St. Bristol 3980-1. 
 Bristol (Juveniles), 6, Colston St. Bristol 4154. 
 Bristol (Eastville), 394, Stapleton Rd., Eastville. Bristol 
 
 4515- 
 Bristol (Kingswood), 22-24, Regent Street, Kingswood. 
 
 Kingswood 80. 
 Cheltenham, i, Portland St. Cheltenham 802. 
 COWES, 7, Birmingham Rd. Cowes 42. 
 Devonport, 49, St. Aubyn Street. Devonport 335. 
 
 Exeter, 13 & 14, North St. Exeter 438. 
 
 Exmouth, E. Morey, Post Office, 43, Exeter Rd. 
 
 Tiverton, G. Penny, Westexe Post Office, Paul Street. 
 Tiverton 77. 
 Gloucester, 9, Southgate St., The Cross. Gloucester 209. 
 
 Dursley, E. C. Montgomery, Bristol House. Dursley 19. 
 
 Stroud, Glos., O. J. Pearce, 9, Lansdown. Stroud 120. 
 
 GOSPORT, Aubrey House, 12, High St. Gosport 122. 
 Kevham (Men), Ferry Road, Devonport. Keyham 392. 
 Plymouth, 14-16, Manor St. Plymouth 1190-1. 
 
 Holsworthy, A. C. Vanstone, Station Rd. 
 
 Okehampton, S. A. Yeo, 3, West St. 
 
 Plymouth (Women & Juveniles), 18, Princess Square. 
 
 Plymouth 1190-1. 
 Portland (Regis. Room), 155, Fortuneswell. Portland 12. 
 
 Portsmouth, 8-14, Lake Rd. Municipal 1484; P. O. 959. 
 Petersfield, A. G. Lunt, 16, High St. Petersfield 17. 
 
 Portsmouth (Women & Juveniles), 13, Hampshire Terrace. 
 Municipal 1067 ; P. O. 959. 
 
 Portsmouth (Coaling), 102-103, Queen St Municipal 
 1484 ; P. O. 959. 
 
 Redruth, 12, Bond St. Redruth 59. 
 
 Falmouth, W. J. Walton, Commercial Chambers, Arwe- 
 
 nak St. 
 Penzance, C. Ludlow, 77, Market Jew St. Penzance 75. 
 St. Austell, H. Rowse, County Auction Chambers. St. 
 
 Austell 83. 
 
 Salisbury, 56, Catherine St. Salisbury 227. 
 Andover, A. R. Goddard, 26, Bridge St. Andover 9. 
 
 Salisbury (Women and Juveniles), 57, Catherine St. 
 
 Southampton, 7 & 8, Canute Rd. Southampton 1674. 
 Eastleigh, W. J. Naylor, 16, Station Hill. Eastleigh 5. 
 
 Swindon, 17 & 17a, Regent Circus. Swindon 105. 
 
 Cirencester, F. Harmer, Overseer's Office, Corn Hall BIdgs. 
 Malmesbury, W. G. Perry, 36, King's Wall. 
 Marlborough, D. G. Smart, 31, Kingsbury St 
 
 Taunton, 45, Bridge St Taunton 221. 
 Bridgwater, C. Hoyal, 52, High St. 
 
 Torquay, 27, Fleet St. Torquay 599. 
 
 Newton Abbot, D. H. Tompkins, 42, Devon Square. 
 Newton Abbot 151. 
 
 Trowbridge, 39, Roundstone St. Trowbridge 22. 
 Chippenham, T. Hand, 2, The Causeway. 
 Devizes, W. H. Titcombe, 31, St. John Street. 
 Frome, W. B. Kent, Public Offices. Frome 25. 
 
 Weston-super-Mare (Regis. Room), 34b, Oxford Street. 
 Weston-super-Mare, 341. 
 
 Weymouth, 9, St. Thomas Street, Melcombe Regis. Wey- 
 mouth 292. 
 Dorchester, T. A. Pearce, 47, South St. Dorchester 9. 
 
 Winchester, 15, Southgate St Winchester 308. 
 
 WoOLSTON, 61 & 63, Victoria Rd. Southampton 1302. 
 
 Yeovil, Glendhurst, Kingston. Yeovil 106. 
 
 85 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 West Midlands Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Dalton House, 94, Corporation Street, Birmingham. 
 Telegraphic Address: Homex, Birmingham 
 
 Central 7076-9 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Aston, 10, Witton Lane. Birmingham East 256. 
 
 BiLSTON, iia, Wellington Rd. Bilston 120. 
 
 Birmingham, 197-205, Corporation St. Central 6756-8. 
 
 Birmingham, 85 & 86, Gt. Hampton Street. Central 5218. 
 
 Birmingham (Women & Juveniles), 179-187, Corporation St. 
 
 Burslem (Staffs), 20 & 2oa, Market Place. Central 1108. 
 
 Burton-ON-Trent, 44, High St. Burton 447. 
 
 Swadlincote, J. F. Rowley, Post Office, 10, West Street. 
 Swadlincote 212. 
 
 Cannock, Market Place. Cannock 50. 
 
 Coventry, Duplex Works, Lower Ford Street. Coventry 
 1074-6. 
 
 Darlaston, 34, King St. Darlaston 85. 
 
 Dudley, HoUoway Chambers, Priory St. Dudley 194. 
 
 Handsworth, 225-227, Soho Rd. Birmingham Northern 
 286. 
 
 Hanley, 13, Parliament Row, Hanley. Hanley Central 
 1426. 
 
 Hereford, 7, Commercial St. Hereford 1365. 
 
 Leominster, J. B. Dowding, 5, Com Square. Leominster 
 i6x. 
 
 Kidderminster, 114, Mill St. Kidderminster 154. 
 Bridgnorth, C. McMichael, 32, High St. Bridgnorth 60. 
 
 Leamington, 15, Regent Grove. Leamington 439. 
 Stratford-on-Avon, W. E. Edwards, 37, Wood St. 
 
