/- 
 
 /^d4/ 
 
 University of California. 
 
 FROM THE LIBKAkY OF 
 
 DR. FRANCIS LIEBER, 
 Professor (-f History and Law in Columbia College, New Y(iil\. 
 
 THE GUT OF 
 
 MICHAEL REESE 
 
 Of San Francisco. 
 1B73. 
 
/ 
 
A REVIEW 
 
A RE VIE W, 
 
 BY A LAYMAN, i 
 
 OF A WORK ENTITLED, 
 
 "NEW THEMES FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY: 
 
 CREEDS WITHOUT CHARITY, 
 
 THEOLOGY WITHOUT HUMANITY, 
 
 AND 
 
 PROTESTANTISM WITHOUT CHRISTIANITY." 
 
 "New opinions, divers and dangerous; which are heresies, 
 And, not reform'd, may prove pernicious." 
 
 Henry VIII., Act 5, Scene 2, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 LIPPINCOTT, aHAMBO, AND CO 
 
 11* , ^ 1852. 
 

 Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO, AND CO., 
 
 in the office of the Clerk of the District Court of the United 
 
 States, in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA : 
 T. K. AND P. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. 
 
A EEVIEW 
 
 OP 
 
 NEW THEMES FOR THE PROTESTANT 
 CLERGY," ETC. 
 
 Amidst the multiplicity of works now 
 issuing from the press, calculated merely to 
 gratify the imagination, or please the taste, 
 it is encouraging to find, occasionally, some 
 book which urges upon our notice the duties 
 of humanity. We would not banish the 
 former from our table and libraries, but 
 neither should they make us unmindful of 
 the grave responsibilities of life. Enter- 
 taining these sentiments, we are always 
 prepared to judge favourably of any book 
 intended to stir men up to active usefulness, 
 and philanthropic effort. If, therefore, the 
 " New Themes for the Protestant Clergy" 
 have failed to gain our approval, it is cer- 
 
 2 
 
14 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 tainly not because we have perused it in a 
 captious and fault finding spirit. Indeed, 
 we have been informed of the topics of the 
 work, not by its caption, but, in spite of its 
 title : for we naturally supposed that such 
 a belligerent title page as "New Themes 
 for the Protestant Clergy, creeds without 
 charity, theology without humanity, and 
 protestantism without Christianity," could 
 emanate only from a Roman Catholic, who 
 was prepared to contrast the excellencies of 
 his own church, with this deplorable state 
 of affairs alleged to exist in the camp of the 
 enemy. This, we say, is a natural infe- 
 rence from the title; and as a proof that it 
 is, we know it was asserted that, the author 
 of this work had become a Roman Catholic, 
 and written against his former religious 
 associates. 
 
 If the title do not mean that the " Pro- 
 testant Clergy are thus guilty, as distin- 
 guished from the Roman Catholic Clergy, 
 then it means nothing, and is a gratuitous 
 
ETC. 15 
 
 insult to the ^* Protestant Clergy." Not 
 only so, but it is manifestly unjust to brand 
 one class of men by name, and then prove 
 that they are no worse than those from 
 whom this name distinguishes them. The 
 professed object of the work would appear 
 to be, to charge the responsibility of pau- 
 perism, upon all who are not paupers. To 
 the pauper himself, no blame seems to be 
 attached: the guilt of his crimes, and the 
 disgrace of his rags, are thrown upon his 
 religious, and well dressed, neighbour. No 
 matter how he became a pauper : — he may 
 have drank away his money, or thrown 
 away his money, or have forfeited his char- 
 acter by crime, so that employers will not 
 trust him : — ^yet, forsooth, the reckoning for 
 all this lies at the door of every good citizen 
 in the community. Perhaps, as is the case 
 in thousands of instances, he refuses to 
 work. Now we know what the apostle's 
 rule is in such cases. If any man will not 
 work neither shall he eat. 2 Thess. 3 — 10. 
 
16 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 But our author s charity seems to be of a 
 more enlarged kind. A pauper seems to 
 him an object of interest, because he is a 
 pauper. What he would have us to do, 
 under the melancholy state of things that 
 he depicts, we have in vain endeavored to 
 ascertain from his pages. The dark com- 
 plexion of the title page, colours the whole 
 book. Protestants, and Roman Catholics, 
 Clergy, and Laymen, men, and women, all 
 share alike. All are rated soundly, for not 
 doing something which the author would 
 set them at, though he hardly seems to 
 know what it is, himself. If there be any 
 thing he recommends, we should suppose 
 it was to fill the pockets with money, and 
 rush from house to house, among the poorer 
 classes, distributing broad-cast, just as people 
 wished for it. What would be the result 
 of such a day's labour; — ^where the money 
 would be found (in many cases) before the 
 next morning; — we will not stop to inquire. 
 The author of " New Themes," professes 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 17 
 
 to believe in Christianity as a divine reve- 
 lation, and we do not doubt his sincerity; 
 yet we can truly say that, an extensive 
 perusal of infidel writings, has failed to pre- 
 sent to our notice any work so abusive of 
 Christians, and Christian Literature, as is 
 this production of an avowed believer, at 
 least in the truths of the Bible. Wholesale 
 denunciation of those who bear the name of 
 Christ, is the great staple of the whole 
 work. In a literary point of view, we 
 might object to the tautology which presents 
 us with the same set of charges, repeated, 
 page after page, in almost exactly the same 
 words; so that the 297 pages might be cur- 
 tailed 100, without much detracting from 
 the essence of the book. But it is the 
 spirit and tendency of these pages, which 
 excite our sorrow that, an avowed friend of 
 religion, should thus hold it up as an object 
 of scorn and contempt to an unbelieving 
 world. Not that we would wish the truth 
 to be suppressed, but if these pages bear the 
 
 2* 
 
18 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 stamp of truth, we have greatly erred in 
 our judgment of them. 
 
 We propose a brief review of "New 
 Themes for the Protestant Clergy," and 
 shall endeavour to consider its merits in a 
 spirit of candour, and certainly without 
 prejudice against either the book, or its 
 unknown author. As we have already in- 
 timated, the distinguishing feature of the 
 work is unsparing abuse. Although the 
 " Protestant Clergy" are gibbeted on the title 
 page, yet with what injustice, as Protestants, 
 will appear from our author's sentiments 
 concerning Komanists. According to his 
 views, Komanism is a failure. Protestantism 
 is a failure, and, of course, Christianity is a 
 failure. Let us first give samples of our 
 author's opinion of Komish charities. " Pa- 
 pal Eome did not cease to inculcate charity, 
 and extol it as the highest of Christian vir- 
 tues; but this she did, not that she cared 
 for the poor, but because ^she was a thief, 
 and had the bag, and bare what was put 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 19 
 
 therein/ John 12 — 6. Like JudaS; whose 
 apparent zeal for the poor exceeded that of 
 the other disciples, his zeal to fill his bag 
 having increased with the avarice which the 
 bearing of that bag had engendered, the 
 papacy preached charity with increasing 
 earnestness when avarice had become the 
 motive. The experience of the Koman 
 church proved that, where there is a bag of 
 money to be held, or large sums to be ad- 
 ministered, a Judas will creep into the office. 
 * "^ * Religious houses and charitable insti- 
 tutions became the scenes of frightful abuse 
 and perversion. No wickedness of this 
 world has much exceeded that which these 
 abuses have exhibited." (p. 82, 83). 
 
 If Eome thus proved derelict, why are 
 the Protestant Clergy, alone, to be impaled 
 on our authors amiable title page? This 
 is tolerably severe on our Romish bre- 
 thren, but if they think to get off'with this, 
 they are much mistaken. How do they 
 like this picture? 
 
20 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 " When Rome had assumed the govern- 
 ment of all Christendom, and had put 
 forth every device which cunning and 
 wickedness could contrive to increase her 
 power, and to extract money from her 
 votaries, she preached charity unceasingly, 
 as the great feature and characteristic of 
 the Christian religion. * * "Whilst the main 
 object was to become the administrators of 
 charity, and to absorb the alms of the faith- 
 ful, it happily fell out that all the givers 
 did not select the Church as the medium of 
 their bounty, and that many actually prac- 
 tised that charity which was chiefly en- 
 forced from interested motives." (p. 84). 
 Again : " The corruptions and abuses of the 
 Romish Church assumed in this period a 
 form in which the priesthood, in all its 
 grades, must naturally become ambitious, 
 corrupt, and tyrannical ; the mass of the 
 people ignorant, superstitious, and enslaved." 
 (p. 86). As Protestant modes of providing 
 for the poor, are so much reprehended, we 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 21 
 
 would, of course, infer that, our author 
 greatly prefers the system of ancient Kome. 
 We are, therefore, surprised at the dark 
 picture which he draws in the above, and 
 the following, sketch. " During this cor- 
 rupt period the charitable institutions, 
 which had multiplied without number in 
 the primitive ages of Christianity, under an 
 infinity of names and organizations, were 
 to a great extent, perverted from their true 
 design and the objects of the founders. 
 Monasteries, hospitals, religious houses of 
 every name became nests of lazy drones, 
 consuming and wasting the bounty of the 
 charitable — the patrimony of the poor. 
 Many associations, which had their origin 
 in a plan of joint labour for the poor, became 
 sinks, swallowing the benefactions attached 
 to their institutions by the purity and indus- 
 try of the early associates. * * Not only 
 were these ancient establishments thus per- 
 verted and abused, but innumerable others 
 were founded, and in like manner abused. 
 
22 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 The mass of these perversions and corrup- 
 tions, became so great finally, as to draw the 
 attention of all who had minds even par- 
 tially free from the bondage of the church. 
 They became an offence to all such in 
 Christendom." (p. 87,88). " The long abuse 
 of charity and its institutions had made 
 them a stench in the nostrils of those 
 who had become awakened to papal usurpa- 
 tion." (p. 90). ^ 
 
 The modern Eoman church does not 
 seem to please our censor any better than 
 that of former days, for we are told, at p. 
 183: "But the world now looks on and 
 beholds, in Catholic countries, that great 
 machine called the Church, contrived by 
 crafty and ambitious men to enrich them- 
 selves, under cover of ignorance and super- 
 stition &c." " Let not the Romanist flatter 
 himself that the Church can ultimately 
 vindicate Christianity, and set all right. * * 
 His church is condemned already, and is 
 clinging with unwise and depraved pertina- 
 
ETC. 23 
 
 city to that power which the world will ere 
 long tear from hands polluted with every 
 crime." (p. 184, 185.) Now if this be a 
 true picture of Rome, why should not these 
 " New Themes" be commended to the 
 Roman Clergy, as well as the Protestant 
 Clergy ? Surely, Eomanism is a failure, 
 if these be her works ! 
 
 Now let us see what is the opinion of our 
 critic, of those men " of whom the world 
 was not worthy" ; — who willingly " endured 
 the loss of all things," for the love they bore 
 to Christ and His Gospel? What does he 
 think of the reformers ? 
 
 " The men of the Reformation were men 
 of truth, not of charity" (p. 112.) " Their 
 building was massy, of noble and severe 
 outline : its frame work of truth was of 
 impregnable strength, yet it was cold, for- 
 bidding, and uncomfortable ; it was neither 
 warmed nor lighted by charity. * * Look 
 into the Theology of the Reformation and 
 see if it be not subject to this reproach. It 
 
24 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 is a fonrm of Christianity with charity left 
 out ; * * It is a monstrous technicality ; 
 it is sculptured marble, white and beautiful, 
 but rigid and unfeeling." (p. Ill, 112.) 
 And yet he proceeds to tell us, " This takes 
 away none of the real merits of the Eeforma- 
 tion." (p. 112.) 
 
 We have remarked that, our author seems 
 to consider Christianity as a failure. In il- 
 lustration of this portion of the " New 
 Themes," we shall quote a series of the 
 bitterest denunciations against Christians, 
 we have ever yet encountered. Gibbon is 
 more respectful, and Bolingbroke far more 
 polite, when censuring Christians, than is 
 our professed believer in Christ. The reader 
 will be immediately reminded of the as- 
 perity of Yoltaire, and the recklessness of 
 Paine. Hear our author s opinion of his 
 fellow Christians ! The italics throughout 
 this review, are our own. " Where are the 
 Christians of whom it may be said, ^ By 
 this shall all men know that ye are my dis- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 25 
 
 ciples, if ye have love to one another/ — 
 such love as Christ himself prescribes and 
 characterizes ? If no such exemplification, 
 and no approach to it can he found, may we 
 not fear that this is the barrier which now 
 stays the progress of Christianity ? * * 
 When the men of the heathen world look 
 upon the Christian world, what do they be- 
 hold ? Christianity ? — No ! Civilization : 
 — civilized men indebted to Christianity, 
 but not repaying the obligation. They be- 
 hold the evidences of science on every side, 
 hut illustrations of the pure teachings of 
 Christ they find ncmherer (p. 28; 29.) 
 
 Rather sweeping this ! We defy the most 
 diligent reader, to produce a severer denun- 
 ciation, from the pages of any avowed infidel. 
 And this is no hasty ebullition of passion, 
 but the author's deliberate opinion. For 
 hear him farther : 
 
 " Where is the Christianity which they 
 [scripture texts] prescribe ? Where are the 
 
26 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 Christians who receive these instructions 
 and obey them?" (p. 58.) "We have 
 thousands upon thousands of volumes of 
 religious books ; but where is our Chris- 
 tianity ? * * Where, we ask, are the 
 results of this immense and costly para- 
 phernalia of Christianity? Is there not 
 reason to inquire if the essence of true re- 
 ligion has not been crushed, repelled, and 
 sometimes wholly extinguished, under this 
 load." (p. 60, 61.) 
 
 " The thirst for power, the rage to govern, 
 infects more or less the mass and the indi- 
 viduals of every religiovrS denomination." (p. 
 100, 101.) 
 
 " If Christianity is not exemplified in the 
 lives of its professors in this country, where 
 lies the responsibility?" (p. 174.) 
 
 " In point of fact, we find Christians for- 
 getting their vocation in the exercise of 
 their duty as citizens, and ranging them- 
 selves in the rank and file of political gam- 
 blers and demagogues." (p. 174, 175.) 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 27 
 
 ^^ Look, then, at those who profess to be 
 his followers, and bear his name. Scores 
 of churches surround us, mutually repelling 
 and attacking each other, and affording a 
 scene of strife^ jealousy, animosity , and evil 
 spealdng, with scarce a parallel for virulence 
 in the proceedings of those who profess no fel- 
 lowship with Christ r (p. 176). 
 
 Did any of our readers, in all their expe- 
 rience in theological controversy, ever meet 
 with any thing quite so bitter as this charge ? 
 As to its truth, we need say nothing. It 
 confutes itself. Is there any gall in infidel 
 ink quite equal to the following. If so, we 
 have yet to see it. 
 
 "But while this sectarianism is thus a 
 spectacle to the world, it is eclipsed by the 
 internal feuds to which these sects are 
 themselves exposed. Many of them have 
 been convulsed to their centres, or blown 
 asunder by explosions of strife and evil pas- 
 sions, which were a disgrace to civilization, 
 let alone Christianity, * * Apart from 
 
28 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 these flagrant departures from the spirit of 
 Christianity, what does the current history 
 of the various churches, in greater or less 
 degree disclose? Intense and often un- 
 scrupulous rivalry, incessant and unkind 
 competition, a self-glorifying and haughty 
 demeanour." (p. 177.) 
 
 No wonder that our censor considers 
 Christianity a failure, if he believe the above 
 and the following : 
 
 " Let modern Pharisees of every church, 
 who imagine they have attained unto the 
 full measure of holiness, pause to inquire 
 whether they are not merely full of spirit- 
 ual pride and uncharitableness : for sanctity 
 cannot dwell but with brotherly love." (p. 
 182.) ^^ A devotion to Mammon never before 
 equalled, a grinding competition in all the 
 pursuits of life, a race for wealth and power 
 &c. * * a scene of strife, of endless divi- 
 sions, of hot discussions about trifles, of 
 sectarian rivalry, in which every element of 
 evil mingles, often without even a spice of 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 29 
 
 human kindness, much less religious charity. 
 Will the world adopt Christianity while 
 this picture is before it? No: the world 
 has already risen in judgment upon Chris- 
 tianity as exemplified by those who are 
 called Christians." (p. 183, 184.) Why 
 the author should profess to believe in the 
 divine origin of a religion which has thus 
 signally failed to fulfil its purpose, we leave 
 him to explain. Advocates for Christianity, 
 from Tertullian to Paley, have considered 
 its beneficial effects upon individuals and 
 nations, as one of its strongest proofs. But 
 it seems they were altogether mistaken. 
 Upon only one presumption do we find the 
 "New Themes" intelligible and consistent. 
 This presumption is that, it is offered to the 
 world by an unbeliever, as a proof of the 
 failure of Christianity. And if Christianity 
 have failed, the inference is irresistible ; it 
 cannot be from God. It is folly to say 
 that, Christianity has failed, because men 
 were unworthy of it. " Known unto God 
 
 3* 
 
30 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 are all his works from the beginnings" and 
 is it to be believed that, he has given Chris- 
 tianity to the world, at the expense of His 
 Son's blood, and the sufferings of His mar- 
 tyrs, in all ages, with a full knowledge of 
 it3 inadequacy to fulfil what he declares to 
 be his purpose in the gift? Yet we do not 
 believe the author of " New Themes" to be 
 an infidel. He professes to believe in the 
 Scriptures, and we credit his profession. 
 But, certainly, we should never arrive at 
 such a conclusion from his book. To show 
 that we are not singular in this view, let 
 us mention an incident, connected with the 
 first publication of "New Themes." A 
 bookseller, who had the book sent him for 
 sale, glanced over its pages, and, being a 
 conscientious man, saw enough to make him 
 hesitate whether he ought to dispose of it. 
 Not willing to rest entirely upon his own 
 judgment, he sent the book to one of the 
 most eminent men of the United States, 
 whom he considered a suitable judge, with 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 81 
 
 a request that he would give his opinion of 
 the work. After inspection, a written opin- 
 ion was returned to this effect: — "The 
 book must be the production of an infidel, 
 or a socialist. I advise you not to sell it." 
 This fact we had from the lips of the 
 gentleman who gave this opinion. 
 
 And how can any one think otherwise 
 of the sentiments of a man who, in page 
 after page, represents Christians as the 
 enemies of humanity, and oppressors of 
 their race? Who would not suppose the 
 author of such statements as the following, 
 to be an infidel? 
 
 " In chartism, in democracy, in socialism, 
 there is not necessarily any ingredient of 
 infidelity ; and yet in fact, we find them to 
 a large extent blended and travelling to- 
 gether, because Christians as sucli^ and those 
 who pretend to be such, have, without just 
 discrimination, opposed every movement of 
 reform^ as dangerous to society." (p. 272, 
 273.) That this is a libel of the worst 
 
82 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 kind; we need hardly say. Exactly the 
 
 I « contrary is the fact. -J^-^s--^ Ghnstiaafl 
 
 ^^jl^^tliat the world is indebted for every refown 
 
 V worthy, of the name. But why pause to 
 
 argue with so reckless a denouncer as 
 
 this? Does not this look like infidelity? 
 