 Lkek, 61, Derby St., Leek. Leek 105. 
 
 Longton (Staffs), 73, Market Street, Longton, Staffs. 
 Longton 335. 
 
 Newcastle-UNDER-Lyme, 74, PenkhuU St. Newcastle 258. 
 
 Nuneaton, 25 & 25a, Market Place. Nuneaton 51. 
 
 Oakengates, 5 & 7, Market St. Oakengates 12. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No, 
 
 Oldbury (Birmingham), 21, Birmingham Street, Oldbury. 
 Oldbury 195. 
 
 Old Hill (Staffs), 287, Halesowen Rd. Cradley 106. 
 
 Oswestry, 24, Oswald Rd. Oswestry 10. 
 
 Redditch, 3, Alcester St. Redditch 81. 
 
 Bromsgrove, H. Fryar, Church St. Bromsgrove 23. 
 
 Rugby, 15 & 17, Castle St. Rugby 196. 
 
 Selly Oak (Birmingham), 177-181, High St., Selly Oak. 
 Selly Oak 159. 
 
 Shrewsbury, 67, Mardol. Shrewsbury 275. 
 Whitchurch, Salop, J. H. Simister, 7, St. Mary's Street. 
 
 Smethwick (Staffs), 2 & 3, Rolfe St. Smethwick in. 
 
 Sparkhill, 408 & 410, Stratford Rd. Birmingham Vic- 
 toria 82. 
 
 Stafford, 6 & 7, Market Square. Stafford 233. 
 Uttoxeter, A. Cartwright, Carter St. Uttoxeter 9. 
 
 Stoke-on-Trent, Archer Works, Liverpool Rd., Stoke-on- 
 Trent. Potteries Central 1330. 
 
 Stourbridge, 176, High St. Stourbridge 64. 
 
 Tipton, i, Horseley Heath. Tipton 88. 
 
 Walsall, Midland Rd. Walsall 418. 
 
 Wednesbury, 48, Lower High St. Wednesbury 117. 
 
 West Bromwich, 20, Paradise St. West Bromwich 349. 
 
 Willenhall, 84, Stafford St. Willenhall 99. 
 
 Wolverhampton, Royal London BIdgs., Lichfield St. 
 Wolverhampton 870. 
 
 Wolverhampton (Women & Girls), 49, Lichfield Street. 
 Wolverhampton 870. 
 
 Worcester, Pierpoint St. Worcester 347 
 Evesham, G. E. Nind, The Cottage. 
 Malvern, W. H. Morgan, Bank View. 
 Pershore, L. E. Clayton, The Elms, Station Rd. 
 
 Yorkshire and East Midlands Division 
 
 Divisional Office: South Parade, Doncaster. Doncaster 411-8-3 
 Telegraphic Address : Divex, Doncaster 
 
 Armlky, 6, 8, & 10, Stocks Hill. Leeds (Central) 3714. 
 
 Attercliffe, 51, Attercliffe Common, Sheffield. Atter- 
 cliffe 118. 
 
 Barnsley, Gas Nook, Mayday Green. Barnsley 400. 
 
 Basford & BULWELL, 219 & 221, Vemon Rd., Basford. 
 
 Bulwell 109. 
 Batley, 27, Commercial St. Batley 296. 
 Boston, 20, West St. Boston 142. 
 Bradford, 26, Bridge St. Bradford 4472-3. 
 Brighouse, 7, Bethel St. Brighouse 5. 
 
 Castleford, Armoury Hall, Bank St. Castleford 63. 
 Pontefract, A. M. Storr, Baxtergate. Pontefract 53. 
 
 Chesterfield, 40-42, Gluman Gate. Chesterfield 232. 
 
 Coalville, Hotel St. Coalville 37. 
 
 Derby, Victoria Bldgs., London Rd. Derby 500-1. 
 Belper, H. Hall, Claremont House, Green Lane. 
 Matlock, H. P. Keetley, Post Office, Matlock Bank. Mat- 
 lock 84. 
 
 Dewsbury, Old Post Office, Union St. Dewsbury 386. 
 
 Doncaster, Trafford St. Doncaster 376-7. 
 South Elmsall, A. W. Fumie, Barnsley Rd. South Elm- 
 sail 24. 
 
 Gainsborough, i. Silver St. Gainsborough 38. 
 
 Grantham, 40, Watergate. Grantham 95. 
 
 86 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Yorkshire & East Midlands Division {continued). 
 Grimsby, 174 & 176, Cleethorpe Rd. Grimsby 750. 
 
 Halifax, King Cross Street & Hopwood Lane. Halifax 
 1154-5. 
 
 Harrogate, 34, Oxford St. Harrogate 866. 
 Ripon, F. S. Gowland, 5, Finkle St. Ripon 23. 
 
 Hebden Bridge, 23, Market St. Hebden Bridge 79. 
 
 HUDDERSFIELD, John William St. Huddersfield 1400. 
 Slaithwaite, E. Freeman, M.A., 22, Lewisham Road. 
 Slaithwaite 80. 
 
 Hull, Prospect St. & Story St. Hull Central 2400. 
 Beverley, VV. R. Hall, 51, Toll Gavel. Beverley 3y. 
 
 ILKF.STON (Derbyshire), Corner of Bath St., Station Rd. 
 Ilkeston 125. 
 
 Keighley, 43-47, Church St. Keighley 565. 
 Skipton, W. C. James, Friendly Societies Hall, Sheep 
 Street. 
 
 Kettering, 8 & 8a, Market Place. Kettering 184. 
 
 Leeds, 4, 6, & 8, Meadow Lane. Leeds 3844. 
 
 Leeds (Women & Juveniles), 8 & 12, Great George St. 
 Leeds 4062-3. 
 
 Leicester, Albion St. Leicester 405-7. 
 Hinckley, W. L. Foxon, 6a, Castle St. 
 
 Lincoln, Grafton f'ouse, Newland. Lincoln 454. 
 
 Long Eaton, 66, Derby Rd. Long Eaton iii. 
 