 Now, after seeing what opinion our 
 author entertains of Christians, in general, 
 we would fain hope to find him in better 
 humour with the leaders of the Christian 
 army, — the clergy. But if we have any 
 such expectation as this, we shall be sadly 
 disappointed. Now we are bold in the 
 assertion that, if there be an exemplary set 
 of men upon earth, it is the protestant 
 clergy of the present day. "We appeal to 
 any one who has taken an active interest 
 in the amelioration of the condition of the 
 poor, for the truth of this statement. In 
 the lanes and alleys of our cities and sub- 
 urbs, by the bedsides of the sick and dying, 
 ministering to the temporal and spiritual 
 wants of the destitute, and the guilty, will 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 33 
 
 be found the ministers of Christ. Poorly 
 provided for themselves ; — often with hardly 
 enough to keep soul and body together ; — 
 yet even then will they be found parting 
 with their garments to " clothe the naked/' 
 and "dealing out their bread to the hungry." 
 Other men, however generally laborious, 
 have their seasons of rest, and their hours 
 of uninterrupted ease, in the bosoms of their 
 families ; — but the minister of Christ is, con- 
 stantly, the "servant of men;" and in 
 sickness, or in health, in strength, or in 
 weariness, he is liable to be summoned, 
 at a moment's warning, to turn his back 
 upon the comforts of home, and exercise 
 the duties of a comforter and guide, when, 
 perhaps, he sadly feels the need of consolar 
 tion and guidance himself. This is the 
 gratuitous testimony of one, himself a lay- 
 man, who claims to be as good a judge of 
 the matter as the author of the "New 
 Themes" can be. That some clergymen 
 are recreant to their high trust, proves 
 
34 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 nothing against the general excellence of 
 the character of their profession. Now 
 what is our author's opinion of this noble, 
 self-sacrificing, body of men ? The reader 
 shall see for himself: — 
 
 " Now, whether we look upon the whole 
 mass of those who are regarded as Christ's 
 ministers, or at those of any particular de- 
 nomination, we shall be equally at a loss 
 to find any class of them who are imitating 
 the ministry of their Lord and Master. Not 
 only is there no such class of ministers, but 
 it is RARE TO FIND ONE who walks in the 
 footsteps of Him whom he professes to 
 serve ; it is rare to find one who even com- 
 prehends the scope of his teaching who 
 spake as never man spake. The mass of 
 these nominal ministers of Christ aim con- 
 stantly to maintain a position of authority 
 and influence, which they have usurped, 
 and not only strive to perpetuate, but to 
 enlarge." (p. 214, 215.) ^£ >> >^-it^/ 
 
 Now on reading such outrageous accusa- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY^*' ETC. 35 
 
 tions as the above, against Christians, and 
 Christian teachers, who does not feel in- 
 clined to exclaim with David — "Who is 
 this uncircumcised Philistine, that he should 
 defy the armies of the living God ?" Is this 
 Voltaire, or Bolingbroke, or Paine, who 
 thus brings charges against Christianity, 
 which, if true, would prove it one of the 
 direst curses with which the world has ever 
 been afflicted ? Is not this almost the very 
 language of the infamous editors of the 
 French "Encyclopedic," who devoted their 
 energies to rooting Christianity from the 
 earth ; who cast down the altar of God, 
 and erected the worship of Keason in their 
 " high places ?" Indeed, it is only to the 
 most rabid infidel assaults^ that we can 
 liken the " New Themes." The celebrated 
 15th and 16th chapters of the "Decline 
 and Fall," are far less virulent than the 
 pages under review. The author of the 
 former work, would not have dared to 
 make charges against Christianity, which 
 
36 A REVIEW OP "new THEMES 
 
 every man's common sense, and common 
 observation, are sufficient to refute. V Gib- 
 bon writes so much like a Christian, that 
 it is hard to believe him an infidel : tHe 
 author of " New Themes" writes so much 
 like an infidel, that it is hard to believe 
 him a Christian ! Would any one suppose 
 that a Christian could speak with such 
 shocking irreverence (as in the following 
 extract) of the cardinal doctrines of the 
 Christian's faith? "In all this system, 
 man is mainly treated and regarded as a 
 lost sinner, as having fallen with his repre- 
 sentative head, Adam, in his first transgres- 
 sion. Christ is mainly regarded as having 
 become incarnate, as having endured the 
 wrath of God, the scoffs of the Jews, the 
 agony of the garden, the degrading death 
 of the cross, and as having thus suffered and 
 shed his blood as an expiatory sacrifice for 
 the sins of men, thereby atoning for their 
 offences, and purchasing remission of their 
 offences, as having risen from the grave on 
 
37 
 
 the third day, and ascended to the right hand 
 of the Father, there to be the. head of the 
 Church founded by his incarnation, cruci- 
 fixion, and resurrection." (p. 213.) "Would 
 not any one suppose that our author did 
 not himself believe the doctrines thus ar- 
 raigned ? But he does believe them ; for he 
 calls them "truth." But how? We al- 
 most shudder to write it: — these blessed 
 foundations of all Gospel light, and Gospel 
 hope, which have been the support and 
 consolation of thejeople of QgAy in all 
 ages, since they were first sealed with the 
 Saviour's blood on Calvary, — these doc- 
 trines, our author calls "a hard and bony 
 skeleton of truth !" We give his own words, 
 for we are anxious to do him entire justice 
 in the premises : — " But this hard and bony 
 skeleton of truth can never be exalted 
 into Christianity until it is clothed with 
 desires, afiections, kindness, charity, love 
 to God, and love to men. The mission of 
 Christ was not merely incarnation, death, 
 
 ^ 
 
38 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 resurrection, mediation, and redemption." 
 (p. 214.) 
 
 Permit us to ask, how this skeleton is 
 ever to be clothed, unless it be exhibited for 
 man s reception and adoption. And how 
 shall it be exhibited, but by the media of 
 the pulpit and the press, and by private in- 
 struction? "How shall they believe in 
 him of whom they have not heard, and how 
 shall they hear without a preacher ?" But 
 though the author of " New Themes" seems 
 to speak so unlike St. Paul, yet he will 
 justify us for referring to the latter, as final 
 authority in the case. He tells us that, "it 
 pleased God by the foolishness of preach- 
 ing," to save men. And we must admit, 
 in spite of our critic's apparently low esti- 
 mate of " this hard and bony skeleton of 
 truth," that we still prefer St. Paul's old 
 themes, to our author's " New Themes." 
 
 But the most remarkable insult to Christ- 
 ian men, and Christian teachers, is yet to 
 be exhibited to our readers. 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 39 
 
 About twenty years ago, there died in 
 Phila.j a very opulent merchant, who be- 
 queathed a portion of his property to the 
 city, in trust, for the erection of a College 
 for Orphans. Among other provisions in 
 his will, was one which forbade the admis- 
 sion into the college of Christian ministers, 
 even as visitors for an hour. This was felt 
 to be a gross and gratuitous insult to this 
 most respectable body of men. To interdict 
 their agency as teachers in, or officers of, the 
 institution, one would think to be quite 
 enough to prevent any sectarian leaven 
 from ever disturbing the educational arrange- 
 ments of the College : — but to go beyond this ; 
 — to stigmatize clergymen as a proscribed ^/) 
 class, who because they were God's servants, ^^ ^ 
 should never behold the operations of man's 
 charity — so far as the founder's influence 
 could exclude them — this was naturally 
 considered a most unprovoked assault upon 
 Christianity itself. Thoughtful men could 
 not but fear that, all the good to be expect- 
 
40 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 ed from an institution which displayed such 
 an interdict on its gates, would be over bal- 
 anced by the ill effects likely to be pro- 
 duced in the minds of the inmates, and 
 the public at large. Thousands of children 
 would grow up with the knowledge that 
 it was only necessary for an applicant for 
 an hour's admission into their walls, to be 
 a Clergyman, to be rigorously excluded. 
 The applicant might be a debauchee, a mur- 
 derer, a drunkard, or an infidel, and the 
 gates flew open to receive him. But if he 
 were a minister of Jesus Christ, the hum- 
 blest menial in the establishment was em- 
 powered, nay obliged, to shut the door in 
 his face. Could the wit of man, or infidel 
 man, " wise to do evil," devise a better plan 
 to undermine Christianity than this? 
 Would not the youthful student naturally 
 argue, " my benefactor was a wise man, 
 for he made his millions in the active com- 
 petition of life; he was a good man, for 
 he bequeathed some of these millions to 
 
ETC. 41 
 
 provide me a home and education ; and it 
 seems that his wisdom and his goodness both 
 taught him that, a minister of Christ was 
 unworthy even to enter the threshold of 
 his college. If Christian ministers be so\^^^ 
 bad, or so untrustworthy, a set of men, )a^«a- 
 Christianity must have made them so.*^ 
 And thus this youthful reasoner enters the 
 world, already half convinced that Christian 
 ministers are an evil, and that Christianity 
 is an imposture. This argument is an 
 unsound one ; for we see not why a man 
 should be esteemed either good or charita- 
 ble for giving any particular direction to 
 wealth which he has no longer the power 
 to retain. But even men are not generally 
 close reasoners : still less can we expect 
 logical deductions from children. So much 
 was the late Bishop White (a man whose 
 praise is in all memories) impressed with 
 these considerations, that he deemed it his 
 duty to publish a letter to the Councils of 
 
 4* 
 
42 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 the city of Philadelphia, warning them of 
 the evil consequence to be apprehended 
 from the acceptance of the trust, and urg- 
 ing its rejection. Nay, so evident were the 
 infidel tendencies of the prospective insti- 
 tution, that the Hon. Danl. Webster, acting 
 for some of the connexions of the deviser, 
 made a powerful argument before the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States, in favour 
 of declaring the bequest null and void, on 
 the very grounds that its acceptance and 
 execution were unconstitutional, because 
 anti- Christian, And yet, melancholy to re- 
 late, we find this avowed Christian, the 
 author of "New Themes," instead of 
 sharing in the indignation which we should 
 suppose a Christian would feel at such an 
 insult to Christians, and such a stab to 
 Christianity, we find him actually triumph- 
 ing over the insulted clergymen as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 " Take the case of Stephen Girard. We 
 hear there is a feeling of resentment among 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 43 
 
 many of the clergy of Pennsylvania,* 
 coupled with branding him always as an in- 
 fidel, for his exclusion of their order from 
 his college of orphans. We know nothing 
 more of Girard's reasons beyond what he 
 says, nor of his religious sentiments, but on 
 the face of the transaction there is every 
 reason why the clergy should bow in anguish 
 before an event which speaks so loud a re- 
 proach to their order. That a man who 
 could conceive so vast a project of charity 
 towards children, the most favoured class 
 under the dispensation of mercy ; that one 
 who could so approximate the spirit of the 
 apostle's declaration, — ' Pure religion and 
 undefiled before God and the Father is this, 
 to visit the fatherless and the widows in 
 their affliction,' (James 1: 27;) that one 
 who knew the world so well, and had lived 
 
 * We have heard many of the clergy speak upon this 
 subject, and never heard an angry or resentful word 
 from the lips of one of them upon this theme. — Re- 
 viewer. 
 
44 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 in it so long, and desired that the orphans 
 taken in charge should be taught ' the 
 purest princijples of morality, so that, on 
 their entrance into active life, they may, 
 from inclination and habit, evince benevo- 
 lence towards their fellow-creatures, and a 
 love of truth, sobriety, and industry,' — 
 should not be willing to commit this teach- 
 ing to the clergy, or to their supervision, or 
 even to their occasional inspection, should 
 rather justify self-distrust and apprehension 
 than a tone of reproach or condemnation." 
 (p. 275.) 
 
 We must again remind our readers (for 
 they may easily be excused for forgetting it) 
 that the author of this paragraph is an 
 avowed believer in Christianity. It will be 
 seen that he can justify what we haVe never 
 before heard justified, even by those who 
 are entirely indifferent to the interests of 
 religion. Our author says, he " knows no- 
 thing of Mr. Girard's religious sentiments." 
 We marvel at this; for we thought they 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 45 
 
 were very well known in Mr. Girard's life- 
 time. But is not the very extract which he 
 gives, a sufficient indication of Mr. Girard's 
 religious opinions ? Is it not the very es- 
 sence of infidelity, to cashier religious faith, 
 and religious motives, and expect men to 
 exercise the moral motives, from "educa- 
 tion, inclination, and habit ?" Does not our 
 author here contrast Mr. Girard's character 
 favourably with that of the Christian min- 
 isters who are excluded from his college ? 
 And yet we presume he must know that 
 Mr. Girard, so far from being a Christian, 
 lived in notorious neglect of Christian 
 duties, of public worship, and of the ob- 
 servance of that day of rest and devotion, 
 which even worldly men have agreed to re- 
 spect. We do not see why we should hesi- 
 tate to speak of that which Mr. Girard's 
 habitual conduct so loudly proclaimed. If 
 this admirer of Mr. Girard is ignorant as to 
 his religious sentiments, he need not long 
 remain in ignorance. There are plenty of 
 
46 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 our more elderly citizens who can enlighten 
 him on this subject. Does that man make 
 any secret of his religious opinions, who 
 names his ships, " Voltaire," " Kousseau," 
 and " Helvetius ?" His own relatives have 
 not hesitated to let us know what they 
 thought of his religious opinions, when they 
 have dragged his will before the supreme 
 tribunal of his country, for condemnation 
 and abolishment, as the will of an infidel, 
 and a foe to Christianity. 
 
 We can award no great credit to Mr. 
 Girard for this much-lauded disposal of a 
 portion of his worldly wealth. Whether 
 the country will ever be a gainer by it, 
 remains Jo be seen. 
 
 Certain we are that, from the above, and 
 foregoing, extracts, no one would suppose 
 that, in our author's opinion, faith in the 
 merits of a Kedeemer and sanctification of 
 heart, were requisite to salvation, and the 
 only reliable foundations of private and 
 public morality. 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 47 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 If our author be anxious to pass for a 
 friend of Christianity, he must be singularly 
 unfortunate in expressing himself. In ad- 
 dition to the instance, before narrated, of 
 an eminent authority's advising a book- 
 seller not to dispose of " New Themes," we 
 have heard of two other concurrent in- 
 stances, proving that we are not alone in 
 our impression of the appearance and tend- 
 ency of the book. 
 
 One publisher remarked to the writer, 
 "I observe that infidels generally take that 
 book:" — And no wonder, we thought, for 
 it will help their cause more than their 
 own efforts could ever do. The other case 
 referred to was this : one of the largest pub- 
 lishers in an adjoining city, on having his 
 attention called to "New Themes," re- 
 
48 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 marked, " I have seen that book ; a number 
 of copies were sent to me ; but, on looking 
 over it, I thought that it was written by an 
 infidel, and sent the copies back." Now we 
 are satisfied that the book was written by a 
 Christian, and one of exemplary life and 
 conversation. But had we only his book 
 to judge by, we should have come to a far 
 difierent conclusion. 
 
 What is the favourite course adopted by 
 infidels, to undermine the authority of the 
 Scriptures? Is it not by endeavouring to 
 abolish all written creeds, and theological 
 formularies ? A more bitter enemy to 
 creeds we have never encountered. Who 
 would expect such language from a Chris- 
 tian, as follows ? Speaking of the descrip- 
 tion of the last judgment, he says : 
 
 " There is here nothing about church- 
 es, creeds, confessions, catechisms, prayer 
 books; nothing of theology, faith, or doc- 
 trine." (p. 40). Does the author mean we 
 are to do away with all these things? If 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 49 
 
 not, we see no pertinence in his language. 
 It is evident that " works" must be the test 
 on that great occasion. He says of protest- 
 ants : " They have, almost without excep- 
 tion, exalted their own creeds, catechisms, 
 confessions, liturgies, and forms of service 
 above the precepts of their Master." &c. (p. 
 154, 155.) Is this true ? Again : " This 
 tendency [to enlarge or restrict the bounds 
 of revelation] is displayed in later times, 
 in the adoption of creeds, articles and con- 
 fessions of faith, prayer-books, catechisms, 
 and such formularies." (p. 229.) Let us 
 here ask — how is the Bible to be taught, 
 and how are Christians to be united in the 
 reception of the ordinances of the Bible, with- 
 out creeds and formularies? " The Bible," 
 as Chillingworth well says, " is the mean- 
 ing of the Bible." Must not all church 
 associations be at once broken up, unless 
 men can agree upon some points of union? 
 But, if we understand our author, the loss 
 of churches and religious bodies, would 
 
 5 
 
50 A REVIEW OP "new THEMES 
 
 prove a benefit, rather than an injury, to 
 mankind. Our Christian author's great 
 delight seems to be, to render as guilty and 
 contemptible as he can, the character of 
 his fellow Christians. In page 128, we 
 are told how far inferior Christians are to 
 the men of the world. 
 
 "The whole expenditure of Protestant 
 congregations of almost every denomina- 
 tion, for every purpose, religious and philan- 
 thropic, is derived in a large degree, from 
 those who are not acknowledged to be real 
 disciples of Christ." 
 
 Such a statement as this, would be amus- 
 ing, were not graver feeling engendered by 
 such assertions; but we have more of the 
 same kind. "It is farther to be noted that 
 very many of the benevolent and Chris- 
 tian enterprises of the day are in fact more 
 indebted to the liberality of men not pro- 
 fessing to be Christians, than to those who 
 are." (p. 263, 264.) Now to seriously 
 deny such statements as these, would be 
 
FOR tHE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 51 
 
 trifling with our readers. But the poor 
 Christian is not yet discharged from the 
 pillory and the lash : if our author can 
 possibly add another stroke, he is sure to 
 inflict it, and so, as above, Christians are 
 stated to be worse than men of the world, 
 a little farther on, they are declared to be 
 worse even than infidels : and of all the 
 motley crew of blasphemers against God and 
 his Christ, whom has this avowed Christian 
 selected, as presenting a favourable contrast 
 to his fellow disciples ? Who but the infix- 
 mous Tom Paine ! But listen : " To go no 
 farther back than Paine, a long list of men 
 might be formed whose zeal for humanity 
 made them infidels, or whose infidelity begot 
 their zeal for human welfare. In general 
 these men were not ignorant of, and could 
 not be blind to the claims of Christianity, 
 upon a survey of all history since its ad- 
 vent, to being considered the greatest bene- 
 factor of mankind the world has ever 
 known. * * They find Christians arrayed 
 
52 A REVIEW OF ^'NEW THEMES 
 
 against their plans and they immediately 
 array themselves against Christianity." (p. 
 267.) This rather caps the climax. 
 
 Our readers have probably, before this, 
 suspected the " Socialist" tendencies of the 
 volume. We have pretty clear indications 
 of them on page 242 : 
 
 " The doctrine that property, real and per- 
 sonal, must, under all circumstances remain 
 inviolate, always under the ever watchful 
 vigilance of the law, and its invaders sub- 
 ject to the severest penalties of dungeon or 
 damages, may be very essential to the 
 maintenance of our present social system, 
 but totally disregards the consideration that 
 labour, the poor man's capital, his only 
 property should, as his only means of secur- 
 ing a comfortable subsistence, be also under 
 the special care and safeguard of the law." 
 Would our author prefer a "social system" 
 which would not hold property, real and 
 personal inviolate? 
 
 The contradictions and inconsistencies of 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 63 
 
 the critic are so frequent, that it is often 
 difficult to ascertain what his real opinions 
 are. Let us quote some instances. We 
 have seen above, what he says against theo- 
 logy, creeds, &c. yet, to our surprise, we find 
 such sentiments as these: 
 
 " It is his duty to supply himself with all 
 the help he can both from books and living 
 teachers" (p. 42) . That is in the study of the 
 Scriptures : now, unless some make theology 
 their study, how can any helps be afforded 
 to those who desire to study the Scriptures ? 
 What respect is due to the opinions of a 
 writer — nay, how shall we ascertain what 
 are the opinions of a writer — who, on page 
 59 , reprobates Theological studies on this 
 wise — " What do wa see then in Christ- 
 endom? * * a vast accumulation of 
 duties to be performed; * * of doc- 
 trines to be understood and believed; of 
 traditions, glosses, comments, explanations : 
 a vast array of biblical learning and 
 
 5* 
 
54 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 criticism in which every word is examined^ 
 weighed, and defined. We have creeds, 
 confessions, liturgies, prayer-books, cate- 
 chisms, forms and platforms of faith and 
 discipline" &c. and then, on page 136, eats 
 his own words thus : " We mean not to 
 urge any objections to theology in itself, 
 nor to deny that our spiritual teachers 
 should be versed in such knowledge. They 
 may by such learning be more thoroughly 
 furnished to every good work, and be en- 
 abled to prosecute their labours with more 
 entire success among all classes of men." 
 So that it is well, after all, that we did not 
 give our Theological libraries at once to the 
 flames^ after perusal of the preceding pages : 
 — ^but not so fast; for, at page 212, Theology 
 is again cashiered : " A system of technical 
 divinity has been constructed which rivals 
 in complexity all the machinery of the 
 Eomish Church. From this system by a 
 series of strainings, condensations, and ex- 
 tractions, they have produced the cate- 
 
 '%-': 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 55 
 
 chisms^ guides, and various formularies of 
 the different churches." 
 
 And this is a fair specimen of the mosaic 
 fabric of the whole work : — Statements, and 
 counter-statements; affirmatives, and nega- 
 tives, upon the same questions, over and 
 over again. Is a writer of this loose, ram- 
 bling, illogical, cast of mind, competent to 
 handle questions of political economy, 
 which have puzzled the wisest heads ? We 
 must admit that, on one point, the writer 
 is generally consistent with himself; and 
 that is, in his lavish abuse of ministers of 
 Christ and Christians at large. He may 
 lose sight of other game, which he has started, 
 or he may occasionally relent at his own 
 severity, and, as in the above instance, 
 when theology is almost expiring under the 
 knife, a reviving cordial may be adminis- 
 tered, which, for a time, restores anima- 
 tion, again to be suspended, in a few pages 
 farther on, by another cruel blow. But for 
 the poor Christian, there is neither rest nor 
 
56 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 security. For him the tomahawk and the 
 scalping knife are always ready, and through 
 the fog and the mist, the marsh and the 
 mire, of a thick, not to say heavy, volume, 
 the chase is maintained, with a keen relish, 
 which Hamlet denominates, a "feeling of 
 the business." Yet let us not deny to the 
 credit of our author's better feelings, that, 
 after his victim has been hunted to the 
 death, after he has been "hanged, drawn and 
 quartered," some compunctious visitings are 
 evinced in such sentences as the following : 
 " We know that very many, in all ages of 
 Christianity, have distinguished themselves 
 far above the errors of their respective 
 churches. No church has more to boast in 
 this respect than, that of England. It is 
 well that the eternal welfare of the members 
 does not depend on the character of the 
 Church to which they may belong. If so, 
 what church or sect could save its mem- 
 bers ? not one ! — but least, of all, perhaps, the 
 Church of England" (p. 148, 149.) It will 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 57 
 
 be perceived that^ our critic here contrasts 
 the character of the churchy with the charac- 
 ter of the members of the church; and yet, 
 only 13 pages farther on, he tells us: "But 
 whatever may be said of the guilt of the 
 Church, if a church can be guilty, the respon- 
 sibility lies upon its members. They are 
 the real stewards, to whom the various tal- 
 ents are committed for which account will be 
 rendered at the coming of our Lord." Now 
 what composes a church but the members 
 of a church ? 
 
 Our author blames the Church of Eng- 
 land for not, as he thinks, providing ade- 
 quately for the poor: "Whatever may be 
 said of the wisdom or the mercy or the 
 statesmanship displayed in the treatment of 
 English poor, the whole constitutes such a 
 disgrace to the established Church and to 
 Protestantism, as can never be adequately 
 characterized. During three centuries, she 
 has shut her eyes from beholding, and shut 
 her ears from hearing, and withheld her 
 
58 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 hands from removing the woes of ten gene- 
 rations of increasing millions of suffering 
 poor." (p. 143, 144.) Has our author the 
 hardihood to seriously make such charges 
 as this, and many others of like kind? 
 But mark his inconsistency! After thus 
 blaming the church for not doing this, he 
 goes on to assert, on page 161, that it is not 
 the duty of the church to do it. — "The 
 truth is, the work of the real disciples of 
 Christ must be performed by them indi- 
 vidually, and not by the Church." Again : 
 '^ Nor can that love of men ever dwell in a 
 corporation or ecclesiastical organization 
 which should glow in the bosom of indi- 
 vidual Christians. It was not so intended, 
 and is not so inculcated." (p. 162.) Then 
 why should the Church of England be 
 blamed for not doing that, which it was not 
 ^4n tended" nor "inculcated" it should do? 
 We have too good an opinion of the intelli- 
 gence of our readers, to think it necessary 
 to confute, at any length, the sweeping 
 
/ ^"iJ'GR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC.- 59 
 
 charges thus made against the Church of 
 England. Yet, hereafter, we shall have 
 occasion to notice our author's strictures 
 upon British Pauperism, when we shall re- 
 view the preceding remarks. But let us 
 here ask, how our critic can possibly know 
 the truth of such charges as these : '' What 
 is not deemed the duty of the Church, has 
 ceased to be regarded as the duty of indi- 
 viduals." (p. 149.) " The poor are regarded 
 as a burden upon society, to be diminished 
 or got rid of by any course short of murder. 
 They are not deemed to have any claims as 
 fellow men or fellow Christians, in a Christ- 
 ian land. * * This is the English feeling 
 in regard to the poor." (p. 150.) Is it not 
 possible that the members of the Church of 
 England, and other British Christians, are, 
 and have always, been engaged in amelio- 
 rating the condition, and supplying the 
 necessities, of the poor? Can our author 
 Jcnow that there is no such benevolence in 
 existence? Is it not possible that Mr. A. 
 
60 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 relieves one or more families, by his alms, 
 and may not Mr. B., Mr. C, and ten thou- 
 sands of others, be so employed, for all that 
 our critic knows to the contrary? How 
 does he know but that. Christians, in their 
 individual capacity, are continually carry- 
 ing out the very principle he recommends, 
 of personal visitation and private relief of 
 the poor? If they are so engaged, would 
 they think it necessary to send document- 
 ary evidence of the fact, to the unknown 
 author of the "New Themes?" Does our 
 censurer profess to be informed of the pri- 
 vate benefactions, and visitations to indi- 
 gence, of even his next door neighbour? 
 Can he tell what is done in his own street, 
 or neighbourhood, or city ? How much less, 
 then, can he constantly supervise the doings 
 of many millions of people in Great Britain ! 
 We have said that, our author cannot tell 
 what is doing, even in his own neighbour- 
 hood, and city; and we now proceed to give 
 a striking proof of his ignorance on this 
 
61 
 
 point. Speaking of "the responsibilities of 
 Christians in the United States, in regard 
 to the suffering classes/' he says : " Have we 
 not among us those who are hungry, and 
 require to be fed ; those that are naked, and 
 require to be clothed ; those that are fainting 
 with thirst that require a cup of cold water ; 
 those that are sick and in prison and re- 
 quire to be visited ? Alas ! how many poor 
 are already among us, and how fearfully the 
 numbers are increasing! And what has 
 been done for them by American Christians 
 upon whom their Master has heaped such 
 bounteous favours." (p. 173.) Certainly 
 the inference here is that, little or nothing 
 is done by American Christians, for the poor. 
 Now let us examine a little into this matter. 
 Let us take the author's own latitude (not in 
 assertions! this requires more hardihood 
 than we can summon) Philadelphia, and its 
 environs, and endeavour to form an estimate 
 of what some few Christians in Philadel- 
 phia, are doing for the poor. In addition 
 
62 A EEVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 to the vast sum of $189,000 distributed 
 to the poor, by the public authorities, in 
 1851, of which Christians, of course, con- 
 tribute a large proportion, there are in 
 Philadelphia, upon a moderate estimate, 
 two hundred charitable societies conducted 
 by private agency; (of which, about one hun- 
 dred and sixty are directly connected with 
 Christian churches;) whose duty it is to 
 " clothe the naked," and provide for the 
 destitute. We have reason to believe that, 
 at least twelve thousand poor children (we 
 do not include those who belong to the 
 "better off" classes) are weekly gathered 
 together on Sunday, for religious instruc- 
 tion. It is probably much within bounds 
 to say that, five thousand five hundred 
 male and female visitors are employed, 
 more or less, in visiting the lanes and 
 alleys of our city and suburbs, ministering 
 to the temporal and spiritual wants of the 
 poor. In one case, alone, more than two 
 hundred ladies divide the city and suburbs 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 63 
 
 into sections, and appoint visitors, whose 
 self-imposed duty it is, to visit every dwell- 
 ing where the existence of poverty is known, 
 or suspected. These excellent women not 
 only relieve immediate wants, but give 
 counsel, calculated to improve the house- 
 keeping of the improvident, or uninstructed. 
 Neglected children are brought into schools ; 
 intemperate parents are urged to abstain 
 from the intoxicating cup; the duty of 
 public worship, and the claims of Christ- 
 ianity, are enforced upon the minds of 
 the poor. For the young, places of profit- 
 able industry are provided; and the infir- 
 mities of age are rendered more tolerable, 
 by the hand of charity, and the voice of 
 compassion. These ladies, during the year 
 ending Oct. 21, 1851, had under their 
 charge 856 families; they made 7,200 visits 
 to the abodes of indigence ; they " clothed 
 the naked," by the donation of 3,337 gar- 
 ments. There can be no objection urged 
 here against interested agents ; nothing said 
 
64 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 against "Societies;" — for, be it noted, all 
 the labourers referred to above, are perform- 
 ing a self imposed duty. So far from re- 
 ceiving any pecuniary reward, they are 
 always liable to calls upon their own means, 
 to relieve the destitute. If their associated 
 character displease our author, let them 
 be considered in the light of individuals, 
 each working in his or her own sphere, and 
 thus fulfilling their duty however those who 
 help to provide the means expended, may 
 be neglecting theirs. And thus we answer 
 our critic's insulting query " What are 
 Christians doing?" They are doing this, 
 and they are doing much more ; and if he 
 be ignorant of such operations, going on per- 
 haps within a square of his own door, what 
 can be the amount of his experience among 
 the poor? But we have referred to but a 
 very small portion of what Christians are 
 doing in Philadelphia, for the poor. Does 
 our author know a single Christian family 
 of his acquaintance, whose master or mis- 
 
ETC. 65 
 
 tress is not, more or less, in the habit of 
 visiting the abodes of the poor? Let us 
 give him a little more insight into the phi- 
 lanthropic history of his own city. He 
 speaks of neglected prisoners : " Have we 
 not among us those that are sick and in 
 prison, and require to be visited?" (p. 173.) 
 Is he aware that there has existed in 
 Philadelphia, for more than eighty years, 
 a society for alleviating the miseries of 
 public prisons, of which the late Bishop 
 White was, for forty-nine years, president? 
 Does he know that that society, besides 
 being the parent of improved prison disci- 
 pline throughout the world, — lauded by 
 Howard, and followed in England, — has 
 at all times employed in our prisons, a 
 band of men, who labour to cheer the lonely 
 convict's cell, and reconcile him to that 
 society which he has injured, and to that 
 God whom, too often, he has forsaken, and 
 almost forgotten ? Does our author never 
 meet with these men in the prisons ? And 
 
 6* 
 
66 
 
 does he never encounter the visitors of the 
 poor, when he takes his round among the 
 hovels of the destitute? He says that: 
 " If the preacher and people in our rich and 
 well ordered congregations were, in the 
 midst of the gravest sermon/' suddenly 
 brought to a sense of their duty that they 
 "would rush in a mass, preacher and people, 
 from their splendid edifice, to the courts 
 and alleys and cellars, to the abodes of 
 destitution, ignorance crime and suffering." 
 (p. 199, 200.) Now, if he attend church, 
 which, indeed, would be highly inconsistent 
 with the spirit of the above comments, is 
 he not aware that he is, perhaps, surrounded 
 with those who have been employed in 
 such visitation, during the week, and who 
 have wearied themselves in the Sabbath 
 School, by instructing ignorant children in 
 the way of salvation ? Has he not met with 
 such visitors in the abodes of the poor, during 
 the week? Has he not met such teachers 
 in the Sabbath School — languishing, per- 
 haps, for want of male instructors? 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 67 
 
 Had we space and time, we could exhibit 
 a statement of what is accomplished, in 
 various ways, for the poor, in the United 
 States, which would surprise those who have 
 not paid attention to the subject. In New 
 York, our largest city, it is computed that 
 one of every seven receives aid from his or 
 her fellow citizens. 
 
 Let us note, whilst upon this subject, 
 another instance of our author s many in- 
 consistencies. If his exhortations mean 
 any thing, they advocate the giving of 
 money for charitable purposes. Yet he 
 blames those who advocate the same thing, 
 and endeavour to increase the amount of 
 benefactions to these and kindred objects ! 
 
 On page 131, he tells us: "A man may 
 occupy a respectable position in the Church, 
 and in the society around it, if he contri- 
 butes liberally, when called upon, to all 
 the numerous demands which religious and 
 charitable associations make upon him." 
 Now we should suppose it would please 
 
68 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 our author, that men could be made to see 
 the propriety of contributing liberally to 
 good objects. But not so : it is very hard 
 to please our critic ; — for he goes on to say : 
 ^' It would be hard to conjecture how much 
 of the money levied in this way would be 
 got, if it were left to flow in solely by the 
 spontaneous movements of the contribu- 
 tors. Certainly a very small portion." 
 How does he know this? How can he 
 prove, or what right has he to suppose, that 
 any of this money, thus contributed, is 
 given unwillingly? Or, supposing that 
 men are induced, by persuasives, to see 
 more clearly the duty of giving, than they 
 would otherwise do, is not this well ? Is 
 not this the very object of the author's 
 book — to complain of insufficient alms, and 
 to urge their increase ? How long would 
 the world have been without a Saviour, 
 had it been left to the '^spontaneous move- 
 ments" of men to have sent for him? 
 This is an inconsistency. But our author 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 69 
 
 seems to have a suicidal facility of running 
 from bad to worse, and so on pages 132, 
 133, still pursuing the same "New Thei]^/' 
 we have the following remarkable — no, 
 not " remarkable," after what we have seen ; 
 — the following contradiction : 
 
 " We protest against Christianity being 
 made responsible for this mode of operation 
 whatever of good or evil may be the re- 
 sult. It is rather an excrescence fastened 
 upon Christianity by human frailty, and be- 
 ing so attached it is regarded by too many 
 beholders who take not the trouble to ex- 
 amine as a part of the Christian system. 
 Let the probe be freely applied, and it will 
 be found this excrescence is no part of the 
 system which it overshadows, conceals, and 
 deforms." Now if we know what censure 
 is, this is strong censure ; and jet, to our 
 wonder, we are told in the very next 
 page : — " We would not condemn, we 
 would not discourage this kind of effort; 
 it may lead some to think they are fulfill- 
 
70 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 ing all their Christian duties, and thus lead 
 them astray; but the general tendency 
 must be to open the channels of good affec- 
 tions, to liberalize the mind, and to strength- 
 en benevolent emotions." Surely, this is 
 strange reasoning ! It is an " excrescence" 
 of "human frailty," — yet he would not 
 "condemn" it; — it "conceals and deforms 
 Christianity," — but he will not " too much 
 disparage" it ; — may lead men " astray," — 
 but he will not " discourage" it ! This is of a 
 piece with the blame attached to the Church 
 of England, for not doing what, we ^ are 
 shortly after assured, it was not " intended 
 nor inculcated" that she should do. The 
 old man in the fable, who found it so hard 
 to please the three travellers, with the dis- 
 position of his mule, his son, and his burden, 
 would, at once, have thrown up his hands 
 in utter despair, if, instead of three object- 
 ors, he had found the three contradictory 
 objections united in the person of one 
 man! 
 
ETC. 71 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Let us now consider, as briefly as pos- 
 sible, the subject of pauperism, jper se; 
 which is the principal theme of our author, 
 and, indeed, the substratum of the whole 
 work. The causes of pauperism, we shall 
 consider hereafter. How, by what in- 
 strumentality, shall the poor be relieved, 
 is the question now to be inquired into. 
 Our author is of the opinion that, the poor 
 are to be visited and relieved at their own 
 homes. That this is true, to some ex-- 
 tent ; — that some should remain at home, 
 and be relieved at home, we grant. That 
 this can generally be the case ; — under 
 such conditions as English pauperism pre- 
 sents, for instance, — we deny. Our author 
 also insists that, the poor are to be visited 
 by Christians, each acting on his or her 
 
72 A EEVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 own responsibility. 1. This work is not 
 to be done by the Church : " The truth is, 
 the work of the real disciples of Christ 
 must be performed by them individually, 
 and not by the Church." (p. 161). 
 
 2. It is not to be done by the public 
 authorities : "American Christians * * have, 
 as in England since the Reformation," turn- 
 ed over the poor "to the public authori- 
 ties." "Christians, as such, have thus re- 
 pudiated their highest obligations." (p. 173.) 
 
 3. It is not to be done by delegation, or 
 by societies : " Protestants fulfil their chari- 
 ties, not personally, but by delegation, or 
 by machinery; they visit the sick, feed 
 the hungry, and clothe the naked by joint- 
 stock associations &c." (p. 187, 188). 
 
 Now we think we can show that our 
 author is mistaken in all tliese premises- 
 Charity must be administered through 
 " Churches ;" through the " public authori- 
 ties ;" and through " societies." A hasty pre- 
 liminary glance, will sufficiently prove this. 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. T3 
 
 1. How many deserving poor, who would 
 blush to expose their poverty to a strange 
 visitor, are relieved from the Church's 
 poor-fund, through the agency of the pastor ! 
 
 2. If the "public authorities" did not re- 
 quire all to aid the poor, by the medium of 
 taxation, the avaricious and niggardly would 
 refuse their quota, and the liberal and gene- 
 rous would be obliged to bear the whole 
 burden. 
 
 3. Unless the poor at home are reached 
 through the agency of "societies," they 
 will never, save in isolated instances, be 
 reached at all; as will be shown hereafter. 
 
 "We shall first show very clearly that, our 
 author's theory, that the visitation of the 
 poor should be performed individually, by 
 all those who are not poor, is impracticable. 
 This must be the plan which he recom- 
 mends; for he makes such visitation the 
 duty of every Christian ; and as it is the 
 duty of every man to be a Christian ; ergo, 
 
74 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 it is every man's duty to become a visitor 
 of the poor. 
 
 Our critic seems to make the great error 
 of dividing men into two great classes only ; 
 — the rich, and the poor. But, there are 
 very few in any community, who can pro- 
 perly be called, "rich;" — very few who 
 have the command of their own time. 
 
 Of twenty men — not paupers — in any 
 community, nineteen are only kept from 
 pauperism, by the devotion of their time to 
 labour, of various kinds ; of the counting 
 room, the shop, the loom, &c. If these 
 men ceased work, they and their families 
 must starve, or be fed by the twentieth 
 man, who is " rich." His wealth, however, 
 must soon come to an end; for general 
 bankruptcy would result from a cessation 
 of labour. Our author s theory, therefore, 
 cannot be carried out, because it is plainly 
 impossible. It does not at all detract from 
 the weight of this argument to say that, 
 men engaged thus in labour, can find some 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 75 
 
 time in which to visit the poor. — Some few 
 can, and do, and this is well : but the great 
 majority do not even find time for suffi- 
 cient rest, and relaxation, after exhausting 
 toil. 
 
 What then is to be done? Obviously, 
 the poor must be visited by the agents of 
 ^^ public authorities," or "joint stock asso- 
 ciations," or not at all, 
 
 2. We assert that, if this theory of gene- 
 ral individual visitation of the poor, were 
 practicable, it would be inexpedient: it 
 would aggravate and increase the very evil 
 which it seeks to mitigate and relieve. 
 
 Suppose that, by some wonderful change 
 of fortune, every man in Philadelphia (not 
 a pauper) now obliged to follow some occu- 
 pation for a living, were to find himself in 
 independent circumstances ; and able to dis- 
 pose of his time as he thought fit. Suppose 
 — by a still more extravagant stretch of the 
 imagination — that each such enfranchised 
 individual should provide himself with a 
 
76 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 copy of our author's " New Themes f and, 
 anxious to fulfil his responsibilities, should 
 immediately commence a vigorous visitation 
 of the poor; pouring in the ^^ oil and 
 wine/' of which the editor speaks so feel- 
 ingly; by which, we suppose, he means 
 money and clothes. What would be the 
 result, at the conclusion of the first year of 
 this golden age ? It does not require much 
 prophetic ken to give the result, in " ad- 
 vance of the annual statement." Labour, 
 would, to a great extent, come to an end : — 
 for why should men work, when their wants 
 are supplied without work ? Intemperance 
 would stride over the country "like an 
 armed man," and Pauperism would be in- 
 creased a hundred fold. 
 
 Society, for its own protection, and for 
 the good of the poor, would have to do ex- 
 actly what it does now ; — appoint from its 
 number, agents ; whose duty it should be to 
 become thoroughly acquainted with the 
 habits, the worthiness, or unworthiness, of 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 77 
 
 applicants for relief; and acting upon this 
 knowledge, relieve those who were fit ob- 
 jects of charity, and compel the unworthy, 
 the idle, and the vicious, to reformation and 
 labour. To know how to really benefit the 
 poor, requires time, knowledge, discretion, 
 and no little tact. As few men possess all 
 of these qualifications, it is not only expe- 
 dient, but absolutely necessary, to employ 
 agents, paid, or unpaid, acting through the 
 " public authorities," or through '' societies," 
 whose duty it shall be, to appropriate the 
 alms of society, to those who really need 
 such aid ; to endeavour to reform the vi- 
 cious, and to find labour for the unemployed. 
 Such agencies we have ; and they are con- 
 tinually accomplishing a vast amount of 
 good. 
 
 But all such agencies excite our critic's 
 ire ; and he would fain, apparently, have 
 us disband them at once. We may do s6, 
 and we shall be inclined to do so, when — 
 he can '' show us a more excellent way." 
 
 7* 
 
78 A KEVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 In the meantime, Christians are not so 
 neglectful of individual visitation of the 
 poor, as he appears to think. Indeed, he 
 seems to have been most unfortunate in his 
 experience of Christian character, both cleri- 
 cal and lay. What description of ministers 
 can he have known who is obliged to give 
 them such a character as this : " We shall 
 be equally at a loss to find any class of tJiem 
 who are imitating the ministry of their 
 Lord and Master. Not only is there no 
 such class of ministers but it is rare to find 
 one who waller in the footsteps of Him whom 
 he professes to serve ; it is rare to find one 
 who even comprehends the scope of his teach- 
 ing who spake as never man spake." If he 
 never met with, did he never hear, of such 
 ministers (to go no farther than his own city 
 and vicinity) as the Whites, the Bedells, the 
 Potters, the Alexanders, the Millers, and 
 the Greens, — who have, heretofore, had the 
 credit of " walking in the footsteps of Him 
 whom they professed to serve ?" Our au- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 79 
 
 thor complains grievously of the " bitter- 
 ness, virulence, and evil speaking" which 
 prevail among Christians. But he must re- 
 member that, at that time, Christians had 
 not the advantage of the example afforded 
 by the charitable and kindly tone of " New 
 Themes." If, hereafter, they should fail in 
 the matter of charity, they may almost give 
 themselves up as incorrigible ; or, certainly, 
 very hard to be cured. If their bosoms are 
 ever ruffled by the storms of evil passions, 
 let them read a few pages of " New Themes," 
 as a composing draught ; and lay down the 
 amiable volume, calmer, " wiser, and better, 
 men." 
 
 Let us now endeavour, if possible, to 
 ascertain the source of this great evil — Pau- 
 perism. He is the wise physician who, 
 not satisfied with temporary palliatives, 
 seeks to remove the cause of the disease. 
 His office is a higher one, than the me- 
 chanical occupation of satisfying the thirst 
 produced by the heat of the fever. He 
 
80 A REVIEW OP '*NEW THEMES 
 
 labours to remove the fever itself; — knowing 
 that, with returning health, the weakness 
 and disorder consequent upon disease, will 
 be rectified, as a matter of course. Now 
 there are causes of poverty, w^hich, in this 
 imperfect state, we can never expect to be 
 wholly exempt from ; and these we class 
 generally under the title of unavoidable 
 pauperism. Let it be understood here, once 
 for all, that no disgraceful association is to 
 be attached to the term, "pauperism." A 
 pauper is, a poor person ; in the proper sig- 
 nification of the word. It is not the being 
 a pauper which disgraces; the manner in 
 which one became, and the reasons why 
 one continues, a pauper, may be disgraceful. 
 The term signifies a state, or condition, 
 merely. We mention this to anticipate 
 any objection which may arise in the mind 
 of a reader not accustomed to weigh techni- 
 cal terms, against our calling the working 
 poor, — paupres, A proportion, therefore, 
 of the pauperism of any community, or 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 81 
 
 country, is unavoidable. But this propor- 
 tion we believe to be small. We believe 
 that, three fourths of the pauperism and 
 crime of the United States, and of London 
 and Liverpool at least, is caused by intem- 
 perance. What the proportion may be in 
 the smaller towns, and rural districts, of 
 Great Britain, we cannot state accurately ; 
 perhaps as high as the percentage just men- 
 tioned. 
 