 Loughborough, 37-38, Market Place. Loughborough 
 655. 
 
 Mansfield, Queen St. Mansfield 133. 
 
 Mexborough, 'Oriental Chambers, Bank Street. Mex- 
 borough 17. 
 
 MORLEY, 88, Queen St. Morley 186. 
 
 Newark, 23, Market Place. Newark 108. 
 
 Northallerton, High St. Northallerton 38. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Yorkshire & East Midlands Division {continued). 
 Northampton, 30 & 32, Mare Fair. Northampton 501-2. 
 Nottingham, 6, Stanford St. Nottingham 4700-1. 
 Otley, 19, Kirkgate. Otley 48-9. 
 
 Peterborough, Comer City Rd. & New Rd. Peter- 
 borough 137. 
 
 Richmond (Yorks), Catterick Bridge. 
 
 ROTHERHAM, Old Post Office. Rotherham 501. 
 
 Scarborough, Old Post Office, Huntries Row. Scar- 
 borough 500. 
 
 Scunthorpe, 189 & 191, High St. Scunthorpe 81. 
 
 Selby, Old Post Office, Wide St. Selby 31. 
 
 Howden, L. Asquith, Gazette Office, Market Place. 
 Howden 16. 
 
 Sheffield, Old Charity School, East Parade. Central 
 
 4435-6. 
 
 Shipley, 23 & 25, Otley Rd. Shipley 426. 
 
 Sowerby Bridge, Central Bldgs., HoUings Mill Lane. 
 Halifax 1292. 
 
 Spen Valley, Frost Hill, Liversedge. Heckmondwike 
 146: Cleckheaton 215. 
 
 Stanningley, Pudsey, & Farsley, Old Town School, 
 Town St. Stanningley 215. 
 
 Sutton-1N-Ashfield, 51. Portland Square. Sutton-in- 
 Ashfield 60. 
 Ripley, Derby, G. Whitcombe, Town Hall. Ripley 28. 
 
 Todmorden, 47 & 48, Rochdale Rd. Todmorden 128. 
 
 Wakefield, 122, Westgate. Wakefield 268. 
 
 Wellingborough, 7, Midland Rd. Wellingborough 128. 
 Rushden, H. O. Miller, 47, High St. Rushden 59. 
 
 Worksop, 18, Bridge Place. Worksop 187. 
 
 Retford, A. T. Winter, 3, Bridgegate. Retford 65. 
 
 York, 33, Parliament St. York 716. 
 
 North Western Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Empire Hall, Museum Street, Warrington 
 Telegraphic Address : Divex, Warrington 
 
 AccRiNGTON, 17-21, Oak St. Accrington 2602. 
 
 Altrincham, I, Manchester Rd., Broadheath. Altrincham 
 860-1. 
 
 Ashton-under-Lyne, 117, Stamford St. Ashton-under- 
 Lyne 580 & 710. 
 
 Bacup, 16, Market St. Bacup 134. 
 
 Barrow-in-Furness, 200, Duke St. Barrow 566. 
 
 Dalton in-Furness, R. Holt, 103. Market St. Dalton 26 
 Millom, E. Griffin, 6, St. George's Rd. 
 Ulverston, J. Arden, 7, Union St. Ulverston 122. 
 
 Birkenhead (Men), 63, Argyle St. Birkenhead 1502. 
 
 Birkenhead (Women & Juveniles), 61, Hamilton Square. 
 Birkenhead 1501. 
 
 Blackburn, 100, looa, Darwen St. Blackburn 26. 
 Clitheroe, J. Hargreaves, Kirkmoor. Clitheroe 145. 
 
 Blackpool, Old Post Office. Blackpool 274. 
 
 Bolton (Men), 5, Bowkers Row. Bolton 241. 
 
 Bolton (Women), 1-3, Chancery Lane. Bolton 1293. 
 
 300TLE, 246-8, Stanley Rd. 
 
 Burnley (Men), Oddfellows Hall, Lindsay St. Burnley 687 
 
 Burnley (Women & Juveniles), 156-158, St. Jamet St 
 Burnley 832. 
 
 Bury, 37a, Bolton St. Bury 556. 
 
 Chadderton (Oldham), 238-240, Middleton Rd., Oldham. 
 Oldham 1279. 
 
 Chester, 2a, 2b & 2c, George St. Chester 957-8. 
 
 Chorlev, 8, Mealhouse Lane. Chorley 132. 
 
 CoLNE, II & 13, Exchange St. Colne 224. 
 
 Crewe, i & 2, Market Square. Crewe 39. 
 Nantwitch, T. H. Alcock, 56, Acton View. 
 
 Darwen, 31-33, Bridge St. Darwen 310. 
 
 Denton, 86 & 88, Manchester Rd. Denton 6. 
 
 Earlestown, 9 & 1 1, Bridge St. Newton-le-Witlows 4, 
 
 Eccles, 65-67, Liverpool Rd. Eccles 155. 
 
 Ellesmere Port, Queen St. Ellesmere 63. 
 
 87 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 North Western Division {continued). 
 
 Farn WORTH, 151, Market St. Fam worth 37. 
 
 Garston, 95, St. Mary's Rd. Garston 329. 
 
 Glossop, High St. Glossop 83. 
 
 Gorton (Manchester), Davies St., Openshaw. Openshaw 
 
 351-2- 
 Haslingden (Manchester), York House, Dearden Gate. 
 
 Haslingden 86. 
 Heywood, 13, York St. Hey wood 98. 
 HOLLINWOOD (Oldham), 612, Manchester Rd. Oldham 
 
 1276 & Failsworth 323. 
 
 HORWICH, 74, Winter Hey Lane. Horwich 39. 
 
 Hyde, 45, Market St. Hyde 140. 
 
 Lancaster, 15 & 16, Dalton Square. Lancaster 548. 
 Morecambe, A. W. Gorton, 25, Pedder St. 
 
 Leigh, Old Town Hall. Leigh 209. 
 
 Levenshulme, 245, Stockport Rd. Heaton Moor 161. 
 
 Liverpool, 79a, St. Anne's Street. Royal 5205. 
 
 Liverpool (Women and Girls), 2, 4 & 6, Upper Newington. 
 Royal 4700. 
 
 Liverpool (Cotton Exchange), 59-67, Oldhall St. Liver- 
 pool Cent. 7650. 
 
 Liverpool Docks Clearing Houses. Georges Dock 
 Passage. Central 5415. 
 
 Macclesfield, 17, Chestergate. Macclesfield 98. 
 
 Congleton, T. Gordon, Lawton St. Post Office. Congleton 
 196. 
 
 Manchester, 30, Dickenson St. Central 5267-70 & 1607. 
 
 Manchester (Women), 8-10, Queen St., Manchester. City 
 8247-8. 
 
 Manchester, 469 & 471, Third Avenue, Trafford Park. 
 Trafford Park 648. 
 
 MiDDLETON, The Lodge, Lodge St. Middleton 108. 
 
 Middleton Junction, Mills Hill Rd. Middleton 131. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 North Western Division {continued). 
 
 Nelson, 71, Manchester Rd. Nelson 335. 
 
 New Mills, 21, High St New Mills 58. 
 
 Newton Heath, 780-782, Oldham Rd. Failsworth 56 & 
 
 97- 
 Northwich, Witton Lane. North wich 159. 
 Oldham, 47-49 Mumps. Oldham 1 144. 
 Pendleburv (Manchester), 555, Bolton Rd. Pendleton 
 
 730. 
 
 Preston, 148, Friargate. Preston 1035. 
 
 R.\DCLIFFE (Manchester), 3, Sion St. Radcliffe 83. 
 
 Rawtenstall, 18, Haslingden Rd. Rawtenstall 84. 
 
 Reddish (Lanes.), 26, Broadstone Rd. Heaton Moor 175 ; 
 Stockport 575. 
 
 Rochdale, 132, Drake St., and 2 & 2a, Moor St. Rochdale 
 61 & 62. 
 
 Royton (Oldham), 13, Market St. Oldham 1278. 
 
 St. Helens, 59, Church St. St. Helens 366. 
 Ashton-in-Makerfield, H. Gee, 37, Low Bank Rd. 
 
 Salford, 17, The Crescent. Central 4569-71. 
 
 Shaw (Lancs.X 78 Market St. Shaw 104. 
 
 Southport, 54, Eastbank St. Southport 37. 
 Ormskirk, A. W. Whiteman, 26, Chapel St. 
 
 Stalybridge, 78, Market St Ashton 643. 
 
 Stockport, 4, Tiviotdale. Stockport joi. 
 
 Tyldesley, 7-9, Stanley St. Atherton 17. 
 
 Wallasey (Birkenhead), 90-92, Brighton St Liscard 1050. 
 
 Warrington, Old P.O. Sankey St Warrington 383. 
 
 Widnes, 24, 26 & 28, Widnes Rd. Widnes 107. 
 Runcorn, J. F. Niddrie, 86, High St Runcorn 112. 
 
 Wigan, 2-3, Woodcock St. Wigan 450. 
 
 Withington (Temp. Regis. Room), l, Davenport Avenue. 
 Didsbury 379. 
 
 Wales Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Law Courts, Cathays Park. Cardiff 3834 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, Cardiff 
 
 Aberdare, 21, Whitcombe St National 133. 
 
 Bargoed (Cardiff), 2, The Square. Bargoed 45 P.O. 
 
 Barry (Glam.), Dock View Rd. Barry 436 P.O. 
 
 Bute Docks, Junction Dry Docks. Cardiff 1062. 
 
 Cardiff, Old Custom House. Cardiff National 3240. 
 
 Carnarvon, 12, Castle Square. Carnarvon 25. 
 Bangor, Llew. D. Jones, 125, High St Bangor 139. 
 Holyhead, A. P. Thomas, Stanley House, Market Square. 
 
 Holyhead 10. 
 Llanberis, M. W. Rowlands, The Beehive. 
 
 Colwyn Bay, Old Municipal Bldgs., Station Rd. Colwyn 
 Bay 313. 
 
 Ebbw Vale, Bethcar St. Ebbw Vale 64 P.O. 
 
 Flint, 30, Chester St. Flint 27. 
 Rhyl, E. L. Rogers, 6, John St 
 
 Llanei.ly, 76, Stepney St. Llanelly 5. 
 Carmarthen, W. J. Wallis-Jones, 34, Quay Street Car- 
 marthen 9. 
 
 Maesteg (Bridgend), 60 Commercial St Maesteg 66 Nat. 
 
 Merthyr Tydfil, Y.M.C. A, Bldgs., Pontmotlais. Merthyr 
 
 Tydfil 172. 
 Mountain Ash, 30, Commercial St Mountain Ash 52. 
 
 Neath, 5 & 6, The Parade Neath 268. 
 
 Newport (Mon.), 147, Commercial St Newport 2034. 
 Chepstow, T. L. R. Hobbs, Bridge St. P.O. Chepstow 63. 
 Cwmbran, H. Summers, G. W. Restaurant. Cwmbran 36. 
 
 Newport Docks, Alexandra Dock, Newport, Mon. New- 
 port 3330. 
 Newtown, High St Newtown 20. 
 
 Welshpool, T. Davies, 15, Berriew St. 
 Pembroke Docks, 23, Dimond St., Pembroke. Pembroke 
 
 Dock 5. 
 Pontypool, 125, Osborne Rd. Pontypool 142. 
 Crumlin, Newport, Mon., J. Barnard, 2, Woodside. 
 
 Pontypridd, Mill St. Pontypridd 284 Nat. 
 
 Port Talbot, 9, Plough Terrace, Station Road. Port 
 
 Talbot 38. 
 Port Talbot Docks, Docks Waiting Room. Port Talbot 
 
 140. 
 
 Swansea, Castle Bailey St Central 104-5 & 606. 
 