 Let us examine a few British statistics 
 on this subject. So far back as a century 
 — "In 1751 it was affirmed that upwards 
 of 4000 dealers who sold spirituous liquors 
 without license had been convicted of the 
 penalty of £10 each from Jan. 1749 to Jan. 
 1750. According to a list of private Gin 
 shops on the best calculation they amounted 
 to upwards of 17,000 in the bills of mor- 
 tality." Wade's British History p. 438. 
 To come to more recent times : 
 " The consumption of spirits in the Uni- 
 ted Kingdom was at the rate of .056 gallons 
 
82 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 [per head] in 1802, .049 in 1812 and .046 
 in 1821. Both in Scotland and Ireland 
 however especially in the latter, there was 
 no doubt a large additional consumption of 
 illicit spirits. Of Rum the average con- 
 sumption of each individual was in England 
 .023 gallons, in 1802, .029 in 1812, and .017 
 in 1821."^ — KnigMs History of England, 
 vol, 8. p. 729. ^ 
 
 " The barrels of beer brewed in 1836 in 
 London were about 3,000,000 bis. This 
 would give an average of 2 bis. or about 76 
 gallons of beer per annum, for every inha- 
 bitant of the metropolis, man, woman, and 
 child. This is of course beyond the mark, 
 but not so much as one would at first ima- 
 gine." — KnigMs London vol. 4. jp. 3. 
 
 The large proportion of this malt liquor 
 consumed by the very poor, of course, forms 
 an important item in our calculation. It 
 may be objected here, that Beer is rather 
 an article of diet, than an unnecessary lux- 
 ury, with an Englishman. This impression 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 83 
 
 is erroneous ; as will appear from the follow- 
 ing unexceptionable testimony. Baron Lie- 
 big, in his chemical lectures, says : 
 
 " We can prove with mathematical cer- 
 tainty that as much flour or meal as can lie on 
 the point of a table knife is more nutritious 
 than five measures (about eight or ten 
 quarts !) of the best Bavarian beer ; that a 
 person who is able daily to consume that 
 amount of beer obtains from it in a whole 
 year, in the most favourable case, exactly 
 the amount of nutritive constituents which 
 is contained in a five pound loaf of bread, 
 or three pounds of flesh." In other words, 
 a whole year's drinking of beer, strengthens 
 the system as much as a loaf of bread : or, 
 say 40 cents worth of bread, is worth $180 
 worth of beer ! What vast sums are thus 
 expended by the poor, on a mere article of 
 luxury, and source of intemperance. Of 
 tobacco, too, another article of luxury the 
 average consumption in Great Britain, in 
 1821, was 1.443 ounces. In 1839, the po- 
 
84 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 lice arrested for drunkenness, in London, 
 13,952 men and 7,317 females =21,269. 
 Notwithstanding the misery directly attri- 
 butable to the use of intoxicating drinks, 
 the wretched victims of intemperance have 
 stubbornly refused to part with their poison. 
 When the Gin Act of 1731 was passed, for 
 the purpose of checking excessive drinking, 
 " The pojiulace soon broke through all re- 
 straint. Though no license was obtained, 
 no duty paid, the liquor continued to be 
 sold in all corners of the streets. Inform- 
 ers were intimidated by the threats of the 
 people, and the justices of the peace either 
 from ignorance or corruption neglected to 
 put the law in execution." — Wades British 
 History. 
 
 " In 1840, England made about ten mil- 
 lions of gallons of spirits. Scotland made 
 about^seven millions of gallons, and Ireland 
 about nine millions of gallons. In England, 
 Ireland, and Scotland duty was paid in 
 1840, on the following quantities of spirits, 
 
ETC. 85 
 
 viz : Rum 2,830,263 gallons ; brandy, 
 1,167,756 gallons ; Geneva, 18,640 gallons ; 
 on other foreign spirits 8,758 gallons ; and 
 on British, Irish, and Scotch spirits, 25,190,- 
 843 gallons ; making in the whole nearly 
 thirty millions of gallons ; upon which the 
 duty amounted to about eight millions of 
 pounds sterling!" — Putnam's World's Pro- 
 gress, Pari. Returns, 
 
 Can we form any idea of the amount of 
 money expended by the lower classes in 
 Great Britain, for intoxicating drinks ? 
 The computation has been already made 
 for us. From an excellent discourse en- 
 titled Drinking Usages^ by Bishop Potter, 
 of Pennsylvania, we make the following 
 extract: "It is computed by Mr. Porter, 
 an English statistician of distinguished 
 ability, but of no special interest in the sub- 
 ject which we are now discussing, that the 
 labouring people of Great Britain, exclusive 
 of the middle and higher classes, expend 
 no less than £53,000,000 ($250,000,000) 
 
86 A REVIEW OP "new THEMES 
 
 every year, on alcoholic liquors and to- 
 bacco ! !" What a startling statement is 
 this! Can there any longer remain any 
 doubt as to the prime cause of ^ Pauperism 
 in Great Britain and Ireland? And yet, 
 our author abuses the Church of England, 
 and English Christians at large, for the 
 amount and evils of pauperism ! He says 
 that : " the Church of England has signally 
 failed in the fulfilment of her chief duty :'* 
 (p. 161). that she has "repudiated the 
 charge" of the poor. He complains that 
 " English Christians have done nothing 
 worth naming to redeem the poor from their 
 abject condition." (p. 161.) Many such 
 Jeremiades as these there are, which display 
 about the same amount of wisdom and 
 charity, as distinguish the charges against 
 Christian ministers and Christian men. 
 
 Here are the oppressed miserable beings, — 
 in whose cause our author's generous soul is 
 " up in arms," — making merry on $250,- 
 000,000 of dollars worth of rum and to- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 87 
 
 bacco, whilst their mourning champion, 
 weeping over their wretchedness, " refuses 
 to be comforted." On page 165, we are 
 told: " in every society where Christian 
 duties are discharged with even moderate 
 faithfulness, the poor will be reduced to 
 the smallest number possible. Is this so 
 in England? Is it necessary is it unavoid- 
 able that there should be three millions of 
 suffering poor in Great Britain ? Is it in- 
 evitable that every tenth person should 
 be a pauper? We say no: That there 
 should not be in Great Britain nor in Ire- 
 land more than a pauper to every hundred 
 inhabitants." 
 
 "We join issue with the above "No." 
 We assert that it is "necessary and un- 
 avoidable" that there should be " millions" 
 of paupers in Great Britain, so long as the 
 labouring classes spend their wages in rum 
 and tobacco. 
 
 Our author goes on to remark: "We 
 say that this subject is seldom, if ever, ap- 
 
88 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 preached, as it should be, in its Christian 
 aspect." Let us be less ambitious then, 
 and endeavour to approach it in its common 
 sense " aspect." And this mention of com- 
 mon sense, gives us an opportunity of ex- 
 hibiting to the reader the most remarkable 
 feature of this most remarkable book. We 
 have seen what stress is laid by writers on 
 the subject of Pauperism, upon the use of 
 alcoholic drinks, as the great producing 
 cause of poverty and crime. Will it be 
 believed that, in the book under review, of 
 279 pages, the great subject of which is 
 Pauperism — this prime cause of Pauperismy 
 Intemperance is not once mentioned! — save 
 in an incidental way, on page 271, to which 
 we shall presently refer. If there be any 
 other notice, even of the existence of such 
 an evil, a diligent examination has not en- 
 abled us to find it. This is a fact for the 
 next edition of " Curiosities of Literature." 
 A work upon Pauperism without treating 
 on Intemperance! This is, indeed, the 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 89 
 
 ^^ play of Hamlet, with the part of Hamlet 
 left out." This is like a medical essay upon 
 the plague, without touching the question of 
 contagion. 
 
 How differently the same things strike 
 different minds! Bishop Potter tells us: 
 "In wasting $250,000,000 every year, the 
 labouring population of Britain put it be- 
 yond the power of any government to avert, 
 from multitudes of them, the miseries of 
 want." {Drinking Usages p. 12.) The 
 author of "New Themes," on the other 
 hand, does not deem it necessary to even 
 advert (except once, incidentally) to this 
 prolific parent of the evil he deplores ! He 
 may take a lesson from the Bishop in his 
 future essays : and yet, he seems to have 
 little respect for authorities, — clerical or 
 literary. Where he does once mention 
 intemperance, he cannot do it without 
 having another fling at his favourite game, 
 the poor Christians. He says: (p. 271) 
 " Thus Christianity sits enthroned on high 
 
 8* 
 
90 A REVIEW OF " NEW THEMES 
 
 places, while poverty is struggling below. 
 Christians find matters very well arranged 
 for them; they are reaping the fruits of 
 sobriety, economy, industry, and honesty, 
 while the multitudes below are suffering 
 the consequences of idleness, ignorance, 
 vagrancy, intemperance, dishonesty, and 
 crime." Was there ever a more absurd 
 paragraph? Naughty Christians ! Are you 
 not ashamed of yourselves, to be sitting up 
 there, reaping the fruits of your "sobriety, 
 economy, industry, and honesty?" Come 
 down, at once ! and suffer the consequences 
 of " idleness, ignorance, vagrancy, intempe- 
 rance, dishonesty, and crime !" This is one 
 of the many luminous and profound sen- 
 tences that meet our eye, wherever we 
 turn over these 279 pages of text, and 100 
 pages of " Notes by the Editor." Par nobile 
 fratrum I 
 
 If our author had only condescended to 
 be as communicative, as is the good Bishop, 
 we could have helped him out of his 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 91 
 
 ^^ slough of despond," some time ago. If 
 he had told us, that his band of 3,000,000 
 pensioners, and those likely to add to their 
 number, were indulging themselves in 
 $250,000,000 dollars worth of rum and 
 tobacco, we should have suggested that, the 
 paupers, and thos^ of the labouring classes 
 who help this consumption, should deny 
 themselves these luxuries, and divide the 
 purchase money among the 3,000,000 pau- 
 pers; which would give each one, $83 per 
 annum; to which add, at least double that 
 sum, lost in idleness, and the $250 per 
 annum, thus accruing to each former pau- 
 per, would, at once, elevate him above pau- 
 perism. 
 
 Now, having glanced at the subject of 
 British Pauperism, let us look at matters 
 nearer home ; and see whether this hydra 
 headed monster. Intemperance, — devouring 
 industry, happiness and prosperity, — exist 
 among us. If it do, this volume has not made 
 us any wiser upon the subject: but our faith 
 
92 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 in our author's infallibility, has been shaken 
 by this last startling expose^ and we begin to 
 suspect that Solomon will still retain his 
 ancient laurels. With regard to intempe- 
 rance in the United States, the Hon. 
 Edward Everett tells us what it has done 
 for us in ten years, ''\, It has cost the 
 nation a direct expenditure of 600,000,000 
 of dollars. 2. It has cost the nation an in- 
 direct expense of 600,000,000 of dollars. 
 3. It has destroyed 300,000 lives. 4. It 
 has sent 100,000 children to the poor house. 
 5. It has consigned at least 150,000 persons 
 to the jails and penitentiaries. 6. It has 
 made at least 1000 maniacs. 7. It has 
 instigated to the commission of 1,500 mur- 
 ders. 8. It has caused 2000 persons to 
 commit suicide. 9. It has burned, or other- 
 wise destroyed, property to the amount of 
 10,000,000 of dollars. 10. It has made 
 200,000 widows, and one million of orphan 
 children." Mr. Justice Grier said : " It is 
 not necessary to array the appalling statis- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 93 
 
 tics of misery, pauperism and crime which 
 have their origin in the use and abuse of 
 ardent spirits." Let us look at our own 
 state, in this respect. Bishop Potter says — 
 after referring to the sums expended in 
 Great Britain for rum and tobacco — " There 
 is little doubt that the amount, directly or 
 indirectly, consumed in Pennsylvania an- 
 nually, for the same indulgence equals 
 $10,000,000— a sum which, could it be 
 saved for four successive years, would pay 
 the debt which now hangs, like an incubus 
 on the energies of the Commonwealth." 
 Drinking Usages, p. 12. 
 
 Let us now come quite home, to our own 
 city, (Philadelphia) and see if we cannot 
 find some employment for the zealous en- 
 ergies of our.. enthusiastic reformer, the au- 
 thor of " New Themes." We quote from an 
 able discourse entitled the " Throne of ini- 
 quity," by the Rev. Albert Barnes, of Phi- 
 ladelphia. " The exact sum received in the 
 city and county of Philadelphia for tavern 
 
94 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 licenses in the year 1851, was $66,302; 
 the whole sura in the state was about 
 $108,000. The expenses for prosecuting 
 for crime, and for the support of pauperism, 
 consequent on intemperance, in the city 
 and county, was, for the same year, as 
 accurately as it can be computed, $365,000. 
 As showing the nature and the extent 
 of the burdens resting on the commu- 
 nity as the result of the license system, 
 and the traffic in ardent spirits, it may be 
 proper to present some statistics respect- 
 ing the Philadelphia Alms House; an insti- 
 tution that may be properly regarded as 
 furnishing a fair illustration of the working 
 of the present system throughout the land. 
 It is taken from the report of the Guardians 
 of the Poor. — "The number of cases treated 
 in the Hospital in the Blockley Alms House, 
 in 1851, was 5000. Intemperate males, 
 2709, women, 897, total 3,606, out of 5,000. 
 There were also of mania-a-potu with slight 
 delirium, 343; do with hallucination, 114; 
 
FOR THE PEOTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 95 
 
 violent mania, 157: — total, mania-a-potu, 
 614." 
 
 Nearly four thousand persons supported 
 at the public expense, in a single city and 
 county, as the result of the traffic in ardent 
 spirits, and more than six hundred afflicted 
 with the most dreadful form of insanity 
 that ever comes upon man : — a business 
 tolerated, protected, sustained by law, and 
 requiring heavy taxes upon the sober and 
 industrious for its support ! What other 
 conceivable business is there that in a civil- 
 ized and Christian land would be protected 
 or tolerated, which would, in a single year, 
 in a single county, dethrone the intellect 
 in more than six hundred cases, and convert 
 more than six hundred citizens into fright- 
 ful maniacs r (p. 10). 
 
 Judge Kelley stated, on a public occasion, 
 that : they "were then in the midst of a 
 Criminal Court, and that, without excep- 
 tion, every case that had come before him, 
 resulted from intemperance !" Of 5,199 
 
96 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 received into the Blockley Alms House, in 
 one year, 2,323 were drunk when received! ! 
 Is it not passing strange that our critic did 
 not think proper to advert to these facts, as 
 accounting for the great increase of Pau- 
 perism amongst us? 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 97 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 We now approach a subject the import- 
 ance of which can hardly be over rated, 
 and which naturally engages much of 
 our author's attention ; — the British Poor 
 Laws. We have already seen that, he advo- 
 cates individual, unassociated, visitation of 
 the poor: — he considers that, the proper 
 care takers of the necessitous, are neither 
 ^^ Churches," nor "Public Authorities," nor 
 " Societies." We think we have sufficiently 
 proved that, his theory is both impracticable, 
 and inexpedient, if practicable. We shall 
 now endeavour to treat, as briefly as pos- 
 sible, a very extensive and comprehensive 
 subject : — the Pauperism of Great Britain. 
 
 Whilst it is an error to suppose, as some 
 do, that the burden of the poor first became 
 a subject of public notice, on the suppres- 
 
98 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 sion of the Monasteries and Religious 
 Houses, by Henry 8th, 1536-40, yet the 
 vast accession of paupers thrown upon socie- 
 ty, by this suppression, increased the pre- 
 existing evil to such a degree, as to force 
 upon the public mind the necessity of its 
 abatement. Of the state of morals at this 
 period we have a most gloomy picture : 
 
 " The prisoners in the kingdom confined 
 for debts and crimes are stated to have been 
 60,000, an incredible number when the 
 smallness of the population is considered. 
 Harrison asserts that 72,000 criminals were 
 executed during this reign for theft and 
 robbery, which would amount to nearly 
 2000 a year." Wades British History, 
 
 After nearly seventy years experience of 
 the ill effects of trusting to an irregular and 
 voluntary mode of alms giving, after try- 
 ing for so long a time our author's plan of 
 the "spontaneous movements of contribu- 
 tors," it was found necessary to make the 
 " public authorities," the almoners of the 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 99 
 
 nation at large. So that this " New Theme" 
 of our author's, was " laid upon the table/' 
 some 250 years since. The expediency of 
 such "public agency/' strikes us as most ob- 
 vious. It was impossible for those applied to 
 for charity, to examine into the validity of 
 the beggar's claims. The rural population, 
 were in continual danger of violence, from 
 disappointed mendicity; the female inmates 
 of the farm house, were exposed to insult; 
 and the sturdy beggar of the day, became 
 the desperate burglar of the night. And 
 here let us notice, currents calamo, our au- 
 thor's objection to the arrangement by which 
 each parish (now, " union") is charged with 
 the support of its own poor, only. He com- 
 plains, "that they have made charity de- 
 pendent upon the parish boundaries." How 
 can it be otherwise, if it be proper to check 
 imposition, and discourage the growth of 
 pauperism? If the parish officers, respect- 
 ively, have cognizance of, and provide for, 
 their own pensioners, they can secure the 
 
100 A REVIEW OP "new THEMES 
 
 substance of the industrious and deserving, 
 from the selfish appropriation of the idle 
 and vicious. But, if the pauper be allowed 
 to claim from every parish poor's purse, 
 within the reach of his improvidence, pro- 
 fligacy, or rapacity, the industrious will be 
 defrauded, the unworthy will monopolize, 
 and the deserving starve, or lean upon the 
 already over burdened. If there be any 
 thing clear to our mind, it is the necessity 
 of "public agency" and "parish boundaries." 
 (Now, " Union" Limits). 
 
 So, at least, have reasoned the sagacious 
 statesmen of England ; who must be allowed 
 to be as good judges of the matter, as either 
 the writer • of " New Themes," or his pre- 
 sent reviewer. By the Act 14 Elizabeth, 
 Cap. 5, power was given to the justices to 
 lay a general assessment for the support of 
 the poor; and by the Act 43 Eliz. Cap. 2, 
 the Poor Laws were systematized, and their 
 administration defined. This celebrated 
 Act, has formed the basis of subsequent 
 
POR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 101 
 
 Poor Law legislation : a department of the 
 English code, which has been matured by 
 the benevolence, experience, sagacity, re- 
 trospection, and prospection, of some of the 
 wisest men whom England has ever seen. 
 Men to whom, however highly exalted in 
 position, nothing that affected the interests 
 of humanity was little; and who were 
 equally at home at the parish poor table, 
 enforcing distributive justice, and. on the 
 floor of the Senate, expounding the princi- 
 ples of legislation. Without impertinence, 
 we may fairly appeal to the reader, a priori, 
 whether these legislators, prompted by phi- 
 lanthropy, and taught by experience, eye- 
 witnesses, ear-witnesses, heart- witnesses, of 
 the facts before them, were not likely to be 
 as good judges of the wants of the English 
 poor, as our American critic, who comes 
 forward, at this day, to cast contempt upon 
 their counsels, and condemn their acts? 
 
 It is among the imperfections incident to 
 humanity, that those who conceive wisely, 
 
 9^ 
 
102 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 cannot, in the nature of things, always ex- 
 ecute their own designs. Extended machi- 
 nery requires extended instrumentality : 
 and neglect may nullify, favoritism abuse, 
 or corruption pervert, the designs of the 
 best hearts and the wisest heads. This we 
 shall have occasion to «ee, as we proceed. 
 We may here notice, as a remarkable proof 
 of the " evil eye" with which our author 
 continually regards the " Church of Eng- 
 land," that he goes the extravagant length, of 
 blaming its authorities for not giving to the 
 poor, what he contends was granted to 
 them, at the Keformation, for this specific 
 purpose. He tells us : " At the period of 
 the Reformation, when Henry VIII assumed 
 the headship of the Church of England, all 
 these immense estates were confiscated and 
 conferred upon the bishops and other clergy 
 and leaders of the great reform. * * All 
 that was given to the English bishops and 
 clergy has remained the property of the es- 
 tablishment to this day. * * Not the 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 103 
 
 slightest regard has been paid by these 
 bishops and clergy, any mote than the lay 
 grantees, to the trusts under which these 
 estates were granted." (p. 140, 141.) 
 