 Swansea Docks, Prince of Wales Dock (Waiting Room). 
 Central 395. 
 
 Tonypandy (Rhondda), 5, Llwynpia Rd. Nat 128. 
 
 Wrexham, Congregational Hall, Lord St Nat 292. 
 Ruabon, H. H. Squire, Bryn End. Ruabon 22. 
 
 88 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Scotland and Northern Division 
 
 Divisional Office for Scotland: Grassmarket, Edinburgh. Central 9020-1-2-3 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, Edinburgh 
 
 Divisional Office for Northern Division: Old Royal Infirmary, Newcastle-on-Tyne^ City 126 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, Newcastle-on-Tyne 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Aberdeen, 49, Market St. Central 2263-4. 
 
 Fraserburgh, H. G. Anderson, 29, Frithside St. Fraser- 
 burgh 82. 
 Peterhead, D. H. Martin, 77, Broad St. Peterhead 24. 
 
 AlRDRlE, 50-52, Stirling St. Airdrie 154. 
 
 Alexandria, 130, Bank St. Alexandria 47. 
 
 Arbroath, 33, West Abbey St. Arbroath 178. 
 Carnoustie, D. C. Crowe, 37, High St. 
 Forfar, T. Hannick, Town Hall. Forfar 89. 
 Montrose, J. Cumming, Town Clerk's Office. Montrose 
 119. 
 
 Ayr, 6, Cathcart St. Ayr 484. 
 
 Stranraer, W. Paterson, 25, Agnew Crescent. Stranraer 
 
 42. 
 Troon, Ayr, J. Watt, West Portland St. Troon 35. 
 
 Barrhead, 71-75, Cross Arthurlie St. Barrhead 135. 
 
 Berwick-on-Tweed, 31-33, Bridge St. Berwick 100. 
 
 Bishop Auckland, 9 & 10, Tenters Street. Bishop Auck- 
 land 98. 
 
 Crook, CO. Durham, W. H. Harvey, Hope St. Howden- 
 le-Wear 15. 
 
 New Shildon, M. Turnbull, Council Offices. 
 
 Blavdon, 20, Shibdon Rd. Blaydon 74. 
 
 Blvth, 121, Plessey Rd., Blyth. National 128. 
 
 Bridgeton (Glasgow) (Women & Girls), 66, Dalmarnock 
 Rd. Bridgeton 627 P.O. 
 
 Carlisle, 17, Castle St Carlisle 412. 
 
 Penrith, J. Harding, Musgrave Hall. Penrith 83. 
 
 Clvdebank (Glasgow), Canal St. Clydebank 105. 
 
 Coatbridge, 144 & 148-156, Main St. Coatbridge 121. 
 
 Darlington, i & 2, Station Rd. Darlington 2456. 
 
 Dumbarton, i. Station Rd. Dumbarton 77. 
 
 Helensburgh, J. H. Murray, 20, Colquhoun Square. 
 Helensburgh 325. 
 
 Dumfries, 5 & 6, Queensberry Square. Dumfries 252. 
 Annan, R. P. McDougall, Town Hall. 
 
 Dundee (Men & Women), 54 & 55, Dock Street. Dundee 
 2246-7. 
 Broughty Ferry, R. H. Smith, 293, Brook St. Broughty 
 Ferry 174. 
 
 Dunfermline, 10, Chalmers St. Dunfermline 317. 
 
 Edinburgh, 174, Lauriston Place, ToUcross. Central 
 936-7-8. 
 Broxburn, D. Bertram, Forester's Office, East Main St. 
 Musselburgh, H. Millar, Municipal BIdgs , High St. 
 
 Elswick, 560-564, Scotswood Rd., Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Central Newcastle 3796-7. 
 
 Falkirk, 13, Bank St. Falkirk 170-171. 
 
 Galashiels, 13, St. John Street. Galashiels 232. 
 Coldstream, D. L. Elder, 5, Tweed Terrace. 
 Duns, T. Agnew, ii. Castle St. 
 Greenlaw, W. GoodfcUow, High St. 
 Hawick, R. Nisbet, 55, High St. Hawick 182. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Gateshead, Millfield Terrace, Windmill Hills. Gateshead 
 
 475- 
 Consett, J. Boyle, 13, Front St. 
 Durham, T. Guthrie, 8, Leazes Place. 
 
 Glasgow, 29, College St. Bell 880. 
 
 Glasgow (Women), 104, West George St. Douglas 3591. 
 
 Glasgow (South Side), Elgin St., South Side. Gorbals 
 641-3. 
 
 GORGIE, 131, Dairy Rd., Edinburgh. Central Edinburgh 
 4199. 
 
 Govan (Glasgow), SS, Helen St. Govan 461-2. 
 
 Greenock, Custom House & Inland Revenue Buildings. 
 Greenock 409-10. 
 Rothesay, H. Mackinnon, 16, High St. 
 
 Gretna, Sark Bridge. Carlisle 541 ; Extension 15. 
 
 Hamilton, Herald Building, Brandon St. Hamilton 126. 
 
 Heaton, Ashfield Villa, Heaton Rd., Newcastle, Northum- 
 berland. Central (Newcastle) 2166. 
 
 Hebburn, 50 & 52, Carr St. & 136, Ellison St. Hebbum 
 52 P.O. 
 
 INVERKEITHING (Fife), Ferry Toll. Inverkeithing 15. 
 
 Inverness, 7-13, Baron Taylor's St. Inverness 197. 
 Elgin, T. P. Fraser, 51, High St. Elgin i8xi. 
 
 Jarrow, 31 & 33, Ormonde St. Jarrow P.O. 15. 
 
 Johnstone, 24, Macdowell St. Johnstone 33. 
 
 Kendall, 55, Highgate. Kendall 204. 
 
 Kilmarnock, i, Wellington St. Kilmarnock 156. 
 Irvine, R. P. Smith, 158, High St. Irvine 65. 
 Stevenson, D. Lawson, Ardeer Post Office. Saltcoats 17. 
 
 Kirkcaldy, 369, High St. Kirkcaldy 405. 
 
 Leith (Edinburgh), 133 & 135, Constitution St. Leith 741. 
 
 Leven & Methil, Shorehead, Leven. Leven 114. 
 
 Middlesbrough, Oddfellows' Hall, Bridge St. Middles- 
 bro', 901 & 803. 
 Loftus, R. Copeman, 27, High St. 
 
 Middlesbrough, 88a-b & 90, Normanby Rd., South Bank. 
 ■ S. Bank 69. 
 
 Motherwell, 5-9, Calder St. Motherwell 24. 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tvne, Old Royal Infirmary. City 126-8. 
 
 North Shields, Howard St. & Union St. N. Shields 
 30 P.O. 
 
 Oban, 130, George St. Oban 26. 
 
 Paisley, 17, Niddry St. Paisley 787. 
 
 Barrhead, F. B. Paton, 186, Cross Arthuslie S 
 
 PalliON, 165-167, Hylton Rd. Sunderland 962. 
 
 8g 
 
LABOUR EXCHANGES 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Scotland and Northern Division (continue^. 
 
 Parkhead (Glasgow) (Men & Boys), 47-57, Sorby St. 
 Bridgeton 446-7. 
 
 Partick (Glasgow) (Women & Girls), 391, Dumbarton Rd. 
 Western 3428. 
 
 Partick, 12, Kelvin St. Western 3448-9. 
 
 Perth, King Edward St. Perth 321. 
 
 Blairgowrie, J. B. Begg, 5, Commercial Street. Blair- 
 gowrie 73. 
 
 Port Glasgow, 4, King St. Port Glasgow 80. 
 
 Renkrkw, 15-17, Dunlop St. Renfrew 36. 
 
 RuthERGLEN, 144, Main St. Rutherglen 246. 
 
 South Shields, 3 & 3J, Charlotte Terr. Opposite New 
 Town Hall. South Shields P.O. 25. 
 
 Springburn, 307, Springburn Rd. Springburn 216-7. 
 
 Stirling, 44, Upper Craigs. Stirling 302. 
 
 Stockton-on-Tees, 12, Westboume Terrace, Bishopton 
 Lane. Stockton 525. 
 
 Exchange, Address, and Telephone No. 
 
 Scotland and Northern Division {continued). 
 
 Sunderland, Norfolk St. Sunderland 11 1 1-2-3 Nt. 
 Seahain Harbour, W. Campbell, 6, Marlborough St. S. 
 Harbour 13. 
 
 Sunderland (Docks), Hendon Dock. Sunderland 888. 
 
 Thornaby (Men & Boys only), 26, Mandale Rd. Stockton 
 366. 
 
 Tyne Dock, 16J-17, Corsorphine Town, S. Shields. S. 
 Shields P.O. 26. 
 
 Wallsend (Northumberland), Warwick Rd. Wallsend 139. 
 
 West Hartlepool, Surtees St. West Hartlepool 746. 
 
 Whitehaven, 17, King St. Whitehaven 133. 
 
 Wick, Comer of Bridge & High St. Wick 47. 
 
 Kirkwall, J. Mackintosh, Orcadian Office, Victoria St. 
 
 Willington Quay, 62, Stephenson St. Wallsend-on-Tyne 
 
 52- 
 WiSHAW, 32-38, Hill St. Wishaw 181. 
 
 Workington, Oxford St. Workington 90. 
 Keswick, W. Grisdale, 14, Lake Rd. 
 Maryport, W. Thornbum, 53, Curzon St. 
 
 Ireland Division 
 
 Divisional Office: Lord Edward Street, Dublin. Dublin 3700 
 Telegraphic Address: Divex, Dublin 
 
 Athlone, Upper Irishtown. Athlone P.O. 30. 
 Belfast, 5A, Frederick St. Belfast 2697-8. 
 Belfast, 191, Shankhill Rd. Belfast 3698. 
 Belfast, 119-121, Bridge End, Belfast. Belfast 3697. 
 Cork, 115, George's St. Cork 55. 
 Droghkda, 34, Lawrence St. Drogheda 26. 
 Dublin, Copper Alley, Lord Edward St. Dublin 3221. 
 
 Dublin (Women & Juveniles) Lord Edward St. Dublin 
 
 3350- 
 DUNDALK, Francis St. Dundalk 88. 
 Galway, 30, Dominick St. Galway 44. 
 
 Kilkenny, Parliament St. Kilkenny 22. 
 
 Kingstown, 93, Lower George St. Kingstown 60. 
 
 Limerick, 64, George St. Limerick 278. 
 
 Lis BURN, 40, Market Square. Lisburn 99. 
 
 Londonderry, Newton Bdgs., Foyle St. Londonderry 
 400. 
 
 Queenstown, 18, East Beach. Queenstown 77. 
 
 Sligo, Market St. Sligo 30. 
 
 Tralee, 9, The Square. Tralee 88. 
 
 Waterford, 5, Lady Lane, Michael St. Waterford 181. 
 
 Wexford, South Main St. Wexford 55. 
 
 90 
 
BOARD OF TRADE 
 
 WOMEN AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZING OFFICERS 
 
 London and South-Eastern Division 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Miss Image 
 
 c/o The Manager, Labour Exchange, 
 
 Suffolk 
 
 
 86a, Princes Street, Ipswich. 
 
 Essex 
 
 
 — 
 
 Cambridgeshire 
 
 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Miss Gardner 
 
 Divisional Office, 
 
 Oxford 
 
 
 Martlett House, Bow Street, W.C. 
 
 Berks 
 
 
 
 Beds. 
 
 
 
 Herts. 
 
 
 
 Bucks. 
 
 
 
 Kent 
 
 Miss Bradley 
 
 Greenway Court, 
 
 Sussex 
 
 
 HoUingbourne, 
 
 Surrey 
 
 
 Kent. 
 