 Now let us quote the statute of July 
 29th 1539: "A statute was made confirm- 
 ing the seizure and surrenderor the abbeys; 
 and in which it is provided that ^ all mon- 
 asteries or other religious houses, dissolved, 
 suppressed, surrendered, or by any means 
 come to his highness, shall be vested in him, 
 his heirs, and successors for ever.' But 
 the vast possessions so vested in the 
 Crown, were soon lost by wasteful grants 
 and alienations, and no substantial national 
 advantage was derived from that great rev- 
 olution by which in five years, a fifth or a 
 fourth part of the landed property of Eng- 
 land and Wales has been confiscated." 
 {Wade's British History.) "Parliament 
 passed an act for establishing new bishop- 
 rics, deaneries, and colleges, which were 
 to be endowed with revenues raised on the 
 
104 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 lands of the monasteries; but it was too 
 late ; the money and lands were gone, or 
 the king and his ministers needed all that 
 remained. The number of new bishoprics 
 was reduced from eighteen to six * *". " At 
 the same time 14 abbeys and priories were 
 converted into cathedrals and collegiate 
 churches, with deans and prebendaries ; but 
 the king kept to himself a part of the lands 
 which had been attached to them, and 
 charged the chapters with the obligation of 
 contributing annually to the support of the 
 poor, and the repair of the highways." 
 {KnigMs England,) 
 
 These extracts will cast some light upon 
 the ecclesiastical history of the times. 
 Without entering into any argument upon 
 the premises of our author, does not his 
 charge disprove itself? But, supposing that 
 the bishops and clergy, of subsequent tenure, 
 were morally bound to make such appropri- 
 ation to the poor, as he insists they were, by 
 what authority does he declare that, "not 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 105 
 
 the slightest regard" has been paid by them 
 to such presumed obligations ? For all that 
 he can know to the contrary, the authori- 
 ties of the English Church have, regularly 
 and faithfully, fulfilled these obligations, as- 
 suming their existence. Have not the Eng- 
 lish Clergy, in all subsequent times, given 
 large sums for the support of the poor ? Un- 
 doubtedly they have : and for all that our 
 critic knows to the contrary, they have thus 
 disposed of these very funds. But it is at 
 once plain, even to the superficial reader, 
 that the whole assumption is gratuitous^ on 
 his part. As we have said before, the 
 charge refutes itself. Whatever possessions 
 were granted to the Church by Henry 8th, 
 were taken from her by Mary, and came 
 under new jurisdiction upon the accession 
 of Elizabeth. Even were such a claim upon 
 the clergy in existence tlien, it was certainly 
 nullified by the Act just recited, ^^43 Eliza- 
 beth, Cap. 2," by which the poor were taken 
 under public guardianship. Had such a 
 
106 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 claim legally existed, even if buried in 
 abeyance, is it probable that it would have 
 escaped enforcement by all subsequent gene- 
 rations, to be exhumed by Thomas Euggles, 
 in 1793, and revived by the sagacious writer 
 of "New Themes," in 1851? If our au- 
 thor possess so happy a knack of re-animat- 
 ing such dormant claims, he can soon have 
 his hands. full, as an attorney, to his incal- 
 culable emolument. He blames the public 
 authorities of England for the establishment 
 of the Poor House System. He says (p. 
 144) : " They have invented the poor house, 
 that stigma of Protestantism." Let us ex- 
 amine this matter for a moment. The pau- 
 per who can work, should be made to work. 
 We offer higher authority for this position 
 than our own. St. Paul tells us, If any 
 man will not work neither shall he eat. 2 
 Thess. 3—10. 
 
 It stands to reason that, the industrious 
 should not support the idle ; and the idle 
 are injured by such unnecessary support. 
 
107 
 
 But if each pauper be allowed to remain 
 in his own house, how can he be compelled 
 to labour ? He may, and will, feign sick- 
 ness ; and find many excuses to avoid work. 
 Each pauper would require an overseer, 
 which would be an intolerable expense. 
 
 Collected together in a " Poor House," su- 
 pervision and administration become com- 
 paratively easy and inexpensive. So with 
 regard to bed ridden, or feeble, poor ; it is 
 unjust to expect the community to support 
 them, divided into families. But, congre- 
 gated together in " poor houses," they can 
 receive medical attendance, provisions, and 
 other comforts, at a great saving of labori- 
 ous management and burdensome expend- 
 iture. 
 
 Much will remain to be done, and much 
 should be done, by private charity, to pro- 
 vide for many poor, at their own homes, 
 even under the most comprehensive " poor 
 house system." But it plainly appears that, 
 if the bulk of the poor are to be provided 
 
108 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 for at all, they are to be provided for in 
 " poor houses :" — in those domiciles of dis- 
 criminating charity, which our critic dilapi- 
 dates at a blow, as the " stigma of Protest- 
 antism." It is a rather remarkable fact, 
 that a feature of the Christian world, which 
 has been so often lauded in contradistinction 
 to Pagan neglect of the helpless, should be 
 selected by our author as a " stigma of Pro- 
 testantism ;" he might as well have said, of 
 Christianity ; for the " Keligious Houses" 
 which preceded Protestantism, were, in fact, 
 very generally, " poor houses." 
 
 We think we can satisfactorily prove that, 
 it was owing to the neglect of faithfully car- 
 rying out the "poor house system," that 
 many of the evils of English pauperism are 
 to be attributed. We shall show, also, that 
 so far from " English Christians" having 
 been guilty of neglecting and oppressing the 
 poor, exactly the contrary is the fact. Eng- 
 land has " neglected" and " oppressed" — not 
 the poor — but the interests of the industri- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 109 
 
 ous and moral of her citizens ; who have 
 been compelledj from mistaken lenity, and 
 mal-administration, to support thousands of 
 the idle and vicious, who were well able to 
 support themselves. 
 
 Let us now see what was the operation 
 of placing the poor under the charge of the 
 '^jpuhlic authorities;" the agency for which 
 our author expresses so strong a disgust. 
 State of the Country before the enactment 
 of Poor Law, Act 43 EHz. : 
 
 " The country was overrun by thieves 
 aild vagabonds. There were at least three 
 or four hundred vagabonds in each county, 
 who lived by theft and rapine. Their num- 
 bers intimidated the magistrates, and there 
 were instances of justices of the peace, who 
 after sentencing these depredators, interfered 
 to stop the execution of their sentences, from 
 a dread of the vengeance of their confede- 
 rates." Wades British History. 
 
 State of the Country after the enactment 
 of the Poor Law Act : 
 
 10 
 
110 A REVIEW OP "NEW THEMES 
 
 " The institution of Poor Laws, by com- 
 pelling the idle to labour, and taking away 
 all pretexts for vagrancy, helped greatly to 
 mitigate these disorders, and laid the foun- 
 dation of that municipal order, and indus- 
 trial prosperity, which subsequently distin- 
 guished England among the nations of Eu- 
 rope." Waders Brit, Hist. 
 
 So the agency of "public authorities," 
 seems here to have worked admirably. We 
 have noticed our critic's complaints that, 
 the English poor have been neglected and 
 oppressed. What has been the opinion of 
 those who were certainly qualified to be good 
 judges in the premises? 
 
 " In 1697, the celebrated John Locke, in 
 the capacity of one of the Commissioners 
 of the Board of Trade, drew up a report on 
 the state of the poor in which he expressed 
 an opinion that one half of those who re- 
 ceived Parish aid are able to get their 
 livelihood. He recommended a stricter en- 
 forcing of the vagrant laws, and the estab- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. Ill 
 
 lishment of working schools for the employ- 
 ment of those who are able^ but unwilling 
 to labour." This does not look much like 
 " neglecting" the interest of the poor ! 
 
 In 1704, the celebrated Daniel Defoe 
 published an address to parliament, entitled 
 " Giving Alms No Charity/' in which he 
 states that there is in England, '' more la- 
 bour than hands to perform it ; and of course 
 a want of people, not of employment. No 
 man of sound limbs and senses can be poor, 
 merely from want of work." He considers 
 the improvidence of the poor a principal 
 cause of their wretchedness. " We are," 
 says he, " the most lazy, diligent people in the 
 world : there is nothing more frequent than 
 for an Englishman to work till he has got 
 his pocket full of money, and then go and 
 be idle, or perhaps drink till it is all gone." 
 
 Perhaps our author is more fortunate in 
 his condemnation of the Poor House sys- 
 tem? Let us see how that system was 
 found to answer its design : " Immediately 
 
112 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 after the introduction of the Workhouse 
 System, such was the aversion of the poor 
 to the confinement and employment it sub- 
 jected them to, that the number of claim- 
 ants for parish aid was, in most places, re- 
 duced one half." Wade's BritisJi History. 
 
 This does not look like failure ! We shall 
 now subjoin an authority, which demolishes 
 both of our author's charges at one blow : 
 which proves that the poor were too lavish- 
 ly supplied, and that the relaxation of the 
 Workhouse system, opened the door to ex- 
 tensive evils. 
 
 "The serious abuses (Geo. 3,1795) of 
 mixing up wages with the parish allowance, 
 and of a profuse grant of relief out of tJie 
 %vorh'house became prevalent. They ori- 
 ginated in high prices. The price of Corn, 
 which for three years preceding 1795 had 
 averaged 54 shillings, rose to 74 shillings a 
 quarter. As wages continued stationary, 
 the distress of the poor was very great, and 
 many able bodied labourers, who had rare- 
 
FOn THliJ PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 113 
 
 ly before applied for parish assistance, be- 
 came claimants for relief. Instead of 
 meeting this emergency by temporary expe- 
 dients, and by grants of relief proportioned 
 to the urgency of each individual case, one 
 uniform system was adopted. The magis- 
 trates of Berks and some of the southern 
 counties issued tables, showing the wages 
 which they thought every labouring man 
 ought to receive, according to variations in 
 the price of bread, and the number of his 
 family ; and they accompanied these tables 
 with an order, directing the Parish officers 
 to make up the difference to the labourer, 
 in the event of the wages paid to him by 
 his employer falling short of the tabular 
 allowance. An act was also passed to allow 
 the justices to administer relief out of the 
 worh-hotises, and to grant it to such poor 
 persons as had property of their own." 
 Wades British History, 
 
 This does not look like starving the poor ! 
 So far back as twenty years before this, in 
 
 10* 
 
114 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 1774, "At a general meeting of the parish- 
 ioners of Eccles near Manchester, it was 
 unanimously agreed to strike oiF from the 
 poor's rate all paupers who shall after the 
 20th inst. heep dogsT In 1800 it appeared, 
 "that upon a population in England and 
 Wales of 8,870,000 no less than 234,000 
 were partakers of parochial relief; that is 
 nearly 4th part of the people were indebted 
 to the other |ths wholly or in part." No 
 marvel, when it was so easy a thing to re- 
 main idle, and be fed by an industrious 
 neighbour. Our critic complains that, " mass- 
 es of labourers are kept in hopeless poverty 
 and dependence; they are allowed the 
 scantiest subsistence which will support life, 
 that high taxes and high rents may be paid " 
 (p. 167.) And do the poorer classes re- 
 ceive no advantage from the distribution of 
 these high taxes? We find by a report 
 Wm. 4, 1830-37. "Nearly three fourths 
 of the entire sum yearly levied as poor rates, 
 are paid by the occupiers and owners of the 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 115 
 
 soil." We are told: (p. 145) "The allow- 
 ance of the poor has gone far below that of 
 the soldier or sailor, or even the thief and 
 murderer in prison." This is hardly a fair 
 statement of the case. We can readily be- 
 lieve that the pauper receives a less allow- 
 ance than "the thief and the murderer." 
 Such men are generally well fed in prison; 
 and " soldiers and sailors," of course, must 
 be fed more on meat, than vegetables : but 
 the true question is, not how does the pau- 
 per fare, as compared with others who are 
 fed by Government, but how stands the com- 
 parison with those who feed themselves? 
 The inquiries of Commissioners appointed 
 to inquire into the operation of the Poor 
 Laws, in 1832, ascertained that, of solid 
 food, weekly, the independent " agricultural 
 labourer, receives 122 ounces ; the able bodied 
 pauper 151"! So, in 1834, "Among the 
 facts noted by the Commissioners, was the 
 superior condition of the pauper, to an in- 
 dependent labourer." 
 
116 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 Surely our author is singularly unhappy 
 in his choice of ^^ Themes." We now re- 
 sume our chronological review of the English 
 Poor Laws, and, we think, have so far 
 proved, that neither of our critic's general 
 positions — viz. that the poor were neglected 
 and oppressed, and that the Poor House 
 system is a "stigma upon protestantism," 
 is correct. Exactly the contrary we have 
 shown the facts to be. Will farther exami- 
 nation bear us out? We shall see. 
 
 We proceed to th^ year 1815 referring to 
 Act 55, Geo. 3 c. 137. 
 
 "The legislation upon the subject of the 
 poor during the present period was certainly 
 not calculated to check the increase of pau- 
 perism. In 1815 the Act called East's Act 
 was passed which relaxed the ancient regu- 
 lations so far as to empower justices to 
 order relief for any length of time they 
 chose, not exceeding three months, and to 
 enact that the j^auper sJiould no longer he 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 117 
 
 required to come iiito any worh-liouse, but 
 should receive his or her allowance in money 
 at his or her home or house." KnigMs Eng- 
 land. 
 
 We pass on to 1819, Act 59, Geo. 3rd. c. 
 12: "A more familiarly known measure, 
 Sturges Bourne's Act, passed in 1819, w^hile 
 it provided for the establishment of select 
 vestries and the appointment of assistant 
 overseers, facilitated the erection of worh- 
 houses, and also recognized, though with 
 little practical effect, the old, and as far 
 as it can be carried out, sound principle of 
 setting the paupers to work." 
 
 Kelax the work house system, and it seems 
 the injurious effects were soon visible. The 
 next feature of this Act, does not look 
 much like " grinding the faces of the poor." 
 
 " It surely evinced a strange misconcep- 
 tion, a forgetfulness of the purpose and es- 
 sential character of a compulsory provision 
 for the poor, when it required the church 
 wardens and overseers to pay to such pau- 
 
118 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 pers as they might employ, reasonable wages 
 for their labour, and give to the said pauper 
 labourers such and the like remedies for the 
 recovery of their wages as other labourers 
 in husbandry have." KnigMs England, 
 
 The number of voluntary paupers in 
 Great Britain, at any one time, it would, of 
 course, be difficult to ascertain. It is a very 
 striking thought, and deserves the attention 
 of our zealous author, that "The rate of 
 wages is not determined exclusively by the 
 number of the people, but partly also by 
 the habits or notions which prevail in the 
 county as to the mode of living proper for 
 the working man ; who, rather than labour 
 for wages which will not maintain him at 
 that established or customary point of com- 
 fort and decency, may choose to refuse to 
 continue a labourer, and transfer himself to 
 the class of paupers." KnigMs England, 
 
 As our author seems so anxious to know 
 what English Christians have done for their 
 poor, let us ask his attention to the follow- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 119 
 
 ing figures. They have done a large part 
 of this : — 
 The Poor Kates were in 1820 £7,329,594 
 
 1830 8,111,422 
 1835 6,356,345 
 1840 5,468,699 
 « " 1845 5,543,650 
 
 Now $27,000,000, to $40,000,000, per 
 annum is quite a respectable sum ; but their 
 proportion of this, is only what they do 
 through the " public authorities." To this 
 add, the untold millions given away through 
 local "societies," and by private charity, 
 and we shall have an enormous amount of 
 money, as an evidence of what these un- 
 feeling "English Christians have done." 
 What they are especially doing now, we 
 have seen on a preceding page; where it 
 appeared that, whilst the paupers were in- 
 dulging themselves in millions of dollars 
 worth of rum and tobacco, the Christians, 
 in the meantime, were helping to market 
 and keep house for them. 
 
120 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 We proceed to prove that, the capital 
 mistake of England, has been the lavish 
 expenditure of money for the poor. The 
 nation began to reaUze, that this profuse 
 liberality, was a robbery of the industrious, 
 and a demoralizer of the poor. The evil 
 had risen to such a pitch that, in 1832, the 
 Crown appointed a Commission of Inquiry, 
 consisting of nine persons under whose 
 direction, the condition of every parish in 
 England and Wales was investigated and 
 reported. " The chief reasons upon which 
 the new legislation was founded were the 
 burdensome amount of the poor rates — 
 the temptation to improvident habits they 
 held out — the superior condition of the pau- 
 per to an independent lahourer, * * the pay- 
 ment of wages out of the rates — the grant- 
 ing of out door allowances to ahle bodied 
 labourers — encouragement afforded to in- 
 continence, by the allowance granted to 
 mothers for the maintenance of illegitimate 
 children &c." Wade's British History, 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 121 
 
 Here is one strong authority on our side : 
 and now we shall present the evidence of 
 one who, we imagine, will have great 
 weight with our author. No one will sus- 
 pect Harriet Martineau as a bigoted Christ- 
 ian witness. We quote from " The History 
 of England During the Peace." Speaking 
 of the inquiries of the Commissioners of the 
 Crown she tells us : 
 
 " Among a multitude of painful facts, the 
 most mournful was the pervading and un- 
 ceasing oppression of virtue and encourage- 
 ment of vice. The poor-rate had become 
 public spoil. The ignorant believed it an 
 inexhaustible fund which belonged to them. 
 To obtain their share, the brutal bullied 
 the administrator, the profligate exhibited 
 their bastards which must be fed, the idle 
 folded their arms, and waited till they got 
 it; ignorant boys and girls married upon 
 it; poachers, thieves, and prostitutes ex- 
 torted it by intimidation; country justices 
 11 
 
122 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 lavished it for popularity; and guardians for 
 convenience. This was the way the fund 
 went. As for whence it arose — it came, 
 more and more every year, out of the 
 capital of the shopkeeper and the farmer, 
 and the diminishing resources of the country 
 gentleman. The shopkeeper's stock and 
 returns dwindled, as the farmer's land de- 
 teriorated, and the gentleman's expenditure 
 contracted. The farmer's sons, waiting, at 
 the age of five-and-thirty, for ability to 
 marry in comfort, saw in every ditch and 
 field on the estates lads under twenty, 
 whose children were maintained by the 
 rates which were ruining their employer. 
 Instead of the proper number of labourers 
 to till his lands — labourers paid by himself 
 — the farmer was compelled to take double 
 the number, whose wages were paid partly 
 out of the rates : and these men, being em- 
 ployed by compulsion on him, were beyond 
 his control — worked or not as they chose — 
 let down the quality of his land, and dis- 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 123 
 
 abled him from employing the better men 
 who would have toiled hard for independ- 
 ence. These better men sank down among 
 the worse: the rate-paying cottager, after 
 a vain struggle, went to the pay-table to 
 seek relief: the modest girl might starve, 
 while her bolder neighbour received Is. 6d. 
 per week for every illegitimate child. 
 
 "Industry, probity, purity, prudence — all 
 heart and spirit — the whole soul of good- 
 ness — were melting down into depravity 
 and social ruin, like snow under the foul 
 internal fires which precede the earth- 
 quake." (Vol. 2 p. 82, 83.) "There were 
 clergymen in the commission, as well as 
 politicians and economists,' and they took 
 these things to heart, and laboured dili- 
 gently to frame suggestions for a measure 
 which should heal and recreate the moral 
 spirit, as well as the economical condition 
 of society in England." 
 
 Now with these fojcts before him, what 
 does the reader think of a writer who can 
 
124 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 assert, " The Church of England turned 
 the poor out of doors, and took possession 
 of their houses and goods ; and whilst re- 
 velling in the enjoyment of these ill-gotten 
 gains, myriads of paupers, lying at her 
 gates, are suffering the extremities of sick- 
 ness, nakedness, and want" (p. 147) ? 
 How much does the above picture look like 
 " sickness, nakedness, and want?" Miss 
 Martineau proceeds : " While the magis- 
 trates were giving to pauper applicants at 
 their own houses an additional loaf for every 
 child, that loaf was provided by the more 
 high minded labourer, who toiled to raise 
 the rate demanded of him, while he and 
 his children were hungry together." (Vol. 2. 
 P-84.) _ 
 
 Speaking of the principles which directed 
 the inquiries of the Commissioners, she 
 says : " In observance of the great princi- 
 ple that the independent labourer was not 
 to be sacrificed to the pauper, all adminis- 
 tration of relief to the able-bodied at their 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 125 
 
 f>wn Jwuses was to be discontinued as soon 
 as possible ; and the allowance system was 
 put an end to entirely. The shameless peti- 
 tioner was no longer to carry home so many 
 shillings or loaves for so many children, 
 while his more honorable neighbour not only 
 went without, but bore part of the cost." 
 And what was one of the most important 
 measures, which forced its claims upon the 
 attention of the Commissioners ? Alas for 
 our author's theory ! it was the rigid enforce- 
 ment of that " stigma of protestantism," the 
 poor house system. For our historian pro- 
 ceeds : " Henceforth the indigent must come 
 into the work house for relief, if he must 
 have it. There stood the great house — 
 with shelter, clothing and food, for the des- 
 titute who choose to claim it: but, in jus- 
 tice to the independent poor, and to society 
 at large, there were conditions belonging to 
 this relief which ought never to have been 
 objected to by reasonable persons, however 
 
 irksome they might and must be to the idle, 
 
 11* 
 
126 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 dissolute, and extremely ignorant, wlio form 
 a large proportion of the pauper class. One 
 condition was, that the able-bodied should 
 work; — should do a certain amount of work 
 for every meal. They might go out after 
 the expiration of twenty-four hours; but 
 while in the house they must work." (Vol. 
 2 p. 84, 85.) 
 
 This " stigma of protestantism," does not 
 seem so very formidable an evil after all ! 
 On the 14th of August, 1834, the Poor Law 
 Amendment Act received the royal assent, 
 and the historian graphically depicts its re- 
 sults : 
 
 " The facts which all men might know, 
 if they would are, that before two years 
 were out, wages were rising and rates were 
 falling in the whole series of county pa- 
 rishes : farmers were employing more la- 
 bourers ; surplus labour was absorbed ; bul- 
 lying paupers were transformed into steady 
 working men ; the decrease of illegitimate 
 births, chargeable to the parish throughout 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 127 
 
 England, was nearly 10,000 or nearly 13 
 per cent; clergymen testified that they 
 were relieved from much of the pain and 
 shame of having to celebrate marriages 
 when the bride was on the point of becom- 
 ing a mother, or where the parties were 
 mere children, with no other prospect than 
 the parish pay-table ; and, finally, the rates ^ 
 which had risen nearly a million in their 
 annual amount during the five years before 
 the Poor Law Commission was issued, sank 
 down, in the course of the five years after 
 it, from being upwards of seven millions to 
 very little above four." (Vol. 2. p. 89.) 
 
 To the same efiect is the testimony which 
 we find in Wade's British History, showing 
 the results of three years experience : '' The 
 enormous reduction in parochial expenditure 
 has been chiefly efiected by the refusal of 
 out door relief to the poor, &c." 
 