 South- Western Division 
 
 Wilts 
 
 Dorset 
 
 Devon 
 
 Cornwall 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Somerset 
 
 Hants. 
 
 Divisional Office, 
 
 Labour Exchange, 
 
 Carlton House, 
 
 Woodland Road, 
 
 Bristol. 
 
 Yorkshire and East Midlands Division 
 
 Yorkshire (N. 
 
 W. 
 
 & 
 
 Miss Binnie-Clark 
 
 c/o The Manager, 
 
 E. Riding) 
 
 
 
 
 Labour Exchange, 
 
 Lincolnshire 
 
 
 
 
 33, Parliament Street, York. 
 
 Rutland 
 
 
 
 Mrs. Davies 
 
 c/o The Manager, 
 
 Northants 
 
 
 
 
 30-32, Mare Fair, 
 
 Leicester 
 
 
 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Derby 
 
 
 
 
 
 Notts 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hunts. 
 
 
 
 
 
 West Midland Division 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Hereford 
 
 Shropshire 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Miss Day 
 
 c/o The Manager, 
 
 Labour Exchange, 
 
 Pierpoint Street, 
 
 Worcester. 
 
 91 
 
WOMEN AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZING OFFICERS 
 
 Wales Division 
 
 Counties. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Headquarters. 
 
 N. Wales & 
 Monmouthshire 
 
 S. Walks 
 
 Mrs. Roberts 
 Miss Strachan 
 
 c/o The Manager, 
 
 Labour Exchange, 
 
 76, Stepney Street, Llanelly, 
 
 Law Courts, 
 
 Cathay's Park, Cardiff. 
 
 North Western Division 
 
 Lancashire & 
 Cheshire 
 
 Miss Knowles 
 
 Divisional Office, 
 
 Empire Hall, 
 
 Museum Street, 
 
 Warrington. 
 
 •:.^;.>-j;oV# 
 
 North of England Division 
 
 Westmorland 
 Cumberland 
 Northumberland 
 Durham 
 
 Miss Rocliffe 
 
 Divisional Office, 
 
 Old Royal Infirmary, 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 
 All Counties 
 
 Scotland Division 
 
 Miss Taylor & 
 
 Assistants 
 
 Divisional OflSce, Grassmarket, 
 
 Edinburgh. 
 
 9» 
 
HONORARY SECRETARIES OF WOMEN'S COUNTY COMMITTEES 
 
 FOR AGRICULTURE 
 
 Farmers needing women's labour should be referred to the under-mentioned 
 Honorary Secretaries of Women's County Agricultural Committees, or to the Manager 
 of the nearest Labour Exchange, who will be able to make the farmer's needs known, 
 and to put them in touch with any available women. It should be pointed out, how- 
 ever, that the majority of the women offering assistance are able to give part time 
 only. Efforts are being made to arrange for gang-leaders to organize the part-time 
 labour in villages, in such a way as to be able to give the employer continuity of 
 service. In addition to these women, a certain number will be trained, and will be 
 available for placing with the farmers. 
 
 London and South Eastern Division 
 Bedford 
 
 Berkshire 
 
 Buckinghamshire. , 
 
 Cambridge 
 
 Essex 
 
 Hertford 
 
 (Women's Council) 
 
 Kent (East) 
 
 Kent (West) 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 Oxford 
 
 Suffolk (East) 
 
 Suffolk (West) 
 
 Surrey 
 
 Sussex (East) ... 
 
 Mrs. Whitchurch, 
 
 Great Barford House, 
 Sandy. 
 
 Miss M. H. Ormerod, 
 
 Shire Hall, Reading. 
 
 C. G. Watkins, Esq. 
 
 County Buildings, 
 
 Aylesbury. 
 
 Mrs. Rootham, 
 
 County Hall, Cambridge. 
 
 Lady Petre's Private Secretary, 
 
 Miss J. M. Aldridge, 
 
 Ivy House, 
 
 North End Rd., 
 Golders Green. 
 Miss L. Puller, 
 
 Youngsbury, 
 
 Ware, Herts. 
 
 M. F. Ramsay, Esq. 
 
 Dane Court, Eastry, 
 Kent. 
 
 H. W. Christie, Esq. 
 
 Castle Hill, 
 
 Tonbridge. 
 
 Lady Margaret Boscawen, 
 II, Mount Street, 
 
 Berkeley Square, W. 
 Miss Burton, 
 
 129, Newmarket Road, 
 
 Norwich, and 
 Mrs. Parish, 
 
 " Westwood Ho," 
 
 Kingsley Rd., Norwich. 
 Miss Dewar, 
 
 Cotmore, Bicester, Oxen. 
 
 Joint Secretaries: 
 
 Miss M. E. Connell.and 
 Miss E. M. Prentice, 
 
 County Hall, Ipswich. 
 
 Mrs. Bateman, 
 
 5, Cornhill, 
 
 Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 Miss Noeline Baker, 
 
 20-21, North St., Guildford. 
 
 Temporary Secretary, 
 
 Viscountess Wolseley, 
 
 Glynde, Sussex. 
 
 Sussex (West) 
 
 Mrs. Elliott Lord, 
 Apricale, 
 
 Summersdale, Chichester. 
 
 Yorkshire Division 
 
 East Riding ... 
 North Riding 
 
 West Riding ... 
 
 S. YORKS 
 
 Miss E. M. Cooper, 
 
 Sledmere, Yorkshire. 
 
 S. Dougill, Esq. 
 
 County Hall, 
 
 Northallerton. 
 Joint Secretaries: 
 Mrs. E. I^ane Fox, 
 
 Walton House, 
 
 Boston Spa. 
 
 Miss Thornton, 
 
 Board of Trade Div. Office, 
 Employment Dept., 
 South Parade, 
 
 Doncaster. 
 
 Mrs. Herbert Peake, 
 
 The Hall, 
 
 Bawtry, Yorks. 
 
 East Midlands Division 
 
 Derbyshire A. L. Jenjcyn Brown, Esq. 
 
 Education Office, 
 
 Derby. 
 