 Having thus fully demonstrated the truth 
 of our various positions ; viz : 1st, The ne- 
 cessity of the agency of "public authori- 
 
128 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 ties;" 2ndly5 The lavish expenditure of 
 money in relief of the poor ; and, Srdly, the 
 expediency and usefulness of the Poor 
 House System ; we shall close the subject 
 with the convincing and unexceptionable 
 testimony of the authoress of the " History 
 of England, During the Thirty Years' 
 Peace." 
 
 " There can be no question of our me- 
 thods of charity having improved since the 
 publication of the reports on which the re- 
 form of the Poor Law was founded. There 
 was always jplenty of alms-giving ; — ^rone- 
 ness enough to Q^elieve the misery which met 
 the eye. Now, there is more searching into 
 the causes of misery, and a more widely 
 spread knowledge that social misery cannot 
 he curedy hut is usually agg7'avated hy alms- 
 giving." (Vol. 2. p. 714.) 
 
 We notice, on page 29, an implied asser- 
 tion of a truly startling character : — ^no, not 
 " startling :" — we have become so accus- 
 tomed to our author s Anathemas and Bulls 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 129 
 
 (we leave the geographical location of this 
 word, whether Kome or Ireland, unex- 
 plained ;) that we really find ourselves get- 
 ting hardened. There is nothing like a 
 sound rating, for an indurating agent. En- 
 dure rating we have to ; and we might as 
 well make ourselves as comfortable as possi- 
 ble under the circumstances. But " Protest- 
 ant religious literature" has fallen under a 
 sad reproach, when our author inquires, 
 where, in all its range, shall we find a trea- 
 tise upon the " Love of God, which does 
 justice to the magnitude of the subject?" 
 
 If our critic confine himself to strictness 
 of terms, the answer is obvious : — there is 
 no such treatise in protestant literature, or 
 in any other literature. To properly cele- 
 brate the love of that august, yet gracious, 
 Being, not only human ability, but the 
 might of the angel, and the zeal of the 
 seraph, are, alike, feeble and inefficient. In 
 the overwhelming contemplation of that 
 love which hath redeemed us by no less a 
 
130 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 price than the effusion of the blood of His 
 only begotten Son, the loftiest genius feels 
 that its strength has departed, and the lips 
 of the eloquent become dumb. 
 
 But this our author knows, as well as we 
 do ; and it is not in this sense the question 
 is put. The query is equivalent to an asser- 
 tion that, there is no treatise upon the sub- 
 ject, which deserves consideration and re- 
 spect. It may be so : but among the 
 hundreds that might be enumerated, let us 
 beg his attention to the few cited below : 
 
 Byfield, Essay concerning the assurance 
 of God's love and man's salvation. 1614. 
 
 Twisse, Riches of God's love. 1653. 
 
 Rigge, The banner of God's love, and 
 ensign of righteousness. 1657. 
 
 Vane, Of the love of God, and union 
 with God. 1657. 
 
 Boyle. Seraphic love, or some motives 
 and incentives to the love of God. 1660. 
 
 Bellamy. Upon the nature of love to 
 God, &c. 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 131 
 
 Quarles. God's love — man's un worthi- 
 ness. 1684. 
 
 Masham. A discourse concerning the 
 love of God. 1696. 
 
 ScotL Concerning the love of God. 1700. 
 
 Sheraton, A discourse on the character 
 of God as love. 1805. 
 
 Tm;pp, God's love-tokens. 1637. 
 
 Gale. A sermon entitled, " Wherein the 
 love of the world is inconsistent with love 
 to God." 1774. 
 
 The love of God to mankind. 1720. 
 
 Johnson. The love of God. 1758. 
 
 Jenhins. The love of the brethren, pro- 
 ceeding from the perception of the love of 
 God. 1795. 
 
 Norris. Letters concerning the love of 
 God. 1695. 
 
 TuUy. Divine love exemplified. 1741. 
 
 Hussey. Of our love to God. 1758. 
 
 Kingsfm^d. Universality of divine love 
 to man. 
 
 The wonderful love of God to man. 1788. 
 
132 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 Has our critic "read, marked, learned, 
 and inwardly digested," all these, and some 
 hundreds more, to which theological libra- 
 ries invite his perusal ? If he have not, he 
 is hardly competent to judge of the mat- 
 ter. If he have "weighed them all in 
 the balances, and found them wanting," he 
 must remember that, in spite of his "In- 
 dex Expurgatorius," others will still con- 
 tinue to read, to approve, and to profit. 
 
 To revert for a moment to our author's 
 insulting comparison of Christians' want of 
 humanity, as compared with the zeal of his 
 favourite infidel and socialist reformers : — 
 we scruple not to say that, every social re- 
 form, and philanthropic enterprise, " worthy 
 of the name" has been the work of Chris- 
 tians. 
 
 What have the "long list of men," in- 
 cluding Paine, (whom he cites as an ex- 
 ample) whose " zeal for humanity," he tells 
 us, " made them infidels, or whose infidelity 
 begot their zeal for human welfare" — what 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 133 
 
 have they ever done for the benefit of the 
 human race? In England, what have 
 Bolingbroke, Shaftesbury, Tindal, Collins, 
 Gibbon, or Hume, ever done? In France, 
 what have Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, or 
 D'Alembert, ever done? What has the 
 modern school of French socialists, ever 
 done? In America, what have Paine, 
 Owen, (thank God the list is small, as yet!) 
 and their wretched followers, ever done? 
 
 But, — to look for a moment at the other 
 side of the picture, — Were Wilberforce, 
 Sharp, Thornton, and Macaulay, infidels? 
 Were Howard, Fry, Gurney, and the Tukes, 
 socialists? Have not all real reformers, 
 from Father Chrysostom, to Father Mathew, 
 from Martin Luther, to Henry Martyn, been 
 Christians ? Did " zeal for humanity" 
 make these men infidels? And in our 
 generation, who are the men and the 
 women who "willingly offer themselves," 
 their health, strength, and substance, upon 
 the altar of humanity, but Christians? 
 
 12 
 
134 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 Who " visit the widow, and the fatherless, 
 in their affliction;" — who penetrate the 
 lanes and alleys of our cities, to relieve the 
 destitute, and offer consolation to the sick 
 and dying : — ^who gather neglected children 
 into ragged schools, and Sunday Schools, — 
 but Christians? 
 
 We envy not the position of their tradu- 
 cer. It is no desirable title, — " The accuser 
 of the brethren !" The " Theme" is no new 
 one, nor is the title. Both are as old as 
 the days of Job; when, at the imposing 
 convocation of the '-'sons of God," there 
 appeared an intruder in their midst, who 
 had been " going to and fro in the earth, 
 and walking up and down" among the chil- 
 dren of men, to spy out their infirmities, 
 and exaggerate their defects ! 
 
 We now proceed to briefly notice the 
 mysterious personage who figures as the 
 editor of this very remarkable production* 
 He "comes in such a questionable shape, 
 that we must speak to him." He favours 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 135 
 
 US with twenty one lines of preface, and one 
 hundred pages of notes and bomments. He 
 enumerates a vast number of works upon 
 poHtical economy, and local statistics. We 
 want some more satisfactory evidence of the 
 utility of these volumes, than their eifect 
 upon the mind and temper of the author of 
 ^' New Themes." From the editor's evident 
 affinity with French Socialists, and English 
 Radicals, we fear that he has been getting 
 into bad company without knowing it. We 
 are glad that he "totally dissents [p. 363] 
 from the plans of reforming political insti- 
 tutions which the socialists have proposed ;" 
 and we hope that this "dissent" will ope- 
 rate to induce him to part companionship 
 from such unsafe guides : for he may be 
 sure that, if he continue the connection, 
 ^^evil is before hirii." But we have to take 
 the editor to task for the ill service he does 
 his friend, the author, in his preface. He 
 desires us not to "cast aside this little vol- 
 ume, as the work of a crude and unfurnished 
 
136 A REVIEW OF "NEW THEMES 
 
 mind, or as the product of a captious 
 grumbler, ignorant of the theology he un- 
 derrates and incapable of grasping his sub- 
 ject; or as the sickly dreams of a diseased 
 imagination." Is it not curious, that the 
 one whom we may suppose to have been 
 the author's first reader, should have 
 thought it necessary to give us this caution ? 
 What should we think of the friendship to 
 the vender, of the stander by, who should 
 desire us, when we were making a purchase, 
 not to suspect that the goods were counter- 
 feit, and unequal to their pretensions ? We 
 should certainly subject them to a most 
 rigid inspection. We warn the author to 
 regard the editor with a suspicious eye. For 
 a less offence than this, Gil Bias lost his 
 situation; and we should think the writer 
 of the preface, as little worthy of being 
 editor to the author of "New Themes," as 
 was Gil Bias to be reader to the " Arch- 
 bishop of Granada." The author may well 
 exclaim, "save me from my friends!" But 
 
ETC. 137 
 
 is he the author's friend ? May not a secret 
 foe have stimulated this effusion ? Men, in 
 all ages, have ardently desired that their 
 ^^ enemies should write books ;" but malice 
 has seldom gone so far as to insist upon their 
 immediate publication ! 
 
 But we cannot excuse our author thus : 
 he knows what he is doing ; and that he 
 " thinks for himself," is proved by his think- 
 ing so differently from almost every one else. 
 We understand that "New Themes" has 
 had an extensive sale ; and this we regard 
 as the author's sorest punishment : for next 
 to the misfortune of having written such a 
 book, should be the mortification of seeing it 
 in print ; and an extensive circulation, is a 
 calamity indeed ! That it should sell well, 
 is to be expected. Men have a natural 
 taste for belligerent demonstrations ; and 
 twenty will stop to see a combat, where one 
 will pause to see two friends shake hands. 
 
 Yet we do not at all think that this work 
 will be without its uses, though not exactly 
 
138 A REVIEW OF "new THEMES 
 
 those which the author intended. Teach- 
 ers of rhetoric can quote its sentences as an 
 exemplification of the difference between 
 declamation and argument ; and logicians 
 can point to its pages as a standing instance 
 of the danger of reasoning in a circle, and 
 as a proof of the utility of the science of in- 
 duction. Literary aspirants will pause, be- 
 fore they hastily commit themselves to the 
 press ; and political economists will dis- 
 courage crude speculations, which tend to 
 bring their name into disrepute. Self con- 
 stituted judges will be more willing to sit 
 at the footstool of experience : and social 
 reformers will not so readily mistake the 
 impulses of zeal, for the deductions of 
 knowledge. They will see here a melan- 
 choly proof, that even well meaning advo- 
 cacy may wound the cause which it seeks 
 to serve ; and they will, therefore, deem it 
 wiser to content themselves with the unob- 
 trusive discharge of their own round of 
 duty, and leave the seat of " Gamaliel" to 
 
FOR THE PROTESTANT CLERGY," ETC. 139 
 
 those, to whom, with the inclination, Provi- 
 dence has also granted the ability. 
 
 We regret that the highly respectable in- 
 dividual to whom report ascribes this vol- 
 ume, has not better employed his leisure 
 hours ; and we hope that if he should here- 
 after give us a continuation of " New 
 Themes," it may be recommended by a more 
 kindly spirit, and be better calculated to ad- 
 vance what he seems to have so much at 
 heart ; — the well being of the indigent, and 
 the moral and social improvement of the 
 human race. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 From the Professors at Princeton TTieoloffical Seminary. 
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 OPINIONS OF THE PKESS. 
 
 "In our opinion, the Christian public generally will feel under great obligations to the publishers 
 of this work for lhe'l)eautiful taste, arrangement, and delicate neatness with which they have got 
 it out. The intrinsic merit of the Bible recommends itself; it needs no tinsel ornament to a«lorn 
 its sacred pages. In this edition every superfluous ornament has been avoided, and we have pre- 
 sented us a perfectly chaste specimen of the Bible, without note or comment. It appears to be just 
 what is nee<led in every family — 'the unsophisticated word of God.* 
 
 " The size is (juaito, printed with beautiful type, on white, sized vellum paper, of the finest texture 
 and most beautiful surface. The publishers seem to have been solicitous to make a perfectly 
 unique book, and they have accomplished the object very successfully. We trust that a liberal 
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 rily incurred in its publication. It is a standard Bible. 
 
 "The publishers are Messrs. Lippincott, Grambo <k Co., No. 14 North Fourth street, Philadel- 
 phia." — Baptist Record. 
 
 "A beautiful quarto edition of the Bible, by L., G. & Co. Nothing can exceed the type in clear 
 ness and beauty ; the paper is of the finest texture, and the whole executi<m is exceeuingly neat. 
 No illustrations or ornamental type are used. Those who prefer a Bible executed in perfect sim- 
 plicity, yet elegance of style, without adornment, will probably never find one more to their tast» " 
 ■ •*'Ai. Mayazine. 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 LIPPINCOTT'S EDITIONS OF 
 
 THE HOLY BIBLE. 
 
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 over fifty steel engravings, by the first artists. 
 
 Baxter's Comprehensive Bible, 
 
 Royal quarto, containing the various readings and marginal notes ; disquisitions on the genuineness, 
 authenticity, and inspiration of the Holy Scriptures ; introductory and concluding remarks to each 
 book ; philological and explanatory notes ; table ol contents, arranged in historical order ; a cliro- 
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 Sabbath-school teachers, and students. 
 
 In neat plain bmding, from $4 00 to $.*; 00. — In Turkey morocco, extra, gilt edges, from 18 00 to 
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 minations, $15 00 to J25 00. 
 
 The Oxford Quarto Bible, 
 
 Without note or comment, universally admitted to be tlie most beautiful Bible extant. 
 In neat plain binding, from $4 00 to $5 00. — In Turkey morocco, extra, gilt edges, $8 00 to $12 00. 
 — In do., with steel engravings, $10 00 to $15 00. — In do., clasps, (tc, with plates and illuminar 
 tions, 115 00 to $25 00. — In rich velvet, with gilt ornaments, $25 00 to $50 00. 
 
 Crown Octavo Bible, 
 
 Printed with large clear t\-pe, making a most convenient hand Bible for family use. 
 In neat plain binding, from 75 cents to $1 .'iO. — In English Turkey morocco, gilt edges, $1 00 to 
 •2 00. — In do., imitation, <fec., $1 60 to $3 00. — In do., clasps, <tc., $2 50 to $5 00.— In rich velvet, 
 with gilt ornaments, $5 00 to $10 00, 
 
 The Sunday-School Teacher's Polyglot Bible, with Maps, &c., 
 
 In neat plain binding, from 60 cents to $1 00. — In imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50. —In Turkey, 
 super extra, $1 75 to $2 25. — In do. do., with clasps, $2 50 to $3 75. — In jrelvet, rich gilt orna- 
 ments, $3 50 to $8 00. 
 
 The Oxford 18mo., or Pew Bible, 
 
 In neat plain binding, from 50 cents to $1 00. — In imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to tl 50. — In Turkey 
 super extra, $1 75 to $2 25. — In do. do., with clasps, $2 50 to $3 75. — In velvet, rich gilt ornat 
 ments, $3 50 to $8 00. 
 
 Agate 32mo. Bible, 
 
 Printed with larger type than any other small or pocket edition extant. 
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 In roan, imitation gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50. —In Turkey, super extra, $1 00 to $2 00. — In do. de 
 gilt clasps, $2 50 to $3 50. — In velvet, with rich gilt ornaments, $3 00 to $7 00. 
 
 82mo. Diamond Pocket Bible; 
 
 The neatest, smallest, and cheapest edition of the Bible published 
 In neat plain binding, from 30 to 50 cents.— In tucks, or pocket-book style, 60 cents to $1 00.- 
 In roan, imitation gilt edge, 75 cents to $1 25. —In Turkey, super extra, $1 00 to $1 50. —In do. do 
 gilt clasps, $1 50 to $2 00.— In velvet, with richly gilt oniaments, $2 50 to $6 00. 
 
 CONSTANTLY ON HAND, 
 
 A kirge assortment of BIBLES, bound in the most splendid and costly styles, with gold and silvei 
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 A liberal discount made to Booksellers and Agents by the Publishers. 
 
 ENCYCLOP/EDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE; 
 
 or., DICTIONARY OF THE BIBLE, THEOLOGY, RELIGIOUS BIOGRAPHY, ALL RELIGIONS, 
 ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, AND MISSIONS. 
 Designed as a complete Book of Reference on all Religious Subjects, and Companion to the Bible; 
 lorming a cheap and compact Library of Religious Knowledge. Edited by Rev. J. NewtoH Brown, 
 Illustrated by wood-cuts, maps, and engravings an 'copper and steel. In one volume, royal Svo. 
 Price. $4 00. p 
 
 6 
 
LIPPINCOTT, QRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Lippincott's Standard Editions of 
 
 THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. 
 
 IN SIX DIFFERENT SIZES. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH A NUMBER OF STEEL PLATES AND ILLUMINATIONS. 
 
 COMPREHENDiNQ THE MOST VARIED AND SPLENDID ASSORTMENT IN THB 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE ILLUMINATED OCTAVO PRAYER-BOOK, 
 
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 niuminations ; makuig one of the most spl«udul books published. To be had in any variety of the 
 most superb bindiug, ranging in prices. 
 
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 8vo. 
 
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 »ents, $5 00 to $12 00. 
 
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 pit ornaments, $3 00 to $7 00. 
 
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 to $1 00. —Turkey, sufier extra, with gilt edge, $1 00 to $1 50. — Pocket-book style, 60 to 75 cents. 
 
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 gilt ornaments, $3 00 to $7 00. 
 
 THE BIBLE AND PRAYER-BOOK, 
 
 In one neat and portable volume. 
 
 32mo., in neat plain binding, from 75 cents to $1 00. — In imitation Turkey, $1 00 to $1 SO.~&i 
 Turkey, super extra, $1 50 to $2 50. 
 
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 extra, $1 75 to $3 00. Also, with clasps, velvet, ice. <tc. 
 
 The Errors of Modern Infidelity Illustrated and Refuted. 
 
 BY S. JVC. SCHIVIUOKER, A. IVT. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. ; cloth. Just published. 
 
 We cannot but regard this work, in whatever light we view it in reference to its design, as one 
 of the most masterly productions of the age, and fitted to uproot one of the most fondly cherished 
 and dangerous of ail ancient or modem errors. God must bless such a work, armed with his own 
 truth, and doing fierce and successful battle against black infidelity, which would bring His Majesty 
 aad Word down to the tribunal of human reason, for condemnation and annihilation.— 4U>. Spectator 
 
IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 ANECDOTES ILLUSTRATIVE OF TKE CHARACTER OF MINISTERS OF REL^ 
 GION IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 BY JOSEPH BELCHER, D. D., 
 
 Editor of "The Complete Works of Andrew Fuller," "Robert Hall," &c. 
 
 "This very interestinar and instructive co'.lection of p1easinj» and solemn remembrances o( many 
 pious men, illustrates the character of the day in which they lived, and defines the men iwa» 
 clearly tlian very elaborate essays." — Baltimore American. 
 
 "We regard the coUectioa as highly interesting, and judiciously maCie ."— Presbyterian. 
 
 JOSEPHUS'S (FLAVIUS) WORKS, 
 
 FAMILY EDITION. 
 BY THE LATE -WILLIAIVI WHISTOST, A. M. 
 
 FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION, COMPLETE. 
 
 One volume, beautifully illustrated with Steel Plates, and the only readable editi(»i 
 
 published in this country. 
 
 As a matter of course, every family in our country has a copy of the Holy Bible ; and as the pre- 
 tunr.ption is that the greater portion often consult its payres, we take the liberty of saying to all those 
 that do, that the perusal of the writings of Josephus will be found very interesting and instructive. 
 
 All those who wish to possess a beautiful and correct copy of this valuable work, would do well 
 to purchase this edition. It is for sale at all the principal bookstores in the United States, and hf 
 uKintry merchants generally in the Southern axA Western Slates. 
 
 Also, the above work in two volumes. 
 
 BURDER^S VILLAGE SERMONS; 
 
 Or, 101 Plain and Short Discourses on the Principal Doctrines of the Gospel. 
 
 INTENDED FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES, SUNDAY-SCHOOLS, OR COMPANIES ASSSM- 
 BLED FOR RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION IN COUNTRY VILLAGES. 
 
 BY GEORGE BURDER. , 
 
 To which is added to each Sermon, a Short Prayer, with some General Prayers for Familiee, 
 Schools, <kc., at the end of the work. 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 These sermons, which are characterized by a beautiful simplicity, the entire alxsence of contro- 
 versy, and a true evangelical spirit, have gone through many and large editions, and been translated 
 mto several of the continental languages. " They have also been the honoured means not only of 
 eonverting many individuals, but also of introducing the Gospel into districts, and even iato parish 
 ehurches, where before it was comparatively unknown." 
 " This work fully deserves the immortality it has attained." 
 
 This is a fine library edition of this invaluable work ; and when we say that it should be found in 
 the possession of every family, we only reiterate the sentiments and sincere wishes of ail who take 
 • deep interest in the eternal welfare of mankind. 
 
 FAMILY PRAYERS AND HYMNS, 
 
 ADAPTED TO FAMILY WORSHIP, 
 AND 
 
 TABLES FOR THE REGULAR READING OF THE SCRIPTURES. 
 
 By Rev. S. C. Winchester, A. M., 
 
 Late Pastor of the Sixth Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia ; and the Presbyterian Chnrcli m 
 
 Natchez, Miss. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 
IIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 SPLENDID LIBRARY EDITIONS. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED STANDARD POETS. 
 
 ELEGANTLY PRINTED, ON FINE PAPER, AND UNIFORM IN SIZE AND 
 
 STYLE. 
 
 Tlie following E<litions of Standard British Poets are illustrated with numerous Sle«l 
 
 Engravings, and may be had in all varieties of binding. 
 
 BYRON'S WORKS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLU M E , O CT A VO . 
 
 INCLUDING ALL HIS SUPPRESSED AND ATTRIBUTED POEMS ; WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL 
 ENGRAVINGS. 
 This edition has been carefully compared with the recent London edition of Mr. Murray, and 
 made conipieie by the addition of more than fifty pag;es of, poems heretofore unpublished in Eng- 
 land. Among these there -are a number that have never appeared in any American edition; and 
 the publishers believe they are warranted in saying that tlus is the most complete edition of Lord 
 Byron's Poetical Works ever published in the United States. 
 
 €\)t l^oetiml 3Borb nf Mts, lemons. 
 
 Complete in one volume, octavo ; with seven beautiful Engravings. 
 
 This is a new and complete edition, with a splendid engraved likeness of Mrs. Hemans, on steel, 
 and contains all the Poems in the last London and Ameriqan editions. With a Critical Preface by 
 Mr. Thatcher, of Boston. 
 
 "As no work in the English language can be commended with more confidence, it will argue bad 
 taste m a female in this country to be without a complete edition of the writings of one who waa 
 an honour to her sex and to humanity, and whose productions, from first to last, contain no syllable . 
 calculated to call a blush to the cheek of modesty and virtue. There is, moreover, in Mrs. Hemans'a 
 poetry, -a moral purity and a religious feeling which commend it, in an especial manner, to the dis- 
 criminating reader. No parent or guardian will be under the necessityjof imposing restrictions 
 with regard to the free perusal of every production emanating from this gifted woman. There 
 breathes throughout the whole a most eminent exemption from impropriety of thought or diction ; 
 and there is at times a pensiveness of tone, a winning sadness in her more serious compositions, 
 which tells of a soul wliich has been lifted from the contemplation of terrestrial things, to divine 
 Komraunings with beings of a purer world." 
 
 MILTON, YOUNG, GRAY, BEATTIE, AND COLLINS'S 
 POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 COMrLETB IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 Including two hundred and fifty Letters, and sundry Poems of Cowper, never before published ie 
 
 this country ; and of Thomson a new and interesting Memoir, and upwards of twenty 
 
 new Poems, for the first time printed from his own Manuscripts, taken from 
 
 a late Edition of the Aldine Poets, now publishing in London. 
 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS, 
 
 The distinguished Profes.sor Silliman, speaking of this edition, observes : " I am as much gratifiea 
 by the elegance and fine taste of your edition, as by the noble tribute of genius and moral «xc«l- 
 lence which these delightful authors have left for all future generations ; and Cowper, espjutially, 
 is not less conspicuous as a true Christian, mwalist and teacher, than as a poet of great poww and 
 exquisite taste." 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OF ROGERS, CAMPBELL, MONTGOMERY, 
 LAMB, AND KIRKE WHITE. 
 
 COMPLETS IN ONK VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 The beauty, correctness, and convenience of this favourite edition of these standard authors arc 
 •o well known, that it is scarcely necessary to add a word in its favour. It is only necessary to say, 
 that the publishers have now issued an illustrated edition, which greatly enhances its former valoe. 
 The engravings are excellent and well selected. It is the best library edition extant. 
 
 CRABBE, HEBER, AND POLLOK'S POETICAL WORKS. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 WITH SIX BEAUTIFUL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 A writer in the Boston Traveller holds the following language with reference to these valuable 
 editions : — 
 
 ** Mr. Editor : — I wish, without any idea of puffing, to say a word or two upon the ' Library of 
 English Poets' thnt is now published at Philadelphia, by Lippincott, Grambo <t Co. It is certainly, 
 taking into consideration the elegant manner in which it is printed, and the reasonable price at 
 which it is afforded to purchasers, the best edition of the modem British Poets that has ever beea 
 published in this country. Each volume is an octavo of about 500 pages, double columns, steneo- 
 typed, and accompanied vnth fine engravings and biographical sketches ; and most of them are 
 reprinted from Galignani's French edition. As to its value, we need only mention that it contains 
 the entire works of Montgomery, Gray, Beattie, Collins, Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Milton, Voung, 
 Kogers, Campbell, Lamb, Hemans, Heber, Kirke White, Crabbe, the Miscellaneous Works of Gold- 
 smith, and other masters of the lyre. The publishers are doing a great service by their publication, 
 and their volumes are almost in as great demand as the fashionable novels of the day ; and they 
 deserve to be so : for they are certainly printed in a style superior to that in which we have before 
 had the works of the English Poets." 
 
 No library can be considered complete without a copy of the above beautiful and cheap editions 
 of the English Poets ; and persons ordering all or any of them, will please say Lippincott, Grambo 
 A Co.'s illustrated editions. 
 
 A COMPLETE 
 
 lirtinnnri] of ^mlml <hmMms: 
 
 COMPRISING THE MOST EXCELLENT AND APPROPRIATE PASSAGES IN 
 THE OLD BRITISH POETS; WITH CHOICE AND COPIOUS SELEC- 
 TIONS FROM THE BEST MODERN BRITISH AND 
 AMERICAN POETS. 
 EDITED BY SARAH JOSEPHA HALE. 
 As nightingales do upon glow-worms feed, 
 So poets live upon the living light 
 Of Nature and of Beauty. 
 
 BaHey's Festus. 
 
 Beautifully illustrated with Engravings. In one euper-royal octavo volume, in various 
 
 bindings. 
 
 The publishers extract, from the many highly complimentary notices of the above valuable and 
 beautiful work, the following : 
 
 " We have at last a volume of Poetical Quotations worthy of the name. It contains nearly six 
 hundred octavo pages, carefully and tastefully selected from all the home and foreign authors of 
 celebrity. It is mvaluable to a writer, wliile to the ordinary reader it presents every subject at a 
 glance." — Godey^s Lady's Book. 
 
 " The plan or idea of Mrs. Hale's work is felicitous. It is one for which her fine taste, her orderly 
 habits of mind, and her long occupation with literature, has given her peculiar facilities ; and tho- 
 roughly has she accomplished her task in the work before \is." — Sar lam's Magazine. 
 
 "It is a choice collection of poetical extracts from every English and American author worth 
 perusing, froto the days of Chaucer to the present time." —Washington Union. 
 
 ** There is nothing negative about this work ; it is positively good."— Evening Bulletin. 
 
 10 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONa 
 
 THE DIAMOND E_DjJION OF BYRON. 
 THE POETICAL WORKS OE LORD BYRON, 
 
 "WITH A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE. 
 
 COMPLETE! IN ONF NSAT DUODECIMO VOLUME, WITH STEEL PLATES. 
 
 The type of this etJition is so perfect, and it is printed with so much care, on fine white paper, 
 that it can be read with as much ease as most of the largrer editions. This work is to be had ia 
 phiin and superb bindiuR, making a beautiful volume for a g^ift. 
 
 " The Poetical Works of Lord Byron, complete in one volume : published by L., 6. <fe Co., Phila' 
 delphia. We hazard nothinjr in saying: that, take it altogether, this is the most elegant work ever 
 issued from the American press. 
 
 "'In a single volume, not larger than an ordinary duodecimo, the publishers have embraced th« 
 whole of Lord Byron's Poems, tisually printed in ten or twelve volumes ; and, what is more remark- 
 able, have done it with a type so clear and distinct, that, notwithstanding its necessarily small size, 
 it may be read with the utmost facility, even bv failing eyes. The book is stereotyped ; and never 
 have we seen a finer specunen of that art. ilverythiug about it is perfect — the paper, the print- 
 ing, the binding, all corresi>ond with each other ; and it is embelhshed with two fine engravings, 
 well worthy the companionship in which they are placed. 
 
 " ' This will make a beautiful Christmas present.' 
 
 " We extract the above from Godey's Lady's Book. The notice itself, we are given to understand, 
 is written by Mrs. Hale. 
 
 " We have to add our commendation in favour of this beautiful volume, a copy of which has 
 been sent us by the publishers. The admirers of the noble bard will feel obliged to the enterprise 
 which has |)rompted the publishers to dare a competition with the numerous editions of his works 
 already in circulation; and wc shall be surprised if this convenient traveUing edition does not in a 
 great degree supersede the use of the large octavo works, which have little advantage in size ana 
 openness of type, and are much inferior in the qualities of portability and Ughtness." — Intelligencer. 
 
 THE DIAIVIOND EDITION OF MOORE. 
 
 (CORRESPONDINQ WITH BYRON.) 
 
 THE POETICAL WORKSHOP THOMAS MOORE, 
 
 COLLECTED BY HIMSELF. 
 
 COMPLETE IN ONE VOLUME. 
 
 Tnis work is published uniform with Byron, from the last London edition, and is the most com- 
 plete printed in the country. 
 
 THE DIAMOND EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE, 
 
 (complete in ONE VOLUME,) 
 
 z2srci.xjDi£a-a a. sicbtcbl of his ZiIfs. 
 
 UNIFORM WITH BYRON AND MOORE. 
 THE ABOVE WORKS CAN BE HAD IN SEVERAt VARIETIES OF BINDING. 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S ANIMATED NATURE. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES, OCTAVO. 
 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH 385 PLATES. 
 
 CONTAINING A HISTORY OF THE EARTH, ANIMALS, BIRDS, AND FISHES; FORMING 
 
 THE MOST COMPLETE NATURAL HISTORY EVER PUBLISHED. 
 
 This is a work that should be in the library of every family, having been written by one of the 
 
 most talented authors in the English language. 
 
 " Goldsmith can never be made obsolete while delicate genius, exquisite feeling, fine inventiw^ 
 the most harmonious metre, and the liappiest diction, are at all valued." 
 
 BIGLAND'S NATURAL HISTORY 
 
 Of Animal*, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles, and Insects. Illustrated with numerous and beautiful Engrav 
 
 ings. By JOHN BIGLAND, author of a " View of the World," " Letters on 
 
 Uaiversal History," (ke. Complete in 1 vol,. 12nK>. 
 
 11 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE POWER AND PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES; Its Power and Progress. 
 
 BY GUIIiLAU3VIE TELL POUSSIN, 
 
 LATE MINISTER OF THE REPUBLIC OF FRANCE TO THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 FIRST AMERICAN, FROM THE THIRD PARIS EDITION. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY EDMOND L. DU BARRY, M. D., 
 
 SURGEON U. S. NAVY. 
 
 In one large octavo volume. 
 
 SCHOOLCRAFT'S GREAT NATIONAL WORK ON THE INDIAN TRIBES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 WITH BEAUTIFUL AND ACCURATE COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION 
 
 •RESPBCTING THE 
 
 HISTORY, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 inblau €nh3 dWjt^nlUh $hUs, 
 
 COLLECTED AND PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN 
 AFFAIRS, PER ACT OF MARCH 3, 1847, 
 
 BIT SZIXTRir B. SCHOOZiCRiLFT, X.Z..D. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY S. EASTMAN, Capt. U. S. A. 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 THE AMERICAN GARDENERS CALENDAR, 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE AND SEASONS OF THE LT^ITED STATES. 
 
 Containing a complete account of all the work necessary to be done in the Kitchen Garden, Frait 
 Garden, Orchard, Vineyard, Nursery, Pleasure-Ground, Flower Garden, Green-house, Hot-house, 
 and Forcing Frames, for every month in the year ; with ample Practical Directions for performing 
 the same. 
 
 Also, general as well as minute instructions for laying out or erecting each and every of the above 
 departments, according to modern taste and the most approved plans ; the Ornamental Planting of 
 Pleasure Grounds, in the ancient and modern style ; the cultivation of Thorn Quicks, and other 
 plants suitable for Live Hedges, with the best methods of making them, 6lc. To which are annexe 
 catalogues of Kitchen Garden Plants and Herbs; Aromatic, Pot, and Sweet Herbs; Medicinal 
 Plants, and the most important Grapes, &c., used in rural economy; with the soil best adapted to 
 tlieir cultivation. Together with a copious Index to the body of the work. 
 
 BY BERNARD M'MAHON. 
 Tenth Edition, greatly improved. In one volume, octavo. 
 
 THE USEFUL AND THE BEAUTIEUL ; 
 
 OK. DOMESTIC AND MORAL DUTIES NECESSARY TO SOCIAL HAPPINESS. 
 
 BEAUTIFULLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 lOmo. square cloth. Price 60 and 75 cents. 
 
 12 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE FARMER'S AND PLANTER'S ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 
 
 €)^ famtf^ atiJr ^ktittr's fnrt{rln{itcMa nf Eural affairs* 
 
 BY CUTHBERT W. JOHNSON. 
 ADAPTED TO THE UNITED STATES BY GOUVERNEUR EMERSON. 
 
 Illustrated by seventeen beautiful Engravings of Cattle, Horses, She«p, the varieties of Wheat, 
 Barley, Oats, Grasses, the Weeds of Agriculture, <5tc. ; besides numerous Engrav- 
 ings on wood of the most important implements of Agriculture, Sic. 
 Tliis standard work contains the latest and best information upon all subjects connected with 
 farming, and appertaining to the country ; treating of the great crops of grain, hay, cotton, hemp, 
 tobacco, rice, sugar, <kc. <fec. ; of horses and mules ; of cattle, with minute particulars relating to 
 cliecse and butter-making; of fowls, including a description of capon-making, with drawings of the 
 instruments employed ; of bees, and the Russian and other systems of managing bees and con- 
 Btmcting hives. I<ong articles on the uses and preparation of bones, lime, guano, and all sorts of 
 animal, mineral, and vegetable substances employed as manures. Descriptions of the most approved 
 ploughs, harrows, threshers, and every other agricultural machine and implement ; of fruit and 
 shade trees, forest trees, and shrubs; of weeds, and all kinds of flies, and destructive worms and 
 insects, and the best means of getting rid of them; together with a thousand other matters relating 
 to rural life, about which information is so constantly desired by all residents of the country. 
 IN ONE LARGE OCTAVO VOLUME. 
 
 MASON'S FARRIER-FARMERS' EDITION. 
 
 Price, 62 cents. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL FAR-RIER, FOR FARMERS: 
 
 COMPRISINQ A GENERAL BESCRIPTION OF THE NOni.E AND USEFUL ANIMAl., 
 
 THE HORSE; 
 
 WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATMENT IN DISEASE. 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED, 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES j AND AN APPENDIX, 
 
 Ctmtaining Recipes for Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves^ Sheep, Dogs, Swine, &c. &c. 
 
 BV nZCHiVXlD MuQlSOSJ, M.D., 
 
 Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo.; bound in cloth, gilt. 
 
 MASON'S FARRIER AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION. 
 
 THE GENTLEMAN'S NEW POCKET FARRIER: 
 
 COMPRISINO A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE NOBLE AND USEFUL ANIMAL, 
 
 THEHORSE; 
 
 WITH MODES OF MANAGEMENT IN ALL CASES, AND TREATJIENT IN DISEASE. 
 
 BV BZCHAHD T/lASOl^f M.D., 
 
 Formerly of Surry County, Virginia. 
 
 */o which is added, A PRIZE ESSAY ON MULES; and AN APPENDIX, containing Recipes lot 
 
 i Diseases of Horses, Oxen, Cows, Calves, Sheep, Dogs, Swine, <fec. &c. ; with Annals 
 
 of the Turf, American Stud-Book, Rules for Training, Racing, <fec 
 
 WITH A- SUPPLEMENT, 
 
 Comprising an Essay on Domestic Animals, especially the Horse ; with Remarks on Treatment aiM 
 
 Breeding ; together with Trotting and Racing Tables, show ing the best time on record at on« 
 
 two, three and four mile heats ; Pedigrees of Winnir.a: Horses, since 1839, and of the most 
 
 celebrated Stallions and Mares ; with usefHl Calving and Lambing Tables. By 
 
 J. S. SKINNER, Editor now of the Farmer's Library, New York, &c. <Jto. 
 
 13 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO & CO.'S PCBLICATIONS. 
 
 HINDS'S FARRIERY AND STUD-BOOK-NEW EDITION 
 
 FARRIERY, 
 
 TAUGHT ON A NEW AND EASY PLAN: 
 
 BEING 
 
 a €mlm m tjiB ¥imm Eni arritoiits nf tjiB Mmt; 
 
 With Instructions to the Shoeing Smith, Farrier, and Groom ; preceded by a Popular Description oi 
 the Animal Functions in Health, and how these are to be restored when disordered. 
 
 BY JOHN HINDS, VETERINARY SURGEON. 
 
 With considerable Additions and Improvements, particularly adapted to this country, 
 
 BY THOMAS M. SMITH, 
 
 Veterinary Surgeon, and Member of the London Veterinary Medical Society. 
 
 WITH A SUPPLEMENT, BY J. S. SKINNER. 
 
 The publishers have received numerous flattering notices of the great practical value of these 
 
 works. The distinguished editor of the American Farmer, speaking of them, observes: — "Wo 
 
 cannot too highly recommend these books, and therefore advise every ovmer of a horse to obtain 
 
 them." I 
 
 "There are receipts in those books that show how Founder may be cured, and the traveller pur- 
 sue his journey the next day, by giving a tablespoonful of alum. This was got from Dr. P. Thornton. 
 of Montpelier, Rappahannock county, Virginia, as founded on his ovm observation in several cases." 
 
 " The constant demand for Mason's and Hinds's Farrier has induced the publishers, Messrs. Lip- 
 pincott. Granibo <fe Co., to put forth new editions, with a ' Supplement' of 100 pages, by J. S. Skinner, 
 Esq. We should have sought to render an acceptable service to our agricultural readers, by giving 
 a chapter from the Supplement, 'On the Relations between Man and the Domestic Animals, espe- 
 cially the Horse, and the Obligations they impose ;' or the one on ' The Form of Animals ;' but that 
 either one of thera would overrun the space here allotted to such subjects." 
 
 " Lists of Medicines, and other articles which ought to be at hand about every training and livery 
 stable, and every Farmer's and Breeder's establishment, will be found in these valuable works." 
 
 TO CARPENTERS AND MECHANICS 
 
 Just Published. 
 
 A NEW* AND IMPROVED EDITION OP 
 
 THE CARPENTER^S NEW GUIDE, 
 
 BEING A COMPLETE BOOK OF LINES FOR 
 
 jB.RFZ:irTB7 iiXTD JOZZTERV; 
 
 Treating fully on Practical Geometry, SaflRl's Brick and Plaster Groins, Niches of every drscription. 
 
 Sky-lights, Lines for Roofs and Domes ; with a great variety of Designs for Roofe, 
 
 Trussed Girders, Floors, Domes, Bndges. <tc., Angle Bars for Shop 
 
 Fronts, <kc., and Raking Mouldings. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 Additional Plans for various Stair-Cases, with the Lines for producing the Face and Falling Mould* 
 never before published, and greatly superior to those given in a former edition of this work. 
 
 BY WILLIAM JOHNSON, ARCHITECT, 
 
 OK PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 rhe Whole founded on true Geometrical Pnnciples ; the Theory and Practice well explained and 
 fully exemplified, on eighty-three copper plates, including some Observations and Calculations oa 
 ihe Strength of Timber. 
 
 BY PETER NIC HOLSON, 
 
 &«ittMt trf "The Carpenter and Jomer's Assistant," "The Student's Instructor to the P1f» 
 
 Orders," <kc. 
 
 Thirteenth Edition. Oiv5 volume, 4to., well bound. 
 
 14 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF SELECT AND POPULAR QUOTATIONS, 
 
 WHICH ARE IN DAILY USE. 
 
 TAKEN FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, GREEK, SPANISH AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Together with a copious Collection of Law Maxims and Law Terms, translated into 
 
 English, with Illustrations, Historical and Idiomatic. 
 
 NEW AMERICAN EDITION, CORRECTED, WITH ADDITIONS. 
 One volume, 1 2 m o . 
 
 This volume comprises a copious collection of legal and other terms which are in common use, 
 Vlh Eng;lish translations and historical illustrations; and we should judge its author had surely 
 
 een to a great "Feast of Languaf^es," and stole all the scraps. A work of this character should 
 liave an extensive sale, as it entirely obviates a serious difficulty in which most readers are involved 
 by the frequent o(;currence of Latin, Greek, and French passages, which we suppose are introduced 
 by authors for a mere show of learning— a difficulty very perplexing to readers in generaL This 
 " Dictionary of Quotations," concerning which too much cannot be said in its favour, effectually 
 removes the difficulty, and gives the reader an advantage over the author ; for we believe a majority 
 are themselves ignorant of the meaning of the terms they employ. Very few' truly learned authors 
 will insult their readers by introducing Latin or French quotations in their writings, when "plain 
 English" will do as well ; but we will not enlarge on this point. 
 
 If the book is useful to those unacquainted with other languages, it is no less valuable to the 
 classically educated as a book of reference, and answers all the purposes of a Lexicon — indeed, on 
 many accounts, it is better. It saves the trouble of tumbling over the larger volumes, to which 
 every one, and especially those engaged in the legal profession, are verv often subjected. It should 
 have a place in every library in the country. 
 
 RUSCHENBERGER'S NATURAL HISTORY', 
 
 COMPLETE, WITH NEW GLOSSARY. 
 
 EMBRACING ZOOLOGY, BOTANY AND GEOLOGYl 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND FAMILIES. 
 