 Huntingdon Miss Linton 
 
 Stritloe House, 
 
 Buckden, Hunts. 
 
 Leicester T. Hacking, Esq. 
 
 33, Bowling Green Street, 
 
 Leicester. 
 
 Lincoln (Kesteven) Hudson Donaldson, Esq. 
 
 64, London Road, 
 
 Grantham. 
 
 Lincoln (Lindsey)... R. Dowling, Esq. 
 
 286, High St., 
 
 Lincoln. 
 Mrs. J. Woods, 
 
 S, Spencer Parade, 
 
 Northampton. 
 
 Dr. Goodwin, 
 
 Midland Agricultural College, 
 Kingston, Derby. 
 
 Mrs. W. Strong, 
 
 Thorpe Hall, 
 
 Peterborough. 
 
 Northampton 
 
 Nottingham 
 
 Soke of 
 
 Peterborough 
 
 93 
 
 .• ;•'.:..: :' 
 
HON. SECS. OF WOMEN'S COUNTY COMMITTEES 
 
 West Midlands Division 
 
 Hereford 
 
 SxArroRD 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Worcester 
 
 Birmingham 
 
 (Women's Labour 
 
 Committee) 
 
 J. Porter, Esq. 
 
 Shire Hall, Hereford. 
 
 E. Joy, Esq. 
 
 County Buildings, Stafford. 
 
 R. Gordon Everitt, Esq. 
 
 12, Northgate Street, 
 
 Warwick. 
 
 The Hon. Mary Pakington, 
 Waresby Court, 
 
 Kidderminster. 
 
 C. Napier Clavering, Esq. 
 
 3, New Street, 
 
 Birmingham. 
 
 South Western Division 
 
 Cornwall Miss Fen wick, 
 
 Trefusis, Newquay. 
 
 Devon Miss Dickinson, 
 
 Ottery St. Mary, or 
 
 Board of Trade Labour Exchange, 
 13 & 14, North Street, 
 Exeter. 
 
 Dorset C. G. Bone, Esq. 
 
 County Offices, Dorchester. 
 
 Gloucester Miss F. H. Teesdale, 
 
 Whitminster House, 
 
 Stonehouse, Glos. 
 
 Hampshire Miss M. K. Cook, 
 
 6, The Close, 
 
 Winchester. 
 
 Isle of Wight . . . Mrs. Coode, 
 
 Orchardleigh, 
 
 Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. 
 
 Somerset Mrs. Mansell, 
 
 Beyford Lodge, 
 
 Wincanton, and 
 Mrs. Boys, 
 , North Cadbury Rectory, 
 
 Somerset. 
 
 Wiltshire (Northern) Miss Warrender, 
 
 Stoke House, Purton. 
 
 Wiltshire (Southern) Miss Olivier, 
 
 'l"he Close, Salisbury. 
 
 Cheshire 
 
 Lancashire 
 
 North Western Division 
 
 ... The Hon. John E. Cross, 
 West Hall, 
 
 High Legh, Knutsford. 
 
 ... Windham E. Hale, Esq. 
 Derby Estate Office, 
 
 Preston, 
 and 
 Miss Knowles, 
 
 Board of Trade Divisional Office, 
 Employment Department, 
 Empire Hall, 
 
 Museum Street, 
 
 Warrington. 
 
 North of England Division 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 (The Women's Farm 
 Labour Committee) 
 
 Durham 
 
 Northumberland. . . 
 (Guild of War Agri- 
 cultural Helpers) 
 
 Westmorland 
 
 G. W. Gilbanks, Esq. 
 
 5, Castle Gate, 
 
 Penrith. 
 
 Win. Fleming, Esq., Jnr. 
 48, Old Elvet, 
 
 Durham. 
 C. Williams, Esq. 
 The Moothall, 
 
 Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 Sir F. E. Walker, 
 
 Swansfield House, 
 
 Alnwick. 
 E. Yates, Esq. 
 
 13, Lowther Street, 
 
 Kendal. 
 
 Wales Division 
 
 Brecon David Thomas, Esq. 
 
 Llwynon, Builth Wells, 
 
 Brecon. 
 
 Cardigan Mrs. Abel Jones, 
 
 Crugian, Rhydyfelin, 
 
 Aberystwyth. 
 
 Carmarthen Daniel John, Esq. 
 
 County Education Offices, 
 Carmarthen. 
 Flintshire 
 
 District Committees — under War Agricultural 
 Committees 
 
 Caergwrle ... Miss Hughes, 
 Ty Cerrig, 
 
 Caergwrle, Nr. Wrexham. 
 
 Mrs. Vospor, 
 Plas Goch, 
 
 Llanychan, Ruthin. 
 Miss Thom, 
 
 Springfield House, 
 
 Hawarden. 
 
 Gellifor — 
 
 Convenor 
 
 Hawarden 
 
 Llanfvnvdd 
 
 Glamorgan 
 
 Miss Helen V. Davies, 
 The Rectory, 
 
 Llanfynydd. 
 . Acting Secretary: 
 
 Miss Strachan, 
 Board of Trade Divisional Office. 
 Employment Department, 
 Law Courts, 
 
 Cathays Park, 
 
 Cardiff. 
 Monmouth 
 
 Sub-Committees for Local Districts — under War 
 Agricultural Committee 
 
 Abergavenny ... Mrs. Mackworth, 
 
 The Mardy, 
 
 Abergavenny. 
 
 Chepstow Mrs. Clay, 
 
 Piercefield Park, 
 
 Chepstow. 
 
 Monmouth Lady Mather Jackson, 
 
 Llantilo Court, 
 
 Abergavenny. 
 
 Anglesey 
 
 Pembrokeshire 
 
 Griffith Jones, Esq. 
 
 Shire Hall, 
 
 Llangefui. 
 Mrs. Wh^atley, 
 
 Spring Gardens, 
 
 Haverfordwest. 
 
 U) Wt; .?et869i -44 25,000 8/16 C.P. G. 51 
 
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