 BIT -W. S. W. S.I7SOHESirBZ:nG£3H,£a:. D; 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 
 WITH NEARLY ONE THOUSAND ILLUSTRATIONS, AND A COPIOUS GLOSSARY. 
 
 VoL L contains Vertebrate Animals. Vol. II. contains Litervertebrate Animals, Botany, a}td Gtolog^ 
 
 A Beautiful and Valuable^Presentation Book. 
 
 THE POET'S OFFERING. • 
 
 EDITED BY MRS. HALE. 
 
 With a Portrait of the Editress, a Splendid Illuminated Title-Page, and Twelve Beautiful EngraT* 
 
 inge by Sartain. Bound in rich Turkey Morocco, and Extra Cloth, Gilt Edge. 
 
 To those who wish to make a present that will never lose its value, this will be found the most 
 dtssirable Gift- Book ever published. 
 
 " We commend it to all who desire to present a friend with a volume not only very beautiful, but 
 of soHd intrinsic value." — Washingtoii Union. 
 
 "A perfect treasury of the thoughts and fancies of the best English and American Poets. The 
 paper and printing are beautiful, and the binding rich, elegant, and substantial » the most sensible 
 and attractive of all the elegant gift-books we have seen." — Evening Bulhtin. 
 
 " The publishers deserve the thanks of the public for so happy a thought, so well executed. The 
 ^igravings are by the best artists, and the other portions of the work correspond in elegance." — 
 Public Ledger. 
 
 " Tiisie is no book of selections so diversified and appropriate within our knowledge." — Pennsylv'n. 
 
 " It is one of the most valuable as well as elegant books ever published in this country." — Godey'* 
 fjady't Book. 
 
 " Iv is the most beautifui and the most useful offering ever bestowed on the public. No individual 
 gfU^raxy taste Wiil venture to be without it."— The City Item. 
 
 15 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE YOUNG DOMINICAN; 
 OR, THE MYSTERIES OF THE INQUISITION, 
 
 AND OTHER SECRET SOCIETIES OF SPAIN. 
 BY M. V. DE FEREAL. 
 
 WITH HISTORICAL NOTES. BY M. MANUEL DE CUENDIAS 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH. 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY SPLENDID ENGKAVING3 BY FRENCH ARTISTS 
 
 One volume, octavo. 
 
 SAY'S POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 A TREATISE ON POLITICAL ECONOMY; 
 Or, The Production, Distribution and Consumption of Wealth. 
 
 BIT JE.aN BiLFTZSTS SATT. 
 
 FIFTH AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES, 
 BY C. C. BIDDLE, Esq. 
 
 In one volume, octavo. 
 
 It would be beneficial to our country if all those who are aspiring to office, were required by thetr 
 constituents to be familiar with the pa^es of Say. 
 
 The distinguishe<l"biographer of the author, in noticing this work, observes : " Happily for scienco 
 he commenced that study which forms t)ie basis of his admirable Treatise on Political Economy ; « 
 work which not only improved under his hand with every successive edition, but has been translated 
 into most of the European languages." 
 
 The Editor of the North American Review, speaking of Say, observes, that "he is the moat 
 popular, and perhaps the most able writer on Political Economy, since the time of Smith." 
 
 LAURENCE STERNE'S WORKS, 
 
 WITH A LIFE OF THE AUTHOR: 
 
 WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. 
 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, ENGRAVED BY GILBERT AND GIHON, 
 FROM DESIGNS BY DARLEY. 
 
 One volume, octavo; cloth, gilt. 
 
 To commend or to criticise Sterne's Works, in this age of the world, would be all " wasteful and 
 extravagant excess." Uncle Toby — Ck)rpoml Trim — the Widow — Le Fevre— Poor Maria— the 
 Captive — even the Dead Ass, — this is all we have to say of Sterne; and in the memory of these 
 characters, histories, and sketches, a thousand follies and worse than follies are forgotten. The 
 volume is a very handsome one. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR AND ITS HEROES, 
 
 A COIIPLETE IIISTORy'of'tHE MEXICAN WAR, 
 
 EMBRACING ALL THE OPERATIONS UNDER GENERALS TAYLOR AND SCOTT. 
 
 WITH A BIOGRAPHY OF THE OFFICERS. 
 
 ALSO, 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA AND NEW MEXICO, 
 
 t'oder Gen. Kearny, Cols. Doniphan and Fremont. Together with Numerous Anecxlotes of th« 
 
 War, and Personal Adventures of the Officers. Illustrated with Accurate 
 
 Portraits, and other Beautiful Engravijigs. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. " 
 1ft 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 NEW AND COMPLETE COOK-BOOK. 
 
 THE PRACTICAL COOK-BOOK, 
 
 CONTAINING UPWARDS OF 
 
 osrz: TuoTjSAnrTy rzscsifts, 
 
 Consisting of Directions for Selecting, Preparing, and Cooking all kinds of Meats, Fish. Poultry, an 
 
 Game ; Soups, Broths, Vegetables, and Salads. Also, for making all kinds of Plain and 
 
 Fancy Breads, Pastes, Puddings, Cakes, Creams, Ices, Jellies, Preserves, Marmar 
 
 lades, <kc. <kc. &c. Together with various Miscellaneous Recipes, 
 
 and numerous Preparations for Invalids. 
 
 BY MRS. BLISS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 BY J. B. JONES, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "WILD WESTERN SCENES," "THE WESTERN MERCHANT," Ac 
 ILLUSTRATED WITH TEN ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 EL PUCHERO; or, A Mixed Dish from Mexico. 
 
 EMBRACING GENERAL SCOTT'S CAMPAIGN, WITH SKETCHES OF MILITARY LIFE W 
 
 FIELD AND CAMP; OF THE CHARACTER OF THE COUNTRY, M^VNNERS 
 
 AND WAYS OF THE PEOPLE, &c. 
 
 BY RICHARD M'SHERRY, M. D., U. S. N., 
 
 LATK ACTING SURGEON OF REGIMENT OF MA RINKS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 MONEY-BAGS AND TITLES : 
 
 A HIT AT THE FOLLIES OF THE AGE. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH OP JULES SANDEAU. 
 
 BY LEONARD MYERS. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 " 'Money-Bags and Titles' is quite a remarkable work, amounts to a kindly exposure of the folly 
 of human pride, and also presents at once the evil and the remedy. If good-natured ridicule of 
 tho impostures practised by a set of self-styled reformers, who have nothing to lose, and to whom 
 change must be gain— if, in short, a delineation of the mistaken ideas which prevent, and the 
 means which conduce to happiness, be traits deserving of commendation, — the reader will find 
 much to enlist his attention and win his approbation in the pages of this unpretending, but truly 
 meritorious publication." 
 
 WHAT IS CHURCH HISTORY? 
 
 AVINDICATION OF THE IDEA OF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS. 
 
 BY PHILIP SCHAF. 
 
 TRANSLATED PROM THE GERMAN. 
 
 )lun] 
 
 17 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 DODD'S LECTURES. 
 
 DISCOURSES TO YOUNG MEN. ' 
 
 ILLUSTRATED BY NUMEROUS HIGHLY INTERESTING ANECDOTES. 
 
 BY "WIIiLIAIVI DODD, IiL. D., 
 
 CHAPLAIN IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY GEORGE THE THIRD. 
 FIRST AMERICAN EDITION, WITH ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 One volume, ISino. 
 
 THE IRIS: 
 
 AN ORIGINAL SOUVENIR. 
 With Contributions from tlie First Writers in the Country. 
 
 EDITED BY PHOF. JOHN S. HART. 
 
 With Splendid Illuminations and Steel Engravings. . Bound in Turkey Morocco and rich Papier 
 
 Mache Binding. 
 
 IN ONE VOLUME, OCTAVO. 
 
 Its contents are entirely original. Among the contributors are names well known in the republia 
 
 of letters ; such as Mr. Boker, Mr. Stoddard, Prof. Moffat, Edith May, Mrs. Sigourney, Caroline May, 
 
 Mrs. Kinney, Mrs. Butler, Mrs. Pease, Mrs. Swift, Jlr. Van Bibber, Rev. Charles T. Brooks, Mrs. 
 
 Dorr, Erastus W. Ellswortli, Miss E. W. Barnes, Mrs. Williams, Mary Young, Dr. Gardette, Alio* 
 
 Carey, Phebe Carey, Augusta Browne, Hamilton Browne, Caroline Eustis, Margaret Junkin, Maria 
 
 J. B. Browne, Miss Starr, Mrs. Brotherson, Kate Campbell, <kc. 
 
 (Bms from tlje $mth Mint; 
 
 OR; HOLY THOUGHTS UPON. SACRED SUBJECTS. 
 
 * EY CLERGYMEN OF THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH. 
 
 EDITED BY THOMAS WYATT, A.M. 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 WITH SEVEN BEAUTIFUL STEEL ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 The contents of this work are chiefly by clergymen of the Episcopal Church. Among the con- 
 tributors will be found the names of the Right Rev. Bishop Potter, Bishop Hopkins, Bishop Smith, 
 Bishop Johns, and Bishop Doane ; and the Rev. Drs. H. V. D. Johns, Coleman, and Butler ; Rev. G. 
 T. Bedell, M'Cabe, Ogilsby, ice. The illustrations are rich and exquisitely wrought engravings upon 
 tue following subjects:— "Samuel before Eli," "Peter and John healing the Lame Man," "The 
 Resurrection of Christ," "Joseph sold by his Bretliren," "The Tables of the Law," "Christ'« 
 Agony in the Garden," and " The Flight into Egypt." These subjects, with many others in proM 
 and verse, are ably treated throughout the work. 
 
 HAW-HO-NOO: 
 
 OR, THE RECORDS OE A TOURIST. 
 
 BY CHARLES LANMAN, 
 Author of " A Summer in the Wildernees," &c. In one volume, 12mo. 
 " In the present book, •Hato-ho-noo,' (an Indian name, by the way, for America,) the author has 
 ^thered up some of the relics of his former tours, and added to them other interesting matter, h 
 contains a numt>er of carefully written and instructive articles upon the various kinds offish in o\t 
 country, whose capture affords sport for anglers ; reminiscences of unique incidents, manners, and 
 customs in different parts of the country ; and other articles, narrative, descriptive, and sentimental. 
 In a supplement are gathered many curious Indian legends. They are related with great simplicity 
 and clearness, and will be of service hereafter to the poem-makers of America. Many of them are 
 quite \)eauii(ul" — National Intelligencer. 
 
 18 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 lONZ POWERS; Or, The Regulators. 
 A ROMANCE OF KENTUCKY. 
 
 FOUNDED ON FACTS. 
 
 BY JA3VXES 'WEIR, ESQ. 
 
 IN TWO VOLUMES. 
 The scenes, characters, and incidents in these volumes have been copied from nature, and from 
 teal Ufe. They are represented as taking place at that period in the history of Kentucky, when 
 the Indian, driven, after many a hard-fought field, from his favourite hunting-ground, was succeeded 
 by a rude and unlettered population, interspersed with organized bands of desperadoes, sca?cely 
 less savage than the red men they had displaced. The author possesses a vigorous and grapliic 
 pen, and has produced a very interesting romance, which gives us a striking portrait of the timea 
 he describes. 
 
 THE WESTERN MERCHANT 
 
 A NAEEATIVE, 
 
 Containing useful Instruction for the Western Man of Business, who makes his Purchases in the 
 East. Also, Information for the Eastern Man, whose Customers are in the West. 
 Likewise, Hints for those who design emigrating to the West. De- 
 duced from actiial experience. 
 
 BY LUEB SHORTTIELD, A WESTERN MERCHANT. 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 
 This is a new work, and will be found very interesting to the Country Merchant, <fec. Ac. 
 
 A sprightly, pleasant book, with a vast amount of information in a very agreeable shape. Ba»l- 
 osss. Love, and Religion are all discussed, and many proper sentiments expressed in regard to each. 
 The " moral" of the work is summed up in the followmg concluding sentences : " Adhere stead- 
 ftstly to your business ; adliere steadfastly to your first love ; adhere steadfastly to the cnurch." 
 
 A MANUxVL OF POLITENESS, 
 
 COMPRISING THK 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF ETIQUETTE AND RULES OF BEHAVIOUR 
 
 IN GENTEEL SOCIETY, FOR PERSONS OF BOTH SEXES. 
 
 l^mo., with Plates. 
 
 Book of Politeness. 
 
 THE GENTLEMAN AND LADY'S 
 BOOK OF POLITENESS AND PROPRIETY OF DEPORTMENl 
 
 DEDICATED TO THE YOUTH OP BOTH SEXES. 
 BY 3VIADAIVIE CELNART. 
 
 Translated from the Sixth Paris Edition, Enlarged and Improved 
 Fifth American Edition. 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 THE ANTEDILUVIANS; Or, The World Destroyed. 
 
 A NAREATIVE POEM, IN TEN BOOKS. 
 BY JAMES M'HENRY, M.D.. 
 % One volume, 18mo 
 
 19 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Bennett's (Rev. John) letters to a Young Lady, 
 
 ON A VARIETY OF SUBJECTS CALCULATED TO IMPROVE THE HEART, 
 TO FORM THE MANNERS, AND ENLIGHTEN THE UNDERSTANDING. 
 
 "That our daughters may be as polished comers of the temple." 
 The publishers sincerely hope (for the happiness of mankind) that a copy of this valuable litll* 
 work will be found the companion of every young lady, as much of the happiness of every family 
 depends on the proper cultivation of the female mind. 
 
 THE DAUGHTER'S OWN BOOK: 
 
 OR, PRACTICAL HllfrS FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER. 
 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 This is one of the most practical and truly valuable treatises on the culture and discipline of the 
 (bmale mind, which has hitherto been published in this couHtry ; and the publishers are very confi« 
 dent, from the great demand for this invaluable little work, that ere long it will be found in the 
 library of every young lady. 
 
 THE AMERICAN chesterfield: 
 
 Or, "Youth's Guide to the Way to Wealth, Honour, and Distinction," fo. 18nio. 
 
 OONTAININQ ALSO A COMPLETE TEEATISE ON THE ART OP CARVING. 
 
 "We most cordially recommend the American Chesterfield to general attention; but to young 
 persons particularly, as one of the best works of the kind that has ever been published in thia 
 country. It cannot be too highly appreciated, nor its perusal be unproductive of satisfaction aad 
 Qjsefulness." 
 
 SENECA'S MORALS. 
 
 BY WAY OF ABSTRACT TO WHICH IS ADDED, A DISCOURSE UNDER 
 THE TITLE OP AN AFTER-THOUGHT. 
 
 BY SIR ROGER L'ESTRANGE, KNT. 
 
 A new, fine edition ; one volume, 18mo. 
 A oopy of this valuable little work should be found in every family library. 
 
 NEW SONG-BOOK. 
 
 drigg's lonttiera nnh 'Btslm $mpln', 
 
 BEING A CHOICE COLLECTION OF THE MOST FASHIONABLE SONGS, MANY OF WHICH 
 AKE ORIGINAL. 
 
 In one volume, 18mo. 
 
 Great care was taken,-in the selection, to admit no song that contained, in the slightest degree, 
 any indelicate or improper allusions ; and with great propriety it may claim the title of " The Par- 
 lour Song-Book, or Songster." The immortal Shakspeare observes — 
 " The man that hath not music in himself. 
 Nor is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 
 Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils." 
 
 fiOBOTHAM'S POCKET FRENCH DICTIONARY, 
 
 CAREFULLY REVISED, 
 
 AND THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALL THE DIFPrCULT W0RB6 ADDED. 
 20 
 
LIPPINCOTT, ORAMBO & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 THE LIFE AND OPINIONS OF TRISTRAM SHANDY, GENTLEMAN. 
 
 COMPRISINO TUK HDMOROOS ADVENTURES 0/ 
 
 UNCLE TOBY AND CORPORAL TRIM.* 
 
 BY I,. STEHWE. 
 Beautifully Illustrated by Parley* Stltclied. 
 
 A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 
 
 BY L. STERNE. 
 
 Illustrated as above by Darley. Stitched. 
 
 The beauties of this aullior are so well known, and his errors in style and expression so few and 
 fu between, that one reads with renewed delight liis delicate turns, &c. 
 
 THE LIFE OF GENERAL JACKSON, 
 
 WITH A LIKENESS OF THE OLD HERO. 
 One volume, 18mo. 
 
 LIFE OF PAUL JONES. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 WITH ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 BY JAMES HAMILTON. 
 The work is compiled from his original journals and correspondence, and includes an Kccount of 
 kis services in the American Revolution, and in the war between the Jlussians and Turks in the 
 Black Sea. There is scarcely any Naval Hero, of any age, who combined in his character so much 
 of the adventurous, skilful and daring, as Paul Jones. The mcidents of his life are almost as start 
 ling and absorbing as those of romance. His achievements during the American Revolution — the 
 fight between the Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, the most desperate %aval action on record — 
 and the alarm into which, with so small a force, he threw the coasts of England and Scotland — are 
 matters comparatively well knowTi to Americans ; but the incidents of his subsequent career have 
 been veiled in obscurity, which is dissipated by this biography. A book hke this, narrating the 
 actions of such a man, ought to meet with an extensive sale, and become as popular as Robinson 
 Crusoe in fiction, or Weems's Life of Marion and Washington, and similar books, in fact. It con- 
 tains 400 pages, has a handsome portrait and medallion likeness of Jones, and is illustrated with 
 numerous original wood engravings "of naval scenes and distinguished men with whom he waa 
 
 THE GREEK EXILE; 
 
 '■ Or, A Narrative of the Captivity and Escape of Ctiristoptiorns Plato Castanis, 
 
 DURING THE MASSACRE ON THE ISLAND OF SCIO BY THE TURKS 
 TOGETHER WITH VARIOUS ADVENTURES IN GREECE AND AMERICA. 
 
 WRITTEN BY HIMSELF, 
 
 Author of an Essay on the Ancient and Modem Greek Languages ; Interpretation of the Attribatet 
 
 of the Principal Fabulous Deities ; The Jewish Maiden of Scio's Citadel ; and 
 
 the Greek Boy in the Sunday-SchooL 
 
 One volume, 12mo. 
 
 THE YOUNG CHORISTER; 
 
 4 Collection of New and Beautiful Tunes, adapted to the use of Sabbath-Schools, from some of tft* 
 most distinguished composers ; together with many of the author's compositions. 
 
 EDITED BY MINARD W. WILSON. 
 21 
 
LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO & CO/S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 CAMP LIFE OF A VOLUNTEER. 
 
 A Campaign in Mexico; Or, A Glimpse at Life in Camp. 
 
 BT "ONE WHO HAS SEEN THE ELEPHANT." 
 
 %\U of (l^neral ^ac [lari] Ciujlnr, 
 
 COMPRISING A NARRATIVE OF EVENTS CONNECTED WITH HIS PROFESSIONAL 
 CAREER, AND AUTHENTIC INCIDENTS OF HIS EARLY YEARS. 
 
 BY J. REESE FRY AND R.«T. CONRAD. 
 
 With fin original and accurate Portrait, and eleven elegant Illustrations, by Darleyi 
 
 In one handsome 12mo. volunie. 
 
 " It is by far the fullest and most Intere^tiDg biography of General Taylor that we have ever seen." 
 ^Richmond ( Whiy) Cfironicle. 
 
 " On tlie whole, we are satisfied that this volume is the most correct and comprehensive one yet 
 published." — HunVs Merchants' Magazine. 
 
 " The superiority of this edition over tlie ephemeral publications of the day consists in fuller and 
 more authentic accounts of his family, his early life, and Indian wars. The narrative of his prc»- 
 ceedmgs in Mexico is drawn nartly from reliable private letters, but chiefly from his own official 
 correspondence." 
 
 " It fonns a cheap, substantial, and attractive volum*. and one which should be read at the fir»- 
 •ide of every family who desire a faitlilul «ud true life of the Old General." 
 
 GENERAL TAYLOR AND HIS STAFF: 
 
 Comprising Memoirs of Generals Taylor, Worth, Wool, and Butler; Cols. May, Cross, Clay, Hardin, 
 
 Yell, Hays, and other distinguished Officers attacked to Geueral Taylor's 
 
 Army. Interspersed with 
 
 NUMEROUS'aNECDOTES of the MEXICAN WAR, 
 
 uid Personal Adventures of the Officers. Compiled from Public Documents and Private Corr*- 
 
 ^ spondence. With 
 
 ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTHER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 GENERAL SCOTT AND HIS STAFF : 
 
 Comprising Memoirs of Generals Scott, Twiggs, Smith, Quitman, Shields, Pillow, I^ne, Cadwalader 
 
 Patterson, and Pierce; Cols. Childs, Riley, Harney, and Butler; and other 
 
 distinguished officers attached to General Scott's Army. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 Notices of General Kearny, Col. Doniphan, Col. Fremont, and other officers distinguiihed in the 
 Conquest of California and New Mexico ; and Personal Adl'enture^5 of the Officers. Com- 
 piled from Public Documents and Private Correspondence. With 
 
 ACCURATE PORTRAITS, AND OTrfER BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 In one volume, 12mo. 
 
 THE FAMILY DENTIST, 
 
 li*CLUDING THE SURGICAL, MEDICAL AND MECHANICAL TREATMENT 
 
 OF THE TEETH. 
 
 Illustrated w^ith thirty-one Eln^ravlngs* 
 
 By CHARLES A. DU BOUCHET, M. D., Dental Surgeon. 
 
 In one volume, 18mo. 
 
 22 
 
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 MECHANICS FOR THE IVilLLWRIGHT, ENGINEER AND MACHINIST, 
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 27 
 
LIPPINCOTT'S 
 
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